190,632,261 (July 2018 est.)
178.5 million (2014 est.)
174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) Population distribution
Nigeria is the Africa's most populous country. Significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the","title":"Demographics of Nigeria"},{"id":"3884728","text":"thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The World Bank reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the improvement in the region’s aggregate growth is largely attributable to a recovery in Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, three of Africa’s largest economies. The economies of the fastest growing African nations experienced growth significantly above the global average rates. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"2150908","text":"Somalia, followed by Sudan and Ethiopia (as of the early 2000s). According to the Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 1984, eastern Africa had about 10 million dromedaries, the largest population of Africa. Western Africa followed with 2.14 million, while northern Africa had nearly 0.76 million. Populations in Africa increased by 16% from 1994 to 2005. Feral dromedary populations occur in Australia, where it was introduced in 1840. The total dromedary population in Australia is 0.5 million as of 2005. Nearly 99% of the populations are feral, and have annual growth rate of 10%. Most of the","title":"Dromedary"},{"id":"120595","text":"Grande, and Elobey Chico. The country is a member of the African Union, Francophonie, OPEC and the CPLP. Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It is the richest country per capita in Africa, and its gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita ranks 43rd in the world; however, the wealth is distributed extremely unevenly, and few people have benefited from the oil riches. The country ranks 135th on the UN's 2016 Human Development Index. The UN says that less than half of the population has access to","title":"Equatorial Guinea"},{"id":"15747564","text":"Geography of South Sudan The geography of South Sudan describes the physical features of South Sudan, a country in East Africa. South Sudan is a landlocked country and borders - clockwise - Sudan from the north, Ethiopia from the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo from the south and the Central African Republic from the west. Until July 9, 2011 it was part of Sudan, then the largest country in Africa before a referendum took place in January 2011. South Sudan is divided into 32 states which correspond to three historical regions of the Sudan: Bahr","title":"Geography of South Sudan"},{"id":"17424894","text":"to earn returns that would benefit future generations of Nigerians. The fund was allocated an initial $1 billion USD in seed capital. However, an additional $0.5billion has been contributed to date by the current administration. Nigeria is the most populous country on the African continent with an estimated 170,123,740 million people. It is also one of the largest producers of oil, on which the majority of its economy relies. Petroleum exports account for approximately 90 percent of its foreign revenue and 80 percent of government revenue. Given Nigeria's dependence on oil, its economy is susceptible to shifts in oil prices.","title":"Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority"},{"id":"1837","text":"competes in and once has hosted the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup, where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the martial art \"Capoeira Angola\" and \"Batuque\" which were practiced by enslaved African Angolans transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic","title":"Angola"},{"id":"283861","text":"Economy of Nigeria Nigeria is a middle-income, mixed economy and emerging market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications, technology and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 30th-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 23rd-largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent manufacturing sector became the largest on the continent in 2013, and it produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African subcontinent. In addition, the debt-to-GDP ratio is 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Previously hindered by years","title":"Economy of Nigeria"},{"id":"238558","text":"obstacle to efforts toward achieving a fully unified Libya. Area:
\"total:\" 1 759 540 km²
\"land:\" 1 759 540 km²
\"water:\" 0 km² Area - comparative: Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, seven times the size of the United Kingdom, and slightly larger than Alaska. Slightly smaller than Nunavut, Canada Land boundaries:
\"total:\" 4 348 km
\"border countries:\" Algeria 982 km, Chad 1 055 km, Egypt 1 115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1 770 km Maritime claims:
\"territorial sea:\"
\"note:\" Gulf of Sidra closing line – 32 degrees, 30 minutes north.","title":"Geography of Libya"},{"id":"232549","text":"Libya Libya (; ,), officially the State of Libya, is a country the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and","title":"Libya"},{"id":"2241300","text":"tuberculosis in 2011, with 330,000 in South Africa, 83,000 in Mozambique, 50,000 in Nigeria, 47,000 in Kenya, and 46,000 in Zimbabwe. In terms of cases per 100,000 population, Eswatini's rate of 1,010 was by far the highest in 2011. In the following 20 African countries, the cases-per-100,000 coinfection rate has increased at least 20 percent between 2000 and 2011: Algeria, Angola, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Eswatini, Togo, and Tunisia. Since 2004, however, tuberculosis-related deaths among people living with","title":"HIV/AIDS in Africa"},{"id":"98434","text":"The informal sector . In her book entitled \"The Real Economy of Zaire\", MacGaffey described a second, often illegal economy, \"system D,\" which is outside the official economy (MacGaffey 1991:27). and therefore is not reflected in the GDP. exploitation of mineral substances as MIBA EMAXON and De Beers The economy of the second largest country in Africa relies heavily on mining. The Congo is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds. The Congo has 70% of the world’s coltan, and more than 30% of the world’s diamond reserves., mostly in the","title":"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"1703849","text":"household can be placed on a continuum of food security defined by the USDA. This continuum has four categories: high food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. Economic Research Service report number 155 (ERS-155) estimates that 14.5 percent (17.6 million) of US households were food insecure at some point in 2012. The prevalence of food insecurity has been relatively in the United States since the economic recession 2008. In 2016: The Democratic Republic of Congo is the second largest country in Africa; the country is dealing with food insecurity. Although they have an abundance","title":"Food security"},{"id":"363478","text":"the BRICS group of now-five emerging-market nations at the summit held in Sanya, Hainan, China. Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"id":"98433","text":"recognizes that changes in tax structure and export procedures will be needed to facilitate economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has a difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which has been at the heart of many struggles within the country for many decades, but particularly in the 1990s. Although the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in the GDP data as the mining industry has suffered from long-term \"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\"","title":"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"3884729","text":"17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in emerging African economies. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession. The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world. Debt relief is being addressed by some international","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"283651","text":"national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security. Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades. As of 2017, the population stood at 191 million. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% aged 55–64, and 3.1% aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"16639949","text":"as the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone are by far the least favoured in solar power of all the continent and except for these eight quoted nations, each other African country experiences over 2,700 hours of bright sunshine on at least a part of its territory. Many perpetually sunny African nations like Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Niger, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia for instance could rely on developing their tremendous solar resources on a large scale thanks to the immense surface of their territory and at reduced prices. South Africa is a","title":"Solar power in Africa"},{"id":"20538387","text":"Algeria has an embassy in Khartoum while Sudan has an embassy in Algiers. Before 2011, Sudan and Algeria were respectively, the first and second largest African countries as well as the first and second largest Arab countries, but after 2011, Algeria became the largest African and Arab country. Sudan was accused by Algeria for meddling into the Algerian Civil War that caused the death of 200.000 Algerians. Alongside Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Morocco were also involved on supporting the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria. Thus this was the reason for the souring relationship between two nations. In response,","title":"Algeria–Sudan relations"},{"id":"14361609","text":"downsized or have paralyzed operations due to the difficulty in obtaining foreign currency to import necessary auto parts. Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is","title":"Automotive industry by country"},{"id":"13396235","text":"Obala foundation Obala Foundation. Org is U.S. based IRS code 501(c)(3) tax exempt non-profit organization that began as a forum for addressing what many have appreciated as the vast health care and resource gap between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the known world. With 140 million people, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country. There are many things that make it a challenging place to engage. However if only for the sheer number of people that stands to be affected by successful policy interventions, it would be almost irresponsible for any proponent of \"global health\" to ignore this country where","title":"Obala foundation"},{"id":"20882460","text":"Architecture of Angola Angola, the seventh largest country in Africa is a west coast country in located in south-central Africa. Angola is roughly square, with a maximum width of about , including the Cabinda exclave located along the Atlantic coast of Angola bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Angola borders the Republic of Congo in the northwest, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north and northeast, Zambia in the southeast, Namibia in the South, and the Atlantic in the west. In addition to Luanda, the country’s capital, other significant urban areas include Malanje, a large northern city","title":"Architecture of Angola"},{"id":"7919073","text":"– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a","title":"Africa"},{"id":"827883","text":"second-largest country in Africa after Algeria (the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa) by area and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of over floor(/1e6) million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth-most-populated country in Africa, and the 16th-most-populated country in the world. Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the","title":"Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"827929","text":"the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the second largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of in some places, and the area sustains the Congo Rainforest, the second-largest rain forest in the world after the Amazon. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central basin of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is","title":"Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"3884758","text":"Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"20884205","text":"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A","title":"Poverty in Algeria"},{"id":"20884225","text":"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A","title":"Poverty in Algeria"},{"id":"283831","text":"and space births because of a lack of political will, government financing, and the availability and affordability of services and products, as well as a cultural preference for large families. Increased educational attainment, especially among women, and improvements in health care are needed to encourage and to better enable parents to opt for smaller families. The Nigeria's Chairman of National Population Commission, Eze Duruiheoma, delivering Nigeria’s statement in New York on Sustainable Cities, Human Mobility and International Migration in the 51st Session of Commission on Population and Development, said that “Nigeria remains the most populous in Africa, the seventh globally","title":"Demographics of Nigeria"},{"id":"3884726","text":"been evident in recent years, however. The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since the 2000s) has been compared to the Chinese economic boom that had emerged in Asia since late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the world's fastest-growing economies. As of 2018, Nigeria is the biggest economy in terms of nominal GDP, followed by South Africa; in terms of PPP, Egypt is second biggest after Nigeria.. Equatorial Guinea possessed Africa's highest GDP per capita albeit allegations of human rights violations. Oil-rich countries such as Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"283582","text":"Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With /1e6 round 0 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by 250 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 250 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"16524984","text":"the Gold Coast. The Republic of Ghana is a natural resource, mineral resource and fossil fuel-rich nation and is home to one of the world's largest gold and sweet crude oil reserves and they are the second major producers of cocoa in the world. The Republic of Ghana is an economic powerhouse in West Africa, and has one of the biggest economies on the African continent and one of the world's fastest growing economies. The origin and ethnogenesis of the ancient ethnic Ghanaians is traced back to nomadic migration from Nubia along the Sahara desert then south to the Gold","title":"Ghanaian people"},{"id":"15676451","text":"3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa","title":"Emigration from Africa"},{"id":"21003697","text":"agencies to tackle specific issues in low and middle income countries. Since then, Nigeria has partnered up with the IDA, specifically built to help low income countries and give out loans for very low interest rates, and the IBRD. Nigeria is currently the most populated country in Africa and it’s also the biggest oil exporter and in addition to this it is has the second biggest economy in Africa. All of these qualities make it a country with great economic potential, but Nigeria also faces great development challenges. It's not until 1999 that a democratic regime finally took over Nigeria","title":"Nigeria and the World Bank"},{"id":"14361514","text":"Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is the largest manufacturer with an estimated 25.5 percent of the national car market. Other carmakers represented there include","title":"Automotive industry by country"},{"id":"16250102","text":"Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until 1989. Mandour was born in Umbukole, a small village located in","title":"Mandour Elmahdi"},{"id":"16250117","text":"the world in discovering the rich story of Sudan's long history. Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until","title":"Mandour Elmahdi"},{"id":"12422022","text":"Oil reserves in Nigeria Although Libya has more reserves, there were of proven oil reserves in Nigeria as of 2011, ranking the country as the largest oil producer in Africa and the 11th largest in the world, averaging in 2006. At current rates this would be 45 years of supply if no new oil was found. Pipeline vandalism, kidnappings, and militant takeover of oil facilities have reduced production, which could be increased to in the absence of such problems. The Nigerian government hopes to increase oil production capacity to by 2010. Nigeria is the world’s eighth largest exporter of crude","title":"Oil reserves in Nigeria"},{"id":"283623","text":"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"16105926","text":"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.","title":"Energy in Africa"},{"id":"64817","text":"in preparation for several months. Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a West African coalition in the fight against Boko Haram. Chad has also been included on Presidential Proclamation 9645, the expanded version of United States president Donald Trump's Executive Order 13780, which restricts entry by nationals from 8 countries, including Chad, into the US. This move has angered the Chadian government. At , Chad is the world's 22nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and","title":"Chad"},{"id":"11957825","text":"with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality. South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At , according to the UN Demographic Yearbook, South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world. It is about the same size as Colombia, twice the size of France, three times as big as Japan, four times","title":"South Africa"},{"id":"382001","text":"Sudan Sudan (, ; \"as-Sūdān\"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( \"Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān\"), is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million people (2017) and occupies a total area of 1,861,484 square kilometres (718,722 square miles), making it the third-largest country in Africa. Sudan's predominant religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and","title":"Sudan"},{"id":"15765","text":"December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.","title":"Algeria"},{"id":"7346027","text":"the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In","title":"Françafrique"},{"id":"363410","text":"Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in both 2016 and 2017. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"id":"1566265","text":"Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some","title":"Ethiopia"},{"id":"513919","text":"Geography of Algeria Algeria comprises 2,381,741 square kilometers of land, more than four-fifths of which is desert, in northern Africa, between Morocco and Tunisia. It is the largest country in Africa. Its Arabic name, Al Jazair (the islands), derives from the name of the capital Algiers (\"Al Jazair\" in Arabic), after the small islands formerly found in its harbor. It has a long Mediterranean coastline, most of which is more properly termed the Alboran Sea, which is the westernmost element of the Mediterranean Sea. The northern portion, an area of mountains, valleys, and plateaus between the Mediterranean Sea and the","title":"Geography of Algeria"},{"id":"11891163","text":"Brazil–Nigeria relations Brazil–Nigeria relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Brazil and Nigeria. Relations focus primarily upon trade and culture. The two nations, one the largest country in Latin America by size, the other the largest country in Africa by population, are remotely bordered across from one another by the Atlantic Ocean. For centuries, Brazil and Nigeria have enjoyed a warmly friendly and strong relationship on the bases of culture (since many Afro-Brazilians trace their ancestry and religious practices to Nigeria) and commercial trade. Nigeria is a major provider of petroleum to Brazil. In September 2008, the Nigerian","title":"Brazil–Nigeria relations"},{"id":"6512545","text":"contenders. Currently, no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council. Although no one nation from Africa has formally been put forward as a candidate for membership on the Security Council, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa are seen as the strongest choices. Algeria has gained a great deal of respect for its neutrality over the years and its great commitment to African development; Egypt has the second-largest economy in Africa and the biggest military on the continent, was one of the founding members of the United Nations, enjoys great influence in Africa and in","title":"Reform of the United Nations Security Council"},{"id":"7299524","text":"interests of determined groups include: Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a","title":"Nigerian Americans"},{"id":"357936","text":"and Nile Valley. Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its adjoining conurbation, is the most populous in Nigeria, and the second most populous on the African continent after Cairo, Egypt. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous urban agglomerations. Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa; the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Dar es Salaam is the former capital as well as","title":"Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"id":"7299506","text":"Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a major point of export of","title":"Nigerian Americans"},{"id":"11743286","text":"Health in Sudan Sudan is still one of the largest countries in Africa even after the split of the Northern and Southern parts. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the region and is home to over 37.9 million people. With this rise in population and bearing in mind the political issues that have plagued the country with war and hostility for the last 25 years, health care has become an afterthought and basically lost in the midst of what the government might believe to be more pressing matters. Sudan still has a long way to go","title":"Health in Sudan"},{"id":"3884727","text":"emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, potentially among the world's richest nations, have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare and braindrain of workforce. Botswana remains the site of Africa's longest and one of the world's longest periods of economic boom (1966–1999). The United Nations predicts Africa’s economic growth will reach 3.5% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2019. As of 2007, growth in Africa had surpassed that of East Asia. Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth,","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"10586100","text":"2007 the future looks brighter, with the southern Sudan conflict being the only one currently affecting development of the network (highway 6). Lawlessness rather than war hampers progress in developing highway 3 between Libya and Chad, and though economic instability could affect maintenance of paved highways 4 and 9 though Zimbabwe, there are practical alternatives through neighbouring countries. Conflicts in Somalia do not affect the network as that is the largest African country with no trans-African highways, but they will affect the development of feeder roads to the network. Using existing national highways as much as possible, the aim of","title":"Trans-African Highway network"},{"id":"7435783","text":"Algeria. (International Diabetes Federation) It is predominantly most common in 35–70 year olds, which consist of a large segment of the working population. The transition from the traditional life style to a more westernised is one of the major explanatory factors behind the rapid progression of diabetes in Algeria. Health in Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa and is estimated to have a population of around 40 million people. Algeria has a public health care system, which is accessible and free of charge to all citizens of Algeria. The public health care system is financed by the government","title":"Health in Algeria"},{"id":"11792908","text":"resulted in less food available for human consumption, especially in developing and least developed countries, where a family's daily allowances for food purchases are extremely limited. The crisis can be seen, in a sense, to dichotomize rich and poor nations, since, for example, filling a tank of an average car with biofuel, amounts to as much maize (Africa's principal food staple) as an African person consumes in an entire year. Brazil, the world's second largest producer of ethanol after the US, is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy and its government claims Brazil's sugar cane based ethanol","title":"2007–08 world food price crisis"},{"id":"13382949","text":"continent.\" African oil takes growing importance, mainly after the 2015 oil crisis and recent oil reserves discoveries. Sudan and Nigeria are two of the main oil producers. China owns 40% of Congo's oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by the United States Department of State at $9 billion with United States dollars. Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order of decreasing output, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Other oil producing countries are Gabon,","title":"Natural resources of Africa"},{"id":"3884770","text":"exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars): Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries. The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. The confederation's goals include the creation of a free trade area, a customs union, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby establishing economic and monetary union. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"16597255","text":"which had led to increasing oil prices worldwide—to the disadvantage of all industrialized and oil importing countries, including China itself. In 2006, China imported 47% of its total oil consumption (145 Mt of crude oil). With such high demand, Chinese companies such as Sinopec, CNPC, and CNOOC, have looked to Africa for oil. Africa is the 2nd largest continent in the world, with 30 million square kilometers of land, and contains a vast quantity of natural resources. This trait, together with the continent's relatively low population density and small manufacturing sector has made Africa a key target for Chinese imports.","title":"Africa–China economic relations"},{"id":"16002941","text":"Islands of Africa The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent. The islands of Africa can be subdivided into Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean Islands. The largest number of islands of Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with the sovereign island nations of Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar located off the southeastern seaboard of Africa being the most notable. The French overseas territories of Mayotte and Réunion are also located nearby. The medium-sized islands of Zanzibar and Lamu of Tanzania and","title":"Islands of Africa"},{"id":"8305199","text":"Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \"pieds-noirs\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. The African country with the largest native European African population is South Africa. The Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds are","title":"Demographics of Africa"},{"id":"20052149","text":"International and other experts to be “one of the most corrupt and inhumane court systems” globally. A 2013 report by Transparency International UK called Eritrea the “most militarised country in Africa,” with about 20% of its population in uniform. For this reason, many have called Eritrea the 'North Korea' of Africa. The army is not only large but also one of the nine most corrupt armed forces in the world, along with Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, the DRC, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. According to TI, there is a possible scheme in place of public funds earmarked for \"secret\" military purposes","title":"Corruption in Eritrea"},{"id":"1753","text":"Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda. Although inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, what is now Angola was molded by Portuguese","title":"Angola"},{"id":"7919092","text":"within the continent as well as between Africa and the US. Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of , the population of Africa is estimated at / 1e9 round 1 billion . Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the","title":"Africa"},{"id":"4498657","text":"reasonably similar to that of Brazil and Russia, and slightly above that of India. South Africa is a \"gateway\" to Southern Africa and Africa in general as the most developed African country. China is South Africa's largest trading partner, and India wants to increase commercial ties with Africa. South Africa is also Africa's largest economy, but as number 31 in global GDP economies it is far behind its new partners. Jim O'Neill expressed surprise when South Africa joined BRIC since South Africa's economy is a quarter of the size of Russia's (the least economically powerful BRIC nation). He believed that","title":"BRIC"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17799533\",\n \"text\": \"The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north\",\n \"title\": \"The Sudans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283344\",\n \"text\": \"Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about /1e6 round 0 million live mostly in\",\n \"title\": \"Niger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17799538\",\n \"text\": \"protect the animals from poachers. The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and\",\n \"title\": \"The Sudans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283411\",\n \"text\": \"police to punish criticism of the state. Trade Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of\",\n \"title\": \"Niger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919040\",\n \"text\": \"and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \\\"de facto\\\" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17201286\",\n \"text\": \"the United Nations found, in 2005, that sexual and gender-based violence occurred throughout Darfur. At this time, there were non-governmental organizations that worked to stop this gender violence. However, the government expelled thirteen NGOs that resulted in the closure of most gender-based violence programs. Before the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the Interim National Constitution in the Darfur area explicitly prohibited discrimination based on gender. However, according to the 2009 Human Rights Report published by the U.S. State Department, the government did not effectively enforce this provision. Sudan, before the separation of South Sudan, was Africa's largest country by\",\n \"title\": \"Gender inequality in Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15725\",\n \"text\": \"Algeria Algeria (; ', Algerian Arabic '; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the\",\n \"title\": \"Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11957794\",\n \"text\": \"South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 57 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16886753\",\n \"text\": \"blank how he felt about Sudanese national unity. He replied that he was all for unity. Then I asked if he was opposed to Islam and Arabism, and his answer was no, provided they are elements of unification and not instruments of division,\\\" Khalid recalled. \\\"He said we need to go back to the drawing board.\\\" It is the deeply disturbing presence of war that has bedeviled Africa's largest country since independence from Britain in 1956. \\\"Sudan’s war is no different from wars elsewhere. It is an entangled political, cultural and social weave with equally intricate international ramifications,\\\" Khalid says.\",\n \"title\": \"Mansour Khalid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10653475\",\n \"text\": \"East African Federation The East African Federation (Swahili: \\\"Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki\\\") is a proposed political union of the six sovereign states of the East African CommunityBurundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Ugandaas a single federated sovereign state. In September 2018 a committee was formed to begin the process of drafting a regional constitution. At , the East African Federation would be the largest country in Africa and 10th-largest in the world. With a population of 178,978,883, it would also be the second most populous nation in Africa (after Nigeria) and eighth in the world. Its population would be\",\n \"title\": \"East African Federation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283826\",\n \"text\": \"Demographics of Nigeria Nigeria is one of the most densely populated country in Africa with approximately 196 million people in a million km2 area, and is also the country with the largest population in Africa, and is the country with the seventh largest population in the world. Approximately 50% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, with the rate of urbanization being estimated at 4.3%. Nigeria is home to over 250 ethnic groups, with over 500 languages, and the variety of customs, and traditions among them gives the country great cultural diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa/Fulani 29% of\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11882420\",\n \"text\": \"Angola and Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second largest country by area on the African continent, and is one of the most mineral rich countries in the world. It produces many of the free world's minerals, such as 75% of the free world's cobalt and 70% of the diamonds. It also produces valuable agriculture, such as coffee, palm oil, and cotton. The Congo—formerly a Belgian colony—is only one-quarter the size of the United States. Though it is located in the Central African UN subregion, the nation is\",\n \"title\": \"CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1389656\",\n \"text\": \"populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. Its eight million square kilometers include two of the largest countries of the African continent, Algeria (2.4 million km) in the center of the region and Sudan (1.9 million km) in the southeast. Algeria is about three-quarters the size of India, or about one-and-a-half times the size of Alaska, the largest state in the United States. The largest country in the Arab Middle East is Saudi Arabia (2 million km). At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country in North Africa and the Middle East is Lebanon (10,452 km),\",\n \"title\": \"Arab world\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382160\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Sudan Sudan is located in northeastern Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. Sudan is the third largest country in Africa, after Algeria and DR Congo. It had been the largest country on the continent until the 2011 independence of South Sudan. Geographic coordinates: The length of Sudan's borders is 6,751 kilometers. Border countries are: Petroleum is Sudan's major natural resource. The country\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919039\",\n \"text\": \"Africa Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With /1e9 round 1 billion people as of , it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827958\",\n \"text\": \"outside the GDP data. A United Nations Human Development Index report shows that the human development index of DRC is one of the worst the country has had in decades. Through 2011 the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries. It ranked lower than Niger, despite a higher margin of improvement than the latter country over 2010's numbers. The economy of DRC, the second largest country in Africa, relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from artisanal mining occurs in the informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data. A third of\",\n \"title\": \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"64804\",\n \"text\": \"Chad Chad (; ; ), officially the Republic of Chad ( \\\"\\\"; \\\"Republic of the Chad\\\"), is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. It is the fifth largest country in Africa and the second-largest in Central Africa in terms of area. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad,\",\n \"title\": \"Chad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6512546\",\n \"text\": \"the Arab world, and hosts the headquarters of the Arab League; Ethiopia was also one of the founding members of the United Nations and holds the seat of the African Union Commission; South Africa has the third-largest economy on the continent; and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, has the continent's largest economy, and is one of the largest contributors of military and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping missions. The UNSC \\\"power of veto\\\" is frequently cited as a major problem within the UN. By wielding their veto power (established by Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter),\",\n \"title\": \"Reform of the United Nations Security Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"407683\",\n \"text\": \"Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president. At , Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately long. It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia. The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest\",\n \"title\": \"Tanzania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283633\",\n \"text\": \"its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the Nigerian Stock Exchange), which is the second largest in Africa. Nigeria was ranked 21st in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2015. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"67562\",\n \"text\": \"Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to evidence-based medicine. At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and the state of California; Cameroon is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. The country is located in Central and West Africa, known as the hinge of Africa, on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Cameroon lies between latitudes 1° and 13°N, and longitudes 8° and 17°E. Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean. Tourist literature describes Cameroon as \\\"Africa in miniature\\\" because\",\n \"title\": \"Cameroon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12324925\",\n \"text\": \"isolated from the needs for security and expansion of democratic rights. Rational strategies to pursue these goals cannot be designed purely in terms of bilateral relations with selected countries. At the same time, it is not feasible to give equal weight to U.S. relations with each African country. Africa Action singles out five African nations as \\\"focus countries\\\" where the U.S. must be consistently involved: South Africa, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Algeria. Each \\\"focus country\\\" meets most or all of the following criteria: (1) they are large countries with large populations (usually the largest in the sub-region);\",\n \"title\": \"Africa Action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20778301\",\n \"text\": \"Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Poverty is widespread and unchecked across the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Despite being the second-largest country in Africa, with an approximate area of , and being endowed with rich natural resources, the DRC is the second-poorest country in the world. The average annual income is only $785 US dollars. In 2016, the United Nations (UN) Human Development Index (HDI) ranked the DRC as the 176th least-developed country out of 188 countries with an HDI of 0.435. More than 80% of Congolese people live on less than\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"67615\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Cameroon At , Cameroon is the world's 54th largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is , with of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Cameroon is sometimes described as \\\"Africa in miniature\\\" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic zones. These are distinguished\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Cameroon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305180\",\n \"text\": \"Demographics of Africa The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries. Total population as of 2017 is estimated at more than 1.25 billion, with a growth rate of more than 2.5% p.a. The most populous African country is Nigeria with 191 million inhabitants as of 2017 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a. , the total population of Africa is estimated at 1.225 billion, representing 17% of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13362688\",\n \"text\": \"Taiwan has been a key political issue for the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1971, the support of African nations was crucial in the PRC joining the United Nations (UN), taking over the seat of the ROC on Taiwan. Many African countries, such as Algeria, Egypt and Zambia have stressed their support to \\\"one-China policy\\\". Only one African country, Swaziland, still maintains relations with Taipei. For the quest of a permanent UN seat for Africa, Nigeria, the largest African country, relies on Chinese support while Egypt looks to U.S. backing. Since 1997, around 40 African heads of state have\",\n \"title\": \"Africa–China relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10054445\",\n \"text\": \"for Africans. Member states of the African Union cover almost the entirety of continental Africa, except for several territories held by Spain (Canary Islands, Plazas de soberanía); France (Mayotte, Réunion, Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean); Portugal (Madeira, Savage Islands); and the United Kingdom (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha). Consequently, the geography of the African Union is wildly diverse, including the world's largest hot desert (the Sahara), huge jungles and savannas, and the world's longest river (the Nile). The AU presently has an area of , with of coastline. The vast majority of this area is on continental\",\n \"title\": \"African Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382048\",\n \"text\": \"Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. It has land borders with Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya. With an area of , it is the third-largest country on the continent (after Algeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the sixteenth-largest in the world. Sudan lies between latitudes 8° and 23°N. The terrain is generally flat plains, broken by several mountain ranges. In the west the Deriba Caldera (), located in the Marrah Mountains, is the highest point in Sudan. In the east are the Red Sea Hills. The Blue and White\",\n \"title\": \"Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"67623\",\n \"text\": \"than any other location. Geography of Cameroon At , Cameroon is the world's 54th largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is , with of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Cameroon is sometimes described as \\\"Africa in miniature\\\" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Cameroon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18378\",\n \"text\": \"outer ranges. The main drainage of the continent is to the north and west, or towards the basin of the Atlantic Ocean. To the main African rivers belong: Nile (the longest river of Africa), Congo (river with the highest water discharge on the continent) and the Niger, which flows half of its length through the arid areas. The largest lakes are the following: Lake Victoria (Lake Ukerewe), Lake Chad, in the centre of the continent, Lake Tanganyika, lying between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia. There is also the considerably large Lake Malawi stretching along the eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"631566\",\n \"text\": \"in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia). Five countries have observer status that entitles them to express their opinion and give advice but denies them voting rights. There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century. As of 2016, there are 22 member states: and 5 observer states: Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War and\",\n \"title\": \"Arab League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7309275\",\n \"text\": \"expel more than 2 million illegal workers (mostly from Ghana, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad) in early 1983 and May 1985. Nigeria has one of the largest populations in Africa with over 200 million citizens. Its economy was booming from the oil industry in the Niger Delta, and was said to become the leading economy in Africa by 2020. Although their economy was doing well, 35 percent live in absolute poverty. Approximately 90 million Nigerians are believed to live on less than one US dollar a day. With economic insecurity, high unemployment rates, and poverty the Boko Haram was able to\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20310143\",\n \"text\": \"governmental policies such as salary enhancement and social security. Nigeria is Africa's most populous country at 186 million people and sporting an urban vs. rural distribution of 48.3% to 51.7% respectively. Despite its large supply of natural resources and being the second largest oil producer in the world, the Gross domestic product of Nigeria is 1,400 USD per person. Bribery and embezzlement of governmental funds from previous Nigerian leaders cost the Nigerian people the ability to afford access to the latest educational achievements. One-third of Nigeria's populace lack basic literacy, with the proportion of literate to illiterate Nigerians largely dependent\",\n \"title\": \"Digital divide in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283835\",\n \"text\": \"vital events is in Nigeria not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Life expectancy from 1950 to 2015 (\\\"UN World Population Prospects\\\"): Structure of the population (DHS 2013) (males 87 034, females 89 529 = 176 574): The following demographic statistics of Nigeria are from the World Population Review. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. Population:
190,632,261 (July 2018 est.)
178.5 million (2014 est.)
174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) Population distribution
Nigeria is the Africa's most populous country. Significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884728\",\n \"text\": \"thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The World Bank reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the improvement in the region’s aggregate growth is largely attributable to a recovery in Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, three of Africa’s largest economies. The economies of the fastest growing African nations experienced growth significantly above the global average rates. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2150908\",\n \"text\": \"Somalia, followed by Sudan and Ethiopia (as of the early 2000s). According to the Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 1984, eastern Africa had about 10 million dromedaries, the largest population of Africa. Western Africa followed with 2.14 million, while northern Africa had nearly 0.76 million. Populations in Africa increased by 16% from 1994 to 2005. Feral dromedary populations occur in Australia, where it was introduced in 1840. The total dromedary population in Australia is 0.5 million as of 2005. Nearly 99% of the populations are feral, and have annual growth rate of 10%. Most of the\",\n \"title\": \"Dromedary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"120595\",\n \"text\": \"Grande, and Elobey Chico. The country is a member of the African Union, Francophonie, OPEC and the CPLP. Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It is the richest country per capita in Africa, and its gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita ranks 43rd in the world; however, the wealth is distributed extremely unevenly, and few people have benefited from the oil riches. The country ranks 135th on the UN's 2016 Human Development Index. The UN says that less than half of the population has access to\",\n \"title\": \"Equatorial Guinea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15747564\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of South Sudan The geography of South Sudan describes the physical features of South Sudan, a country in East Africa. South Sudan is a landlocked country and borders - clockwise - Sudan from the north, Ethiopia from the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo from the south and the Central African Republic from the west. Until July 9, 2011 it was part of Sudan, then the largest country in Africa before a referendum took place in January 2011. South Sudan is divided into 32 states which correspond to three historical regions of the Sudan: Bahr\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of South Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17424894\",\n \"text\": \"to earn returns that would benefit future generations of Nigerians. The fund was allocated an initial $1 billion USD in seed capital. However, an additional $0.5billion has been contributed to date by the current administration. Nigeria is the most populous country on the African continent with an estimated 170,123,740 million people. It is also one of the largest producers of oil, on which the majority of its economy relies. Petroleum exports account for approximately 90 percent of its foreign revenue and 80 percent of government revenue. Given Nigeria's dependence on oil, its economy is susceptible to shifts in oil prices.\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1837\",\n \"text\": \"competes in and once has hosted the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup, where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the martial art \\\"Capoeira Angola\\\" and \\\"Batuque\\\" which were practiced by enslaved African Angolans transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic\",\n \"title\": \"Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283861\",\n \"text\": \"Economy of Nigeria Nigeria is a middle-income, mixed economy and emerging market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications, technology and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 30th-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 23rd-largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent manufacturing sector became the largest on the continent in 2013, and it produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African subcontinent. In addition, the debt-to-GDP ratio is 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Previously hindered by years\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"238558\",\n \"text\": \"obstacle to efforts toward achieving a fully unified Libya. Area:
\\\"total:\\\" 1 759 540 km²
\\\"land:\\\" 1 759 540 km²
\\\"water:\\\" 0 km² Area - comparative: Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, seven times the size of the United Kingdom, and slightly larger than Alaska. Slightly smaller than Nunavut, Canada Land boundaries:
\\\"total:\\\" 4 348 km
\\\"border countries:\\\" Algeria 982 km, Chad 1 055 km, Egypt 1 115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1 770 km Maritime claims:
\\\"territorial sea:\\\"
\\\"note:\\\" Gulf of Sidra closing line – 32 degrees, 30 minutes north.\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Libya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"232549\",\n \"text\": \"Libya Libya (; ,), officially the State of Libya, is a country the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and\",\n \"title\": \"Libya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2241300\",\n \"text\": \"tuberculosis in 2011, with 330,000 in South Africa, 83,000 in Mozambique, 50,000 in Nigeria, 47,000 in Kenya, and 46,000 in Zimbabwe. In terms of cases per 100,000 population, Eswatini's rate of 1,010 was by far the highest in 2011. In the following 20 African countries, the cases-per-100,000 coinfection rate has increased at least 20 percent between 2000 and 2011: Algeria, Angola, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Eswatini, Togo, and Tunisia. Since 2004, however, tuberculosis-related deaths among people living with\",\n \"title\": \"HIV/AIDS in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"98434\",\n \"text\": \"The informal sector . In her book entitled \\\"The Real Economy of Zaire\\\", MacGaffey described a second, often illegal economy, \\\"system D,\\\" which is outside the official economy (MacGaffey 1991:27). and therefore is not reflected in the GDP. exploitation of mineral substances as MIBA EMAXON and De Beers The economy of the second largest country in Africa relies heavily on mining. The Congo is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds. The Congo has 70% of the world’s coltan, and more than 30% of the world’s diamond reserves., mostly in the\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1703849\",\n \"text\": \"household can be placed on a continuum of food security defined by the USDA. This continuum has four categories: high food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. Economic Research Service report number 155 (ERS-155) estimates that 14.5 percent (17.6 million) of US households were food insecure at some point in 2012. The prevalence of food insecurity has been relatively in the United States since the economic recession 2008. In 2016: The Democratic Republic of Congo is the second largest country in Africa; the country is dealing with food insecurity. Although they have an abundance\",\n \"title\": \"Food security\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"363478\",\n \"text\": \"the BRICS group of now-five emerging-market nations at the summit held in Sanya, Hainan, China. Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"98433\",\n \"text\": \"recognizes that changes in tax structure and export procedures will be needed to facilitate economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has a difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which has been at the heart of many struggles within the country for many decades, but particularly in the 1990s. Although the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in the GDP data as the mining industry has suffered from long-term \\\"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884729\",\n \"text\": \"17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in emerging African economies. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession. The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world. Debt relief is being addressed by some international\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283651\",\n \"text\": \"national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security. Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades. As of 2017, the population stood at 191 million. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% aged 55–64, and 3.1% aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16639949\",\n \"text\": \"as the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone are by far the least favoured in solar power of all the continent and except for these eight quoted nations, each other African country experiences over 2,700 hours of bright sunshine on at least a part of its territory. Many perpetually sunny African nations like Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Niger, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia for instance could rely on developing their tremendous solar resources on a large scale thanks to the immense surface of their territory and at reduced prices. South Africa is a\",\n \"title\": \"Solar power in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20538387\",\n \"text\": \"Algeria has an embassy in Khartoum while Sudan has an embassy in Algiers. Before 2011, Sudan and Algeria were respectively, the first and second largest African countries as well as the first and second largest Arab countries, but after 2011, Algeria became the largest African and Arab country. Sudan was accused by Algeria for meddling into the Algerian Civil War that caused the death of 200.000 Algerians. Alongside Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Morocco were also involved on supporting the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria. Thus this was the reason for the souring relationship between two nations. In response,\",\n \"title\": \"Algeria–Sudan relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14361609\",\n \"text\": \"downsized or have paralyzed operations due to the difficulty in obtaining foreign currency to import necessary auto parts. Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13396235\",\n \"text\": \"Obala foundation Obala Foundation. Org is U.S. based IRS code 501(c)(3) tax exempt non-profit organization that began as a forum for addressing what many have appreciated as the vast health care and resource gap between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the known world. With 140 million people, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country. There are many things that make it a challenging place to engage. However if only for the sheer number of people that stands to be affected by successful policy interventions, it would be almost irresponsible for any proponent of \\\"global health\\\" to ignore this country where\",\n \"title\": \"Obala foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20882460\",\n \"text\": \"Architecture of Angola Angola, the seventh largest country in Africa is a west coast country in located in south-central Africa. Angola is roughly square, with a maximum width of about , including the Cabinda exclave located along the Atlantic coast of Angola bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Angola borders the Republic of Congo in the northwest, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north and northeast, Zambia in the southeast, Namibia in the South, and the Atlantic in the west. In addition to Luanda, the country’s capital, other significant urban areas include Malanje, a large northern city\",\n \"title\": \"Architecture of Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919073\",\n \"text\": \"– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\\\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\\\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\\\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827883\",\n \"text\": \"second-largest country in Africa after Algeria (the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa) by area and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of over floor(/1e6) million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth-most-populated country in Africa, and the 16th-most-populated country in the world. Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the\",\n \"title\": \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827929\",\n \"text\": \"the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the second largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of in some places, and the area sustains the Congo Rainforest, the second-largest rain forest in the world after the Amazon. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central basin of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is\",\n \"title\": \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884758\",\n \"text\": \"Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20884205\",\n \"text\": \"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20884225\",\n \"text\": \"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283831\",\n \"text\": \"and space births because of a lack of political will, government financing, and the availability and affordability of services and products, as well as a cultural preference for large families. Increased educational attainment, especially among women, and improvements in health care are needed to encourage and to better enable parents to opt for smaller families. The Nigeria's Chairman of National Population Commission, Eze Duruiheoma, delivering Nigeria’s statement in New York on Sustainable Cities, Human Mobility and International Migration in the 51st Session of Commission on Population and Development, said that “Nigeria remains the most populous in Africa, the seventh globally\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884726\",\n \"text\": \"been evident in recent years, however. The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since the 2000s) has been compared to the Chinese economic boom that had emerged in Asia since late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the world's fastest-growing economies. As of 2018, Nigeria is the biggest economy in terms of nominal GDP, followed by South Africa; in terms of PPP, Egypt is second biggest after Nigeria.. Equatorial Guinea possessed Africa's highest GDP per capita albeit allegations of human rights violations. Oil-rich countries such as Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283582\",\n \"text\": \"Africa\\\", owing to its large population and economy. With /1e6 round 0 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by 250 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 250 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16524984\",\n \"text\": \"the Gold Coast. The Republic of Ghana is a natural resource, mineral resource and fossil fuel-rich nation and is home to one of the world's largest gold and sweet crude oil reserves and they are the second major producers of cocoa in the world. The Republic of Ghana is an economic powerhouse in West Africa, and has one of the biggest economies on the African continent and one of the world's fastest growing economies. The origin and ethnogenesis of the ancient ethnic Ghanaians is traced back to nomadic migration from Nubia along the Sahara desert then south to the Gold\",\n \"title\": \"Ghanaian people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15676451\",\n \"text\": \"3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Emigration from Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21003697\",\n \"text\": \"agencies to tackle specific issues in low and middle income countries. Since then, Nigeria has partnered up with the IDA, specifically built to help low income countries and give out loans for very low interest rates, and the IBRD. Nigeria is currently the most populated country in Africa and it’s also the biggest oil exporter and in addition to this it is has the second biggest economy in Africa. All of these qualities make it a country with great economic potential, but Nigeria also faces great development challenges. It's not until 1999 that a democratic regime finally took over Nigeria\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria and the World Bank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14361514\",\n \"text\": \"Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is the largest manufacturer with an estimated 25.5 percent of the national car market. Other carmakers represented there include\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16250102\",\n \"text\": \"Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \\\"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\\\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until 1989. Mandour was born in Umbukole, a small village located in\",\n \"title\": \"Mandour Elmahdi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16250117\",\n \"text\": \"the world in discovering the rich story of Sudan's long history. Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \\\"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\\\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until\",\n \"title\": \"Mandour Elmahdi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12422022\",\n \"text\": \"Oil reserves in Nigeria Although Libya has more reserves, there were of proven oil reserves in Nigeria as of 2011, ranking the country as the largest oil producer in Africa and the 11th largest in the world, averaging in 2006. At current rates this would be 45 years of supply if no new oil was found. Pipeline vandalism, kidnappings, and militant takeover of oil facilities have reduced production, which could be increased to in the absence of such problems. The Nigerian government hopes to increase oil production capacity to by 2010. Nigeria is the world’s eighth largest exporter of crude\",\n \"title\": \"Oil reserves in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283623\",\n \"text\": \"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105926\",\n \"text\": \"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.\",\n \"title\": \"Energy in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"64817\",\n \"text\": \"in preparation for several months. Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a West African coalition in the fight against Boko Haram. Chad has also been included on Presidential Proclamation 9645, the expanded version of United States president Donald Trump's Executive Order 13780, which restricts entry by nationals from 8 countries, including Chad, into the US. This move has angered the Chadian government. At , Chad is the world's 22nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and\",\n \"title\": \"Chad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11957825\",\n \"text\": \"with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality. South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At , according to the UN Demographic Yearbook, South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world. It is about the same size as Colombia, twice the size of France, three times as big as Japan, four times\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382001\",\n \"text\": \"Sudan Sudan (, ; \\\"as-Sūdān\\\"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( \\\"Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān\\\"), is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million people (2017) and occupies a total area of 1,861,484 square kilometres (718,722 square miles), making it the third-largest country in Africa. Sudan's predominant religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and\",\n \"title\": \"Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15765\",\n \"text\": \"December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.\",\n \"title\": \"Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7346027\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Françafrique\\\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \\\"Françafrique\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Françafrique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"363410\",\n \"text\": \"Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in both 2016 and 2017. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1566265\",\n \"text\": \"Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some\",\n \"title\": \"Ethiopia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"513919\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Algeria Algeria comprises 2,381,741 square kilometers of land, more than four-fifths of which is desert, in northern Africa, between Morocco and Tunisia. It is the largest country in Africa. Its Arabic name, Al Jazair (the islands), derives from the name of the capital Algiers (\\\"Al Jazair\\\" in Arabic), after the small islands formerly found in its harbor. It has a long Mediterranean coastline, most of which is more properly termed the Alboran Sea, which is the westernmost element of the Mediterranean Sea. The northern portion, an area of mountains, valleys, and plateaus between the Mediterranean Sea and the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11891163\",\n \"text\": \"Brazil–Nigeria relations Brazil–Nigeria relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Brazil and Nigeria. Relations focus primarily upon trade and culture. The two nations, one the largest country in Latin America by size, the other the largest country in Africa by population, are remotely bordered across from one another by the Atlantic Ocean. For centuries, Brazil and Nigeria have enjoyed a warmly friendly and strong relationship on the bases of culture (since many Afro-Brazilians trace their ancestry and religious practices to Nigeria) and commercial trade. Nigeria is a major provider of petroleum to Brazil. In September 2008, the Nigerian\",\n \"title\": \"Brazil–Nigeria relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6512545\",\n \"text\": \"contenders. Currently, no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council. Although no one nation from Africa has formally been put forward as a candidate for membership on the Security Council, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa are seen as the strongest choices. Algeria has gained a great deal of respect for its neutrality over the years and its great commitment to African development; Egypt has the second-largest economy in Africa and the biggest military on the continent, was one of the founding members of the United Nations, enjoys great influence in Africa and in\",\n \"title\": \"Reform of the United Nations Security Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7299524\",\n \"text\": \"interests of determined groups include: Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a\",\n \"title\": \"Nigerian Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"357936\",\n \"text\": \"and Nile Valley. Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its adjoining conurbation, is the most populous in Nigeria, and the second most populous on the African continent after Cairo, Egypt. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous urban agglomerations. Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa; the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Dar es Salaam is the former capital as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Sub-Saharan Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7299506\",\n \"text\": \"Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a major point of export of\",\n \"title\": \"Nigerian Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11743286\",\n \"text\": \"Health in Sudan Sudan is still one of the largest countries in Africa even after the split of the Northern and Southern parts. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the region and is home to over 37.9 million people. With this rise in population and bearing in mind the political issues that have plagued the country with war and hostility for the last 25 years, health care has become an afterthought and basically lost in the midst of what the government might believe to be more pressing matters. Sudan still has a long way to go\",\n \"title\": \"Health in Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884727\",\n \"text\": \"emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, potentially among the world's richest nations, have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare and braindrain of workforce. Botswana remains the site of Africa's longest and one of the world's longest periods of economic boom (1966–1999). The United Nations predicts Africa’s economic growth will reach 3.5% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2019. As of 2007, growth in Africa had surpassed that of East Asia. Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth,\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10586100\",\n \"text\": \"2007 the future looks brighter, with the southern Sudan conflict being the only one currently affecting development of the network (highway 6). Lawlessness rather than war hampers progress in developing highway 3 between Libya and Chad, and though economic instability could affect maintenance of paved highways 4 and 9 though Zimbabwe, there are practical alternatives through neighbouring countries. Conflicts in Somalia do not affect the network as that is the largest African country with no trans-African highways, but they will affect the development of feeder roads to the network. Using existing national highways as much as possible, the aim of\",\n \"title\": \"Trans-African Highway network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7435783\",\n \"text\": \"Algeria. (International Diabetes Federation) It is predominantly most common in 35–70 year olds, which consist of a large segment of the working population. The transition from the traditional life style to a more westernised is one of the major explanatory factors behind the rapid progression of diabetes in Algeria. Health in Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa and is estimated to have a population of around 40 million people. Algeria has a public health care system, which is accessible and free of charge to all citizens of Algeria. The public health care system is financed by the government\",\n \"title\": \"Health in Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11792908\",\n \"text\": \"resulted in less food available for human consumption, especially in developing and least developed countries, where a family's daily allowances for food purchases are extremely limited. The crisis can be seen, in a sense, to dichotomize rich and poor nations, since, for example, filling a tank of an average car with biofuel, amounts to as much maize (Africa's principal food staple) as an African person consumes in an entire year. Brazil, the world's second largest producer of ethanol after the US, is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy and its government claims Brazil's sugar cane based ethanol\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 world food price crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382949\",\n \"text\": \"continent.\\\" African oil takes growing importance, mainly after the 2015 oil crisis and recent oil reserves discoveries. Sudan and Nigeria are two of the main oil producers. China owns 40% of Congo's oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by the United States Department of State at $9 billion with United States dollars. Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order of decreasing output, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Other oil producing countries are Gabon,\",\n \"title\": \"Natural resources of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884770\",\n \"text\": \"exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars): Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries. The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. The confederation's goals include the creation of a free trade area, a customs union, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby establishing economic and monetary union. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16597255\",\n \"text\": \"which had led to increasing oil prices worldwide—to the disadvantage of all industrialized and oil importing countries, including China itself. In 2006, China imported 47% of its total oil consumption (145 Mt of crude oil). With such high demand, Chinese companies such as Sinopec, CNPC, and CNOOC, have looked to Africa for oil. Africa is the 2nd largest continent in the world, with 30 million square kilometers of land, and contains a vast quantity of natural resources. This trait, together with the continent's relatively low population density and small manufacturing sector has made Africa a key target for Chinese imports.\",\n \"title\": \"Africa–China economic relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16002941\",\n \"text\": \"Islands of Africa The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent. The islands of Africa can be subdivided into Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean Islands. The largest number of islands of Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with the sovereign island nations of Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar located off the southeastern seaboard of Africa being the most notable. The French overseas territories of Mayotte and Réunion are also located nearby. The medium-sized islands of Zanzibar and Lamu of Tanzania and\",\n \"title\": \"Islands of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305199\",\n \"text\": \"Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \\\"pieds-noirs\\\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. The African country with the largest native European African population is South Africa. The Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds are\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20052149\",\n \"text\": \"International and other experts to be “one of the most corrupt and inhumane court systems” globally. A 2013 report by Transparency International UK called Eritrea the “most militarised country in Africa,” with about 20% of its population in uniform. For this reason, many have called Eritrea the 'North Korea' of Africa. The army is not only large but also one of the nine most corrupt armed forces in the world, along with Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, the DRC, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. According to TI, there is a possible scheme in place of public funds earmarked for \\\"secret\\\" military purposes\",\n \"title\": \"Corruption in Eritrea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1753\",\n \"text\": \"Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda. Although inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, what is now Angola was molded by Portuguese\",\n \"title\": \"Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919092\",\n \"text\": \"within the continent as well as between Africa and the US. Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of , the population of Africa is estimated at / 1e9 round 1 billion . Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4498657\",\n \"text\": \"reasonably similar to that of Brazil and Russia, and slightly above that of India. South Africa is a \\\"gateway\\\" to Southern Africa and Africa in general as the most developed African country. China is South Africa's largest trading partner, and India wants to increase commercial ties with Africa. South Africa is also Africa's largest economy, but as number 31 in global GDP economies it is far behind its new partners. Jim O'Neill expressed surprise when South Africa joined BRIC since South Africa's economy is a quarter of the size of Russia's (the least economically powerful BRIC nation). He believed that\",\n \"title\": \"BRIC\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Sudans context: The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north\\n\\nWhat is Africa's largest country?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 185,\n \"origin_tokens\": 185,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Mansour Khalid context: blank he felt about Sudanese national unity. He replied that he was all for unity. Then I asked if he was opposed to Islam and Arabism, and his answer was no, provided they are elements of unification and not instruments of division,\\\" Khalid recalled. \\\"He said we need to go back to the drawing board.\\\" It is the deeply disturbing presence of war that has bedeviled Africa's largest country since independence from Britain in 1956. \\\"Sudan’s war is no different from wars elsewhere. It is an entangled political, cultural and social weave with equally intricate international ramifications,\\\" Khalid says.\\n\\ntitle Economy of the Democratic Republic of the context:izes that changes in structure export procedures will be needed to facil economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which been at the heart of many strugg within the country for many dec, particularly in the 1990s. Although the of Democratic Republic of the Congo, second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in GDP the mining industry has suffered from long-term \\\"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\\\"\\n\\ntitle Economy of Africa: been evident recent years, however. dawn African bo (which is 2s) compared the boom had emerged late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the' fastest-growing econom. As of 208, Niger in nom GDP, followed South; terms of P, is second after Niger.. Equatorial Africa's highest G per capitaations.il-rich countries such as Alger, Libya and Gabon and mineral-rich Botsw\\n\\ntitle:geria: December0, inspired by similars Africa.,. with the the elected.1, Bal political., areely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.\\n\\nWhat is Africa's largest country?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 466,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14035,\n \"ratio\": \"30.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":173,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":173,"string":"173"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela","Winnie Madikizela-Mandela","Winnie Mandela","Nomzano Zaniewe","Winnie Nomzamo Mandela","Nomzamo Winnie Mandela","Mandela, Winnie","Winnie Madikizela Mandela","Winnie Madikizela","Winnifred Mandela"],"string":"[\n \"Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela\",\n \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\",\n \"Winnie Mandela\",\n \"Nomzano Zaniewe\",\n \"Winnie Nomzamo Mandela\",\n \"Nomzamo Winnie Mandela\",\n \"Mandela, Winnie\",\n \"Winnie Madikizela Mandela\",\n \"Winnie Madikizela\",\n \"Winnifred Mandela\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Winnie Mandela"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"11391142","text":"convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \"cause célèbre\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"11391141","text":"birthday in jail without trial. At the age of 13 he was expelled from school. Moeketsi, together with Kenny Kgase, Pelo Mekgwe and Thabiso Mono, were kidnapped on December 29, 1988 from the Methodist manse in Orlando, Soweto, run by Paul Verryn. Moeketsi was accused of being a police informer. Screams were heard as Stompie Moeketsi was murdered, at the age of 14, by Jerry Richardson, member of Winnie Mandela's \"Football Club\". His body was recovered on waste ground near Winnie Mandela's house on January 6, 1989. His throat had been cut. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"4485308","text":"funeral was held in Tumahole. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping, but her sentence (6 years in jail) was reduced to a fine and 2 years suspended. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found her guilty on initiating and participating in the assaults but regarding to the actual murder of Stompie, she was only found “negligent”. Winnie Mandela apologized in person to his mother and the two men accused of killing Stompie also apologized on National TV. Parys Parys (pronounced ) is a town situated on the banks of the Vaal River in the Free State province of South","title":"Parys"},{"id":"460304","text":"informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security detail carried out kidnapping, torture, and murder, most notoriously the killing of 14-year-old Stompie Sepei whose kidnapping she was convicted of. Nelson Mandela was released from prison on 11 February 1990, and the couple separated in 1992; their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his final illness. As a senior ANC figure, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was dismissed from her post amid allegations of corruption. In 2003, she was convicted of theft and fraud. She temporarily withdrew from active politics before returning","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"4485307","text":"One of the most outstanding citizens of Parys/Tumahole is Stompie Seipei who was a freedom fighter during the time of Apartheid. Stompie joined the fight at an age of only 10 years, got arrested a few times and was kidnapped on 29th of December 1988 by Mandela United Football Club, which were Winnie Mandela's bodyguards. He was accused of being a police informer. Stompie Seipei was killed on 1st of January 1989, but the family only found out about it 2 weeks after the murder. Manankie Seipei, his mother who still lives in Tumahole, had to identify her son. The","title":"Parys"},{"id":"460319","text":"killed Sepei, had been tortured and kidnapped to Zambia by her supporters, prior to the trial, to prevent him testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal. In 1992, she was accused of ordering the murder of Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, a family friend, and prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted, but before he had been killed. Mandela's role in the Asvat killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. Asvat's murderer testified that she paid the equivalent","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"11391140","text":"Stompie Seipei James Seipei (1974–1 January 1989), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, or Stompie Sepei was a teenage United Democratic Front (UDF) activist from Parys in South Africa. He and three other boys were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the \"Mandela United Football Club\". Moeketsi was murdered on 1 January 1989, the only one of the boys to be killed. Moeketsi joined the street uprising against Apartheid in the mid-1980s at age ten, and soon took on a leading role. He became the country's youngest political detainee when he spent his 12th","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"11391145","text":"killing was later probed as part of the TRC hearings, after Asvat's murderers as well as her associate, Katiza Cebekhulu implicated her in the murder of Asvat, as part of a cover-up of Seipei's death. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Seipei, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. In the documentary, Heslinga claimed that Richardson admitted during an interview that","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"11391143","text":"a heavy blow. Appearing before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 1997, she said allegations that she was involved in at least 18 human rights abuses including eight murders were \"ridiculous\" and said that her main accuser, former comrade Katiza Cebekhulu, was a former \"mental patient\" and his allegations against her were \"hallucinations\". Cebekhulu had, himself, before the 1991 trial, been tortured, and kidnapped to Zambia, where he was detained for almost three years, at the behest of the ANC, before moving to the UK. The Commission found that the abduction of Stompie Moeketsi had been carried out on","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"17096711","text":"In December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeals overturned the culpable homicide verdict and found Pistorius guilty of murder. On 6 July 2016 Judge Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, despite there being a minimum sentence of 15 years in South Africa. On 24 November 2017 the Court of Appeal extended Oscar Pistorius' jail term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp and Anene Booysen, both young South African women killed in 2013, were named SA Persons of the year 2013 by the \"Daily Maverick\". In February 2014, eNCA broadcast a half-hour documentary special about Steenkamp's","title":"Reeva Steenkamp"},{"id":"460317","text":"dead, let Mrs Mandela give us the remains of our son, so that we must bury him decently.\" Sono and Shabalala's bodies were exhumed from pauper's graves in Soweto's Avalon Cemetery in 2013, by the National Prosecuting Authority's Missing People's Task Team, having been stabbed soon after their abductions. On 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson, who was coach of the Mandela United Football Club, abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Sepei) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn, with Richardson claiming that Winnie Mandela had the youths taken to her home because","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"460324","text":"Katiza Cebekhulu's abduction to Zambia, where he was detained without trial for almost 3 years by the Kenneth Kaunda government, before moving to the UK was done by the ANC, and in the \"interests\" of Madikizela-Mandela. The TRC found allegations against Methodist minister Paul Verryn to be \"unfounded and without any merit\" and that \"Madikizela-Mandela deliberately and maliciously slandered Verryn...in an attempt to divert attention away from herself and [her] associates...\". The TRC also found that she was responsible for the abduction of, and assaults on, Stompie Sepei, and that she had attempted to cover up his death by claiming","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"460322","text":"of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife, Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"460323","text":"TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had told her, in the context of her son Stompie's murder: \"...may God forgive me\". After the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had provided financial support to Joyce Sepei's family, and Seipei's home was furnished by the ANC. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation commission (TRC), issued in 1998, found \"Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the Mandela United Football Club\" and that she \"was responsible, by omission, for the commission of gross violations of human rights.\" The TRC report also stated that Sepei trial witness","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"11391144","text":"Winnie Mandela's instructions, and that she had \"initiated and participated in the assaults\", had resisted efforts by the \"Mandela Crisis Committee\" to get the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"8533514","text":"Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human rights","title":"Kathleen Satchwell"},{"id":"8533516","text":"marriage. Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human","title":"Kathleen Satchwell"},{"id":"16694549","text":"police during South Africa's apartheid days.\" He also served as Chair of the Detainees Parents Support Committee during 1982-83. (South African law during this time allowed detention without trial under certain circumstances). In 1989 a media furor erupted following the abduction of four youths and the murder of James Seipei, also known as Stompie Sepei. Verryn had provided accommodation as a place of safety at the Orlando Mission house (Manse) for the four. At the time this was also his residence as the minister for the Soweto Circuit. Verryn was then also prominent as one of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela's critics. On","title":"Paul Verryn"},{"id":"20668286","text":"Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was) paid for his murder as part of a cover-up of Seipei's killing, being presented to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Asvat was born in Fietas into Gujarati Indian family. His father was a shopkeeper, and he had","title":"Abu Baker Asvat"},{"id":"4361681","text":"pulled over for a broken taillight. Zayd Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and","title":"Black Power movement"},{"id":"17959559","text":"been enticed to the apartment in order to kill her. Joona Hasselqvist's sentence was lowered to 12 years in prison for manslaughter, and Joel Lilo's sentence was lowered to 6 years in prison for assisted manslaughter. The sentences differed, because the district court judge had sentenced both for murder. After the sentence had been declared, Lilo was released, because Finnish law grants parole for crimes committed under the age of 21 after one third of the sentence has been served. Lilo's parole caused disapproval among the public, because after being paroled, he disgraced Lepomäki's on-line memorial with indecent comments. Lepomäki's","title":"Murder of Jenna Lepomäki"},{"id":"17900838","text":"his gun would have killed whoever was behind the door, regardless of who he thought it was. On 6 July 2016 Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, although the prosecution has called for 15 years, the minimum prison sentence in South Africa for murder. Masipa argued that Pistorius had already served 12 months in prison for the culpable homicide conviction and was remorseful for his killing. Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court","title":"Trial of Oscar Pistorius"},{"id":"17096704","text":"Reeva Steenkamp Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (; 19 August 1983 – 14 February 2013) was a South African model. On Valentine's Day 2013, Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend, Oscar Pistorius, who said he believed she was an intruder hiding in the bathroom. Pistorius was later found guilty of culpable homicide at his trial the following year, was given five years in jail and served a one-year prison sentence. On 3 December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa overturned the conviction for culpable homicide and instead convicted Pistorius of murder. The sentencing of Pistorius began on 13","title":"Reeva Steenkamp"},{"id":"17888351","text":"the trial, was subjected to threats and personal attacks by people who disagreed with the verdict. In her new sentence for Pistorius based on a murder conviction, Masipa only increased his sentence by 1 year to 6 years. The 6 year sentence for murder was appealed by the National Prosecuting Authority and they convinced South Africa's Supreme Court of Appeal to increase the sentence. The sentence was set at the minimum length for a murder conviction in South Africa - 15 years. Thokozile Masipa Thokozile Matilda Masipa (born 16 October 1947) is a judge in the Gauteng Division of the","title":"Thokozile Masipa"},{"id":"460318","text":"she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless). The four were beaten to get them to admit to having had sex with the minister. Negotiations that lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get the kidnapped boys released by Winnie Mandela failed. Seipei was accused of being an informer, and his body later found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. In 1991, Mrs Mandela was acquitted of all but the kidnapping of Sepei. A key witness, Katiza Cebekhulu, who was going to testify that Madikizela-Mandela had","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"9900905","text":"daughter, and blamed him for Mark's imprisonment. Schreiber was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years. He became eligible for parole in 2012. Belinda van Krevel pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment, with a non-parole period of three and a half years. She was released from prison on 1 June 2007, saying \"I just want to get on with my life\". She was subsequently arrested in 2010 and charged with assault and theft. On 5 July 2013 she was arrested again and charged with the stabbing","title":"Mark Valera"},{"id":"460320","text":"of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary about the life and activism of Winnie Mandela, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Moeketsi, as well as all other cases made against Winnie Mandela, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson admitted during an interview that Moeketsi discovered he","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"6543106","text":"twenty years of his career, Ayob concentrated on human rights cases, acting for opponents of the apartheid regime. Ayob defended and represented many South African political prisoners. Ayob was one of the few people who were allowed to visit Nelson Mandela while he was imprisoned on Robben Island. His most high-profile case was that of Hélène Passtoors, a Belgian woman accused of ferrying arms for the then-banned African National Congress. Another high-profile client of Ayob's was Winnie Mandela, who he represented during the Stompie Moeketsi kidnapping trial. Ismail Ayob was asked by Nelson Mandela in May 2005 to stop selling","title":"Ismail Ayob"},{"id":"17096705","text":"June 2016 and concluding arguments were made on 15 June 2016. He was sentenced to 6 years in prison on 6 July 2016, despite the minimum sentence for murder in South Africa being 15 years. On appeal by the state for a longer prison sentence, the Supreme Court of Appeal extended Pistorius's prison term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp was born in Cape Town, to parents Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife, June (née Marshall, previously Cowburn), who was born in Blackburn, England. She had two older half-siblings from her father and mother's respective previous","title":"Reeva Steenkamp"},{"id":"3356281","text":"during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison. The BLA was active in the US until at least 1981","title":"Black Liberation Army"},{"id":"20835854","text":"Fladager was the deputy district attorney on the Douglas Mouser case and helped convict him. Fladager made national headlines as one of the attorneys on prosecution team for Scott Peterson, who was convicted in 2004 for murdering his pregnant wife, Laci Peterson. Fladager was later in the news again for not retrying corruption charages against the Modesto mayor Carmen Sabatino (in 2006) and saying she would retry George Souliotes for murder in 2013, before settling the case for involuntary manslaughter. Fladager was found to have not committed retaliation against former prosecutor Douglas Maner (Fladager's former employee). During depositions in that","title":"Birgit Fladager"},{"id":"17526854","text":"night he shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. It was broadcast in Pistorius's home country of South Africa immediately after the ITV programme finished. On 11 November 2014, \"This Morning\" broadcast an exclusive interview with Jo Westwood, the ex-wife of jailed sex offender Max Clifford. In 2015 Williams-Thomas investigated the unsolved murder of BBC presenter Jill Dando. Writing in the \"Daily Mirror\" he theorized that she was murdered by the London underworld for her work on \"Crimewatch\". Williams-Thomas was the reporter for ITV's crime series \"The Investigator: A British Crime Story\", produced by Simon Cowell's Syco. The","title":"Mark Williams-Thomas"},{"id":"16406960","text":"Crown Court and pleaded guilty to her murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum tariff of 25 years. The appeal court upheld the sentence on 14 December 2012. Following the guilty plea, it emerged that a second murder charge against Halliwell had been dropped as a result of an error in the police handling of the case. The body of Becky Godden-Edwards, a woman who had been reported missing in 2007, was found after Halliwell's arrest. Halliwell had led police to the body. Judge Mrs Justice Cox ruled that Halliwell's confessions to killing both women were inadmissible","title":"Murder of Sian O'Callaghan"},{"id":"20668307","text":"and many women were present at his burial. The section of the road linking Soweto to Lenasia was renamed Abu Baker Asvat Drive by the post-apartheid government. A junior cricket tournament was instituted in Asvat's memory, in 2002. Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was)","title":"Abu Baker Asvat"},{"id":"8140642","text":"be due in court on 13 June 2016 to begin a five-day sentencing hearing for the murder conviction, concluding on 17 June 2016. On 15 June 2016, the sentencing was adjourned by Judge Thokozile Masipa until 6 July 2016. On 6 July 2016, Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years imprisonment for murder, rather than his original sentencing of five years imprisonment for culpable homicide; once again he was incarcerated in the hospital wing at the Kgosi Mampuru II jail. It was anticipated that Pistorius would be eligible for release on parole, after serving three years of his sentence,","title":"Oscar Pistorius"},{"id":"1839124","text":"Sue Devine & Michelle Thomas as Tracey. In the closing year, Nicki Paull's character Lisa Mullins was taken over by Terrie Waddell. Viewers' introduction to the Detention Centre featured the arrival of two new prisoners, Karen Travers (Peta Toppano) and Lynn Warner (Kerry Armstrong). Travers was charged with murdering her husband in self-defence (her flashback featured a shower scene that was a nod to Alfred Hitchcock's classic \"Psycho\"), whilst Warner insisted she was innocent despite her conviction for the abduction and attempted murder of a child. Both women were sent to the prison's maximum-security wing (H Block), where they were","title":"Prisoner (TV series)"},{"id":"17244845","text":"Viktor Yeremeyev, asked the court for only a 25-year prison sentence due to his poor mental state, and for him to be incarcerated in the Black Dolphin prison. On August 23, the court under judge Nikolai Kudinov found Pomazun guilty of murdering six people, illegal weapons possession, taking weapons by force and assaulting a police officer. Pomazun was sentence to life imprisonment in a high-security penal colony, and was ordered to pay 3 million rubles in compensation. When the verdict was read out Pomazun reacted to aggressively: he started swearing and threatened to kill those present in court, and promised","title":"2013 Belgorod shooting"},{"id":"14122450","text":"for \"The Guardian\" on the final years of the brutal apartheid system. The British Press Awards named him International Reporter of the Year for 1985. Peter Preston, his editor at \"The Guardian\", wrote of Beresford, \"He was swiftly the finest chronicler of apartheid's disintegration, a correspondent who caught the excitement of a momentous story but always paused to analyse how and why the plates of repression were shrinking.\" Beresford undercovered major stories, including the death-row confessions of Butana Almond Nofomela about the police squads that murdered anti-apartheid activists, and Winnie Mandela's role in the abduction and murder of teenager Stompie","title":"David Beresford (journalist)"},{"id":"13741243","text":"The longest non-parole period imposed for a single murder is 28 years, being served by Bradley John Murdoch, who shot dead British backpacker Peter Falconio. The only woman sentenced to life imprisonment in the Northern Territory under the current laws is Evelyn Namatjira, who stabbed her younger sister Jennifer after an argument during a drinking session and is serving a non-parole period of 15 years. Life imprisonment in Australia Life imprisonment in Australia is handed down for serious offences including treason, murder, and commercial drug trafficking by the State and Territory Supreme Courts in Australia. Life imprisonment is mandatory for","title":"Life imprisonment in Australia"},{"id":"10276273","text":"off his bomb or opening fire. Ağca was sentenced in July 1981 to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt, but was pardoned by Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in June 2000 at the Pope's request. He was then extradited to Turkey, where he was imprisoned for the 1979 murder of left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi and two bank raids carried out in the 1970s. Despite a plea for early release in November 2004, a Turkish court announced that he would not be eligible for release until 2010. Nonetheless he was released on parole on 12 January 2006. However, on 20 January","title":"Pope John Paul II assassination attempt"},{"id":"13022294","text":"Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC","title":"Nelson Mandela"},{"id":"20859651","text":"number two is Freddy Horion, who has been imprisoned for sixfold murder since 1979. In the beginning of 2016, Eyken unintentionally provoked a great deal of commotion when Federal Public Service Justice Koen Geens, despite advice from prison management, gave him permission to leave the prison for one day to visit his sick friend, Jef Lannoo. This decision was controversial because, as a result of the tightening of the law in penitentiary leave days introduced by former Federal Public Service Justice Laurette Onkelinx in 2006, which did not allow parole. Eyken's lawyer Walter Damen, however, pointed out that in 2006","title":"Staf Van Eyken"},{"id":"9204975","text":"April. The defence surprisingly did not call for Booth's diary to be produced in court. Holt was accused of withholding evidence, but it was never proven. On June 29, the eight were found guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy to kill Lincoln. Arnold, O'Laughlen and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler six years in prison and Atzerodt, Herold, Paine and Surratt were to hang. They were executed July 7, 1865. Surratt was the first woman in American history to be executed. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Andrew Johnson in","title":"Henry Lawrence Burnett"},{"id":"13741235","text":"the offender's 'natural life'. If a non-parole period is fixed, it must be at least 10 years unless exceptional circumstances exist, or 20 years if the prisoner is convicted of the murder of a police officer or other public official. The longest overall non-parole period is 60 years, being served by Dieter Pfennig (South Australia), who kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Louise Bell in January 1983, kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Michael Black in January 1989, and kidnapped and sexually abused a third child in December 1989. As Pfenning would have to live to 103 years of age to serve that term,","title":"Life imprisonment in Australia"},{"id":"19752556","text":"was dead. Ryan's family held a memorial service in Bundaberg, Queensland on Ryan's 17th birthday in 2001. Leonard John Fraser, already serving a life sentence for the murder of 9-year-old Keyra Steinhardt in April 1999, confessed to five murders, including that of Natasha Ryan, in an apparent deal with police to avoid the general population in jail. After being charged with the murders of Natasha Ryan, Sylvia Benedetti, Beverly Leggo and the manslaughter of Julie Turner, Fraser stood trial in the Supreme Court of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland. He has since died in prison. On 11 April 2003, during Fraser's","title":"Natasha Ryan"},{"id":"10025219","text":"Booth freed. In 1859, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the Wisconsin court's decision, Ableman v. Booth, ordering Booth arrested and confined. Milwaukee County Lawrencia Bembenek was convicted of the 1981 murder of her husband's ex-wife. She won the right to a new trial in 1992. She pleaded no contest and her sentence was commuted to time served. She was trying to get her original conviction overturned and be exonerated. On November 20, 2010 she died at a hospice facility in Portland, Oregon from liver and kidney failure. Friends, family and supporters have been trying to get her a posthumous pardon.","title":"Overturned convictions in the United States"},{"id":"3364095","text":"euros in moral compensation to family members of the victims. Neither appealed their sentences. In February 2018, Fourniret confessed to killing two more women. On 16 November 2018, Fourniret and Olivier were convicted of the murder of Farida Hammiche, the last of the eight females that Fourniret had confessed to killing in 2004. Fourniret was given a second life sentence and Olivier was sentenced to a further twenty years' imprisonment. Fourniret admitted to eight murders prior to his trial in 2008. He was convicted of seven of these and sentenced to life in prison. On 11 December 1987, Fourniret and","title":"Michel Fourniret"},{"id":"20668301","text":"to Brandfort in the middle of the night to treat her. Mandela would regularly dine with the Asvat family after she returned to Soweto from Brandfort, and attended parties at the Asvat home. Soon after Asvat's murder, Winnie Mandela gave an interview to a Sunday newspaper claiming that he was killed because he could corroborate (baseless) allegations that Methodist minister Paul Verryn had molested Stompie Seipei. However, media sources soon began to report on rumours that Asvat had been killed at the behest of Winnie Mandela, as he had examined the boy, and insisted that he be taken to hospital","title":"Abu Baker Asvat"},{"id":"3925848","text":"and American Amanda Knox were sentenced to 26 years imprisonment for the 2007 Murder of Meredith Kercher. They were released in 2011 after an appeal court found there was no credible evidence against them. Petty burglar Rudy Guede has been convicted of murder and sexual assault in connection with the death of Ms. Kercher. The Schiedammerpark murder case, as well as the similarly overturned case of the Putten murder, led to the installation of the \"Posthumus I committee\", which analyzed what had gone wrong in the Schiedammerpark Murder case, and came to the conclusion that confirmation bias led the police","title":"Miscarriage of justice"},{"id":"19097396","text":"General of Russia in 2016. The Team 29 journalists found that at least six women (Ekaterina Kharebava, Oksana Sevastidi, Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, Inga Tutisani, and Manana Kapanadze) were convicted just for SMS messages on open movements of military equipment to their acquaintances in Georgia. After that, the Team 29 attorneys entered the cases of Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, and Inga Tutisani. On July 29, 2017, Vladimir Putin signed decrees on pardon for Marina Dzhandzhgava and Annik Kesyan; on November 16, 2017, the Supreme Court revised Inga Tutisani's sentence and reduced her punishment term from 6 years to 4 years","title":"Ivan Pavlov (lawyer)"},{"id":"4462132","text":"29, 1865, the eight were found guilty of conspiracy to kill the President. Arnold, O'Laughlen, and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler to six years in prison, and Atzerodt, Herold, Powell, and Surratt to be hanged, the first woman ever to be executed by the US federal government. They were executed July 7, 1865. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Johnson in early 1869. Accusations still remain that Surratt's sentence of hanging had been reduced before the hanging. Holt's public image was besmirched by the trial and his prosecution of it,","title":"Joseph Holt"},{"id":"2920052","text":"Imee Marcos María Imelda Josefa Romualdez Marcos (born November 12, 1955) informally known as Imee Marcos is a Filipino politician best known for being the daughter of the late dictator and former President of the Philippines Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady Imelda R. Marcos, for her role in the torture and murder of Archimedes Trajano, and for her involvement in the 2017 Tobacco Excise Tax funds scandal. Her conviction in the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493) before the U.S. district court in Honolulu, Hawaii is noted in U.S. legal circles for exposing the weaknesses","title":"Imee Marcos"},{"id":"1952174","text":"appeal and been released from prison, strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty's reintroduction. These include the Birmingham Six (cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974), the Guildford Four (cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing), Stephen Downing (a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard) and Barry George (who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal). Perhaps the","title":"Capital punishment in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"460330","text":"Women's League. In July 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria High Court ruled that \"the crimes were not committed for personal gain\". The judge overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three years and six months suspended sentence. When the ANC announced the election of its National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela placed first with 2,845 votes. Madikizela-Mandela criticised the anti-immigrant violence in May–June 2008 that began in Johannesburg and spread throughout the country, and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions for the sentiments behind the riots. She","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"12653266","text":"high-profile appeal cases such as the Lockerbie bombing and the Glasgow Ice Cream Wars, in which she defended Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Thomas \"TC\" Campbell, respectively. She was also successful in the appeal case of Kim Galbraith, whose murder conviction for shooting her policeman husband was reduced to diminished responsibility. On 6 November 2008, Scott applied to the Court of Criminal Appeal for Megrahi's release on bail pending the second appeal against his conviction at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial in 2001. The three judges reserved their judgment on the application. A week later, Megrahi's bail application was refused.","title":"Maggie Scott, Lady Scott"},{"id":"7722231","text":"Marlene Lehnberg Marlene Lehnberg (1955 - 2015) was a South African murderer more commonly known as The Scissor Murderess. She was 18 years old in 1974 when she and hired killer Marthinus Choegoe stabbed Susanna Magdalena van der Linde, the wife of Lehnberg’s 47-year-old lover Christiaan van der Linde, to death with a pair of scissors. At 19 she was then the youngest woman to be convicted of murder in South Africa. Both Lehnberg and Marthinus Choegoe received the death penalty, but this was later set aside and she served 11 years of her 20-year sentence in Pollsmoor Prison outside","title":"Marlene Lehnberg"},{"id":"5529229","text":"a middle-class schoolgirl, whilst Williams was from a working-class background with a stud in her nose and estranged parents. Sandile Memela, chief director for social cohesion at South Africa's Department of Arts and Culture, noted amidst the Oscar Pistorius trial that there existed substantial differences between how media outlets reported on the murders of Reeva Steenkamp and Zanele Khumalo; two South African models, respectively white and black, who had been murdered by their boyfriends under nearly identical circumstances. Memela asserted that the discrepancy between the media coverage of the Steenkamp and Khumala murders amounted to \"structural racism\" within South African","title":"Missing white woman syndrome"},{"id":"17888349","text":"understanding of the judicial process. She is one of the seven female South African judges featured in \"Courting Justice\", a 2008 documentary film directed by Jane Lipman. Masipa contributed to case law on the constitutional duties of local government related to housing in her 2009 ruling on \"Blue Moonlight Properties v Occupiers of Saratoga Avenue\". Masipa was the presiding judge in the trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges which commenced in the High Court in Pretoria on 3 March 2014. She appointed two assessors to assist her in the trial. According to","title":"Thokozile Masipa"},{"id":"16994945","text":"was convicted in 2007 for the murders of six women and sentenced to life imprisonment. Russell Williams is a Canadian convicted murderer, rapist, and former Colonel in the Canadian Forces, who targeted women. He was sentenced in 2010 to two life sentences for first-degree murder, two 10-year sentences for other sexual assaults, two 10-year sentences for forcible confinement, and 82 one-year sentences for breaking and entering, all to be served concurrently. Following Confederation in 1867, the laws were consolidated in the Criminal Code. These dealt principally with pimping, procuring, operating brothels and soliciting. Most amendments to date have dealt with","title":"History of Canadian women"},{"id":"16157627","text":"of the murder of Lesley Whittle, for which he was given a life sentence; and a further 61 years for kidnapping. Three weeks later he was convicted of the murder of three post office workers, and given three further life sentences. The offences regarding the shooting of security guard Gerald Smith were left on file, as Smith had died more than a year and a day after the shooting. In 2008, Neilson was suffering from motor neurone disease and appealed against his sentence, requesting it be commuted to a maximum of 30 years. Mr Justice Teare ruled that he must","title":"Kidnapping and murder of Lesley Whittle"},{"id":"7241889","text":"Tiequon Cox Tiequon Aundray \"Lil Fee\" Cox (born December 1, 1965) is a convicted murderer currently incarcerated in San Quentin State Prison. Cox became one of the prime suspects of a mass murder investigation concerning the deaths of Ebora Alexander, aged 59, Dietra Alexander, aged 25, two boys Damon Bonner, aged 6, and Damani Garner-Alexander, aged 12. These four individuals were relatives of former NFL player and defensive back Kermit Alexander. Cox was also a noted member of the Rollin' 60, one of the many sets affiliated to the Crips, and actually still on parole on an unrelated charge. The","title":"Tiequon Cox"},{"id":"4524821","text":"May 2009. According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to \"destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare\". On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape; she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years. She was acquitted of three further charges. Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR. Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of","title":"Pauline Nyiramasuhuko"},{"id":"389200","text":"Sacramento, California, for all four defendants in the Opsahl murder case. Montague was sentenced to eight years for the murder (2nd degree). Her former husband, William Harris, was sentenced to seven years, and Bortin to six years. Olson was sentenced to six years, adding two consecutively to the 14-year sentence she had already received. All sentences were the maximum allowed under their plea bargains. On November 8, 2002, James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged that a","title":"Symbionese Liberation Army"},{"id":"11239113","text":"the murder to Dennis Donohue. Donohue cannot be tried for the death of Crystallynn Girard, however, as he was granted immunity at her trial. In September 2007, he was arrested for Giambra's murder, 13 years after her death. In May 2008, a jury took only six hours to convict him for Giambra's murder. He was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. According to the Innocence Project, DeJac is the first woman to be exonerated of murdering someone on the basis of DNA evidence. A previous case had involved the reversal of the conviction of Paula Grey, who had","title":"Lynn DeJac"},{"id":"10780532","text":"who had been sentenced to death, later gave birth to a girl, Harithra Murugan in prison. Upon the intervention of Rajiv Gandhi's widow and Congress president Sonia Gandhi, who petitioned for clemency for the sake of Nalini's daughter in 2000, the death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Nalini was treated as a class 'A' convict from September 10, 1999 till the privilege was withdrawn in May 2010 after a mobile phone was allegedly recovered from her cell during a surprise check. She \"regrets\" the killing of the former Prime Minister and claims that the real conspirators have not been","title":"Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi"},{"id":"19646305","text":"recurring-guest role on \"Chicago Med\", in which she plays Denise, the older sister of head charge nurse Maggie Lockwood. She appeared as a guest star on the legal drama \"Doubt\" in 2017 with co-star Dule Hill. Grey played Delilah Johnson, a woman on trial for the murder of a famous athlete. The storyline was based off the real life story of CeCe McDonald. As a singer, Grey opened for singer-songwriter Zara Larsson in October 2016. As well as completed a 12 city summer music tour the same year. In 2017, transgender actors and actresses including Grey (with the help of","title":"Alexandra Grey"},{"id":"819334","text":"die by electrocution over lethal injection. After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines. A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva. The last execution in the Philippines was in 2000, utilizing lethal injection, and the death penalty was abolished six years later. Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted","title":"Electric chair"},{"id":"7230346","text":"safe in France or not. Immigration to Israel rose as a result. A total of 27 people were accused of involvement in the crime and were tried for kidnapping and murder in 2009. One person was acquitted and the rest were convicted. Gang leader Youssouf Fofana was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years before the possibility of parole. The woman who had lured Halimi to his abduction was sentenced to nine years imprisonment. Two of his close associates, Jean-Christophe Soumbou and Samir Ait Abdel Malek, received 18 and 15 year prison terms respectively, and Malek's prison","title":"Killing of Ilan Halimi"},{"id":"2722789","text":"Leslie Van Houten Leslie Louise Van Houten (born August 23, 1949) is an American convicted murderer and former member of the Manson Family. Van Houten was arrested and charged in relation to the 1969 killings of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca when she was 19 years old. She was then convicted and sentenced to death. Despite the ruling, a 1972 California Supreme Court decision on \"People v. Anderson\" ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional, resulting in her sentence being commuted to life in prison. Her conviction was then overturned in a 1976 appellate court decision which granted her a retrial.","title":"Leslie Van Houten"},{"id":"12935859","text":"In February 2009 police in Poland arrested a man identified as Turpal Ali J. whom they described as an \"accomplice\" to Israilov's murderer. An Austrian court sentenced three individuals to prison for Israilov's murder on June 1, 2011. Otto Kaltenbrunner, Suleiman Dadayev and Turpal-Ali Yesherkayev received sentences of life, 19 years, and 16 years, respectively. Austrian police believe Chechen President Kadyrov ordered Israilov's abduction, an action that later ended in murder. Lecha Bogatirov, the man suspected of firing the fatal shots, remained at large. As reported by C.J. Chivers, a journalist for the \"International Herald Tribune\", in August 2008 Austrian","title":"Umar Israilov"},{"id":"14860076","text":"months, Schagen and the Netherlands were shocked by the double murder of Jansje Stoel, the 55-year-old widow of Gerrit Bute, and her 17-year-old niece Anna Bei(j)ers. Berman headed a committee that would pay 750 guilders, donated by the residents, for the golden tip. As head of the local police, he conducted interrogations. After initially the wrong person was arrested, 17-year-old Klaas Boes was arrested for perpetrating the murders. His mother committed suicide. Klaas Boes was sentenced to life imprisonment, but this was later changed to 25 years. Berman was praised for the way he handled the case. The affair was","title":"Simon Berman"},{"id":"16644679","text":"on 1 August to ten months' imprisonment, suspended for two years; the Judge required him to attend a two-year drug rehabilitation programme. The court heard that her heart pacemaker indicated that Eva Rausing probably died on 7 May. At the time of her death she was one of the wealthiest women in the United Kingdom. On 29 August 2012, the British journalist Ben Quinn revealed in \"The Guardian\" that in 2011 Eva Rausing had passed on information to Swedish prosecutors about the unsolved 1986 murder of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. Scotland Yard had confirmed the day before that it","title":"Eva Rausing"},{"id":"3530532","text":"trial at Winchester Crown Court in October that year. The jury's verdict was unanimous. On 22 November 1995, West was found guilty of 10 murders. The judge, Mr. Justice Mantell, sentenced her to life imprisonment, saying, \"If attention is paid to what I think, you will never be released.\" The Lord Chief Justice later decided that she should spend at least 25 years in prison, but in July 1997, Home Secretary Jack Straw subjected West to a whole life tariff. This was the second instance of a whole life tariff imposed on a woman in Britain in modern times. The","title":"Rosemary West"},{"id":"19339010","text":"Emma Humphreys Emma Clare Humphreys (30 October 1967 – 11 July 1998) was a Welsh woman who was imprisoned in England in December 1985 at Her Majesty's pleasure, after being convicted of the murder of her violent 33-year-old boyfriend and pimp, Trevor Armitage. Aged 17 when convicted, Humphreys spent a decade in prison before winning an appeal against the conviction, on 7 July 1995, on the grounds of long-term provocation. The Court of Appeal reduced the conviction to manslaughter, and she was released immediately. Three years later she died, aged 30, from an accidental overdose of prescription drugs at her","title":"Emma Humphreys"},{"id":"11369031","text":"19, 2009, Peagler's family members and community supporters protested outside the Los Angeles office of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, demanding Peagler's release. On August 20, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger declined to review the parole finding, allowing Peagler to be released on August 22, 2009. Peagler died of lung cancer while at home with her family on June 8, 2010. Deborah Peagler Deborah Denise Peagler (December 27, 1959, Pensacola, Florida - June 8, 2010, Compton, California ) was a battered woman who was in prison from 1983 to 2009 for her involvement in the murder of Oliver Wilson, the man who abused","title":"Deborah Peagler"},{"id":"6566081","text":"Sutcliffe had been found guilty of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in a six-year spree. Nilsen remained in prison until his death 35 years later, while Sutcliffe remains in prison. In 1976, Donald \"Black Panther\" Neilson had been convicted on four charges of murder at the end of a highly publicised trial. All of these murderers were also subjected to a whole life tariff by subsequent Home Secretaries. Like Nilsen, Neilson remained in prison until his death, dying in 2011 after serving 35 years of his life sentence. In November 2002, a successful legal challenge by convicted double","title":"Life imprisonment in England and Wales"},{"id":"6706025","text":"2006. The act was also criticised by the Conservative Party for its lenient sentencing rules and handling of parole. Further fueling the controversy was the revelation that 53 prisoners who had been sentenced to life imprisonment under the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 had been freed on parole since 2000. Gill Smith, whose 18-year-old daughter Louise was murdered in December 1995, praised Mr Blunkett for giving judges the power to set longer minimum terms. Her daughter's killer, David Frost, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life but with a minimum of 14 years, as he had confessed to the crime","title":"Criminal Justice Act 2003"},{"id":"9151543","text":"reconciled, planning to resume married life after being released from jail. Rousseff was convicted in the first instance to six years in prison. She had already served three years when the Supreme Military Court reduced her sentence to two years and a month. She also had her political rights suspended for eighteen years. In December 2006, the Special Commission for Reparation of the Human Rights Office for the State of Rio de Janeiro approved a request for indemnification by Rousseff and eighteen other prisoners in law enforcement agencies of the São Paulo state government in the 1970s. In her request,","title":"Dilma Rousseff"},{"id":"17773898","text":"a lethal dose of the drug pentobarbital was administered. As a result of the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"Gregg v. Georgia\", capital punishment was reinstated in the United States. With her execution, Basso became: Legal documents: Newspaper articles: (\"Houston Chronicle\" articles are available from the Houston Public Library, accessible with a library card) Suzanne Basso Suzanne Margaret \"Sue\" Basso (née Burns; May 15, 1954 – February 5, 2014) was an American woman who was one of six co-defendants convicted in the August 1998 torture and murder of Louis \"Buddy\" Musso, a mentally disabled man who was killed for","title":"Suzanne Basso"},{"id":"2933279","text":"John Callahan, Arthur \"Bucky\" Barrett, John McIntyre, and Deborah Hussey. The jury acquitted Bulger of killing Michael Milano, Al Plummer, William O'Brien, James O'Toole, Al Notorangeli, James Sousa and Francis Leonard. They also reported themselves unable to agree about the murder of Deborah Davis, though Bulger had already been found liable for her death in a civil suit. Following the verdict, Bulger's attorneys J. W. Carney Jr. and Hank Brennan vowed to appeal, citing Casper's ruling which prevented Bulger from claiming he had been given immunity. On November 14, 2013, Bulger was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment, plus","title":"Whitey Bulger"},{"id":"18878689","text":"1am until 2009 and 10am from 2009-2018). In 2007, Tennessee established by legislation a \"Committee to Study the Administration of the Death Penalty\". After 16 months of analysis and hearings, the study committee on the death penalty suggested reform of the death penalty without abolishing it, including the creation of an independent authority to review death sentences. Of the two women sentenced to death, Gaile Owens was pardoned in July 2010, owing to a sentence deemed \"disproportionate\" (she was convicted in 1986 for having killed her husband who beat her). The second woman, Christa Pike, who was convicted in 1996","title":"Capital punishment in Tennessee"},{"id":"20076973","text":"Šefka Hodžić Šefka Hodžić (born 1943; fate unknown) was a Bosnian woman convicted of the 1969 murder of her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović. The brutality of the murder has earned Hodžić the title of one of the most \"monstrous\" women in Bosnian history. For months before the killing, since childless Hodžić had learned of her friends pregnancy, she began stuffing her shirts to appear pregnant, indicating premeditation. The murder occurred on 6 October 1969 in the village Jusići on a mountain near Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. During a village party, Hodžić secretly shot her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović three times","title":"Šefka Hodžić"},{"id":"14563970","text":"on her hands and knees while Guede sexually abused her; that Knox had cut Kercher with a knife before inflicting the fatal stab wound; and that she had then stolen Kercher's mobile phones and money to fake a burglary. On 5 December 2009, Knox and Sollecito were convicted of murder and sentenced to 26 years' imprisonment. The appeal (or second grade) trial began in November 2010, presided over by Judges Claudio Pratillo Hellmann and Massimo Zanetti. A court-ordered review of the contested DNA evidence by independent experts noted numerous basic errors in the gathering and analysis of the evidence, and","title":"Murder of Meredith Kercher"},{"id":"18007635","text":"Italian Nobel Prize in Literature Dario Fo dedicates to Jabbari a painting, titled \"Portrait of Reyhaneh Jabbari\". After the execution, and in response to international and domestic reactions, Tehran Prosecutor's office made a statement meant to clarify some of the details of Jabbari's legal dossier. The Prosecutor's Office, inter alia, claims: Reyhaneh Jabbari Reyhaneh Jabbari (; 1988 – 25 October 2014) was a woman convicted of murdering Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, in Iran. She was in prison from 2007 until her execution by hanging in October 2014 for killing her alleged assailant. She published her recollection of the events while in","title":"Reyhaneh Jabbari"},{"id":"17046914","text":"General Mykhailo Potebenko had stated there were no grounds to open a case. On 18 January 2013, Tymoshenko was notified that she is a suspect in the murder of Scherban, his wife and two other people in 1996. Tymoshenko denied the charges and according to Tymoshenko not she, but President Yanukovych had benefited most of the murder of Shcherban. In February 2013 Tymoshenko and her lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko were fined both $2,000 for \"contempt of court\"; Tymoshenko was fined for being absent in court and Vlasenko for \"violating order in the courtroom\". On 21 January 2013 Tymoshenko's lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko","title":"Criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010"},{"id":"11524777","text":"could offer no reasonable explanation. Christofi was arrested on suspicion of murder. During her interrogation, she offered an explanation: \"I wake up, smell burning, go downstairs. Hella burning. Throw water, touch her face. Not move. Run out, get help.\" Christofi was charged and remanded to HM Prison Holloway soon afterwards. Her trial began at the Old Bailey on 28 October 1954. Her counsel offered a defence of insanity but the jury rejected it. Christofi was found guilty and sentenced to death. There was a limited campaign for clemency, but to no avail. Her executioner, Albert Pierrepoint claimed in his autobiography,","title":"Styllou Christofi"},{"id":"12888368","text":"Tansu Çiller, Turkey's first female prime minister, who served from June 1993 to March 1996, requested Şahin's return to the police force and said that he was owed an apology. However, on 27 January 1997 a warrant was issued for his arrest and although he initially eluded capture, on 6 March he was charged with 5–9 years in jail for felony and surrendered within five days later, ultimately being acquitted six months later, on 12 September. After a passage of eighteen months, in March 1999, he was charged for up to year's imprisonment for allegedly losing weapons donated to the","title":"İbrahim Şahin"},{"id":"2128924","text":"in light of this new reasoning. The San Francisco Superior Court reinstated the conviction for second-degree murder, and on September 22, 2008, the court sentenced Knoller to 15 years to life. Knoller then appealed the trial court's actions. On August 23, 2010, the First District Court of Appeal unanimously upheld Knoller's conviction, finding that she acted with a conscious disregard for human life when her Presa Canario escaped and killed Whipple. The California Supreme Court declined to hear her appeal of that decision. Knoller is currently serving her sentence at Valley State Prison for Women in Chowchilla. In November 2015,","title":"Death of Diane Whipple"},{"id":"14727551","text":"regime’s Secretary General for Human Rights, announced that Sakineh Ashtiani had been pardoned, due to good behaviour. She had spent nearly 10 years on death row. Larijani stated that the media attention surrounding her sentence to death by stoning was \"propaganda\" and that the death sentence she had initially received was for the murder of her husband and not the adultery. Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani (; born 1967), is an Iranian Azeri woman who has gained the attention of human rights groups and people throughout the world for a conviction of adultery and attempted murder and its accompanying","title":"Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani"},{"id":"17900793","text":"Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court of South Africa in Pretoria opened on 3 March 2014. On 11–12 September 2014, Judge Thokozile Masipa delivered a verdict that Pistorius was not guilty of murder, but guilty of the culpable homicide of Steenkamp and reckless endangerment with a firearm at a restaurant. On 21 October 2014, Pistorius received a prison sentence of a maximum of five years for culpable homicide and a concurrent three-year suspended prison sentence for the separate","title":"Trial of Oscar Pistorius"},{"id":"19878881","text":"sentence for assault and burglary, Powell was arrested for the June 6, 1992 shooting death of James Rutledge. In 2011,she was convicted of second degree murder and received a sentence of 25 years to life, to begin upon the completion of her 16 year sentence for assault and burglary. Powell is currently being held at The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women and will be eligible for parole in the year 2045 when she is 84 years old. Her case has been highlighted as a clear example of injustice by many social activists and black power groups. Even being mentioned","title":"Joy Powell"},{"id":"1849254","text":"Irma Grese Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a female \"SS\" guard at the Nazi concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen. Grese was convicted for crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the \"Hyena of Auschwitz\" (). Irma Ilse Ida Grese was born","title":"Irma Grese"},{"id":"20474656","text":"JFW's earliest cases was that of Emma Humphreys, who had been convicted of murder after killing her violent pimp boyfriend in 1985, when she was 17. In September 1992 she wrote to JFW from prison asking for help, and with Wistrich's and Bindel's support, she successfully appealed the conviction, claiming long-term provocation. News reports from 7 July 1995 \"(right)\" show the three women leaving the Old Bailey after the judges ordered that Humphreys be released. Wistrich told a press conference that the case had been \"a miscarriage of justice on a par with that of the Guildford Four and Judith","title":"Harriet Wistrich"},{"id":"3406681","text":"Murder of Reena Virk Reena Virk (March 10, 1983 – November 14, 1997) was a resident of Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Her status as a bullied murder victim attracted substantial media scrutiny in Canada. Virk was first swarmed by a group of \"friends.\" The names of six of the girls involved in the first beating, known collectively as \"the Shoreline Six,\" have not all been released. Following the first beating, Warren Glowatski and Kerry Marie Sim (formerly, Kelly Marie Ellard) murdered Virk. Glowatski was given a life sentence after being convicted of second-degree murder. Sim (Ellard) was tried three times.","title":"Murder of Reena Virk"},{"id":"13270713","text":"Facility. The 2011 novel \"The Butterfly and the Flame\" by Dana De Young was dedicated in part to Zapata's memory. Ozomatli references Zapata in their song \"Gay Vatos in Love\", on their 2010 album \"Fire Away\". Angie Zapata Angie Zapata (5 August 198917 July 2008) was an American trans woman beaten to death in Greeley, Colorado. Her killer, Allen Andrade, was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a hate crime, because he murdered her after learning she was transgender. The case was the first in the nation to get a conviction for a hate crime involving a transgender victim, which","title":"Angie Zapata"},{"id":"10060020","text":"verdict of guilty on all counts with a lesser charge on count 17. He was re-sentenced to life in prison by the jury, but with the possibility of parole after 51 years. On June 4, 2013, Judge Kurtz sentenced George Thomas to two life sentences (consecutive) for the murders and 25 years (multiple concurrent) for the rapes. In January 2016, Thomas appealed to the United States Supreme Court but the court did not agree to hear the case. Vanessa Coleman, the only female charged and convicted in the crimes, is held at the Tennessee Prison for Women in Nashville. Serving","title":"Murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom"},{"id":"389195","text":"safe houses. In Hearst's arrest affidavit she claimed that SLA members had used LSD to drug her and had forced her to take part in the bank raid. She was convicted of the Hibernia Bank robbery and sentenced to seven years in prison. US President Jimmy Carter commuted the sentence to time served after she had been in prison for 21 months. She was pardoned by President Bill Clinton. The Harrises were convicted for their part in the Hearst kidnapping and spent eight years in prison. On February 26, 1976, a Los Angeles county grand jury indicted Kathleen Ann Soliah","title":"Symbionese Liberation Army"},{"id":"20448870","text":"years. The NSW Court of Criminal Appeal upheld a crown appeal that the sentence was manifestly inadequate, almost doubling the prison sentence. In 2014 Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Paul Mulvihill, who a jury convicted of the stabbing murder of his former lover Rachelle Yeo and Fullerton sentenced him to a maximum 29 years in prison. Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Adeel Khan, who was convicted of the murder of Chris Noble and the manslaughter of Bianka O'Brien and her baby son Jude following a fire in Khan's shop at Rozelle. Khan was sentenced","title":"Elizabeth Fullerton"},{"id":"18720566","text":"stealing Allen's cash and property and expressed her intention to pawn the stolen rifles. Prosecutors ultimately took the stance that Brown had not been in danger and that she'd murdered Allen in order to steal from him. Ultimately, she was found guilty of murder and sentenced to 51 years to life in prison. Brown is currently serving her sentence at the Tennessee Prison for Women, a maximum security detention facility in Nashville, Tennessee. She will be eligible for parole when she is 67 years old. Brown's former pimp, Garion L. McGlothen, also known as Gary McGlothen and Kutthroat, died on","title":"Cyntoia Brown"},{"id":"6774261","text":"by Meehan. This trial, and particularly the judge's summing-up, raised important questions about the legal meaning of a royal pardon, and Waddell was acquitted. Shortly after Bruce Millan, Secretary of State for Scotland, commented in the House of Commons about these issues. Waddell was himself later murdered by an associate, Andrew Gentle, shortly after a robbery in which they murdered a woman. Gentle was convicted of both murders and later committed suicide in prison. An inquiry into the miscarriage of justice, held due to public demand, and chaired by Lord Hunter, reported in 1982. It was widely criticised as a","title":"Patrick Meehan"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"11391142\",\n \"text\": \"convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \\\"cause célèbre\\\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391141\",\n \"text\": \"birthday in jail without trial. At the age of 13 he was expelled from school. Moeketsi, together with Kenny Kgase, Pelo Mekgwe and Thabiso Mono, were kidnapped on December 29, 1988 from the Methodist manse in Orlando, Soweto, run by Paul Verryn. Moeketsi was accused of being a police informer. Screams were heard as Stompie Moeketsi was murdered, at the age of 14, by Jerry Richardson, member of Winnie Mandela's \\\"Football Club\\\". His body was recovered on waste ground near Winnie Mandela's house on January 6, 1989. His throat had been cut. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4485308\",\n \"text\": \"funeral was held in Tumahole. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping, but her sentence (6 years in jail) was reduced to a fine and 2 years suspended. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found her guilty on initiating and participating in the assaults but regarding to the actual murder of Stompie, she was only found “negligent”. Winnie Mandela apologized in person to his mother and the two men accused of killing Stompie also apologized on National TV. Parys Parys (pronounced ) is a town situated on the banks of the Vaal River in the Free State province of South\",\n \"title\": \"Parys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460304\",\n \"text\": \"informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security detail carried out kidnapping, torture, and murder, most notoriously the killing of 14-year-old Stompie Sepei whose kidnapping she was convicted of. Nelson Mandela was released from prison on 11 February 1990, and the couple separated in 1992; their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his final illness. As a senior ANC figure, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was dismissed from her post amid allegations of corruption. In 2003, she was convicted of theft and fraud. She temporarily withdrew from active politics before returning\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4485307\",\n \"text\": \"One of the most outstanding citizens of Parys/Tumahole is Stompie Seipei who was a freedom fighter during the time of Apartheid. Stompie joined the fight at an age of only 10 years, got arrested a few times and was kidnapped on 29th of December 1988 by Mandela United Football Club, which were Winnie Mandela's bodyguards. He was accused of being a police informer. Stompie Seipei was killed on 1st of January 1989, but the family only found out about it 2 weeks after the murder. Manankie Seipei, his mother who still lives in Tumahole, had to identify her son. The\",\n \"title\": \"Parys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460319\",\n \"text\": \"killed Sepei, had been tortured and kidnapped to Zambia by her supporters, prior to the trial, to prevent him testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal. In 1992, she was accused of ordering the murder of Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, a family friend, and prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted, but before he had been killed. Mandela's role in the Asvat killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. Asvat's murderer testified that she paid the equivalent\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391140\",\n \"text\": \"Stompie Seipei James Seipei (1974–1 January 1989), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, or Stompie Sepei was a teenage United Democratic Front (UDF) activist from Parys in South Africa. He and three other boys were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the \\\"Mandela United Football Club\\\". Moeketsi was murdered on 1 January 1989, the only one of the boys to be killed. Moeketsi joined the street uprising against Apartheid in the mid-1980s at age ten, and soon took on a leading role. He became the country's youngest political detainee when he spent his 12th\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391145\",\n \"text\": \"killing was later probed as part of the TRC hearings, after Asvat's murderers as well as her associate, Katiza Cebekhulu implicated her in the murder of Asvat, as part of a cover-up of Seipei's death. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Seipei, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. In the documentary, Heslinga claimed that Richardson admitted during an interview that\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391143\",\n \"text\": \"a heavy blow. Appearing before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 1997, she said allegations that she was involved in at least 18 human rights abuses including eight murders were \\\"ridiculous\\\" and said that her main accuser, former comrade Katiza Cebekhulu, was a former \\\"mental patient\\\" and his allegations against her were \\\"hallucinations\\\". Cebekhulu had, himself, before the 1991 trial, been tortured, and kidnapped to Zambia, where he was detained for almost three years, at the behest of the ANC, before moving to the UK. The Commission found that the abduction of Stompie Moeketsi had been carried out on\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096711\",\n \"text\": \"In December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeals overturned the culpable homicide verdict and found Pistorius guilty of murder. On 6 July 2016 Judge Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, despite there being a minimum sentence of 15 years in South Africa. On 24 November 2017 the Court of Appeal extended Oscar Pistorius' jail term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp and Anene Booysen, both young South African women killed in 2013, were named SA Persons of the year 2013 by the \\\"Daily Maverick\\\". In February 2014, eNCA broadcast a half-hour documentary special about Steenkamp's\",\n \"title\": \"Reeva Steenkamp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460317\",\n \"text\": \"dead, let Mrs Mandela give us the remains of our son, so that we must bury him decently.\\\" Sono and Shabalala's bodies were exhumed from pauper's graves in Soweto's Avalon Cemetery in 2013, by the National Prosecuting Authority's Missing People's Task Team, having been stabbed soon after their abductions. On 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson, who was coach of the Mandela United Football Club, abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Sepei) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn, with Richardson claiming that Winnie Mandela had the youths taken to her home because\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460324\",\n \"text\": \"Katiza Cebekhulu's abduction to Zambia, where he was detained without trial for almost 3 years by the Kenneth Kaunda government, before moving to the UK was done by the ANC, and in the \\\"interests\\\" of Madikizela-Mandela. The TRC found allegations against Methodist minister Paul Verryn to be \\\"unfounded and without any merit\\\" and that \\\"Madikizela-Mandela deliberately and maliciously slandered Verryn...in an attempt to divert attention away from herself and [her] associates...\\\". The TRC also found that she was responsible for the abduction of, and assaults on, Stompie Sepei, and that she had attempted to cover up his death by claiming\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460322\",\n \"text\": \"of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife, Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460323\",\n \"text\": \"TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had told her, in the context of her son Stompie's murder: \\\"...may God forgive me\\\". After the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had provided financial support to Joyce Sepei's family, and Seipei's home was furnished by the ANC. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation commission (TRC), issued in 1998, found \\\"Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the Mandela United Football Club\\\" and that she \\\"was responsible, by omission, for the commission of gross violations of human rights.\\\" The TRC report also stated that Sepei trial witness\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391144\",\n \"text\": \"Winnie Mandela's instructions, and that she had \\\"initiated and participated in the assaults\\\", had resisted efforts by the \\\"Mandela Crisis Committee\\\" to get the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \\\"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\\\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8533514\",\n \"text\": \"Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human rights\",\n \"title\": \"Kathleen Satchwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8533516\",\n \"text\": \"marriage. Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human\",\n \"title\": \"Kathleen Satchwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694549\",\n \"text\": \"police during South Africa's apartheid days.\\\" He also served as Chair of the Detainees Parents Support Committee during 1982-83. (South African law during this time allowed detention without trial under certain circumstances). In 1989 a media furor erupted following the abduction of four youths and the murder of James Seipei, also known as Stompie Sepei. Verryn had provided accommodation as a place of safety at the Orlando Mission house (Manse) for the four. At the time this was also his residence as the minister for the Soweto Circuit. Verryn was then also prominent as one of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela's critics. On\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Verryn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20668286\",\n \"text\": \"Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was) paid for his murder as part of a cover-up of Seipei's killing, being presented to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Asvat was born in Fietas into Gujarati Indian family. His father was a shopkeeper, and he had\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Baker Asvat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4361681\",\n \"text\": \"pulled over for a broken taillight. Zayd Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and\",\n \"title\": \"Black Power movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17959559\",\n \"text\": \"been enticed to the apartment in order to kill her. Joona Hasselqvist's sentence was lowered to 12 years in prison for manslaughter, and Joel Lilo's sentence was lowered to 6 years in prison for assisted manslaughter. The sentences differed, because the district court judge had sentenced both for murder. After the sentence had been declared, Lilo was released, because Finnish law grants parole for crimes committed under the age of 21 after one third of the sentence has been served. Lilo's parole caused disapproval among the public, because after being paroled, he disgraced Lepomäki's on-line memorial with indecent comments. Lepomäki's\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Jenna Lepomäki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17900838\",\n \"text\": \"his gun would have killed whoever was behind the door, regardless of who he thought it was. On 6 July 2016 Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, although the prosecution has called for 15 years, the minimum prison sentence in South Africa for murder. Masipa argued that Pistorius had already served 12 months in prison for the culpable homicide conviction and was remorseful for his killing. Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court\",\n \"title\": \"Trial of Oscar Pistorius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096704\",\n \"text\": \"Reeva Steenkamp Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (; 19 August 1983 – 14 February 2013) was a South African model. On Valentine's Day 2013, Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend, Oscar Pistorius, who said he believed she was an intruder hiding in the bathroom. Pistorius was later found guilty of culpable homicide at his trial the following year, was given five years in jail and served a one-year prison sentence. On 3 December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa overturned the conviction for culpable homicide and instead convicted Pistorius of murder. The sentencing of Pistorius began on 13\",\n \"title\": \"Reeva Steenkamp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17888351\",\n \"text\": \"the trial, was subjected to threats and personal attacks by people who disagreed with the verdict. In her new sentence for Pistorius based on a murder conviction, Masipa only increased his sentence by 1 year to 6 years. The 6 year sentence for murder was appealed by the National Prosecuting Authority and they convinced South Africa's Supreme Court of Appeal to increase the sentence. The sentence was set at the minimum length for a murder conviction in South Africa - 15 years. Thokozile Masipa Thokozile Matilda Masipa (born 16 October 1947) is a judge in the Gauteng Division of the\",\n \"title\": \"Thokozile Masipa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460318\",\n \"text\": \"she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless). The four were beaten to get them to admit to having had sex with the minister. Negotiations that lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get the kidnapped boys released by Winnie Mandela failed. Seipei was accused of being an informer, and his body later found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. In 1991, Mrs Mandela was acquitted of all but the kidnapping of Sepei. A key witness, Katiza Cebekhulu, who was going to testify that Madikizela-Mandela had\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9900905\",\n \"text\": \"daughter, and blamed him for Mark's imprisonment. Schreiber was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years. He became eligible for parole in 2012. Belinda van Krevel pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment, with a non-parole period of three and a half years. She was released from prison on 1 June 2007, saying \\\"I just want to get on with my life\\\". She was subsequently arrested in 2010 and charged with assault and theft. On 5 July 2013 she was arrested again and charged with the stabbing\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Valera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460320\",\n \"text\": \"of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary about the life and activism of Winnie Mandela, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Moeketsi, as well as all other cases made against Winnie Mandela, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson admitted during an interview that Moeketsi discovered he\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6543106\",\n \"text\": \"twenty years of his career, Ayob concentrated on human rights cases, acting for opponents of the apartheid regime. Ayob defended and represented many South African political prisoners. Ayob was one of the few people who were allowed to visit Nelson Mandela while he was imprisoned on Robben Island. His most high-profile case was that of Hélène Passtoors, a Belgian woman accused of ferrying arms for the then-banned African National Congress. Another high-profile client of Ayob's was Winnie Mandela, who he represented during the Stompie Moeketsi kidnapping trial. Ismail Ayob was asked by Nelson Mandela in May 2005 to stop selling\",\n \"title\": \"Ismail Ayob\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096705\",\n \"text\": \"June 2016 and concluding arguments were made on 15 June 2016. He was sentenced to 6 years in prison on 6 July 2016, despite the minimum sentence for murder in South Africa being 15 years. On appeal by the state for a longer prison sentence, the Supreme Court of Appeal extended Pistorius's prison term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp was born in Cape Town, to parents Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife, June (née Marshall, previously Cowburn), who was born in Blackburn, England. She had two older half-siblings from her father and mother's respective previous\",\n \"title\": \"Reeva Steenkamp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3356281\",\n \"text\": \"during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison. The BLA was active in the US until at least 1981\",\n \"title\": \"Black Liberation Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20835854\",\n \"text\": \"Fladager was the deputy district attorney on the Douglas Mouser case and helped convict him. Fladager made national headlines as one of the attorneys on prosecution team for Scott Peterson, who was convicted in 2004 for murdering his pregnant wife, Laci Peterson. Fladager was later in the news again for not retrying corruption charages against the Modesto mayor Carmen Sabatino (in 2006) and saying she would retry George Souliotes for murder in 2013, before settling the case for involuntary manslaughter. Fladager was found to have not committed retaliation against former prosecutor Douglas Maner (Fladager's former employee). During depositions in that\",\n \"title\": \"Birgit Fladager\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17526854\",\n \"text\": \"night he shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. It was broadcast in Pistorius's home country of South Africa immediately after the ITV programme finished. On 11 November 2014, \\\"This Morning\\\" broadcast an exclusive interview with Jo Westwood, the ex-wife of jailed sex offender Max Clifford. In 2015 Williams-Thomas investigated the unsolved murder of BBC presenter Jill Dando. Writing in the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\" he theorized that she was murdered by the London underworld for her work on \\\"Crimewatch\\\". Williams-Thomas was the reporter for ITV's crime series \\\"The Investigator: A British Crime Story\\\", produced by Simon Cowell's Syco. The\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Williams-Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16406960\",\n \"text\": \"Crown Court and pleaded guilty to her murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum tariff of 25 years. The appeal court upheld the sentence on 14 December 2012. Following the guilty plea, it emerged that a second murder charge against Halliwell had been dropped as a result of an error in the police handling of the case. The body of Becky Godden-Edwards, a woman who had been reported missing in 2007, was found after Halliwell's arrest. Halliwell had led police to the body. Judge Mrs Justice Cox ruled that Halliwell's confessions to killing both women were inadmissible\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Sian O'Callaghan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20668307\",\n \"text\": \"and many women were present at his burial. The section of the road linking Soweto to Lenasia was renamed Abu Baker Asvat Drive by the post-apartheid government. A junior cricket tournament was instituted in Asvat's memory, in 2002. Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was)\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Baker Asvat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8140642\",\n \"text\": \"be due in court on 13 June 2016 to begin a five-day sentencing hearing for the murder conviction, concluding on 17 June 2016. On 15 June 2016, the sentencing was adjourned by Judge Thokozile Masipa until 6 July 2016. On 6 July 2016, Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years imprisonment for murder, rather than his original sentencing of five years imprisonment for culpable homicide; once again he was incarcerated in the hospital wing at the Kgosi Mampuru II jail. It was anticipated that Pistorius would be eligible for release on parole, after serving three years of his sentence,\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar Pistorius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1839124\",\n \"text\": \"Sue Devine & Michelle Thomas as Tracey. In the closing year, Nicki Paull's character Lisa Mullins was taken over by Terrie Waddell. Viewers' introduction to the Detention Centre featured the arrival of two new prisoners, Karen Travers (Peta Toppano) and Lynn Warner (Kerry Armstrong). Travers was charged with murdering her husband in self-defence (her flashback featured a shower scene that was a nod to Alfred Hitchcock's classic \\\"Psycho\\\"), whilst Warner insisted she was innocent despite her conviction for the abduction and attempted murder of a child. Both women were sent to the prison's maximum-security wing (H Block), where they were\",\n \"title\": \"Prisoner (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17244845\",\n \"text\": \"Viktor Yeremeyev, asked the court for only a 25-year prison sentence due to his poor mental state, and for him to be incarcerated in the Black Dolphin prison. On August 23, the court under judge Nikolai Kudinov found Pomazun guilty of murdering six people, illegal weapons possession, taking weapons by force and assaulting a police officer. Pomazun was sentence to life imprisonment in a high-security penal colony, and was ordered to pay 3 million rubles in compensation. When the verdict was read out Pomazun reacted to aggressively: he started swearing and threatened to kill those present in court, and promised\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Belgorod shooting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14122450\",\n \"text\": \"for \\\"The Guardian\\\" on the final years of the brutal apartheid system. The British Press Awards named him International Reporter of the Year for 1985. Peter Preston, his editor at \\\"The Guardian\\\", wrote of Beresford, \\\"He was swiftly the finest chronicler of apartheid's disintegration, a correspondent who caught the excitement of a momentous story but always paused to analyse how and why the plates of repression were shrinking.\\\" Beresford undercovered major stories, including the death-row confessions of Butana Almond Nofomela about the police squads that murdered anti-apartheid activists, and Winnie Mandela's role in the abduction and murder of teenager Stompie\",\n \"title\": \"David Beresford (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13741243\",\n \"text\": \"The longest non-parole period imposed for a single murder is 28 years, being served by Bradley John Murdoch, who shot dead British backpacker Peter Falconio. The only woman sentenced to life imprisonment in the Northern Territory under the current laws is Evelyn Namatjira, who stabbed her younger sister Jennifer after an argument during a drinking session and is serving a non-parole period of 15 years. Life imprisonment in Australia Life imprisonment in Australia is handed down for serious offences including treason, murder, and commercial drug trafficking by the State and Territory Supreme Courts in Australia. Life imprisonment is mandatory for\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276273\",\n \"text\": \"off his bomb or opening fire. Ağca was sentenced in July 1981 to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt, but was pardoned by Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in June 2000 at the Pope's request. He was then extradited to Turkey, where he was imprisoned for the 1979 murder of left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi and two bank raids carried out in the 1970s. Despite a plea for early release in November 2004, a Turkish court announced that he would not be eligible for release until 2010. Nonetheless he was released on parole on 12 January 2006. However, on 20 January\",\n \"title\": \"Pope John Paul II assassination attempt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13022294\",\n \"text\": \"Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC\",\n \"title\": \"Nelson Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20859651\",\n \"text\": \"number two is Freddy Horion, who has been imprisoned for sixfold murder since 1979. In the beginning of 2016, Eyken unintentionally provoked a great deal of commotion when Federal Public Service Justice Koen Geens, despite advice from prison management, gave him permission to leave the prison for one day to visit his sick friend, Jef Lannoo. This decision was controversial because, as a result of the tightening of the law in penitentiary leave days introduced by former Federal Public Service Justice Laurette Onkelinx in 2006, which did not allow parole. Eyken's lawyer Walter Damen, however, pointed out that in 2006\",\n \"title\": \"Staf Van Eyken\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9204975\",\n \"text\": \"April. The defence surprisingly did not call for Booth's diary to be produced in court. Holt was accused of withholding evidence, but it was never proven. On June 29, the eight were found guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy to kill Lincoln. Arnold, O'Laughlen and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler six years in prison and Atzerodt, Herold, Paine and Surratt were to hang. They were executed July 7, 1865. Surratt was the first woman in American history to be executed. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Andrew Johnson in\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Lawrence Burnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13741235\",\n \"text\": \"the offender's 'natural life'. If a non-parole period is fixed, it must be at least 10 years unless exceptional circumstances exist, or 20 years if the prisoner is convicted of the murder of a police officer or other public official. The longest overall non-parole period is 60 years, being served by Dieter Pfennig (South Australia), who kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Louise Bell in January 1983, kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Michael Black in January 1989, and kidnapped and sexually abused a third child in December 1989. As Pfenning would have to live to 103 years of age to serve that term,\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19752556\",\n \"text\": \"was dead. Ryan's family held a memorial service in Bundaberg, Queensland on Ryan's 17th birthday in 2001. Leonard John Fraser, already serving a life sentence for the murder of 9-year-old Keyra Steinhardt in April 1999, confessed to five murders, including that of Natasha Ryan, in an apparent deal with police to avoid the general population in jail. After being charged with the murders of Natasha Ryan, Sylvia Benedetti, Beverly Leggo and the manslaughter of Julie Turner, Fraser stood trial in the Supreme Court of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland. He has since died in prison. On 11 April 2003, during Fraser's\",\n \"title\": \"Natasha Ryan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10025219\",\n \"text\": \"Booth freed. In 1859, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the Wisconsin court's decision, Ableman v. Booth, ordering Booth arrested and confined. Milwaukee County Lawrencia Bembenek was convicted of the 1981 murder of her husband's ex-wife. She won the right to a new trial in 1992. She pleaded no contest and her sentence was commuted to time served. She was trying to get her original conviction overturned and be exonerated. On November 20, 2010 she died at a hospice facility in Portland, Oregon from liver and kidney failure. Friends, family and supporters have been trying to get her a posthumous pardon.\",\n \"title\": \"Overturned convictions in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3364095\",\n \"text\": \"euros in moral compensation to family members of the victims. Neither appealed their sentences. In February 2018, Fourniret confessed to killing two more women. On 16 November 2018, Fourniret and Olivier were convicted of the murder of Farida Hammiche, the last of the eight females that Fourniret had confessed to killing in 2004. Fourniret was given a second life sentence and Olivier was sentenced to a further twenty years' imprisonment. Fourniret admitted to eight murders prior to his trial in 2008. He was convicted of seven of these and sentenced to life in prison. On 11 December 1987, Fourniret and\",\n \"title\": \"Michel Fourniret\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20668301\",\n \"text\": \"to Brandfort in the middle of the night to treat her. Mandela would regularly dine with the Asvat family after she returned to Soweto from Brandfort, and attended parties at the Asvat home. Soon after Asvat's murder, Winnie Mandela gave an interview to a Sunday newspaper claiming that he was killed because he could corroborate (baseless) allegations that Methodist minister Paul Verryn had molested Stompie Seipei. However, media sources soon began to report on rumours that Asvat had been killed at the behest of Winnie Mandela, as he had examined the boy, and insisted that he be taken to hospital\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Baker Asvat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3925848\",\n \"text\": \"and American Amanda Knox were sentenced to 26 years imprisonment for the 2007 Murder of Meredith Kercher. They were released in 2011 after an appeal court found there was no credible evidence against them. Petty burglar Rudy Guede has been convicted of murder and sexual assault in connection with the death of Ms. Kercher. The Schiedammerpark murder case, as well as the similarly overturned case of the Putten murder, led to the installation of the \\\"Posthumus I committee\\\", which analyzed what had gone wrong in the Schiedammerpark Murder case, and came to the conclusion that confirmation bias led the police\",\n \"title\": \"Miscarriage of justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19097396\",\n \"text\": \"General of Russia in 2016. The Team 29 journalists found that at least six women (Ekaterina Kharebava, Oksana Sevastidi, Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, Inga Tutisani, and Manana Kapanadze) were convicted just for SMS messages on open movements of military equipment to their acquaintances in Georgia. After that, the Team 29 attorneys entered the cases of Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, and Inga Tutisani. On July 29, 2017, Vladimir Putin signed decrees on pardon for Marina Dzhandzhgava and Annik Kesyan; on November 16, 2017, the Supreme Court revised Inga Tutisani's sentence and reduced her punishment term from 6 years to 4 years\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Pavlov (lawyer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4462132\",\n \"text\": \"29, 1865, the eight were found guilty of conspiracy to kill the President. Arnold, O'Laughlen, and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler to six years in prison, and Atzerodt, Herold, Powell, and Surratt to be hanged, the first woman ever to be executed by the US federal government. They were executed July 7, 1865. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Johnson in early 1869. Accusations still remain that Surratt's sentence of hanging had been reduced before the hanging. Holt's public image was besmirched by the trial and his prosecution of it,\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Holt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2920052\",\n \"text\": \"Imee Marcos María Imelda Josefa Romualdez Marcos (born November 12, 1955) informally known as Imee Marcos is a Filipino politician best known for being the daughter of the late dictator and former President of the Philippines Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady Imelda R. Marcos, for her role in the torture and murder of Archimedes Trajano, and for her involvement in the 2017 Tobacco Excise Tax funds scandal. Her conviction in the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493) before the U.S. district court in Honolulu, Hawaii is noted in U.S. legal circles for exposing the weaknesses\",\n \"title\": \"Imee Marcos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1952174\",\n \"text\": \"appeal and been released from prison, strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty's reintroduction. These include the Birmingham Six (cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974), the Guildford Four (cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing), Stephen Downing (a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard) and Barry George (who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal). Perhaps the\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460330\",\n \"text\": \"Women's League. In July 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria High Court ruled that \\\"the crimes were not committed for personal gain\\\". The judge overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three years and six months suspended sentence. When the ANC announced the election of its National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela placed first with 2,845 votes. Madikizela-Mandela criticised the anti-immigrant violence in May–June 2008 that began in Johannesburg and spread throughout the country, and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions for the sentiments behind the riots. She\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12653266\",\n \"text\": \"high-profile appeal cases such as the Lockerbie bombing and the Glasgow Ice Cream Wars, in which she defended Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Thomas \\\"TC\\\" Campbell, respectively. She was also successful in the appeal case of Kim Galbraith, whose murder conviction for shooting her policeman husband was reduced to diminished responsibility. On 6 November 2008, Scott applied to the Court of Criminal Appeal for Megrahi's release on bail pending the second appeal against his conviction at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial in 2001. The three judges reserved their judgment on the application. A week later, Megrahi's bail application was refused.\",\n \"title\": \"Maggie Scott, Lady Scott\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7722231\",\n \"text\": \"Marlene Lehnberg Marlene Lehnberg (1955 - 2015) was a South African murderer more commonly known as The Scissor Murderess. She was 18 years old in 1974 when she and hired killer Marthinus Choegoe stabbed Susanna Magdalena van der Linde, the wife of Lehnberg’s 47-year-old lover Christiaan van der Linde, to death with a pair of scissors. At 19 she was then the youngest woman to be convicted of murder in South Africa. Both Lehnberg and Marthinus Choegoe received the death penalty, but this was later set aside and she served 11 years of her 20-year sentence in Pollsmoor Prison outside\",\n \"title\": \"Marlene Lehnberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5529229\",\n \"text\": \"a middle-class schoolgirl, whilst Williams was from a working-class background with a stud in her nose and estranged parents. Sandile Memela, chief director for social cohesion at South Africa's Department of Arts and Culture, noted amidst the Oscar Pistorius trial that there existed substantial differences between how media outlets reported on the murders of Reeva Steenkamp and Zanele Khumalo; two South African models, respectively white and black, who had been murdered by their boyfriends under nearly identical circumstances. Memela asserted that the discrepancy between the media coverage of the Steenkamp and Khumala murders amounted to \\\"structural racism\\\" within South African\",\n \"title\": \"Missing white woman syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17888349\",\n \"text\": \"understanding of the judicial process. She is one of the seven female South African judges featured in \\\"Courting Justice\\\", a 2008 documentary film directed by Jane Lipman. Masipa contributed to case law on the constitutional duties of local government related to housing in her 2009 ruling on \\\"Blue Moonlight Properties v Occupiers of Saratoga Avenue\\\". Masipa was the presiding judge in the trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges which commenced in the High Court in Pretoria on 3 March 2014. She appointed two assessors to assist her in the trial. According to\",\n \"title\": \"Thokozile Masipa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16994945\",\n \"text\": \"was convicted in 2007 for the murders of six women and sentenced to life imprisonment. Russell Williams is a Canadian convicted murderer, rapist, and former Colonel in the Canadian Forces, who targeted women. He was sentenced in 2010 to two life sentences for first-degree murder, two 10-year sentences for other sexual assaults, two 10-year sentences for forcible confinement, and 82 one-year sentences for breaking and entering, all to be served concurrently. Following Confederation in 1867, the laws were consolidated in the Criminal Code. These dealt principally with pimping, procuring, operating brothels and soliciting. Most amendments to date have dealt with\",\n \"title\": \"History of Canadian women\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16157627\",\n \"text\": \"of the murder of Lesley Whittle, for which he was given a life sentence; and a further 61 years for kidnapping. Three weeks later he was convicted of the murder of three post office workers, and given three further life sentences. The offences regarding the shooting of security guard Gerald Smith were left on file, as Smith had died more than a year and a day after the shooting. In 2008, Neilson was suffering from motor neurone disease and appealed against his sentence, requesting it be commuted to a maximum of 30 years. Mr Justice Teare ruled that he must\",\n \"title\": \"Kidnapping and murder of Lesley Whittle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7241889\",\n \"text\": \"Tiequon Cox Tiequon Aundray \\\"Lil Fee\\\" Cox (born December 1, 1965) is a convicted murderer currently incarcerated in San Quentin State Prison. Cox became one of the prime suspects of a mass murder investigation concerning the deaths of Ebora Alexander, aged 59, Dietra Alexander, aged 25, two boys Damon Bonner, aged 6, and Damani Garner-Alexander, aged 12. These four individuals were relatives of former NFL player and defensive back Kermit Alexander. Cox was also a noted member of the Rollin' 60, one of the many sets affiliated to the Crips, and actually still on parole on an unrelated charge. The\",\n \"title\": \"Tiequon Cox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4524821\",\n \"text\": \"May 2009. According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to \\\"destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare\\\". On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape; she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years. She was acquitted of three further charges. Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR. Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of\",\n \"title\": \"Pauline Nyiramasuhuko\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"389200\",\n \"text\": \"Sacramento, California, for all four defendants in the Opsahl murder case. Montague was sentenced to eight years for the murder (2nd degree). Her former husband, William Harris, was sentenced to seven years, and Bortin to six years. Olson was sentenced to six years, adding two consecutively to the 14-year sentence she had already received. All sentences were the maximum allowed under their plea bargains. On November 8, 2002, James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged that a\",\n \"title\": \"Symbionese Liberation Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11239113\",\n \"text\": \"the murder to Dennis Donohue. Donohue cannot be tried for the death of Crystallynn Girard, however, as he was granted immunity at her trial. In September 2007, he was arrested for Giambra's murder, 13 years after her death. In May 2008, a jury took only six hours to convict him for Giambra's murder. He was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. According to the Innocence Project, DeJac is the first woman to be exonerated of murdering someone on the basis of DNA evidence. A previous case had involved the reversal of the conviction of Paula Grey, who had\",\n \"title\": \"Lynn DeJac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10780532\",\n \"text\": \"who had been sentenced to death, later gave birth to a girl, Harithra Murugan in prison. Upon the intervention of Rajiv Gandhi's widow and Congress president Sonia Gandhi, who petitioned for clemency for the sake of Nalini's daughter in 2000, the death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Nalini was treated as a class 'A' convict from September 10, 1999 till the privilege was withdrawn in May 2010 after a mobile phone was allegedly recovered from her cell during a surprise check. She \\\"regrets\\\" the killing of the former Prime Minister and claims that the real conspirators have not been\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19646305\",\n \"text\": \"recurring-guest role on \\\"Chicago Med\\\", in which she plays Denise, the older sister of head charge nurse Maggie Lockwood. She appeared as a guest star on the legal drama \\\"Doubt\\\" in 2017 with co-star Dule Hill. Grey played Delilah Johnson, a woman on trial for the murder of a famous athlete. The storyline was based off the real life story of CeCe McDonald. As a singer, Grey opened for singer-songwriter Zara Larsson in October 2016. As well as completed a 12 city summer music tour the same year. In 2017, transgender actors and actresses including Grey (with the help of\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandra Grey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"819334\",\n \"text\": \"die by electrocution over lethal injection. After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines. A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva. The last execution in the Philippines was in 2000, utilizing lethal injection, and the death penalty was abolished six years later. Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted\",\n \"title\": \"Electric chair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7230346\",\n \"text\": \"safe in France or not. Immigration to Israel rose as a result. A total of 27 people were accused of involvement in the crime and were tried for kidnapping and murder in 2009. One person was acquitted and the rest were convicted. Gang leader Youssouf Fofana was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years before the possibility of parole. The woman who had lured Halimi to his abduction was sentenced to nine years imprisonment. Two of his close associates, Jean-Christophe Soumbou and Samir Ait Abdel Malek, received 18 and 15 year prison terms respectively, and Malek's prison\",\n \"title\": \"Killing of Ilan Halimi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722789\",\n \"text\": \"Leslie Van Houten Leslie Louise Van Houten (born August 23, 1949) is an American convicted murderer and former member of the Manson Family. Van Houten was arrested and charged in relation to the 1969 killings of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca when she was 19 years old. She was then convicted and sentenced to death. Despite the ruling, a 1972 California Supreme Court decision on \\\"People v. Anderson\\\" ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional, resulting in her sentence being commuted to life in prison. Her conviction was then overturned in a 1976 appellate court decision which granted her a retrial.\",\n \"title\": \"Leslie Van Houten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12935859\",\n \"text\": \"In February 2009 police in Poland arrested a man identified as Turpal Ali J. whom they described as an \\\"accomplice\\\" to Israilov's murderer. An Austrian court sentenced three individuals to prison for Israilov's murder on June 1, 2011. Otto Kaltenbrunner, Suleiman Dadayev and Turpal-Ali Yesherkayev received sentences of life, 19 years, and 16 years, respectively. Austrian police believe Chechen President Kadyrov ordered Israilov's abduction, an action that later ended in murder. Lecha Bogatirov, the man suspected of firing the fatal shots, remained at large. As reported by C.J. Chivers, a journalist for the \\\"International Herald Tribune\\\", in August 2008 Austrian\",\n \"title\": \"Umar Israilov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14860076\",\n \"text\": \"months, Schagen and the Netherlands were shocked by the double murder of Jansje Stoel, the 55-year-old widow of Gerrit Bute, and her 17-year-old niece Anna Bei(j)ers. Berman headed a committee that would pay 750 guilders, donated by the residents, for the golden tip. As head of the local police, he conducted interrogations. After initially the wrong person was arrested, 17-year-old Klaas Boes was arrested for perpetrating the murders. His mother committed suicide. Klaas Boes was sentenced to life imprisonment, but this was later changed to 25 years. Berman was praised for the way he handled the case. The affair was\",\n \"title\": \"Simon Berman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16644679\",\n \"text\": \"on 1 August to ten months' imprisonment, suspended for two years; the Judge required him to attend a two-year drug rehabilitation programme. The court heard that her heart pacemaker indicated that Eva Rausing probably died on 7 May. At the time of her death she was one of the wealthiest women in the United Kingdom. On 29 August 2012, the British journalist Ben Quinn revealed in \\\"The Guardian\\\" that in 2011 Eva Rausing had passed on information to Swedish prosecutors about the unsolved 1986 murder of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. Scotland Yard had confirmed the day before that it\",\n \"title\": \"Eva Rausing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3530532\",\n \"text\": \"trial at Winchester Crown Court in October that year. The jury's verdict was unanimous. On 22 November 1995, West was found guilty of 10 murders. The judge, Mr. Justice Mantell, sentenced her to life imprisonment, saying, \\\"If attention is paid to what I think, you will never be released.\\\" The Lord Chief Justice later decided that she should spend at least 25 years in prison, but in July 1997, Home Secretary Jack Straw subjected West to a whole life tariff. This was the second instance of a whole life tariff imposed on a woman in Britain in modern times. The\",\n \"title\": \"Rosemary West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19339010\",\n \"text\": \"Emma Humphreys Emma Clare Humphreys (30 October 1967 – 11 July 1998) was a Welsh woman who was imprisoned in England in December 1985 at Her Majesty's pleasure, after being convicted of the murder of her violent 33-year-old boyfriend and pimp, Trevor Armitage. Aged 17 when convicted, Humphreys spent a decade in prison before winning an appeal against the conviction, on 7 July 1995, on the grounds of long-term provocation. The Court of Appeal reduced the conviction to manslaughter, and she was released immediately. Three years later she died, aged 30, from an accidental overdose of prescription drugs at her\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Humphreys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11369031\",\n \"text\": \"19, 2009, Peagler's family members and community supporters protested outside the Los Angeles office of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, demanding Peagler's release. On August 20, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger declined to review the parole finding, allowing Peagler to be released on August 22, 2009. Peagler died of lung cancer while at home with her family on June 8, 2010. Deborah Peagler Deborah Denise Peagler (December 27, 1959, Pensacola, Florida - June 8, 2010, Compton, California ) was a battered woman who was in prison from 1983 to 2009 for her involvement in the murder of Oliver Wilson, the man who abused\",\n \"title\": \"Deborah Peagler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566081\",\n \"text\": \"Sutcliffe had been found guilty of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in a six-year spree. Nilsen remained in prison until his death 35 years later, while Sutcliffe remains in prison. In 1976, Donald \\\"Black Panther\\\" Neilson had been convicted on four charges of murder at the end of a highly publicised trial. All of these murderers were also subjected to a whole life tariff by subsequent Home Secretaries. Like Nilsen, Neilson remained in prison until his death, dying in 2011 after serving 35 years of his life sentence. In November 2002, a successful legal challenge by convicted double\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in England and Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6706025\",\n \"text\": \"2006. The act was also criticised by the Conservative Party for its lenient sentencing rules and handling of parole. Further fueling the controversy was the revelation that 53 prisoners who had been sentenced to life imprisonment under the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 had been freed on parole since 2000. Gill Smith, whose 18-year-old daughter Louise was murdered in December 1995, praised Mr Blunkett for giving judges the power to set longer minimum terms. Her daughter's killer, David Frost, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life but with a minimum of 14 years, as he had confessed to the crime\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal Justice Act 2003\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9151543\",\n \"text\": \"reconciled, planning to resume married life after being released from jail. Rousseff was convicted in the first instance to six years in prison. She had already served three years when the Supreme Military Court reduced her sentence to two years and a month. She also had her political rights suspended for eighteen years. In December 2006, the Special Commission for Reparation of the Human Rights Office for the State of Rio de Janeiro approved a request for indemnification by Rousseff and eighteen other prisoners in law enforcement agencies of the São Paulo state government in the 1970s. In her request,\",\n \"title\": \"Dilma Rousseff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17773898\",\n \"text\": \"a lethal dose of the drug pentobarbital was administered. As a result of the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision in \\\"Gregg v. Georgia\\\", capital punishment was reinstated in the United States. With her execution, Basso became: Legal documents: Newspaper articles: (\\\"Houston Chronicle\\\" articles are available from the Houston Public Library, accessible with a library card) Suzanne Basso Suzanne Margaret \\\"Sue\\\" Basso (née Burns; May 15, 1954 – February 5, 2014) was an American woman who was one of six co-defendants convicted in the August 1998 torture and murder of Louis \\\"Buddy\\\" Musso, a mentally disabled man who was killed for\",\n \"title\": \"Suzanne Basso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2933279\",\n \"text\": \"John Callahan, Arthur \\\"Bucky\\\" Barrett, John McIntyre, and Deborah Hussey. The jury acquitted Bulger of killing Michael Milano, Al Plummer, William O'Brien, James O'Toole, Al Notorangeli, James Sousa and Francis Leonard. They also reported themselves unable to agree about the murder of Deborah Davis, though Bulger had already been found liable for her death in a civil suit. Following the verdict, Bulger's attorneys J. W. Carney Jr. and Hank Brennan vowed to appeal, citing Casper's ruling which prevented Bulger from claiming he had been given immunity. On November 14, 2013, Bulger was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment, plus\",\n \"title\": \"Whitey Bulger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878689\",\n \"text\": \"1am until 2009 and 10am from 2009-2018). In 2007, Tennessee established by legislation a \\\"Committee to Study the Administration of the Death Penalty\\\". After 16 months of analysis and hearings, the study committee on the death penalty suggested reform of the death penalty without abolishing it, including the creation of an independent authority to review death sentences. Of the two women sentenced to death, Gaile Owens was pardoned in July 2010, owing to a sentence deemed \\\"disproportionate\\\" (she was convicted in 1986 for having killed her husband who beat her). The second woman, Christa Pike, who was convicted in 1996\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20076973\",\n \"text\": \"Šefka Hodžić Šefka Hodžić (born 1943; fate unknown) was a Bosnian woman convicted of the 1969 murder of her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović. The brutality of the murder has earned Hodžić the title of one of the most \\\"monstrous\\\" women in Bosnian history. For months before the killing, since childless Hodžić had learned of her friends pregnancy, she began stuffing her shirts to appear pregnant, indicating premeditation. The murder occurred on 6 October 1969 in the village Jusići on a mountain near Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. During a village party, Hodžić secretly shot her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović three times\",\n \"title\": \"Šefka Hodžić\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14563970\",\n \"text\": \"on her hands and knees while Guede sexually abused her; that Knox had cut Kercher with a knife before inflicting the fatal stab wound; and that she had then stolen Kercher's mobile phones and money to fake a burglary. On 5 December 2009, Knox and Sollecito were convicted of murder and sentenced to 26 years' imprisonment. The appeal (or second grade) trial began in November 2010, presided over by Judges Claudio Pratillo Hellmann and Massimo Zanetti. A court-ordered review of the contested DNA evidence by independent experts noted numerous basic errors in the gathering and analysis of the evidence, and\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Meredith Kercher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18007635\",\n \"text\": \"Italian Nobel Prize in Literature Dario Fo dedicates to Jabbari a painting, titled \\\"Portrait of Reyhaneh Jabbari\\\". After the execution, and in response to international and domestic reactions, Tehran Prosecutor's office made a statement meant to clarify some of the details of Jabbari's legal dossier. The Prosecutor's Office, inter alia, claims: Reyhaneh Jabbari Reyhaneh Jabbari (; 1988 – 25 October 2014) was a woman convicted of murdering Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, in Iran. She was in prison from 2007 until her execution by hanging in October 2014 for killing her alleged assailant. She published her recollection of the events while in\",\n \"title\": \"Reyhaneh Jabbari\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17046914\",\n \"text\": \"General Mykhailo Potebenko had stated there were no grounds to open a case. On 18 January 2013, Tymoshenko was notified that she is a suspect in the murder of Scherban, his wife and two other people in 1996. Tymoshenko denied the charges and according to Tymoshenko not she, but President Yanukovych had benefited most of the murder of Shcherban. In February 2013 Tymoshenko and her lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko were fined both $2,000 for \\\"contempt of court\\\"; Tymoshenko was fined for being absent in court and Vlasenko for \\\"violating order in the courtroom\\\". On 21 January 2013 Tymoshenko's lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11524777\",\n \"text\": \"could offer no reasonable explanation. Christofi was arrested on suspicion of murder. During her interrogation, she offered an explanation: \\\"I wake up, smell burning, go downstairs. Hella burning. Throw water, touch her face. Not move. Run out, get help.\\\" Christofi was charged and remanded to HM Prison Holloway soon afterwards. Her trial began at the Old Bailey on 28 October 1954. Her counsel offered a defence of insanity but the jury rejected it. Christofi was found guilty and sentenced to death. There was a limited campaign for clemency, but to no avail. Her executioner, Albert Pierrepoint claimed in his autobiography,\",\n \"title\": \"Styllou Christofi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12888368\",\n \"text\": \"Tansu Çiller, Turkey's first female prime minister, who served from June 1993 to March 1996, requested Şahin's return to the police force and said that he was owed an apology. However, on 27 January 1997 a warrant was issued for his arrest and although he initially eluded capture, on 6 March he was charged with 5–9 years in jail for felony and surrendered within five days later, ultimately being acquitted six months later, on 12 September. After a passage of eighteen months, in March 1999, he was charged for up to year's imprisonment for allegedly losing weapons donated to the\",\n \"title\": \"İbrahim Şahin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2128924\",\n \"text\": \"in light of this new reasoning. The San Francisco Superior Court reinstated the conviction for second-degree murder, and on September 22, 2008, the court sentenced Knoller to 15 years to life. Knoller then appealed the trial court's actions. On August 23, 2010, the First District Court of Appeal unanimously upheld Knoller's conviction, finding that she acted with a conscious disregard for human life when her Presa Canario escaped and killed Whipple. The California Supreme Court declined to hear her appeal of that decision. Knoller is currently serving her sentence at Valley State Prison for Women in Chowchilla. In November 2015,\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Diane Whipple\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14727551\",\n \"text\": \"regime’s Secretary General for Human Rights, announced that Sakineh Ashtiani had been pardoned, due to good behaviour. She had spent nearly 10 years on death row. Larijani stated that the media attention surrounding her sentence to death by stoning was \\\"propaganda\\\" and that the death sentence she had initially received was for the murder of her husband and not the adultery. Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani (; born 1967), is an Iranian Azeri woman who has gained the attention of human rights groups and people throughout the world for a conviction of adultery and attempted murder and its accompanying\",\n \"title\": \"Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17900793\",\n \"text\": \"Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court of South Africa in Pretoria opened on 3 March 2014. On 11–12 September 2014, Judge Thokozile Masipa delivered a verdict that Pistorius was not guilty of murder, but guilty of the culpable homicide of Steenkamp and reckless endangerment with a firearm at a restaurant. On 21 October 2014, Pistorius received a prison sentence of a maximum of five years for culpable homicide and a concurrent three-year suspended prison sentence for the separate\",\n \"title\": \"Trial of Oscar Pistorius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19878881\",\n \"text\": \"sentence for assault and burglary, Powell was arrested for the June 6, 1992 shooting death of James Rutledge. In 2011,she was convicted of second degree murder and received a sentence of 25 years to life, to begin upon the completion of her 16 year sentence for assault and burglary. Powell is currently being held at The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women and will be eligible for parole in the year 2045 when she is 84 years old. Her case has been highlighted as a clear example of injustice by many social activists and black power groups. Even being mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"Joy Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1849254\",\n \"text\": \"Irma Grese Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a female \\\"SS\\\" guard at the Nazi concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen. Grese was convicted for crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the \\\"Hyena of Auschwitz\\\" (). Irma Ilse Ida Grese was born\",\n \"title\": \"Irma Grese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20474656\",\n \"text\": \"JFW's earliest cases was that of Emma Humphreys, who had been convicted of murder after killing her violent pimp boyfriend in 1985, when she was 17. In September 1992 she wrote to JFW from prison asking for help, and with Wistrich's and Bindel's support, she successfully appealed the conviction, claiming long-term provocation. News reports from 7 July 1995 \\\"(right)\\\" show the three women leaving the Old Bailey after the judges ordered that Humphreys be released. Wistrich told a press conference that the case had been \\\"a miscarriage of justice on a par with that of the Guildford Four and Judith\",\n \"title\": \"Harriet Wistrich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3406681\",\n \"text\": \"Murder of Reena Virk Reena Virk (March 10, 1983 – November 14, 1997) was a resident of Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Her status as a bullied murder victim attracted substantial media scrutiny in Canada. Virk was first swarmed by a group of \\\"friends.\\\" The names of six of the girls involved in the first beating, known collectively as \\\"the Shoreline Six,\\\" have not all been released. Following the first beating, Warren Glowatski and Kerry Marie Sim (formerly, Kelly Marie Ellard) murdered Virk. Glowatski was given a life sentence after being convicted of second-degree murder. Sim (Ellard) was tried three times.\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Reena Virk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13270713\",\n \"text\": \"Facility. The 2011 novel \\\"The Butterfly and the Flame\\\" by Dana De Young was dedicated in part to Zapata's memory. Ozomatli references Zapata in their song \\\"Gay Vatos in Love\\\", on their 2010 album \\\"Fire Away\\\". Angie Zapata Angie Zapata (5 August 198917 July 2008) was an American trans woman beaten to death in Greeley, Colorado. Her killer, Allen Andrade, was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a hate crime, because he murdered her after learning she was transgender. The case was the first in the nation to get a conviction for a hate crime involving a transgender victim, which\",\n \"title\": \"Angie Zapata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10060020\",\n \"text\": \"verdict of guilty on all counts with a lesser charge on count 17. He was re-sentenced to life in prison by the jury, but with the possibility of parole after 51 years. On June 4, 2013, Judge Kurtz sentenced George Thomas to two life sentences (consecutive) for the murders and 25 years (multiple concurrent) for the rapes. In January 2016, Thomas appealed to the United States Supreme Court but the court did not agree to hear the case. Vanessa Coleman, the only female charged and convicted in the crimes, is held at the Tennessee Prison for Women in Nashville. Serving\",\n \"title\": \"Murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"389195\",\n \"text\": \"safe houses. In Hearst's arrest affidavit she claimed that SLA members had used LSD to drug her and had forced her to take part in the bank raid. She was convicted of the Hibernia Bank robbery and sentenced to seven years in prison. US President Jimmy Carter commuted the sentence to time served after she had been in prison for 21 months. She was pardoned by President Bill Clinton. The Harrises were convicted for their part in the Hearst kidnapping and spent eight years in prison. On February 26, 1976, a Los Angeles county grand jury indicted Kathleen Ann Soliah\",\n \"title\": \"Symbionese Liberation Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20448870\",\n \"text\": \"years. The NSW Court of Criminal Appeal upheld a crown appeal that the sentence was manifestly inadequate, almost doubling the prison sentence. In 2014 Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Paul Mulvihill, who a jury convicted of the stabbing murder of his former lover Rachelle Yeo and Fullerton sentenced him to a maximum 29 years in prison. Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Adeel Khan, who was convicted of the murder of Chris Noble and the manslaughter of Bianka O'Brien and her baby son Jude following a fire in Khan's shop at Rozelle. Khan was sentenced\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Fullerton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18720566\",\n \"text\": \"stealing Allen's cash and property and expressed her intention to pawn the stolen rifles. Prosecutors ultimately took the stance that Brown had not been in danger and that she'd murdered Allen in order to steal from him. Ultimately, she was found guilty of murder and sentenced to 51 years to life in prison. Brown is currently serving her sentence at the Tennessee Prison for Women, a maximum security detention facility in Nashville, Tennessee. She will be eligible for parole when she is 67 years old. Brown's former pimp, Garion L. McGlothen, also known as Gary McGlothen and Kutthroat, died on\",\n \"title\": \"Cyntoia Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6774261\",\n \"text\": \"by Meehan. This trial, and particularly the judge's summing-up, raised important questions about the legal meaning of a royal pardon, and Waddell was acquitted. Shortly after Bruce Millan, Secretary of State for Scotland, commented in the House of Commons about these issues. Waddell was himself later murdered by an associate, Andrew Gentle, shortly after a robbery in which they murdered a woman. Gentle was convicted of both murders and later committed suicide in prison. An inquiry into the miscarriage of justice, held due to public demand, and chaired by Lord Hunter, reported in 1982. It was widely criticised as a\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Meehan\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Stompieipei context: convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \\\"cause célèbre\\\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt\\n\\nWho was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 201,\n \"origin_tokens\": 202,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela context: of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the\\n\\ntitle: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela context: Sepe had been tortured kidnapped to Zamb her suppor, prior to the, to prevent testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence reduced to a fine on In 192, she accused ordering the murder Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, and prominent Sow doctor, who had examinedipei Mandela's house, Seipei had abducted but before he had killed. Mand's role in As killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation hearings, in 197's murder testified that paid the equivalent\\n: Pary: funeral was held in Tahole. In 19,ieela wasictedapping but (6 years inail a yearsended Tr Commission guilty and ins regarding to the actualpie was only found “lig Winnie apolog in person mother and two men accused killing also apolog on Nationalaryaryon a situated the banks theal the Free State South\\n: Stpie:, she \\\" had theela to the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \\\"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\\\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's\\n\\nWho was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 539,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15020,\n \"ratio\": \"27.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":174,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":174,"string":"174"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Zimbobwe","Health care in Zimbabwe","Zimbabwean cultural practices","People of Zimbabwe","Republic of Zimbabwe","Zimbabwean legends","Zimbabwae","Zimbabwian","Republic Of Zimbabwe","Cuisine of Zimbabwe","Zimbabwean cuisine","ZWE","Zimbabwei","Zimbabwe","Etymology of Zimbabwe","ISO 3166-1:ZW","Republic Zimbabwe","Zimbawean","Zimbabwean","Name of Zimbabwe","Chimpabwe"],"string":"[\n \"Zimbobwe\",\n \"Health care in Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbabwean cultural practices\",\n \"People of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Republic of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbabwean legends\",\n \"Zimbabwae\",\n \"Zimbabwian\",\n \"Republic Of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Cuisine of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbabwean cuisine\",\n \"ZWE\",\n \"Zimbabwei\",\n \"Zimbabwe\",\n \"Etymology of Zimbabwe\",\n \"ISO 3166-1:ZW\",\n \"Republic Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbawean\",\n \"Zimbabwean\",\n \"Name of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Chimpabwe\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Zimbabwe"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2582325","text":"Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is","title":"Midlands Province"},{"id":"20751341","text":"days later, Jonathan told Petersen about his writing who had the idea of turning into a theatrical piece. The play was quickly created in response to daily xenophobic attacks against Nkala and put up in Peterson's garage in 2006. The play begins with the singular actor making bead and wire figures as the audience enters the theater. He introduces himself as Khumbu and then describes the town of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, where Jonathan Nkala grew up, as being corrupt and too expensive for the average Zimbabwean. Wanting a life of abundance, Khumbu and his friend Jacob decide to use the money","title":"The Crossing (play)"},{"id":"6453439","text":"Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the center of the country, roughly equidistant from Harare to the northeast and Bulawayo to the southwest. Its population stood at 47,607 in 1982, 75,425 in 1992 and the preliminary result of the 2002 census suggests a population of 88,000. In 2012, the city's population was estimated at 100,900 people. It is a centre for steel and fertiliser production in the country. Kwekwe and neighbouring Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"3292185","text":"Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \"The Steep Place\" because of the Gweru River's high banks, in 1894 it became the site of a military outpost established by Leander Starr Jameson. In 1914 it attained municipal status, and in 1971 it became a city. The city has a population of 141,862 as of 2013. Gweru is known for vibrant farming activities in beef cattle, crop farming, and commercial gardening of","title":"Gweru"},{"id":"2582327","text":"Rural District Council. Chirumhanzu, Gokwe North and Mberengwa districts have no urban councils. The 8 rural district councils in all 8 subdivisions; Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest","title":"Midlands Province"},{"id":"19294376","text":"to have met with the same fate, for he has not been heard of since the days of the Sikombela Declaration Dossier. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and","title":"Zhombe Joel"},{"id":"6453450","text":"to the geographical centre of the country, Kwekwe is also strategically located within the Midlands metropolitan area. Kwekwe, together with Gweru, Munyati, Kadoma and Redcliff form a single customer base for local commercial enterprises. As elsewhere in Zimbabwe, a high proportion of the population depends on the informal sector, possibly more than half of the population. Many self-employed miners carry out illegal digging work just north of the city, panning for gold, one of the most lucrative sources of income. Other residents engage in less strenuous work as cobblers, carpenters, TV and radio repairmen, and vendors selling anything from onions","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453440","text":"Company (ZISCO), the country's largest steelworks. It also hosts the Zimbabwe Iron and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO), the largest ferrochrome producer, and one of the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, a suburb of Kwekwe. Kwekwe is Zimbabwe's richest city in terms of minerals. Kwekwe town was founded in 1898 as a gold mining town, and hosts Zimbabwe's National Mining Museum. The town remains an industrial centre of the country. The name stems from the Zulu word \"isikwekwe\", which means \"scurvy\", \"mange\" or \"scab\". Popular belief states that Kwekwe is named after the croaking noise made by the nearby river's","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"11565395","text":"Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately , further southwest of Kwekwe. The coordinates of Kwekwe District are:19° 0' 0.00\"S, 29° 45' 0.00\"E (Latitude:19.0000; Longitude:29.7500). Kwekwe District has two urban","title":"Kwekwe District"},{"id":"11565402","text":"population was estimated at 289,039 people. The next national population census in Zimbabwe is scheduled from 18 August 2012 through 28 August 2012. Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately","title":"Kwekwe District"},{"id":"2582326","text":"divided into 8 districts: The Provincial Administrator oversees all the 8 districts in the province, each district having its own district administrator. District Administrators work with local authorities in their respective districts. Local authories have their own Chairmen (mayors for municipalities). These urban councils were established in accordance with the Zimbabwe Urban Councils Act, Chapter 29.15 while rural district councils were created in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act, Chapter 29.13 Of the 8 districts Gokwe South, Gweru, Kwekwe, Shurugwi and Zvishavane have two local government administrative authorities; the Urban District Council (town council or municipality) and the","title":"Midlands Province"},{"id":"3292190","text":"183 km from Masvingo, 471 km from Beitbridge, and 275 km from Harare. Road names used are by destination only, for example the Harare-Gweru Road. There are only mainroads, no highways or freeways. Brendan Ashby, Olympic swimmer × Maxwell Dube, Footballer × Edmore Makozho,Socialite Parliament Research Department, Gweru Urban Constituency Profile, 'Parliament of Zimbabwe', Published: 2011, Retrieved: 28 Apr 2014 Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \"The Steep Place\" because","title":"Gweru"},{"id":"6453457","text":"member of parliament (MP) for Kwekwe Central constituency was Emmerson Mnangagwa until his defeat in the elections of 2000. Since then, Blessing Chebundo of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) has represented the district in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. Kwekwe politics is mainly dominated by MDC. As with other Zimbabwean towns run by opposition parties, Kwekwe has seen a number of politically motivated incidents in which people have been killed and arrested. Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453441","text":"frogs. The town is situated on Zimbabwe's Highveld at an altitude of , above sea level. It is located in the tropics but its high altitude modifies this to a warm temperate climate. The average annual temperature is . As with much of the Highveld, summers are long but not hot as the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"18349765","text":"these organizations finance many other efforts. These organizations include the World Bank, the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the German Government, who through its technical cooperation agency, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), gave $6 million (US) to improve the water supply and sanitation systems in the towns of Gweru, Kadoma, and Kariba. The Australian government also provided over $10 million (US) for water supply and sanitation system improvements and research. UNICEF is currently managing several programs in collaboration with the entire WASH program to ameliorate water and sewage systems. These include updating sanitation systems in the towns of Masvingo,","title":"Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"6453442","text":"the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. Kwekwe has always been a festive and social centre with a mild political atmosphere. It is a multi ethnic city. In and around the city one is assured to come across Shona, Ndebele, Karanga, Chewa, Venda, Tonga and Nambya speaking people. Association Football and cricket are the main sports in the city, just as in the rest of the country. Kwekwe hosts one of Zimbabwe's","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453449","text":"Chicago although New Town is considered the richest area in the town. This is subdivided into mini-suburbs such as Hazeldene. The homes in this area are significantly larger than most, and are usually staffed with 2–4 domestic workers and, at times, security guards. The town lies on the Bulawayo–Harare railway line. It is home to two mosques, a meetinghouse for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Seventh-day Adventist, Salvation Army, Protestant and Catholic churches. Kwekwe has paved roads leading to Gweru, Kadoma, Mvuma and Gokwe Business Centre hence it is considered a well-connected city. Besides being close","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453445","text":"the birthplace of former cricketer Norman Featherstone. A stampede at Mbizo Stadium killed 11 people in 2014. Kwekwe is well endowed with many educational facilities. Most are state-run. For university education, the closest facilities are 60 km away in Gweru, the Midlands Province capital, at Midlands State University. Like most urban areas in the country, the city of Kwekwe is serviced by many schools. Amaveni High School, Mbizo High School and Manunure High School recently expanded to offer A-level classes. Amaveni High serves the high density suburb of Amaveni while Mbizo and Manunure serve the high density suburb of Mbizo.","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"19357448","text":"Gweru City the 3rd largest city in Zimbabwe as its capital. Gweru City is also Midlands provincial capital. It is located 164 km northeast of Bulawayo and 275 km south-west-south of Harare via Mvuma ( A17 Highway ) or 278 km via Kwekwe ( A5 Highway ). Gwer District is home to * Roman Catholic Diocese of Gweru, * Lower Gweru,* Gweru River,* Riverside School,* Ascot Stadium, * Chapungu United, * Nalatale, * Danangombe,* Dabuka, * Chaplin High School,* Thornhill High School, * Midlands Christian College, * Nashville Secondary School, * Fletcher High School,* Midlands State University and * Gweru-Thornhill","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"8631482","text":"open in Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare and Kwekwe to cater to the health needs of gay and bisexual men. The July elections were welcomed by LGBT activists, who called them a \"historic win\": \"We witnessed a reduction in homophobic hate speech and reduction in the politicisation of LGBT individuals as campaign tools.\" Homosexuality is highly taboo in the socially conservative country and Mugabe's anti-gay stance resonates with many Zimbabweans. Gays and lesbians in Zimbabwe are threatened by violence and suicide attempts are common among the gay community. A few nightclubs in urban areas such as Harare and Bulawayo are tolerant","title":"LGBT rights in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"11001770","text":"1840 the Society's work was held in such high regard by Queen Victoria that she granted her permission for the SPCA to be entitled the Royal Society for the Preventions of Cruelty to Animals. At that time, only a single Inspector had been appointed in London. By 1842 several requests had been received from other areas for the appointment of additional Inspectors. The first SPCA Centre to be officially registered as a Welfare Organisation in Zimbabwe was Bulawayo in 1967, followed by Kwekwe, Harare and Masvingo in the same year, Mutare in 1968 and Gweru in 1969. The smaller centres","title":"Zimbabwe Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals"},{"id":"13400250","text":"Zimbabwean Jews accepted his offer. In 2003 the Bulawayo Synagogue burned down and the small community did not restore the building. Prayers are generally held at the Sinai Hall or Savyon Lodge in Bulawayo. In Harare the Sephardic Community have their own Synagogue and the Ashkenazi Community have a separate synagogue. Today because of small numbers of congregants the prayers alternate between the two synagogues. Today, about 120 Jews live in Zimbabwe, chiefly in Harare and Bulawayo. There are no Jews remaining in Kwekwe, Gweru, and Kadoma. Two-thirds of Zimbabwean Jews are over 65 years of age, and very few","title":"History of the Jews in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"20751339","text":"Nkala and Petersen at different theatres, universities, and festivals throughout South Africa and Zimbabwe. Playwright Jonathan Kumbulani Nkala was born in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe in 1980. Due to the high rates of political corruption in the country, which he called the \"Unstable States of Zimbabwe\", Jonathan and his childhood friend Jacob Banda decided to flee to South Africa in search of a \"life of abundance.\" While crossing the Limpopo River, the body of water separating the countries, Jacob was drowned by the currents. After receiving his Asylum Seeker Permit in Cape Town, Nkala made a living by selling bead and wire","title":"The Crossing (play)"},{"id":"18437459","text":"An Extension Worker who is a government employed graduate in \"Agricultural Science and Practice\" provides technical advice to both the Irrigation Scheme Management Committee and the farmers. Main crops are vegetables, okra, beans and maize. Tomatoes are not grown by many farmers unless they are contracted by a reliable company. Green maize buyers come from places such as Columbina Rural Service Center, Empress Mine Township and even as far as Kadoma, Kwekwe, Gweru and Harare. Buyers provide their own transport. Okra buyers are usually from among the farmers themselves. The buy from other farmers at producer price and ferry tonnes","title":"Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme"},{"id":"12809947","text":"in the field of humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe. Apart from a few landowners and businesspeople the majority of Greeks in the country are occupied in trade and other activities that contribute considerably to the country's economy. There are Greek communities in various cities in the country, including Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru and Harare where the local community has been operating a Greek school since 1954. The Archbishopric of Zimbabwe and Southern Africa is under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. Greeks in Zimbabwe Greek Zimbabweans () comprise about 2,500 people of Greek origin, almost half of them from","title":"Greeks in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19409276","text":"is the shortest link route from Harare to Gokwe through to Binga. However the road has numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Bridge to Sidakeni Shopping Center. In rainy seasons the Munyati River Bridge on this road may be flooded. This road branches to the right (west) about north of Kwekwe. After Gokwe this road eventually takes you to Binga. There are several roads that connect with A5 in the City of Gweru that include: Source Map: [AA Road Map 1985] The A5Highway passes across a few major river along its route. The rate of unemployment in","title":"A5 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"19357446","text":"Rhodesia as published by the then Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. (Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960) in the article \"Lore and Legend: Southern Rhodesia Place Names\". Gweru District has a population of over 231,675. It has Shurugwi District to the south-esst, Chirumhanzu District to the east, Insiza District south-west, Bubi District to the west, Nkayi District north-west and Kwekwe District north. Source:World Meteorological Organization Main article: Vungu Rural District Council Gweru District is administered by the District Administrator who is an ex-offio of (Gweru City Council and Gweru Rural District Council. for Gweru rural. Gweru rural district","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"15723048","text":"residents. Sakubva Stadium made history on the night of 29 April 1989 when Oliver Mtukudzi held the Tuku Live at Sakubva Concert where he recorded his first live album. The recording was also the first live musical recording of Zimbabwe. Fans came from Bulawayo, Chipinge, Harare, Rusape, Chiredzi, Kwekwe, Gweru including neighbouring Mozambique. Simon Chimbetu, Illanga and Penga Udzoke were supporting artists at the concert. Sakubva has been a subject of violence due to the activities of the so-called bouncers and some of them work for notable Politicians. There has been cases of violence between the residents from Chisamba Singles","title":"Sakubva"},{"id":"19357449","text":"Air Base to name a few. Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \"Ikwelo\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"19409272","text":"Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw.] Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.","title":"A5 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"19357445","text":"Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \"Ikwelo\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as written by Colonel Carbutt, of Southern","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"15097319","text":"Mid West Rhinos The Mid West Rhinos is one of the four cricket Zimbabwean cricket franchises. They are a first-class cricket team, based in Midlands Province and the Mashonaland West area. They play their home matches at Kwekwe Sports Club in Kwekwe. In 2009 Zimbabwe Cricket announced a major restructure of domestic cricket in Zimbabwe and the traditional provincial sides were replaced with regional franchises. Midlands was renamed Mid West Rhinos and based in the mining town of Kwekwe. With the new franchise system in place the season got under way on 14 September 2009. Current captain Vusimuzi Sibanda was","title":"Mid West Rhinos"},{"id":"12869007","text":"40 kg of gold each month. However, Jena Mine is the biggest gold producer in the Midlands Province employing over 600 people. Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major","title":"Silobela"},{"id":"15311170","text":"Banda was born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and educated in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). His family's home district, however, was Nkhata Bay, in the northern Region of Malawi. His father worked in Livingstone, Zambia, before moving to Moss Mine near Que Que (Kwekwe) in Southern Rhodesia, where Aleke Banda attended school. He became involved in politics from a young age and was imprisoned. In 1959 on release from prison he entered Malawi for the first time. He is believed to be the first cousin of Zambian politician and former President Rupiah Banda. He was the chairman of The Nation","title":"Aleke Banda"},{"id":"19345900","text":"based on Maps produced by the government of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Gweru District Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the","title":"Ikwelo River"},{"id":"18462284","text":"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe Empress Mine Township is a populated place in the area formerly known as Salakuhle (misspelled as Salagushle) in Zhombe Communal Land, Kwekwe District of the Midlands Province in Zimbabwe. It is Zhombe's largest growth point yet plays second fiddle to Zhombe Joel, the current Zhombe Center. Empress Mine Township is about 70 km south-west of Kadoma by road, 98 km north-west of Kwekwe by the fastest route, and just 3 km south of Columbina Rural Service Center. The first houses at Empress Mine Township were built in 1968 when Empress Nickel Mine was established, twelve years","title":"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"18393268","text":"Albania but it has been accused of drastically undercounting the number of Romani in the country, drawing criticism from the Council of Europe. Roma people live all over the country, but some of the biggest communities can be found around the capital, Tirana, the cities of Fier, Berat and Gjirokaster, and around the town of Korça. The distribution of Jevgs (\"Egyptians\") is much less, numbering at most 10,000 people who are concentrated in and around the capital city of Tirana. The poverty rate among Roma in Albania is particularly high (78%), in relation to the majority (22%). Contrary to the","title":"Romani people in Albania"},{"id":"8519558","text":"Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest city in Zimbabwe.The university adopted a multi campus system therefore it has a satellite campus in the mining town of Zvishavane and other campuses located in the city of Gweru.","title":"Midlands State University"},{"id":"9872877","text":"African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \"P J Joubert Limited\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet stores, at Harare, Mutare and","title":"African Distillers"},{"id":"19401786","text":"minutes. Kwekwe, a small fort based on the river of the same name, established soon after the Pioneer Column entered Fort Salisbury to occupy Mashonaland, had been a British South African Police post consisting of one officer, one senior non-commissioned officer, six European troopers and 15 African policemen. It was situated at the banks of Kwekwe River, named after the \"que-que\" sound of croaking frogs in the river. It was not in any way connected to G&P Mine let alone being a police post. With the development of the Globe and Phoenix Mine, the few inhabitants of the Fort Kwekwe","title":"Globe and Phoenix Mine"},{"id":"3778316","text":"Zvishavane Zvishavane (known until 1982 as Shabani) is a mining town in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Surrounded by low hills, it lies west of Masvingo, on the main Bulawayo-Masvingo road. Other roads lead from Zvishavane to Gweru, north, and Mberengwa, south-west. It is also on direct rail links to Gweru and Beit Bridge which then link up with Harare and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique, and Pretoria in South Africa. It has a private airport serving the city. Zvishavane was formerly called \"Shabanie\" (used by the mine) or \"Shabani\" (used for the town). The name \"Shabanie\" has been","title":"Zvishavane"},{"id":"11555640","text":"service, the crowd left toward a single exit in a stampede, killing four immediately; seven others were pronounced dead at hospital. The Business Standard reported that the stampede was caused by police firing teargas after some of the crowd attempted to break off parts of the stadium wall to exit. Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in","title":"Mbizo Stadium"},{"id":"20756958","text":"used to start the company was from Muntari's personal savings but later on he obtained financial support from financial institutions for expansion and growth in the later years. In 2010, Nash Paints acquired 75 percent shares in Eastlea Paints as well as a building previously owned by Rafiq Khan. Between 2008 and 2016 Nash Paints opened branches in Bluffhill, Msasa, Gazaland, Mbare, Graniteside, Masvingo, Kwekwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Mutare, Bindura, Chinhoyi, Kadoma and Marondera. In February 2018, Nash Paints announced Jah Prayzah as the company's new brand ambassador, which led to some criticism in the arts industry. The previous brand ambassador","title":"Nash Paints"},{"id":"18816270","text":"Chicago, Zimbabwe Chicago, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, is a low density suburb located in the outskirts of Kwekwe CBD. Chicago is one of the oldest place names in Kwekwe. The suburb is situated in South of the CBD along the A5 Highway and in a hilly environment. The area was originally the east-end of a farm by the same name, covering the better part of Kwekwe Central, Feachlea, Hellandale and beyond. Gaika Mine also known as Chicago Gaika Mine is wholly in former Chicago Farm. The first plots in Kwekwe were pegged in Chicago. It was not considered the area for the","title":"Chicago, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19294372","text":"Zhombe Joel Joel Business Centre is the location of district administrative offices, parliamentary advisory offices, the post office and police station in the town of Zhombe, Zimbabwe. It is 64 km northwest of Kwekwe and 77 km southeast of Gokwe Centre. This small rural town center is the hub of both Zhombe Communal Land and Zhombe Central Ward. Joel Business Centre, in Zhombe Central ward, is named in honour of Joel Tessa, one of the pioneer businessmen at the centre during the 1960s. Tessa was one of the first shop owners at Zhombe Centre, also known as Zhombe Growth Point","title":"Zhombe Joel"},{"id":"6453443","text":"major provincial cricket sides – the Mid West Rhinos. Their cricket ground has been host to several first class and one day matches, and has even hosted some internationals, most notably against Kenya. Kwekwe also hosts a variety of touring sides versus Zimbabwe 'A' teams. Almost all of the schools in Kwekwe play cricket. Kwekwe hosts two football (soccer) clubs, the Lancashire Steel (named after a local steel company) and Kwekwe Cables. The Kwekwe Queens Club is also a reputable sporting establishment, with a sizeable membership and drinking crowd. Lancashire Steel FC, the main team in the city, has been","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"2138665","text":"Traffic is sometimes heavy, however, the major thoroughfares handle fairly high volumes of traffic without too much trouble. Daegu is served by Daegu Airport (international/domestic) located in northeastern Daegu. International destinations include Japan, China, Southeast Asia, and Vladivostok. Daegu is twinned with the following locations: Daegu Daegu (; , literally 'large hill'), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea, the fourth-largest after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon, and the third-largest metropolitan area in the nation with over 2.5 million residents. Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as","title":"Daegu"},{"id":"3292189","text":"publishing in 2015 but now operational. Railways arrived in Gwelo (Gweru) in 1902. National Railways of Zimbabwe have the country's largest marshalling yard, Dabuka, on the south side of Gweru. Dabuka plays a pivotal role in rail movement in the country as it is the central hub of the rail links to Mozambique in the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana and Namibia in the south west, lying on the Bulawayo - Harare Line. As a central city (hub), it has direct links to all the other cities and towns of Zimbabwe. It is 164 km from Bulawayo,","title":"Gweru"},{"id":"10754822","text":"Telephone numbers in East Timor Until September 1999, East Timor formed part of the Indonesian numbering plan, using the country code +62, followed by area codes for the two largest cities, Dili (390) and Baucau (399). Following the violence in the wake of Indonesia's departure from the territory, most of the telecommunications infrastructure was destroyed, and Telkom Indonesia withdrew its services from East Timor. A new country code, +670, was allocated to East Timor, but international access often remains severely limited. A complicating factor is that 670 was previously used by the Northern Marianas, with many carriers not aware that","title":"Telephone numbers in East Timor"},{"id":"11555639","text":"Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in Mbizo section one, the oldest part of the township. It has a capacity of about a thousand people. On 21 November 2014, a stampede occurred at stadium and killing 11 and injuring 40 people. Reuters reported that around 30,000 people attended a religious service officiated by Walter Magaya. After the","title":"Mbizo Stadium"},{"id":"6712724","text":"Kwekwe High School Kwekwe High School is a high school in the city of Kwekwe, in the Midlands region of Zimbabwe (the school was known until 1982 as Que Que High School). The schools motto is Non Sibi Sed Omnibus (not for ourselves but for all). Kwekwe high is an co-ed interracial school that offers education from Form 1 up to A-Level and offers sports such as rugby, cricket, tennis, basketball, swimming, field hockey, netball and volleyball.The school was founded in the early twentieth century, and combined was combined primary and secondary school until the late 1920s when it was","title":"Kwekwe High School"},{"id":"20490081","text":"hotel and upmarket supermarket for the convenience of the 1200 workers in the mine and their families. He then bought into a shoe factory in Harare called Rhodesian Shoe Manufacturing, now known as Conte Shoes. Naran invested heavily in property in Zimbabwe. He acquired over half of the land in the city of Kwekwe (Queque) for commercial and residential property development, farming and mining as well as significant property portfolio in Kadoma, Chiredzi and Harare. In 1972 Naran established a steel bedding factory in Francistown, Botswana. Naran’s father, Shri Lalloo Naran was a cobbler by profession and opened the Naran","title":"Prag Lalloo Naran"},{"id":"12163718","text":"agritourist services. The voivodeship's seat is the city of Białystok. Like all voivodeships, it has a government-appointed Provincial Governor (), as well as an elected Regional Assembly (sejmik) and of the executive elected by that assembly, headed by the voivodeship marshal (\"marszałek województwa\"). Administrative powers and competences are statutorily divided between these authorities. The voivodeship contains 40 cities and towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2006 Podlaskie Voivodeship Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province (, ) is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian","title":"Podlaskie Voivodeship"},{"id":"12869004","text":"is the largest medical centre in the region, and the Police Station with detention cells. Also in the vicinity is an irrigation co-operative and a business centre with a supermarket, beer outlets and greengrocer's. The Gweru River passes just to the east of Loreto. Crossroads Growth Point is the commercial hub of Silobela. It is about 80 km Southwest of Kwekwe. From this center one roads leads to Gweru, the other to Nkayi and the other to the northern villages of Silobela, and still the main one to Kwekwe, hence Crossroads. The Silobela Old people’s Home was built on a","title":"Silobela"},{"id":"12180455","text":"line is, they don't care\". While campaigning on 12 June, Tsvangirai was detained twice; after being first detained in Kwekwe for about two hours, he was detained in Gweru, along with about 20 other MDC officials, for about four hours before being released. At a ZANU-PF rally on 12 June, Mugabe said that war veterans had asked him after the first round if they could \"take up arms\". According to Mugabe, he replied that he did not want war, but he also vowed that the MDC would never take power, saying that the MDC would forfeit the gains of the","title":"Second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election"},{"id":"10041836","text":"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published","title":"Every Inch a King"},{"id":"8774711","text":"urban, two urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice,","title":"Gliwice County"},{"id":"20751338","text":"The Crossing (play) The Crossing is a 2006 South African one-man play by Jonathan Nkala. The play documents the struggles Nkala had while illegally immigrating from his birth city of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe to Cape Town, South Africa from 2002 to 2006. The original production, titled \"The Journey\", opened November 5 2006 at the Garage Theatre, a 30-seat house in Hout Bay, Cape Town and was directed by Bo Petersen and starred Nkala. The title was changed in July 2008 after Nkala showed the production to his friends who suggested he make the switch. From 2006-2009 the production was staged by","title":"The Crossing (play)"},{"id":"18462466","text":"is a requirement that an operating organisation should make profits and expand its own viability but still, it should benefit the local community in one way or the other. Commoner is the center of Mahogo Village, and the main center for two other villages. (Latitude -18.4420 Longitude 29.4458) Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is","title":"Commoner, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"8951742","text":"Midlands Christian College Midlands Christian College (MCC) is a co-educational high school of about 450 pupils ranging from form 1 to form 6, located in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe. The college has boarding facilities as well as providing for day-scholars. Its name refers to its location in the Midlands Province in central Zimbabwe. Midlands Christian College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ). MCC is a Christian school which teaches Creationism as well as Evolution but teaches students that","title":"Midlands Christian College"},{"id":"19314154","text":"day. Unlike other Zimbabwean highways, the R847 has no toll gates, but the flow of vehicles on the road per day has since doubled the 2011 averages, according to statistics elsewhere on major highways. In past years, the annual average daily traffic was done by traffic recording devices or by human observers who visually had to count and record traffic on tally sheets. However, at the fall of the Zimbabwean dollar the manned system was dropped only to come up later in the form of the toll gates system, which count vehicles by weight and generate revenue at the same","title":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"},{"id":"8519566","text":"rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement, QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities. It is generally ranked among the top three universities in Zimbabwe. Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest","title":"Midlands State University"},{"id":"2336","text":"Albania has undergone significant changes and improvements in the past two decades. Improvements to the public transport, road and rail infrastructure, water and air travel have all led to a vast improvement in transportation. The international airport of Tirana serves as the premier gateway to the country carrying almost 2 million passengers per year with connections to many destinations around Europe. The country plans to increase the number of airports especially in the south with possible locations in Sarandë, Gjirokastër and Vlorë. The roads of Albania are well maintained and still under construction. The A1 is the longest motorway of","title":"Albania"},{"id":"19314152","text":"Chemagora-Sidakeni at Masoro Turnoff popularly known as Chinyudze, about 5 km west of Columbina Township. The road connects Zhombe and Gokwe South areas to all parts of the country via its Kwekwe end. It serves Zhombe Communal Land, Chemagora purchase area, Gokwe, Nemangwe, Mutimutema and Sengwa coal mines. There has been improved economic and business growth in areas served by the road over the years. Both Zhombe Joel and Gokwe have experienced economic growth because of the impact of the feeder road. Although there is no railway line to Gokwe, the road network, courtesy of the main R847 Kwekwe-Gokwe, has","title":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"},{"id":"11565401","text":"the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. The population census of 1992 estimated the population of the district at 249,705. In 2004, the district","title":"Kwekwe District"},{"id":"6453447","text":"in Zimbabwe. Recently the polytechnic has started offering B-tech degrees. Plans are underway to convert it into a modern university. The residential suburbs in the city are divided into higher and lower density areas. The main surbubs in the town are Mbizo Township, Amaveni Township, Msasa Park, Goldrich, Hillandale, Newtown, Gaika, Beverly Hills, Chicago, Golden Acres, Southwood and Fitchlea. Kwekwe's suburbs are divided into low cost housing, residential housing and also industrial and railway housing. Kwekwe has only one set of traffic lights which are just outside the city centre on a road leading to the high density suburb of","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"18462463","text":"Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is in Zhombe _ Kwekwe District, _ Midlands Province _ Zimbabwe. Commoner is not to be confused with \"Commoner Gold Mine\" near Kadoma in Mashonaland West Province Commoner is in \"Mahogo Village\", slightly over 1 000 metres north of Columbina Rural Service Center, in Mabura Ward of Zhombe Communal","title":"Commoner, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19937931","text":"region. About 100,000 residents of settlements in Moscow Oblast such as Lyubertsy, Lytkarino, Dzerzhinsky and Kotelniki lost electricity due to extremely harsh temperatures. On 11 January, the cold wave reached Albania, with temperatures reaching and supplies being flown in by army helicopters, mainly in the city of Gjirokastër and the nation's capital Tirana. On 16 January, it was reported that the electricity prices in Europe were at their highest since 2008 as a result of power outages and increased demand. Romanian Energy Minister, Toma Petcu, suggested that, if coal consumption remained high, reserves held by the country’s two major producers","title":"January 2017 European cold wave"},{"id":"19409245","text":"Border Post or in town at the railway station. The R2 was rehabilited together with the R3 in the rehanilitation project undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Roads Adminuration (ZINARA) as part of the regional transit highway dubbed the Plumtree-Bulawayo-Harare-Mutare Highway project in 2015. The connects Harare and Botswana serving numerous waypoints along the route course. The A5 covers the Harare to Bulawayo via Kwekwe road. This highway covers Figtree, Zimbabwe, Marula and Plumtree. A7 Highway actually ends past Plumtree Town, where it meets Botswana's A1 Highway. The R2 is long. The A5 Highway part is and the A7 Highway is","title":"R2 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"676049","text":"links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in most major towns that includes Harare,Gweru Bulawayo,Mutare through fiber optic and other remote parts through satellite communication International: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru) (2010) Mobile cellular: 9.2 million (2011) Broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 4 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1. Acts as the primary communication for largely rural population. 2012 saw the launch of two independent stations ZiFM and Star FM. As of","title":"Telecommunications in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"13821145","text":"year round. People of Lower Gwelo they are on second position in gardens in the midlands province following Gokwe in planting Vegetables, Fruits and maize. It is positioned agro ecological region IV of Zimbabwe. Natural regions IV and V are too dry for successful crop production without irrigation. Lower Gweru has been blessed with the following irrigation schemes: Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe) Lower Gwelo (officially known as Lower Gweru) is a developed communal settlement in the Midlands province, Zimbabwe and is located about 40km north-west of Gweru, and stretches a further 50 km to the west. Chiefdoms in Lower Gwelo include","title":"Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"9250751","text":"in 1969, operating on a trial basis until 1981. Other major cities followed: Tianjin (1984), Shanghai (1993), Guangzhou (1997), Wuhan (2004), Shenzhen (2004). Nearly sixty cities have or are planning rapid transit systems and new Chinese metro systems open every year. Since 1974, South Korean cities have developed subway systems. The first lines were converted from existing heavy railway lines. The largest, Seoul, operates twelve lines extending approximately 314 km. Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Daejeon and Gwangju also have subway systems. Seoul and Incheon are connected by metro. Pyongyang in North Korea notably has a well adorned and deep metro with","title":"History of rapid transit"},{"id":"8774709","text":"Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice, west of Gliwice. The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 114,963,","title":"Gliwice County"},{"id":"19314142","text":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway or the R84-7 Highway is an all-weather bitumen macadam highway in Zimbabwe running from Kwekwe to Gokwe passing through Zhombe. as a trunk road it is officially the P11 Highway It is from Kwekwe to Gokwe but the highway which branches off from the A5 (Harare-Bulawayo Highway) is , a 1-hour-50-minute drive on average. The Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA), a government department under the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development, oversees the highway. As shown in the 1973 Automobile Association roads network, the Kwekwe–Gokwe road (then Que Que–Gokwe road) was a gravel one for","title":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"},{"id":"11503763","text":"a consequence of the Great Depression. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as Toronto or Montreal without the approval of local voters. Not all first-level political entities are termed \"provinces.\" In Arab countries, the first administrative level of government—called a \"muhafazah\"—is usually translated as a \"governorate.\" In Poland, the equivalent of \"province\" is \"\"województwo\",\" sometimes rendered in English as \"voivodeship.\" Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into","title":"Province"},{"id":"19345897","text":"Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the area, their women found it very difficult to draw water from the river","title":"Ikwelo River"},{"id":"7505882","text":"Zhombe Zhombe (formerly known as Jombe) is a rural communal area in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. There are a few commercial farms within its borders and a handful of resettlement areas. Most of it is within the Zhombe Constituency. Its administrative centre is the Zhombe Joel Growth Point, and it is under the Zibagwe Rural District Council. There are fourteen business centres in Zhombe. Ten of the business centres are electrified. There are also two rural service centres: Empress and Zhombe Joel. As of 2011, there were 53 primary schools and 18 secondary schools. There are ten clinics (and","title":"Zhombe"},{"id":"6453451","text":"to meat. Gold is mined in the city, and is the reason the city was established. At one stage, the Globe and Phoenix Mine around which the town developed (circa 1900) was the biggest gold mine in the country. In the local mining museum on its premises stands a relic of these boom days called the Paper House, a wood and reinforced cardboard structure in striking green and white. This two-bedroom dwelling on stilts (presumably to combat the heat and protect from termites) was home to the first mine manager, and was once slept in by Cecil John Rhodes, the","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"19232366","text":"Midlands Music Awards The Midlands Music Awards (MMAs) are an annual award ceremony, run by the Midlands Music Organization, where accolades are presented to members of Zimbabwe's music industry who come from the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Winners receive a statuette. The event was established in June 2014. The ceremony is held in June every year and contenders are judged on performances made in the previous year. The show is held at the Midlands Hotel in the capital of the province Gweru and broadcast on Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation - Zbc TV. The ceremony features live performances by some of the","title":"Midlands Music Awards"},{"id":"20821261","text":"returning to communities where they might be shunned due to the fear many have in the respective areas of the Ebola virus, hence psychosocial assistance is needed. Post-Ebola syndrome signs and symptoms in an individual may include, but are not limited to the following: The Ebola virus disease outbreak in Zaire (Yambuku) started in late 1976, and was the second outbreak ever after the earlier one in Sudan the same year. On 1 August 2018, the tenth Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only a few days after the prior outbreak in the same country had","title":"2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak"},{"id":"767800","text":"10.03% Catholics, 6.75% Orthodox believers, 5.49% other, 2.5% Atheists, 2.09% Bektashis and 0.14% other Christians. According to the Institute of Statistics INSTAT, the population in 2016 was 2,886,026. Tirana County is the area with the highest population of 811,649 in the country. Fier County remains the population with the second highest population with a total of 312,488. The Counties with the lowest result are Gjirokastër, Kukës and Dibër respectively with 70,331, 84,035 and 134,153 inhabitants. About 53.4% of Albania's population live in cities. The three largest counties account for half of the population. Almost 53.4% of the population of Albania","title":"Demographics of Albania"},{"id":"6453456","text":"including rhino, elephant, leopard, lion and most big antelope (such as kudu, eland, sable, and tsessebe). The Kwekwe Sports Club hosts games by Zimbabwe's Midlands provincial cricket side, and hosted a One Day International against Kenya in 2002, along with a number of matches between Zimbabwe A and touring teams. Sebakwe dam is one of the main tourist attractions whereby tourists can waterskii, hunt, view game and camp. Sable Park is a recreational privately owned game reserve. The National Mining Museum, dedicated to the mining industry in the country, is one of the main tourist attractions in the city. The","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"15613049","text":"There is Mementos Lounge which is an entertainment lounge usually occupied by successful businessmen and women. with a loved (kasi) restaurant owned by Dash who also owns a brand called 'yoh yoh'. Kamela (alternative name) is a rural area under development to be a Township. It is where the kwekwezi FM radio giant Nkosinathi aka 'Na-T' Ntuli originates. Kameelrivier Kameel-rivier B or Kameelrivier is a village in the low-veld region of KwaNdebele, in the Nkangala District Municipality of the Mpumalanga province of South Africa where the majority of the residents are the Ndebele people, it is known for having good","title":"Kameelrivier"},{"id":"2363521","text":"in various Nazi concentration and death camps. The city also was site of prison camps for Norwegian and Soviet PoWs during World War II. It was heavily damaged by bombardments. The county of Lyck had 53,000 inhabitants when the Soviet Army approached in January 1945. The town was placed under Polish administration in April 1945 and its German inhabitants were dispossessed and forcibly expelled. It was rebuilt and renamed Ełk (before 1939, Polish names for the town included \"Łęg\" and \"Łęk\"). In 1999, Ełk was visited by Pope John Paul II. About 300,000 people attended a papal Mass. Note that","title":"Ełk"},{"id":"1107988","text":"Wijchen Wijchen () is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland, in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Number of residents per population centre per 12 December 2009: The population centre Woezik (3,820 residents on 1 January 2005) and the township Laak are statistically included in Wijchen. Neighbourhoods in Wijchen include: Streets in most neighbourhoods are numbered instead of named. This is not common practice in the Netherlands, therefore the street numbers are included in the house numbering. E.g. someone living in Abersland, 11th street, house #05 will usually use Abersland 1105 in his address. Parts of","title":"Wijchen"},{"id":"15097327","text":"the cricketers who played for Mbizo have gone on to represent other local league teams and some have even appeared for the Rhinos. The Mid West Rhinos are solely responsible for all cricketing activity within the region. As part of their efforts to develop the game the Rhinos introduced a league. The league includes the teams; The strongest of the sides is Kwekwe Cricket Club who consistently beat their opposition convincingly. Whilst League cricket in the area faces numerous difficulties due to the lagging local economy the standard of cricket is fairly high with a number of the clubs fielding","title":"Mid West Rhinos"},{"id":"11804766","text":"two archdioceses (Harare and Bulawayo), which each contain three dioceses Chinhoyi, Gokwe, and Mutare; and Gweru, Hwange, and Masvingo; respectively). The most famous Catholic churchman in Zimbabwe is Pius Ncube, the archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government of Robert Mugabe, who is also Roman Catholic. A variety of local churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream Christian churches over the years that fall between the Protestant and Catholic churches. Some, such as the Zimbabwe Assemblies of God, continue to adhere to Christian beliefs and oppose the espousal of traditional religions. Other local groups, such as the","title":"Religion in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19409279","text":"the road. Wide road shoulders might deter the illegal miners from coming to close to the highway from under ground. In recent years right in the city of Kwekwe illegal gold miners dug and emerged from underneath a classroom at Globe and Phoenix Primary School. Open pits have been left open in places not far from the highway, some of them about 15 metres. Should a disaster come on the road, there won’t be any space to make a detour because of these pits. These \"Makoeokoza\" as they are called have no respect for precious life on their part or","title":"A5 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"19363393","text":"Gokwe North Rural District Council Gokwe North Rural District Councils is a local government organ administering Gokwe North District. There are eight Rural District Councils in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe all established in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act; Chapter 29.13. Gokwe North RDC is one of the 8 rural district councils in Midlands Province namely Mberengwa RDC in Mberengwa District, Runde RDC in Zvishavane District, Tongogara RDC in Shurugwi District, Vungu RDC in Gweru District, Takawira RDC in Chirumhanzu District, Zibagwe RDC in Kwekwe District, Gokwe South RDC in Gokwe South District and here in Gokwe","title":"Gokwe North Rural District Council"},{"id":"14140310","text":"Albanian government decided to demolish the building of the theatre and has temporarily relocated it at ArTurbina on Sami Frasheri St in Tirana Re district of Tirana. A new theatre will be constructed on the grounds of the current theater amidst criticism from some groups. In the National Theatre of Albania have been shown unforgettable pieces, interpreted with high artistic values. The following plays have left a lasting impression in the memory of spectators: Albania holds other theatres in Vlora, Durres, Shkoder, Fier, Gjirokastër, Berat and Korce Located in Tirana besides the National Theater, it’s venues are used by mainly","title":"National Theatre (Albania)"},{"id":"4384413","text":"since expanded in the states of Brandenburg, Berlin, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein, and there are a total of more than 340 stores by December 2014. In Germany, a second chain of stores (with over 4100 stores), called Netto Marken-Discount and owned by EDEKA has also been in operation since 1984. The two chains are unrelated to each other. The first Netto store in Poland opened in Szczecin in 1995. The expansion of the branch is concentrated in the west part of the country from Szczecin to Gdańsk (for example in Police and Stargard Szczeciński), and through the","title":"Netto (store)"},{"id":"2212269","text":"Matlock, Derbyshire Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England. It is situated at the south eastern edge of the Peak District. The town is twinned with the French town Eaubonne. The former spa resort Matlock Bath lies immediately south of the town on the A6. The civil parish of Matlock Town had a population in the 2011 UK census of 9,543. The population of the wider Matlock urban area is approximately 20,000 (including Darley Dale, Tansley, Hackney and Matlock Bath). The Matlock area is considered to include Wirksworth, owing to the close proximity of the towns. Matlock is nine","title":"Matlock, Derbyshire"},{"id":"388278","text":"of the Boeremag, a right-wing extremist group, damaged buildings and railway lines, and killed one person. As Soweto was counted as part of Johannesburg in South Africa's 2008 census, recent demographic statistics are not readily available. It has been estimated that 40% of Johannesburg's residents live in Soweto. However, the 2008 Census put its population at 1.3 million (2010) or about one-third of the city's total population. Soweto's population is overwhelmingly black. All eleven of the country's official languages are spoken, and the main linguistic groups (in descending order of size) are Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, and Tsonga. Soweto landmarks include:","title":"Soweto"},{"id":"12869003","text":"Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major centre in Silobela is the Loreto Mission which incorporates the Loreto High School, a Roman Catholic boarding school, the Loreto Hospital, which","title":"Silobela"},{"id":"17061737","text":"Despite sometimes desperate struggles during this, Book Café’s hardest ever year, our hopes and dreams were fulfilled. I am not sure I have ever seen such an outpouring of exciting and skilled youth arts talent since our inception in 1997, well done to the young artists! Amongst this, Pamberi Trust continued its management role in the 16-country African Music Festivals Network, helped establish pioneering civil society and arts platforms, and contributed nationally towards festival platforms in Gweru, Bulawayo, Chimanimani, Harare and local initiatives around the country. Book Café, under Pamberi Trust remit, entered 2012 as a Prince Claus Award laureate","title":"The Book Café (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"9872878","text":"Bulawayo. The company's products include African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \"P J Joubert Limited\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet","title":"African Distillers"},{"id":"519421","text":"voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975. Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (\"wojewoda\"), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board (\"zarząd województwa\") chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (\"marszałek","title":"Voivodeships of Poland"},{"id":"2016228","text":"Stafford Stafford () is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately north of Wolverhampton, south of Stoke-on-Trent and north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the wider borough of Stafford 122,000, the fourth largest in the county after Stoke-on-Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle-under-Lyme. Stafford means 'ford' by a 'staithe' (landing place). The original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still a large area of marshland","title":"Stafford"},{"id":"19879021","text":"to the United States where they put down roots and start their family. Part of their identity is their habitual movement throughout the world that becomes a pattern in their lives. When situations become too much for them to handle, they flee. Fola and Kweku both move back home to Ghana after or in avoidance of serious confrontation. Redemption: The family does a lot to hurt each other, like all families do. While some of the things they do and say to each other seem irredeemable, in the end they find the strength to overcome their pain and forgive each","title":"Ghana Must Go (novel)"},{"id":"7736370","text":"#59, Ljubljana at #84, Bled at #90, Zagreb at #125 and Belgrade at #143, making Sarajevo the best ranking city on the Balkan peninsula behind Athens, Greece. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects. In recent years investments has made it a popular shopping city as well, with a respectable offer in retail shopping. It hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, which, at the time, were the largest Winter Games ever (in terms of athletes and media). The country is regaining its reputation as an excellent ski destination with its Olympic mountains such as Bjelašnica, Igman","title":"Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2582325\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20751341\",\n \"text\": \"days later, Jonathan told Petersen about his writing who had the idea of turning into a theatrical piece. The play was quickly created in response to daily xenophobic attacks against Nkala and put up in Peterson's garage in 2006. The play begins with the singular actor making bead and wire figures as the audience enters the theater. He introduces himself as Khumbu and then describes the town of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, where Jonathan Nkala grew up, as being corrupt and too expensive for the average Zimbabwean. Wanting a life of abundance, Khumbu and his friend Jacob decide to use the money\",\n \"title\": \"The Crossing (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453439\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the center of the country, roughly equidistant from Harare to the northeast and Bulawayo to the southwest. Its population stood at 47,607 in 1982, 75,425 in 1992 and the preliminary result of the 2002 census suggests a population of 88,000. In 2012, the city's population was estimated at 100,900 people. It is a centre for steel and fertiliser production in the country. Kwekwe and neighbouring Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3292185\",\n \"text\": \"Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \\\"The Steep Place\\\" because of the Gweru River's high banks, in 1894 it became the site of a military outpost established by Leander Starr Jameson. In 1914 it attained municipal status, and in 1971 it became a city. The city has a population of 141,862 as of 2013. Gweru is known for vibrant farming activities in beef cattle, crop farming, and commercial gardening of\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582327\",\n \"text\": \"Rural District Council. Chirumhanzu, Gokwe North and Mberengwa districts have no urban councils. The 8 rural district councils in all 8 subdivisions; Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19294376\",\n \"text\": \"to have met with the same fate, for he has not been heard of since the days of the Sikombela Declaration Dossier. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and\",\n \"title\": \"Zhombe Joel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453450\",\n \"text\": \"to the geographical centre of the country, Kwekwe is also strategically located within the Midlands metropolitan area. Kwekwe, together with Gweru, Munyati, Kadoma and Redcliff form a single customer base for local commercial enterprises. As elsewhere in Zimbabwe, a high proportion of the population depends on the informal sector, possibly more than half of the population. Many self-employed miners carry out illegal digging work just north of the city, panning for gold, one of the most lucrative sources of income. Other residents engage in less strenuous work as cobblers, carpenters, TV and radio repairmen, and vendors selling anything from onions\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453440\",\n \"text\": \"Company (ZISCO), the country's largest steelworks. It also hosts the Zimbabwe Iron and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO), the largest ferrochrome producer, and one of the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, a suburb of Kwekwe. Kwekwe is Zimbabwe's richest city in terms of minerals. Kwekwe town was founded in 1898 as a gold mining town, and hosts Zimbabwe's National Mining Museum. The town remains an industrial centre of the country. The name stems from the Zulu word \\\"isikwekwe\\\", which means \\\"scurvy\\\", \\\"mange\\\" or \\\"scab\\\". Popular belief states that Kwekwe is named after the croaking noise made by the nearby river's\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11565395\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately , further southwest of Kwekwe. The coordinates of Kwekwe District are:19° 0' 0.00\\\"S, 29° 45' 0.00\\\"E (Latitude:19.0000; Longitude:29.7500). Kwekwe District has two urban\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11565402\",\n \"text\": \"population was estimated at 289,039 people. The next national population census in Zimbabwe is scheduled from 18 August 2012 through 28 August 2012. Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582326\",\n \"text\": \"divided into 8 districts: The Provincial Administrator oversees all the 8 districts in the province, each district having its own district administrator. District Administrators work with local authorities in their respective districts. Local authories have their own Chairmen (mayors for municipalities). These urban councils were established in accordance with the Zimbabwe Urban Councils Act, Chapter 29.15 while rural district councils were created in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act, Chapter 29.13 Of the 8 districts Gokwe South, Gweru, Kwekwe, Shurugwi and Zvishavane have two local government administrative authorities; the Urban District Council (town council or municipality) and the\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3292190\",\n \"text\": \"183 km from Masvingo, 471 km from Beitbridge, and 275 km from Harare. Road names used are by destination only, for example the Harare-Gweru Road. There are only mainroads, no highways or freeways. Brendan Ashby, Olympic swimmer × Maxwell Dube, Footballer × Edmore Makozho,Socialite Parliament Research Department, Gweru Urban Constituency Profile, 'Parliament of Zimbabwe', Published: 2011, Retrieved: 28 Apr 2014 Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \\\"The Steep Place\\\" because\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453457\",\n \"text\": \"member of parliament (MP) for Kwekwe Central constituency was Emmerson Mnangagwa until his defeat in the elections of 2000. Since then, Blessing Chebundo of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) has represented the district in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. Kwekwe politics is mainly dominated by MDC. As with other Zimbabwean towns run by opposition parties, Kwekwe has seen a number of politically motivated incidents in which people have been killed and arrested. Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453441\",\n \"text\": \"frogs. The town is situated on Zimbabwe's Highveld at an altitude of , above sea level. It is located in the tropics but its high altitude modifies this to a warm temperate climate. The average annual temperature is . As with much of the Highveld, summers are long but not hot as the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18349765\",\n \"text\": \"these organizations finance many other efforts. These organizations include the World Bank, the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the German Government, who through its technical cooperation agency, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), gave $6 million (US) to improve the water supply and sanitation systems in the towns of Gweru, Kadoma, and Kariba. The Australian government also provided over $10 million (US) for water supply and sanitation system improvements and research. UNICEF is currently managing several programs in collaboration with the entire WASH program to ameliorate water and sewage systems. These include updating sanitation systems in the towns of Masvingo,\",\n \"title\": \"Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453442\",\n \"text\": \"the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. Kwekwe has always been a festive and social centre with a mild political atmosphere. It is a multi ethnic city. In and around the city one is assured to come across Shona, Ndebele, Karanga, Chewa, Venda, Tonga and Nambya speaking people. Association Football and cricket are the main sports in the city, just as in the rest of the country. Kwekwe hosts one of Zimbabwe's\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453449\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago although New Town is considered the richest area in the town. This is subdivided into mini-suburbs such as Hazeldene. The homes in this area are significantly larger than most, and are usually staffed with 2–4 domestic workers and, at times, security guards. The town lies on the Bulawayo–Harare railway line. It is home to two mosques, a meetinghouse for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Seventh-day Adventist, Salvation Army, Protestant and Catholic churches. Kwekwe has paved roads leading to Gweru, Kadoma, Mvuma and Gokwe Business Centre hence it is considered a well-connected city. Besides being close\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453445\",\n \"text\": \"the birthplace of former cricketer Norman Featherstone. A stampede at Mbizo Stadium killed 11 people in 2014. Kwekwe is well endowed with many educational facilities. Most are state-run. For university education, the closest facilities are 60 km away in Gweru, the Midlands Province capital, at Midlands State University. Like most urban areas in the country, the city of Kwekwe is serviced by many schools. Amaveni High School, Mbizo High School and Manunure High School recently expanded to offer A-level classes. Amaveni High serves the high density suburb of Amaveni while Mbizo and Manunure serve the high density suburb of Mbizo.\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357448\",\n \"text\": \"Gweru City the 3rd largest city in Zimbabwe as its capital. Gweru City is also Midlands provincial capital. It is located 164 km northeast of Bulawayo and 275 km south-west-south of Harare via Mvuma ( A17 Highway ) or 278 km via Kwekwe ( A5 Highway ). Gwer District is home to * Roman Catholic Diocese of Gweru, * Lower Gweru,* Gweru River,* Riverside School,* Ascot Stadium, * Chapungu United, * Nalatale, * Danangombe,* Dabuka, * Chaplin High School,* Thornhill High School, * Midlands Christian College, * Nashville Secondary School, * Fletcher High School,* Midlands State University and * Gweru-Thornhill\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8631482\",\n \"text\": \"open in Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare and Kwekwe to cater to the health needs of gay and bisexual men. The July elections were welcomed by LGBT activists, who called them a \\\"historic win\\\": \\\"We witnessed a reduction in homophobic hate speech and reduction in the politicisation of LGBT individuals as campaign tools.\\\" Homosexuality is highly taboo in the socially conservative country and Mugabe's anti-gay stance resonates with many Zimbabweans. Gays and lesbians in Zimbabwe are threatened by violence and suicide attempts are common among the gay community. A few nightclubs in urban areas such as Harare and Bulawayo are tolerant\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT rights in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11001770\",\n \"text\": \"1840 the Society's work was held in such high regard by Queen Victoria that she granted her permission for the SPCA to be entitled the Royal Society for the Preventions of Cruelty to Animals. At that time, only a single Inspector had been appointed in London. By 1842 several requests had been received from other areas for the appointment of additional Inspectors. The first SPCA Centre to be officially registered as a Welfare Organisation in Zimbabwe was Bulawayo in 1967, followed by Kwekwe, Harare and Masvingo in the same year, Mutare in 1968 and Gweru in 1969. The smaller centres\",\n \"title\": \"Zimbabwe Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13400250\",\n \"text\": \"Zimbabwean Jews accepted his offer. In 2003 the Bulawayo Synagogue burned down and the small community did not restore the building. Prayers are generally held at the Sinai Hall or Savyon Lodge in Bulawayo. In Harare the Sephardic Community have their own Synagogue and the Ashkenazi Community have a separate synagogue. Today because of small numbers of congregants the prayers alternate between the two synagogues. Today, about 120 Jews live in Zimbabwe, chiefly in Harare and Bulawayo. There are no Jews remaining in Kwekwe, Gweru, and Kadoma. Two-thirds of Zimbabwean Jews are over 65 years of age, and very few\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Jews in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20751339\",\n \"text\": \"Nkala and Petersen at different theatres, universities, and festivals throughout South Africa and Zimbabwe. Playwright Jonathan Kumbulani Nkala was born in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe in 1980. Due to the high rates of political corruption in the country, which he called the \\\"Unstable States of Zimbabwe\\\", Jonathan and his childhood friend Jacob Banda decided to flee to South Africa in search of a \\\"life of abundance.\\\" While crossing the Limpopo River, the body of water separating the countries, Jacob was drowned by the currents. After receiving his Asylum Seeker Permit in Cape Town, Nkala made a living by selling bead and wire\",\n \"title\": \"The Crossing (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18437459\",\n \"text\": \"An Extension Worker who is a government employed graduate in \\\"Agricultural Science and Practice\\\" provides technical advice to both the Irrigation Scheme Management Committee and the farmers. Main crops are vegetables, okra, beans and maize. Tomatoes are not grown by many farmers unless they are contracted by a reliable company. Green maize buyers come from places such as Columbina Rural Service Center, Empress Mine Township and even as far as Kadoma, Kwekwe, Gweru and Harare. Buyers provide their own transport. Okra buyers are usually from among the farmers themselves. The buy from other farmers at producer price and ferry tonnes\",\n \"title\": \"Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12809947\",\n \"text\": \"in the field of humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe. Apart from a few landowners and businesspeople the majority of Greeks in the country are occupied in trade and other activities that contribute considerably to the country's economy. There are Greek communities in various cities in the country, including Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru and Harare where the local community has been operating a Greek school since 1954. The Archbishopric of Zimbabwe and Southern Africa is under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. Greeks in Zimbabwe Greek Zimbabweans () comprise about 2,500 people of Greek origin, almost half of them from\",\n \"title\": \"Greeks in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409276\",\n \"text\": \"is the shortest link route from Harare to Gokwe through to Binga. However the road has numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Bridge to Sidakeni Shopping Center. In rainy seasons the Munyati River Bridge on this road may be flooded. This road branches to the right (west) about north of Kwekwe. After Gokwe this road eventually takes you to Binga. There are several roads that connect with A5 in the City of Gweru that include: Source Map: [AA Road Map 1985] The A5Highway passes across a few major river along its route. The rate of unemployment in\",\n \"title\": \"A5 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357446\",\n \"text\": \"Rhodesia as published by the then Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. (Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960) in the article \\\"Lore and Legend: Southern Rhodesia Place Names\\\". Gweru District has a population of over 231,675. It has Shurugwi District to the south-esst, Chirumhanzu District to the east, Insiza District south-west, Bubi District to the west, Nkayi District north-west and Kwekwe District north. Source:World Meteorological Organization Main article: Vungu Rural District Council Gweru District is administered by the District Administrator who is an ex-offio of (Gweru City Council and Gweru Rural District Council. for Gweru rural. Gweru rural district\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15723048\",\n \"text\": \"residents. Sakubva Stadium made history on the night of 29 April 1989 when Oliver Mtukudzi held the Tuku Live at Sakubva Concert where he recorded his first live album. The recording was also the first live musical recording of Zimbabwe. Fans came from Bulawayo, Chipinge, Harare, Rusape, Chiredzi, Kwekwe, Gweru including neighbouring Mozambique. Simon Chimbetu, Illanga and Penga Udzoke were supporting artists at the concert. Sakubva has been a subject of violence due to the activities of the so-called bouncers and some of them work for notable Politicians. There has been cases of violence between the residents from Chisamba Singles\",\n \"title\": \"Sakubva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357449\",\n \"text\": \"Air Base to name a few. Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \\\"Ikwelo\\\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409272\",\n \"text\": \"Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw.] Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.\",\n \"title\": \"A5 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357445\",\n \"text\": \"Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \\\"Ikwelo\\\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as written by Colonel Carbutt, of Southern\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15097319\",\n \"text\": \"Mid West Rhinos The Mid West Rhinos is one of the four cricket Zimbabwean cricket franchises. They are a first-class cricket team, based in Midlands Province and the Mashonaland West area. They play their home matches at Kwekwe Sports Club in Kwekwe. In 2009 Zimbabwe Cricket announced a major restructure of domestic cricket in Zimbabwe and the traditional provincial sides were replaced with regional franchises. Midlands was renamed Mid West Rhinos and based in the mining town of Kwekwe. With the new franchise system in place the season got under way on 14 September 2009. Current captain Vusimuzi Sibanda was\",\n \"title\": \"Mid West Rhinos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12869007\",\n \"text\": \"40 kg of gold each month. However, Jena Mine is the biggest gold producer in the Midlands Province employing over 600 people. Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major\",\n \"title\": \"Silobela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15311170\",\n \"text\": \"Banda was born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and educated in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). His family's home district, however, was Nkhata Bay, in the northern Region of Malawi. His father worked in Livingstone, Zambia, before moving to Moss Mine near Que Que (Kwekwe) in Southern Rhodesia, where Aleke Banda attended school. He became involved in politics from a young age and was imprisoned. In 1959 on release from prison he entered Malawi for the first time. He is believed to be the first cousin of Zambian politician and former President Rupiah Banda. He was the chairman of The Nation\",\n \"title\": \"Aleke Banda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19345900\",\n \"text\": \"based on Maps produced by the government of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Gweru District Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ikwelo River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18462284\",\n \"text\": \"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe Empress Mine Township is a populated place in the area formerly known as Salakuhle (misspelled as Salagushle) in Zhombe Communal Land, Kwekwe District of the Midlands Province in Zimbabwe. It is Zhombe's largest growth point yet plays second fiddle to Zhombe Joel, the current Zhombe Center. Empress Mine Township is about 70 km south-west of Kadoma by road, 98 km north-west of Kwekwe by the fastest route, and just 3 km south of Columbina Rural Service Center. The first houses at Empress Mine Township were built in 1968 when Empress Nickel Mine was established, twelve years\",\n \"title\": \"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18393268\",\n \"text\": \"Albania but it has been accused of drastically undercounting the number of Romani in the country, drawing criticism from the Council of Europe. Roma people live all over the country, but some of the biggest communities can be found around the capital, Tirana, the cities of Fier, Berat and Gjirokaster, and around the town of Korça. The distribution of Jevgs (\\\"Egyptians\\\") is much less, numbering at most 10,000 people who are concentrated in and around the capital city of Tirana. The poverty rate among Roma in Albania is particularly high (78%), in relation to the majority (22%). Contrary to the\",\n \"title\": \"Romani people in Albania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8519558\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest city in Zimbabwe.The university adopted a multi campus system therefore it has a satellite campus in the mining town of Zvishavane and other campuses located in the city of Gweru.\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9872877\",\n \"text\": \"African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \\\"P J Joubert Limited\\\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet stores, at Harare, Mutare and\",\n \"title\": \"African Distillers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19401786\",\n \"text\": \"minutes. Kwekwe, a small fort based on the river of the same name, established soon after the Pioneer Column entered Fort Salisbury to occupy Mashonaland, had been a British South African Police post consisting of one officer, one senior non-commissioned officer, six European troopers and 15 African policemen. It was situated at the banks of Kwekwe River, named after the \\\"que-que\\\" sound of croaking frogs in the river. It was not in any way connected to G&P Mine let alone being a police post. With the development of the Globe and Phoenix Mine, the few inhabitants of the Fort Kwekwe\",\n \"title\": \"Globe and Phoenix Mine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3778316\",\n \"text\": \"Zvishavane Zvishavane (known until 1982 as Shabani) is a mining town in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Surrounded by low hills, it lies west of Masvingo, on the main Bulawayo-Masvingo road. Other roads lead from Zvishavane to Gweru, north, and Mberengwa, south-west. It is also on direct rail links to Gweru and Beit Bridge which then link up with Harare and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique, and Pretoria in South Africa. It has a private airport serving the city. Zvishavane was formerly called \\\"Shabanie\\\" (used by the mine) or \\\"Shabani\\\" (used for the town). The name \\\"Shabanie\\\" has been\",\n \"title\": \"Zvishavane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11555640\",\n \"text\": \"service, the crowd left toward a single exit in a stampede, killing four immediately; seven others were pronounced dead at hospital. The Business Standard reported that the stampede was caused by police firing teargas after some of the crowd attempted to break off parts of the stadium wall to exit. Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in\",\n \"title\": \"Mbizo Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20756958\",\n \"text\": \"used to start the company was from Muntari's personal savings but later on he obtained financial support from financial institutions for expansion and growth in the later years. In 2010, Nash Paints acquired 75 percent shares in Eastlea Paints as well as a building previously owned by Rafiq Khan. Between 2008 and 2016 Nash Paints opened branches in Bluffhill, Msasa, Gazaland, Mbare, Graniteside, Masvingo, Kwekwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Mutare, Bindura, Chinhoyi, Kadoma and Marondera. In February 2018, Nash Paints announced Jah Prayzah as the company's new brand ambassador, which led to some criticism in the arts industry. The previous brand ambassador\",\n \"title\": \"Nash Paints\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18816270\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago, Zimbabwe Chicago, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, is a low density suburb located in the outskirts of Kwekwe CBD. Chicago is one of the oldest place names in Kwekwe. The suburb is situated in South of the CBD along the A5 Highway and in a hilly environment. The area was originally the east-end of a farm by the same name, covering the better part of Kwekwe Central, Feachlea, Hellandale and beyond. Gaika Mine also known as Chicago Gaika Mine is wholly in former Chicago Farm. The first plots in Kwekwe were pegged in Chicago. It was not considered the area for the\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19294372\",\n \"text\": \"Zhombe Joel Joel Business Centre is the location of district administrative offices, parliamentary advisory offices, the post office and police station in the town of Zhombe, Zimbabwe. It is 64 km northwest of Kwekwe and 77 km southeast of Gokwe Centre. This small rural town center is the hub of both Zhombe Communal Land and Zhombe Central Ward. Joel Business Centre, in Zhombe Central ward, is named in honour of Joel Tessa, one of the pioneer businessmen at the centre during the 1960s. Tessa was one of the first shop owners at Zhombe Centre, also known as Zhombe Growth Point\",\n \"title\": \"Zhombe Joel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453443\",\n \"text\": \"major provincial cricket sides – the Mid West Rhinos. Their cricket ground has been host to several first class and one day matches, and has even hosted some internationals, most notably against Kenya. Kwekwe also hosts a variety of touring sides versus Zimbabwe 'A' teams. Almost all of the schools in Kwekwe play cricket. Kwekwe hosts two football (soccer) clubs, the Lancashire Steel (named after a local steel company) and Kwekwe Cables. The Kwekwe Queens Club is also a reputable sporting establishment, with a sizeable membership and drinking crowd. Lancashire Steel FC, the main team in the city, has been\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138665\",\n \"text\": \"Traffic is sometimes heavy, however, the major thoroughfares handle fairly high volumes of traffic without too much trouble. Daegu is served by Daegu Airport (international/domestic) located in northeastern Daegu. International destinations include Japan, China, Southeast Asia, and Vladivostok. Daegu is twinned with the following locations: Daegu Daegu (; , literally 'large hill'), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea, the fourth-largest after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon, and the third-largest metropolitan area in the nation with over 2.5 million residents. Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as\",\n \"title\": \"Daegu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3292189\",\n \"text\": \"publishing in 2015 but now operational. Railways arrived in Gwelo (Gweru) in 1902. National Railways of Zimbabwe have the country's largest marshalling yard, Dabuka, on the south side of Gweru. Dabuka plays a pivotal role in rail movement in the country as it is the central hub of the rail links to Mozambique in the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana and Namibia in the south west, lying on the Bulawayo - Harare Line. As a central city (hub), it has direct links to all the other cities and towns of Zimbabwe. It is 164 km from Bulawayo,\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10754822\",\n \"text\": \"Telephone numbers in East Timor Until September 1999, East Timor formed part of the Indonesian numbering plan, using the country code +62, followed by area codes for the two largest cities, Dili (390) and Baucau (399). Following the violence in the wake of Indonesia's departure from the territory, most of the telecommunications infrastructure was destroyed, and Telkom Indonesia withdrew its services from East Timor. A new country code, +670, was allocated to East Timor, but international access often remains severely limited. A complicating factor is that 670 was previously used by the Northern Marianas, with many carriers not aware that\",\n \"title\": \"Telephone numbers in East Timor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11555639\",\n \"text\": \"Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in Mbizo section one, the oldest part of the township. It has a capacity of about a thousand people. On 21 November 2014, a stampede occurred at stadium and killing 11 and injuring 40 people. Reuters reported that around 30,000 people attended a religious service officiated by Walter Magaya. After the\",\n \"title\": \"Mbizo Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6712724\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe High School Kwekwe High School is a high school in the city of Kwekwe, in the Midlands region of Zimbabwe (the school was known until 1982 as Que Que High School). The schools motto is Non Sibi Sed Omnibus (not for ourselves but for all). Kwekwe high is an co-ed interracial school that offers education from Form 1 up to A-Level and offers sports such as rugby, cricket, tennis, basketball, swimming, field hockey, netball and volleyball.The school was founded in the early twentieth century, and combined was combined primary and secondary school until the late 1920s when it was\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe High School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20490081\",\n \"text\": \"hotel and upmarket supermarket for the convenience of the 1200 workers in the mine and their families. He then bought into a shoe factory in Harare called Rhodesian Shoe Manufacturing, now known as Conte Shoes. Naran invested heavily in property in Zimbabwe. He acquired over half of the land in the city of Kwekwe (Queque) for commercial and residential property development, farming and mining as well as significant property portfolio in Kadoma, Chiredzi and Harare. In 1972 Naran established a steel bedding factory in Francistown, Botswana. Naran’s father, Shri Lalloo Naran was a cobbler by profession and opened the Naran\",\n \"title\": \"Prag Lalloo Naran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12163718\",\n \"text\": \"agritourist services. The voivodeship's seat is the city of Białystok. Like all voivodeships, it has a government-appointed Provincial Governor (), as well as an elected Regional Assembly (sejmik) and of the executive elected by that assembly, headed by the voivodeship marshal (\\\"marszałek województwa\\\"). Administrative powers and competences are statutorily divided between these authorities. The voivodeship contains 40 cities and towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2006 Podlaskie Voivodeship Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province (, ) is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian\",\n \"title\": \"Podlaskie Voivodeship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12869004\",\n \"text\": \"is the largest medical centre in the region, and the Police Station with detention cells. Also in the vicinity is an irrigation co-operative and a business centre with a supermarket, beer outlets and greengrocer's. The Gweru River passes just to the east of Loreto. Crossroads Growth Point is the commercial hub of Silobela. It is about 80 km Southwest of Kwekwe. From this center one roads leads to Gweru, the other to Nkayi and the other to the northern villages of Silobela, and still the main one to Kwekwe, hence Crossroads. The Silobela Old people’s Home was built on a\",\n \"title\": \"Silobela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12180455\",\n \"text\": \"line is, they don't care\\\". While campaigning on 12 June, Tsvangirai was detained twice; after being first detained in Kwekwe for about two hours, he was detained in Gweru, along with about 20 other MDC officials, for about four hours before being released. At a ZANU-PF rally on 12 June, Mugabe said that war veterans had asked him after the first round if they could \\\"take up arms\\\". According to Mugabe, he replied that he did not want war, but he also vowed that the MDC would never take power, saying that the MDC would forfeit the gains of the\",\n \"title\": \"Second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10041836\",\n \"text\": \"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published\",\n \"title\": \"Every Inch a King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8774711\",\n \"text\": \"urban, two urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice,\",\n \"title\": \"Gliwice County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20751338\",\n \"text\": \"The Crossing (play) The Crossing is a 2006 South African one-man play by Jonathan Nkala. The play documents the struggles Nkala had while illegally immigrating from his birth city of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe to Cape Town, South Africa from 2002 to 2006. The original production, titled \\\"The Journey\\\", opened November 5 2006 at the Garage Theatre, a 30-seat house in Hout Bay, Cape Town and was directed by Bo Petersen and starred Nkala. The title was changed in July 2008 after Nkala showed the production to his friends who suggested he make the switch. From 2006-2009 the production was staged by\",\n \"title\": \"The Crossing (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18462466\",\n \"text\": \"is a requirement that an operating organisation should make profits and expand its own viability but still, it should benefit the local community in one way or the other. Commoner is the center of Mahogo Village, and the main center for two other villages. (Latitude -18.4420 Longitude 29.4458) Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Commoner, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8951742\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands Christian College Midlands Christian College (MCC) is a co-educational high school of about 450 pupils ranging from form 1 to form 6, located in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe. The college has boarding facilities as well as providing for day-scholars. Its name refers to its location in the Midlands Province in central Zimbabwe. Midlands Christian College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ). MCC is a Christian school which teaches Creationism as well as Evolution but teaches students that\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Christian College\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19314154\",\n \"text\": \"day. Unlike other Zimbabwean highways, the R847 has no toll gates, but the flow of vehicles on the road per day has since doubled the 2011 averages, according to statistics elsewhere on major highways. In past years, the annual average daily traffic was done by traffic recording devices or by human observers who visually had to count and record traffic on tally sheets. However, at the fall of the Zimbabwean dollar the manned system was dropped only to come up later in the form of the toll gates system, which count vehicles by weight and generate revenue at the same\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8519566\",\n \"text\": \"rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement, QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities. It is generally ranked among the top three universities in Zimbabwe. Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2336\",\n \"text\": \"Albania has undergone significant changes and improvements in the past two decades. Improvements to the public transport, road and rail infrastructure, water and air travel have all led to a vast improvement in transportation. The international airport of Tirana serves as the premier gateway to the country carrying almost 2 million passengers per year with connections to many destinations around Europe. The country plans to increase the number of airports especially in the south with possible locations in Sarandë, Gjirokastër and Vlorë. The roads of Albania are well maintained and still under construction. The A1 is the longest motorway of\",\n \"title\": \"Albania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19314152\",\n \"text\": \"Chemagora-Sidakeni at Masoro Turnoff popularly known as Chinyudze, about 5 km west of Columbina Township. The road connects Zhombe and Gokwe South areas to all parts of the country via its Kwekwe end. It serves Zhombe Communal Land, Chemagora purchase area, Gokwe, Nemangwe, Mutimutema and Sengwa coal mines. There has been improved economic and business growth in areas served by the road over the years. Both Zhombe Joel and Gokwe have experienced economic growth because of the impact of the feeder road. Although there is no railway line to Gokwe, the road network, courtesy of the main R847 Kwekwe-Gokwe, has\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11565401\",\n \"text\": \"the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. The population census of 1992 estimated the population of the district at 249,705. In 2004, the district\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453447\",\n \"text\": \"in Zimbabwe. Recently the polytechnic has started offering B-tech degrees. Plans are underway to convert it into a modern university. The residential suburbs in the city are divided into higher and lower density areas. The main surbubs in the town are Mbizo Township, Amaveni Township, Msasa Park, Goldrich, Hillandale, Newtown, Gaika, Beverly Hills, Chicago, Golden Acres, Southwood and Fitchlea. Kwekwe's suburbs are divided into low cost housing, residential housing and also industrial and railway housing. Kwekwe has only one set of traffic lights which are just outside the city centre on a road leading to the high density suburb of\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18462463\",\n \"text\": \"Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is in Zhombe _ Kwekwe District, _ Midlands Province _ Zimbabwe. Commoner is not to be confused with \\\"Commoner Gold Mine\\\" near Kadoma in Mashonaland West Province Commoner is in \\\"Mahogo Village\\\", slightly over 1 000 metres north of Columbina Rural Service Center, in Mabura Ward of Zhombe Communal\",\n \"title\": \"Commoner, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19937931\",\n \"text\": \"region. About 100,000 residents of settlements in Moscow Oblast such as Lyubertsy, Lytkarino, Dzerzhinsky and Kotelniki lost electricity due to extremely harsh temperatures. On 11 January, the cold wave reached Albania, with temperatures reaching and supplies being flown in by army helicopters, mainly in the city of Gjirokastër and the nation's capital Tirana. On 16 January, it was reported that the electricity prices in Europe were at their highest since 2008 as a result of power outages and increased demand. Romanian Energy Minister, Toma Petcu, suggested that, if coal consumption remained high, reserves held by the country’s two major producers\",\n \"title\": \"January 2017 European cold wave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409245\",\n \"text\": \"Border Post or in town at the railway station. The R2 was rehabilited together with the R3 in the rehanilitation project undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Roads Adminuration (ZINARA) as part of the regional transit highway dubbed the Plumtree-Bulawayo-Harare-Mutare Highway project in 2015. The connects Harare and Botswana serving numerous waypoints along the route course. The A5 covers the Harare to Bulawayo via Kwekwe road. This highway covers Figtree, Zimbabwe, Marula and Plumtree. A7 Highway actually ends past Plumtree Town, where it meets Botswana's A1 Highway. The R2 is long. The A5 Highway part is and the A7 Highway is\",\n \"title\": \"R2 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"676049\",\n \"text\": \"links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in most major towns that includes Harare,Gweru Bulawayo,Mutare through fiber optic and other remote parts through satellite communication International: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru) (2010) Mobile cellular: 9.2 million (2011) Broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 4 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1. Acts as the primary communication for largely rural population. 2012 saw the launch of two independent stations ZiFM and Star FM. As of\",\n \"title\": \"Telecommunications in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13821145\",\n \"text\": \"year round. People of Lower Gwelo they are on second position in gardens in the midlands province following Gokwe in planting Vegetables, Fruits and maize. It is positioned agro ecological region IV of Zimbabwe. Natural regions IV and V are too dry for successful crop production without irrigation. Lower Gweru has been blessed with the following irrigation schemes: Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe) Lower Gwelo (officially known as Lower Gweru) is a developed communal settlement in the Midlands province, Zimbabwe and is located about 40km north-west of Gweru, and stretches a further 50 km to the west. Chiefdoms in Lower Gwelo include\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9250751\",\n \"text\": \"in 1969, operating on a trial basis until 1981. Other major cities followed: Tianjin (1984), Shanghai (1993), Guangzhou (1997), Wuhan (2004), Shenzhen (2004). Nearly sixty cities have or are planning rapid transit systems and new Chinese metro systems open every year. Since 1974, South Korean cities have developed subway systems. The first lines were converted from existing heavy railway lines. The largest, Seoul, operates twelve lines extending approximately 314 km. Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Daejeon and Gwangju also have subway systems. Seoul and Incheon are connected by metro. Pyongyang in North Korea notably has a well adorned and deep metro with\",\n \"title\": \"History of rapid transit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8774709\",\n \"text\": \"Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice, west of Gliwice. The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 114,963,\",\n \"title\": \"Gliwice County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19314142\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway or the R84-7 Highway is an all-weather bitumen macadam highway in Zimbabwe running from Kwekwe to Gokwe passing through Zhombe. as a trunk road it is officially the P11 Highway It is from Kwekwe to Gokwe but the highway which branches off from the A5 (Harare-Bulawayo Highway) is , a 1-hour-50-minute drive on average. The Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA), a government department under the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development, oversees the highway. As shown in the 1973 Automobile Association roads network, the Kwekwe–Gokwe road (then Que Que–Gokwe road) was a gravel one for\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11503763\",\n \"text\": \"a consequence of the Great Depression. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as Toronto or Montreal without the approval of local voters. Not all first-level political entities are termed \\\"provinces.\\\" In Arab countries, the first administrative level of government—called a \\\"muhafazah\\\"—is usually translated as a \\\"governorate.\\\" In Poland, the equivalent of \\\"province\\\" is \\\"\\\"województwo\\\",\\\" sometimes rendered in English as \\\"voivodeship.\\\" Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into\",\n \"title\": \"Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19345897\",\n \"text\": \"Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the area, their women found it very difficult to draw water from the river\",\n \"title\": \"Ikwelo River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7505882\",\n \"text\": \"Zhombe Zhombe (formerly known as Jombe) is a rural communal area in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. There are a few commercial farms within its borders and a handful of resettlement areas. Most of it is within the Zhombe Constituency. Its administrative centre is the Zhombe Joel Growth Point, and it is under the Zibagwe Rural District Council. There are fourteen business centres in Zhombe. Ten of the business centres are electrified. There are also two rural service centres: Empress and Zhombe Joel. As of 2011, there were 53 primary schools and 18 secondary schools. There are ten clinics (and\",\n \"title\": \"Zhombe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453451\",\n \"text\": \"to meat. Gold is mined in the city, and is the reason the city was established. At one stage, the Globe and Phoenix Mine around which the town developed (circa 1900) was the biggest gold mine in the country. In the local mining museum on its premises stands a relic of these boom days called the Paper House, a wood and reinforced cardboard structure in striking green and white. This two-bedroom dwelling on stilts (presumably to combat the heat and protect from termites) was home to the first mine manager, and was once slept in by Cecil John Rhodes, the\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19232366\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands Music Awards The Midlands Music Awards (MMAs) are an annual award ceremony, run by the Midlands Music Organization, where accolades are presented to members of Zimbabwe's music industry who come from the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Winners receive a statuette. The event was established in June 2014. The ceremony is held in June every year and contenders are judged on performances made in the previous year. The show is held at the Midlands Hotel in the capital of the province Gweru and broadcast on Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation - Zbc TV. The ceremony features live performances by some of the\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Music Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20821261\",\n \"text\": \"returning to communities where they might be shunned due to the fear many have in the respective areas of the Ebola virus, hence psychosocial assistance is needed. Post-Ebola syndrome signs and symptoms in an individual may include, but are not limited to the following: The Ebola virus disease outbreak in Zaire (Yambuku) started in late 1976, and was the second outbreak ever after the earlier one in Sudan the same year. On 1 August 2018, the tenth Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only a few days after the prior outbreak in the same country had\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767800\",\n \"text\": \"10.03% Catholics, 6.75% Orthodox believers, 5.49% other, 2.5% Atheists, 2.09% Bektashis and 0.14% other Christians. According to the Institute of Statistics INSTAT, the population in 2016 was 2,886,026. Tirana County is the area with the highest population of 811,649 in the country. Fier County remains the population with the second highest population with a total of 312,488. The Counties with the lowest result are Gjirokastër, Kukës and Dibër respectively with 70,331, 84,035 and 134,153 inhabitants. About 53.4% of Albania's population live in cities. The three largest counties account for half of the population. Almost 53.4% of the population of Albania\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Albania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453456\",\n \"text\": \"including rhino, elephant, leopard, lion and most big antelope (such as kudu, eland, sable, and tsessebe). The Kwekwe Sports Club hosts games by Zimbabwe's Midlands provincial cricket side, and hosted a One Day International against Kenya in 2002, along with a number of matches between Zimbabwe A and touring teams. Sebakwe dam is one of the main tourist attractions whereby tourists can waterskii, hunt, view game and camp. Sable Park is a recreational privately owned game reserve. The National Mining Museum, dedicated to the mining industry in the country, is one of the main tourist attractions in the city. The\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15613049\",\n \"text\": \"There is Mementos Lounge which is an entertainment lounge usually occupied by successful businessmen and women. with a loved (kasi) restaurant owned by Dash who also owns a brand called 'yoh yoh'. Kamela (alternative name) is a rural area under development to be a Township. It is where the kwekwezi FM radio giant Nkosinathi aka 'Na-T' Ntuli originates. Kameelrivier Kameel-rivier B or Kameelrivier is a village in the low-veld region of KwaNdebele, in the Nkangala District Municipality of the Mpumalanga province of South Africa where the majority of the residents are the Ndebele people, it is known for having good\",\n \"title\": \"Kameelrivier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2363521\",\n \"text\": \"in various Nazi concentration and death camps. The city also was site of prison camps for Norwegian and Soviet PoWs during World War II. It was heavily damaged by bombardments. The county of Lyck had 53,000 inhabitants when the Soviet Army approached in January 1945. The town was placed under Polish administration in April 1945 and its German inhabitants were dispossessed and forcibly expelled. It was rebuilt and renamed Ełk (before 1939, Polish names for the town included \\\"Łęg\\\" and \\\"Łęk\\\"). In 1999, Ełk was visited by Pope John Paul II. About 300,000 people attended a papal Mass. Note that\",\n \"title\": \"Ełk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1107988\",\n \"text\": \"Wijchen Wijchen () is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland, in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Number of residents per population centre per 12 December 2009: The population centre Woezik (3,820 residents on 1 January 2005) and the township Laak are statistically included in Wijchen. Neighbourhoods in Wijchen include: Streets in most neighbourhoods are numbered instead of named. This is not common practice in the Netherlands, therefore the street numbers are included in the house numbering. E.g. someone living in Abersland, 11th street, house #05 will usually use Abersland 1105 in his address. Parts of\",\n \"title\": \"Wijchen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15097327\",\n \"text\": \"the cricketers who played for Mbizo have gone on to represent other local league teams and some have even appeared for the Rhinos. The Mid West Rhinos are solely responsible for all cricketing activity within the region. As part of their efforts to develop the game the Rhinos introduced a league. The league includes the teams; The strongest of the sides is Kwekwe Cricket Club who consistently beat their opposition convincingly. Whilst League cricket in the area faces numerous difficulties due to the lagging local economy the standard of cricket is fairly high with a number of the clubs fielding\",\n \"title\": \"Mid West Rhinos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11804766\",\n \"text\": \"two archdioceses (Harare and Bulawayo), which each contain three dioceses Chinhoyi, Gokwe, and Mutare; and Gweru, Hwange, and Masvingo; respectively). The most famous Catholic churchman in Zimbabwe is Pius Ncube, the archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government of Robert Mugabe, who is also Roman Catholic. A variety of local churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream Christian churches over the years that fall between the Protestant and Catholic churches. Some, such as the Zimbabwe Assemblies of God, continue to adhere to Christian beliefs and oppose the espousal of traditional religions. Other local groups, such as the\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409279\",\n \"text\": \"the road. Wide road shoulders might deter the illegal miners from coming to close to the highway from under ground. In recent years right in the city of Kwekwe illegal gold miners dug and emerged from underneath a classroom at Globe and Phoenix Primary School. Open pits have been left open in places not far from the highway, some of them about 15 metres. Should a disaster come on the road, there won’t be any space to make a detour because of these pits. These \\\"Makoeokoza\\\" as they are called have no respect for precious life on their part or\",\n \"title\": \"A5 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19363393\",\n \"text\": \"Gokwe North Rural District Council Gokwe North Rural District Councils is a local government organ administering Gokwe North District. There are eight Rural District Councils in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe all established in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act; Chapter 29.13. Gokwe North RDC is one of the 8 rural district councils in Midlands Province namely Mberengwa RDC in Mberengwa District, Runde RDC in Zvishavane District, Tongogara RDC in Shurugwi District, Vungu RDC in Gweru District, Takawira RDC in Chirumhanzu District, Zibagwe RDC in Kwekwe District, Gokwe South RDC in Gokwe South District and here in Gokwe\",\n \"title\": \"Gokwe North Rural District Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14140310\",\n \"text\": \"Albanian government decided to demolish the building of the theatre and has temporarily relocated it at ArTurbina on Sami Frasheri St in Tirana Re district of Tirana. A new theatre will be constructed on the grounds of the current theater amidst criticism from some groups. In the National Theatre of Albania have been shown unforgettable pieces, interpreted with high artistic values. The following plays have left a lasting impression in the memory of spectators: Albania holds other theatres in Vlora, Durres, Shkoder, Fier, Gjirokastër, Berat and Korce Located in Tirana besides the National Theater, it’s venues are used by mainly\",\n \"title\": \"National Theatre (Albania)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4384413\",\n \"text\": \"since expanded in the states of Brandenburg, Berlin, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein, and there are a total of more than 340 stores by December 2014. In Germany, a second chain of stores (with over 4100 stores), called Netto Marken-Discount and owned by EDEKA has also been in operation since 1984. The two chains are unrelated to each other. The first Netto store in Poland opened in Szczecin in 1995. The expansion of the branch is concentrated in the west part of the country from Szczecin to Gdańsk (for example in Police and Stargard Szczeciński), and through the\",\n \"title\": \"Netto (store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2212269\",\n \"text\": \"Matlock, Derbyshire Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England. It is situated at the south eastern edge of the Peak District. The town is twinned with the French town Eaubonne. The former spa resort Matlock Bath lies immediately south of the town on the A6. The civil parish of Matlock Town had a population in the 2011 UK census of 9,543. The population of the wider Matlock urban area is approximately 20,000 (including Darley Dale, Tansley, Hackney and Matlock Bath). The Matlock area is considered to include Wirksworth, owing to the close proximity of the towns. Matlock is nine\",\n \"title\": \"Matlock, Derbyshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"388278\",\n \"text\": \"of the Boeremag, a right-wing extremist group, damaged buildings and railway lines, and killed one person. As Soweto was counted as part of Johannesburg in South Africa's 2008 census, recent demographic statistics are not readily available. It has been estimated that 40% of Johannesburg's residents live in Soweto. However, the 2008 Census put its population at 1.3 million (2010) or about one-third of the city's total population. Soweto's population is overwhelmingly black. All eleven of the country's official languages are spoken, and the main linguistic groups (in descending order of size) are Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, and Tsonga. Soweto landmarks include:\",\n \"title\": \"Soweto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12869003\",\n \"text\": \"Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major centre in Silobela is the Loreto Mission which incorporates the Loreto High School, a Roman Catholic boarding school, the Loreto Hospital, which\",\n \"title\": \"Silobela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17061737\",\n \"text\": \"Despite sometimes desperate struggles during this, Book Café’s hardest ever year, our hopes and dreams were fulfilled. I am not sure I have ever seen such an outpouring of exciting and skilled youth arts talent since our inception in 1997, well done to the young artists! Amongst this, Pamberi Trust continued its management role in the 16-country African Music Festivals Network, helped establish pioneering civil society and arts platforms, and contributed nationally towards festival platforms in Gweru, Bulawayo, Chimanimani, Harare and local initiatives around the country. Book Café, under Pamberi Trust remit, entered 2012 as a Prince Claus Award laureate\",\n \"title\": \"The Book Café (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9872878\",\n \"text\": \"Bulawayo. The company's products include African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \\\"P J Joubert Limited\\\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet\",\n \"title\": \"African Distillers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"519421\",\n \"text\": \"voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975. Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (\\\"wojewoda\\\"), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board (\\\"zarząd województwa\\\") chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (\\\"marszałek\",\n \"title\": \"Voivodeships of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2016228\",\n \"text\": \"Stafford Stafford () is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately north of Wolverhampton, south of Stoke-on-Trent and north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the wider borough of Stafford 122,000, the fourth largest in the county after Stoke-on-Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle-under-Lyme. Stafford means 'ford' by a 'staithe' (landing place). The original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still a large area of marshland\",\n \"title\": \"Stafford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19879021\",\n \"text\": \"to the United States where they put down roots and start their family. Part of their identity is their habitual movement throughout the world that becomes a pattern in their lives. When situations become too much for them to handle, they flee. Fola and Kweku both move back home to Ghana after or in avoidance of serious confrontation. Redemption: The family does a lot to hurt each other, like all families do. While some of the things they do and say to each other seem irredeemable, in the end they find the strength to overcome their pain and forgive each\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana Must Go (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7736370\",\n \"text\": \"#59, Ljubljana at #84, Bled at #90, Zagreb at #125 and Belgrade at #143, making Sarajevo the best ranking city on the Balkan peninsula behind Athens, Greece. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects. In recent years investments has made it a popular shopping city as well, with a respectable offer in retail shopping. It hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, which, at the time, were the largest Winter Games ever (in terms of athletes and media). The country is regaining its reputation as an excellent ski destination with its Olympic mountains such as Bjelašnica, Igman\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Midlands Province context: Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is\\n\\nIn which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 198,\n \"origin_tokens\": 198,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: A5 road (Zimbabwe) context: Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.\\n\\ntitle: A5 road (Zimbabwe context: is the shortest Harare to Gokwe to Binga. However road numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Sidakeni Shopping Center. rainy seasons Munyati Bridge on this road may be flooded This road to the (west) about north of Kwekwe.ok this road eventually takes you to Binga several roads that with A5 the City of Gwer that: Source MapAA Road 198 The A5Highway passes river along its route rate of unemployment in\\ntitle R2 (Zabwe) context Border Post or in the railway was the inhan undertaken byabwe RoZINAR as of theit highwaybed the PltreeawayoHarareMare015. connects Har Botswana numerous waypoints the route. the too via Kwe road highway Fig Z Marula andumtree A Highway actually endsumtree Town itw' Highway The R2 long. The A5 is and7 Highway is\\n: Z Joel to the, for heard the S. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and\\n\\nIn which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 566,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15362,\n \"ratio\": \"27.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":175,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":175,"string":"175"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Republic of Togo","BQG","ISO 3166-1:TG","Health care in Togo","Health in Togo","République Togolaise","Togo","Republique Togolaise","Togolese","Sport in Togo","Religion in Togo","Togolese Republic","Administrative divisions of Togo"],"string":"[\n \"Republic of Togo\",\n \"BQG\",\n \"ISO 3166-1:TG\",\n \"Health care in Togo\",\n \"Health in Togo\",\n \"République Togolaise\",\n \"Togo\",\n \"Republique Togolaise\",\n \"Togolese\",\n \"Sport in Togo\",\n \"Religion in Togo\",\n \"Togolese Republic\",\n \"Administrative divisions of Togo\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Togo"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4148400","text":"An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\" After ten years, working","title":"An African in Greenland"},{"id":"37038","text":"Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its","title":"Burkina Faso"},{"id":"415052","text":"to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign. Togo has an area equal to and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. Togo lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E. The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savanna in contrast","title":"Togo"},{"id":"14482363","text":"was one of the first clients of the Inter-Governmental Philatelic Corporation. Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo"},{"id":"415040","text":"Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans","title":"Togo"},{"id":"14482359","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal towns and used German West African mail boats. Mail entered the","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo"},{"id":"3826646","text":"show more resistance to European incursions than other areas of Africa. Such resistance, combined with a disease environment hostile to Europeans, meant that much of Guinea was not colonised by Europeans until the very end of the 19th century. Guinea is often subdivided into \"Lower Guinea\" and \"Upper Guinea\". Lower Guinea is one of the most densely populated regions of Africa, covering southern Nigeria, Benin, Togo and stretching into Ghana. It includes the coastal regions as well as the interior. Upper Guinea is far less densely populated and stretches from Côte d'Ivoire to Senegal. Within the Republic of Guinea, Lower","title":"Guinea (region)"},{"id":"5131414","text":"become dry, dusty plains, with the occasional pond or lake in a depression. Cattle graze on the floodplains during the dry season. There is also some small scale growing of crops, and the hunting of game takes place there. The river forms part of the international borders between Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Benin. The Oti River flows through Pendjari National Park in Benin and the Oti-Kéran National Park in Togo. Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta","title":"Oti River"},{"id":"10581764","text":"construction of a completely new road between Senegal and Mali. The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows (going east): Alternative routes at the eastern end: The Trans-Sahelian Highway intersects with the following Trans-African Highways: The northern regions of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin are close to the Trans-Sahelian Highway, which may be used to by travellers between those regions in preference to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway further south. Paved roads connect the Trans-Sahelian and West African Coastal Highways through Trans-Sahelian Highway The Trans-Sahelian Highway or Trans-Sahel Highway is a transnational highway","title":"Trans-Sahelian Highway"},{"id":"415122","text":"Geography of Togo Togo is a small Sub-Saharan state, comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. Togo's geographic coordinates are a latitude of 8° north and a longitude of 1°10′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to the east, with of border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Ghana, with of border. To the south Togo has of coastline along the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Togo stretches north from the Gulf and is only wide at the broadest point. In total, Togo has an","title":"Geography of Togo"},{"id":"36484","text":"Benin Benin ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its","title":"Benin"},{"id":"415160","text":"Transport in Togo This article refers to transportation in the country of Togo \"total:\" 568 km (2008)
\"narrow gauge:\" 568 km of gauge \"total:\" 7,520 km
\"paved:\" 2,376 km
\"unpaved:\" 5,144 km (2000) The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to Benin and Nigeria to the east, and Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also connects Togo northwards to Burkina Faso and from there north-west to Mali and north-east","title":"Transport in Togo"},{"id":"152588","text":"Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. \"Ghana\" means \"Warrior King\" in the Soninke language. The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century. Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was","title":"Ghana"},{"id":"16082133","text":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 was unanimously adopted on 31 October, 2011. In the resolution, the 15-member council \"condemns all acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea committed off the coast of the states of the Gulf of Guinea.\" According to reports by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), piracy in the Gulf, which borders West African coastal countries from Ghana to Gabon, has been on the rise in recent years. Resolution 2018 \"welcomes the intention to convene a summit of the Gulf of Guinea","title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018"},{"id":"65502","text":"Geography of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is approximately square in shape. Its southern border is a coastline on the Gulf of Guinea on the north Atlantic Ocean. On the other three sides it borders five other African nations for a total of : Liberia to the southwest for , Guinea to the northwest for , Mali to the north-northwest for , Burkina Faso to the north-northeast for , and Ghana to the east for . Ivory Coast comprises , of which is","title":"Geography of Ivory Coast"},{"id":"767585","text":"territory in the south Atlantic Ocean. In the United Nations scheme of African regions, the region includes 17 states and the island of Saint Helena, an overseas territory: Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Niger are mostly in the Sahel, a transition zone between the Sahara desert and the Sudanian Savanna, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Nigeria compose Guinea, the traditional name for the area near the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Verde is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauritania lies in the Maghreb, the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been","title":"West Africa"},{"id":"5131412","text":"Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta River in Ghana. The Oti River is about long. Its headwaters are in Burkina Faso, it flows through Benin and Togo and joins the Volta River in Ghana. Tributaries on the left bank in Togo originate from the Togo Mountains to the south. One of its eastern tributaries is the Kara River, the confluence being on the Togo/Ghana border, where another tributary joins from the south, the Koumongou River. The mouth","title":"Oti River"},{"id":"36525","text":"Belgium (198) and Germany (156). Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans-West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also","title":"Benin"},{"id":"680362","text":"Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated","title":"Ivory Coast"},{"id":"9192465","text":"Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region of the West African country of Togo and across the eastern and western borders of that country into Ghana and Benin. In Ghana, the range is also known as the Akwapim Hills, and in Benin it is also known as the Atakora Mountains. Part of the range is associated with the country of Niger, where the W National Park is found. The African wild dog, \"Lycaon pictus\", was historically found in this region but may now be extirpated from this locale. The Togo Mountains run","title":"Togo Mountains"},{"id":"778737","text":"which aims to link the railways of Benin with Niger and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the AfricaRail project. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African","title":"Transport in Benin"},{"id":"10508804","text":"East Africa. In West Africa, a chain of rain forests up to 350 km long extends from the eastern border of Sierra Leone all the way to Ghana. In Ghana the forest zone gradually dispels near the Volta river, following a 300 km stretch of Dahomey savanna gap. The rain forest of West Africa continues from east of Benin through southern Nigeria and officially ends at the border of Cameroon along the Sanaga river. Semi-deciduous rainforests in West Africa began at the fringed coastline of Guinea Bissau (via Guinea) and run all the way through the coasts of Sierra Leone,","title":"Tropical Africa"},{"id":"15174538","text":"African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Nigerian women and girls are taken to Europe, especially to Italy and Russia, and to the Middle East and North Africa, for forced prostitution. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in \"Tier 2 Watchlist\" in 2017. The 2003 Trafficking in Persons Law Enforcement and Administration Act, amended in 2005 to increase penalties","title":"Human trafficking in Nigeria"},{"id":"767568","text":"West Africa West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 17 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The population of West Africa is estimated at about /1e6 round 0 million people as of . Studies of human mitochondrial DNA suggest that all humans share common ancestors from Africa, originated in the southwestern regions near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola at the","title":"West Africa"},{"id":"778750","text":"the political crises in Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, and Togo and provided a contribution to the United Nations force in Haiti, all of which were indications of the country's growing confidence in the international community. Some of the allies of Benin are France, India, US, UK, Netherlands, Ghana, and China. In September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations","title":"Foreign relations of Benin"},{"id":"20655962","text":"This is similar to the lack of documentation available in Southern Africa. West Africa consists of the following 15 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Of these western countries, some have fairly stable vulture populations such as the Hooded Vultures of The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. On the other hand, there are countries like Senegal which has regions that have faced 80% vulture decline in the last half century. The trade of vultures for bushmeat, as well as belief use, is the primary factor for the decline","title":"African vulture trade"},{"id":"15192965","text":"now routinely interrogate the marabout of any beggar they find in the streets. Some observers noted only a small number of trafficking victims, but others see the Gambia's porous borders as an active transit zone for women, girls, and boys from West African countries – mainly Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and Benin – who are recruited for exploitation in the sex trade, in particular to meet the demands of European tourists seeking sex with children. Most trafficking offenders in the Gambia are probably individuals who operate independently of international syndicates. The government's Department of Social","title":"Human trafficking in the Gambia"},{"id":"778636","text":"Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance","title":"Geography of Benin"},{"id":"152691","text":"2017, Ghana ranks as the 43rd–most peaceful country in the world. To enter Ghana, it is necessary to have a visa authorised by the Government of Ghana. Travelers must apply for this visa at a Ghanaian embassy; this process can take approximately two weeks. By law, visitors entering Ghana must be able to produce a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Government General information Trade Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the","title":"Ghana"},{"id":"778644","text":"other location. Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south,","title":"Geography of Benin"},{"id":"4976587","text":"Culture of Ivory Coast The diverse culture of Ivory Coast, a coastal West African country bordered by Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea, is exemplified by a multitude of ethnic groups, events, festivals, music, and art. More than sixty indigenous ethnic groups are often cited, although this number may be reduced to seven clusters of ethnic groups, by classifying small units together on the basis of their cultural and historical characteristics, which differ somewhat from one to the next. These may be further reduced to four major cultural regions – the East Atlantic (primarily Akan), West Atlantic (primarily Kru),","title":"Culture of Ivory Coast"},{"id":"7495779","text":"Guinean Forests of West Africa The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Guinean forests into the Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests. The Upper Guinean forests extend from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana to Togo","title":"Guinean Forests of West Africa"},{"id":"15554548","text":"or divestiture of state-owned industries (\"parastatals\")in the health and agricultural sectors, trade liberalization (lowering or elimination of tariffs on imports), cuts in social spending (agriculture, health, education sectors) and strict deficit reductions. Structural Adjustment Programs also led to the phasing out of most fertilizer subsidy programs. Some of the African countries following these guidelines included Benin, Ghana, Madagascar, Senegal, Togo, Tanzania, Zambia, Cameroon, Malawi, and Nigeria. Results of liberalization and subsidy phase-out were mixed. In a five-year study comparing before and after cases, fertilizer use in Cameroon, Senegal, Tanzania, Nigeria and Ghana declined 25-40 percent, while it increased 14-500 percent","title":"Fertilizer subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"id":"529168","text":"Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in the east. The","title":"Volta River"},{"id":"37926","text":"country are of . Only Ivory Coast is connected to Burkina Faso by rail. Instability in Ivory Coast in 2003 forced a rerouting of rail freight from the Abidjan corridor to ports in Togo, Benin, and Ghana via the road network. A proposed rail link between Ouagadougou and Pô in Burkina Faso and Kumasi and Boankra in Ghana, has been discussed with Ghanaian officials, and feasibility studies are being undertaken to explore this possibility, which would provide rail access to the inland port of Bonakra. Burkina Faso and Ghana use different rail gauges and this break-of-gauge can be overcome to","title":"Transport in Burkina Faso"},{"id":"9476061","text":"State University. Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more than 30 African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. The Afrobarometer is carried on in Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Afrobarometer achieves this measurement through a series of face-to-face interviews with a random sample of either 1,200, 1,600 or 2,400 people in each country. Because the instrument","title":"Afrobarometer"},{"id":"20155837","text":"didn't end there, because due to an attempted coup the previous year, Ghana's president Jerry Rawlings had closed the main land crossing with Togo to avoid the sudden arrival of over 1 Million people. Togo then also shut its borders with Benin. The immigrants were stranded for weeks, thereafter the Ghanaian authority opened their borders causing Togo to also open theirs, for the Ghanaian refugees to have access back home. The relationship between Nigeria and Ghana has since been strengthened. The migration was then named \"Ghana Must Go\". Ghana Must Go In 1983, when Shehu Shagari was the President of","title":"Ghana Must Go"},{"id":"680438","text":"palm wine. Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a \"maquis\", which is unique to the region. A \"maquis\" normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with \"attiéké\" or \"kedjenou\". Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of","title":"Ivory Coast"},{"id":"10633646","text":"like the wind going through a pipe during moonlit nights. The Sahel from southern Mauretania and northern Senegal eastwards to northern Cameroon and southern Chad into South Sudan and southern Sudan with separate population in northern Benin and coastal Ghana, with another in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The quail-plover has an extremely large range, its population trend is not known, the population is not understood to be undergoing a sufficiently rapid decline to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion while the population size has not been quantified so the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Quail-plover The lark","title":"Quail-plover"},{"id":"16105926","text":"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.","title":"Energy in Africa"},{"id":"9192467","text":"the Oti River, a tributary of the River Volta, which flows through Lake Volta and into the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana. Several tributaries to this river system flow from the northern side of the Togo Mountains. To the south of the mountains lies a plateau, which further south slopes gently towards the coast. The central and southern sides of the mountains drain into tributaries of the Mono River, which flows into the Gulf of Guinea through swampland on the borders of Togo and Benin. Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region","title":"Togo Mountains"},{"id":"37927","text":"a greater or lesser extent with a number of methods. In 2006, an Indian proposal surfaced to link the railways in Benin and Togo with landlocked Niger and Burkina Faso. Additionally, a Czech proposal also surfaced to link Ghana railways with Burkina Faso. The manganese deposits near Dori are one source of traffic. Burkina Faso would also be a participant in the AfricaRail project. In May, 2011 the World Bank reported that \"Sitarail\" had recovered well from the political crisis in Ivory Coast but was experiencing financial distress, needed to re-balance its financial structure and find alternative funding for rehabilitation","title":"Transport in Burkina Faso"},{"id":"529171","text":"its curved course. Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in","title":"Volta River"},{"id":"7708340","text":"The Viceroy of Ouidah The Viceroy of Ouidah is a novel published in 1980 by Bruce Chatwin, a British author. Chatwin's novel portrays the life of a fictional slave trader named Francisco Manuel da Silva, who is loosely based on a historical Jewish Brazilian, Francisco Félix de Sousa. He became powerful in Ouidah, on the so-called Slave Coast of West Africa, now Benin, Togo, and parts of the Volta Region in Ghana. Chatwin was caught up in the violence of a coup in Dahomey (now Benin), where Ouidah is located, when he was researching the book. The novel was adapted","title":"The Viceroy of Ouidah"},{"id":"2488030","text":"but, like its neighbours, Ghana and Benin, its territory extends hundreds of kilometres northward, passing through a central hill region into the northern savanna that borders Burkina Faso. Its population of over 6 million people, which is 65% rural and agrarian, is composed of about 21 ethnic groups. Approximately 51% of the population has indigenous beliefs, 29% is Christian, and 20% Muslim. The two most populous language groups are the Ewe in the south (about 32% of the population) and the Kabye in the north (22% of the population). Gen or Mina is the second major language in the south,","title":"Music of Togo"},{"id":"65532","text":"link to Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria, with paved highways to landlocked Mali and Burkina Faso feeding into the coastal highway. When construction of roads and bridges in Liberia and Sierra Leone is complete, the highway will link to another seven Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations to the west and north-west. At the national level, vehicles are estimated at 600 000, which includes 75% of used cars (second hand) due to the low purchasing power since the beginning of the economic crisis. 20 000 new cars are registered every year. Although maintenance and renovations works are being","title":"Transport in Ivory Coast"},{"id":"14413147","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Benin, formerly Dahomey. Located in West Africa, Benin borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Benin is just over in size with a population of almost 8,500,000. Its capital is the city of Porto-Novo but the seat of government is the city of Cotonou. Benin's first stamps were French colonial stamps used at Porto Novo from 1888. Stamps were","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin"},{"id":"8423276","text":"tail) is , possibly more, while the average total length is . It is found in West Africa from Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea, through, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, and Nigeria. It is also found in northern Cameroon and southwestern Chad. The type locality is described as \"Haute Volta, Garango, 048 N, 033 W\" (Burkina Faso). There are also reports of single specimens found in the Bangui in the Central African Republic, and in central Sudan. It is rarely found north of the 15 parallel, after which \"E. leucogaster\" becomes more common. The geographic range","title":"Echis ocellatus"},{"id":"17988095","text":"evident that the continental shelf of Benin, Togo, Ghana, and western Nigeria hosts a breeding/calving population with a Southern Hemisphere seasonality, referred to as the ‘Gulf of Guinea stock’. Its parametric distribution suggests it may be related to the IWC-defined breeding stock ‘B’ from central-west Africa. Mother and calf pairs have been sighted exclusively near shore in Benin, sometimes just beyond the surf-zone. The westernmost authenticated record is a stranding at Assini Mafia, eastern Côte d’Ivoire in August 2007. For many years, small-scale, seasonal humpback whale-watching sorties have been conducted from the ports of Sekondi-Takoradi, Lomé and Cotonou. The breeding","title":"Cetacean strandings in Ghana"},{"id":"4737746","text":"Africa has often been so heavy that the Gap has become wet enough to support rainforest, thus eliminating the savanna. Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian","title":"Dahomey Gap"},{"id":"14477167","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Ghana, known as the Gold Coast before independence. Ghana is located in West Africa, borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The Gold Coast gradually came under British control by the middle of the nineteenth century and it was administered by Sierra Leone, further along the coast, until Gold Coast became a Crown Colony in 1874. Mails travelled via Freetown at this time.","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana"},{"id":"12263853","text":"exploitation, including for sex tourism, within Senegal. Transnationally, boys are trafficked to Senegal from The Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea for forced begging by religious teachers. Senegalese women and girls are trafficked to neighboring countries, the Middle East, and Europe for domestic servitude and possibly for sexual exploitation. Women and girls from other West African countries, particularly Liberia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria may be trafficked to Senegal for sexual exploitation, including for sex tourism. The Government of Senegal does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do","title":"Human trafficking in Senegal"},{"id":"15831584","text":"dry climate, that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, separating the rainforest zones on either side. This species is known from only forty-one specimens found in the last few decades and it has not been viewed in the wild. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers the species too poorly known for it to be able to evaluate this animal's conservation status, so they have assessed it as being of \"data deficient\". Walter's duiker The Walter's duiker (\"Philantomba walteri\") is a species of duiker found in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. It was described","title":"Walter's duiker"},{"id":"16667550","text":"is focussed on west African nations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. This project, started in 2009, aims at worst forms of child labour in west Africa. It has two main components: the first will support national efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, while the second aims at mobilizing sub-regional policy makers and improving sub-regional cooperation for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour among all fifteen member States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). KURET project,","title":"Child labour in Africa"},{"id":"5774281","text":"stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The Guinean Forests of West Africa is a belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast, running in the west from Sierra Leone and Guinea through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and Togo, ending at the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests are divided by the Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin. The forests are a few hundred kilometres inland from the Atlantic Ocean coast on the southern part of West","title":"History of West Africa"},{"id":"16704838","text":"subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking...Near the Togo-Burkina Faso border, Togolese boys are forced into begging by corrupt marabouts (religious instructors). Togolese girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are transported to Benin, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequently forced to work in agriculture. Children from Benin and Ghana are recruited and transported to Togo for forced labor. Traffickers exploit Togolese men for forced labor in Nigerian agriculture and Togolese women as domestic servants. Some reports indicate Togolese women are fraudulently recruited for employment in Saudi Arabia, the United States, and","title":"Human rights in Togo"},{"id":"12502820","text":"Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain (Canary Islands), Togo and United Kingdom). As of May 2013, 23 range States have signed the MoU. Marine turtles are thought to be numerous along much of the Atlantic Coast of Africa. The area includes nesting sites, feeding areas and migration corridors of importance to six species of marine turtles. To protect these species an Article IV agreement was concluded and came into effect","title":"Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa"},{"id":"13753280","text":"West African countries of Ghana, Togo, Dahomey (now known as the Republic of Benin), and Nigeria. When offered this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study abroad at the University Of Ghana Institute Of African Studies in Accra, Ghana and the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana, Taylor was on board without hesitation. Cognizant that time spent becoming well-versed in Western literature and teachings left her ill-prepared in African and African-American history and culture, Taylor went to Africa not quite knowing what to expect. Taylor was amazed as she spent hours poring through dozens of books at the University] of Accra","title":"Glenda R. Taylor"},{"id":"14867521","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Niger, a former French colony that obtained independence in 1960. Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The capital city is Niamey. In 1920, Niger was separated from Upper","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger"},{"id":"7346027","text":"the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In","title":"Françafrique"},{"id":"9063662","text":"West African Gas Pipeline The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) is a natural gas pipeline to supply gas from Nigeria's Escravos region of Niger Delta area to Benin, Togo and Ghana. It is the first regional natural gas transmission system in sub-Saharan Africa. The project began in 1982, when the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa. In 1991 a feasibility report conducted by the World Bank on supplying Nigerian gas on West African markets deemed that a project was commercially viable. In September 1995, the governments of four","title":"West African Gas Pipeline"},{"id":"17983426","text":"ceremonies when the initiates dance with several types of masks. Art of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great","title":"Art of Burkina Faso"},{"id":"5763052","text":"examine including requests for advisory opinion. As of 2018 February, eight state parties to the protocol had made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The eight states are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Altogether, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, and Uganda. The African Court","title":"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights"},{"id":"17988096","text":"stock off Gabon and Angola is the subject of longterm dedicated studies. Possibly up to 10% of world population of humpbacks migrate into Gulf of Guinea. No abundance estimate is available for the Bight of Benin population, but the encounter rate in October 2000 was approximately 5.9 humpback whales per 100 km surveyed (0.109/nautical mile) . The reported neonates stranded in unknown circumstances of natural and anthropogenic causes are possible. At least some humpback whale strandings in the area are thought to be animals killed in vessel collisions, which may be far more common in African waters than scarce reports","title":"Cetacean strandings in Ghana"},{"id":"9192466","text":"across the central region of Togo, ranging from the southwest to the northeast. To the northeast, the mountain range extends into Benin where it is known as the Atakora Mountains, and to the southwest it extends into Ghana where it is known as the Akwapim Hills. The average elevation of these mountains is and the highest peak in Togo is Mount Agou, with a height of . It is in the southwestern part of the range, close to the border with Ghana. To the north of the Togo Mountains, there is undulating savannah, creased by the broad, meandering valley of","title":"Togo Mountains"},{"id":"16934856","text":"African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania. The AVU has its headquarters","title":"African Virtual University"},{"id":"152692","text":"Geography of Ghana Ghana is a country in Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, just a few degrees north of the equator. Ghana encompasses plains, low hills, rivers, Lake Volta, the world's largest artificial lake, Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island on the south Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana. Ghana can be divided into four different geographical ecoregions. The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub and intersected by several rivers and streams. The northern part of Ghana features high plains. South-west and south-central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region consisting of the","title":"Geography of Ghana"},{"id":"13177639","text":"the Small Isles roster. When she arrived back in Mallaig, the new awaited her. \"Pioneer\" headed for Gourock and on to Greenock’s James Watt Dock - her final resting place with the company. She was sold to Corlett Lines, in August 2004. Renamed \"Brenda Corlett\", after the new owner's wife, she now serves the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the equator in West Africa. In 2006 she took almost three hundred Liberian refugees, and their belongings, home from the Ghanaian port of Tema. The ferry was chartered to lend assistance to a repatriation","title":"MV Pioneer (1974)"},{"id":"3826647","text":"Guinea refers to the country's coastal plain, while Upper Guinea refers to the country's interior. European traders in the region subdivided the region based on its main exports. The eastern portion around Benin and Nigeria was named the Slave Coast. What is now Ghana was called the (British) Gold Coast, a name later given to a British colony in the area which ultimately absorbed earlier European colonies. West of this was the Ivory Coast, still the name of the nation in that region. Farthest west, the area around modern Liberia and Sierra Leone was referred to as either the Pepper","title":"Guinea (region)"},{"id":"13804834","text":"a semi-final game at Oconee High School in which the Tigers swept the Warriors in two straight games. The team have finished 2nd in the state twice since 1954. Jonathan Ashley Noles (b. 1975), class of 1993, consultant to CIA for international Smuggling routes in the Bight of Benin which spans from Ghana to Nigeria Bryan Lawler (Class of 2000) - Creator of college football computer ranking methodology included in Massey's composite ranking of college football teams Ringgold High School (Georgia) Ringgold High School is a public four-year comprehensive high school located in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States, in the","title":"Ringgold High School (Georgia)"},{"id":"7503481","text":"Gap is a region of Togo and Benin where the forest-savanna mosaic extends to the coast, and separates the Upper Guinean forests of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana from the Lower Guinean forests of Nigeria and Cameroon. This region is mainly grassland crossed with trees growing alongside streams and on hillsides, with the constantly occurring fires keeping back the growth of trees in open country. Lophira laceolata is a tree that is more resistant to fire. The mixture of forest and grassland provide habitat for a range of species from large mammals such as African leopard, forest","title":"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic"},{"id":"6564556","text":"COP 1: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Libya, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritius, Niger, Senegal, Togo and Tunisia. In addition, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Swaziland and Zambia participated as observers. Bamako Convention The Bamako Convention (in full: Bamako Convention on the ban on the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa) is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The Convention was negotiated by twelve nations of the Organisation of African Unity at Bamako, Mali","title":"Bamako Convention"},{"id":"4159934","text":"Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which lie to the west. Inland and to the east, the Eastern Guinean forests transition to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic. The Eastern Guinean forests,","title":"Eastern Guinean forests"},{"id":"283623","text":"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"36507","text":"the Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Many, however, continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a sect originating in the 19th century, is also present in a significant minority. Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the","title":"Benin"},{"id":"6844861","text":"it is banned by national legislation. FGM is defined as a \"harmful traditional practice\" in accordance to the Inter-African Committee. Due to globalization and immigration, FGM is spreading beyond the borders of Africa and Middle East, to countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.S., and UK. The Istanbul Convention prohibits female genital mutilation (Article 38). As of 2016, in Africa, FGM has been legally banned in Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.","title":"Violence against women"},{"id":"18606979","text":"belts. This type of categorization is relevant in meteorology and agriculture. Oftentimes, the terms \"Southern\" and \"Northern\" zones are used to divide the country into two halves - Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions on one end, and Greater Accra, Central, Western, Eastern, and volta on the other, respectively. Northerner (Ghana) A Northerner is an unestablished informal term used by the general public in Ghana to refer to Ghanaians who hail from the three northernmost Regions of Ghana namely; the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. Examples are Dagombas, Gurunsi and Wala people. Its opposite, Southerner","title":"Northerner (Ghana)"},{"id":"6620623","text":"multi-media services: IRIN covers the following countries: AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan,","title":"IRIN"},{"id":"15174537","text":"Human trafficking in Nigeria Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficked Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas within the country's borders – women and girls for involuntary domestic servitude and sexual exploitation, and boys for forced labor in street vending, domestic servitude, mining, and begging. Nigerian women and children are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Gambia, for the same purposes. Children from West","title":"Human trafficking in Nigeria"},{"id":"18887021","text":"Visa requirements for Somali citizens Visa requirements for Somali citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Somalia by the authorities of other states. As of 1 January 2018, Somali citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 32 countries and territories, ranking the Somali passport 100th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra","title":"Visa requirements for Somali citizens"},{"id":"14235434","text":"require a visa to the following countries:
The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. Many countries require passport validity of","title":"Visa requirements for Russian citizens"},{"id":"152719","text":"reflected in an agricultural mechanization agreement signed in the late 1980s to irrigate the Afram Plains. The lake is navigable from Akosombo through Yeji in the middle of Ghana. A 24-meter pontoon was commissioned in 1989 to link the Afram Plains to the west of the lake with the lower Volta region to the east. Hydroelectricity generated from Akosombo supplies Ghana, Togo, and Benin. On the other side of the Kwahu Plateau from Lake Volta are several river systems, including the Pra, Ankobra, Tano and Densu. The Pra is the easternmost and the largest of the three principal rivers that","title":"Geography of Ghana"},{"id":"15193095","text":"men are also subjected to forced agricultural labor within Guinea. Smaller numbers of girls from Mali, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Guinea-Bissau migrate to Guinea, where they are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and likely also commercial sexual exploitation. Some Guinean boys and girls are subjected to forced labor in gold mining operations in Senegal, Mali, and possibly other African countries. Guinean women and girls are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and forced prostitution in Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Senegal, Greece, and Spain. Chinese women are trafficked to Guinea for commercial sexual exploitation by Chinese traffickers.","title":"Human trafficking in Guinea"},{"id":"16762409","text":"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia is a Multilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding and entered into effect on 3 October 2008 under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention. The MoU covers 29 range States (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal (Madeira and Azores), São","title":"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding"},{"id":"4737743","text":"Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, or Congolian Forest Zone. The major city in the Gap is Accra. Several other cities, such as Kumasi, exist","title":"Dahomey Gap"},{"id":"16934857","text":"in Nairobi, Kenya and a regional office in Dakar, Senegal. African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina","title":"African Virtual University"},{"id":"10628446","text":"(<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Sub-Saharan Africa and south-western Arabian Peninsula. Western Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo Eastern Africa: Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Yemen This is a monotypic species. Three subspecies are recognised by some authorities: \"C. i.","title":"Plain nightjar"},{"id":"5442906","text":"Tema Tema is a city on the Bight of Benin and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located east of the capital city; Accra, in the region of Greater Accra, and is the capital of the Tema Metropolitan District. As of 2013, Tema is the eleventh most populous settlement in Ghana, with a population of approximately 161,612 people – a marked decrease from its 2005 figure of 209,000. The Greenwich Meridian (00 Longitude) passes directly through the city. Tema is locally nicknamed the \"Harbour City\" because of its status as Ghana's largest seaport. It consists of 25 different communities which","title":"Tema"},{"id":"152694","text":"into it. The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape three points near Axim. Ghana lies between latitudes 4° and 12°N. South Ghana contains evergreen and semi-deciduous forests consisting of trees such as mahogany, odum, ebony and it also contains much of Ghana's oil palms and mangroves with shea trees, baobabs and acacias found in the northern part of Ghana. Ghana, which lies in the center of the Gulf of Guinea coast, 2,420 km of land borders with three countries: Burkina Faso (602 km) to the north, Ivory Coast (720 km) to the","title":"Geography of Ghana"},{"id":"4159935","text":"together with the other tropical moist broadleaf forests of West Africa, is included within Conservation International's Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which","title":"Eastern Guinean forests"},{"id":"10540312","text":"Nubian flapshell turtle The Nubian flapshell turtle (\"Cyclanorbis elegans\") is one of two species of softshell turtle in the genus \"Cyclanorbis\" of the Trionychidae family. It has historically been found in a wide range spanning Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Togo. However, it has been very rarely recorded during the last 50 years (not a single individual has been observed during the last 15 years) and there is little hope that the species is extant in Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is hoped that the species is still to be found in remote","title":"Nubian flapshell turtle"},{"id":"5763055","text":"Julius Nyerere Conservation Centre Complex along Dodoma Road. The Court has jurisdiction to determine applications against state parties of the Court Protocol. To date, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger, Uganda, Rwanda, Arab Saharawi Republic, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo and Tunisia. An application against these states may be made by the African Commission or African inter-governmental organisations. Where a state has made a declaration accepting the right of individual application, an","title":"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights"},{"id":"13707310","text":"exploited in sex trafficking. Burkinabe children are transported to Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Niger for sex trafficking. To a lesser extent, traffickers recruit women for ostensibly legitimate employment in Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and various European countries and subsequently subject them to forced prostitution. Burkina Faso is a transit country for traffickers transporting children from Mali to Cote d’Ivoire and women and girls from Cote d’Ivoire to Saudi Arabia. It is a destination for children subjected to trafficking from neighbouring countries, including Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. Women from other West African countries are fraudulently recruited for","title":"Prostitution in Burkina Faso"},{"id":"5042783","text":"Earth. The magnitude, that is, the ratio between the apparent sizes of the Moon and that of the Sun, was 1.052, and it was part of Saros 139. The path of totality of the Moon's shadow began at sunrise in Brazil and extended across the Atlantic to Africa, traveling across Ghana, the southeastern tip of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, and a small corner of northwest Egypt, from there across the Mediterranean Sea to Greece (Kastellórizo) and Turkey, then across the Black Sea via Georgia, Russia, and Kazakhstan to Western Mongolia, where it ended at sunset. A","title":"Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006"},{"id":"10542723","text":"long as the head-and-body length; it is ringed by small scales and clad with sparse short bristles. The head-and-body length of this rat averages and the weight averages . The West African shaggy rat is native to tropical West Africa; its rangeincludes Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. It inhabits wetlands and swampy areas, streams, riverbanks, lakesides, young oil-palm plantations and rice fields. The West African shaggy rat is a terrestrial species. It is nocturnal and a good swimmer. It lives in a shallow burrow, the entrance often hidden under a","title":"West African shaggy rat"},{"id":"16530876","text":"being acquired by the Zoological Museum Hamburg in 1901, or else mislabeled there. The West African mud turtle is found in the following countries of West and Central Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Additionally, it has been introduced to Guadeloupe. The West African mud turtle is carnivorous and feeds on aquatic prey. There are five phases to feeding; preliminary head fixation on the prey, fine-tuning the head fixation, final approach by the head,","title":"West African mud turtle"},{"id":"17009664","text":"project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries","title":"Pan-African e-Network project"},{"id":"7503480","text":"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa, a band of interlaced forest, savanna, and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior. The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic covers an area of , extending from western Senegal to eastern Nigeria, and including portions of Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The Cameroon Highlands of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon separate the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic from the Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, which lies to the east. The Dahomey","title":"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic"},{"id":"5415686","text":"Centrale Region, Togo Centrale is one of Togo's five regions. Sokodé is the regional capital. Centrale is the least populated region in Togo with a total of 617,871 people according to a census done in 2010. Other major cities in the Centrale region include Tchamba and Sotouboua. Centrale is divided into the prefectures of Blitta, Sotouboua, Tchamba, and Tchaoudjo. Centrale is located north of Plateaux Region and south of Kara Region. Like the rest of the regions of Togo, it borders Ghana in the west and Benin in the east — specifically the Northern Region in the northwest and the","title":"Centrale Region, Togo"},{"id":"15588988","text":"refugees fleeing the fighting in the Second Ivorian Civil War entered Ghana. In total, some 116,000 Ivorians fled to eight West African countries, including Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Liberia, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Ghana received 3,129 new refugees, mainly from the Ivorian capital of Abidjan and its suburbs. The UNHCR set up a transit centre at the Elubo border crossing. The Refugee Board partnered with the UNHCR and Ghanaian state agencies such as NADMO to assist these refugees. After the setting up of the transit centre, the Refugee Board is looking for land to convert into a temporary shelter","title":"Refugee Board (Ghana)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4148400\",\n \"text\": \"An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \\\"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\\\" After ten years, working\",\n \"title\": \"An African in Greenland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"37038\",\n \"text\": \"Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \\\"Burkina Faso\\\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its\",\n \"title\": \"Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415052\",\n \"text\": \"to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign. Togo has an area equal to and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. Togo lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E. The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savanna in contrast\",\n \"title\": \"Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14482363\",\n \"text\": \"was one of the first clients of the Inter-Governmental Philatelic Corporation. Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415040\",\n \"text\": \"Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans\",\n \"title\": \"Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14482359\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal towns and used German West African mail boats. Mail entered the\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3826646\",\n \"text\": \"show more resistance to European incursions than other areas of Africa. Such resistance, combined with a disease environment hostile to Europeans, meant that much of Guinea was not colonised by Europeans until the very end of the 19th century. Guinea is often subdivided into \\\"Lower Guinea\\\" and \\\"Upper Guinea\\\". Lower Guinea is one of the most densely populated regions of Africa, covering southern Nigeria, Benin, Togo and stretching into Ghana. It includes the coastal regions as well as the interior. Upper Guinea is far less densely populated and stretches from Côte d'Ivoire to Senegal. Within the Republic of Guinea, Lower\",\n \"title\": \"Guinea (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5131414\",\n \"text\": \"become dry, dusty plains, with the occasional pond or lake in a depression. Cattle graze on the floodplains during the dry season. There is also some small scale growing of crops, and the hunting of game takes place there. The river forms part of the international borders between Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Benin. The Oti River flows through Pendjari National Park in Benin and the Oti-Kéran National Park in Togo. Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta\",\n \"title\": \"Oti River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10581764\",\n \"text\": \"construction of a completely new road between Senegal and Mali. The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows (going east): Alternative routes at the eastern end: The Trans-Sahelian Highway intersects with the following Trans-African Highways: The northern regions of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin are close to the Trans-Sahelian Highway, which may be used to by travellers between those regions in preference to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway further south. Paved roads connect the Trans-Sahelian and West African Coastal Highways through Trans-Sahelian Highway The Trans-Sahelian Highway or Trans-Sahel Highway is a transnational highway\",\n \"title\": \"Trans-Sahelian Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415122\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Togo Togo is a small Sub-Saharan state, comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. Togo's geographic coordinates are a latitude of 8° north and a longitude of 1°10′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to the east, with of border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Ghana, with of border. To the south Togo has of coastline along the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Togo stretches north from the Gulf and is only wide at the broadest point. In total, Togo has an\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36484\",\n \"text\": \"Benin Benin ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its\",\n \"title\": \"Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415160\",\n \"text\": \"Transport in Togo This article refers to transportation in the country of Togo \\\"total:\\\" 568 km (2008)
\\\"narrow gauge:\\\" 568 km of gauge \\\"total:\\\" 7,520 km
\\\"paved:\\\" 2,376 km
\\\"unpaved:\\\" 5,144 km (2000) The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to Benin and Nigeria to the east, and Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also connects Togo northwards to Burkina Faso and from there north-west to Mali and north-east\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152588\",\n \"text\": \"Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. \\\"Ghana\\\" means \\\"Warrior King\\\" in the Soninke language. The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century. Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16082133\",\n \"text\": \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 was unanimously adopted on 31 October, 2011. In the resolution, the 15-member council \\\"condemns all acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea committed off the coast of the states of the Gulf of Guinea.\\\" According to reports by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), piracy in the Gulf, which borders West African coastal countries from Ghana to Gabon, has been on the rise in recent years. Resolution 2018 \\\"welcomes the intention to convene a summit of the Gulf of Guinea\",\n \"title\": \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"65502\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is approximately square in shape. Its southern border is a coastline on the Gulf of Guinea on the north Atlantic Ocean. On the other three sides it borders five other African nations for a total of : Liberia to the southwest for , Guinea to the northwest for , Mali to the north-northwest for , Burkina Faso to the north-northeast for , and Ghana to the east for . Ivory Coast comprises , of which is\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767585\",\n \"text\": \"territory in the south Atlantic Ocean. In the United Nations scheme of African regions, the region includes 17 states and the island of Saint Helena, an overseas territory: Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Niger are mostly in the Sahel, a transition zone between the Sahara desert and the Sudanian Savanna, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Nigeria compose Guinea, the traditional name for the area near the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Verde is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauritania lies in the Maghreb, the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been\",\n \"title\": \"West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5131412\",\n \"text\": \"Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta River in Ghana. The Oti River is about long. Its headwaters are in Burkina Faso, it flows through Benin and Togo and joins the Volta River in Ghana. Tributaries on the left bank in Togo originate from the Togo Mountains to the south. One of its eastern tributaries is the Kara River, the confluence being on the Togo/Ghana border, where another tributary joins from the south, the Koumongou River. The mouth\",\n \"title\": \"Oti River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36525\",\n \"text\": \"Belgium (198) and Germany (156). Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans-West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also\",\n \"title\": \"Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"680362\",\n \"text\": \"Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated\",\n \"title\": \"Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9192465\",\n \"text\": \"Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region of the West African country of Togo and across the eastern and western borders of that country into Ghana and Benin. In Ghana, the range is also known as the Akwapim Hills, and in Benin it is also known as the Atakora Mountains. Part of the range is associated with the country of Niger, where the W National Park is found. The African wild dog, \\\"Lycaon pictus\\\", was historically found in this region but may now be extirpated from this locale. The Togo Mountains run\",\n \"title\": \"Togo Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778737\",\n \"text\": \"which aims to link the railways of Benin with Niger and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the AfricaRail project. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10508804\",\n \"text\": \"East Africa. In West Africa, a chain of rain forests up to 350 km long extends from the eastern border of Sierra Leone all the way to Ghana. In Ghana the forest zone gradually dispels near the Volta river, following a 300 km stretch of Dahomey savanna gap. The rain forest of West Africa continues from east of Benin through southern Nigeria and officially ends at the border of Cameroon along the Sanaga river. Semi-deciduous rainforests in West Africa began at the fringed coastline of Guinea Bissau (via Guinea) and run all the way through the coasts of Sierra Leone,\",\n \"title\": \"Tropical Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15174538\",\n \"text\": \"African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Nigerian women and girls are taken to Europe, especially to Italy and Russia, and to the Middle East and North Africa, for forced prostitution. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in \\\"Tier 2 Watchlist\\\" in 2017. The 2003 Trafficking in Persons Law Enforcement and Administration Act, amended in 2005 to increase penalties\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767568\",\n \"text\": \"West Africa West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 17 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The population of West Africa is estimated at about /1e6 round 0 million people as of . Studies of human mitochondrial DNA suggest that all humans share common ancestors from Africa, originated in the southwestern regions near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola at the\",\n \"title\": \"West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778750\",\n \"text\": \"the political crises in Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, and Togo and provided a contribution to the United Nations force in Haiti, all of which were indications of the country's growing confidence in the international community. Some of the allies of Benin are France, India, US, UK, Netherlands, Ghana, and China. In September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign relations of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20655962\",\n \"text\": \"This is similar to the lack of documentation available in Southern Africa. West Africa consists of the following 15 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Of these western countries, some have fairly stable vulture populations such as the Hooded Vultures of The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. On the other hand, there are countries like Senegal which has regions that have faced 80% vulture decline in the last half century. The trade of vultures for bushmeat, as well as belief use, is the primary factor for the decline\",\n \"title\": \"African vulture trade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15192965\",\n \"text\": \"now routinely interrogate the marabout of any beggar they find in the streets. Some observers noted only a small number of trafficking victims, but others see the Gambia's porous borders as an active transit zone for women, girls, and boys from West African countries – mainly Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and Benin – who are recruited for exploitation in the sex trade, in particular to meet the demands of European tourists seeking sex with children. Most trafficking offenders in the Gambia are probably individuals who operate independently of international syndicates. The government's Department of Social\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in the Gambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778636\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152691\",\n \"text\": \"2017, Ghana ranks as the 43rd–most peaceful country in the world. To enter Ghana, it is necessary to have a visa authorised by the Government of Ghana. Travelers must apply for this visa at a Ghanaian embassy; this process can take approximately two weeks. By law, visitors entering Ghana must be able to produce a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Government General information Trade Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778644\",\n \"text\": \"other location. Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4976587\",\n \"text\": \"Culture of Ivory Coast The diverse culture of Ivory Coast, a coastal West African country bordered by Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea, is exemplified by a multitude of ethnic groups, events, festivals, music, and art. More than sixty indigenous ethnic groups are often cited, although this number may be reduced to seven clusters of ethnic groups, by classifying small units together on the basis of their cultural and historical characteristics, which differ somewhat from one to the next. These may be further reduced to four major cultural regions – the East Atlantic (primarily Akan), West Atlantic (primarily Kru),\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7495779\",\n \"text\": \"Guinean Forests of West Africa The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Guinean forests into the Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests. The Upper Guinean forests extend from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana to Togo\",\n \"title\": \"Guinean Forests of West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15554548\",\n \"text\": \"or divestiture of state-owned industries (\\\"parastatals\\\")in the health and agricultural sectors, trade liberalization (lowering or elimination of tariffs on imports), cuts in social spending (agriculture, health, education sectors) and strict deficit reductions. Structural Adjustment Programs also led to the phasing out of most fertilizer subsidy programs. Some of the African countries following these guidelines included Benin, Ghana, Madagascar, Senegal, Togo, Tanzania, Zambia, Cameroon, Malawi, and Nigeria. Results of liberalization and subsidy phase-out were mixed. In a five-year study comparing before and after cases, fertilizer use in Cameroon, Senegal, Tanzania, Nigeria and Ghana declined 25-40 percent, while it increased 14-500 percent\",\n \"title\": \"Fertilizer subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"529168\",\n \"text\": \"Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in the east. The\",\n \"title\": \"Volta River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"37926\",\n \"text\": \"country are of . Only Ivory Coast is connected to Burkina Faso by rail. Instability in Ivory Coast in 2003 forced a rerouting of rail freight from the Abidjan corridor to ports in Togo, Benin, and Ghana via the road network. A proposed rail link between Ouagadougou and Pô in Burkina Faso and Kumasi and Boankra in Ghana, has been discussed with Ghanaian officials, and feasibility studies are being undertaken to explore this possibility, which would provide rail access to the inland port of Bonakra. Burkina Faso and Ghana use different rail gauges and this break-of-gauge can be overcome to\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9476061\",\n \"text\": \"State University. Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more than 30 African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. The Afrobarometer is carried on in Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Afrobarometer achieves this measurement through a series of face-to-face interviews with a random sample of either 1,200, 1,600 or 2,400 people in each country. Because the instrument\",\n \"title\": \"Afrobarometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20155837\",\n \"text\": \"didn't end there, because due to an attempted coup the previous year, Ghana's president Jerry Rawlings had closed the main land crossing with Togo to avoid the sudden arrival of over 1 Million people. Togo then also shut its borders with Benin. The immigrants were stranded for weeks, thereafter the Ghanaian authority opened their borders causing Togo to also open theirs, for the Ghanaian refugees to have access back home. The relationship between Nigeria and Ghana has since been strengthened. The migration was then named \\\"Ghana Must Go\\\". Ghana Must Go In 1983, when Shehu Shagari was the President of\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana Must Go\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"680438\",\n \"text\": \"palm wine. Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a \\\"maquis\\\", which is unique to the region. A \\\"maquis\\\" normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with \\\"attiéké\\\" or \\\"kedjenou\\\". Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of\",\n \"title\": \"Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10633646\",\n \"text\": \"like the wind going through a pipe during moonlit nights. The Sahel from southern Mauretania and northern Senegal eastwards to northern Cameroon and southern Chad into South Sudan and southern Sudan with separate population in northern Benin and coastal Ghana, with another in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The quail-plover has an extremely large range, its population trend is not known, the population is not understood to be undergoing a sufficiently rapid decline to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion while the population size has not been quantified so the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Quail-plover The lark\",\n \"title\": \"Quail-plover\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105926\",\n \"text\": \"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.\",\n \"title\": \"Energy in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9192467\",\n \"text\": \"the Oti River, a tributary of the River Volta, which flows through Lake Volta and into the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana. Several tributaries to this river system flow from the northern side of the Togo Mountains. To the south of the mountains lies a plateau, which further south slopes gently towards the coast. The central and southern sides of the mountains drain into tributaries of the Mono River, which flows into the Gulf of Guinea through swampland on the borders of Togo and Benin. Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region\",\n \"title\": \"Togo Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"37927\",\n \"text\": \"a greater or lesser extent with a number of methods. In 2006, an Indian proposal surfaced to link the railways in Benin and Togo with landlocked Niger and Burkina Faso. Additionally, a Czech proposal also surfaced to link Ghana railways with Burkina Faso. The manganese deposits near Dori are one source of traffic. Burkina Faso would also be a participant in the AfricaRail project. In May, 2011 the World Bank reported that \\\"Sitarail\\\" had recovered well from the political crisis in Ivory Coast but was experiencing financial distress, needed to re-balance its financial structure and find alternative funding for rehabilitation\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"529171\",\n \"text\": \"its curved course. Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in\",\n \"title\": \"Volta River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7708340\",\n \"text\": \"The Viceroy of Ouidah The Viceroy of Ouidah is a novel published in 1980 by Bruce Chatwin, a British author. Chatwin's novel portrays the life of a fictional slave trader named Francisco Manuel da Silva, who is loosely based on a historical Jewish Brazilian, Francisco Félix de Sousa. He became powerful in Ouidah, on the so-called Slave Coast of West Africa, now Benin, Togo, and parts of the Volta Region in Ghana. Chatwin was caught up in the violence of a coup in Dahomey (now Benin), where Ouidah is located, when he was researching the book. The novel was adapted\",\n \"title\": \"The Viceroy of Ouidah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2488030\",\n \"text\": \"but, like its neighbours, Ghana and Benin, its territory extends hundreds of kilometres northward, passing through a central hill region into the northern savanna that borders Burkina Faso. Its population of over 6 million people, which is 65% rural and agrarian, is composed of about 21 ethnic groups. Approximately 51% of the population has indigenous beliefs, 29% is Christian, and 20% Muslim. The two most populous language groups are the Ewe in the south (about 32% of the population) and the Kabye in the north (22% of the population). Gen or Mina is the second major language in the south,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"65532\",\n \"text\": \"link to Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria, with paved highways to landlocked Mali and Burkina Faso feeding into the coastal highway. When construction of roads and bridges in Liberia and Sierra Leone is complete, the highway will link to another seven Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations to the west and north-west. At the national level, vehicles are estimated at 600 000, which includes 75% of used cars (second hand) due to the low purchasing power since the beginning of the economic crisis. 20 000 new cars are registered every year. Although maintenance and renovations works are being\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14413147\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Benin, formerly Dahomey. Located in West Africa, Benin borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Benin is just over in size with a population of almost 8,500,000. Its capital is the city of Porto-Novo but the seat of government is the city of Cotonou. Benin's first stamps were French colonial stamps used at Porto Novo from 1888. Stamps were\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8423276\",\n \"text\": \"tail) is , possibly more, while the average total length is . It is found in West Africa from Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea, through, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, and Nigeria. It is also found in northern Cameroon and southwestern Chad. The type locality is described as \\\"Haute Volta, Garango, 048 N, 033 W\\\" (Burkina Faso). There are also reports of single specimens found in the Bangui in the Central African Republic, and in central Sudan. It is rarely found north of the 15 parallel, after which \\\"E. leucogaster\\\" becomes more common. The geographic range\",\n \"title\": \"Echis ocellatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17988095\",\n \"text\": \"evident that the continental shelf of Benin, Togo, Ghana, and western Nigeria hosts a breeding/calving population with a Southern Hemisphere seasonality, referred to as the ‘Gulf of Guinea stock’. Its parametric distribution suggests it may be related to the IWC-defined breeding stock ‘B’ from central-west Africa. Mother and calf pairs have been sighted exclusively near shore in Benin, sometimes just beyond the surf-zone. The westernmost authenticated record is a stranding at Assini Mafia, eastern Côte d’Ivoire in August 2007. For many years, small-scale, seasonal humpback whale-watching sorties have been conducted from the ports of Sekondi-Takoradi, Lomé and Cotonou. The breeding\",\n \"title\": \"Cetacean strandings in Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4737746\",\n \"text\": \"Africa has often been so heavy that the Gap has become wet enough to support rainforest, thus eliminating the savanna. Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian\",\n \"title\": \"Dahomey Gap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14477167\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Ghana, known as the Gold Coast before independence. Ghana is located in West Africa, borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The Gold Coast gradually came under British control by the middle of the nineteenth century and it was administered by Sierra Leone, further along the coast, until Gold Coast became a Crown Colony in 1874. Mails travelled via Freetown at this time.\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12263853\",\n \"text\": \"exploitation, including for sex tourism, within Senegal. Transnationally, boys are trafficked to Senegal from The Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea for forced begging by religious teachers. Senegalese women and girls are trafficked to neighboring countries, the Middle East, and Europe for domestic servitude and possibly for sexual exploitation. Women and girls from other West African countries, particularly Liberia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria may be trafficked to Senegal for sexual exploitation, including for sex tourism. The Government of Senegal does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Senegal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15831584\",\n \"text\": \"dry climate, that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, separating the rainforest zones on either side. This species is known from only forty-one specimens found in the last few decades and it has not been viewed in the wild. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers the species too poorly known for it to be able to evaluate this animal's conservation status, so they have assessed it as being of \\\"data deficient\\\". Walter's duiker The Walter's duiker (\\\"Philantomba walteri\\\") is a species of duiker found in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. It was described\",\n \"title\": \"Walter's duiker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16667550\",\n \"text\": \"is focussed on west African nations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. This project, started in 2009, aims at worst forms of child labour in west Africa. It has two main components: the first will support national efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, while the second aims at mobilizing sub-regional policy makers and improving sub-regional cooperation for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour among all fifteen member States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). KURET project,\",\n \"title\": \"Child labour in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5774281\",\n \"text\": \"stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The Guinean Forests of West Africa is a belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast, running in the west from Sierra Leone and Guinea through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and Togo, ending at the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests are divided by the Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin. The forests are a few hundred kilometres inland from the Atlantic Ocean coast on the southern part of West\",\n \"title\": \"History of West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16704838\",\n \"text\": \"subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking...Near the Togo-Burkina Faso border, Togolese boys are forced into begging by corrupt marabouts (religious instructors). Togolese girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are transported to Benin, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequently forced to work in agriculture. Children from Benin and Ghana are recruited and transported to Togo for forced labor. Traffickers exploit Togolese men for forced labor in Nigerian agriculture and Togolese women as domestic servants. Some reports indicate Togolese women are fraudulently recruited for employment in Saudi Arabia, the United States, and\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12502820\",\n \"text\": \"Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain (Canary Islands), Togo and United Kingdom). As of May 2013, 23 range States have signed the MoU. Marine turtles are thought to be numerous along much of the Atlantic Coast of Africa. The area includes nesting sites, feeding areas and migration corridors of importance to six species of marine turtles. To protect these species an Article IV agreement was concluded and came into effect\",\n \"title\": \"Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13753280\",\n \"text\": \"West African countries of Ghana, Togo, Dahomey (now known as the Republic of Benin), and Nigeria. When offered this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study abroad at the University Of Ghana Institute Of African Studies in Accra, Ghana and the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana, Taylor was on board without hesitation. Cognizant that time spent becoming well-versed in Western literature and teachings left her ill-prepared in African and African-American history and culture, Taylor went to Africa not quite knowing what to expect. Taylor was amazed as she spent hours poring through dozens of books at the University] of Accra\",\n \"title\": \"Glenda R. Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867521\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Niger, a former French colony that obtained independence in 1960. Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The capital city is Niamey. In 1920, Niger was separated from Upper\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7346027\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Françafrique\\\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \\\"Françafrique\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Françafrique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9063662\",\n \"text\": \"West African Gas Pipeline The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) is a natural gas pipeline to supply gas from Nigeria's Escravos region of Niger Delta area to Benin, Togo and Ghana. It is the first regional natural gas transmission system in sub-Saharan Africa. The project began in 1982, when the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa. In 1991 a feasibility report conducted by the World Bank on supplying Nigerian gas on West African markets deemed that a project was commercially viable. In September 1995, the governments of four\",\n \"title\": \"West African Gas Pipeline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17983426\",\n \"text\": \"ceremonies when the initiates dance with several types of masks. Art of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5763052\",\n \"text\": \"examine including requests for advisory opinion. As of 2018 February, eight state parties to the protocol had made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The eight states are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Altogether, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, and Uganda. The African Court\",\n \"title\": \"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17988096\",\n \"text\": \"stock off Gabon and Angola is the subject of longterm dedicated studies. Possibly up to 10% of world population of humpbacks migrate into Gulf of Guinea. No abundance estimate is available for the Bight of Benin population, but the encounter rate in October 2000 was approximately 5.9 humpback whales per 100 km surveyed (0.109/nautical mile) . The reported neonates stranded in unknown circumstances of natural and anthropogenic causes are possible. At least some humpback whale strandings in the area are thought to be animals killed in vessel collisions, which may be far more common in African waters than scarce reports\",\n \"title\": \"Cetacean strandings in Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9192466\",\n \"text\": \"across the central region of Togo, ranging from the southwest to the northeast. To the northeast, the mountain range extends into Benin where it is known as the Atakora Mountains, and to the southwest it extends into Ghana where it is known as the Akwapim Hills. The average elevation of these mountains is and the highest peak in Togo is Mount Agou, with a height of . It is in the southwestern part of the range, close to the border with Ghana. To the north of the Togo Mountains, there is undulating savannah, creased by the broad, meandering valley of\",\n \"title\": \"Togo Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16934856\",\n \"text\": \"African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania. The AVU has its headquarters\",\n \"title\": \"African Virtual University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152692\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Ghana Ghana is a country in Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, just a few degrees north of the equator. Ghana encompasses plains, low hills, rivers, Lake Volta, the world's largest artificial lake, Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island on the south Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana. Ghana can be divided into four different geographical ecoregions. The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub and intersected by several rivers and streams. The northern part of Ghana features high plains. South-west and south-central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region consisting of the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13177639\",\n \"text\": \"the Small Isles roster. When she arrived back in Mallaig, the new awaited her. \\\"Pioneer\\\" headed for Gourock and on to Greenock’s James Watt Dock - her final resting place with the company. She was sold to Corlett Lines, in August 2004. Renamed \\\"Brenda Corlett\\\", after the new owner's wife, she now serves the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the equator in West Africa. In 2006 she took almost three hundred Liberian refugees, and their belongings, home from the Ghanaian port of Tema. The ferry was chartered to lend assistance to a repatriation\",\n \"title\": \"MV Pioneer (1974)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3826647\",\n \"text\": \"Guinea refers to the country's coastal plain, while Upper Guinea refers to the country's interior. European traders in the region subdivided the region based on its main exports. The eastern portion around Benin and Nigeria was named the Slave Coast. What is now Ghana was called the (British) Gold Coast, a name later given to a British colony in the area which ultimately absorbed earlier European colonies. West of this was the Ivory Coast, still the name of the nation in that region. Farthest west, the area around modern Liberia and Sierra Leone was referred to as either the Pepper\",\n \"title\": \"Guinea (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13804834\",\n \"text\": \"a semi-final game at Oconee High School in which the Tigers swept the Warriors in two straight games. The team have finished 2nd in the state twice since 1954. Jonathan Ashley Noles (b. 1975), class of 1993, consultant to CIA for international Smuggling routes in the Bight of Benin which spans from Ghana to Nigeria Bryan Lawler (Class of 2000) - Creator of college football computer ranking methodology included in Massey's composite ranking of college football teams Ringgold High School (Georgia) Ringgold High School is a public four-year comprehensive high school located in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ringgold High School (Georgia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7503481\",\n \"text\": \"Gap is a region of Togo and Benin where the forest-savanna mosaic extends to the coast, and separates the Upper Guinean forests of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana from the Lower Guinean forests of Nigeria and Cameroon. This region is mainly grassland crossed with trees growing alongside streams and on hillsides, with the constantly occurring fires keeping back the growth of trees in open country. Lophira laceolata is a tree that is more resistant to fire. The mixture of forest and grassland provide habitat for a range of species from large mammals such as African leopard, forest\",\n \"title\": \"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6564556\",\n \"text\": \"COP 1: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Libya, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritius, Niger, Senegal, Togo and Tunisia. In addition, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Swaziland and Zambia participated as observers. Bamako Convention The Bamako Convention (in full: Bamako Convention on the ban on the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa) is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The Convention was negotiated by twelve nations of the Organisation of African Unity at Bamako, Mali\",\n \"title\": \"Bamako Convention\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4159934\",\n \"text\": \"Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which lie to the west. Inland and to the east, the Eastern Guinean forests transition to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic. The Eastern Guinean forests,\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Guinean forests\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283623\",\n \"text\": \"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36507\",\n \"text\": \"the Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Many, however, continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a sect originating in the 19th century, is also present in a significant minority. Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the\",\n \"title\": \"Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6844861\",\n \"text\": \"it is banned by national legislation. FGM is defined as a \\\"harmful traditional practice\\\" in accordance to the Inter-African Committee. Due to globalization and immigration, FGM is spreading beyond the borders of Africa and Middle East, to countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.S., and UK. The Istanbul Convention prohibits female genital mutilation (Article 38). As of 2016, in Africa, FGM has been legally banned in Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.\",\n \"title\": \"Violence against women\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18606979\",\n \"text\": \"belts. This type of categorization is relevant in meteorology and agriculture. Oftentimes, the terms \\\"Southern\\\" and \\\"Northern\\\" zones are used to divide the country into two halves - Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions on one end, and Greater Accra, Central, Western, Eastern, and volta on the other, respectively. Northerner (Ghana) A Northerner is an unestablished informal term used by the general public in Ghana to refer to Ghanaians who hail from the three northernmost Regions of Ghana namely; the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. Examples are Dagombas, Gurunsi and Wala people. Its opposite, Southerner\",\n \"title\": \"Northerner (Ghana)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6620623\",\n \"text\": \"multi-media services: IRIN covers the following countries: AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan,\",\n \"title\": \"IRIN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15174537\",\n \"text\": \"Human trafficking in Nigeria Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficked Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas within the country's borders – women and girls for involuntary domestic servitude and sexual exploitation, and boys for forced labor in street vending, domestic servitude, mining, and begging. Nigerian women and children are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Gambia, for the same purposes. Children from West\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18887021\",\n \"text\": \"Visa requirements for Somali citizens Visa requirements for Somali citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Somalia by the authorities of other states. As of 1 January 2018, Somali citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 32 countries and territories, ranking the Somali passport 100th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra\",\n \"title\": \"Visa requirements for Somali citizens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14235434\",\n \"text\": \"require a visa to the following countries:
The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. Many countries require passport validity of\",\n \"title\": \"Visa requirements for Russian citizens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152719\",\n \"text\": \"reflected in an agricultural mechanization agreement signed in the late 1980s to irrigate the Afram Plains. The lake is navigable from Akosombo through Yeji in the middle of Ghana. A 24-meter pontoon was commissioned in 1989 to link the Afram Plains to the west of the lake with the lower Volta region to the east. Hydroelectricity generated from Akosombo supplies Ghana, Togo, and Benin. On the other side of the Kwahu Plateau from Lake Volta are several river systems, including the Pra, Ankobra, Tano and Densu. The Pra is the easternmost and the largest of the three principal rivers that\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15193095\",\n \"text\": \"men are also subjected to forced agricultural labor within Guinea. Smaller numbers of girls from Mali, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Guinea-Bissau migrate to Guinea, where they are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and likely also commercial sexual exploitation. Some Guinean boys and girls are subjected to forced labor in gold mining operations in Senegal, Mali, and possibly other African countries. Guinean women and girls are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and forced prostitution in Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Senegal, Greece, and Spain. Chinese women are trafficked to Guinea for commercial sexual exploitation by Chinese traffickers.\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Guinea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16762409\",\n \"text\": \"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia is a Multilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding and entered into effect on 3 October 2008 under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention. The MoU covers 29 range States (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal (Madeira and Azores), São\",\n \"title\": \"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4737743\",\n \"text\": \"Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, or Congolian Forest Zone. The major city in the Gap is Accra. Several other cities, such as Kumasi, exist\",\n \"title\": \"Dahomey Gap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16934857\",\n \"text\": \"in Nairobi, Kenya and a regional office in Dakar, Senegal. African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina\",\n \"title\": \"African Virtual University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628446\",\n \"text\": \"(<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Sub-Saharan Africa and south-western Arabian Peninsula. Western Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo Eastern Africa: Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Yemen This is a monotypic species. Three subspecies are recognised by some authorities: \\\"C. i.\",\n \"title\": \"Plain nightjar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5442906\",\n \"text\": \"Tema Tema is a city on the Bight of Benin and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located east of the capital city; Accra, in the region of Greater Accra, and is the capital of the Tema Metropolitan District. As of 2013, Tema is the eleventh most populous settlement in Ghana, with a population of approximately 161,612 people – a marked decrease from its 2005 figure of 209,000. The Greenwich Meridian (00 Longitude) passes directly through the city. Tema is locally nicknamed the \\\"Harbour City\\\" because of its status as Ghana's largest seaport. It consists of 25 different communities which\",\n \"title\": \"Tema\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152694\",\n \"text\": \"into it. The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape three points near Axim. Ghana lies between latitudes 4° and 12°N. South Ghana contains evergreen and semi-deciduous forests consisting of trees such as mahogany, odum, ebony and it also contains much of Ghana's oil palms and mangroves with shea trees, baobabs and acacias found in the northern part of Ghana. Ghana, which lies in the center of the Gulf of Guinea coast, 2,420 km of land borders with three countries: Burkina Faso (602 km) to the north, Ivory Coast (720 km) to the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4159935\",\n \"text\": \"together with the other tropical moist broadleaf forests of West Africa, is included within Conservation International's Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Guinean forests\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10540312\",\n \"text\": \"Nubian flapshell turtle The Nubian flapshell turtle (\\\"Cyclanorbis elegans\\\") is one of two species of softshell turtle in the genus \\\"Cyclanorbis\\\" of the Trionychidae family. It has historically been found in a wide range spanning Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Togo. However, it has been very rarely recorded during the last 50 years (not a single individual has been observed during the last 15 years) and there is little hope that the species is extant in Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is hoped that the species is still to be found in remote\",\n \"title\": \"Nubian flapshell turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5763055\",\n \"text\": \"Julius Nyerere Conservation Centre Complex along Dodoma Road. The Court has jurisdiction to determine applications against state parties of the Court Protocol. To date, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger, Uganda, Rwanda, Arab Saharawi Republic, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo and Tunisia. An application against these states may be made by the African Commission or African inter-governmental organisations. Where a state has made a declaration accepting the right of individual application, an\",\n \"title\": \"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13707310\",\n \"text\": \"exploited in sex trafficking. Burkinabe children are transported to Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Niger for sex trafficking. To a lesser extent, traffickers recruit women for ostensibly legitimate employment in Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and various European countries and subsequently subject them to forced prostitution. Burkina Faso is a transit country for traffickers transporting children from Mali to Cote d’Ivoire and women and girls from Cote d’Ivoire to Saudi Arabia. It is a destination for children subjected to trafficking from neighbouring countries, including Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. Women from other West African countries are fraudulently recruited for\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitution in Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5042783\",\n \"text\": \"Earth. The magnitude, that is, the ratio between the apparent sizes of the Moon and that of the Sun, was 1.052, and it was part of Saros 139. The path of totality of the Moon's shadow began at sunrise in Brazil and extended across the Atlantic to Africa, traveling across Ghana, the southeastern tip of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, and a small corner of northwest Egypt, from there across the Mediterranean Sea to Greece (Kastellórizo) and Turkey, then across the Black Sea via Georgia, Russia, and Kazakhstan to Western Mongolia, where it ended at sunset. A\",\n \"title\": \"Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10542723\",\n \"text\": \"long as the head-and-body length; it is ringed by small scales and clad with sparse short bristles. The head-and-body length of this rat averages and the weight averages . The West African shaggy rat is native to tropical West Africa; its rangeincludes Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. It inhabits wetlands and swampy areas, streams, riverbanks, lakesides, young oil-palm plantations and rice fields. The West African shaggy rat is a terrestrial species. It is nocturnal and a good swimmer. It lives in a shallow burrow, the entrance often hidden under a\",\n \"title\": \"West African shaggy rat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16530876\",\n \"text\": \"being acquired by the Zoological Museum Hamburg in 1901, or else mislabeled there. The West African mud turtle is found in the following countries of West and Central Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Additionally, it has been introduced to Guadeloupe. The West African mud turtle is carnivorous and feeds on aquatic prey. There are five phases to feeding; preliminary head fixation on the prey, fine-tuning the head fixation, final approach by the head,\",\n \"title\": \"West African mud turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17009664\",\n \"text\": \"project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries\",\n \"title\": \"Pan-African e-Network project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7503480\",\n \"text\": \"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa, a band of interlaced forest, savanna, and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior. The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic covers an area of , extending from western Senegal to eastern Nigeria, and including portions of Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The Cameroon Highlands of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon separate the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic from the Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, which lies to the east. The Dahomey\",\n \"title\": \"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5415686\",\n \"text\": \"Centrale Region, Togo Centrale is one of Togo's five regions. Sokodé is the regional capital. Centrale is the least populated region in Togo with a total of 617,871 people according to a census done in 2010. Other major cities in the Centrale region include Tchamba and Sotouboua. Centrale is divided into the prefectures of Blitta, Sotouboua, Tchamba, and Tchaoudjo. Centrale is located north of Plateaux Region and south of Kara Region. Like the rest of the regions of Togo, it borders Ghana in the west and Benin in the east — specifically the Northern Region in the northwest and the\",\n \"title\": \"Centrale Region, Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15588988\",\n \"text\": \"refugees fleeing the fighting in the Second Ivorian Civil War entered Ghana. In total, some 116,000 Ivorians fled to eight West African countries, including Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Liberia, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Ghana received 3,129 new refugees, mainly from the Ivorian capital of Abidjan and its suburbs. The UNHCR set up a transit centre at the Elubo border crossing. The Refugee Board partnered with the UNHCR and Ghanaian state agencies such as NADMO to assist these refugees. After the setting up of the transit centre, the Refugee Board is looking for land to convert into a temporary shelter\",\n \"title\": \"Refugee Board (Ghana)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: An African in Greenland context: An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \\\"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\\\" After ten years, working\\n\\nWhich African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 204,\n \"origin_tokens\": 204,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Pan-Afr e-Network project context: project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries\\n\\ntitle: Geography of Togo context: Geography of Togo T is Sub-Saharan comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. T's coordinates are latitude of° north and a longitude of 1°1′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to east, with border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Gh with of border To the south Togo has of coastline along Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. T stretches north from the Gulf and only wide at the broadest point. total, Togo has an\\ntitle T: across region of Tanging from the to the. To the n, the intoin where it isakora and to south it extendsana where is known as Akwap. average elevation these mountains is and the highest peakogo is Agou a of It in southwestern part range, close border Ghana. To the north of the is undannased the meand valley of\\n Togoogo theog ( the, and. state covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans\\n\\nWhich African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 511,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15171,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":176,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":176,"string":"176"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"The Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Northern Province, South Africa","Limpopo Province","Limpopo (South African province)","Northern Province (South Africa)","Limpopo","Northern Transvaal","Limpopo province"],"string":"[\n \"Northern Province, South Africa\",\n \"Limpopo Province\",\n \"Limpopo (South African province)\",\n \"Northern Province (South Africa)\",\n \"Limpopo\",\n \"Northern Transvaal\",\n \"Limpopo province\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Limpopo"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"16897554","text":"banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly","title":"Company rule in Rhodesia"},{"id":"16361878","text":"first immigrants almost immediately began instead calling their new home \"Rhodesia\" in honour of their Company benefactor, and this name was officially adopted in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were first formally referred to by Britain as \"Southern Rhodesia\" in 1898, and were united under that name in 1901. The areas to the river's north, Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia, were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. The head of the southern territories' government during this time was in effect the Company's regional administrator. The first of these was","title":"Constitutional history of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"983442","text":"the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following: Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"16897579","text":"the UK government followed suit. \"It is not clear why the name should have been pronounced with the emphasis on the second rather than the first syllable,\" the historian Robert Blake comments, \"but this appears to have been the custom from the beginning and it never changed.\" Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were officially referred to collectively as \"Southern Rhodesia\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.","title":"Company rule in Rhodesia"},{"id":"16798634","text":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia. It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering","title":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission"},{"id":"983396","text":"Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"2582301","text":"from the Matabele or Ndebele people, the province's largest ethnic group. Matabeleland North is bordered by Matabeleland South and Bulawayo to the south, Midlands to the east, Mashonaland West to the northeast, Botswana to the west, and Zambia to the north, which is separated from Zimbabwe by the Zambezi river. It has an area of , equal to 19.2% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the largest in area of the country's ten provinces. Matabeleland North is located on the edge of the Kalahari Basin, giving it an arid climate. Its economy is dominated by agriculture, with 83%","title":"Matabeleland North Province"},{"id":"465985","text":"tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the Chobe River that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation. Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and Luangwa town respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and","title":"Zambia"},{"id":"16806879","text":"It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. Functions of the ZRA, as laid out in the acts that created the body, include: The","title":"Zambezi River Authority"},{"id":"1974715","text":"other British territories were fixed by Orders-in Council. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and that between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. The area of what became Northern Rhodesia, including Barotseland and land as far as Nyasaland to the east and to Katanga and Lake Tanganyika to the north, was placed under BSAC administration by an Order-in-Council of 9 May 1891, but no BSAC Administrator was sent to Barotseland until 1895, and the first","title":"Northern Rhodesia"},{"id":"3428380","text":"food shortages. Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo finally reconciled their political differences by late 1987. The roots of discord remained, however, and in some ways increased as Mugabe's rule became increasingly autocratic into the 21st century. In the early 1990s, a Land Acquisition Act was passed, calling for the Mugabe government to purchase mostly white-owned commercial farming land for redistribution to native Africans. Matabeleland has rich central plains, watered by tributaries of the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, allowing it to sustain cattle and consistently produce large amounts of cotton and maize. But land grabbing, squatting, and repossessions of large white","title":"Matabeleland"},{"id":"11734271","text":"Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a raging torrent, often breaking its banks and causing damage to local communities and","title":"Mazowe River"},{"id":"8081852","text":"neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times). While some older sources claimed that a quadripoint existed in Africa, where the borders of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe come together at the confluence of the Cuando (also called Chobe) and Zambezi rivers (approximately ), it is now widely believed that instead, two separate tripoints exist about apart. There have been a few international incidents","title":"Quadripoint"},{"id":"1587595","text":"of raptors. The Taita falcon, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons, fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common. The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 84 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi. Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been","title":"Victoria Falls"},{"id":"1974841","text":"which also failed to win overseas recognition. After a period of interim British control following the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979, the country achieved internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Initially, the territory was referred to as \"South Zambezia\", a reference to the River Zambezi, until the name \"Rhodesia\" came into use in 1895. This was in honour of Cecil Rhodes, the British empire-builder and key figure during the British expansion into southern Africa. In 1888 Rhodes obtained mineral rights from the most powerful local traditional leaders through treaties such as the Rudd Concession and the Moffat","title":"Southern Rhodesia"},{"id":"12402218","text":"Matabeleland and its subject states, such as Mashonaland. Through such concessions and treaties, many of which were similarly deceitful, he promoted the colonization of the region's land, labor, and precious metal and mineral resources. In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name 'Rhodesia' for Zambesia and in 1898 'Southern Rhodesia' was officially adopted for the part south of the Zambezi River, which later became Zimbabwe. The Rudd Concession was a first step towards occupation of good land, but Lobengula's Ndebele were too strong for a direct invasion. Rhodes planned to surround Matebeleland with British-controlled lands, as British Bechuanaland was already established","title":"White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923"},{"id":"2772757","text":"part of the river's flow may extend along the Magweggana River (actually a northeastern distributary of the Okavango Delta) and enter the Zambezi River, bypassing the Kalahari. Okavango River The Okavango River (formerly spelled Okovango or Okovanggo) is a river in southwest Africa. It is the fourth-longest river system in southern Africa, running southeastward for . It begins in Angola, where it is known by the Portuguese name Rio Cubango. Further south, it forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia, and then flows into Botswana, draining into the Moremi Game Reserve. Before it enters Botswana, the river drops","title":"Okavango River"},{"id":"983426","text":"sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo \"river\" (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi, Matola and Tembe rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay). As a result, several old maps depict the Zambezi and the \"Espirito Santo\" rivers converging deep in the interior, at the same lake. However, the Bisa-derived etymology is not without dispute. In 1845, W.D. Cooley, examining Pereira's notes, concluded the term \"Zambezi\" derives not from the Bisa people, but rather from the Bantu term \"mbege\"/\"mbeze\" (\"fish\"), and consequently","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"16500424","text":"Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port of Lourenço Marques in the Delagoa Bay) along with the","title":"Greater South Africa"},{"id":"187593","text":"In 1888, British colonialist Cecil Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples. Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company (BSAC) over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as 'Zambesia'. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties, Cecil Rhodes promoted the colonisation of the region's land, with British control over labour as well","title":"History of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"465770","text":"are rare Environment – current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd – once the largest concentration of the species in the world – has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution Environment – international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Hydrology: The country is divided into six drainage basins. The largest are the Zambezi and the Limpopo. Western parts of Matabeleland connect to","title":"Geography of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"5937101","text":"augur buzzard, which all breed there. This park is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean","title":"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"},{"id":"5937093","text":"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side. ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language and the name is now used throughout Zambia, and in parts of","title":"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"},{"id":"16500431","text":"Swaziland which became independent from the United Kingdom in 1966-1968. Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port","title":"Greater South Africa"},{"id":"15430597","text":"Niger, the river basin extends from Guinea through Mali and down to Nigeria. Especially for Mali – one of the world's poorest countries – the river is vital for food, water and transportation, and its over usage is contributing to an increasingly polluted and unusable water source. In southern Africa, the Zambezi river basin is one of the world's most over-used river systems, and so Zambia and Zimbabwe compete fiercely over it. Additionally, in 2000, Zimbabwe caused the region to experience the worst flooding in recent history when the country opened the Kariba Dam gates. Finally, within the Volta river","title":"Water scarcity in Africa"},{"id":"16798635","text":"Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. The eight Zambezi Basin riparian states that participate in ZAMCOM are Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZAMCOM operations are in line with the revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses. The SADC Protocol was adopted in 1995 and by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, and came into force in 1998. Seven of the riparian states signed the ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July","title":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission"},{"id":"1587569","text":"is roughly twice the height of North America's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil's Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons. For a considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley, bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, escarpments, or deep valleys; only a flat plateau extending hundreds","title":"Victoria Falls"},{"id":"11734272","text":"farms. Also the name of a district in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a","title":"Mazowe River"},{"id":"465984","text":"and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the Congo basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania. In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its","title":"Zambia"},{"id":"6654937","text":"fixed by an 1894 treaty, although minor adjustments were made until the 1930s. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and the boundary between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. Northern Rhodesia was under BSAC control until 1924, when it became part of the British Empire. The discovery of large deposits of copper sulfide during the 1900s encouraged large mining companies to invest in Northern Rhodesia. South African interest in the region was led by the","title":"Copperbelt strike of 1935"},{"id":"11283595","text":"Shashe is a sand filled channel, with extensive alluvial aquifers in the river channel and below the alluvial plains. These supply water for a number of irrigation schemes including Sibasa and Shashi. More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi River used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan (presently a vast seasonal wetland) to the Shashe River and thence the Limpopo River. There is a road bridge and a rail bridge south of Francistown. The lower Shashe River forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe and is unbridged. However, at Tuli, both sides of the","title":"Shashe River"},{"id":"2777849","text":"Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern","title":"Cuando River"},{"id":"10398244","text":"obtaining valuable help from them. Returning to Ngami, he travelled north to the Okavango River, crossing Damaraland and reaching Walvis Bay. Here he busied himself with cattle-trading in Damaraland, before setting out on an expedition with his brother Henry and Thomas Baines and lasting from December 1860 to September 1864. Their aim was to explore the Zambesi from the Victoria Falls down to its delta, with a view to testing its navigability. However, these plans were bedevilled by sickness and misfortune. They did reach the Zambesi, but did not get to explore the mouth. On 23 July 1862 they reached","title":"James Chapman (explorer)"},{"id":"14867484","text":"until 1978. No stamps were issued in 1979 during the Rhodesia-Zimbabwe period. The first stamps with the name Zimbabwe were issued on 18 April 1980, they were a set of definitives and featured the same designs as the previous definitive stamps of Rhodesia. Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"14867479","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Early European explorers, missionariies and traders, in the area that became Zimbabwe, hired private couriers, or made other arrangements to have their mail carried to the nearest post office which first meant one in the Cape of","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"6953663","text":"gold watch, and a share of a 300-acre (120 ha) tract of land in Matabeleland. It was here that Burnham uncovered many artifacts in the huge granite ruins of the ancient civilization of Great Zimbabwe. Matabeleland became part of the Company domain, which was formally named Rhodesia, after Rhodes, in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland became collectively called Southern Rhodesia. In 1895, Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established for the British South Africa Company that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia. Along the Kafue River, Burnham","title":"Frederick Russell Burnham"},{"id":"17838632","text":"and German – led to his being seconded to the Government Communications Headquarters at Bletchley Park, and working as a cryptographer in Cheltenham. Returning to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1950, he founded the 'Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale' (AETFAT) and started the \"Flora Zambesiaca\" project, the flora covering the catchment area of the Zambesi River, which at the time comprised the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland, the Caprivi strip and Mozambique. He visited the region in 1955 with Mendonça to make further collections. He was co-editor of \"Flora Zambesiaca\" from 1962 onwards, and","title":"Arthur Wallis Exell"},{"id":"9734762","text":"the beginning of white settlement, administration and development in the country that eventually became Rhodesia, named after Rhodes, in 1895. Rhodes's pursuit of the exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and the surrounding areas was motivated by his wish to annex them into the British Empire as part of his personal ambition for a Cape to Cairo Railway—winning the concession would enable him to gain a royal charter from the British government for a chartered company, empowered to annex and thereafter govern the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed on Britain's behalf. He laid the groundwork for concession negotiations during early 1888 by arranging","title":"Rudd Concession"},{"id":"16798639","text":"existing North-South Carrier in Botswana that would connect the carrier to the Zambezi River. Zambia and Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation in the upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to the Zambezi river, also has plans to draw substantial amounts of water from the Zambezi River once the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is \"fully developed\". Citations Sources Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and","title":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission"},{"id":"17165659","text":"from Portuguese to British control. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries allowed freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers and allowed Britain to lease land for a port at Chinde at the mouth of the Zambezi. The other boundaries of the Central Africa Protectorate were also agreed around this time. The northern border was fixed at the Songwe River as part of an Anglo-German Convention in 1890. Its western border with Northern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"14012324","text":"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA) is situated in a region of Southern Africa where the international borders of five countries converge. It includes a major part of the Upper Zambezi River and Okavango basins and Delta, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, the southeastern part of Angola, southwestern Zambia, the northern wildlands of Botswana and western Zimbabwe. The centre of this area is at the confluence of the Zambezi Chobe Rivers where the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. It incorporates Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, and the Victoria Falls. The initiative was created","title":"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area"},{"id":"563573","text":"and . On 20 October 1954, administrative reorganization caused and Mozambique districts to be split from . At the same time, the district was divided into Gaza, Inhambane and , while the district was split from Manica and Sofala. By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering the countries of Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zambia. Covering a total area of . With a tropical to subtropical climate, the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had , with of land boundaries, its highest point at Monte Binga","title":"Portuguese Mozambique"},{"id":"4308195","text":"Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as","title":"Victoria Falls Bridge"},{"id":"12361717","text":"and western end form a small portion of Angola's northern border with Zaire, is also navigable. North of the Lunda Divide the Kwango and many other streams flow north from the tableland to join the Kasai River (one of the largest affluents of the Congo), which in its upper course forms for fully the boundary between Angola and the Congo. South of the divide some rivers flow into the Zambezi River system and thence to the Indian Ocean, others to the Okavango River (as the Cubango River is called along the border with Namibia and in Botswana) and thence to","title":"Geography of Angola"},{"id":"4308202","text":"known as the Victoria Falls Bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he","title":"Victoria Falls Bridge"},{"id":"983427","text":"it probably means merely \"river of fish\". David Livingstone, who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853, refers to it as \"Zambesi\" but also makes note of the local name \"Leeambye\" used by the Lozi people, which he says means \"large river or river par excellence\". Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi—Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi and Zambesi—applied by different peoples along its course, and asserts they \"all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country\". In Portuguese records, the \"Cuama River\" term disappeared and gave way to the","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"13762405","text":"Northern Rhodesia Police The Northern Rhodesia Police was the police force of the British ruled protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). In 1889 Northern Rhodesia, bounded by Angola (Portuguese West Africa), the Belgian Congo, German East Africa, British Central Africa (Nyasaland now Malawi), Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa), Mashonaland and Matabeleland (Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe), Bechuanaland (Botswana) and the Caprivi strip of German South West Africa (Namibia), was not a political unit and had no name at all. Customary law was administered among the 70 odd tribes which populated the Territory by their chiefs. Some chiefs were, willingly or not, in","title":"Northern Rhodesia Police"},{"id":"15622540","text":"Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi River together with its tributaries, the Zambezi River System Plan","title":"Zambezi River System Action Plan"},{"id":"2777854","text":"they have the chance of returning to their former state. The national parks through which it passes or on which it borders are: Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach","title":"Cuando River"},{"id":"9156936","text":"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a huge investment by African standards. The project will consist of three phases as follows: The Gwayi-Shangani dam is the first phase of the MZWP and is the core of the project. Commenced","title":"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project"},{"id":"3668129","text":"region fell from prominence after Northern Rhodesia became Zambia in 1964. From then until 1980, \"Rhodesia\" commonly referred to Southern Rhodesia alone. Since 1980 the term has not been in general use, aside from in a historical context. When whites settled what became \"Southern Rhodesia\" in 1890, and when the British South Africa Company was chartered to administer \"North-Western Rhodesia\" and \"North-Eastern Rhodesia\", it was not under those names, but the names of the parts—\"Mashonaland\", \"Matabeleland\", \"Barotseland\", and so on. The territories were initially collectively referred to as \"Zambesia\" (Cecil Rhodes's preferred name), \"Charterland\" (Leander Starr Jameson's proposal) or \"the","title":"Rhodesia (region)"},{"id":"2774415","text":"the languages of the San people. Approximately 3 million years ago, strong easterly winds formed long dunes which ran from east to west across the middle of the Kalahari Desert. During wetter times, these dunes channeled the great rivers of the area, the Okavango, Chobe, and Upper Zambezi, south eastwards to join with the Limpopo River and drain into the Indian Ocean. Northern Botswana has a series of deep, underlying fault lines running beneath its sands. These faults are thought to be the southernmost extensions of the same system of parallel fault lines that are pulling away from each other","title":"Lake Makgadikgadi"},{"id":"3428360","text":"Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an average size household of 4.4 in an area of","title":"Matabeleland"},{"id":"14442155","text":"Cahora Bassa Dam The Cahora Bassa Dam is located in Mozambique, a country that borders South Africa. It is one of the three major dams on the Zambezi river system, the others being the Kariba and the Itezhi-Tezhi, the latter on the Kafue River, a tributary of the Zambezi. The dam was finished in December 1974 after much political debate. This dam is used to convert the Zambezi River power into electricity by turning turbines. That energy is then sent to South African cities, farms, and mines. The Cahora Bassa dam forms Cahora Bassa Lake. The dam is jointly owned","title":"Cahora Bassa Dam"},{"id":"9156937","text":"in September 2004 it is expected to provide a reservoir for this project. The dam will be located about 6 km downstream of the confluence of the Gwayi River and Shangani River. Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a","title":"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project"},{"id":"983425","text":"likely what modern sources spell the Chambeshi River in northern Zambia. The Monomatapa notion (reported by Santos) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes. One of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was \"Lake Zambre\" (probably a corruption of \"Zambezi\"), possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River. The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion, drawn from classical antiquity, that all the great African rivers—the Nile, the Senegal, the Congo, now the Zambezi, too—were all","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"6362153","text":"quadripoint legally existed. Thus, Botswana has only about of river frontage on the Zambezi, being sandwiched on the south bank between the extreme tip of Namibia's Caprivi Strip and Zimbabwe. The Chobe River, which divides Namibia and Botswana, enters the Zambezi near Kazungula. Kazungula is also headquarters of a district of Zambia of the same name. Kazungula is home to the Kazungula Ferry across the wide Zambezi river to the identically-named village of Kazungula in Botswana, east of the town of Kasane; it is one of the largest ferries in the region with a capacity of . The Kazungula Bridge","title":"Kazungula"},{"id":"16806878","text":"Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.","title":"Zambezi River Authority"},{"id":"8729240","text":"would have provided a limited link between Angola and Mozambique. The refusal of the Portuguese Parliament to ratify the agreement in August 1890 led to a new treaty being negotiated, which gave Portugal more territory in the Zambezi valley than the 1890 treaty, in exchange for giving up what is now the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries it provided for freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers. However, it gave Portugal no special rights along the","title":"Pink Map"},{"id":"466363","text":"country. There is a rainy season that runs from October/November to March/April. The terrain of Zambia is mostly high plateau, with some hills and mountains. The lowest point is the Zambezi river, at above sea level, with the highest being Mafinga Central in the Mafinga Hills, at above sea level. Zambia a landlocked country bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Congo DR in the north, Tanzania on the northeast, Malawi on the east and Mozambique on the southeast. The general topography of the country is characterized by uplifted plantation surfaces. The general elevation of the nation","title":"Geography of Zambia"},{"id":"8729216","text":"journey from Angola to Mozambique, largely following existing trade routes, in 1884–85. Both during and after the expeditions of Serpa Pinto and Capelo, the Portuguese government attempted bi-lateral negotiations with Britain. In 1879, as part of talks on a treaty on the freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers and the development of trade in those river basins, the Portuguese government made a formal claim to the area south and east of the Ruo River (the present south-eastern border of Malawi). The 1879 treaty was never ratified, and in 1882 Portugal occupied the lower Shire River valley as","title":"Pink Map"},{"id":"7005926","text":"which forms a key part of the KAZA trans frontier. MPRG is the north-eastern section of the Matetsi Safari Area. MPGR is also bordered by the Zambezi River (North), Zambezi National Park (East) and Panda-Masuie Forest Reserve, home of the Zimbabwe Elephant Nursery (South). Matetsi Safari Area: consisting of 7 separate concessions, this area reaches from the Zambezi River in the North to Hwange National Park in the South. The area was named for the Matetsi River, which flows through the southern section of the Safari Area. Matetsi Village: located in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe, about 55 km west of Hwange.","title":"Matetsi"},{"id":"983407","text":"two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about wide. From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S) it enters Mozambique. The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa (also spelled Cabora Bassa). Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa, the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam. The lower Zambezi's 650 km from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable,","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"16806881","text":"on the Zambezi water by nations bordering the river were settled by the 1995 Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol on shared watercourse systems and establishment of the Zambezi River Authority. However, the commitment of member governments to honor the agreement seems weak and may not stand up to the pressures of climate change. Citations Sources Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function","title":"Zambezi River Authority"},{"id":"2383195","text":"Caprivi Strip Caprivi, or the Caprivi Strip, is a salient of Namibia which is and has been known by various names. The salient protrudes eastward for about from the north-eastern corner of Namibia. It is bordered by Botswana to the south, and by Angola and Zambia to the north. Its eastern tip is only about 1 km from the borders of Zimbabwe. Within Namibia, it is divided administratively between Kavango East and Zambezi regions. It is crossed by the Okavango; the Kwando/Chobe river forms part of its border with Botswana; and the Zambezi river forms a part of its border","title":"Caprivi Strip"},{"id":"17165660","text":"between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River by agreement with the British South Africa Company, which governed what is today Zambia under Royal Charter until 1924. Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 was an agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Portugal which fixed the boundaries between the British Central Africa Protectorate, (now Malawi) and the territories administered by the British South Africa Company in Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now parts of Zimbabwe) and North-Western Rhodesia (now part of Zambia) and Portuguese Mozambique, and also between the British South Africa Company administered territories of","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"17165653","text":"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The Ultimatum refers to a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over territories, some of which had been claimed by","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"4607786","text":"Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a vast reservoir storing the waters of the Zambezi. The seasonal flooding is very important","title":"Western Province, Zambia"},{"id":"5709724","text":"21 February, two days before, Mugabe had turned 84. It was reported that workers repaired the potholes on the main roads in the city to make sure Mugabe's motorcade moved swiftly with a measure of comfort. Beitbridge Beitbridge is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, which forms the political border between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and","title":"Beitbridge"},{"id":"6007494","text":"Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became prosperous as it traded along","title":"Zumbo"},{"id":"983405","text":"east. Here, the river is broad and shallow, and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge. The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about , cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"6007497","text":"at the Cahora Bassa Dam. Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became","title":"Zumbo"},{"id":"16799795","text":"Ramokgwebana River The Ramokgwebana River (or Ramoqueban) is a river that defines part of the boundary between Botswana and Zimbabwe before entering the Shashe River from the left. The Tati District, a grant made to Captain Levert by the Matabele rulers, was the site of the first area of gold exploration in what is now Botswana. Very roughly corresponding to the North-East District of Botswana, it was bounded by the Ramoqueban to the east and the Shashi to the west. The Tati River, flowing between these two, enters the Shashe River about above the point where the Ramoqueban enters the","title":"Ramokgwebana River"},{"id":"466333","text":"died within a few weeks of arriving at Kazembe’s but left a valuable journal which was carried back to Tete by his priest and which was later translated into English by the explorer Sir Richard Burton. However, it is believed the Portuguese first came in 1720 to Zumbo, Mozambique, just across the Luangwa River from Zambia, at the confluence with the Zambezi River. Around 1820 they had settled on the Zambian side at Feira (now Luangwa). So it is very likely they were visiting Zambian territory between 1720 and 1820. The first Briton to record having set foot on Zambian","title":"History of Zambia"},{"id":"983424","text":"texts given as Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios and other variations), a Bantu people who live in what is now central-eastern Zambia, between the Zambezi River and Lake Bangweolo (at the time, before the Lunda invasion, the Bisa would have likely stretched further north, possibly to Lake Tanganyika). The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region. In a curious note, the Goese-born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira, who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796 was surprised to be shown a second, separate river referred to as the \"Zambezi\". This \"other Zambezi\" that puzzled Pereira is most","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"10141545","text":"Pungwe Gorge & Falls, Nyamuziwa Falls, Nyangwe & Chawomera Forts and the Trout Hatchery near Purdon Dam. The Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, are located on the western edge of Zimbabwe; the two together cover an area of bounded by the Zambezi River, which borders with Zambia. The Falls and the Pa National Park are on the southern bank of the Zambezi River. The Victoria Falls, one of seven natural wonders of the world, is wide, cascades into the gorge and is formed by five different \"falls\", out of which four are in","title":"Wildlife of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"255314","text":"Zambezi, the most considerable river in Mozambique is the Limpopo which enters the Indian Ocean about north of Delagoa Bay. The Komati, Save, Busi and Pungwe south of the Zambezi; the Lukugu, Lurio, Montepuesi (Mtepwesi) and Msalu, with the Rovuma and its affluent the Lujenda, to the north of it, are the other rivers of the province with considerable drainage areas. The Save (Sabi) rises in Zimbabwe at an altitude of over , and after flowing south for over turns east and pierces the mountains some from the coast, being joined near the Zimbabwe-Mozambique frontier by the Lundi. Cataracts entirely","title":"Geography of Mozambique"},{"id":"16897549","text":"of the century, Rhodes's Company held a vast, land-locked country, bisected by the Zambezi river. It officially named this land Rhodesia in 1895, and ran it until the early 1920s. The area south of the Zambezi became Southern Rhodesia, while that to the north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were joined in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. Within Northern Rhodesia, there was a separate Kingdom called Barotseland which later became a British protectorate alongside other territories under the British sphere of influence. Each territory was administered separately, with an administrator heading each territorial legislature. In Southern Rhodesia, which attracted","title":"Company rule in Rhodesia"},{"id":"1587567","text":"Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Lozi language name, \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\"—\"The Smoke That Thunders\"—continues in","title":"Victoria Falls"},{"id":"4945554","text":"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. The settlement began in 1901 when the possibility of using the waterfall for hydro-electric power was explored, and expanded when the railway from Bulawayo reached the town shortly before the Victoria Falls Bridge was opened in April 1905, connecting Zimbabwe to what is now Zambia. It became the principal tourism centre for the Falls,","title":"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"14709245","text":"2015.Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,2016 and 2017 in its current format. a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria Falls are not connected contrary to some reports. The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and runs south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls","title":"Victoria Cup (rugby union)"},{"id":"9734767","text":"quickly became the region's dominant tribe. In 1836, they negotiated a peace treaty with Sir Benjamin d'Urban, Governor of the British Cape Colony, but the same year Boer Voortrekkers moved to the area, during their Great Trek away from British rule in the Cape. These new arrivals soon toppled Mzilikazi's domination of the Transvaal, compelling him to lead another migration north in 1838. Crossing the Limpopo River, the Matabele settled in the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed's south-west; this area has since been called Matabeleland. Matabele culture mirrored that of the Zulus in many aspects. The Matabele language, Sindebele, was largely based on","title":"Rudd Concession"},{"id":"4607801","text":"and maintaining hospitals, schools and colleges. The councils prepare schemes that encourage community participation. Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a","title":"Western Province, Zambia"},{"id":"17363623","text":"Lower Congo Lower Congo constitutes the 'lower' parts of the great Congo River in Central Africa, that is the section of the river from the river mouth at the Atlantic coast to the twin capitals of Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo and Kinshasa in the DR Congo. In this section of the river there are two significant tributaries to the great Congo River, both on the left or south side. The Kwilu River originates in the hills near the Angolan border and enters the Congo some 100 km upstream from Matadi. The other being the Inkisi River, that","title":"Lower Congo"},{"id":"2383173","text":"during the December-to-March rainy season, making it the wettest region of Namibia. The terrain is mostly made up of swamps, floodplains, wetlands and woodland. In addition to the Zambezi River, the strip also holds the Cuando and Kwando River, which marks the border with Botswana. Tributaries of the river here go by different names, including the Linyata and the Chobe. The province's far east is where the Cuando meets the Zambezi. Katima Mulilo is the largest city, with other notable villages and settlements including Chefuzwe, Mafuta, Liselo, Musanga, Kongola, Chinchimane, Bukalo, Sibinda, and Impalila, along with Kayuo, Wenela, Mapulanga, Sambeso,","title":"Zambezi Region"},{"id":"983428","text":"term \"Sena River\" (\"Rio de Sena\"), a reference to the Swahili (and later Portuguese) upriver trade station at Sena. In 1752, the Zambezi delta, under the name \"Rivers of Sena\" (\"Rios de Sena\") formed a colonial administrative district of Portuguese Mozambique. But common usage of \"Zambezi\" led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district \"Zambézia\". The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa, and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa, were given broadly accurately in early maps. These were probably constructed from","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"2383179","text":"with the United Kingdom. Leo von Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The German motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tanganyika (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British colonisation of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) stopped them well upstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier to navigation on the Zambezi.","title":"Zambezi Region"},{"id":"15622542","text":"countries could not come to an agreements of initial projects. Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi","title":"Zambezi River System Action Plan"},{"id":"7903431","text":"Cimbebasia Cimbebasia was the name given for a long time to the western part of Southern Africa. Its borders in the north were the Kunene River, the lower Kasai River and the western reaches of the Zambezi River. \"Cimbebasia\" was also a journal published by the State Museum of Windhoek, Namibia. Originally Cimbebasia was included in the immense vicariate apostolic made up of Senegambia, French Guinea and Portuguese Guinea, which had been erected in 1842 and of which Bishop Barron was appointed first vicar Apostolic. The Congregation of Propaganda separated Cimbebasia on 3 July 1879 from this vicariate and made","title":"Cimbebasia"},{"id":"255233","text":"in size to Turkey. Mozambique is located on the southeast coast of Africa. It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mozambique lies between latitudes 10° and 27°S, and longitudes 30° and 41°E. The country is divided into two topographical regions by the Zambezi River. To the north of the Zambezi River, the narrow coastal strip gives way to inland hills and low plateaus. Rugged highlands are further west; they include the Niassa highlands,","title":"Mozambique"},{"id":"3428382","text":"chapters in Bulawayo, Lupane and other districts of Matabeleland. Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an","title":"Matabeleland"},{"id":"983404","text":"Zambia's best known festivals, the Kuomboka. After Lealui, the river turns to south-south-east. From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km. Before this, the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's Caprivi Strip. The strip projects from the main body of Namibia, and results from the colonial era: it was added to German South-West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi. Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"2335912","text":"image of Robert the Bruce, whilst the contemporaneous £20 notes had an image of Lord Kelvin. The £10 notes issued from 1971 bore an image of Scottish explorer David Livingstone with palm tree leaves and an illustration of African tribesmen on the back. A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of his Zambezi expedition, showing the River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa and Blantyre, Malawi; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in Blantyre. Occasionally the Clydesdale Bank issues special commemorative banknotes to mark particular occasions or to","title":"Clydesdale Bank"},{"id":"1448175","text":"peoples—separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, the BSAC defeated them in the First Matabele War and Second Matabele War. Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, \"Mlimo\", by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills. He persuaded the \"Impi\" to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called \"Zambesia\" after the Zambezi River flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km² between the","title":"Cecil Rhodes"},{"id":"36882","text":"the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia). Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National Park,","title":"Botswana"},{"id":"17165643","text":"for freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers but the opening of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 ended these discussions, which could have led to British recognition of Portuguese sovereignty stretching across the continent. Portugal's efforts to establish this corridor of influence between Angola and Mozambique were hampered by one of the articles in the General Act of the Berlin Conference requiring effective occupation of areas claimed rather than historical claims based on discovery or claims based on exploration as used by Portugal. To establish further Portuguese claims, Serpa Pinto was appointed as its consul in Zanzibar in","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"983409","text":"km from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River. On approaching the Indian Ocean, the river splits up into a delta. Each of the four primary distributaries, Kongone, Luabo and Timbwe, is obstructed by a sand bar. A more northerly branch, called the Chinde mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in, and is the branch used for navigation. 100 km further north is a river called the Quelimane, after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"5256895","text":"southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance if their territorial claims, but the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884) ended these discussions. In 1884, Serpa Pinto was appointed as Portuguese consul in Zanzibar, and given the mission of exploring and re-mapping the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance if the chiefs in that area. In 1885, Serpa Pinto undertook an expedition in 1885 with Lieutenant Augusto Cardoso as his","title":"Alexandre de Serpa Pinto"},{"id":"8729235","text":"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The British Ultimatum of 1890 is a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over some territories which Portugal had claimed","title":"Pink Map"},{"id":"13399082","text":"Congo which encompasses the vast majority of the river's watershed. (The one exception to this is the brief sequence of Livingstone Falls.) The reason for this is that the Second Congo War (1998–2003) was underway during filming (1999–2000). The series forms part of the Natural History Unit's \"Continents\" strand and was preceded by \"Andes to Amazon\" in 2000 and succeeded by \"Wild Africa\" later that year in 2001. Formerly called the “Zaire” (Kongo \"nzere\", \"the river that swallows all rivers\"), the Congo's origin is traced to the Chambeshi (discovered by Livingstone) in Zambia. The Kalambo River has one of Africa’s","title":"Congo (TV series)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"16897554\",\n \"text\": \"banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly\",\n \"title\": \"Company rule in Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16361878\",\n \"text\": \"first immigrants almost immediately began instead calling their new home \\\"Rhodesia\\\" in honour of their Company benefactor, and this name was officially adopted in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were first formally referred to by Britain as \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" in 1898, and were united under that name in 1901. The areas to the river's north, Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia, were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. The head of the southern territories' government during this time was in effect the Company's regional administrator. The first of these was\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional history of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983442\",\n \"text\": \"the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following: Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16897579\",\n \"text\": \"the UK government followed suit. \\\"It is not clear why the name should have been pronounced with the emphasis on the second rather than the first syllable,\\\" the historian Robert Blake comments, \\\"but this appears to have been the custom from the beginning and it never changed.\\\" Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were officially referred to collectively as \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.\",\n \"title\": \"Company rule in Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16798634\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia. It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983396\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582301\",\n \"text\": \"from the Matabele or Ndebele people, the province's largest ethnic group. Matabeleland North is bordered by Matabeleland South and Bulawayo to the south, Midlands to the east, Mashonaland West to the northeast, Botswana to the west, and Zambia to the north, which is separated from Zimbabwe by the Zambezi river. It has an area of , equal to 19.2% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the largest in area of the country's ten provinces. Matabeleland North is located on the edge of the Kalahari Basin, giving it an arid climate. Its economy is dominated by agriculture, with 83%\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland North Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"465985\",\n \"text\": \"tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the Chobe River that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation. Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and Luangwa town respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and\",\n \"title\": \"Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16806879\",\n \"text\": \"It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. Functions of the ZRA, as laid out in the acts that created the body, include: The\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974715\",\n \"text\": \"other British territories were fixed by Orders-in Council. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and that between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. The area of what became Northern Rhodesia, including Barotseland and land as far as Nyasaland to the east and to Katanga and Lake Tanganyika to the north, was placed under BSAC administration by an Order-in-Council of 9 May 1891, but no BSAC Administrator was sent to Barotseland until 1895, and the first\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3428380\",\n \"text\": \"food shortages. Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo finally reconciled their political differences by late 1987. The roots of discord remained, however, and in some ways increased as Mugabe's rule became increasingly autocratic into the 21st century. In the early 1990s, a Land Acquisition Act was passed, calling for the Mugabe government to purchase mostly white-owned commercial farming land for redistribution to native Africans. Matabeleland has rich central plains, watered by tributaries of the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, allowing it to sustain cattle and consistently produce large amounts of cotton and maize. But land grabbing, squatting, and repossessions of large white\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11734271\",\n \"text\": \"Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a raging torrent, often breaking its banks and causing damage to local communities and\",\n \"title\": \"Mazowe River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8081852\",\n \"text\": \"neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times). While some older sources claimed that a quadripoint existed in Africa, where the borders of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe come together at the confluence of the Cuando (also called Chobe) and Zambezi rivers (approximately ), it is now widely believed that instead, two separate tripoints exist about apart. There have been a few international incidents\",\n \"title\": \"Quadripoint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587595\",\n \"text\": \"of raptors. The Taita falcon, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons, fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common. The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 84 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi. Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \\\"Mosi-oa-Tunya\\\", \\\"The Smoke that Thunders\\\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974841\",\n \"text\": \"which also failed to win overseas recognition. After a period of interim British control following the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979, the country achieved internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Initially, the territory was referred to as \\\"South Zambezia\\\", a reference to the River Zambezi, until the name \\\"Rhodesia\\\" came into use in 1895. This was in honour of Cecil Rhodes, the British empire-builder and key figure during the British expansion into southern Africa. In 1888 Rhodes obtained mineral rights from the most powerful local traditional leaders through treaties such as the Rudd Concession and the Moffat\",\n \"title\": \"Southern Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12402218\",\n \"text\": \"Matabeleland and its subject states, such as Mashonaland. Through such concessions and treaties, many of which were similarly deceitful, he promoted the colonization of the region's land, labor, and precious metal and mineral resources. In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name 'Rhodesia' for Zambesia and in 1898 'Southern Rhodesia' was officially adopted for the part south of the Zambezi River, which later became Zimbabwe. The Rudd Concession was a first step towards occupation of good land, but Lobengula's Ndebele were too strong for a direct invasion. Rhodes planned to surround Matebeleland with British-controlled lands, as British Bechuanaland was already established\",\n \"title\": \"White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2772757\",\n \"text\": \"part of the river's flow may extend along the Magweggana River (actually a northeastern distributary of the Okavango Delta) and enter the Zambezi River, bypassing the Kalahari. Okavango River The Okavango River (formerly spelled Okovango or Okovanggo) is a river in southwest Africa. It is the fourth-longest river system in southern Africa, running southeastward for . It begins in Angola, where it is known by the Portuguese name Rio Cubango. Further south, it forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia, and then flows into Botswana, draining into the Moremi Game Reserve. Before it enters Botswana, the river drops\",\n \"title\": \"Okavango River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983426\",\n \"text\": \"sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo \\\"river\\\" (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi, Matola and Tembe rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay). As a result, several old maps depict the Zambezi and the \\\"Espirito Santo\\\" rivers converging deep in the interior, at the same lake. However, the Bisa-derived etymology is not without dispute. In 1845, W.D. Cooley, examining Pereira's notes, concluded the term \\\"Zambezi\\\" derives not from the Bisa people, but rather from the Bantu term \\\"mbege\\\"/\\\"mbeze\\\" (\\\"fish\\\"), and consequently\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16500424\",\n \"text\": \"Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port of Lourenço Marques in the Delagoa Bay) along with the\",\n \"title\": \"Greater South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"187593\",\n \"text\": \"In 1888, British colonialist Cecil Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples. Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company (BSAC) over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as 'Zambesia'. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties, Cecil Rhodes promoted the colonisation of the region's land, with British control over labour as well\",\n \"title\": \"History of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"465770\",\n \"text\": \"are rare Environment – current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd – once the largest concentration of the species in the world – has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution Environment – international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Hydrology: The country is divided into six drainage basins. The largest are the Zambezi and the Limpopo. Western parts of Matabeleland connect to\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5937101\",\n \"text\": \"augur buzzard, which all breed there. This park is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \\\"Musi oa Thunya\\\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \\\"\\\"The Smoke Which Thunders\\\"\\\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \\\"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\\\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean\",\n \"title\": \"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5937093\",\n \"text\": \"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \\\"Musi oa Thunya\\\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \\\"\\\"The Smoke Which Thunders\\\"\\\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \\\"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\\\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side. ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language and the name is now used throughout Zambia, and in parts of\",\n \"title\": \"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16500431\",\n \"text\": \"Swaziland which became independent from the United Kingdom in 1966-1968. Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port\",\n \"title\": \"Greater South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15430597\",\n \"text\": \"Niger, the river basin extends from Guinea through Mali and down to Nigeria. Especially for Mali – one of the world's poorest countries – the river is vital for food, water and transportation, and its over usage is contributing to an increasingly polluted and unusable water source. In southern Africa, the Zambezi river basin is one of the world's most over-used river systems, and so Zambia and Zimbabwe compete fiercely over it. Additionally, in 2000, Zimbabwe caused the region to experience the worst flooding in recent history when the country opened the Kariba Dam gates. Finally, within the Volta river\",\n \"title\": \"Water scarcity in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16798635\",\n \"text\": \"Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. The eight Zambezi Basin riparian states that participate in ZAMCOM are Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZAMCOM operations are in line with the revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses. The SADC Protocol was adopted in 1995 and by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, and came into force in 1998. Seven of the riparian states signed the ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587569\",\n \"text\": \"is roughly twice the height of North America's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil's Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons. For a considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley, bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, escarpments, or deep valleys; only a flat plateau extending hundreds\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11734272\",\n \"text\": \"farms. Also the name of a district in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a\",\n \"title\": \"Mazowe River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"465984\",\n \"text\": \"and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the Congo basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania. In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its\",\n \"title\": \"Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6654937\",\n \"text\": \"fixed by an 1894 treaty, although minor adjustments were made until the 1930s. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and the boundary between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. Northern Rhodesia was under BSAC control until 1924, when it became part of the British Empire. The discovery of large deposits of copper sulfide during the 1900s encouraged large mining companies to invest in Northern Rhodesia. South African interest in the region was led by the\",\n \"title\": \"Copperbelt strike of 1935\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11283595\",\n \"text\": \"Shashe is a sand filled channel, with extensive alluvial aquifers in the river channel and below the alluvial plains. These supply water for a number of irrigation schemes including Sibasa and Shashi. More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi River used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan (presently a vast seasonal wetland) to the Shashe River and thence the Limpopo River. There is a road bridge and a rail bridge south of Francistown. The lower Shashe River forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe and is unbridged. However, at Tuli, both sides of the\",\n \"title\": \"Shashe River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2777849\",\n \"text\": \"Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Cuando River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10398244\",\n \"text\": \"obtaining valuable help from them. Returning to Ngami, he travelled north to the Okavango River, crossing Damaraland and reaching Walvis Bay. Here he busied himself with cattle-trading in Damaraland, before setting out on an expedition with his brother Henry and Thomas Baines and lasting from December 1860 to September 1864. Their aim was to explore the Zambesi from the Victoria Falls down to its delta, with a view to testing its navigability. However, these plans were bedevilled by sickness and misfortune. They did reach the Zambesi, but did not get to explore the mouth. On 23 July 1862 they reached\",\n \"title\": \"James Chapman (explorer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867484\",\n \"text\": \"until 1978. No stamps were issued in 1979 during the Rhodesia-Zimbabwe period. The first stamps with the name Zimbabwe were issued on 18 April 1980, they were a set of definitives and featured the same designs as the previous definitive stamps of Rhodesia. Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867479\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Early European explorers, missionariies and traders, in the area that became Zimbabwe, hired private couriers, or made other arrangements to have their mail carried to the nearest post office which first meant one in the Cape of\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6953663\",\n \"text\": \"gold watch, and a share of a 300-acre (120 ha) tract of land in Matabeleland. It was here that Burnham uncovered many artifacts in the huge granite ruins of the ancient civilization of Great Zimbabwe. Matabeleland became part of the Company domain, which was formally named Rhodesia, after Rhodes, in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland became collectively called Southern Rhodesia. In 1895, Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established for the British South Africa Company that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia. Along the Kafue River, Burnham\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Russell Burnham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17838632\",\n \"text\": \"and German – led to his being seconded to the Government Communications Headquarters at Bletchley Park, and working as a cryptographer in Cheltenham. Returning to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1950, he founded the 'Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale' (AETFAT) and started the \\\"Flora Zambesiaca\\\" project, the flora covering the catchment area of the Zambesi River, which at the time comprised the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland, the Caprivi strip and Mozambique. He visited the region in 1955 with Mendonça to make further collections. He was co-editor of \\\"Flora Zambesiaca\\\" from 1962 onwards, and\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Wallis Exell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9734762\",\n \"text\": \"the beginning of white settlement, administration and development in the country that eventually became Rhodesia, named after Rhodes, in 1895. Rhodes's pursuit of the exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and the surrounding areas was motivated by his wish to annex them into the British Empire as part of his personal ambition for a Cape to Cairo Railway—winning the concession would enable him to gain a royal charter from the British government for a chartered company, empowered to annex and thereafter govern the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed on Britain's behalf. He laid the groundwork for concession negotiations during early 1888 by arranging\",\n \"title\": \"Rudd Concession\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16798639\",\n \"text\": \"existing North-South Carrier in Botswana that would connect the carrier to the Zambezi River. Zambia and Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation in the upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to the Zambezi river, also has plans to draw substantial amounts of water from the Zambezi River once the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is \\\"fully developed\\\". Citations Sources Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165659\",\n \"text\": \"from Portuguese to British control. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries allowed freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers and allowed Britain to lease land for a port at Chinde at the mouth of the Zambezi. The other boundaries of the Central Africa Protectorate were also agreed around this time. The northern border was fixed at the Songwe River as part of an Anglo-German Convention in 1890. Its western border with Northern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14012324\",\n \"text\": \"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA) is situated in a region of Southern Africa where the international borders of five countries converge. It includes a major part of the Upper Zambezi River and Okavango basins and Delta, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, the southeastern part of Angola, southwestern Zambia, the northern wildlands of Botswana and western Zimbabwe. The centre of this area is at the confluence of the Zambezi Chobe Rivers where the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. It incorporates Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, and the Victoria Falls. The initiative was created\",\n \"title\": \"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"563573\",\n \"text\": \"and . On 20 October 1954, administrative reorganization caused and Mozambique districts to be split from . At the same time, the district was divided into Gaza, Inhambane and , while the district was split from Manica and Sofala. By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering the countries of Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zambia. Covering a total area of . With a tropical to subtropical climate, the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had , with of land boundaries, its highest point at Monte Binga\",\n \"title\": \"Portuguese Mozambique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4308195\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12361717\",\n \"text\": \"and western end form a small portion of Angola's northern border with Zaire, is also navigable. North of the Lunda Divide the Kwango and many other streams flow north from the tableland to join the Kasai River (one of the largest affluents of the Congo), which in its upper course forms for fully the boundary between Angola and the Congo. South of the divide some rivers flow into the Zambezi River system and thence to the Indian Ocean, others to the Okavango River (as the Cubango River is called along the border with Namibia and in Botswana) and thence to\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4308202\",\n \"text\": \"known as the Victoria Falls Bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983427\",\n \"text\": \"it probably means merely \\\"river of fish\\\". David Livingstone, who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853, refers to it as \\\"Zambesi\\\" but also makes note of the local name \\\"Leeambye\\\" used by the Lozi people, which he says means \\\"large river or river par excellence\\\". Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi—Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi and Zambesi—applied by different peoples along its course, and asserts they \\\"all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country\\\". In Portuguese records, the \\\"Cuama River\\\" term disappeared and gave way to the\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13762405\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Rhodesia Police The Northern Rhodesia Police was the police force of the British ruled protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). In 1889 Northern Rhodesia, bounded by Angola (Portuguese West Africa), the Belgian Congo, German East Africa, British Central Africa (Nyasaland now Malawi), Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa), Mashonaland and Matabeleland (Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe), Bechuanaland (Botswana) and the Caprivi strip of German South West Africa (Namibia), was not a political unit and had no name at all. Customary law was administered among the 70 odd tribes which populated the Territory by their chiefs. Some chiefs were, willingly or not, in\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Rhodesia Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15622540\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi River together with its tributaries, the Zambezi River System Plan\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River System Action Plan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2777854\",\n \"text\": \"they have the chance of returning to their former state. The national parks through which it passes or on which it borders are: Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach\",\n \"title\": \"Cuando River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9156936\",\n \"text\": \"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a huge investment by African standards. The project will consist of three phases as follows: The Gwayi-Shangani dam is the first phase of the MZWP and is the core of the project. Commenced\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3668129\",\n \"text\": \"region fell from prominence after Northern Rhodesia became Zambia in 1964. From then until 1980, \\\"Rhodesia\\\" commonly referred to Southern Rhodesia alone. Since 1980 the term has not been in general use, aside from in a historical context. When whites settled what became \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" in 1890, and when the British South Africa Company was chartered to administer \\\"North-Western Rhodesia\\\" and \\\"North-Eastern Rhodesia\\\", it was not under those names, but the names of the parts—\\\"Mashonaland\\\", \\\"Matabeleland\\\", \\\"Barotseland\\\", and so on. The territories were initially collectively referred to as \\\"Zambesia\\\" (Cecil Rhodes's preferred name), \\\"Charterland\\\" (Leander Starr Jameson's proposal) or \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Rhodesia (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2774415\",\n \"text\": \"the languages of the San people. Approximately 3 million years ago, strong easterly winds formed long dunes which ran from east to west across the middle of the Kalahari Desert. During wetter times, these dunes channeled the great rivers of the area, the Okavango, Chobe, and Upper Zambezi, south eastwards to join with the Limpopo River and drain into the Indian Ocean. Northern Botswana has a series of deep, underlying fault lines running beneath its sands. These faults are thought to be the southernmost extensions of the same system of parallel fault lines that are pulling away from each other\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Makgadikgadi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3428360\",\n \"text\": \"Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an average size household of 4.4 in an area of\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14442155\",\n \"text\": \"Cahora Bassa Dam The Cahora Bassa Dam is located in Mozambique, a country that borders South Africa. It is one of the three major dams on the Zambezi river system, the others being the Kariba and the Itezhi-Tezhi, the latter on the Kafue River, a tributary of the Zambezi. The dam was finished in December 1974 after much political debate. This dam is used to convert the Zambezi River power into electricity by turning turbines. That energy is then sent to South African cities, farms, and mines. The Cahora Bassa dam forms Cahora Bassa Lake. The dam is jointly owned\",\n \"title\": \"Cahora Bassa Dam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9156937\",\n \"text\": \"in September 2004 it is expected to provide a reservoir for this project. The dam will be located about 6 km downstream of the confluence of the Gwayi River and Shangani River. Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983425\",\n \"text\": \"likely what modern sources spell the Chambeshi River in northern Zambia. The Monomatapa notion (reported by Santos) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes. One of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was \\\"Lake Zambre\\\" (probably a corruption of \\\"Zambezi\\\"), possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River. The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion, drawn from classical antiquity, that all the great African rivers—the Nile, the Senegal, the Congo, now the Zambezi, too—were all\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6362153\",\n \"text\": \"quadripoint legally existed. Thus, Botswana has only about of river frontage on the Zambezi, being sandwiched on the south bank between the extreme tip of Namibia's Caprivi Strip and Zimbabwe. The Chobe River, which divides Namibia and Botswana, enters the Zambezi near Kazungula. Kazungula is also headquarters of a district of Zambia of the same name. Kazungula is home to the Kazungula Ferry across the wide Zambezi river to the identically-named village of Kazungula in Botswana, east of the town of Kasane; it is one of the largest ferries in the region with a capacity of . The Kazungula Bridge\",\n \"title\": \"Kazungula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16806878\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8729240\",\n \"text\": \"would have provided a limited link between Angola and Mozambique. The refusal of the Portuguese Parliament to ratify the agreement in August 1890 led to a new treaty being negotiated, which gave Portugal more territory in the Zambezi valley than the 1890 treaty, in exchange for giving up what is now the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries it provided for freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers. However, it gave Portugal no special rights along the\",\n \"title\": \"Pink Map\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"466363\",\n \"text\": \"country. There is a rainy season that runs from October/November to March/April. The terrain of Zambia is mostly high plateau, with some hills and mountains. The lowest point is the Zambezi river, at above sea level, with the highest being Mafinga Central in the Mafinga Hills, at above sea level. Zambia a landlocked country bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Congo DR in the north, Tanzania on the northeast, Malawi on the east and Mozambique on the southeast. The general topography of the country is characterized by uplifted plantation surfaces. The general elevation of the nation\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8729216\",\n \"text\": \"journey from Angola to Mozambique, largely following existing trade routes, in 1884–85. Both during and after the expeditions of Serpa Pinto and Capelo, the Portuguese government attempted bi-lateral negotiations with Britain. In 1879, as part of talks on a treaty on the freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers and the development of trade in those river basins, the Portuguese government made a formal claim to the area south and east of the Ruo River (the present south-eastern border of Malawi). The 1879 treaty was never ratified, and in 1882 Portugal occupied the lower Shire River valley as\",\n \"title\": \"Pink Map\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7005926\",\n \"text\": \"which forms a key part of the KAZA trans frontier. MPRG is the north-eastern section of the Matetsi Safari Area. MPGR is also bordered by the Zambezi River (North), Zambezi National Park (East) and Panda-Masuie Forest Reserve, home of the Zimbabwe Elephant Nursery (South). Matetsi Safari Area: consisting of 7 separate concessions, this area reaches from the Zambezi River in the North to Hwange National Park in the South. The area was named for the Matetsi River, which flows through the southern section of the Safari Area. Matetsi Village: located in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe, about 55 km west of Hwange.\",\n \"title\": \"Matetsi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983407\",\n \"text\": \"two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about wide. From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S) it enters Mozambique. The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa (also spelled Cabora Bassa). Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa, the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam. The lower Zambezi's 650 km from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable,\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16806881\",\n \"text\": \"on the Zambezi water by nations bordering the river were settled by the 1995 Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol on shared watercourse systems and establishment of the Zambezi River Authority. However, the commitment of member governments to honor the agreement seems weak and may not stand up to the pressures of climate change. Citations Sources Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2383195\",\n \"text\": \"Caprivi Strip Caprivi, or the Caprivi Strip, is a salient of Namibia which is and has been known by various names. The salient protrudes eastward for about from the north-eastern corner of Namibia. It is bordered by Botswana to the south, and by Angola and Zambia to the north. Its eastern tip is only about 1 km from the borders of Zimbabwe. Within Namibia, it is divided administratively between Kavango East and Zambezi regions. It is crossed by the Okavango; the Kwando/Chobe river forms part of its border with Botswana; and the Zambezi river forms a part of its border\",\n \"title\": \"Caprivi Strip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165660\",\n \"text\": \"between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River by agreement with the British South Africa Company, which governed what is today Zambia under Royal Charter until 1924. Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 was an agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Portugal which fixed the boundaries between the British Central Africa Protectorate, (now Malawi) and the territories administered by the British South Africa Company in Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now parts of Zimbabwe) and North-Western Rhodesia (now part of Zambia) and Portuguese Mozambique, and also between the British South Africa Company administered territories of\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165653\",\n \"text\": \"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The Ultimatum refers to a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over territories, some of which had been claimed by\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4607786\",\n \"text\": \"Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a vast reservoir storing the waters of the Zambezi. The seasonal flooding is very important\",\n \"title\": \"Western Province, Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5709724\",\n \"text\": \"21 February, two days before, Mugabe had turned 84. It was reported that workers repaired the potholes on the main roads in the city to make sure Mugabe's motorcade moved swiftly with a measure of comfort. Beitbridge Beitbridge is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, which forms the political border between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and\",\n \"title\": \"Beitbridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6007494\",\n \"text\": \"Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became prosperous as it traded along\",\n \"title\": \"Zumbo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983405\",\n \"text\": \"east. Here, the river is broad and shallow, and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge. The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about , cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6007497\",\n \"text\": \"at the Cahora Bassa Dam. Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became\",\n \"title\": \"Zumbo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16799795\",\n \"text\": \"Ramokgwebana River The Ramokgwebana River (or Ramoqueban) is a river that defines part of the boundary between Botswana and Zimbabwe before entering the Shashe River from the left. The Tati District, a grant made to Captain Levert by the Matabele rulers, was the site of the first area of gold exploration in what is now Botswana. Very roughly corresponding to the North-East District of Botswana, it was bounded by the Ramoqueban to the east and the Shashi to the west. The Tati River, flowing between these two, enters the Shashe River about above the point where the Ramoqueban enters the\",\n \"title\": \"Ramokgwebana River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"466333\",\n \"text\": \"died within a few weeks of arriving at Kazembe’s but left a valuable journal which was carried back to Tete by his priest and which was later translated into English by the explorer Sir Richard Burton. However, it is believed the Portuguese first came in 1720 to Zumbo, Mozambique, just across the Luangwa River from Zambia, at the confluence with the Zambezi River. Around 1820 they had settled on the Zambian side at Feira (now Luangwa). So it is very likely they were visiting Zambian territory between 1720 and 1820. The first Briton to record having set foot on Zambian\",\n \"title\": \"History of Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983424\",\n \"text\": \"texts given as Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios and other variations), a Bantu people who live in what is now central-eastern Zambia, between the Zambezi River and Lake Bangweolo (at the time, before the Lunda invasion, the Bisa would have likely stretched further north, possibly to Lake Tanganyika). The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region. In a curious note, the Goese-born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira, who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796 was surprised to be shown a second, separate river referred to as the \\\"Zambezi\\\". This \\\"other Zambezi\\\" that puzzled Pereira is most\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10141545\",\n \"text\": \"Pungwe Gorge & Falls, Nyamuziwa Falls, Nyangwe & Chawomera Forts and the Trout Hatchery near Purdon Dam. The Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, are located on the western edge of Zimbabwe; the two together cover an area of bounded by the Zambezi River, which borders with Zambia. The Falls and the Pa National Park are on the southern bank of the Zambezi River. The Victoria Falls, one of seven natural wonders of the world, is wide, cascades into the gorge and is formed by five different \\\"falls\\\", out of which four are in\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"255314\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi, the most considerable river in Mozambique is the Limpopo which enters the Indian Ocean about north of Delagoa Bay. The Komati, Save, Busi and Pungwe south of the Zambezi; the Lukugu, Lurio, Montepuesi (Mtepwesi) and Msalu, with the Rovuma and its affluent the Lujenda, to the north of it, are the other rivers of the province with considerable drainage areas. The Save (Sabi) rises in Zimbabwe at an altitude of over , and after flowing south for over turns east and pierces the mountains some from the coast, being joined near the Zimbabwe-Mozambique frontier by the Lundi. Cataracts entirely\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Mozambique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16897549\",\n \"text\": \"of the century, Rhodes's Company held a vast, land-locked country, bisected by the Zambezi river. It officially named this land Rhodesia in 1895, and ran it until the early 1920s. The area south of the Zambezi became Southern Rhodesia, while that to the north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were joined in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. Within Northern Rhodesia, there was a separate Kingdom called Barotseland which later became a British protectorate alongside other territories under the British sphere of influence. Each territory was administered separately, with an administrator heading each territorial legislature. In Southern Rhodesia, which attracted\",\n \"title\": \"Company rule in Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587567\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \\\"Mosi-oa-Tunya\\\", \\\"The Smoke that Thunders\\\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Lozi language name, \\\"Mosi-oa-Tunya\\\"—\\\"The Smoke That Thunders\\\"—continues in\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4945554\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. The settlement began in 1901 when the possibility of using the waterfall for hydro-electric power was explored, and expanded when the railway from Bulawayo reached the town shortly before the Victoria Falls Bridge was opened in April 1905, connecting Zimbabwe to what is now Zambia. It became the principal tourism centre for the Falls,\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14709245\",\n \"text\": \"2015.Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,2016 and 2017 in its current format. a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria Falls are not connected contrary to some reports. The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and runs south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Cup (rugby union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9734767\",\n \"text\": \"quickly became the region's dominant tribe. In 1836, they negotiated a peace treaty with Sir Benjamin d'Urban, Governor of the British Cape Colony, but the same year Boer Voortrekkers moved to the area, during their Great Trek away from British rule in the Cape. These new arrivals soon toppled Mzilikazi's domination of the Transvaal, compelling him to lead another migration north in 1838. Crossing the Limpopo River, the Matabele settled in the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed's south-west; this area has since been called Matabeleland. Matabele culture mirrored that of the Zulus in many aspects. The Matabele language, Sindebele, was largely based on\",\n \"title\": \"Rudd Concession\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4607801\",\n \"text\": \"and maintaining hospitals, schools and colleges. The councils prepare schemes that encourage community participation. Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a\",\n \"title\": \"Western Province, Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17363623\",\n \"text\": \"Lower Congo Lower Congo constitutes the 'lower' parts of the great Congo River in Central Africa, that is the section of the river from the river mouth at the Atlantic coast to the twin capitals of Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo and Kinshasa in the DR Congo. In this section of the river there are two significant tributaries to the great Congo River, both on the left or south side. The Kwilu River originates in the hills near the Angolan border and enters the Congo some 100 km upstream from Matadi. The other being the Inkisi River, that\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2383173\",\n \"text\": \"during the December-to-March rainy season, making it the wettest region of Namibia. The terrain is mostly made up of swamps, floodplains, wetlands and woodland. In addition to the Zambezi River, the strip also holds the Cuando and Kwando River, which marks the border with Botswana. Tributaries of the river here go by different names, including the Linyata and the Chobe. The province's far east is where the Cuando meets the Zambezi. Katima Mulilo is the largest city, with other notable villages and settlements including Chefuzwe, Mafuta, Liselo, Musanga, Kongola, Chinchimane, Bukalo, Sibinda, and Impalila, along with Kayuo, Wenela, Mapulanga, Sambeso,\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983428\",\n \"text\": \"term \\\"Sena River\\\" (\\\"Rio de Sena\\\"), a reference to the Swahili (and later Portuguese) upriver trade station at Sena. In 1752, the Zambezi delta, under the name \\\"Rivers of Sena\\\" (\\\"Rios de Sena\\\") formed a colonial administrative district of Portuguese Mozambique. But common usage of \\\"Zambezi\\\" led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district \\\"Zambézia\\\". The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa, and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa, were given broadly accurately in early maps. These were probably constructed from\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2383179\",\n \"text\": \"with the United Kingdom. Leo von Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The German motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tanganyika (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British colonisation of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) stopped them well upstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier to navigation on the Zambezi.\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15622542\",\n \"text\": \"countries could not come to an agreements of initial projects. Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River System Action Plan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7903431\",\n \"text\": \"Cimbebasia Cimbebasia was the name given for a long time to the western part of Southern Africa. Its borders in the north were the Kunene River, the lower Kasai River and the western reaches of the Zambezi River. \\\"Cimbebasia\\\" was also a journal published by the State Museum of Windhoek, Namibia. Originally Cimbebasia was included in the immense vicariate apostolic made up of Senegambia, French Guinea and Portuguese Guinea, which had been erected in 1842 and of which Bishop Barron was appointed first vicar Apostolic. The Congregation of Propaganda separated Cimbebasia on 3 July 1879 from this vicariate and made\",\n \"title\": \"Cimbebasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"255233\",\n \"text\": \"in size to Turkey. Mozambique is located on the southeast coast of Africa. It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mozambique lies between latitudes 10° and 27°S, and longitudes 30° and 41°E. The country is divided into two topographical regions by the Zambezi River. To the north of the Zambezi River, the narrow coastal strip gives way to inland hills and low plateaus. Rugged highlands are further west; they include the Niassa highlands,\",\n \"title\": \"Mozambique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3428382\",\n \"text\": \"chapters in Bulawayo, Lupane and other districts of Matabeleland. Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983404\",\n \"text\": \"Zambia's best known festivals, the Kuomboka. After Lealui, the river turns to south-south-east. From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km. Before this, the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's Caprivi Strip. The strip projects from the main body of Namibia, and results from the colonial era: it was added to German South-West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi. Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2335912\",\n \"text\": \"image of Robert the Bruce, whilst the contemporaneous £20 notes had an image of Lord Kelvin. The £10 notes issued from 1971 bore an image of Scottish explorer David Livingstone with palm tree leaves and an illustration of African tribesmen on the back. A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of his Zambezi expedition, showing the River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa and Blantyre, Malawi; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in Blantyre. Occasionally the Clydesdale Bank issues special commemorative banknotes to mark particular occasions or to\",\n \"title\": \"Clydesdale Bank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1448175\",\n \"text\": \"peoples—separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, the BSAC defeated them in the First Matabele War and Second Matabele War. Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, \\\"Mlimo\\\", by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills. He persuaded the \\\"Impi\\\" to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called \\\"Zambesia\\\" after the Zambezi River flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km² between the\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Rhodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36882\",\n \"text\": \"the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia). Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National Park,\",\n \"title\": \"Botswana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165643\",\n \"text\": \"for freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers but the opening of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 ended these discussions, which could have led to British recognition of Portuguese sovereignty stretching across the continent. Portugal's efforts to establish this corridor of influence between Angola and Mozambique were hampered by one of the articles in the General Act of the Berlin Conference requiring effective occupation of areas claimed rather than historical claims based on discovery or claims based on exploration as used by Portugal. To establish further Portuguese claims, Serpa Pinto was appointed as its consul in Zanzibar in\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983409\",\n \"text\": \"km from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River. On approaching the Indian Ocean, the river splits up into a delta. Each of the four primary distributaries, Kongone, Luabo and Timbwe, is obstructed by a sand bar. A more northerly branch, called the Chinde mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in, and is the branch used for navigation. 100 km further north is a river called the Quelimane, after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5256895\",\n \"text\": \"southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance if their territorial claims, but the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884) ended these discussions. In 1884, Serpa Pinto was appointed as Portuguese consul in Zanzibar, and given the mission of exploring and re-mapping the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance if the chiefs in that area. In 1885, Serpa Pinto undertook an expedition in 1885 with Lieutenant Augusto Cardoso as his\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandre de Serpa Pinto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8729235\",\n \"text\": \"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The British Ultimatum of 1890 is a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over some territories which Portugal had claimed\",\n \"title\": \"Pink Map\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13399082\",\n \"text\": \"Congo which encompasses the vast majority of the river's watershed. (The one exception to this is the brief sequence of Livingstone Falls.) The reason for this is that the Second Congo War (1998–2003) was underway during filming (1999–2000). The series forms part of the Natural History Unit's \\\"Continents\\\" strand and was preceded by \\\"Andes to Amazon\\\" in 2000 and succeeded by \\\"Wild Africa\\\" later that year in 2001. Formerly called the “Zaire” (Kongo \\\"nzere\\\", \\\"the river that swallows all rivers\\\"), the Congo's origin is traced to the Chambeshi (discovered by Livingstone) in Zambia. The Kalambo River has one of Africa’s\",\n \"title\": \"Congo (TV series)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Company rule in Rhodesia context: banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly\\n\\nThe Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Zambezi Riverity context: Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.\\n\\ntitle: Zambezi context United. Leo von Capriv arranged for Capriv strip to be annexed German West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tangany (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean Unfortunately for the Germans, the Britishisation of RhodesZimbab and Zambia) stopped them wellstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier navigation on the Zambezi.\\n\\ntitle:: of front M-e of theet AreaGR border by thebezi River (orth Zambe National Park (E)anda-u Reserve of the Zimbabphantsery ().si: 7 concess this the Zamzi River in the to Hwange National Park in the. area was theetsi, flows through the southern section of the Safari Area.etsi: in Matabeleland North,imbab 5 west ofwange\\n\\n Company inia followed suit.It not the been,\\\" the Robert custom the.\\\" Mat, both were officially to collectively as \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.\\n\\nThe Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 492,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14974,\n \"ratio\": \"30.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":177,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":177,"string":"177"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which mountains are Camp David?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Appalachian","Appalachian (disambiguation)"],"string":"[\n \"Appalachian\",\n \"Appalachian (disambiguation)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Appalachian"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4869201","text":"and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \"Catoctin\" means \"place of many deer\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \"Shangri-La\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its","title":"Catoctin Mountain"},{"id":"79160","text":"Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a camp for federal government agents and their families by the Works Progress Administration. Construction started","title":"Camp David"},{"id":"79163","text":"in the residence; a total of three planes were intercepted over that July 9 weekend. Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a","title":"Camp David"},{"id":"79161","text":"in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \"Shangri-La\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \"Lost Horizon\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen","title":"Camp David"},{"id":"4974987","text":"America, and former Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower. His father would go on to be a brigadier general in the U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (1969–1971), and a renowned military historian. His grandfather would become president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and later the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961). After assuming the presidency in 1953, President Eisenhower named the presidential mountain retreat, formerly Camp Shangri-La, Camp David, after his grandson. Eisenhower graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1966. He received his B.A. degree in history","title":"David Eisenhower"},{"id":"4869202","text":"proximity to Washington, D.C., and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \"getaway\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Mountain Catoctin Mountain, along with the geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms the easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian Mountains range. The ridge runs northeast/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, and running south past Leesburg, Virginia, where it disappears into the Piedmont in a","title":"Catoctin Mountain"},{"id":"322380","text":"Palace,\" the \"President’s House,\" and the \"Executive Mansion.\" Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food. Camp David, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland, is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host","title":"President of the United States"},{"id":"6280219","text":"the Interior Harold L. Ickes reported, \"President Roosevelt is not able to make such use of the camp as President Hoover undoubtedly had in mind. Whether it is to continue to be a Presidential camp must, therefore, be left for future determination.\" FDR went on to establish his retreat in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland at Camp Shangri-La, later renamed Camp David. While the Park Service pledged to maintain Rapidan Camp, in 1936, \"The New York Times\" described rust and dry rot at the camp, which was still protected by seven Marines. The \"historic log\" Hoover and MacDonald had conferred","title":"Rapidan Camp"},{"id":"5240281","text":"site on the Catoctin Mountain, which today is known as Camp David. Strong set up a trust fund in 1947 that maintains a trail system and other tourist facilities at Sugarloaf Mountain. The mountain and its immediate environs continue to be open to the public, but they are privately owned by Stronghold, Incorporated. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example of a monadnock — an isolated hill or small mountain rising abruptly from gently sloping or level surrounding land. It appears to be either an outlier to the east of the main mass of Catoctin Mountain, or a root remnant of the","title":"Sugarloaf Mountain (Maryland)"},{"id":"560720","text":"Frederick County, Maryland Frederick County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 240,336. The county seat is Frederick. Frederick County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia. The county is home to Catoctin Mountain Park (encompassing the presidential retreat Camp David) and to the U.S. Army's Fort Detrick. It has also","title":"Frederick County, Maryland"},{"id":"1090393","text":"Thurmont, Maryland Thurmont is a town in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,170 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the northern part of Frederick County (north of Frederick, Maryland, the county seat), approximately ten miles from the Pennsylvania border, along U.S. Highway 15. It is very close to Cunningham Falls State Park and Catoctin Mountain Park, which contains the presidential retreat of Camp David. Thurmont is also home to Catoctin Colorfest, an arts and crafts festival that draws in about 125,000 people each autumn. In 2005, Thurmont was designated as a \"Main Street Maryland","title":"Thurmont, Maryland"},{"id":"4869049","text":"but were not taken up by the House, and therefore did not become law. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Originally planned to provide recreational camps for federal employees, one of the camps eventually became the home of the Presidential retreat, Camp David. The Presidential retreat is not open or accessible to the public; however, the eastern hardwood forest of Catoctin Mountain Park does have many other attractions for visitors, some of which include camping, picnicking, fishing, of hiking trails, and scenic mountain vistas. Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park, located in north-central","title":"Catoctin Mountain Park"},{"id":"616838","text":"and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest. While Gettysburg National Battlefield of 1863 lies approximately to the north-northeast. The reconstructed home of Barbara Fritchie stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's Mount Olivet Cemetery. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill quoted Whittier's poem to President Franklin D. Roosevelt when they stopped here in 1941 on a car trip to the presidential retreat, then called \"Shangra-La\" (now \"Camp David\") within the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley (1839–1911) was born at","title":"Frederick, Maryland"},{"id":"727577","text":"the occasional Tibetan monks in saffron robes. The name \"Shangri-La\" has become a byword for a mythical utopia, a permanently happy land, isolated from the world. After the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, when the fact that the bombers had flown from an aircraft carrier remained highly classified, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt told the press facetiously that they had taken off from Shangri-La. The Navy subsequently gave that name to an aircraft carrier, and Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat \"Shangri-La\". (Later, President Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed the retreat Camp David after his grandson, and that name has been used","title":"James Hilton (novelist)"},{"id":"11363831","text":"the President and dictating the tenor of his daily schedule. Watson lived with his wife, professional pianist Frances Nash Watson, on a Virginia estate called Kenwood. The land, just beyond Monticello, was once owned by Thomas Jefferson, and the estate house was designed by FDR's cousin, celebrated architect William A. Delano. Watson and FDR were personally close above and beyond their close professional ties, and FDR adopted Kenwood as his \"Camp David\" during his presidency and retreated there on several occasions for vacation. The guest cottage was built in 1940-41 for Roosevelt, though he stayed there on only one occasion,","title":"Edwin \"Pa\" Watson"},{"id":"1953808","text":"of July. Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \"Hörnli\", \"Furggen\", \"Leone\"/\"Lion\", and \"Zmutt\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and","title":"Matterhorn"},{"id":"1953724","text":"Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \"Hörnli\", \"Furggen\", \"Leone\"/\"Lion\", and \"Zmutt\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and the Italian","title":"Matterhorn"},{"id":"3086122","text":"Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of the range. The park was established in 1934, and, with over 11 million visits per year, it is the most visited national park in","title":"Great Smoky Mountains"},{"id":"3086172","text":"a small farm in the Smokies. She writes many songs concerning her Tennessee upbringing, and starred in the 1986 film, \"A Smoky Mountain Christmas\". Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of","title":"Great Smoky Mountains"},{"id":"18799819","text":"Trout Run (retreat) Trout Run is a property in the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont, Maryland, that was visited on several occasions by Presidents Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower. Originally called Catoctin Lodge, it is located about away from the presidential retreat at Camp David and was established by one of Hoover's senior aides. It subsequently became the property of the family of a senior State Department official, who owned it for nearly 70 years, before it was acquired in 2013 by an arm of the Church of Scientology. It became the focus of controversy in 2015 when","title":"Trout Run (retreat)"},{"id":"3342228","text":"Jews regarding Masada as a place of reverence, commemorating ancestors who fell heroically against oppression, and others regarding it as a testament to extremism and a refusal to compromise. Masada has been described as \"a lozenge-shaped table-mountain\" that is \"lofty, isolated, and to all appearance impregnable\". Historically, the fortress could be reached only by a single pathway that was too narrow for men to walk abreast. This pathway was named \"the Snake\" for the way it twists and zig-zags to the summit. Masada was named as the place where David rested after fleeing from his father-in-law, King Saul. Flavius Josephus,","title":"Siege of Masada"},{"id":"6433401","text":"located in the Cairngorms, a mountain range in the eastern Highlands which is the highest upland area in Britain. In the south of Scotland lie the Southern Uplands, a vast, rolling mountain chain that is less rugged and more forested than the Highlands. Shorter than the Highlands, the tallest mountain in the range is Merrick, at 843 m (2,766 ft). There are ranges of gentler, rolling hills even in the central lowlands of Scotland. Such ranges include the Ochil Hills, near Stirling, the Campsie Fells outside Glasgow, and the Lomond Hills in Fife. Mountains in Scotland are categorised by their","title":"Geography of Scotland"},{"id":"1953727","text":"since the first climb in 1865, making it one of the deadliest peaks in the world. The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses (originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny) from the Dent Blanche nappe, lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes. The mountain's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak, such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face. Sometimes referred to as the \"Mountain of Mountains\" (), the Matterhorn has become an iconic emblem of the Swiss Alps and of","title":"Matterhorn"},{"id":"12430768","text":"features, the National Industrial Recovery Act authorized federal purchases of land considered submarginal for farming but valuable for recreation purposes. By 1936, 46 projects containing had been set up in 24 different states, mostly near metropolitan centers, to provide outdoor recreation for people from crowded cities. It was intended from the beginning that most of these projects would be turned over to states and cities for operation and in 1942 Congress provided the necessary authority. By 1946 most of the conveyances had been completed. The National Park Service retained Catoctin Mountain Park, site of Camp David, but 4,500 of its","title":"History of the National Park Service"},{"id":"19665631","text":"hut has an electricity generator and a solar panel which charges 24 and 12 volt batteries. Inside is a wooden stove, its fireplace made from a fly wheel, and a conventional wood burning fuel stove. Similar to other huts in the area, any internal divisions are made of insubstantial materials, of hessian, scrap timber and iron. An A-frame building, known as \"Camp David \" on Crystal Hill, on lot 8, was built off-site and re-erected in Easter 1984. It measures approximately in length, in width and is high at its apex. A Trimdeck roof is supported by steel struts. It","title":"Tomahawk Creek Huts"},{"id":"7902656","text":"significant risks associated with climbing into the \"death zone\" of Everest, which has claimed many lives, as well as many limbs. One survivor of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, Beck Weathers, was left on the mountain exposed at a high altitude on the south side of Everest because he was overcome by the elements and initially could not walk any further or be rescued after descending to about during a storm following an unsuccessful summit attempt. He miraculously woke up later and was able to stumble into a nearby camp. Although it was a monumental effort to bring him further","title":"David Sharp (mountaineer)"},{"id":"6288086","text":"located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps, derives its name from Raetia. Only about 30% of Graubünden is commonly regarded as productive land, of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area. The canton is entirely mountainous, comprising the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona,","title":"Eastern Alps"},{"id":"2108156","text":"Mount Hermon Mount Hermon ( / ALA-LC: \"Jabal al-Shaykh\" (\"Mountain of the Sheikh\") or \"Jabal Haramun\"; , \"Har Hermon\") is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon and, at 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in Syria. On the top, in the United Nations buffer zone between Syrian and Israeli-occupied territories, is the highest permanently manned UN position in the world, known as \"Hermon Hotel\". The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend to the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, where","title":"Mount Hermon"},{"id":"10849939","text":"that Ben can attend a special school, meaning David has to leave his friends and girlfriend, Gail, behind. Ben makes friends and finds a girl friend. David has difficulty fitting into his new school, suffering at the hands of bullies. David discovers that Gail has moved on from him only five weeks after their break up, which leads him to self-harm. David decides to kill his brother. He takes Ben hitchhiking without telling his parents, and they camp in Snowdonia. Climbing the mountain, David plans to murder Ben by pushing him off a high ridge. At the top, David changes","title":"Coming Down the Mountain"},{"id":"12311649","text":"design modifications at Greentop to accommodate handicapped children reduced capacity to 98. Greentop is also known as Camp 2: Camp 1 is Camp Misty Mount and Camp 3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Greentop Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Greentop Camp Greentop is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area, and comprises 22 rustic","title":"Camp Greentop"},{"id":"277584","text":"Elias Mountains. There has been a long tradition of climbers going on expeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generally used for the Andes (e.g. the Cordillera Blanca in Peru) and the high peaks of Asia including the Himalayas (e.g. the Mount Everest of Nepal/Tibet/ India), Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Pamir Mountains, Tien Shan and Kunlun Mountains. In the past this was often on exploratory trips or to make first ascents. With the advent of cheaper, long-haul air travel, mountaineering holidays in the Greater Ranges are now undertaken much more frequently and ascents of even Everest and Vinson Massif (the highest","title":"Mountaineering"},{"id":"719234","text":"popular novels of the 20th Century. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt named the Presidential hideaway in Maryland after Shangri-La. (It has since been renamed Camp David.) Likewise Roosevelt initially claimed the Doolittle Raid came from Shangri-La; this inspired the name of the aircraft carrier USS \"Shangri-La\". A one-hour adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:30 on 1 August 1935, with a cast that included Esme Percy as the High Lama, Ben Welden as Barnard, Barbara Couper as Miss Brinklow, Jon Swinley as Conway and Cathleen Cordell as Lo Tsen. It was","title":"Lost Horizon"},{"id":"7528955","text":"Dyatlov Pass incident The Dyatlov Pass incident () refers to the unsolved deaths of nine ski hikers in the northern Ural Mountains in the Soviet Union (now Russia) between 1 and 2 February 1959. The experienced trekking group, who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl in an area now named in honor of the group's leader, Igor Dyatlov. During the night, something caused them to tear their way out of their tents and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures. After the group's bodies","title":"Dyatlov Pass incident"},{"id":"6280199","text":"Rapidan Camp Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County, Virginia, was built by U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, and served as their rustic retreat throughout Hoover's administration from 1929 to 1933. The first family's residential cabin was known as the \"Brown House\" in contrast to their more famous residence, the White House. Rapidan Camp was precursor of the current presidential retreat, Camp David. In November 1928, Herbert Hoover was overwhelmingly elected as 31st President of the United States. While all preceding Presidents came from the Eastern","title":"Rapidan Camp"},{"id":"15162580","text":"55 peaks lie entirely within one country, over 27 straddle a border but none is located at a tripoint. By the UIAA's definition, Switzerland has 48 four-thousanders, Italy has 35 and France 26. The four-thousanders are found mainly in the Western Alps, in the ranges of the Bernese Alps (9), Dauphiné Alps (2) Graian Alps (29) and Pennine Alps (41). The only four-thousander in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m) in the Bernina Group. In Africa mountain ranges there are four-thousanders in the High Atlas (Toubkal: 4,167 m), in the Ethiopian Highlands (Ras Daschan: 4,620 m), in the","title":"Four-thousander"},{"id":"514913","text":"At the age of just 21, Alex became the youngest person to have completed a continuous round without the use of any motorised transport. The SMC recognises six peaks in England, fifteen in Wales and thirteen in Ireland that would be Munros or Munro Tops if they were in Scotland. These are referred to as Furth Munros, i.e. the Munros furth of Scotland. The first recorded Furthist is James Parker, who completed on Tryfan (Snowdonia) on 19 April 1929. Munro A Munro () is a mountain in Scotland with a height over , the best known being Ben Nevis, the","title":"Munro"},{"id":"12311674","text":"3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Misty Mount Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Misty Mount Historic District Camp Misty Mount is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Development Area, and comprises 35 rustic log buildings including sleeping cabins, administrative buildings and lodges. All were built between 1935 and 1938. The buildings are a simplified version","title":"Camp Misty Mount Historic District"},{"id":"4974986","text":"David Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower II (born March 31, 1948) is an American author, public policy fellow, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and eponym of the U.S. Presidential retreat, Camp David. He is the only grandson of the 34th President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the son-in-law of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon. David Eisenhower was born on March 31, 1948, in West Point, Orange County, New York, to Barbara (Thompson) and John Eisenhower. His father was a U.S. Army officer, and his grandfather was future President of the United States of","title":"David Eisenhower"},{"id":"6057843","text":"Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it has been considered by some to represent a deliberate changing of an indigenous name. The name Aonach Mòr implies that the mountain is bigger than its close neighbour to the south, Aonach Beag (\"small ridge\"), to","title":"Aonach Mòr"},{"id":"4385978","text":"Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the precipitation reaches the mountain range. A good example is during the month","title":"Sierra Estrella"},{"id":"4386908","text":"has left tiers of rock representing some 30 lava flows which date from the Carboniferous period. The headwaters of the River Carron rise in the Campsies. The Campsie Fells have cemented their place in history as the birthplace of Scottish skiing, when W.W. Naismith of Glasgow skied the area, becoming the first ever man to ski in Scotland in March 1892. Campsie Fells The Campsie Fells (also known as the Campsies; Scottish Gaelic: Monadh Chamaisidh) are a range of hills in central Scotland, stretching east to west from Denny Muir to Dumgoyne, in Stirlingshire and overlooking Strathkelvin to the south.","title":"Campsie Fells"},{"id":"17290768","text":"words of one newspaper report) \"the appearance of a city under siege on this Mother's Day.\" U.S. President John F. Kennedy ended a vacation at Camp David (near Thurmont, Maryland) early in order to respond to the situation. Conflicted about whether to deploy federal troops, Kennedy wanted to save face after the violence in Birmingham became covered as international news, and he wanted to protect the truce that had just been established. At the same time, he did not want to set a precedent that might compel routine military interventions, and he feared a backlash among southern white Democrats who","title":"Birmingham riot of 1963"},{"id":"2782872","text":"on board. The cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error in heavy fog. Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees","title":"Mourne Mountains"},{"id":"15068186","text":"Matterhorn (Antarctica) The Matterhorn () is a peak on Roa Ridge in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It stands high, surmounting the north wall of Taylor Valley between Lacroix Glacier and Matterhorn Glacier. It was so named by Griffith Taylor of the British Antarctic Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott, 1910–13, because of its resemblance to the Matterhorn, the famous Swiss mountain. On the mountain's south side is Campbell Terrace, a relatively horizontal ice-free area with a median elevation of . It is bounded by the lower margins of Matterhorn Glacier, Lacroix Glacier, and the northern wall of Taylor","title":"Matterhorn (Antarctica)"},{"id":"664595","text":"Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \"Central Alps\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other","title":"Swiss Alps"},{"id":"17797039","text":"girl with an extraordinary genius. Now, only by working with his embattled partner, Michelle Maxwell, can he catch a killer…and solve a stunning mystery that threatens the entire nation. \"Publication Date\": April 24, 2007 \"Pages\": 420 (Hardcover) A daring kidnapping turns a children’s birthday party at Camp David, the presidential retreat, into a national security nightmare. Former Secret Service agents turned private investigators Sean King and Michelle Maxwell don’t want to get involved. But years ago Sean saved the First Lady’s husband, then a senator, from political disaster. Now the president’s wife presses Sean and Michelle into a desperate search","title":"King and Maxwell (book series)"},{"id":"2619578","text":"Finsteraarhorn The Finsteraarhorn () is the highest mountain in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland and the most prominent peak of Switzerland. The Finsteraarhorn is the ninth-highest mountain and third-most prominent peak in the Alps. In 2001 the whole massif and surrounding glaciers were designated as part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch World Heritage Site. Despite being the most elevated, prominent and isolated mountain of both the Bernese Alps and the canton of Berne, the Finsteraarhorn is less known and frequented than the nearby Jungfrau and Eiger. This is due to its location in one of the most remote areas in the Alps,","title":"Finsteraarhorn"},{"id":"664633","text":"Pennine Alps The Pennine Alps (, , , ), also known as the \"Valais Alps\", are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Switzerland (Valais) and Italy (Piedmont and the Aosta Valley). The Italian side is drained by the rivers Dora Baltea, Sesia and Toce, tributaries of the Po. The Swiss side is drained by the Rhône. The Great St Bernard Tunnel, under the Great St Bernard Pass, leads from Martigny, Switzerland to Aosta. The main chain (watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea) runs from west to east on the border","title":"Pennine Alps"},{"id":"5016641","text":"40 alpine lakes in the range, 15 of which are named. The Crazy Mountains sit in both Gallatin National Forest and Lewis and Clark National Forest. The Crazies support a healthy herd of mountain goats and the occasional elusive wolverine. The Crazies are almost completely surrounded by private lands making access into the mountains somewhat difficult, especially in the southern section where the highest peaks are located. The name Crazy Mountains is said to be a shortened form of the name \"Crazy Woman Mountains\" given them, in compliment to their original Crow name, after a woman who went insane and","title":"Crazy Mountains"},{"id":"1661749","text":"Denali Denali () (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of above sea level. With a topographic prominence of and a topographic isolation of , Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak on Earth, after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska, Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve. The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as \"Denali\" for centuries.","title":"Denali"},{"id":"16572278","text":"Piotruś Piotruś (also Petrus, Petros) is a tall mountain in the Beskid Dukielski range, Poland. Beskid Dukielski forms the middle of the Low Beskids in the Western Carpathian Mountains. Piotruś is the highest mountain of the Beskid Dukielski. A tourist trail passes through the mountain. Its most prominent characteristic is a stream and pond related to the Saint John of Dukla. The Beskid Dukielski Range is located within the outer part of the Carpathians, which is part of the Alpine orogenic belt. The Outer Carpathians fold and thrust belt, is subdivided into several nappes bounded by thrust faults. The mountain","title":"Piotruś"},{"id":"15354034","text":"areas. The High Plains receive very little rainfall, and sit at high elevations, usually about . Many people view the High Plains as the point where one begins to enter the greater Mountain West region. The Mountain West has some of the highest mountain peaks in America. Some of the more famous mountains in the Mountain West are Mount Elbert, Pikes Peak, Blanca Peak, Longs Peak, Kings Peak, Wind River Peak, Cloud Peak, Wheeler Peak, Truchas Peak, Granite Peak, Borah Peak, and Humphreys Peak. The climate of the Mountain West is one of the more diverse climates in the United","title":"Mountain states"},{"id":"9453582","text":"Ian Woodall Ian Woodall (born 17 August 1956) is a British mountain climber who has climbed Mount Everest several times. In 1996 Woodall was the leader of the controversial first South African Mount Everest expedition, during which one member of the party died. The expedition reached Camp IV – the last camp before the summit, and 923m below it – on 10 May, but were not directly involved in the disaster that unfolded that day. Following the tragedy the expedition returned to base camp and made a second attempt after a few days rest, achieving the summit on 28 May.","title":"Ian Woodall"},{"id":"20037213","text":"Orange One Orange One is a U.S. Navy-operated facility located in the Appalachian Mountains, extending underneath Camp David, the U.S. President’s country retreat. Described in one account as a \"fortress\", it was designed for use by the president as a military headquarters during an emergency. According to the diary of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who toured the facility in 1959, Orange One can house a staff of 200 persons in two separate wings and is a \"fortress ... hewn out of the rock\". Bill Gulley has said Orange One can be accessed by an elevator from Aspen Lodge, the","title":"Orange One"},{"id":"8046652","text":"not be considered peaks or mountains under UIAA definitions. With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District, the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing. , 302 people are known to have completed the list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit. They have also announced that Tinside Rigg and Long Fell (added to the list in 2016) need not be climbed as they are in a restricted area of Warcop Artillery Range. The Wainwrights are mountains or hills","title":"Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles"},{"id":"4676512","text":"High Atlas High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains (; ; ) is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range","title":"High Atlas"},{"id":"2782864","text":"Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees a large number of visitors every year. The name \"Mourne\" (historically spelt \"Morne\") is derived from","title":"Mourne Mountains"},{"id":"1396222","text":"by a narrow strip of land about 21 kilometre (13 mi) wide, called the Chicken's Neck. Efforts are underway to make this area a free-trade zone. Situated in the Great Himalayan Range in Northern part of Nepal, Mount Everest has the highest altitude of any mountain in the world. Technically, the south-east ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb, so most climbers travel to Everest through Nepal. The Annapurna mountain range also lies in Nepal. Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped into 5 development regions. Each district was headed by a","title":"Kingdom of Nepal"},{"id":"11023980","text":"she would often have to wait for male co-workers to catch up with her. During a religious holiday, she spent two weeks cycling with friends some 1400 km from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet to Kathmandu, crossing mountain passes over 5000 m, enduring sandstorms and blizzards, and reaching Base Camp on the northern (Tibetan) side of Mount Everest at 5208 m (17090 ft). Her coach, Brett Sutton, believes this experience to have been very useful altitude training for her later professional career, while Wellington herself regards it as having given her lasting mental strength. Her friends in Nepal remarked on","title":"Chrissie Wellington"},{"id":"1954112","text":"Jungfrau The Jungfrau (\"maiden, virgin\") at is one of the main summits of the Bernese Alps, located between the northern canton of Bern and the southern canton of Valais, halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch. Together with the Eiger and Mönch, the Jungfrau forms a massive wall overlooking the Bernese Oberland and the Swiss Plateau, one of the most distinctive sights of the Swiss Alps. The summit was first reached on August 3, 1811 by the Meyer brothers of Aarau and two chamois hunters from Valais. The ascent followed a long expedition over the glaciers and high passes of the Bernese","title":"Jungfrau"},{"id":"6948586","text":"then-president Nelson Mandela proclaimed the Cape Peninsula National Park. The park was later renamed to the Table Mountain National Park. The park runs approximately north-south along the range of mountains that make up the mountainous spine of the Cape Peninsula, from Signal Hill in the north, through Lion's Head, Table Mountain, Constantiaberg, Silvermine, the mountains of the southern Peninsula, terminating at Cape Point. The park is not a single contiguous area; the undeveloped mountainous areas which make up most of the park are separated by developed urban areas on the shallower terrain. Thus the park is divided into three separate","title":"Table Mountain National Park"},{"id":"3837194","text":"as well as a high pass. Even during the trekking seasons, it is not uncommon for overnight temperatures at base camp to be in excess of twenty degrees below freezing. Pokalde Pokalde Peak (or Dolma Ri) is a mountain peak of Nepal situated 12 km southwest of Mount Everest. Pokalde Peak is one of the shortest and easiest trekking peaks in the Everest Region. The majority of the 650m climb from base camp requires little more than walking with short sections of scrambling up rock. During the trekking seasons this rocky peak is scarcely covered by snow. Despite its lack","title":"Pokalde"},{"id":"8370866","text":"in Italy for seven more years. After exhibiting in Rome, Milan, and at the Venice Bienniale, she found herself drawn to the Himalayas. The Himalayas are a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and smaller ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot. Together, the Himalayan mountain system is home to the world's highest peaks, which include Mount Everest and K2, which is part of the Karakoram Range. The mountains have profoundly shaped the cultures","title":"Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal"},{"id":"3100673","text":"Cederberg The Cederberg mountains () and nature reserve are located near Clanwilliam, approximately 300 km north of Cape Town, South Africa at about . The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar (\"Widdringtonia cedarbergensis\"), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art. The Cederberg Wilderness Area is administered by CapeNature. \"Cederberg\" is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English (Cedarberg) and Afrikaans (Sederberg) variants. The Cederberg mountains extend about 50 km north-south by 20 km east-west. They are bordered on the","title":"Cederberg"},{"id":"12532917","text":"Black Hills The Black Hills (; ; ) are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black Elk Peak (formerly known as Harney Peak), which rises to , is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name \"Black Hills\" is a translation of the Lakota \". The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees. Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering","title":"Black Hills"},{"id":"11941169","text":"maintenance augmentation units) as part of the Carrier Air Wings deployed aboard aircraft carriers. The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides infantry-based security battalions and Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team companies to guard and defend high-priority and overseas Navy bases. Security for the Presidential Retreat located aboard the Naval Support Activity Thurmont, viz., \"Camp David\" is provided by the Marine infantry battalion stationed as part of the garrison aboard Marine Barracks Washington. Cooperation between the two services includes the training and instruction of some future Marine Corps officers (most are trained and commissioned through Marine Corps OCS), all Marine Corps Naval","title":"United States Marine Corps"},{"id":"4015995","text":"of the original positioning by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907–09). Morris Heights () is a relatively smooth ice-covered heights, forming a peninsula-like divide between Beaver and King Glaciers at the north end of Queen Alexandra Range. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Clarence T. Morris, U.S. Navy, aerology officer on the staff of the Commander, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1962 and 1963. Queen Alexandra Range The Queen Alexandra Range is a major mountain range of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. It is about 160 km (100 mi) long,","title":"Queen Alexandra Range"},{"id":"382604","text":"about 4.4% of the water into the Black Sea. The Swiss Alps also contain many of Central Europe's glaciers. There are about 1,800 glaciers which cover of the total glaciated area of the Alps. The Alps are a popular tourist destination and are one of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland. The tallest point in Switzerland, Monte Rosa () in Canton Valais, is located in the Alps as is tallest mountain wholly in Switzerland, the Dom (). One of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland, the Matterhorn, is also located in the Alps. The Matterhorn () is the seventh highest","title":"Geography of Switzerland"},{"id":"11564612","text":"Baden-Powell Peak Baden-Powell Scout Peak, formerly known as Urkema Peak, in Nepal is part of the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. It is on the border with China about a hundred miles west of Mount Everest. As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, the government of Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Scout Peak, to commemorate 100 years of Scouting in honor of British soldier Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the World Scouting movement. The first ascent of Baden-Powell Peak was completed by an international team of Scouting members, including members from Australia, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Taipei, Hong","title":"Baden-Powell Peak"},{"id":"4752220","text":"Klein Matterhorn The Klein Matterhorn (sometimes translated as \"Little Matterhorn\") is a peak of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais. At above sea level, it is the highest place in Europe that can be reached by aerial tramway, as well as by any other means of transport. The Klein Matterhorn is part of the Breithorn massif and overlooks on its south side the almost equally high flat glacier named \"Breithorn Plateau\", just north of the international border with Italy. The name \"Klein Matterhorn\" is a reference to its much larger neighbour, the Matterhorn, which lies","title":"Klein Matterhorn"},{"id":"664617","text":"European explorers. Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \"Central Alps\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared","title":"Swiss Alps"},{"id":"4229147","text":"the Allegheny and Cumberland Plateau, which in some areas are popularly called mountains, but are actually simply uplifted and eroded plateaus. A portion of the Alleghanian mountain system departed with Africa when Pangaea broke up and the Atlantic Ocean began to form. Today, this forms the Anti-Atlas mountains of Morocco. The Anti-Atlas have been geologically uplifted in relatively recent times, and are today much more rugged than their Alleghanian relatives. Alleghanian orogeny The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain-forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains. The term and spelling Alleghany orogeny was","title":"Alleghanian orogeny"},{"id":"6080999","text":"mountain.\" Matterhorn Peak Matterhorn Peak is located in the Sierra Nevada, in the western U.S. state of California, at the northern boundary of Yosemite National Park. At elevation, it is the tallest peak in the craggy Alps-like Sawtooth Ridge and the northernmost peak in the Sierra Nevada. The peak also supports the Sierra's northernmost glacier system. It was named after the Matterhorn in the Alps. The peak can be ascended without climbing gear. Jack Kerouac, in \"The Dharma Bums\" (1958), describes a hike up and a run down the mountain. This led to the classic observation, \"You can't fall off","title":"Matterhorn Peak"},{"id":"11188","text":"Alps The Alps (; ; ; ; ; ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in","title":"Alps"},{"id":"492695","text":"as the \"circum-Himalayan rivers\". The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around . In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have","title":"Himalayas"},{"id":"10813379","text":"(\"Grasberge\"), made from rocks of the Black Jurassic, whose mountainsides have gradients of up to 70°. They are the distinguishing feature of the Allgäu Alps and are not found in any other mountain group as prominently as they are here (listed in alphabetical order). Allgäu Alps The Allgäu Alps () are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps, located in Bavaria in Germany and Tyrol and Vorarlberg in Austria. The range lies directly east of Lake Constance. The mountain range is characterised by an unusual variety of rock formations and consequently a rich tapestry of landscapes, in particular, the","title":"Allgäu Alps"},{"id":"6057846","text":"Mor's Coire an Lochain holds one of Scotland's longest-lasting snow-patches (grid reference NN193736), which sits at an altitude of 1120m. During Cyclone Bodil, Aonach Mòr was hit by the highest gust of 142mph during the storm. Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it","title":"Aonach Mòr"},{"id":"4385984","text":"as Sierra Estrella High Point and does not name any other peak. Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the","title":"Sierra Estrella"},{"id":"12222270","text":"Camp Muir Camp Muir, named for the naturalist John Muir, is a high-altitude refuge for climbers in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, accessed through the Paradise Entrance. The shelters comprising the camp are situated at a elevation between the Muir Snowfield and the Cowlitz Glacier on Mount Rainier. Camp Muir is the most-used base camp for those attempting to climb to the mountain's summit. Camp Muir is between the Nisqually and Paradise Glaciers. The larger \"public\" shelter hut was built in 1921 to plans supervised by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service. The by single-story one-room shelter","title":"Camp Muir"},{"id":"6251373","text":"Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \"Eagle's Nest.\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\" museum which opened in","title":"Obersalzberg"},{"id":"5662994","text":"a billion years old, formed during the Grenville Orogeny. It represents the very core of the Appalachian range, which has been formed by successive mountain-building events (orogenies). The present mountains have been exposed by the process of isostasy through the late Cenozoic Era. The hills were given their rounded form when glaciers cut through the Appalachian Mountains here, the Highlands are among the lowest summits in that range (indeed, the Appalachian Trail reaches its lowest elevation in the Trailside Zoo between Bear Mountain State Park and Bear Mountain Bridge). Conversely, the river becomes narrower and deeper through the Highlands, reaching","title":"Hudson Highlands"},{"id":"19113114","text":"David T. Griggs David Tressel Griggs (6 October 1911 – 31 December 1974) was an American geophysicist. He served as the second Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1952. David Griggs was born in Columbus, Ohio. His father was Robert Fiske Griggs, who discovered the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near Mount Katmai in Alaska. The highest area in this area was officially named Mount Griggs in his honor. David accompanied his father on an expedition to that area in 1930. At age 24, Griggs had an accident while mountain climbing in the Caucasus Mountains, located","title":"David T. Griggs"},{"id":"6251388","text":"Reich buildings. Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \"Eagle's Nest.\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\" museum which","title":"Obersalzberg"},{"id":"2803983","text":"
The Kunlun mountains (spelled \"Kuen-Lun\" in the book) are described as the location of the Shangri-La monastery in the 1933 novel \"Lost Horizon\" by English writer James Hilton. The mountains are the site of the fictional city of K'un Lun in the Marvel Comics Iron Fist series and the TV show of the same name. Kunlun Mountains The Kunlun Mountains (, ; , \"Khöndlön Uuls\"; ) are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than . In the broadest sense, the chain forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin. The","title":"Kunlun Mountains"},{"id":"3158407","text":"Alpine orogeny The Alpine orogeny or Alpide orogeny is an orogenic phase in the Late Mesozoic (Eoalpine) and the current Cenozoic that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Hellenides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas. Sometimes other names occur to describe the formation of separate mountain ranges: for example","title":"Alpine orogeny"},{"id":"10929184","text":"north. Catoctin Mountain Park contains three historic camps: Camp Greentop, Camp Misty Mount, and the Presidential retreat Camp David. MD 77 follows a curvaceous route along the narrow valley of Hunting Creek to descend Catoctin Mountain. The state highway emerges from the mountain valley just west of the town of Thurmont, where the highway becomes Main Street and meets U.S. Route 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway) at a folded diamond interchange. MD 77 intersects Church Street and Water Street in the center of town; Church Street heads north as MD 550. The two state highways run concurrently through the eastern part","title":"Maryland Route 77"},{"id":"13192967","text":"Berchtesgaden, known for the former Berghof residence of Adolf Hitler. The picturesque heart is formed by the glacial Königssee lake with the famous St. Bartholomew's pilgrimage church and the smaller Obersee, both part of the Berchtesgaden National Park established in 1978. The range also comprises glaciers like the Blaueis as well as the Steinernes Meer high karst plateau. The most important summits of the Berchtesgaden Alps are (groups in order of height): The Berchtesgaden Alps border on the following other mountain groups of the Alps: The \"Berchtesgaden Alps\" are included under this name in the generally accepted Alpine Club classification","title":"Berchtesgaden Alps"},{"id":"2325006","text":"Mountain pass A mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge. Since many of the world's mountain ranges have presented formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout Earth's history. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass. The highest vehicle-accessible pass in the world appears to be Mana Pass, located in the Himalayas on the border between India and Tibet, China. Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, or col (also sometimes a notch, the low point in","title":"Mountain pass"},{"id":"14644109","text":"Saint-Gotthard Massif The Saint-Gotthard Massif (German: \"Gotthardmassiv\" or \"Sankt-Gotthard-Massiv\") is a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of four cantons: Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The homonymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is the main route from north to south (excluding tunnels). The highest peaks of the massif are Pizzo Rotondo (3,192 m) in the southwest, Pizzo Centrale (2,999 m) near the","title":"Saint-Gotthard Massif"},{"id":"664634","text":"between Italy (south) and Switzerland (north). From Mont Vélan, the first high summit east of St Bernard Pass, the chain rarely goes below 3000 metres and contains many four-thousanders such as Matterhorn or Monte Rosa. The valleys are quite similar on both side of the border, being generally oriented perpendicular to the main chain and descending progressively into the Rhône Valley on the north and the Aosta Valley on the south. Unlike many other mountain ranges, the higher peaks are often located outside the main chain and found themselves between the northern valleys (Grand Combin, Weisshorn, Mischabel, Weissmies). The chief","title":"Pennine Alps"},{"id":"14104845","text":"Obama. Johnson was born in Detroit in 1958. He is of African-American and Native American ancestry. While living in Germany, where his father was stationed in the Army, Shelton, at five years of age, went on a family vacation to the Berchtesgaden area in Germany's Bavarian Alps, which later became the Berchtesgaden National Park. He describes this visit as influential in developing his awe for mountains and the sky. His family also visited the Black Forest. Johnson graduated from Cass Technical High School in 1976. He attended college at the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a B.A. degree","title":"Shelton Johnson"},{"id":"10794375","text":"and can be viewed by prior arrangement only. Rhodes has a subtropical highland climate (\"Cwb\", according to the Köppen climate classification), with mild summers and chilly, dry winters, with occasional snowfalls. The average annual precipitation is , with most rainfall occurring mainly during summer. Rhodes, Eastern Cape Rhodes is a hamlet or small village alongside the wild trout rich Bell River, near Ben Macdhui (at 2561 m the highest mountain in the Cape region) in the Drakensberg mountains of the north Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rhodes is located in the Eastern Cape Highlands, near the escarpment in the southernmost end","title":"Rhodes, Eastern Cape"},{"id":"58946","text":"colonial maps. Ben Nevis Ben Nevis (, ; ) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. Standing at above sea level, it is at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William. The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 100,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which use the Pony Track from Glen Nevis. The cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers. They are also the","title":"Ben Nevis"},{"id":"7834921","text":"Ghent Kangri Ghent Kangri (or Mount Ghent, Ghaint I) is a high peak near the north end of the Saltoro Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It is located west of the Siachen Glacier in an area under Pakistan control, but very close to the Actual Ground Position Line with India. Ghent Kangri was first climbed on 4 June 1961, by Wolfgang Axt, a member of an Austrian expedition led by Erich Waschak, via the West Ridge. He climbed solo above the high camp. According to the Himalayan Index, there have been three subsequent ascents of the peak, in","title":"Ghent Kangri"},{"id":"4529718","text":"Càrn Mòr Dearg Càrn Mòr Dearg () is the eighth-highest mountain in Scotland. It is situated in the west of Scotland, close to the town of Fort William, in Lochaber, Highland. It lies just to the north-west of its much more famous neighbour, Ben Nevis, to which it is linked by the spectacular Càrn Mòr Dearg Arête. The ascent of Càrn Mòr Dearg from the north (start from the North Face Car Park), the traverse of the arête, and the scramble up the north side of Ben Nevis make one of the best horse-shoe routes in Scotland. Càrn Mòr Dearg","title":"Càrn Mòr Dearg"},{"id":"525446","text":"Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both of them reached the summit 29 years before the confirmed ascent and safe descent of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. In 1933, Lady Houston, a British millionairess, funded the \"Houston Everest Flight of 1933\", which saw a formation of aircraft led by","title":"Mount Everest"},{"id":"7902630","text":"Gasherbrum II, an mountain located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan, and Xinjiang, China. The expedition, led by Henry Todd, did not summit due to bad weather. In 2002, Sharp went on an expedition to Cho Oyu, an peak in the Himalayas, with a group led by Richard Dougan and Jamie McGuinness of the Himalayan Project. They did make it to the summit, but one member died from falling into a crevasse; this opened up a slot on the group's trip to Everest the next year. Dougan regarded Sharp as a strong climber, but noted that","title":"David Sharp (mountaineer)"},{"id":"14223364","text":"Alpine Club huts at all. Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \"Ammergebirge\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the","title":"Ammergau Alps"},{"id":"12040476","text":"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne) Ben Bhuidhe (Gaelic: A' Bheinn Bhuidhe) is a Scottish mountain at the head of Loch Fyne, Argyll and Bute. Beinn Bhuidhe is a Munro that lies separately from the main body of the Arrochar Alps. It is an isolated mountain which, particularly when climbed in winter conditions, has a \"real feeling of expedition about it\". It is a remote and unfrequented hill, situated to the north of the head of Loch Fyne between the upper reaches of Glen Fyne and Glen Shira. It is the only high hill in an extensive tract of featureless moorland between","title":"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne)"},{"id":"14223351","text":"Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \"Ammergebirge\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the perimeter of the mountains. The","title":"Ammergau Alps"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4869201\",\n \"text\": \"and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \\\"Catoctin\\\" means \\\"place of many deer\\\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \\\"Shangri-La\\\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its\",\n \"title\": \"Catoctin Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79160\",\n \"text\": \"Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a camp for federal government agents and their families by the Works Progress Administration. Construction started\",\n \"title\": \"Camp David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79163\",\n \"text\": \"in the residence; a total of three planes were intercepted over that July 9 weekend. Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a\",\n \"title\": \"Camp David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79161\",\n \"text\": \"in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \\\"Shangri-La\\\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \\\"Lost Horizon\\\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen\",\n \"title\": \"Camp David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4974987\",\n \"text\": \"America, and former Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower. His father would go on to be a brigadier general in the U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (1969–1971), and a renowned military historian. His grandfather would become president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and later the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961). After assuming the presidency in 1953, President Eisenhower named the presidential mountain retreat, formerly Camp Shangri-La, Camp David, after his grandson. Eisenhower graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1966. He received his B.A. degree in history\",\n \"title\": \"David Eisenhower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4869202\",\n \"text\": \"proximity to Washington, D.C., and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \\\"getaway\\\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Mountain Catoctin Mountain, along with the geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms the easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian Mountains range. The ridge runs northeast/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, and running south past Leesburg, Virginia, where it disappears into the Piedmont in a\",\n \"title\": \"Catoctin Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"322380\",\n \"text\": \"Palace,\\\" the \\\"President’s House,\\\" and the \\\"Executive Mansion.\\\" Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food. Camp David, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland, is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host\",\n \"title\": \"President of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6280219\",\n \"text\": \"the Interior Harold L. Ickes reported, \\\"President Roosevelt is not able to make such use of the camp as President Hoover undoubtedly had in mind. Whether it is to continue to be a Presidential camp must, therefore, be left for future determination.\\\" FDR went on to establish his retreat in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland at Camp Shangri-La, later renamed Camp David. While the Park Service pledged to maintain Rapidan Camp, in 1936, \\\"The New York Times\\\" described rust and dry rot at the camp, which was still protected by seven Marines. The \\\"historic log\\\" Hoover and MacDonald had conferred\",\n \"title\": \"Rapidan Camp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5240281\",\n \"text\": \"site on the Catoctin Mountain, which today is known as Camp David. Strong set up a trust fund in 1947 that maintains a trail system and other tourist facilities at Sugarloaf Mountain. The mountain and its immediate environs continue to be open to the public, but they are privately owned by Stronghold, Incorporated. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example of a monadnock — an isolated hill or small mountain rising abruptly from gently sloping or level surrounding land. It appears to be either an outlier to the east of the main mass of Catoctin Mountain, or a root remnant of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sugarloaf Mountain (Maryland)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"560720\",\n \"text\": \"Frederick County, Maryland Frederick County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 240,336. The county seat is Frederick. Frederick County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia. The county is home to Catoctin Mountain Park (encompassing the presidential retreat Camp David) and to the U.S. Army's Fort Detrick. It has also\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick County, Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1090393\",\n \"text\": \"Thurmont, Maryland Thurmont is a town in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,170 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the northern part of Frederick County (north of Frederick, Maryland, the county seat), approximately ten miles from the Pennsylvania border, along U.S. Highway 15. It is very close to Cunningham Falls State Park and Catoctin Mountain Park, which contains the presidential retreat of Camp David. Thurmont is also home to Catoctin Colorfest, an arts and crafts festival that draws in about 125,000 people each autumn. In 2005, Thurmont was designated as a \\\"Main Street Maryland\",\n \"title\": \"Thurmont, Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4869049\",\n \"text\": \"but were not taken up by the House, and therefore did not become law. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Originally planned to provide recreational camps for federal employees, one of the camps eventually became the home of the Presidential retreat, Camp David. The Presidential retreat is not open or accessible to the public; however, the eastern hardwood forest of Catoctin Mountain Park does have many other attractions for visitors, some of which include camping, picnicking, fishing, of hiking trails, and scenic mountain vistas. Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park, located in north-central\",\n \"title\": \"Catoctin Mountain Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"616838\",\n \"text\": \"and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest. While Gettysburg National Battlefield of 1863 lies approximately to the north-northeast. The reconstructed home of Barbara Fritchie stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's Mount Olivet Cemetery. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill quoted Whittier's poem to President Franklin D. Roosevelt when they stopped here in 1941 on a car trip to the presidential retreat, then called \\\"Shangra-La\\\" (now \\\"Camp David\\\") within the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley (1839–1911) was born at\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick, Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"727577\",\n \"text\": \"the occasional Tibetan monks in saffron robes. The name \\\"Shangri-La\\\" has become a byword for a mythical utopia, a permanently happy land, isolated from the world. After the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, when the fact that the bombers had flown from an aircraft carrier remained highly classified, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt told the press facetiously that they had taken off from Shangri-La. The Navy subsequently gave that name to an aircraft carrier, and Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat \\\"Shangri-La\\\". (Later, President Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed the retreat Camp David after his grandson, and that name has been used\",\n \"title\": \"James Hilton (novelist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11363831\",\n \"text\": \"the President and dictating the tenor of his daily schedule. Watson lived with his wife, professional pianist Frances Nash Watson, on a Virginia estate called Kenwood. The land, just beyond Monticello, was once owned by Thomas Jefferson, and the estate house was designed by FDR's cousin, celebrated architect William A. Delano. Watson and FDR were personally close above and beyond their close professional ties, and FDR adopted Kenwood as his \\\"Camp David\\\" during his presidency and retreated there on several occasions for vacation. The guest cottage was built in 1940-41 for Roosevelt, though he stayed there on only one occasion,\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin \\\"Pa\\\" Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1953808\",\n \"text\": \"of July. Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \\\"Hörnli\\\", \\\"Furggen\\\", \\\"Leone\\\"/\\\"Lion\\\", and \\\"Zmutt\\\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1953724\",\n \"text\": \"Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \\\"Hörnli\\\", \\\"Furggen\\\", \\\"Leone\\\"/\\\"Lion\\\", and \\\"Zmutt\\\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and the Italian\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3086122\",\n \"text\": \"Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of the range. The park was established in 1934, and, with over 11 million visits per year, it is the most visited national park in\",\n \"title\": \"Great Smoky Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3086172\",\n \"text\": \"a small farm in the Smokies. She writes many songs concerning her Tennessee upbringing, and starred in the 1986 film, \\\"A Smoky Mountain Christmas\\\". Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of\",\n \"title\": \"Great Smoky Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18799819\",\n \"text\": \"Trout Run (retreat) Trout Run is a property in the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont, Maryland, that was visited on several occasions by Presidents Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower. Originally called Catoctin Lodge, it is located about away from the presidential retreat at Camp David and was established by one of Hoover's senior aides. It subsequently became the property of the family of a senior State Department official, who owned it for nearly 70 years, before it was acquired in 2013 by an arm of the Church of Scientology. It became the focus of controversy in 2015 when\",\n \"title\": \"Trout Run (retreat)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3342228\",\n \"text\": \"Jews regarding Masada as a place of reverence, commemorating ancestors who fell heroically against oppression, and others regarding it as a testament to extremism and a refusal to compromise. Masada has been described as \\\"a lozenge-shaped table-mountain\\\" that is \\\"lofty, isolated, and to all appearance impregnable\\\". Historically, the fortress could be reached only by a single pathway that was too narrow for men to walk abreast. This pathway was named \\\"the Snake\\\" for the way it twists and zig-zags to the summit. Masada was named as the place where David rested after fleeing from his father-in-law, King Saul. Flavius Josephus,\",\n \"title\": \"Siege of Masada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6433401\",\n \"text\": \"located in the Cairngorms, a mountain range in the eastern Highlands which is the highest upland area in Britain. In the south of Scotland lie the Southern Uplands, a vast, rolling mountain chain that is less rugged and more forested than the Highlands. Shorter than the Highlands, the tallest mountain in the range is Merrick, at 843 m (2,766 ft). There are ranges of gentler, rolling hills even in the central lowlands of Scotland. Such ranges include the Ochil Hills, near Stirling, the Campsie Fells outside Glasgow, and the Lomond Hills in Fife. Mountains in Scotland are categorised by their\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Scotland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1953727\",\n \"text\": \"since the first climb in 1865, making it one of the deadliest peaks in the world. The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses (originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny) from the Dent Blanche nappe, lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes. The mountain's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak, such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face. Sometimes referred to as the \\\"Mountain of Mountains\\\" (), the Matterhorn has become an iconic emblem of the Swiss Alps and of\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12430768\",\n \"text\": \"features, the National Industrial Recovery Act authorized federal purchases of land considered submarginal for farming but valuable for recreation purposes. By 1936, 46 projects containing had been set up in 24 different states, mostly near metropolitan centers, to provide outdoor recreation for people from crowded cities. It was intended from the beginning that most of these projects would be turned over to states and cities for operation and in 1942 Congress provided the necessary authority. By 1946 most of the conveyances had been completed. The National Park Service retained Catoctin Mountain Park, site of Camp David, but 4,500 of its\",\n \"title\": \"History of the National Park Service\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19665631\",\n \"text\": \"hut has an electricity generator and a solar panel which charges 24 and 12 volt batteries. Inside is a wooden stove, its fireplace made from a fly wheel, and a conventional wood burning fuel stove. Similar to other huts in the area, any internal divisions are made of insubstantial materials, of hessian, scrap timber and iron. An A-frame building, known as \\\"Camp David \\\" on Crystal Hill, on lot 8, was built off-site and re-erected in Easter 1984. It measures approximately in length, in width and is high at its apex. A Trimdeck roof is supported by steel struts. It\",\n \"title\": \"Tomahawk Creek Huts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7902656\",\n \"text\": \"significant risks associated with climbing into the \\\"death zone\\\" of Everest, which has claimed many lives, as well as many limbs. One survivor of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, Beck Weathers, was left on the mountain exposed at a high altitude on the south side of Everest because he was overcome by the elements and initially could not walk any further or be rescued after descending to about during a storm following an unsuccessful summit attempt. He miraculously woke up later and was able to stumble into a nearby camp. Although it was a monumental effort to bring him further\",\n \"title\": \"David Sharp (mountaineer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6288086\",\n \"text\": \"located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps, derives its name from Raetia. Only about 30% of Graubünden is commonly regarded as productive land, of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area. The canton is entirely mountainous, comprising the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona,\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2108156\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Hermon Mount Hermon ( / ALA-LC: \\\"Jabal al-Shaykh\\\" (\\\"Mountain of the Sheikh\\\") or \\\"Jabal Haramun\\\"; , \\\"Har Hermon\\\") is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon and, at 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in Syria. On the top, in the United Nations buffer zone between Syrian and Israeli-occupied territories, is the highest permanently manned UN position in the world, known as \\\"Hermon Hotel\\\". The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend to the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, where\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Hermon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10849939\",\n \"text\": \"that Ben can attend a special school, meaning David has to leave his friends and girlfriend, Gail, behind. Ben makes friends and finds a girl friend. David has difficulty fitting into his new school, suffering at the hands of bullies. David discovers that Gail has moved on from him only five weeks after their break up, which leads him to self-harm. David decides to kill his brother. He takes Ben hitchhiking without telling his parents, and they camp in Snowdonia. Climbing the mountain, David plans to murder Ben by pushing him off a high ridge. At the top, David changes\",\n \"title\": \"Coming Down the Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311649\",\n \"text\": \"design modifications at Greentop to accommodate handicapped children reduced capacity to 98. Greentop is also known as Camp 2: Camp 1 is Camp Misty Mount and Camp 3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Greentop Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Greentop Camp Greentop is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area, and comprises 22 rustic\",\n \"title\": \"Camp Greentop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"277584\",\n \"text\": \"Elias Mountains. There has been a long tradition of climbers going on expeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generally used for the Andes (e.g. the Cordillera Blanca in Peru) and the high peaks of Asia including the Himalayas (e.g. the Mount Everest of Nepal/Tibet/ India), Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Pamir Mountains, Tien Shan and Kunlun Mountains. In the past this was often on exploratory trips or to make first ascents. With the advent of cheaper, long-haul air travel, mountaineering holidays in the Greater Ranges are now undertaken much more frequently and ascents of even Everest and Vinson Massif (the highest\",\n \"title\": \"Mountaineering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"719234\",\n \"text\": \"popular novels of the 20th Century. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt named the Presidential hideaway in Maryland after Shangri-La. (It has since been renamed Camp David.) Likewise Roosevelt initially claimed the Doolittle Raid came from Shangri-La; this inspired the name of the aircraft carrier USS \\\"Shangri-La\\\". A one-hour adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:30 on 1 August 1935, with a cast that included Esme Percy as the High Lama, Ben Welden as Barnard, Barbara Couper as Miss Brinklow, Jon Swinley as Conway and Cathleen Cordell as Lo Tsen. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Lost Horizon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7528955\",\n \"text\": \"Dyatlov Pass incident The Dyatlov Pass incident () refers to the unsolved deaths of nine ski hikers in the northern Ural Mountains in the Soviet Union (now Russia) between 1 and 2 February 1959. The experienced trekking group, who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl in an area now named in honor of the group's leader, Igor Dyatlov. During the night, something caused them to tear their way out of their tents and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures. After the group's bodies\",\n \"title\": \"Dyatlov Pass incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6280199\",\n \"text\": \"Rapidan Camp Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County, Virginia, was built by U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, and served as their rustic retreat throughout Hoover's administration from 1929 to 1933. The first family's residential cabin was known as the \\\"Brown House\\\" in contrast to their more famous residence, the White House. Rapidan Camp was precursor of the current presidential retreat, Camp David. In November 1928, Herbert Hoover was overwhelmingly elected as 31st President of the United States. While all preceding Presidents came from the Eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Rapidan Camp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15162580\",\n \"text\": \"55 peaks lie entirely within one country, over 27 straddle a border but none is located at a tripoint. By the UIAA's definition, Switzerland has 48 four-thousanders, Italy has 35 and France 26. The four-thousanders are found mainly in the Western Alps, in the ranges of the Bernese Alps (9), Dauphiné Alps (2) Graian Alps (29) and Pennine Alps (41). The only four-thousander in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m) in the Bernina Group. In Africa mountain ranges there are four-thousanders in the High Atlas (Toubkal: 4,167 m), in the Ethiopian Highlands (Ras Daschan: 4,620 m), in the\",\n \"title\": \"Four-thousander\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"514913\",\n \"text\": \"At the age of just 21, Alex became the youngest person to have completed a continuous round without the use of any motorised transport. The SMC recognises six peaks in England, fifteen in Wales and thirteen in Ireland that would be Munros or Munro Tops if they were in Scotland. These are referred to as Furth Munros, i.e. the Munros furth of Scotland. The first recorded Furthist is James Parker, who completed on Tryfan (Snowdonia) on 19 April 1929. Munro A Munro () is a mountain in Scotland with a height over , the best known being Ben Nevis, the\",\n \"title\": \"Munro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311674\",\n \"text\": \"3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Misty Mount Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Misty Mount Historic District Camp Misty Mount is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Development Area, and comprises 35 rustic log buildings including sleeping cabins, administrative buildings and lodges. All were built between 1935 and 1938. The buildings are a simplified version\",\n \"title\": \"Camp Misty Mount Historic District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4974986\",\n \"text\": \"David Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower II (born March 31, 1948) is an American author, public policy fellow, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and eponym of the U.S. Presidential retreat, Camp David. He is the only grandson of the 34th President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the son-in-law of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon. David Eisenhower was born on March 31, 1948, in West Point, Orange County, New York, to Barbara (Thompson) and John Eisenhower. His father was a U.S. Army officer, and his grandfather was future President of the United States of\",\n \"title\": \"David Eisenhower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6057843\",\n \"text\": \"Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it has been considered by some to represent a deliberate changing of an indigenous name. The name Aonach Mòr implies that the mountain is bigger than its close neighbour to the south, Aonach Beag (\\\"small ridge\\\"), to\",\n \"title\": \"Aonach Mòr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4385978\",\n \"text\": \"Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the precipitation reaches the mountain range. A good example is during the month\",\n \"title\": \"Sierra Estrella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4386908\",\n \"text\": \"has left tiers of rock representing some 30 lava flows which date from the Carboniferous period. The headwaters of the River Carron rise in the Campsies. The Campsie Fells have cemented their place in history as the birthplace of Scottish skiing, when W.W. Naismith of Glasgow skied the area, becoming the first ever man to ski in Scotland in March 1892. Campsie Fells The Campsie Fells (also known as the Campsies; Scottish Gaelic: Monadh Chamaisidh) are a range of hills in central Scotland, stretching east to west from Denny Muir to Dumgoyne, in Stirlingshire and overlooking Strathkelvin to the south.\",\n \"title\": \"Campsie Fells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17290768\",\n \"text\": \"words of one newspaper report) \\\"the appearance of a city under siege on this Mother's Day.\\\" U.S. President John F. Kennedy ended a vacation at Camp David (near Thurmont, Maryland) early in order to respond to the situation. Conflicted about whether to deploy federal troops, Kennedy wanted to save face after the violence in Birmingham became covered as international news, and he wanted to protect the truce that had just been established. At the same time, he did not want to set a precedent that might compel routine military interventions, and he feared a backlash among southern white Democrats who\",\n \"title\": \"Birmingham riot of 1963\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2782872\",\n \"text\": \"on board. The cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error in heavy fog. Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees\",\n \"title\": \"Mourne Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15068186\",\n \"text\": \"Matterhorn (Antarctica) The Matterhorn () is a peak on Roa Ridge in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It stands high, surmounting the north wall of Taylor Valley between Lacroix Glacier and Matterhorn Glacier. It was so named by Griffith Taylor of the British Antarctic Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott, 1910–13, because of its resemblance to the Matterhorn, the famous Swiss mountain. On the mountain's south side is Campbell Terrace, a relatively horizontal ice-free area with a median elevation of . It is bounded by the lower margins of Matterhorn Glacier, Lacroix Glacier, and the northern wall of Taylor\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn (Antarctica)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664595\",\n \"text\": \"Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \\\"Central Alps\\\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other\",\n \"title\": \"Swiss Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17797039\",\n \"text\": \"girl with an extraordinary genius. Now, only by working with his embattled partner, Michelle Maxwell, can he catch a killer…and solve a stunning mystery that threatens the entire nation. \\\"Publication Date\\\": April 24, 2007 \\\"Pages\\\": 420 (Hardcover) A daring kidnapping turns a children’s birthday party at Camp David, the presidential retreat, into a national security nightmare. Former Secret Service agents turned private investigators Sean King and Michelle Maxwell don’t want to get involved. But years ago Sean saved the First Lady’s husband, then a senator, from political disaster. Now the president’s wife presses Sean and Michelle into a desperate search\",\n \"title\": \"King and Maxwell (book series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2619578\",\n \"text\": \"Finsteraarhorn The Finsteraarhorn () is the highest mountain in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland and the most prominent peak of Switzerland. The Finsteraarhorn is the ninth-highest mountain and third-most prominent peak in the Alps. In 2001 the whole massif and surrounding glaciers were designated as part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch World Heritage Site. Despite being the most elevated, prominent and isolated mountain of both the Bernese Alps and the canton of Berne, the Finsteraarhorn is less known and frequented than the nearby Jungfrau and Eiger. This is due to its location in one of the most remote areas in the Alps,\",\n \"title\": \"Finsteraarhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664633\",\n \"text\": \"Pennine Alps The Pennine Alps (, , , ), also known as the \\\"Valais Alps\\\", are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Switzerland (Valais) and Italy (Piedmont and the Aosta Valley). The Italian side is drained by the rivers Dora Baltea, Sesia and Toce, tributaries of the Po. The Swiss side is drained by the Rhône. The Great St Bernard Tunnel, under the Great St Bernard Pass, leads from Martigny, Switzerland to Aosta. The main chain (watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea) runs from west to east on the border\",\n \"title\": \"Pennine Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5016641\",\n \"text\": \"40 alpine lakes in the range, 15 of which are named. The Crazy Mountains sit in both Gallatin National Forest and Lewis and Clark National Forest. The Crazies support a healthy herd of mountain goats and the occasional elusive wolverine. The Crazies are almost completely surrounded by private lands making access into the mountains somewhat difficult, especially in the southern section where the highest peaks are located. The name Crazy Mountains is said to be a shortened form of the name \\\"Crazy Woman Mountains\\\" given them, in compliment to their original Crow name, after a woman who went insane and\",\n \"title\": \"Crazy Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1661749\",\n \"text\": \"Denali Denali () (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of above sea level. With a topographic prominence of and a topographic isolation of , Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak on Earth, after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska, Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve. The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as \\\"Denali\\\" for centuries.\",\n \"title\": \"Denali\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16572278\",\n \"text\": \"Piotruś Piotruś (also Petrus, Petros) is a tall mountain in the Beskid Dukielski range, Poland. Beskid Dukielski forms the middle of the Low Beskids in the Western Carpathian Mountains. Piotruś is the highest mountain of the Beskid Dukielski. A tourist trail passes through the mountain. Its most prominent characteristic is a stream and pond related to the Saint John of Dukla. The Beskid Dukielski Range is located within the outer part of the Carpathians, which is part of the Alpine orogenic belt. The Outer Carpathians fold and thrust belt, is subdivided into several nappes bounded by thrust faults. The mountain\",\n \"title\": \"Piotruś\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15354034\",\n \"text\": \"areas. The High Plains receive very little rainfall, and sit at high elevations, usually about . Many people view the High Plains as the point where one begins to enter the greater Mountain West region. The Mountain West has some of the highest mountain peaks in America. Some of the more famous mountains in the Mountain West are Mount Elbert, Pikes Peak, Blanca Peak, Longs Peak, Kings Peak, Wind River Peak, Cloud Peak, Wheeler Peak, Truchas Peak, Granite Peak, Borah Peak, and Humphreys Peak. The climate of the Mountain West is one of the more diverse climates in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Mountain states\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453582\",\n \"text\": \"Ian Woodall Ian Woodall (born 17 August 1956) is a British mountain climber who has climbed Mount Everest several times. In 1996 Woodall was the leader of the controversial first South African Mount Everest expedition, during which one member of the party died. The expedition reached Camp IV – the last camp before the summit, and 923m below it – on 10 May, but were not directly involved in the disaster that unfolded that day. Following the tragedy the expedition returned to base camp and made a second attempt after a few days rest, achieving the summit on 28 May.\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Woodall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20037213\",\n \"text\": \"Orange One Orange One is a U.S. Navy-operated facility located in the Appalachian Mountains, extending underneath Camp David, the U.S. President’s country retreat. Described in one account as a \\\"fortress\\\", it was designed for use by the president as a military headquarters during an emergency. According to the diary of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who toured the facility in 1959, Orange One can house a staff of 200 persons in two separate wings and is a \\\"fortress ... hewn out of the rock\\\". Bill Gulley has said Orange One can be accessed by an elevator from Aspen Lodge, the\",\n \"title\": \"Orange One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8046652\",\n \"text\": \"not be considered peaks or mountains under UIAA definitions. With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District, the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing. , 302 people are known to have completed the list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit. They have also announced that Tinside Rigg and Long Fell (added to the list in 2016) need not be climbed as they are in a restricted area of Warcop Artillery Range. The Wainwrights are mountains or hills\",\n \"title\": \"Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4676512\",\n \"text\": \"High Atlas High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains (; ; ) is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range\",\n \"title\": \"High Atlas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2782864\",\n \"text\": \"Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees a large number of visitors every year. The name \\\"Mourne\\\" (historically spelt \\\"Morne\\\") is derived from\",\n \"title\": \"Mourne Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1396222\",\n \"text\": \"by a narrow strip of land about 21 kilometre (13 mi) wide, called the Chicken's Neck. Efforts are underway to make this area a free-trade zone. Situated in the Great Himalayan Range in Northern part of Nepal, Mount Everest has the highest altitude of any mountain in the world. Technically, the south-east ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb, so most climbers travel to Everest through Nepal. The Annapurna mountain range also lies in Nepal. Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped into 5 development regions. Each district was headed by a\",\n \"title\": \"Kingdom of Nepal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11023980\",\n \"text\": \"she would often have to wait for male co-workers to catch up with her. During a religious holiday, she spent two weeks cycling with friends some 1400 km from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet to Kathmandu, crossing mountain passes over 5000 m, enduring sandstorms and blizzards, and reaching Base Camp on the northern (Tibetan) side of Mount Everest at 5208 m (17090 ft). Her coach, Brett Sutton, believes this experience to have been very useful altitude training for her later professional career, while Wellington herself regards it as having given her lasting mental strength. Her friends in Nepal remarked on\",\n \"title\": \"Chrissie Wellington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1954112\",\n \"text\": \"Jungfrau The Jungfrau (\\\"maiden, virgin\\\") at is one of the main summits of the Bernese Alps, located between the northern canton of Bern and the southern canton of Valais, halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch. Together with the Eiger and Mönch, the Jungfrau forms a massive wall overlooking the Bernese Oberland and the Swiss Plateau, one of the most distinctive sights of the Swiss Alps. The summit was first reached on August 3, 1811 by the Meyer brothers of Aarau and two chamois hunters from Valais. The ascent followed a long expedition over the glaciers and high passes of the Bernese\",\n \"title\": \"Jungfrau\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6948586\",\n \"text\": \"then-president Nelson Mandela proclaimed the Cape Peninsula National Park. The park was later renamed to the Table Mountain National Park. The park runs approximately north-south along the range of mountains that make up the mountainous spine of the Cape Peninsula, from Signal Hill in the north, through Lion's Head, Table Mountain, Constantiaberg, Silvermine, the mountains of the southern Peninsula, terminating at Cape Point. The park is not a single contiguous area; the undeveloped mountainous areas which make up most of the park are separated by developed urban areas on the shallower terrain. Thus the park is divided into three separate\",\n \"title\": \"Table Mountain National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3837194\",\n \"text\": \"as well as a high pass. Even during the trekking seasons, it is not uncommon for overnight temperatures at base camp to be in excess of twenty degrees below freezing. Pokalde Pokalde Peak (or Dolma Ri) is a mountain peak of Nepal situated 12 km southwest of Mount Everest. Pokalde Peak is one of the shortest and easiest trekking peaks in the Everest Region. The majority of the 650m climb from base camp requires little more than walking with short sections of scrambling up rock. During the trekking seasons this rocky peak is scarcely covered by snow. Despite its lack\",\n \"title\": \"Pokalde\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8370866\",\n \"text\": \"in Italy for seven more years. After exhibiting in Rome, Milan, and at the Venice Bienniale, she found herself drawn to the Himalayas. The Himalayas are a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and smaller ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot. Together, the Himalayan mountain system is home to the world's highest peaks, which include Mount Everest and K2, which is part of the Karakoram Range. The mountains have profoundly shaped the cultures\",\n \"title\": \"Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3100673\",\n \"text\": \"Cederberg The Cederberg mountains () and nature reserve are located near Clanwilliam, approximately 300 km north of Cape Town, South Africa at about . The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar (\\\"Widdringtonia cedarbergensis\\\"), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art. The Cederberg Wilderness Area is administered by CapeNature. \\\"Cederberg\\\" is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English (Cedarberg) and Afrikaans (Sederberg) variants. The Cederberg mountains extend about 50 km north-south by 20 km east-west. They are bordered on the\",\n \"title\": \"Cederberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12532917\",\n \"text\": \"Black Hills The Black Hills (; ; ) are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black Elk Peak (formerly known as Harney Peak), which rises to , is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name \\\"Black Hills\\\" is a translation of the Lakota \\\". The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees. Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering\",\n \"title\": \"Black Hills\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11941169\",\n \"text\": \"maintenance augmentation units) as part of the Carrier Air Wings deployed aboard aircraft carriers. The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides infantry-based security battalions and Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team companies to guard and defend high-priority and overseas Navy bases. Security for the Presidential Retreat located aboard the Naval Support Activity Thurmont, viz., \\\"Camp David\\\" is provided by the Marine infantry battalion stationed as part of the garrison aboard Marine Barracks Washington. Cooperation between the two services includes the training and instruction of some future Marine Corps officers (most are trained and commissioned through Marine Corps OCS), all Marine Corps Naval\",\n \"title\": \"United States Marine Corps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4015995\",\n \"text\": \"of the original positioning by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907–09). Morris Heights () is a relatively smooth ice-covered heights, forming a peninsula-like divide between Beaver and King Glaciers at the north end of Queen Alexandra Range. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Clarence T. Morris, U.S. Navy, aerology officer on the staff of the Commander, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1962 and 1963. Queen Alexandra Range The Queen Alexandra Range is a major mountain range of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. It is about 160 km (100 mi) long,\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Alexandra Range\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382604\",\n \"text\": \"about 4.4% of the water into the Black Sea. The Swiss Alps also contain many of Central Europe's glaciers. There are about 1,800 glaciers which cover of the total glaciated area of the Alps. The Alps are a popular tourist destination and are one of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland. The tallest point in Switzerland, Monte Rosa () in Canton Valais, is located in the Alps as is tallest mountain wholly in Switzerland, the Dom (). One of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland, the Matterhorn, is also located in the Alps. The Matterhorn () is the seventh highest\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Switzerland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11564612\",\n \"text\": \"Baden-Powell Peak Baden-Powell Scout Peak, formerly known as Urkema Peak, in Nepal is part of the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. It is on the border with China about a hundred miles west of Mount Everest. As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, the government of Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Scout Peak, to commemorate 100 years of Scouting in honor of British soldier Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the World Scouting movement. The first ascent of Baden-Powell Peak was completed by an international team of Scouting members, including members from Australia, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Taipei, Hong\",\n \"title\": \"Baden-Powell Peak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4752220\",\n \"text\": \"Klein Matterhorn The Klein Matterhorn (sometimes translated as \\\"Little Matterhorn\\\") is a peak of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais. At above sea level, it is the highest place in Europe that can be reached by aerial tramway, as well as by any other means of transport. The Klein Matterhorn is part of the Breithorn massif and overlooks on its south side the almost equally high flat glacier named \\\"Breithorn Plateau\\\", just north of the international border with Italy. The name \\\"Klein Matterhorn\\\" is a reference to its much larger neighbour, the Matterhorn, which lies\",\n \"title\": \"Klein Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664617\",\n \"text\": \"European explorers. Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \\\"Central Alps\\\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared\",\n \"title\": \"Swiss Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4229147\",\n \"text\": \"the Allegheny and Cumberland Plateau, which in some areas are popularly called mountains, but are actually simply uplifted and eroded plateaus. A portion of the Alleghanian mountain system departed with Africa when Pangaea broke up and the Atlantic Ocean began to form. Today, this forms the Anti-Atlas mountains of Morocco. The Anti-Atlas have been geologically uplifted in relatively recent times, and are today much more rugged than their Alleghanian relatives. Alleghanian orogeny The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain-forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains. The term and spelling Alleghany orogeny was\",\n \"title\": \"Alleghanian orogeny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6080999\",\n \"text\": \"mountain.\\\" Matterhorn Peak Matterhorn Peak is located in the Sierra Nevada, in the western U.S. state of California, at the northern boundary of Yosemite National Park. At elevation, it is the tallest peak in the craggy Alps-like Sawtooth Ridge and the northernmost peak in the Sierra Nevada. The peak also supports the Sierra's northernmost glacier system. It was named after the Matterhorn in the Alps. The peak can be ascended without climbing gear. Jack Kerouac, in \\\"The Dharma Bums\\\" (1958), describes a hike up and a run down the mountain. This led to the classic observation, \\\"You can't fall off\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn Peak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11188\",\n \"text\": \"Alps The Alps (; ; ; ; ; ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in\",\n \"title\": \"Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"492695\",\n \"text\": \"as the \\\"circum-Himalayan rivers\\\". The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around . In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have\",\n \"title\": \"Himalayas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10813379\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"Grasberge\\\"), made from rocks of the Black Jurassic, whose mountainsides have gradients of up to 70°. They are the distinguishing feature of the Allgäu Alps and are not found in any other mountain group as prominently as they are here (listed in alphabetical order). Allgäu Alps The Allgäu Alps () are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps, located in Bavaria in Germany and Tyrol and Vorarlberg in Austria. The range lies directly east of Lake Constance. The mountain range is characterised by an unusual variety of rock formations and consequently a rich tapestry of landscapes, in particular, the\",\n \"title\": \"Allgäu Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6057846\",\n \"text\": \"Mor's Coire an Lochain holds one of Scotland's longest-lasting snow-patches (grid reference NN193736), which sits at an altitude of 1120m. During Cyclone Bodil, Aonach Mòr was hit by the highest gust of 142mph during the storm. Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it\",\n \"title\": \"Aonach Mòr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4385984\",\n \"text\": \"as Sierra Estrella High Point and does not name any other peak. Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the\",\n \"title\": \"Sierra Estrella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12222270\",\n \"text\": \"Camp Muir Camp Muir, named for the naturalist John Muir, is a high-altitude refuge for climbers in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, accessed through the Paradise Entrance. The shelters comprising the camp are situated at a elevation between the Muir Snowfield and the Cowlitz Glacier on Mount Rainier. Camp Muir is the most-used base camp for those attempting to climb to the mountain's summit. Camp Muir is between the Nisqually and Paradise Glaciers. The larger \\\"public\\\" shelter hut was built in 1921 to plans supervised by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service. The by single-story one-room shelter\",\n \"title\": \"Camp Muir\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6251373\",\n \"text\": \"Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \\\"Eagle's Nest.\\\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \\\"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\\\" museum which opened in\",\n \"title\": \"Obersalzberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5662994\",\n \"text\": \"a billion years old, formed during the Grenville Orogeny. It represents the very core of the Appalachian range, which has been formed by successive mountain-building events (orogenies). The present mountains have been exposed by the process of isostasy through the late Cenozoic Era. The hills were given their rounded form when glaciers cut through the Appalachian Mountains here, the Highlands are among the lowest summits in that range (indeed, the Appalachian Trail reaches its lowest elevation in the Trailside Zoo between Bear Mountain State Park and Bear Mountain Bridge). Conversely, the river becomes narrower and deeper through the Highlands, reaching\",\n \"title\": \"Hudson Highlands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19113114\",\n \"text\": \"David T. Griggs David Tressel Griggs (6 October 1911 – 31 December 1974) was an American geophysicist. He served as the second Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1952. David Griggs was born in Columbus, Ohio. His father was Robert Fiske Griggs, who discovered the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near Mount Katmai in Alaska. The highest area in this area was officially named Mount Griggs in his honor. David accompanied his father on an expedition to that area in 1930. At age 24, Griggs had an accident while mountain climbing in the Caucasus Mountains, located\",\n \"title\": \"David T. Griggs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6251388\",\n \"text\": \"Reich buildings. Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \\\"Eagle's Nest.\\\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \\\"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\\\" museum which\",\n \"title\": \"Obersalzberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2803983\",\n \"text\": \"
The Kunlun mountains (spelled \\\"Kuen-Lun\\\" in the book) are described as the location of the Shangri-La monastery in the 1933 novel \\\"Lost Horizon\\\" by English writer James Hilton. The mountains are the site of the fictional city of K'un Lun in the Marvel Comics Iron Fist series and the TV show of the same name. Kunlun Mountains The Kunlun Mountains (, ; , \\\"Khöndlön Uuls\\\"; ) are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than . In the broadest sense, the chain forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin. The\",\n \"title\": \"Kunlun Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3158407\",\n \"text\": \"Alpine orogeny The Alpine orogeny or Alpide orogeny is an orogenic phase in the Late Mesozoic (Eoalpine) and the current Cenozoic that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Hellenides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas. Sometimes other names occur to describe the formation of separate mountain ranges: for example\",\n \"title\": \"Alpine orogeny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10929184\",\n \"text\": \"north. Catoctin Mountain Park contains three historic camps: Camp Greentop, Camp Misty Mount, and the Presidential retreat Camp David. MD 77 follows a curvaceous route along the narrow valley of Hunting Creek to descend Catoctin Mountain. The state highway emerges from the mountain valley just west of the town of Thurmont, where the highway becomes Main Street and meets U.S. Route 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway) at a folded diamond interchange. MD 77 intersects Church Street and Water Street in the center of town; Church Street heads north as MD 550. The two state highways run concurrently through the eastern part\",\n \"title\": \"Maryland Route 77\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13192967\",\n \"text\": \"Berchtesgaden, known for the former Berghof residence of Adolf Hitler. The picturesque heart is formed by the glacial Königssee lake with the famous St. Bartholomew's pilgrimage church and the smaller Obersee, both part of the Berchtesgaden National Park established in 1978. The range also comprises glaciers like the Blaueis as well as the Steinernes Meer high karst plateau. The most important summits of the Berchtesgaden Alps are (groups in order of height): The Berchtesgaden Alps border on the following other mountain groups of the Alps: The \\\"Berchtesgaden Alps\\\" are included under this name in the generally accepted Alpine Club classification\",\n \"title\": \"Berchtesgaden Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2325006\",\n \"text\": \"Mountain pass A mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge. Since many of the world's mountain ranges have presented formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout Earth's history. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass. The highest vehicle-accessible pass in the world appears to be Mana Pass, located in the Himalayas on the border between India and Tibet, China. Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, or col (also sometimes a notch, the low point in\",\n \"title\": \"Mountain pass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14644109\",\n \"text\": \"Saint-Gotthard Massif The Saint-Gotthard Massif (German: \\\"Gotthardmassiv\\\" or \\\"Sankt-Gotthard-Massiv\\\") is a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of four cantons: Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The homonymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is the main route from north to south (excluding tunnels). The highest peaks of the massif are Pizzo Rotondo (3,192 m) in the southwest, Pizzo Centrale (2,999 m) near the\",\n \"title\": \"Saint-Gotthard Massif\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664634\",\n \"text\": \"between Italy (south) and Switzerland (north). From Mont Vélan, the first high summit east of St Bernard Pass, the chain rarely goes below 3000 metres and contains many four-thousanders such as Matterhorn or Monte Rosa. The valleys are quite similar on both side of the border, being generally oriented perpendicular to the main chain and descending progressively into the Rhône Valley on the north and the Aosta Valley on the south. Unlike many other mountain ranges, the higher peaks are often located outside the main chain and found themselves between the northern valleys (Grand Combin, Weisshorn, Mischabel, Weissmies). The chief\",\n \"title\": \"Pennine Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14104845\",\n \"text\": \"Obama. Johnson was born in Detroit in 1958. He is of African-American and Native American ancestry. While living in Germany, where his father was stationed in the Army, Shelton, at five years of age, went on a family vacation to the Berchtesgaden area in Germany's Bavarian Alps, which later became the Berchtesgaden National Park. He describes this visit as influential in developing his awe for mountains and the sky. His family also visited the Black Forest. Johnson graduated from Cass Technical High School in 1976. He attended college at the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a B.A. degree\",\n \"title\": \"Shelton Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10794375\",\n \"text\": \"and can be viewed by prior arrangement only. Rhodes has a subtropical highland climate (\\\"Cwb\\\", according to the Köppen climate classification), with mild summers and chilly, dry winters, with occasional snowfalls. The average annual precipitation is , with most rainfall occurring mainly during summer. Rhodes, Eastern Cape Rhodes is a hamlet or small village alongside the wild trout rich Bell River, near Ben Macdhui (at 2561 m the highest mountain in the Cape region) in the Drakensberg mountains of the north Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rhodes is located in the Eastern Cape Highlands, near the escarpment in the southernmost end\",\n \"title\": \"Rhodes, Eastern Cape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"58946\",\n \"text\": \"colonial maps. Ben Nevis Ben Nevis (, ; ) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. Standing at above sea level, it is at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William. The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 100,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which use the Pony Track from Glen Nevis. The cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers. They are also the\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Nevis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7834921\",\n \"text\": \"Ghent Kangri Ghent Kangri (or Mount Ghent, Ghaint I) is a high peak near the north end of the Saltoro Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It is located west of the Siachen Glacier in an area under Pakistan control, but very close to the Actual Ground Position Line with India. Ghent Kangri was first climbed on 4 June 1961, by Wolfgang Axt, a member of an Austrian expedition led by Erich Waschak, via the West Ridge. He climbed solo above the high camp. According to the Himalayan Index, there have been three subsequent ascents of the peak, in\",\n \"title\": \"Ghent Kangri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4529718\",\n \"text\": \"Càrn Mòr Dearg Càrn Mòr Dearg () is the eighth-highest mountain in Scotland. It is situated in the west of Scotland, close to the town of Fort William, in Lochaber, Highland. It lies just to the north-west of its much more famous neighbour, Ben Nevis, to which it is linked by the spectacular Càrn Mòr Dearg Arête. The ascent of Càrn Mòr Dearg from the north (start from the North Face Car Park), the traverse of the arête, and the scramble up the north side of Ben Nevis make one of the best horse-shoe routes in Scotland. Càrn Mòr Dearg\",\n \"title\": \"Càrn Mòr Dearg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525446\",\n \"text\": \"Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both of them reached the summit 29 years before the confirmed ascent and safe descent of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. In 1933, Lady Houston, a British millionairess, funded the \\\"Houston Everest Flight of 1933\\\", which saw a formation of aircraft led by\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Everest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7902630\",\n \"text\": \"Gasherbrum II, an mountain located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan, and Xinjiang, China. The expedition, led by Henry Todd, did not summit due to bad weather. In 2002, Sharp went on an expedition to Cho Oyu, an peak in the Himalayas, with a group led by Richard Dougan and Jamie McGuinness of the Himalayan Project. They did make it to the summit, but one member died from falling into a crevasse; this opened up a slot on the group's trip to Everest the next year. Dougan regarded Sharp as a strong climber, but noted that\",\n \"title\": \"David Sharp (mountaineer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223364\",\n \"text\": \"Alpine Club huts at all. Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \\\"Ammergebirge\\\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the\",\n \"title\": \"Ammergau Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12040476\",\n \"text\": \"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne) Ben Bhuidhe (Gaelic: A' Bheinn Bhuidhe) is a Scottish mountain at the head of Loch Fyne, Argyll and Bute. Beinn Bhuidhe is a Munro that lies separately from the main body of the Arrochar Alps. It is an isolated mountain which, particularly when climbed in winter conditions, has a \\\"real feeling of expedition about it\\\". It is a remote and unfrequented hill, situated to the north of the head of Loch Fyne between the upper reaches of Glen Fyne and Glen Shira. It is the only high hill in an extensive tract of featureless moorland between\",\n \"title\": \"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223351\",\n \"text\": \"Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \\\"Ammergebirge\\\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the perimeter of the mountains. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ammergau Alps\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Catoctin Mountain context: and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \\\"Catoctin\\\" means \\\"place of many deer\\\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \\\"Shangri-La\\\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its\\n\\nIn which mountains are Camp David?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 188,\n \"origin_tokens\": 188,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Camp David context: in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \\\"Shangri-La\\\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \\\"Lost Horizon\\\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen\\n\\ntitle: Catoctin Mountain context proximity to Washington, D.C and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \\\"getaway\\\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Catoctin Mountain along with geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian range. The ridge runs n/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, running Leesburg, Virginia, where disappears into Piedmont a\\n Catoctin: andomacNote local asserts that \\\"Cin\\\" means \\\"er\\\" in Indian Cato Mountain perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat presidents of the United States It first by Roosevel in1s who called it \\\"Shri\\\". In195 President Dw Eisenhower after his Eisenh resort is extremely well guard by the States only of are allowed retre.\\n: Camp: in; total of threeesed July end.at wood of Maryland,) north.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a\\n\\nIn which mountains are Camp David?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 475,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14482,\n \"ratio\": \"30.5x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":178,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":178,"string":"178"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"\"Which song say, \"\"The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?\"\"\""},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Sounds of Silence (song)","The Sound Of Silence","Sound of Silence","The Sound of Silence","En ton av tystnad","The Sounds of Silence","Hello Darkness My old Friend"],"string":"[\n \"The Sounds of Silence (song)\",\n \"The Sound Of Silence\",\n \"Sound of Silence\",\n \"The Sound of Silence\",\n \"En ton av tystnad\",\n \"The Sounds of Silence\",\n \"Hello Darkness My old Friend\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Sound of Silence"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1825378","text":"he released a single, \"New York Is My Home,\" with Paul Simon. Dion had previously worked with Simon on his 1989 hit \"Written on the Subway Wall.\" The single was followed by the album \"New York Is My Home,\" released February 12, 2016. Dion is planning four concerts in the U.S. during spring 2016. Dion was invited as a keynote speaker for the 2016 SXSW in Texas. He spoke on the topic \"A Conversation with Dion: Rock's Enduring Voice\" on March 17, 2016. In May 2017, Dion released \"Kickin' Child: The Lost Album 1965\", songs recorded in 1965 when he","title":"Dion DiMucci"},{"id":"10158980","text":"Dangling Conversation\" – 2:39 8. \"Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall\" – 2:12 9. \"A Simple Desultory Philippic (Or How I Was Robert McNamara'd Into Submission)\" – 2:11 10. \"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\" – 2:04 11. \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" – 1:55 12. \"7 O'Clock News/Silent Night\" – 1:58 \"Bookends\" 13. \"Bookends Theme\" – 0:32 14. \"Save the Life of My Child\" – 2:49 15. \"America\" – 3:41 16. \"Overs\" – 2:11 17. \"Voices of Old People\" – 2:06 18. \"Old Friends\" - 2:35 19. \"Bookends Theme\" (Reprise) – 1:22 20. \"Fakin' It\" – 3:17","title":"Collected Works (Simon and Garfunkel album)"},{"id":"571318","text":"Her\" has sometimes been thought to be named after poet Emily Dickinson. Simon later explained that \"For Emily\" is not about an imaginary girl Emily, but about a belief, while the song \"Overs\" (from the album \"Bookends\") is about the loss of that belief. While other songs, such as \"The Sound of Silence\", had taken months for Simon to complete writing, others, such as \"For Emily\", were written in a single night. \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" largely revolves around a man creating graffiti on a sign in a subway station, with Simon also bringing into play \"a variety","title":"Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme"},{"id":"1293952","text":"archival clips. Paul was also a prolific composer. Some of the songs he wrote were \"Song in Blue\", \"Cryin'\", \"Hip-Billy Boogie\", \"Suspicion\", \"Mandolino\", \"Magic Melody\", \"Don'cha Hear Them Bells\", \"The Kangaroo\", \"Big-Eyed Gal\", \"Deep in the Blues\", \"All I Need is You\", \"Take a Warning\", \"Mammy's Boogie\", \"Up And At 'Em\", \"Pacific Breeze\", \"Golden Sands\", \"Hawaiian Charms\", \"Mountain Railroad\", \"Move Along, Baby (Don't Waste My Time)\", \"Dry My Tears\", \"I Don't Want You No More\", \"Doing the Town\", \"Les' Blues\", \"No Strings Attached\", \"Subterfuge\", \"Lament For Strings\", \"Five Alarm Fire\", \"You Can't Be Fit as a Fiddle (When You're Tight","title":"Les Paul"},{"id":"403952","text":"song is arranged for two voices with cello and sparse guitar accompaniment. The album's cover photo was shot at the Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street subway station in New York City. In several concerts, Art Garfunkel related that during the photo session, several hundred pictures were taken that were unusable due to the \"old familiar suggestion\" on the wall in the background, which inspired Paul Simon to write the song \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" for the duo's later \"Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme\" album. The album was initially unsuccessful, having been released in the shadow of the British","title":"Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M."},{"id":"5750174","text":"\"Tini\" Varga, the band recorded \"Sva čuda svijeta\" (\"All the wonders of the world\"), featuring the hit songs \"Kada budu gorijeli gradovi\" (\"When the cities would burn\"), \"Istina piše na zidu\" (\"The truth is written on the wall\"), \"Mi nismo sami\" (\"We are not alone\"), \"Boje su u nama\" (\"The colors are inside us\"), and the title track. Due to the Pelajić departure to the army, Jurčić recorded the bass parts, and after the album release, Jurčić went to the army being temporarily replaced by the former Drugi Način member Robert Krkač on the promotional tour. The song \"Mi nismo","title":"Film (band)"},{"id":"6242808","text":"the Southern Gospel Charts in February 2009 and was nominated Gospel Music Song Of The Year and Album Of The Year. Other top Benny Hester songs include \"Nobody Knows Me Like You\", \"Christ The Solid Rock\", \"Rubber Canoe\", \"Come Back\", \"Goodbye Salty\", \"Legacy\", \"Whoever Touches You\", \"Streets Of Las Vegas\", \"Can I Get To You From Here\", \"No Man's Land\", \"Step By Step\", \"To Fill Our Empty Hearts\", \"Real Change\", \"Melody Man\", \"Hold Me\", \"Jesus Came Into My Life\", \"Be A Receiver\", \"Sure Of Your Call\", \"The Door\", \"Squeeze You\", \"We All Know He's Comin'\", \"Out Of The Natural\", \"Underground","title":"Benny Hester"},{"id":"12198927","text":"\"I Just Have to Breathe,\" \"I Say a Little Prayer for You,\" \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again,\" \"Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself,\" \"Knowing When to Leave,\" \"Let Me Be Lonely,\" \"Let Me Go to Him,\" \"The Look of Love,\" \"Message to Michael\", \"My Little Red Book,\" \"Nikki,\" \"One Less Bell to Answer,\" \"Promises, Promises,\" \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head,\" \"Reach Out for Me,\" \"This Empty Place,\" \"This Guy's in Love With You,\" \"Trains and Boats and Planes,\" \"24 Hours from Tulsa,\" \"Walk on By,\" \"What the World Needs Now Is Love,\" \"Whoever You Are I","title":"Back to Bacharach and David"},{"id":"12219448","text":"Anthems
Heavenly Dance
\"Here, O My Lord\"
\"How Can I Keep from Singing\"
\"How Clear Is Our Vocation, Lord\"
\"I Am Resurrection\"
\"I Heard the Voice of Jesus Say\"
\"I Saw Three Ships\"
\"In Remembrance\" (1990)
\"In the Bleak Mid-winter\"
\"Infant Holy\"
\"Jerusalem, Jerusalem\"
\"Jerusalem, My Happy Home\"
\"Jesus, Jesus, Rest Your Head\"
Joseph's Lullaby
\"Lord, Enthroned in Heavenly Splendor\"
Lullaby
\"Mary Said Yes\"
\"Midnight Clear\"
Miriam Dances at the Red Sea
A Neo-gothic Carol: \"Ave Mary\"
A Neo-gothic Carol: \"To Us this Morn\"
\"O God of Gentle Strength\"
\"O Gracious Light\" (after Arnatt)
\"O Gracious Light\"
\"The Peace","title":"Russell Schulz-Widmar"},{"id":"18522374","text":"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne \"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne\" is a 1973 song written and composed by Elliot Lurie and recorded by Lurie's band, Looking Glass. It was the first track on their second and final album, \"Subway Serenade.\" The single reached number 33 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, remaining in that position for two weeks. It spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart, just one week less than their number-one hit, \"Brandy.\" On the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100, it peaked at number 31. It was a bigger hit in Canada, reaching number 21. The lyrics speak of hard-knock","title":"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne"},{"id":"19147361","text":"releasing the first-ever Patch the Pirate animated movie based on Ron Hamilton's beloved characters. Popular songs written by Ron Hamilton include \"Rejoice in the Lord\", \"Bow the Knee\", \"Wings as Eagles\", \"It Is Finished\", \"My Hope Is Jesus\", \"Wiggle Worm\", \"Beautiful Hands\", \"Always the Same\", \"Here Am I, Lord\", \"Born to Die\", \"Little by Little\", \"The Poochie Lip Disease\", \"How Can I Fear\", \"Lord, I Need You\", \"Servant's Heart\", \"Clean It Up\", \"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\", \"Christ Is Coming\", \"Jonah\", \"Call the Wambulance\", \"That's Where Wisdom Begins\", \"I Saw Jesus in You\", \"A Secret Place\", \"Cherish the","title":"Ron \"Patch\" Hamilton"},{"id":"7481312","text":"their new album, \"Brixton Hill\", \"Jam Tomorrow\", \"Madelaine\", \"Man in the Subway\" and \"The Winter Wind\". On 31 January 2007 more song titles were announced on their site \"Cocaine Housewife\", \"Love Tomorrow\", \"Pair of Shoes\", \"Lead Me to the Gallows\", \"Whisky & Wine\", \"Snow Is Falling\" and \"Call Me Darling\". Although these were originally identified primarily as songs that would appear on the next TMTCH album this was not to be the case. All except \"Jam Tomorrow\" and \"Man in the Subway\" subsequently appeared on Paul Simmonds solo country album titled \"The Rising Road\" which was released in June 2008.","title":"The Men They Couldn't Hang"},{"id":"9960368","text":"the prophet when he arrives for interpreting the text. Daniel rejects any monetary inducement however (Air:\"No, to thyself thy trifles be\") and offers his interpretation of the writing on the wall for free (Accompanied recitative:\"Yet, to obey His dread command\"). Daniel says the words on the wall are \"Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin\", which he interprets to mean \"You have been tried in the balance and found wanting\". Queen Nitocris is greatly distressed and begs her son to abandon his profligate ways (Air:\"Regard, O son, my flowing tears\"). \"Cyrus, Gobrias and Chorus of Persians and Medes, within the City\" Cyrus is","title":"Belshazzar (Handel)"},{"id":"16284017","text":"sexually-charged \"racey\" character in the show, always hooking up with men and throwing innuendos around. Finally, the Red girl is the youngest and most hopeful character; she is a bit hopeless in the beginning, stating she is not good-looking like other girls, until the man of her dreams comes along. Songs in the show include \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\", \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\", \"To Sir, With Love\", \"Downtown\", and several other hits from the 1960s. Original Cast: Shout! The Mod Musical SHOUT! The Mod Musical is an Off-Broadway musical by Phillip George and David Lowenstein featuring songs","title":"Shout! The Mod Musical"},{"id":"3572608","text":"Cried\" / \"And The Clock on the Steeple Struck 13\" / \"You Can Live on Love\" / \"My Baby Left Me\" / \"Baby’s Gone\" / \"Dying Daffodil Incident\" / \"Suspicions\" / \"Since You’ve Gone\" / \"Stick To It Ivity\" / \"I Got The Feeling\" \"Searchlight\" / \"Love from Johnny\" / \"Heart of Stone\" / \"Love is a Killer\" / \"Bring my Cadillac Back\" / \"God Bless the Child\" / \"Mountains of the Moon\" / \"On the Waterfront\" / \"My Baby Left Me\" / \"For a Knight to Win His Spurs\" / \"Boppin' the Blues\" / \"Tracks of My Tears\" \"Mercury","title":"Dave Berry (musician)"},{"id":"17765588","text":"of Universal Music. MacDonald is a longtime member of ASCAP. Called \"a brilliant contrast of rich and poor, of the powerful and the powerless in Manhattan\", the song also presages some of the September 11, 2001 events with such lines as “in the ashes of American Jerusalem/the prophets live their deaths out on the corner/the pretty people say there should have been a warning/but nobody heard it” and “then shadows lick the sun/the streets are paved with footsteps on the run.” When Smithsonian Folkways re-released \"Fast Folk: A Community of Singers & Songwriters\" from the vaults of Fast Folk's seminal","title":"American Jerusalem"},{"id":"652647","text":"George\", \"Make Way for Ducklings\", \"Stone Soup\", \"Caps for Sale\", and \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975","title":"Captain Kangaroo"},{"id":"8871760","text":"\"Thought I Knew,\" \"Happiness,\" \"Amy Magazine,\" \"3rd Gnossiennes,\" \"In Love with Love,\" \"Are You Gonna Be?,\" \"Hand to Hold,\" \"Will I Ever See Her Again?,\" \"Mother Night,\" \"Ugly Things,\" \"Mow the Lawn,\" \"Young Temptations,\" \"Mistake Maker,\" \"Sweet on You,\" \"Oh Allen,\" and \"Clown Song.\" Two versions of \"Are You Gonna Be?, \"Hand To Hold\", \"Mother Night, \"Please Help Me, \"Something More, \"Thought I Knew\", \"Together Tomorrow,\" and \"Will I Ever See Her Again?\" were posted. \"Hand to Hold\" is a reworked version of the Weezer song \"Private Message,\" co-written by Rivers Cuomo. Bell asked Cuomo if he could take a","title":"The Relationship"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"18805685","text":"Mene (Brand New song) \"Mene\" ( ) is a single by American rock band Brand New, first released as a free download on April 13, 2015, before being made available through online retailers on April 15, 2015. This was the band's first release in six years, the last being their 2009 studio album \"Daisy\". The track is a stand-alone single. It was followed by the release of I Am a Nightmare. The title \"Mene\" along with many of the song's lyrics are thought to reference the idiom \"The writing on the wall\" which originates from the Chapter 5 of the","title":"Mene (Brand New song)"},{"id":"9420630","text":"all through the eyes of one ever-changing man. Author's Note \"Let the Trials Begin\" / \"Electricity\" / \"Last Train from Camelot\" / \"Note from Ralph Steadman\" The Fifties: Last Rumble in Fat City \"Tarred and Feathered at the Jersey Shore\" / \"Saturday Night at the Riviera\" / \"Prince Jellyfish\" / \"Fleeing New York\" The Sixties: What the Hell? It's Only Rock and Roll... \"Letter to Angus Cameron\" / \"The Rum Diary\" / \"Revisited: The Puerto Rican Problem\" / \"The Kennedy Assassination\" / \"Back to the U.S.A.\" / \"Hell's Angels: Long Nights, Ugly Days, Orgy of the Doomed\" / \"Midnight on","title":"Songs of the Doomed"},{"id":"5065450","text":"Didn't He Ramble?\", \"He was a Sailor\", \"Strike Out McCracken\", \"Closing Time at the Country Grocery\", \"Trouble\" \"What Would the Neighbors Say?\", \"Barney\", \"Under the Anheuser Bush\", \"Goodbye, Fedora\", \"Possum Pie\", \"Down on the Brandywine\", \"Gone, Gone, Gone\", \"Village Maid\", \"Heinie\" \"Tammany\", \"Leader of the German Band\", \"Mule Song\", \"Down Where the Sweet Potatoes Grow\", \"Coax Me\", \"Oh, Oh, Sallie\", \"Jaspar, Don't You Hear Me Calling You?\", \"Murphy\", \"Farewell Mister Abner Hemingway\", \"Peter Piper\", \"Take a Car\", \"Come on, Little Girl, Come Along\", \"Hey! Mister Joshua\" \"Camp Meeting Time\", \"Nigger Loves His Possum\", \"I'm A-Dreaming of You\", \"Out in an","title":"Collins & Harlan"},{"id":"4575737","text":"The Subways The Subways are an English rock band from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Their debut album, \"Young for Eternity\", was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, \"All or Nothing\", was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album \"Money and Celebrity\" debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on the 9 February 2015. The Subways name comes from a time when Lunn, Morgan and Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout.","title":"The Subways"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"7591322","text":"on Decca. This single featured future Moody Blues keyboardist Patrick Moraz. Since 1981, Lodge has co-written songs for the band with Justin Hayward, such as: \"Meet Me Halfway\", \"Talkin' Talkin'\", \"Running Out of Love\", \"Slings and Arrows\", \"Want to Be with You\", \"River of Endless Love\", \"Breaking Point\", \"Miracle\", \"Once Is Enough\", \"Highway\", \"Is This Heaven?\", \"Sooner or Later (Walking on Air)\", \"Strange Times\", and \"The One\", and from \"December\", \"In the Quiet of Christmas Morning (Bach 147)\" amongst others. In 1985, the Moody Blues picked up the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Lodge participated in the","title":"John Lodge (musician)"},{"id":"4536507","text":"the country who was forbidden to return to the United States. Civil rights figures Medgar Evers and Emmett Till were lionized in \"Too Many Martyrs\" (alternatively known as \"The Ballad of Medgar Evers\".) Two \"talking blues\" using the melody to the old folk song \"John Hardy\" jabbed sarcastic at Vietnam and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Even a poem by Edgar Allan Poe, \"The Bells\", was set to music. \"The Thresher\" was an ode to the sinking of the nuclear-powered American submarine, the USS \"Thresher\": \"And she'll always run silent/And she'll always run deep.\" The song \"Celia\" is about the long","title":"All the News That's Fit to Sing"},{"id":"3799276","text":"Hits\". The album is scheduled to be released on November 9, 2018. The album will feature 16 of their songs: \"Meet Virginia\", \"Drops of Jupiter\", \"Calling All Angels\", \"Get to Me\", \"When I Look to the Sky\", \"Cab\", \"Hey, Soul Sister\", \"If It's Love\", \"Marry Me\", \"Save Me, San Francisco\", \"Drive By\", \"50 Ways to Say Goodbye\", \"Bruises\", \"Angel in Blue Jeans\", \"Play That Song\", and \"Call Me Sir\". The album will also feature a bonus song, a cover of the hit song \"Careless Whisper\". This is a list of major performances by Train at various events and television shows.","title":"Train (band)"},{"id":"8171811","text":"an argument due to his \"foolish pride\". If he does, he will \"sleep in the subway\" or \"stand in the pouring rain\" merely to prove his point. Although in Scotland there has long existed the Glasgow Subway metro line, in England the term \"subway\" refers to a pedestrian underpass rather than to an underground transit system. Hatch employed the term in the North American sense. According to the song's co-writer Jackie Trent the title lyric was suggested by the 1961-62 Broadway musical \"Subways Are for Sleeping\". 'Don't Sleep in the Subway' peaked at #5 on the US charts in July","title":"Don't Sleep in the Subway"},{"id":"5463812","text":"Immortal Cimoli\", \"Through A Glass, Darkly\", \"Double Jeopardy\", \"Till Death\", \"Judgement Day\", \"One Minute to Midnight\", \"Prophecy\", \"The End of Innocence\", \"Manhunt\", \"Glory Days\", \"Dramatic License\", \"Money No Object\", \"Haunted\", \"Little Tin God\", \"The Messenger\", \"The Valkyrie\", \"Comes a Horseman\", \"\", \"The Ransom of Richard Redstone\", \"Duende\", \"The Stone of Scone\", \"Forgive Us Our Trespasses\", \"The Modern Prometheus\", \"Archangel\", \"Avatar\", \"Armageddon\", \"Sins of the Father\", \"Diplomatic Immunity\", \"Patient Number 7\", \"Black Tower\", \"Unusual Suspects\", \"Justice\", \"Deadly Exposure\", \"To Be\", \"Not To Be\" Books – \"\", \", , , , , , , , , \", \"\", \"\", \"\" Comics –","title":"Duncan MacLeod"},{"id":"15380905","text":"Runaway Train\" was based on the Dennis Dunaway Project's \"Subway\" from their 2006 album \"Bones From the Yard\". Cooper decided to rework the song so it had no chorus; the track consists of only verse. The song also took inspiration from the classic song \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\". The way Alice Cooper sings it is very similar to how he sings in \"Dance Yourself to Death\", from the album \"Flush the Fashion\". Country music star Vince Gill plays lead guitar on this song. This is one of three songs that the original Alice Cooper band performed on. \"Last Man on Earth\"","title":"Welcome 2 My Nightmare"},{"id":"16502969","text":"Robbers\", \"The Heartbreak Kid\", \"Mikey and Nicky\", \"The King of Marvin Gardens\", \"Pumping Iron\", \"Harry & Tonto\", \"Holocaust\", \"Justice For All\", \"Taxi Driver\", \"Wiseblood\", \"The First Deadly Sin\", \"Slow Dancing in the Big City\", \"Desperate Characters\", \"Godspell\", \"Hercules N.Y.\", \"The Other Cuba\", \"The Pan Alley\", \"Putney Swope\", \"Killing at Kent State\", \"D.A.R.L.\", \"Death Wish II\", \"Death Wish 3\", \"The Gambler\", \"Heart of Midnight\", \"Sister\", \"Revenge of the Pink Panther\", \"Runaway Train\", \"Someone Will Watch Over Me\", \"Toxic Avenger\", \"10 Midnight\", \"Across 110th Street\", \"Brian's Song\", \"American Ninja Part 2\", \"Author! Author!\", \"Barfly\", \"Basket Case\", \"Best Boy\", \"Between the Lines\", \"Exterminator","title":"Dan Sandberg"},{"id":"16732982","text":"on their EP \"Wohnzimmer\" (Living Room). The song was also included on the band's 2008 live album \"Kanonen auf Spatzen\" (Shoot at sparrows with cannons) and released as single. The accompanying video was nominated in the category \"Best National Video\" at the Echo Music Prize. In 2009, Berlin rapper Sido also released a single with the title \"Hey du!\", which included the first verse of \"Marias Lied\". Linie 1 Linie 1 is the second-most successful German musical after Bertolt Brecht’s Threepenny Opera. The title refers to Berlin's subway line U1. The musical was first performed by the ensemble of the","title":"Linie 1"},{"id":"17350357","text":"no need to be an asshole/ You're not in Brooklyn anymore\", but the lyrical heart of the song comes later: \"You think it's over, oh you think it's over / To be someone who smokes pot in the subway with me\", a semi-desperate diss from an old friend who can't see how things really are in part because they can't let go of how they were. Awkward nostalgia is a good subject for a band whose music sounds like it traveled decades to get here and got roughed up every step of the way.\" No Destruction \"No Destruction\" is a","title":"No Destruction"},{"id":"14632137","text":"called \"Monster\" \"a potential single\", praising its musical composition, but criticizing the lyrics. Evan Sawdey from \"PopMatters\" also criticized the metaphors contained in the lyrics of the song, but ultimately called it \"one surprisingly effective pop cocktail\". Ben Patashnik from \"NME\" felt that it was \"slightly too disposable\". Scott Plagenhoef of \"Pitchfork\" saw similarities between Gaga's voice on \"Monster\" and the work of Kylie Minogue. Brian Linder from IGN felt that the track was lighter compared to the other songs on \"The Fame Monster\", and complimented the line \"We French kissed on a subway train / He tore my clothes","title":"Monster (Lady Gaga song)"},{"id":"10110755","text":"were reevaluated and re-recorded in the \"Fables From a Mayfly\" sessions :\"Dance of the Manatee,\" \"Vice/Versa,\" \"A Seafarer's Knot,\" \"The Walls of Jericho,\" \"Kyla Cries Cologne,\" \"When the Bough Breaks\" and \"Upgrade^Brigade\". The track \"Orphan Anthem 86\" was originally to be re-recorded for the album as well, but the sessions were deemed \"too experimental\", and the idea was dropped. The band demoed early versions of the tracks \"Musical Chairs\" and \"Pour the Coal to'er\" during the \"Fables From a Mayfly\" sessions, but ultimately left them off the album to fully develop later into songs for their next album, \"Arrows and","title":"Fables from a Mayfly: What I Tell You Three Times Is True"},{"id":"8157692","text":"other #1's include, \"Just Preach Jesus\", \"Tell Me Why\" and \"He Locked The Gates\". Over the past years they have had 26 songs nominated for Song Of The Year, including songs like - \"Just Beyond The Sunset\" \"Just Preach Jesus\", \"The Joys of Heaven\", \"That's Why I Love To Call His Name,\" \"I Know I'm Going There,\" \"Forever Changed,\" \"What We Needed\"- which reached #1 on the Singing News magazine charts. The Kingdom Heirs have been nominated many times for industry awards such as The SGMA Awards, Dove Awards and The Singing News Fan Awards. Winning \"Newcomer Group Of The","title":"Kingdom Heirs"},{"id":"6893404","text":"is a willingness to throw caution to the wind and take risks (\"I'm ready to let go of the steering wheel\"). Some of the lyrics, particularly those in the bridge before the final chorus, use the eponymous subway station as a metaphor for time: \"Time is a train / Makes the future the past / Leaves you standing in the station / Your face pressed up against the glass\". Bono cites the enjoyment of his first child born in 1989 as a major influence on \"Achtung Baby\", as was his wife's second pregnancy during the album's 1991 recording. Bono says","title":"Zoo Station (song)"},{"id":"7165094","text":"to many disasters), \"Two brothers\" (many things come in pairs), and \"the great leader will succumb\" are so ambiguous as to be meaningless. The fifth line was added by an anonymous Internet user, completely ignoring the fact that Nostradamus wrote his \"Propheties\" in rhymed four-line decasyllables called quatrains. Nostradamus also never referred to a \"third big war\". Towards mid-December 2012, an internet hoax related to South Korean singer and rapper Psy being one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was widely circulated around social media platforms. The hoax text, purportedly written by Nostradamus in 1503, is as follows: \"Calm","title":"Nostradamus in popular culture"},{"id":"19145114","text":"recordings as members of Patch's crew. After losing his eye, Ron Hamilton wrote a song entitled \"Rejoice in the Lord\", which became one of his most widely popular songs. Other famous songs written by Ron Hamilton include \"Wings as Eagles\", \"My Hope Is Jesus\", \"Wiggle Worm\", \"Bow the Knee\", \"Beautiful Hands\", \"Always the Same\", \"Here Am I, Lord\", \"Born to Die\", \"Little by Little\", \"The Poochie Lip Disease\", \"How Can I Fear\", \"Lord, I Need You\", \"Servant's Heart\", \"Clean It Up\", \"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\", Christ Is Coming, \"Jonah\", \"Call the Wambulance\", \"That's Where Wisdom Begins\", \"I","title":"Patch the Pirate"},{"id":"1276389","text":"by \"Star Crossed Lovers\". In the episode \"The Treehouse\", Doris Day's \"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)\" was replaced with \"Call the Whole Thing Off\". In the episode \"Little Debbie\", \"Tammy\" by Liberace was replaced with a song called \"Sammy\". \"Clip Show\" contains the scene from \"Heart of Darkness\" in which \"Here Comes the Sun\" is replaced with \"Train to Nowhere\". The episode \"Kevin Delivers\" dropped Blood, Sweat & Tears' \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\" with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas. In the episode \"Alice in Autoland\", Al Green's \"Let's Stay Together\" was replaced with a","title":"The Wonder Years"},{"id":"8848841","text":"exhibits many traits which later became synonymous with his work. For example, the line \"A lot of people don't have much food on their table/But they got a lot of forks n' knives/And they gotta cut somethin'.\" has been cited by many as an early example of Dylan's lyrical wit. The lines \"Now, a very great man once said/That some people rob you with a fountain pen.\" make specific reference to Woody Guthrie's \"Pretty Boy Floyd\". The song's structure and theme also bear similarities to Guthrie's \"Talkin' Columbia\", which Dylan had covered at least once in 1961, and \"Talkin' Subway\",","title":"Talkin' New York"},{"id":"12742438","text":"of the release where one cassette has a label (covering the \"All or Nothing\" title typography) and the other cassette does not. Disc one and disc two also contain exactly the same \"NY Subway Version\" of \"Girl You Know It's True\" (lifted from the 12\" single) despite the first disc version not being labeled so. Although it was not marketed as a package of two albums in the U.K., another tell-tale sign is the inclusion of two mixes of a non-single track \"Dreams to Remember\" and only one version of \"Blame It on the Rain\". 2×2 (album) 2×2 is a","title":"2×2 (album)"},{"id":"13121772","text":"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture is the film soundtrack album for the 2009 film \"Watchmen\". The soundtrack features three songs written by Bob Dylan: \"Desolation Row\", \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", and \"All Along The Watchtower\". The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic, including \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", Jimi Hendrix's cover of \"All Along the Watchtower\"; Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sounds of Silence\"; Nena's \"99 Luftballons\"; a muzak version of Tears For Fears' \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\"; and Nat King Cole's \"Unforgettable\". Many of the period","title":"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture"},{"id":"9730346","text":"\"The Sum of All Fears\", \"Transformers\", \"Pirates of the Caribbean\", \"Hulk\", \"\", \"A Christmas Carol\", \"Lady in the Water\", \"The Happening\" and \"WALL-E\". His solo trumpet can be heard on such soundtracks as: \"Dances with Wolves\", \"The Gambler\", \"Avalon\", \"Crimson Tide\", \"City Hall\", \"In Country\", \"Twister\", \"Executive Decision\", \"Independence Day\", \"Con Air\", \"Rudy\", \"The Last Castle\", \"Air Force One\", \"The Postman\", \"Cars\", \"I Am Legend\", \"U.S. Marshals\", \"The Interpreter\", \"Renaissance Man\", \"Toys\", \"Darkman\", \"Maverick\", \"Night at the Museum\", \"L.A. Confidential\" and \"The Rock (film)\". Malcolm has also found time to teach music at various schools, including UCLA, Pomona College, and","title":"Malcolm McNab"},{"id":"8707815","text":"though some were remixed. The internet releases were: \"Scum of the Earth\", \"MoonGirl\", \"MoonBoy\", \"See Me Thru\", \"Those Wonderful Things\", \"And as for Love\", \"Upside Down\", \"Parallel Girlz (Cloud Nine)\", \"Shadows She Said (Omerta)\", \"First Monday (in the year 3000)\", \"(Waiting for the) New Light\", \"Miracle Healing\", \"Zoo\" and \"On the Beach\". All tracks by Rainer Bloss and Marian Gold except where noted. CD 9 – The Terrible Truth About Paradise CD 10 – Last Summer on Earth CD 11 – Stranger Than Dreams CD 12 – WebSiteStory The song \"Scum of the Earth\" is also referred to as \"The","title":"CrazyShow"},{"id":"15956278","text":"the Big Muddy\" by Seeger (1967), \"Suppose They Give a War and No One Comes\" by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band (1967), \"The \"Fish\" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\" by Country Joe and the Fish (1968), \"The Unknown Soldier\" by The Doors (1968), \"One Tin Soldier\" by Original Caste (1969), \"Volunteers\" by Jefferson Airplane (1969), \"Fortunate Son\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969), and the album \"Back to the World\" by Curtis Mayfield. Woody Guthrie's son Arlo Guthrie also wrote one of the decade's most famous protest songs in the form of the 18-minute long-talking blues song \"Alice's Restaurant Massacree\",","title":"Protest songs in the United States"},{"id":"20836323","text":"and the ensuing apocalyptic events and “Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning” about the Parable of the Ten Virgins from the Gospel of Matthew, . It includes traditional biblical songs like “If I Had My Way, I'd Tear the Building Down” that relates the story of Samson and Delilah. It contains songs about twentieth century events like the sinking of HMS Titanic in “God Moves on the Water”, songs based on hymns like “Church, I’m Fully Saved To-Day”, autobiographical songs like “Mother's Children Have a Hard Time” which deals with Johnson’s mother dying when he was very young and traditional","title":"American Epic: The Best of Blind Willie Johnson"},{"id":"20707492","text":"(with Pigpen): First set: \"Truckin'\", \"Sugaree\", \"Mr. Charlie\", \"Beat It On Down the Line\", \"Loser\", \"Jack Straw\", \"Next Time You See Me\", \"Tennessee Jed\", \"El Paso\", \"Big Railroad Blues\", \"Me and My Uncle\", \"Run Rudolph Run\", \"Black Peter\", \"Playing in the Band\", \"Casey Jones\" Second set: \"Ramble On Rose\", \"Mexicali Blues\", \"Big Boss Man\", \"Cryptical Envelopment\", \"Drums\", \"The Other One\", \"Wharf Rat\", \"Sugar Magnolia\", \"You Win Again\", \"Not Fade Away\", \"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad\", \"Not Fade Away\" Grateful Dead Production Dave's Picks Volume 26 Dave's Picks Volume 26 is a three-CD live album by the rock band the","title":"Dave's Picks Volume 26"},{"id":"8424975","text":"at Pembroke Pines, Florida was: 1: \"Funiculì, Funiculà\" tuning*, \"The Music Never Stopped\"*, \"Sugaree\"*, \"El Paso\", \"Peggy-O\", \"New Minglewood Blues\", \"Friend of the Devil\", \"Lazy Lightning\"* > \"Supplication\"*, \"Ramble On Rose\", \"Dancing in the Street\"* 2: \"Help on the Way\"* > \"Slipknot!\"* > \"Franklin's Tower\"*, \"Samson and Delilah\"*, \"Brown Eyed Women\", \"Good Lovin'\", \"Sunrise\"*, \"Estimated Prophet\"* > \"Eyes of the World\"* > \"Wharf Rat\"* > \"Terrapin Station\"* > \"Morning Dew\"* E: \"Sugar Magnolia\" > \"Sunshine Daydream\"* appears on \"Dick's Picks Volume 3\" Dick's Picks Volume 3 Dick's Picks Volume 3 is the third live album in the Dick's Picks","title":"Dick's Picks Volume 3"},{"id":"11692907","text":"particularly to the number of nominations given to the critically reviled Nickelback. The following were the 2009 Juno nominees and winners: Winner: Sam Roberts Other Nominees: Winner: Nickelback Other Nominees: Winner: Lights Other Nominees: Winner: The Stills Other nominees: Winner: Daniel Lanois, \"Here Is What Is\" and \"Not Fighting Anymore\" (Daniel Lanois) Other nominees: Winner: Kevin Churko, \"Disappearing\" and \"The Big Bang\" (Simon Collins) Other nominees: Winner: City and Colour, \"Waiting...\", \"Sleeping Sickness\", \"The Girl\" Other nominees: Winner: Nickelback Other nominees: Winner: \"Dark Horse\", Nickelback Other nominees: Winner: \"Running for the Drum\", Buffy Sainte-Marie Other nominees: Winner: \"Is It O.K.\",","title":"Juno Awards of 2009"},{"id":"7410965","text":"covers including \"Agunzagun\", \"Battle Hymns\" and \"The Battle of Los Angeles\". One of the titles was even a verse from \"Calm Like A Bomb\" - \"\"The Riot Be The Rhyme Of The Unheard\"\". Tom Morello eventually used the name \"Battle Hymns\" for a track on his debut album, \"One Man Revolution\" in 2007. \"Calm Like A Bomb\" is notable as a display of guitarist Tom Morello's creative use of a whammy pedal. Like many of RATM's songs, the song's lyrics discuss social inequalities. The song also features a reference to Emiliano Zapata. Tim Commerford uses a combination of a home-made","title":"Calm Like a Bomb"},{"id":"15920588","text":"the guarded border into Jordan to see the site, resulting in some deaths. James A. Michener fictionalized such a pilgrimage in the novel \"The Drifters\". Among his famous songs are: \"Song of the locomotive\", \"Echo Song,\" \"Autumn Song\" (\"All the rivers run into the sea\"), \"It happens\",\"old tune\", \"I'll sing you a song\" and more. Lavie also renewed old Hebrew songs, including songs of the Palmach, in his album \"The Moon and Sixpence\". Lavie appeared many times before soldiers during the wars of Israel. During the somber \"waiting period\" before the Six-Day War, he helped lift the national spirit by","title":"Arik Lavie"},{"id":"8941873","text":"names of songs \"I Wish\" and \"Stone Me, What A Life,\" which were misheard by the journalist. The video for \"The Blinding\" has been directed by Julien Temple. It was filmed in a deserted West London subway station/underpass. The video features the band performing the song in the subway station, or alternatively cooped up in a glass box, with black gaffer tape covering their eyes, all interspersed with random bits and bobs; skulls, a deer, Pete Doherty standing up in an open coffin, a creepy mannequin, \"Elvis is dead\", a chainsaw and a \"blinded\" Doherty painting on a wall. Renaissance","title":"The Blinding E.P."},{"id":"2095965","text":"the Church's General Convention on July 3, 2015, in which the lyrics of The Battle Hymn framed the message of God's love. After proclaiming \"Glory, glory, hallelujah, His truth is marching on\", a letter from President Barack Obama was read, congratulating Bishop Curry on his historic election. Curry is known for quoting The Battle Hymn during his sermons. The tune has played a role in many movies where patriotic music has been required, including the 1970 World War II war comedy \"Kelly's Heroes\", and the 1999 sci-fi western \"Wild Wild West\". The inscription, \"Mine eyes have seen the glory of","title":"Battle Hymn of the Republic"},{"id":"15312917","text":"of Philistia: arch-enemy of Israel and west of the Kingdom of Judah. These are the lyrics in Spanish: Tierra bendita y divina \"Tierra bendita y divina\" (), also known as \"Tierra de la Palestina\" (), is a traditional Spanish language Christian hymn derived from Cuba and composed by Robert C. Savage in 1954. It describes the land of Palestine and the details of Jesus' life, and refers to certain historical Israelite places: the Western Wall, the Mount of Beatitudes, and the Jaffa Gate. On the line, \"Tierra bendita y divina, es la de Palestina\", the Holy Land is referred to","title":"Tierra bendita y divina"},{"id":"5065451","text":"Automobile\", \"My Lovin' Henry\", \"Central, Give Me Back My Dime\", \"Gretchen\", \"Traveling\", \"When Mose With His Nose Leads the Band\", \"It's Up to You to Move\", \"Honey, Won't You Love Me Like You Used to?\", \"Come Take a Skate With Me\", \"Susan, Kiss Me Good and Hard\", \"Won't You Leave Your Happy Home For Me?\", \"Afloat On a Five Dollar Note\", \"Anxious\" \"Arrah Wanna\", \"Good-a-Bye John\", \"I'm Thinkin' Bout You Honey All the Time\", \"Won't You Throw a Kiss To Me\", \"I'm Keeping My Love-Lamp Burning For You\", \"Lovin' Time\", \"And a Little Bit More\", \"Every Little Bit, Added to","title":"Collins & Harlan"},{"id":"17913529","text":"opening up about her battle with severe depression and then decided to postpone her tour. Barnes has a catalogue of hit songs including \"Love Like Mine\", \"Telescope\", \"Boys and Buses\", \"Hypnotizing\", \"Trouble Is\",\"Wrong Song\", \"Tell that Devil\", \"What If It's You\", \"Mississippi Flood\", \"Last Honest Man\", \"One Place Too Long\", \"Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet\", \"Nothing In This World Will Ever Break My Heart Again\", \"Hole In The World\", \"Consider Me\", and most recently \"Water Rising\" & \"Is There Anybody Out There?\". 2010: Juliette 2012: All My Angels 2014: Inside The Dream 2015: Unleashed 2017: Grateful 2017:","title":"Juliette Barnes"},{"id":"1951118","text":"Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of","title":"Culture of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"6711717","text":"popular song titles include \"It Took a Miracle\", \"Over the Sunset Mountains\", \"Heaven Came Down\", \"So Send I You\", \"Springs of Living Water\", \"Jesus is Coming Again\", \"Surely Goodness and Mercy\", \"This is the day that the Lord hath made\" and \"O Glorious Love\". His cantatas include \"Night of Miracles\" and \"Down From His Glory\". In 1986, he was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. John W. Peterson John Willard Peterson (November 1, 1921 – September 20, 2006) was a songwriter who had a major influence on evangelical Christian music in the 1950s through the 1970s. He wrote","title":"John W. Peterson"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"15956310","text":"the song \"United States of Division\", a 2004 B-side to the track \"Cinnamon Girl\" in which he sings \"Why should I sing 'God Bless America' / but not the rest of the world?\" Singer-songwriter David Dondero released a song on his 2003 album \"Live at the Hemlock\" called \"Pre-Invasion Jitters\", in which he calls George W. Bush an \"illegitimate president\" and criticizes \"gung-ho war guys\" for taking his word as \"heaven sent.\" The hip-hop group Beastie Boys had a number of protest songs on their 2004 release \"To the 5 Boroughs\". Songs such as \"It Takes Time To Build\" and","title":"Protest songs in the United States"},{"id":"7431819","text":"\"Pure\" and \"Forza Horizon\". The song was also used in the trailer and nightclub scene for the film \"RocknRolla\", in which they appear performing the song. The single itself reached number 22 on the UK singles chart when released on 20 June 2005. Rock & Roll Queen \"Rock & Roll Queen\" is a single from the British indie rock band The Subways, from their debut record \"Young for Eternity\". It is the third single from the CD. It was featured on the hit drama \"The OC\" and is track 1 on \"\". It also features in British TV advertisements for","title":"Rock & Roll Queen"},{"id":"591250","text":"including, \"Black Snake Moan\", \"Walk the Line\", \"Hustle & Flow\", \"Forty Shades of Blue\", \"21 Grams\", \"A Painted House\", \"American Saint\", \"The Poor and Hungry\", \"Cast Away\", \"Woman's Story\", \"The Big Muddy\", \"The Rainmaker\", \"Finding Graceland\", \"The People vs. Larry Flynt\", \"The Delta\", \"Teenage Tupelo\", \"A Family Thing\", \"Without Air\", \"The Firm\", \"The Client\", \"The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag\", \"Trespass\", \"The Silence of the Lambs\", \"Great Balls of Fire!\", \"Elvis and Me\", \"Mystery Train\", \"Leningrad Cowboys Go America\", \"Heart of Dixie\", \"The Contemporary Gladiator\", \"\", \"Making the Grade\", \"The River Rat\", \"The River\", \"Hallelujah!\", \"Elizabethtown\", \"3000 Miles to Graceland\",","title":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"18170235","text":"A Lot In My Time,”“Wait Of A Woman,”“Born To Be Happy,”“Sag, Drag, And Fall,”“Let Me Love You,”“Where Does A Broken Heart Go,”“How's The World Treating You,”“Am I The One,” “Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling,” “Rose Of El Paso,” “John Henry,” “Precious Jewel,” “When I Go To Heaven Mamma,” “Flame In My Heart,” “Two Different Worlds,” “Loose Talk,” “Real Gone Daddy,” “This Old Bomb Of Mine,”“Baby I'm Sorry,” “You Never Had It So Good,” “Are You Lonesome To-Night?” \"Fraulin,\" \"Winner,\" \"Alabama Jubilee\", and his signature song “Keep A Light In Your Window Tonight.” Howie Stange opened for the following","title":"Howie Stange"},{"id":"15423113","text":"US tour in 1988. Vital Sines Vital Sines was a Canadian post-punk/new wave band active between 1980 and 1988 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They are best known for their hit single, \"Collage\", which was recently listed as one of the most influential Canadian alternative rock songs. The band got their start in punk rock venues in Toronto playing under the name 'The Offenders'. When Scott Taylor, the original drummer left the band they changed the name to Vital Sines, releasing their first indie single, \"Subway Suicide\" in 1981. Following this they often played under the cover name \"Tryfono & The","title":"Vital Sines"},{"id":"12133709","text":"\"Glory Days\", \"Merrily We Roll Along\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Saving Aimee\", \"Into the Woods\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Nevermore\", \"Assassins\", \"The Highest Yellow\", \"One Red Flower\", \"Allegro\", \"Twentieth Century\", \"110 in the Shade\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"The Gospel According to Fishman\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"The Rhythm Club\", \"Over & Over\", \"The Fix\", \"Working\", \"The Rink\", \"Cabaret\", \"First Lady Suite\", \"Wings\", \"Poor Superman\", \"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\", \"Passion\", \"Company\", \"Sweeney Todd\", \"Follies\", \"Pacific Overtures\", \"Ace\", \"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in","title":"Eric D. Schaeffer"},{"id":"215928","text":"of these are as follows: In addition to revivals of his most popular shows, Kern's music has been posthumously featured in a variety of revues, musicals and concerts on and off Broadway. Among the more than 700 songs by Kern are such classics as \"All the Things You Are\", \"Bill\", \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\", \"A Fine Romance\", \"The Folks Who Live On the Hill\", \"I'll Be Hard to Handle\", \"I'm Old Fashioned\", \"I've Told Ev'ry Little Star\", \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", \"Let's Begin\", \"Long Ago (and Far Away)\", \"Look for the Silver Lining\", \"Lovely to Look At\",","title":"Jerome Kern"},{"id":"1846188","text":"Mucho\" (\"Kiss Me a Lot\"), \"Perfidia\", \"Solamente una vez\" (English version \"You Belong to My Heart\"), \"Esta Tarde Vi Llover\" (English version \"Yesterday I Heard the Rain\"), \"Somos Novios\" (English version \"It's Impossible\"), \"¡Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes!\", and \"Jesusita en Chihuahua,\" Other famous songs include \"México Lindo y Querido\" (\"Beautiful, Beloved Mexico\"), \"Jarabe Tapatío' (known internationally as \"The Mexican Hat Dance\"), \"El Rey\" (\"The King\"), \"El Triste\" (\"The sad one\"), \"Pelea de gallos\", \"Enamorada\" (\"Enamoured\"), \"Échame a mi la culpa\" (\"Blame me\"), \"La ley del monte\" (\"The law of the land\"), \"La Bikina\" (\"The \"Bikina\"\"), \"Por Debajo de la","title":"Music of Mexico"},{"id":"17960675","text":"opened with \"Round and Round\", the usual opening song during a set list on the Night Visions Tour. The show progressed with \"Amsterdam\", \"Tiptoe\", \"Hear Me\", \"Cha-Ching (Till We Grow Older)\", \"Rocks\", \"Radioactive\", \"30 Lives\", \"Bleeding Out\", \"Demons\", then a cover of Ben E. King's \"Stand by Me\", then \"Underdog\" and \"On Top of the World\" before ending the show with \"It's Time\", and staging an encore with \"Nothing Left to Say\", the usual set list closer for the tour. The video, however, followed the setlist in chronological order, but omitting the performances of \"Hear me\", \"Radioactive\", \"30 lives\", \"Bleeding","title":"Night Visions Live"},{"id":"6636722","text":"the control room as musical adviser. The new team saw the group through a series of top selling recordings over the next four years. The album was recorded from 19 January to 30 March, when they recorded \"You Should Be Dancing\", \"Love So Right\", \"Subway\", \"Love Me\", \"You Stepped Into My Life\", \"The Way It Was\", \"Walk Before You Run\" (unreleased), \"The Feel\" (unreleased) and \"Lovers\" which had Robin singing lead in falsetto. All the songs were finished in Quebec, except the two unreleased songs and \"Walk Before You Run\" which was written by Barry Gibb with Stephen Stills. During","title":"Children of the World"},{"id":"7219127","text":"\"Looked for where I ought to be.\" \"Cities so grand, mountains above,\" \"Led to this land I love.\" \"Chorus:\" \"Beautiful Ohio, where the golden grain\" \"Dwarf the lovely flowers in the summer rain.\" \"Cities rising high, silhouette the sky.\" \"Freedom is supreme in this majestic land;\" \"Mighty factories seem to hum a tune, so grand.\" \"Beautiful Ohio, thy wonders are in view,\" \"Land where my dreams all come true!\" Beautiful Ohio \"Beautiful Ohio\" is the official song of the U.S. State of Ohio. The first lyrics were written in 1918 by Ballard MacDonald and the music by Robert A. \"Bobo\"","title":"Beautiful Ohio"},{"id":"1769919","text":"which comes from the aborted Djali Zwan album/film. The songs listed on the DVD are \"My Life and Times\", \"Rivers We Can't Cross\", \"Mary Star of the Sea\", \"Love Lies in Ruin\", \"For Your Love\", \"Down, Down, Down\", \"A New Poetry\", \"W.P.\", \"Jesus, I\", \"God's Gonna Set This World on Fire\", \"To Love You\", \"Consumed\", a different rendition of \"My Life and Times\", \"Danger Boy\", and \"Spilled Milk\", but they are not clips of the full songs. Band Additional musicians Production \"For Your Love\" DVD personnel Mary Star of the Sea (album) Mary Star of the Sea is the only","title":"Mary Star of the Sea (album)"},{"id":"8952827","text":"\"Mary Poppins\" several years later. \"Tall Paul\" was credited to Annette and the Afterbeats and reached #7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in 1959. It was the highest-charting song by Annette Funicello and also one of the shortest, clocking in at 1 minute and 38 seconds. The version included on \"Annette:A Musical reunion With America's Girl Next Door\" lists the song at 1munute 52 seconds. Annette Funicello made a cameo appearance as herself in the 1989 film \"Troop Beverly Hills\", while jogging she's singing the first line of \"Tall Paul\": \"Chalk on the sidewalk/Writing on the wall/Everybody knows it/I","title":"Tall Paul"},{"id":"12103367","text":"Above & Beyond 2. Concrete Cover-Up 3. Black Box 4. Surrender 5. So Long Comrade 6. Sinister Soldier 7. X 8. Silence Remains 9. Locked Door \"Blood Red\" (2001) 1. River Of Red 2. Immortal Secret 3. Darkened Words 4. Rouge 5. Shrapnel 6. A Sickle Through My Heart 7. Hammering It Home 8. White Red & Blue 9. Silence Calling 10. Hell’s Cradle 11. City Skyline \"Live in Red Square\" (2003) 1. Last Words 2. Stained Memories 3. S.O.S. to Russia 4. Paint The Town Red 5. Bullet For My Love 6. Three Little Words To Hear Me Speak","title":"Roulette (band)"},{"id":"8990730","text":"the Ship Comes In\" were released on \"\". The remaining nine songs performed at the concert were issued in 2013 on the European limited vinyl release \"The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963\", released by Columbia Records in order to prevent a number of Dylan recordings legally entering the public domain in Europe. These nine songs are: \"Blowin' in the Wind\", \"Percy's Song\", \"Seven Curses\", \"Walls of Red Wing\", \"Talkin' World War III Blues\", \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\", \"Only a Pawn in Their Game\", \"Masters of War\" and \"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\". Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 Live","title":"Live at Carnegie Hall 1963"},{"id":"2461703","text":"and released his first full CD in English, \"Enrique\". The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete and contained a duet with Whitney Houston called \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\" and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". The album's third single, \"Be With You\", became his second number one. Jennifer Lopez's debut album \"On the 6\", a reference to the 6 subway line she used to take growing up in Castle Hill, was released on 1 June 1999, and reached the top ten of the \"Billboard\" 200. The album featured the Billboard","title":"Latin American music in the United States"},{"id":"8173761","text":"the song with Carl Wiser for Songfacts.com in 2013. \"I loved it. It had a slightly different feel. 'A Sign of the Times,' I suppose you might expect some big political statement or something, but it was just a straight-ahead love song. I think Tony rather liked finding titles that made you think, like 'Don't Sleep in the Subway.' People would think, is it about drugs? Is it about this? And these were just straightforward songs. I like 'Sign of the Times.' I think it's a good song.\" The song was recorded at the Pye Studios in Marble Arch in","title":"Sign of the Times (Petula Clark song)"},{"id":"11109051","text":"records): over the next few years he added 'I am a Roamer' (Mendelssohn), 'Nazareth', 'Vulcan's Song' (\"Philemon and Baucis\"), and 'She alone charmeth my sadness' (Gounod), 'O ruddier than the cherry' (\"Acis and Galatea\"), 'Hear, ye winds and waves' (\"Scipio\"), 'Honour and Arms', 'Arm, arm ye brave' (\"Judas Maccabaeus\") (Handel), 'Arise ye subterranean winds' (Purcell), and many of the better and longer ballads of the time. He recorded the standard bass and tenor duets ('Larboard Watch', 'The Gendarmes', 'Excelsior', 'The moon hath raised her lamp above', and 'Watchman, what of the night'?) with John Harrison, and also recorded English songs","title":"Robert Radford"},{"id":"10722410","text":"own band The Listening Pool. The song pays homage to two rock groups: firstly to The Velvet Underground, with the song \"Sister Ray\" being directly referenced (OMD had previously covered \"I'm Waiting for the Man\" as a B-side to 1980 single \"Messages\"); and secondly to The Who, with the line \"people try to drag us down\" being near-identical in melody and lyrical content to the opening line of \"My Generation\". Critic Dave Thompson in AllMusic lauded \"Sailing on the Seven Seas\" as \"a glorious musical mélange, an inspired melding of synth pop soar, 2-Tone yore, and glam rock roar, the","title":"Sailing on the Seven Seas"},{"id":"3345119","text":"\"The Old Brigade\"; \"The Deathless Army\"; \"To the Front\"; \"John Bull\"; \"Darby and Joan\"; \"When We are Old and Grey\"; \"Auntie\"; \"The Chimney Corner\"; \"The Children's Home\"; \"The Old Maids of Lee\"; \"The Men of Ware\"; \"The Devoted Apple\"; \"To-morrow will be Friday\"; \"Douglas Gordon\"; \"Sleeping Tide\"; \"The Star of Bethlehem\"; \"Beauty's Eyes\"; \"In Sweet September\"; \"Bid me Good-bye\"; \"The Last Watch\"; \"London Bridge\"; \"The King's Highway\"; \"Go to Sea\"; \"Veteran's Song\"; \"Up from Somerset\"; \"Beyond the Dawn\"; \"Nirvana\"; \"Mifanwy\"; \"Sergeant of the Line\"; \"Stone-cracker John\"; \"Ailsa Mine\"; \"Old Black Mare\"; \"Coolan Dhu\"; \"Three for Jack\"; \"Bhoy I Love\"; \"The","title":"Frederic Weatherly"},{"id":"1742879","text":"is \"A Walk to Caesarea\", commonly known as \"Eli, Eli\" (\"My God, My God\"). The well-known melody was composed by David Zahavi. Many singers have sung it, including Ofra Haza, Regina Spektor, and Sophie Milman. It was used to close some versions of the film \"Schindler's List\": \"My God, My God, I pray that these things never end\", \"The sand and the sea,\" \"The rustle of the waters,\" \"Lightning of the Heavens,\" \"The prayer of Man.\" \"אלי, אלי, שלא יגמר לעולם \"החול והים \"רשרוש של המים \"ברק השמים \"תפילת האדם Another of her poems begins, \"A","title":"Hannah Szenes"},{"id":"7597910","text":"being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,","title":"On the Record (musical)"},{"id":"13084426","text":"a reference to Jeremiah , the same Bible verse referenced on the cover of U2's 2000 album, \"All That You Can't Leave Behind\". \"Unknown Caller\" is composed in the key of G major. The song begins with a droning noise, the birdsong of Moroccan swallows, and exotic instruments, before The Edge begins playing a four note riff, similar to that of \"Walk On\". The chorus features a monotone group chant of commands (\"Go / Shout it out / Rise up / Hear me, cease to speak / That I may speak / Shush now\"), alternating with drawn out \"Ohh /","title":"Unknown Caller"},{"id":"4605703","text":"man.\" (Ochs wrote in the liner notes that \"songs like this\" were one of the reasons the State Department blocked Ewan MacColl from entering the U.S., adding that this was unwise given \"the quality of culture in America.\") However, more doctrinaire socialists may have had mixed feelings about \"That's What I Want to Hear,\" in which Ochs tells an out of work man to stop begging and fight for full employment. Among more traditional protest songs, the most pointed might be \"Iron Lady,\" about the death penalty, with the memorable line \"And a rich man never died upon the chair.\"","title":"I Ain't Marching Anymore"},{"id":"8324328","text":"a re-ordered track list, dropped the tracks \"Creep\" and \"Mistake\", and added \"When The Time Comes\". \"Track list (Original release):\" \"If I Promised You the World,\" \"Words Unspoken,\" \"Play with Me,\" \"See You Tonight,\" \"Alone,\" \"Addicted,\" \"Mistake,\" \"Tear Us Apart,\" \"You Say,\" \"Creep,\" \"Let Me in the Dark,\" \"World Alone,\" \"The Dolphin's Cry\" (bonus track) \"Track list (2010 release):\" \"If I Promised You the World,\" \"Play With Me,\" \"When The Time Comes,\" \"Addicted,\" \"You Say,\" \"Let Me in the Dark,\" \"See You Tonight,\" \"Alone,\" \"Words Unspoken,\" \"Tear Us Apart,\" \"World Alone,\" \"The Dolphin's Cry\" (bonus track) The first single from","title":"Magni Ásgeirsson"},{"id":"2857362","text":"sign Enrique. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, \"Enrique\". The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete and contained a duet with Whitney Houston called \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\" and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". The album's third single, \"Be With You\", became his second number one. Jennifer Lopez's debut album \"On the 6\", a reference to the 6 subway line she used to take growing up in Castle Hill, was released on 1 June 1999,","title":"Crossover music"},{"id":"2018155","text":"fighting overseas in Vietnam), \"He Cried\" and the spoken-word \"Past, Present and Future\", featuring a musical backdrop inspired by Beethoven's \"Moonlight Sonata\". Noteworthy B-sides included \"Heaven Only Knows\", \"The Train from Kansas City\", \"Dressed in Black\" and \"Paradise\" (written by Harry Nilsson). Among titles in favorites lists is \"I Can Never Go Home Anymore\", the story of a girl who leaves home for a boy; her pride keeps her from returning to her mother who \"\"grew so lonely in the end/the angels picked her for their friend\"\". Lines from \"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" include \"\"When I say I'm","title":"The Shangri-Las"},{"id":"17577012","text":"song has often been sung at outdoor baptisms (such as the full-immersion baptism depicted in \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\"). Another reason is that many slave songs contained coded messages for escaping. When the slaves escaped, they would walk \"in the river\" because the water would cover their scent from the bounty-hunters' dogs. Similarly, the \"starry crown\" could refer to navigating their escape by the stars. And \"Good Lord, show me the way\" could be a prayer for God's guidance to find the escape route, commonly known as \"the Underground Railroad.\" According to some sources, the song was published in","title":"Down in the River to Pray"},{"id":"1704988","text":"permission to use their names and pictures in an advertisement alongside quotes such as \"One of the few great musical comedies of the last thirty years\" and \"A fabulous musical. I love it.\" Merrick then prepared a newspaper ad featuring the namesakes' rave reviews under the heading \"7 Out of 7 Are Ecstatically Unanimous About Subways Are For Sleeping\". Only one newspaper, the \"New York Herald Tribune\", published the ad, and only in one edition; however, the publicity that the ad garnered helped the musical remain open for 205 performances (almost six months). Merrick later revealed that he had conceived","title":"David Merrick"},{"id":"16211667","text":"came when Spring was smiling\" \"Fast Homeward there rode (the erl king)\" \"Thine is my Heart\" \"Forlorn I track the mountains steep (the Wanderer)\". \"Sleepest Thou Fair Maiden\" \"Death Thou Unrelenting Foe\" \"Behold yon Rose Tree\"; \"My Pretty Fisher Maiden\" \"All Unstrung Hangs my Lute\" \"On Mossy Bank Reclining\" \"Weary Flowers their Buds are Closing (Serenade)\" \"The Passing Bell\" \"Calm as a Child in its Cradle\" \"Weep not for Friends Departed\" \"My life is but a Summer Day\" \"Why Fond Youth such Wild Emotion\" \"Tis Sweet to Think\" \"Dear Mother do not Chide Me, (the Echo)\" \"A Warrior I Am\"","title":"Thomas Oliphant (lyricist)"},{"id":"8017951","text":"of Rhye\" from the album \"Queen II\" as well as \"Lily of the Valley\" from \"Sheer Heart Attack\"; compare, \"The King of Rhye will be crowned again / His messenger will spread the word far through the land / He will sail the seven seas of his kingdom\" (\"For Evermore\") with, \"Messenger from Seven Seas has flown / To tell the King of Rhye he's lost his throne\" (\"Lily of the Valley\"). Domine created its fourth album \"Emperor of the Black Runes\" with the New Sin Audio Design studio in May 2003, after some months of writing and pre-production. The","title":"Domine"},{"id":"3137318","text":"Marchin' Already Marchin' Already is the third album by Ocean Colour Scene. The album was a follow-up to the successful \"Moseley Shoals\", and is in a similar style. The songs were taken from the band's catalogue that they had built up since forming several years earlier. The single \"Hundred Mile High City\" was used in the film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Nodding a reference to northern soul, P.P. Arnold appears on \"Traveller's Tune\" and \"It's a Beautiful Thing\". A more subdued version of \"Traveller's Tune\" originally appeared as a B-side to \"The Day We Caught the Train\". The","title":"Marchin' Already"},{"id":"5328890","text":"the viewer which tales were true (the stories bolded on this list) and which ones were works of fiction. The Apparition, The Electric Chair, On the Road, Number One With a Bullet & Dream House The Viewing, The Subway, Kid in the Closet, Justice is Served & The Tractor The Prophecy, Couch Potato, Love Over the Counter, Imaginary Friend & Last Man on Earth E-Mail, Cup of Joe, Secret of the Family Tomb, Wheezer & The Unknown Patient Needle Point, Toy to the Rescue, Mystery Lock, The House on Baker Street & The Train The Candlestick, The Diner, From the","title":"Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction"},{"id":"4292461","text":"#22. Petula Clark's run of 1966 and 1967 hits include many written by Hatch: \"My Love\" (a US number one), \"A Sign of the Times\", \"I Couldn't Live Without Your Love\", \"Who Am I\", \"Colour My World\", \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\" and \"The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener\". He wrote all of these (except \"My Love\") with his wife Jackie Trent. \"A Sign of the Times\", \"Who Am I\" and \"Colour My World\" were not hits in Britain. In 1964, Hatch was hired to write his first television theme, for the soap opera \"Crossroads\". It would become one","title":"Tony Hatch"},{"id":"6161882","text":"collection of swear words cut from the band's live performances. A \"clean\" version of the album also existed, with the final track removed, and an audible \"bleep\" of a curse in a previous song. The album's eleventh song \"Train, Train\" featured the line \"All a-fucking-board\" at the beginning, which was removed from the clean version. Canadian cable-TV music network MuchMusic refused to air the \"Cherry Pie\" video on the grounds that it was \"offensively sexist\". The album's themes include sex (\"Cherry Pie\", \"Sure Feels Good to Me\", \"Love in Stereo\"), love and devotion (\"Mr. Rainmaker\", \"Blind Faith\"), and betrayal (\"I","title":"Cherry Pie (album)"},{"id":"13780062","text":"Lisa\", \"Too Young\", \"Darling, Je Vous Aime Beaucoup\", \"Pretend\", \"Smile\", and \"A Blossom Fell\". Perry Como was another frequent visitor to the charts with hits like: \"If\", \"Round and Round\", \"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\", \"Tina Marie\", \"Papa Loves Mambo\", and \"Catch a Falling Star\". Other major stars in the early 1950s included Frank Sinatra (\"Young at Heart\", \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"Witchcraft\"), Tony Bennett (\"Cold, Cold Heart\", \"Because of You\", \"Rags to Riches\"), Kay Starr (\"Bonaparte's Retreat\", \"Wheel of Fortune\", \"Rock and Roll Waltz\"), Rosemary Clooney (\"Come On-a My House\", \"Mambo Italiano\", \"Half as Much\",","title":"1950s in music"},{"id":"15887452","text":"Speaking in Tongues (song) \"Speaking in Tongues\" is the fifth single from indie rock band Arcade Fire's third album, \"The Suburbs\". It did not appear on the original track listing, but showed up on the deluxe edition as a bonus track. There is a direct reference to T.S Eliot's The Waste Land: \"Hypocrite reader, my double, my brother\", himself quoting Baudelaire's To the Reader: \"— Hypocrite lecteur, — mon semblable, — mon frère!\" The title itself is a reference to the Bible (Acts 2:4 ; 1 Corinthians 14:18) to a phenomenon called glossolalia, which is believed to be a divine","title":"Speaking in Tongues (song)"},{"id":"1604914","text":"lyric \"you'd best believe I'm in love L-U-V\" from the Shangri-Las' \"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" (1964) when he opened \"Looking for a Kiss\", which tells a story of adolescent romantic desire hampered by peers who use drugs. On \"Subway Train\", he used lyrics from the American folk standard \"Someone's in the Kitchen with Dinah\". In the opinion of critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the album's rowdy hard rock songs also revamped riffs from Chuck Berry and the Rolling Stones, resulting in music that sounded edgy and threatening in spite of the New York Dolls' wittingly kitsch and camp sensibilities.","title":"New York Dolls (album)"},{"id":"7264771","text":"appeared in several films including, \"The Balloon Goes Up\"(1942) and \"Sing Along with Me\" (1952), and continued recording with songs such as, \"The Last Mile Home\", \"Dear Hearts and Gentle People\", \"Out of a Clear Blue Sky\", \"Music! Music! Music!\", \"If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake\", \"Enjoy Yourself (It's Later Than You Think)\", \"Dearie\", \"I Remember the Cornfields\", \"Beloved, Be Faithful\", \"Me and My Imagination\", \"Mistakes\", \"In a Golden Coach\" (a celebratory number for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II), \"Is It Any Wonder\" and \"Changing Partners\". After several years at the top Peers left for","title":"Donald Peers"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1825378\",\n \"text\": \"he released a single, \\\"New York Is My Home,\\\" with Paul Simon. Dion had previously worked with Simon on his 1989 hit \\\"Written on the Subway Wall.\\\" The single was followed by the album \\\"New York Is My Home,\\\" released February 12, 2016. Dion is planning four concerts in the U.S. during spring 2016. Dion was invited as a keynote speaker for the 2016 SXSW in Texas. He spoke on the topic \\\"A Conversation with Dion: Rock's Enduring Voice\\\" on March 17, 2016. In May 2017, Dion released \\\"Kickin' Child: The Lost Album 1965\\\", songs recorded in 1965 when he\",\n \"title\": \"Dion DiMucci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10158980\",\n \"text\": \"Dangling Conversation\\\" – 2:39 8. \\\"Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall\\\" – 2:12 9. \\\"A Simple Desultory Philippic (Or How I Was Robert McNamara'd Into Submission)\\\" – 2:11 10. \\\"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\\\" – 2:04 11. \\\"A Poem on the Underground Wall\\\" – 1:55 12. \\\"7 O'Clock News/Silent Night\\\" – 1:58 \\\"Bookends\\\" 13. \\\"Bookends Theme\\\" – 0:32 14. \\\"Save the Life of My Child\\\" – 2:49 15. \\\"America\\\" – 3:41 16. \\\"Overs\\\" – 2:11 17. \\\"Voices of Old People\\\" – 2:06 18. \\\"Old Friends\\\" - 2:35 19. \\\"Bookends Theme\\\" (Reprise) – 1:22 20. \\\"Fakin' It\\\" – 3:17\",\n \"title\": \"Collected Works (Simon and Garfunkel album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"571318\",\n \"text\": \"Her\\\" has sometimes been thought to be named after poet Emily Dickinson. Simon later explained that \\\"For Emily\\\" is not about an imaginary girl Emily, but about a belief, while the song \\\"Overs\\\" (from the album \\\"Bookends\\\") is about the loss of that belief. While other songs, such as \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\", had taken months for Simon to complete writing, others, such as \\\"For Emily\\\", were written in a single night. \\\"A Poem on the Underground Wall\\\" largely revolves around a man creating graffiti on a sign in a subway station, with Simon also bringing into play \\\"a variety\",\n \"title\": \"Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1293952\",\n \"text\": \"archival clips. Paul was also a prolific composer. Some of the songs he wrote were \\\"Song in Blue\\\", \\\"Cryin'\\\", \\\"Hip-Billy Boogie\\\", \\\"Suspicion\\\", \\\"Mandolino\\\", \\\"Magic Melody\\\", \\\"Don'cha Hear Them Bells\\\", \\\"The Kangaroo\\\", \\\"Big-Eyed Gal\\\", \\\"Deep in the Blues\\\", \\\"All I Need is You\\\", \\\"Take a Warning\\\", \\\"Mammy's Boogie\\\", \\\"Up And At 'Em\\\", \\\"Pacific Breeze\\\", \\\"Golden Sands\\\", \\\"Hawaiian Charms\\\", \\\"Mountain Railroad\\\", \\\"Move Along, Baby (Don't Waste My Time)\\\", \\\"Dry My Tears\\\", \\\"I Don't Want You No More\\\", \\\"Doing the Town\\\", \\\"Les' Blues\\\", \\\"No Strings Attached\\\", \\\"Subterfuge\\\", \\\"Lament For Strings\\\", \\\"Five Alarm Fire\\\", \\\"You Can't Be Fit as a Fiddle (When You're Tight\",\n \"title\": \"Les Paul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"403952\",\n \"text\": \"song is arranged for two voices with cello and sparse guitar accompaniment. The album's cover photo was shot at the Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street subway station in New York City. In several concerts, Art Garfunkel related that during the photo session, several hundred pictures were taken that were unusable due to the \\\"old familiar suggestion\\\" on the wall in the background, which inspired Paul Simon to write the song \\\"A Poem on the Underground Wall\\\" for the duo's later \\\"Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme\\\" album. The album was initially unsuccessful, having been released in the shadow of the British\",\n \"title\": \"Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5750174\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tini\\\" Varga, the band recorded \\\"Sva čuda svijeta\\\" (\\\"All the wonders of the world\\\"), featuring the hit songs \\\"Kada budu gorijeli gradovi\\\" (\\\"When the cities would burn\\\"), \\\"Istina piše na zidu\\\" (\\\"The truth is written on the wall\\\"), \\\"Mi nismo sami\\\" (\\\"We are not alone\\\"), \\\"Boje su u nama\\\" (\\\"The colors are inside us\\\"), and the title track. Due to the Pelajić departure to the army, Jurčić recorded the bass parts, and after the album release, Jurčić went to the army being temporarily replaced by the former Drugi Način member Robert Krkač on the promotional tour. The song \\\"Mi nismo\",\n \"title\": \"Film (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6242808\",\n \"text\": \"the Southern Gospel Charts in February 2009 and was nominated Gospel Music Song Of The Year and Album Of The Year. Other top Benny Hester songs include \\\"Nobody Knows Me Like You\\\", \\\"Christ The Solid Rock\\\", \\\"Rubber Canoe\\\", \\\"Come Back\\\", \\\"Goodbye Salty\\\", \\\"Legacy\\\", \\\"Whoever Touches You\\\", \\\"Streets Of Las Vegas\\\", \\\"Can I Get To You From Here\\\", \\\"No Man's Land\\\", \\\"Step By Step\\\", \\\"To Fill Our Empty Hearts\\\", \\\"Real Change\\\", \\\"Melody Man\\\", \\\"Hold Me\\\", \\\"Jesus Came Into My Life\\\", \\\"Be A Receiver\\\", \\\"Sure Of Your Call\\\", \\\"The Door\\\", \\\"Squeeze You\\\", \\\"We All Know He's Comin'\\\", \\\"Out Of The Natural\\\", \\\"Underground\",\n \"title\": \"Benny Hester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198927\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Just Have to Breathe,\\\" \\\"I Say a Little Prayer for You,\\\" \\\"I'll Never Fall in Love Again,\\\" \\\"Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself,\\\" \\\"Knowing When to Leave,\\\" \\\"Let Me Be Lonely,\\\" \\\"Let Me Go to Him,\\\" \\\"The Look of Love,\\\" \\\"Message to Michael\\\", \\\"My Little Red Book,\\\" \\\"Nikki,\\\" \\\"One Less Bell to Answer,\\\" \\\"Promises, Promises,\\\" \\\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head,\\\" \\\"Reach Out for Me,\\\" \\\"This Empty Place,\\\" \\\"This Guy's in Love With You,\\\" \\\"Trains and Boats and Planes,\\\" \\\"24 Hours from Tulsa,\\\" \\\"Walk on By,\\\" \\\"What the World Needs Now Is Love,\\\" \\\"Whoever You Are I\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Bacharach and David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12219448\",\n \"text\": \"Anthems
Heavenly Dance
\\\"Here, O My Lord\\\"
\\\"How Can I Keep from Singing\\\"
\\\"How Clear Is Our Vocation, Lord\\\"
\\\"I Am Resurrection\\\"
\\\"I Heard the Voice of Jesus Say\\\"
\\\"I Saw Three Ships\\\"
\\\"In Remembrance\\\" (1990)
\\\"In the Bleak Mid-winter\\\"
\\\"Infant Holy\\\"
\\\"Jerusalem, Jerusalem\\\"
\\\"Jerusalem, My Happy Home\\\"
\\\"Jesus, Jesus, Rest Your Head\\\"
Joseph's Lullaby
\\\"Lord, Enthroned in Heavenly Splendor\\\"
Lullaby
\\\"Mary Said Yes\\\"
\\\"Midnight Clear\\\"
Miriam Dances at the Red Sea
A Neo-gothic Carol: \\\"Ave Mary\\\"
A Neo-gothic Carol: \\\"To Us this Morn\\\"
\\\"O God of Gentle Strength\\\"
\\\"O Gracious Light\\\" (after Arnatt)
\\\"O Gracious Light\\\"
\\\"The Peace\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Schulz-Widmar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18522374\",\n \"text\": \"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne \\\"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne\\\" is a 1973 song written and composed by Elliot Lurie and recorded by Lurie's band, Looking Glass. It was the first track on their second and final album, \\\"Subway Serenade.\\\" The single reached number 33 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, remaining in that position for two weeks. It spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart, just one week less than their number-one hit, \\\"Brandy.\\\" On the U.S. \\\"Cash Box\\\" Top 100, it peaked at number 31. It was a bigger hit in Canada, reaching number 21. The lyrics speak of hard-knock\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19147361\",\n \"text\": \"releasing the first-ever Patch the Pirate animated movie based on Ron Hamilton's beloved characters. Popular songs written by Ron Hamilton include \\\"Rejoice in the Lord\\\", \\\"Bow the Knee\\\", \\\"Wings as Eagles\\\", \\\"It Is Finished\\\", \\\"My Hope Is Jesus\\\", \\\"Wiggle Worm\\\", \\\"Beautiful Hands\\\", \\\"Always the Same\\\", \\\"Here Am I, Lord\\\", \\\"Born to Die\\\", \\\"Little by Little\\\", \\\"The Poochie Lip Disease\\\", \\\"How Can I Fear\\\", \\\"Lord, I Need You\\\", \\\"Servant's Heart\\\", \\\"Clean It Up\\\", \\\"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\\\", \\\"Christ Is Coming\\\", \\\"Jonah\\\", \\\"Call the Wambulance\\\", \\\"That's Where Wisdom Begins\\\", \\\"I Saw Jesus in You\\\", \\\"A Secret Place\\\", \\\"Cherish the\",\n \"title\": \"Ron \\\"Patch\\\" Hamilton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7481312\",\n \"text\": \"their new album, \\\"Brixton Hill\\\", \\\"Jam Tomorrow\\\", \\\"Madelaine\\\", \\\"Man in the Subway\\\" and \\\"The Winter Wind\\\". On 31 January 2007 more song titles were announced on their site \\\"Cocaine Housewife\\\", \\\"Love Tomorrow\\\", \\\"Pair of Shoes\\\", \\\"Lead Me to the Gallows\\\", \\\"Whisky & Wine\\\", \\\"Snow Is Falling\\\" and \\\"Call Me Darling\\\". Although these were originally identified primarily as songs that would appear on the next TMTCH album this was not to be the case. All except \\\"Jam Tomorrow\\\" and \\\"Man in the Subway\\\" subsequently appeared on Paul Simmonds solo country album titled \\\"The Rising Road\\\" which was released in June 2008.\",\n \"title\": \"The Men They Couldn't Hang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9960368\",\n \"text\": \"the prophet when he arrives for interpreting the text. Daniel rejects any monetary inducement however (Air:\\\"No, to thyself thy trifles be\\\") and offers his interpretation of the writing on the wall for free (Accompanied recitative:\\\"Yet, to obey His dread command\\\"). Daniel says the words on the wall are \\\"Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin\\\", which he interprets to mean \\\"You have been tried in the balance and found wanting\\\". Queen Nitocris is greatly distressed and begs her son to abandon his profligate ways (Air:\\\"Regard, O son, my flowing tears\\\"). \\\"Cyrus, Gobrias and Chorus of Persians and Medes, within the City\\\" Cyrus is\",\n \"title\": \"Belshazzar (Handel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16284017\",\n \"text\": \"sexually-charged \\\"racey\\\" character in the show, always hooking up with men and throwing innuendos around. Finally, the Red girl is the youngest and most hopeful character; she is a bit hopeless in the beginning, stating she is not good-looking like other girls, until the man of her dreams comes along. Songs in the show include \\\"Don't Sleep in the Subway\\\", \\\"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\\\", \\\"To Sir, With Love\\\", \\\"Downtown\\\", and several other hits from the 1960s. Original Cast: Shout! The Mod Musical SHOUT! The Mod Musical is an Off-Broadway musical by Phillip George and David Lowenstein featuring songs\",\n \"title\": \"Shout! The Mod Musical\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3572608\",\n \"text\": \"Cried\\\" / \\\"And The Clock on the Steeple Struck 13\\\" / \\\"You Can Live on Love\\\" / \\\"My Baby Left Me\\\" / \\\"Baby’s Gone\\\" / \\\"Dying Daffodil Incident\\\" / \\\"Suspicions\\\" / \\\"Since You’ve Gone\\\" / \\\"Stick To It Ivity\\\" / \\\"I Got The Feeling\\\" \\\"Searchlight\\\" / \\\"Love from Johnny\\\" / \\\"Heart of Stone\\\" / \\\"Love is a Killer\\\" / \\\"Bring my Cadillac Back\\\" / \\\"God Bless the Child\\\" / \\\"Mountains of the Moon\\\" / \\\"On the Waterfront\\\" / \\\"My Baby Left Me\\\" / \\\"For a Knight to Win His Spurs\\\" / \\\"Boppin' the Blues\\\" / \\\"Tracks of My Tears\\\" \\\"Mercury\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Berry (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17765588\",\n \"text\": \"of Universal Music. MacDonald is a longtime member of ASCAP. Called \\\"a brilliant contrast of rich and poor, of the powerful and the powerless in Manhattan\\\", the song also presages some of the September 11, 2001 events with such lines as “in the ashes of American Jerusalem/the prophets live their deaths out on the corner/the pretty people say there should have been a warning/but nobody heard it” and “then shadows lick the sun/the streets are paved with footsteps on the run.” When Smithsonian Folkways re-released \\\"Fast Folk: A Community of Singers & Songwriters\\\" from the vaults of Fast Folk's seminal\",\n \"title\": \"American Jerusalem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652647\",\n \"text\": \"George\\\", \\\"Make Way for Ducklings\\\", \\\"Stone Soup\\\", \\\"Caps for Sale\\\", and \\\"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\\\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \\\"Captain Kangaroo\\\", \\\"The Captain's Place\\\", \\\"Little Mary Make Believe\\\", \\\"Dennis Anyone\\\", \\\"Guess Who I Am\\\", \\\"Little Black Frog\\\", \\\"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\\\", \\\"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\\\", \\\"Erie Canal\\\", \\\"Horse in Striped Pajamas\\\", \\\"The Littlest Snowman\\\", \\\"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\\\", \\\"You Can Grow Up to Be President\\\", \\\"Spend Some Time With Your Child\\\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975\",\n \"title\": \"Captain Kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8871760\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Thought I Knew,\\\" \\\"Happiness,\\\" \\\"Amy Magazine,\\\" \\\"3rd Gnossiennes,\\\" \\\"In Love with Love,\\\" \\\"Are You Gonna Be?,\\\" \\\"Hand to Hold,\\\" \\\"Will I Ever See Her Again?,\\\" \\\"Mother Night,\\\" \\\"Ugly Things,\\\" \\\"Mow the Lawn,\\\" \\\"Young Temptations,\\\" \\\"Mistake Maker,\\\" \\\"Sweet on You,\\\" \\\"Oh Allen,\\\" and \\\"Clown Song.\\\" Two versions of \\\"Are You Gonna Be?, \\\"Hand To Hold\\\", \\\"Mother Night, \\\"Please Help Me, \\\"Something More, \\\"Thought I Knew\\\", \\\"Together Tomorrow,\\\" and \\\"Will I Ever See Her Again?\\\" were posted. \\\"Hand to Hold\\\" is a reworked version of the Weezer song \\\"Private Message,\\\" co-written by Rivers Cuomo. Bell asked Cuomo if he could take a\",\n \"title\": \"The Relationship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18805685\",\n \"text\": \"Mene (Brand New song) \\\"Mene\\\" ( ) is a single by American rock band Brand New, first released as a free download on April 13, 2015, before being made available through online retailers on April 15, 2015. This was the band's first release in six years, the last being their 2009 studio album \\\"Daisy\\\". The track is a stand-alone single. It was followed by the release of I Am a Nightmare. The title \\\"Mene\\\" along with many of the song's lyrics are thought to reference the idiom \\\"The writing on the wall\\\" which originates from the Chapter 5 of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mene (Brand New song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9420630\",\n \"text\": \"all through the eyes of one ever-changing man. Author's Note \\\"Let the Trials Begin\\\" / \\\"Electricity\\\" / \\\"Last Train from Camelot\\\" / \\\"Note from Ralph Steadman\\\" The Fifties: Last Rumble in Fat City \\\"Tarred and Feathered at the Jersey Shore\\\" / \\\"Saturday Night at the Riviera\\\" / \\\"Prince Jellyfish\\\" / \\\"Fleeing New York\\\" The Sixties: What the Hell? It's Only Rock and Roll... \\\"Letter to Angus Cameron\\\" / \\\"The Rum Diary\\\" / \\\"Revisited: The Puerto Rican Problem\\\" / \\\"The Kennedy Assassination\\\" / \\\"Back to the U.S.A.\\\" / \\\"Hell's Angels: Long Nights, Ugly Days, Orgy of the Doomed\\\" / \\\"Midnight on\",\n \"title\": \"Songs of the Doomed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5065450\",\n \"text\": \"Didn't He Ramble?\\\", \\\"He was a Sailor\\\", \\\"Strike Out McCracken\\\", \\\"Closing Time at the Country Grocery\\\", \\\"Trouble\\\" \\\"What Would the Neighbors Say?\\\", \\\"Barney\\\", \\\"Under the Anheuser Bush\\\", \\\"Goodbye, Fedora\\\", \\\"Possum Pie\\\", \\\"Down on the Brandywine\\\", \\\"Gone, Gone, Gone\\\", \\\"Village Maid\\\", \\\"Heinie\\\" \\\"Tammany\\\", \\\"Leader of the German Band\\\", \\\"Mule Song\\\", \\\"Down Where the Sweet Potatoes Grow\\\", \\\"Coax Me\\\", \\\"Oh, Oh, Sallie\\\", \\\"Jaspar, Don't You Hear Me Calling You?\\\", \\\"Murphy\\\", \\\"Farewell Mister Abner Hemingway\\\", \\\"Peter Piper\\\", \\\"Take a Car\\\", \\\"Come on, Little Girl, Come Along\\\", \\\"Hey! Mister Joshua\\\" \\\"Camp Meeting Time\\\", \\\"Nigger Loves His Possum\\\", \\\"I'm A-Dreaming of You\\\", \\\"Out in an\",\n \"title\": \"Collins & Harlan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4575737\",\n \"text\": \"The Subways The Subways are an English rock band from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Their debut album, \\\"Young for Eternity\\\", was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, \\\"All or Nothing\\\", was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album \\\"Money and Celebrity\\\" debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on the 9 February 2015. The Subways name comes from a time when Lunn, Morgan and Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout.\",\n \"title\": \"The Subways\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7591322\",\n \"text\": \"on Decca. This single featured future Moody Blues keyboardist Patrick Moraz. Since 1981, Lodge has co-written songs for the band with Justin Hayward, such as: \\\"Meet Me Halfway\\\", \\\"Talkin' Talkin'\\\", \\\"Running Out of Love\\\", \\\"Slings and Arrows\\\", \\\"Want to Be with You\\\", \\\"River of Endless Love\\\", \\\"Breaking Point\\\", \\\"Miracle\\\", \\\"Once Is Enough\\\", \\\"Highway\\\", \\\"Is This Heaven?\\\", \\\"Sooner or Later (Walking on Air)\\\", \\\"Strange Times\\\", and \\\"The One\\\", and from \\\"December\\\", \\\"In the Quiet of Christmas Morning (Bach 147)\\\" amongst others. In 1985, the Moody Blues picked up the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Lodge participated in the\",\n \"title\": \"John Lodge (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4536507\",\n \"text\": \"the country who was forbidden to return to the United States. Civil rights figures Medgar Evers and Emmett Till were lionized in \\\"Too Many Martyrs\\\" (alternatively known as \\\"The Ballad of Medgar Evers\\\".) Two \\\"talking blues\\\" using the melody to the old folk song \\\"John Hardy\\\" jabbed sarcastic at Vietnam and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Even a poem by Edgar Allan Poe, \\\"The Bells\\\", was set to music. \\\"The Thresher\\\" was an ode to the sinking of the nuclear-powered American submarine, the USS \\\"Thresher\\\": \\\"And she'll always run silent/And she'll always run deep.\\\" The song \\\"Celia\\\" is about the long\",\n \"title\": \"All the News That's Fit to Sing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3799276\",\n \"text\": \"Hits\\\". The album is scheduled to be released on November 9, 2018. The album will feature 16 of their songs: \\\"Meet Virginia\\\", \\\"Drops of Jupiter\\\", \\\"Calling All Angels\\\", \\\"Get to Me\\\", \\\"When I Look to the Sky\\\", \\\"Cab\\\", \\\"Hey, Soul Sister\\\", \\\"If It's Love\\\", \\\"Marry Me\\\", \\\"Save Me, San Francisco\\\", \\\"Drive By\\\", \\\"50 Ways to Say Goodbye\\\", \\\"Bruises\\\", \\\"Angel in Blue Jeans\\\", \\\"Play That Song\\\", and \\\"Call Me Sir\\\". The album will also feature a bonus song, a cover of the hit song \\\"Careless Whisper\\\". This is a list of major performances by Train at various events and television shows.\",\n \"title\": \"Train (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8171811\",\n \"text\": \"an argument due to his \\\"foolish pride\\\". If he does, he will \\\"sleep in the subway\\\" or \\\"stand in the pouring rain\\\" merely to prove his point. Although in Scotland there has long existed the Glasgow Subway metro line, in England the term \\\"subway\\\" refers to a pedestrian underpass rather than to an underground transit system. Hatch employed the term in the North American sense. According to the song's co-writer Jackie Trent the title lyric was suggested by the 1961-62 Broadway musical \\\"Subways Are for Sleeping\\\". 'Don't Sleep in the Subway' peaked at #5 on the US charts in July\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5463812\",\n \"text\": \"Immortal Cimoli\\\", \\\"Through A Glass, Darkly\\\", \\\"Double Jeopardy\\\", \\\"Till Death\\\", \\\"Judgement Day\\\", \\\"One Minute to Midnight\\\", \\\"Prophecy\\\", \\\"The End of Innocence\\\", \\\"Manhunt\\\", \\\"Glory Days\\\", \\\"Dramatic License\\\", \\\"Money No Object\\\", \\\"Haunted\\\", \\\"Little Tin God\\\", \\\"The Messenger\\\", \\\"The Valkyrie\\\", \\\"Comes a Horseman\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"The Ransom of Richard Redstone\\\", \\\"Duende\\\", \\\"The Stone of Scone\\\", \\\"Forgive Us Our Trespasses\\\", \\\"The Modern Prometheus\\\", \\\"Archangel\\\", \\\"Avatar\\\", \\\"Armageddon\\\", \\\"Sins of the Father\\\", \\\"Diplomatic Immunity\\\", \\\"Patient Number 7\\\", \\\"Black Tower\\\", \\\"Unusual Suspects\\\", \\\"Justice\\\", \\\"Deadly Exposure\\\", \\\"To Be\\\", \\\"Not To Be\\\" Books – \\\"\\\", \\\", , , , , , , , , \\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\" Comics –\",\n \"title\": \"Duncan MacLeod\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15380905\",\n \"text\": \"Runaway Train\\\" was based on the Dennis Dunaway Project's \\\"Subway\\\" from their 2006 album \\\"Bones From the Yard\\\". Cooper decided to rework the song so it had no chorus; the track consists of only verse. The song also took inspiration from the classic song \\\"Train Kept A-Rollin'\\\". The way Alice Cooper sings it is very similar to how he sings in \\\"Dance Yourself to Death\\\", from the album \\\"Flush the Fashion\\\". Country music star Vince Gill plays lead guitar on this song. This is one of three songs that the original Alice Cooper band performed on. \\\"Last Man on Earth\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Welcome 2 My Nightmare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16502969\",\n \"text\": \"Robbers\\\", \\\"The Heartbreak Kid\\\", \\\"Mikey and Nicky\\\", \\\"The King of Marvin Gardens\\\", \\\"Pumping Iron\\\", \\\"Harry & Tonto\\\", \\\"Holocaust\\\", \\\"Justice For All\\\", \\\"Taxi Driver\\\", \\\"Wiseblood\\\", \\\"The First Deadly Sin\\\", \\\"Slow Dancing in the Big City\\\", \\\"Desperate Characters\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"Hercules N.Y.\\\", \\\"The Other Cuba\\\", \\\"The Pan Alley\\\", \\\"Putney Swope\\\", \\\"Killing at Kent State\\\", \\\"D.A.R.L.\\\", \\\"Death Wish II\\\", \\\"Death Wish 3\\\", \\\"The Gambler\\\", \\\"Heart of Midnight\\\", \\\"Sister\\\", \\\"Revenge of the Pink Panther\\\", \\\"Runaway Train\\\", \\\"Someone Will Watch Over Me\\\", \\\"Toxic Avenger\\\", \\\"10 Midnight\\\", \\\"Across 110th Street\\\", \\\"Brian's Song\\\", \\\"American Ninja Part 2\\\", \\\"Author! Author!\\\", \\\"Barfly\\\", \\\"Basket Case\\\", \\\"Best Boy\\\", \\\"Between the Lines\\\", \\\"Exterminator\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Sandberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16732982\",\n \"text\": \"on their EP \\\"Wohnzimmer\\\" (Living Room). The song was also included on the band's 2008 live album \\\"Kanonen auf Spatzen\\\" (Shoot at sparrows with cannons) and released as single. The accompanying video was nominated in the category \\\"Best National Video\\\" at the Echo Music Prize. In 2009, Berlin rapper Sido also released a single with the title \\\"Hey du!\\\", which included the first verse of \\\"Marias Lied\\\". Linie 1 Linie 1 is the second-most successful German musical after Bertolt Brecht’s Threepenny Opera. The title refers to Berlin's subway line U1. The musical was first performed by the ensemble of the\",\n \"title\": \"Linie 1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17350357\",\n \"text\": \"no need to be an asshole/ You're not in Brooklyn anymore\\\", but the lyrical heart of the song comes later: \\\"You think it's over, oh you think it's over / To be someone who smokes pot in the subway with me\\\", a semi-desperate diss from an old friend who can't see how things really are in part because they can't let go of how they were. Awkward nostalgia is a good subject for a band whose music sounds like it traveled decades to get here and got roughed up every step of the way.\\\" No Destruction \\\"No Destruction\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"No Destruction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14632137\",\n \"text\": \"called \\\"Monster\\\" \\\"a potential single\\\", praising its musical composition, but criticizing the lyrics. Evan Sawdey from \\\"PopMatters\\\" also criticized the metaphors contained in the lyrics of the song, but ultimately called it \\\"one surprisingly effective pop cocktail\\\". Ben Patashnik from \\\"NME\\\" felt that it was \\\"slightly too disposable\\\". Scott Plagenhoef of \\\"Pitchfork\\\" saw similarities between Gaga's voice on \\\"Monster\\\" and the work of Kylie Minogue. Brian Linder from IGN felt that the track was lighter compared to the other songs on \\\"The Fame Monster\\\", and complimented the line \\\"We French kissed on a subway train / He tore my clothes\",\n \"title\": \"Monster (Lady Gaga song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10110755\",\n \"text\": \"were reevaluated and re-recorded in the \\\"Fables From a Mayfly\\\" sessions :\\\"Dance of the Manatee,\\\" \\\"Vice/Versa,\\\" \\\"A Seafarer's Knot,\\\" \\\"The Walls of Jericho,\\\" \\\"Kyla Cries Cologne,\\\" \\\"When the Bough Breaks\\\" and \\\"Upgrade^Brigade\\\". The track \\\"Orphan Anthem 86\\\" was originally to be re-recorded for the album as well, but the sessions were deemed \\\"too experimental\\\", and the idea was dropped. The band demoed early versions of the tracks \\\"Musical Chairs\\\" and \\\"Pour the Coal to'er\\\" during the \\\"Fables From a Mayfly\\\" sessions, but ultimately left them off the album to fully develop later into songs for their next album, \\\"Arrows and\",\n \"title\": \"Fables from a Mayfly: What I Tell You Three Times Is True\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8157692\",\n \"text\": \"other #1's include, \\\"Just Preach Jesus\\\", \\\"Tell Me Why\\\" and \\\"He Locked The Gates\\\". Over the past years they have had 26 songs nominated for Song Of The Year, including songs like - \\\"Just Beyond The Sunset\\\" \\\"Just Preach Jesus\\\", \\\"The Joys of Heaven\\\", \\\"That's Why I Love To Call His Name,\\\" \\\"I Know I'm Going There,\\\" \\\"Forever Changed,\\\" \\\"What We Needed\\\"- which reached #1 on the Singing News magazine charts. The Kingdom Heirs have been nominated many times for industry awards such as The SGMA Awards, Dove Awards and The Singing News Fan Awards. Winning \\\"Newcomer Group Of The\",\n \"title\": \"Kingdom Heirs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6893404\",\n \"text\": \"is a willingness to throw caution to the wind and take risks (\\\"I'm ready to let go of the steering wheel\\\"). Some of the lyrics, particularly those in the bridge before the final chorus, use the eponymous subway station as a metaphor for time: \\\"Time is a train / Makes the future the past / Leaves you standing in the station / Your face pressed up against the glass\\\". Bono cites the enjoyment of his first child born in 1989 as a major influence on \\\"Achtung Baby\\\", as was his wife's second pregnancy during the album's 1991 recording. Bono says\",\n \"title\": \"Zoo Station (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7165094\",\n \"text\": \"to many disasters), \\\"Two brothers\\\" (many things come in pairs), and \\\"the great leader will succumb\\\" are so ambiguous as to be meaningless. The fifth line was added by an anonymous Internet user, completely ignoring the fact that Nostradamus wrote his \\\"Propheties\\\" in rhymed four-line decasyllables called quatrains. Nostradamus also never referred to a \\\"third big war\\\". Towards mid-December 2012, an internet hoax related to South Korean singer and rapper Psy being one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was widely circulated around social media platforms. The hoax text, purportedly written by Nostradamus in 1503, is as follows: \\\"Calm\",\n \"title\": \"Nostradamus in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19145114\",\n \"text\": \"recordings as members of Patch's crew. After losing his eye, Ron Hamilton wrote a song entitled \\\"Rejoice in the Lord\\\", which became one of his most widely popular songs. Other famous songs written by Ron Hamilton include \\\"Wings as Eagles\\\", \\\"My Hope Is Jesus\\\", \\\"Wiggle Worm\\\", \\\"Bow the Knee\\\", \\\"Beautiful Hands\\\", \\\"Always the Same\\\", \\\"Here Am I, Lord\\\", \\\"Born to Die\\\", \\\"Little by Little\\\", \\\"The Poochie Lip Disease\\\", \\\"How Can I Fear\\\", \\\"Lord, I Need You\\\", \\\"Servant's Heart\\\", \\\"Clean It Up\\\", \\\"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\\\", Christ Is Coming, \\\"Jonah\\\", \\\"Call the Wambulance\\\", \\\"That's Where Wisdom Begins\\\", \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"Patch the Pirate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1276389\",\n \"text\": \"by \\\"Star Crossed Lovers\\\". In the episode \\\"The Treehouse\\\", Doris Day's \\\"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)\\\" was replaced with \\\"Call the Whole Thing Off\\\". In the episode \\\"Little Debbie\\\", \\\"Tammy\\\" by Liberace was replaced with a song called \\\"Sammy\\\". \\\"Clip Show\\\" contains the scene from \\\"Heart of Darkness\\\" in which \\\"Here Comes the Sun\\\" is replaced with \\\"Train to Nowhere\\\". The episode \\\"Kevin Delivers\\\" dropped Blood, Sweat & Tears' \\\"You've Made Me So Very Happy\\\" with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas. In the episode \\\"Alice in Autoland\\\", Al Green's \\\"Let's Stay Together\\\" was replaced with a\",\n \"title\": \"The Wonder Years\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8848841\",\n \"text\": \"exhibits many traits which later became synonymous with his work. For example, the line \\\"A lot of people don't have much food on their table/But they got a lot of forks n' knives/And they gotta cut somethin'.\\\" has been cited by many as an early example of Dylan's lyrical wit. The lines \\\"Now, a very great man once said/That some people rob you with a fountain pen.\\\" make specific reference to Woody Guthrie's \\\"Pretty Boy Floyd\\\". The song's structure and theme also bear similarities to Guthrie's \\\"Talkin' Columbia\\\", which Dylan had covered at least once in 1961, and \\\"Talkin' Subway\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Talkin' New York\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12742438\",\n \"text\": \"of the release where one cassette has a label (covering the \\\"All or Nothing\\\" title typography) and the other cassette does not. Disc one and disc two also contain exactly the same \\\"NY Subway Version\\\" of \\\"Girl You Know It's True\\\" (lifted from the 12\\\" single) despite the first disc version not being labeled so. Although it was not marketed as a package of two albums in the U.K., another tell-tale sign is the inclusion of two mixes of a non-single track \\\"Dreams to Remember\\\" and only one version of \\\"Blame It on the Rain\\\". 2×2 (album) 2×2 is a\",\n \"title\": \"2×2 (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13121772\",\n \"text\": \"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture is the film soundtrack album for the 2009 film \\\"Watchmen\\\". The soundtrack features three songs written by Bob Dylan: \\\"Desolation Row\\\", \\\"The Times They Are a-Changin'\\\", and \\\"All Along The Watchtower\\\". The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic, including \\\"The Times They Are a-Changin'\\\", Jimi Hendrix's cover of \\\"All Along the Watchtower\\\"; Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"The Sounds of Silence\\\"; Nena's \\\"99 Luftballons\\\"; a muzak version of Tears For Fears' \\\"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\\\"; and Nat King Cole's \\\"Unforgettable\\\". Many of the period\",\n \"title\": \"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9730346\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Sum of All Fears\\\", \\\"Transformers\\\", \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\", \\\"Hulk\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\", \\\"Lady in the Water\\\", \\\"The Happening\\\" and \\\"WALL-E\\\". His solo trumpet can be heard on such soundtracks as: \\\"Dances with Wolves\\\", \\\"The Gambler\\\", \\\"Avalon\\\", \\\"Crimson Tide\\\", \\\"City Hall\\\", \\\"In Country\\\", \\\"Twister\\\", \\\"Executive Decision\\\", \\\"Independence Day\\\", \\\"Con Air\\\", \\\"Rudy\\\", \\\"The Last Castle\\\", \\\"Air Force One\\\", \\\"The Postman\\\", \\\"Cars\\\", \\\"I Am Legend\\\", \\\"U.S. Marshals\\\", \\\"The Interpreter\\\", \\\"Renaissance Man\\\", \\\"Toys\\\", \\\"Darkman\\\", \\\"Maverick\\\", \\\"Night at the Museum\\\", \\\"L.A. Confidential\\\" and \\\"The Rock (film)\\\". Malcolm has also found time to teach music at various schools, including UCLA, Pomona College, and\",\n \"title\": \"Malcolm McNab\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8707815\",\n \"text\": \"though some were remixed. The internet releases were: \\\"Scum of the Earth\\\", \\\"MoonGirl\\\", \\\"MoonBoy\\\", \\\"See Me Thru\\\", \\\"Those Wonderful Things\\\", \\\"And as for Love\\\", \\\"Upside Down\\\", \\\"Parallel Girlz (Cloud Nine)\\\", \\\"Shadows She Said (Omerta)\\\", \\\"First Monday (in the year 3000)\\\", \\\"(Waiting for the) New Light\\\", \\\"Miracle Healing\\\", \\\"Zoo\\\" and \\\"On the Beach\\\". All tracks by Rainer Bloss and Marian Gold except where noted. CD 9 – The Terrible Truth About Paradise CD 10 – Last Summer on Earth CD 11 – Stranger Than Dreams CD 12 – WebSiteStory The song \\\"Scum of the Earth\\\" is also referred to as \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"CrazyShow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15956278\",\n \"text\": \"the Big Muddy\\\" by Seeger (1967), \\\"Suppose They Give a War and No One Comes\\\" by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band (1967), \\\"The \\\"Fish\\\" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\\\" by Country Joe and the Fish (1968), \\\"The Unknown Soldier\\\" by The Doors (1968), \\\"One Tin Soldier\\\" by Original Caste (1969), \\\"Volunteers\\\" by Jefferson Airplane (1969), \\\"Fortunate Son\\\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969), and the album \\\"Back to the World\\\" by Curtis Mayfield. Woody Guthrie's son Arlo Guthrie also wrote one of the decade's most famous protest songs in the form of the 18-minute long-talking blues song \\\"Alice's Restaurant Massacree\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Protest songs in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20836323\",\n \"text\": \"and the ensuing apocalyptic events and “Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning” about the Parable of the Ten Virgins from the Gospel of Matthew, . It includes traditional biblical songs like “If I Had My Way, I'd Tear the Building Down” that relates the story of Samson and Delilah. It contains songs about twentieth century events like the sinking of HMS Titanic in “God Moves on the Water”, songs based on hymns like “Church, I’m Fully Saved To-Day”, autobiographical songs like “Mother's Children Have a Hard Time” which deals with Johnson’s mother dying when he was very young and traditional\",\n \"title\": \"American Epic: The Best of Blind Willie Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20707492\",\n \"text\": \"(with Pigpen): First set: \\\"Truckin'\\\", \\\"Sugaree\\\", \\\"Mr. Charlie\\\", \\\"Beat It On Down the Line\\\", \\\"Loser\\\", \\\"Jack Straw\\\", \\\"Next Time You See Me\\\", \\\"Tennessee Jed\\\", \\\"El Paso\\\", \\\"Big Railroad Blues\\\", \\\"Me and My Uncle\\\", \\\"Run Rudolph Run\\\", \\\"Black Peter\\\", \\\"Playing in the Band\\\", \\\"Casey Jones\\\" Second set: \\\"Ramble On Rose\\\", \\\"Mexicali Blues\\\", \\\"Big Boss Man\\\", \\\"Cryptical Envelopment\\\", \\\"Drums\\\", \\\"The Other One\\\", \\\"Wharf Rat\\\", \\\"Sugar Magnolia\\\", \\\"You Win Again\\\", \\\"Not Fade Away\\\", \\\"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad\\\", \\\"Not Fade Away\\\" Grateful Dead Production Dave's Picks Volume 26 Dave's Picks Volume 26 is a three-CD live album by the rock band the\",\n \"title\": \"Dave's Picks Volume 26\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8424975\",\n \"text\": \"at Pembroke Pines, Florida was: 1: \\\"Funiculì, Funiculà\\\" tuning*, \\\"The Music Never Stopped\\\"*, \\\"Sugaree\\\"*, \\\"El Paso\\\", \\\"Peggy-O\\\", \\\"New Minglewood Blues\\\", \\\"Friend of the Devil\\\", \\\"Lazy Lightning\\\"* > \\\"Supplication\\\"*, \\\"Ramble On Rose\\\", \\\"Dancing in the Street\\\"* 2: \\\"Help on the Way\\\"* > \\\"Slipknot!\\\"* > \\\"Franklin's Tower\\\"*, \\\"Samson and Delilah\\\"*, \\\"Brown Eyed Women\\\", \\\"Good Lovin'\\\", \\\"Sunrise\\\"*, \\\"Estimated Prophet\\\"* > \\\"Eyes of the World\\\"* > \\\"Wharf Rat\\\"* > \\\"Terrapin Station\\\"* > \\\"Morning Dew\\\"* E: \\\"Sugar Magnolia\\\" > \\\"Sunshine Daydream\\\"* appears on \\\"Dick's Picks Volume 3\\\" Dick's Picks Volume 3 Dick's Picks Volume 3 is the third live album in the Dick's Picks\",\n \"title\": \"Dick's Picks Volume 3\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11692907\",\n \"text\": \"particularly to the number of nominations given to the critically reviled Nickelback. The following were the 2009 Juno nominees and winners: Winner: Sam Roberts Other Nominees: Winner: Nickelback Other Nominees: Winner: Lights Other Nominees: Winner: The Stills Other nominees: Winner: Daniel Lanois, \\\"Here Is What Is\\\" and \\\"Not Fighting Anymore\\\" (Daniel Lanois) Other nominees: Winner: Kevin Churko, \\\"Disappearing\\\" and \\\"The Big Bang\\\" (Simon Collins) Other nominees: Winner: City and Colour, \\\"Waiting...\\\", \\\"Sleeping Sickness\\\", \\\"The Girl\\\" Other nominees: Winner: Nickelback Other nominees: Winner: \\\"Dark Horse\\\", Nickelback Other nominees: Winner: \\\"Running for the Drum\\\", Buffy Sainte-Marie Other nominees: Winner: \\\"Is It O.K.\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Juno Awards of 2009\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7410965\",\n \"text\": \"covers including \\\"Agunzagun\\\", \\\"Battle Hymns\\\" and \\\"The Battle of Los Angeles\\\". One of the titles was even a verse from \\\"Calm Like A Bomb\\\" - \\\"\\\"The Riot Be The Rhyme Of The Unheard\\\"\\\". Tom Morello eventually used the name \\\"Battle Hymns\\\" for a track on his debut album, \\\"One Man Revolution\\\" in 2007. \\\"Calm Like A Bomb\\\" is notable as a display of guitarist Tom Morello's creative use of a whammy pedal. Like many of RATM's songs, the song's lyrics discuss social inequalities. The song also features a reference to Emiliano Zapata. Tim Commerford uses a combination of a home-made\",\n \"title\": \"Calm Like a Bomb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15920588\",\n \"text\": \"the guarded border into Jordan to see the site, resulting in some deaths. James A. Michener fictionalized such a pilgrimage in the novel \\\"The Drifters\\\". Among his famous songs are: \\\"Song of the locomotive\\\", \\\"Echo Song,\\\" \\\"Autumn Song\\\" (\\\"All the rivers run into the sea\\\"), \\\"It happens\\\",\\\"old tune\\\", \\\"I'll sing you a song\\\" and more. Lavie also renewed old Hebrew songs, including songs of the Palmach, in his album \\\"The Moon and Sixpence\\\". Lavie appeared many times before soldiers during the wars of Israel. During the somber \\\"waiting period\\\" before the Six-Day War, he helped lift the national spirit by\",\n \"title\": \"Arik Lavie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8941873\",\n \"text\": \"names of songs \\\"I Wish\\\" and \\\"Stone Me, What A Life,\\\" which were misheard by the journalist. The video for \\\"The Blinding\\\" has been directed by Julien Temple. It was filmed in a deserted West London subway station/underpass. The video features the band performing the song in the subway station, or alternatively cooped up in a glass box, with black gaffer tape covering their eyes, all interspersed with random bits and bobs; skulls, a deer, Pete Doherty standing up in an open coffin, a creepy mannequin, \\\"Elvis is dead\\\", a chainsaw and a \\\"blinded\\\" Doherty painting on a wall. Renaissance\",\n \"title\": \"The Blinding E.P.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2095965\",\n \"text\": \"the Church's General Convention on July 3, 2015, in which the lyrics of The Battle Hymn framed the message of God's love. After proclaiming \\\"Glory, glory, hallelujah, His truth is marching on\\\", a letter from President Barack Obama was read, congratulating Bishop Curry on his historic election. Curry is known for quoting The Battle Hymn during his sermons. The tune has played a role in many movies where patriotic music has been required, including the 1970 World War II war comedy \\\"Kelly's Heroes\\\", and the 1999 sci-fi western \\\"Wild Wild West\\\". The inscription, \\\"Mine eyes have seen the glory of\",\n \"title\": \"Battle Hymn of the Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15312917\",\n \"text\": \"of Philistia: arch-enemy of Israel and west of the Kingdom of Judah. These are the lyrics in Spanish: Tierra bendita y divina \\\"Tierra bendita y divina\\\" (), also known as \\\"Tierra de la Palestina\\\" (), is a traditional Spanish language Christian hymn derived from Cuba and composed by Robert C. Savage in 1954. It describes the land of Palestine and the details of Jesus' life, and refers to certain historical Israelite places: the Western Wall, the Mount of Beatitudes, and the Jaffa Gate. On the line, \\\"Tierra bendita y divina, es la de Palestina\\\", the Holy Land is referred to\",\n \"title\": \"Tierra bendita y divina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5065451\",\n \"text\": \"Automobile\\\", \\\"My Lovin' Henry\\\", \\\"Central, Give Me Back My Dime\\\", \\\"Gretchen\\\", \\\"Traveling\\\", \\\"When Mose With His Nose Leads the Band\\\", \\\"It's Up to You to Move\\\", \\\"Honey, Won't You Love Me Like You Used to?\\\", \\\"Come Take a Skate With Me\\\", \\\"Susan, Kiss Me Good and Hard\\\", \\\"Won't You Leave Your Happy Home For Me?\\\", \\\"Afloat On a Five Dollar Note\\\", \\\"Anxious\\\" \\\"Arrah Wanna\\\", \\\"Good-a-Bye John\\\", \\\"I'm Thinkin' Bout You Honey All the Time\\\", \\\"Won't You Throw a Kiss To Me\\\", \\\"I'm Keeping My Love-Lamp Burning For You\\\", \\\"Lovin' Time\\\", \\\"And a Little Bit More\\\", \\\"Every Little Bit, Added to\",\n \"title\": \"Collins & Harlan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17913529\",\n \"text\": \"opening up about her battle with severe depression and then decided to postpone her tour. Barnes has a catalogue of hit songs including \\\"Love Like Mine\\\", \\\"Telescope\\\", \\\"Boys and Buses\\\", \\\"Hypnotizing\\\", \\\"Trouble Is\\\",\\\"Wrong Song\\\", \\\"Tell that Devil\\\", \\\"What If It's You\\\", \\\"Mississippi Flood\\\", \\\"Last Honest Man\\\", \\\"One Place Too Long\\\", \\\"Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet\\\", \\\"Nothing In This World Will Ever Break My Heart Again\\\", \\\"Hole In The World\\\", \\\"Consider Me\\\", and most recently \\\"Water Rising\\\" & \\\"Is There Anybody Out There?\\\". 2010: Juliette 2012: All My Angels 2014: Inside The Dream 2015: Unleashed 2017: Grateful 2017:\",\n \"title\": \"Juliette Barnes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1951118\",\n \"text\": \"Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \\\"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\\\", \\\"Roses Are Red\\\", \\\"Jack and Jill\\\", \\\"Cock a doodle doo\\\", \\\"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\\\", \\\"The Grand Old Duke of York\\\", \\\"London Bridge Is Falling Down\\\", \\\"Hey Diddle Diddle\\\", \\\"Three Blind Mice\\\", \\\"Little Miss Muffet\\\", \\\"Pat-a-cake\\\", \\\"Pop Goes the Weasel\\\", \\\"The Queen of Hearts\\\", \\\"Polly Put the Kettle On\\\", \\\"Peter Piper\\\", \\\"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\\\", \\\"Hickory Dickory Dock\\\", \\\"One for Sorrow\\\", \\\"This Old Man\\\", \\\"Simple Simon\\\", \\\"Old Mother Hubbard\\\", \\\"Little Bo Peep\\\", \\\"Sing a Song of\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6711717\",\n \"text\": \"popular song titles include \\\"It Took a Miracle\\\", \\\"Over the Sunset Mountains\\\", \\\"Heaven Came Down\\\", \\\"So Send I You\\\", \\\"Springs of Living Water\\\", \\\"Jesus is Coming Again\\\", \\\"Surely Goodness and Mercy\\\", \\\"This is the day that the Lord hath made\\\" and \\\"O Glorious Love\\\". His cantatas include \\\"Night of Miracles\\\" and \\\"Down From His Glory\\\". In 1986, he was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. John W. Peterson John Willard Peterson (November 1, 1921 – September 20, 2006) was a songwriter who had a major influence on evangelical Christian music in the 1950s through the 1970s. He wrote\",\n \"title\": \"John W. Peterson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15956310\",\n \"text\": \"the song \\\"United States of Division\\\", a 2004 B-side to the track \\\"Cinnamon Girl\\\" in which he sings \\\"Why should I sing 'God Bless America' / but not the rest of the world?\\\" Singer-songwriter David Dondero released a song on his 2003 album \\\"Live at the Hemlock\\\" called \\\"Pre-Invasion Jitters\\\", in which he calls George W. Bush an \\\"illegitimate president\\\" and criticizes \\\"gung-ho war guys\\\" for taking his word as \\\"heaven sent.\\\" The hip-hop group Beastie Boys had a number of protest songs on their 2004 release \\\"To the 5 Boroughs\\\". Songs such as \\\"It Takes Time To Build\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Protest songs in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7431819\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Pure\\\" and \\\"Forza Horizon\\\". The song was also used in the trailer and nightclub scene for the film \\\"RocknRolla\\\", in which they appear performing the song. The single itself reached number 22 on the UK singles chart when released on 20 June 2005. Rock & Roll Queen \\\"Rock & Roll Queen\\\" is a single from the British indie rock band The Subways, from their debut record \\\"Young for Eternity\\\". It is the third single from the CD. It was featured on the hit drama \\\"The OC\\\" and is track 1 on \\\"\\\". It also features in British TV advertisements for\",\n \"title\": \"Rock & Roll Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591250\",\n \"text\": \"including, \\\"Black Snake Moan\\\", \\\"Walk the Line\\\", \\\"Hustle & Flow\\\", \\\"Forty Shades of Blue\\\", \\\"21 Grams\\\", \\\"A Painted House\\\", \\\"American Saint\\\", \\\"The Poor and Hungry\\\", \\\"Cast Away\\\", \\\"Woman's Story\\\", \\\"The Big Muddy\\\", \\\"The Rainmaker\\\", \\\"Finding Graceland\\\", \\\"The People vs. Larry Flynt\\\", \\\"The Delta\\\", \\\"Teenage Tupelo\\\", \\\"A Family Thing\\\", \\\"Without Air\\\", \\\"The Firm\\\", \\\"The Client\\\", \\\"The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag\\\", \\\"Trespass\\\", \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\", \\\"Great Balls of Fire!\\\", \\\"Elvis and Me\\\", \\\"Mystery Train\\\", \\\"Leningrad Cowboys Go America\\\", \\\"Heart of Dixie\\\", \\\"The Contemporary Gladiator\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Making the Grade\\\", \\\"The River Rat\\\", \\\"The River\\\", \\\"Hallelujah!\\\", \\\"Elizabethtown\\\", \\\"3000 Miles to Graceland\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18170235\",\n \"text\": \"A Lot In My Time,”“Wait Of A Woman,”“Born To Be Happy,”“Sag, Drag, And Fall,”“Let Me Love You,”“Where Does A Broken Heart Go,”“How's The World Treating You,”“Am I The One,” “Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling,” “Rose Of El Paso,” “John Henry,” “Precious Jewel,” “When I Go To Heaven Mamma,” “Flame In My Heart,” “Two Different Worlds,” “Loose Talk,” “Real Gone Daddy,” “This Old Bomb Of Mine,”“Baby I'm Sorry,” “You Never Had It So Good,” “Are You Lonesome To-Night?” \\\"Fraulin,\\\" \\\"Winner,\\\" \\\"Alabama Jubilee\\\", and his signature song “Keep A Light In Your Window Tonight.” Howie Stange opened for the following\",\n \"title\": \"Howie Stange\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15423113\",\n \"text\": \"US tour in 1988. Vital Sines Vital Sines was a Canadian post-punk/new wave band active between 1980 and 1988 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They are best known for their hit single, \\\"Collage\\\", which was recently listed as one of the most influential Canadian alternative rock songs. The band got their start in punk rock venues in Toronto playing under the name 'The Offenders'. When Scott Taylor, the original drummer left the band they changed the name to Vital Sines, releasing their first indie single, \\\"Subway Suicide\\\" in 1981. Following this they often played under the cover name \\\"Tryfono & The\",\n \"title\": \"Vital Sines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12133709\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Glory Days\\\", \\\"Merrily We Roll Along\\\", \\\"The Witches of Eastwick\\\", \\\"Saving Aimee\\\", \\\"Into the Woods\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Nevermore\\\", \\\"Assassins\\\", \\\"The Highest Yellow\\\", \\\"One Red Flower\\\", \\\"Allegro\\\", \\\"Twentieth Century\\\", \\\"110 in the Shade\\\", \\\"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\\\", \\\"The Gospel According to Fishman\\\", \\\"Grand Hotel\\\", \\\"The Rhythm Club\\\", \\\"Over & Over\\\", \\\"The Fix\\\", \\\"Working\\\", \\\"The Rink\\\", \\\"Cabaret\\\", \\\"First Lady Suite\\\", \\\"Wings\\\", \\\"Poor Superman\\\", \\\"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\\\", \\\"Passion\\\", \\\"Company\\\", \\\"Sweeney Todd\\\", \\\"Follies\\\", \\\"Pacific Overtures\\\", \\\"Ace\\\", \\\"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in\",\n \"title\": \"Eric D. Schaeffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"215928\",\n \"text\": \"of these are as follows: In addition to revivals of his most popular shows, Kern's music has been posthumously featured in a variety of revues, musicals and concerts on and off Broadway. Among the more than 700 songs by Kern are such classics as \\\"All the Things You Are\\\", \\\"Bill\\\", \\\"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\\\", \\\"A Fine Romance\\\", \\\"The Folks Who Live On the Hill\\\", \\\"I'll Be Hard to Handle\\\", \\\"I'm Old Fashioned\\\", \\\"I've Told Ev'ry Little Star\\\", \\\"The Last Time I Saw Paris\\\", \\\"Let's Begin\\\", \\\"Long Ago (and Far Away)\\\", \\\"Look for the Silver Lining\\\", \\\"Lovely to Look At\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Jerome Kern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1846188\",\n \"text\": \"Mucho\\\" (\\\"Kiss Me a Lot\\\"), \\\"Perfidia\\\", \\\"Solamente una vez\\\" (English version \\\"You Belong to My Heart\\\"), \\\"Esta Tarde Vi Llover\\\" (English version \\\"Yesterday I Heard the Rain\\\"), \\\"Somos Novios\\\" (English version \\\"It's Impossible\\\"), \\\"¡Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes!\\\", and \\\"Jesusita en Chihuahua,\\\" Other famous songs include \\\"México Lindo y Querido\\\" (\\\"Beautiful, Beloved Mexico\\\"), \\\"Jarabe Tapatío' (known internationally as \\\"The Mexican Hat Dance\\\"), \\\"El Rey\\\" (\\\"The King\\\"), \\\"El Triste\\\" (\\\"The sad one\\\"), \\\"Pelea de gallos\\\", \\\"Enamorada\\\" (\\\"Enamoured\\\"), \\\"Échame a mi la culpa\\\" (\\\"Blame me\\\"), \\\"La ley del monte\\\" (\\\"The law of the land\\\"), \\\"La Bikina\\\" (\\\"The \\\"Bikina\\\"\\\"), \\\"Por Debajo de la\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17960675\",\n \"text\": \"opened with \\\"Round and Round\\\", the usual opening song during a set list on the Night Visions Tour. The show progressed with \\\"Amsterdam\\\", \\\"Tiptoe\\\", \\\"Hear Me\\\", \\\"Cha-Ching (Till We Grow Older)\\\", \\\"Rocks\\\", \\\"Radioactive\\\", \\\"30 Lives\\\", \\\"Bleeding Out\\\", \\\"Demons\\\", then a cover of Ben E. King's \\\"Stand by Me\\\", then \\\"Underdog\\\" and \\\"On Top of the World\\\" before ending the show with \\\"It's Time\\\", and staging an encore with \\\"Nothing Left to Say\\\", the usual set list closer for the tour. The video, however, followed the setlist in chronological order, but omitting the performances of \\\"Hear me\\\", \\\"Radioactive\\\", \\\"30 lives\\\", \\\"Bleeding\",\n \"title\": \"Night Visions Live\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6636722\",\n \"text\": \"the control room as musical adviser. The new team saw the group through a series of top selling recordings over the next four years. The album was recorded from 19 January to 30 March, when they recorded \\\"You Should Be Dancing\\\", \\\"Love So Right\\\", \\\"Subway\\\", \\\"Love Me\\\", \\\"You Stepped Into My Life\\\", \\\"The Way It Was\\\", \\\"Walk Before You Run\\\" (unreleased), \\\"The Feel\\\" (unreleased) and \\\"Lovers\\\" which had Robin singing lead in falsetto. All the songs were finished in Quebec, except the two unreleased songs and \\\"Walk Before You Run\\\" which was written by Barry Gibb with Stephen Stills. During\",\n \"title\": \"Children of the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7219127\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Looked for where I ought to be.\\\" \\\"Cities so grand, mountains above,\\\" \\\"Led to this land I love.\\\" \\\"Chorus:\\\" \\\"Beautiful Ohio, where the golden grain\\\" \\\"Dwarf the lovely flowers in the summer rain.\\\" \\\"Cities rising high, silhouette the sky.\\\" \\\"Freedom is supreme in this majestic land;\\\" \\\"Mighty factories seem to hum a tune, so grand.\\\" \\\"Beautiful Ohio, thy wonders are in view,\\\" \\\"Land where my dreams all come true!\\\" Beautiful Ohio \\\"Beautiful Ohio\\\" is the official song of the U.S. State of Ohio. The first lyrics were written in 1918 by Ballard MacDonald and the music by Robert A. \\\"Bobo\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Beautiful Ohio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1769919\",\n \"text\": \"which comes from the aborted Djali Zwan album/film. The songs listed on the DVD are \\\"My Life and Times\\\", \\\"Rivers We Can't Cross\\\", \\\"Mary Star of the Sea\\\", \\\"Love Lies in Ruin\\\", \\\"For Your Love\\\", \\\"Down, Down, Down\\\", \\\"A New Poetry\\\", \\\"W.P.\\\", \\\"Jesus, I\\\", \\\"God's Gonna Set This World on Fire\\\", \\\"To Love You\\\", \\\"Consumed\\\", a different rendition of \\\"My Life and Times\\\", \\\"Danger Boy\\\", and \\\"Spilled Milk\\\", but they are not clips of the full songs. Band Additional musicians Production \\\"For Your Love\\\" DVD personnel Mary Star of the Sea (album) Mary Star of the Sea is the only\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Star of the Sea (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8952827\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mary Poppins\\\" several years later. \\\"Tall Paul\\\" was credited to Annette and the Afterbeats and reached #7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in 1959. It was the highest-charting song by Annette Funicello and also one of the shortest, clocking in at 1 minute and 38 seconds. The version included on \\\"Annette:A Musical reunion With America's Girl Next Door\\\" lists the song at 1munute 52 seconds. Annette Funicello made a cameo appearance as herself in the 1989 film \\\"Troop Beverly Hills\\\", while jogging she's singing the first line of \\\"Tall Paul\\\": \\\"Chalk on the sidewalk/Writing on the wall/Everybody knows it/I\",\n \"title\": \"Tall Paul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12103367\",\n \"text\": \"Above & Beyond 2. Concrete Cover-Up 3. Black Box 4. Surrender 5. So Long Comrade 6. Sinister Soldier 7. X 8. Silence Remains 9. Locked Door \\\"Blood Red\\\" (2001) 1. River Of Red 2. Immortal Secret 3. Darkened Words 4. Rouge 5. Shrapnel 6. A Sickle Through My Heart 7. Hammering It Home 8. White Red & Blue 9. Silence Calling 10. Hell’s Cradle 11. City Skyline \\\"Live in Red Square\\\" (2003) 1. Last Words 2. Stained Memories 3. S.O.S. to Russia 4. Paint The Town Red 5. Bullet For My Love 6. Three Little Words To Hear Me Speak\",\n \"title\": \"Roulette (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8990730\",\n \"text\": \"the Ship Comes In\\\" were released on \\\"\\\". The remaining nine songs performed at the concert were issued in 2013 on the European limited vinyl release \\\"The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963\\\", released by Columbia Records in order to prevent a number of Dylan recordings legally entering the public domain in Europe. These nine songs are: \\\"Blowin' in the Wind\\\", \\\"Percy's Song\\\", \\\"Seven Curses\\\", \\\"Walls of Red Wing\\\", \\\"Talkin' World War III Blues\\\", \\\"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\\\", \\\"Only a Pawn in Their Game\\\", \\\"Masters of War\\\" and \\\"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\\\". Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 Live\",\n \"title\": \"Live at Carnegie Hall 1963\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2461703\",\n \"text\": \"and released his first full CD in English, \\\"Enrique\\\". The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete and contained a duet with Whitney Houston called \\\"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\\\" and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \\\"Sad Eyes\\\". The album's third single, \\\"Be With You\\\", became his second number one. Jennifer Lopez's debut album \\\"On the 6\\\", a reference to the 6 subway line she used to take growing up in Castle Hill, was released on 1 June 1999, and reached the top ten of the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The album featured the Billboard\",\n \"title\": \"Latin American music in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8173761\",\n \"text\": \"the song with Carl Wiser for Songfacts.com in 2013. \\\"I loved it. It had a slightly different feel. 'A Sign of the Times,' I suppose you might expect some big political statement or something, but it was just a straight-ahead love song. I think Tony rather liked finding titles that made you think, like 'Don't Sleep in the Subway.' People would think, is it about drugs? Is it about this? And these were just straightforward songs. I like 'Sign of the Times.' I think it's a good song.\\\" The song was recorded at the Pye Studios in Marble Arch in\",\n \"title\": \"Sign of the Times (Petula Clark song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11109051\",\n \"text\": \"records): over the next few years he added 'I am a Roamer' (Mendelssohn), 'Nazareth', 'Vulcan's Song' (\\\"Philemon and Baucis\\\"), and 'She alone charmeth my sadness' (Gounod), 'O ruddier than the cherry' (\\\"Acis and Galatea\\\"), 'Hear, ye winds and waves' (\\\"Scipio\\\"), 'Honour and Arms', 'Arm, arm ye brave' (\\\"Judas Maccabaeus\\\") (Handel), 'Arise ye subterranean winds' (Purcell), and many of the better and longer ballads of the time. He recorded the standard bass and tenor duets ('Larboard Watch', 'The Gendarmes', 'Excelsior', 'The moon hath raised her lamp above', and 'Watchman, what of the night'?) with John Harrison, and also recorded English songs\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Radford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10722410\",\n \"text\": \"own band The Listening Pool. The song pays homage to two rock groups: firstly to The Velvet Underground, with the song \\\"Sister Ray\\\" being directly referenced (OMD had previously covered \\\"I'm Waiting for the Man\\\" as a B-side to 1980 single \\\"Messages\\\"); and secondly to The Who, with the line \\\"people try to drag us down\\\" being near-identical in melody and lyrical content to the opening line of \\\"My Generation\\\". Critic Dave Thompson in AllMusic lauded \\\"Sailing on the Seven Seas\\\" as \\\"a glorious musical mélange, an inspired melding of synth pop soar, 2-Tone yore, and glam rock roar, the\",\n \"title\": \"Sailing on the Seven Seas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3345119\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Old Brigade\\\"; \\\"The Deathless Army\\\"; \\\"To the Front\\\"; \\\"John Bull\\\"; \\\"Darby and Joan\\\"; \\\"When We are Old and Grey\\\"; \\\"Auntie\\\"; \\\"The Chimney Corner\\\"; \\\"The Children's Home\\\"; \\\"The Old Maids of Lee\\\"; \\\"The Men of Ware\\\"; \\\"The Devoted Apple\\\"; \\\"To-morrow will be Friday\\\"; \\\"Douglas Gordon\\\"; \\\"Sleeping Tide\\\"; \\\"The Star of Bethlehem\\\"; \\\"Beauty's Eyes\\\"; \\\"In Sweet September\\\"; \\\"Bid me Good-bye\\\"; \\\"The Last Watch\\\"; \\\"London Bridge\\\"; \\\"The King's Highway\\\"; \\\"Go to Sea\\\"; \\\"Veteran's Song\\\"; \\\"Up from Somerset\\\"; \\\"Beyond the Dawn\\\"; \\\"Nirvana\\\"; \\\"Mifanwy\\\"; \\\"Sergeant of the Line\\\"; \\\"Stone-cracker John\\\"; \\\"Ailsa Mine\\\"; \\\"Old Black Mare\\\"; \\\"Coolan Dhu\\\"; \\\"Three for Jack\\\"; \\\"Bhoy I Love\\\"; \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Frederic Weatherly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1742879\",\n \"text\": \"is \\\"A Walk to Caesarea\\\", commonly known as \\\"Eli, Eli\\\" (\\\"My God, My God\\\"). The well-known melody was composed by David Zahavi. Many singers have sung it, including Ofra Haza, Regina Spektor, and Sophie Milman. It was used to close some versions of the film \\\"Schindler's List\\\": \\\"My God, My God, I pray that these things never end\\\", \\\"The sand and the sea,\\\" \\\"The rustle of the waters,\\\" \\\"Lightning of the Heavens,\\\" \\\"The prayer of Man.\\\" \\\"אלי, אלי, שלא יגמר לעולם \\\"החול והים \\\"רשרוש של המים \\\"ברק השמים \\\"תפילת האדם Another of her poems begins, \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Hannah Szenes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7597910\",\n \"text\": \"being \\\"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\\\" from the 2004 film \\\"Home on the Range\\\". \\\"On the Record\\\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", and \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,\",\n \"title\": \"On the Record (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13084426\",\n \"text\": \"a reference to Jeremiah , the same Bible verse referenced on the cover of U2's 2000 album, \\\"All That You Can't Leave Behind\\\". \\\"Unknown Caller\\\" is composed in the key of G major. The song begins with a droning noise, the birdsong of Moroccan swallows, and exotic instruments, before The Edge begins playing a four note riff, similar to that of \\\"Walk On\\\". The chorus features a monotone group chant of commands (\\\"Go / Shout it out / Rise up / Hear me, cease to speak / That I may speak / Shush now\\\"), alternating with drawn out \\\"Ohh /\",\n \"title\": \"Unknown Caller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4605703\",\n \"text\": \"man.\\\" (Ochs wrote in the liner notes that \\\"songs like this\\\" were one of the reasons the State Department blocked Ewan MacColl from entering the U.S., adding that this was unwise given \\\"the quality of culture in America.\\\") However, more doctrinaire socialists may have had mixed feelings about \\\"That's What I Want to Hear,\\\" in which Ochs tells an out of work man to stop begging and fight for full employment. Among more traditional protest songs, the most pointed might be \\\"Iron Lady,\\\" about the death penalty, with the memorable line \\\"And a rich man never died upon the chair.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"I Ain't Marching Anymore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8324328\",\n \"text\": \"a re-ordered track list, dropped the tracks \\\"Creep\\\" and \\\"Mistake\\\", and added \\\"When The Time Comes\\\". \\\"Track list (Original release):\\\" \\\"If I Promised You the World,\\\" \\\"Words Unspoken,\\\" \\\"Play with Me,\\\" \\\"See You Tonight,\\\" \\\"Alone,\\\" \\\"Addicted,\\\" \\\"Mistake,\\\" \\\"Tear Us Apart,\\\" \\\"You Say,\\\" \\\"Creep,\\\" \\\"Let Me in the Dark,\\\" \\\"World Alone,\\\" \\\"The Dolphin's Cry\\\" (bonus track) \\\"Track list (2010 release):\\\" \\\"If I Promised You the World,\\\" \\\"Play With Me,\\\" \\\"When The Time Comes,\\\" \\\"Addicted,\\\" \\\"You Say,\\\" \\\"Let Me in the Dark,\\\" \\\"See You Tonight,\\\" \\\"Alone,\\\" \\\"Words Unspoken,\\\" \\\"Tear Us Apart,\\\" \\\"World Alone,\\\" \\\"The Dolphin's Cry\\\" (bonus track) The first single from\",\n \"title\": \"Magni Ásgeirsson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2857362\",\n \"text\": \"sign Enrique. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, \\\"Enrique\\\". The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete and contained a duet with Whitney Houston called \\\"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\\\" and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \\\"Sad Eyes\\\". The album's third single, \\\"Be With You\\\", became his second number one. Jennifer Lopez's debut album \\\"On the 6\\\", a reference to the 6 subway line she used to take growing up in Castle Hill, was released on 1 June 1999,\",\n \"title\": \"Crossover music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2018155\",\n \"text\": \"fighting overseas in Vietnam), \\\"He Cried\\\" and the spoken-word \\\"Past, Present and Future\\\", featuring a musical backdrop inspired by Beethoven's \\\"Moonlight Sonata\\\". Noteworthy B-sides included \\\"Heaven Only Knows\\\", \\\"The Train from Kansas City\\\", \\\"Dressed in Black\\\" and \\\"Paradise\\\" (written by Harry Nilsson). Among titles in favorites lists is \\\"I Can Never Go Home Anymore\\\", the story of a girl who leaves home for a boy; her pride keeps her from returning to her mother who \\\"\\\"grew so lonely in the end/the angels picked her for their friend\\\"\\\". Lines from \\\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\\\" include \\\"\\\"When I say I'm\",\n \"title\": \"The Shangri-Las\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17577012\",\n \"text\": \"song has often been sung at outdoor baptisms (such as the full-immersion baptism depicted in \\\"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\\\"). Another reason is that many slave songs contained coded messages for escaping. When the slaves escaped, they would walk \\\"in the river\\\" because the water would cover their scent from the bounty-hunters' dogs. Similarly, the \\\"starry crown\\\" could refer to navigating their escape by the stars. And \\\"Good Lord, show me the way\\\" could be a prayer for God's guidance to find the escape route, commonly known as \\\"the Underground Railroad.\\\" According to some sources, the song was published in\",\n \"title\": \"Down in the River to Pray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1704988\",\n \"text\": \"permission to use their names and pictures in an advertisement alongside quotes such as \\\"One of the few great musical comedies of the last thirty years\\\" and \\\"A fabulous musical. I love it.\\\" Merrick then prepared a newspaper ad featuring the namesakes' rave reviews under the heading \\\"7 Out of 7 Are Ecstatically Unanimous About Subways Are For Sleeping\\\". Only one newspaper, the \\\"New York Herald Tribune\\\", published the ad, and only in one edition; however, the publicity that the ad garnered helped the musical remain open for 205 performances (almost six months). Merrick later revealed that he had conceived\",\n \"title\": \"David Merrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16211667\",\n \"text\": \"came when Spring was smiling\\\" \\\"Fast Homeward there rode (the erl king)\\\" \\\"Thine is my Heart\\\" \\\"Forlorn I track the mountains steep (the Wanderer)\\\". \\\"Sleepest Thou Fair Maiden\\\" \\\"Death Thou Unrelenting Foe\\\" \\\"Behold yon Rose Tree\\\"; \\\"My Pretty Fisher Maiden\\\" \\\"All Unstrung Hangs my Lute\\\" \\\"On Mossy Bank Reclining\\\" \\\"Weary Flowers their Buds are Closing (Serenade)\\\" \\\"The Passing Bell\\\" \\\"Calm as a Child in its Cradle\\\" \\\"Weep not for Friends Departed\\\" \\\"My life is but a Summer Day\\\" \\\"Why Fond Youth such Wild Emotion\\\" \\\"Tis Sweet to Think\\\" \\\"Dear Mother do not Chide Me, (the Echo)\\\" \\\"A Warrior I Am\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Oliphant (lyricist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8017951\",\n \"text\": \"of Rhye\\\" from the album \\\"Queen II\\\" as well as \\\"Lily of the Valley\\\" from \\\"Sheer Heart Attack\\\"; compare, \\\"The King of Rhye will be crowned again / His messenger will spread the word far through the land / He will sail the seven seas of his kingdom\\\" (\\\"For Evermore\\\") with, \\\"Messenger from Seven Seas has flown / To tell the King of Rhye he's lost his throne\\\" (\\\"Lily of the Valley\\\"). Domine created its fourth album \\\"Emperor of the Black Runes\\\" with the New Sin Audio Design studio in May 2003, after some months of writing and pre-production. The\",\n \"title\": \"Domine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3137318\",\n \"text\": \"Marchin' Already Marchin' Already is the third album by Ocean Colour Scene. The album was a follow-up to the successful \\\"Moseley Shoals\\\", and is in a similar style. The songs were taken from the band's catalogue that they had built up since forming several years earlier. The single \\\"Hundred Mile High City\\\" was used in the film \\\"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\\\". Nodding a reference to northern soul, P.P. Arnold appears on \\\"Traveller's Tune\\\" and \\\"It's a Beautiful Thing\\\". A more subdued version of \\\"Traveller's Tune\\\" originally appeared as a B-side to \\\"The Day We Caught the Train\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Marchin' Already\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5328890\",\n \"text\": \"the viewer which tales were true (the stories bolded on this list) and which ones were works of fiction. The Apparition, The Electric Chair, On the Road, Number One With a Bullet & Dream House The Viewing, The Subway, Kid in the Closet, Justice is Served & The Tractor The Prophecy, Couch Potato, Love Over the Counter, Imaginary Friend & Last Man on Earth E-Mail, Cup of Joe, Secret of the Family Tomb, Wheezer & The Unknown Patient Needle Point, Toy to the Rescue, Mystery Lock, The House on Baker Street & The Train The Candlestick, The Diner, From the\",\n \"title\": \"Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4292461\",\n \"text\": \"#22. Petula Clark's run of 1966 and 1967 hits include many written by Hatch: \\\"My Love\\\" (a US number one), \\\"A Sign of the Times\\\", \\\"I Couldn't Live Without Your Love\\\", \\\"Who Am I\\\", \\\"Colour My World\\\", \\\"Don't Sleep in the Subway\\\" and \\\"The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener\\\". He wrote all of these (except \\\"My Love\\\") with his wife Jackie Trent. \\\"A Sign of the Times\\\", \\\"Who Am I\\\" and \\\"Colour My World\\\" were not hits in Britain. In 1964, Hatch was hired to write his first television theme, for the soap opera \\\"Crossroads\\\". It would become one\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Hatch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6161882\",\n \"text\": \"collection of swear words cut from the band's live performances. A \\\"clean\\\" version of the album also existed, with the final track removed, and an audible \\\"bleep\\\" of a curse in a previous song. The album's eleventh song \\\"Train, Train\\\" featured the line \\\"All a-fucking-board\\\" at the beginning, which was removed from the clean version. Canadian cable-TV music network MuchMusic refused to air the \\\"Cherry Pie\\\" video on the grounds that it was \\\"offensively sexist\\\". The album's themes include sex (\\\"Cherry Pie\\\", \\\"Sure Feels Good to Me\\\", \\\"Love in Stereo\\\"), love and devotion (\\\"Mr. Rainmaker\\\", \\\"Blind Faith\\\"), and betrayal (\\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"Cherry Pie (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13780062\",\n \"text\": \"Lisa\\\", \\\"Too Young\\\", \\\"Darling, Je Vous Aime Beaucoup\\\", \\\"Pretend\\\", \\\"Smile\\\", and \\\"A Blossom Fell\\\". Perry Como was another frequent visitor to the charts with hits like: \\\"If\\\", \\\"Round and Round\\\", \\\"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\\\", \\\"Tina Marie\\\", \\\"Papa Loves Mambo\\\", and \\\"Catch a Falling Star\\\". Other major stars in the early 1950s included Frank Sinatra (\\\"Young at Heart\\\", \\\"Three Coins in the Fountain\\\", \\\"Witchcraft\\\"), Tony Bennett (\\\"Cold, Cold Heart\\\", \\\"Because of You\\\", \\\"Rags to Riches\\\"), Kay Starr (\\\"Bonaparte's Retreat\\\", \\\"Wheel of Fortune\\\", \\\"Rock and Roll Waltz\\\"), Rosemary Clooney (\\\"Come On-a My House\\\", \\\"Mambo Italiano\\\", \\\"Half as Much\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"1950s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15887452\",\n \"text\": \"Speaking in Tongues (song) \\\"Speaking in Tongues\\\" is the fifth single from indie rock band Arcade Fire's third album, \\\"The Suburbs\\\". It did not appear on the original track listing, but showed up on the deluxe edition as a bonus track. There is a direct reference to T.S Eliot's The Waste Land: \\\"Hypocrite reader, my double, my brother\\\", himself quoting Baudelaire's To the Reader: \\\"— Hypocrite lecteur, — mon semblable, — mon frère!\\\" The title itself is a reference to the Bible (Acts 2:4 ; 1 Corinthians 14:18) to a phenomenon called glossolalia, which is believed to be a divine\",\n \"title\": \"Speaking in Tongues (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1604914\",\n \"text\": \"lyric \\\"you'd best believe I'm in love L-U-V\\\" from the Shangri-Las' \\\"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\\\" (1964) when he opened \\\"Looking for a Kiss\\\", which tells a story of adolescent romantic desire hampered by peers who use drugs. On \\\"Subway Train\\\", he used lyrics from the American folk standard \\\"Someone's in the Kitchen with Dinah\\\". In the opinion of critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the album's rowdy hard rock songs also revamped riffs from Chuck Berry and the Rolling Stones, resulting in music that sounded edgy and threatening in spite of the New York Dolls' wittingly kitsch and camp sensibilities.\",\n \"title\": \"New York Dolls (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7264771\",\n \"text\": \"appeared in several films including, \\\"The Balloon Goes Up\\\"(1942) and \\\"Sing Along with Me\\\" (1952), and continued recording with songs such as, \\\"The Last Mile Home\\\", \\\"Dear Hearts and Gentle People\\\", \\\"Out of a Clear Blue Sky\\\", \\\"Music! Music! Music!\\\", \\\"If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake\\\", \\\"Enjoy Yourself (It's Later Than You Think)\\\", \\\"Dearie\\\", \\\"I Remember the Cornfields\\\", \\\"Beloved, Be Faithful\\\", \\\"Me and My Imagination\\\", \\\"Mistakes\\\", \\\"In a Golden Coach\\\" (a celebratory number for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II), \\\"Is It Any Wonder\\\" and \\\"Changing Partners\\\". After several years at the top Peers left for\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Peers\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Dion DiMucci context he released a single, \\\"New York Is My Home,\\\" with Paul Simon. Dion had previously worked with Simon on his 1989 hit \\\"Written on the Subway Wall.\\\" The single was followed by the album \\\"New York Is My Home,\\\" released February 12, 2016. Dion is planning four concerts in the U.S. during spring 2016. Dion was invited as a keynote speaker for the 2016 SXSW in Texas. He spoke on the topic \\\"A Conversation with Dion: Rock's Enduring Voice\\\" on March 17, 2016. In May 2017, Dion released \\\"Kickin' Child: The Lost Album 1965\\\", songs recorded in 1965 when he\\n\\n\\\"Which song say, \\\"\\\"The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?\\\"\\\"\\\"\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 210,\n \"origin_tokens\": 211,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Protest songs in the United States context: the Muddy\\\" by Seeger (1967), \\\"Suppose They Give a War and No One Comes\\\" by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band (1967), \\\"The \\\"Fish\\\" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\\\" by Country Joe and the Fish (1968), \\\"The Unknown Soldier\\\" by The Doors (1968), \\\"One Tin Soldier\\\" by Original Caste (1969), \\\"Volunteers\\\" by Jefferson Airplane (1969), \\\"Fortunate Son\\\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969), and the album \\\"Back to the World\\\" by Curtis Mayfield. Woody Guthrie's son Arlo Guthrie also wrote one of the decade's most famous protest songs in the form of the 18-minute long-talking blues song \\\"Alice's Restaurant Massacree\\\",\\n\\ntitle Welcome My Nightmare context Runaway Train was based the Dennis Dunaway Project' \\\"Sub\\\" from their 2006 albumones the Y Cooper decided rework the song so it had no ch the track of The song took inspiration the \\\"Tra Kept A-Rol The Alice Cooper sings similar to how he s \\\" Yourself to from the albumFlush the F music star Vince Gill lead guitar on this song. This one of three songs that the original Alice Cooper performed on \\\"Last on Earth\\\"\\n\\n) context\\\". The on 0. The feature 1 of: \\\"Meet Virginia \\\"Dro of JupiterCall Allels \\\"Get\\\", to SkyCabey, Soul Sister \\\"'s Love MeSave Me, Francisco \\\"D \\\"50 Ways to Say \\\"Bruises \\\"Angel in JePlay That Song\\\", \\\" Me Sir\\\". The album will feature a bonus song a cover song \\\"Careless Whper This a major performances by various and shows\\ntitle: The Sub: The The from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Their debut album, \\\"Young for Eternity\\\", was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, \\\"All or Nothing\\\", was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album \\\"Money and Celebrity\\\" debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on the 9 February 2015. The Subways name comes from a time when Lunn, Morgan and Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout.\\n\\n\\\"Which song say, \\\"\\\"The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?\\\"\\\"\\\"\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 573,\n \"origin_tokens\": 17274,\n \"ratio\": \"30.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $1.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":179,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":179,"string":"179"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who sang the title song for the Bond film A View To A Kill?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Duran duran","Sphere Studios","Careless Memory","Duran Duran","Duranduran","DUran Duran"],"string":"[\n \"Duran duran\",\n \"Sphere Studios\",\n \"Careless Memory\",\n \"Duran Duran\",\n \"Duranduran\",\n \"DUran Duran\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Duran Duran"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"10229505","text":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \"A View to a Kill\", was written by John Barry and Duran Duran, and was recorded in London with a 60-piece orchestra. \"A View to a Kill\" is the most successful Bond theme to date. In 1986 Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond","title":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"2947421","text":"the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song \"A View to a Kill\" performing well in the charts, becoming the only theme song to reach #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song. MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"id":"5024938","text":"46, became Duran Duran's first of two singles to hit no. 1 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 (for 2 weeks) on 23 June 1984 (see 1984 in music), and was a huge hit internationally. (Their only other single to hit no. 1 in the US was the title song to the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\".) It was also the first of two songs that kept \"Dancing in the Dark\" by Bruce Springsteen out of the top spot (the other one being Prince's \"When Doves Cry\"). The band wanted it to be the lead single from","title":"The Reflex"},{"id":"5512840","text":"theme, and the famous Yahoo! yodel. He met John Barry (of James Bond soundtrack fame) in the early 1980s, and began working with him on several movie soundtracks, including \"Jagged Edge\" and \"A View to a Kill\". It was during the \"A View to a Kill\" sessions in 1985 that Elias met and became friends with the members of pop group Duran Duran (they performed the title song for the movie). While working on the soundtrack to the film \"9½ Weeks\" the year after that, Elias co-wrote the single \"I Do What I Do\" with Duran Duran's bassist John Taylor,","title":"Jonathan Elias"},{"id":"7997015","text":"A View to a Kill (song) \"A View to a Kill\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave and synthpop band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's biggest hits. It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached number 1 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100; it also made it to number 2 for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart. In 1986, composer John Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the","title":"A View to a Kill (song)"},{"id":"5776247","text":"The other two live tracks were recorded at Wembley Stadium during the tour for the album \"Breaking Hearts\". According to Elizabeth Rosenthal in her book, \"His Songs: The Musical Journey of Elton John (p. 260; First edition)\", the LP's closing track, \"Shoot Down the Moon\", was considered for the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\", but the producers instead decided to go with the title track as performed by Duran Duran. \"The Man Who Never Died\" is a song written about John Lennon, in addition to \"Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)\", from Elton John's album \"Jump Up!\" }","title":"Ice on Fire"},{"id":"285897","text":"Nancy Sinatra Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra and Nancy (Barbato) Sinatra, and is widely known for her 1966 signature hit \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". Other defining recordings include \"Sugar Town\", the 1967 number one \"Somethin' Stupid\" (a duet with her father), the title song from the James Bond film \"You Only Live Twice\", several collaborations with Lee Hazlewood such as \"Jackson\", and her cover of Cher's \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\". Nancy Sinatra began her career as a singer and","title":"Nancy Sinatra"},{"id":"285924","text":"Clio's Top TV Commercial chart for May 2017. Marriages: Children (with Lambert): (Both women were left $1 million from their grandfather Frank Sinatra's will in a trust fund started in 1983) Feature films Nancy Sinatra Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra and Nancy (Barbato) Sinatra, and is widely known for her 1966 signature hit \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". Other defining recordings include \"Sugar Town\", the 1967 number one \"Somethin' Stupid\" (a duet with her father), the title song from the James Bond film","title":"Nancy Sinatra"},{"id":"2947438","text":"Theme\". Barry's composition from \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" was modified for use in the songs \"Snow Job\", \"He's Dangerous\" and \"Golden Gate Fight\" of \"A View to a Kill.\" \"A View to a Kill\" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series. The 2015 track \"Writing's On The Wall\" later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan)","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"id":"7997023","text":"live version of the song at the beginning of the Andra Chansen (Second Chance) round of Melodifestivalen 2010 in Örebro, Sweden. Jay Gonzalez of Drive-By Truckers covered the song in a bossa nova style on the 2017 multi-artist compilation album, \"Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007\". Albums: A View to a Kill (song) \"A View to a Kill\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave and synthpop band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's","title":"A View to a Kill (song)"},{"id":"1453785","text":"Lulu (singer) Lulu Kennedy-Cairns, OBE (born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie; 3 November 1948) is a Scottish singer-songwriter. She is internationally known, but especially by UK audiences in the 1960s. Later in her career she had hits internationally with \"To Sir with Love\" from the 1967 film of the same name and with the title song to the 1974 James Bond film \"The Man with the Golden Gun\". In European countries, she is also widely known for her Eurovision Song Contest 1969 winning entry \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\", and in the UK for her 1964 hit \"Shout\", which was performed at the closing","title":"Lulu (singer)"},{"id":"10229510","text":"film is easily a memorable as those secondary themes he used in \"You Only Live Twice\" (the \"Space March\"), \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (a similar space-themed piece, and the \"Bond Meets Bambi and Thumper\" theme which echoed both the \"James Bond Theme\" and the title song) among others. A View To A Kill Theme “Set-piece Theme” May Day Motif Pegasus’ Theme A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \"A View to a Kill\", was written","title":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"4283808","text":"Media. Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" from \"Spectre\" would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song. Duran Duran and John Barry's \"A View To A Kill\" topped the singles charts in the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015. Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. \"The Living Daylights\" featured The Pretenders performing \"If There","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"10833432","text":"\"Skyfall\" rose to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 92,000 copies bringing its overall sales to 176,000, and \"Skyfall\" entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 8, selling 261,000 copies in the US in its first three days. This tied \"Skyfall\" with Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" as the highest-charting James Bond theme song on the UK Singles Chart; a record surpassed in 2015 by Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\". \"Skyfall\" has sold more than two million copies worldwide and earned Adele the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy","title":"Adele"},{"id":"1427686","text":"Awards and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips. She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film \"Licence To Kill\". Knight is also listed as one of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Knight was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the daughter of Merald Woodlow Knight Sr., a postal worker, and Sarah Elizabeth (née Woods). She has a sister, Brenda, one living brother, Merald Jr. and one deceased brother, David. She first achieved minor fame by winning Ted Mack's \"The Original Amateur Hour\" TV show contest","title":"Gladys Knight"},{"id":"1536904","text":"albums (\"Duran Duran\", \"Rio\", and \"Seven and the Ragged Tiger\") and the live album \"Arena\". In 1985, the band recorded the theme to the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\", which became their second US No. 1 hit and the only Bond theme in history to do so. However, the intense schedule of recording and touring, coupled with the pressures of fame, left Taylor unhappy with being in the band. His final performance with the original line-up of Duran Duran was in July 1985 at the Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia, which reached a global audience of","title":"Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)"},{"id":"7997017","text":"of ours this year – English composer John Barry. This is for him.\" The song was written by Duran Duran and John Barry, and recorded at Maison Rouge Studio and CTS Studio in London with a 60-piece orchestra. Duran Duran were chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone \"decent\" to do one of your theme songs?\" This inauspicious beginning led to some serious talks, and the band was introduced to Bond composer John Barry, and also","title":"A View to a Kill (song)"},{"id":"2947437","text":"At that time, it had \"WELCOME\" painted across the side of the gasbag, but was replaced by \"ZORIN INDUSTRIES\" for the film. During the summer of 1984, the blimp was used to advertise Fujifilm. In real life, inflating the airship would take up to 24 hours, but during the film it was shown to take two minutes. The soundtrack was composed by John Barry, and published by EMI/Capitol. The theme song, \"A View to a Kill\", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. \"May Day Jumps\" is the only track that uses the \"James Bond","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"id":"9061808","text":"selling over 2.4 million copies there. Turner then switched from the US Capitol label to Virgin Records (though both were subsidiaries of EMI, and would later be merged by EMI to become the Capitol Music Group in 2007). In 1993, she recorded the soundtrack to the film about her life, \"What's Love Got to Do with It\", which spawned the single, \"I Don't Wanna Fight\", which became her first US Top 10 hit since 1986. In 1995 she performed the title song for the \"James Bond\" film \"GoldenEye\". Her next studio album was 1996's \"Wildest Dreams\", followed by 1999's \"Twenty","title":"Tina Turner discography"},{"id":"2472117","text":"founded The Dead Weather with Alison Mosshart of The Kills. In 2008 he recorded \"Another Way To Die\" (the title song for the 2008 James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\") along with Alicia Keys making them the only duet to perform a Bond song. On April 24, 2012, White released his debut solo album, \"Blunderbuss\". His second studio album, \"Lazaretto\", was released on June 10, 2014. His third studio album, \"Boarding House Reach\", was released on March 23, 2018. All three records received wide commercial and critical acclaim. White is a board member of the Library of Congress' National Recording","title":"Jack White"},{"id":"11230146","text":"is one of two New Zealand singing stars to have appeared in a James Bond movie – he played the part of a KGB Agent in \"A View to a Kill\". In 2001 EMI released a CD called \"The Very Best of Mr Lee Grant\" \"\"Mr. Lee Grant\"\" (#1, 1967) \"\"Mr. Lee in London\"\" (#3, 1968) \"\"The Very Best of Mr. Lee Grant\"\" (2001) Mr. Lee Grant Bogdan Kominowski (born 22 April 1945) is a New Zealand pop star. As well as his birth name he is also known by the stage name Mr. Lee Grant. He has had a","title":"Mr. Lee Grant"},{"id":"208196","text":"have also been two independent productions of Bond films: \"Casino Royale\" (a 1967 spoof) and \"Never Say Never Again\" (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, \"Thunderball\"). In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, making \"James Bond\" one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which","title":"James Bond"},{"id":"2585420","text":"tilt onto its side, it was not necessary as Julienne was able to pull off the stunt without the aid of camera trickery. Initially Vic Flick, who had played lead guitar on Monty Norman's original 007 theme, and Eric Clapton were asked to write and perform the theme song to \"Licence to Kill\" and they produced a theme to match Dalton's gritty performance, but the producers turned it down and instead Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen. The song (one of the longest to ever be used in a Bond film) was based on the \"horn line\" from \"Goldfinger\",","title":"Licence to Kill"},{"id":"2947439","text":"approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone \"decent\" to do one of your theme songs?\" During the opening sequence, a cover version of the 1965 Beach Boys song \"California Girls\", performed by Gidea Park with Adrian Baker (a tribute band), is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding. This was the first Bond film with a premiere outside the UK, opening on 22 May 1985 at San Francisco's Palace of Fine Arts. The British premiere was","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"id":"10229507","text":"by John Barry, titled \"A View To A Kill (That Fatal Kiss)\". The song was the last track that the original five members of Duran Duran recorded together until 2001. The video for the single was directed by the duo Godley & Creme, with shots of the band at the Eiffel Tower intercut with scenes from the movie, so that it appears that Roger Moore and Grace Jones are participating in the same storyline. The singer ends the video with a parody of James Bond, introducing himself as \"Bon. Simon Le Bon.\" During the opening teaser, a cover version of","title":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"8516579","text":"UK (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to \"The Way We Were\". Producers hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself. Arnau's version was featured in the film itself, when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends. The Olympia Brass Band has a notable part in \"Live and Let Die\", where they lead a funeral march for a (soon to be) assassination victim.","title":"Live and Let Die (film)"},{"id":"1427648","text":"continues to oversee his sister's career, by being her tour manager and occasionally joining Gladys onstage during performances. Gladys Knight recorded the theme song for the James Bond film, \"Licence to Kill\" in 1989, which became a top ten single in the UK. Two years later, she released her 1991 album, \"Good Woman\", which included the top five R&B hit, \"Men\", and Grammy-nominated duet version of \"Superwoman\", recorded with Dionne Warwick and Patti LaBelle. A 1994 album, \"Just for You\", featured the hits \"I Don't Wanna Know\" and her cover of Boyz II Men's \"End of the Road\", and went","title":"Gladys Knight & the Pips"},{"id":"2906862","text":"commercial success of Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\", and felt that A-ha would be more likely to make an impact on the charts. The original soundtrack release was released on LP and CD by Warner Bros. and featured only 12 tracks. Later re-releases by Rykodisc and EMI added nine additional tracks, including alternate instrumental end credits music. Rykodisc's version included the gunbarrel and opening sequence of the film as well as the jailbreak sequence, and the bombing of the bridge. Additionally, the film featured a number of pieces of classical music, as the main Bond girl, Kara Milovy,","title":"The Living Daylights"},{"id":"11230138","text":"Mr. Lee Grant Bogdan Kominowski (born 22 April 1945) is a New Zealand pop star. As well as his birth name he is also known by the stage name Mr. Lee Grant. He has had a successful singing and acting career, having starred in stage shows such as Jesus Christ Superstar, Elvis - The Musical, TV shows and the James Bond movie \"A View to a Kill\". He was born in a Nazi German concentration camp just outside Düsseldorf to Polish parents. His father died in the camp, but he and his mother survived and emigrated to New Zealand in","title":"Mr. Lee Grant"},{"id":"1314888","text":"percussionist David Van Tieghem, drummer Steve Jordan, Sting, Herbie Hancock, and David Gilmour. Roger Taylor was a drummer for Arcadia as well, but also contributed percussion to the Power Station album. Duran Duran were never the same after this break. According to Rhodes, the two side projects \"were commercial suicide... But we've always been good at that.\" The band was still off balance when they regrouped to contribute \"A View to a Kill\" to the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name. This single was the first Bond theme to go to number 1 on the US charts, and","title":"Duran Duran"},{"id":"4283809","text":"Was a Man,\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \"Licence to Kill\" has \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti Labelle. \"GoldenEye\" featured Éric Serra's \"The Experience of Love\". \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" included k.d. lang's \"Surrender\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \"Surrender\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \"Thunderball\" soundtrack, where \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\"","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"4283797","text":"James Bond music The \"James Bond\" film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions since its inception in 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous \"James Bond Theme\". Other instrumentals, such as the \"007 Theme\" or \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's \"Goldfinger\", Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" and Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" have also become identified with the series. Two Bond","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"577860","text":"Shirley Bassey Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, (; born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer whose career began in the mid-1950s, best known both for her powerful voice and for recording the theme songs to the James Bond films \"Goldfinger\" (1964), \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (1971), and \"Moonraker\" (1979). In January 1959, Bassey became the first Welsh person to gain a No. 1 single. In 2000, Bassey was made a Dame for services to the performing arts. In 1977 she received the Brit Award for Best British Female Solo Artist in the previous 25 years. Bassey has been called \"one of","title":"Shirley Bassey"},{"id":"8516558","text":"It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry. The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Live and Let Die\", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings. Three MI6 agents are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, New Orleans and the Caribbean nation of San Monique, while monitoring","title":"Live and Let Die (film)"},{"id":"1537651","text":"OSCar synthesizer. In 1985, after recording the theme song to the Bond movie \"A View to a Kill\", Duran Duran split into two side projects. John Taylor and Duran Duran guitarist Andy Taylor joined forces with former Chic drummer Tony Thompson and Robert Palmer, who earlier met at Duran Duran's charity concert at Aston Villa football ground 1983, to form the band The Power Station. With the guidance of producer Bernard Edwards, they released one album, \"The Power Station\", which produced the hit singles \"Some Like It Hot\" and the T.Rex cover song \"Bang a Gong (Get It On)\". That","title":"John Taylor (bass guitarist)"},{"id":"577869","text":"\"I'll Get By\" (also 1961), and a cover version of the Ben E. King hit \"I (Who Have Nothing)\" in 1963. Bassey appeared on the cover of \"Ebony\" magazine in 1963, and sang at a Washington gala celebrating President Kennedy's second year in office. Bassey enjoyed her only US Top 40 \"Billboard\" Hot 100 hit in 1965 with the title song of the James Bond film, \"Goldfinger\". The single, released in the United States during January 1965, peaked at No. 8, while the original soundtrack of \"Goldfinger\" hit No. 1 in the US that year. Also in 1965, she sang","title":"Shirley Bassey"},{"id":"4010629","text":"in 1985, which went on to become the artist's best-selling studio album to date. It was also during this time that Afanasieff and Walden began writing pop songs together. Together with his mentor Narada, Afanasieff's first major production was the title track of the James Bond movie \"Licence to Kill\", sung by Gladys Knight and co-written by Afanasieff and Walden. One of Afanasieff's biggest hits as a producer was the smash hit \"My Heart Will Go On\", the theme tune to the 1997 film \"Titanic\", sung by Celine Dion. The song became the world's best-selling single of 1998. Afanasieff produced","title":"Walter Afanasieff"},{"id":"5547128","text":"and one behind tying Elvis Presley's record as the artist with the most top-ten singles on the Hot 100. The move was spurred by sales of 28,500 units of the CD which also put it on the top of Hot 100 Singles, becoming her third number one on the chart. \"Die Another Day\" was the highest charting James Bond song in the US since Duran Duran's number-one single, \"A View to Kill\" (1985). It was also Madonna's highest charting song since \"Don't Tell Me\" peaked at number four in February 2001, and was her 44th top-forty single—the most for any","title":"Die Another Day (song)"},{"id":"10229509","text":"to the theme songs by Duran Duran, one is pinned to henchwoman May Day, one is pinned to the action set-pieces and one appears more generally throughout the film. Barry often called the secondary themes he composed as \"action themes\" that underscored the action on the screen with hints of the film's theme song, the \"James Bond Theme\" itself, or simply another theme used only in that particular film. Such themes were occasionally reused, such as his \"007 Theme\", originally composed for \"From Russia with Love\" but brought back for four subsequent Bond pictures. The action theme composed for this","title":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"1623397","text":"- in his scores this is often heard in variations of the title songs that are used to underscore plot development. As Barry matured, the Bond scores became more lushly melodic (along with other scores of his such as \"Out of Africa\"), as in \"Moonraker\" (1979) and \"Octopussy\" (1983). Barry's score for \"A View to a Kill\" was traditional, but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart. Both \"A View to a Kill\" and \"The Living Daylights\" theme by a-ha","title":"John Barry (composer)"},{"id":"13840895","text":"The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for having been released without the artist's consent, and subsequently withdrawn from sales by court order. In early 1987 Bassey announced that she was planning to record an album of James Bond themes. The album was due for release 1987 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of \"Dr. No\". She promoted it on the television show \"Live At The Palladium\" on May 3, 1987, where she lip-synched \"A View to a Kill\" and also performed a James Bond medley. Bassey decided not","title":"The Bond Collection"},{"id":"1453804","text":"goes awry. On 27 May 1974, BBC1 screened \"Bruce Forsyth Meets Lulu\" a special variety TV show for the UK bank holiday. In 1974, she performed the title song for the James Bond film \"The Man with the Golden Gun\". Two slightly different versions of the song were used, at the start and end respectively; James Bond was mentioned in the end version. Released as a single, it is the only Bond film title track not to chart as a single in either the United Kingdom or the United States. The same year she covered David Bowie's songs \"The Man","title":"Lulu (singer)"},{"id":"9007998","text":"\"Goldfinger\" for her 2014 album \"Hello Like Before\". In doing so she addressed two notes that she thought \"sounded wrong\" in the original. Parodies of the song include \"Dr. Evil\", written by They Might Be Giants for \"\", and \"Max Power\", from \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Homer to the Max\". In 1989, after the release of the James Bond theme song \"Licence to Kill\", from the film of the same title, it was felt to significantly reuse important elements of \"Goldfinger\", and so the songwriting credits for the former were adapted for all subsequent releases. Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) \"Goldfinger\" is","title":"Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)"},{"id":"208223","text":"\"Dr. No\" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\", Adele's \"Skyfall\", and Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced \"Casino Royale\", Burt Bacharach's score included \"The","title":"James Bond"},{"id":"10167397","text":"(the band Duran Duran made similar claims after they worked briefly with Barry on the theme to the previous Bond film, \"A View to a Kill\", in 1985). However, Waaktaar has also said: \"I loved the stuff he [John Barry] added to the track. I mean, it gave it this sort of really cool string arrangement. That's when it, for me, started to sound like a Bond thing.\" \"The Living Daylights\" was released in the summer of 1987. The song peaked at number five in the United Kingdom and number one in Norway. The song remains one of a-ha's most","title":"The Living Daylights (song)"},{"id":"374332","text":"Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \"All I Wanna Do\", \"If It Makes You Happy\", \"My Favorite Mistake\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy Awards (out of 32 nominations) from the National Academy of Recording Arts and","title":"Sheryl Crow"},{"id":"570925","text":"who could \"slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty\". Jones has sold over 100 million records with thirty-six Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom and nineteen in the United States, including \"It's Not Unusual\", \"What's New Pussycat\", the theme song for the 1965 James Bond film \"Thunderball\", \"Delilah\", \"Green, Green Grass of Home\", \"She's a Lady\", \"Kiss\" and \"Sex Bomb\". Jones made his acting debut playing the leading role in the 1979 television film \"Pleasure Cove\" as well as playing himself in Tim Burton's 1996 film \"Mars Attacks!\" In 2012,","title":"Tom Jones (singer)"},{"id":"2493085","text":"Face Before\", \"Private Life\", and \"Slave to the Rhythm\". In 1982, she released the music video collection \"A One Man Show\", directed by Goude. Jones appeared in some low-budget films in the US during the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1984, she made her first mainstream appearance as Zula in the fantasy-action film \"Conan the Destroyer\" alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sarah Douglas, and subsequently appeared in the 1985 James Bond movie \"A View to a Kill\" as May Day. In 1986, she played a vampire in \"Vamp\", and acted in and contributed a song to the 1992 Eddie Murphy film","title":"Grace Jones"},{"id":"2906851","text":"General Gogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service. This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group A-ha (which performed the film's title song), was offered a small role as a villain's henchman in the film, but declined, because of lack of time and because he felt they wanted to cast him due to his popularity rather than his acting.","title":"The Living Daylights"},{"id":"10595502","text":"to stop the detonation of Zorin's bomb. Bond runs around the mine, avoiding rockfalls and long drops. Among the objects he can pick up are a grapnel gun (to fire ropes upward which he can climb to safety) and a plank of wood to bridge gaps. May Day is also somewhere in the mine. A password system lets the user play the second or third levels on their own without completing the first. The music for the Commodore 64 version was written by Antony (Tony) Crowther, and consists of two covers. One is the famous James Bond theme by Monty","title":"A View to a Kill (video game)"},{"id":"8386979","text":"after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics. Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote \"Thunderball\", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, \"I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning.\" Country musician Johnny Cash","title":"Thunderball (film)"},{"id":"8547533","text":"years, she made her debut as an actress in the 1984 film \"Conan the Destroyer\", where she played alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger. She later appeared in the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" as the villain May Day. After finishing filming in late 1984 she returned to the studio to work on a follow-up, ending an almost three-year-long hiatus. \"Slave to the Rhythm\", both song and album, was written by Bruce Woolley, Simon Darlow, Stephen Lipson and Trevor Horn and was produced by Trevor Horn, who was assisted by Lipson. Unlike most albums that feature a collection of different","title":"Slave to the Rhythm (album)"},{"id":"12730034","text":"(originally from the soundtrack of the film \"Batman Forever\"). The album also includes two other movie-based tracks: \"Training Montage\" (from \"Rocky IV\") and \"A View to a Kill\" (from the 1985 James Bond 007 film of the same title). with Rethroned Rethroned is the second album by Finnish symphonic metal band Northern Kings. It was released on November 19, 2008, as a CD in Finland and to download via the European iTunes Store. Upon release, the album entered the Finnish charts at number 16. The album was released in Japan on February 25, 2009, with the Michael Jackson cover \"They","title":"Rethroned"},{"id":"8026006","text":"the sound became a defining characteristic of that decade's popular music. The British band Duran Duran made repeated use of the recording technique, heard prominently on the drums on the 1984 hit single \"The Wild Boys\" as well as the 1985 James Bond theme song \"A View To A Kill\". Bruce Springsteen used the effect on his 1984 hit \"Born in the U.S.A.\", the drums being played by Max Weinberg. The song \"Some Like It Hot\" by The Power Station opens with a drum solo that features the effect prominently. The song \"Hounds of Love\", produced and released by Kate","title":"Gated reverb"},{"id":"10229508","text":"the 1965 Beach Boys song \"California Girls\", performed by Gidea Park (a tribute band), is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this teaser sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding. The film features Vivaldi's \"The Four Seasons\", which is performed during the reception that Bond attends undercover at Zorin's stud in France. In the remastered CD edition, the third track is incorrectly labeled \"May Day Jumpers\" on the back of the case. Composer John Barry utilizes four leitmotifs on the soundtrack, that recurs in two or more of the tracks listed. One is pinned","title":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"17191125","text":"to be mentioned twice in the \"Guinness World Records.\" For his and Jimmy Napes' song \"Writing's on the Wall\", the theme for the James Bond film \"Spectre\" (2015), Smith won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Original Song. His second studio album, \"The Thrill of It All\", was released in November 2017, and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart and the US \"Billboard\" 200. The lead single, \"Too Good at Goodbyes\", reached number one in the UK and Australia and number four in the US. Samuel Frederick Smith was born on 19 May 1992 in London,","title":"Sam Smith (singer)"},{"id":"10229506","text":"fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone \"decent\" to do one of your theme songs?\" The single was released in May 1985, and on July 13 it hit number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and remains the only Bond theme to do so. On May 25, it made it to number two in the UK Singles Chart, also a record for Bond themes until \"Writing's on the Wall\" by Sam Smith made it to number one in 2015. The b-side was an instrumental piece orchestrated","title":"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"11550743","text":"Licensed to Kill (1965 film) Licensed to Kill is an Eastmancolor 1965 superspy imitation James Bond film starring Tom Adams as British secret agent Charles Vine. It was directed and co-written by Lindsay Shonteff. Producer Joseph E. Levine picked it up for American and worldwide distribution and reedited it under the title The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World. The theme song for the American version, composed by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen and performed by Sammy Davis, Jr., is used in the 2011 film drama \"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy\". Facing numerous assassination attempts, a Swedish","title":"Licensed to Kill (1965 film)"},{"id":"9007988","text":"Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) \"Goldfinger\" is the title song from the 1964 James Bond film \"Goldfinger\". Composed by John Barry and with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, the song was performed by Shirley Bassey for the film's opening and closing title sequences, as well as the soundtrack album release. The single release of the song gave Bassey her only \"Billboard\" Hot 100 top forty hit, peaking in the Top 10 at No. 8 and No. 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and in the United Kingdom the single reached No. 21. The song finished at","title":"Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)"},{"id":"577870","text":"the title song for the James Bond spoof \"The Liquidator\", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, \"Thunderball\" (1965). \"Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, \"Thunderball,\" hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's","title":"Shirley Bassey"},{"id":"374380","text":"gun control measures, opposes military intervention in Syria, and supports fighting climate change. Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \"All I Wanna Do\", \"If It Makes You Happy\", \"My Favorite Mistake\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy","title":"Sheryl Crow"},{"id":"6342660","text":"The Greatest Hits (Lulu album) The Greatest Hits is a 2003 Lulu album charting her 40-year career in music from 1964's UK top-ten hit \"Shout\" through 2002's \"We've Got Tonight,\" a UK top-five duet with Ronan Keating. It also covers everything in between, including her 1967 US 1 Hit \"To Sir With Love\", the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest winner \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\", the 1974 James Bond theme \"The Man with the Golden Gun\", and the 1993 UK No. 1 Hit \"Relight My Fire\" (a duet with Take That). The album combines her UK hits such as \"The Boat That I Row\"","title":"The Greatest Hits (Lulu album)"},{"id":"114462","text":"Sower\", Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp. Bowie had a cameo in \"Yellowbeard\", a 1983 pirate comedy created by Monty Python members, and a small part as Colin, the hitman in the 1985 film \"Into the Night\". He declined to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" (1985). \"Absolute Beginners\" (1986), a rock musical film adapted from Colin MacInnes's book of the same name about life in late 1950s London, featured Bowie's music and presented him with a minor acting role. The same year,","title":"David Bowie"},{"id":"9231445","text":"For Your Eyes Only (song) \"For Your Eyes Only\" is the theme tune to the 12th James Bond movie, \"For Your Eyes Only\", written by Bill Conti and Mick Leeson, and performed by Scottish singer Sheena Easton. The song reached number four on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and number eight on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards in 1982. The song is written by Bill Conti and Mike Leeson. Conti – who was also responsible for the film's score – had originally written the song thinking about Donna Summer or","title":"For Your Eyes Only (song)"},{"id":"1729075","text":"range, and his powerful vocal belting technique. He released four solo studio albums, \"Euphoria Morning\" (1999), \"Carry On\" (2007), \"Scream\" (2009), \"Higher Truth\" (2015) and the live album \"Songbook\" (2011). Cornell received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his song \"The Keeper\", which appeared in the 2011 film \"Machine Gun Preacher\", and co-wrote and performed the theme song to the James Bond film \"Casino Royale\" (2006), \"You Know My Name\". His last solo release before his death was the charity single \"The Promise\", written for the ending credits for the 2016 film of the same name. He was voted \"Rock's","title":"Chris Cornell"},{"id":"20222190","text":"break and all the shit was coming to the surface ... It was a real low point after it.\" Years later, Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song for the 2015 James Bond film \"Spectre\", and submitted \"Man of War\". The production team liked the song, but rejected it when they discovered it had not been written for the film and would be ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead suspended work on their ninth album, \"A Moon Shaped Pool\" (2016), to record an original song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as","title":"Man of War (song)"},{"id":"7997022","text":"DJ's Factory, a Eurodance project of German producer Bülent Aris and British keyboarder Adrian Askew, released a dancefloor-oriented version in Summer 1985, reaching #22 in the German single charts. Shirley Bassey covered the song for an album of Bond theme songs; however, she wasn't satisfied with the quality, so the album was withdrawn from sale. Finnish Melodic Death Metal band Diablo has covered the song, so has Finnish symphonic metal cover supergroup Northern Kings. In 2008, the song was covered with a bossa feeling by former Morcheeba singer Skye on the cover album \"Hollywood, Mon Amour\". Måns Zelmerlöw performed a","title":"A View to a Kill (song)"},{"id":"7997020","text":"weeks. In the US, it entered the charts at No. 45, and on 13 July it reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. It remains the only Bond theme with this chart performance. In November 2014, the James Bond site MI6 revealed a previously unreleased 7:30 extended remixed 12\" version of the song and it has since been mentioned on Duran Duran's website which suggests that it might be the real deal. MI6 claim that Steve Thompson created the 12\" mix in Paris with the band, although John Taylor says \"I don't remember hearing it at the","title":"A View to a Kill (song)"},{"id":"8739660","text":"Song Contest, reaching the \"\" final in both 1979 and 1981. His first finalist song, \"Miss Caroline Newley\", performed by the band \"M Squad\" finished eleventh of the twelve songs in 1979. But in 1981, his song \"Don't Panic\", performed by Liquid Gold, finished in second place and had the rare distinction of being a losing song from the \"A Song For Europe\" contest to make the UK Singles Chart, reaching #42. Baker, with his band Gidea Park, recorded a version of the Beach Boys \"California Girls\" for the James Bond film, \"A View to a Kill\". It was featured","title":"Adrian Baker"},{"id":"15940296","text":"Until the Daniel Craig era, only Nobody Does It Better and All Time High served as an opening theme without sharing a title with the movie. John Barry provided the title song music on ten of the eleven films for which he composed the musical score. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song and become pop hits, including Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\" (for the film \"The Spy Who Loved Me\"), and Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" with Adele's \"Skyfall\" and Sam","title":"Motifs in the James Bond film series"},{"id":"2493104","text":"Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 1985, Jones starred as May Day, henchman to main antagonist Max Zorin in the 14th James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\"; Jones was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. That same year, she was featured on the Arcadia song \"Election Day\". Jones was among the many stars to promote the Honda Scooter; other artists included Lou Reed, Adam Ant, and Miles Davis. Jones also, with her boyfriend Dolph Lundgren posed nude for \"Playboy\". After Jones' success as a mainstream actress, she returned to the studio to work","title":"Grace Jones"},{"id":"8386978","text":"given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. \"Thunderball\" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after \"From Russia with Love\" and \"Goldfinger\". The original title song was entitled \"Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits","title":"Thunderball (film)"},{"id":"15968988","text":"for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the first time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. \"Skyfall\" also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. The film also features Charles Trenet's 1938 song \"Boum !\" during scenes in which Silva shows Bond around his abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's song, \"Boom Boom\" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of \"Skyfall\" was on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.","title":"Skyfall"},{"id":"18491820","text":"the United Kingdom—fifty years after the release of \"Thunderball\", thirty after \"A View to a Kill\", and twenty after \"GoldenEye\"—on the night of the world premiere at the London Royal Albert Hall. It was followed by a worldwide release, including IMAX screenings. It was released in the United States on 6 November. \"Spectre\" received mixed to positive reviews. The theme song \"Writing's on the Wall\", performed and co-written by Sam Smith, won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song. \"Spectre\" grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2015, the second-largest unadjusted total for","title":"Spectre (2015 film)"},{"id":"10561205","text":"of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, \"GoldenEye\". All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts. The end credits of the film feature the song \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti LaBelle. Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle, in 1992, the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer Céline Dion. The track","title":"Licence to Kill (soundtrack)"},{"id":"5196882","text":"John Schlesinger's film \"The Next Best Thing\" (2000). Her first big screen collaboration, with her then-husband director Guy Ritchie, was \"Swept Away\" (2002). A remake of Lina Wertmüller's Italian film of the same name, it was as a commercial and critical failure. \"Swept Away\" was nominated for seven Golden Raspberry Awards, winning five, including Worst Actress for Madonna. She had a cameo appearance in the James Bond film \"Die Another Day\" (2002), and sang its theme song. The next year, Madonna appeared in the television sitcom \"Will & Grace\"s episode \"Dolls and Dolls\". In 2008, Madonna made her directorial debut","title":"Madonna filmography"},{"id":"3438221","text":"located towards the eastern side of the site. A new clubhouse, stand and floodlighting have recently been erected. The racecourse is the setting for a scene in the musical \"My Fair Lady\" and the subject for the song \"Ascot Gavotte\". The racecourse was used as a filming location in the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" (1985), where Bond (played for the last time by Roger Moore) was beginning his mission to defeat the villainous Max Zorin (Christopher Walken), whose horse was racing there. The James Bond production crew returned to Ascot Racecourse for \"Skyfall\" (2012), where it","title":"Ascot Racecourse"},{"id":"3794013","text":"Antonín Dvořák's \"Song to the Moon\" from \"Rusalka\" and Led Zeppelin's \"Kashmir\", and also a live version of the rarely performed song \"Swanheart\" from the 1998 Nightwish album \"Oceanborn\". On the same year, in July, \"Left in the Dark\" was released as an EP containing alternative versions from Tarja's album \"Colours in the Dark\", as well as a studio version of \"Into the Sun\". On 17 October 2015, Tarja performed two new songs from her forthcoming album, \"No Bitter End\" and \"Goldfinger\", which is a cover of the title song of the James Bond film with the same name. Tarja","title":"Tarja Turunen"},{"id":"4467184","text":"Blondie's \"Call Me\" and Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" from the James Bond film of the same name. Edwards has performed the Gorillaz song \"Feel Good Inc\" live on KCRW radio station (along with other tracks from her album), and also at some live shows. As a Christmas gift to her fans, Edwards recorded a version of \"River\" by Joni Mitchell; this was uploaded on YouTube on November 2011. In February 2013, Skye performed \"As Long As You Love Me\" by Justin Bieber on KCRW, \"Morning Becomes Eclectic\". On the John Martyn tribute album \"Johnny Boy Would Love","title":"Skye Edwards"},{"id":"2947420","text":"A View to a Kill A View to a Kill is a 1985 British spy film, the fourteenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the seventh and last to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Although the title is adapted from Ian Fleming's short story \"From a View to a Kill\", the film has an entirely original screenplay. In \"A View to a Kill\", Bond is pitted against Max Zorin, who plans to destroy California's Silicon Valley. The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, who also wrote","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"id":"6644354","text":"priest in Laurence Olivier's film \"Richard III\" (1955), \"The Mummy\" (1959), \"Absolution\" (1978), \"The Hit\" (1984), the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" (1985) as retired Nazi doctor and Max Zorin's (Christopher Walken) henchman Dr. Carl Mortner/Hans Glaub, and as the elderly and kind king in \"The Princess Bride\" (1987). In the late 1980s, he appeared in the BBC drama \"Howards' Way\" as banker Sir John Stevens. In Sergei Bondarchuk's 1970 film \"Waterloo\", he is credited as both an actor (playing Captain Ramsey) and a military consultant. Gray died aged 76 in February 1993. His wife, who wrote","title":"Willoughby Gray"},{"id":"17312079","text":"In 2004, another regular, American director Diane Martel, directed the accompanying music video for the second single from the singer's second album \"The Diary of Alicia Keys\", \"If I Ain't Got You\", which featured rapper Method Man as Keys' love interest. It won the Best R&B Video accolade at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards. In 2008, Keys collaborated with former The White Stripes singer Jack White on \"Another Way to Die\", the theme song for the James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\". Inspired by the plot, the CGI-heavy clip garnered a largely positive response from criticis and was nominated","title":"Alicia Keys videography"},{"id":"5547108","text":"For Grabs\". In the meantime, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) was filming the twentieth James Bond film, \"Die Another Day\", directed by Lee Tamahori. The previous film in the franchise, \"The World Is Not Enough\" (1999) was a box office success earning US$362 million worldwide. However, the eponymous soundtrack single by alternative rock group Garbage failed to gain commercial success in the United States. The music management at MGM went to look for a high-profile artist to write and perform the title song for \"Die Another Day\". Madonna was their first choice, since she had been successful with soundtrack singles in the US,","title":"Die Another Day (song)"},{"id":"8512884","text":"Lani Hall Lani Hall (born November 6, 1945) is an American singer, lyricist, author, and the wife of Herb Alpert. From 1966 to 1971 she performed as lead vocalist for Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66. In 1972 she released her first solo album \"Sundown Lady\", but she may be best known for her rendition of the theme song to the 1983 James Bond film \"Never Say Never Again\". In 1986 she was awarded her first Grammy Award for \"Es Fácil Amar\" as \"Best Latin Pop Performance.\" After that year she largely retired, resurfacing in 1998 with the solo album \"Brasil","title":"Lani Hall"},{"id":"2449573","text":"Hearted Melody\", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit \"Johnny Get Angry\" also with Edwards; and \"99 Miles From L.A.\" with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard \"Sea of Heartbreak\", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to \"The Look of Love\" from \"Casino Royale\" with Bacharach, he wrote \"We Have All the Time in the World\", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and in 1979,","title":"Hal David"},{"id":"2947446","text":"up and down the Eiffel Tower and through Paris streets, which Bond finishes in a severed car on just two wheels. But none of the action prepares the viewer for the heart-stopping climax with Zorin's dirigible tangled in the cables on top of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.\" And although O'Toole believed that Moore was showing his age in the role, \"there are plenty of tunes left in his violin. James Bond is still a virtuoso, with a licence to thrill.\" Brian J. Arthurs of \"The Beach Reporter\" said it was the worst film of the Bond series. Chris Peachment","title":"A View to a Kill"},{"id":"72758","text":"founder of the first church at Llandaff Cathedral, where his tomb is. His Saint's Day is ninth of February. Cardiff is also well known for its musicians, such as Ivor Novello, after whom the Ivor Novello Awards are named. Idloes Owen, founder of the Welsh National Opera, lived in Llandaff, Shirley Bassey is familiar to many as the singer of three James Bond movie theme tunes, while Charlotte Church is famous as a crossover classical/pop singer. Shakin' Stevens was one of the top selling male artists in the UK during the 1980s. Tigertailz, a popular glam metal act in the","title":"Cardiff"},{"id":"285907","text":"of the CD reissue of her 1966 album, \"Nancy In London\", Sinatra states that she was \"scared to death\" of recording the song, and asked the songwriters: \"Are you sure you don't want Shirley Bassey?\" There are two versions of the Bond theme. The first is the lushly orchestrated track featured during the opening and closing credits of the film. The second—and more guitar-heavy—version appeared on the double A-sided single with \"Jackson\", though the Bond theme stalled at No.44 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Jackson\"/\"You Only Live Twice\" was more successful in the U.K., reaching No.11 on the singles","title":"Nancy Sinatra"},{"id":"4283807","text":"the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's \"For Your Eyes Only\", which was performed by Sheena Easton. It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from \"Skyfall\" by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for \"The Spy Who Loved Me\", while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"1506001","text":"fright. In the appearance, she sang two songs: \"Half A Chance\" and her signature song, \"You're So Vain\". In 1977, Simon had a surprise international hit with the million-selling gold single \"Nobody Does It Better\", the theme to the James Bond film \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". Simon's second-biggest U.S. hit, after \"You're So Vain\", was 1977's biggest Adult Contemporary hit, where it held at No. 1 for seven straight weeks. The single peaked one step behind Debby Boone's mega-hit \"You Light Up My Life\" on \"Billboard's\" Pop Singles chart from October 22 to November 5, 1977 and received Grammy","title":"Carly Simon"},{"id":"9748534","text":"weeks. Because of the delays and chaotic nature of the filming process, it finally finished ten months later in November. Feldman asked Burt Bacharach and Hal David to provide the music for the film; David worked for a few months completing his part, while Bacharach took nearly two years. The pair produced the song \"The Look of Love\", which was sung by Dusty Springfield. Columbia Pictures approved a production budget of $6 million for the film, although this rose to $12 million at the end of production. The film performed well, with box office returns of $41.7 million. \"Never Say","title":"James Bond in film"},{"id":"9103147","text":"James Bond. Not released but also heard in the film is a brief homage to John Williams' familiar theme from \"Jaws\", when an unseen underwater horror (it is revealed to be an attacker in a JIM diving suit) approaches within the sunken ship. This was the third Bond film in a row to wittily include familiar music from a classic film. Additionally, notes from the title song to \"The Spy Who Loved Me\", \"Nobody Does It Better\", can be heard as the tones of a key code for a security door early in the film. For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)","title":"For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)"},{"id":"9470590","text":"(\"Never\" Heart), and Marc Jordan (\"Rhythm of My Heart\" Rod Stewart). Musicians included \"American Idol\" judge Randy Jackson of Journey, Steve Lukather (Toto), Timothy B. Schmit (Eagles), and Richard Marx. During the down time, Tim sang and produced \"Dirty Love\" which appeared in the James Bond film \"Licence to Kill\" and performed on both the \"\" theme and the Dionne Warwick gold album \"Reservations for Two\". Feehan wrote \"Heart in Pieces\" for the million selling album \"Chicago 19\" and performed in the video Stop the Madness alongside Whitney Houston for the Nancy Reagan anti-drug campaign \"Just Say No\". In the","title":"Tim Feehan"},{"id":"1729135","text":"Know My Name\", which Cornell co-wrote and performed and which accompanies the opening titles for the 2006 James Bond film, \"Casino Royale\". \"You Know My Name\" is the first theme song since 1983's \"Octopussy\" to use a different title than the film, the first ever sung by a male American, and the first ever title theme song that did not appear on the soundtrack album. \"You Know My Name\" won a 2006 Satellite Award in the category of Best Original Song, and a 2007 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film. The","title":"Chris Cornell"},{"id":"8149645","text":"first James Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (garnering McCartney his second Academy Award nomination and Linda her first). In the Academy Award performance of the song, entertainer Connie Stevens dressed in a \"silver-lamé outfit\" with a Native American-looking headdress \"descended from the ceiling\" and then was \"variously lifted and tossed about\" by dancers dressed in various colours until she left the scene. The song lost to the eponymous theme song from the musical film \"The Way We Were\". In Wings' live performances of the song, the instrumental break featured flashpots and","title":"Live and Let Die (song)"},{"id":"1286174","text":"musical film, \"Evita\" (1996). In this adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, Pryce portrayed the Argentinian president Juan Perón. The movie's soundtrack was an international success. It contains over 30 songs sung mainly by Madonna, Banderas and Pryce, of which two are solos for Pryce: \"She Is A Diamond\" and \"On The Balcony Of The Casa Rosada\". After \"Evita\", Pryce went on to portray Elliot Carver in the James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" (1997). During the rest of the decade Pryce would play to his new acquired fame as a villain, portraying an Irish terrorist in \"Ronin\" (1998),","title":"Jonathan Pryce"},{"id":"10215200","text":"remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was \"big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song.\" He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was \"impeccable\". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, \"Diamonds Are Forever\" and \"Moonraker\". John Barry used the \"Goldfinger\"","title":"Goldfinger (soundtrack)"},{"id":"5689554","text":"The Ballad of High Noon “The Ballad of High Noon” (or “Do Not Forsake Me, O My Darlin’”) is a popular song published in 1952, with music by Dimitri Tiomkin and lyrics by Ned Washington. It is the theme song of the movie \"High Noon\", sung over the opening credits by Tex Ritter, with its tune repeated throughout the film. It was awarded the 1952 Academy Award for Best Original Song, and was performed that night for the Academy by Ritter. The song is about the film's main character, Will Kane (played by Gary Cooper), and the moral dilemma of","title":"The Ballad of High Noon"},{"id":"4283805","text":"by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached 1 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show. Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes – she recorded the themes to \"Goldfinger\", \"Diamonds Are Forever\", and \"Moonraker\". Bassey also recorded her own versions of \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\" for \"Thunderball\" and it","title":"James Bond music"},{"id":"1729114","text":"funk and R&B music. The first two singles were \"Original Fire\" and \"Revelations\". Two of the songs from the third album, \"Shape of Things to Come\" and \"Wide Awake\" were also prominently featured in Michael Mann's 2006 film, \"Miami Vice\", prior to the release of the album. Despite the exposure to other forms of media and the positive critical buzz for their third album, Audioslave did not tour behind the release. They went into hiatus to allow Cornell to complete \"You Know My Name\", the theme song for the 2006 James Bond film, \"Casino Royale\", and Morello to pursue his","title":"Chris Cornell"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10229505\",\n \"text\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", was written by John Barry and Duran Duran, and was recorded in London with a 60-piece orchestra. \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" is the most successful Bond theme to date. In 1986 Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2947421\",\n \"text\": \"the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" performing well in the charts, becoming the only theme song to reach #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song. MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5024938\",\n \"text\": \"46, became Duran Duran's first of two singles to hit no. 1 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 (for 2 weeks) on 23 June 1984 (see 1984 in music), and was a huge hit internationally. (Their only other single to hit no. 1 in the US was the title song to the James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\".) It was also the first of two songs that kept \\\"Dancing in the Dark\\\" by Bruce Springsteen out of the top spot (the other one being Prince's \\\"When Doves Cry\\\"). The band wanted it to be the lead single from\",\n \"title\": \"The Reflex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5512840\",\n \"text\": \"theme, and the famous Yahoo! yodel. He met John Barry (of James Bond soundtrack fame) in the early 1980s, and began working with him on several movie soundtracks, including \\\"Jagged Edge\\\" and \\\"A View to a Kill\\\". It was during the \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" sessions in 1985 that Elias met and became friends with the members of pop group Duran Duran (they performed the title song for the movie). While working on the soundtrack to the film \\\"9½ Weeks\\\" the year after that, Elias co-wrote the single \\\"I Do What I Do\\\" with Duran Duran's bassist John Taylor,\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Elias\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7997015\",\n \"text\": \"A View to a Kill (song) \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave and synthpop band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's biggest hits. It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached number 1 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100; it also made it to number 2 for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart. In 1986, composer John Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5776247\",\n \"text\": \"The other two live tracks were recorded at Wembley Stadium during the tour for the album \\\"Breaking Hearts\\\". According to Elizabeth Rosenthal in her book, \\\"His Songs: The Musical Journey of Elton John (p. 260; First edition)\\\", the LP's closing track, \\\"Shoot Down the Moon\\\", was considered for the James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", but the producers instead decided to go with the title track as performed by Duran Duran. \\\"The Man Who Never Died\\\" is a song written about John Lennon, in addition to \\\"Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)\\\", from Elton John's album \\\"Jump Up!\\\" }\",\n \"title\": \"Ice on Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"285897\",\n \"text\": \"Nancy Sinatra Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra and Nancy (Barbato) Sinatra, and is widely known for her 1966 signature hit \\\"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\\\". Other defining recordings include \\\"Sugar Town\\\", the 1967 number one \\\"Somethin' Stupid\\\" (a duet with her father), the title song from the James Bond film \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\", several collaborations with Lee Hazlewood such as \\\"Jackson\\\", and her cover of Cher's \\\"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\\\". Nancy Sinatra began her career as a singer and\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Sinatra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"285924\",\n \"text\": \"Clio's Top TV Commercial chart for May 2017. Marriages: Children (with Lambert): (Both women were left $1 million from their grandfather Frank Sinatra's will in a trust fund started in 1983) Feature films Nancy Sinatra Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra and Nancy (Barbato) Sinatra, and is widely known for her 1966 signature hit \\\"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\\\". Other defining recordings include \\\"Sugar Town\\\", the 1967 number one \\\"Somethin' Stupid\\\" (a duet with her father), the title song from the James Bond film\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Sinatra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2947438\",\n \"text\": \"Theme\\\". Barry's composition from \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\" was modified for use in the songs \\\"Snow Job\\\", \\\"He's Dangerous\\\" and \\\"Golden Gate Fight\\\" of \\\"A View to a Kill.\\\" \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series. The 2015 track \\\"Writing's On The Wall\\\" later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan)\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7997023\",\n \"text\": \"live version of the song at the beginning of the Andra Chansen (Second Chance) round of Melodifestivalen 2010 in Örebro, Sweden. Jay Gonzalez of Drive-By Truckers covered the song in a bossa nova style on the 2017 multi-artist compilation album, \\\"Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007\\\". Albums: A View to a Kill (song) \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave and synthpop band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1453785\",\n \"text\": \"Lulu (singer) Lulu Kennedy-Cairns, OBE (born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie; 3 November 1948) is a Scottish singer-songwriter. She is internationally known, but especially by UK audiences in the 1960s. Later in her career she had hits internationally with \\\"To Sir with Love\\\" from the 1967 film of the same name and with the title song to the 1974 James Bond film \\\"The Man with the Golden Gun\\\". In European countries, she is also widely known for her Eurovision Song Contest 1969 winning entry \\\"Boom Bang-a-Bang\\\", and in the UK for her 1964 hit \\\"Shout\\\", which was performed at the closing\",\n \"title\": \"Lulu (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10229510\",\n \"text\": \"film is easily a memorable as those secondary themes he used in \\\"You Only Live Twice\\\" (the \\\"Space March\\\"), \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\" (a similar space-themed piece, and the \\\"Bond Meets Bambi and Thumper\\\" theme which echoed both the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" and the title song) among others. A View To A Kill Theme “Set-piece Theme” May Day Motif Pegasus’ Theme A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", was written\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283808\",\n \"text\": \"Media. Sam Smith's \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" from \\\"Spectre\\\" would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song. Duran Duran and John Barry's \\\"A View To A Kill\\\" topped the singles charts in the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015. Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. \\\"The Living Daylights\\\" featured The Pretenders performing \\\"If There\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10833432\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Skyfall\\\" rose to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 92,000 copies bringing its overall sales to 176,000, and \\\"Skyfall\\\" entered the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 at number 8, selling 261,000 copies in the US in its first three days. This tied \\\"Skyfall\\\" with Duran Duran's \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" as the highest-charting James Bond theme song on the UK Singles Chart; a record surpassed in 2015 by Sam Smith's \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\". \\\"Skyfall\\\" has sold more than two million copies worldwide and earned Adele the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy\",\n \"title\": \"Adele\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427686\",\n \"text\": \"Awards and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips. She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film \\\"Licence To Kill\\\". Knight is also listed as one of \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Knight was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the daughter of Merald Woodlow Knight Sr., a postal worker, and Sarah Elizabeth (née Woods). She has a sister, Brenda, one living brother, Merald Jr. and one deceased brother, David. She first achieved minor fame by winning Ted Mack's \\\"The Original Amateur Hour\\\" TV show contest\",\n \"title\": \"Gladys Knight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536904\",\n \"text\": \"albums (\\\"Duran Duran\\\", \\\"Rio\\\", and \\\"Seven and the Ragged Tiger\\\") and the live album \\\"Arena\\\". In 1985, the band recorded the theme to the James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", which became their second US No. 1 hit and the only Bond theme in history to do so. However, the intense schedule of recording and touring, coupled with the pressures of fame, left Taylor unhappy with being in the band. His final performance with the original line-up of Duran Duran was in July 1985 at the Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia, which reached a global audience of\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7997017\",\n \"text\": \"of ours this year – English composer John Barry. This is for him.\\\" The song was written by Duran Duran and John Barry, and recorded at Maison Rouge Studio and CTS Studio in London with a 60-piece orchestra. Duran Duran were chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \\\"When are you going to get someone \\\"decent\\\" to do one of your theme songs?\\\" This inauspicious beginning led to some serious talks, and the band was introduced to Bond composer John Barry, and also\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2947437\",\n \"text\": \"At that time, it had \\\"WELCOME\\\" painted across the side of the gasbag, but was replaced by \\\"ZORIN INDUSTRIES\\\" for the film. During the summer of 1984, the blimp was used to advertise Fujifilm. In real life, inflating the airship would take up to 24 hours, but during the film it was shown to take two minutes. The soundtrack was composed by John Barry, and published by EMI/Capitol. The theme song, \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. \\\"May Day Jumps\\\" is the only track that uses the \\\"James Bond\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9061808\",\n \"text\": \"selling over 2.4 million copies there. Turner then switched from the US Capitol label to Virgin Records (though both were subsidiaries of EMI, and would later be merged by EMI to become the Capitol Music Group in 2007). In 1993, she recorded the soundtrack to the film about her life, \\\"What's Love Got to Do with It\\\", which spawned the single, \\\"I Don't Wanna Fight\\\", which became her first US Top 10 hit since 1986. In 1995 she performed the title song for the \\\"James Bond\\\" film \\\"GoldenEye\\\". Her next studio album was 1996's \\\"Wildest Dreams\\\", followed by 1999's \\\"Twenty\",\n \"title\": \"Tina Turner discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2472117\",\n \"text\": \"founded The Dead Weather with Alison Mosshart of The Kills. In 2008 he recorded \\\"Another Way To Die\\\" (the title song for the 2008 James Bond film \\\"Quantum of Solace\\\") along with Alicia Keys making them the only duet to perform a Bond song. On April 24, 2012, White released his debut solo album, \\\"Blunderbuss\\\". His second studio album, \\\"Lazaretto\\\", was released on June 10, 2014. His third studio album, \\\"Boarding House Reach\\\", was released on March 23, 2018. All three records received wide commercial and critical acclaim. White is a board member of the Library of Congress' National Recording\",\n \"title\": \"Jack White\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11230146\",\n \"text\": \"is one of two New Zealand singing stars to have appeared in a James Bond movie – he played the part of a KGB Agent in \\\"A View to a Kill\\\". In 2001 EMI released a CD called \\\"The Very Best of Mr Lee Grant\\\" \\\"\\\"Mr. Lee Grant\\\"\\\" (#1, 1967) \\\"\\\"Mr. Lee in London\\\"\\\" (#3, 1968) \\\"\\\"The Very Best of Mr. Lee Grant\\\"\\\" (2001) Mr. Lee Grant Bogdan Kominowski (born 22 April 1945) is a New Zealand pop star. As well as his birth name he is also known by the stage name Mr. Lee Grant. He has had a\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Lee Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208196\",\n \"text\": \"have also been two independent productions of Bond films: \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (a 1967 spoof) and \\\"Never Say Never Again\\\" (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, \\\"Thunderball\\\"). In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, making \\\"James Bond\\\" one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2585420\",\n \"text\": \"tilt onto its side, it was not necessary as Julienne was able to pull off the stunt without the aid of camera trickery. Initially Vic Flick, who had played lead guitar on Monty Norman's original 007 theme, and Eric Clapton were asked to write and perform the theme song to \\\"Licence to Kill\\\" and they produced a theme to match Dalton's gritty performance, but the producers turned it down and instead Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen. The song (one of the longest to ever be used in a Bond film) was based on the \\\"horn line\\\" from \\\"Goldfinger\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Licence to Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2947439\",\n \"text\": \"approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \\\"When are you going to get someone \\\"decent\\\" to do one of your theme songs?\\\" During the opening sequence, a cover version of the 1965 Beach Boys song \\\"California Girls\\\", performed by Gidea Park with Adrian Baker (a tribute band), is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding. This was the first Bond film with a premiere outside the UK, opening on 22 May 1985 at San Francisco's Palace of Fine Arts. The British premiere was\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10229507\",\n \"text\": \"by John Barry, titled \\\"A View To A Kill (That Fatal Kiss)\\\". The song was the last track that the original five members of Duran Duran recorded together until 2001. The video for the single was directed by the duo Godley & Creme, with shots of the band at the Eiffel Tower intercut with scenes from the movie, so that it appears that Roger Moore and Grace Jones are participating in the same storyline. The singer ends the video with a parody of James Bond, introducing himself as \\\"Bon. Simon Le Bon.\\\" During the opening teaser, a cover version of\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8516579\",\n \"text\": \"UK (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to \\\"The Way We Were\\\". Producers hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself. Arnau's version was featured in the film itself, when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends. The Olympia Brass Band has a notable part in \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", where they lead a funeral march for a (soon to be) assassination victim.\",\n \"title\": \"Live and Let Die (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427648\",\n \"text\": \"continues to oversee his sister's career, by being her tour manager and occasionally joining Gladys onstage during performances. Gladys Knight recorded the theme song for the James Bond film, \\\"Licence to Kill\\\" in 1989, which became a top ten single in the UK. Two years later, she released her 1991 album, \\\"Good Woman\\\", which included the top five R&B hit, \\\"Men\\\", and Grammy-nominated duet version of \\\"Superwoman\\\", recorded with Dionne Warwick and Patti LaBelle. A 1994 album, \\\"Just for You\\\", featured the hits \\\"I Don't Wanna Know\\\" and her cover of Boyz II Men's \\\"End of the Road\\\", and went\",\n \"title\": \"Gladys Knight & the Pips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2906862\",\n \"text\": \"commercial success of Duran Duran's \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", and felt that A-ha would be more likely to make an impact on the charts. The original soundtrack release was released on LP and CD by Warner Bros. and featured only 12 tracks. Later re-releases by Rykodisc and EMI added nine additional tracks, including alternate instrumental end credits music. Rykodisc's version included the gunbarrel and opening sequence of the film as well as the jailbreak sequence, and the bombing of the bridge. Additionally, the film featured a number of pieces of classical music, as the main Bond girl, Kara Milovy,\",\n \"title\": \"The Living Daylights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11230138\",\n \"text\": \"Mr. Lee Grant Bogdan Kominowski (born 22 April 1945) is a New Zealand pop star. As well as his birth name he is also known by the stage name Mr. Lee Grant. He has had a successful singing and acting career, having starred in stage shows such as Jesus Christ Superstar, Elvis - The Musical, TV shows and the James Bond movie \\\"A View to a Kill\\\". He was born in a Nazi German concentration camp just outside Düsseldorf to Polish parents. His father died in the camp, but he and his mother survived and emigrated to New Zealand in\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Lee Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1314888\",\n \"text\": \"percussionist David Van Tieghem, drummer Steve Jordan, Sting, Herbie Hancock, and David Gilmour. Roger Taylor was a drummer for Arcadia as well, but also contributed percussion to the Power Station album. Duran Duran were never the same after this break. According to Rhodes, the two side projects \\\"were commercial suicide... But we've always been good at that.\\\" The band was still off balance when they regrouped to contribute \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" to the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name. This single was the first Bond theme to go to number 1 on the US charts, and\",\n \"title\": \"Duran Duran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283809\",\n \"text\": \"Was a Man,\\\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \\\"Licence to Kill\\\" has \\\"If You Asked Me To\\\" sung by Patti Labelle. \\\"GoldenEye\\\" featured Éric Serra's \\\"The Experience of Love\\\". \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\" included k.d. lang's \\\"Surrender\\\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \\\"Surrender\\\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \\\"Thunderball\\\" soundtrack, where \\\"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283797\",\n \"text\": \"James Bond music The \\\"James Bond\\\" film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions since its inception in 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous \\\"James Bond Theme\\\". Other instrumentals, such as the \\\"007 Theme\\\" or \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's \\\"Goldfinger\\\", Paul McCartney's \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", Carly Simon's \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", Sheena Easton's \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\" and Duran Duran's \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" have also become identified with the series. Two Bond\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"577860\",\n \"text\": \"Shirley Bassey Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, (; born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer whose career began in the mid-1950s, best known both for her powerful voice and for recording the theme songs to the James Bond films \\\"Goldfinger\\\" (1964), \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\" (1971), and \\\"Moonraker\\\" (1979). In January 1959, Bassey became the first Welsh person to gain a No. 1 single. In 2000, Bassey was made a Dame for services to the performing arts. In 1977 she received the Brit Award for Best British Female Solo Artist in the previous 25 years. Bassey has been called \\\"one of\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Bassey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8516558\",\n \"text\": \"It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry. The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings. Three MI6 agents are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, New Orleans and the Caribbean nation of San Monique, while monitoring\",\n \"title\": \"Live and Let Die (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1537651\",\n \"text\": \"OSCar synthesizer. In 1985, after recording the theme song to the Bond movie \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", Duran Duran split into two side projects. John Taylor and Duran Duran guitarist Andy Taylor joined forces with former Chic drummer Tony Thompson and Robert Palmer, who earlier met at Duran Duran's charity concert at Aston Villa football ground 1983, to form the band The Power Station. With the guidance of producer Bernard Edwards, they released one album, \\\"The Power Station\\\", which produced the hit singles \\\"Some Like It Hot\\\" and the T.Rex cover song \\\"Bang a Gong (Get It On)\\\". That\",\n \"title\": \"John Taylor (bass guitarist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"577869\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'll Get By\\\" (also 1961), and a cover version of the Ben E. King hit \\\"I (Who Have Nothing)\\\" in 1963. Bassey appeared on the cover of \\\"Ebony\\\" magazine in 1963, and sang at a Washington gala celebrating President Kennedy's second year in office. Bassey enjoyed her only US Top 40 \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 hit in 1965 with the title song of the James Bond film, \\\"Goldfinger\\\". The single, released in the United States during January 1965, peaked at No. 8, while the original soundtrack of \\\"Goldfinger\\\" hit No. 1 in the US that year. Also in 1965, she sang\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Bassey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4010629\",\n \"text\": \"in 1985, which went on to become the artist's best-selling studio album to date. It was also during this time that Afanasieff and Walden began writing pop songs together. Together with his mentor Narada, Afanasieff's first major production was the title track of the James Bond movie \\\"Licence to Kill\\\", sung by Gladys Knight and co-written by Afanasieff and Walden. One of Afanasieff's biggest hits as a producer was the smash hit \\\"My Heart Will Go On\\\", the theme tune to the 1997 film \\\"Titanic\\\", sung by Celine Dion. The song became the world's best-selling single of 1998. Afanasieff produced\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Afanasieff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5547128\",\n \"text\": \"and one behind tying Elvis Presley's record as the artist with the most top-ten singles on the Hot 100. The move was spurred by sales of 28,500 units of the CD which also put it on the top of Hot 100 Singles, becoming her third number one on the chart. \\\"Die Another Day\\\" was the highest charting James Bond song in the US since Duran Duran's number-one single, \\\"A View to Kill\\\" (1985). It was also Madonna's highest charting song since \\\"Don't Tell Me\\\" peaked at number four in February 2001, and was her 44th top-forty single—the most for any\",\n \"title\": \"Die Another Day (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10229509\",\n \"text\": \"to the theme songs by Duran Duran, one is pinned to henchwoman May Day, one is pinned to the action set-pieces and one appears more generally throughout the film. Barry often called the secondary themes he composed as \\\"action themes\\\" that underscored the action on the screen with hints of the film's theme song, the \\\"James Bond Theme\\\" itself, or simply another theme used only in that particular film. Such themes were occasionally reused, such as his \\\"007 Theme\\\", originally composed for \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" but brought back for four subsequent Bond pictures. The action theme composed for this\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1623397\",\n \"text\": \"- in his scores this is often heard in variations of the title songs that are used to underscore plot development. As Barry matured, the Bond scores became more lushly melodic (along with other scores of his such as \\\"Out of Africa\\\"), as in \\\"Moonraker\\\" (1979) and \\\"Octopussy\\\" (1983). Barry's score for \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" was traditional, but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart. Both \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" and \\\"The Living Daylights\\\" theme by a-ha\",\n \"title\": \"John Barry (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13840895\",\n \"text\": \"The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for having been released without the artist's consent, and subsequently withdrawn from sales by court order. In early 1987 Bassey announced that she was planning to record an album of James Bond themes. The album was due for release 1987 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of \\\"Dr. No\\\". She promoted it on the television show \\\"Live At The Palladium\\\" on May 3, 1987, where she lip-synched \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" and also performed a James Bond medley. Bassey decided not\",\n \"title\": \"The Bond Collection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1453804\",\n \"text\": \"goes awry. On 27 May 1974, BBC1 screened \\\"Bruce Forsyth Meets Lulu\\\" a special variety TV show for the UK bank holiday. In 1974, she performed the title song for the James Bond film \\\"The Man with the Golden Gun\\\". Two slightly different versions of the song were used, at the start and end respectively; James Bond was mentioned in the end version. Released as a single, it is the only Bond film title track not to chart as a single in either the United Kingdom or the United States. The same year she covered David Bowie's songs \\\"The Man\",\n \"title\": \"Lulu (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9007998\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Goldfinger\\\" for her 2014 album \\\"Hello Like Before\\\". In doing so she addressed two notes that she thought \\\"sounded wrong\\\" in the original. Parodies of the song include \\\"Dr. Evil\\\", written by They Might Be Giants for \\\"\\\", and \\\"Max Power\\\", from \\\"The Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Homer to the Max\\\". In 1989, after the release of the James Bond theme song \\\"Licence to Kill\\\", from the film of the same title, it was felt to significantly reuse important elements of \\\"Goldfinger\\\", and so the songwriting credits for the former were adapted for all subsequent releases. Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) \\\"Goldfinger\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208223\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dr. No\\\" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", Carly Simon's \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", Sheena Easton's \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\", Adele's \\\"Skyfall\\\", and Sam Smith's \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced \\\"Casino Royale\\\", Burt Bacharach's score included \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10167397\",\n \"text\": \"(the band Duran Duran made similar claims after they worked briefly with Barry on the theme to the previous Bond film, \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", in 1985). However, Waaktaar has also said: \\\"I loved the stuff he [John Barry] added to the track. I mean, it gave it this sort of really cool string arrangement. That's when it, for me, started to sound like a Bond thing.\\\" \\\"The Living Daylights\\\" was released in the summer of 1987. The song peaked at number five in the United Kingdom and number one in Norway. The song remains one of a-ha's most\",\n \"title\": \"The Living Daylights (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374332\",\n \"text\": \"Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \\\"All I Wanna Do\\\", \\\"If It Makes You Happy\\\", \\\"My Favorite Mistake\\\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy Awards (out of 32 nominations) from the National Academy of Recording Arts and\",\n \"title\": \"Sheryl Crow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"570925\",\n \"text\": \"who could \\\"slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty\\\". Jones has sold over 100 million records with thirty-six Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom and nineteen in the United States, including \\\"It's Not Unusual\\\", \\\"What's New Pussycat\\\", the theme song for the 1965 James Bond film \\\"Thunderball\\\", \\\"Delilah\\\", \\\"Green, Green Grass of Home\\\", \\\"She's a Lady\\\", \\\"Kiss\\\" and \\\"Sex Bomb\\\". Jones made his acting debut playing the leading role in the 1979 television film \\\"Pleasure Cove\\\" as well as playing himself in Tim Burton's 1996 film \\\"Mars Attacks!\\\" In 2012,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Jones (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2493085\",\n \"text\": \"Face Before\\\", \\\"Private Life\\\", and \\\"Slave to the Rhythm\\\". In 1982, she released the music video collection \\\"A One Man Show\\\", directed by Goude. Jones appeared in some low-budget films in the US during the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1984, she made her first mainstream appearance as Zula in the fantasy-action film \\\"Conan the Destroyer\\\" alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sarah Douglas, and subsequently appeared in the 1985 James Bond movie \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" as May Day. In 1986, she played a vampire in \\\"Vamp\\\", and acted in and contributed a song to the 1992 Eddie Murphy film\",\n \"title\": \"Grace Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2906851\",\n \"text\": \"General Gogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service. This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group A-ha (which performed the film's title song), was offered a small role as a villain's henchman in the film, but declined, because of lack of time and because he felt they wanted to cast him due to his popularity rather than his acting.\",\n \"title\": \"The Living Daylights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10595502\",\n \"text\": \"to stop the detonation of Zorin's bomb. Bond runs around the mine, avoiding rockfalls and long drops. Among the objects he can pick up are a grapnel gun (to fire ropes upward which he can climb to safety) and a plank of wood to bridge gaps. May Day is also somewhere in the mine. A password system lets the user play the second or third levels on their own without completing the first. The music for the Commodore 64 version was written by Antony (Tony) Crowther, and consists of two covers. One is the famous James Bond theme by Monty\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8386979\",\n \"text\": \"after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics. Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote \\\"Thunderball\\\", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, \\\"I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning.\\\" Country musician Johnny Cash\",\n \"title\": \"Thunderball (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8547533\",\n \"text\": \"years, she made her debut as an actress in the 1984 film \\\"Conan the Destroyer\\\", where she played alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger. She later appeared in the James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" as the villain May Day. After finishing filming in late 1984 she returned to the studio to work on a follow-up, ending an almost three-year-long hiatus. \\\"Slave to the Rhythm\\\", both song and album, was written by Bruce Woolley, Simon Darlow, Stephen Lipson and Trevor Horn and was produced by Trevor Horn, who was assisted by Lipson. Unlike most albums that feature a collection of different\",\n \"title\": \"Slave to the Rhythm (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12730034\",\n \"text\": \"(originally from the soundtrack of the film \\\"Batman Forever\\\"). The album also includes two other movie-based tracks: \\\"Training Montage\\\" (from \\\"Rocky IV\\\") and \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" (from the 1985 James Bond 007 film of the same title). with Rethroned Rethroned is the second album by Finnish symphonic metal band Northern Kings. It was released on November 19, 2008, as a CD in Finland and to download via the European iTunes Store. Upon release, the album entered the Finnish charts at number 16. The album was released in Japan on February 25, 2009, with the Michael Jackson cover \\\"They\",\n \"title\": \"Rethroned\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8026006\",\n \"text\": \"the sound became a defining characteristic of that decade's popular music. The British band Duran Duran made repeated use of the recording technique, heard prominently on the drums on the 1984 hit single \\\"The Wild Boys\\\" as well as the 1985 James Bond theme song \\\"A View To A Kill\\\". Bruce Springsteen used the effect on his 1984 hit \\\"Born in the U.S.A.\\\", the drums being played by Max Weinberg. The song \\\"Some Like It Hot\\\" by The Power Station opens with a drum solo that features the effect prominently. The song \\\"Hounds of Love\\\", produced and released by Kate\",\n \"title\": \"Gated reverb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10229508\",\n \"text\": \"the 1965 Beach Boys song \\\"California Girls\\\", performed by Gidea Park (a tribute band), is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this teaser sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding. The film features Vivaldi's \\\"The Four Seasons\\\", which is performed during the reception that Bond attends undercover at Zorin's stud in France. In the remastered CD edition, the third track is incorrectly labeled \\\"May Day Jumpers\\\" on the back of the case. Composer John Barry utilizes four leitmotifs on the soundtrack, that recurs in two or more of the tracks listed. One is pinned\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17191125\",\n \"text\": \"to be mentioned twice in the \\\"Guinness World Records.\\\" For his and Jimmy Napes' song \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\", the theme for the James Bond film \\\"Spectre\\\" (2015), Smith won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Original Song. His second studio album, \\\"The Thrill of It All\\\", was released in November 2017, and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart and the US \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The lead single, \\\"Too Good at Goodbyes\\\", reached number one in the UK and Australia and number four in the US. Samuel Frederick Smith was born on 19 May 1992 in London,\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Smith (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10229506\",\n \"text\": \"fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \\\"When are you going to get someone \\\"decent\\\" to do one of your theme songs?\\\" The single was released in May 1985, and on July 13 it hit number one on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, and remains the only Bond theme to do so. On May 25, it made it to number two in the UK Singles Chart, also a record for Bond themes until \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\" by Sam Smith made it to number one in 2015. The b-side was an instrumental piece orchestrated\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11550743\",\n \"text\": \"Licensed to Kill (1965 film) Licensed to Kill is an Eastmancolor 1965 superspy imitation James Bond film starring Tom Adams as British secret agent Charles Vine. It was directed and co-written by Lindsay Shonteff. Producer Joseph E. Levine picked it up for American and worldwide distribution and reedited it under the title The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World. The theme song for the American version, composed by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen and performed by Sammy Davis, Jr., is used in the 2011 film drama \\\"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy\\\". Facing numerous assassination attempts, a Swedish\",\n \"title\": \"Licensed to Kill (1965 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9007988\",\n \"text\": \"Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) \\\"Goldfinger\\\" is the title song from the 1964 James Bond film \\\"Goldfinger\\\". Composed by John Barry and with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, the song was performed by Shirley Bassey for the film's opening and closing title sequences, as well as the soundtrack album release. The single release of the song gave Bassey her only \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 top forty hit, peaking in the Top 10 at No. 8 and No. 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and in the United Kingdom the single reached No. 21. The song finished at\",\n \"title\": \"Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"577870\",\n \"text\": \"the title song for the James Bond spoof \\\"The Liquidator\\\", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, \\\"Thunderball\\\" (1965). \\\"Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\\\" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, \\\"Thunderball,\\\" hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Bassey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374380\",\n \"text\": \"gun control measures, opposes military intervention in Syria, and supports fighting climate change. Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \\\"All I Wanna Do\\\", \\\"If It Makes You Happy\\\", \\\"My Favorite Mistake\\\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy\",\n \"title\": \"Sheryl Crow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6342660\",\n \"text\": \"The Greatest Hits (Lulu album) The Greatest Hits is a 2003 Lulu album charting her 40-year career in music from 1964's UK top-ten hit \\\"Shout\\\" through 2002's \\\"We've Got Tonight,\\\" a UK top-five duet with Ronan Keating. It also covers everything in between, including her 1967 US 1 Hit \\\"To Sir With Love\\\", the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest winner \\\"Boom Bang-a-Bang\\\", the 1974 James Bond theme \\\"The Man with the Golden Gun\\\", and the 1993 UK No. 1 Hit \\\"Relight My Fire\\\" (a duet with Take That). The album combines her UK hits such as \\\"The Boat That I Row\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Greatest Hits (Lulu album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"114462\",\n \"text\": \"Sower\\\", Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp. Bowie had a cameo in \\\"Yellowbeard\\\", a 1983 pirate comedy created by Monty Python members, and a small part as Colin, the hitman in the 1985 film \\\"Into the Night\\\". He declined to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" (1985). \\\"Absolute Beginners\\\" (1986), a rock musical film adapted from Colin MacInnes's book of the same name about life in late 1950s London, featured Bowie's music and presented him with a minor acting role. The same year,\",\n \"title\": \"David Bowie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9231445\",\n \"text\": \"For Your Eyes Only (song) \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\" is the theme tune to the 12th James Bond movie, \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\", written by Bill Conti and Mick Leeson, and performed by Scottish singer Sheena Easton. The song reached number four on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and number eight on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards in 1982. The song is written by Bill Conti and Mike Leeson. Conti – who was also responsible for the film's score – had originally written the song thinking about Donna Summer or\",\n \"title\": \"For Your Eyes Only (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1729075\",\n \"text\": \"range, and his powerful vocal belting technique. He released four solo studio albums, \\\"Euphoria Morning\\\" (1999), \\\"Carry On\\\" (2007), \\\"Scream\\\" (2009), \\\"Higher Truth\\\" (2015) and the live album \\\"Songbook\\\" (2011). Cornell received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his song \\\"The Keeper\\\", which appeared in the 2011 film \\\"Machine Gun Preacher\\\", and co-wrote and performed the theme song to the James Bond film \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (2006), \\\"You Know My Name\\\". His last solo release before his death was the charity single \\\"The Promise\\\", written for the ending credits for the 2016 film of the same name. He was voted \\\"Rock's\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Cornell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20222190\",\n \"text\": \"break and all the shit was coming to the surface ... It was a real low point after it.\\\" Years later, Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song for the 2015 James Bond film \\\"Spectre\\\", and submitted \\\"Man of War\\\". The production team liked the song, but rejected it when they discovered it had not been written for the film and would be ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead suspended work on their ninth album, \\\"A Moon Shaped Pool\\\" (2016), to record an original song for the film, \\\"Spectre\\\", but this was also rejected as\",\n \"title\": \"Man of War (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7997022\",\n \"text\": \"DJ's Factory, a Eurodance project of German producer Bülent Aris and British keyboarder Adrian Askew, released a dancefloor-oriented version in Summer 1985, reaching #22 in the German single charts. Shirley Bassey covered the song for an album of Bond theme songs; however, she wasn't satisfied with the quality, so the album was withdrawn from sale. Finnish Melodic Death Metal band Diablo has covered the song, so has Finnish symphonic metal cover supergroup Northern Kings. In 2008, the song was covered with a bossa feeling by former Morcheeba singer Skye on the cover album \\\"Hollywood, Mon Amour\\\". Måns Zelmerlöw performed a\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7997020\",\n \"text\": \"weeks. In the US, it entered the charts at No. 45, and on 13 July it reached number one on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. It remains the only Bond theme with this chart performance. In November 2014, the James Bond site MI6 revealed a previously unreleased 7:30 extended remixed 12\\\" version of the song and it has since been mentioned on Duran Duran's website which suggests that it might be the real deal. MI6 claim that Steve Thompson created the 12\\\" mix in Paris with the band, although John Taylor says \\\"I don't remember hearing it at the\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8739660\",\n \"text\": \"Song Contest, reaching the \\\"\\\" final in both 1979 and 1981. His first finalist song, \\\"Miss Caroline Newley\\\", performed by the band \\\"M Squad\\\" finished eleventh of the twelve songs in 1979. But in 1981, his song \\\"Don't Panic\\\", performed by Liquid Gold, finished in second place and had the rare distinction of being a losing song from the \\\"A Song For Europe\\\" contest to make the UK Singles Chart, reaching #42. Baker, with his band Gidea Park, recorded a version of the Beach Boys \\\"California Girls\\\" for the James Bond film, \\\"A View to a Kill\\\". It was featured\",\n \"title\": \"Adrian Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15940296\",\n \"text\": \"Until the Daniel Craig era, only Nobody Does It Better and All Time High served as an opening theme without sharing a title with the movie. John Barry provided the title song music on ten of the eleven films for which he composed the musical score. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song and become pop hits, including Paul McCartney's \\\"Live and Let Die\\\", Carly Simon's \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\" (for the film \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\"), and Sheena Easton's \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\" with Adele's \\\"Skyfall\\\" and Sam\",\n \"title\": \"Motifs in the James Bond film series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2493104\",\n \"text\": \"Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 1985, Jones starred as May Day, henchman to main antagonist Max Zorin in the 14th James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\"; Jones was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. That same year, she was featured on the Arcadia song \\\"Election Day\\\". Jones was among the many stars to promote the Honda Scooter; other artists included Lou Reed, Adam Ant, and Miles Davis. Jones also, with her boyfriend Dolph Lundgren posed nude for \\\"Playboy\\\". After Jones' success as a mainstream actress, she returned to the studio to work\",\n \"title\": \"Grace Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8386978\",\n \"text\": \"given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. \\\"Thunderball\\\" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after \\\"From Russia with Love\\\" and \\\"Goldfinger\\\". The original title song was entitled \\\"Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\\\", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits\",\n \"title\": \"Thunderball (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15968988\",\n \"text\": \"for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the first time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. \\\"Skyfall\\\" also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. The film also features Charles Trenet's 1938 song \\\"Boum !\\\" during scenes in which Silva shows Bond around his abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's song, \\\"Boom Boom\\\" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of \\\"Skyfall\\\" was on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.\",\n \"title\": \"Skyfall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18491820\",\n \"text\": \"the United Kingdom—fifty years after the release of \\\"Thunderball\\\", thirty after \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", and twenty after \\\"GoldenEye\\\"—on the night of the world premiere at the London Royal Albert Hall. It was followed by a worldwide release, including IMAX screenings. It was released in the United States on 6 November. \\\"Spectre\\\" received mixed to positive reviews. The theme song \\\"Writing's on the Wall\\\", performed and co-written by Sam Smith, won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song. \\\"Spectre\\\" grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2015, the second-largest unadjusted total for\",\n \"title\": \"Spectre (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10561205\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Licence to Kill\\\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, \\\"GoldenEye\\\". All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts. The end credits of the film feature the song \\\"If You Asked Me To\\\" sung by Patti LaBelle. Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle, in 1992, the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer Céline Dion. The track\",\n \"title\": \"Licence to Kill (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5196882\",\n \"text\": \"John Schlesinger's film \\\"The Next Best Thing\\\" (2000). Her first big screen collaboration, with her then-husband director Guy Ritchie, was \\\"Swept Away\\\" (2002). A remake of Lina Wertmüller's Italian film of the same name, it was as a commercial and critical failure. \\\"Swept Away\\\" was nominated for seven Golden Raspberry Awards, winning five, including Worst Actress for Madonna. She had a cameo appearance in the James Bond film \\\"Die Another Day\\\" (2002), and sang its theme song. The next year, Madonna appeared in the television sitcom \\\"Will & Grace\\\"s episode \\\"Dolls and Dolls\\\". In 2008, Madonna made her directorial debut\",\n \"title\": \"Madonna filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3438221\",\n \"text\": \"located towards the eastern side of the site. A new clubhouse, stand and floodlighting have recently been erected. The racecourse is the setting for a scene in the musical \\\"My Fair Lady\\\" and the subject for the song \\\"Ascot Gavotte\\\". The racecourse was used as a filming location in the James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" (1985), where Bond (played for the last time by Roger Moore) was beginning his mission to defeat the villainous Max Zorin (Christopher Walken), whose horse was racing there. The James Bond production crew returned to Ascot Racecourse for \\\"Skyfall\\\" (2012), where it\",\n \"title\": \"Ascot Racecourse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3794013\",\n \"text\": \"Antonín Dvořák's \\\"Song to the Moon\\\" from \\\"Rusalka\\\" and Led Zeppelin's \\\"Kashmir\\\", and also a live version of the rarely performed song \\\"Swanheart\\\" from the 1998 Nightwish album \\\"Oceanborn\\\". On the same year, in July, \\\"Left in the Dark\\\" was released as an EP containing alternative versions from Tarja's album \\\"Colours in the Dark\\\", as well as a studio version of \\\"Into the Sun\\\". On 17 October 2015, Tarja performed two new songs from her forthcoming album, \\\"No Bitter End\\\" and \\\"Goldfinger\\\", which is a cover of the title song of the James Bond film with the same name. Tarja\",\n \"title\": \"Tarja Turunen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4467184\",\n \"text\": \"Blondie's \\\"Call Me\\\" and Duran Duran's \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" from the James Bond film of the same name. Edwards has performed the Gorillaz song \\\"Feel Good Inc\\\" live on KCRW radio station (along with other tracks from her album), and also at some live shows. As a Christmas gift to her fans, Edwards recorded a version of \\\"River\\\" by Joni Mitchell; this was uploaded on YouTube on November 2011. In February 2013, Skye performed \\\"As Long As You Love Me\\\" by Justin Bieber on KCRW, \\\"Morning Becomes Eclectic\\\". On the John Martyn tribute album \\\"Johnny Boy Would Love\",\n \"title\": \"Skye Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2947420\",\n \"text\": \"A View to a Kill A View to a Kill is a 1985 British spy film, the fourteenth in the \\\"James Bond\\\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the seventh and last to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Although the title is adapted from Ian Fleming's short story \\\"From a View to a Kill\\\", the film has an entirely original screenplay. In \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", Bond is pitted against Max Zorin, who plans to destroy California's Silicon Valley. The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, who also wrote\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6644354\",\n \"text\": \"priest in Laurence Olivier's film \\\"Richard III\\\" (1955), \\\"The Mummy\\\" (1959), \\\"Absolution\\\" (1978), \\\"The Hit\\\" (1984), the James Bond film \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" (1985) as retired Nazi doctor and Max Zorin's (Christopher Walken) henchman Dr. Carl Mortner/Hans Glaub, and as the elderly and kind king in \\\"The Princess Bride\\\" (1987). In the late 1980s, he appeared in the BBC drama \\\"Howards' Way\\\" as banker Sir John Stevens. In Sergei Bondarchuk's 1970 film \\\"Waterloo\\\", he is credited as both an actor (playing Captain Ramsey) and a military consultant. Gray died aged 76 in February 1993. His wife, who wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby Gray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17312079\",\n \"text\": \"In 2004, another regular, American director Diane Martel, directed the accompanying music video for the second single from the singer's second album \\\"The Diary of Alicia Keys\\\", \\\"If I Ain't Got You\\\", which featured rapper Method Man as Keys' love interest. It won the Best R&B Video accolade at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards. In 2008, Keys collaborated with former The White Stripes singer Jack White on \\\"Another Way to Die\\\", the theme song for the James Bond film \\\"Quantum of Solace\\\". Inspired by the plot, the CGI-heavy clip garnered a largely positive response from criticis and was nominated\",\n \"title\": \"Alicia Keys videography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5547108\",\n \"text\": \"For Grabs\\\". In the meantime, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) was filming the twentieth James Bond film, \\\"Die Another Day\\\", directed by Lee Tamahori. The previous film in the franchise, \\\"The World Is Not Enough\\\" (1999) was a box office success earning US$362 million worldwide. However, the eponymous soundtrack single by alternative rock group Garbage failed to gain commercial success in the United States. The music management at MGM went to look for a high-profile artist to write and perform the title song for \\\"Die Another Day\\\". Madonna was their first choice, since she had been successful with soundtrack singles in the US,\",\n \"title\": \"Die Another Day (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8512884\",\n \"text\": \"Lani Hall Lani Hall (born November 6, 1945) is an American singer, lyricist, author, and the wife of Herb Alpert. From 1966 to 1971 she performed as lead vocalist for Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66. In 1972 she released her first solo album \\\"Sundown Lady\\\", but she may be best known for her rendition of the theme song to the 1983 James Bond film \\\"Never Say Never Again\\\". In 1986 she was awarded her first Grammy Award for \\\"Es Fácil Amar\\\" as \\\"Best Latin Pop Performance.\\\" After that year she largely retired, resurfacing in 1998 with the solo album \\\"Brasil\",\n \"title\": \"Lani Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2449573\",\n \"text\": \"Hearted Melody\\\", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit \\\"Johnny Get Angry\\\" also with Edwards; and \\\"99 Miles From L.A.\\\" with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard \\\"Sea of Heartbreak\\\", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to \\\"The Look of Love\\\" from \\\"Casino Royale\\\" with Bacharach, he wrote \\\"We Have All the Time in the World\\\", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", and in 1979,\",\n \"title\": \"Hal David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2947446\",\n \"text\": \"up and down the Eiffel Tower and through Paris streets, which Bond finishes in a severed car on just two wheels. But none of the action prepares the viewer for the heart-stopping climax with Zorin's dirigible tangled in the cables on top of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.\\\" And although O'Toole believed that Moore was showing his age in the role, \\\"there are plenty of tunes left in his violin. James Bond is still a virtuoso, with a licence to thrill.\\\" Brian J. Arthurs of \\\"The Beach Reporter\\\" said it was the worst film of the Bond series. Chris Peachment\",\n \"title\": \"A View to a Kill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72758\",\n \"text\": \"founder of the first church at Llandaff Cathedral, where his tomb is. His Saint's Day is ninth of February. Cardiff is also well known for its musicians, such as Ivor Novello, after whom the Ivor Novello Awards are named. Idloes Owen, founder of the Welsh National Opera, lived in Llandaff, Shirley Bassey is familiar to many as the singer of three James Bond movie theme tunes, while Charlotte Church is famous as a crossover classical/pop singer. Shakin' Stevens was one of the top selling male artists in the UK during the 1980s. Tigertailz, a popular glam metal act in the\",\n \"title\": \"Cardiff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"285907\",\n \"text\": \"of the CD reissue of her 1966 album, \\\"Nancy In London\\\", Sinatra states that she was \\\"scared to death\\\" of recording the song, and asked the songwriters: \\\"Are you sure you don't want Shirley Bassey?\\\" There are two versions of the Bond theme. The first is the lushly orchestrated track featured during the opening and closing credits of the film. The second—and more guitar-heavy—version appeared on the double A-sided single with \\\"Jackson\\\", though the Bond theme stalled at No.44 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. \\\"Jackson\\\"/\\\"You Only Live Twice\\\" was more successful in the U.K., reaching No.11 on the singles\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Sinatra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283807\",\n \"text\": \"the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's \\\"For Your Eyes Only\\\", which was performed by Sheena Easton. It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from \\\"Skyfall\\\" by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\", while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1506001\",\n \"text\": \"fright. In the appearance, she sang two songs: \\\"Half A Chance\\\" and her signature song, \\\"You're So Vain\\\". In 1977, Simon had a surprise international hit with the million-selling gold single \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", the theme to the James Bond film \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\". Simon's second-biggest U.S. hit, after \\\"You're So Vain\\\", was 1977's biggest Adult Contemporary hit, where it held at No. 1 for seven straight weeks. The single peaked one step behind Debby Boone's mega-hit \\\"You Light Up My Life\\\" on \\\"Billboard's\\\" Pop Singles chart from October 22 to November 5, 1977 and received Grammy\",\n \"title\": \"Carly Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9748534\",\n \"text\": \"weeks. Because of the delays and chaotic nature of the filming process, it finally finished ten months later in November. Feldman asked Burt Bacharach and Hal David to provide the music for the film; David worked for a few months completing his part, while Bacharach took nearly two years. The pair produced the song \\\"The Look of Love\\\", which was sung by Dusty Springfield. Columbia Pictures approved a production budget of $6 million for the film, although this rose to $12 million at the end of production. The film performed well, with box office returns of $41.7 million. \\\"Never Say\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9103147\",\n \"text\": \"James Bond. Not released but also heard in the film is a brief homage to John Williams' familiar theme from \\\"Jaws\\\", when an unseen underwater horror (it is revealed to be an attacker in a JIM diving suit) approaches within the sunken ship. This was the third Bond film in a row to wittily include familiar music from a classic film. Additionally, notes from the title song to \\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\", \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", can be heard as the tones of a key code for a security door early in the film. For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)\",\n \"title\": \"For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9470590\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"Never\\\" Heart), and Marc Jordan (\\\"Rhythm of My Heart\\\" Rod Stewart). Musicians included \\\"American Idol\\\" judge Randy Jackson of Journey, Steve Lukather (Toto), Timothy B. Schmit (Eagles), and Richard Marx. During the down time, Tim sang and produced \\\"Dirty Love\\\" which appeared in the James Bond film \\\"Licence to Kill\\\" and performed on both the \\\"\\\" theme and the Dionne Warwick gold album \\\"Reservations for Two\\\". Feehan wrote \\\"Heart in Pieces\\\" for the million selling album \\\"Chicago 19\\\" and performed in the video Stop the Madness alongside Whitney Houston for the Nancy Reagan anti-drug campaign \\\"Just Say No\\\". In the\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Feehan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1729135\",\n \"text\": \"Know My Name\\\", which Cornell co-wrote and performed and which accompanies the opening titles for the 2006 James Bond film, \\\"Casino Royale\\\". \\\"You Know My Name\\\" is the first theme song since 1983's \\\"Octopussy\\\" to use a different title than the film, the first ever sung by a male American, and the first ever title theme song that did not appear on the soundtrack album. \\\"You Know My Name\\\" won a 2006 Satellite Award in the category of Best Original Song, and a 2007 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film. The\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Cornell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8149645\",\n \"text\": \"first James Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (garnering McCartney his second Academy Award nomination and Linda her first). In the Academy Award performance of the song, entertainer Connie Stevens dressed in a \\\"silver-lamé outfit\\\" with a Native American-looking headdress \\\"descended from the ceiling\\\" and then was \\\"variously lifted and tossed about\\\" by dancers dressed in various colours until she left the scene. The song lost to the eponymous theme song from the musical film \\\"The Way We Were\\\". In Wings' live performances of the song, the instrumental break featured flashpots and\",\n \"title\": \"Live and Let Die (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286174\",\n \"text\": \"musical film, \\\"Evita\\\" (1996). In this adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, Pryce portrayed the Argentinian president Juan Perón. The movie's soundtrack was an international success. It contains over 30 songs sung mainly by Madonna, Banderas and Pryce, of which two are solos for Pryce: \\\"She Is A Diamond\\\" and \\\"On The Balcony Of The Casa Rosada\\\". After \\\"Evita\\\", Pryce went on to portray Elliot Carver in the James Bond film \\\"Tomorrow Never Dies\\\" (1997). During the rest of the decade Pryce would play to his new acquired fame as a villain, portraying an Irish terrorist in \\\"Ronin\\\" (1998),\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Pryce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10215200\",\n \"text\": \"remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was \\\"big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song.\\\" He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was \\\"impeccable\\\". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\" and \\\"Moonraker\\\". John Barry used the \\\"Goldfinger\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Goldfinger (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5689554\",\n \"text\": \"The Ballad of High Noon “The Ballad of High Noon” (or “Do Not Forsake Me, O My Darlin’”) is a popular song published in 1952, with music by Dimitri Tiomkin and lyrics by Ned Washington. It is the theme song of the movie \\\"High Noon\\\", sung over the opening credits by Tex Ritter, with its tune repeated throughout the film. It was awarded the 1952 Academy Award for Best Original Song, and was performed that night for the Academy by Ritter. The song is about the film's main character, Will Kane (played by Gary Cooper), and the moral dilemma of\",\n \"title\": \"The Ballad of High Noon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4283805\",\n \"text\": \"by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show. Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes – she recorded the themes to \\\"Goldfinger\\\", \\\"Diamonds Are Forever\\\", and \\\"Moonraker\\\". Bassey also recorded her own versions of \\\"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\\\" for \\\"Thunderball\\\" and it\",\n \"title\": \"James Bond music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1729114\",\n \"text\": \"funk and R&B music. The first two singles were \\\"Original Fire\\\" and \\\"Revelations\\\". Two of the songs from the third album, \\\"Shape of Things to Come\\\" and \\\"Wide Awake\\\" were also prominently featured in Michael Mann's 2006 film, \\\"Miami Vice\\\", prior to the release of the album. Despite the exposure to other forms of media and the positive critical buzz for their third album, Audioslave did not tour behind the release. They went into hiatus to allow Cornell to complete \\\"You Know My Name\\\", the theme song for the 2006 James Bond film, \\\"Casino Royale\\\", and Morello to pursue his\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Cornell\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: A View to a Kill (soundtrack) context: A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \\\"A View to a Kill\\\", was written by John Barry and Duran Duran, and was recorded in London with a 60-piece orchestra. \\\"A View to a Kill\\\" is the most successful Bond theme to date. In 1986 Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond\\n\\nWho sang the title song for the Bond film A View To A Kill?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Living Daylights context: Generalogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service. This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group A-ha (which performed the film's title song), was offered a small role as a villain's henchman in the film, but declined, because of lack of time and because he felt they wanted to cast him due to his popularity rather than his acting.\\n\\ntitle: Skyfall context: for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. \\\"Skyfall also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. also Charles Trenet's 1938 songBoum !\\\" during scenes in Silva shows Bond around abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's, \\\"Boom Boom\\\" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of \\\"Skyfall\\\" on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.\\n\\ntitle: Ice on context: The live tracks were recorded at Wembley Stadium during the for the \\\" Hearts\\\". According Elizabethenthal in her,His: The Musical Journey Elton (60)\\\", LP's closing,ho the Moon\\\", was considered for James Bond film \\\"A to a Kill\\\", but the produ decided to go with the performed Duran Dur \\\" Man Never D\\\" is a song Lenn, addition to (Hey Johnny from El's \\\"Jump!\\\" }\\n: Th Barry \\\" Service was for \\\"Snow\\\",s \\\"G Fight \\\"A two number0 thus becoming in215 \\\"s On out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan)\\n\\nWho sang the title song for the Bond film A View To A Kill?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 476,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14722,\n \"ratio\": \"30.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":180,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":180,"string":"180"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Etymology of Poland","Polish state","Poleand","Rzeczpospolita Polska","Polland","ISO 3166-1:PL","Polskor","Republic of Poland","POLAND","Fourth Poland","Country- Poland","Poleland","Polska","Poland","Poland.","Pols Land","Polnd","Po land","Lenkija","Bastarnia","Pologne","PolanD","Polija","Pole land","Architecture of Poland","Ploand"],"string":"[\n \"Etymology of Poland\",\n \"Polish state\",\n \"Poleand\",\n \"Rzeczpospolita Polska\",\n \"Polland\",\n \"ISO 3166-1:PL\",\n \"Polskor\",\n \"Republic of Poland\",\n \"POLAND\",\n \"Fourth Poland\",\n \"Country- Poland\",\n \"Poleland\",\n \"Polska\",\n \"Poland\",\n \"Poland.\",\n \"Pols Land\",\n \"Polnd\",\n \"Po land\",\n \"Lenkija\",\n \"Bastarnia\",\n \"Pologne\",\n \"PolanD\",\n \"Polija\",\n \"Pole land\",\n \"Architecture of Poland\",\n \"Ploand\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Poland"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15404715","text":"Politburo Commission pushed for martial law instead of an intervention. When Wojciech Jaruzelski became Prime Minister of Poland in February 1980, the Soviet leadership, but also Poles in general, supported his appointment. As time went by, however, Jaruzelski tried, and failed, according to Archie Brown, \"to walk a tightrope\" between the demands made by the USSR and the Poles. Martial law was initiated on 13 December 1981 by the Jaruzelski Government. During the final years of Brezhnev's rule, and in the aftermath of his death, the Soviet leadership was forced by domestic difficulties to allow the Eastern Bloc governments to","title":"History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)"},{"id":"2141712","text":"to his attempted assassination two years later. In December 1981, Poland's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy. Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet","title":"Cold War"},{"id":"4818566","text":"of Brezhnev, there could be no peaceful resolution to the situation that developed. The Soviets now expressed a preference for the conflict to be resolved by the Polish authorities, but Poland, according to Karol Modzelewski, was lucky to avoid a carnage of foreign intervention. Others, including the historian Antoni Dudek, feel that there was no sufficient justification for the imposition of martial law that followed. On 13 December 1981, claiming that the country was on the verge of economic and civil breakdown and alleging a danger of Soviet intervention, General Wojciech Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity. Martial law was","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"16674420","text":"(as underground press was known in Poland at the time). He was re-arrested but was released after the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union. Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of \"Solidarity\". In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published","title":"Mirosław Chojecki"},{"id":"609418","text":"was condemned worldwide as the worst loss of life of media professionals in one day. On 23 May 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law throughout the main southern island of Mindanao, through Proclamation No. 216, due to the attack of Maute Group in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur. It was announced in a briefing in Moscow by Secretary Ernesto Abella, and will be in effect until December. Martial law was introduced in Communist Poland on December 13, 1981 by Generals Czesław Kiszczak and Wojciech Jaruzelski to prevent democratic opposition from gaining popularity and political power in the country. Thousands","title":"Martial law"},{"id":"617217","text":"had sent Eugeniusz Molczyk to confer with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Bush had agreed with Molczyk that martial law was the lesser of two evils. Whether this meeting with the American vice president occurred is disputed. While it is erroneously cited, Harvard historian Mark Kramer has pointed out that no documents support Jaruzelski's claim. Jaruzelski was chiefly responsible for the imposition of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 in an attempt to crush the pro-democracy movements, which included Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in Warsaw Pact history. Subsequent years saw his government and its","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"2253566","text":"succeeded by Wojciech Jaruzelski, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81). The government then disallowed Solidarity on October 8, 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985","title":"Polish People's Republic"},{"id":"14103636","text":"Kremlin was discontented with how leniently this suppression proceeded, and on 18 October 1981, it forced the Polish United Workers' Party to replace Kania with Jaruzelski. The latter promised to impose martial law but demanded backing his action by a promise of Warsaw Pact military intervention if he failed to control the situation. On 29 October, Jaruzelski's demands were discussed at a session of the Soviet Politburo, where Andropov confirmed the consensus that no Soviet troops would be sent to Poland. At the 14th annual meeting of the Committee of Ministers of Defense of the Warsaw Pact, which took place","title":"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"},{"id":"14103632","text":"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 The Polish crisis of 1980–1981, associated with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement in Poland, challenged the Soviet Union's control over its satellite states in the Eastern Bloc. For the first time however, the Kremlin abstained from military intervention, unlike on previous occasions such as the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and thus left the Polish leadership under General Wojciech Jaruzelski to impose martial law to deal with the opposition on their own. Contrary to the interpretations of US intelligence, no preparations were underway for even","title":"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"},{"id":"1834265","text":"next first secretary of the PZPR, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, introduced martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981. Gierek was interned for a year from December 1981. Unlike the (also-interned) opposition activists, the internment status brought Gierek no social respect. He ended his political career as the era's main pariah. Edward Gierek died in July 2001 of the miner's lung illness in a hospital in Cieszyn, near the southern mountain resort of Ustroń where he spent his last years. From the perspective of time his rule was now seen in a more positive light and over ten thousand people attended","title":"Edward Gierek"},{"id":"16090294","text":"a fantasy-like story of a young boy during the martial law in Poland of December 1981. Adaś, a little boy, falls ill around the time that martial law is declared. After he wakes, he witnesses the kidnapping of most of his family and the wounding of his mother by the eponymous Wroniec (\"Crowman\", a pun on the nickname of WRON and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who orchestrated the martial law). Together with an old worker, Jan Beton, Adaś sets out to look for his family. Outside his house, the town is gray, as the Graying Machine tries to sap energy from","title":"Wroniec (book)"},{"id":"512346","text":"of the Polish United Workers' Party on October 18th, 1981. Before initiating the plan of suppressing the Solidarity, he presented it to Soviet Premier Nikolai Tikhonov. On 13th of December 1981, Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland. In 1982 Jaruzelski revitalized the Front of National Unity, the organization the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became chairman of the Polish Council of State, a post equivalent to that of president or a dictator, with his power centered on and firmly entrenched","title":"Polish United Workers' Party"},{"id":"2444491","text":"chamber orchestra—commissioned by Paul Sacher—was finally finished in 1980, and the Third Symphony in 1983. In 1977 he received the Order of the Builders of People's Poland. In 1983 he received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize. During this period, Poland was undergoing yet more upheaval: in 1980, the influential movement Solidarność was created, led by Lech Wałęsa; and in 1981, martial law was declared by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. From 1981–89, Lutosławski refused all professional engagements in Poland as a gesture of solidarity with the artists' boycott. He refused to enter the Culture Ministry to meet any of the ministers,","title":"Witold Lutosławski"},{"id":"179173","text":"PZPR. The Plenum's vote was 180 to 4, and he kept his government posts. Jaruzelski asked parliament to ban strikes and allow him to exercise extraordinary powers, but when neither request was granted, he decided to proceed with his plans anyway. On 12–13 December 1981, the regime declared martial law in Poland, under which the army and ZOMO riot police were used to crush Solidarity. The Soviet leaders insisted that Jaruzelski pacify the opposition with the forces at his disposal, without direct Soviet involvement. Virtually all Solidarity leaders and many affiliated intellectuals were arrested or detained. Nine workers were killed","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"8228563","text":"and was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who adopted a strong-arm policy. On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation (\"Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego\", or \"WRON\"). Solidarity's leaders, gathered at Gdańsk, were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service (\"Służba Bezpieczeństwa\" or \"SB\"), and some 5,000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night. Censorship was expanded, and military forces appeared on the streets. A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred, chiefly at the largest","title":"History of Solidarity"},{"id":"5275809","text":"martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the Sejm). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared the 1981 imposition of martial law to be unlawful and unconstitutional. The instigators of the martial law, such as Wojciech Jaruzelski, argue that the army crackdown rescued Poland from a possibly disastrous military intervention of the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other Warsaw","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"5275798","text":"Ocalenia Narodowego\", WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981. Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 AM on December 13, 1981, General Jaruzelski said: Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins.","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"7099534","text":"union's demands, including its legalization, making Solidarity (now 10 million members strong) the first trade union in the Warsaw Pact to not be under the control of the communist government. Throughout the following year, Poland experienced growing political chaos as the Solidarity protests spread across the country, threatening the survival of the communist state. On Dec. 31, 1981, General Jaruzelski, head of the Polish military, declared a state of martial law across Poland, ordering the arrest of members of Solidarity and other opposition organizations. During the period leading up to the declaration of martial law by Poland's government, there was","title":"Cold War (1979–1985)"},{"id":"4818433","text":"repression and reform and the economic-political struggle acquired new characteristics with the 1978 election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II. Wojtyła's unexpected elevation strengthened the opposition to the authoritarian and ineffective system of \"nomenklatura\"-run state socialism, especially with the pope's first visit to Poland in 1979. In early August 1980, a new wave of strikes resulted in the founding of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" (Polish \"Solidarność\") led by electrician Lech Wałęsa. The growing strength and activity of the opposition caused the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski to declare martial law in December 1981. However, with the reforms of","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"18904763","text":"under challenge from Solidarność, or Solidarity, a labor union under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. The union was sufficiently threatening to the government that on 13 December 1981, the head of state, Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, suspended the union, and imprisoned most of its leaders. Mikhail Gorbachev (born 1931), who took control in 1985, was the first Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution. He is remembered for three initiatives: \"glasnost\", \"perestroika\", and the \"Frank Sinatra doctrine\". \"Glasnost\", or \"openness\", was Gorbachev's term for allowing public debate in the Soviet Union to an unprecedented degree. \"Perestroika\"","title":"History of socialism"},{"id":"2253007","text":"opportunity arose to finally change the system of government, after the harsh period of martial law (1981-83) imposed by General Jaruzelski. Fears that a shift of power from a centralized one-party system to a multi-party democracy might turn into a bloody revolution proved unfounded, owing to the presence on both sides — the Communist Party, and the democratic opposition — of peace-minded reformists committed to a peaceful solution. The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic decline led to waves of strikes across the country in April, May and August 1988. In an attempt to take control of the situation, the","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"5275797","text":"Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983, when the authoritarian communist government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted normal life by introducing martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition. Thousands of opposition activists were jailed without charge and as many as 91 killed. Although martial law was lifted in 1983, many of the political prisoners were not released until a general amnesty in 1986. Led by General of the Army Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Military Council of National Salvation (\"Wojskowa Rada","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"6576897","text":"the labor movement's goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-law, supporters of Solidarity, fled to the United States early in 1981 and received asylum. In October 1981, the Polish government ordered Spasowski home. He protested, and the recall order was rescinded. On December 13, 1981, Polish government leader General Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law. On the afternoon of December 19, 1981, Spasowski telephoned the U.S. State Department to announce that he was defecting and requesting asylum. The next day he told a worldwide radio audience that he had defected to show support for Solidarity and Lech Wałęsa.","title":"Romuald Spasowski"},{"id":"15090027","text":"and Glemp), as well as the Pope, called on Solidarity to be more cooperative and reasonable, and even criticized the trade union for actions taken. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Many in the Church defended the people who were arrested. The government nevertheless found that it required the church as a mediator in the crisis; General Jaruzelski in his first address to the Seym in 1982 stated: In 1982 the Joint Committee of Episcopate and Church was reactivated, and began negotiations","title":"Polish anti-religious campaign"},{"id":"10148059","text":"member of the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute for Literary Studies. When martial law was declared in Poland on 13 December 1981, Najder was a visiting scholar at Oxford University. Choosing not to return to his native land, he took a position in Germany with Radio Free Europe (RFE), becoming chief of its Polish-language section in April 1982. In response, the Polish government under the leadership of Wojciech Jaruzelski condemned him to death \"in absentia\", accusing Najder of spying for United States intelligence services. Two years later, he was stripped of his Polish citizenship. The first citizen of the Eastern","title":"Zdzisław Najder"},{"id":"5275810","text":"Pact countries (similar to the earlier interventions in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968). Public figures who supported the introduction of martial law (including some of the right-wing figures like Jędrzej Giertych) would also refer to that threat. In 2009, archive documents hinted that in a conversation Jaruzelski had with Viktor Kulikov, a Soviet military leader, Jaruzelski himself begged for Soviet intervention as his domestic control was deteriorating. Jaruzelski responded by claiming the document was 'just another falsification'. Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"3993469","text":"the party. He was succeeded by Prime Minister Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski. In 2012, he was tried for his role in the martial law crackdown in 1981, but acquitted. Stanisław Kania Stanisław Kania (; born 8 March 1927) is a former Polish communist politician. Kania joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1945 when the Germans were driven out by the Red Army and Polish Communists began to take control of the country. After Edward Gierek was forced to resign as General Secretary amidst much social and economic unrest, Kania was elected his successor on 6 September 1980. He admitted that the","title":"Stanisław Kania"},{"id":"16622700","text":"Poland was swept by a wave of anti-communist strikes, and around ten million joined the anti-communist Solidarity trade union, Kopański co-founded a branch of this broad grassroots social movement at the University of Silesia. On the introduction of martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the leadership and activists of Solidarity were summarily rounded up by the military junta presided by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. Kopański was one of the interned, he became a political prisoner for the second time in his life. Between 1981 and 1982 he was detained in Strzelce Opolskie, Uherce Mineralne, and Rzeszów. Upon his release","title":"Ataullah Bogdan Kopański"},{"id":"13954233","text":"the NKVD, the Polish soldiers mostly confined themselves to just following the partisans in their vehicles, without engaging them in direct fighting. One of the soldiers among the army units happened to be Wojciech Jaruzelski, the future communist leader of Poland, who declared martial law in 1981. Jaruzelski's official website, in the \"Diariusz\" (Diary) section, states that from the fall of 1945 until 1946, Jaruzelski took part in \"fighting bandits of the armed underground and Ukrainian nationalist\" in order to \"defend the Polishness of Hrubieszow Land\". During the fighting, one of WiN's freed prisoners was accidentally killed by friendly fire","title":"Attack on Hrubieszów"},{"id":"14103640","text":"once again, on 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski finally proclaimed martial law. To justify the emergency measures, Jaruzelski was still playing on the public fear of Soviet invasion. However, there was no significant resistance to the martial law and any foreign military backing proved unnecessary. Ever since, Jaruzelski himself has denied that he invited Soviet troops, insisting that, on the contrary, the martial law was aimed at prevention of a Soviet military intervention. In November 1997, a conference was held in Jachranka on the Soviet role in the Polish crisis of 1980–1981, where Solidarity, Polish communist, Soviet and American participants of","title":"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"},{"id":"17470787","text":"government to resettle ethnicities immediately after the war (Operation Vistula), and to violently suppress opposition several times, during the Poznań 1956 protests, the Polish 1970 protests, and during Martial law in Poland in 1981–1982. The LWP also took part in the suppressing of the 1968 democratization process of Czechoslovakia, commonly known as the Prague Spring. That same year Marshal of Poland Marian Spychalski was asked to replace Edward Ochab as chairman of the Council of State, and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, at that time the Chief of the General Staff, was named to replace him. Michta argues that Jaruzelski, as a","title":"Polish Armed Forces"},{"id":"15656148","text":"the Polish labor-union Solidarity, which was maintained and indeed increased even after protests by the USSR and Carter administration. Kahn was heavily involved in supporting the Polish labor-movement. The trade union Solidarity (\"Solidarność\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed Communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. In 1980 AFL–CIO President Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. The AFL–CIO sought approval in advance from Solidarity's leadership, to avoid jeopardizing their position with unwanted or surprising American help. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers, by lobbying to","title":"Tom Kahn"},{"id":"4861454","text":"human rights. In 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, Edelman was interned by the government. In 1983, he refused to take part in the official celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising sponsored by Poland's communist government, believing that this \"would be an act of cynicism and contempt\" in a country \"where social life is dominated throughout by humiliation and coercion.\" Instead, he walked with friends to the street where Mordechai Anielewicz's bunker had been located. Edelman took part in the Round Table Talks as Solidarity's consultant on health policy. In post-communist Poland, Edelman was","title":"Marek Edelman"},{"id":"14511292","text":"of Warsaw pact from March 16 to 25, hoping Walesa could help maintain the social order and avoid anti-Soviet remarks. Jaruzelski also reminded Walesa that the Solidarity had used foreign funds. Walesa joked \"We don't have to take only dollars. We can take corns, fertilizers, whatever is okay. I talked with Mr. Kania before that I would take everything from the enemy. The more the better, until the enemy was weakened no more\". Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland. Wałęsa and many other Solidarity leaders and activists were arrested;","title":"Lech Wałęsa"},{"id":"4899223","text":"quasi-government administering Poland during the martial law (1981–83). In 1982 he became a deputy member of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party and a full member in 1986. From December 1981 until June 1989 Kiszczak was the second most important person in Poland, after General Wojciech Jaruzelski, the nation's top leader. Together they orchestrated the crackdown aimed at crushing the \"Solidarity\", the Eastern Bloc’s first non-communist labor union movement. Martial law included the mass roundup and internment of \"Solidarity\" activists, curfews and other harsh measures. Generals Kiszczak and Jaruzelski later insisted that they were imposing martial law to","title":"Czesław Kiszczak"},{"id":"392371","text":"regional structure, comprising 38 regions (\"region\") and two districts (\"okręg\"). At its highest, the Union had over 10 million members, which became the largest union membership in the world. During the communist era the 38 regional delegates were arrested and jailed when martial law came into effect on 13 December 1981 under General Wojciech Jaruzelski. After a one-year prison term the high-ranking members of the union were offered one way trips to any country accepting them (including Canada, the United States, and nations in the Middle East). Solidarity was organized as an industrial union, or more specifically according to the","title":"Solidarity (Polish trade union)"},{"id":"8267358","text":"Soviet anti-Semitism was maintained as late as his 1985 book \"Soviet but not Russian: The Other Peoples of the Soviet Union\" which claimed that at most 10% of Soviet Jews would want to leave the Soviet Union. Approximately 290,000 Jews left the Soviet Union from 1970 to 1988, when emigration was restricted but over 224,000 left in 1990 alone, the first full year when emigration was liberalized. In January 1982, Mandel wrote an article in the \"Stanford Daily\" supporting the coup of Polish General W. Jaruzelski which imposed martial law as an attempt to crush the Solidarity trade union. In","title":"William Mandel"},{"id":"14103634","text":"the lines of previous crackdowns. The aging Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev agreed with Honecker and Husák, leaning towards intervention. A planned joint Soviet, East German, and Czechoslovak attack, under the pretext of a Warsaw Pact military exercise called 'Soyuz-80,' was planned for December. Deeply concerned Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) leaders, who had initially been lenient, slowly began to consider suppression of the popular movement on their own. On 22 October, Polish defense minister Jaruzelski started planning for martial law. United States intelligence, by this time, had an accurate idea of the Warsaw Pact's plans. National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski","title":"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"},{"id":"1843998","text":"Polish labor movement. The trade union Solidarity (\"Solidarność\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers by lobbying to stop further U.S. loans to Poland unless those demands were met. Materially, the AFL–CIO established the Polish Workers Aid Fund, which raised almost $300,000 by 1981. These funds purchased printing presses and office supplies. The AFL–CIO donated typewriters, duplicating machines, a minibus, an offset press and other supplies requested","title":"Social Democrats, USA"},{"id":"689184","text":"foreign policy. He had mixed relations with the Reagan administration. On the one hand, he supported it as an alternative to the Democrats' pacifism. On the other hand, he also criticized it as seeing foreign policy in overly black-and-white terms. He remained involved in Polish affairs, critical of the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, and more so of the Western European acquiescence to its imposition in the name of stability. Brzezinski briefed U.S. vice-president George H. W. Bush before his 1987 trip to Poland that aided in the revival of the Solidarity movement. In 1985, under the","title":"Zbigniew Brzezinski"},{"id":"617219","text":"Poland. In fact, Jaruzelski actually tried to persuade the Soviets to invade Poland in order to support martial law, only to be sternly turned down. This left the Solidarity \"problem\" to be sorted out by the Polish government (see also Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981). However, the exact plans of the Soviet Union at that time have never been determined. Jaruzelski, however, has justified cracking down by alleging that the threat of Soviet intervention was quite likely had he not dealt with Solidarity internally. This question, as well as many other facts about Poland in the years","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"19289264","text":"Bronisław Dąbrowski Bronisław Dąbrowski (2 November 1917 – 25 December 1997) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He was auxiliary bishop of Warsaw 1962–1993 and general secretary of the Polish Episcopal Conference 1968–1993. In 1982 Dąbrowski became titular archbishop \"pro hac vice\" and in 1993 senior bishop of the Warsaw Archdiocese. Because of his function in the Episcopal Conference, Dąbrowski participated in political events of communist Poland. In December 1981 he wrote a letter to General Wojciech Jaruzelski in which he condemned the proclamation of the martial law in Poland and the subsequent repressions by the regime.","title":"Bronisław Dąbrowski"},{"id":"13458078","text":"and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the Communists. Late 1980s was the time of deep economic crisis of Poland. The military regime of General Wojciech Jaruzelski did not carry out any radical reform of the economy in 1982-1983 following their imposition of Martial Law in Poland. Industrial production remained below the 1979 level. Average inflation rate climbed to 60% by 1988, and Poland’s hard-currency debt to the Western countries grew","title":"1988 Polish strikes"},{"id":"8228542","text":"History of Solidarity The history of Solidarity (, pronounced ), a Polish non-governmental trade union, began on August 14, 1980, at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others. In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country. Solidarity gave rise to a broad, non-violent, anti-communist social movement that, at its height, claimed some 9.4 million members. It is considered to have contributed greatly to the fall of communism. Poland's communist government attempted to destroy the union by instituting martial law in 1981, followed by several years of","title":"History of Solidarity"},{"id":"16590758","text":"92-metre high-rise building known as the NOT Tower in Kraków. It was intended to provide a profusion of office-space. The concrete shell was erected in 1975, but the building was never finished, because of economic constraints and political unrest leading to the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981. In time, due to the unfinished (and blackening) building's resemblance to a skeleton, it was nicknamed \"Szkieletor\" by the people of Kraków after Skeletor, the arch-villain in \"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe\", a cartoon popular in Poland at that time. The structure remains the biggest eyesore in the","title":"Polish Federation of Engineering Associations"},{"id":"3333924","text":"Military Council of National Salvation The Military Council of National Salvation (, abbreviated WRON) was a military junta administering the People's Republic of Poland during the period of the martial law in Poland (1981–1983). The Polish court ruled that WRON was an unlawful criminal armed enterprise in violation of the Polish constitution. The body was created on December 13, 1981, and was dissolved on July 22, 1983. It consisted of 21 members: 15 generals, one admiral and five colonels. Among the most notable members were generals Wojciech Jaruzelski, Florian Siwicki, Michał Janiszewski and Czesław Kiszczak. One member, Lt. Col. Mirosław","title":"Military Council of National Salvation"},{"id":"14125823","text":"involved some formalities (e.g. identity card and check-in to a hotel) and the trail was not accessible to tourists outside these two countries. In the 1970s and 1980s Polish and Czech dissidents met on the trail, including Jacek Kuroń and Václav Havel. With the implementation of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 the trail was closed. It was reinstated in 1984. Paradoxically, despite the declared friendship, the trail route was the subject to some formal issues: Czech authorities claimed that the route infringed the Czech territory by 2 metres. Trips to the peak of Sněžka were possible only","title":"Polish–Czech Friendship Trail"},{"id":"604265","text":"formal letter to Brezhnev, Honecker proposed a joint military measure to control the escalating problems in Poland. A CIA report suggested the Soviet military were mobilising for an invasion. In 1980-81 representatives from the Eastern Bloc nations met at the Kremlin to discuss the Polish situation. Brezhnev eventually concluded on 10 December 1981 that it would be better to leave the domestic matters of Poland alone, reassuring the Polish delegates that the USSR would intervene only if asked to. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. With domestic matters escalating out of control in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed","title":"Leonid Brezhnev"},{"id":"617218","text":"internal security forces censor, persecute, and jail thousands of journalists and opposition activists without charge; others lost their lives during these same events. The resulting socio-economic crisis led to the rationing of basic foods such as sugar, milk, and meat, as well as materials such as gasoline and consumer products, while the median income of the population fell by as much as 10 percent. During Jaruzelski's rule from 1981 to 1989, around 300,000 people left the country. Historical evidence released under Russian President Boris Yeltsin has been brought to light indicating that the Soviet Union did not plan to invade","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"5275802","text":"order and discipline. This is the ultimate way to bring the country out of the crisis, to save the country from collapse./.../
I appeal to all the citizens. A time of heavy trials has arrived. And we have to stand those in order to prove that we are worthy of Poland.
Before all the Polish people and the whole world I would like to repeat the immortal words:
General Jaruzelski had ordered the Polish General Staff to update plans for nationwide martial law on October 22, 1980. After the introduction of martial law, pro-democracy movements such as Solidarity and other smaller","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"14301488","text":"actions organized by 'Solidarity.' Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa visited the plant in 1981. After Jaruzelski's government imposed Martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the members of the Regional Board were arrested by the state Militia and imprisoned, and the property of the Factory Committee was confiscated. The representative of the Factory Committee on the Regional Board was forced to emigrate from Poland. In 1982 the Bydgoszcz workshop, together with other ZNTK's, \"Zaklady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego,\" 'Repair Shops for Railway Rolling Stock' was incorporated in the structure of PKP with the objective of establishing military control. In 1984 the","title":"Pesa SA"},{"id":"13665568","text":"cities. On December 13, 1981, the Communist government of Poland under general Wojciech Jaruzelski crushed the opposition, introducing martial law. The main oppositional movement, Solidarity, was delegalized, and its key members were interned. However, by April 1982, Solidarity re-emerged, creating its underground body, the Temporary Coordinating Committee (known as \"TKK\" from the Polish name \"Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna\"), with delegates who had eluded arrests – Zbigniew Bujak from Warsaw, Bogdan Lis from Gdańsk, Władysław Frasyniuk from Wrocław, and Władysław Hardek from Kraków. At the beginning, the Committee opposed street demonstrations, drawing the so-called \"Five times yes\" appeal, which stipulated negotiations with","title":"1982 demonstrations in Poland"},{"id":"7821494","text":"and co-wrote the screenplay of the popular Polish movie \"Rejs\" (\"The Cruise\"), released in 1970. The 2001 film \"Mechanical Suite\" is based on his short story \"Brothers\". Głowacki co-wrote screenplay for \"Cold War\", which was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. Głowacki emigrated in 1981 to New York City in the wake of the imposition of martial law in Poland by its Communist government. There, he was nominated for the Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding New Play for \"Antigone in New York\" (1994). He was prominent in New York City society and the","title":"Janusz Głowacki"},{"id":"20389296","text":"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist) Tadeusz (Thadée) Nowicki (1958) – industrialist, founder and President of the ERGIS Group. Having graduated from Gottwald Secondary School (currently ) in Warsaw in 1977, he began studies at the Warsaw University of Technology where he obtained a master's degree in materials science. He was one of the founders and the first Vice-President of the anti-regime students' organization, Independent Students’ Association (NZS), at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1981, after the introduction of martial law in Poland by Jaruzelski, he was interned along with other members of the opposition in Białołęka until 17 July 1982. In","title":"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist)"},{"id":"617229","text":"Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on 30 May. Wałęsa and Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both stated that judgment against Jaruzelski \"would be left to God\". Jaruzelski was then cremated and buried with full military honors at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki, the resting place of Polish soldiers killed defending their country since the early 19th century, resulted in protests. Jaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaruzelska","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"20717955","text":"Tadeusz Mazowiecki, one of the founding fathers of Solidarity -- a man who survived the dark days of December 1981 and the heavy hand of martial law, endured a year in prison, life in the underground, editor of the illegal newspaper of an outlawed trade union.\" On May 23, Bush announced the nomination of Thomas W. Simons, Jr. for United States Ambassador to Poland. In late March 1991, President of Poland Lech Walesa traveled to the US, attending a White House welcoming ceremony where Bush praised him for his favoring of a democracy and backing of American efforts in the","title":"Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration"},{"id":"4899216","text":"Czesław Kiszczak Czesław Kiszczak (19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989). In 1981 he played a key role in imposing martial law and suppression of the \"Solidarity\" movement in Poland. But eight years later he presided over the country’s transition to democracy as its last communist prime minister and a co-chairman of the Round Table conference, in which officials of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party faced the democratic opposition leaders. The conference led to the reconciliation with and reinstatement of \"Solidarity\", the 1989 elections, and the formation","title":"Czesław Kiszczak"},{"id":"16208421","text":"Marek Holynski Marek Bernard Hołyński (born 1947) – Polish computer science specialist, expert in the field of computer graphics. Graduate of the Electronics Faculty at the Warsaw's Technical University, Ph.D. at the Applied Cybernetics Institute PAN in 1975. Author of a book \"Art and Computers\". While he was at a conference in 1981, the communist government of Poland declared martial law. Hołyński was granted asylum in the United States. In the 1980s, he became a professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University. Simultaneously he started to cooperate with Silicon Graphics, the world's leading computer graphics company. He is","title":"Marek Holynski"},{"id":"13928360","text":"holy books instead of commenting on the facts, whereas this article was published in May 1981 on the pages of the Polish Catholic quarterly \"\" with death of the Primate of Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński as the main subject of the issue and on the eve of introduction of the martial law in Poland by the communist authorities to crush the political opposition. It was not the only one and episodic case when Grzegorczyk could not clearly and unambiguously decide on his intellectual position with respect to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the political ideology of the","title":"Andrzej Grzegorczyk"},{"id":"17119478","text":"\"Lire\" in 1981. When martial law was declared in Poland in December 1981, he was once again in London organising an exhibition of his drawings. As he later recalled, \"I said to myself, if I am a political cartoonist, this is my time. I only had a one-week tourist visa to begin with, but after martial law I published a lot of drawings in English, American and French newspapers, and immediately it was impossible to return [to Poland]. The borders were closed, it was very difficult to send journalists to Poland, there were no photographs coming out, and I was","title":"Andrzej Krauze"},{"id":"15093436","text":"traditional commercials in several ways. Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines. The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action. A 1982 broadcast of the United States Information Agency program \"Let Poland be Poland\" about the martial law declared in Poland in 1981 was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's \"provocative and anticommunist\" tone was intended as propaganda. In 1999 at least three public","title":"PBS"},{"id":"307613","text":"Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek, but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Soviet Bloc. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" (\"\"Solidarność\"\"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of","title":"Poland"},{"id":"10211651","text":"spiritual depth to the struggle against Communism. It also provided spiritual and material comfort to striking workers, and acted as a mediator between the solidarity movement and the government. It also held back the striking workers from excesses. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Cardinal Glemp initially seemed to justify its imposition as a lesser evil, but many in the church defended the people who were arrested. The Polish Orthodox Church hierarchy, which had had their position in society strengthened since 1945,","title":"Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc"},{"id":"2422739","text":"Event\" and \"The Divide\". Kamiński was born in Ziębice, Poland, the son of mother, Jadwiga Celner, and father, Marian Kaminski. In 1981, he emigrated to the United States at the age of 21 after Prime Minister Jaruzelski imposed martial law. He attended Columbia College in Chicago from 1982 to 1987, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree, taking up filmmaking as a profession before attending to the AFI Conservatory, where he graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree. He worked under cinematographer Phedon Papamichael, first as a gaffer, then as chief lighting technician, and eventually second unit director of","title":"Janusz Kamiński"},{"id":"604264","text":"I wouldn't either.\" In 1980 a political crisis emerged in Poland with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement. By the end of October, Solidarity had 3 million members, and by December, had 9 million. In a public opinion poll organised by the Polish government, 89% of the respondents supported Solidarity. With the Polish leadership split on what to do, the majority did not want to impose martial law, as suggested by Wojciech Jaruzelski. The Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc was unsure how to handle the situation, but Erich Honecker of East Germany pressed for military action. In a","title":"Leonid Brezhnev"},{"id":"617214","text":"Soviet leadership. Jaruzelski was elected his successor, becoming the only professional soldier to become leader of a ruling European Communist party. A fortnight after taking power, Jaruzelski met with Solidarity head Lech Wałęsa and Catholic bishop Józef Glemp, and hinted that he wanted to bring the church and the union into a sort of coalition government. However, his intention was to crush Solidarity. As early as September, while he was still merely prime minister, he met with his aides to find an excuse to impose martial law. On 13 December, citing purported recordings of Solidarity leaders planning a coup, Jaruzelski","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"13650943","text":"establishment of sovereign governments independent from Moscow therein, the breakup of the Soviet Union and separation of the USSR republics into new nation states, and the reunification of Germany within its Potsdam-imposed borders. While eventually all these things did in fact come to pass, at the time this program was seen as quite radical and unrealistic, even in dissident circles. However, Fighting Solidarity also rejected the use of violence to achieve its aims. After the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1981, Morawiecki became one of the most wanted people in Poland. In 1984, on the directive of General","title":"Kornel Morawiecki"},{"id":"15941006","text":"bases against the Soviet Union it would be suicide for Denmark. Bulganin said \"If war is opened against the U.S.S.R., the annihilating power of modern weapons is so great it would be tantamount to suicide for foreign countries the size of Denmark. [sic]\" After the Martial law in Poland in 1981, Denmark economically sanctioned Poland and the Soviet Union. In March 1983, Denmark was the first country in the European Economic Community to drop the sanctions against the Soviet Union. The Folketing voted 78–68 against a bill which would have reimposed sanctions. On 1 October 1987, Gorbachev praised Denmark for","title":"Denmark–Soviet Union relations"},{"id":"12781824","text":"crisis.\" From 1965 to 1969 and from 1980 to 1985 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm). On the night of December 12/13, 1981, martial law was proclaimed in Poland. In an effort to try to make the implementation of martial law appear legal, the Polish military ordered the Polish Council of State—a collective presidency—to approve it by a formal vote. Reiff was the only member of the Council of State to vote against the measure, and he lost his position in the Council the following year. In January 1982, he was removed from his leadership of PAX","title":"Ryszard Reiff"},{"id":"9686526","text":"of their homeland that had, in November 1939, become part of Byelorussia and Ukraine. These Poles and their families—many of whom had experienced deportation to the Soviet Union—subsequently formed the nucleus of the postwar Polish community in Britain. A much smaller wave of Polish migration to Britain occurred with the imposition of martial law in Poland (1981–83), when individuals, mainly students and intellectuals who had been visiting the UK, chose not to return to Poland. The Polish Government in Exile, though denied majority international recognition after 1945, remained at its post in London until formally dissolved in 1991, after a","title":"Poles in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"20089668","text":"Poland was particularly eventful; he was visiting Washington, D.C. on business when Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland, his return to Poland required the United States Embassy to smuggle Meehan across the now sealed border hidden in the back of a van. Meehan then took a research position at Georgetown University, and was also a senior foreign policy officer in the Office for Management Operations at the Department of State from October 1984 to April 1985. His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany, serving from 16 September 1985 to 30 November 1988. He was present","title":"Francis J. Meehan"},{"id":"9396155","text":"the Second World War the complex was again ransacked. A partial remodeling took place in 1971, and in 1980 the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs decided to rebuild it for use as a rest area for officers. This work was halted in 1981, when martial law was imposed in Poland. Even though extensive research has been carried out through the years, historians have been unable to fully explain all aspects of the complex. No documents have been preserved that have enabled determination of the either the date of commencement of the castle's construction or the date of its completion. The","title":"Krzyżtopór"},{"id":"7487575","text":"Pact, have continuing tensions with the capitalist west, bound together by NATO. The Chinese Revolution established communism in China in 1949. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a spontaneous nationwide anti-authoritarian revolt, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to assert control. Similarly, in 1968, the USSR repressed the Prague Spring by organizing the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Labour turmoil in Poland during 1980 had led to the formation of the independent trade union, Solidarity, led by Lech Wałęsa, which over time became a political force. On 13 December 1981, Polish Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crackdown on Solidarity by","title":"Revolutions of 1989"},{"id":"10000248","text":"one of the people behind the imposition of the martial law in Poland in 1981, after Poland deposed the ruling communist regime in 1989 Siwicki was forced into retirement in July 1990. Florian Siwicki Florian Siwicki (; 10 January 1925 – 11 March 2013) was a Polish career military officer, diplomat and a communist politician, as well as a General of the Polish Army. Siwicki was born in Łuck, eastern Poland, in 1925 to middle-class parents of peasant origin who worked in the civil service. He joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1942 and the Gwardia Ludowa as an ordinary","title":"Florian Siwicki"},{"id":"5051193","text":"press conferences, transmitted by the Polish television and attended by both Polish and foreign journalists. In September 1984, during the month before the murder of the priest Jerzy Popiełuszko, he wrote a column \"Seanse nienawiści\" (\"hate session\"), criticizing the priest as an anti-communist Savonarola. In 1986 Urban masterminded a media story that the United States had betrayed the Solidarity movement. On 3 June he met with a Washington Post reporter and told him that a Polish spy for the CIA, who was later identified as Ryszard Kukliński, was aware of the plan to install martial law in 1981 and had","title":"Jerzy Urban"},{"id":"5275806","text":"Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the 1956 events in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc. The introduction of martial law was enthusiastically supported by some figures on the radical right like Jędrzej Giertych, who believed Solidarity to be a disguised communist movement dominated by Jewish Trotskyites. Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of the citizenry. It also led to severe economic consequences. The ruling military dictatorship instituted major price rises (dubbed \"economic","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"392360","text":"the National Endowment for Democracy to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity. When the Polish government launched martial law in December 1981, however, Solidarity was not alerted. Potential explanations for this vary; some believe that the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policy-makers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an \"inevitable Soviet intervention.\" CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations. Henry Hyde, U.S. House intelligence committee member, stated that the USA provided \"supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda,","title":"Solidarity (Polish trade union)"},{"id":"7227283","text":"in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government's avid support. During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Carlos Humberto Romero in May 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. Between January 12 and February 19, 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew. In its effort to defeat the insurgency, the Salvadoran Armed Forces","title":"Salvadoran Civil War"},{"id":"392353","text":"to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The government attempted to destroy the union by imposing martial law in Poland, which lasted from December 1981 to July 1983 and was followed by several years of political repression from 8 October 1982, but in the end it was forced to negotiate with Solidarity. In the union's clandestine years, Pope John Paul II and the United States provided significant financial support, estimated to be as much as 50 million US dollars. The round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By","title":"Solidarity (Polish trade union)"},{"id":"11692885","text":"unions from the West to establish free press offices throughout Poland. On 13 December 1981, martial law was declared by the Communist authorities in Poland; Butkiewicz, along with other Solidarity activists, was imprisoned. Butkiewicz's cellmate, Lech Kaczyński, later became President of Poland. When Butkiewicz was released from prison in 1982, he was forced to leave Poland with his wife and two young children; his third child was born in Boston. He settled in the Boston area, working in printing, and raised his family, but never cut off his ties with Poland. Andrzej died of a heart attack at his home","title":"Andrzej Butkiewicz"},{"id":"2640081","text":"in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its \"friends\" in Solidarity. When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had","title":"Ryszard Kukliński"},{"id":"18915581","text":"1979. At USIA, Koper edited \"Ameryka\", the Polish language version of the Cold War era \"soft propaganda\" magazine, \"Amerika\". Koper was president of the Polish Veterans Association in Washington D.C. in December 1981, when martial law was declared in Poland. \"We're sitting helplessly on the sidelines. There is no communication, the post office doesn't work, the telephone doesn't work, traveling is impossible. It's unbelievable that in this time and age, the country can be padlocked completely,\" Koper told a reporter. Before martial law ended, Koper was called out of retirement to work as an editor for Voice of America. In","title":"Antoni Koper"},{"id":"16306759","text":"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń The 1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń was the longest underground protest in the postwar history of Polish mining, and the longest strike of the martial law in Poland. It began on December 14, 1981, one day after introduction of the martial law, and ended on December 28, when approximately 1,000 protesting miners emerged from the mine. They spent two weeks underground, including Christmas, and ended the protest after the government guaranteed their safety. On December 13, 1981, the government of the People's Republic of Poland introduced martial","title":"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń"},{"id":"2640078","text":"the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters. Facing imminent danger of discovery from a denunciation by a secret Communist collaborator known only by his alias \"Prorok\", Kukliński, his wife and two sons were spirited out of Poland by the CIA shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family successfully defected, his past may have followed him to the United States as both of his sons later died in separate incidents. The older,","title":"Ryszard Kukliński"},{"id":"135735","text":"indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration.\" In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, because of martial law introduced in Poland on 13 December 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress. In 1990, Edward Witten became the first physicist to win the award. In","title":"Fields Medal"},{"id":"617216","text":"in September 1997 Viktor Kulikov, former supreme commander of Warsaw Pact forces, denied that the Soviet Union had either threatened or intended to intervene. According to Politburo minutes from 10 December 1981, Yuri Andropov stated \"We do not intend to introduce troops into Poland. That is the proper position, and we must adhere to it until the end. I don't know how things will turn out in Poland, but even if Poland falls under the control of Solidarity, that's the way it will be.\" Jaruzelski also claimed in 1997 that Washington had given him a \"green light\", stating that he","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"12968935","text":"it is sometimes called the \"Constitution of the Polish Countryside\". However, Rural Solidarity was not legalized until May 12, 1981, after another farmers strike, this time in Bydgoszcz, where it resulted in a major incident, which sparked off the 1981 warning strike in Poland. Its first leader became Jan Kulaj, and the union was banned on December 13, 1981 (see: Martial Law in Poland). Among those who supported restoration of the Rural Solidarity, was Pope John Paul II, who called for it during his 1987 visit to Poland, saying: \"A Pope cannot remain quiet about this even if he were","title":"Rural Solidarity"},{"id":"4042373","text":"director told him that he preferred his old accent. Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \"The Promised Land\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism","title":"Wojciech Pszoniak"},{"id":"7779300","text":"of China, and that Taiwan is part of Chinese territory, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai pledged to stop supporting the Philippine communist rebels. The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials, revealed that, \"they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling \"guests\" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines\". President Marcos formally lifted Martial Law on 17 January 1981, several weeks before the first pastoral","title":"Proclamation No. 1081"},{"id":"386893","text":"1980, one of the four \"August Agreements\", which led to the first legalisation of the trade union Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin. The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities. Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11June 1987. Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi-free elections in Poland. Szczecin has been the capital of the","title":"Szczecin"},{"id":"9004641","text":"the spring of 1980 he received permission to travel to the United States. Shortly after arriving, he decided to settle permanently in New York, a decision officially certified by the December 1981 declaration of Martial law in Poland. During the 1980s and 1990s, Walek Dzedzej could be seen on an almost daily basis in the streets and subways of Manhattan, as well as in Polish clubs, performing his original protest songs together with the familiar Solidarność (Solidarity) anthems. The venues for his performances were usually Times Square or Tompkins Square Park. In November 1988 Lesław \"Walek Dzedzej\" Danicki became American","title":"Walek Dzedzej"},{"id":"714593","text":"prosperity in the early and mid 70s, which had promoted increased demand and consumption. The government was forced either to lower salaries and wages or to make workers redundant. This accelerated the crisis. Moreover, the demand was more diminished, as the government imposed food rationing. The martial law of 1981–83 deepened the crisis. By the early 80s inflation in Poland becoming out of control – over 100% per annum in 1982. It was reduced in the mid-80s to about 15% per annum, but again started in late-80s. Economic conditions did not allow any salary and pension increases because of the","title":"Polish złoty"},{"id":"5314661","text":"of a yes no vote he took the helm as President. On 30 May 1981 President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in the Chattogram Circuit House in a military coup. Less than a year later, the then Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussein Muhammad Ershad in 1982 March 24 took power in a silent coup at dawn, suspended the constitution and imposed martial law and remained in power through farce elections and corruption. He remained in power until 6 December 1990. The Chattogram Hill Tracts Conflict was the political and military conflict between the Government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya","title":"Bangladesh Army"},{"id":"14103638","text":"took the threat for real, vetoed the draft after consultations with Nicolae Ceauşescu, and his Hungarian counterpart Lajos Czinege was not ready to agree unless everyone else did. At the Politburo meeting of 10 December 1981, the Soviet leadership was outraged to learn that Jaruzelski was still making his crackdown on Solidarity conditional on a promise of a Soviet military intervention if anything went wrong. The Politburo firmly and unanimously rejected the demand for military backing. Andropov, one of the most influential figures in the Politburo, who would become the Soviet leader in less than a year, wary of the","title":"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"},{"id":"4042371","text":"Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \"The Promised Land\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Pszoniak has appeared in","title":"Wojciech Pszoniak"},{"id":"7693439","text":"case against Walentynowicz in the KZ disciplinary commission was led by Jerzy Borowczak, a close associate of Wałęsa. PZPR was also involved in lobbying against Walentynowicz in this affair, with Jan Łabędzki, first Secretary of PZPR inside the Lenin Shipyard announcing publicly that Walentynowicz... destroys the unity of NSZZ Solidarity. In October 1981, during a meeting with workers in Radom, two officers of the security police - in collaboration with the secret cooperant (TW) Karol - attempted to poison her. She was acknowledged as the Woman of the Year in the Netherlands. Martial law was declared in December 1981 and","title":"Anna Walentynowicz"},{"id":"8123636","text":"imports. Unlike the United States, the countries of Western Europe have not viewed trade as a tool to influence Soviet domestic and foreign policies. Western Europe rejected the trade restrictions imposed by the United States after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1980. From 1980 to 1982, the United States embargoed the supply of equipment for the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, but Western Europe ignored United States pleas to do the same. Despite the poor relations between the superpowers in the early and mid-1980s, Western Europe tried to improve international relations with","title":"Foreign trade of the Soviet Union"},{"id":"4525338","text":"Berlin International Film Festival. In 1980 Seweryn also made his stage debut in France following the staging of Wajda's interpretation of plays by Stanisław Witkiewicz at the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers. The imposition of the Martial law in Poland in 1981 found Seweryn in France. A sympathiser of the outlawed Solidarity, he decided to stay abroad and settle in France. With time he also applied for French citizenship. During his stay in France he collaborated with some of the most renowned theatre directors. Among them were Claude Régy (\"La Trilogie du revoir\" and \"Grand et Petit\" by Botho Strauss), Patrice Chéreau (\"Peer","title":"Andrzej Seweryn"},{"id":"8412836","text":"were abused by milicja, with common incidents like a prominent dissident, Jacek Kuroń, being thrown down the stairs or his apartment ransacked by milicja-supported thugs; despite such harassment the Flying University was active until the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, which, although designed to destroy the Solidarity movement, stifled the flying university's activities too. With Solidarity's peaceful victory in the Polish legislative elections, 1989, the goals of the Flying University — the freeing of Polish education from party's control and censorship — have been achieved. Flying University Flying University (, less often translated as \"Floating University\") was","title":"Flying University"},{"id":"3289485","text":"taking over society to one of 'self limiting revolution.' On 13 December 1981 the Martial Law was introduced in Poland, and his activities were curtailed. In 1982, accused of attempts to destroy the political system, Kuroń was arrested. Two years later he was pardoned and released from prison. As a member of the opposition Kuroń used pseudonyms – Maciej Gajka and Elżbieta Grażyna Borucka, or EGB. By 1988 the authorities began serious talks with the opposition. Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from 6 February to 4 April 1989. The opposition representation included Jacek Kuroń. The election","title":"Jacek Kuroń"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15404715\",\n \"text\": \"Politburo Commission pushed for martial law instead of an intervention. When Wojciech Jaruzelski became Prime Minister of Poland in February 1980, the Soviet leadership, but also Poles in general, supported his appointment. As time went by, however, Jaruzelski tried, and failed, according to Archie Brown, \\\"to walk a tightrope\\\" between the demands made by the USSR and the Poles. Martial law was initiated on 13 December 1981 by the Jaruzelski Government. During the final years of Brezhnev's rule, and in the aftermath of his death, the Soviet leadership was forced by domestic difficulties to allow the Eastern Bloc governments to\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141712\",\n \"text\": \"to his attempted assassination two years later. In December 1981, Poland's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy. Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"Cold War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818566\",\n \"text\": \"of Brezhnev, there could be no peaceful resolution to the situation that developed. The Soviets now expressed a preference for the conflict to be resolved by the Polish authorities, but Poland, according to Karol Modzelewski, was lucky to avoid a carnage of foreign intervention. Others, including the historian Antoni Dudek, feel that there was no sufficient justification for the imposition of martial law that followed. On 13 December 1981, claiming that the country was on the verge of economic and civil breakdown and alleging a danger of Soviet intervention, General Wojciech Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity. Martial law was\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16674420\",\n \"text\": \"(as underground press was known in Poland at the time). He was re-arrested but was released after the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union. Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of \\\"Solidarity\\\". In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published\",\n \"title\": \"Mirosław Chojecki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"609418\",\n \"text\": \"was condemned worldwide as the worst loss of life of media professionals in one day. On 23 May 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law throughout the main southern island of Mindanao, through Proclamation No. 216, due to the attack of Maute Group in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur. It was announced in a briefing in Moscow by Secretary Ernesto Abella, and will be in effect until December. Martial law was introduced in Communist Poland on December 13, 1981 by Generals Czesław Kiszczak and Wojciech Jaruzelski to prevent democratic opposition from gaining popularity and political power in the country. Thousands\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617217\",\n \"text\": \"had sent Eugeniusz Molczyk to confer with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Bush had agreed with Molczyk that martial law was the lesser of two evils. Whether this meeting with the American vice president occurred is disputed. While it is erroneously cited, Harvard historian Mark Kramer has pointed out that no documents support Jaruzelski's claim. Jaruzelski was chiefly responsible for the imposition of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 in an attempt to crush the pro-democracy movements, which included Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in Warsaw Pact history. Subsequent years saw his government and its\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253566\",\n \"text\": \"succeeded by Wojciech Jaruzelski, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81). The government then disallowed Solidarity on October 8, 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985\",\n \"title\": \"Polish People's Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103636\",\n \"text\": \"Kremlin was discontented with how leniently this suppression proceeded, and on 18 October 1981, it forced the Polish United Workers' Party to replace Kania with Jaruzelski. The latter promised to impose martial law but demanded backing his action by a promise of Warsaw Pact military intervention if he failed to control the situation. On 29 October, Jaruzelski's demands were discussed at a session of the Soviet Politburo, where Andropov confirmed the consensus that no Soviet troops would be sent to Poland. At the 14th annual meeting of the Committee of Ministers of Defense of the Warsaw Pact, which took place\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103632\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 The Polish crisis of 1980–1981, associated with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement in Poland, challenged the Soviet Union's control over its satellite states in the Eastern Bloc. For the first time however, the Kremlin abstained from military intervention, unlike on previous occasions such as the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and thus left the Polish leadership under General Wojciech Jaruzelski to impose martial law to deal with the opposition on their own. Contrary to the interpretations of US intelligence, no preparations were underway for even\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1834265\",\n \"text\": \"next first secretary of the PZPR, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, introduced martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981. Gierek was interned for a year from December 1981. Unlike the (also-interned) opposition activists, the internment status brought Gierek no social respect. He ended his political career as the era's main pariah. Edward Gierek died in July 2001 of the miner's lung illness in a hospital in Cieszyn, near the southern mountain resort of Ustroń where he spent his last years. From the perspective of time his rule was now seen in a more positive light and over ten thousand people attended\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Gierek\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16090294\",\n \"text\": \"a fantasy-like story of a young boy during the martial law in Poland of December 1981. Adaś, a little boy, falls ill around the time that martial law is declared. After he wakes, he witnesses the kidnapping of most of his family and the wounding of his mother by the eponymous Wroniec (\\\"Crowman\\\", a pun on the nickname of WRON and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who orchestrated the martial law). Together with an old worker, Jan Beton, Adaś sets out to look for his family. Outside his house, the town is gray, as the Graying Machine tries to sap energy from\",\n \"title\": \"Wroniec (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"512346\",\n \"text\": \"of the Polish United Workers' Party on October 18th, 1981. Before initiating the plan of suppressing the Solidarity, he presented it to Soviet Premier Nikolai Tikhonov. On 13th of December 1981, Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland. In 1982 Jaruzelski revitalized the Front of National Unity, the organization the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became chairman of the Polish Council of State, a post equivalent to that of president or a dictator, with his power centered on and firmly entrenched\",\n \"title\": \"Polish United Workers' Party\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2444491\",\n \"text\": \"chamber orchestra—commissioned by Paul Sacher—was finally finished in 1980, and the Third Symphony in 1983. In 1977 he received the Order of the Builders of People's Poland. In 1983 he received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize. During this period, Poland was undergoing yet more upheaval: in 1980, the influential movement Solidarność was created, led by Lech Wałęsa; and in 1981, martial law was declared by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. From 1981–89, Lutosławski refused all professional engagements in Poland as a gesture of solidarity with the artists' boycott. He refused to enter the Culture Ministry to meet any of the ministers,\",\n \"title\": \"Witold Lutosławski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179173\",\n \"text\": \"PZPR. The Plenum's vote was 180 to 4, and he kept his government posts. Jaruzelski asked parliament to ban strikes and allow him to exercise extraordinary powers, but when neither request was granted, he decided to proceed with his plans anyway. On 12–13 December 1981, the regime declared martial law in Poland, under which the army and ZOMO riot police were used to crush Solidarity. The Soviet leaders insisted that Jaruzelski pacify the opposition with the forces at his disposal, without direct Soviet involvement. Virtually all Solidarity leaders and many affiliated intellectuals were arrested or detained. Nine workers were killed\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228563\",\n \"text\": \"and was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who adopted a strong-arm policy. On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation (\\\"Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego\\\", or \\\"WRON\\\"). Solidarity's leaders, gathered at Gdańsk, were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service (\\\"Służba Bezpieczeństwa\\\" or \\\"SB\\\"), and some 5,000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night. Censorship was expanded, and military forces appeared on the streets. A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred, chiefly at the largest\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275809\",\n \"text\": \"martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the Sejm). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared the 1981 imposition of martial law to be unlawful and unconstitutional. The instigators of the martial law, such as Wojciech Jaruzelski, argue that the army crackdown rescued Poland from a possibly disastrous military intervention of the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other Warsaw\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275798\",\n \"text\": \"Ocalenia Narodowego\\\", WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981. Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 AM on December 13, 1981, General Jaruzelski said: Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins.\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7099534\",\n \"text\": \"union's demands, including its legalization, making Solidarity (now 10 million members strong) the first trade union in the Warsaw Pact to not be under the control of the communist government. Throughout the following year, Poland experienced growing political chaos as the Solidarity protests spread across the country, threatening the survival of the communist state. On Dec. 31, 1981, General Jaruzelski, head of the Polish military, declared a state of martial law across Poland, ordering the arrest of members of Solidarity and other opposition organizations. During the period leading up to the declaration of martial law by Poland's government, there was\",\n \"title\": \"Cold War (1979–1985)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818433\",\n \"text\": \"repression and reform and the economic-political struggle acquired new characteristics with the 1978 election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II. Wojtyła's unexpected elevation strengthened the opposition to the authoritarian and ineffective system of \\\"nomenklatura\\\"-run state socialism, especially with the pope's first visit to Poland in 1979. In early August 1980, a new wave of strikes resulted in the founding of the independent trade union \\\"Solidarity\\\" (Polish \\\"Solidarność\\\") led by electrician Lech Wałęsa. The growing strength and activity of the opposition caused the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski to declare martial law in December 1981. However, with the reforms of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18904763\",\n \"text\": \"under challenge from Solidarność, or Solidarity, a labor union under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. The union was sufficiently threatening to the government that on 13 December 1981, the head of state, Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, suspended the union, and imprisoned most of its leaders. Mikhail Gorbachev (born 1931), who took control in 1985, was the first Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution. He is remembered for three initiatives: \\\"glasnost\\\", \\\"perestroika\\\", and the \\\"Frank Sinatra doctrine\\\". \\\"Glasnost\\\", or \\\"openness\\\", was Gorbachev's term for allowing public debate in the Soviet Union to an unprecedented degree. \\\"Perestroika\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"History of socialism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253007\",\n \"text\": \"opportunity arose to finally change the system of government, after the harsh period of martial law (1981-83) imposed by General Jaruzelski. Fears that a shift of power from a centralized one-party system to a multi-party democracy might turn into a bloody revolution proved unfounded, owing to the presence on both sides — the Communist Party, and the democratic opposition — of peace-minded reformists committed to a peaceful solution. The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic decline led to waves of strikes across the country in April, May and August 1988. In an attempt to take control of the situation, the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275797\",\n \"text\": \"Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983, when the authoritarian communist government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted normal life by introducing martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition. Thousands of opposition activists were jailed without charge and as many as 91 killed. Although martial law was lifted in 1983, many of the political prisoners were not released until a general amnesty in 1986. Led by General of the Army Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Military Council of National Salvation (\\\"Wojskowa Rada\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6576897\",\n \"text\": \"the labor movement's goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-law, supporters of Solidarity, fled to the United States early in 1981 and received asylum. In October 1981, the Polish government ordered Spasowski home. He protested, and the recall order was rescinded. On December 13, 1981, Polish government leader General Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law. On the afternoon of December 19, 1981, Spasowski telephoned the U.S. State Department to announce that he was defecting and requesting asylum. The next day he told a worldwide radio audience that he had defected to show support for Solidarity and Lech Wałęsa.\",\n \"title\": \"Romuald Spasowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15090027\",\n \"text\": \"and Glemp), as well as the Pope, called on Solidarity to be more cooperative and reasonable, and even criticized the trade union for actions taken. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Many in the Church defended the people who were arrested. The government nevertheless found that it required the church as a mediator in the crisis; General Jaruzelski in his first address to the Seym in 1982 stated: In 1982 the Joint Committee of Episcopate and Church was reactivated, and began negotiations\",\n \"title\": \"Polish anti-religious campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10148059\",\n \"text\": \"member of the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute for Literary Studies. When martial law was declared in Poland on 13 December 1981, Najder was a visiting scholar at Oxford University. Choosing not to return to his native land, he took a position in Germany with Radio Free Europe (RFE), becoming chief of its Polish-language section in April 1982. In response, the Polish government under the leadership of Wojciech Jaruzelski condemned him to death \\\"in absentia\\\", accusing Najder of spying for United States intelligence services. Two years later, he was stripped of his Polish citizenship. The first citizen of the Eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Zdzisław Najder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275810\",\n \"text\": \"Pact countries (similar to the earlier interventions in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968). Public figures who supported the introduction of martial law (including some of the right-wing figures like Jędrzej Giertych) would also refer to that threat. In 2009, archive documents hinted that in a conversation Jaruzelski had with Viktor Kulikov, a Soviet military leader, Jaruzelski himself begged for Soviet intervention as his domestic control was deteriorating. Jaruzelski responded by claiming the document was 'just another falsification'. Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3993469\",\n \"text\": \"the party. He was succeeded by Prime Minister Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski. In 2012, he was tried for his role in the martial law crackdown in 1981, but acquitted. Stanisław Kania Stanisław Kania (; born 8 March 1927) is a former Polish communist politician. Kania joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1945 when the Germans were driven out by the Red Army and Polish Communists began to take control of the country. After Edward Gierek was forced to resign as General Secretary amidst much social and economic unrest, Kania was elected his successor on 6 September 1980. He admitted that the\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Kania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622700\",\n \"text\": \"Poland was swept by a wave of anti-communist strikes, and around ten million joined the anti-communist Solidarity trade union, Kopański co-founded a branch of this broad grassroots social movement at the University of Silesia. On the introduction of martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the leadership and activists of Solidarity were summarily rounded up by the military junta presided by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. Kopański was one of the interned, he became a political prisoner for the second time in his life. Between 1981 and 1982 he was detained in Strzelce Opolskie, Uherce Mineralne, and Rzeszów. Upon his release\",\n \"title\": \"Ataullah Bogdan Kopański\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13954233\",\n \"text\": \"the NKVD, the Polish soldiers mostly confined themselves to just following the partisans in their vehicles, without engaging them in direct fighting. One of the soldiers among the army units happened to be Wojciech Jaruzelski, the future communist leader of Poland, who declared martial law in 1981. Jaruzelski's official website, in the \\\"Diariusz\\\" (Diary) section, states that from the fall of 1945 until 1946, Jaruzelski took part in \\\"fighting bandits of the armed underground and Ukrainian nationalist\\\" in order to \\\"defend the Polishness of Hrubieszow Land\\\". During the fighting, one of WiN's freed prisoners was accidentally killed by friendly fire\",\n \"title\": \"Attack on Hrubieszów\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103640\",\n \"text\": \"once again, on 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski finally proclaimed martial law. To justify the emergency measures, Jaruzelski was still playing on the public fear of Soviet invasion. However, there was no significant resistance to the martial law and any foreign military backing proved unnecessary. Ever since, Jaruzelski himself has denied that he invited Soviet troops, insisting that, on the contrary, the martial law was aimed at prevention of a Soviet military intervention. In November 1997, a conference was held in Jachranka on the Soviet role in the Polish crisis of 1980–1981, where Solidarity, Polish communist, Soviet and American participants of\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17470787\",\n \"text\": \"government to resettle ethnicities immediately after the war (Operation Vistula), and to violently suppress opposition several times, during the Poznań 1956 protests, the Polish 1970 protests, and during Martial law in Poland in 1981–1982. The LWP also took part in the suppressing of the 1968 democratization process of Czechoslovakia, commonly known as the Prague Spring. That same year Marshal of Poland Marian Spychalski was asked to replace Edward Ochab as chairman of the Council of State, and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, at that time the Chief of the General Staff, was named to replace him. Michta argues that Jaruzelski, as a\",\n \"title\": \"Polish Armed Forces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656148\",\n \"text\": \"the Polish labor-union Solidarity, which was maintained and indeed increased even after protests by the USSR and Carter administration. Kahn was heavily involved in supporting the Polish labor-movement. The trade union Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed Communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. In 1980 AFL–CIO President Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. The AFL–CIO sought approval in advance from Solidarity's leadership, to avoid jeopardizing their position with unwanted or surprising American help. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers, by lobbying to\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Kahn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4861454\",\n \"text\": \"human rights. In 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, Edelman was interned by the government. In 1983, he refused to take part in the official celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising sponsored by Poland's communist government, believing that this \\\"would be an act of cynicism and contempt\\\" in a country \\\"where social life is dominated throughout by humiliation and coercion.\\\" Instead, he walked with friends to the street where Mordechai Anielewicz's bunker had been located. Edelman took part in the Round Table Talks as Solidarity's consultant on health policy. In post-communist Poland, Edelman was\",\n \"title\": \"Marek Edelman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14511292\",\n \"text\": \"of Warsaw pact from March 16 to 25, hoping Walesa could help maintain the social order and avoid anti-Soviet remarks. Jaruzelski also reminded Walesa that the Solidarity had used foreign funds. Walesa joked \\\"We don't have to take only dollars. We can take corns, fertilizers, whatever is okay. I talked with Mr. Kania before that I would take everything from the enemy. The more the better, until the enemy was weakened no more\\\". Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland. Wałęsa and many other Solidarity leaders and activists were arrested;\",\n \"title\": \"Lech Wałęsa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4899223\",\n \"text\": \"quasi-government administering Poland during the martial law (1981–83). In 1982 he became a deputy member of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party and a full member in 1986. From December 1981 until June 1989 Kiszczak was the second most important person in Poland, after General Wojciech Jaruzelski, the nation's top leader. Together they orchestrated the crackdown aimed at crushing the \\\"Solidarity\\\", the Eastern Bloc’s first non-communist labor union movement. Martial law included the mass roundup and internment of \\\"Solidarity\\\" activists, curfews and other harsh measures. Generals Kiszczak and Jaruzelski later insisted that they were imposing martial law to\",\n \"title\": \"Czesław Kiszczak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"392371\",\n \"text\": \"regional structure, comprising 38 regions (\\\"region\\\") and two districts (\\\"okręg\\\"). At its highest, the Union had over 10 million members, which became the largest union membership in the world. During the communist era the 38 regional delegates were arrested and jailed when martial law came into effect on 13 December 1981 under General Wojciech Jaruzelski. After a one-year prison term the high-ranking members of the union were offered one way trips to any country accepting them (including Canada, the United States, and nations in the Middle East). Solidarity was organized as an industrial union, or more specifically according to the\",\n \"title\": \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8267358\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet anti-Semitism was maintained as late as his 1985 book \\\"Soviet but not Russian: The Other Peoples of the Soviet Union\\\" which claimed that at most 10% of Soviet Jews would want to leave the Soviet Union. Approximately 290,000 Jews left the Soviet Union from 1970 to 1988, when emigration was restricted but over 224,000 left in 1990 alone, the first full year when emigration was liberalized. In January 1982, Mandel wrote an article in the \\\"Stanford Daily\\\" supporting the coup of Polish General W. Jaruzelski which imposed martial law as an attempt to crush the Solidarity trade union. In\",\n \"title\": \"William Mandel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103634\",\n \"text\": \"the lines of previous crackdowns. The aging Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev agreed with Honecker and Husák, leaning towards intervention. A planned joint Soviet, East German, and Czechoslovak attack, under the pretext of a Warsaw Pact military exercise called 'Soyuz-80,' was planned for December. Deeply concerned Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) leaders, who had initially been lenient, slowly began to consider suppression of the popular movement on their own. On 22 October, Polish defense minister Jaruzelski started planning for martial law. United States intelligence, by this time, had an accurate idea of the Warsaw Pact's plans. National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1843998\",\n \"text\": \"Polish labor movement. The trade union Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers by lobbying to stop further U.S. loans to Poland unless those demands were met. Materially, the AFL–CIO established the Polish Workers Aid Fund, which raised almost $300,000 by 1981. These funds purchased printing presses and office supplies. The AFL–CIO donated typewriters, duplicating machines, a minibus, an offset press and other supplies requested\",\n \"title\": \"Social Democrats, USA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"689184\",\n \"text\": \"foreign policy. He had mixed relations with the Reagan administration. On the one hand, he supported it as an alternative to the Democrats' pacifism. On the other hand, he also criticized it as seeing foreign policy in overly black-and-white terms. He remained involved in Polish affairs, critical of the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, and more so of the Western European acquiescence to its imposition in the name of stability. Brzezinski briefed U.S. vice-president George H. W. Bush before his 1987 trip to Poland that aided in the revival of the Solidarity movement. In 1985, under the\",\n \"title\": \"Zbigniew Brzezinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617219\",\n \"text\": \"Poland. In fact, Jaruzelski actually tried to persuade the Soviets to invade Poland in order to support martial law, only to be sternly turned down. This left the Solidarity \\\"problem\\\" to be sorted out by the Polish government (see also Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981). However, the exact plans of the Soviet Union at that time have never been determined. Jaruzelski, however, has justified cracking down by alleging that the threat of Soviet intervention was quite likely had he not dealt with Solidarity internally. This question, as well as many other facts about Poland in the years\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19289264\",\n \"text\": \"Bronisław Dąbrowski Bronisław Dąbrowski (2 November 1917 – 25 December 1997) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He was auxiliary bishop of Warsaw 1962–1993 and general secretary of the Polish Episcopal Conference 1968–1993. In 1982 Dąbrowski became titular archbishop \\\"pro hac vice\\\" and in 1993 senior bishop of the Warsaw Archdiocese. Because of his function in the Episcopal Conference, Dąbrowski participated in political events of communist Poland. In December 1981 he wrote a letter to General Wojciech Jaruzelski in which he condemned the proclamation of the martial law in Poland and the subsequent repressions by the regime.\",\n \"title\": \"Bronisław Dąbrowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13458078\",\n \"text\": \"and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the Communists. Late 1980s was the time of deep economic crisis of Poland. The military regime of General Wojciech Jaruzelski did not carry out any radical reform of the economy in 1982-1983 following their imposition of Martial Law in Poland. Industrial production remained below the 1979 level. Average inflation rate climbed to 60% by 1988, and Poland’s hard-currency debt to the Western countries grew\",\n \"title\": \"1988 Polish strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228542\",\n \"text\": \"History of Solidarity The history of Solidarity (, pronounced ), a Polish non-governmental trade union, began on August 14, 1980, at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others. In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country. Solidarity gave rise to a broad, non-violent, anti-communist social movement that, at its height, claimed some 9.4 million members. It is considered to have contributed greatly to the fall of communism. Poland's communist government attempted to destroy the union by instituting martial law in 1981, followed by several years of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16590758\",\n \"text\": \"92-metre high-rise building known as the NOT Tower in Kraków. It was intended to provide a profusion of office-space. The concrete shell was erected in 1975, but the building was never finished, because of economic constraints and political unrest leading to the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981. In time, due to the unfinished (and blackening) building's resemblance to a skeleton, it was nicknamed \\\"Szkieletor\\\" by the people of Kraków after Skeletor, the arch-villain in \\\"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe\\\", a cartoon popular in Poland at that time. The structure remains the biggest eyesore in the\",\n \"title\": \"Polish Federation of Engineering Associations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3333924\",\n \"text\": \"Military Council of National Salvation The Military Council of National Salvation (, abbreviated WRON) was a military junta administering the People's Republic of Poland during the period of the martial law in Poland (1981–1983). The Polish court ruled that WRON was an unlawful criminal armed enterprise in violation of the Polish constitution. The body was created on December 13, 1981, and was dissolved on July 22, 1983. It consisted of 21 members: 15 generals, one admiral and five colonels. Among the most notable members were generals Wojciech Jaruzelski, Florian Siwicki, Michał Janiszewski and Czesław Kiszczak. One member, Lt. Col. Mirosław\",\n \"title\": \"Military Council of National Salvation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14125823\",\n \"text\": \"involved some formalities (e.g. identity card and check-in to a hotel) and the trail was not accessible to tourists outside these two countries. In the 1970s and 1980s Polish and Czech dissidents met on the trail, including Jacek Kuroń and Václav Havel. With the implementation of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 the trail was closed. It was reinstated in 1984. Paradoxically, despite the declared friendship, the trail route was the subject to some formal issues: Czech authorities claimed that the route infringed the Czech territory by 2 metres. Trips to the peak of Sněžka were possible only\",\n \"title\": \"Polish–Czech Friendship Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"604265\",\n \"text\": \"formal letter to Brezhnev, Honecker proposed a joint military measure to control the escalating problems in Poland. A CIA report suggested the Soviet military were mobilising for an invasion. In 1980-81 representatives from the Eastern Bloc nations met at the Kremlin to discuss the Polish situation. Brezhnev eventually concluded on 10 December 1981 that it would be better to leave the domestic matters of Poland alone, reassuring the Polish delegates that the USSR would intervene only if asked to. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. With domestic matters escalating out of control in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed\",\n \"title\": \"Leonid Brezhnev\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617218\",\n \"text\": \"internal security forces censor, persecute, and jail thousands of journalists and opposition activists without charge; others lost their lives during these same events. The resulting socio-economic crisis led to the rationing of basic foods such as sugar, milk, and meat, as well as materials such as gasoline and consumer products, while the median income of the population fell by as much as 10 percent. During Jaruzelski's rule from 1981 to 1989, around 300,000 people left the country. Historical evidence released under Russian President Boris Yeltsin has been brought to light indicating that the Soviet Union did not plan to invade\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275802\",\n \"text\": \"order and discipline. This is the ultimate way to bring the country out of the crisis, to save the country from collapse./.../
I appeal to all the citizens. A time of heavy trials has arrived. And we have to stand those in order to prove that we are worthy of Poland.
Before all the Polish people and the whole world I would like to repeat the immortal words:
General Jaruzelski had ordered the Polish General Staff to update plans for nationwide martial law on October 22, 1980. After the introduction of martial law, pro-democracy movements such as Solidarity and other smaller\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14301488\",\n \"text\": \"actions organized by 'Solidarity.' Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa visited the plant in 1981. After Jaruzelski's government imposed Martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the members of the Regional Board were arrested by the state Militia and imprisoned, and the property of the Factory Committee was confiscated. The representative of the Factory Committee on the Regional Board was forced to emigrate from Poland. In 1982 the Bydgoszcz workshop, together with other ZNTK's, \\\"Zaklady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego,\\\" 'Repair Shops for Railway Rolling Stock' was incorporated in the structure of PKP with the objective of establishing military control. In 1984 the\",\n \"title\": \"Pesa SA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13665568\",\n \"text\": \"cities. On December 13, 1981, the Communist government of Poland under general Wojciech Jaruzelski crushed the opposition, introducing martial law. The main oppositional movement, Solidarity, was delegalized, and its key members were interned. However, by April 1982, Solidarity re-emerged, creating its underground body, the Temporary Coordinating Committee (known as \\\"TKK\\\" from the Polish name \\\"Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna\\\"), with delegates who had eluded arrests – Zbigniew Bujak from Warsaw, Bogdan Lis from Gdańsk, Władysław Frasyniuk from Wrocław, and Władysław Hardek from Kraków. At the beginning, the Committee opposed street demonstrations, drawing the so-called \\\"Five times yes\\\" appeal, which stipulated negotiations with\",\n \"title\": \"1982 demonstrations in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7821494\",\n \"text\": \"and co-wrote the screenplay of the popular Polish movie \\\"Rejs\\\" (\\\"The Cruise\\\"), released in 1970. The 2001 film \\\"Mechanical Suite\\\" is based on his short story \\\"Brothers\\\". Głowacki co-wrote screenplay for \\\"Cold War\\\", which was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. Głowacki emigrated in 1981 to New York City in the wake of the imposition of martial law in Poland by its Communist government. There, he was nominated for the Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding New Play for \\\"Antigone in New York\\\" (1994). He was prominent in New York City society and the\",\n \"title\": \"Janusz Głowacki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20389296\",\n \"text\": \"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist) Tadeusz (Thadée) Nowicki (1958) – industrialist, founder and President of the ERGIS Group. Having graduated from Gottwald Secondary School (currently ) in Warsaw in 1977, he began studies at the Warsaw University of Technology where he obtained a master's degree in materials science. He was one of the founders and the first Vice-President of the anti-regime students' organization, Independent Students’ Association (NZS), at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1981, after the introduction of martial law in Poland by Jaruzelski, he was interned along with other members of the opposition in Białołęka until 17 July 1982. In\",\n \"title\": \"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617229\",\n \"text\": \"Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on 30 May. Wałęsa and Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both stated that judgment against Jaruzelski \\\"would be left to God\\\". Jaruzelski was then cremated and buried with full military honors at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki, the resting place of Polish soldiers killed defending their country since the early 19th century, resulted in protests. Jaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaruzelska\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20717955\",\n \"text\": \"Tadeusz Mazowiecki, one of the founding fathers of Solidarity -- a man who survived the dark days of December 1981 and the heavy hand of martial law, endured a year in prison, life in the underground, editor of the illegal newspaper of an outlawed trade union.\\\" On May 23, Bush announced the nomination of Thomas W. Simons, Jr. for United States Ambassador to Poland. In late March 1991, President of Poland Lech Walesa traveled to the US, attending a White House welcoming ceremony where Bush praised him for his favoring of a democracy and backing of American efforts in the\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4899216\",\n \"text\": \"Czesław Kiszczak Czesław Kiszczak (19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989). In 1981 he played a key role in imposing martial law and suppression of the \\\"Solidarity\\\" movement in Poland. But eight years later he presided over the country’s transition to democracy as its last communist prime minister and a co-chairman of the Round Table conference, in which officials of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party faced the democratic opposition leaders. The conference led to the reconciliation with and reinstatement of \\\"Solidarity\\\", the 1989 elections, and the formation\",\n \"title\": \"Czesław Kiszczak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16208421\",\n \"text\": \"Marek Holynski Marek Bernard Hołyński (born 1947) – Polish computer science specialist, expert in the field of computer graphics. Graduate of the Electronics Faculty at the Warsaw's Technical University, Ph.D. at the Applied Cybernetics Institute PAN in 1975. Author of a book \\\"Art and Computers\\\". While he was at a conference in 1981, the communist government of Poland declared martial law. Hołyński was granted asylum in the United States. In the 1980s, he became a professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University. Simultaneously he started to cooperate with Silicon Graphics, the world's leading computer graphics company. He is\",\n \"title\": \"Marek Holynski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13928360\",\n \"text\": \"holy books instead of commenting on the facts, whereas this article was published in May 1981 on the pages of the Polish Catholic quarterly \\\"\\\" with death of the Primate of Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński as the main subject of the issue and on the eve of introduction of the martial law in Poland by the communist authorities to crush the political opposition. It was not the only one and episodic case when Grzegorczyk could not clearly and unambiguously decide on his intellectual position with respect to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the political ideology of the\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Grzegorczyk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17119478\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lire\\\" in 1981. When martial law was declared in Poland in December 1981, he was once again in London organising an exhibition of his drawings. As he later recalled, \\\"I said to myself, if I am a political cartoonist, this is my time. I only had a one-week tourist visa to begin with, but after martial law I published a lot of drawings in English, American and French newspapers, and immediately it was impossible to return [to Poland]. The borders were closed, it was very difficult to send journalists to Poland, there were no photographs coming out, and I was\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Krauze\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15093436\",\n \"text\": \"traditional commercials in several ways. Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines. The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action. A 1982 broadcast of the United States Information Agency program \\\"Let Poland be Poland\\\" about the martial law declared in Poland in 1981 was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's \\\"provocative and anticommunist\\\" tone was intended as propaganda. In 1999 at least three public\",\n \"title\": \"PBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307613\",\n \"text\": \"Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek, but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Soviet Bloc. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \\\"Solidarity\\\" (\\\"\\\"Solidarność\\\"\\\"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10211651\",\n \"text\": \"spiritual depth to the struggle against Communism. It also provided spiritual and material comfort to striking workers, and acted as a mediator between the solidarity movement and the government. It also held back the striking workers from excesses. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Cardinal Glemp initially seemed to justify its imposition as a lesser evil, but many in the church defended the people who were arrested. The Polish Orthodox Church hierarchy, which had had their position in society strengthened since 1945,\",\n \"title\": \"Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2422739\",\n \"text\": \"Event\\\" and \\\"The Divide\\\". Kamiński was born in Ziębice, Poland, the son of mother, Jadwiga Celner, and father, Marian Kaminski. In 1981, he emigrated to the United States at the age of 21 after Prime Minister Jaruzelski imposed martial law. He attended Columbia College in Chicago from 1982 to 1987, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree, taking up filmmaking as a profession before attending to the AFI Conservatory, where he graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree. He worked under cinematographer Phedon Papamichael, first as a gaffer, then as chief lighting technician, and eventually second unit director of\",\n \"title\": \"Janusz Kamiński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"604264\",\n \"text\": \"I wouldn't either.\\\" In 1980 a political crisis emerged in Poland with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement. By the end of October, Solidarity had 3 million members, and by December, had 9 million. In a public opinion poll organised by the Polish government, 89% of the respondents supported Solidarity. With the Polish leadership split on what to do, the majority did not want to impose martial law, as suggested by Wojciech Jaruzelski. The Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc was unsure how to handle the situation, but Erich Honecker of East Germany pressed for military action. In a\",\n \"title\": \"Leonid Brezhnev\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617214\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet leadership. Jaruzelski was elected his successor, becoming the only professional soldier to become leader of a ruling European Communist party. A fortnight after taking power, Jaruzelski met with Solidarity head Lech Wałęsa and Catholic bishop Józef Glemp, and hinted that he wanted to bring the church and the union into a sort of coalition government. However, his intention was to crush Solidarity. As early as September, while he was still merely prime minister, he met with his aides to find an excuse to impose martial law. On 13 December, citing purported recordings of Solidarity leaders planning a coup, Jaruzelski\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13650943\",\n \"text\": \"establishment of sovereign governments independent from Moscow therein, the breakup of the Soviet Union and separation of the USSR republics into new nation states, and the reunification of Germany within its Potsdam-imposed borders. While eventually all these things did in fact come to pass, at the time this program was seen as quite radical and unrealistic, even in dissident circles. However, Fighting Solidarity also rejected the use of violence to achieve its aims. After the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1981, Morawiecki became one of the most wanted people in Poland. In 1984, on the directive of General\",\n \"title\": \"Kornel Morawiecki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15941006\",\n \"text\": \"bases against the Soviet Union it would be suicide for Denmark. Bulganin said \\\"If war is opened against the U.S.S.R., the annihilating power of modern weapons is so great it would be tantamount to suicide for foreign countries the size of Denmark. [sic]\\\" After the Martial law in Poland in 1981, Denmark economically sanctioned Poland and the Soviet Union. In March 1983, Denmark was the first country in the European Economic Community to drop the sanctions against the Soviet Union. The Folketing voted 78–68 against a bill which would have reimposed sanctions. On 1 October 1987, Gorbachev praised Denmark for\",\n \"title\": \"Denmark–Soviet Union relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12781824\",\n \"text\": \"crisis.\\\" From 1965 to 1969 and from 1980 to 1985 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm). On the night of December 12/13, 1981, martial law was proclaimed in Poland. In an effort to try to make the implementation of martial law appear legal, the Polish military ordered the Polish Council of State—a collective presidency—to approve it by a formal vote. Reiff was the only member of the Council of State to vote against the measure, and he lost his position in the Council the following year. In January 1982, he was removed from his leadership of PAX\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Reiff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9686526\",\n \"text\": \"of their homeland that had, in November 1939, become part of Byelorussia and Ukraine. These Poles and their families—many of whom had experienced deportation to the Soviet Union—subsequently formed the nucleus of the postwar Polish community in Britain. A much smaller wave of Polish migration to Britain occurred with the imposition of martial law in Poland (1981–83), when individuals, mainly students and intellectuals who had been visiting the UK, chose not to return to Poland. The Polish Government in Exile, though denied majority international recognition after 1945, remained at its post in London until formally dissolved in 1991, after a\",\n \"title\": \"Poles in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20089668\",\n \"text\": \"Poland was particularly eventful; he was visiting Washington, D.C. on business when Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland, his return to Poland required the United States Embassy to smuggle Meehan across the now sealed border hidden in the back of a van. Meehan then took a research position at Georgetown University, and was also a senior foreign policy officer in the Office for Management Operations at the Department of State from October 1984 to April 1985. His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany, serving from 16 September 1985 to 30 November 1988. He was present\",\n \"title\": \"Francis J. Meehan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9396155\",\n \"text\": \"the Second World War the complex was again ransacked. A partial remodeling took place in 1971, and in 1980 the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs decided to rebuild it for use as a rest area for officers. This work was halted in 1981, when martial law was imposed in Poland. Even though extensive research has been carried out through the years, historians have been unable to fully explain all aspects of the complex. No documents have been preserved that have enabled determination of the either the date of commencement of the castle's construction or the date of its completion. The\",\n \"title\": \"Krzyżtopór\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7487575\",\n \"text\": \"Pact, have continuing tensions with the capitalist west, bound together by NATO. The Chinese Revolution established communism in China in 1949. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a spontaneous nationwide anti-authoritarian revolt, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to assert control. Similarly, in 1968, the USSR repressed the Prague Spring by organizing the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Labour turmoil in Poland during 1980 had led to the formation of the independent trade union, Solidarity, led by Lech Wałęsa, which over time became a political force. On 13 December 1981, Polish Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crackdown on Solidarity by\",\n \"title\": \"Revolutions of 1989\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10000248\",\n \"text\": \"one of the people behind the imposition of the martial law in Poland in 1981, after Poland deposed the ruling communist regime in 1989 Siwicki was forced into retirement in July 1990. Florian Siwicki Florian Siwicki (; 10 January 1925 – 11 March 2013) was a Polish career military officer, diplomat and a communist politician, as well as a General of the Polish Army. Siwicki was born in Łuck, eastern Poland, in 1925 to middle-class parents of peasant origin who worked in the civil service. He joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1942 and the Gwardia Ludowa as an ordinary\",\n \"title\": \"Florian Siwicki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5051193\",\n \"text\": \"press conferences, transmitted by the Polish television and attended by both Polish and foreign journalists. In September 1984, during the month before the murder of the priest Jerzy Popiełuszko, he wrote a column \\\"Seanse nienawiści\\\" (\\\"hate session\\\"), criticizing the priest as an anti-communist Savonarola. In 1986 Urban masterminded a media story that the United States had betrayed the Solidarity movement. On 3 June he met with a Washington Post reporter and told him that a Polish spy for the CIA, who was later identified as Ryszard Kukliński, was aware of the plan to install martial law in 1981 and had\",\n \"title\": \"Jerzy Urban\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275806\",\n \"text\": \"Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the 1956 events in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc. The introduction of martial law was enthusiastically supported by some figures on the radical right like Jędrzej Giertych, who believed Solidarity to be a disguised communist movement dominated by Jewish Trotskyites. Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of the citizenry. It also led to severe economic consequences. The ruling military dictatorship instituted major price rises (dubbed \\\"economic\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"392360\",\n \"text\": \"the National Endowment for Democracy to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity. When the Polish government launched martial law in December 1981, however, Solidarity was not alerted. Potential explanations for this vary; some believe that the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policy-makers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an \\\"inevitable Soviet intervention.\\\" CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations. Henry Hyde, U.S. House intelligence committee member, stated that the USA provided \\\"supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda,\",\n \"title\": \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7227283\",\n \"text\": \"in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government's avid support. During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Carlos Humberto Romero in May 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. Between January 12 and February 19, 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew. In its effort to defeat the insurgency, the Salvadoran Armed Forces\",\n \"title\": \"Salvadoran Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"392353\",\n \"text\": \"to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The government attempted to destroy the union by imposing martial law in Poland, which lasted from December 1981 to July 1983 and was followed by several years of political repression from 8 October 1982, but in the end it was forced to negotiate with Solidarity. In the union's clandestine years, Pope John Paul II and the United States provided significant financial support, estimated to be as much as 50 million US dollars. The round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By\",\n \"title\": \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11692885\",\n \"text\": \"unions from the West to establish free press offices throughout Poland. On 13 December 1981, martial law was declared by the Communist authorities in Poland; Butkiewicz, along with other Solidarity activists, was imprisoned. Butkiewicz's cellmate, Lech Kaczyński, later became President of Poland. When Butkiewicz was released from prison in 1982, he was forced to leave Poland with his wife and two young children; his third child was born in Boston. He settled in the Boston area, working in printing, and raised his family, but never cut off his ties with Poland. Andrzej died of a heart attack at his home\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Butkiewicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2640081\",\n \"text\": \"in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its \\\"friends\\\" in Solidarity. When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kukliński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18915581\",\n \"text\": \"1979. At USIA, Koper edited \\\"Ameryka\\\", the Polish language version of the Cold War era \\\"soft propaganda\\\" magazine, \\\"Amerika\\\". Koper was president of the Polish Veterans Association in Washington D.C. in December 1981, when martial law was declared in Poland. \\\"We're sitting helplessly on the sidelines. There is no communication, the post office doesn't work, the telephone doesn't work, traveling is impossible. It's unbelievable that in this time and age, the country can be padlocked completely,\\\" Koper told a reporter. Before martial law ended, Koper was called out of retirement to work as an editor for Voice of America. In\",\n \"title\": \"Antoni Koper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16306759\",\n \"text\": \"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń The 1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń was the longest underground protest in the postwar history of Polish mining, and the longest strike of the martial law in Poland. It began on December 14, 1981, one day after introduction of the martial law, and ended on December 28, when approximately 1,000 protesting miners emerged from the mine. They spent two weeks underground, including Christmas, and ended the protest after the government guaranteed their safety. On December 13, 1981, the government of the People's Republic of Poland introduced martial\",\n \"title\": \"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2640078\",\n \"text\": \"the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters. Facing imminent danger of discovery from a denunciation by a secret Communist collaborator known only by his alias \\\"Prorok\\\", Kukliński, his wife and two sons were spirited out of Poland by the CIA shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family successfully defected, his past may have followed him to the United States as both of his sons later died in separate incidents. The older,\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kukliński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135735\",\n \"text\": \"indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration.\\\" In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, because of martial law introduced in Poland on 13 December 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress. In 1990, Edward Witten became the first physicist to win the award. In\",\n \"title\": \"Fields Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617216\",\n \"text\": \"in September 1997 Viktor Kulikov, former supreme commander of Warsaw Pact forces, denied that the Soviet Union had either threatened or intended to intervene. According to Politburo minutes from 10 December 1981, Yuri Andropov stated \\\"We do not intend to introduce troops into Poland. That is the proper position, and we must adhere to it until the end. I don't know how things will turn out in Poland, but even if Poland falls under the control of Solidarity, that's the way it will be.\\\" Jaruzelski also claimed in 1997 that Washington had given him a \\\"green light\\\", stating that he\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12968935\",\n \"text\": \"it is sometimes called the \\\"Constitution of the Polish Countryside\\\". However, Rural Solidarity was not legalized until May 12, 1981, after another farmers strike, this time in Bydgoszcz, where it resulted in a major incident, which sparked off the 1981 warning strike in Poland. Its first leader became Jan Kulaj, and the union was banned on December 13, 1981 (see: Martial Law in Poland). Among those who supported restoration of the Rural Solidarity, was Pope John Paul II, who called for it during his 1987 visit to Poland, saying: \\\"A Pope cannot remain quiet about this even if he were\",\n \"title\": \"Rural Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042373\",\n \"text\": \"director told him that he preferred his old accent. Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \\\"The Promised Land\\\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Pszoniak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7779300\",\n \"text\": \"of China, and that Taiwan is part of Chinese territory, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai pledged to stop supporting the Philippine communist rebels. The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials, revealed that, \\\"they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling \\\"guests\\\" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines\\\". President Marcos formally lifted Martial Law on 17 January 1981, several weeks before the first pastoral\",\n \"title\": \"Proclamation No. 1081\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"386893\",\n \"text\": \"1980, one of the four \\\"August Agreements\\\", which led to the first legalisation of the trade union Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin. The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities. Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11June 1987. Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi-free elections in Poland. Szczecin has been the capital of the\",\n \"title\": \"Szczecin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9004641\",\n \"text\": \"the spring of 1980 he received permission to travel to the United States. Shortly after arriving, he decided to settle permanently in New York, a decision officially certified by the December 1981 declaration of Martial law in Poland. During the 1980s and 1990s, Walek Dzedzej could be seen on an almost daily basis in the streets and subways of Manhattan, as well as in Polish clubs, performing his original protest songs together with the familiar Solidarność (Solidarity) anthems. The venues for his performances were usually Times Square or Tompkins Square Park. In November 1988 Lesław \\\"Walek Dzedzej\\\" Danicki became American\",\n \"title\": \"Walek Dzedzej\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"714593\",\n \"text\": \"prosperity in the early and mid 70s, which had promoted increased demand and consumption. The government was forced either to lower salaries and wages or to make workers redundant. This accelerated the crisis. Moreover, the demand was more diminished, as the government imposed food rationing. The martial law of 1981–83 deepened the crisis. By the early 80s inflation in Poland becoming out of control – over 100% per annum in 1982. It was reduced in the mid-80s to about 15% per annum, but again started in late-80s. Economic conditions did not allow any salary and pension increases because of the\",\n \"title\": \"Polish złoty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5314661\",\n \"text\": \"of a yes no vote he took the helm as President. On 30 May 1981 President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in the Chattogram Circuit House in a military coup. Less than a year later, the then Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussein Muhammad Ershad in 1982 March 24 took power in a silent coup at dawn, suspended the constitution and imposed martial law and remained in power through farce elections and corruption. He remained in power until 6 December 1990. The Chattogram Hill Tracts Conflict was the political and military conflict between the Government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya\",\n \"title\": \"Bangladesh Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103638\",\n \"text\": \"took the threat for real, vetoed the draft after consultations with Nicolae Ceauşescu, and his Hungarian counterpart Lajos Czinege was not ready to agree unless everyone else did. At the Politburo meeting of 10 December 1981, the Soviet leadership was outraged to learn that Jaruzelski was still making his crackdown on Solidarity conditional on a promise of a Soviet military intervention if anything went wrong. The Politburo firmly and unanimously rejected the demand for military backing. Andropov, one of the most influential figures in the Politburo, who would become the Soviet leader in less than a year, wary of the\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042371\",\n \"text\": \"Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \\\"The Promised Land\\\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Pszoniak has appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Pszoniak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7693439\",\n \"text\": \"case against Walentynowicz in the KZ disciplinary commission was led by Jerzy Borowczak, a close associate of Wałęsa. PZPR was also involved in lobbying against Walentynowicz in this affair, with Jan Łabędzki, first Secretary of PZPR inside the Lenin Shipyard announcing publicly that Walentynowicz... destroys the unity of NSZZ Solidarity. In October 1981, during a meeting with workers in Radom, two officers of the security police - in collaboration with the secret cooperant (TW) Karol - attempted to poison her. She was acknowledged as the Woman of the Year in the Netherlands. Martial law was declared in December 1981 and\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Walentynowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8123636\",\n \"text\": \"imports. Unlike the United States, the countries of Western Europe have not viewed trade as a tool to influence Soviet domestic and foreign policies. Western Europe rejected the trade restrictions imposed by the United States after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1980. From 1980 to 1982, the United States embargoed the supply of equipment for the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, but Western Europe ignored United States pleas to do the same. Despite the poor relations between the superpowers in the early and mid-1980s, Western Europe tried to improve international relations with\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign trade of the Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4525338\",\n \"text\": \"Berlin International Film Festival. In 1980 Seweryn also made his stage debut in France following the staging of Wajda's interpretation of plays by Stanisław Witkiewicz at the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers. The imposition of the Martial law in Poland in 1981 found Seweryn in France. A sympathiser of the outlawed Solidarity, he decided to stay abroad and settle in France. With time he also applied for French citizenship. During his stay in France he collaborated with some of the most renowned theatre directors. Among them were Claude Régy (\\\"La Trilogie du revoir\\\" and \\\"Grand et Petit\\\" by Botho Strauss), Patrice Chéreau (\\\"Peer\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Seweryn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8412836\",\n \"text\": \"were abused by milicja, with common incidents like a prominent dissident, Jacek Kuroń, being thrown down the stairs or his apartment ransacked by milicja-supported thugs; despite such harassment the Flying University was active until the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, which, although designed to destroy the Solidarity movement, stifled the flying university's activities too. With Solidarity's peaceful victory in the Polish legislative elections, 1989, the goals of the Flying University — the freeing of Polish education from party's control and censorship — have been achieved. Flying University Flying University (, less often translated as \\\"Floating University\\\") was\",\n \"title\": \"Flying University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3289485\",\n \"text\": \"taking over society to one of 'self limiting revolution.' On 13 December 1981 the Martial Law was introduced in Poland, and his activities were curtailed. In 1982, accused of attempts to destroy the political system, Kuroń was arrested. Two years later he was pardoned and released from prison. As a member of the opposition Kuroń used pseudonyms – Maciej Gajka and Elżbieta Grażyna Borucka, or EGB. By 1988 the authorities began serious talks with the opposition. Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from 6 February to 4 April 1989. The opposition representation included Jacek Kuroń. The election\",\n \"title\": \"Jacek Kuroń\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of the Soviet Union (196482) context: Politburo Commission pushed for martial law instead of an intervention. When Wojciech Jaruzelski became Prime Minister of Poland in February 1980, the Soviet leadership, but also Poles in general, supported his appointment. As time went by, however, Jaruzelski tried, and failed, according to Archie Brown, \\\"to walk a tightrope\\\" between the demands made by the USSR and the Poles. Martial law was initiated on 13 December 1981 by the Jaruzelski Government. During the final years of Brezhnev's rule, and in the aftermath of his death, the Soviet leadership was forced by domestic difficulties to allow the Eastern Bloc governments to\\n\\nIn which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 209,\n \"origin_tokens\": 211,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Martial law in Poland context: Ocalenia Narod\\\", WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981. Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 AM on December 13, 1981, General Jaruzelski said: Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins.\\n\\ntitle: Romualowski context: movement' goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-, supporters Solidarity, fled to the States early in 198 asylum. October 1981, government ordered Spasowski home protested, and the recall order was rescinded. December 13, 1981, government leader General Wojciech Jaruzel started crackdown Solidar martial afternoon of December 19 1981 Spas telephon US State Department to announce that he defecting requesting asylum. The next day awide radio audience that he defected to support Solidarity and Leałęsa.\\ntitle: Bron Dąbrowski context: Bronisław Dąbrowisławski (2912 97) was a bishop of Catholic Church. bishop of –93 and of Polishcop 963. 9 D becamebishop and in bishop ofawese. of function thecop Conference, D political events of communist Poland. In 98 wrote a toski the of mart law in the\\n Miław Cho: ( press was known in Poland time). was re- but the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union. Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of \\\"Solidarity\\\". In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published\\n\\nIn which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 522,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15025,\n \"ratio\": \"28.8x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":181,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":181,"string":"181"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Frank Capra","Francesco Rosario Capra","The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra","The american film institute salute to frank capra","Capraesque","Francesco Capra","Lou Capra","Frank R. Capra"],"string":"[\n \"Frank Capra\",\n \"Francesco Rosario Capra\",\n \"The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra\",\n \"The american film institute salute to frank capra\",\n \"Capraesque\",\n \"Francesco Capra\",\n \"Lou Capra\",\n \"Frank R. Capra\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Frank Capra"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"618782","text":"failure of \"Taking Off\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \"It Happened One Night\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\"), it firmly established","title":"Miloš Forman"},{"id":"6763275","text":"His first collaboration with director Frank Capra was the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle \"The Miracle Woman\" (1931). Riskin wrote several films for Columbia, but it was his string of hits with Capra that brought him acclaim. Riskin received Academy Award nominations for his screenplays and stories for five Capra films: \"Lady for a Day\" (1933), which Riskin had adapted from a Damon Runyon short story; \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), for which he won the Oscar\"; Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\" (1936) with Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur; \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938) with Lionel Barrymore and James Stewart;","title":"Robert Riskin"},{"id":"145397","text":"the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status.\" During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin (husband of Fay Wray), and cameraman Joseph Walker. In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's \"most admired writer-director team.\" Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best","title":"Frank Capra"},{"id":"552398","text":"1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934. \"It Happened One Night\" was released just four months prior to that enforcement. \"It Happened One Night\" is the first of only three films (the other two being \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\") to win all five major Academy Awards : Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1993, \"It Happened One Night\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2013, the","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"618776","text":"for the United States, two of his films, \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975) and \"Amadeus\" (1984), acquired particular renown, and both gained him an Academy Award for Best Director. \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" became the second film to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Leading Role, Actress in Leading Role, Director, and Screenplay) after \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934—an accomplishment not repeated until 1991, by \"The Silence of the Lambs\". Forman was also nominated for a Best Director Oscar for \"The People vs. Larry Flynt\" (1996). He also won Golden Globe,","title":"Miloš Forman"},{"id":"718288","text":"Claudette Colbert Claudette Colbert (pronounced \"Coal-BEAR\"; born Émilie Claudette Chauchoin; September 13, 1903 – July 30, 1996) was an American stage and film actress and a leading lady in Hollywood for over two decades, and has been called \"The mixture of inimitable beauty, sophistication, wit, and vivacity\". Colbert began her career in Broadway productions during the late 1920s and progressed to motion pictures with the advent of sound film. Initially associated with Paramount Pictures, she gradually shifted to working as a freelance actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and received two","title":"Claudette Colbert"},{"id":"216532","text":"\"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and was looking for the right actor to suit his needs—other recent actors in Capra's films such as Clark Gable, Ronald Colman, and Gary Cooper did not quite fit. Not only was Stewart just what he was looking for, but Capra also found Stewart understood that archetype intuitively and required very little directing. Later Capra commented, \"I think he's probably the best actor who's ever hit the screen.\" \"You Can't Take It With You\", starring Capra's \"favorite actress\", comedian Jean Arthur, won the 1938 Best Picture Academy Award. The following year saw Stewart work with","title":"James Stewart"},{"id":"523817","text":"Clark Gable William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor and military officer, often referred to as \"The King of Hollywood\". He began his career appearing as an extra in silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1930. The next year, he landed his first leading Hollywood role, and over the next three decades, he was a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures. Gable won an Academy Award for Best Actor for \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and was nominated","title":"Clark Gable"},{"id":"145380","text":"from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938), and \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\" (1939); Capra was nominated as Best Director and as producer for Academy Award for Best Picture on all three films, winning both awards on the first two. During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the \"Why We Fight\" series. After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, such as \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946), performed poorly when","title":"Frank Capra"},{"id":"13134130","text":"was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director and Screenplay) following \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 with \"The Silence of the Lambs\". It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards. In 1993, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm","title":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)"},{"id":"5650259","text":"\"Big Five\" major categories for picture, directing, lead acting performances, and screenwriting. The other two films to achieve this feat were 1934's \"It Happened One Night\" and 1975's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eleventh person to win the aforementioned category twice and at the age of 28, became only the second person after Luise Rainer to win two Academy Awards before the age of 30. \"Boyz n the Hood\"'s John Singleton became the first African-American to be","title":"64th Academy Awards"},{"id":"552413","text":"Cohn sent someone to \"drag her off\" the train, which had not yet left the station, and take her to the ceremony. Colbert arrived wearing a two-piece traveling suit which she had the Paramount Pictures costume designer, Travis Banton, make for her trip. The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934: \"It Happened One Night\" was the first film to win the \"Big Five\" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Writing). , only two other films have achieved this feat: \"One","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"371527","text":"Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for \"Dangerous\" (1935) and \"Jezebel\" (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for \"It Happened One Night\" (1934). Spielberg is a major collector of the work of American illustrator and painter Norman Rockwell. A collection of 57 Rockwell paintings and drawings owned by Spielberg and fellow Rockwell collector and film director George Lucas were displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum July 2,","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"552414","text":"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975 and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1991. \"It Happened One Night\" was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975. On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500; Spielberg promptly donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy. On June 9 of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's, but no bids were made for it. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \"It Happened One","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"694712","text":"Jean Harlow, who had previously appeared in the Howard Hughes film \"Hell's Angels\", now had a big break and became one of MGM's most admired stars, as well. Despite Miss Harlow's gain, Garbo still was a big star for MGM. Shearer was still a money maker despite screen appearances becoming scarce, and Crawford continued her box-office power until 1937. MGM also received a boost through the man who would become \"King of Hollywood\", Clark Gable. Gable's career took off to new heights after he won an Oscar for the 1934 Columbia film \"It Happened One Night\". Mayer and Irving Thalberg's","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"18102973","text":"comedy \"Lucky Boy\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \"Lucky Boy\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \"wonderfully aggravated\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \"It Happened One Night\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\" (1936) and \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \"Crime on Their Hands\" (1948).","title":"Charles C. Wilson (actor)"},{"id":"8246910","text":"and \"It Happened One Night\" (1934)—receiving an Academy Award for the latter film. As an owner of race horses and a regular at tracks, Riskin was able to effectively capture the atmosphere and dynamics of horse racing and the types of characters common to that environment, such as jockeys, stable hands, and gamblers. While filming at Tanforan Race Track, Capra became dissatisfied with the happy ending of the original script, wanting instead a more bittersweet and ambivalent ending comment on the American success ethic. With Riskin on vacation in Europe and unavailable, Capra invited former Paramount screenwriter Sidney Buchman to","title":"Broadway Bill"},{"id":"719159","text":"date, describing Capra's treatment as \"a kinship with his audience, a sense of common life, a morality\". \"Variety\" noted \"a sometimes too thin structure [that] the players and director Frank Capra have contrived to convert ... into fairly sturdy substance\". This was the first Capra film to be released separately to exhibitors and not \"bundled\" with other Columbia features. On paper, it was his biggest hit, easily surpassing \"It Happened One Night.\" It was the 7th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36. Capra won his second Academy Award for Best Director in 1936 for \"Mr. Deeds","title":"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town"},{"id":"7348879","text":"Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia. The following year, the two events were again on the same night.) Miloš Forman's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" made a \"clean sweep\" of the major categories: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Adapted). It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep, following \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934 and preceding \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1991. French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year, making Adjani, 20 at the time, the youngest","title":"48th Academy Awards"},{"id":"552397","text":"It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The plot is based on the August 1933 short story \"Night Bus\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. Classified as a \"pre-Code\" production, the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPAA began rigidly enforcing the","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"9180701","text":"studio, and they tried to exclude its title from any publicity about Davis. Although her nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress was considered a sure thing by many, she was ignored in favor of Grace Moore for \"One Night of Love\", Norma Shearer for \"The Barretts of Wimpole Street\", and eventual winner Claudette Colbert for \"It Happened One Night\". Angry voters ignored the nominees on their ballots and wrote in Davis's name, and it was later announced that she had come in third after Colbert and Shearer. Price Waterhouse was hired to count the votes and initiated the","title":"Of Human Bondage (1934 film)"},{"id":"9267673","text":"worked on the film since 1930 when he assigned three different writers to come up with three different treatments. By 1931 Thalberg had decided on the one storyline and spent the next four years working on a script with two dozen writers, half a dozen directors and three supervisors. Gable had several temper tantrums on the set, which were tolerated by MGM studio chief Louis B. Mayer because the star had recently won an Academy Award for Best Actor in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) on a loan-out to Columbia Pictures, and he did not want to risk losing him.","title":"China Seas (film)"},{"id":"8115589","text":"7th Academy Awards The 7th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1934, was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. Frank Capra's influential romantic comedy \"It Happened One Night\" became the first film to perform a \"clean sweep\" of the top five award categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay. This feat would later be duplicated by \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1976 and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1992. It also was the first romantic comedy","title":"7th Academy Awards"},{"id":"8247966","text":"at the USC School of Cinema-Television. Saxon is arguably best known for the film \"The Silence of the Lambs\", which is, to date, the third and last film to sweep the five main categories of Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. (The others are \"It Happened One Night\" and \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\".) Formerly Jonathan Demme's producing partner, his films include \"Beloved\", \"Ulee's Gold\", \"That Thing You Do!\", \"The Truth About Charlie\", \"Married to the Mob\", \"Miami Blues\" and \"Philadelphia\". After parting ways with Demme, Saxon produced Charlie Kaufman","title":"Edward Saxon"},{"id":"10753888","text":"You Can't Run Away from It You Can't Run Away from It is a 1956 Technicolor and CinemaScope musical comedy starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon. Directed and produced by Dick Powell, the film is a remake of the 1934 Academy Award-winning film \"It Happened One Night\". The supporting cast features Charles Bickford, Jim Backus, Stubby Kaye, Jack Albertson and Howard McNear. \"It Happened One Night\" had also been remade as a musical comedy in 1945 as \"Eve Knew Her Apples\". Because she married an international playboy, Ellie Andrews (June Allyson) is kidnapped by her own father, Texas cattleman A.","title":"You Can't Run Away from It"},{"id":"1026584","text":"The airport was used in the filming of \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, World\" in 1963. The airport closed by 1965-66, and the land remained empty until 1991 when Shapell Industries constructed Rancho Conejo Village homes. The former site is northwest of the intersection of Lawrence Drive and Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park. Due to the temperate climate and relatively close proximity to the studios in Hollywood, a number of movies and television series have been filmed in Thousand Oaks. Thousand Oaks Boulevard can for instance be seen in the Oscar-winning film \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), while","title":"Thousand Oaks, California"},{"id":"9718331","text":"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". The film won all five top Academy Awards including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Goldman. This was the first film to win the top five awards since Frank Capra's \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934. For his work on the film Goldman also received the Writers Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award. He next wrote \"The Rose\" (1979), which was nominated for four Academy Awards. This was followed by his original screenplay \"Melvin and Howard\" (1980) which garnered Goldman his second Oscar, second Writers Guild Award, and the New York Film","title":"Bo Goldman"},{"id":"20249325","text":"Victoria Riskin Victoria Riskin (born November 18, 1945) is an American author, psychologist, television writer and producer, and human rights activist. Riskin was born in the Bel-Air suburb of Los Angeles, the daughter of Academy Award-winning screenwriter Robert Riskin, whose films include It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and Lost Horizon (1937), and actress Fay Wray, best known for her role as Ann Darrow in King Kong (1933). She is the author of a forthcoming memoir and dual biography, Fay Wray and Robert Riskin: A Hollywood Memoir, to be released by Pantheon on February 26,","title":"Victoria Riskin"},{"id":"11000103","text":"Roscoe Karns Roscoe Karns (September 7, 1891 – February 6, 1970) was an American actor who appeared in nearly 150 films between 1915 and 1964. He specialized in cynical, wise-cracking (and often tipsy) characters, and his rapid-fire delivery enlivened many comedies and crime thrillers in the 1930s and 1940s. Though he appeared in numerous silent films, such as \"Wings\" and \"Beggars of Life\", his career didn't really take off until sound arrived. Arguably his best-known film role was the annoying bus passenger Oscar Shapeley, who tries to pick up Claudette Colbert in the Oscar-winning comedy \"It Happened One Night\" (1934),","title":"Roscoe Karns"},{"id":"4312340","text":"made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with \"Daddy\", a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher. Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit \"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin\" (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic \"It Happened One Night\". Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust. Her most well-known films in the 1990s included \"Sadak\" opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), \"Junoon\", \"Jaanam\" and","title":"Pooja Bhatt"},{"id":"552416","text":"In the film, a minor character, Oscar Shapely, continually calls the Gable character \"Doc\", an imaginary character named \"Bugs Dooley\" is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely, and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full, as Bugs does. The film has inspired a number of remakes, including the musicals \"Eve Knew Her Apples\" (1945) starring Ann Miller and \"You Can't Run Away from It\" (1956) starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon, which was directed and produced by Dick Powell. \"It Happened One Night\" was adapted as a radio play","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"1756442","text":"(Worst Director). Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend: Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, and Sandra Bullock in 2010, although all three for different films. Two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco (\"Only When I Laugh\") and Amy Irving (\"Yentl\"). Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s \"The Jazz Singer\", was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role. The Aerosmith song \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", as part of the original soundtrack to the 1998 film \"Armageddon\",","title":"Golden Raspberry Awards"},{"id":"552412","text":"initial run. However, after it was released to the secondary movie houses, word-of-mouth began to spread and ticket sales became brisk, especially in smaller towns where the film's characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury. It turned out to be a major box office smash, easily Columbia's biggest hit to date. In 1935, after her Academy Award nomination, Colbert decided not to attend the presentation, feeling confident that she would not win the award, and instead, planned to take a cross-country railroad trip. After she was named the winner, studio chief Harry","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"710094","text":"Actress but lost to Katharine Hepburn in \"Morning Glory\", and Robert Riskin lost the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay to Sarah Y. Mason and Victor Heerman for \"Little Women\". Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, \"Come up and get it, Frank!\" Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \"Cavalcade\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.","title":"Lady for a Day"},{"id":"18713215","text":"Oscars, \"Spotlight\" was the first film since 1952's \"The Greatest Show on Earth\" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's \"Rocky\", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for \"Gravity\" and \"Birdman\",","title":"88th Academy Awards"},{"id":"8616530","text":"Lowell Sherman Lowell J. Sherman (October 11, 1888 – December 28, 1934) was an American actor and film director. In an unusual practice for the time, he served as both actor and director on several films in the early 1930s. He later turned exclusively to directing. Having scored huge successes directing the films \"She Done Him Wrong\" (starring Mae West) and \"Morning Glory\" (which won Katharine Hepburn her first Academy Award), he was at the height of his career when he died after a brief illness. Born in San Francisco in 1888 to John Sherman and Julia Louise Gray(1870-1956), who","title":"Lowell Sherman"},{"id":"5874113","text":"sci-fi war film \"Rogue One\", directed by Gareth Edwards. It is a prequel to the 1977 classic \"Star Wars\". Gilroy shared writing duties with fellow filmmaker Chris Weitz. Gilroy's directorial debut was in 2007, when he directed the film \"Michael Clayton\", which his brother John Gilroy edited. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. In addition to its Edgar Award, the film won one Oscar, for Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton). The film was a box-office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide. He also wrote and directed his next film, \"Duplicity\",","title":"Tony Gilroy"},{"id":"12852811","text":"Best Picture winners: \"The Broadway Melody\" (1929), \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) and \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938). Late in his career, Kane made a few appearances on television including the role of Mr. Monahan, Ralph Kramden's Gotham Bus Company boss on \"The Honeymooners\". Kane retired after the 1950s and died of a heart attack at his home in Los Angeles in 1969. List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners Eddie Kane Eddie Kane (August 12, 1889 – April 30, 1969) was an American actor who appeared in over 250 productions from","title":"Eddie Kane"},{"id":"737264","text":"in visual effects; i.e., five films produced by George Pal, five by director/producer George Lucas, five by director James Cameron (who began his career in Hollywood as an effects technician), four by directors Richard Fleischer, Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson, and three by director Robert Zemeckis. Stanley Kubrick's only Oscar win was in this category, for 1968's \"\". The film's credits list four effects contributors, including Douglas Trumbull. However, according to the rules of the Academy in effect at the time, only three persons could be nominated for their work on a single film, which would have resulted in the","title":"Academy Award for Best Visual Effects"},{"id":"9709061","text":"I said, 'Kate when you’re simple, you’re devastating.' She was adorable about it\". The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture; Hepburn won the Academy Award for Best Actress (with Barbra Streisand, the only time this has been a joint award) and Harvey was nominated for a Best Director Oscar and won Best Director at the Golden Globes, as well as several other major awards. It was the screen debuts actors Anthony Hopkins and Timothy Dalton. Harvey later fondly recalled the deep familial rapport that developed among the cast, and","title":"Anthony Harvey"},{"id":"730347","text":"a further 10 FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight. Since their invention, autogyros have appeared in many works of fiction. Appearances where the autogyro features as a significant part of the story include: In the film \"International House\" (1933), W. C. Fields's character flies around the globe in his autogyro \"The Spirit of Brooklyn\". In \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) starring Clark Gable, his love interest's husband-to-be arrives at the wedding in a Kellett K-3 Autogiro NC12691.. This was a particularly high-profile movie as it was the first to win the so-called Big Five Academy Awards.","title":"Autogyro"},{"id":"552420","text":"is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne. As he sneaks through German-occupied France, several plot points run parallel to that of \"It Happened One Night\" and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews. Notes Bibliography Streaming audio It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"9236444","text":"of the film, was impressed with Haller’s work on \"Jezebel\" that he replaced the former cinematographer Lee Garmes, who left the production after a month of shooting due to creative differences. Haller’s work earned him his first and only Academy Awards along with the Technicolor Associates Ray Rennahan and Wilfred M. Cline. The film was a success, also winning awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress and Supporting Actress. Working closely with Bette Davis and earning two nominations for photographing her in \"Jezebel\" and \"All This, and Heaven Too\", Haller also developed a strong relationship with Joan Crawford. He","title":"Ernest Haller"},{"id":"5650474","text":"outside the United States. Best Actor winner Michael Douglas became the second person to win Oscars for both acting and producing; he previously won a Best Picture award as co-producer of \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The award honors “creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high quality of motion picture production.” The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. In view of the 60th anniversary of the Academy Awards, the Academy hired film producer Samuel Goldwyn","title":"60th Academy Awards"},{"id":"1495132","text":"cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the second tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists and Universal. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was a horizontally integrated company. It controlled production and distribution; it did not own any theaters. Helping Columbia's climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra. Between 1927 and 1939, Capra constantly pushed Cohn for better material and bigger budgets. A string of hits he directed in the early and mid 1930s solidified Columbia's status as a major studio. In particular, \"It Happened One Night\", which nearly swept","title":"Columbia Pictures"},{"id":"696133","text":"1980, Howard made his directing debut with the 1977 low-budget comedy/action film \"Grand Theft Auto\". This came after cutting a deal with Roger Corman, wherein Corman let Howard direct a film in exchange for Howard starring in \"Eat My Dust!\", with Christopher Norris. Howard went on to direct several TV movies. His big theatrical break came in 1982, with \"Night Shift\", featuring Michael Keaton, Shelley Long, and Henry Winkler. He has since directed a number of high-visibility films, including \"Splash\", \"Cocoon\", \"Willow\", \"Parenthood\", \"Backdraft\", \"Apollo 13\", \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", \"A Beautiful Mind\" (for which he won the Academy","title":"Ron Howard"},{"id":"5401460","text":"of Life\", a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio. Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of \"A Star Is Born\". He was nominated as best director three times, for \"A Star Is Born\", \"Battleground\" and \"The High and Mighty\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.","title":"William A. Wellman"},{"id":"251696","text":"Christ\" (1988), the crime film \"Goodfellas\" (1990), the psychological thriller \"Cape Fear\" (1991) and the crime film \"Casino\" (1995), some of which he collaborated on with actor and close friend Robert De Niro. Scorsese has also been noted for his successful collaborations with actor Leonardo DiCaprio, having directed him in five films, beginning with \"Gangs of New York\" (2002) and most recently \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" (2013). Their third film together, \"The Departed\" (2006), won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the film winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous","title":"Martin Scorsese"},{"id":"18036918","text":"nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. \"Birdman\" was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since \"Ordinary People\" (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming \"Gravity\". At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on \"Gravity\"","title":"87th Academy Awards"},{"id":"1508399","text":"trois\" with Fredric March and Gary Cooper. She also had success during the remainder of the decade with the romantic comedy \"The Richest Girl in the World\" (1934), the historical drama \"Becky Sharp\" (1935), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, \"Barbary Coast\" (1935), \"These Three\" (1936) (the first of four films with director William Wyler), and \"The Old Maid\" (1939). Hopkins was one of the first actresses approached to play the role of Ellie Andrews in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934). However, she rejected the part, and Claudette Colbert was cast, instead. She did","title":"Miriam Hopkins"},{"id":"2582221","text":"Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and \"Tootsie\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known works include \"Jeremiah Johnson\" (1972), \"The Way We Were\" (1973), \"Three Days of the Condor\"","title":"Sydney Pollack"},{"id":"3060301","text":"was settled, with Warner Bros. and Fogerty changing the title and lyric to \"Vanz Kant Danz\". Zaentz lost on the copyright issue when a jury found Fogerty not liable. Fogerty in turn claimed the label misled him about investing and managing his earnings from royalties, resulting in a devastating financial loss. Years later, when Zaentz sold his interest in Fantasy, Fogerty almost immediately re-signed with the label. Zaentz received the Best Picture Oscar for three films, two of them directed by Miloš Forman—\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975) and \"Amadeus\" (1984)—as well as for \"The English Patient\" (1996), directed","title":"Saul Zaentz"},{"id":"3813017","text":"played non-speaking roles. By the 1930s, Flowers was in constant demand. Her appearances ranged from Alfred Hitchcock and John Ford thrillers to comedic roles alongside of Charley Chase, the Three Stooges, Leon Errol, Edgar Kennedy, and Laurel and Hardy. She appeared in the following five films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture: \"It Happened One Night\", \"You Can't Take it with You\", \"All About Eve\", \"The Greatest Show on Earth\", and \"Around the World in Eighty Days\". In each of these movies, Flowers was uncredited. Including these five movies, she had appeared in twenty-three Best Picture nominees in","title":"Bess Flowers"},{"id":"371470","text":"World War II film \"Saving Private Ryan\", about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's \"Armageddon\"). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"18088059","text":"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick directed 13 feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career, from \"Day of the Fight\" in 1951 to \"Eyes Wide Shut\" in 1999. Many of Kubrick's films were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globes, but his only personal win of an Academy Award was for his work as director of special effects on \"\". Two scholarly books that are comparative critical studies of Kubrick's work discuss \"A.I.\" and even list it in their filmography. A book on the making of the film with a foreword by Spielberg","title":"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick"},{"id":"360413","text":"notoriety among actors, many of Kubrick's films broke new ground in cinematography. The scientific realism and innovative special effects of \"\" (1968) were without precedent in the history of cinema, and the film earned him his only personal Oscar, for Best Visual Effects. Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation's \"big bang\", and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film \"Barry Lyndon\" (1975), Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, to film scenes under natural candlelight. With \"The Shining\" (1980), he became one of the first directors","title":"Stanley Kubrick"},{"id":"694727","text":"Fair Lady\" and \"Camelot\". \"Gigi\" was a box-office and critical success which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. From it came several hit songs, including \"Thank Heaven For Little Girls\", \"I Remember It Well\", the \"Waltz at Maxim's\", and the Oscar-winning title song. The film was the last MGM musical to win a Best Picture Oscar, an honor that had previously gone to \"The Broadway Melody\" (1929), \"The Great Ziegfeld\" (1936), and \"An American in Paris\" (1951). The very last musical film produced by the \"Freed Unit\" was an adaptation of the Broadway musical \"Bells Are Ringing\" (1960) with","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"2296704","text":"Tony awards. This collection of all four is referred to as an \"EGOT\". He is one of only two people to have won those four prizes and a Pulitzer Prize (Richard Rodgers is the other). He is one of ten people to win three or more Oscars in one night and the only one other than a director or screenwriter to do so. Hamlisch also won two Golden Globes. He earned ten Golden Globe Award nominations, winning twice for Best Original Song, with \"Life Is What You Make It\" in 1972 and \"The Way We Were\" in 1974. He also","title":"Marvin Hamlisch"},{"id":"7349311","text":"1937 (\"The Good Earth\"), and Spencer Tracy in 1937 (\"Captains Courageous\") and 1938 (\"Boys Town\"). The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\". As the special effects director and designer for \"\", Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win. Cliff Robertson's performance in \"Charly\" was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. When he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, it engendered some controversy: less than two weeks after the ceremony, \"TIME\" mentioned","title":"41st Academy Awards"},{"id":"720667","text":"director in history to receive this award, at the age of 32 for his work on \"La La Land\". Two directing teams have shared the award; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for \"West Side Story\" in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for \"No Country for Old Men\" in 2007. The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award. Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award, for 2009's \"The Hurt Locker\". As of the 2018 ceremony, Guillermo del Toro is the most recent winner in this category for his work on \"The Shape","title":"Academy Award for Best Director"},{"id":"7301519","text":"ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. \"Crash\" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's \"Rocky\" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his","title":"78th Academy Awards"},{"id":"2389873","text":"film festivals. Most notably he won the Best Director award at Cannes for \"Naked\" in 1993 and the \"Palme d'Or\" in 1996 for \"Secrets & Lies\". He won the Leone d'Oro for the best film at the International Venice Film Festival in 2004 with \"Vera Drake\". He has been nominated for the Academy Award seven times, twice each for \"Secrets & Lies\" and \"Vera Drake\" (Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing) and once for \"Topsy-Turvy\", \"Happy-Go-Lucky\", and \"Another Year\" (Best Original Screenplay only). He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. Leigh was selected","title":"Mike Leigh"},{"id":"4950076","text":"Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Anna and the King of Siam\" (1946), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"The King and I\" (1956) and \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936 he was hired by David O. Selznick to work as a set designer for Selznick's motion picture production company. Wheeler proved to be a creative genius","title":"Lyle R. Wheeler"},{"id":"1474677","text":"1934 in film The following is an overview of 1934 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths. The 7th Academy Awards was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. For the first time, the Academy standardized the practice – still in effect – that the award eligibility period for a film would be the preceding calendar year. Most nominations: \"One Night of Love\" (Columbia Pictures) - 6 Major Awards Most Awards: \"It Happened One Night\" - 5 \"It Happened","title":"1934 in film"},{"id":"898016","text":"Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, where he directed ten actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for \"Sons of Liberty\" and once as Best Director for \"Casablanca\". Curtiz introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles.","title":"Michael Curtiz"},{"id":"12358231","text":"Academy Award for Best Director. In 2013, he was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Lee next directed \"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\" based on the novel of the same name. It was his first film since winning the Oscar for Best Director for \"Life of Pi\". The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike. In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to","title":"Ang Lee"},{"id":"898085","text":"epics in Europe, called him \"Warner Brothers' greatest director.\" He directed 10 actors to Oscar nominations: Paul Muni, John Garfield, James Cagney, Walter Huston, Humphrey Bogart, Claude Raines, Joan Crawford, Ann Blyth, Eve Arden, and William Powell. Cagney and Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction, with Cagney on TV later attributing part of his success to \"the unforgettable Michael Curtiz.\" Curtiz himself was nominated five times and won as Best Director for \"Casablanca\". He earned a reputation as a harsh taskmaster to his actors, as he micromanaged every detail on the set. With his background as director","title":"Michael Curtiz"},{"id":"723433","text":"considered too long, it was nominated for an Academy Award. Movie historian James Harvey notes that in some respects \"It's a Wonderful World\" is an even more accomplished film –the comedy counterpart to the supremely assured and high-spirited work Van Dyke had accomplished with \"San Francisco\" (1936). \"Ben Hecht, another speed specialist, wrote the screenplay (from a story by Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz); it's in his \"Front Page\" vein, with admixtures of \"It Happened One Night\" and \"Bringing Up Baby\", as well as surprising adumbrations of the nineteen-forties private-eye film. \"Angels Over Broadway\" was one of only two movies he","title":"Ben Hecht"},{"id":"4769","text":"\"Ran\" for competition to a misunderstanding: because of the Academy's arcane rules, no one was sure whether \"Ran\" qualified as a \"Japanese\" film, a \"French\" film (due to its financing), or both, so it was not submitted at all. In response to what at least appeared to be a blatant snub by his own countrymen, the director Sidney Lumet led a successful campaign to have Kurosawa receive an Oscar nomination for Best Director that year (Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award for directing \"Out of Africa\"). \"Ran\"s costume designer, Emi Wada, won the movie's only Oscar. \"Kagemusha\" and \"Ran\", particularly","title":"Akira Kurosawa"},{"id":"2582232","text":"his ashes were scattered along the runway at the Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles. Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and \"Tootsie\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known","title":"Sydney Pollack"},{"id":"545660","text":"dying. Huston agreed, and the ending was rewritten. It became Huston's most successful film financially, and \"it remains one of his finest works.\" Huston was nominated for two Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Bogart, meanwhile, won his only Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Charlie Allnut. Hepburn wrote about her experiences shooting the film in her memoir, \"The Making of the African Queen: Or How I went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall, and Huston and almost lost my mind\". Clint Eastwood directed and starred in the film \"White Hunter, Black Heart\", based on Peter Viertel's novel","title":"John Huston"},{"id":"524951","text":"character traits for Raymond. Denby noted: \"Hoffman, looking suddenly older and smaller, has developed a small shuffling walk for Raymond, with shoulder bent. His eyes don't make contact with anyone else's, and he flattens his voice to a dry nasal bark.\" \"Rain Man\" won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Hoffman, and Best Director for Barry Levinson. Having worked closely with Hoffman for two years on filming, Levinson offered some opinions about his skill as an actor: After \"Rain Man\", Hoffman appeared with Sean Connery and Matthew Broderick in \"Family Business\" (1989), directed by Sidney Lumet. The","title":"Dustin Hoffman"},{"id":"4652880","text":"performances in films directed by the same person. She first won in that same category for her role in Woody Allen's 1986 film \"Hannah and Her Sisters\". \"Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life\" and \"Trevor\"s joint win in the Best Live Action Short category marked the fifth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Despite earning critical praise for","title":"67th Academy Awards"},{"id":"1687710","text":"Robert Zemeckis Robert Lee Zemeckis (; born May 14, 1952) is an American film director, film producer, and screenwriter frequently credited as an innovator in visual effects. He first came to public attention in the 1980s as the director of \"Romancing the Stone\" (1984) and the science-fiction comedy \"Back to the Future\" film trilogy, as well as the live-action/animated comedy \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\" (1988). In the 1990s he directed \"Death Becomes Her\" and then diversified into more dramatic fare, including 1994's \"Forrest Gump\", for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director. The film itself won Best Picture.","title":"Robert Zemeckis"},{"id":"371467","text":"effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \"Schindler's List\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \"Schindler's List\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"539334","text":"Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in \"Unforgiven\", Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in \"Mystic River\", and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in \"Million Dollar Baby\". On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from","title":"Clint Eastwood"},{"id":"3617318","text":"was unable to shake off its stigma as a Poverty Row studio until 1934, when director Frank Capra's Columbia comedy \"It Happened One Night\" swept the Academy Awards. Exhibitors who formerly wouldn't touch Columbia product became steady customers. As a horizontally integrated company that only controlled production and distribution, Columbia had previously been at the mercy of theater owners. Columbia expanded its scope to offer moviegoers a regular program of economically made features, short subjects, serials, travelogues, sports reels, and cartoons. Columbia would release a few \"class\" productions each year (\"Lost Horizon\", \"Holiday\", \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\",\"The Jolson Story\",","title":"Harry Cohn"},{"id":"7349037","text":"nominations in a single acting category). Between the two of them, father and son Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola won four awards, with Carmine winning for Best Original Dramatic Score (with Nino Rota) and Francis for Picture, Director, and Best Screenplay Adapted from Other Material (with Mario Puzo). This was the only Oscars where all nominees in one category were released by the same studio: all five Best Costume Design nominations were for films released by Paramount Pictures. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). These films had multiple nominations: The following films","title":"47th Academy Awards"},{"id":"19313451","text":"Tony wins. At the age of thirty-two years and thirty-eight days, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was only two hundred and twenty-two days older than Chazelle when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy \"Skippy\". Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for \"Hacksaw Ridge\". \"Moonlight\"s Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for \"12 Years a Slave\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double","title":"89th Academy Awards"},{"id":"3928237","text":"Robert Stevenson (director) Robert Edward Stevenson (31 March 1905 – 30 April 1986) was an English film writer and director. After directing a number of British films, including \"King Solomon's Mines\" (1937), he was given a contract by David O. Selznick and moved to Hollywood in the 1940s. He ended up directing 19 films for the Walt Disney Company in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, becoming the most commercially successful director in the history of film. Stevenson is best remembered for directing the Julie Andrews musical \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), for which Andrews won the Academy Award for Best Actress and","title":"Robert Stevenson (director)"},{"id":"11838408","text":"it then, but I was meeting the Barry Fitzgerald character in \"Going My Way.\"\" When Msgr. Conneally died in 1949, a newspaper wrote: \"Mr. McCarey said that the monsignor was a frequent visitor at his home. The priest's many anecdotes about his work in the parish and St. Monica's School gave the director the idea it would make a good film story. It did.\" \"Going My Way\" won seven Academy Awards including best picture, director, original story, original screenplay, song (\"Swinging on a Star\"), actor (Bing Crosby) and supporting actor (Fitzgerald in the role of the older priest). In 2004,","title":"St. Monica Catholic Church (Santa Monica, California)"},{"id":"541559","text":"Sky\", was released posthumously and won a Best Actress Oscar for Jessica Lange. \"sources: Adler; Little & McLaughlin; Richardson\" Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \"Tony\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \"Tom Jones\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \"The Hotel New Hampshire\" (1984) and his final film \"Blue Sky\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville","title":"Tony Richardson"},{"id":"14924551","text":"Verne Mason Verne Rheem Mason (August 8, 1889 – November 16, 1965) was an eminent American internist and associate of Howard Hughes. Mason was chairman of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's medical advisory committee. Born at Wapello, Iowa, in 1889, Mason received a B.S. from University of California, Berkeley, in 1911, and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1915. As a medical resident at Hopkins in 1922 Mason gave the disease sickle cell anemia its name. When motion picture director Frank Capra fell ill with a mysterious fever after completing \"It Happened One Night\", Columbia Pictures chief Harry Cohn","title":"Verne Mason"},{"id":"2796400","text":"deserved his Oscars for \"The Deer Hunter\": \"It seemed in the spring of 1979, following the Oscar ceremony, there was a sense in the industry that if the Academy could have taken back their votes — which saw \"The Deer Hunter\" and director Michael Cimino winning for Best Picture and Best Director — they would have done so.\" Peter Biskind described Cimino in relation to \"The Deer Hunter\" as \"our first, home-grown fascist director, our own Leni Riefenstahl\". Cimino was known for giving exaggerated, misleading and conflicting (or simply tongue-in-cheek) stories about himself, his background and his filmmaking experiences. \"When","title":"Michael Cimino"},{"id":"2727155","text":"presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon. Bond died three days before Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon. Bond appears in more of the films on both the original and the tenth anniversary edition of the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies lists than any other actor, albeit always as a supporting player: \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), \"Bringing Up Baby\" (1938), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1940), \"The Maltese Falcon\" (1941), \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946), and \"The Searchers\" (1956). Bond is also in 13 films that were nominated for the Academy Award for Best","title":"Ward Bond"},{"id":"13275775","text":"1945 and was assigned to rebuild the Bavaria Film Studios. From 1951 he was working for United Artists and was responsible for the movie rental in Europe and South Africa. He also started to produce movies himself. In 1973 he became president of United Artists. Under his presidency United Artists won the Academy Award (\"Oscar\") for the best picture three years in a row (1975: \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", 1976: \"Rocky\", 1977: \"Annie Hall\"). In 1978, Pleskow left United Artists and built up Orion Pictures, which he directed until 1992. Their greatest successes under his management were \"Amadeus\",","title":"Eric Pleskow"},{"id":"4950080","text":"Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles. The art direction of Lyle Wheeler was often recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Anna and the King of Siam\" (1946), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"The King and I\" (1956) and \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936","title":"Lyle R. Wheeler"},{"id":"720250","text":"drama \"Brubaker\" (1980), playing a prison warden attempting to reform the system, and the baseball drama \"The Natural\" (1984). Redford continued his involvement in mainstream Hollywood movies, though with a newfound focus on directing. The first film he directed, \"Ordinary People\", which followed the disintegration of an upper-class American family after the death of a son, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, including Best Director for Redford himself, and Best Picture. His follow-up directorial project, \"The Milagro Beanfield War\" (1987), failed to generate the same level of attention. Sydney Pollack's","title":"Robert Redford"},{"id":"723260","text":"Lewis Milestone Lewis Milestone (born Leib Milstein; September 30, 1895 – September 25, 1980) was a Russian-born American motion picture director. He is known for directing \"Two Arabian Knights\" (1927) and \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" (1930), both of which received Academy Awards for Best Director. He also directed \"The Front Page\" (1931 – nomination), \"The General Died at Dawn\" (1936), \"Of Mice and Men\" (1939), \"Ocean's 11\" (1960), and received the directing credit for \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" (1962), though Marlon Brando largely appropriated his responsibilities during its production. Milestone was born in Kishinev, in the Bessarabia Governorate","title":"Lewis Milestone"},{"id":"2394632","text":"Only one person had previously achieved the dubious feat (Alan Menken in 1993), and only one other (Sandra Bullock in 2010) has achieved it since. He accepted the Razzie and became only the fourth person in its history to be personally presented with the statuette. He keeps the statues of both the Oscar and the Razzie on his mantle as \"a reminder of Hollywood's idealistic nature and unrealistic expectations.\" Helgeland wrote and directed the films \"A Knight's Tale\" (2001), \"The Order\" (2003) and \"42\" (2013). He has worked with director Clint Eastwood twice, in 2002 on\" Blood Work\", and in","title":"Brian Helgeland"},{"id":"9646545","text":"to win the award for the same film. Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise first accomplished this feat for co-directing 1961's \"West Side Story\". This was also the second time in Oscar history (the first being 1964's 37th Academy Awards) that none of the four acting winners was American. Daniel Day-Lewis became the eighth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Actress winner Marion Cotillard was the fifth person to win for a non-English speaking performance and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category, after Sophia Loren who won for 1961's \"Two Women\". Cate Blanchett became the eleventh","title":"80th Academy Awards"},{"id":"539333","text":"has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (\"Unforgiven\" and \"Million Dollar Baby\") the other being Warren Beatty (\"Heaven Can Wait\" and \"Reds\"). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with","title":"Clint Eastwood"},{"id":"730849","text":"Warren Beatty Henry Warren Beatty (\"né\" Beaty; born March 30, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for fourteen Academy Awards – four for Best Actor, four for Best Picture, two for Best Director, three for Original Screenplay, and one for Adapted Screenplay – winning Best Director for \"Reds\" (1981). Beatty is the only person to have been nominated for acting in, directing, writing, and producing the same film, and he did so twice: first for \"Heaven Can Wait\" (with Buck Henry as co-director), and again with \"Reds\". Eight of the films he has produced have","title":"Warren Beatty"},{"id":"12258012","text":"You Know\" in 2010, but does not consider himself to be retired. He has also directed three films, including \"The Two Jakes\" (1990), the sequel to \"Chinatown\". Nicholson's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice - one for the drama \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), and the other for the romantic comedy \"As Good as It Gets\" (1997). He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama \"Terms of Endearment\" (1983). Nicholson is one of three","title":"Jack Nicholson"},{"id":"541550","text":"Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \"Tony\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \"Tom Jones\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \"The Hotel New Hampshire\" (1984) and his final film \"Blue Sky\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford, where his contemporaries included Rupert Murdoch, Margaret Thatcher, Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson","title":"Tony Richardson"},{"id":"723338","text":"\"Mrs. Miniver\". He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976. Among those who thanked him for directing","title":"William Wyler"},{"id":"14293022","text":"televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron and directed by Don Mischer. Actor Seth MacFarlane hosted the show for the first time. In related events, the Academy held its 4th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on December 1, 2012. On February 9, 2013, in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Chris Pine and Zoe Saldana. \"Life of Pi\" won four awards including Best Director for Ang Lee. \"Argo\"","title":"85th Academy Awards"},{"id":"2117956","text":"Barry Levinson Barry Levinson (born April 6, 1942) is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor. Levinson's best-known works are mid-budget comedy-drama and drama films such as \"Diner\" (1982); \"The Natural\" (1984); \"Good Morning, Vietnam\" (1987); \"Bugsy\" (1991); and \"Wag the Dog\" (1997). He won the Academy Award for Best Director for \"Rain Man\" (1988) which also won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Levinson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Violet \"Vi\" (née Krichinsky) and Irvin Levinson, who worked in the furniture and appliance business. His family is of Russian Jewish descent. Levinson's first writing work was for","title":"Barry Levinson"},{"id":"11707734","text":"James Poe James Poe (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter. He is best known for his work on the movies \"Around the World in 80 Days\" for which he jointly won an Academy Award in 1956, \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\", \"Summer and Smoke\", \"Lilies of the Field\", and \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\". He also worked as a writer on the radio shows \"Escape\" and \"Suspense\", writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably \"Three Skeleton Key\", \"Blood Bath\" and \"The Present Tense\", all of which starred","title":"James Poe"},{"id":"723301","text":"William Wyler William Wyler (; born Willi Wyler (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was an American film director, producer and screenwriter. Notable works include \"Ben-Hur\" (1959), \"The Best Years of Our Lives\" (1946), and \"Mrs. Miniver\" (1942), all of which won Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture in their respective years, making him the only director of three Best Picture winners as of 2018. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing \"Dodsworth\" in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, \"sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness.\" Film historian","title":"William Wyler"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"618782\",\n \"text\": \"failure of \\\"Taking Off\\\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\"), it firmly established\",\n \"title\": \"Miloš Forman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6763275\",\n \"text\": \"His first collaboration with director Frank Capra was the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle \\\"The Miracle Woman\\\" (1931). Riskin wrote several films for Columbia, but it was his string of hits with Capra that brought him acclaim. Riskin received Academy Award nominations for his screenplays and stories for five Capra films: \\\"Lady for a Day\\\" (1933), which Riskin had adapted from a Damon Runyon short story; \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), for which he won the Oscar\\\"; Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\\\" (1936) with Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur; \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\" (1938) with Lionel Barrymore and James Stewart;\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Riskin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145397\",\n \"text\": \"the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status.\\\" During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin (husband of Fay Wray), and cameraman Joseph Walker. In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's \\\"most admired writer-director team.\\\" Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Capra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552398\",\n \"text\": \"1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was released just four months prior to that enforcement. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" is the first of only three films (the other two being \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\") to win all five major Academy Awards : Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1993, \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". In 2013, the\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"618776\",\n \"text\": \"for the United States, two of his films, \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975) and \\\"Amadeus\\\" (1984), acquired particular renown, and both gained him an Academy Award for Best Director. \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" became the second film to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Leading Role, Actress in Leading Role, Director, and Screenplay) after \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934—an accomplishment not repeated until 1991, by \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\". Forman was also nominated for a Best Director Oscar for \\\"The People vs. Larry Flynt\\\" (1996). He also won Golden Globe,\",\n \"title\": \"Miloš Forman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"718288\",\n \"text\": \"Claudette Colbert Claudette Colbert (pronounced \\\"Coal-BEAR\\\"; born Émilie Claudette Chauchoin; September 13, 1903 – July 30, 1996) was an American stage and film actress and a leading lady in Hollywood for over two decades, and has been called \\\"The mixture of inimitable beauty, sophistication, wit, and vivacity\\\". Colbert began her career in Broadway productions during the late 1920s and progressed to motion pictures with the advent of sound film. Initially associated with Paramount Pictures, she gradually shifted to working as a freelance actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), and received two\",\n \"title\": \"Claudette Colbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"216532\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), and was looking for the right actor to suit his needs—other recent actors in Capra's films such as Clark Gable, Ronald Colman, and Gary Cooper did not quite fit. Not only was Stewart just what he was looking for, but Capra also found Stewart understood that archetype intuitively and required very little directing. Later Capra commented, \\\"I think he's probably the best actor who's ever hit the screen.\\\" \\\"You Can't Take It With You\\\", starring Capra's \\\"favorite actress\\\", comedian Jean Arthur, won the 1938 Best Picture Academy Award. The following year saw Stewart work with\",\n \"title\": \"James Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"523817\",\n \"text\": \"Clark Gable William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor and military officer, often referred to as \\\"The King of Hollywood\\\". He began his career appearing as an extra in silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1930. The next year, he landed his first leading Hollywood role, and over the next three decades, he was a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures. Gable won an Academy Award for Best Actor for \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), and was nominated\",\n \"title\": \"Clark Gable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145380\",\n \"text\": \"from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\" (1938), and \\\"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\\\" (1939); Capra was nominated as Best Director and as producer for Academy Award for Best Picture on all three films, winning both awards on the first two. During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the \\\"Why We Fight\\\" series. After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, such as \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946), performed poorly when\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Capra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13134130\",\n \"text\": \"was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director and Screenplay) following \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 with \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\". It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards. In 1993, the film was deemed \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm\",\n \"title\": \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650259\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Big Five\\\" major categories for picture, directing, lead acting performances, and screenwriting. The other two films to achieve this feat were 1934's \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and 1975's \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eleventh person to win the aforementioned category twice and at the age of 28, became only the second person after Luise Rainer to win two Academy Awards before the age of 30. \\\"Boyz n the Hood\\\"'s John Singleton became the first African-American to be\",\n \"title\": \"64th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552413\",\n \"text\": \"Cohn sent someone to \\\"drag her off\\\" the train, which had not yet left the station, and take her to the ceremony. Colbert arrived wearing a two-piece traveling suit which she had the Paramount Pictures costume designer, Travis Banton, make for her trip. The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was the first film to win the \\\"Big Five\\\" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Writing). , only two other films have achieved this feat: \\\"One\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371527\",\n \"text\": \"Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for \\\"Dangerous\\\" (1935) and \\\"Jezebel\\\" (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934). Spielberg is a major collector of the work of American illustrator and painter Norman Rockwell. A collection of 57 Rockwell paintings and drawings owned by Spielberg and fellow Rockwell collector and film director George Lucas were displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum July 2,\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552414\",\n \"text\": \"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1975 and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" in 1991. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1975. On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500; Spielberg promptly donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy. On June 9 of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's, but no bids were made for it. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \\\"It Happened One\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694712\",\n \"text\": \"Jean Harlow, who had previously appeared in the Howard Hughes film \\\"Hell's Angels\\\", now had a big break and became one of MGM's most admired stars, as well. Despite Miss Harlow's gain, Garbo still was a big star for MGM. Shearer was still a money maker despite screen appearances becoming scarce, and Crawford continued her box-office power until 1937. MGM also received a boost through the man who would become \\\"King of Hollywood\\\", Clark Gable. Gable's career took off to new heights after he won an Oscar for the 1934 Columbia film \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". Mayer and Irving Thalberg's\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18102973\",\n \"text\": \"comedy \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \\\"wonderfully aggravated\\\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \\\"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\\\" (1936) and \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \\\"Crime on Their Hands\\\" (1948).\",\n \"title\": \"Charles C. Wilson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8246910\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934)—receiving an Academy Award for the latter film. As an owner of race horses and a regular at tracks, Riskin was able to effectively capture the atmosphere and dynamics of horse racing and the types of characters common to that environment, such as jockeys, stable hands, and gamblers. While filming at Tanforan Race Track, Capra became dissatisfied with the happy ending of the original script, wanting instead a more bittersweet and ambivalent ending comment on the American success ethic. With Riskin on vacation in Europe and unavailable, Capra invited former Paramount screenwriter Sidney Buchman to\",\n \"title\": \"Broadway Bill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"719159\",\n \"text\": \"date, describing Capra's treatment as \\\"a kinship with his audience, a sense of common life, a morality\\\". \\\"Variety\\\" noted \\\"a sometimes too thin structure [that] the players and director Frank Capra have contrived to convert ... into fairly sturdy substance\\\". This was the first Capra film to be released separately to exhibitors and not \\\"bundled\\\" with other Columbia features. On paper, it was his biggest hit, easily surpassing \\\"It Happened One Night.\\\" It was the 7th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36. Capra won his second Academy Award for Best Director in 1936 for \\\"Mr. Deeds\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7348879\",\n \"text\": \"Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia. The following year, the two events were again on the same night.) Miloš Forman's \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" made a \\\"clean sweep\\\" of the major categories: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Adapted). It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep, following \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934 and preceding \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" in 1991. French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year, making Adjani, 20 at the time, the youngest\",\n \"title\": \"48th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552397\",\n \"text\": \"It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The plot is based on the August 1933 short story \\\"Night Bus\\\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. Classified as a \\\"pre-Code\\\" production, the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPAA began rigidly enforcing the\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9180701\",\n \"text\": \"studio, and they tried to exclude its title from any publicity about Davis. Although her nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress was considered a sure thing by many, she was ignored in favor of Grace Moore for \\\"One Night of Love\\\", Norma Shearer for \\\"The Barretts of Wimpole Street\\\", and eventual winner Claudette Colbert for \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". Angry voters ignored the nominees on their ballots and wrote in Davis's name, and it was later announced that she had come in third after Colbert and Shearer. Price Waterhouse was hired to count the votes and initiated the\",\n \"title\": \"Of Human Bondage (1934 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9267673\",\n \"text\": \"worked on the film since 1930 when he assigned three different writers to come up with three different treatments. By 1931 Thalberg had decided on the one storyline and spent the next four years working on a script with two dozen writers, half a dozen directors and three supervisors. Gable had several temper tantrums on the set, which were tolerated by MGM studio chief Louis B. Mayer because the star had recently won an Academy Award for Best Actor in \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) on a loan-out to Columbia Pictures, and he did not want to risk losing him.\",\n \"title\": \"China Seas (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8115589\",\n \"text\": \"7th Academy Awards The 7th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1934, was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. Frank Capra's influential romantic comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" became the first film to perform a \\\"clean sweep\\\" of the top five award categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay. This feat would later be duplicated by \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1976 and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" in 1992. It also was the first romantic comedy\",\n \"title\": \"7th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8247966\",\n \"text\": \"at the USC School of Cinema-Television. Saxon is arguably best known for the film \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\", which is, to date, the third and last film to sweep the five main categories of Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. (The others are \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\".) Formerly Jonathan Demme's producing partner, his films include \\\"Beloved\\\", \\\"Ulee's Gold\\\", \\\"That Thing You Do!\\\", \\\"The Truth About Charlie\\\", \\\"Married to the Mob\\\", \\\"Miami Blues\\\" and \\\"Philadelphia\\\". After parting ways with Demme, Saxon produced Charlie Kaufman\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Saxon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10753888\",\n \"text\": \"You Can't Run Away from It You Can't Run Away from It is a 1956 Technicolor and CinemaScope musical comedy starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon. Directed and produced by Dick Powell, the film is a remake of the 1934 Academy Award-winning film \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". The supporting cast features Charles Bickford, Jim Backus, Stubby Kaye, Jack Albertson and Howard McNear. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" had also been remade as a musical comedy in 1945 as \\\"Eve Knew Her Apples\\\". Because she married an international playboy, Ellie Andrews (June Allyson) is kidnapped by her own father, Texas cattleman A.\",\n \"title\": \"You Can't Run Away from It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1026584\",\n \"text\": \"The airport was used in the filming of \\\"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, World\\\" in 1963. The airport closed by 1965-66, and the land remained empty until 1991 when Shapell Industries constructed Rancho Conejo Village homes. The former site is northwest of the intersection of Lawrence Drive and Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park. Due to the temperate climate and relatively close proximity to the studios in Hollywood, a number of movies and television series have been filmed in Thousand Oaks. Thousand Oaks Boulevard can for instance be seen in the Oscar-winning film \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), while\",\n \"title\": \"Thousand Oaks, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9718331\",\n \"text\": \"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". The film won all five top Academy Awards including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Goldman. This was the first film to win the top five awards since Frank Capra's \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934. For his work on the film Goldman also received the Writers Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award. He next wrote \\\"The Rose\\\" (1979), which was nominated for four Academy Awards. This was followed by his original screenplay \\\"Melvin and Howard\\\" (1980) which garnered Goldman his second Oscar, second Writers Guild Award, and the New York Film\",\n \"title\": \"Bo Goldman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20249325\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Riskin Victoria Riskin (born November 18, 1945) is an American author, psychologist, television writer and producer, and human rights activist. Riskin was born in the Bel-Air suburb of Los Angeles, the daughter of Academy Award-winning screenwriter Robert Riskin, whose films include It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and Lost Horizon (1937), and actress Fay Wray, best known for her role as Ann Darrow in King Kong (1933). She is the author of a forthcoming memoir and dual biography, Fay Wray and Robert Riskin: A Hollywood Memoir, to be released by Pantheon on February 26,\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Riskin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11000103\",\n \"text\": \"Roscoe Karns Roscoe Karns (September 7, 1891 – February 6, 1970) was an American actor who appeared in nearly 150 films between 1915 and 1964. He specialized in cynical, wise-cracking (and often tipsy) characters, and his rapid-fire delivery enlivened many comedies and crime thrillers in the 1930s and 1940s. Though he appeared in numerous silent films, such as \\\"Wings\\\" and \\\"Beggars of Life\\\", his career didn't really take off until sound arrived. Arguably his best-known film role was the annoying bus passenger Oscar Shapeley, who tries to pick up Claudette Colbert in the Oscar-winning comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934),\",\n \"title\": \"Roscoe Karns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4312340\",\n \"text\": \"made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with \\\"Daddy\\\", a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher. Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit \\\"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin\\\" (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust. Her most well-known films in the 1990s included \\\"Sadak\\\" opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), \\\"Junoon\\\", \\\"Jaanam\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Pooja Bhatt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552416\",\n \"text\": \"In the film, a minor character, Oscar Shapely, continually calls the Gable character \\\"Doc\\\", an imaginary character named \\\"Bugs Dooley\\\" is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely, and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full, as Bugs does. The film has inspired a number of remakes, including the musicals \\\"Eve Knew Her Apples\\\" (1945) starring Ann Miller and \\\"You Can't Run Away from It\\\" (1956) starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon, which was directed and produced by Dick Powell. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was adapted as a radio play\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1756442\",\n \"text\": \"(Worst Director). Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend: Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, and Sandra Bullock in 2010, although all three for different films. Two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco (\\\"Only When I Laugh\\\") and Amy Irving (\\\"Yentl\\\"). Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s \\\"The Jazz Singer\\\", was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role. The Aerosmith song \\\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\\\", as part of the original soundtrack to the 1998 film \\\"Armageddon\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Golden Raspberry Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552412\",\n \"text\": \"initial run. However, after it was released to the secondary movie houses, word-of-mouth began to spread and ticket sales became brisk, especially in smaller towns where the film's characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury. It turned out to be a major box office smash, easily Columbia's biggest hit to date. In 1935, after her Academy Award nomination, Colbert decided not to attend the presentation, feeling confident that she would not win the award, and instead, planned to take a cross-country railroad trip. After she was named the winner, studio chief Harry\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"710094\",\n \"text\": \"Actress but lost to Katharine Hepburn in \\\"Morning Glory\\\", and Robert Riskin lost the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay to Sarah Y. Mason and Victor Heerman for \\\"Little Women\\\". Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, \\\"Come up and get it, Frank!\\\" Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \\\"Cavalcade\\\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.\",\n \"title\": \"Lady for a Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18713215\",\n \"text\": \"Oscars, \\\"Spotlight\\\" was the first film since 1952's \\\"The Greatest Show on Earth\\\" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's \\\"Rocky\\\", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for \\\"Gravity\\\" and \\\"Birdman\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"88th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8616530\",\n \"text\": \"Lowell Sherman Lowell J. Sherman (October 11, 1888 – December 28, 1934) was an American actor and film director. In an unusual practice for the time, he served as both actor and director on several films in the early 1930s. He later turned exclusively to directing. Having scored huge successes directing the films \\\"She Done Him Wrong\\\" (starring Mae West) and \\\"Morning Glory\\\" (which won Katharine Hepburn her first Academy Award), he was at the height of his career when he died after a brief illness. Born in San Francisco in 1888 to John Sherman and Julia Louise Gray(1870-1956), who\",\n \"title\": \"Lowell Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5874113\",\n \"text\": \"sci-fi war film \\\"Rogue One\\\", directed by Gareth Edwards. It is a prequel to the 1977 classic \\\"Star Wars\\\". Gilroy shared writing duties with fellow filmmaker Chris Weitz. Gilroy's directorial debut was in 2007, when he directed the film \\\"Michael Clayton\\\", which his brother John Gilroy edited. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. In addition to its Edgar Award, the film won one Oscar, for Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton). The film was a box-office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide. He also wrote and directed his next film, \\\"Duplicity\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Gilroy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12852811\",\n \"text\": \"Best Picture winners: \\\"The Broadway Melody\\\" (1929), \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) and \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\" (1938). Late in his career, Kane made a few appearances on television including the role of Mr. Monahan, Ralph Kramden's Gotham Bus Company boss on \\\"The Honeymooners\\\". Kane retired after the 1950s and died of a heart attack at his home in Los Angeles in 1969. List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners Eddie Kane Eddie Kane (August 12, 1889 – April 30, 1969) was an American actor who appeared in over 250 productions from\",\n \"title\": \"Eddie Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"737264\",\n \"text\": \"in visual effects; i.e., five films produced by George Pal, five by director/producer George Lucas, five by director James Cameron (who began his career in Hollywood as an effects technician), four by directors Richard Fleischer, Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson, and three by director Robert Zemeckis. Stanley Kubrick's only Oscar win was in this category, for 1968's \\\"\\\". The film's credits list four effects contributors, including Douglas Trumbull. However, according to the rules of the Academy in effect at the time, only three persons could be nominated for their work on a single film, which would have resulted in the\",\n \"title\": \"Academy Award for Best Visual Effects\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9709061\",\n \"text\": \"I said, 'Kate when you’re simple, you’re devastating.' She was adorable about it\\\". The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture; Hepburn won the Academy Award for Best Actress (with Barbra Streisand, the only time this has been a joint award) and Harvey was nominated for a Best Director Oscar and won Best Director at the Golden Globes, as well as several other major awards. It was the screen debuts actors Anthony Hopkins and Timothy Dalton. Harvey later fondly recalled the deep familial rapport that developed among the cast, and\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Harvey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"730347\",\n \"text\": \"a further 10 FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight. Since their invention, autogyros have appeared in many works of fiction. Appearances where the autogyro features as a significant part of the story include: In the film \\\"International House\\\" (1933), W. C. Fields's character flies around the globe in his autogyro \\\"The Spirit of Brooklyn\\\". In \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) starring Clark Gable, his love interest's husband-to-be arrives at the wedding in a Kellett K-3 Autogiro NC12691.. This was a particularly high-profile movie as it was the first to win the so-called Big Five Academy Awards.\",\n \"title\": \"Autogyro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552420\",\n \"text\": \"is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne. As he sneaks through German-occupied France, several plot points run parallel to that of \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews. Notes Bibliography Streaming audio It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9236444\",\n \"text\": \"of the film, was impressed with Haller’s work on \\\"Jezebel\\\" that he replaced the former cinematographer Lee Garmes, who left the production after a month of shooting due to creative differences. Haller’s work earned him his first and only Academy Awards along with the Technicolor Associates Ray Rennahan and Wilfred M. Cline. The film was a success, also winning awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress and Supporting Actress. Working closely with Bette Davis and earning two nominations for photographing her in \\\"Jezebel\\\" and \\\"All This, and Heaven Too\\\", Haller also developed a strong relationship with Joan Crawford. He\",\n \"title\": \"Ernest Haller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650474\",\n \"text\": \"outside the United States. Best Actor winner Michael Douglas became the second person to win Oscars for both acting and producing; he previously won a Best Picture award as co-producer of \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The award honors “creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high quality of motion picture production.” The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. In view of the 60th anniversary of the Academy Awards, the Academy hired film producer Samuel Goldwyn\",\n \"title\": \"60th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1495132\",\n \"text\": \"cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the second tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists and Universal. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was a horizontally integrated company. It controlled production and distribution; it did not own any theaters. Helping Columbia's climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra. Between 1927 and 1939, Capra constantly pushed Cohn for better material and bigger budgets. A string of hits he directed in the early and mid 1930s solidified Columbia's status as a major studio. In particular, \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", which nearly swept\",\n \"title\": \"Columbia Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"696133\",\n \"text\": \"1980, Howard made his directing debut with the 1977 low-budget comedy/action film \\\"Grand Theft Auto\\\". This came after cutting a deal with Roger Corman, wherein Corman let Howard direct a film in exchange for Howard starring in \\\"Eat My Dust!\\\", with Christopher Norris. Howard went on to direct several TV movies. His big theatrical break came in 1982, with \\\"Night Shift\\\", featuring Michael Keaton, Shelley Long, and Henry Winkler. He has since directed a number of high-visibility films, including \\\"Splash\\\", \\\"Cocoon\\\", \\\"Willow\\\", \\\"Parenthood\\\", \\\"Backdraft\\\", \\\"Apollo 13\\\", \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\\\", \\\"A Beautiful Mind\\\" (for which he won the Academy\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5401460\",\n \"text\": \"of Life\\\", a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio. Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of \\\"A Star Is Born\\\". He was nominated as best director three times, for \\\"A Star Is Born\\\", \\\"Battleground\\\" and \\\"The High and Mighty\\\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.\",\n \"title\": \"William A. Wellman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"251696\",\n \"text\": \"Christ\\\" (1988), the crime film \\\"Goodfellas\\\" (1990), the psychological thriller \\\"Cape Fear\\\" (1991) and the crime film \\\"Casino\\\" (1995), some of which he collaborated on with actor and close friend Robert De Niro. Scorsese has also been noted for his successful collaborations with actor Leonardo DiCaprio, having directed him in five films, beginning with \\\"Gangs of New York\\\" (2002) and most recently \\\"The Wolf of Wall Street\\\" (2013). Their third film together, \\\"The Departed\\\" (2006), won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the film winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Scorsese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18036918\",\n \"text\": \"nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. \\\"Birdman\\\" was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since \\\"Ordinary People\\\" (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming \\\"Gravity\\\". At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on \\\"Gravity\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"87th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1508399\",\n \"text\": \"trois\\\" with Fredric March and Gary Cooper. She also had success during the remainder of the decade with the romantic comedy \\\"The Richest Girl in the World\\\" (1934), the historical drama \\\"Becky Sharp\\\" (1935), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, \\\"Barbary Coast\\\" (1935), \\\"These Three\\\" (1936) (the first of four films with director William Wyler), and \\\"The Old Maid\\\" (1939). Hopkins was one of the first actresses approached to play the role of Ellie Andrews in \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934). However, she rejected the part, and Claudette Colbert was cast, instead. She did\",\n \"title\": \"Miriam Hopkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582221\",\n \"text\": \"Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \\\"Out of Africa\\\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\" (1969) and \\\"Tootsie\\\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known works include \\\"Jeremiah Johnson\\\" (1972), \\\"The Way We Were\\\" (1973), \\\"Three Days of the Condor\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Pollack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3060301\",\n \"text\": \"was settled, with Warner Bros. and Fogerty changing the title and lyric to \\\"Vanz Kant Danz\\\". Zaentz lost on the copyright issue when a jury found Fogerty not liable. Fogerty in turn claimed the label misled him about investing and managing his earnings from royalties, resulting in a devastating financial loss. Years later, when Zaentz sold his interest in Fantasy, Fogerty almost immediately re-signed with the label. Zaentz received the Best Picture Oscar for three films, two of them directed by Miloš Forman—\\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975) and \\\"Amadeus\\\" (1984)—as well as for \\\"The English Patient\\\" (1996), directed\",\n \"title\": \"Saul Zaentz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3813017\",\n \"text\": \"played non-speaking roles. By the 1930s, Flowers was in constant demand. Her appearances ranged from Alfred Hitchcock and John Ford thrillers to comedic roles alongside of Charley Chase, the Three Stooges, Leon Errol, Edgar Kennedy, and Laurel and Hardy. She appeared in the following five films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", \\\"You Can't Take it with You\\\", \\\"All About Eve\\\", \\\"The Greatest Show on Earth\\\", and \\\"Around the World in Eighty Days\\\". In each of these movies, Flowers was uncredited. Including these five movies, she had appeared in twenty-three Best Picture nominees in\",\n \"title\": \"Bess Flowers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371470\",\n \"text\": \"World War II film \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\", about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's \\\"Armageddon\\\"). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18088059\",\n \"text\": \"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick directed 13 feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career, from \\\"Day of the Fight\\\" in 1951 to \\\"Eyes Wide Shut\\\" in 1999. Many of Kubrick's films were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globes, but his only personal win of an Academy Award was for his work as director of special effects on \\\"\\\". Two scholarly books that are comparative critical studies of Kubrick's work discuss \\\"A.I.\\\" and even list it in their filmography. A book on the making of the film with a foreword by Spielberg\",\n \"title\": \"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"360413\",\n \"text\": \"notoriety among actors, many of Kubrick's films broke new ground in cinematography. The scientific realism and innovative special effects of \\\"\\\" (1968) were without precedent in the history of cinema, and the film earned him his only personal Oscar, for Best Visual Effects. Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation's \\\"big bang\\\", and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film \\\"Barry Lyndon\\\" (1975), Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, to film scenes under natural candlelight. With \\\"The Shining\\\" (1980), he became one of the first directors\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Kubrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694727\",\n \"text\": \"Fair Lady\\\" and \\\"Camelot\\\". \\\"Gigi\\\" was a box-office and critical success which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. From it came several hit songs, including \\\"Thank Heaven For Little Girls\\\", \\\"I Remember It Well\\\", the \\\"Waltz at Maxim's\\\", and the Oscar-winning title song. The film was the last MGM musical to win a Best Picture Oscar, an honor that had previously gone to \\\"The Broadway Melody\\\" (1929), \\\"The Great Ziegfeld\\\" (1936), and \\\"An American in Paris\\\" (1951). The very last musical film produced by the \\\"Freed Unit\\\" was an adaptation of the Broadway musical \\\"Bells Are Ringing\\\" (1960) with\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296704\",\n \"text\": \"Tony awards. This collection of all four is referred to as an \\\"EGOT\\\". He is one of only two people to have won those four prizes and a Pulitzer Prize (Richard Rodgers is the other). He is one of ten people to win three or more Oscars in one night and the only one other than a director or screenwriter to do so. Hamlisch also won two Golden Globes. He earned ten Golden Globe Award nominations, winning twice for Best Original Song, with \\\"Life Is What You Make It\\\" in 1972 and \\\"The Way We Were\\\" in 1974. He also\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin Hamlisch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7349311\",\n \"text\": \"1937 (\\\"The Good Earth\\\"), and Spencer Tracy in 1937 (\\\"Captains Courageous\\\") and 1938 (\\\"Boys Town\\\"). The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for \\\"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\\\". As the special effects director and designer for \\\"\\\", Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win. Cliff Robertson's performance in \\\"Charly\\\" was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. When he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, it engendered some controversy: less than two weeks after the ceremony, \\\"TIME\\\" mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"41st Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"720667\",\n \"text\": \"director in history to receive this award, at the age of 32 for his work on \\\"La La Land\\\". Two directing teams have shared the award; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for \\\"West Side Story\\\" in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for \\\"No Country for Old Men\\\" in 2007. The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award. Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award, for 2009's \\\"The Hurt Locker\\\". As of the 2018 ceremony, Guillermo del Toro is the most recent winner in this category for his work on \\\"The Shape\",\n \"title\": \"Academy Award for Best Director\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7301519\",\n \"text\": \"ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. \\\"Crash\\\" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's \\\"Rocky\\\" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his\",\n \"title\": \"78th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2389873\",\n \"text\": \"film festivals. Most notably he won the Best Director award at Cannes for \\\"Naked\\\" in 1993 and the \\\"Palme d'Or\\\" in 1996 for \\\"Secrets & Lies\\\". He won the Leone d'Oro for the best film at the International Venice Film Festival in 2004 with \\\"Vera Drake\\\". He has been nominated for the Academy Award seven times, twice each for \\\"Secrets & Lies\\\" and \\\"Vera Drake\\\" (Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing) and once for \\\"Topsy-Turvy\\\", \\\"Happy-Go-Lucky\\\", and \\\"Another Year\\\" (Best Original Screenplay only). He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. Leigh was selected\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Leigh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4950076\",\n \"text\": \"Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Anna and the King of Siam\\\" (1946), \\\"The Robe\\\" (1953), \\\"The King and I\\\" (1956) and \\\"The Diary of Anne Frank\\\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936 he was hired by David O. Selznick to work as a set designer for Selznick's motion picture production company. Wheeler proved to be a creative genius\",\n \"title\": \"Lyle R. Wheeler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1474677\",\n \"text\": \"1934 in film The following is an overview of 1934 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths. The 7th Academy Awards was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. For the first time, the Academy standardized the practice – still in effect – that the award eligibility period for a film would be the preceding calendar year. Most nominations: \\\"One Night of Love\\\" (Columbia Pictures) - 6 Major Awards Most Awards: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" - 5 \\\"It Happened\",\n \"title\": \"1934 in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"898016\",\n \"text\": \"Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, where he directed ten actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for \\\"Sons of Liberty\\\" and once as Best Director for \\\"Casablanca\\\". Curtiz introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles.\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Curtiz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12358231\",\n \"text\": \"Academy Award for Best Director. In 2013, he was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Lee next directed \\\"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\\\" based on the novel of the same name. It was his first film since winning the Oscar for Best Director for \\\"Life of Pi\\\". The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike. In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to\",\n \"title\": \"Ang Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"898085\",\n \"text\": \"epics in Europe, called him \\\"Warner Brothers' greatest director.\\\" He directed 10 actors to Oscar nominations: Paul Muni, John Garfield, James Cagney, Walter Huston, Humphrey Bogart, Claude Raines, Joan Crawford, Ann Blyth, Eve Arden, and William Powell. Cagney and Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction, with Cagney on TV later attributing part of his success to \\\"the unforgettable Michael Curtiz.\\\" Curtiz himself was nominated five times and won as Best Director for \\\"Casablanca\\\". He earned a reputation as a harsh taskmaster to his actors, as he micromanaged every detail on the set. With his background as director\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Curtiz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723433\",\n \"text\": \"considered too long, it was nominated for an Academy Award. Movie historian James Harvey notes that in some respects \\\"It's a Wonderful World\\\" is an even more accomplished film –the comedy counterpart to the supremely assured and high-spirited work Van Dyke had accomplished with \\\"San Francisco\\\" (1936). \\\"Ben Hecht, another speed specialist, wrote the screenplay (from a story by Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz); it's in his \\\"Front Page\\\" vein, with admixtures of \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"Bringing Up Baby\\\", as well as surprising adumbrations of the nineteen-forties private-eye film. \\\"Angels Over Broadway\\\" was one of only two movies he\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Hecht\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4769\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ran\\\" for competition to a misunderstanding: because of the Academy's arcane rules, no one was sure whether \\\"Ran\\\" qualified as a \\\"Japanese\\\" film, a \\\"French\\\" film (due to its financing), or both, so it was not submitted at all. In response to what at least appeared to be a blatant snub by his own countrymen, the director Sidney Lumet led a successful campaign to have Kurosawa receive an Oscar nomination for Best Director that year (Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award for directing \\\"Out of Africa\\\"). \\\"Ran\\\"s costume designer, Emi Wada, won the movie's only Oscar. \\\"Kagemusha\\\" and \\\"Ran\\\", particularly\",\n \"title\": \"Akira Kurosawa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582232\",\n \"text\": \"his ashes were scattered along the runway at the Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles. Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \\\"Out of Africa\\\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\" (1969) and \\\"Tootsie\\\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Pollack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"545660\",\n \"text\": \"dying. Huston agreed, and the ending was rewritten. It became Huston's most successful film financially, and \\\"it remains one of his finest works.\\\" Huston was nominated for two Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Bogart, meanwhile, won his only Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Charlie Allnut. Hepburn wrote about her experiences shooting the film in her memoir, \\\"The Making of the African Queen: Or How I went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall, and Huston and almost lost my mind\\\". Clint Eastwood directed and starred in the film \\\"White Hunter, Black Heart\\\", based on Peter Viertel's novel\",\n \"title\": \"John Huston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"524951\",\n \"text\": \"character traits for Raymond. Denby noted: \\\"Hoffman, looking suddenly older and smaller, has developed a small shuffling walk for Raymond, with shoulder bent. His eyes don't make contact with anyone else's, and he flattens his voice to a dry nasal bark.\\\" \\\"Rain Man\\\" won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Hoffman, and Best Director for Barry Levinson. Having worked closely with Hoffman for two years on filming, Levinson offered some opinions about his skill as an actor: After \\\"Rain Man\\\", Hoffman appeared with Sean Connery and Matthew Broderick in \\\"Family Business\\\" (1989), directed by Sidney Lumet. The\",\n \"title\": \"Dustin Hoffman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4652880\",\n \"text\": \"performances in films directed by the same person. She first won in that same category for her role in Woody Allen's 1986 film \\\"Hannah and Her Sisters\\\". \\\"Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life\\\" and \\\"Trevor\\\"s joint win in the Best Live Action Short category marked the fifth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Despite earning critical praise for\",\n \"title\": \"67th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1687710\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Zemeckis Robert Lee Zemeckis (; born May 14, 1952) is an American film director, film producer, and screenwriter frequently credited as an innovator in visual effects. He first came to public attention in the 1980s as the director of \\\"Romancing the Stone\\\" (1984) and the science-fiction comedy \\\"Back to the Future\\\" film trilogy, as well as the live-action/animated comedy \\\"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\\\" (1988). In the 1990s he directed \\\"Death Becomes Her\\\" and then diversified into more dramatic fare, including 1994's \\\"Forrest Gump\\\", for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director. The film itself won Best Picture.\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Zemeckis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371467\",\n \"text\": \"effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \\\"Schindler's List\\\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \\\"Schindler's List\\\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539334\",\n \"text\": \"Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in \\\"Unforgiven\\\", Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in \\\"Mystic River\\\", and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in \\\"Million Dollar Baby\\\". On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Eastwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3617318\",\n \"text\": \"was unable to shake off its stigma as a Poverty Row studio until 1934, when director Frank Capra's Columbia comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" swept the Academy Awards. Exhibitors who formerly wouldn't touch Columbia product became steady customers. As a horizontally integrated company that only controlled production and distribution, Columbia had previously been at the mercy of theater owners. Columbia expanded its scope to offer moviegoers a regular program of economically made features, short subjects, serials, travelogues, sports reels, and cartoons. Columbia would release a few \\\"class\\\" productions each year (\\\"Lost Horizon\\\", \\\"Holiday\\\", \\\"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\\\",\\\"The Jolson Story\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Cohn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7349037\",\n \"text\": \"nominations in a single acting category). Between the two of them, father and son Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola won four awards, with Carmine winning for Best Original Dramatic Score (with Nino Rota) and Francis for Picture, Director, and Best Screenplay Adapted from Other Material (with Mario Puzo). This was the only Oscars where all nominees in one category were released by the same studio: all five Best Costume Design nominations were for films released by Paramount Pictures. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). These films had multiple nominations: The following films\",\n \"title\": \"47th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19313451\",\n \"text\": \"Tony wins. At the age of thirty-two years and thirty-eight days, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was only two hundred and twenty-two days older than Chazelle when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy \\\"Skippy\\\". Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for \\\"Hacksaw Ridge\\\". \\\"Moonlight\\\"s Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for \\\"12 Years a Slave\\\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double\",\n \"title\": \"89th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3928237\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Stevenson (director) Robert Edward Stevenson (31 March 1905 – 30 April 1986) was an English film writer and director. After directing a number of British films, including \\\"King Solomon's Mines\\\" (1937), he was given a contract by David O. Selznick and moved to Hollywood in the 1940s. He ended up directing 19 films for the Walt Disney Company in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, becoming the most commercially successful director in the history of film. Stevenson is best remembered for directing the Julie Andrews musical \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), for which Andrews won the Academy Award for Best Actress and\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Stevenson (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11838408\",\n \"text\": \"it then, but I was meeting the Barry Fitzgerald character in \\\"Going My Way.\\\"\\\" When Msgr. Conneally died in 1949, a newspaper wrote: \\\"Mr. McCarey said that the monsignor was a frequent visitor at his home. The priest's many anecdotes about his work in the parish and St. Monica's School gave the director the idea it would make a good film story. It did.\\\" \\\"Going My Way\\\" won seven Academy Awards including best picture, director, original story, original screenplay, song (\\\"Swinging on a Star\\\"), actor (Bing Crosby) and supporting actor (Fitzgerald in the role of the older priest). In 2004,\",\n \"title\": \"St. Monica Catholic Church (Santa Monica, California)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"541559\",\n \"text\": \"Sky\\\", was released posthumously and won a Best Actress Oscar for Jessica Lange. \\\"sources: Adler; Little & McLaughlin; Richardson\\\" Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \\\"Tony\\\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \\\"Tom Jones\\\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \\\"The Hotel New Hampshire\\\" (1984) and his final film \\\"Blue Sky\\\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Richardson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14924551\",\n \"text\": \"Verne Mason Verne Rheem Mason (August 8, 1889 – November 16, 1965) was an eminent American internist and associate of Howard Hughes. Mason was chairman of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's medical advisory committee. Born at Wapello, Iowa, in 1889, Mason received a B.S. from University of California, Berkeley, in 1911, and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1915. As a medical resident at Hopkins in 1922 Mason gave the disease sickle cell anemia its name. When motion picture director Frank Capra fell ill with a mysterious fever after completing \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", Columbia Pictures chief Harry Cohn\",\n \"title\": \"Verne Mason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2796400\",\n \"text\": \"deserved his Oscars for \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\": \\\"It seemed in the spring of 1979, following the Oscar ceremony, there was a sense in the industry that if the Academy could have taken back their votes — which saw \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\" and director Michael Cimino winning for Best Picture and Best Director — they would have done so.\\\" Peter Biskind described Cimino in relation to \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\" as \\\"our first, home-grown fascist director, our own Leni Riefenstahl\\\". Cimino was known for giving exaggerated, misleading and conflicting (or simply tongue-in-cheek) stories about himself, his background and his filmmaking experiences. \\\"When\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Cimino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2727155\",\n \"text\": \"presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon. Bond died three days before Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon. Bond appears in more of the films on both the original and the tenth anniversary edition of the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies lists than any other actor, albeit always as a supporting player: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), \\\"Bringing Up Baby\\\" (1938), \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"The Grapes of Wrath\\\" (1940), \\\"The Maltese Falcon\\\" (1941), \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946), and \\\"The Searchers\\\" (1956). Bond is also in 13 films that were nominated for the Academy Award for Best\",\n \"title\": \"Ward Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13275775\",\n \"text\": \"1945 and was assigned to rebuild the Bavaria Film Studios. From 1951 he was working for United Artists and was responsible for the movie rental in Europe and South Africa. He also started to produce movies himself. In 1973 he became president of United Artists. Under his presidency United Artists won the Academy Award (\\\"Oscar\\\") for the best picture three years in a row (1975: \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\", 1976: \\\"Rocky\\\", 1977: \\\"Annie Hall\\\"). In 1978, Pleskow left United Artists and built up Orion Pictures, which he directed until 1992. Their greatest successes under his management were \\\"Amadeus\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Pleskow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4950080\",\n \"text\": \"Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles. The art direction of Lyle Wheeler was often recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Anna and the King of Siam\\\" (1946), \\\"The Robe\\\" (1953), \\\"The King and I\\\" (1956) and \\\"The Diary of Anne Frank\\\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936\",\n \"title\": \"Lyle R. Wheeler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"720250\",\n \"text\": \"drama \\\"Brubaker\\\" (1980), playing a prison warden attempting to reform the system, and the baseball drama \\\"The Natural\\\" (1984). Redford continued his involvement in mainstream Hollywood movies, though with a newfound focus on directing. The first film he directed, \\\"Ordinary People\\\", which followed the disintegration of an upper-class American family after the death of a son, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, including Best Director for Redford himself, and Best Picture. His follow-up directorial project, \\\"The Milagro Beanfield War\\\" (1987), failed to generate the same level of attention. Sydney Pollack's\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Redford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723260\",\n \"text\": \"Lewis Milestone Lewis Milestone (born Leib Milstein; September 30, 1895 – September 25, 1980) was a Russian-born American motion picture director. He is known for directing \\\"Two Arabian Knights\\\" (1927) and \\\"All Quiet on the Western Front\\\" (1930), both of which received Academy Awards for Best Director. He also directed \\\"The Front Page\\\" (1931 – nomination), \\\"The General Died at Dawn\\\" (1936), \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" (1939), \\\"Ocean's 11\\\" (1960), and received the directing credit for \\\"Mutiny on the Bounty\\\" (1962), though Marlon Brando largely appropriated his responsibilities during its production. Milestone was born in Kishinev, in the Bessarabia Governorate\",\n \"title\": \"Lewis Milestone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2394632\",\n \"text\": \"Only one person had previously achieved the dubious feat (Alan Menken in 1993), and only one other (Sandra Bullock in 2010) has achieved it since. He accepted the Razzie and became only the fourth person in its history to be personally presented with the statuette. He keeps the statues of both the Oscar and the Razzie on his mantle as \\\"a reminder of Hollywood's idealistic nature and unrealistic expectations.\\\" Helgeland wrote and directed the films \\\"A Knight's Tale\\\" (2001), \\\"The Order\\\" (2003) and \\\"42\\\" (2013). He has worked with director Clint Eastwood twice, in 2002 on\\\" Blood Work\\\", and in\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Helgeland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9646545\",\n \"text\": \"to win the award for the same film. Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise first accomplished this feat for co-directing 1961's \\\"West Side Story\\\". This was also the second time in Oscar history (the first being 1964's 37th Academy Awards) that none of the four acting winners was American. Daniel Day-Lewis became the eighth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Actress winner Marion Cotillard was the fifth person to win for a non-English speaking performance and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category, after Sophia Loren who won for 1961's \\\"Two Women\\\". Cate Blanchett became the eleventh\",\n \"title\": \"80th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539333\",\n \"text\": \"has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (\\\"Unforgiven\\\" and \\\"Million Dollar Baby\\\") the other being Warren Beatty (\\\"Heaven Can Wait\\\" and \\\"Reds\\\"). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Eastwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"730849\",\n \"text\": \"Warren Beatty Henry Warren Beatty (\\\"né\\\" Beaty; born March 30, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for fourteen Academy Awards – four for Best Actor, four for Best Picture, two for Best Director, three for Original Screenplay, and one for Adapted Screenplay – winning Best Director for \\\"Reds\\\" (1981). Beatty is the only person to have been nominated for acting in, directing, writing, and producing the same film, and he did so twice: first for \\\"Heaven Can Wait\\\" (with Buck Henry as co-director), and again with \\\"Reds\\\". Eight of the films he has produced have\",\n \"title\": \"Warren Beatty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12258012\",\n \"text\": \"You Know\\\" in 2010, but does not consider himself to be retired. He has also directed three films, including \\\"The Two Jakes\\\" (1990), the sequel to \\\"Chinatown\\\". Nicholson's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice - one for the drama \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975), and the other for the romantic comedy \\\"As Good as It Gets\\\" (1997). He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama \\\"Terms of Endearment\\\" (1983). Nicholson is one of three\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Nicholson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"541550\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \\\"Tony\\\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \\\"Tom Jones\\\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \\\"The Hotel New Hampshire\\\" (1984) and his final film \\\"Blue Sky\\\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford, where his contemporaries included Rupert Murdoch, Margaret Thatcher, Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Richardson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723338\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mrs. Miniver\\\". He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976. Among those who thanked him for directing\",\n \"title\": \"William Wyler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14293022\",\n \"text\": \"televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron and directed by Don Mischer. Actor Seth MacFarlane hosted the show for the first time. In related events, the Academy held its 4th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on December 1, 2012. On February 9, 2013, in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Chris Pine and Zoe Saldana. \\\"Life of Pi\\\" won four awards including Best Director for Ang Lee. \\\"Argo\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"85th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2117956\",\n \"text\": \"Barry Levinson Barry Levinson (born April 6, 1942) is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor. Levinson's best-known works are mid-budget comedy-drama and drama films such as \\\"Diner\\\" (1982); \\\"The Natural\\\" (1984); \\\"Good Morning, Vietnam\\\" (1987); \\\"Bugsy\\\" (1991); and \\\"Wag the Dog\\\" (1997). He won the Academy Award for Best Director for \\\"Rain Man\\\" (1988) which also won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Levinson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Violet \\\"Vi\\\" (née Krichinsky) and Irvin Levinson, who worked in the furniture and appliance business. His family is of Russian Jewish descent. Levinson's first writing work was for\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Levinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11707734\",\n \"text\": \"James Poe James Poe (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter. He is best known for his work on the movies \\\"Around the World in 80 Days\\\" for which he jointly won an Academy Award in 1956, \\\"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\\\", \\\"Summer and Smoke\\\", \\\"Lilies of the Field\\\", and \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\". He also worked as a writer on the radio shows \\\"Escape\\\" and \\\"Suspense\\\", writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably \\\"Three Skeleton Key\\\", \\\"Blood Bath\\\" and \\\"The Present Tense\\\", all of which starred\",\n \"title\": \"James Poe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723301\",\n \"text\": \"William Wyler William Wyler (; born Willi Wyler (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was an American film director, producer and screenwriter. Notable works include \\\"Ben-Hur\\\" (1959), \\\"The Best Years of Our Lives\\\" (1946), and \\\"Mrs. Miniver\\\" (1942), all of which won Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture in their respective years, making him the only director of three Best Picture winners as of 2018. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing \\\"Dodsworth\\\" in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, \\\"sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness.\\\" Film historian\",\n \"title\": \"William Wyler\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Miloš Forman context: failure of \\\"Taking Off\\\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\"), it firmly established\\n\\nWho won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 192,\n \"origin_tokens\": 192,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Charles C. Wilson (actor) context: comedy \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \\\"wonderfully aggravated\\\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \\\"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\\\" (1936) and \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \\\"Crime on Their Hands\\\" (1948).\\n\\ntitle William A. Wellman context: a silent film starring Wallace Beery Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks sound was added to Beery' introductory scene at behest of Param Studio. Well reportedly hung a microphone from a broom Beery walk and within the scene, avoiding the shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, the story of \\\"A Star Is Born\\\". He was as best director three times, for Star Is Born\\\", \\\"Battleground\\\" and \\\"The High and Mighty\\\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.\\ntitle: It Happened One Night: initial. However, it was released the houses-of- began to spread and ticket became br, especially in smaller towns where the's and simple rom struck a ch with moviego who were not surrounded by lux. It turned to be major box smash, hit to date.19, Award nomination not to presentation feeling confident she win and cross-. she was named the winner Harry\\n: Act but lostburn \\\"\\\", and Robertin to\\\". Willers presented Award Best Director, and when the his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \\\"Cavalcade\\\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.\\n\\nWho won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 487,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15038,\n \"ratio\": \"30.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":182,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":182,"string":"182"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"If it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1 am","E-24 m","10 femtometres","1E-19m","1E-22 m","1E-21m","10zm","Ten attometers","100am","E-19 m","1E-16 m","10 femtometers","One femtometer","One hundred attometres","1 e-22 m","1e-23 metres","One hundred yoctometers","1e-14 m","10 yoctometres","1 E -15 m","E-14 m","One hundred zeptometers","100zm","1 e-19 m","One hundred femtometers","1e-21 m","E-23 m","Lengths between 1 E-17 m and 1 E-16 m","1E-18m","Lengths between 1 E-22 m and 1 E-21 m","1 fm","Ten attometres","1 E-15 m","1 E-21 m","Lengths between 1 E-21 m and 1 E-20 m","10 fm","One zeptometre","E-15 m","1 E-19 m","E-18 m","1 E -20 m","1e-18 metres","1e-13 metres","1 E-24 m","1e-19 metres","1E-13 m","1am","One quintillionth meter","1 zeptometer","Lengths between 1 E-23 m and 1 E-22 m","1 zm","1E-23m","1E-15 m","1 E-22 m","1 E -24 m","Femtometers","1 E -22 m","1e-13 m","One zeptometer","1e-16 metres","1 e-14 m","1 e-16 m","1e-19 m","1 E-35 m","1zm","100 ym","1 E -14 m","1e-22 m","1fm","1E-23 m","E-22 m","1 E -35 m","1e-24 m","1E-13m","1 e-13 m","100 attometres","1e-14 metres","Zeptometer","1E-20m","1 E-14 m","100 yoctometers","1 ym","100 zm","1 e-23 m","1 E-18 m","1 e-17 m","Distances shorter than 1 pm","1 E -21 m","1e-17 m","100 yoctometres","1e-35 m","Ten yoctometers","1 femtometer","Lengths between 1 E-19 m and 1 E-18 m","Lengths between 1 E-20 m and 1 E-19 m","One hundred zeptometres","100ym","1E-19 m","E-16 m","Ten zeptometers","10fm","10 am","1 attometre","1E-14 m","Ten femtometers","10 zeptometers","1 e-24 m","1 E -19 m","1 E -23 m","10 zeptometres","100 fm","1 E-13 m","1E-15m","1e-22 metres","One quadrillionth metre","E-13 m","100fm","1 e-20 m","1e-16 m","1 E -13 m","One yoctometre","One yoctometer","E-21 m","1E-20 m","10 zm","1 E-17 m","Ten yoctometres","1E-22m","10 ym","One quadrillionth meter","1e-20 metres","1e-23 m","Lengths between 1 E-15 m and 1 E-14 m","1 E -17 m","One hundred yoctometres","Lengths between 1 E-13 m and 1 E-12 m","1E-18 m","1E-14m","1 E-23 m","10 attometers","One hundred attometers","One hundred femtometres","One septillionth meter","One femtometre","1 e-18 m","One sextillionth meter","E-17 m","1 E -18 m","1ym","1E-17 m","Attometre","1 E-20 m","1 zeptometre","100 femtometres","1E-24 m","One attometre","100 attometers","One septillionth metre","1e-15 m","1 attometer","1E-21 m","E-20 m","Zeptometre","One sextillionth metre","10 a.m","1 e-21 m","1e-21 metres","1e-18 m","10 attometres","1e-15 metres","1e-17 metres","1 femtometre","Ten femtometres","100 zeptometres","100 am","1E-17m","Lengths between 1 E-24 m and 1 E-23 m","1 E -16 m","Lengths between 1 E-16 m and 1 E-15 m","1 yoctometer","10ym","1e-24 metres","Lengths less than 1 E-23 m","1e-20 m","1 yoctometre","100 zeptometers","Lengths between 1 E-14 m and 1 E-13 m","1 e-15 m","1E-16m","Lengths between 1 E-18 m and 1 E-17 m","1E-24m","10am","One quintillionth metre","Ten zeptometres","10 yoctometers","1 E-16 m","One attometer","100 femtometers"],"string":"[\n \"1 am\",\n \"E-24 m\",\n \"10 femtometres\",\n \"1E-19m\",\n \"1E-22 m\",\n \"1E-21m\",\n \"10zm\",\n \"Ten attometers\",\n \"100am\",\n \"E-19 m\",\n \"1E-16 m\",\n \"10 femtometers\",\n \"One femtometer\",\n \"One hundred attometres\",\n \"1 e-22 m\",\n \"1e-23 metres\",\n \"One hundred yoctometers\",\n \"1e-14 m\",\n \"10 yoctometres\",\n \"1 E -15 m\",\n \"E-14 m\",\n \"One hundred zeptometers\",\n \"100zm\",\n \"1 e-19 m\",\n \"One hundred femtometers\",\n \"1e-21 m\",\n \"E-23 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-17 m and 1 E-16 m\",\n \"1E-18m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-22 m and 1 E-21 m\",\n \"1 fm\",\n \"Ten attometres\",\n \"1 E-15 m\",\n \"1 E-21 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-21 m and 1 E-20 m\",\n \"10 fm\",\n \"One zeptometre\",\n \"E-15 m\",\n \"1 E-19 m\",\n \"E-18 m\",\n \"1 E -20 m\",\n \"1e-18 metres\",\n \"1e-13 metres\",\n \"1 E-24 m\",\n \"1e-19 metres\",\n \"1E-13 m\",\n \"1am\",\n \"One quintillionth meter\",\n \"1 zeptometer\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-23 m and 1 E-22 m\",\n \"1 zm\",\n \"1E-23m\",\n \"1E-15 m\",\n \"1 E-22 m\",\n \"1 E -24 m\",\n \"Femtometers\",\n \"1 E -22 m\",\n \"1e-13 m\",\n \"One zeptometer\",\n \"1e-16 metres\",\n \"1 e-14 m\",\n \"1 e-16 m\",\n \"1e-19 m\",\n \"1 E-35 m\",\n \"1zm\",\n \"100 ym\",\n \"1 E -14 m\",\n \"1e-22 m\",\n \"1fm\",\n \"1E-23 m\",\n \"E-22 m\",\n \"1 E -35 m\",\n \"1e-24 m\",\n \"1E-13m\",\n \"1 e-13 m\",\n \"100 attometres\",\n \"1e-14 metres\",\n \"Zeptometer\",\n \"1E-20m\",\n \"1 E-14 m\",\n \"100 yoctometers\",\n \"1 ym\",\n \"100 zm\",\n \"1 e-23 m\",\n \"1 E-18 m\",\n \"1 e-17 m\",\n \"Distances shorter than 1 pm\",\n \"1 E -21 m\",\n \"1e-17 m\",\n \"100 yoctometres\",\n \"1e-35 m\",\n \"Ten yoctometers\",\n \"1 femtometer\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-19 m and 1 E-18 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-20 m and 1 E-19 m\",\n \"One hundred zeptometres\",\n \"100ym\",\n \"1E-19 m\",\n \"E-16 m\",\n \"Ten zeptometers\",\n \"10fm\",\n \"10 am\",\n \"1 attometre\",\n \"1E-14 m\",\n \"Ten femtometers\",\n \"10 zeptometers\",\n \"1 e-24 m\",\n \"1 E -19 m\",\n \"1 E -23 m\",\n \"10 zeptometres\",\n \"100 fm\",\n \"1 E-13 m\",\n \"1E-15m\",\n \"1e-22 metres\",\n \"One quadrillionth metre\",\n \"E-13 m\",\n \"100fm\",\n \"1 e-20 m\",\n \"1e-16 m\",\n \"1 E -13 m\",\n \"One yoctometre\",\n \"One yoctometer\",\n \"E-21 m\",\n \"1E-20 m\",\n \"10 zm\",\n \"1 E-17 m\",\n \"Ten yoctometres\",\n \"1E-22m\",\n \"10 ym\",\n \"One quadrillionth meter\",\n \"1e-20 metres\",\n \"1e-23 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-15 m and 1 E-14 m\",\n \"1 E -17 m\",\n \"One hundred yoctometres\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-13 m and 1 E-12 m\",\n \"1E-18 m\",\n \"1E-14m\",\n \"1 E-23 m\",\n \"10 attometers\",\n \"One hundred attometers\",\n \"One hundred femtometres\",\n \"One septillionth meter\",\n \"One femtometre\",\n \"1 e-18 m\",\n \"One sextillionth meter\",\n \"E-17 m\",\n \"1 E -18 m\",\n \"1ym\",\n \"1E-17 m\",\n \"Attometre\",\n \"1 E-20 m\",\n \"1 zeptometre\",\n \"100 femtometres\",\n \"1E-24 m\",\n \"One attometre\",\n \"100 attometers\",\n \"One septillionth metre\",\n \"1e-15 m\",\n \"1 attometer\",\n \"1E-21 m\",\n \"E-20 m\",\n \"Zeptometre\",\n \"One sextillionth metre\",\n \"10 a.m\",\n \"1 e-21 m\",\n \"1e-21 metres\",\n \"1e-18 m\",\n \"10 attometres\",\n \"1e-15 metres\",\n \"1e-17 metres\",\n \"1 femtometre\",\n \"Ten femtometres\",\n \"100 zeptometres\",\n \"100 am\",\n \"1E-17m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-24 m and 1 E-23 m\",\n \"1 E -16 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-16 m and 1 E-15 m\",\n \"1 yoctometer\",\n \"10ym\",\n \"1e-24 metres\",\n \"Lengths less than 1 E-23 m\",\n \"1e-20 m\",\n \"1 yoctometre\",\n \"100 zeptometers\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-14 m and 1 E-13 m\",\n \"1 e-15 m\",\n \"1E-16m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-18 m and 1 E-17 m\",\n \"1E-24m\",\n \"10am\",\n \"One quintillionth metre\",\n \"Ten zeptometres\",\n \"10 yoctometers\",\n \"1 E-16 m\",\n \"One attometer\",\n \"100 femtometers\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"10 a.m"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"14555714","text":"and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the","title":"Truman Day"},{"id":"14555712","text":"Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the holiday. For Missouri state employees, this is a paid holiday. Harry S. Truman (May","title":"Truman Day"},{"id":"18878694","text":"Missouri law also provides the death penalty for treason, and placing a bomb near a bus terminal. Statute books also provide it for aggravating kidnapping, but capital punishment for this crime is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case \"Kennedy v. Louisiana\". Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of","title":"Capital punishment in Missouri"},{"id":"6825168","text":"state legislature, failing to leave committee. Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \"Missouri\", she felt the","title":"Missouri Day"},{"id":"6825166","text":"Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \"Missouri\", she felt the state needed an entire day to","title":"Missouri Day"},{"id":"10897552","text":"1:30 a.m., even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3:00 a.m. (on-premises sales may continue until 3:00, but off-premises sales must cease by 1:30). Generally, the hours for sales of liquor by the drink (for consumption on the premises) are the same as liquor by the package: between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – again for an additional fee – between 9:00 AM and midnight on Sunday. State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on-premises sale of liquor by public referendum, although no city","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"1125618","text":"a hot air balloon race in California held on the third Saturday of July. Approximately 20 hot air ballons participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race. Christmas California Style is held the first Friday and Saturday of December. Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more. On January 19, 2018, singer-songwriter Kassi Ashton released her single \"California, Missouri\" referencing her hometown California. California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third","title":"California, Missouri"},{"id":"18878693","text":"Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of clemency belongs to the Governor of Missouri after receiving a non-binding advice from the Board of Probation and Parole. Executions are carried out by lethal injection or gas inhalation. First-degree murder is punishable by death when it involves one of the 17 following aggravating factors:","title":"Capital punishment in Missouri"},{"id":"9823085","text":"directly from Steve McQueen. Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country","title":"Adam at 6 A.M."},{"id":"9823083","text":"Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country to attend the funeral","title":"Adam at 6 A.M."},{"id":"6825167","text":"recognize significant Missourians. Korn later, after moving to Oklahoma, founded Oklahoma Day as well as the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. Though an established day, little observance is carried out in the state. State Senator Jason Glennon Crowell has acknowledged that the day does not garner as much attention as days such as Independence Day, and some in the state have become critical of its ambiguous October observance. For over a decade, activist F. Spencer Hunley has lobbied for a concrete date, May 8, President Harry S. Truman's birthday. During that time, the change has been proposed three times before the","title":"Missouri Day"},{"id":"262098","text":"populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents. Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence. St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2017 St. Louis was the 21st-largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.81 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th-largest with 2.91 million people in 2017. Some of the major cities making up the","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"534754","text":"the U.S. Post Office in 1855, used five years later here. The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington, DC, missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal, Missouri, two hours late. The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called \"Missouri\" with a one-car train to make the trek across Missouri in a record 4 hours 51 minutes, an average of . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street, a few blocks from the company's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street, St. Joseph, and the company's nearby","title":"Pony Express"},{"id":"10897550","text":"is not located within of a school or church, virtually any retail business (including a vague and undefined \"general merchandise store\") which obtains the proper licenses from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control and local authorities may sell any type of alcohol. State law even forbids a local option and prohibits cities and counties from banning the off-premises sale of alcohol. Missouri does, however, limit the hours of retail alcohol sales to between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – for an additional license fee – between 9:00 am and 12:00 midnight on Sunday. Most municipalities,","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"4959542","text":"The following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc (before all seven judges). Before that many cases were heard by panels of three judges. Cases heard en banc are cited as \"Mo. banc\"; older cases heard by a panel are cited as \"Mo.\" Brent Powell is the latest appointee to the Court, having been appointed by Missouri Governor Eric Greitens in April 2017. The","title":"Supreme Court of Missouri"},{"id":"1562316","text":"Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state into October, contributing to area rainfall. Winters in Missouri can be long with temperatures ranging from mildly to bitterly cold. Kansas City's average January low is and St. Louis's average January low is . The coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri was , set at Warsaw on 13 February 1905. Winter also tends to be the driest season, but typically yields significant amounts of winter precipitation. Snowfall averages in the state's northern region, and in the southeast. During the winter, northwest winds prevail; the air movement is largely from the south","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"681480","text":"Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson City is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into Callaway County. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds, per Rand McNally, the title of America's \"Most Beautiful Small Town.\" Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau","title":"Jefferson City, Missouri"},{"id":"1562313","text":"the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. As of late, Missouri has seen a drastic decline in annual snowfall, with some daily high winter temperatures sometimes dwindling in early summer/late spring temperatures. While the adjacent table would suggest a very mild climate, a temperature fluctuation of 20 degrees Fahrenheit on average and 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit (17 to 22 degrees Celsius) in a twenty-four-hour period is common. Although the mean temperature for June and July is only 73 °F and 76 °F (23 °C and 24 °C) it is not uncommon for the temperature to reach 100 °F (38","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"2240822","text":"Eastern bluebird The eastern bluebird (\"Sialia sialis\") is a small thrush found in open woodlands, farmlands, and orchards. It is the state bird of Missouri and New York. This species measures long, spans across the wings, and weighs . Eastern bluebirds are found east of the Rockies, southern Canada to the Gulf states, and southeastern Arizona to Nicaragua. The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated the western range expansion of the eastern bluebird as well as range expansions of many other species of birds. The bright-blue breeding","title":"Eastern bluebird"},{"id":"9761501","text":"to 2:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, except on major holidays or special events. January, February, March and Mid-May through November tours are on Tuesdays and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. Reservations are required for groups of 10 or more. You can secure reservations through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources by calling 573-751-2854, Walk-in groups of less than 10 are welcome without a reservation. Missouri Governor's Mansion The Missouri Governor's Mansion is a historic U.S. residence in Jefferson City, Missouri. It is located at 100 Madison Street. On May","title":"Missouri Governor's Mansion"},{"id":"8196708","text":"Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield. In 1970, the pageant was held for the first time in Mexico, Missouri, which","title":"Miss Missouri"},{"id":"5746436","text":"Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St. James to U.S. Route 67 (US 67) and US 67 Business in Desloge. It is two lanes for most of its length, except a small 4-lane portion on the Crawford–Phelps county line. It acts as a bypass, from I-44 in St. James, to US 67 in Desloge. Travelers on I-44 can use it to avoid the traffic problems in St. Louis, to US 67 in Desloge, & vice versa. Those who want to","title":"Missouri Route 8"},{"id":"14312361","text":"is his secretary and Neil met his daughter Martha on the train, on the way to Chicago. Drake has just received a Black Ace, with the words: “At seven tomorrow night”, the time he is to be killed. Two plainclothes cops arrive from police headquarters, having had a call, Clancy and Dugan (both incompetents). Martha suggests that they leave for Drake’s Louisiana plantation tomorrow morning and be far away from there at seven tomorrow night. Drake agrees and suggests they all go. On the flight, the lights go off for some seconds and when they come on again, Austin Winters","title":"Tomorrow at Seven"},{"id":"8473662","text":"locked its boundaries in 1876. When the population of St. Louis County is included in these figures, Missouri's ratio of major metropolitan residents to rural residents closely matches the nation as a whole. \"Slate\" columnist Chris Suellentrop has said that the state now \"isn't so much a bellwether as it is a weathervane: It doesn't swing the country, the country swings it...\" and that Missouri is a better indicator of whether a trend is mainstream than of what the next new trend will be. Missouri bellwether The Missouri bellwether is a political phenomenon that notes that the state of Missouri","title":"Missouri bellwether"},{"id":"10897556","text":"or any other state can obtain a \"wine direct shipper license\" from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control which lets that manufacturer ship up to two cases of wine per month to any person in Missouri who is at least 21 years of age. Unlike shipments under the \"reciprocal\" provision, for shipments under this provision, the wine manufacturer must use a licensed alcohol carrier. Although a driver is prohibited from consuming alcohol while driving, Missouri has no general open container law for vehicles, a characteristic which Missouri shares only with the states of Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Mississippi, Virginia, and","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"262034","text":"It is also known as the \"Cave State\" because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave. The official state motto is , which means \"Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.\" Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"15235891","text":"\"seventeen after ten\" or \"seventeen past ten\". \":15\" minutes is very commonly called \"quarter after\" or \"quarter past\" and \":30\" minutes universally \"half past\", e.g., 4:30, \"half past four\". Times of day from \":31\" to \":59\" are, by contrast, given subtractively with the words \"to\", \"of\", \"until\", or \"till\": 12:55 would be pronounced as \"five to one\" or \"five of one\". \":45\" minutes is pronounced as \"quarter to\", \"quarter of\", \"quarter until\", or \"quarter till\". For example, \"9:45 a.m.\" is often pronounced \"fifteen till ten\" or \"quarter to ten\", or sometimes \"quarter to ten in the morning\" (but rarely \"quarter","title":"Date and time notation in the United States"},{"id":"15235890","text":"as \"four a.m.\" or \"four p.m.\" Instead of \"a.m.\" and \"p.m.,\" times can also be described as \"in the morning\", \"in the afternoon,\" \"in the evening,\" or \"at night.\" The minutes (other than \":00\") may be pronounced in a variety of ways: Minutes :01 through :09 are usually pronounced as \"oh one\" through \"oh nine\". :10 through :59 are their usual number-words. For example, \"9:45 a.m.\" is usually pronounced \"nine forty-five\" or sometimes \"nine forty-five a.m.\" Times of day from \":01\" to \":29\" minutes past the hour are commonly pronounced with the words \"after\" or \"past\", for example 10:17 being","title":"Date and time notation in the United States"},{"id":"6085483","text":"By doing this, Taft amplified Truman's case against the \"Do-nothing Eightieth Congress\" and arguably contributed to his November victory. After 11 days, congress sent two bills to the president for signing. One bill was to curb inflation and the other to encourage housing starts. Truman signed both bills but called them \"inadequate.\" The challenge energized Truman's democratic supporters and put the Republican Party on the defensive. The name is taken from the old Missouri saying, \"On the twenty-fifth of July, sow your turnips, wet or dry.\" Harry Truman chose this name because he was a Missouri native. Turnip Day Session","title":"Turnip Day Session"},{"id":"15678932","text":"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 and elected the eight U.S. Representatives from the state of Missouri, a loss of one seat following the 2010 United States Census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate. A new congressional map was passed by the Missouri General Assembly on April 27, 2011. The map was vetoed by Democratic Governor Jay Nixon on April 30, but","title":"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri"},{"id":"16353604","text":"for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series at the Directors Guild of America Awards 2001. 12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m. \"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.\" is the pilot episode of the Fox television series \"24\". It was written by series creators Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and directed by Stephen Hopkins. It premiered in the United States on Fox at 9:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 6, 2001. The episode takes place between midnight and 1:00 a.m. on the day of the California Presidential Primary. It chronicles one hour in the day of Jack Bauer,","title":"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m."},{"id":"18657849","text":"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis The Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis (SLMPD) is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for serving the City of St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri. The department is accredited through the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). The current Commissioner of Police is Colonel John Hayden Jr., who was named to the position on December 28, 2017. The Metropolitan Police Department is a division of the Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis. the Metropolitan Police Department is the second largest city police agency in Missouri,","title":"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis"},{"id":"10897551","text":"including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law, which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1:30 AM and 6:00 AM Tuesday through Saturday, and between midnight on Sunday and 9:00 AM the following morning. No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off-premises and on-premises licenses. As a result, some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both \"by the drink\" (individually for consumption on premises) and \"by the package\" (by the container for consumption off premises). Effectively, these are bars which double as liquor stores. In these places, off-premises sales are allowed until","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"12979617","text":"reevaluated for possible release. In practice, most states with Civil Commitment centers rarely release anyone. Texas has not released anyone in the 15 years since the program was started. In 2015, in response to a class action lawsuit, a Federal judge ruled Minnesota's Civil Commitment program to be unconstitutional, both for not providing effective treatment and for not fully releasing anyone since the program was started in 1994. The state of Missouri now restricts the activities of registered sex offenders on Halloween, requiring them to avoid Halloween-related contact with children and remain at their registered home address from 5 p.m.","title":"Sex offender registry"},{"id":"13674646","text":"13, Kansas City circuit race - 2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages","title":"2009 Tour of Missouri"},{"id":"3675373","text":"Minor v. Happersett Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1875), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution did not grant anyone, and in this case specifically a female citizen of the state of Missouri, a right to vote even when a state law granted rights to vote to a certain class of citizens. The Supreme Court upheld state court decisions in Missouri, which had refused to register a woman as a lawful voter because that state's laws allowed only men to vote. The \"Minor v. Happersett\" ruling was based on","title":"Minor v. Happersett"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"5203457","text":"in the UK Singles Chart in January 1953. Other versions were recorded by Lita Roza (1953), Sue Thompson (1957), and Russ Morgan (1958). Walkin' to Missouri \"Walkin' to Missouri\" is a popular song written by Bob Merrill in 1952. The song is a prodigal son allegory about a young man (the story's metaphorical \"robin\") who could not fly and could only walk all the way back to his old home in Missouri, following a life of partying in the big city jazz scene - or the repercussions that happened as a result. During the course of the song, it transpired","title":"Walkin' to Missouri"},{"id":"5931461","text":"that old time song. \" \"Hush-a-bye ma baby, go to sleep on Mammy's knee,\" \"Journey back to Dixieland in dreams again with me; \" \"It seems like your Mammy was there once again, \" \"And the darkies were strummin' that same old refrain.\" \"Way down in Missouri where I learned this lullaby, \" \"When the stars were blinkin' and the moon was climbin' high,\" \"And I hear Mammy Cloe, as in days long ago, \" \"Singin' hush-a-bye. \" Missouri Waltz \"Missouri Waltz\" is the official state song of Missouri and is associated with the University of Missouri. The \"Missouri Waltz\",","title":"Missouri Waltz"},{"id":"262067","text":"over in traffic stops\". The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"6628552","text":"Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \"Billy\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by the authorities and all the children were placed into foster care except William. A deformed eye and belligerent attitude","title":"Billy Cook (criminal)"},{"id":"10538666","text":"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a major east–west route in the state of Missouri. It is also known as the Rex M. Whitton Expressway in the capital of Missouri. US 50 enters Missouri from Kansas along Interstate 435 around Kansas City and then it runs concurrently with Interstate 470 to Lee's Summit. It then runs as an expressway to Sedalia before becoming Broadway Boulevard and intersecting with U.S. Route 65 (Limit Avenue). From Sedalia to California, US 50 becomes a 2-lane undivided road, where it has a concurrency with Highway 5 from Syracuse to","title":"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri"},{"id":"10897563","text":"outside of the Liquor Control Law. Missouri's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is .08% for persons over the age of 21 and .02% for minors and adults under age 21. Ordinarily, DUI is a misdemeanor in Missouri, although the third DUI conviction becomes a felony. Refusal to take a chemical test (i.e. breathalyzer) when so requested by a law enforcement officer who has probable cause will result in a one-year suspension of the suspect's driver's license. Missouri's drinking age has been 21 since 1945. That is, Missouri law prohibits minors from possessing or purchasing alcohol. Thus, when the National","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"1125596","text":"California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third largest city in the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the largest city in Moniteau County. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and","title":"California, Missouri"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"8196710","text":"in parentheses indicates the year of the Miss America competition the award/placement was garnered. Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield.","title":"Miss Missouri"},{"id":"7823715","text":"\"Missouri\" completed her first 6-month deployment to the U.S. 6th Fleet on 20 December 2013. In March 2014 \"Missouri\" made an 11-week-long surge deployment in the Northern Atlantic, just three months after her previous deployment and possibly linked to the Ukrainian crisis, (i.e. the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which took place in March 2014). The submarine continued to operate with the U.S. 6th fleet in 2015. On 26 January 2018, \"Missouri\" sailed into her new homeport of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii from Groton, Connecticut. USS Missouri (SSN-780) USS \"Missouri\" (SSN-780) is the seventh attack submarine and the fourth","title":"USS Missouri (SSN-780)"},{"id":"1127711","text":"Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The city has an extreme continental climate. The majority of annual precipitation falls during the humid springs and summers. Typically, fall and winter are relatively dry. While snow is not rare, it","title":"Washington, Missouri"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"1331532","text":"Girardeau Regional Airport. This is a full service airport that offers flights to and from O'Hare Airport in Chicago, IL. Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \"Cape\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city","title":"Cape Girardeau, Missouri"},{"id":"20924856","text":"does not air network programming on Saturday nights. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: 2019–20 United States network television schedule The 2019–20 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States will cover the prime time hours from September 2019 to August 2020. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled","title":"2019–20 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"1562315","text":"is the hottest time of the year with a mean temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) and a mean precipitation of 300 mm (12 inches) with June having more precipitation than either July or August. The extreme highs for the year often occur in July or August. Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state during this time of the year, contributing to area rainfall. Fall, September through November, has less and less precipitation towards the end of the season. The mean temperatures for this season are 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) and the mean precipitation is 250mm (10 in).","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"10897553","text":"in Missouri ever has held such a referendum. The on-premises sale of liquor is allowed throughout the state, without any limitation except for the hours when sale is permitted. Since 1981, properly licensed establishments with certain levels of annual revenue in Kansas City, Jackson County, North Kansas City, St. Louis, and St. Louis County have been permitted to sell liquor by the drink between 6:00 AM and 3:00 AM Mondays through Saturdays, and between 9:00 AM and 3:00 AM on Sundays. Except for wine, Missouri places no limitations on the interstate shipping of alcohol into the state, as long the","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"262096","text":"smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property. No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"16142437","text":"in 2012. The bill was initially vetoed by Gov. Nixon, but the Missouri legislature overrode the veto during the September veto session. In September 2016, another Senate bill coincidentally numbered SB 656 was passed allowing permitless concealed carry by anyone 19 years of age or older who may lawfully own a gun. This bill was also vetoed by Governor Nixon, on June 27, 2016. After the Missouri legislature reconvened for the veto-override session on September 14, 2016, the Senate voted to override the veto with a 24 – 6 vote (23 required) and the House followed through shortly thereafter with","title":"Gun laws in Missouri"},{"id":"19947752","text":"two states if there is even a slight variation in their name. For example, Vic Miller registered in Kansas would not be recognized as the same as Victor Miller registered in Missouri despite the same full date of birth and last four digits of social security number. Debate about Crosscheck is part of a larger, ongoing controversy over whether or not such voter registration programs are a valid means of protecting against fraud. A landmark study by researchers at Stanford, University of Pennsylvania, Yale, and Harvard quantified the tradeoff between voter accessibility and electoral integrity when purging a likely duplicate","title":"Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program"},{"id":"262460","text":"Missouri River The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source","title":"Missouri River"},{"id":"5945030","text":"off for Sacramento. It took seventy-five ponies to make the first trip from Missouri to California. Each major city along the way celebrated as the Pony Express rider passed through. On April 14, 1860, at about 1 a.m., the Pony Express from St. Joseph arrived in San Francisco. The east-bound rider left San Francisco April 3 and made it to St. Josephs on April 13. The Pony Express was active. In the first month of existence, the Pony Express riders experienced violent weather, harsh terrain, and the physical hardship of being in a saddle for up to 100 miles a","title":"Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company"},{"id":"3106998","text":"(as of 2013), the Country Club Plaza's \"Season of Lights\" is one of the city's oldest traditions. The lights are turned on at 6:54 pm on Thanksgiving and shine from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am daily through mid-January of the following year. The one- to two-hour ceremony is broadcast live on location television station KSHB. Country Club Plaza The Country Club Plaza (often called The Plaza) is a privately owned American shopping center in the Country Club District of Kansas City, Missouri. The center consists of 18 separate buildings representing 804,000 square feet of retail space and 468,000 square feet","title":"Country Club Plaza"},{"id":"6628560","text":"L-U-C-K\" tattooed on the fingers of his left hand and for a deformed right eyelid that never closed completely. Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \"Billy\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by","title":"Billy Cook (criminal)"},{"id":"3472526","text":"Lewis noted his delusional thinking and a childhood history of severe abuse. In October 2013, Flynt called for clemency for Franklin, asserting \"that a government that forbids killing among its citizens should not be in the business of killing people itself.\" Franklin was held on death row at the Potosi Correctional Center near Mineral Point, Missouri. In August 2013, the Missouri Supreme Court announced that Franklin would be executed on November 20. Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster said in a statement that by setting execution dates, the state high court \"has taken an important step to see that justice is","title":"Joseph Paul Franklin"},{"id":"1125839","text":"with hot, humid summers and chilly, though not severe winters. Winter weather can vary from very mild and rainy when air masses from the Gulf of Mexico predominate, to very cold, dry and windy with northerly or northwesterly airflows as in the famous cold month of January 1977. On average there are 82 nights which fall to or below , whilst one night falls to or below , and the coldest temperature ever has been on January 17, 1982. The hottest has been record on August 4, 1964, whilst an average of 2.9 days exceed . Rainfall is fairly heavy","title":"New Madrid, Missouri"},{"id":"8755573","text":"Mozingo Lake Golf Course The Mozingo Lake Golf Course is a 7,137 yard long, 18-hole municipal golf course on the banks of Mozingo Lake in Nodaway County, Missouri. The course was designed by Donald Sechrest and opened in 1995. It is a par 72 course and has a rating of 73.5 and a slope rating of 134 on Rye grass. It is owned by the city of Maryville, Missouri. According to the city website, Golf Digest and USA Today call it the \"best course to play in the state of Missouri for under $50.\" The signature hole is #8, a","title":"Mozingo Lake Golf Course"},{"id":"7357073","text":"a terrible odor. Some suggest it was a rogue American Indian. Following sightings in 1972 beginning at 3:30 pm July 11, first reported by Terry, Wiley, and Doris Harrison, and lasting for about two weeks, tracks were found and submitted to Lawrence Curtis, director of the Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden. He deemed the tracks to be that of an unknown primate species. Momo the Monster Momo is the name of a local legend, similar to the Bigfoot, which is reported to live in Missouri. The name Momo is short for 'Missouri Monster' and it is reported to have","title":"Momo the Monster"},{"id":"13015266","text":"exceptions, such as \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", that are aired live in all time zones. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC 2009–10 United States network television schedule","title":"2009–10 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"12750564","text":"film \"Psycho III\". The film title is a parody of the \"Pony Express,\" a fast mail service that crossed the North American continent from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California from April 1860 to October 1861. Puny Express Puny Express is an American cartoon, and the 32nd animated cartoon short subject in the \"Woody Woodpecker\" series. Released theatrically on January 22, 1951, the film was produced by Walter Lantz Productions and distributed by Universal-International. In the Old West, Cowboy Woody comes to town and notices an ad at a western post office advertising for a new mail delivery rider. He","title":"Puny Express"},{"id":"1331510","text":"Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \"Cape\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city is named after Jean Baptiste de Girardot, who established a temporary trading post in the area around 1733. He was","title":"Cape Girardeau, Missouri"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"262080","text":"Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas). The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2017 was 3.9 percent. In 2017, Missouri became a right-to-work state, but in August 2018, Missouri voters rejected a right-to-work law with 67% to 33%. Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"19823781","text":"Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into law the Missouri Medical Marijuana Bill, allowing the use of CBD oil to treat persistent seizures. In 2015 the state issued licenses to two non-profits to grow cannabis for oil to be sold to patients. House Bill","title":"Cannabis in Missouri"},{"id":"3100876","text":"first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May. If the Governor returns a bill with his objections after adjournment sine die, the General Assembly is automatically reconvened on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten days to consider vetoed bills. The Governor may convene the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a special","title":"Missouri General Assembly"},{"id":"12719358","text":"California Admission Day California Admission Day is a legal holiday in the state of California in the United States. It is celebrated as a day of observance annually on September 9 to commemorate the anniversary of the 1850 admission of California into the Union as the thirty-first state. California was admitted to the Union as part of the Compromise of 1850 as a free state after being ceded to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848. California directly became a state, it was never required to spend a period of time as a","title":"California Admission Day"},{"id":"4077554","text":"New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: 2004–05 United States network television schedule The following is the 2004–05 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 2004 through May 2005. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series","title":"2004–05 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"1915475","text":"St. Louis Lambert International Airport St. Louis Lambert International Airport , formerly Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is an international airport serving St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton. Commonly referred to as Lambert Field or simply Lambert, it is the largest and busiest airport in Missouri with over 270 daily departures to over 80 domestic and international locations. In 2017, 14.7 million passengers traveled through the airport. The airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and serves as a hub for Air Choice One and","title":"St. Louis Lambert International Airport"},{"id":"9283423","text":"telephone with people in other time zones. For instance, business in Chicago is often conducted between 8 am and 4:30 pm, while in New York City, business hours tend to be later—for instance, from 10 am to 6 pm. On Saturdays, businesses are usually open from 8 or 9 am to noon or 1 pm. In Mexico, the standard business hours are from 7 am to 2 pm and 4 pm to 6 pm. In Finland, government agencies and other institutions follow the hours 8:00am to 4:15pm. Banks are usually open to 4:30pm. Common business is done from Monday to","title":"Business hours"},{"id":"19016610","text":"rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Note: ABC aired \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Tuesday from September 20 to October 4. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: 2016–17 United States network television schedule The 2016–17 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2016 to August 2017. The schedule is","title":"2016–17 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"12237777","text":"Wolfe's case drew nationwide attention due to United States Supreme Court ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana, which banned death penalty for child rape, and was directly cited in court opinions. Ronald Wolfe (rapist) Ronald Wolfe was the last person executed in the United States for non-homicidal rape, and second-to-last put to death for crime other than murder (the last was James Coburn, electrocuted in Alabama the same year for robbery). He was also second-to-last person executed in Missouri before the U.S. moratorium on capital punishment. Wolfe, a 34-year-old man, was put to death in Missouri's gas chamber on May 8,","title":"Ronald Wolfe (rapist)"},{"id":"13674642","text":"2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages online via the Official Tour of","title":"2009 Tour of Missouri"},{"id":"1126949","text":"Dorado Springs boasts Missouri's oldest municipal band performing in the United States at the longest continually used bandstand. The city has two newspapers: The Star and The Sun; along with local FM radio station KESM. Kamber Cain - Country Music Singer Sydney Friar - Miss Missouri 2011 El Dorado Springs, Missouri El Dorado Springs is the largest city in Cedar County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3,593 at the 2010 census. The name is commonly shortened to El Dorado or El Do. El Dorado Springs is located at (37.870872, -94.021024). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city","title":"El Dorado Springs, Missouri"},{"id":"262024","text":"Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States. With over six million residents, it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City, near the center of the state on the Missouri River. The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the eastern border of the state. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years. The Mississippian culture","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"9823084","text":"and pay his respects, and decides to spend the summer there working as a laborer. He meets Jerri Jo Hopper, and falls in love, along the way developing new friendships with the town locals. He then must decide what direction he wants his life to go, whether to stay in Missouri or return to California. Steve McQueen's film company, Solar Productions, signed a multi-picture deal with Cinema Center Films. This was its first production. Michael Douglas got his first pay check, about 3400 USD, for Adam 6 A.M. He also received the orange Porsche, which he drove in the movie","title":"Adam at 6 A.M."},{"id":"7922822","text":"Official Manual State of Missouri The Official Manual - State of Missouri (often referred to simply as The Missouri Blue Book) is a biennial publication from the Missouri Secretary of State. The Blue Book was first published in 1889. It contains historical, political, and statistical information about the state of Missouri. The book cover had traditionally been blue (with the exception of it being red, white and blue in 1976 during the United States Bicentennial) although thanks to the Irish roots of Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick it was green from 1969 until he left office in 1985. Secretary","title":"Official Manual State of Missouri"},{"id":"1598624","text":"airing immediately after their original telecast in the U.S. and the weekend edition being simulcast live. In Hong Kong, the program is broadcast live (or delayed) on TVB Pearl daily at 07:30 Hong Kong Time (corresponding to 18:30, or 6:30 p.m., in the Eastern Time Zone of the U.S.). In the Philippines, \"NBC Nightly News\" was aired Mondays through Fridays at 8:30 a.m. (after \"Daybreak\"), Saturdays at 9:00 a.m. and Sundays at 10:00 a.m. local time; it is also rebroadcast at 5:30 p.m. each weeknight, 1:30 p.m. on Saturdays, 4:30 a.m. on Tuesdays to Saturdays, 10:00 p.m. on Sundays and","title":"NBC Nightly News"},{"id":"19251363","text":"of Missouri held that the Missouri Constitution did not allow the state to place anyone on the registry who had been convicted or pleaded guilty to a registrable offense before the sex offender registration law went into effect on 1 January 1995 and remanded the case for further consideration in light of that holding. On remand, the Jackson County Circuit Court entered an injunction ordering that the applicable individuals be removed from the published sex offender list. Defendant Colonel James Keathley appealed that order to the Missouri Court of Appeals in Kansas City, which affirmed the injunction on 1 April","title":"Constitutionality of sex offender registries in the United States"},{"id":"14418320","text":"\"An American Prayer\" in 1978. It has been suggested that the inspiration for the Protagonist in the film, played by Morrison, with the script name 'Billy' was inspired by the very real Hitchhiker serial killer Billy Cook who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. In 2009, restored and re-mastered excerpts from \"HWY\" were featured in Tom DiCillos documentary \"When You're Strange\". However, the complete film was not included in the Special Features on the \"When You're Strange\" DVD, and there have been no further announcements regarding a DVD release for the film. Bootleg","title":"HWY: An American Pastoral"},{"id":"14320656","text":"at roughly 60,000. Alarmed by the increasing turbulence, Frémont declared martial law in the state of Missouri on August 30, 1861. Just before dawn on August 30, Frémont finished penning his proclamation of martial law and read it to his wife and a trusted advisor, Edward Davis of Philadelphia. Davis warned that officials in Washington would never stand for such a sweeping edict. Frémont responded that he had been given full power to put down secession in Missouri and that, as a war measure, the proclamation was entirely warranted. The most controversial passage of the proclamation, and the one with","title":"Frémont Emancipation"},{"id":"11677011","text":"of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \"spring forward, fall back\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.","title":"Daylight saving time in the United States"},{"id":"19823786","text":"voted were in favour of the implementation of legalised recreational usage of marijuana, and 70% supporting taxation upon its sale. 28% of those who supported this movement stating they had used the drug in the past week. Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into","title":"Cannabis in Missouri"},{"id":"17605801","text":"Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: 2014–15 United States network television schedule The 2014–15 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2014 to August 2015. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2013–14 season. NBC was the first to announce","title":"2014–15 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"5808036","text":"Above the shield is a helmet representing Missouri's state sovereignty. The large star above the helmet surrounded by 23 smaller stars represents Missouri's status as the 24th state. The cloud around the stars indicates the problems Missouri had in becoming a state. \"Salus populi suprema lex esto\" (Latin \"Let the good of the people be the supreme law\" or \"The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law\") is found in Cicero's \"De Legibus\" (book III, part III, sub. VIII), as \"Ollis salus populi suprema lex esto\". The phrase is the state motto of Missouri, accepted in its state","title":"Seal of Missouri"},{"id":"3100875","text":"a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district of their constituency for one year. Senators must be 30 years of age, a qualified Missouri voter for three years, and similar to House qualifications, must be a resident of their senatorial constituency for one year prior to their election. According to Article III, Section 20 of the Missouri Constitution, the General Assembly must convene on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January following the state general election. It adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6:00 p.m. on the","title":"Missouri General Assembly"},{"id":"5869906","text":"viewership of 6.79 million viewers, the largest audience the program earned since January 23, 1994. March 1, 2015: 6.63 million viewers (sixth-largest audience since the 1987 advent of people meters). CBS News Sunday Morning CBS News Sunday Morning is an American newsmagazine television program that has aired on CBS since January 28, 1979. Created by Robert Northshield and original host Charles Kuralt, the 90-minute program currently airs Sundays from 9:00 to 10:30 a.m. Eastern, Pacific Time from 7:00 to 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 to 9:30 a.m. in all other time zones (live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and","title":"CBS News Sunday Morning"},{"id":"9972099","text":"Missouri statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), the micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs), and the combined statistical areas (CSAs) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Most recently on December 1, 2009, the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States, including 3 combined statistical areas, 8 metropolitan statistical areas, and 20 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of Missouri. The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas, the 114 counties, and the 1 independent city of","title":"Missouri statistical areas"},{"id":"1127720","text":"is the local high school. Private schools: There is a public library in the town, Washington Public Library. In 1990 Marbach am Neckar (Germany) became the sister city of Washington. Student exchanges and visitations between the two cities occur occasionally. Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of","title":"Washington, Missouri"},{"id":"11416905","text":"Show-Me State Games The Show-Me STATE GAMES (SMSG) is an Olympic-style competition for amateur athletes in the U.S. state of Missouri, held in the city of Columbia. The SMSG is the largest state games in the United States. The SMSG is a member of the National Congress of State Games and the United States Olympic Committee. SMSG is a program of the Missouri Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health, . The name derives from the state's official nickname, the \"Show-Me State.\" The Show-Me STATE GAMES has expanded from 600 participants in 1985, to more than 34,000 year-round participants in","title":"Show-Me State Games"},{"id":"1562312","text":"Climate of Missouri Missouri generally has a variety of seasonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification \"Cfa\"), with cool winters and long, hot summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate borders on a more mild-type humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cfa\"), and in the northern third, the state transitions into a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfa\"). Because of its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Lacking either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"10897555","text":"be generally licensed to do business by the Department of Economic Development. In practice, ordinary commercial shippers like FedEx and UPS have the necessary licenses. An alcohol retailer licensed in Missouri or in any other state which has similar, \"reciprocal\" wine-shipping laws may ship up to two cases of wine each year to any Missouri resident over the age of 21, provided that the wine is for personal use and not for resale. Such a delivery is deemed not to be a sale in Missouri. Otherwise, for direct shipments of wine from a winery, a wine manufacturer licensed in Missouri","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"11677021","text":"ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer. In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8. Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine","title":"Daylight saving time in the United States"},{"id":"5746437","text":"go to Ste. Genevieve can take US 67 Bus. through Park Hills to US 67, to Missouri, then take Route 32 to Ste. Genevieve. There have supposedly been plans to extend Route 8 to Ste. Genevieve. So far, those plans have not been put into effect. Between Steelville and Potosi, Route 8 was initially Route 62 from 1922 to 1926. The route was renumbered because US 60 had been planned as US 62. Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St.","title":"Missouri Route 8"},{"id":"262032","text":"speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners. Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as \"Missour-\"ee\"\" or \"Missour-\"uh\"\", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations. There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the \"Show Me State\", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that \"I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show","title":"Missouri"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"14555714\",\n \"text\": \"and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the\",\n \"title\": \"Truman Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14555712\",\n \"text\": \"Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the holiday. For Missouri state employees, this is a paid holiday. Harry S. Truman (May\",\n \"title\": \"Truman Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878694\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri law also provides the death penalty for treason, and placing a bomb near a bus terminal. Statute books also provide it for aggravating kidnapping, but capital punishment for this crime is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case \\\"Kennedy v. Louisiana\\\". Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6825168\",\n \"text\": \"state legislature, failing to leave committee. Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \\\"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\\\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \\\"Missouri\\\", she felt the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6825166\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \\\"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\\\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \\\"Missouri\\\", she felt the state needed an entire day to\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897552\",\n \"text\": \"1:30 a.m., even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3:00 a.m. (on-premises sales may continue until 3:00, but off-premises sales must cease by 1:30). Generally, the hours for sales of liquor by the drink (for consumption on the premises) are the same as liquor by the package: between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – again for an additional fee – between 9:00 AM and midnight on Sunday. State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on-premises sale of liquor by public referendum, although no city\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1125618\",\n \"text\": \"a hot air balloon race in California held on the third Saturday of July. Approximately 20 hot air ballons participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race. Christmas California Style is held the first Friday and Saturday of December. Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more. On January 19, 2018, singer-songwriter Kassi Ashton released her single \\\"California, Missouri\\\" referencing her hometown California. California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third\",\n \"title\": \"California, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878693\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of clemency belongs to the Governor of Missouri after receiving a non-binding advice from the Board of Probation and Parole. Executions are carried out by lethal injection or gas inhalation. First-degree murder is punishable by death when it involves one of the 17 following aggravating factors:\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9823085\",\n \"text\": \"directly from Steve McQueen. Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country\",\n \"title\": \"Adam at 6 A.M.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9823083\",\n \"text\": \"Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country to attend the funeral\",\n \"title\": \"Adam at 6 A.M.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6825167\",\n \"text\": \"recognize significant Missourians. Korn later, after moving to Oklahoma, founded Oklahoma Day as well as the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. Though an established day, little observance is carried out in the state. State Senator Jason Glennon Crowell has acknowledged that the day does not garner as much attention as days such as Independence Day, and some in the state have become critical of its ambiguous October observance. For over a decade, activist F. Spencer Hunley has lobbied for a concrete date, May 8, President Harry S. Truman's birthday. During that time, the change has been proposed three times before the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262098\",\n \"text\": \"populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents. Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence. St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2017 St. Louis was the 21st-largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.81 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th-largest with 2.91 million people in 2017. Some of the major cities making up the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"534754\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Post Office in 1855, used five years later here. The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington, DC, missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal, Missouri, two hours late. The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called \\\"Missouri\\\" with a one-car train to make the trek across Missouri in a record 4 hours 51 minutes, an average of . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street, a few blocks from the company's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street, St. Joseph, and the company's nearby\",\n \"title\": \"Pony Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897550\",\n \"text\": \"is not located within of a school or church, virtually any retail business (including a vague and undefined \\\"general merchandise store\\\") which obtains the proper licenses from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control and local authorities may sell any type of alcohol. State law even forbids a local option and prohibits cities and counties from banning the off-premises sale of alcohol. Missouri does, however, limit the hours of retail alcohol sales to between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – for an additional license fee – between 9:00 am and 12:00 midnight on Sunday. Most municipalities,\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4959542\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc (before all seven judges). Before that many cases were heard by panels of three judges. Cases heard en banc are cited as \\\"Mo. banc\\\"; older cases heard by a panel are cited as \\\"Mo.\\\" Brent Powell is the latest appointee to the Court, having been appointed by Missouri Governor Eric Greitens in April 2017. The\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562316\",\n \"text\": \"Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state into October, contributing to area rainfall. Winters in Missouri can be long with temperatures ranging from mildly to bitterly cold. Kansas City's average January low is and St. Louis's average January low is . The coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri was , set at Warsaw on 13 February 1905. Winter also tends to be the driest season, but typically yields significant amounts of winter precipitation. Snowfall averages in the state's northern region, and in the southeast. During the winter, northwest winds prevail; the air movement is largely from the south\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"681480\",\n \"text\": \"Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson City is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into Callaway County. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds, per Rand McNally, the title of America's \\\"Most Beautiful Small Town.\\\" Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau\",\n \"title\": \"Jefferson City, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562313\",\n \"text\": \"the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. As of late, Missouri has seen a drastic decline in annual snowfall, with some daily high winter temperatures sometimes dwindling in early summer/late spring temperatures. While the adjacent table would suggest a very mild climate, a temperature fluctuation of 20 degrees Fahrenheit on average and 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit (17 to 22 degrees Celsius) in a twenty-four-hour period is common. Although the mean temperature for June and July is only 73 °F and 76 °F (23 °C and 24 °C) it is not uncommon for the temperature to reach 100 °F (38\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2240822\",\n \"text\": \"Eastern bluebird The eastern bluebird (\\\"Sialia sialis\\\") is a small thrush found in open woodlands, farmlands, and orchards. It is the state bird of Missouri and New York. This species measures long, spans across the wings, and weighs . Eastern bluebirds are found east of the Rockies, southern Canada to the Gulf states, and southeastern Arizona to Nicaragua. The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated the western range expansion of the eastern bluebird as well as range expansions of many other species of birds. The bright-blue breeding\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern bluebird\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9761501\",\n \"text\": \"to 2:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, except on major holidays or special events. January, February, March and Mid-May through November tours are on Tuesdays and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. Reservations are required for groups of 10 or more. You can secure reservations through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources by calling 573-751-2854, Walk-in groups of less than 10 are welcome without a reservation. Missouri Governor's Mansion The Missouri Governor's Mansion is a historic U.S. residence in Jefferson City, Missouri. It is located at 100 Madison Street. On May\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Governor's Mansion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8196708\",\n \"text\": \"Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield. In 1970, the pageant was held for the first time in Mexico, Missouri, which\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5746436\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St. James to U.S. Route 67 (US 67) and US 67 Business in Desloge. It is two lanes for most of its length, except a small 4-lane portion on the Crawford–Phelps county line. It acts as a bypass, from I-44 in St. James, to US 67 in Desloge. Travelers on I-44 can use it to avoid the traffic problems in St. Louis, to US 67 in Desloge, & vice versa. Those who want to\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Route 8\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14312361\",\n \"text\": \"is his secretary and Neil met his daughter Martha on the train, on the way to Chicago. Drake has just received a Black Ace, with the words: “At seven tomorrow night”, the time he is to be killed. Two plainclothes cops arrive from police headquarters, having had a call, Clancy and Dugan (both incompetents). Martha suggests that they leave for Drake’s Louisiana plantation tomorrow morning and be far away from there at seven tomorrow night. Drake agrees and suggests they all go. On the flight, the lights go off for some seconds and when they come on again, Austin Winters\",\n \"title\": \"Tomorrow at Seven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8473662\",\n \"text\": \"locked its boundaries in 1876. When the population of St. Louis County is included in these figures, Missouri's ratio of major metropolitan residents to rural residents closely matches the nation as a whole. \\\"Slate\\\" columnist Chris Suellentrop has said that the state now \\\"isn't so much a bellwether as it is a weathervane: It doesn't swing the country, the country swings it...\\\" and that Missouri is a better indicator of whether a trend is mainstream than of what the next new trend will be. Missouri bellwether The Missouri bellwether is a political phenomenon that notes that the state of Missouri\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri bellwether\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897556\",\n \"text\": \"or any other state can obtain a \\\"wine direct shipper license\\\" from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control which lets that manufacturer ship up to two cases of wine per month to any person in Missouri who is at least 21 years of age. Unlike shipments under the \\\"reciprocal\\\" provision, for shipments under this provision, the wine manufacturer must use a licensed alcohol carrier. Although a driver is prohibited from consuming alcohol while driving, Missouri has no general open container law for vehicles, a characteristic which Missouri shares only with the states of Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Mississippi, Virginia, and\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262034\",\n \"text\": \"It is also known as the \\\"Cave State\\\" because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave. The official state motto is , which means \\\"Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.\\\" Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15235891\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"seventeen after ten\\\" or \\\"seventeen past ten\\\". \\\":15\\\" minutes is very commonly called \\\"quarter after\\\" or \\\"quarter past\\\" and \\\":30\\\" minutes universally \\\"half past\\\", e.g., 4:30, \\\"half past four\\\". Times of day from \\\":31\\\" to \\\":59\\\" are, by contrast, given subtractively with the words \\\"to\\\", \\\"of\\\", \\\"until\\\", or \\\"till\\\": 12:55 would be pronounced as \\\"five to one\\\" or \\\"five of one\\\". \\\":45\\\" minutes is pronounced as \\\"quarter to\\\", \\\"quarter of\\\", \\\"quarter until\\\", or \\\"quarter till\\\". For example, \\\"9:45 a.m.\\\" is often pronounced \\\"fifteen till ten\\\" or \\\"quarter to ten\\\", or sometimes \\\"quarter to ten in the morning\\\" (but rarely \\\"quarter\",\n \"title\": \"Date and time notation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15235890\",\n \"text\": \"as \\\"four a.m.\\\" or \\\"four p.m.\\\" Instead of \\\"a.m.\\\" and \\\"p.m.,\\\" times can also be described as \\\"in the morning\\\", \\\"in the afternoon,\\\" \\\"in the evening,\\\" or \\\"at night.\\\" The minutes (other than \\\":00\\\") may be pronounced in a variety of ways: Minutes :01 through :09 are usually pronounced as \\\"oh one\\\" through \\\"oh nine\\\". :10 through :59 are their usual number-words. For example, \\\"9:45 a.m.\\\" is usually pronounced \\\"nine forty-five\\\" or sometimes \\\"nine forty-five a.m.\\\" Times of day from \\\":01\\\" to \\\":29\\\" minutes past the hour are commonly pronounced with the words \\\"after\\\" or \\\"past\\\", for example 10:17 being\",\n \"title\": \"Date and time notation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6085483\",\n \"text\": \"By doing this, Taft amplified Truman's case against the \\\"Do-nothing Eightieth Congress\\\" and arguably contributed to his November victory. After 11 days, congress sent two bills to the president for signing. One bill was to curb inflation and the other to encourage housing starts. Truman signed both bills but called them \\\"inadequate.\\\" The challenge energized Truman's democratic supporters and put the Republican Party on the defensive. The name is taken from the old Missouri saying, \\\"On the twenty-fifth of July, sow your turnips, wet or dry.\\\" Harry Truman chose this name because he was a Missouri native. Turnip Day Session\",\n \"title\": \"Turnip Day Session\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15678932\",\n \"text\": \"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 and elected the eight U.S. Representatives from the state of Missouri, a loss of one seat following the 2010 United States Census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate. A new congressional map was passed by the Missouri General Assembly on April 27, 2011. The map was vetoed by Democratic Governor Jay Nixon on April 30, but\",\n \"title\": \"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16353604\",\n \"text\": \"for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series at the Directors Guild of America Awards 2001. 12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m. \\\"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.\\\" is the pilot episode of the Fox television series \\\"24\\\". It was written by series creators Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and directed by Stephen Hopkins. It premiered in the United States on Fox at 9:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 6, 2001. The episode takes place between midnight and 1:00 a.m. on the day of the California Presidential Primary. It chronicles one hour in the day of Jack Bauer,\",\n \"title\": \"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18657849\",\n \"text\": \"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis The Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis (SLMPD) is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for serving the City of St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri. The department is accredited through the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). The current Commissioner of Police is Colonel John Hayden Jr., who was named to the position on December 28, 2017. The Metropolitan Police Department is a division of the Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis. the Metropolitan Police Department is the second largest city police agency in Missouri,\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897551\",\n \"text\": \"including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law, which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1:30 AM and 6:00 AM Tuesday through Saturday, and between midnight on Sunday and 9:00 AM the following morning. No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off-premises and on-premises licenses. As a result, some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both \\\"by the drink\\\" (individually for consumption on premises) and \\\"by the package\\\" (by the container for consumption off premises). Effectively, these are bars which double as liquor stores. In these places, off-premises sales are allowed until\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12979617\",\n \"text\": \"reevaluated for possible release. In practice, most states with Civil Commitment centers rarely release anyone. Texas has not released anyone in the 15 years since the program was started. In 2015, in response to a class action lawsuit, a Federal judge ruled Minnesota's Civil Commitment program to be unconstitutional, both for not providing effective treatment and for not fully releasing anyone since the program was started in 1994. The state of Missouri now restricts the activities of registered sex offenders on Halloween, requiring them to avoid Halloween-related contact with children and remain at their registered home address from 5 p.m.\",\n \"title\": \"Sex offender registry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13674646\",\n \"text\": \"13, Kansas City circuit race - 2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages\",\n \"title\": \"2009 Tour of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3675373\",\n \"text\": \"Minor v. Happersett Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1875), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution did not grant anyone, and in this case specifically a female citizen of the state of Missouri, a right to vote even when a state law granted rights to vote to a certain class of citizens. The Supreme Court upheld state court decisions in Missouri, which had refused to register a woman as a lawful voter because that state's laws allowed only men to vote. The \\\"Minor v. Happersett\\\" ruling was based on\",\n \"title\": \"Minor v. Happersett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5203457\",\n \"text\": \"in the UK Singles Chart in January 1953. Other versions were recorded by Lita Roza (1953), Sue Thompson (1957), and Russ Morgan (1958). Walkin' to Missouri \\\"Walkin' to Missouri\\\" is a popular song written by Bob Merrill in 1952. The song is a prodigal son allegory about a young man (the story's metaphorical \\\"robin\\\") who could not fly and could only walk all the way back to his old home in Missouri, following a life of partying in the big city jazz scene - or the repercussions that happened as a result. During the course of the song, it transpired\",\n \"title\": \"Walkin' to Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5931461\",\n \"text\": \"that old time song. \\\" \\\"Hush-a-bye ma baby, go to sleep on Mammy's knee,\\\" \\\"Journey back to Dixieland in dreams again with me; \\\" \\\"It seems like your Mammy was there once again, \\\" \\\"And the darkies were strummin' that same old refrain.\\\" \\\"Way down in Missouri where I learned this lullaby, \\\" \\\"When the stars were blinkin' and the moon was climbin' high,\\\" \\\"And I hear Mammy Cloe, as in days long ago, \\\" \\\"Singin' hush-a-bye. \\\" Missouri Waltz \\\"Missouri Waltz\\\" is the official state song of Missouri and is associated with the University of Missouri. The \\\"Missouri Waltz\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Waltz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262067\",\n \"text\": \"over in traffic stops\\\". The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6628552\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \\\"Billy\\\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by the authorities and all the children were placed into foster care except William. A deformed eye and belligerent attitude\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Cook (criminal)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10538666\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a major east–west route in the state of Missouri. It is also known as the Rex M. Whitton Expressway in the capital of Missouri. US 50 enters Missouri from Kansas along Interstate 435 around Kansas City and then it runs concurrently with Interstate 470 to Lee's Summit. It then runs as an expressway to Sedalia before becoming Broadway Boulevard and intersecting with U.S. Route 65 (Limit Avenue). From Sedalia to California, US 50 becomes a 2-lane undivided road, where it has a concurrency with Highway 5 from Syracuse to\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897563\",\n \"text\": \"outside of the Liquor Control Law. Missouri's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is .08% for persons over the age of 21 and .02% for minors and adults under age 21. Ordinarily, DUI is a misdemeanor in Missouri, although the third DUI conviction becomes a felony. Refusal to take a chemical test (i.e. breathalyzer) when so requested by a law enforcement officer who has probable cause will result in a one-year suspension of the suspect's driver's license. Missouri's drinking age has been 21 since 1945. That is, Missouri law prohibits minors from possessing or purchasing alcohol. Thus, when the National\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1125596\",\n \"text\": \"California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third largest city in the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the largest city in Moniteau County. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and\",\n \"title\": \"California, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8196710\",\n \"text\": \"in parentheses indicates the year of the Miss America competition the award/placement was garnered. Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield.\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7823715\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Missouri\\\" completed her first 6-month deployment to the U.S. 6th Fleet on 20 December 2013. In March 2014 \\\"Missouri\\\" made an 11-week-long surge deployment in the Northern Atlantic, just three months after her previous deployment and possibly linked to the Ukrainian crisis, (i.e. the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which took place in March 2014). The submarine continued to operate with the U.S. 6th fleet in 2015. On 26 January 2018, \\\"Missouri\\\" sailed into her new homeport of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii from Groton, Connecticut. USS Missouri (SSN-780) USS \\\"Missouri\\\" (SSN-780) is the seventh attack submarine and the fourth\",\n \"title\": \"USS Missouri (SSN-780)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1127711\",\n \"text\": \"Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The city has an extreme continental climate. The majority of annual precipitation falls during the humid springs and summers. Typically, fall and winter are relatively dry. While snow is not rare, it\",\n \"title\": \"Washington, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1331532\",\n \"text\": \"Girardeau Regional Airport. This is a full service airport that offers flights to and from O'Hare Airport in Chicago, IL. Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \\\"Cape\\\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city\",\n \"title\": \"Cape Girardeau, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20924856\",\n \"text\": \"does not air network programming on Saturday nights. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: 2019–20 United States network television schedule The 2019–20 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States will cover the prime time hours from September 2019 to August 2020. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled\",\n \"title\": \"2019–20 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562315\",\n \"text\": \"is the hottest time of the year with a mean temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) and a mean precipitation of 300 mm (12 inches) with June having more precipitation than either July or August. The extreme highs for the year often occur in July or August. Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state during this time of the year, contributing to area rainfall. Fall, September through November, has less and less precipitation towards the end of the season. The mean temperatures for this season are 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) and the mean precipitation is 250mm (10 in).\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897553\",\n \"text\": \"in Missouri ever has held such a referendum. The on-premises sale of liquor is allowed throughout the state, without any limitation except for the hours when sale is permitted. Since 1981, properly licensed establishments with certain levels of annual revenue in Kansas City, Jackson County, North Kansas City, St. Louis, and St. Louis County have been permitted to sell liquor by the drink between 6:00 AM and 3:00 AM Mondays through Saturdays, and between 9:00 AM and 3:00 AM on Sundays. Except for wine, Missouri places no limitations on the interstate shipping of alcohol into the state, as long the\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262096\",\n \"text\": \"smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property. No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16142437\",\n \"text\": \"in 2012. The bill was initially vetoed by Gov. Nixon, but the Missouri legislature overrode the veto during the September veto session. In September 2016, another Senate bill coincidentally numbered SB 656 was passed allowing permitless concealed carry by anyone 19 years of age or older who may lawfully own a gun. This bill was also vetoed by Governor Nixon, on June 27, 2016. After the Missouri legislature reconvened for the veto-override session on September 14, 2016, the Senate voted to override the veto with a 24 – 6 vote (23 required) and the House followed through shortly thereafter with\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19947752\",\n \"text\": \"two states if there is even a slight variation in their name. For example, Vic Miller registered in Kansas would not be recognized as the same as Victor Miller registered in Missouri despite the same full date of birth and last four digits of social security number. Debate about Crosscheck is part of a larger, ongoing controversy over whether or not such voter registration programs are a valid means of protecting against fraud. A landmark study by researchers at Stanford, University of Pennsylvania, Yale, and Harvard quantified the tradeoff between voter accessibility and electoral integrity when purging a likely duplicate\",\n \"title\": \"Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262460\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri River The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5945030\",\n \"text\": \"off for Sacramento. It took seventy-five ponies to make the first trip from Missouri to California. Each major city along the way celebrated as the Pony Express rider passed through. On April 14, 1860, at about 1 a.m., the Pony Express from St. Joseph arrived in San Francisco. The east-bound rider left San Francisco April 3 and made it to St. Josephs on April 13. The Pony Express was active. In the first month of existence, the Pony Express riders experienced violent weather, harsh terrain, and the physical hardship of being in a saddle for up to 100 miles a\",\n \"title\": \"Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3106998\",\n \"text\": \"(as of 2013), the Country Club Plaza's \\\"Season of Lights\\\" is one of the city's oldest traditions. The lights are turned on at 6:54 pm on Thanksgiving and shine from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am daily through mid-January of the following year. The one- to two-hour ceremony is broadcast live on location television station KSHB. Country Club Plaza The Country Club Plaza (often called The Plaza) is a privately owned American shopping center in the Country Club District of Kansas City, Missouri. The center consists of 18 separate buildings representing 804,000 square feet of retail space and 468,000 square feet\",\n \"title\": \"Country Club Plaza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6628560\",\n \"text\": \"L-U-C-K\\\" tattooed on the fingers of his left hand and for a deformed right eyelid that never closed completely. Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \\\"Billy\\\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Cook (criminal)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3472526\",\n \"text\": \"Lewis noted his delusional thinking and a childhood history of severe abuse. In October 2013, Flynt called for clemency for Franklin, asserting \\\"that a government that forbids killing among its citizens should not be in the business of killing people itself.\\\" Franklin was held on death row at the Potosi Correctional Center near Mineral Point, Missouri. In August 2013, the Missouri Supreme Court announced that Franklin would be executed on November 20. Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster said in a statement that by setting execution dates, the state high court \\\"has taken an important step to see that justice is\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Paul Franklin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1125839\",\n \"text\": \"with hot, humid summers and chilly, though not severe winters. Winter weather can vary from very mild and rainy when air masses from the Gulf of Mexico predominate, to very cold, dry and windy with northerly or northwesterly airflows as in the famous cold month of January 1977. On average there are 82 nights which fall to or below , whilst one night falls to or below , and the coldest temperature ever has been on January 17, 1982. The hottest has been record on August 4, 1964, whilst an average of 2.9 days exceed . Rainfall is fairly heavy\",\n \"title\": \"New Madrid, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8755573\",\n \"text\": \"Mozingo Lake Golf Course The Mozingo Lake Golf Course is a 7,137 yard long, 18-hole municipal golf course on the banks of Mozingo Lake in Nodaway County, Missouri. The course was designed by Donald Sechrest and opened in 1995. It is a par 72 course and has a rating of 73.5 and a slope rating of 134 on Rye grass. It is owned by the city of Maryville, Missouri. According to the city website, Golf Digest and USA Today call it the \\\"best course to play in the state of Missouri for under $50.\\\" The signature hole is #8, a\",\n \"title\": \"Mozingo Lake Golf Course\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7357073\",\n \"text\": \"a terrible odor. Some suggest it was a rogue American Indian. Following sightings in 1972 beginning at 3:30 pm July 11, first reported by Terry, Wiley, and Doris Harrison, and lasting for about two weeks, tracks were found and submitted to Lawrence Curtis, director of the Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden. He deemed the tracks to be that of an unknown primate species. Momo the Monster Momo is the name of a local legend, similar to the Bigfoot, which is reported to live in Missouri. The name Momo is short for 'Missouri Monster' and it is reported to have\",\n \"title\": \"Momo the Monster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13015266\",\n \"text\": \"exceptions, such as \\\"NBC Sunday Night Football\\\", that are aired live in all time zones. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\\\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\\\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\\\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC 2009–10 United States network television schedule\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12750564\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"Psycho III\\\". The film title is a parody of the \\\"Pony Express,\\\" a fast mail service that crossed the North American continent from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California from April 1860 to October 1861. Puny Express Puny Express is an American cartoon, and the 32nd animated cartoon short subject in the \\\"Woody Woodpecker\\\" series. Released theatrically on January 22, 1951, the film was produced by Walter Lantz Productions and distributed by Universal-International. In the Old West, Cowboy Woody comes to town and notices an ad at a western post office advertising for a new mail delivery rider. He\",\n \"title\": \"Puny Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1331510\",\n \"text\": \"Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \\\"Cape\\\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city is named after Jean Baptiste de Girardot, who established a temporary trading post in the area around 1733. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Cape Girardeau, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262080\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas). The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2017 was 3.9 percent. In 2017, Missouri became a right-to-work state, but in August 2018, Missouri voters rejected a right-to-work law with 67% to 33%. Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19823781\",\n \"text\": \"Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into law the Missouri Medical Marijuana Bill, allowing the use of CBD oil to treat persistent seizures. In 2015 the state issued licenses to two non-profits to grow cannabis for oil to be sold to patients. House Bill\",\n \"title\": \"Cannabis in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3100876\",\n \"text\": \"first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May. If the Governor returns a bill with his objections after adjournment sine die, the General Assembly is automatically reconvened on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten days to consider vetoed bills. The Governor may convene the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a special\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri General Assembly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12719358\",\n \"text\": \"California Admission Day California Admission Day is a legal holiday in the state of California in the United States. It is celebrated as a day of observance annually on September 9 to commemorate the anniversary of the 1850 admission of California into the Union as the thirty-first state. California was admitted to the Union as part of the Compromise of 1850 as a free state after being ceded to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848. California directly became a state, it was never required to spend a period of time as a\",\n \"title\": \"California Admission Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4077554\",\n \"text\": \"New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: 2004–05 United States network television schedule The following is the 2004–05 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 2004 through May 2005. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series\",\n \"title\": \"2004–05 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1915475\",\n \"text\": \"St. Louis Lambert International Airport St. Louis Lambert International Airport , formerly Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is an international airport serving St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton. Commonly referred to as Lambert Field or simply Lambert, it is the largest and busiest airport in Missouri with over 270 daily departures to over 80 domestic and international locations. In 2017, 14.7 million passengers traveled through the airport. The airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and serves as a hub for Air Choice One and\",\n \"title\": \"St. Louis Lambert International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9283423\",\n \"text\": \"telephone with people in other time zones. For instance, business in Chicago is often conducted between 8 am and 4:30 pm, while in New York City, business hours tend to be later—for instance, from 10 am to 6 pm. On Saturdays, businesses are usually open from 8 or 9 am to noon or 1 pm. In Mexico, the standard business hours are from 7 am to 2 pm and 4 pm to 6 pm. In Finland, government agencies and other institutions follow the hours 8:00am to 4:15pm. Banks are usually open to 4:30pm. Common business is done from Monday to\",\n \"title\": \"Business hours\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19016610\",\n \"text\": \"rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Note: ABC aired \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" on Tuesday from September 20 to October 4. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: 2016–17 United States network television schedule The 2016–17 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2016 to August 2017. The schedule is\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12237777\",\n \"text\": \"Wolfe's case drew nationwide attention due to United States Supreme Court ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana, which banned death penalty for child rape, and was directly cited in court opinions. Ronald Wolfe (rapist) Ronald Wolfe was the last person executed in the United States for non-homicidal rape, and second-to-last put to death for crime other than murder (the last was James Coburn, electrocuted in Alabama the same year for robbery). He was also second-to-last person executed in Missouri before the U.S. moratorium on capital punishment. Wolfe, a 34-year-old man, was put to death in Missouri's gas chamber on May 8,\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald Wolfe (rapist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13674642\",\n \"text\": \"2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages online via the Official Tour of\",\n \"title\": \"2009 Tour of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1126949\",\n \"text\": \"Dorado Springs boasts Missouri's oldest municipal band performing in the United States at the longest continually used bandstand. The city has two newspapers: The Star and The Sun; along with local FM radio station KESM. Kamber Cain - Country Music Singer Sydney Friar - Miss Missouri 2011 El Dorado Springs, Missouri El Dorado Springs is the largest city in Cedar County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3,593 at the 2010 census. The name is commonly shortened to El Dorado or El Do. El Dorado Springs is located at (37.870872, -94.021024). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city\",\n \"title\": \"El Dorado Springs, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262024\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States. With over six million residents, it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City, near the center of the state on the Missouri River. The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the eastern border of the state. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years. The Mississippian culture\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9823084\",\n \"text\": \"and pay his respects, and decides to spend the summer there working as a laborer. He meets Jerri Jo Hopper, and falls in love, along the way developing new friendships with the town locals. He then must decide what direction he wants his life to go, whether to stay in Missouri or return to California. Steve McQueen's film company, Solar Productions, signed a multi-picture deal with Cinema Center Films. This was its first production. Michael Douglas got his first pay check, about 3400 USD, for Adam 6 A.M. He also received the orange Porsche, which he drove in the movie\",\n \"title\": \"Adam at 6 A.M.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7922822\",\n \"text\": \"Official Manual State of Missouri The Official Manual - State of Missouri (often referred to simply as The Missouri Blue Book) is a biennial publication from the Missouri Secretary of State. The Blue Book was first published in 1889. It contains historical, political, and statistical information about the state of Missouri. The book cover had traditionally been blue (with the exception of it being red, white and blue in 1976 during the United States Bicentennial) although thanks to the Irish roots of Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick it was green from 1969 until he left office in 1985. Secretary\",\n \"title\": \"Official Manual State of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598624\",\n \"text\": \"airing immediately after their original telecast in the U.S. and the weekend edition being simulcast live. In Hong Kong, the program is broadcast live (or delayed) on TVB Pearl daily at 07:30 Hong Kong Time (corresponding to 18:30, or 6:30 p.m., in the Eastern Time Zone of the U.S.). In the Philippines, \\\"NBC Nightly News\\\" was aired Mondays through Fridays at 8:30 a.m. (after \\\"Daybreak\\\"), Saturdays at 9:00 a.m. and Sundays at 10:00 a.m. local time; it is also rebroadcast at 5:30 p.m. each weeknight, 1:30 p.m. on Saturdays, 4:30 a.m. on Tuesdays to Saturdays, 10:00 p.m. on Sundays and\",\n \"title\": \"NBC Nightly News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19251363\",\n \"text\": \"of Missouri held that the Missouri Constitution did not allow the state to place anyone on the registry who had been convicted or pleaded guilty to a registrable offense before the sex offender registration law went into effect on 1 January 1995 and remanded the case for further consideration in light of that holding. On remand, the Jackson County Circuit Court entered an injunction ordering that the applicable individuals be removed from the published sex offender list. Defendant Colonel James Keathley appealed that order to the Missouri Court of Appeals in Kansas City, which affirmed the injunction on 1 April\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutionality of sex offender registries in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14418320\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"An American Prayer\\\" in 1978. It has been suggested that the inspiration for the Protagonist in the film, played by Morrison, with the script name 'Billy' was inspired by the very real Hitchhiker serial killer Billy Cook who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. In 2009, restored and re-mastered excerpts from \\\"HWY\\\" were featured in Tom DiCillos documentary \\\"When You're Strange\\\". However, the complete film was not included in the Special Features on the \\\"When You're Strange\\\" DVD, and there have been no further announcements regarding a DVD release for the film. Bootleg\",\n \"title\": \"HWY: An American Pastoral\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14320656\",\n \"text\": \"at roughly 60,000. Alarmed by the increasing turbulence, Frémont declared martial law in the state of Missouri on August 30, 1861. Just before dawn on August 30, Frémont finished penning his proclamation of martial law and read it to his wife and a trusted advisor, Edward Davis of Philadelphia. Davis warned that officials in Washington would never stand for such a sweeping edict. Frémont responded that he had been given full power to put down secession in Missouri and that, as a war measure, the proclamation was entirely warranted. The most controversial passage of the proclamation, and the one with\",\n \"title\": \"Frémont Emancipation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11677011\",\n \"text\": \"of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \\\"spring forward, fall back\\\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.\",\n \"title\": \"Daylight saving time in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19823786\",\n \"text\": \"voted were in favour of the implementation of legalised recreational usage of marijuana, and 70% supporting taxation upon its sale. 28% of those who supported this movement stating they had used the drug in the past week. Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into\",\n \"title\": \"Cannabis in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17605801\",\n \"text\": \"Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: 2014–15 United States network television schedule The 2014–15 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2014 to August 2015. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2013–14 season. NBC was the first to announce\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5808036\",\n \"text\": \"Above the shield is a helmet representing Missouri's state sovereignty. The large star above the helmet surrounded by 23 smaller stars represents Missouri's status as the 24th state. The cloud around the stars indicates the problems Missouri had in becoming a state. \\\"Salus populi suprema lex esto\\\" (Latin \\\"Let the good of the people be the supreme law\\\" or \\\"The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law\\\") is found in Cicero's \\\"De Legibus\\\" (book III, part III, sub. VIII), as \\\"Ollis salus populi suprema lex esto\\\". The phrase is the state motto of Missouri, accepted in its state\",\n \"title\": \"Seal of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3100875\",\n \"text\": \"a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district of their constituency for one year. Senators must be 30 years of age, a qualified Missouri voter for three years, and similar to House qualifications, must be a resident of their senatorial constituency for one year prior to their election. According to Article III, Section 20 of the Missouri Constitution, the General Assembly must convene on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January following the state general election. It adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6:00 p.m. on the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri General Assembly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5869906\",\n \"text\": \"viewership of 6.79 million viewers, the largest audience the program earned since January 23, 1994. March 1, 2015: 6.63 million viewers (sixth-largest audience since the 1987 advent of people meters). CBS News Sunday Morning CBS News Sunday Morning is an American newsmagazine television program that has aired on CBS since January 28, 1979. Created by Robert Northshield and original host Charles Kuralt, the 90-minute program currently airs Sundays from 9:00 to 10:30 a.m. Eastern, Pacific Time from 7:00 to 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 to 9:30 a.m. in all other time zones (live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and\",\n \"title\": \"CBS News Sunday Morning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9972099\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), the micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs), and the combined statistical areas (CSAs) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Most recently on December 1, 2009, the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States, including 3 combined statistical areas, 8 metropolitan statistical areas, and 20 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of Missouri. The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas, the 114 counties, and the 1 independent city of\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri statistical areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1127720\",\n \"text\": \"is the local high school. Private schools: There is a public library in the town, Washington Public Library. In 1990 Marbach am Neckar (Germany) became the sister city of Washington. Student exchanges and visitations between the two cities occur occasionally. Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of\",\n \"title\": \"Washington, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11416905\",\n \"text\": \"Show-Me State Games The Show-Me STATE GAMES (SMSG) is an Olympic-style competition for amateur athletes in the U.S. state of Missouri, held in the city of Columbia. The SMSG is the largest state games in the United States. The SMSG is a member of the National Congress of State Games and the United States Olympic Committee. SMSG is a program of the Missouri Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health, . The name derives from the state's official nickname, the \\\"Show-Me State.\\\" The Show-Me STATE GAMES has expanded from 600 participants in 1985, to more than 34,000 year-round participants in\",\n \"title\": \"Show-Me State Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562312\",\n \"text\": \"Climate of Missouri Missouri generally has a variety of seasonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification \\\"Cfa\\\"), with cool winters and long, hot summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate borders on a more mild-type humid subtropical climate (Köppen \\\"Cfa\\\"), and in the northern third, the state transitions into a humid continental climate (Köppen \\\"Dfa\\\"). Because of its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Lacking either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897555\",\n \"text\": \"be generally licensed to do business by the Department of Economic Development. In practice, ordinary commercial shippers like FedEx and UPS have the necessary licenses. An alcohol retailer licensed in Missouri or in any other state which has similar, \\\"reciprocal\\\" wine-shipping laws may ship up to two cases of wine each year to any Missouri resident over the age of 21, provided that the wine is for personal use and not for resale. Such a delivery is deemed not to be a sale in Missouri. Otherwise, for direct shipments of wine from a winery, a wine manufacturer licensed in Missouri\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11677021\",\n \"text\": \"ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer. In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8. Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine\",\n \"title\": \"Daylight saving time in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5746437\",\n \"text\": \"go to Ste. Genevieve can take US 67 Bus. through Park Hills to US 67, to Missouri, then take Route 32 to Ste. Genevieve. There have supposedly been plans to extend Route 8 to Ste. Genevieve. So far, those plans have not been put into effect. Between Steelville and Potosi, Route 8 was initially Route 62 from 1922 to 1926. The route was renumbered because US 60 had been planned as US 62. Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St.\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Route 8\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262032\",\n \"text\": \"speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners. Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as \\\"Missour-\\\"ee\\\"\\\" or \\\"Missour-\\\"uh\\\"\\\", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations. There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the \\\"Show Me State\\\", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that \\\"I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Truman Day context: and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the\\n\\nIf it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 187,\n \"origin_tokens\": 187,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Daylight saving time in the United States context: uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \\\"spring forward, fall back\\\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.\\n\\ntitle: California, Missouri context: air balloon California held Saturday of. Approately 20 hot air ball participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race California Style is held the Friday and Saturday of December Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more On January 19, 2018 singer-songwriter Kassi Asht her \\\"California, Missouri referencing hometown California California, Missouri California is a city Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. 2010 census has the population at ,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third\\n Climate of: isottest time of year mean 2 °7 °F) meanitation of30012 with more precip either July or August. extreme for the occur in July Tropones and this time, contributing area rainfall Fall through, precip. The temperatures for are. ° and mean precip 50 (0\\n, California Missouri California is a , the the City Area the. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and\\n\\nIf it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 474,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14997,\n \"ratio\": \"31.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":183,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":183,"string":"183"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which decade of the 20th century was Ted Danson born?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Forties","1940–1949","%6040s","1940s","Nineteen-forties","1940s literature","'40s","1940-1949","1940's","1940s (decade)"],"string":"[\n \"The Forties\",\n \"1940–1949\",\n \"%6040s\",\n \"1940s\",\n \"Nineteen-forties\",\n \"1940s literature\",\n \"'40s\",\n \"1940-1949\",\n \"1940's\",\n \"1940s (decade)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"1940s"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1709830","text":"conservation. In March 2011, he published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica (née MacMaster, 1916 – January 11, 2006) and Edward Bridge \"Ned\" Danson, Jr. (March 22, 1916 – November 30, 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1709847","text":"Hillary Clinton. Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", Jack Holden in the films \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \"Becker\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \"\" and \"\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \"Damages\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1709828","text":"Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", Jack Holden in the films \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \"Becker\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \"\" and \"\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \"Damages\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series \"Bored to","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"12260020","text":"Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three people and injured 23 others in an attempt to start a revolution by conducting a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology. In conjunction, he issued a social critique opposing industrialization and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism. In 1971 Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or","title":"Ted Kaczynski"},{"id":"1709845","text":"an axe and saw, Breed, Gaede, and Danson ended up destroying over 300 outdoor advertising signs. Danson's interest in environmentalism continued over the years, and he began to be concerned with the state of the world's oceans. In the 1980s, he was a contributing founder of the \"American Oceans Campaigns\", which merged with Oceana in 2001, where Danson is a board member. In March 2011, Danson published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans And What We Can Do To Save Them\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson is a friend of former United States President Bill Clinton, who attended","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"15332301","text":"James Van Praagh James Van Praagh (; born August 23, 1958) is an American author, producer and television personality who describes himself as a clairvoyant and spiritual medium. He has written numerous books, including \"The New York Times\" bestseller \"Talking to Heaven\". He co-executive produced the CBS primetime series \"Ghost Whisperer\", which he claims was based on his life, and was portrayed by Ted Danson in the 2002 semi-biographical miniseries \"Living with the Dead\". He hosted a short-lived paranormal talk show called \"Beyond with James Van Praagh\". Van Praagh was born in Bayside, New York and is the youngest of","title":"James Van Praagh"},{"id":"657047","text":"for Public Service. Goldberg serves on the national council advisory board of the National Museum of American Illustration. Goldberg has been married three times — in 1973 to Alvin Martin (divorced in 1979, one daughter); on September 1, 1986 to cinematographer David Claessen (divorced in 1988); and on October 1, 1994 to the union organizer Lyle Trachtenberg (divorced in 1995). She was romantically linked with actors Frank Langella, Timothy Dalton, and Ted Danson, who controversially appeared in blackface during her 1993 Friars Club roast. She has stated that she has no plans to marry again, commenting \"Some people are not","title":"Whoopi Goldberg"},{"id":"13650000","text":"Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \"Ted\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving utensils and other home furnishings, established after discovering the simple but elegant design style on a 1950s trip to Denmark. Nierenberg was born on May 20, 1923, and majored in engineering management at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Institute of Technology, earning a bachelor of science degree in 1944. After graduation, he worked in the family business that manufactured metal nameplates for appliances. On a trip to Europe in","title":"Ted Nierenberg"},{"id":"13650004","text":"\"widely considered among the finest gardens in the Hudson Valley\". \"The Beckoning Path: Lessons of a Lifelong Garden\", a book of Nierenberg's photographs of his gardens, was published by Aperture Press in 1993. Nierenberg died at age 86 on July 31, 2009, due to pancreatic cancer at his home in Armonk, New York. He was survived by his wife, two daughters, two sons and ten grandchildren. Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \"Ted\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving","title":"Ted Nierenberg"},{"id":"12260082","text":"selections in the University of Michigan's special collections. The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049. In 2012, Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni Association's directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class of 1962; he listed his occupation as \"prisoner\" and his eight life sentences as \"awards\". Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three","title":"Ted Kaczynski"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"1709831","text":"where he was a star player on the basketball team. He became interested in drama while attending Stanford University and, seeking a better acting program, transferred to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in drama in 1972. Danson began his television career as a contract player on the daytime soap opera \"Somerset\". He played the role of \"Tom Conway\" from 1975 to 1976. He then spent a few years (1977–1982) as a doctor on the daytime soap opera \"The Doctors\". He was also in a number of commercials, most recognizably as","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"1709840","text":"and \"Cousins\" with Isabella Rossellini. He also appeared in \"The Onion Field\" (his first film, as the bagpipe playing Officer Ian Campbell), \"Creepshow\", \"Body Heat\", \"Little Treasure\", \"Just Between Friends\", \"A Fine Mess\", \"Dad\", \"Made in America\", \"Getting Even with Dad\" and \"Saving Private Ryan\". Danson and his first wife, actress Randall \"Randy\" Gosch (now professionally known as Randy Danson), were married in 1970 and divorced in 1975. Danson's second wife was producer Cassandra \"Casey\" Coates; they were married in 1977. On December 24, 1979, while giving birth to their first daughter Kate, Coates suffered a stroke, and Danson spent","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"5197532","text":"Harry Weedon Harold William \"Harry\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \"taught Britain to love modern architecture\" and form \"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\". Weedon was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, the son of a commercial traveller, and educated at","title":"Harry Weedon"},{"id":"20064561","text":"Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \"New York Post\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \"Dean of Black Journalists\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had seven older brothers and sisters. His family was one of the few black families to own their","title":"Ted Poston"},{"id":"5984498","text":"Dad (film) Dad is a 1989 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Gary David Goldberg and starring Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson, Olympia Dukakis, Kathy Baker, Kevin Spacey and Ethan Hawke. It is based on William Wharton's novel of the same name. The original music score was composed by James Horner. The film was produced by Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures. John Tremont (Ted Danson) is a busy executive. He learns during a meeting that his mother has collapsed and been rushed to the hospital. Flying immediately to Los Angeles, he ends up becoming a caretaker of his","title":"Dad (film)"},{"id":"2397657","text":"Ted Healy Ted Healy (born Ernest Lea Nash, October 1, 1896 – December 21, 1937) was an American vaudeville performer, comedian, and actor. Though he is chiefly remembered as the creator of the Three Stooges and the style of slapstick comedy that they later made famous, he had a successful stage and film career of his own, and was cited as a formative influence by several later comedy stars. His sister was Marcia Healy who costarred with the Three Stooges as well in \"The Sitter Downers\". Sources conflict on Healy's precise birth name and birthplace, but according to baptism records,","title":"Ted Healy"},{"id":"1709841","text":"several years caring for her and helping her recuperate. They later adopted a second daughter, Alexis. Danson's affair with actress Whoopi Goldberg led to their divorce in 1993. It's known as one of Hollywood's costliest divorces, reportedly costing Danson $30 million. On October 7, 1995, Danson married actress Mary Steenburgen, whom he met on the set of the movie \"Pontiac Moon\" in 1993, and became the stepfather to Steenburgen's children, Lilly and Charlie, from her previous marriage to actor Malcolm McDowell. Danson has been on a vegan diet multiple times, but he currently adheres to a pescetarian diet. Danson suffers","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"8732714","text":"police drama. In 2004 Houston directed the NBC television series \"Crossing Jordan\". Dr. Jordan, played by Jill Hennessy, is a forensic pathologist who tends to be overly passionate about solving homicides and frequently extends her search for answers outside of the autopsy table. In 2005 Houston wrote the movie \"Knights of the South Bronx\" with Jamal Joseph. Inspired by a true story, the film portrays Richard Mason (Ted Danson), who is middle-aged and unemployed when he begins teaching in an inner-city school in the Bronx. Instead of following the prescribed curriculum, Mason encourages his elementary school students by teaching them","title":"Dianne Houston"},{"id":"7356634","text":"Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law lecturer at Durham University. He was the author of the book \"The Commonwealth Public Service\". He was the father of Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and of Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons in Filey, Yorkshire, England, he was the illegitimate son of two middle class travelling entertainers. His father Charles Parsons (16 July 1887 – 19 January 1970) had the stage name Jimmy Lynton while his","title":"Leo Blair"},{"id":"469572","text":"research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and","title":"20th century"},{"id":"12261943","text":"Actor, and remains the only actor to have had two posthumous acting nominations. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the 18th best male movie star of Golden Age Hollywood in AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list. James Byron Dean was born on February 8, 1931, at the Seven Gables apartment on the corner of 4th Street and McClure Street in Marion, Indiana, the only child of Winton Dean and Mildred Marie Wilson. He was primarily of English descent, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. He also claimed that his father was part Native American, while","title":"James Dean"},{"id":"2839938","text":"Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \"Double Indemnity\". The film launched Turner's career—\"Empire\" magazine cited the film in 1995 when it named her one of the \"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\". \"The New York Times\" wrote in 2005 that, propelled by her \"jaw-dropping movie debut [in] \"Body Heat\" ... she built a career on adventurousness and frank sexuality born of robust physicality.\" The","title":"Body Heat"},{"id":"469545","text":"20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts;","title":"20th century"},{"id":"2839953","text":"Edgar Ulmer's \"Detour\"\". The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Warner Bros. released a 25th anniversary Deluxe Edition DVD of \"Body Heat\", including a documentary about the film by Laurent Bouzereau, a \"number of rightfully deleted scenes\", and a trailer. Notes Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \"Double Indemnity\". The film launched Turner's career—\"Empire\" magazine cited the film in 1995","title":"Body Heat"},{"id":"1420569","text":"to his decision to continue acting: \"I didn't want to be an actor and I went back to college. But then the [film's] success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places, and it seemed silly to pursue anything else.\" While filming \"Dead Poets Society\" he auditioned for what would be his next film appearance, 1989's comedy drama \"Dad\", where he played Ted Danson's son and Jack Lemmon's grandson. Hawke's next film, 1991's \"White Fang\", brought his first leading role. The film, an adaptation of Jack London's novel","title":"Ethan Hawke"},{"id":"20064568","text":"in an anti-segregation film. He also lived next door to his friend Thurgood Marshall for many years. Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \"New York Post\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \"Dean of Black Journalists\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had","title":"Ted Poston"},{"id":"5941788","text":"Three Men and a Little Lady Three Men and a Little Lady is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Emile Ardolino. It is the sequel to the 1987 film \"Three Men and a Baby\". Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, and Ted Danson reprise the leading roles. The three men – Peter, Michael, and Jack – are living happily together with Mary, who is now five, and her mother, Sylvia. Peter and Michael continue their careers as an architect and cartoonist, while Jack has very few acting roles. Sylvia has become a famous actress and is dating her director Edward who","title":"Three Men and a Little Lady"},{"id":"7733039","text":"Para USA Para USA (Para) is an American-owned firearms manufacturer. It is the successor to Para-Ordnance, founded in Canada in 1985. It specializes in making M1911-style semi-automatic pistols and components. Para-Ordnance was founded in Canada in 1985 by two childhood friends, Ted Szabo and Thanos Polyzos. Szabo was born in Hungary and his family fled the country when the Soviets invaded during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. Polyzos was born in Greece and later emigrated to Canada. On March 28, 2007, Ted Szabo died at the age of 60. The company's first product was a plastic paintball gun, the Model","title":"Para USA"},{"id":"15332307","text":"Dead\" (also known by the alternate title, \"Talking to Heaven\"), a four-hour miniseries based on Van Praagh and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal, with the screenplay by John Pielmeier. Although the series followed Van Praagh's experiences, it included a fictional mystery around the murder of a teenage boy at the hands of a serial killer. Van Praagh was played by Ted Danson, his mother by Diane Ladd and his father by Jack Palance. Danson received praise from outlets like the \"Chicago Tribune\" and \"People\" for his portrayal of Van Praagh as a man anguished by his lifelong visions of the dead,","title":"James Van Praagh"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"20224477","text":"impossible to answer (e.g., ‘In which decade of the 20th century was Pablo Picasso born?’ The answer is impossible as he was born in the 19th century). If a contestant buzzes in and identifies it as \"impossible\", their opponents lose two lives, but they lose two lives of their own if they give an answer to an impossible question or say \"impossible\" to a question that is possible and so has a correct answer. The finalist who makes it to this round now faces a question, based on a random category, in which they have ten seconds to pick three","title":"Impossible (game show)"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"1709829","text":"Death\". In 2015 he starred as Hank Larsson in the second season of FX's black comedy-crime drama anthology \"Fargo\". Since 2016, he has played the afterlife \"architect\" Michael in the NBC sitcom \"The Good Place\". During his career, Danson has been nominated for 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations, winning three; one Screen Actors Guild Award; and one American Comedy Award and has been awarded a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was ranked second in \"TV Guide\"s list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1395961","text":"P. T. Barnum Phineas Taylor Barnum (; July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, politician, and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus (1871–2017). He was also an author, publisher, and philanthropist, though he said of himself: \"I am a showman by profession… and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me\". According to his critics, his personal aim was \"to put money in his own coffers.\" He is widely credited with coining the adage \"There's a sucker born every minute\", although no evidence can be found of","title":"P. T. Barnum"},{"id":"15131182","text":"1911) and Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford (both born in 1913). (However, Reagan, Nixon and Ford served in World War II with members of the Greatest Generation.) Living members of this generation include Richard Arvine Overton, the oldest living World War II veteran. For deceased celebrities born in this era, see G.I. Generation. Interbellum Generation Interbellum Generation is a term (derived from the Latin \"inter\" \"between\" and \"bellum\" \"war\") that is sometimes used to denote persons born in the United States during the first decade of the 20th century, often expressed specifically as the years 1901 to 1913. The","title":"Interbellum Generation"},{"id":"20252755","text":"as a consulting producer in the Discovery Channel's 2017 miniseries, \"\", which features actor Sam Worthington as James \"Fitz\" Fitzgerald, described by Fitzgerald himself as \"a composite character\" of many investigators in the Unabomber case. James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of","title":"James R. Fitzgerald"},{"id":"1709844","text":"his face. Danson and Goldberg issued statements emphasizing \"the Friars Club tradition of raucous and over the top humor\" and describing those offended as newcomers who \"were uncomfortable with what to expect\". Substantial excerpts from the performance were later printed in \"Spy\". On November 5, 1993, Danson and Goldberg issued a statement signalling the end of their relationship. Danson's interest in environmental concerns was ignited when he was twelve years old and Bill Breed, then curator of geology at the Museum of Northern Arizona, introduced Danson and friend Marc Gaede to a game he referred to as \"billboarding\". Armed with","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1366188","text":"together, daughter Lilly and son Charlie McDowell. Steenburgen and McDowell separated in 1989 and divorced in 1990. On October 7, 1995, Steenburgen married actor Ted Danson, whom she had met on the set of the film \"Pontiac Moon\" in 1993, and became the stepmother to Danson's daughters Kate and Alexis from his previous marriage, to producer Cassandra Coates. Steenburgen currently resides in the Los Angeles area with her family. An alumna of Hendrix College, Steenburgen received an honorary doctorate from the institution in 1989. In 2006, Steenburgen received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Lyon College in Batesville,","title":"Mary Steenburgen"},{"id":"18668448","text":"Ted Shearer Thaddeus \"Ted\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \"Quincy\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton High School, he met African-American cartoonist E. Simms Campbell, who became his mentor. At 16, Shearer sold","title":"Ted Shearer"},{"id":"3211119","text":"Becker (TV series) Becker is an American sitcom that ran from 1998 to 2004 on CBS. Set in the New York City borough of the Bronx, the show starred Ted Danson as John Becker, a cantankerous doctor who operates a small practice and is constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, and friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. Despite everything, his patients and friends are loyal because Becker genuinely cares about them. The series was produced by Paramount Network Television. The show revolved around Becker and the things that annoyed him, although the members of the supporting","title":"Becker (TV series)"},{"id":"652051","text":"that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, where he died of a heart attack at age 64, on January 22, 1973. Johnson is ranked favorably by many historians because of his domestic policies and the passage of many major laws that affected civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation, and Social Security, although he has also drawn substantial criticism for his escalation of the Vietnam War. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River.","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"15131181","text":"the later conflict. Members of this generation came of age either during the Roaring Twenties or the initial phase of the Great Depression, prior to the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the promulgation of the New Deal. This fact contributed to the core of this generation holding lifelong left-liberal views in politics, especially on economic issues, although a few prominent dissenters (such as Barry Goldwater) do stand out. Most of their children belong to the Silent Generation. The four Presidents of the United States of the Interbellum Generation were Lyndon B. Johnson (born in 1908), Ronald Reagan (born in","title":"Interbellum Generation"},{"id":"7356639","text":"28 June 1975 of thyroid cancer. He remarried and lived in Shrewsbury, Shropshire with his second wife, Olwen, until his death. Cherie and Tony Blair named their youngest son Leo after him. Blair was a \"militant atheist\" according to his son Tony. Blair died at the age of 89 on 16 November 2012. Blair's book \"The Commonwealth Public Service\" (1958) was described by the journal \"Canadian Public Administration\" as \"an excellent primer on the Australian Federal Public Service\". Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law","title":"Leo Blair"},{"id":"3496883","text":"hair but actually turning it into a business. He was one of the first who had a product line bought out by a major corporation\". Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage.","title":"Vidal Sassoon"},{"id":"4892532","text":"the harassment. A former FBI agent Ted Gunderson, who believed in a wide range of conspiracy theories, submitted an affidavit supporting the theory two months before his death at age 82. Red Squad In the United States, Red Squads were police intelligence units that specialized in infiltrating, conducting counter-measures and gathering intelligence on political and social groups during the 20th century. Dating as far back as the Haymarket Riot in 1886, Red Squads became common in larger cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles during the First Red Scare of the 1920s. They were set up as specialized","title":"Red Squad"},{"id":"19256052","text":"Ted Stanley Theodore Richard \"Ted\" Stanley (April 26, 1931 – January 3, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He co-founded the Danbury Mint with business partner Ralph Glendinning, which was then a subsidiary of MBI Inc. Born in Reading, Pennsylvania, Stanley graduated from University of Pennsylvania. He then served in the United States Air Force and was an intelligence officer. Stanley worked for Procter & Gamble in the marketing division in Cincinnati, Ohio. Stanley became a billionaire during his lifetime, acquiring a net worth of approximately $1.3 billion. Stanley earned his wealth through the founding the Danbury Mint, which","title":"Ted Stanley"},{"id":"11485869","text":"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the","title":"Indonesia national badminton team"},{"id":"1983189","text":"he and Cooper married in July 1992. In 1994, they became involved with Equinox International, a multi-level marketing organization, and created a promotional video for the company, as did Ted Danson and Dave Parker. The couple had two children: Lukas, born in 1993, and Hana, born in 1997. After several years of marriage, they assembled material from the journals that each kept, which included poems, songs and letters. They authored a 1997 book titled \"The Unimaginable Life\" about their relationship. Its purpose was to offer an alternative to typical relationships where spouses feel that they cannot be completely honest. Later","title":"Kenny Loggins"},{"id":"3559394","text":"illegally, they have a baby, and the family gets split up. Maybe the kid stays. We don't have a workable formation. This goes to the heart of the Latino vote because it shows a real lack of sympathy. You have to come up with some kind of fix. So why avoid this one? Don't you have to take it on?\" In January 2016, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump referred to rival Ted Cruz, who was born in Canada to an American mother and a Cuban father who were both lawfully resident in Canada at the time, as an \"anchor baby.\"","title":"Anchor baby"},{"id":"3218265","text":"events that took place between c. 1964 and 1972, and to memories of the counterculture, flower power, protests of 1968 and other things happening at the time. Often, such a nominal decade will come to be known by a title, such as the \"Swinging Sixties\" (1960s), the \"Warring Forties\" (1940s) and the \"Roaring Twenties\" (1920s). This practice is occasionally also used for decades of earlier centuries, for example references to the 1890s as the \"Gay Nineties\" or \"Naughty Nineties\". Decade A decade is a period of 10 years. The word is derived (via French and Latin) from the ), which","title":"Decade"},{"id":"20519268","text":"Jersey. The settlement was for $1.9 million. He was with Heather Unruh during her November 2017 press conference when she alleged Kevin Spacey molested her son. In the Geoghan case, Garabedian was able to reach a financial settlement with the Boston Archdiocese on behalf of 86 people. At the time they reached the settlement, the Church would pay upwards of $30 million and plaintiffs would not be required to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Stanley Tucci portrayed Garabedian in the movie \"Spotlight\". Ted Danson portrayed him in \"Our Fathers\". Mitchell Garabedian Mitchell \"Mitch\" Garabedian (born July 17, 1951) is a lawyer","title":"Mitchell Garabedian"},{"id":"20252752","text":"James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania. In 1987, after eleven years of local police work culminating in his promotion to the rank of sergeant, he was recruited by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Upon graduation from the FBI","title":"James R. Fitzgerald"},{"id":"19995012","text":"7 Oct. 2011. Angels at Risk and Fred Segal Press Release. Santa Monica, California. 18. Angels at Risk: Southern California Juvenile Courts Dissolved by Susie Spain Official Website: Angels at Risk Angels at Risk Angels at Risk is a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable organization in Los Angeles, California, United States of America founded by Susie Spain, Ted Danson, Mary Steenburgen, Jesse Sisgold and Tom Nolan that focuses on the issue of drug and alcohol use and abuse in kids, teens, and families through their prevention education programs, services, trainings, and curriculum. Angels at Risk formally became their own 501 (c)(3) in","title":"Angels at Risk"},{"id":"3058931","text":"in Up Holland throughout the 20th century. The comedian Ted Ray (born Charles Olden), spent his childhood in the village, his father being the licensee of the Bull's Head public house, which used to stand in School Lane. The life peer Catherine Ashton, appointed as the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in 2009, was born in Upholland. The phonetician John C Wells, who was president of the International Phonetic Association between 2003 and 2007, was born in Upholland to the vicar of the parish, Philip Wells. He has commented on the accent of the area","title":"Upholland"},{"id":"9011192","text":"In 2000, Jones joined film actor and ocean activist Ted Danson and founded BlueVoice.org (a website dedicated to the protection of dolphins and whales and particularly stopping the hunting of dolphins in Japanese fishing villages). The organization uses television and the internet to publicize ocean issues. One of the group's main concerns is the alarming level of contamination in the oceans - bio-accumulating in the foodweb from plankton to fish, marine mammals, then humans. Jones’ book, \"The Voice of the Dolphins\", was published in 2011. It recounts more than thirty years of work with dolphins in the wild as well","title":"Hardy Jones"},{"id":"1278508","text":"Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burglar, and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution and after more than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 homicides that he committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true number of victims is unknown and possibly higher. Many of Bundy's young female victims regarded him as handsome and charismatic, which were traits that he exploited to win their trust.","title":"Ted Bundy"},{"id":"5198728","text":"Troy Donahue Troy Donahue (born Merle Johnson, Jr., January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American film and television actor and singer. He was a popular male sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s. Born in New York City, Donahue was the son of a retired stage actress and the manager of the motion-picture department of General Motors. Donahue later recalled in a 1959 interview: Acting is all I ever wanted. Ever since I can remember, I've studied and read plays. My mother would help me, but my parents didn't want me to become an actor. They preferred","title":"Troy Donahue"},{"id":"335123","text":"southern and border states. To this day, there are still counties and parishes within the US known as \"dry\", where the sale of alcohol – liquor, and sometimes wine and beer – is prohibited. Several such municipalities have adopted liquor-by-the-drink, however, in order to expand tax revenue. Some municipalities regulate when alcohol can be sold; an example is restricting or banning sales on Sunday, under the so-called \"blue laws\". Al Capone was the most notorious gangster of his generation. Born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York; Capone settled in Chicago to take over Johnny Torrio's business dealing with","title":"Prohibition"},{"id":"12261990","text":"had become friends after they first met on the set of \"Giant\", referred to Dean as gay during a speech at the GLAAD Media Awards in 2001. Biographer Darwin Porter believes that Dean was more likely omnisexual, and that his trysts were often opportunistic and designed to further his career. Publisher: Sandy Beach, A (February 26, 2018) James Dean James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American actor. He is remembered as a cultural icon of teenage disillusionment and social estrangement, as expressed in the title of his most celebrated film, \"Rebel Without a Cause\"","title":"James Dean"},{"id":"9718710","text":"but returned to graduate several years later from Columbia's School of General Studies in 1991 with a bachelor of arts, with honors, in history. Rall says his drawing style was originally influenced by Mike Peters, the editorial cartoonist at his hometown paper, the \"Dayton Daily News\". Later influences included Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau, Charles Schulz, and Matt Groening. Rall's 1990s work focused on the issues and concerns surrounding twentysomethings and Generation X, terms coined in the late 1980s to describe people born in the 1960s. While living in San Francisco Rall met Dave Eggers, who hired him as a contributing","title":"Ted Rall"},{"id":"3952071","text":"Barney Danson Barnett Jerome \"Barney\" Danson, (February 8, 1921 – October 17, 2011) was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. Barney Danson was born to a Jewish family in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood. He joined The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada in 1939 as the Second World War broke out. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant and served until he was severely wounded, losing an eye, in the Battle of Normandy. His ailment created an interest in the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and its library for the blind and visually impaired, which he maintained until his death.","title":"Barney Danson"},{"id":"11289542","text":"Jean-Charles Tacchella Jean-Charles Tacchella (born 23 September 1925) is a French screenwriter and film director. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film \"Cousin Cousine\" (1975), which was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and which was later (1989) remade in a US version starring Ted Danson and titled \"Cousins\". Jean-Charles Tacchella studied in Marseilles and, just after the Liberation, left for Paris with the aim of becoming a film director. He joined \"L'écran Français\" when he was nineteen where he worked with Renoir, Becker and Grémillon. While with","title":"Jean-Charles Tacchella"},{"id":"429829","text":"birthday by giving an invited lecture at the University of Southampton. In 2014, ACM SIGCHI honored him with a Special Recognition Award. Nelson is credited with coining several new words that have come into common usage especially in the world of computing. Among them are: Many of his books are published through his own company, Mindful Press. Ted Nelson Theodor Holm \"Ted\" Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher and sociologist. He coined the terms \"hypertext\" and \"hypermedia\" in 1963 and published them in 1965. Nelson coined the terms \"transclusion\", \"virtuality\", and \"intertwingularity\" (in","title":"Ted Nelson"},{"id":"412779","text":"He also created the environmental-themed animated series \"Captain Planet and the Planeteers.\" Turner was born on November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Florence (née Rooney) and Robert Edward Turner II, a billboard magnate. When he was nine, his family moved to Savannah, Georgia. He attended The McCallie School, a private boys' preparatory school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Turner attended Brown University and was vice-president of the Brown Debating Union and captain of the sailing team. He became a member of Kappa Sigma. Turner initially majored in Classics. Turner's father wrote saying that his choice made him \"appalled, even","title":"Ted Turner"},{"id":"18668454","text":"Northern Westchester Hospital in Mount Kisco, New York. As illustrator; children's chapter books written by John Shearer Ted Shearer Thaddeus \"Ted\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \"Quincy\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton","title":"Ted Shearer"},{"id":"2836660","text":"Marian McPartland Margaret Marian McPartland, OBE (\"née\" Turner; 20 March 1918 – 20 August 2013), was an English-American jazz pianist, composer and writer. She was the host of \"Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz\" on National Public Radio from 1978 to 2011. After her marriage to trumpeter Jimmy McPartland in February 1945, she resided in the United States when not travelling throughout the world to perform. In 1969 she founded Halcyon Records, a recording company that produced albums for 10 years. In 2000 she was named a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master. In 2004 she was given a Grammy Award","title":"Marian McPartland"},{"id":"5858184","text":"Ted Tinling Cuthbert Collingwood \"Ted\" Tinling (23 June 1910 – 23 May 1990), sometimes known as Teddy Tinling, was an English tennis player, fashion designer, spy and author. He was a firm fixture on the professional tennis tour for over sixty years and is considered the foremost designer of tennis dressed of the 20th Century. He was born in Eastbourne, on the south coast of England, the son of James Alexander Tinling, a chartered accountant. In 1923, suffering from bronchial asthma, his parents sent him to the French Riviera on doctor's orders. It was there he began playing tennis, particularly","title":"Ted Tinling"},{"id":"3496860","text":"Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage. He quit school at age 14, soon holding various jobs in London during World War II. Although he hoped to become a professional football player,","title":"Vidal Sassoon"},{"id":"7845245","text":"diagnosis in the DSM-III-R but then relegated to the appendix of DSM-IV, tentatively renamed 'Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder'. Millon devised a set of widely acknowledged subtypes for each of the DSM personality disorders: Theodore Millon Theodore Millon (August 18, 1928 – January 29, 2014) was an American psychologist known for his work on personality disorders. Millon was born in 1928, the only child of immigrant Jewish parents from Lithuania and Poland. His 19th-century ancestors came from the town of Valozhyn, then a part of the Russian Empire. Receiving degrees from both American and European universities, he was a member of","title":"Theodore Millon"},{"id":"1423819","text":"1999. Del Shannon was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005. Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \"Billboard\" hit \"Runaway\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while","title":"Del Shannon"},{"id":"1571637","text":"launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program, and instituted reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice. Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15, 2015. He suspended his campaign on February 20, 2016, shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23, 2016. Bush later made headlines by joining a group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for president, Donald Trump. Jeb Bush was born on February 11, 1953 in Midland, Texas. When he was six years old, the family relocated to the Tanglewood neighborhood of Houston,","title":"Jeb Bush"},{"id":"11121363","text":"Ted Patrick Theodore Roosevelt Patrick, Jr. (born 1930) is an American cult-deprogrammer and author. He is considered to be the \"father of deprogramming.\" Ted Patrick was born in what he calls \"a red-light district\" of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in which he was surrounded by \"thieves, prostitutes, murderers [and] pimps. From his earliest recollections, Patrick says [he] saw people being killed, shot up, cut up, beat up. The place was so bad, even the police didn't want to come there.\" Patrick had a speech impediment, which set him apart from the other children. Until he was sixteen, no one could understand what","title":"Ted Patrick"},{"id":"1423801","text":"Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \"Billboard\" hit \"Runaway\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while in Germany played guitar in a band called \"The Cool Flames\". When his service ended, he returned","title":"Del Shannon"},{"id":"11799018","text":"Florida, near Weisman's home town of Fort Lauderdale until their divorce in 2011. Robin currently works in marketing. Robin Weisman Robin Weisman (born March 14, 1984) is an American former child actress. She acted between 1990 and 1994. Born in Hollywood, Florida to parents Betsy and David Weisman, Weisman is well known as the \"little lady\" Mary Bennington in the film \"Three Men and a Little Lady\" in 1990 with Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg and Ted Danson. She also appeared in \"Thunder in Paradise\" with Hulk Hogan. Weisman gained a degree in business studies from the University of Florida. She","title":"Robin Weisman"},{"id":"479149","text":"Bruce Lee Lee Jun-fan (; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee (), was a Hong Kong and American actor, film director, martial artist, martial arts instructor, philosopher, and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do, one of the wushu or kung fu styles. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen. He is considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians","title":"Bruce Lee"},{"id":"12212435","text":"Cecil Clavering John Cecil Clavering OBE (17 April 1910 – 6 October 2001) was an English architect, best known for his work designing Odeon Cinemas as part of Harry Weedon's architectural practice in the 1930s, and his later work as the architect of the Public Record Office in Kew, London. Clavering was born and educated in Sunderland, the son of a schoolmaster. At the age of seventeen he was articled to a firm of architects in South Shields while studying architecture at Armstrong College, Newcastle, where he was introduced to the work of Le Corbusier, Willem Marinus Dudok, Erich Mendelsohn","title":"Cecil Clavering"},{"id":"10317239","text":"Them\" (2011), written with actor and activist Ted Danson. D'Orso's father was a U.S. Navy submarine officer and a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. D'Orso was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, and was raised in military base cities, including: Key West, Florida; San Diego, California; Charleston, South Carolina; and Frankfurt, Germany. He graduated with a degree in philosophy from the College of William and Mary in 1975 and earned a master's degree in English from William and Mary in 1981. D'Orso was a staff writer for \"Commonwealth Magazine\"(1981-1984), features writer for \"The Virginian-Pilot\" (1984-1993) and contributor to \"Sports Illustrated\" magazine","title":"Mike D'Orso"},{"id":"10056523","text":"theatre in the country. The Lyric theatre is where film star Liam Neeson began his career and local playwrights Martin Lynch and Marie Jones have both written plays for the theatre. Kenneth Branagh, another British film actor, was also born in Belfast. The Old Museum Arts Centre is a 19th-century building in the city centre which runs a programme of music, theatre, comedy, dance workshops, and a ground floor art gallery with regular exhibitions. Belfast has several venues for performing arts. The Grand Opera House, completed in 1895, was bombed several times during the Troubles but has been restored to","title":"Culture of Belfast"},{"id":"1627034","text":"Aleister Crowley. His works had a direct influence on the rise in popular occultism and some forms of neopaganism in the 20th century. In addition to the Britons, some notable non-British entrants were listed, including two Irish nationals, the philanthropic musicians Bono and Bob Geldof. The top 19 entries were people of English origin (though Sir Ernest Shackleton and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were both born into Anglo-Irish families when what is now the Republic of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom). The highest-placed Scottish entry was Alexander Fleming in 20th place, and the highest Welsh entry","title":"100 Greatest Britons"},{"id":"2083399","text":"a title card reading \"In memory of Brandon Tartikoff.\" A similar card appeared at the end of the ninth-season premiere of \"Seinfeld\", \"The Butter Shave\". On Friday, August 29, 1997, \"Dateline NBC\" ran an extended tribute to Tartikoff which featured many famous figures whose careers he had influenced, including Warren Littlefield, Dick Ebersol, Bill Cosby, Michael J. Fox, Ted Danson, and Jerry Seinfeld. Brandon Tartikoff Brandon Tartikoff (January 13, 1949 – August 27, 1997) was an American television executive who was the president of NBC from 1980 to 1991. He was credited with turning around NBC's low prime time reputation","title":"Brandon Tartikoff"},{"id":"2658446","text":"US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \"generational shift\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\".","title":"History of the United States (1991–2008)"},{"id":"12678075","text":"is also a licensed private investigator. He considers himself a Democrat, and has been criticized for anti-Republican statements he has made over the years. The author noted in an interview that he agreed with Robert Crumb's observation that the Thirties was the pinnacle of American culture. He also notes in the same interview that he finds truth to Art Spiegelman's statement \"that we are, for whatever reason, most nostalgic for the decade before the one we were born in\", as he was born in the Forties. As a freelance journalist, he has written criticism for publications such as the \"New","title":"Tom De Haven"},{"id":"151360","text":"describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \"X Saves the World\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \"Bust Generation\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\". On the American television program \"Survivor\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \"\", the","title":"Generation X"},{"id":"19019106","text":"the work of these two men \"endures and so does what they stood for\". Zampella also produced the 110th Anniversary Birthday Celebration of Jazz Legend Duke Ellington in conjunction with the Mayors Office of the City of NY and the MTA when Michael Bloomberg Mayor designated \"Duke Ellington Day\" to celebrate the anniversary of the jazz legend’s birth. On September 11, 2015, Zampella received an Editor's Pic from CNN for his ireport/photo essay on the 14th anniversary attack on September 11, 2001. Zampella was born in Pompton Plains, NJ, and resides in New York City . Richard Zampella began his","title":"Richard Zampella"},{"id":"5197541","text":"club and it still operates today as the Solihull Rifle and Pistol Club. Harry Weedon Harold William \"Harry\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \"taught Britain to love modern architecture\" and form \"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\". Weedon was","title":"Harry Weedon"},{"id":"3217679","text":"Tim Berne Tim Berne (born 1954) is an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist and record label owner. Berne he had no interest in playing an instrument until he attended Lewis & Clark College in Oregon. Hearing the album \"Dogon A.D.\" (1972) by Julius Hemphill turned his attention toward jazz. He was a fan of rhythm and blues, and it seemed to him that Hemphill was playing jazz with the soulfulness of R&B. In 1974 he went to New York to find Hemphill, who gave him saxophone lessons and advice on how to manage his career. Berne started the record label Empire","title":"Tim Berne"},{"id":"1727058","text":"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of","title":"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"},{"id":"5580560","text":"Merrion Street Merrion Street () is a major Georgian street on the southside of Dublin, Ireland, which runs along one side of Merrion Square. The garden entrance of Leinster House is located on the street, as is Irish Government Buildings, formerly the Royal College of Science for Ireland. Some reports suggest that Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington was born in his family's Mornington House on the street. The house is now a hotel. The street was originally lined on both sides by Georgian houses. However between 1904 and 1922 all the houses on one side of the street","title":"Merrion Street"},{"id":"7731871","text":"annual Cape May Jazz Festival Concert Series and the Tony Williams Jazz Festival Concert Series. Perkins had a five-year relationship with \"The Philadelphia Tribune\", where he wrote commentary on government, society and public sffairs. He also wrote editorials and other articles for the former \"The Philadelphia New Observer\". Perkins is most proud of his independently produced radio documentary on the life of African-American history icon, Paul Robeson, who was born in the region and spent his last years living in Philadelphia. Perkins has an independent website project under construction, and he expected it to launch by early 2010. Perkins was","title":"Bob Perkins (radio)"},{"id":"11917984","text":"Ted Danson, his daughter Kate Danson and several other actors in the upcoming short film \"The Wrights\". From 2008 to 2013, Steger played the role of Navid Shirazi on The CW's \"90210\". He directed and produced a one-woman show called \"Brandee Built on Crazee\" starring his wife Brandee Tucker. On 21 April 2016, Steger announced at Twitter that he and Brandee welcomed a baby girl named Poet Louise Steger. Bones - The Killers Just Another Girl - The Killers (cameo) Michael Steger Michael Mateus Steger (born May 27, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for his role","title":"Michael Steger"},{"id":"4494033","text":"Albert Richardson Sir Albert Edward Richardson (London, 19 May 1880 – 3 February 1964) was a leading English architect, teacher and writer about architecture during the first half of the 20th century. He was Professor of Architecture at University College London, a President of the Royal Academy, editor of \"Architects' Journal\" and founder of the Georgian Group. Richardson was born in London. He trained in the offices of Leonard Stokes and Frank T. Verity, practitioners of the Beaux-Arts style, and in 1906 he established his first architectural practice, in partnership with Charles Lovett Gill (the Richardson & Gill partnership was","title":"Albert Richardson"},{"id":"183161","text":"have not included the names of women with whom Holt allegedly had a sexual relationship because I was unable to confirm or deny that most of these relationships took place […] by their very nature they were always illicit and Holt was very discreet.\" Holt was the first Prime Minister born in the twentieth century. Holt was an enthusiastic sportsman and avid swimmer, which was a stark differentiation to that of Menzies and the majority of his predecessors and colleagues. Like later successor Bob Hawke, this resonated with positive effect within the electorate. His oratory skills were vastly superior to","title":"Harold Holt"},{"id":"11167314","text":"was born on January 8, 1957, in Brooklyn, New York. Born to a family of working-class Greek immigrant parents and grandparents who were mill workers, who worked as a waiter and a secretary. When his high school guidance counselor evaluated his skill set, the counselor concluded that young Ted was destined to work in a grocery store. Leonsis also reflects on his working-class roots that being a grocery store manager was all his dad aspired him to be. During his youth, Leonsis mowed lawns for extra money. One day when mowing, he stumbled upon mowing the lawn owned by a","title":"Ted Leonsis"},{"id":"7722560","text":"Ted Croker Edgar Alfred \"Ted\" Croker (13 February 1924 – 25 December 1992) was an English football administrator. He was Secretary of the Football Association from 1973 to 1989. Born in Kingston-upon-Thames in 1924, Croker joined the RAF as a pilot in 1942. He sustained injuries in a crash which hampered his later football career. In the late 1940s and 1950s he played as a defender for Charlton Athletic, Dartford, Headington United (later Oxford United) and Kidderminster Harriers. He lived in Cheltenham in the 1950s, where he founded the heavy machinery company Liner-Croker Ltd. The company, specializing in earth-moving equipment,","title":"Ted Croker"},{"id":"389999","text":"Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath (; October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College at the University of Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a poet and writer. She married fellow poet Ted Hughes in 1956, and they lived together in the United States and then in England. They had two children, Frieda and Nicholas, before separating in 1962. Plath was clinically depressed for most of her adult life, and was treated multiple times with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). She died by suicide in","title":"Sylvia Plath"},{"id":"2978177","text":"the 1988 People's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy Motion Picture. Architect Peter Mitchell (Tom Selleck), cartoonist Michael Kellam (Steve Guttenberg), and actor Jack Holden (Ted Danson) are happy living their lives as bachelors in their lofty New York City apartment where they have frequent parties and flings with different women. Their lives are suddenly disrupted when a baby named Mary arrives on their doorstep one day. A note with her, written by a lady named Sylvia, indicates that she is Jack's, the result of a tryst between the actor and actress when they were both in a Shakespeare in the","title":"Three Men and a Baby"},{"id":"2978176","text":"Three Men and a Baby Three Men and a Baby is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Leonard Nimoy and starring Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, Ted Danson and Nancy Travis. It follows the mishaps and adventures of three bachelors as they attempt to adapt their lives to pseudo-fatherhood with the arrival of the love child of one of them. The script was based on the 1985 French film (\"Three Men and a Cradle\"). The film was the biggest American box office hit of that year, surpassing \"Fatal Attraction\" and eventually grossing $167 million in the US. The film won","title":"Three Men and a Baby"},{"id":"13478045","text":"American bicycle component manufacturer SRAM Corporation, and has served as their technical advisor. SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of Trek Bicycle Corporation. Rescinded awards Lance Armstrong Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson; September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist, infamous for the biggest doping scandal in the cycling history. At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a triathlete and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In","title":"Lance Armstrong"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1709830\",\n \"text\": \"conservation. In March 2011, he published his first book, \\\"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them\\\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica (née MacMaster, 1916 – January 11, 2006) and Edward Bridge \\\"Ned\\\" Danson, Jr. (March 22, 1916 – November 30, 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709847\",\n \"text\": \"Hillary Clinton. Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \\\"Cheers\\\", Jack Holden in the films \\\"Three Men and a Baby\\\" and \\\"Three Men and a Little Lady\\\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \\\"Becker\\\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \\\"Curb Your Enthusiasm\\\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \\\"Damages\\\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709828\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \\\"Cheers\\\", Jack Holden in the films \\\"Three Men and a Baby\\\" and \\\"Three Men and a Little Lady\\\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \\\"Becker\\\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \\\"Curb Your Enthusiasm\\\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \\\"Damages\\\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series \\\"Bored to\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260020\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three people and injured 23 others in an attempt to start a revolution by conducting a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology. In conjunction, he issued a social critique opposing industrialization and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism. In 1971 Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Kaczynski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709845\",\n \"text\": \"an axe and saw, Breed, Gaede, and Danson ended up destroying over 300 outdoor advertising signs. Danson's interest in environmentalism continued over the years, and he began to be concerned with the state of the world's oceans. In the 1980s, he was a contributing founder of the \\\"American Oceans Campaigns\\\", which merged with Oceana in 2001, where Danson is a board member. In March 2011, Danson published his first book, \\\"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans And What We Can Do To Save Them\\\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson is a friend of former United States President Bill Clinton, who attended\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15332301\",\n \"text\": \"James Van Praagh James Van Praagh (; born August 23, 1958) is an American author, producer and television personality who describes himself as a clairvoyant and spiritual medium. He has written numerous books, including \\\"The New York Times\\\" bestseller \\\"Talking to Heaven\\\". He co-executive produced the CBS primetime series \\\"Ghost Whisperer\\\", which he claims was based on his life, and was portrayed by Ted Danson in the 2002 semi-biographical miniseries \\\"Living with the Dead\\\". He hosted a short-lived paranormal talk show called \\\"Beyond with James Van Praagh\\\". Van Praagh was born in Bayside, New York and is the youngest of\",\n \"title\": \"James Van Praagh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"657047\",\n \"text\": \"for Public Service. Goldberg serves on the national council advisory board of the National Museum of American Illustration. Goldberg has been married three times — in 1973 to Alvin Martin (divorced in 1979, one daughter); on September 1, 1986 to cinematographer David Claessen (divorced in 1988); and on October 1, 1994 to the union organizer Lyle Trachtenberg (divorced in 1995). She was romantically linked with actors Frank Langella, Timothy Dalton, and Ted Danson, who controversially appeared in blackface during her 1993 Friars Club roast. She has stated that she has no plans to marry again, commenting \\\"Some people are not\",\n \"title\": \"Whoopi Goldberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13650000\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \\\"Ted\\\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving utensils and other home furnishings, established after discovering the simple but elegant design style on a 1950s trip to Denmark. Nierenberg was born on May 20, 1923, and majored in engineering management at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Institute of Technology, earning a bachelor of science degree in 1944. After graduation, he worked in the family business that manufactured metal nameplates for appliances. On a trip to Europe in\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Nierenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13650004\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"widely considered among the finest gardens in the Hudson Valley\\\". \\\"The Beckoning Path: Lessons of a Lifelong Garden\\\", a book of Nierenberg's photographs of his gardens, was published by Aperture Press in 1993. Nierenberg died at age 86 on July 31, 2009, due to pancreatic cancer at his home in Armonk, New York. He was survived by his wife, two daughters, two sons and ten grandchildren. Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \\\"Ted\\\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Nierenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260082\",\n \"text\": \"selections in the University of Michigan's special collections. The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049. In 2012, Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni Association's directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class of 1962; he listed his occupation as \\\"prisoner\\\" and his eight life sentences as \\\"awards\\\". Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Kaczynski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709831\",\n \"text\": \"where he was a star player on the basketball team. He became interested in drama while attending Stanford University and, seeking a better acting program, transferred to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in drama in 1972. Danson began his television career as a contract player on the daytime soap opera \\\"Somerset\\\". He played the role of \\\"Tom Conway\\\" from 1975 to 1976. He then spent a few years (1977–1982) as a doctor on the daytime soap opera \\\"The Doctors\\\". He was also in a number of commercials, most recognizably as\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709840\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Cousins\\\" with Isabella Rossellini. He also appeared in \\\"The Onion Field\\\" (his first film, as the bagpipe playing Officer Ian Campbell), \\\"Creepshow\\\", \\\"Body Heat\\\", \\\"Little Treasure\\\", \\\"Just Between Friends\\\", \\\"A Fine Mess\\\", \\\"Dad\\\", \\\"Made in America\\\", \\\"Getting Even with Dad\\\" and \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\". Danson and his first wife, actress Randall \\\"Randy\\\" Gosch (now professionally known as Randy Danson), were married in 1970 and divorced in 1975. Danson's second wife was producer Cassandra \\\"Casey\\\" Coates; they were married in 1977. On December 24, 1979, while giving birth to their first daughter Kate, Coates suffered a stroke, and Danson spent\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5197532\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Weedon Harold William \\\"Harry\\\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \\\"taught Britain to love modern architecture\\\" and form \\\"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\\\". Weedon was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, the son of a commercial traveller, and educated at\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Weedon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20064561\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \\\"New York Post\\\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \\\"Dean of Black Journalists\\\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had seven older brothers and sisters. His family was one of the few black families to own their\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Poston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5984498\",\n \"text\": \"Dad (film) Dad is a 1989 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Gary David Goldberg and starring Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson, Olympia Dukakis, Kathy Baker, Kevin Spacey and Ethan Hawke. It is based on William Wharton's novel of the same name. The original music score was composed by James Horner. The film was produced by Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures. John Tremont (Ted Danson) is a busy executive. He learns during a meeting that his mother has collapsed and been rushed to the hospital. Flying immediately to Los Angeles, he ends up becoming a caretaker of his\",\n \"title\": \"Dad (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2397657\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Healy Ted Healy (born Ernest Lea Nash, October 1, 1896 – December 21, 1937) was an American vaudeville performer, comedian, and actor. Though he is chiefly remembered as the creator of the Three Stooges and the style of slapstick comedy that they later made famous, he had a successful stage and film career of his own, and was cited as a formative influence by several later comedy stars. His sister was Marcia Healy who costarred with the Three Stooges as well in \\\"The Sitter Downers\\\". Sources conflict on Healy's precise birth name and birthplace, but according to baptism records,\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Healy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709841\",\n \"text\": \"several years caring for her and helping her recuperate. They later adopted a second daughter, Alexis. Danson's affair with actress Whoopi Goldberg led to their divorce in 1993. It's known as one of Hollywood's costliest divorces, reportedly costing Danson $30 million. On October 7, 1995, Danson married actress Mary Steenburgen, whom he met on the set of the movie \\\"Pontiac Moon\\\" in 1993, and became the stepfather to Steenburgen's children, Lilly and Charlie, from her previous marriage to actor Malcolm McDowell. Danson has been on a vegan diet multiple times, but he currently adheres to a pescetarian diet. Danson suffers\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8732714\",\n \"text\": \"police drama. In 2004 Houston directed the NBC television series \\\"Crossing Jordan\\\". Dr. Jordan, played by Jill Hennessy, is a forensic pathologist who tends to be overly passionate about solving homicides and frequently extends her search for answers outside of the autopsy table. In 2005 Houston wrote the movie \\\"Knights of the South Bronx\\\" with Jamal Joseph. Inspired by a true story, the film portrays Richard Mason (Ted Danson), who is middle-aged and unemployed when he begins teaching in an inner-city school in the Bronx. Instead of following the prescribed curriculum, Mason encourages his elementary school students by teaching them\",\n \"title\": \"Dianne Houston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7356634\",\n \"text\": \"Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law lecturer at Durham University. He was the author of the book \\\"The Commonwealth Public Service\\\". He was the father of Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and of Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons in Filey, Yorkshire, England, he was the illegitimate son of two middle class travelling entertainers. His father Charles Parsons (16 July 1887 – 19 January 1970) had the stage name Jimmy Lynton while his\",\n \"title\": \"Leo Blair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469572\",\n \"text\": \"research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and\",\n \"title\": \"20th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12261943\",\n \"text\": \"Actor, and remains the only actor to have had two posthumous acting nominations. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the 18th best male movie star of Golden Age Hollywood in AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list. James Byron Dean was born on February 8, 1931, at the Seven Gables apartment on the corner of 4th Street and McClure Street in Marion, Indiana, the only child of Winton Dean and Mildred Marie Wilson. He was primarily of English descent, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. He also claimed that his father was part Native American, while\",\n \"title\": \"James Dean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2839938\",\n \"text\": \"Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \\\"Double Indemnity\\\". The film launched Turner's career—\\\"Empire\\\" magazine cited the film in 1995 when it named her one of the \\\"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\\\". \\\"The New York Times\\\" wrote in 2005 that, propelled by her \\\"jaw-dropping movie debut [in] \\\"Body Heat\\\" ... she built a career on adventurousness and frank sexuality born of robust physicality.\\\" The\",\n \"title\": \"Body Heat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469545\",\n \"text\": \"20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts;\",\n \"title\": \"20th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2839953\",\n \"text\": \"Edgar Ulmer's \\\"Detour\\\"\\\". The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Warner Bros. released a 25th anniversary Deluxe Edition DVD of \\\"Body Heat\\\", including a documentary about the film by Laurent Bouzereau, a \\\"number of rightfully deleted scenes\\\", and a trailer. Notes Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \\\"Double Indemnity\\\". The film launched Turner's career—\\\"Empire\\\" magazine cited the film in 1995\",\n \"title\": \"Body Heat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1420569\",\n \"text\": \"to his decision to continue acting: \\\"I didn't want to be an actor and I went back to college. But then the [film's] success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places, and it seemed silly to pursue anything else.\\\" While filming \\\"Dead Poets Society\\\" he auditioned for what would be his next film appearance, 1989's comedy drama \\\"Dad\\\", where he played Ted Danson's son and Jack Lemmon's grandson. Hawke's next film, 1991's \\\"White Fang\\\", brought his first leading role. The film, an adaptation of Jack London's novel\",\n \"title\": \"Ethan Hawke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20064568\",\n \"text\": \"in an anti-segregation film. He also lived next door to his friend Thurgood Marshall for many years. Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \\\"New York Post\\\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \\\"Dean of Black Journalists\\\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Poston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5941788\",\n \"text\": \"Three Men and a Little Lady Three Men and a Little Lady is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Emile Ardolino. It is the sequel to the 1987 film \\\"Three Men and a Baby\\\". Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, and Ted Danson reprise the leading roles. The three men – Peter, Michael, and Jack – are living happily together with Mary, who is now five, and her mother, Sylvia. Peter and Michael continue their careers as an architect and cartoonist, while Jack has very few acting roles. Sylvia has become a famous actress and is dating her director Edward who\",\n \"title\": \"Three Men and a Little Lady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7733039\",\n \"text\": \"Para USA Para USA (Para) is an American-owned firearms manufacturer. It is the successor to Para-Ordnance, founded in Canada in 1985. It specializes in making M1911-style semi-automatic pistols and components. Para-Ordnance was founded in Canada in 1985 by two childhood friends, Ted Szabo and Thanos Polyzos. Szabo was born in Hungary and his family fled the country when the Soviets invaded during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. Polyzos was born in Greece and later emigrated to Canada. On March 28, 2007, Ted Szabo died at the age of 60. The company's first product was a plastic paintball gun, the Model\",\n \"title\": \"Para USA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15332307\",\n \"text\": \"Dead\\\" (also known by the alternate title, \\\"Talking to Heaven\\\"), a four-hour miniseries based on Van Praagh and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal, with the screenplay by John Pielmeier. Although the series followed Van Praagh's experiences, it included a fictional mystery around the murder of a teenage boy at the hands of a serial killer. Van Praagh was played by Ted Danson, his mother by Diane Ladd and his father by Jack Palance. Danson received praise from outlets like the \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" and \\\"People\\\" for his portrayal of Van Praagh as a man anguished by his lifelong visions of the dead,\",\n \"title\": \"James Van Praagh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20224477\",\n \"text\": \"impossible to answer (e.g., ‘In which decade of the 20th century was Pablo Picasso born?’ The answer is impossible as he was born in the 19th century). If a contestant buzzes in and identifies it as \\\"impossible\\\", their opponents lose two lives, but they lose two lives of their own if they give an answer to an impossible question or say \\\"impossible\\\" to a question that is possible and so has a correct answer. The finalist who makes it to this round now faces a question, based on a random category, in which they have ten seconds to pick three\",\n \"title\": \"Impossible (game show)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709829\",\n \"text\": \"Death\\\". In 2015 he starred as Hank Larsson in the second season of FX's black comedy-crime drama anthology \\\"Fargo\\\". Since 2016, he has played the afterlife \\\"architect\\\" Michael in the NBC sitcom \\\"The Good Place\\\". During his career, Danson has been nominated for 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations, winning three; one Screen Actors Guild Award; and one American Comedy Award and has been awarded a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was ranked second in \\\"TV Guide\\\"s list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1395961\",\n \"text\": \"P. T. Barnum Phineas Taylor Barnum (; July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, politician, and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus (1871–2017). He was also an author, publisher, and philanthropist, though he said of himself: \\\"I am a showman by profession… and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me\\\". According to his critics, his personal aim was \\\"to put money in his own coffers.\\\" He is widely credited with coining the adage \\\"There's a sucker born every minute\\\", although no evidence can be found of\",\n \"title\": \"P. T. Barnum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15131182\",\n \"text\": \"1911) and Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford (both born in 1913). (However, Reagan, Nixon and Ford served in World War II with members of the Greatest Generation.) Living members of this generation include Richard Arvine Overton, the oldest living World War II veteran. For deceased celebrities born in this era, see G.I. Generation. Interbellum Generation Interbellum Generation is a term (derived from the Latin \\\"inter\\\" \\\"between\\\" and \\\"bellum\\\" \\\"war\\\") that is sometimes used to denote persons born in the United States during the first decade of the 20th century, often expressed specifically as the years 1901 to 1913. The\",\n \"title\": \"Interbellum Generation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20252755\",\n \"text\": \"as a consulting producer in the Discovery Channel's 2017 miniseries, \\\"\\\", which features actor Sam Worthington as James \\\"Fitz\\\" Fitzgerald, described by Fitzgerald himself as \\\"a composite character\\\" of many investigators in the Unabomber case. James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of\",\n \"title\": \"James R. Fitzgerald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709844\",\n \"text\": \"his face. Danson and Goldberg issued statements emphasizing \\\"the Friars Club tradition of raucous and over the top humor\\\" and describing those offended as newcomers who \\\"were uncomfortable with what to expect\\\". Substantial excerpts from the performance were later printed in \\\"Spy\\\". On November 5, 1993, Danson and Goldberg issued a statement signalling the end of their relationship. Danson's interest in environmental concerns was ignited when he was twelve years old and Bill Breed, then curator of geology at the Museum of Northern Arizona, introduced Danson and friend Marc Gaede to a game he referred to as \\\"billboarding\\\". Armed with\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1366188\",\n \"text\": \"together, daughter Lilly and son Charlie McDowell. Steenburgen and McDowell separated in 1989 and divorced in 1990. On October 7, 1995, Steenburgen married actor Ted Danson, whom she had met on the set of the film \\\"Pontiac Moon\\\" in 1993, and became the stepmother to Danson's daughters Kate and Alexis from his previous marriage, to producer Cassandra Coates. Steenburgen currently resides in the Los Angeles area with her family. An alumna of Hendrix College, Steenburgen received an honorary doctorate from the institution in 1989. In 2006, Steenburgen received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Lyon College in Batesville,\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Steenburgen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18668448\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Shearer Thaddeus \\\"Ted\\\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \\\"Quincy\\\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton High School, he met African-American cartoonist E. Simms Campbell, who became his mentor. At 16, Shearer sold\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Shearer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3211119\",\n \"text\": \"Becker (TV series) Becker is an American sitcom that ran from 1998 to 2004 on CBS. Set in the New York City borough of the Bronx, the show starred Ted Danson as John Becker, a cantankerous doctor who operates a small practice and is constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, and friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. Despite everything, his patients and friends are loyal because Becker genuinely cares about them. The series was produced by Paramount Network Television. The show revolved around Becker and the things that annoyed him, although the members of the supporting\",\n \"title\": \"Becker (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652051\",\n \"text\": \"that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, where he died of a heart attack at age 64, on January 22, 1973. Johnson is ranked favorably by many historians because of his domestic policies and the passage of many major laws that affected civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation, and Social Security, although he has also drawn substantial criticism for his escalation of the Vietnam War. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River.\",\n \"title\": \"Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15131181\",\n \"text\": \"the later conflict. Members of this generation came of age either during the Roaring Twenties or the initial phase of the Great Depression, prior to the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the promulgation of the New Deal. This fact contributed to the core of this generation holding lifelong left-liberal views in politics, especially on economic issues, although a few prominent dissenters (such as Barry Goldwater) do stand out. Most of their children belong to the Silent Generation. The four Presidents of the United States of the Interbellum Generation were Lyndon B. Johnson (born in 1908), Ronald Reagan (born in\",\n \"title\": \"Interbellum Generation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7356639\",\n \"text\": \"28 June 1975 of thyroid cancer. He remarried and lived in Shrewsbury, Shropshire with his second wife, Olwen, until his death. Cherie and Tony Blair named their youngest son Leo after him. Blair was a \\\"militant atheist\\\" according to his son Tony. Blair died at the age of 89 on 16 November 2012. Blair's book \\\"The Commonwealth Public Service\\\" (1958) was described by the journal \\\"Canadian Public Administration\\\" as \\\"an excellent primer on the Australian Federal Public Service\\\". Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law\",\n \"title\": \"Leo Blair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3496883\",\n \"text\": \"hair but actually turning it into a business. He was one of the first who had a product line bought out by a major corporation\\\". Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage.\",\n \"title\": \"Vidal Sassoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4892532\",\n \"text\": \"the harassment. A former FBI agent Ted Gunderson, who believed in a wide range of conspiracy theories, submitted an affidavit supporting the theory two months before his death at age 82. Red Squad In the United States, Red Squads were police intelligence units that specialized in infiltrating, conducting counter-measures and gathering intelligence on political and social groups during the 20th century. Dating as far back as the Haymarket Riot in 1886, Red Squads became common in larger cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles during the First Red Scare of the 1920s. They were set up as specialized\",\n \"title\": \"Red Squad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256052\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Stanley Theodore Richard \\\"Ted\\\" Stanley (April 26, 1931 – January 3, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He co-founded the Danbury Mint with business partner Ralph Glendinning, which was then a subsidiary of MBI Inc. Born in Reading, Pennsylvania, Stanley graduated from University of Pennsylvania. He then served in the United States Air Force and was an intelligence officer. Stanley worked for Procter & Gamble in the marketing division in Cincinnati, Ohio. Stanley became a billionaire during his lifetime, acquiring a net worth of approximately $1.3 billion. Stanley earned his wealth through the founding the Danbury Mint, which\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Stanley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11485869\",\n \"text\": \"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia national badminton team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1983189\",\n \"text\": \"he and Cooper married in July 1992. In 1994, they became involved with Equinox International, a multi-level marketing organization, and created a promotional video for the company, as did Ted Danson and Dave Parker. The couple had two children: Lukas, born in 1993, and Hana, born in 1997. After several years of marriage, they assembled material from the journals that each kept, which included poems, songs and letters. They authored a 1997 book titled \\\"The Unimaginable Life\\\" about their relationship. Its purpose was to offer an alternative to typical relationships where spouses feel that they cannot be completely honest. Later\",\n \"title\": \"Kenny Loggins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3559394\",\n \"text\": \"illegally, they have a baby, and the family gets split up. Maybe the kid stays. We don't have a workable formation. This goes to the heart of the Latino vote because it shows a real lack of sympathy. You have to come up with some kind of fix. So why avoid this one? Don't you have to take it on?\\\" In January 2016, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump referred to rival Ted Cruz, who was born in Canada to an American mother and a Cuban father who were both lawfully resident in Canada at the time, as an \\\"anchor baby.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Anchor baby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3218265\",\n \"text\": \"events that took place between c. 1964 and 1972, and to memories of the counterculture, flower power, protests of 1968 and other things happening at the time. Often, such a nominal decade will come to be known by a title, such as the \\\"Swinging Sixties\\\" (1960s), the \\\"Warring Forties\\\" (1940s) and the \\\"Roaring Twenties\\\" (1920s). This practice is occasionally also used for decades of earlier centuries, for example references to the 1890s as the \\\"Gay Nineties\\\" or \\\"Naughty Nineties\\\". Decade A decade is a period of 10 years. The word is derived (via French and Latin) from the ), which\",\n \"title\": \"Decade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20519268\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey. The settlement was for $1.9 million. He was with Heather Unruh during her November 2017 press conference when she alleged Kevin Spacey molested her son. In the Geoghan case, Garabedian was able to reach a financial settlement with the Boston Archdiocese on behalf of 86 people. At the time they reached the settlement, the Church would pay upwards of $30 million and plaintiffs would not be required to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Stanley Tucci portrayed Garabedian in the movie \\\"Spotlight\\\". Ted Danson portrayed him in \\\"Our Fathers\\\". Mitchell Garabedian Mitchell \\\"Mitch\\\" Garabedian (born July 17, 1951) is a lawyer\",\n \"title\": \"Mitchell Garabedian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20252752\",\n \"text\": \"James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania. In 1987, after eleven years of local police work culminating in his promotion to the rank of sergeant, he was recruited by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Upon graduation from the FBI\",\n \"title\": \"James R. Fitzgerald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19995012\",\n \"text\": \"7 Oct. 2011. Angels at Risk and Fred Segal Press Release. Santa Monica, California. 18. Angels at Risk: Southern California Juvenile Courts Dissolved by Susie Spain Official Website: Angels at Risk Angels at Risk Angels at Risk is a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable organization in Los Angeles, California, United States of America founded by Susie Spain, Ted Danson, Mary Steenburgen, Jesse Sisgold and Tom Nolan that focuses on the issue of drug and alcohol use and abuse in kids, teens, and families through their prevention education programs, services, trainings, and curriculum. Angels at Risk formally became their own 501 (c)(3) in\",\n \"title\": \"Angels at Risk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3058931\",\n \"text\": \"in Up Holland throughout the 20th century. The comedian Ted Ray (born Charles Olden), spent his childhood in the village, his father being the licensee of the Bull's Head public house, which used to stand in School Lane. The life peer Catherine Ashton, appointed as the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in 2009, was born in Upholland. The phonetician John C Wells, who was president of the International Phonetic Association between 2003 and 2007, was born in Upholland to the vicar of the parish, Philip Wells. He has commented on the accent of the area\",\n \"title\": \"Upholland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9011192\",\n \"text\": \"In 2000, Jones joined film actor and ocean activist Ted Danson and founded BlueVoice.org (a website dedicated to the protection of dolphins and whales and particularly stopping the hunting of dolphins in Japanese fishing villages). The organization uses television and the internet to publicize ocean issues. One of the group's main concerns is the alarming level of contamination in the oceans - bio-accumulating in the foodweb from plankton to fish, marine mammals, then humans. Jones’ book, \\\"The Voice of the Dolphins\\\", was published in 2011. It recounts more than thirty years of work with dolphins in the wild as well\",\n \"title\": \"Hardy Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1278508\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burglar, and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution and after more than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 homicides that he committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true number of victims is unknown and possibly higher. Many of Bundy's young female victims regarded him as handsome and charismatic, which were traits that he exploited to win their trust.\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Bundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5198728\",\n \"text\": \"Troy Donahue Troy Donahue (born Merle Johnson, Jr., January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American film and television actor and singer. He was a popular male sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s. Born in New York City, Donahue was the son of a retired stage actress and the manager of the motion-picture department of General Motors. Donahue later recalled in a 1959 interview: Acting is all I ever wanted. Ever since I can remember, I've studied and read plays. My mother would help me, but my parents didn't want me to become an actor. They preferred\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Donahue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"335123\",\n \"text\": \"southern and border states. To this day, there are still counties and parishes within the US known as \\\"dry\\\", where the sale of alcohol – liquor, and sometimes wine and beer – is prohibited. Several such municipalities have adopted liquor-by-the-drink, however, in order to expand tax revenue. Some municipalities regulate when alcohol can be sold; an example is restricting or banning sales on Sunday, under the so-called \\\"blue laws\\\". Al Capone was the most notorious gangster of his generation. Born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York; Capone settled in Chicago to take over Johnny Torrio's business dealing with\",\n \"title\": \"Prohibition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12261990\",\n \"text\": \"had become friends after they first met on the set of \\\"Giant\\\", referred to Dean as gay during a speech at the GLAAD Media Awards in 2001. Biographer Darwin Porter believes that Dean was more likely omnisexual, and that his trysts were often opportunistic and designed to further his career. Publisher: Sandy Beach, A (February 26, 2018) James Dean James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American actor. He is remembered as a cultural icon of teenage disillusionment and social estrangement, as expressed in the title of his most celebrated film, \\\"Rebel Without a Cause\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"James Dean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9718710\",\n \"text\": \"but returned to graduate several years later from Columbia's School of General Studies in 1991 with a bachelor of arts, with honors, in history. Rall says his drawing style was originally influenced by Mike Peters, the editorial cartoonist at his hometown paper, the \\\"Dayton Daily News\\\". Later influences included Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau, Charles Schulz, and Matt Groening. Rall's 1990s work focused on the issues and concerns surrounding twentysomethings and Generation X, terms coined in the late 1980s to describe people born in the 1960s. While living in San Francisco Rall met Dave Eggers, who hired him as a contributing\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Rall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3952071\",\n \"text\": \"Barney Danson Barnett Jerome \\\"Barney\\\" Danson, (February 8, 1921 – October 17, 2011) was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. Barney Danson was born to a Jewish family in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood. He joined The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada in 1939 as the Second World War broke out. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant and served until he was severely wounded, losing an eye, in the Battle of Normandy. His ailment created an interest in the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and its library for the blind and visually impaired, which he maintained until his death.\",\n \"title\": \"Barney Danson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11289542\",\n \"text\": \"Jean-Charles Tacchella Jean-Charles Tacchella (born 23 September 1925) is a French screenwriter and film director. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film \\\"Cousin Cousine\\\" (1975), which was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and which was later (1989) remade in a US version starring Ted Danson and titled \\\"Cousins\\\". Jean-Charles Tacchella studied in Marseilles and, just after the Liberation, left for Paris with the aim of becoming a film director. He joined \\\"L'écran Français\\\" when he was nineteen where he worked with Renoir, Becker and Grémillon. While with\",\n \"title\": \"Jean-Charles Tacchella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"429829\",\n \"text\": \"birthday by giving an invited lecture at the University of Southampton. In 2014, ACM SIGCHI honored him with a Special Recognition Award. Nelson is credited with coining several new words that have come into common usage especially in the world of computing. Among them are: Many of his books are published through his own company, Mindful Press. Ted Nelson Theodor Holm \\\"Ted\\\" Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher and sociologist. He coined the terms \\\"hypertext\\\" and \\\"hypermedia\\\" in 1963 and published them in 1965. Nelson coined the terms \\\"transclusion\\\", \\\"virtuality\\\", and \\\"intertwingularity\\\" (in\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Nelson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"412779\",\n \"text\": \"He also created the environmental-themed animated series \\\"Captain Planet and the Planeteers.\\\" Turner was born on November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Florence (née Rooney) and Robert Edward Turner II, a billboard magnate. When he was nine, his family moved to Savannah, Georgia. He attended The McCallie School, a private boys' preparatory school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Turner attended Brown University and was vice-president of the Brown Debating Union and captain of the sailing team. He became a member of Kappa Sigma. Turner initially majored in Classics. Turner's father wrote saying that his choice made him \\\"appalled, even\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18668454\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Westchester Hospital in Mount Kisco, New York. As illustrator; children's chapter books written by John Shearer Ted Shearer Thaddeus \\\"Ted\\\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \\\"Quincy\\\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Shearer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2836660\",\n \"text\": \"Marian McPartland Margaret Marian McPartland, OBE (\\\"née\\\" Turner; 20 March 1918 – 20 August 2013), was an English-American jazz pianist, composer and writer. She was the host of \\\"Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz\\\" on National Public Radio from 1978 to 2011. After her marriage to trumpeter Jimmy McPartland in February 1945, she resided in the United States when not travelling throughout the world to perform. In 1969 she founded Halcyon Records, a recording company that produced albums for 10 years. In 2000 she was named a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master. In 2004 she was given a Grammy Award\",\n \"title\": \"Marian McPartland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5858184\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Tinling Cuthbert Collingwood \\\"Ted\\\" Tinling (23 June 1910 – 23 May 1990), sometimes known as Teddy Tinling, was an English tennis player, fashion designer, spy and author. He was a firm fixture on the professional tennis tour for over sixty years and is considered the foremost designer of tennis dressed of the 20th Century. He was born in Eastbourne, on the south coast of England, the son of James Alexander Tinling, a chartered accountant. In 1923, suffering from bronchial asthma, his parents sent him to the French Riviera on doctor's orders. It was there he began playing tennis, particularly\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Tinling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3496860\",\n \"text\": \"Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage. He quit school at age 14, soon holding various jobs in London during World War II. Although he hoped to become a professional football player,\",\n \"title\": \"Vidal Sassoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7845245\",\n \"text\": \"diagnosis in the DSM-III-R but then relegated to the appendix of DSM-IV, tentatively renamed 'Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder'. Millon devised a set of widely acknowledged subtypes for each of the DSM personality disorders: Theodore Millon Theodore Millon (August 18, 1928 – January 29, 2014) was an American psychologist known for his work on personality disorders. Millon was born in 1928, the only child of immigrant Jewish parents from Lithuania and Poland. His 19th-century ancestors came from the town of Valozhyn, then a part of the Russian Empire. Receiving degrees from both American and European universities, he was a member of\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Millon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1423819\",\n \"text\": \"1999. Del Shannon was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005. Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \\\"Billboard\\\" hit \\\"Runaway\\\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while\",\n \"title\": \"Del Shannon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1571637\",\n \"text\": \"launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program, and instituted reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice. Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15, 2015. He suspended his campaign on February 20, 2016, shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23, 2016. Bush later made headlines by joining a group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for president, Donald Trump. Jeb Bush was born on February 11, 1953 in Midland, Texas. When he was six years old, the family relocated to the Tanglewood neighborhood of Houston,\",\n \"title\": \"Jeb Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11121363\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Patrick Theodore Roosevelt Patrick, Jr. (born 1930) is an American cult-deprogrammer and author. He is considered to be the \\\"father of deprogramming.\\\" Ted Patrick was born in what he calls \\\"a red-light district\\\" of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in which he was surrounded by \\\"thieves, prostitutes, murderers [and] pimps. From his earliest recollections, Patrick says [he] saw people being killed, shot up, cut up, beat up. The place was so bad, even the police didn't want to come there.\\\" Patrick had a speech impediment, which set him apart from the other children. Until he was sixteen, no one could understand what\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Patrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1423801\",\n \"text\": \"Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \\\"Billboard\\\" hit \\\"Runaway\\\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while in Germany played guitar in a band called \\\"The Cool Flames\\\". When his service ended, he returned\",\n \"title\": \"Del Shannon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11799018\",\n \"text\": \"Florida, near Weisman's home town of Fort Lauderdale until their divorce in 2011. Robin currently works in marketing. Robin Weisman Robin Weisman (born March 14, 1984) is an American former child actress. She acted between 1990 and 1994. Born in Hollywood, Florida to parents Betsy and David Weisman, Weisman is well known as the \\\"little lady\\\" Mary Bennington in the film \\\"Three Men and a Little Lady\\\" in 1990 with Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg and Ted Danson. She also appeared in \\\"Thunder in Paradise\\\" with Hulk Hogan. Weisman gained a degree in business studies from the University of Florida. She\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Weisman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"479149\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Lee Lee Jun-fan (; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee (), was a Hong Kong and American actor, film director, martial artist, martial arts instructor, philosopher, and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do, one of the wushu or kung fu styles. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen. He is considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12212435\",\n \"text\": \"Cecil Clavering John Cecil Clavering OBE (17 April 1910 – 6 October 2001) was an English architect, best known for his work designing Odeon Cinemas as part of Harry Weedon's architectural practice in the 1930s, and his later work as the architect of the Public Record Office in Kew, London. Clavering was born and educated in Sunderland, the son of a schoolmaster. At the age of seventeen he was articled to a firm of architects in South Shields while studying architecture at Armstrong College, Newcastle, where he was introduced to the work of Le Corbusier, Willem Marinus Dudok, Erich Mendelsohn\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Clavering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10317239\",\n \"text\": \"Them\\\" (2011), written with actor and activist Ted Danson. D'Orso's father was a U.S. Navy submarine officer and a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. D'Orso was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, and was raised in military base cities, including: Key West, Florida; San Diego, California; Charleston, South Carolina; and Frankfurt, Germany. He graduated with a degree in philosophy from the College of William and Mary in 1975 and earned a master's degree in English from William and Mary in 1981. D'Orso was a staff writer for \\\"Commonwealth Magazine\\\"(1981-1984), features writer for \\\"The Virginian-Pilot\\\" (1984-1993) and contributor to \\\"Sports Illustrated\\\" magazine\",\n \"title\": \"Mike D'Orso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10056523\",\n \"text\": \"theatre in the country. The Lyric theatre is where film star Liam Neeson began his career and local playwrights Martin Lynch and Marie Jones have both written plays for the theatre. Kenneth Branagh, another British film actor, was also born in Belfast. The Old Museum Arts Centre is a 19th-century building in the city centre which runs a programme of music, theatre, comedy, dance workshops, and a ground floor art gallery with regular exhibitions. Belfast has several venues for performing arts. The Grand Opera House, completed in 1895, was bombed several times during the Troubles but has been restored to\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Belfast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1627034\",\n \"text\": \"Aleister Crowley. His works had a direct influence on the rise in popular occultism and some forms of neopaganism in the 20th century. In addition to the Britons, some notable non-British entrants were listed, including two Irish nationals, the philanthropic musicians Bono and Bob Geldof. The top 19 entries were people of English origin (though Sir Ernest Shackleton and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were both born into Anglo-Irish families when what is now the Republic of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom). The highest-placed Scottish entry was Alexander Fleming in 20th place, and the highest Welsh entry\",\n \"title\": \"100 Greatest Britons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2083399\",\n \"text\": \"a title card reading \\\"In memory of Brandon Tartikoff.\\\" A similar card appeared at the end of the ninth-season premiere of \\\"Seinfeld\\\", \\\"The Butter Shave\\\". On Friday, August 29, 1997, \\\"Dateline NBC\\\" ran an extended tribute to Tartikoff which featured many famous figures whose careers he had influenced, including Warren Littlefield, Dick Ebersol, Bill Cosby, Michael J. Fox, Ted Danson, and Jerry Seinfeld. Brandon Tartikoff Brandon Tartikoff (January 13, 1949 – August 27, 1997) was an American television executive who was the president of NBC from 1980 to 1991. He was credited with turning around NBC's low prime time reputation\",\n \"title\": \"Brandon Tartikoff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2658446\",\n \"text\": \"US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \\\"generational shift\\\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \\\"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States (1991–2008)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12678075\",\n \"text\": \"is also a licensed private investigator. He considers himself a Democrat, and has been criticized for anti-Republican statements he has made over the years. The author noted in an interview that he agreed with Robert Crumb's observation that the Thirties was the pinnacle of American culture. He also notes in the same interview that he finds truth to Art Spiegelman's statement \\\"that we are, for whatever reason, most nostalgic for the decade before the one we were born in\\\", as he was born in the Forties. As a freelance journalist, he has written criticism for publications such as the \\\"New\",\n \"title\": \"Tom De Haven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151360\",\n \"text\": \"describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \\\"X Saves the World\\\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \\\"Bust Generation\\\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \\\"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\\\". On the American television program \\\"Survivor\\\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \\\"\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Generation X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19019106\",\n \"text\": \"the work of these two men \\\"endures and so does what they stood for\\\". Zampella also produced the 110th Anniversary Birthday Celebration of Jazz Legend Duke Ellington in conjunction with the Mayors Office of the City of NY and the MTA when Michael Bloomberg Mayor designated \\\"Duke Ellington Day\\\" to celebrate the anniversary of the jazz legend’s birth. On September 11, 2015, Zampella received an Editor's Pic from CNN for his ireport/photo essay on the 14th anniversary attack on September 11, 2001. Zampella was born in Pompton Plains, NJ, and resides in New York City . Richard Zampella began his\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Zampella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5197541\",\n \"text\": \"club and it still operates today as the Solihull Rifle and Pistol Club. Harry Weedon Harold William \\\"Harry\\\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \\\"taught Britain to love modern architecture\\\" and form \\\"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\\\". Weedon was\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Weedon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3217679\",\n \"text\": \"Tim Berne Tim Berne (born 1954) is an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist and record label owner. Berne he had no interest in playing an instrument until he attended Lewis & Clark College in Oregon. Hearing the album \\\"Dogon A.D.\\\" (1972) by Julius Hemphill turned his attention toward jazz. He was a fan of rhythm and blues, and it seemed to him that Hemphill was playing jazz with the soulfulness of R&B. In 1974 he went to New York to find Hemphill, who gave him saxophone lessons and advice on how to manage his career. Berne started the record label Empire\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Berne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1727058\",\n \"text\": \"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of\",\n \"title\": \"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580560\",\n \"text\": \"Merrion Street Merrion Street () is a major Georgian street on the southside of Dublin, Ireland, which runs along one side of Merrion Square. The garden entrance of Leinster House is located on the street, as is Irish Government Buildings, formerly the Royal College of Science for Ireland. Some reports suggest that Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington was born in his family's Mornington House on the street. The house is now a hotel. The street was originally lined on both sides by Georgian houses. However between 1904 and 1922 all the houses on one side of the street\",\n \"title\": \"Merrion Street\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7731871\",\n \"text\": \"annual Cape May Jazz Festival Concert Series and the Tony Williams Jazz Festival Concert Series. Perkins had a five-year relationship with \\\"The Philadelphia Tribune\\\", where he wrote commentary on government, society and public sffairs. He also wrote editorials and other articles for the former \\\"The Philadelphia New Observer\\\". Perkins is most proud of his independently produced radio documentary on the life of African-American history icon, Paul Robeson, who was born in the region and spent his last years living in Philadelphia. Perkins has an independent website project under construction, and he expected it to launch by early 2010. Perkins was\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Perkins (radio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11917984\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Danson, his daughter Kate Danson and several other actors in the upcoming short film \\\"The Wrights\\\". From 2008 to 2013, Steger played the role of Navid Shirazi on The CW's \\\"90210\\\". He directed and produced a one-woman show called \\\"Brandee Built on Crazee\\\" starring his wife Brandee Tucker. On 21 April 2016, Steger announced at Twitter that he and Brandee welcomed a baby girl named Poet Louise Steger. Bones - The Killers Just Another Girl - The Killers (cameo) Michael Steger Michael Mateus Steger (born May 27, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for his role\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Steger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4494033\",\n \"text\": \"Albert Richardson Sir Albert Edward Richardson (London, 19 May 1880 – 3 February 1964) was a leading English architect, teacher and writer about architecture during the first half of the 20th century. He was Professor of Architecture at University College London, a President of the Royal Academy, editor of \\\"Architects' Journal\\\" and founder of the Georgian Group. Richardson was born in London. He trained in the offices of Leonard Stokes and Frank T. Verity, practitioners of the Beaux-Arts style, and in 1906 he established his first architectural practice, in partnership with Charles Lovett Gill (the Richardson & Gill partnership was\",\n \"title\": \"Albert Richardson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"183161\",\n \"text\": \"have not included the names of women with whom Holt allegedly had a sexual relationship because I was unable to confirm or deny that most of these relationships took place […] by their very nature they were always illicit and Holt was very discreet.\\\" Holt was the first Prime Minister born in the twentieth century. Holt was an enthusiastic sportsman and avid swimmer, which was a stark differentiation to that of Menzies and the majority of his predecessors and colleagues. Like later successor Bob Hawke, this resonated with positive effect within the electorate. His oratory skills were vastly superior to\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Holt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11167314\",\n \"text\": \"was born on January 8, 1957, in Brooklyn, New York. Born to a family of working-class Greek immigrant parents and grandparents who were mill workers, who worked as a waiter and a secretary. When his high school guidance counselor evaluated his skill set, the counselor concluded that young Ted was destined to work in a grocery store. Leonsis also reflects on his working-class roots that being a grocery store manager was all his dad aspired him to be. During his youth, Leonsis mowed lawns for extra money. One day when mowing, he stumbled upon mowing the lawn owned by a\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Leonsis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7722560\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Croker Edgar Alfred \\\"Ted\\\" Croker (13 February 1924 – 25 December 1992) was an English football administrator. He was Secretary of the Football Association from 1973 to 1989. Born in Kingston-upon-Thames in 1924, Croker joined the RAF as a pilot in 1942. He sustained injuries in a crash which hampered his later football career. In the late 1940s and 1950s he played as a defender for Charlton Athletic, Dartford, Headington United (later Oxford United) and Kidderminster Harriers. He lived in Cheltenham in the 1950s, where he founded the heavy machinery company Liner-Croker Ltd. The company, specializing in earth-moving equipment,\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Croker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"389999\",\n \"text\": \"Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath (; October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College at the University of Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a poet and writer. She married fellow poet Ted Hughes in 1956, and they lived together in the United States and then in England. They had two children, Frieda and Nicholas, before separating in 1962. Plath was clinically depressed for most of her adult life, and was treated multiple times with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). She died by suicide in\",\n \"title\": \"Sylvia Plath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978177\",\n \"text\": \"the 1988 People's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy Motion Picture. Architect Peter Mitchell (Tom Selleck), cartoonist Michael Kellam (Steve Guttenberg), and actor Jack Holden (Ted Danson) are happy living their lives as bachelors in their lofty New York City apartment where they have frequent parties and flings with different women. Their lives are suddenly disrupted when a baby named Mary arrives on their doorstep one day. A note with her, written by a lady named Sylvia, indicates that she is Jack's, the result of a tryst between the actor and actress when they were both in a Shakespeare in the\",\n \"title\": \"Three Men and a Baby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978176\",\n \"text\": \"Three Men and a Baby Three Men and a Baby is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Leonard Nimoy and starring Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, Ted Danson and Nancy Travis. It follows the mishaps and adventures of three bachelors as they attempt to adapt their lives to pseudo-fatherhood with the arrival of the love child of one of them. The script was based on the 1985 French film (\\\"Three Men and a Cradle\\\"). The film was the biggest American box office hit of that year, surpassing \\\"Fatal Attraction\\\" and eventually grossing $167 million in the US. The film won\",\n \"title\": \"Three Men and a Baby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13478045\",\n \"text\": \"American bicycle component manufacturer SRAM Corporation, and has served as their technical advisor. SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of Trek Bicycle Corporation. Rescinded awards Lance Armstrong Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson; September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist, infamous for the biggest doping scandal in the cycling history. At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a triathlete and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In\",\n \"title\": \"Lance Armstrong\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Ted Danson context: conservation. March 2011, he published his first book, \\\"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them\\\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica (née MacMaster, 1916 – January 11, 2006) and Edward Bridge \\\"Ned\\\" Danson, Jr. (March 22, 1916 – November 30, 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,\\n\\nIn which decade of the 20th century was Ted Danson born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 226,\n \"origin_tokens\": 227,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Ted Danson context: Hillary Clinton. Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \\\"Cheers\\\", Jack Holden in the films \\\"Three Men and a Baby\\\" and \\\"Three Men and a Little Lady\\\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \\\"Becker\\\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \\\"Curb Your Enthusiasm\\\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \\\"Damages\\\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series\\n\\ntitle Impossible (game show context to answere. ‘In which decade of the 20th century Pablo Picasso born? The answer as he was born 19th contest buzzes in and ident asimpossible\\\",ents lose lives but lose two of their own if they give an to an impossible question or say \\\"impossible\\\" to a question that is possible so has a correct answer finalist who makes it to this faces a question, based on a category, in they ten seconds to three\\ntitle: Dans: Dans Barnettome \\\"ney\\\" Dans (ebruary 8 1 – October7,21) was and Cabinet ministerney Dans Jewish in' Parkdale neighbourhood joined Queen' O Rif in as of and until sever wounded losing, in the His ailment created an interest in the BlindCNIB and its the blind and visually impaired, which he maintained until his death.\\ntitle:. March1 published book,Oana Doem\\\", written with Michael.on was San (Master6 0 and \\\"on,1 , 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,\\n\\nIn which decade of the 20th century was Ted Danson born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 470,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15388,\n \"ratio\": \"32.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":184,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":184,"string":"184"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Hellenikon international airport is in which country?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Yunanistan","Griekenland","Hellenic republic","Elláda","Graecia","The Hellenic Republic","Ελλάς","Eládha","Yananistan","Republic of Greece","Elliniki Dimokratía","Picki u dusa","République hellénique","Social issues in Greece","Hellas","Hellenic Republic","Republique hellenique","Eladha","Ελλάδα","Grèce","Elliniki Dimokratia","Greece","Temporary Government of National Defence","Griechenland","Grcija","Ellada","Hellada","Greek Republic","Grece","Ελληνική Δημοκρατία","Grcka","Political history of Greece","Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía","Macedonian Greece","History of North Greece","ISO 3166-1:GR","Grecce","Elás","Hellás","Ελλας","Greek law (Hellenic Republic)"],"string":"[\n \"Yunanistan\",\n \"Griekenland\",\n \"Hellenic republic\",\n \"Elláda\",\n \"Graecia\",\n \"The Hellenic Republic\",\n \"Ελλάς\",\n \"Eládha\",\n \"Yananistan\",\n \"Republic of Greece\",\n \"Elliniki Dimokratía\",\n \"Picki u dusa\",\n \"République hellénique\",\n \"Social issues in Greece\",\n \"Hellas\",\n \"Hellenic Republic\",\n \"Republique hellenique\",\n \"Eladha\",\n \"Ελλάδα\",\n \"Grèce\",\n \"Elliniki Dimokratia\",\n \"Greece\",\n \"Temporary Government of National Defence\",\n \"Griechenland\",\n \"Grcija\",\n \"Ellada\",\n \"Hellada\",\n \"Greek Republic\",\n \"Grece\",\n \"Ελληνική Δημοκρατία\",\n \"Grcka\",\n \"Political history of Greece\",\n \"Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía\",\n \"Macedonian Greece\",\n \"History of North Greece\",\n \"ISO 3166-1:GR\",\n \"Grecce\",\n \"Elás\",\n \"Hellás\",\n \"Ελλας\",\n \"Greek law (Hellenic Republic)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Greece"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2161929","text":"Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled \"Hellinikon\" () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for sixty years up until 28 March 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport, \"Eleftherios Venizelos\". The grounds of the airport are located south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers during its last year of operations. The airport was built in 1938. The Nazis invaded Greece","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"13033921","text":"between Qatar and Greece have been signed, such as an agreement on joint training exercises and a tripartite memorandum of understanding between Qatar's government, the Hellenic Vehicle Industry and the Hellenic Aerospace Industry. Both countries signed a deal on the avoidance of double taxation in 2008. Qatar signed an agreement in 2010 in which it would invest $5 billion in Greece over the following years. In January 2013, Qatar Investment Authority's real estate arm Qatari Diar had been involved in a bid to redevelop Ellinikon International Airport but decided to withdrew from the tender. Later that month, the company recanted","title":"Greece–Qatar relations"},{"id":"8950821","text":"Hellenikon Air Base Hellenikon Air Base is a decommissioned United States Air Force base located in Athens, Greece. After its closure, it was redeveloped into Ellinikon International Airport. The airport was built in 1938, and after the German invasion of Greece in 1941, Kalamaki Airfield was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. Following the end of World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as","title":"Hellenikon Air Base"},{"id":"593480","text":"from Kythira which departed Hellenikon Airport earlier and the first departure was a KLM flight to Amsterdam. Its major features include two parallel runways being and long respectively. The airport has received approval from the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration for take-offs and landings of the biggest passenger jet worldwide, the A380. The first ever A380 to visit 'Eleftherios Venizelos' Athens International Airport made an emergency landing on 13 April 2011 for emergency medical reasons. The first scheduled A380 flight took place on 26 October 2012 by Emirates. The Greek government-debt crisis reduced the overall passenger","title":"Athens International Airport"},{"id":"9441404","text":"Hellenikon Metropolitan Park Hellenikon Metropolitan Park as it has been named, will be a large urban park located in Hellinikon, Athens, Greece. The park will provide Athens with a much needed ecological boost. When finished the park will be the largest in Europe. It will be approximately 200 hectares spanning the site of the former Hellenikon International Airport. Construction had been scheduled to begin in 2008 and be completed by 2013, but plans appear to have been indefinitely shelved in the midst of the financial crisis, and as the government contemplates other uses for the space; plans have been put","title":"Hellenikon Metropolitan Park"},{"id":"12490880","text":"the island of Euboea. The three hijackers demanded to be flown to Yugoslavia. The pilots were able to land 60 kilometers southeast of the town of Skopje and after disembarking the hijackers, the aircraft landed in Thessaloniki 4 and a half hours late. 1949 proved to be a challenging year for the fledgling airline as it suffered two air crashes. The first was on April 23, 1949, when SX-BAF crashed on landing at Hellenikon Airport. No one was injured but the aircraft was a total loss. A month and a half later on June 6, while flying from Kavala–Athens, SX-BAI","title":"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings"},{"id":"8950824","text":"Cyprus (1975), Ethiopia (1977), and Iran (1979, 1981). The American base was renamed Hellenikon Air Base on 25 February 1976, and also provided administrative and logistical support to U.S. units and organizations in Greece, the Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean, and parts of Africa. With the end of the Cold War, it was agreed to end the USAF presence at the airport and the United States closed its facilities in 1993. In 1963, the Finnish star architect Eero Saarinen designed the East Terminal building. Prior to closing its passenger service, the airport was serving 12 million passengers per year. Hellenikon Air","title":"Hellenikon Air Base"},{"id":"2684155","text":"Elliniko Elliniko (, meaning \"Greek\") is a suburb of Athens, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Elliniko-Argyroupoli, of which it is a municipal unit. Elliniko is known for the Hellinikon Olympic Complex, built on the grounds of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Elliniko is situated near the Saronic Gulf coast, 10 km south of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 7.127 km. The former airport is in the western part of the municipal unit, near the coast. Most of the residential area is in the","title":"Elliniko"},{"id":"19580052","text":"2000-5 are operated by the 331st All Weather Squadron. It had been proposed in the 1980s that a civil terminal would be build at the airport, whereby rendering Tanagra as a secondary Athens airport, to complement Hellenikon airport which would be expanded. This plan was dropped when it was decided to construct the current Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\" in the Spata area east of Athens. Since 2017, Tanagra Air Base has been the venue of the annual Athens Flying Week airshow, held in September each year. Tanagra Air Base Tanagra Air Base is a large military air base situated","title":"Tanagra Air Base"},{"id":"2161931","text":"decided not to extend the arrangement, and the USAF concluded its operations there in 1991. The airport was the base of operations by the Greek national carrier Olympic Airways. The airport had two terminals: the West Terminal for Olympic Airways, and the East Terminal for all other carriers. The East Terminal building was designed between 1960 and 1969 by Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. Just before its closure in 2001, the airport recorded a 15.6% growth rate over its previous year, serving 13.5 million passengers per year and handling 57 airlines flying to 87 destinations. The airport's official capacity was 11","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"8950823","text":"Base Squadron (later Group) was assigned to the airport. Commercial airline service returned to the facility in 1956 with the airport being turned over to Greek civil aviation authorities. The airport was renamed Athenai International Airport, and the USAF used a small part of the airport for military cargo use, along with United States diplomatic air traffic. The 7206th Air Base Group remained the primary USAF unit at the airport with the 6916th Security Squadron providing electronic aerial surveillance of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East). The USAF used the airport for airlift evacuation operations from Middle East (1967),","title":"Hellenikon Air Base"},{"id":"13413155","text":"with PICAO, which became ICAO in 1947. Appointed Chief of Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section in January 1951, he conducted assessments of airfields throughout the world, and led the team that recommended Hellinikon be developed as Athens' international airport. Lerew received credit for several of ICAO's accomplishments over the next decade, including various administrative reforms within the organisation and finalising a standard runway approach lighting system in 1953 following five years of disagreement among members. A colleague remembered him as having \"that very fortunate duality of personality, being serious, efficient and knowledgeable in his official capacity, with an","title":"John Lerew"},{"id":"2809672","text":"further this strategy, several examples of the small twin-engined turbo-propellor Short Skyvan utility airliner were obtained for operation on routes serving smaller Greek airports. In 1972 Olympic turned to the important Greece-Australia market, beginning Boeing 707–320 operations between Athens and Sydney twice a week via Bangkok and Singapore. Olympic then acquired seven Boeing 720-051B aircraft, a medium-range derivative of the Boeing 707, from Northwest Airlines. The airline also entered the wide-body era by purchasing two new Boeing 747-200s. OA even showed interest in the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde supersonic airliner and, on 5 January 1973, a Concorde landed at Athens' Hellenikon Airport","title":"Olympic Airlines"},{"id":"12127034","text":"sky scraper in London designed by Renzo Piano and the publicly funded Olympic village also known as East Village, London; and the former Royal Dutch Shell plc headquarters. In January 2013 it became known that the company had put on hold a redevelopment project of Chelsea Barracks worth around GBP 3 billion. During the same month Qatari Diar pulled out of the bidding for the development of the site of Athens' former international airport Ellinikon. Mayor Vincent C. Gray (District of Columbia) announced in early 2013 that he will travel to Qatar to promote the flow of global capital to","title":"Qatar Investment Authority"},{"id":"2476552","text":"The hijacking is also the subject of the book \"Valinda, Our Daughter\", written by Canadian author Gladys Taylor. The events of the hijacking are described in and used to further the plot in Brad Thor's novel Path of the Assassin. EgyptAir Flight 648 EgyptAir Flight 648 was a regularly scheduled international flight between Athens Ellinikon International Airport in Greece and Cairo International Airport in Egypt. On 23 November 1985, a Boeing 737-200 airliner, registered SU-AYH, servicing the flight was hijacked by the terrorist organization Abu Nidal. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops resulted in dozens of deaths,","title":"EgyptAir Flight 648"},{"id":"15417946","text":"law on fast track (which also reflects his personal political philosophy on growth) which limited the bureaucracy and facilitated large investments. In the field of attracting investments, he signed in New York a memorandum of cooperation with Qatar of a value of 5 billion, prepared the exploitation of Ellinikon, (former airport) by drafting a plan and creating the company Elliniko S.A., and contributed to the determination of the compensation due by Siemens for moral damages incurred by the Greek state. He was also the mind behind and the coordinator of the drafting of the laws on transparency and the amendment","title":"Haris Pamboukis"},{"id":"2161936","text":"and will create over 75,000 jobs. The 1986 Menahem Golan movie, \"The Delta Force\", used the exterior of the airport in the Athens International Airport scene which one of the Lebanese terrorists exits a taxi. The Athens airport interiors, however, were filmed in Terminal 1 of Ben Gurion Airport. Following is a list of accidents and incidents experienced by aircraft that had Ellinikon either as a destination or as a departure point. It only includes events that occurred at the airport or in its vicinity, and only deadly occurrences or hull-losses are listed. Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"12490877","text":"aircraft, registered as SX-BAA, SX-BAB and SX-BAC began service on July 30, 1946, from the newly established Athens Hellenikon Airport south-east of the city on the Saronic Gulf. These T.A.E. aircraft represented the first post-war civil aviation in Greece with scheduled service to Thessaloniki and Chania. The airline's passengers waited for their flights in a large tent, until a proper terminal could be built, but the first year of operations the airline carried 11,000 passengers. The airline also operated as the sole Greek-flagged carrier in this period, and as such, it flew the Greek delegation to the Paris Peace talks","title":"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings"},{"id":"5696351","text":"regime founded the Workers' Center (Εργατικό Κέντρο), which was established to look after workers' housing and recreation, among other things. The 4th of August regime initially stabilized the drachma, which had been suffering from high inflation. Exploiting the newfound solidity of the currency, Metaxas' government embarked on large public works programs (such as the Ellinikon International Airport), including land drainage, construction of railways, road improvements, and modernization of the telecommunications infrastructure. Metaxas' economic program met with initial success, with a marked rise in per capita income and temporary decline in unemployment in Greece between 1936 and 1938 (unemployment skyrocketed after","title":"4th of August Regime"},{"id":"2161935","text":"project: residential complexes, hotels and recreation areas will be built, Olympic venues will be reopened, while new sports facilities, study and research centres and a golf course will be built. The 2.6 million m² Metropolitan Park – larger in size than London’s Hyde Park and occupying 42% of the total area of Hellinikon – will be created. Investors believe Hellinikon will become the greatest example urban redevelopment in Europe, and will attract over 1 million tourists annually. According to the developers, the project will bring the state €14 billion in taxes (2.4% of Greece's GDP) over the next 25 years,","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"12490878","text":"on October 4, 1946. In the summer of 1947, T.A.E. secured three additional DC-3s (2 from the United States military and one from the British Royal Air Force). The aircraft, registered as SX-BAG, SX-BAH, and SX-BAI respectively, were christened at a celebration on August 31, 1947, attended by the new king, Paul. Tragedy struck a few days later when on September 3, 1947, SX-BAB crashed near Voula while on final approach at Hellenikon Airport. The Greek Parliament determined in 1947 to charter three additional airlines: Hellenic Airlines (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ.), Air Transport of Greece (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, AME) and","title":"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings"},{"id":"4903553","text":"Alimos Alimos () is a municipality in South Athens, Greece. It was formed in 1968 comprising two settlements, the suburban seaside town of Kalamaki (), and the inland community of Trachones (). Alimos had 41,720 inhabitants in the 2011 census. Alimos is situated on the Saronic Gulf coast, 8 km south of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 5.909 km. The Hellinikon Olympic Complex, built on the grounds of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics, lies south of Alimos. The built-up area of Alimos is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Palaio","title":"Alimos"},{"id":"9441405","text":"forward and a preliminary agreement has been signed to sell some of the land to Qatari investors for development. The site of the future Hellenikon Metropolitan Park is the former Athens International Airport at Hellenikon. In 2005, the international team led by architects David Serero, Elena Fernandez and landscape architect Philippe Coignet won the international competition to design a metropolitan park on the former site of the Hellenikon Airport, over more than 300 teams of architects. The competition was sponsored by UIA (International Union of Architects), the Greek Ministry of Environment and the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection","title":"Hellenikon Metropolitan Park"},{"id":"593478","text":"was constructed to replace the now-closed Athens (Ellinikon) International Airport, as the latter had reached its saturation point with no physical space for further growth. Studies for a new airport had been carried out from as early as the 1970s, with as many as 19 different locations being looked at before an area close to the town of Spata was chosen as suitable. \"Athens Airport SA\", a state-owned company, was established in 1978 to proceed with the plans. However, after delays and slow development, the project was revived in 1991 with the then government launching an international tender for the","title":"Athens International Airport"},{"id":"6181624","text":"the battle gathering electronic intelligence data. The 7406th continued flying recon missions from Rhein-Main in the C-130B models until 30 June 1973 when the squadron's sister Security Service flying squadron moved to Ellinikon International Airport, near Athens, Greece (known to the U.S. as Hellenikon AB). Operational missions were flown until 13 June 1974 from Greece when the unit was disbanded. The 7206th nomenclature continued, embodied in the 7206th Air Base Group which was a support group in Athens until 1993. Surveillance missions continued at Hellenikon under the auspices of the 6916th ESS. With the relocation of the 7406th to Greece,","title":"Rhein-Main Air Base"},{"id":"14218806","text":"place for all of Cyprus Airways' jet services to be operated by BEA Comets. Late on the day before the crash the aircraft departed on a night-time BEA service from London Heathrow Airport to Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece, arriving just after 3:00am local time (1:00am UTC) on 12 October. At about 4:30am the aircraft departed Athens on the regular Cyprus Airways flight to Nicosia in Cyprus with 59 passengers and a crew of seven on board. About 45 minutes into the flight, control of the aircraft was transferred from air traffic controllers (ATC) at Athens to their counterparts","title":"Cyprus Airways Flight 284"},{"id":"20799783","text":"of Cyprus in 1974. Sources claim that an organization called 'National Front' was formed in 1968 as a predecessor to the EOKA-B Greek-Cypriot nationalist group. 1985 Athens bar bombing On 2 February 1985, \"Bobby's Bar\" in Glyfada, a suburb of Athens in Greece, was bombed. The bar was popular with American airmen stationed at the nearby Hellenikon Air Base. Police spokesman Nikos Gizas said about fifty of the injured were Americans. Some of them were brought to U.S. bases in West Germany for treatment. A far-right group calling itself National Front claimed responsibility. A caller claiming to be from the","title":"1985 Athens bar bombing"},{"id":"8950822","text":"a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. A semi-permanent USAAF presence was established in May 1947 as the facility was being reconstructed to facilitate Marshall Plan aid to Greece and Turkey. On 5 October 1948, the United States Air Force assigned the Military Air Transport Service 1632d Air Base Squadron to the airport with ten C-47 Skytrain cargo aircraft being based at the airport. A new control tower opened in 1951, and by 1954 with the end of Marshall Plan, the United States Air Forces in Europe 7206th Air","title":"Hellenikon Air Base"},{"id":"593477","text":"Spata and Loutsa, about to the east of central Athens ( by road, due to intervening hills). The airport is named after Elefthérios Venizélos, the prominent Cretan political figure and Prime Minister of Greece, who made a significant contribution to the development of Greek aviation and the Hellenic Air Force in the 1930s. As to-date, ownership is divided between the Hellenic Republic (Greek State) and Private Sector in a 55%-45% stake following a PPP scheme for the airport company. Currently, private investors include the Copelouzos Group (5%) and PSP Investments of Canada (40%), following purchase of Hochtief's shares. The airport","title":"Athens International Airport"},{"id":"13060","text":"underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport – named Elliniko – in the southern suburbs, into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe, to be named the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park. Many of the southern suburbs (such as Alimos, Palaio Faliro, Elliniko, Glyfada, Voula, Vouliagmeni and Varkiza) known as the Athens Riviera, host a number of sandy beaches, most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee. Casinos operate on both Mount Parnitha, some from downtown Athens (accessible by car or cable car), and the nearby town of Loutraki (accessible","title":"Athens"},{"id":"13652147","text":"PALLAS system (Phased Automation of the heLLenic ATC radar System). The agency operates a small fleet of aircraft for navigational aid calibration activities. The current fleet is the following: Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority The Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (), abbreviated HCAA (), is a department of the Greek government under the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks. It is involved in air traffic control, aeronautical communications, airport operations, aircraft registration and inspection, licensing of civil air operators, and personnel certification. The headquarters of the HCAA are located at Glyfada, near the old Ellinikon Airport. The Hellenic CAA uses a number","title":"Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority"},{"id":"9374912","text":"eyesight meant that he could not hold an air transport license, but could possess an air commercial license, allowing him to fly light planes and air taxis for emergency medical cases. Onassis died on January 23, 1973, at the age of 24, from injuries sustained the previous day when his personal Piaggio P.136L-2 amphibious airplane, in which he was a passenger, crashed at Hellinikon International Airport in Athens. Onassis was instructing a potential new pilot of the plane, Donald McCusker, at the time of the crash, in his role as President of Olympic Aviation. Onassis and McCusker were accompanied by","title":"Alexander Onassis"},{"id":"2654188","text":"Thessaloniki Airport Thessaloniki Airport , officially Thessaloniki Airport \"Makedonia\" () and formerly Mikra Airport, is an international airport serving Thessaloniki, the second-largest city in Greece. It is located southeast of the city, in Thermi. The airport is the third-largest airport in the country after Athens International Airport and Heraklion International Airport. It opened in 1930 and was the second-busiest airport in Greece in terms of flights served and the third-busiest in terms of passengers served in 2016, with over 6 million passengers. It is the main airport of Northern Greece and apart from the city of Thessaloniki it also serves","title":"Thessaloniki Airport"},{"id":"15507272","text":"Association of Greek Dayrunners to act as the main and official organizing club for the Ultramarathon Festivals. Athens International Ultramarathon Festival The Athens International Ultramarathon Festival is a Multiday race which takes place at the former Ellinikon International Airport in Greece. The first Athens International Ultramarathon Festival (UF) was organized by Dr Costas Baxevanis in 2005 in Loutraki, located approximately 80 km from Athens. The first event was a 24hr race which took place in the Loutraki Stadium. Edit Berces won that first race with 211 K. In 2005 the Ultramarathon Festival was supported by the Apollon Athletic Club, and","title":"Athens International Ultramarathon Festival"},{"id":"13247090","text":"Hellinikon Olympic Arena The Hellinikon Olympic Indoor Arena is a multi-use sports indoor arena that is located in Ellinikon, Athens, Greece. It is a part of the Helliniko Olympic Complex, and it is located adjacent to the Helliniko Fencing Hall. It is approximately 10 miles from the Athens Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Hellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Paralympics. The arena had in use its full seating capacity of 15,000 spectators for basketball, and 13,500 for handball during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. However, only 12,500 seats","title":"Hellinikon Olympic Arena"},{"id":"13652146","text":"Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority The Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (), abbreviated HCAA (), is a department of the Greek government under the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks. It is involved in air traffic control, aeronautical communications, airport operations, aircraft registration and inspection, licensing of civil air operators, and personnel certification. The headquarters of the HCAA are located at Glyfada, near the old Ellinikon Airport. The Hellenic CAA uses a number of remotely operated VHF radio stations for civil aviation communications at the following locations: The HCAA uses a number of radar stations: The radar stations are integrated using the","title":"Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority"},{"id":"8590462","text":"3 years. The Olympic Baseball Centre's main stadium underwent renovations for football use, and Ethnikos began playing matches there during the 2007–08 season; the team played its first official match in its new home on October 20, 2007. The facility became known as Elliniko Stadium, and is commonly referred to as \"Elliniko.\" Helliniko Olympic Complex in Ellinikon, was located approximately 8 kilometres south of the center of Athens, near Glyfada on the Mediterranean coast. The complex was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics, and","title":"Ethnikos Piraeus F.C."},{"id":"16860563","text":"Elliniko metro station Elliniko metro station in Athens is the current southern terminus on Athens Metro Line 2 since the Elliniko extension opened on 26 July 2013. With the opening of the station, travel time from Elliniko to Syntagma Square was reduced from 45 minutes (by car) to 20 minutes. The station is adjacent to Vouliagmenis Avenue, at its section north of the closed Ellinikon International Airport. It has two exits to the ground level, one on each side of Vouliagmenis Avenue, with the southern exit to have a metallic oval shaped roof, as well as a square. Construction works","title":"Elliniko metro station"},{"id":"20799782","text":"1985 Athens bar bombing On 2 February 1985, \"Bobby's Bar\" in Glyfada, a suburb of Athens in Greece, was bombed. The bar was popular with American airmen stationed at the nearby Hellenikon Air Base. Police spokesman Nikos Gizas said about fifty of the injured were Americans. Some of them were brought to U.S. bases in West Germany for treatment. A far-right group calling itself National Front claimed responsibility. A caller claiming to be from the group claimed that the bombing was aimed at Americans who were \"responsible\" for the occupation of Cyprus, which had been divided since the Turkish invasion","title":"1985 Athens bar bombing"},{"id":"3528973","text":"Hellinikon Olympic Complex The Hellinikon Olympic Complex is situated at Hellinikon in the south Athens, approximately 16 kilometres from the Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. It consists of five separate venues. The Indoor arena is an arena adjacent to the Fencing Hall. It hosted the Basketball preliminary matches and the Handball finals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The facility seats 15,000 spectators for basketball, although only 10,700 seats were made publicly available during the Olympics -","title":"Hellinikon Olympic Complex"},{"id":"15786118","text":"stations, bridges, ammunition and fuel depots. In November 14, while the Axis troops were retreating from Greece, the aircraft of the Squadron landed in Hassani Airfield (later the Hellenikon Air Base and Ellinikon International Airport), near Athens. Although mainland Greece was liberated, Crete and other islands were still under German occupation. Alongside the Spitfire fighters of the two other Greek Squadrons, 335th and 336th, which had also arrived in Greece, the 13th was engaged in bombing missions against the remaining German garrisons in the Aegean islands and Crete (April–May 1945). The Squadron was disbanded on April 19, 1946. 13th Light","title":"13th Light Bomber Squadron"},{"id":"417434","text":"strike from a terrorist or an accidental launch from a U.S. Navy vessel caused the crash and is the subject of a government cover-up. The accident airplane, registration N93119, (Boeing 747-131) was manufactured by Boeing in July 1971; it had been ordered by Eastern Air Lines, but after Eastern canceled its 747 orders, the plane was purchased new by TWA. The aircraft had completed 16,869 flights with 93,303 hours of operation. On the day of the accident, the airplane departed from Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece as TWA Flight 881 and arrived at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK)","title":"TWA Flight 800"},{"id":"7381945","text":"22 years. The Campus was spread out over 4 areas with gardens and a view to the sea. The buildings were located next to the old Hellinikon airport, the former international airport of Athens and the Hellinikon Olympic Complex and Aghios Kosmos Port. SLC's new campus is located near to Vari in southern Athens. The school relocated here for the start of the 2004 academic year. The new campus features an Olympic sized swimming pool, a full-size artificial football pitch, 2 tennis courts, a 400 seat amphitheater, a large indoor Gym and 2 large areas for parking. St Lawrence College,","title":"St Lawrence College, Athens"},{"id":"705352","text":"ferries to Naxos, Karpathos, Kasos, Sitia, Anafi, Chalki and Diafani. There are also several daily ferries to Piraeus, the port of Athens in mainland Greece. Heraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after Athens International Airport, first in charter flights and the 65th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 7.480.408 travellers in 2017 (List of the busiest airports in Europe). In April 2018, the inner","title":"Heraklion"},{"id":"15507271","text":"Athens International Ultramarathon Festival The Athens International Ultramarathon Festival is a Multiday race which takes place at the former Ellinikon International Airport in Greece. The first Athens International Ultramarathon Festival (UF) was organized by Dr Costas Baxevanis in 2005 in Loutraki, located approximately 80 km from Athens. The first event was a 24hr race which took place in the Loutraki Stadium. Edit Berces won that first race with 211 K. In 2005 the Ultramarathon Festival was supported by the Apollon Athletic Club, and thereafter for the next 3 events by the Athens Alpine Club. In 2009, Dr Baxevanis founded the","title":"Athens International Ultramarathon Festival"},{"id":"155114","text":"In 2017, imports increased by 13.9% and exports rose by 13.4%. Greece is also the largest import partner of Cyprus (18.0%) and the largest export partner of Palau (82.4%). As of 2012, Greece had a total of 82 airports, of which 67 were paved and six had runways longer than 3,047 meters. Of these airports, two are classified as \"international\" by the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority, but 15 offer international services. Additionally Greece has 9 heliports. Greece does not have a flag carrier, but the country’s airline industry is dominated by Aegean Airlines and its subsidiary Olympic Air. Between 1975","title":"Economy of Greece"},{"id":"14620162","text":"Hellinikon Stadium Hellinikon Stadium is a stadium located at the Hellinikon Olympic Complex in Hellinikon, Athens, located approximately 8 kilometres south of the center of Athens, near Glyfada on the Aegean Sea coast. Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. currently plays its home matches there. The complex was built on the site of the former Hellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics and consisted of the following venues: Hellinikon Indoor Arena (Basketball and Team handball); Hellinikon Fencing Hall; Olympic Hockey Stadium (Field hockey); Helliniko Baseball Centre; Hellinikon Olympic Softball Stadium; and Hellinikon Slalom Centre (Whitewater","title":"Hellinikon Stadium"},{"id":"2161933","text":"Summer Olympics venues for canoe and kayak slalom, field hockey, baseball, and softball. Other Olympics-related upgrades to the airport included refitting one of the airport's western hangars to become the main Olympic fencing venue and one of the larger Olympic indoor basketball arenas. In 2005, the international team, led by architects David Serero, Elena Fernandez, and landscape architect Philippe Coignet, won the competition to design a metropolitan park on the former site of the Ellinikon Airport over more than 300 other teams of architects. The competition was sponsored by UIA (International Union of Architects), the Greek Ministry of Environment, and","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"257886","text":"includes the ships of People's Republic of China 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 9, Germany 70, Greece 54, Hong Kong 2, Japan 4, Monaco 8, Netherlands 8, United Kingdom 3, United States 87, and Uruguay 1 (2002 est.) Airports: 35 (2009), see list of airports in the Marshall Islands Airports - with paved runways:
\"total:\" 5
\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\" 4 (Eniwetok, IATA airport code ENT; Kwajalein, KWA; and Marshall Islands International, MAJ; Rongelap).
\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 1 (2009) Airports and airstrips - with unpaved runways:
\"total:\" 30
\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 29
\"under 914 m:\" 1 (2009) Marshall Islands","title":"Transportation in the Marshall Islands"},{"id":"2161932","text":"million passengers per year. The last aircraft to depart from Ellinikon was an Olympic Airways Boeing 737 bound for Thessaloníki. The airport is bounded in the west by beaches, in the south by the Glyfada Golf Club and the Ellinikon-Glyfada municipal boundary, and by residential area. In April 2011 the Olympic Airways Museum opened in the West Terminal, including three airplanes that had been parked there since the airport's closure. The Athens radar center is still based at Ellinikon. After its closure the northwest portion of the airport was redeveloped, converting runways into a sports park that housed the 2004","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"16408629","text":"the aircraft within the available runway and overrun distance. One member of the Operations team of the Accident Investigation Committee had a different opinion from the rest of the Committee regarding the cause of the accident, stating that he believed the crew failed to realise the touchdown speed and distance, failed to follow the company's poor-braking-action landing technique, and failed to properly utilise the aircraft's brake and reverse thrust systems. Swissair Flight 316 On 7 October 1979, a Swissair DC-8 crashed while attempting to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport. Of the 154 passengers and crew on board, 14 perished in","title":"Swissair Flight 316"},{"id":"2161930","text":"in 1941, and Kalamaki Airfield (as the site was then known) was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. After World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. By agreement with Greece, the USAF operated out of the airport for well over four decades. In 1988, Greece","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"2161934","text":"the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens (ORSA). The project was further developed in 2006 and 2007 by this team through two development phases with the planning organizations of Athens. By 2012, government plans to attract investors and develop the site commercially were eclipsing the proposed park, though nearby communities remained vocal about their preference for a park. In 2017, an international consortium comprising Chinese conglomerate Fosun Group, Abu Dhabi-based developer Eagle Hills and Greek company Latsis Group will invest €8 billion in the project. A whole range of works will be performed as part of the","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"6374306","text":"Sweden, Bosnia, Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Poland. Named airport bases include Glasgow Prestwick Airport (Britain), Shannon & Baldonnel (Ireland), Ramstein and Frankfurt (Germany), Aviano Air Base (Italy), Palma de Mallorca Airport (Spain), Tuzla Air Base (Bosnia-Herzegovina), Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Athens (Greece), Larnaca (Cyprus), Prague (Czech Republic), Stockholm (Sweden), as well as Rabat (Morocco) and Algiers (Algeria). Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz characterized the accusation as \"libel\", while Romania similarly said there was no evidence. British Prime Minister Tony Blair said that the report \"added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we","title":"Black site"},{"id":"5794931","text":"annual traffic statistics* Period: Jan - Oct The airline Bluebird Airways has its head office at the airport. Heraklion International Airport Heraklion International Airport \"Nikos Kazantzakis\" is the primary airport on the island of Crete, Greece, and the country's second busiest airport after Athens International Airport. It is located about 5 km east of the main city centre of Heraklion, near the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos. It is a shared civil/military facility. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a Greek writer and philosopher. Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is Crete's main and busiest airport, serving Heraklion (Ηράκλειο), Aghios","title":"Heraklion International Airport"},{"id":"593476","text":"Athens International Airport Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\" (, \"Diethnís Aeroliménas Athinón \"Elefthérios Venizélos\"\") , commonly initialized as \"AIA\", began operation on 28 March 2001 and is the primary international airport that serves the city of Athens and the region of Attica. It is Greece's busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports Council International (10–25 million) and as of 2017, Athens International is the 27th busiest airport in Europe. AIA is located between the towns of Markopoulo, Koropi,","title":"Athens International Airport"},{"id":"19557483","text":"declared the provisional winner of the international tender in May 2017. Ariadne is a joint venture formed by Greece-based Terna S.A. and New Delhi-headquartered GMR Airports Group. Kasteli Airport Kasteli Airport is a mixed-use public/military airport located south-east of Heraklion, in Kasteli on the Greek island of Crete. It started operating in 1940 and it now has a single runway with a length of 2,450m. The airport is used by F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force's 133 Combat Group. The Ariadne Airport Group consortium, consisting of the GEK Terna in partnership with the Indian GMR Group","title":"Kasteli Airport"},{"id":"9374905","text":"relationship with Fiona Thyssen, former wife of Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza. He was later appointed the head of Olympic Aviation, a Greek regional airline owned by his father. Onassis died in hospital as a result of injuries sustained in an air crash at Hellinikon International Airport at the age of 24. The Alexander S. Onassis Foundation was established in his memory. Alexander Socrates Onassis was born at the Harkness Pavilion, a private clinic in New York City's NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. He was the elder child of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis (1906 –1975) and his first wife, Athina Livanos (1929 –1974),","title":"Alexander Onassis"},{"id":"2476537","text":"EgyptAir Flight 648 EgyptAir Flight 648 was a regularly scheduled international flight between Athens Ellinikon International Airport in Greece and Cairo International Airport in Egypt. On 23 November 1985, a Boeing 737-200 airliner, registered SU-AYH, servicing the flight was hijacked by the terrorist organization Abu Nidal. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops resulted in dozens of deaths, making the hijacking of Flight 648 one of the deadliest such incidents in history. On 23 November 1985, Flight 648 took off at 8pm on its Athens-to-Cairo route. Ten minutes after takeoff, three Palestinian members of Abu Nidal hijacked the","title":"EgyptAir Flight 648"},{"id":"20800746","text":"1987 Greece bus attacks The 1987 Greece bus attacks refer to two separate attacks committed by the 17 November Group on buses carrying American military personnel near Athens, Greece. The first attack, on April 24, 1987, wounded 16 Americans (four of which were civilians) and two Greeks (the bus driver and a civilian car driver nearby). An Hellenic Air Force bus was transporting American servicemen from a Greek base to the American-operated Hellenikon Air Base when a remote-controlled car bomb exploded, causing the bus to lose control and hit a tree. It was initially reported the bus was hit by","title":"1987 Greece bus attacks"},{"id":"1941488","text":"the sex workers being described as \"vulnerable to abuse\". The share of the transport and communications industry in the GDP of Northern Cyprus is constantly varying; it decreased from 12.1% in 2008 to 8.5% in 2011, but rose again to 9.3% in 2012. Air transport is a major route of entry into Northern Cyprus. The country is home to two airports, the Ercan International Airport and the Geçitkale Airport, of which only Ercan is currently functioning. The Ercan airport saw an important renovation in the 2010s that greatly increased its passenger traffic, it was used by 1.76 million passengers in","title":"Northern Cyprus"},{"id":"443605","text":"police and museum guard teams. Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is long and wide, it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport. There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected","title":"Vatican City"},{"id":"9646608","text":"of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the Fraport AG/Copelouzos Group joint venture and the state privatisation fund. \"We signed the deal today,\" the head of Greece's privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate the 14 airports (including Mykonos International Airport) for 40 years. Fraport started managing the airport from 11 April 2017. On 22 March 2017, the Fraport-Greece presented its master plan for the 14 regional airports including the Mykonos Airport. Immediate actions that will be implemented at the airports as soon as Fraport Greece takes","title":"Mykonos Airport"},{"id":"19557479","text":"Kasteli Airport Kasteli Airport is a mixed-use public/military airport located south-east of Heraklion, in Kasteli on the Greek island of Crete. It started operating in 1940 and it now has a single runway with a length of 2,450m. The airport is used by F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force's 133 Combat Group. The Ariadne Airport Group consortium, consisting of the GEK Terna in partnership with the Indian GMR Group has been selected to develop, operate and manage a new international airport on this site as a replacement for the existing Heraklion International Airport. It is planned","title":"Kasteli Airport"},{"id":"13319474","text":"Hellenic Airlines Hellenic Airlines (, also known by its literal name, Greek Air Transport), often abbreviated ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. in Greek and sometimes also known as Hellas in English, was a Greek-flagged airline that operated domestic and international airline service from 1947 to 1951. It was absorbed into TAE Greek National Airlines in 1951. In the post-World War II era, in order to foster competition in the Greek airline industry, the Greek government chartered a total of 4 airlines; Technical and Aeronautical Exploitations (), or TAE, was a privately owned airline that had ceased operation prior to the Second World War but","title":"Hellenic Airlines"},{"id":"13319477","text":"converted ex-B-24 Liberator used on international services from London - Athens and then on to Egypt and six Douglas DC-3s used for domestic service and to Cyprus and Tel Aviv. Hellenic Airlines Hellenic Airlines (, also known by its literal name, Greek Air Transport), often abbreviated ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. in Greek and sometimes also known as Hellas in English, was a Greek-flagged airline that operated domestic and international airline service from 1947 to 1951. It was absorbed into TAE Greek National Airlines in 1951. In the post-World War II era, in order to foster competition in the Greek airline industry, the Greek","title":"Hellenic Airlines"},{"id":"1727461","text":"reached in under two hours. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to handle more international flights, although almost all flights to and from Hungary still use Budapest's Ferihegy Airport (now called Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport). Cities that can be reached from the Debrecen Airport include Brussels, Eindhoven, London, Malmö, Milan, Tel Aviv, Moscow and Paris. There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006. There are many railway stations","title":"Debrecen"},{"id":"4152996","text":"2015, Rhodes Airport was closed for 14 hours after a 'sinkhole' appeared in the runway. Flights were diverted to surrounding airports such as Kos and Heraklion as well as Athens and the runway was fixed and reopened shortly afterwards. In December 2015 the privatisation of Rhodes International Airport and 13 other regional airports of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the Fraport AG/Copelouzos Group joint venture and the state privatisation fund. \"We signed the deal today,\" the head of Greece's privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate","title":"Rhodes International Airport"},{"id":"4280910","text":"the customs agreements which Turkey had already signed as a precondition to start EU membership negotiations in 2005, it is obliged to open its ports to Cypriot planes and vessels, but Turkey has not complied so far; refusing to do so until the EU eases the international isolation of Northern Cyprus. In February 2013, Turkish EU Minister Egemen Bağış told the Republic of Cyprus, \"if you truly want salvation, truly want peace, then remove your blockade of Ercan Airport to EU member countries and Turkey will open its ports to you.\" Turkey's refusal to implement a trade pact between Turkey","title":"Accession of Turkey to the European Union"},{"id":"593494","text":"between exits 4 and 5. Regional bus services by KTEL Express operate to the airport, currently connecting the airport to Rafina, Markopoulo, Lavrio, Kalyvia and Keratea. Athens International Airport Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\" (, \"Diethnís Aeroliménas Athinón \"Elefthérios Venizélos\"\") , commonly initialized as \"AIA\", began operation on 28 March 2001 and is the primary international airport that serves the city of Athens and the region of Attica. It is Greece's busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports","title":"Athens International Airport"},{"id":"6495980","text":"1991, AB was listed on the Athens Stock Exchange. In the same year, the first AB MEGA supermarket was opened, in the area of Hellinikon, close to the old Athens Hellinikon International Airport. In 1992, a new AB MEGA was built on the Athens-Lamia highway (Εθνική Αθηνών-Λαμίας). In the meanwhile, AB was acquired by the Belgian retail company \"Delhaize Group\" (merged with Ahold to form Ahold Delhaize in 2015). In 1994, AB was the first supermarket company in Greece to introduce the barcode system at its cashiers. Between 1995 and 1998, AB opened a large warehouse, in Mandra, Attica (Μάνδρα,","title":"Alfa-Beta Vassilopoulos"},{"id":"9704377","text":"airports remained largely stagnant in 2015, with a marginal 0.63 percent increase to 1.38 million tonnes, reflecting sluggish global trade. AOT is budgeting 220 billion baht in 2018 for the creation of two new airports and the expansion of four existing airports owned by the Department of Airports. AOT intends to build Chiang Mai 2 in Lamphun Province and Phuket Airport 2 in Phang Nga Province. The four existing airports to be managed by AOT are the Tak Airport, Sakon Nakhon Airport, Chumphon Airport, and Udon Thani International Airport. Airports of Thailand PCL Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT)","title":"Airports of Thailand PCL"},{"id":"16258585","text":"Kıbrıs Media Group was suddenly presented with a tax demand in the amount of 11 million Turkish Lira ($6.3 million) payable the following day, on pain of the sequestration of its assets. Leading opposition politicians branded this action as an attempt to gag the free media. The edition of 14 March 2009 of \"Cyprus Today\" appeared as usual. Ministers subsequently awarded him a multimillion-euro contract to operate Lefkoniko Airport in northern Cyprus. On 30 July 2010 it was reported that a British judge had granted Nadir bail, which it was said would pave the way for him to return to","title":"Asil Nadir"},{"id":"12792176","text":"said in his statement. However, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said during an interview on the TRT channel that Erdoğan's words have been misunderstood. \"Remarks which have been cut out from the whole speech were taken to grounds we don’t want. We also aim to have good relations with Serbia. Turkey maintains an equal distance to all Balkan countries,\" Davutoğlu stressed. Relations between two countries recovered quickly after 2013 speech with significant increase in number of flights travelers between Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport and Istanbul airports and entrance of Turkish companies such as Halkbank at Serbian market. In March 2016","title":"Serbia–Turkey relations"},{"id":"7390727","text":"feud with Greece. Both countries consider Alexander the Great as part of their respective heritages, demonstrated by the fact that the regional airport of Kavala in Greek Macedonia is also named after Alexander. However, the airport in Kavala was the first to be named as such since 1992. In 2008 the Macedonian Government signed a contract with the Turkish company Tepe Akfen Ventures (TAV) for a twenty-year-long concession during which this company would manage Macedonia's two existing airports - the Skopje Alexander the Great Airport and the St. Paul the Apostle Airport in Ohrid. In September 2011, the new terminal","title":"Skopje International Airport"},{"id":"2181511","text":"to Cambodia in that the cyclist is situated behind the passenger(s) seat, as opposed to Cycle rickshaws in neighbouring countries where the cyclist is at the front and \"pulls\" the carriage. Cambodia has three commercial airports. Phnom Penh International Airport (Pochentong) in Phnom Penh is the second largest in Cambodia. Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport is the largest and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. The other airport is in Sihanoukville. , Cambodia has an estimated population of people. Cambodia's birth rate is 25.4 per 1,000. Its population growth rate is 1.7%. Fifty percent of the Cambodian","title":"Cambodia"},{"id":"5794927","text":"Heraklion International Airport Heraklion International Airport \"Nikos Kazantzakis\" is the primary airport on the island of Crete, Greece, and the country's second busiest airport after Athens International Airport. It is located about 5 km east of the main city centre of Heraklion, near the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos. It is a shared civil/military facility. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a Greek writer and philosopher. Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is Crete's main and busiest airport, serving Heraklion (Ηράκλειο), Aghios Nikolaos (Άγιος Νικόλαος), Malia (Mάλλια), Hersonissos (Χερσόνησος), Stalida (Σταλίδα), Elounda (Ελούντα) and other resorts. The airport first opened in","title":"Heraklion International Airport"},{"id":"2693267","text":"did nothing much to address the lack of parking spots, although a valet service is provided. Parking cost RM25 on daily basis. A rail link is being constructed to connect to the airport to Kuala Lumpur via KTM Komuter but in the meantime, travellers can catch a local bus out of Central Market bus hub. The airport was officiated by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak on 28 October 2009. The Prime Minister has expressed confidence that the airport will reach 2 million annual passenger and emerge as a regional hub of ASEAN. The next phase of development will","title":"Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport"},{"id":"6362301","text":"Sochi International Airport Sochi International Airport (; ) is an airport located in Adler District of the resort city of Sochi, on the coast of the Black Sea in the federal subject of Krasnodar Krai, Russia. Sochi International Airport is among the ten largest Russian airports, with an annual passenger turnover of 5.2 million. The airport is run by an international joint venture of Basic Element group, Sberbank and Changi Airports International. The airport has been recognized as the best regional airport at the 3rd annual forum \"Development of Russia and CIS airports – 2013\", held by Adam Smith Conference.","title":"Sochi International Airport"},{"id":"2809662","text":"Olympic Airlines Olympic Airlines (, \"Olympiakés Aerogrammés\" – OA), formerly named Olympic Airways for at least four decades, was the flag carrier airline of Greece. The airline's head office was located in Athens. The airline operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations world-wide. The airline's main base was at Athens International Airport, with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, \"Macedonia\", Heraklion International Airport, \"Nikos Kazantzakis\" and Rhodes International Airport, \"Diagoras\". Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow International Airport. By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff. Olympic Airlines was also accredited by IATA with","title":"Olympic Airlines"},{"id":"10444738","text":"Isavia Isavia ohf. is the national airport and air navigation service provider of Iceland. The company operates all public airports and air navigation services in a vast area in the north-eastern Atlantic. The company headquarters is at Reykjavík Airport in Reykjavík. The enterprise was founded in 1945 as the Icelandic Civil Aviation Administration (Flugmálastjórn Íslands). With the creation of the government enterprise Flugstodir ltd. in 2006, the operational services were separated from the regulatory authority of the Icelandic Civil Aviation Administration. 31 January 2010 Flugstodir and Keflavik International Airport Ltd. were merged into a private limited company with 100 per","title":"Isavia"},{"id":"9973208","text":"Denmark’s Journey Planner, providing up to date information on routes, journey times and costs. Billund Airport serves as Denmark’s second biggest airport offering international flights to 40 destinations. Set up by the LEGO family in the 1960s, it is now run independently though its proximity to LEGOLAND makes the airport popular during the summer months with many major airlines operating a service. For the majority of the passengers in western Denmark, this is their main airport for international travel. Triangle Region (Denmark) Triangle Region Denmark () is a cooperation consisting of seven Danish municipalities on the Danish peninsula of Jutland","title":"Triangle Region (Denmark)"},{"id":"8489021","text":"company, bought the 20% shares back from the Italian group. In 2006, ACSA was part of a consortium that won the bid to manage the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai, India. In 2012, ACSA signed a 20-year concession agreement to manage the São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport in Brazil, a strategic alliance between two countries that organized the soccer world cup in recent years. The deal was signed through a consortium including Brazil's Invepar for 51% of the concession and at a cost of $9.2 billion. In May 2016, ACSA finished installing a solar power plant near the Kimberley Airport","title":"Airports Company South Africa"},{"id":"18271471","text":"Northern Cyprus, the Ercan Airport and Geçitkale Airport, neither have been recognized due to the ongoing disputes involving the political status and recognition of Northern Cyprus. All international flights are done via Turkey by public and private airline companies. Marina tourism also developed in recent years; Karpaz Gate Marina of Northern Cyprus became a member of ART Marine’s international marinas network in 2014. Total number of beds: Total shore length: Total revenues: Total employment: Tourist arrivals per year: The rank of the country in most popular destinations in the world: International memberships of Northern Cyprus and its organizations: Annual Tourism","title":"Tourism in Northern Cyprus"},{"id":"3528976","text":"on August 12, 2004, a day before the Opening Ceremonies. During the 2004 Summer Paralympic Games, the Olympic Baseball Centre was the venue for Archery. The table below lists the current status and usage of the Hellinikon Olympic Complex facilities: There are plans to convert much of the former Hellinikon International Airport site to a metropolitan park, that would include the above facilities. The site is currently being used to house refugee populations in the current Refugee crisis in Europe. The three camps are currently home to over three thousand refugees living in mostly tented accommodation. Hellinikon Olympic Complex The","title":"Hellinikon Olympic Complex"},{"id":"4640147","text":"code-share cooperation with Belgian airline Jetairfly. A new terminal opened in January 2008. It has a capacity of up to 5 million passengers a year, which means that it has reached its maximum capacity in 2010 (5,195,372 passengers). The European Commission objected to assistance the airport offered to Ryanair, since the airport is owned by the Wallonia regional government and thus the discounts and other benefits could be considered state aid. However, the Court of First Instance (a European Union court) decided on 17 December 2008 that the Commission's decision finding that illegal aid had been granted to Ryanair should","title":"Brussels South Charleroi Airport"},{"id":"9340494","text":"reportedly violating Turkish airspace, worsening the relations between Turkey and Russia. Shagol is located in the north-western outskirts Chelyabinsk, but the aircraft landing at the runway have to fly over multiple dense suburban residential districts. This has caused noise concerns from local residents, who filed complaints that low-flying aircraft would wake them up at night and trigger car alarms. A court order in 2013 suspended the flights of Su-24 aircraft, however, the ruling was overturned in the Supreme Court of Russia, but required the aircraft operated from the airport to increase their glideslope angle by 1.5 degrees. Some of the","title":"Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport"},{"id":"5140528","text":"Billund Airport Billund Airport () is an airport in Denmark. Located northeast of Billund, it serves as one of the country's busiest air cargo centres, as well as a charter airline destination, although some regular airlines also offer flights there. Nearby Legoland Billund park is the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside Copenhagen. Billund Airport had its beginning in 1961 when the son of the founder of the Lego Group, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, established a private 800-meter long runway and hangar north of his factory in Billund. With Christiansen as a key driver, more of the neighbouring municipalities were included","title":"Billund Airport"},{"id":"6270945","text":"Porto Rafti Porto Rafti (), official name: \"Limin Markopoulou\" (), is a seaside resort town in East Attica, Greece. It is part of the municipality Markopoulo Mesogaias, and it is about 15–20 minutes by car from the International airport of Athens, Eleftherios Venizelos, and about 35–40 minutes from downtown Athens via the highway. In 2011, its population was 9,686. The region of Mesogaia is well known for its fine vineyards, figs, and pistachios. Currently, there are several modern wine-making facilities in the region. The town of Porto Rafti stretches amphitheatrically around the Rafti Bay, a bay of the Aegean Sea,","title":"Porto Rafti"},{"id":"309272","text":"and stands at both Copernicus Airport in Wrocław and Lech Wałęsa Airport in Gdańsk. The Polish airline market was until 2004 a closed market, with bilateral agreements between countries served from the national hub – Warsaw. The regional airports were mostly serving as spokes, and were controlled by PPL, the state-owned airport authority. However, in the 1990s it was decided to deregulate the airport market and abolish the dominant position of PPL. Nearly all local airports (apart from Zielona Góra airport) became separate companies, with local governments involved in their management, which led to the partial decentralisation. Soon after opening","title":"Transport in Poland"},{"id":"14311592","text":"the same tasks as before and remains at the same address. Civil Aviation Administration Denmark Civil Aviation Administration Denmark (CAA-DK). (, SLV) was the Danish government agency that oversaw all civil aviation in Denmark, including the autonomous areas of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CAA-DK, with its head office in Copenhagen, was part of the Danish Ministry of Transport (). In addition to the regulation of civil aviation, it also operated the Bornholm Airport. On 1 November 2010 the Danish Transport Authority () and the Civil Aviation Administration - Denmark were merged to one administration. The name of the new","title":"Civil Aviation Administration Denmark"},{"id":"18924795","text":"Turkish Cypriots have partly overcome restrictions on personal travel by obtaining passports issued by the Republic of Cyprus. According to Rebecca Bryant, a specialist on Cyprus, with the development of Turkish Airlines and the bankruptcy of Cyprus Airways, Ercan is busier than Larnaca International Airport as of 2015, but it is still dependent on Turkey. However, in 2017 Ercan airport saw a more than 400% dramatic decrease in customers, as a result of new tight security measures imposed by the UK Department for Transport questioning the status of the airport and forcing passengers travelling between Britain and Northern Cyprus to","title":"Embargo against Northern Cyprus"},{"id":"12973740","text":"Asian policy. Turkey has since reversed its support to Pakistan’s position on Kashmir, moving from a call for a plebiscite under UN supervision to stressing the importance of India-Pakistan bilateral talks to resolve the issue, which is by and large closer to India’s position, which still doesn't improve much since India vehemently opposes a UN referendum (as it always has). India's GMR Group is one of the main stakeholders in the new Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in İstanbul. Both the countries are members of the G20 group of major economies, where the two countries have closely cooperated on the management","title":"India–Turkey relations"},{"id":"15633994","text":"through the normal screening and check-in process, and had his US visa scanned through the Advance Passenger Information System which returned a \"no-objection\". Demuren also defended the Nigerian Airport security system by promptly providing information and footage, demonstrating the advance security and technological solutions deployed in Nigeria. The global community was astonished at the degree of detail and depth of the information provided by a so-called third world country in contrast to its reputation for chaos and mediocrity. Schiphol, Amsterdam Airport, Farouk's transit port, was unable to detect any irregularity during the security screening process. Following this incident and in","title":"Harold Demuren"},{"id":"6591685","text":"TUI fly Belgium has a network of 180 routes to more than 100 airports in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Caribbean, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Africa and the United States. The airline's home base is Brussels Airport, but flights are also operated from 8 other bases: Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Liege Airport, Ostend-Bruges International Airport, Antwerp Airport, Lille Airport in France, Mohammed V International Airport Casablanca and Marrakesh Menara Airport in Morocco. The TUI fly Belgium fleet includes the following aircraft, as of April 2018: TUI Group has 70 737 MAXs on order for the group. The order consists of","title":"TUI fly Belgium"},{"id":"19526045","text":"2010 and 2013 respectively. In the airport sector, construction company Limak İnşaat grew into the position as one of the regional market leaders. In 2007, a Limak joint venture with French company Aéroport de Lyon won the concession tender for Pristina International Airport. In 2015, the company won the tender for a new terminal building at Kuwait International Airport. Limak is also part of the joint venture that won the tender for Istanbul New Airport, Turkey's largest PPP infrastructure project, and due to become the world's largest airport. Turkey has sought for a national aerospace industry since the foundation of","title":"Aviation in Turkey"},{"id":"2524928","text":"quality by reducing its smog level. Both lines were constructed underground. Lines 2 and 3, built by Attiko Metro and operated until 2011 by Attiko Metro Operations Company, are known respectively as the red and blue lines and were inaugurated in January 2000. Line 3 was extended to the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport in summer 2004, and Line 2 was extended to Anthoupoli and Helliniko in 2013. Until 17 June 2011, the operational management of the Athens Metro network was similar to that of the London Underground network before the creation of the London Passenger Transport Board and the absorption","title":"Athens Metro"},{"id":"1476633","text":"Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar). Currently, Jiangbei airport has three terminals. Terminal 1 is the oldest original terminal and is no longer in use. Terminal 2 is a larger building split into Halls A and B serving domestic flights. The","title":"Chongqing"},{"id":"13259300","text":"El Al Flight 426 hijacking El Al Flight 426 was an El Al passenger flight hijacked on July 23, 1968 by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), setting off a wave of hijackings by the PFLP. The aircraft, a Boeing 707, was en route from London's Heathrow Airport to Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in Rome and then to Lod Airport, now known as Ben Gurion International Airport. The plane was diverted to Algiers. One of the hijackers opened the unlocked door to the flight deck, clubbed the copilot with the butt of his pistol","title":"El Al Flight 426 hijacking"},{"id":"1273773","text":"Helsinki Airport was the seventh European and first Northern European airport to adopt the program. Helsinki Airport is connected to over 140 destinations worldwide and over 50 countries by passenger services. Helsinki Airport has around 50 airlines operating regularly. In addition, there are numerous charter airlines operating at the airport. The airport is the main hub for Finnair, that operates over 1100 flights weekly to Europe, Asia and North America. The airport is also used as an operating base for Norwegian Air Shuttle and the low-cost airline operates over 230 flight weekly to elsewhere Europe as well as to the","title":"Helsinki Airport"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2161929\",\n \"text\": \"Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled \\\"Hellinikon\\\" () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for sixty years up until 28 March 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport, \\\"Eleftherios Venizelos\\\". The grounds of the airport are located south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers during its last year of operations. The airport was built in 1938. The Nazis invaded Greece\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13033921\",\n \"text\": \"between Qatar and Greece have been signed, such as an agreement on joint training exercises and a tripartite memorandum of understanding between Qatar's government, the Hellenic Vehicle Industry and the Hellenic Aerospace Industry. Both countries signed a deal on the avoidance of double taxation in 2008. Qatar signed an agreement in 2010 in which it would invest $5 billion in Greece over the following years. In January 2013, Qatar Investment Authority's real estate arm Qatari Diar had been involved in a bid to redevelop Ellinikon International Airport but decided to withdrew from the tender. Later that month, the company recanted\",\n \"title\": \"Greece–Qatar relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8950821\",\n \"text\": \"Hellenikon Air Base Hellenikon Air Base is a decommissioned United States Air Force base located in Athens, Greece. After its closure, it was redeveloped into Ellinikon International Airport. The airport was built in 1938, and after the German invasion of Greece in 1941, Kalamaki Airfield was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. Following the end of World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenikon Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"593480\",\n \"text\": \"from Kythira which departed Hellenikon Airport earlier and the first departure was a KLM flight to Amsterdam. Its major features include two parallel runways being and long respectively. The airport has received approval from the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration for take-offs and landings of the biggest passenger jet worldwide, the A380. The first ever A380 to visit 'Eleftherios Venizelos' Athens International Airport made an emergency landing on 13 April 2011 for emergency medical reasons. The first scheduled A380 flight took place on 26 October 2012 by Emirates. The Greek government-debt crisis reduced the overall passenger\",\n \"title\": \"Athens International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9441404\",\n \"text\": \"Hellenikon Metropolitan Park Hellenikon Metropolitan Park as it has been named, will be a large urban park located in Hellinikon, Athens, Greece. The park will provide Athens with a much needed ecological boost. When finished the park will be the largest in Europe. It will be approximately 200 hectares spanning the site of the former Hellenikon International Airport. Construction had been scheduled to begin in 2008 and be completed by 2013, but plans appear to have been indefinitely shelved in the midst of the financial crisis, and as the government contemplates other uses for the space; plans have been put\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenikon Metropolitan Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12490880\",\n \"text\": \"the island of Euboea. The three hijackers demanded to be flown to Yugoslavia. The pilots were able to land 60 kilometers southeast of the town of Skopje and after disembarking the hijackers, the aircraft landed in Thessaloniki 4 and a half hours late. 1949 proved to be a challenging year for the fledgling airline as it suffered two air crashes. The first was on April 23, 1949, when SX-BAF crashed on landing at Hellenikon Airport. No one was injured but the aircraft was a total loss. A month and a half later on June 6, while flying from Kavala–Athens, SX-BAI\",\n \"title\": \"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8950824\",\n \"text\": \"Cyprus (1975), Ethiopia (1977), and Iran (1979, 1981). The American base was renamed Hellenikon Air Base on 25 February 1976, and also provided administrative and logistical support to U.S. units and organizations in Greece, the Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean, and parts of Africa. With the end of the Cold War, it was agreed to end the USAF presence at the airport and the United States closed its facilities in 1993. In 1963, the Finnish star architect Eero Saarinen designed the East Terminal building. Prior to closing its passenger service, the airport was serving 12 million passengers per year. Hellenikon Air\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenikon Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2684155\",\n \"text\": \"Elliniko Elliniko (, meaning \\\"Greek\\\") is a suburb of Athens, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Elliniko-Argyroupoli, of which it is a municipal unit. Elliniko is known for the Hellinikon Olympic Complex, built on the grounds of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Elliniko is situated near the Saronic Gulf coast, 10 km south of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 7.127 km. The former airport is in the western part of the municipal unit, near the coast. Most of the residential area is in the\",\n \"title\": \"Elliniko\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19580052\",\n \"text\": \"2000-5 are operated by the 331st All Weather Squadron. It had been proposed in the 1980s that a civil terminal would be build at the airport, whereby rendering Tanagra as a secondary Athens airport, to complement Hellenikon airport which would be expanded. This plan was dropped when it was decided to construct the current Athens International Airport \\\"Eleftherios Venizelos\\\" in the Spata area east of Athens. Since 2017, Tanagra Air Base has been the venue of the annual Athens Flying Week airshow, held in September each year. Tanagra Air Base Tanagra Air Base is a large military air base situated\",\n \"title\": \"Tanagra Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161931\",\n \"text\": \"decided not to extend the arrangement, and the USAF concluded its operations there in 1991. The airport was the base of operations by the Greek national carrier Olympic Airways. The airport had two terminals: the West Terminal for Olympic Airways, and the East Terminal for all other carriers. The East Terminal building was designed between 1960 and 1969 by Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. Just before its closure in 2001, the airport recorded a 15.6% growth rate over its previous year, serving 13.5 million passengers per year and handling 57 airlines flying to 87 destinations. The airport's official capacity was 11\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8950823\",\n \"text\": \"Base Squadron (later Group) was assigned to the airport. Commercial airline service returned to the facility in 1956 with the airport being turned over to Greek civil aviation authorities. The airport was renamed Athenai International Airport, and the USAF used a small part of the airport for military cargo use, along with United States diplomatic air traffic. The 7206th Air Base Group remained the primary USAF unit at the airport with the 6916th Security Squadron providing electronic aerial surveillance of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East). The USAF used the airport for airlift evacuation operations from Middle East (1967),\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenikon Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13413155\",\n \"text\": \"with PICAO, which became ICAO in 1947. Appointed Chief of Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section in January 1951, he conducted assessments of airfields throughout the world, and led the team that recommended Hellinikon be developed as Athens' international airport. Lerew received credit for several of ICAO's accomplishments over the next decade, including various administrative reforms within the organisation and finalising a standard runway approach lighting system in 1953 following five years of disagreement among members. A colleague remembered him as having \\\"that very fortunate duality of personality, being serious, efficient and knowledgeable in his official capacity, with an\",\n \"title\": \"John Lerew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2809672\",\n \"text\": \"further this strategy, several examples of the small twin-engined turbo-propellor Short Skyvan utility airliner were obtained for operation on routes serving smaller Greek airports. In 1972 Olympic turned to the important Greece-Australia market, beginning Boeing 707–320 operations between Athens and Sydney twice a week via Bangkok and Singapore. Olympic then acquired seven Boeing 720-051B aircraft, a medium-range derivative of the Boeing 707, from Northwest Airlines. The airline also entered the wide-body era by purchasing two new Boeing 747-200s. OA even showed interest in the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde supersonic airliner and, on 5 January 1973, a Concorde landed at Athens' Hellenikon Airport\",\n \"title\": \"Olympic Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12127034\",\n \"text\": \"sky scraper in London designed by Renzo Piano and the publicly funded Olympic village also known as East Village, London; and the former Royal Dutch Shell plc headquarters. In January 2013 it became known that the company had put on hold a redevelopment project of Chelsea Barracks worth around GBP 3 billion. During the same month Qatari Diar pulled out of the bidding for the development of the site of Athens' former international airport Ellinikon. Mayor Vincent C. Gray (District of Columbia) announced in early 2013 that he will travel to Qatar to promote the flow of global capital to\",\n \"title\": \"Qatar Investment Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2476552\",\n \"text\": \"The hijacking is also the subject of the book \\\"Valinda, Our Daughter\\\", written by Canadian author Gladys Taylor. The events of the hijacking are described in and used to further the plot in Brad Thor's novel Path of the Assassin. EgyptAir Flight 648 EgyptAir Flight 648 was a regularly scheduled international flight between Athens Ellinikon International Airport in Greece and Cairo International Airport in Egypt. On 23 November 1985, a Boeing 737-200 airliner, registered SU-AYH, servicing the flight was hijacked by the terrorist organization Abu Nidal. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops resulted in dozens of deaths,\",\n \"title\": \"EgyptAir Flight 648\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15417946\",\n \"text\": \"law on fast track (which also reflects his personal political philosophy on growth) which limited the bureaucracy and facilitated large investments. In the field of attracting investments, he signed in New York a memorandum of cooperation with Qatar of a value of 5 billion, prepared the exploitation of Ellinikon, (former airport) by drafting a plan and creating the company Elliniko S.A., and contributed to the determination of the compensation due by Siemens for moral damages incurred by the Greek state. He was also the mind behind and the coordinator of the drafting of the laws on transparency and the amendment\",\n \"title\": \"Haris Pamboukis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161936\",\n \"text\": \"and will create over 75,000 jobs. The 1986 Menahem Golan movie, \\\"The Delta Force\\\", used the exterior of the airport in the Athens International Airport scene which one of the Lebanese terrorists exits a taxi. The Athens airport interiors, however, were filmed in Terminal 1 of Ben Gurion Airport. Following is a list of accidents and incidents experienced by aircraft that had Ellinikon either as a destination or as a departure point. It only includes events that occurred at the airport or in its vicinity, and only deadly occurrences or hull-losses are listed. Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12490877\",\n \"text\": \"aircraft, registered as SX-BAA, SX-BAB and SX-BAC began service on July 30, 1946, from the newly established Athens Hellenikon Airport south-east of the city on the Saronic Gulf. These T.A.E. aircraft represented the first post-war civil aviation in Greece with scheduled service to Thessaloniki and Chania. The airline's passengers waited for their flights in a large tent, until a proper terminal could be built, but the first year of operations the airline carried 11,000 passengers. The airline also operated as the sole Greek-flagged carrier in this period, and as such, it flew the Greek delegation to the Paris Peace talks\",\n \"title\": \"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5696351\",\n \"text\": \"regime founded the Workers' Center (Εργατικό Κέντρο), which was established to look after workers' housing and recreation, among other things. The 4th of August regime initially stabilized the drachma, which had been suffering from high inflation. Exploiting the newfound solidity of the currency, Metaxas' government embarked on large public works programs (such as the Ellinikon International Airport), including land drainage, construction of railways, road improvements, and modernization of the telecommunications infrastructure. Metaxas' economic program met with initial success, with a marked rise in per capita income and temporary decline in unemployment in Greece between 1936 and 1938 (unemployment skyrocketed after\",\n \"title\": \"4th of August Regime\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161935\",\n \"text\": \"project: residential complexes, hotels and recreation areas will be built, Olympic venues will be reopened, while new sports facilities, study and research centres and a golf course will be built. The 2.6 million m² Metropolitan Park – larger in size than London’s Hyde Park and occupying 42% of the total area of Hellinikon – will be created. Investors believe Hellinikon will become the greatest example urban redevelopment in Europe, and will attract over 1 million tourists annually. According to the developers, the project will bring the state €14 billion in taxes (2.4% of Greece's GDP) over the next 25 years,\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12490878\",\n \"text\": \"on October 4, 1946. In the summer of 1947, T.A.E. secured three additional DC-3s (2 from the United States military and one from the British Royal Air Force). The aircraft, registered as SX-BAG, SX-BAH, and SX-BAI respectively, were christened at a celebration on August 31, 1947, attended by the new king, Paul. Tragedy struck a few days later when on September 3, 1947, SX-BAB crashed near Voula while on final approach at Hellenikon Airport. The Greek Parliament determined in 1947 to charter three additional airlines: Hellenic Airlines (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ.), Air Transport of Greece (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, AME) and\",\n \"title\": \"Technical and Aeronautical Holdings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4903553\",\n \"text\": \"Alimos Alimos () is a municipality in South Athens, Greece. It was formed in 1968 comprising two settlements, the suburban seaside town of Kalamaki (), and the inland community of Trachones (). Alimos had 41,720 inhabitants in the 2011 census. Alimos is situated on the Saronic Gulf coast, 8 km south of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 5.909 km. The Hellinikon Olympic Complex, built on the grounds of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics, lies south of Alimos. The built-up area of Alimos is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Palaio\",\n \"title\": \"Alimos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9441405\",\n \"text\": \"forward and a preliminary agreement has been signed to sell some of the land to Qatari investors for development. The site of the future Hellenikon Metropolitan Park is the former Athens International Airport at Hellenikon. In 2005, the international team led by architects David Serero, Elena Fernandez and landscape architect Philippe Coignet won the international competition to design a metropolitan park on the former site of the Hellenikon Airport, over more than 300 teams of architects. The competition was sponsored by UIA (International Union of Architects), the Greek Ministry of Environment and the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenikon Metropolitan Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"593478\",\n \"text\": \"was constructed to replace the now-closed Athens (Ellinikon) International Airport, as the latter had reached its saturation point with no physical space for further growth. Studies for a new airport had been carried out from as early as the 1970s, with as many as 19 different locations being looked at before an area close to the town of Spata was chosen as suitable. \\\"Athens Airport SA\\\", a state-owned company, was established in 1978 to proceed with the plans. However, after delays and slow development, the project was revived in 1991 with the then government launching an international tender for the\",\n \"title\": \"Athens International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6181624\",\n \"text\": \"the battle gathering electronic intelligence data. The 7406th continued flying recon missions from Rhein-Main in the C-130B models until 30 June 1973 when the squadron's sister Security Service flying squadron moved to Ellinikon International Airport, near Athens, Greece (known to the U.S. as Hellenikon AB). Operational missions were flown until 13 June 1974 from Greece when the unit was disbanded. The 7206th nomenclature continued, embodied in the 7206th Air Base Group which was a support group in Athens until 1993. Surveillance missions continued at Hellenikon under the auspices of the 6916th ESS. With the relocation of the 7406th to Greece,\",\n \"title\": \"Rhein-Main Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14218806\",\n \"text\": \"place for all of Cyprus Airways' jet services to be operated by BEA Comets. Late on the day before the crash the aircraft departed on a night-time BEA service from London Heathrow Airport to Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece, arriving just after 3:00am local time (1:00am UTC) on 12 October. At about 4:30am the aircraft departed Athens on the regular Cyprus Airways flight to Nicosia in Cyprus with 59 passengers and a crew of seven on board. About 45 minutes into the flight, control of the aircraft was transferred from air traffic controllers (ATC) at Athens to their counterparts\",\n \"title\": \"Cyprus Airways Flight 284\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20799783\",\n \"text\": \"of Cyprus in 1974. Sources claim that an organization called 'National Front' was formed in 1968 as a predecessor to the EOKA-B Greek-Cypriot nationalist group. 1985 Athens bar bombing On 2 February 1985, \\\"Bobby's Bar\\\" in Glyfada, a suburb of Athens in Greece, was bombed. The bar was popular with American airmen stationed at the nearby Hellenikon Air Base. Police spokesman Nikos Gizas said about fifty of the injured were Americans. Some of them were brought to U.S. bases in West Germany for treatment. A far-right group calling itself National Front claimed responsibility. A caller claiming to be from the\",\n \"title\": \"1985 Athens bar bombing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8950822\",\n \"text\": \"a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. A semi-permanent USAAF presence was established in May 1947 as the facility was being reconstructed to facilitate Marshall Plan aid to Greece and Turkey. On 5 October 1948, the United States Air Force assigned the Military Air Transport Service 1632d Air Base Squadron to the airport with ten C-47 Skytrain cargo aircraft being based at the airport. A new control tower opened in 1951, and by 1954 with the end of Marshall Plan, the United States Air Forces in Europe 7206th Air\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenikon Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"593477\",\n \"text\": \"Spata and Loutsa, about to the east of central Athens ( by road, due to intervening hills). The airport is named after Elefthérios Venizélos, the prominent Cretan political figure and Prime Minister of Greece, who made a significant contribution to the development of Greek aviation and the Hellenic Air Force in the 1930s. As to-date, ownership is divided between the Hellenic Republic (Greek State) and Private Sector in a 55%-45% stake following a PPP scheme for the airport company. Currently, private investors include the Copelouzos Group (5%) and PSP Investments of Canada (40%), following purchase of Hochtief's shares. The airport\",\n \"title\": \"Athens International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13060\",\n \"text\": \"underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport – named Elliniko – in the southern suburbs, into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe, to be named the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park. Many of the southern suburbs (such as Alimos, Palaio Faliro, Elliniko, Glyfada, Voula, Vouliagmeni and Varkiza) known as the Athens Riviera, host a number of sandy beaches, most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee. Casinos operate on both Mount Parnitha, some from downtown Athens (accessible by car or cable car), and the nearby town of Loutraki (accessible\",\n \"title\": \"Athens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13652147\",\n \"text\": \"PALLAS system (Phased Automation of the heLLenic ATC radar System). The agency operates a small fleet of aircraft for navigational aid calibration activities. The current fleet is the following: Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority The Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (), abbreviated HCAA (), is a department of the Greek government under the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks. It is involved in air traffic control, aeronautical communications, airport operations, aircraft registration and inspection, licensing of civil air operators, and personnel certification. The headquarters of the HCAA are located at Glyfada, near the old Ellinikon Airport. The Hellenic CAA uses a number\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9374912\",\n \"text\": \"eyesight meant that he could not hold an air transport license, but could possess an air commercial license, allowing him to fly light planes and air taxis for emergency medical cases. Onassis died on January 23, 1973, at the age of 24, from injuries sustained the previous day when his personal Piaggio P.136L-2 amphibious airplane, in which he was a passenger, crashed at Hellinikon International Airport in Athens. Onassis was instructing a potential new pilot of the plane, Donald McCusker, at the time of the crash, in his role as President of Olympic Aviation. Onassis and McCusker were accompanied by\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2654188\",\n \"text\": \"Thessaloniki Airport Thessaloniki Airport , officially Thessaloniki Airport \\\"Makedonia\\\" () and formerly Mikra Airport, is an international airport serving Thessaloniki, the second-largest city in Greece. It is located southeast of the city, in Thermi. The airport is the third-largest airport in the country after Athens International Airport and Heraklion International Airport. It opened in 1930 and was the second-busiest airport in Greece in terms of flights served and the third-busiest in terms of passengers served in 2016, with over 6 million passengers. It is the main airport of Northern Greece and apart from the city of Thessaloniki it also serves\",\n \"title\": \"Thessaloniki Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15507272\",\n \"text\": \"Association of Greek Dayrunners to act as the main and official organizing club for the Ultramarathon Festivals. Athens International Ultramarathon Festival The Athens International Ultramarathon Festival is a Multiday race which takes place at the former Ellinikon International Airport in Greece. The first Athens International Ultramarathon Festival (UF) was organized by Dr Costas Baxevanis in 2005 in Loutraki, located approximately 80 km from Athens. The first event was a 24hr race which took place in the Loutraki Stadium. Edit Berces won that first race with 211 K. In 2005 the Ultramarathon Festival was supported by the Apollon Athletic Club, and\",\n \"title\": \"Athens International Ultramarathon Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13247090\",\n \"text\": \"Hellinikon Olympic Arena The Hellinikon Olympic Indoor Arena is a multi-use sports indoor arena that is located in Ellinikon, Athens, Greece. It is a part of the Helliniko Olympic Complex, and it is located adjacent to the Helliniko Fencing Hall. It is approximately 10 miles from the Athens Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Hellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Paralympics. The arena had in use its full seating capacity of 15,000 spectators for basketball, and 13,500 for handball during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. However, only 12,500 seats\",\n \"title\": \"Hellinikon Olympic Arena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13652146\",\n \"text\": \"Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority The Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (), abbreviated HCAA (), is a department of the Greek government under the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks. It is involved in air traffic control, aeronautical communications, airport operations, aircraft registration and inspection, licensing of civil air operators, and personnel certification. The headquarters of the HCAA are located at Glyfada, near the old Ellinikon Airport. The Hellenic CAA uses a number of remotely operated VHF radio stations for civil aviation communications at the following locations: The HCAA uses a number of radar stations: The radar stations are integrated using the\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8590462\",\n \"text\": \"3 years. The Olympic Baseball Centre's main stadium underwent renovations for football use, and Ethnikos began playing matches there during the 2007–08 season; the team played its first official match in its new home on October 20, 2007. The facility became known as Elliniko Stadium, and is commonly referred to as \\\"Elliniko.\\\" Helliniko Olympic Complex in Ellinikon, was located approximately 8 kilometres south of the center of Athens, near Glyfada on the Mediterranean coast. The complex was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics, and\",\n \"title\": \"Ethnikos Piraeus F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16860563\",\n \"text\": \"Elliniko metro station Elliniko metro station in Athens is the current southern terminus on Athens Metro Line 2 since the Elliniko extension opened on 26 July 2013. With the opening of the station, travel time from Elliniko to Syntagma Square was reduced from 45 minutes (by car) to 20 minutes. The station is adjacent to Vouliagmenis Avenue, at its section north of the closed Ellinikon International Airport. It has two exits to the ground level, one on each side of Vouliagmenis Avenue, with the southern exit to have a metallic oval shaped roof, as well as a square. Construction works\",\n \"title\": \"Elliniko metro station\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20799782\",\n \"text\": \"1985 Athens bar bombing On 2 February 1985, \\\"Bobby's Bar\\\" in Glyfada, a suburb of Athens in Greece, was bombed. The bar was popular with American airmen stationed at the nearby Hellenikon Air Base. Police spokesman Nikos Gizas said about fifty of the injured were Americans. Some of them were brought to U.S. bases in West Germany for treatment. A far-right group calling itself National Front claimed responsibility. A caller claiming to be from the group claimed that the bombing was aimed at Americans who were \\\"responsible\\\" for the occupation of Cyprus, which had been divided since the Turkish invasion\",\n \"title\": \"1985 Athens bar bombing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3528973\",\n \"text\": \"Hellinikon Olympic Complex The Hellinikon Olympic Complex is situated at Hellinikon in the south Athens, approximately 16 kilometres from the Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. It consists of five separate venues. The Indoor arena is an arena adjacent to the Fencing Hall. It hosted the Basketball preliminary matches and the Handball finals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The facility seats 15,000 spectators for basketball, although only 10,700 seats were made publicly available during the Olympics -\",\n \"title\": \"Hellinikon Olympic Complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15786118\",\n \"text\": \"stations, bridges, ammunition and fuel depots. In November 14, while the Axis troops were retreating from Greece, the aircraft of the Squadron landed in Hassani Airfield (later the Hellenikon Air Base and Ellinikon International Airport), near Athens. Although mainland Greece was liberated, Crete and other islands were still under German occupation. Alongside the Spitfire fighters of the two other Greek Squadrons, 335th and 336th, which had also arrived in Greece, the 13th was engaged in bombing missions against the remaining German garrisons in the Aegean islands and Crete (April–May 1945). The Squadron was disbanded on April 19, 1946. 13th Light\",\n \"title\": \"13th Light Bomber Squadron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"417434\",\n \"text\": \"strike from a terrorist or an accidental launch from a U.S. Navy vessel caused the crash and is the subject of a government cover-up. The accident airplane, registration N93119, (Boeing 747-131) was manufactured by Boeing in July 1971; it had been ordered by Eastern Air Lines, but after Eastern canceled its 747 orders, the plane was purchased new by TWA. The aircraft had completed 16,869 flights with 93,303 hours of operation. On the day of the accident, the airplane departed from Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece as TWA Flight 881 and arrived at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK)\",\n \"title\": \"TWA Flight 800\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7381945\",\n \"text\": \"22 years. The Campus was spread out over 4 areas with gardens and a view to the sea. The buildings were located next to the old Hellinikon airport, the former international airport of Athens and the Hellinikon Olympic Complex and Aghios Kosmos Port. SLC's new campus is located near to Vari in southern Athens. The school relocated here for the start of the 2004 academic year. The new campus features an Olympic sized swimming pool, a full-size artificial football pitch, 2 tennis courts, a 400 seat amphitheater, a large indoor Gym and 2 large areas for parking. St Lawrence College,\",\n \"title\": \"St Lawrence College, Athens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"705352\",\n \"text\": \"ferries to Naxos, Karpathos, Kasos, Sitia, Anafi, Chalki and Diafani. There are also several daily ferries to Piraeus, the port of Athens in mainland Greece. Heraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after Athens International Airport, first in charter flights and the 65th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 7.480.408 travellers in 2017 (List of the busiest airports in Europe). In April 2018, the inner\",\n \"title\": \"Heraklion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15507271\",\n \"text\": \"Athens International Ultramarathon Festival The Athens International Ultramarathon Festival is a Multiday race which takes place at the former Ellinikon International Airport in Greece. The first Athens International Ultramarathon Festival (UF) was organized by Dr Costas Baxevanis in 2005 in Loutraki, located approximately 80 km from Athens. The first event was a 24hr race which took place in the Loutraki Stadium. Edit Berces won that first race with 211 K. In 2005 the Ultramarathon Festival was supported by the Apollon Athletic Club, and thereafter for the next 3 events by the Athens Alpine Club. In 2009, Dr Baxevanis founded the\",\n \"title\": \"Athens International Ultramarathon Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"155114\",\n \"text\": \"In 2017, imports increased by 13.9% and exports rose by 13.4%. Greece is also the largest import partner of Cyprus (18.0%) and the largest export partner of Palau (82.4%). As of 2012, Greece had a total of 82 airports, of which 67 were paved and six had runways longer than 3,047 meters. Of these airports, two are classified as \\\"international\\\" by the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority, but 15 offer international services. Additionally Greece has 9 heliports. Greece does not have a flag carrier, but the country’s airline industry is dominated by Aegean Airlines and its subsidiary Olympic Air. Between 1975\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Greece\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14620162\",\n \"text\": \"Hellinikon Stadium Hellinikon Stadium is a stadium located at the Hellinikon Olympic Complex in Hellinikon, Athens, located approximately 8 kilometres south of the center of Athens, near Glyfada on the Aegean Sea coast. Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. currently plays its home matches there. The complex was built on the site of the former Hellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics and consisted of the following venues: Hellinikon Indoor Arena (Basketball and Team handball); Hellinikon Fencing Hall; Olympic Hockey Stadium (Field hockey); Helliniko Baseball Centre; Hellinikon Olympic Softball Stadium; and Hellinikon Slalom Centre (Whitewater\",\n \"title\": \"Hellinikon Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161933\",\n \"text\": \"Summer Olympics venues for canoe and kayak slalom, field hockey, baseball, and softball. Other Olympics-related upgrades to the airport included refitting one of the airport's western hangars to become the main Olympic fencing venue and one of the larger Olympic indoor basketball arenas. In 2005, the international team, led by architects David Serero, Elena Fernandez, and landscape architect Philippe Coignet, won the competition to design a metropolitan park on the former site of the Ellinikon Airport over more than 300 other teams of architects. The competition was sponsored by UIA (International Union of Architects), the Greek Ministry of Environment, and\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"257886\",\n \"text\": \"includes the ships of People's Republic of China 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 9, Germany 70, Greece 54, Hong Kong 2, Japan 4, Monaco 8, Netherlands 8, United Kingdom 3, United States 87, and Uruguay 1 (2002 est.) Airports: 35 (2009), see list of airports in the Marshall Islands Airports - with paved runways:
\\\"total:\\\" 5
\\\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\\\" 4 (Eniwetok, IATA airport code ENT; Kwajalein, KWA; and Marshall Islands International, MAJ; Rongelap).
\\\"914 to 1,523 m:\\\" 1 (2009) Airports and airstrips - with unpaved runways:
\\\"total:\\\" 30
\\\"914 to 1,523 m:\\\" 29
\\\"under 914 m:\\\" 1 (2009) Marshall Islands\",\n \"title\": \"Transportation in the Marshall Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161932\",\n \"text\": \"million passengers per year. The last aircraft to depart from Ellinikon was an Olympic Airways Boeing 737 bound for Thessaloníki. The airport is bounded in the west by beaches, in the south by the Glyfada Golf Club and the Ellinikon-Glyfada municipal boundary, and by residential area. In April 2011 the Olympic Airways Museum opened in the West Terminal, including three airplanes that had been parked there since the airport's closure. The Athens radar center is still based at Ellinikon. After its closure the northwest portion of the airport was redeveloped, converting runways into a sports park that housed the 2004\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16408629\",\n \"text\": \"the aircraft within the available runway and overrun distance. One member of the Operations team of the Accident Investigation Committee had a different opinion from the rest of the Committee regarding the cause of the accident, stating that he believed the crew failed to realise the touchdown speed and distance, failed to follow the company's poor-braking-action landing technique, and failed to properly utilise the aircraft's brake and reverse thrust systems. Swissair Flight 316 On 7 October 1979, a Swissair DC-8 crashed while attempting to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport. Of the 154 passengers and crew on board, 14 perished in\",\n \"title\": \"Swissair Flight 316\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161930\",\n \"text\": \"in 1941, and Kalamaki Airfield (as the site was then known) was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. After World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. By agreement with Greece, the USAF operated out of the airport for well over four decades. In 1988, Greece\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161934\",\n \"text\": \"the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens (ORSA). The project was further developed in 2006 and 2007 by this team through two development phases with the planning organizations of Athens. By 2012, government plans to attract investors and develop the site commercially were eclipsing the proposed park, though nearby communities remained vocal about their preference for a park. In 2017, an international consortium comprising Chinese conglomerate Fosun Group, Abu Dhabi-based developer Eagle Hills and Greek company Latsis Group will invest €8 billion in the project. A whole range of works will be performed as part of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6374306\",\n \"text\": \"Sweden, Bosnia, Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Poland. Named airport bases include Glasgow Prestwick Airport (Britain), Shannon & Baldonnel (Ireland), Ramstein and Frankfurt (Germany), Aviano Air Base (Italy), Palma de Mallorca Airport (Spain), Tuzla Air Base (Bosnia-Herzegovina), Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Athens (Greece), Larnaca (Cyprus), Prague (Czech Republic), Stockholm (Sweden), as well as Rabat (Morocco) and Algiers (Algeria). Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz characterized the accusation as \\\"libel\\\", while Romania similarly said there was no evidence. British Prime Minister Tony Blair said that the report \\\"added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we\",\n \"title\": \"Black site\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5794931\",\n \"text\": \"annual traffic statistics* Period: Jan - Oct The airline Bluebird Airways has its head office at the airport. Heraklion International Airport Heraklion International Airport \\\"Nikos Kazantzakis\\\" is the primary airport on the island of Crete, Greece, and the country's second busiest airport after Athens International Airport. It is located about 5 km east of the main city centre of Heraklion, near the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos. It is a shared civil/military facility. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a Greek writer and philosopher. Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is Crete's main and busiest airport, serving Heraklion (Ηράκλειο), Aghios\",\n \"title\": \"Heraklion International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"593476\",\n \"text\": \"Athens International Airport Athens International Airport \\\"Eleftherios Venizelos\\\" (, \\\"Diethnís Aeroliménas Athinón \\\"Elefthérios Venizélos\\\"\\\") , commonly initialized as \\\"AIA\\\", began operation on 28 March 2001 and is the primary international airport that serves the city of Athens and the region of Attica. It is Greece's busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports Council International (10–25 million) and as of 2017, Athens International is the 27th busiest airport in Europe. AIA is located between the towns of Markopoulo, Koropi,\",\n \"title\": \"Athens International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19557483\",\n \"text\": \"declared the provisional winner of the international tender in May 2017. Ariadne is a joint venture formed by Greece-based Terna S.A. and New Delhi-headquartered GMR Airports Group. Kasteli Airport Kasteli Airport is a mixed-use public/military airport located south-east of Heraklion, in Kasteli on the Greek island of Crete. It started operating in 1940 and it now has a single runway with a length of 2,450m. The airport is used by F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force's 133 Combat Group. The Ariadne Airport Group consortium, consisting of the GEK Terna in partnership with the Indian GMR Group\",\n \"title\": \"Kasteli Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9374905\",\n \"text\": \"relationship with Fiona Thyssen, former wife of Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza. He was later appointed the head of Olympic Aviation, a Greek regional airline owned by his father. Onassis died in hospital as a result of injuries sustained in an air crash at Hellinikon International Airport at the age of 24. The Alexander S. Onassis Foundation was established in his memory. Alexander Socrates Onassis was born at the Harkness Pavilion, a private clinic in New York City's NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. He was the elder child of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis (1906 –1975) and his first wife, Athina Livanos (1929 –1974),\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Onassis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2476537\",\n \"text\": \"EgyptAir Flight 648 EgyptAir Flight 648 was a regularly scheduled international flight between Athens Ellinikon International Airport in Greece and Cairo International Airport in Egypt. On 23 November 1985, a Boeing 737-200 airliner, registered SU-AYH, servicing the flight was hijacked by the terrorist organization Abu Nidal. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops resulted in dozens of deaths, making the hijacking of Flight 648 one of the deadliest such incidents in history. On 23 November 1985, Flight 648 took off at 8pm on its Athens-to-Cairo route. Ten minutes after takeoff, three Palestinian members of Abu Nidal hijacked the\",\n \"title\": \"EgyptAir Flight 648\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20800746\",\n \"text\": \"1987 Greece bus attacks The 1987 Greece bus attacks refer to two separate attacks committed by the 17 November Group on buses carrying American military personnel near Athens, Greece. The first attack, on April 24, 1987, wounded 16 Americans (four of which were civilians) and two Greeks (the bus driver and a civilian car driver nearby). An Hellenic Air Force bus was transporting American servicemen from a Greek base to the American-operated Hellenikon Air Base when a remote-controlled car bomb exploded, causing the bus to lose control and hit a tree. It was initially reported the bus was hit by\",\n \"title\": \"1987 Greece bus attacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1941488\",\n \"text\": \"the sex workers being described as \\\"vulnerable to abuse\\\". The share of the transport and communications industry in the GDP of Northern Cyprus is constantly varying; it decreased from 12.1% in 2008 to 8.5% in 2011, but rose again to 9.3% in 2012. Air transport is a major route of entry into Northern Cyprus. The country is home to two airports, the Ercan International Airport and the Geçitkale Airport, of which only Ercan is currently functioning. The Ercan airport saw an important renovation in the 2010s that greatly increased its passenger traffic, it was used by 1.76 million passengers in\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"443605\",\n \"text\": \"police and museum guard teams. Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is long and wide, it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport. There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected\",\n \"title\": \"Vatican City\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9646608\",\n \"text\": \"of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the Fraport AG/Copelouzos Group joint venture and the state privatisation fund. \\\"We signed the deal today,\\\" the head of Greece's privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate the 14 airports (including Mykonos International Airport) for 40 years. Fraport started managing the airport from 11 April 2017. On 22 March 2017, the Fraport-Greece presented its master plan for the 14 regional airports including the Mykonos Airport. Immediate actions that will be implemented at the airports as soon as Fraport Greece takes\",\n \"title\": \"Mykonos Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19557479\",\n \"text\": \"Kasteli Airport Kasteli Airport is a mixed-use public/military airport located south-east of Heraklion, in Kasteli on the Greek island of Crete. It started operating in 1940 and it now has a single runway with a length of 2,450m. The airport is used by F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force's 133 Combat Group. The Ariadne Airport Group consortium, consisting of the GEK Terna in partnership with the Indian GMR Group has been selected to develop, operate and manage a new international airport on this site as a replacement for the existing Heraklion International Airport. It is planned\",\n \"title\": \"Kasteli Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319474\",\n \"text\": \"Hellenic Airlines Hellenic Airlines (, also known by its literal name, Greek Air Transport), often abbreviated ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. in Greek and sometimes also known as Hellas in English, was a Greek-flagged airline that operated domestic and international airline service from 1947 to 1951. It was absorbed into TAE Greek National Airlines in 1951. In the post-World War II era, in order to foster competition in the Greek airline industry, the Greek government chartered a total of 4 airlines; Technical and Aeronautical Exploitations (), or TAE, was a privately owned airline that had ceased operation prior to the Second World War but\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenic Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319477\",\n \"text\": \"converted ex-B-24 Liberator used on international services from London - Athens and then on to Egypt and six Douglas DC-3s used for domestic service and to Cyprus and Tel Aviv. Hellenic Airlines Hellenic Airlines (, also known by its literal name, Greek Air Transport), often abbreviated ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. in Greek and sometimes also known as Hellas in English, was a Greek-flagged airline that operated domestic and international airline service from 1947 to 1951. It was absorbed into TAE Greek National Airlines in 1951. In the post-World War II era, in order to foster competition in the Greek airline industry, the Greek\",\n \"title\": \"Hellenic Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1727461\",\n \"text\": \"reached in under two hours. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to handle more international flights, although almost all flights to and from Hungary still use Budapest's Ferihegy Airport (now called Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport). Cities that can be reached from the Debrecen Airport include Brussels, Eindhoven, London, Malmö, Milan, Tel Aviv, Moscow and Paris. There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006. There are many railway stations\",\n \"title\": \"Debrecen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4152996\",\n \"text\": \"2015, Rhodes Airport was closed for 14 hours after a 'sinkhole' appeared in the runway. Flights were diverted to surrounding airports such as Kos and Heraklion as well as Athens and the runway was fixed and reopened shortly afterwards. In December 2015 the privatisation of Rhodes International Airport and 13 other regional airports of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the Fraport AG/Copelouzos Group joint venture and the state privatisation fund. \\\"We signed the deal today,\\\" the head of Greece's privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate\",\n \"title\": \"Rhodes International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4280910\",\n \"text\": \"the customs agreements which Turkey had already signed as a precondition to start EU membership negotiations in 2005, it is obliged to open its ports to Cypriot planes and vessels, but Turkey has not complied so far; refusing to do so until the EU eases the international isolation of Northern Cyprus. In February 2013, Turkish EU Minister Egemen Bağış told the Republic of Cyprus, \\\"if you truly want salvation, truly want peace, then remove your blockade of Ercan Airport to EU member countries and Turkey will open its ports to you.\\\" Turkey's refusal to implement a trade pact between Turkey\",\n \"title\": \"Accession of Turkey to the European Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"593494\",\n \"text\": \"between exits 4 and 5. Regional bus services by KTEL Express operate to the airport, currently connecting the airport to Rafina, Markopoulo, Lavrio, Kalyvia and Keratea. Athens International Airport Athens International Airport \\\"Eleftherios Venizelos\\\" (, \\\"Diethnís Aeroliménas Athinón \\\"Elefthérios Venizélos\\\"\\\") , commonly initialized as \\\"AIA\\\", began operation on 28 March 2001 and is the primary international airport that serves the city of Athens and the region of Attica. It is Greece's busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports\",\n \"title\": \"Athens International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6495980\",\n \"text\": \"1991, AB was listed on the Athens Stock Exchange. In the same year, the first AB MEGA supermarket was opened, in the area of Hellinikon, close to the old Athens Hellinikon International Airport. In 1992, a new AB MEGA was built on the Athens-Lamia highway (Εθνική Αθηνών-Λαμίας). In the meanwhile, AB was acquired by the Belgian retail company \\\"Delhaize Group\\\" (merged with Ahold to form Ahold Delhaize in 2015). In 1994, AB was the first supermarket company in Greece to introduce the barcode system at its cashiers. Between 1995 and 1998, AB opened a large warehouse, in Mandra, Attica (Μάνδρα,\",\n \"title\": \"Alfa-Beta Vassilopoulos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9704377\",\n \"text\": \"airports remained largely stagnant in 2015, with a marginal 0.63 percent increase to 1.38 million tonnes, reflecting sluggish global trade. AOT is budgeting 220 billion baht in 2018 for the creation of two new airports and the expansion of four existing airports owned by the Department of Airports. AOT intends to build Chiang Mai 2 in Lamphun Province and Phuket Airport 2 in Phang Nga Province. The four existing airports to be managed by AOT are the Tak Airport, Sakon Nakhon Airport, Chumphon Airport, and Udon Thani International Airport. Airports of Thailand PCL Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT)\",\n \"title\": \"Airports of Thailand PCL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16258585\",\n \"text\": \"Kıbrıs Media Group was suddenly presented with a tax demand in the amount of 11 million Turkish Lira ($6.3 million) payable the following day, on pain of the sequestration of its assets. Leading opposition politicians branded this action as an attempt to gag the free media. The edition of 14 March 2009 of \\\"Cyprus Today\\\" appeared as usual. Ministers subsequently awarded him a multimillion-euro contract to operate Lefkoniko Airport in northern Cyprus. On 30 July 2010 it was reported that a British judge had granted Nadir bail, which it was said would pave the way for him to return to\",\n \"title\": \"Asil Nadir\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12792176\",\n \"text\": \"said in his statement. However, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said during an interview on the TRT channel that Erdoğan's words have been misunderstood. \\\"Remarks which have been cut out from the whole speech were taken to grounds we don’t want. We also aim to have good relations with Serbia. Turkey maintains an equal distance to all Balkan countries,\\\" Davutoğlu stressed. Relations between two countries recovered quickly after 2013 speech with significant increase in number of flights travelers between Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport and Istanbul airports and entrance of Turkish companies such as Halkbank at Serbian market. In March 2016\",\n \"title\": \"Serbia–Turkey relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7390727\",\n \"text\": \"feud with Greece. Both countries consider Alexander the Great as part of their respective heritages, demonstrated by the fact that the regional airport of Kavala in Greek Macedonia is also named after Alexander. However, the airport in Kavala was the first to be named as such since 1992. In 2008 the Macedonian Government signed a contract with the Turkish company Tepe Akfen Ventures (TAV) for a twenty-year-long concession during which this company would manage Macedonia's two existing airports - the Skopje Alexander the Great Airport and the St. Paul the Apostle Airport in Ohrid. In September 2011, the new terminal\",\n \"title\": \"Skopje International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2181511\",\n \"text\": \"to Cambodia in that the cyclist is situated behind the passenger(s) seat, as opposed to Cycle rickshaws in neighbouring countries where the cyclist is at the front and \\\"pulls\\\" the carriage. Cambodia has three commercial airports. Phnom Penh International Airport (Pochentong) in Phnom Penh is the second largest in Cambodia. Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport is the largest and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. The other airport is in Sihanoukville. , Cambodia has an estimated population of people. Cambodia's birth rate is 25.4 per 1,000. Its population growth rate is 1.7%. Fifty percent of the Cambodian\",\n \"title\": \"Cambodia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5794927\",\n \"text\": \"Heraklion International Airport Heraklion International Airport \\\"Nikos Kazantzakis\\\" is the primary airport on the island of Crete, Greece, and the country's second busiest airport after Athens International Airport. It is located about 5 km east of the main city centre of Heraklion, near the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos. It is a shared civil/military facility. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a Greek writer and philosopher. Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is Crete's main and busiest airport, serving Heraklion (Ηράκλειο), Aghios Nikolaos (Άγιος Νικόλαος), Malia (Mάλλια), Hersonissos (Χερσόνησος), Stalida (Σταλίδα), Elounda (Ελούντα) and other resorts. The airport first opened in\",\n \"title\": \"Heraklion International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2693267\",\n \"text\": \"did nothing much to address the lack of parking spots, although a valet service is provided. Parking cost RM25 on daily basis. A rail link is being constructed to connect to the airport to Kuala Lumpur via KTM Komuter but in the meantime, travellers can catch a local bus out of Central Market bus hub. The airport was officiated by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak on 28 October 2009. The Prime Minister has expressed confidence that the airport will reach 2 million annual passenger and emerge as a regional hub of ASEAN. The next phase of development will\",\n \"title\": \"Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6362301\",\n \"text\": \"Sochi International Airport Sochi International Airport (; ) is an airport located in Adler District of the resort city of Sochi, on the coast of the Black Sea in the federal subject of Krasnodar Krai, Russia. Sochi International Airport is among the ten largest Russian airports, with an annual passenger turnover of 5.2 million. The airport is run by an international joint venture of Basic Element group, Sberbank and Changi Airports International. The airport has been recognized as the best regional airport at the 3rd annual forum \\\"Development of Russia and CIS airports – 2013\\\", held by Adam Smith Conference.\",\n \"title\": \"Sochi International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2809662\",\n \"text\": \"Olympic Airlines Olympic Airlines (, \\\"Olympiakés Aerogrammés\\\" – OA), formerly named Olympic Airways for at least four decades, was the flag carrier airline of Greece. The airline's head office was located in Athens. The airline operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations world-wide. The airline's main base was at Athens International Airport, with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, \\\"Macedonia\\\", Heraklion International Airport, \\\"Nikos Kazantzakis\\\" and Rhodes International Airport, \\\"Diagoras\\\". Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow International Airport. By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff. Olympic Airlines was also accredited by IATA with\",\n \"title\": \"Olympic Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10444738\",\n \"text\": \"Isavia Isavia ohf. is the national airport and air navigation service provider of Iceland. The company operates all public airports and air navigation services in a vast area in the north-eastern Atlantic. The company headquarters is at Reykjavík Airport in Reykjavík. The enterprise was founded in 1945 as the Icelandic Civil Aviation Administration (Flugmálastjórn Íslands). With the creation of the government enterprise Flugstodir ltd. in 2006, the operational services were separated from the regulatory authority of the Icelandic Civil Aviation Administration. 31 January 2010 Flugstodir and Keflavik International Airport Ltd. were merged into a private limited company with 100 per\",\n \"title\": \"Isavia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9973208\",\n \"text\": \"Denmark’s Journey Planner, providing up to date information on routes, journey times and costs. Billund Airport serves as Denmark’s second biggest airport offering international flights to 40 destinations. Set up by the LEGO family in the 1960s, it is now run independently though its proximity to LEGOLAND makes the airport popular during the summer months with many major airlines operating a service. For the majority of the passengers in western Denmark, this is their main airport for international travel. Triangle Region (Denmark) Triangle Region Denmark () is a cooperation consisting of seven Danish municipalities on the Danish peninsula of Jutland\",\n \"title\": \"Triangle Region (Denmark)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8489021\",\n \"text\": \"company, bought the 20% shares back from the Italian group. In 2006, ACSA was part of a consortium that won the bid to manage the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai, India. In 2012, ACSA signed a 20-year concession agreement to manage the São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport in Brazil, a strategic alliance between two countries that organized the soccer world cup in recent years. The deal was signed through a consortium including Brazil's Invepar for 51% of the concession and at a cost of $9.2 billion. In May 2016, ACSA finished installing a solar power plant near the Kimberley Airport\",\n \"title\": \"Airports Company South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18271471\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Cyprus, the Ercan Airport and Geçitkale Airport, neither have been recognized due to the ongoing disputes involving the political status and recognition of Northern Cyprus. All international flights are done via Turkey by public and private airline companies. Marina tourism also developed in recent years; Karpaz Gate Marina of Northern Cyprus became a member of ART Marine’s international marinas network in 2014. Total number of beds: Total shore length: Total revenues: Total employment: Tourist arrivals per year: The rank of the country in most popular destinations in the world: International memberships of Northern Cyprus and its organizations: Annual Tourism\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Northern Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3528976\",\n \"text\": \"on August 12, 2004, a day before the Opening Ceremonies. During the 2004 Summer Paralympic Games, the Olympic Baseball Centre was the venue for Archery. The table below lists the current status and usage of the Hellinikon Olympic Complex facilities: There are plans to convert much of the former Hellinikon International Airport site to a metropolitan park, that would include the above facilities. The site is currently being used to house refugee populations in the current Refugee crisis in Europe. The three camps are currently home to over three thousand refugees living in mostly tented accommodation. Hellinikon Olympic Complex The\",\n \"title\": \"Hellinikon Olympic Complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4640147\",\n \"text\": \"code-share cooperation with Belgian airline Jetairfly. A new terminal opened in January 2008. It has a capacity of up to 5 million passengers a year, which means that it has reached its maximum capacity in 2010 (5,195,372 passengers). The European Commission objected to assistance the airport offered to Ryanair, since the airport is owned by the Wallonia regional government and thus the discounts and other benefits could be considered state aid. However, the Court of First Instance (a European Union court) decided on 17 December 2008 that the Commission's decision finding that illegal aid had been granted to Ryanair should\",\n \"title\": \"Brussels South Charleroi Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9340494\",\n \"text\": \"reportedly violating Turkish airspace, worsening the relations between Turkey and Russia. Shagol is located in the north-western outskirts Chelyabinsk, but the aircraft landing at the runway have to fly over multiple dense suburban residential districts. This has caused noise concerns from local residents, who filed complaints that low-flying aircraft would wake them up at night and trigger car alarms. A court order in 2013 suspended the flights of Su-24 aircraft, however, the ruling was overturned in the Supreme Court of Russia, but required the aircraft operated from the airport to increase their glideslope angle by 1.5 degrees. Some of the\",\n \"title\": \"Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5140528\",\n \"text\": \"Billund Airport Billund Airport () is an airport in Denmark. Located northeast of Billund, it serves as one of the country's busiest air cargo centres, as well as a charter airline destination, although some regular airlines also offer flights there. Nearby Legoland Billund park is the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside Copenhagen. Billund Airport had its beginning in 1961 when the son of the founder of the Lego Group, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, established a private 800-meter long runway and hangar north of his factory in Billund. With Christiansen as a key driver, more of the neighbouring municipalities were included\",\n \"title\": \"Billund Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6270945\",\n \"text\": \"Porto Rafti Porto Rafti (), official name: \\\"Limin Markopoulou\\\" (), is a seaside resort town in East Attica, Greece. It is part of the municipality Markopoulo Mesogaias, and it is about 15–20 minutes by car from the International airport of Athens, Eleftherios Venizelos, and about 35–40 minutes from downtown Athens via the highway. In 2011, its population was 9,686. The region of Mesogaia is well known for its fine vineyards, figs, and pistachios. Currently, there are several modern wine-making facilities in the region. The town of Porto Rafti stretches amphitheatrically around the Rafti Bay, a bay of the Aegean Sea,\",\n \"title\": \"Porto Rafti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"309272\",\n \"text\": \"and stands at both Copernicus Airport in Wrocław and Lech Wałęsa Airport in Gdańsk. The Polish airline market was until 2004 a closed market, with bilateral agreements between countries served from the national hub – Warsaw. The regional airports were mostly serving as spokes, and were controlled by PPL, the state-owned airport authority. However, in the 1990s it was decided to deregulate the airport market and abolish the dominant position of PPL. Nearly all local airports (apart from Zielona Góra airport) became separate companies, with local governments involved in their management, which led to the partial decentralisation. Soon after opening\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14311592\",\n \"text\": \"the same tasks as before and remains at the same address. Civil Aviation Administration Denmark Civil Aviation Administration Denmark (CAA-DK). (, SLV) was the Danish government agency that oversaw all civil aviation in Denmark, including the autonomous areas of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CAA-DK, with its head office in Copenhagen, was part of the Danish Ministry of Transport (). In addition to the regulation of civil aviation, it also operated the Bornholm Airport. On 1 November 2010 the Danish Transport Authority () and the Civil Aviation Administration - Denmark were merged to one administration. The name of the new\",\n \"title\": \"Civil Aviation Administration Denmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18924795\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish Cypriots have partly overcome restrictions on personal travel by obtaining passports issued by the Republic of Cyprus. According to Rebecca Bryant, a specialist on Cyprus, with the development of Turkish Airlines and the bankruptcy of Cyprus Airways, Ercan is busier than Larnaca International Airport as of 2015, but it is still dependent on Turkey. However, in 2017 Ercan airport saw a more than 400% dramatic decrease in customers, as a result of new tight security measures imposed by the UK Department for Transport questioning the status of the airport and forcing passengers travelling between Britain and Northern Cyprus to\",\n \"title\": \"Embargo against Northern Cyprus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12973740\",\n \"text\": \"Asian policy. Turkey has since reversed its support to Pakistan’s position on Kashmir, moving from a call for a plebiscite under UN supervision to stressing the importance of India-Pakistan bilateral talks to resolve the issue, which is by and large closer to India’s position, which still doesn't improve much since India vehemently opposes a UN referendum (as it always has). India's GMR Group is one of the main stakeholders in the new Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in İstanbul. Both the countries are members of the G20 group of major economies, where the two countries have closely cooperated on the management\",\n \"title\": \"India–Turkey relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15633994\",\n \"text\": \"through the normal screening and check-in process, and had his US visa scanned through the Advance Passenger Information System which returned a \\\"no-objection\\\". Demuren also defended the Nigerian Airport security system by promptly providing information and footage, demonstrating the advance security and technological solutions deployed in Nigeria. The global community was astonished at the degree of detail and depth of the information provided by a so-called third world country in contrast to its reputation for chaos and mediocrity. Schiphol, Amsterdam Airport, Farouk's transit port, was unable to detect any irregularity during the security screening process. Following this incident and in\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Demuren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6591685\",\n \"text\": \"TUI fly Belgium has a network of 180 routes to more than 100 airports in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Caribbean, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Africa and the United States. The airline's home base is Brussels Airport, but flights are also operated from 8 other bases: Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Liege Airport, Ostend-Bruges International Airport, Antwerp Airport, Lille Airport in France, Mohammed V International Airport Casablanca and Marrakesh Menara Airport in Morocco. The TUI fly Belgium fleet includes the following aircraft, as of April 2018: TUI Group has 70 737 MAXs on order for the group. The order consists of\",\n \"title\": \"TUI fly Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19526045\",\n \"text\": \"2010 and 2013 respectively. In the airport sector, construction company Limak İnşaat grew into the position as one of the regional market leaders. In 2007, a Limak joint venture with French company Aéroport de Lyon won the concession tender for Pristina International Airport. In 2015, the company won the tender for a new terminal building at Kuwait International Airport. Limak is also part of the joint venture that won the tender for Istanbul New Airport, Turkey's largest PPP infrastructure project, and due to become the world's largest airport. Turkey has sought for a national aerospace industry since the foundation of\",\n \"title\": \"Aviation in Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2524928\",\n \"text\": \"quality by reducing its smog level. Both lines were constructed underground. Lines 2 and 3, built by Attiko Metro and operated until 2011 by Attiko Metro Operations Company, are known respectively as the red and blue lines and were inaugurated in January 2000. Line 3 was extended to the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport in summer 2004, and Line 2 was extended to Anthoupoli and Helliniko in 2013. Until 17 June 2011, the operational management of the Athens Metro network was similar to that of the London Underground network before the creation of the London Passenger Transport Board and the absorption\",\n \"title\": \"Athens Metro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1476633\",\n \"text\": \"Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar). Currently, Jiangbei airport has three terminals. Terminal 1 is the oldest original terminal and is no longer in use. Terminal 2 is a larger building split into Halls A and B serving domestic flights. The\",\n \"title\": \"Chongqing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13259300\",\n \"text\": \"El Al Flight 426 hijacking El Al Flight 426 was an El Al passenger flight hijacked on July 23, 1968 by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), setting off a wave of hijackings by the PFLP. The aircraft, a Boeing 707, was en route from London's Heathrow Airport to Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in Rome and then to Lod Airport, now known as Ben Gurion International Airport. The plane was diverted to Algiers. One of the hijackers opened the unlocked door to the flight deck, clubbed the copilot with the butt of his pistol\",\n \"title\": \"El Al Flight 426 hijacking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1273773\",\n \"text\": \"Helsinki Airport was the seventh European and first Northern European airport to adopt the program. Helsinki Airport is connected to over 140 destinations worldwide and over 50 countries by passenger services. Helsinki Airport has around 50 airlines operating regularly. In addition, there are numerous charter airlines operating at the airport. The airport is the main hub for Finnair, that operates over 1100 flights weekly to Europe, Asia and North America. The airport is also used as an operating base for Norwegian Air Shuttle and the low-cost airline operates over 230 flight weekly to elsewhere Europe as well as to the\",\n \"title\": \"Helsinki Airport\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Ellinikon International Airport context: Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled \\\"Hellinikon\\\" () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for sixty years up until 28 March 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport, \\\"Eleftherios Venizelos\\\". The grounds of the airport are located south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers during its last year of operations. The airport was built in 1938. The Nazis invaded Greece\\n\\nHellenikon international airport is in which country?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 200,\n \"origin_tokens\": 200,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Hellin Olympic Complex context: Hellinikon Olympic Complex The Hellinikon Olympic Complex is situated at Hellinikon in the south Athens, approximately 16 kilometres from the Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. It consists of five separate venues. The Indoor arena is an arena adjacent to the Fencing Hall. It hosted the Basketball preliminary matches and the Handball finals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The facility seats 15,000 spectators for basketball, although only 10,700 seats were made publicly available during the Olympics -\\n\\ntitle: Hellen context: Base Squadron (later Group) was assigned to the airport.mercial airline service returned to the facility in 1956 with the airport turned over to Greek aviation authorities The airport was renamed Aai International Airport, and the USAF part of the airport cargo use, along with United diplom air traffic The 206th Air Base Group remained the primary USAF unit at the airport with the 6916 Security Squadron providing electronic aerial surveillance of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle The USAF used the airport for airl evacuation operations from Middle East (196),\\n\\ntitle: Ellinikon context and will75,00 jobs. The 1 Menahem Gol movie, \\\" Delta Force\\\", the exterior airport Ath International scene which one of thean exits a taxi. Theens airport, however, were fil Terminal1 Gur. a list of accidents and inc experienced by aircraft that had Ellinikon as destination point It that occurred at the airport in its vicinity and deadly occurr or- listed. Ellinikon Airport Ellin International Airport\\n: Olympic: 1 4iesympic theery The the current status of thein Complex: plans to convert formerikon Airport that would include the above facilities. The site is currently being used to house refugee populations in the current Refugee crisis in Europe. The three camps are currently home to over three thousand refugees living in mostly tented accommodation. Hellinikon Olympic Complex The\\n\\nHellenikon international airport is in which country?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 477,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15075,\n \"ratio\": \"31.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":185,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":185,"string":"185"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had a 60s No 1 with Lightnin' Strikes?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Luigi A.G. Sacco","Luigi Giovanni Sacco","Luigi Alfredo Giovanni Sacco","Luigi Alfredo Sacco","Luigi A. G. Sacco","Lou Christie"],"string":"[\n \"Luigi A.G. Sacco\",\n \"Luigi Giovanni Sacco\",\n \"Luigi Alfredo Giovanni Sacco\",\n \"Luigi Alfredo Sacco\",\n \"Luigi A. G. Sacco\",\n \"Lou Christie\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Lou Christie"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"10704861","text":"Lightnin' Strikes \"Lightnin' Strikes\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making it first to No. 1 in Canada in January 1966 on the \"RPM\" Top Singles chart, then to No. 1 in the U.S. on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in February, No. 3 on the New Zealand \"Listener\" chart in May, and No. 11 on the UK \"Record Retailer\" chart. RIAA certification on March 3, 1966, garnering gold status for selling over one million copies. The song was arranged, conducted, and produced","title":"Lightnin' Strikes"},{"id":"5507304","text":"Lou Christie Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco (born February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christie, is an American singer-songwriter best known for three separate strings of pop hits in the 1960s, including his 1966 hit \"Lightnin' Strikes\". Christie was born Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco on February 19, 1943, in Glenwillard, Pennsylvania, and grew up in suburban Pittsburgh. While attending Moon Area High School, he studied music and voice, served as student conductor of the choir and sang solos at holiday concerts. His teacher Frank Cummings wanted him to pursue a career in classical music, but Sacco wanted to cut a","title":"Lou Christie"},{"id":"5507310","text":"Milan), stalled at #46 as Christie's career was temporarily derailed by his induction into the US Army. Christie would not have another charting single for two and a half years. Christie's career was quickly re-established after his discharge from the military when he signed with the MGM label. MGM reportedly disliked Christie's first single for the label, the Christie-Herbert song \"Lightnin' Strikes.\" But Christie's new management promoted the record in California, and when it gained some traction (eventually reaching #2 on KHJ the last two weeks of 1965), MGM released it. \"Lightnin' Strikes\" reached #1 in the U.S. on Christie's","title":"Lou Christie"},{"id":"5507319","text":"SiriusXM radio for the 1960s channel. In 2015, Christie released his first new recording in several years, entitled \"Drive In Dreams\", written by Gregory Scharpf, who is a former member of Sweet Breeze, the Pittsburgh-based band that Christie signed to their first recording contract. His next release was 2016's \"When You Were Young,\" also penned by Scharpf. Lou Christie Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco (born February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christie, is an American singer-songwriter best known for three separate strings of pop hits in the 1960s, including his 1966 hit \"Lightnin' Strikes\". Christie was born Lugee Alfredo Giovanni","title":"Lou Christie"},{"id":"5507313","text":"1966, while \"Lightnin' Strikes\" was falling down the chart. After being dropped by MGM and an unfruitful stint with Columbia Records in the late 1960s, Christie teamed up with Buddah Records (a move prompted by his business manager Stan Polley) and bubblegum music record producer Tony Romeo and had a surprise Wall of Sound constant uptempo hit \"I'm Gonna Make You Mine\" (which Romeo wrote) in the early autumn of 1969. Helped by backing vocalist Linda Scott and by two promotional videos distinctly different from each other, the song peaked at #10 in the US, but climbed to #2 on","title":"Lou Christie"},{"id":"14751731","text":"Allbut, replacing Linda Jansen as lead singer in The Angels in 1962 when a senior at Belleville High School (Belleville, New Jersey) in live performances and then to record on their new label, Smash with producers FGG. \"My Boyfriend's Back\" became a #1 hit. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Two albums followed the single. After their hit, The Angels frequently worked as background singers in the New York area, and Peggy was also in the chorus backing Lou Christie's \"Lightnin' Strikes\". Additionally, under the pseudonym Peggy Farina, she wrote the lyrics for The","title":"Peggy Santiglia"},{"id":"12963065","text":"Lymon, and most notably Lou Christie; Lou Christie's MGM hits including \"Rhapsody in the Rain\", \"Painter\", \"Trapeze\", and his #1 smash hit \"Lightnin' Strikes\". On October 8,9 and 10th of 2013, The Delicates were honored in their hometown of Belleville and inducted into \"The Belleville Wall Of Recognition.\" There is now a plaque on the wall of Belleville High next to that of Connie Francis. The auditorium in Number 8 grammar school was renamed \"The Delicates Auditorium\" and part of Union Avenue was named \"The Delicates Drive.\" Denise lived on Union Ave., and her family owned \"Lou's Deli\" which is","title":"The Delicates"},{"id":"1808633","text":"Klaus Nomi Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona. Nomi was known for his bizarrely visionary theatrical live performances, heavy make-up, unusual costumes, and a highly stylized signature hairdo that flaunted a receding hairline. His songs were equally unusual, ranging from synthesizer-laden interpretations of classical opera to covers of 1960s pop standards like Chubby Checker's \"The Twist\" and Lou Christie's \"Lightnin' Strikes\". He is remembered in the United States as one of David Bowie's backup singers for","title":"Klaus Nomi"},{"id":"10704862","text":"by Charles Calello and was recorded on September 3, 1965. The song featured backing vocals from Bernadette Carroll, Peggy Santiglia and Denise Ferri of The Delicates. Session personnel included Joe Farrell and George Young on baritone sax; Ray DeSio on trombone; Stan Free on piano; Lou Mauro on bass; Charlie Macy, Ralph Casale, and Vinnie Bell on guitar; and Buddy Saltzman on drums. Ralph Casale's \"stuttering\" guitar solo was an overdub. Lightnin' Strikes \"Lightnin' Strikes\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making","title":"Lightnin' Strikes"},{"id":"11087399","text":"Gypsy Cried\", \"Two Faces Have I\", \"Rhapsody in the Rain\", \"She Sold Me Magic\", and most famously, \"Lightnin' Strikes\", a song later covered by such artists as Del Shannon and Klaus Nomi. Christie discussed their songwriting relationship: \"Twyla is a genius. She was going to be a concert pianist but we started writing rock 'n' roll. The hardest part was that we had too many ideas. If we wanted to write a song, it would never stop.\" Herbert and Christie also composed for his backup singers, a girl group named the Tammys, a handful of songs, including the eccentric single,","title":"Twyla Herbert"},{"id":"1808643","text":"City. | valign=top | Klaus Nomi Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona. Nomi was known for his bizarrely visionary theatrical live performances, heavy make-up, unusual costumes, and a highly stylized signature hairdo that flaunted a receding hairline. His songs were equally unusual, ranging from synthesizer-laden interpretations of classical opera to covers of 1960s pop standards like Chubby Checker's \"The Twist\" and Lou Christie's \"Lightnin' Strikes\". He is remembered in the United States as one of David","title":"Klaus Nomi"},{"id":"364634","text":"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing","title":"Simon & Garfunkel"},{"id":"13678968","text":"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \"Pop\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"20964915","text":"Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album) Lightnin' Strikes is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins recorded in Texas in 1962 and released on the Vee-Jay label. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings said \"Creatively speaking, this is Lightnin' on no more than good form, rising to very good indeed in \"Walking Round in Circles\", but the sonic effects lend the music a strangeness that some listeners may find attractive\". AllMusic reviewer Cub Coda stated: \"This brings together some early-'60s sides that Hopkins recorded for the Chicago-based Vee-Jay label, although all of them were recorded in his native Houston. ... two are","title":"Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album)"},{"id":"9860786","text":"Hits by George Hits by George is a greatest hits album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 on the Musicor Records label. \"Hits By George\" includes mostly remakes of songs from earlier in Jones's career, including the number one hits \"White Lightnin'\" and \"She Thinks I Still Care\". Part of the motivation for the release may have been the number of Jones releases that were still being issued by the singer's former record label Mercury Records, which owned the rights to masters that dated all the way back to mid-1950s. It continued Jones's string of top","title":"Hits by George"},{"id":"9898672","text":"considered the finest singer in country music.\" Singles – Billboard (North America) Country Heart Country Heart is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1966 as a double LP on the Musicor Records label, and was available exclusively through the Columbia Record Club. Although \"Country Heart\" contained several hits Jones had scored with Musicor, it is not actually a greatest hits collection. It includes a rerecording of Jones's first number one country hit \"White Lightnin'\" as well as a remake of his hit duet \"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\" with Melba","title":"Country Heart"},{"id":"20964916","text":"full-band tracks produced by drummer King Ivory Lee Semiens with Lightnin' playing electric, the band following his erratic timing as best as they can\". All compositions credited to Bill Quinn and Lola Anne Cullen except where noted Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album) Lightnin' Strikes is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins recorded in Texas in 1962 and released on the Vee-Jay label. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings said \"Creatively speaking, this is Lightnin' on no more than good form, rising to very good indeed in \"Walking Round in Circles\", but the sonic effects lend the music a strangeness that","title":"Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album)"},{"id":"9898669","text":"Country Heart Country Heart is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1966 as a double LP on the Musicor Records label, and was available exclusively through the Columbia Record Club. Although \"Country Heart\" contained several hits Jones had scored with Musicor, it is not actually a greatest hits collection. It includes a rerecording of Jones's first number one country hit \"White Lightnin'\" as well as a remake of his hit duet \"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\" with Melba Montgomery from 1963. Curiously, the album also features an instrumental version of","title":"Country Heart"},{"id":"9860787","text":"ten albums, reaching number 9. Hits by George Hits by George is a greatest hits album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 on the Musicor Records label. \"Hits By George\" includes mostly remakes of songs from earlier in Jones's career, including the number one hits \"White Lightnin'\" and \"She Thinks I Still Care\". Part of the motivation for the release may have been the number of Jones releases that were still being issued by the singer's former record label Mercury Records, which owned the rights to masters that dated all the way back to mid-1950s. It","title":"Hits by George"},{"id":"354395","text":"REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \"Hi Infidelity\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \"Keep On Loving You\" and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"10324448","text":"Following this, he founded Avalon Productions, the first booking agency specifically formed to represent blues artists. Within a few years, he was representing House, White, Hurt, Skip James, Sam \"Lightnin'\" Hopkins, Arthur Crudup, Junior Wells, J. B. Hutto, and many others. He also promoted concerts by folk and rock acts in the Boston area. In the late 1960s he met a young female guitarist and singer named Bonnie Raitt and persuaded her to begin what has become a long, fruitful music career. As the older blues artists died, Waterman’s responsibilities shifted to care of their estates and providing for their","title":"Dick Waterman"},{"id":"5415915","text":"two previously unreleased songs and a new remix. Cracknell was Spiller's first choice for the vocals of his number-one hit \"Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)\" in 2000, but never got to record the song. She has recorded tracks with various artists such as David Holmes (\"Anymore\", \"Gone\"), Xploding Plastix (\"Sunset Spirals\"), Cheapglue (\"You've Just Won Me Over\") and Paul Van Dyk (\"The Riddle (Tell Me Why),\" although billed as a collaboration between Van Dyk and St. Etienne but with Cracknell on vocals). She recorded a duet of Dusty Springfield's 1968 song \"I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten\" with","title":"Sarah Cracknell"},{"id":"17554931","text":"Nashville in 2005 at the age of 79, having suffered from cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Floyd Chance Floyd Taylor Chance (21 December 1925 – 11 April 2005), often credited as Lightnin' Chance, was an American session musician who played bass on many successful country and pop records, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Como, Mississippi, and learned to play guitar, clarinet, saxophone and tuba while at school. He was nicknamed \"Lightnin'\" for his prowess on the football field. He received further musical training while serving with the US Navy in World War II, when he performed","title":"Floyd Chance"},{"id":"14242448","text":"the early 1960s, including \"Walkin' This Road by Myself\" (1962), \"Lightnin' and Co.\" (1962), and \"Smokes Like Lightning\" (1963). Pickens had by this time also recorded his own debut solo album, \"Buster Pickens\" (1960), and appeared in the 1962 film \"The Blues\". Pickens was shot dead by his cousin after an argument in a bar in Houston, in November 1964. The album, recorded in Houston by Chris Strachwitz, Mack McCormick and Paul Oliver, contained \"Santa Fe Train\" / \"Rock Island Blues\" / \"Ain't Nobody's Business\" / \"Colorado Springs Blues\" / \"She Caught the L & N\" / \"Remember Me\" /","title":"Buster Pickens"},{"id":"7304410","text":"emigrate to Canada, and was replaced in the group by Dave Cary. The group served as backing vocalists for Petula Clark on her first recordings. The Stargazers enjoyed considerable commercial success during the 1950s, including two United Kingdom number one hit singles on their own, \"Broken Wings\", which was the first recording by a native British act to top the UK Singles Chart, and \"I See the Moon\", along with a third number 1 hit with Dickie Valentine on \"Finger Of Suspicion\", and were much in demand for back-up work and broadcast work. In 1954, The Stargazers recorded \"The Happy","title":"The Stargazers (1940s–50s group)"},{"id":"12560056","text":"Motown Sound heard around the world during the 1960s. They were notable for having Stubbs, a baritone, as their lead singer, whereas most male and mixed vocal groups of the time were fronted by a tenor. The group was the main male vocal group for the highly successful songwriting and production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, who crafted a stream of hit singles for Motown. These included two \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number-one hits for the Tops: \"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)\" in 1965 and \"Reach Out I'll Be There\" in 1966. After Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown in 1967, the Four","title":"Four Tops"},{"id":"4951161","text":"number 1 twice as \"The Twist\" by Chubby Checker, reached number 1 in both 1960 and 1961. In 2006, \"Please Mr. Postman\" was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. The group found success in the latter half of the 1960s as background singers for recordings by artists such as Jimmy Ruffin's \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted,\" Stevie Wonder's \"For Once in My Life\" and \"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday,\" David Ruffin's \"My Whole World Ended (The Moment You Left Me),\" Marvin Gaye's \"Chained\" and \"Just to Keep You Satisfied,\" Edwin Starr's \"War\" and \"25 Miles,\" and many more. Much like The","title":"The Originals (band)"},{"id":"2074416","text":"appeared in Phoenix. Musicians to emerge from this era include Alice Cooper, and Bill Spooner of The Tubes. The group Pages was formed by Phoenix residents Richard Page and Steve George, who later formed the nucleus of the Phoenix pop-rock group Mr. Mister (who had 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including \"Broken Wings\" in 1985). Dolan Ellis has lived in Phoenix most of his adult life. He moved to LA in the early 1960s, where he was an original member of the Grammy-winning folk group The New Christy Minstrels. Dolan returned to Phoenix while the group was still at its","title":"Music of Arizona"},{"id":"1308304","text":"The Supremes The Supremes were an American female singing group and the premier act of Motown Records during the 1960s. Founded as The Primettes in Detroit, Michigan, in 1959, the Supremes were the most commercially successful of Motown's acts and are, to date, America's most successful vocal group with 12 number one singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Most of these hits were written and produced by Motown's main songwriting and production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. At their peak in the mid-1960s, the Supremes rivaled the Beatles in worldwide popularity, and it is said that their success made it possible for future","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"13678924","text":"next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"5826921","text":"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \"Make It Easy on Yourself\" and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit","title":"The Walker Brothers"},{"id":"14631534","text":"US country charts No. 72 in 1975 Sources for chart positions: \"Billboard\" and [ All Music.Com] Pat Boone discography During his career as a singer and composer, Pat Boone released 63 singles, mostly during the 1950s and early 1960s when Boone was a successful pop singer and, for a time, the second-biggest charting artist behind Elvis Presley according to \"Billboard\". Boone has had over 25 singles reach the top 20 on the U.S. singles charts, including the number-one hits \"Ain't That a Shame\" (1955), \"I Almost Lost My Mind\" (1956), \"Don't Forbid Me\" (1957), \"Love Letters in the Sand\" (1957),","title":"Pat Boone discography"},{"id":"13504955","text":"US in 1956 billed as \"the King of Rock & Roll\"; Dickie Pride, Roy Young, and Helen Shapiro. The only act to create what has been described as \"a pre-Beatle rock classic\", were Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, whose song \"Shakin' All Over\" managed to become a rock and roll standard. Several of the most lasting and innovative British records of the period were produced by Joe Meek. These included \"Johnny Remember Me\" by John Leyton, a UK number one record in 1961, and \"Telstar\" by the Tornados in 1962, which was number one in the UK and became the","title":"British rock and roll"},{"id":"13678954","text":"with jazz and symphonic music, is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues-rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze the Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard & the Midnighters' R&B hit \"The Twist\". Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music, writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group, the Shirelles \"Will You","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"4377792","text":"Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \"Tears Are Not Enough\", \"Poison Arrow\", \"The Look of Love\", \"All of My Heart\", \"That Was Then but This Is Now\" and \"When Smokey Sings\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its","title":"Martin Fry"},{"id":"9186375","text":"took their name from Jerry Lee Lewis's \"Great Balls of Fire\". They reached the Top 40 with the singles \"Torquay\" (1959), \"Bulldog\" (1960) and \"Quite a Party\" (1961). \"Quite a Party\" peaked at #29 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1961. Tharp, Budd and Trammell left the group in the early 1960s, but the Fireballs added Doug Roberts on drums, plus Petty Studio singer/pianist Jimmy Gilmer (born September 15, 1940 in Chicago and raised in Amarillo, Texas) to the group. Billed as Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, the group reached number 1 on the Billboard chart with \"Sugar Shack\",","title":"The Fireballs"},{"id":"2101552","text":"The Manual The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way) is a 1988 book by \"The Timelords\" (Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty), better known as The KLF. It is a step by step guide to achieving a No.1 single with no money or musical skills, and a case study of the duo's UK novelty pop No. 1 \"Doctorin' the Tardis\". The advice dispensed by The Manual includes: \"Firstly, you must be skint and on the dole. Anybody with a proper job or tied up with full time education will not have the time to devote to see","title":"The Manual"},{"id":"16988014","text":"written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell made famous by The Hollies. The song went on to take the coveted Christmas number 1 position for 2012 in the UK, beating \"The X Factor\" winner James Arthur, who was number one the previous week. It was number 2 in Scotland, number 4 in Ireland. Song was recorded with vocals including those of Melanie C, Robbie Williams and two original members of The Hollies, Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks, for various charities associated with the Hillsborough disaster. Vocalists include Andy Brown (of Lawson), Gerry Marsden (of Gerry and the Pacemakers), Paul Heaton","title":"The Justice Collective"},{"id":"2990317","text":"Johnny Horton Johnny Horton (born as John LaGale Horton, April 30, 1925 – November 5, 1960) was an American country music, honky tonk and rockabilly singer and musician, during the 1950s and early 1960s, best known for his international hits beginning with the 1959 single \"The Battle of New Orleans\", which was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and in 2001 ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's \"Songs of the Century\". His first number 1 country song was in 1959, \"When","title":"Johnny Horton"},{"id":"14631531","text":"Pat Boone discography During his career as a singer and composer, Pat Boone released 63 singles, mostly during the 1950s and early 1960s when Boone was a successful pop singer and, for a time, the second-biggest charting artist behind Elvis Presley according to \"Billboard\". Boone has had over 25 singles reach the top 20 on the U.S. singles charts, including the number-one hits \"Ain't That a Shame\" (1955), \"I Almost Lost My Mind\" (1956), \"Don't Forbid Me\" (1957), \"Love Letters in the Sand\" (1957), \"April Love\" (1957), and \"Moody River\" (1961). He set a \"Billboard\" record, which he still holds,","title":"Pat Boone discography"},{"id":"4380522","text":"Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \"Yeh, Yeh\" in 1964, \"Get Away\" in 1966 and \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and","title":"Georgie Fame"},{"id":"7441947","text":"Art and Dotty Todd Art and Dotty Todd were an American husband and wife singing duo who reached the Top Ten in the UK and the US with the hits \"Broken Wings\" (1953) and \"Chanson D'Amour\" (1958). Dotty Todd was born Doris Dabb in Elizabeth, New Jersey on 22 June 1913. She studied the piano from an early age, giving a piano recital at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13. She was performing at the Providence Biltmore Hotel in Rhode Island when she met Art Todd - born Arthur William Todd in Baltimore, Maryland on 11 March 1914 -","title":"Art and Dotty Todd"},{"id":"14035873","text":"Astor—marked the debut of the Ford/Keays writing partnership. It was inspired by Donovan's \"Mellow Yellow\" and bears a resemblance to some of The Move's earlier singles. The quasi-baroque arrangement included a string section scored by The Strangers' John Farrar, and also took them into the Top 40. Mid-year, they topped the annual \"Go-Set\" Pop Poll as 'Most Original Group', and they came second to The Twilights as 'Most Popular Australian Group'. They entered the South Australian heats of the 1968 Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds, beating local rivals Zoot in a tense contest. They were runners-up in the national final,","title":"The Masters Apprentices"},{"id":"764030","text":"and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \"I Remember You\", \"Lovesick Blues\" (both 1962) and \"The Wayward Wind\" (1963). \"I Remember You\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.","title":"Music of Australia"},{"id":"13773985","text":"B.B. Seaton Harris Lloyd \"B.B.\" Seaton (born 3 September 1944), also known as \"Bibby\", is a Jamaican reggae singer, songwriter, and record producer who was a member of The Gaylads, The Astronauts, Conscious Minds, and The Messengers (along with Ken Boothe, Lloyd Charmers and Busty Brown), and who has had a long solo career dating back to 1960. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Seaton first recorded as a solo artist in 1960 before forming the duo Winston & Bibby with Winston Delano Stewart. The duo were joined by Maurice Roberts and became The Gaylads, although Seaton soon left to join The","title":"B.B. Seaton"},{"id":"6696811","text":"appearing on stage in a number of Pantomimes. Mike Nolan (singer) Michael Nolan (born 7 December 1954) is a singer who is best known as one of the four original members of the British pop group, Bucks Fizz. He was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, but brought up in the UK, where he still resides. As a member of Bucks Fizz, he won the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest and achieved 20 UK top 60 singles between 1981 and 1988, including three number one hits. He was a member of the group until 1996. Since 2004, he has been a","title":"Mike Nolan (singer)"},{"id":"2421228","text":"the northern terminus of the Northern line. Record producer Joe Meek, responsible amongst other things for \"Telstar\" by The Tornados, a massive UK and US no. 1 record in 1962, and the highly influential 1959 album I Hear a New World, lived, worked, and committed suicide at 304 Holloway Road, where he is commemorated by a plaque. Sex Pistols singer John Lydon (Johnny Rotten) claims to have been born and raised in side-street Benwell Road, although no documentary evidence survives of this. The road also features heavily as the home of a fictionalised Meek in Jake Arnott's \"The Long Firm\"","title":"Holloway Road"},{"id":"8875774","text":"Geoff Goddard Geoff Goddard (19 November 1937 – 15 May 2000) was an English songwriter, singer and instrumentalist. Working for Joe Meek in the early 1960s, he wrote songs for Heinz, Mike Berry, Gerry Temple, The Tornados, Kenny Hollywood, The Outlaws, Freddie Starr, Screaming Lord Sutch, The Ramblers and John Leyton. His song for Leyton, \"Johnny Remember Me\", reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. By the mid-1960s he had fallen out with Meek. Disillusioned with the music industry, he withdrew from it to work in catering. Goddard was born in Reading, Berkshire, England. He sang in choir in","title":"Geoff Goddard"},{"id":"9537234","text":"Reg Presley Reginald Maurice Ball (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013), known professionally as Reg Presley, was an English singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer with the 1960s rock and roll band the Troggs, the hits of which included \"Wild Thing\" (#1 on the Hot 100 on 30 July - 6 August 1966) and \"With a Girl Like You\" (#1 on the UK Official Singles Chart on 4-11 August 1966). He wrote the song \"Love Is All Around\", which was featured in the films \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\" and \"Love Actually\". Presley, whose stage name was given to","title":"Reg Presley"},{"id":"783362","text":"died of gallbladder cancer on December 2, 2006, at the age of 59 in The Hague, Netherlands. Bassist Klaasje van der Wal died on 12 February 2018 at the age of 69. LPs CDs Shocking Blue Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in The Hague in 1967. The band spawned a number of psychedelic rock hits throughout the counterculture movements era during the 1960s and early 1970s, including \"Never Marry a Railroad Man\", \"Mighty Joe\", \"Love Buzz\", \"Blossom Lady\", \"Inkpot\" and \"Venus\". The latter became their biggest hit and went to No. 1 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot","title":"Shocking Blue"},{"id":"1755744","text":"was garnering a lot of attention and his singles were making very respectable showings on the charts, Jones was still playing the \"blood bucket\" circuit of honky-tonks that dotted the rural countryside. In 1959, Jones had his first number one on the Billboard country chart with \"White Lightnin'\", ironically a more authentic rock and roll sound than his half-hearted rockabilly cuts. In the \"Same Ole Me\" retrospective, Johnny Cash insisted, \"George Jones woulda been a really hot rockabilly artist if he'd approached it from that angle. Well, \"he was\", really, but never got the credit for it.\" \"White Lightnin'\" was","title":"George Jones"},{"id":"15348622","text":"Philadelphia native Chubby Checker followed in 1960. His single became a smash hit, reaching No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and started a national dance craze. Also in 1960, Jack Scott had his final top 10 hits with \"What In The World's Come Over You\" and \"Burning Bridges\". The following year, rocker Del Shannon had his own No. 1 hit in March 1961 with the song \"Runaway\". This was followed by the top 10 hits \"Hats Off to Larry\" in June 1961 and \"Little Town Flirt\" in 1962. In 1964, Detroit's one-hit wonders The Reflections had their own Top","title":"Music of Detroit"},{"id":"2071120","text":"of Toni Braxton (who had two No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits, including \"Un-break My Heart\" in 1996), Sisqo (who had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with \"Incomplete\" in 2000), and Mario (who had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with \"Let Me Love You\" in 2005), and the pop of Cass Elliott. Though doo wop can be traced to many urban areas across the United States, especially New York City, Sonny Til's 1946 band called The Vibranaires, later known as The Orioles, can be considered the first doo wop group. The genre-crossing Frank Zappa was also from Maryland,","title":"Music of Maryland"},{"id":"2500236","text":"acceptance and radio airplay, despite criticism in the lyrics over the eschewing of traditional sounds by radio programmers. However, traditional country music retained a large following during the decade, thanks to the ongoing successes of veteran artists such as Strait, Jackson, Reba McEntire, Brooks & Dunn, Toby Keith and Kenny Chesney, and newer artists such as Paisley, Blake Shelton and Billy Currington. Rogers, Parton and Willie Nelson, all artists who had No. 1 country hits as far back as the early 1970s, all had No. 1 songs during the 2000s decade – either as soloists (Rogers), as part of one-time","title":"2000s in music"},{"id":"5503274","text":"Cooper, Lew Hoad, and Roy Emerson. Fraser was also successful in the mixed doubles, winning the Australian in 1956 with Beryl Penrose, Wimbledon in 1962, and the US from 1958 to 1960 with Margaret Osborne duPont. He holds the distinction of having won the US National (now Open) singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles in 1959 and then successfully defending those titles a year later. Since that time, no one has equalled that feat in a single year, let alone successively. Fraser was ranked the World No. 1 amateur in 1959 and 1960 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph,","title":"Neale Fraser"},{"id":"17174172","text":"William Weatherspoon William Henry Weatherspoon (11 February 1936 – 17 July 2005) was an American songwriter and record producer, best known for his work for Motown Records in the 1960s. He co-wrote \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\", an international hit for Jimmy Ruffin, and many other hit songs. He was born in Detroit, Michigan; his younger brother is the actor John Witherspoon. William Weatherspoon began singing in 1956 with a local vocal group, the Tornados, led by Charles Sutton, formerly of The Midnighters. The group split up in 1960, and, after a spell in the US military, Weatherspoon began working","title":"William Weatherspoon"},{"id":"16200308","text":"number 6 for two weeks. Just like the previous month, there was only one number one in March, when Guy Mitchell's \"She Wears Red Feathers\" climbed a place to number one, remaining there for four weeks. Big hits this month were by British group Stargazers' \"Broken Wings\", American singer Danny Kaye's \"Wonderful Copenhagen\", and British singer Lita Roza's \"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window\", although they all reached their peaks in the following month. Al Martino's \"Now\" also re-peaked at number 3, and spent two weeks there. In April, Stargazers' \"Broken Wings\" climbed to number one, and was","title":"1953 in British music"},{"id":"7441952","text":"with Alzheimer's disease. Art Todd died on 10 October 2007 of congestive heart failure in Honolulu at the age of 93. Art and Dotty Todd Art and Dotty Todd were an American husband and wife singing duo who reached the Top Ten in the UK and the US with the hits \"Broken Wings\" (1953) and \"Chanson D'Amour\" (1958). Dotty Todd was born Doris Dabb in Elizabeth, New Jersey on 22 June 1913. She studied the piano from an early age, giving a piano recital at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13. She was performing at the Providence Biltmore Hotel","title":"Art and Dotty Todd"},{"id":"1963433","text":"(another \"Grammy Hall of Fame\"-inducted hit), \"Mickey's Monkey\",\"What's So Good About Goodbye\", and \"I'll Try Something New\", made The Miracles the label's first stars. The Tamla and Motown labels were then merged into a new company, Motown Record Corporation, incorporated on April 14, 1960. In 1960, Gordy signed an unknown singer, Mary Wells, who became the fledgling label's second star, with Smokey Robinson penning her hits \"You Beat Me to the Punch\", \"Two Lovers\", and \"My Guy\". The Miracles' hit \"Shop Around\" peaked at No. 1 on the national R&B charts in late 1960 and at No. 2 on the","title":"Berry Gordy"},{"id":"17554928","text":"Floyd Chance Floyd Taylor Chance (21 December 1925 – 11 April 2005), often credited as Lightnin' Chance, was an American session musician who played bass on many successful country and pop records, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Como, Mississippi, and learned to play guitar, clarinet, saxophone and tuba while at school. He was nicknamed \"Lightnin'\" for his prowess on the football field. He received further musical training while serving with the US Navy in World War II, when he performed with the Fourth Fleet Band. After his discharge, he moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and from","title":"Floyd Chance"},{"id":"2638125","text":"commercial (for Miller Lite lager) in the summer of 1988, \"He Ain't Heavy\" was reissued in the UK and reached No.1, thus establishing a new record for the length of time between chart-topping singles for one artist of 23 years (the Hollies' only previous UK No.1 having been 1965's I'm Alive). By this time bassist Ray Stiles, formerly a member of 1970s chart-topping glam rock group Mud, had joined the permanent line-up. 1988 also saw the release of compilation album \"All the Hits & More: The Definitive Collection\" which charted in the UK. In 1993 the Hollies had their 30th","title":"The Hollies"},{"id":"940749","text":"a few months later, a white group from Canada, the Crew Cuts, released their cover of the song, which reached #1. Many other all-white doo-wop groups would appear and produce hits: The Mello-Kings in 1956 with \"Tonight, Tonight,\" The Diamonds in 1957 with the chart-topping \"Little Darlin',\" The Skyliners in 1959 with \"Since I Don't Have You\" and in 1960 with \"This I Swear,\" The Tokens in 1961 with \"Tonight I Fell In Love\" and \"I Love My Baby.\" Particularly productive were doo-wop groups of young Italian-American men who, like their black counterparts, lived in rough neighborhoods (e.g. the Bronx","title":"Doo-wop"},{"id":"6696802","text":"Mike Nolan (singer) Michael Nolan (born 7 December 1954) is a singer who is best known as one of the four original members of the British pop group, Bucks Fizz. He was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, but brought up in the UK, where he still resides. As a member of Bucks Fizz, he won the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest and achieved 20 UK top 60 singles between 1981 and 1988, including three number one hits. He was a member of the group until 1996. Since 2004, he has been a member of the group The Original Bucks Fizz","title":"Mike Nolan (singer)"},{"id":"2101330","text":"\"Who Killed The JAMs?\"; and compilation \"Shag Times\") before a change of direction saw the duo mutate into dance and ambient music pioneers, The KLF. Along the way, the duo scored their first British number one hit single as The Timelords with the Gary Glitter/Dr. Who novelty-pop mash-up \"Doctorin' the Tardis\", claimed to be sung by Cauty's 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car. The KLF released two albums, \"Chill Out\" and \"The White Room\", and a string of top 5 singles, becoming the biggest selling singles act in the world in 1991. In 1992, suddenly and very publicly, The KLF","title":"Jimmy Cauty"},{"id":"1427685","text":"Gladys Knight Gladys Maria Knight (born May 28, 1944), known as the \"Empress of Soul\", is an American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman, humanitarian and author. A seven-time Grammy Award-winner, Knight is best known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips, which included her brother Merald \"Bubba\" Knight and her cousins Edward Patten and William Guest. Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles (\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" and \"That's What Friends Are For\"), eleven number-one R&B singles, and six number-one R&B albums. She has won seven Grammy","title":"Gladys Knight"},{"id":"1317092","text":"rock experienced a boom in popularity. With thousands of garage bands active in the US and Canada, hundreds produced regional hits during the period, often receiving airplay on local AM radio stations. Several acts gained wider exposure just long enough to have one or occasionally more national hits in an era rife with \"One-Hit Wonders\". \"96 Tears\" (1966) by Question Mark and the Mysterians, from Saginaw, Michigan, became a No. 1 hit in the US. The song's organ riffs and theme of teenage heartbreak have been mentioned as a landmark recording of the garage rock era and recognized for influencing","title":"Garage rock"},{"id":"1808638","text":"The Student Teachers, the Accidents, and The Mumps. Hoffman helped Nomi choose his pop covers, including the Lou Christie song \"Lightnin' Strikes.\" Hoffman wrote several pop songs with which Nomi is closely identified: \"The Nomi Song\", \"Total Eclipse\", \"After The Fall\", and \"Simple Man\", the title song of Nomi's second RCA French LP. This configuration of the Klaus Nomi band performed at Manhattan clubs, including several performances at Max's Kansas City, Danceteria and Hurrah. Disagreements with the management Nomi engaged led to a dissolution of this band, and Nomi continued without them. In the late 1970s, while performing at Club","title":"Klaus Nomi"},{"id":"4108957","text":"Tommy Roe Thomas David \"Tommy\" Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American pop music singer-songwriter. Best-remembered for his hits \"Sheila\" (1962) and \"Dizzy\" (1969), Roe was \"widely perceived as one of the archetypal bubblegum artists of the late 1960s, but cut some pretty decent rockers along the way, especially early in his career,” wrote the Allmusic journalist Bill Dahl. Roe was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, where he attended Brown High School. After graduating, he landed a job at General Electric soldering wires. He had a \"Billboard\" number 1 hit in the U.S. and Australia in","title":"Tommy Roe"},{"id":"7924165","text":"million copies and other charts hits were soon to follow. In September 1963 they released \"Do You Love Me\". It reached number one in the UK charts, famously knocking the Beatles second number one hit \"She Loves You\" from the top slot. \"Do You Love Me\" remained at the top of the charts for three weeks. \"Brian Poole and the Tremeloes\" continued to produce hits and thrive in the UK charts with tracks such as \"Candy Man\", which reached number six and the popular ballad \"Someone, Someone\" which reached number two. In 1968 the band officially split. Brian Poole left","title":"Brian Poole"},{"id":"17528231","text":"Frank Bacon (actor) Frank Bacon (January 16, 1864 – November 19, 1922), was an American character actor and playwright who after years of relative obscurity achieved great success as he entered the twilight of his career. The 1918 play \"Lightnin'\", which Bacon co-wrote and starred in, set a Broadway record for the day of 1,291 performances and was still going strong on tour after more than 700 shows when Bacon was forced to bow out due to fatigue. His death from a heart attack followed a week later. Bacon was born on his parent’s farm about five miles west of","title":"Frank Bacon (actor)"},{"id":"15506246","text":"recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1960s"},{"id":"764015","text":"derived from those of Europe. Contemporary Australian music ranges across a broad spectrum with trends often concurrent with those of the US, the UK, and similar nations – notably in the Australian rock and Australian country music genres. Tastes have diversified along with post-World War II multicultural immigration to Australia. Notable Australian musicians include: the children's band The Wiggles; the opera singers Dame Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland; the bass-baritone Peter Dawson, country music stars Slim Dusty (Australia's biggest selling domestic artist), Smoky Dawson and John Williamson; solo artists John Farnham, Olivia Newton-John (five No. 1 Hot 100 hits,","title":"Music of Australia"},{"id":"17174272","text":"James Dean (songwriter) James Anthony Dean (7 February 1943 – 9 April 2006) was an American songwriter. He was best known for his work at Motown Records in the 1960s, often in collaboration with William Weatherspoon with whom he co-wrote several hits including Jimmy Ruffin's \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\". Dean also co-wrote, with John Glover, \"You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)\", a US no.1 hit for Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr. Dean was born in Detroit, and attended Hamtramck High School in Hamtramck, Michigan. He served in the US Army, and then","title":"James Dean (songwriter)"},{"id":"13535556","text":"band Dexys Midnight Runners also achieved two UK #1s in \"Come On Eileen\" and \"Geno\" with their distinctive blend of Celtic folk, new wave and, most importantly, soul music. For the first time since the 1960s, there were also notable acts who specialised in soul. These included George Michael, who reinvented himself a white soul singer with the multi-platinum album \"Faith\" (1987). Also significant were Sade, Simply Red, Loose Ends, and toward the end of the decade, Lisa Stansfield and Soul II Soul. The latter's breakthrough hits \"Keep on Movin'\" and \"Back to Life\" in 1989 have been seen as","title":"British soul"},{"id":"8896108","text":"UK city. 1960s Cardiff produced Amen Corner, one of the top pop acts of the era and the first Welsh group to have a number one hit. Also from the 1960s was Love Sculpture who had a minor hit with Sabre Dance. Love Sculpture featured Dave Edmunds who also had chart hits in the 1960s and 1970s in his own right. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Cardiff music scene was dominated by hard rock and blues bands, and included heavy metal pioneers Budgie. Budgie released a string of hit albums in the 1970s including the gold-certified \"Bandolier\". Budgie's influence","title":"Music of Cardiff"},{"id":"9537238","text":"rehearse. Presley's music has influenced Iggy Pop and won praise from Bob Dylan. The rock critic Lester Bangs called the Troggs the \"godfathers of punk\" and compared Presley to Marcel Proust. Presley appears as a character in Steve Erickson's novel \"These Dreams of You\" (2012). Reg Presley Reginald Maurice Ball (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013), known professionally as Reg Presley, was an English singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer with the 1960s rock and roll band the Troggs, the hits of which included \"Wild Thing\" (#1 on the Hot 100 on 30 July - 6 August 1966) and","title":"Reg Presley"},{"id":"19685907","text":"The Shadracks became the subject of a 30-minute tribute documentary by Dean Mardon. Phillips was also a cousin of jazz cabaret singer Bridgette Allen. Deane Waretini had two singles released on the label, \"Trouble In My Life\" bw \"\"The Long Road\" and \"Melody Butterfly\" bw \"Trouble in My Life. He would go on to have a No.1 hit in 1981 with \"The Bridge\". Kount 5 Plus 2 were a group consisting of five men and two women. They appeared on New Zealand's \"New Faces\" in the final heat of the variety competition. Their single \"Anybody There\" was followed by \"Tomorrow's","title":"Tony McCarthy Recordings"},{"id":"119096","text":"The number five \"She's Not You\" (1962) \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \"Elvis Is Back!\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. \"It's Now or Never\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \"’O sole mio\" and concluding with a","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"4656433","text":"Bobby Goldsboro Bobby Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer-songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit \"Honey\", which sold over one million copies in the United States. Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He graduated from Dothan High School in 1959 and later enrolled at Auburn University. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career. He played guitar for Roy Orbison from","title":"Bobby Goldsboro"},{"id":"16267163","text":"Carpenters took it back to #1 again. This was the second time in pop history (after \"The Twist\" by Chubby Checker) that a song reached #1 in the US twice. In 2006, \"Please Mr. Postman\" was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Born in Detroit on April 11, 1939, Gorman developed his bass harmonizing on local street corners, and was still in high school when he made his recorded debut on the Qualitones' 1955 Josie Records single \"Tears of Love\". Two years later Gorman and longtime best friends Brian Holland and Sonny Sanders formed the Fideletones. After issuing \"Pretty","title":"Freddie Gorman"},{"id":"6466171","text":"under the Gentrys name is a gospel family quartet of no relation to the original band. The Gentrys The Gentrys were an American band of the 1960s and early 1970s, best known for their 1965 hit \"Keep on Dancing\". A cover by the Bay City Rollers charted No. 9 in the UK in 1971. Follow-up singles charted outside of the Top 40: \"Every Day I Have to Cry\" (1966), \"Spread It On Thick\" (1966), \"Cinnamon Girl\" (1970), \"Why Should I Cry\" (1970), \"Wild World\" (1971), and a 'Bubbling Under' \"Billboard\" chart entry, \"Brown Paper Sack\" (#101, 1966). The seven-member group","title":"The Gentrys"},{"id":"5528036","text":"Kevin Jacobsen Kevin George Jacobsen OAM (born 29 July 1937 in Sydney) is an Australian entertainment entrepreneur. Along with his brothers Colin (Col Joye) and Keith, he was a member of Australian 1960s band Col Joye and The Joyboys achieving four No.1 Top Forty chart hits. In Australia, the Jacobsen Group of Companies presented many international artists including Barbra Streisand, Bruce Springsteen, the Bee Gees, The Three Tenors, Kiss, Simon and Garfunkel, Bob Marley, Shania Twain, Billy Joel, John Denver, Pearl Jam, Cyndi Lauper, Julio Iglesias, Barry Manilow, Meat Loaf, Olivia Newton-John, Walt Disney's World on Ice, Peter Allen, Sammy","title":"Kevin Jacobsen"},{"id":"14317784","text":"songs \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" and \"I'll Try Something New\" are collaborations with and co-credited to their Motown colleagues, The Temptations. Every iconic song by the group during this period is present, and twelve of the 25 tracks here topped the chart. Historically, only Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson, and Mariah Carey have had more #1 singles chart hits in the United States. The disc was part of an \"Ultimate Collection\" series issued that year by Motown for many of their top-selling classic artists. Starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s, standard industry practice shifted to","title":"The Ultimate Collection (The Supremes album)"},{"id":"12798478","text":"re-issue with \"If You Wanna Be Happy\" by Jimmy Soul and \"Deep Purple\" by Nino Tempo & April Stevens. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on October 30, 1997. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1963. The album includes eight songs that reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, including the year's No. 1 song, \"Sugar Shack\" by Jimmy Gilmer and The Fireballs. The remaining three tracks each reached the","title":"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963"},{"id":"15506236","text":"and symphonic music, is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze The Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard's R&B hit \"The Twist\". Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music, writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group, The Shirelles \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" and","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1960s"},{"id":"5602465","text":"with Davie also playing piano, and by the vocal group the High Fives. The track was arranged by Davie, who added thumbtacks to the hammers of his piano and sped up the tape to give a honky-tonk sound. Released by Dot Records, the single reached #1 on the Billboard charts for one week on November 17, 1956, replacing \"Love Me Tender\" by Elvis Presley. In the United Kingdom, Lowe's version reached #8 on the charts, but a version by Frankie Vaughan was even more popular, reaching #2. Another UK recording, by Glen Mason, reached #24 on the UK chart. The","title":"Green Door"},{"id":"1970178","text":"production team by producer George Martin. 'Let It Be' went straight to No. 1 where it stayed for three weeks knocking Stock's own 'Respectable' by Mel and Kim off the top spot. Two years later Stock would again collaborate with McCartney on the Gerry and the Pacemakers hit-Ferry Cross the Mersey, recorded to raise funds for the victims and their families of the Hillsborough Disaster in 1989 which also went straight to No. 1. In 1987 Pete Waterman formed PWL the in-house label of SAW and one of the first artists to be released on the label was Australian soap","title":"Mike Stock (musician)"},{"id":"9054333","text":"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \"Keep on Loving You\" (1981) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO","title":"Kevin Cronin"},{"id":"2103229","text":"\"Is It True\" was released in England and later in the US, and it became a hit and a gold record. \"What'd I Say\" became another hit throughout Europe but was never released in the US. Most had equal success with other artists for whom he produced chart-topping albums and singles between 1964 and 1969, notably Donovan with \"Sunshine Superman\", \"Mellow Yellow\", \"Jennifer Juniper\", and \"Hurdy Gurdy Man\", and Lulu's hits \"To Sir, with Love\", \"The Boat That I Row\", \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\" (which finished equal first in the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest), \"Me the Peaceful Heart\", and \"I'm a Tiger\".","title":"Mickie Most"},{"id":"2995920","text":"in December 2012. The trio came together at Motown in the early 1960s. Eddie Holland had been working with Motown founder Berry Gordy prior to that label being formed; his 1958 Mercury single \"You\" was one of Gordy's earliest productions. Later, Eddie Holland had a career as a Motown recording artist, scoring a US Top 30 hit in 1961 with \"Jamie\". Eddie's brother Brian Holland was a Motown staff songwriter who also tasted success in 1961, being a co-composer of the Marvelettes' US No. 1 \"Please Mr. Postman\". Dozier had been a recording artist for several labels in the late","title":"Holland–Dozier–Holland"},{"id":"783356","text":"Shocking Blue Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in The Hague in 1967. The band spawned a number of psychedelic rock hits throughout the counterculture movements era during the 1960s and early 1970s, including \"Never Marry a Railroad Man\", \"Mighty Joe\", \"Love Buzz\", \"Blossom Lady\", \"Inkpot\" and \"Venus\". The latter became their biggest hit and went to No. 1 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and many other countries during 1969 and 1970. The band had sold 13.5 million records by 1973 but disbanded in 1974, during the final years of the hippie, flower power and other counterculture","title":"Shocking Blue"},{"id":"3906214","text":"album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" and its title track. The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", \"I Feel Fine\"","title":"A Hard Day's Night (song)"},{"id":"12250858","text":"Ballard wrote \"I'm Alive\" for The Hollies, which was number one in the UK Singles Chart in 1965; and also \"Good Timin'\" for Jimmy Jones which reached number one in the UK five years earlier in 1960. Other songs include \"Ginger Bread\" for Frankie Avalon, and \"There's Not a Minute\" for Ricky Nelson and \"Gotta Get a Hold of Myself\" for The Zombies – see fuller list below. Clint Ballard Jr. Clinton Conger Ballard Jr. (May 24, 1931 – December 23, 2008) was an American songwriter. He wrote two \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one hits. The first was \"Game of","title":"Clint Ballard Jr."},{"id":"15396897","text":"Bruce Bromberg Bruce Bromberg (born October 31, 1941) is an American Grammy Award winning producer of blues music. He was born in Chicago, and raised there and in Park Forest, Illinois. In 1958 he moved with his family to Los Angeles, and began working for various record labels. Since the late 1960s, he has been responsible for producing albums by Lightnin' Hopkins, Phillip Walker, Johnny Shines, Lonesome Sundown, Ted Hawkins, Robert Cray, Joe Louis Walker, Dave Alvin, Chris Thomas King, Johnny Childs and many others, as well as supervising many reissues of archive material. He formed HighTone Records with Larry","title":"Bruce Bromberg"},{"id":"20118624","text":"Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \"You Were Mine\", as well as on their follow-ups including \"I Can't Say Goodbye\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", a hit in the US in 1961","title":"Ritchie Adams"},{"id":"2222001","text":"Darlene Love Darlene Wright (born July 26, 1941), known by her stage name, Darlene Love, is an American popular music singer and actress. She gained prominence in the 1960s for the song \"He's a Rebel,\" a No. 1 American single in 1962, and was one of the artists who performed on the celebrated Christmas album \"A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector,\" produced by Phil Spector in 1963. She is ranked number 84 among Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Singers. As a minister's daughter, she grew up listening to gospel music and was a dedicated member of her church. She","title":"Darlene Love"},{"id":"5359267","text":"all-time record. In order, these singles were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\" and \"I Feel Fine\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \"4 – by the Beatles\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \"Eight Days a Week\", \"Ticket to Ride\", \"Help!\", \"Yesterday\" and \"We","title":"I Feel Fine"},{"id":"612453","text":"Paul Simon Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. Simon's musical career has spanned seven decades, with his fame and commercial success beginning as half of the duo Simon & Garfunkel (originally known as Tom & Jerry), formed in 1956 with Art Garfunkel. Simon was responsible for writing nearly all of the pair's songs, including three that reached number one on the U.S. singles charts: \"The Sound of Silence\", \"Mrs. Robinson\", and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\". The duo split up in 1970 at the height of their popularity and Simon began a successful solo","title":"Paul Simon"},{"id":"20078582","text":"labels, including Mercury, in the 1960s and early 1970s, although some sources have confused the two. Jimmy Dotson James Dent Dotson (October 19, 1933 – March 26, 2017), sometimes known as Jimmy \"Louisiana\" Dotson, was an American blues singer, guitarist and drummer. His best known track was \"I Need Your Love\", a song he co-wrote with Jerry West. Over a sixty-year career, Dotson played alongside Silas Hogan, Lightnin' Slim, Slim Harpo, Lazy Lester, Albert King, O. V. Wright, Rufus Thomas, Ivory Joe Hunter, Buddy Guy, Son Seals, and Isaac Hayes. He released three singles on different record labels between 1959","title":"Jimmy Dotson"},{"id":"2068318","text":"alternative rock. Illinois musicians with a #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit include artists from the 1950s: Sam Cooke (\"The King of Soul,\" d.1964); from the 1960s: The Buckinghams; from the 1970s: Earth, Wind & Fire, The Chi-Lites, The Staple Singers, The Emotions, Minnie Riperton, Styx; from the 1980s: Chicago, Cheap Trick, REO Speedwagon, Survivor, Richard Marx; from the 1990s: R. Kelly; from the 2000s: Kanye West, Twista, Plain White T's. Most of these artists are from Chicago, with soul singers Sam Cooke, Mavis Staples, Minnie Riperton, and R. Kelly hailing from the South Side. In addition, Chicago musicians with a","title":"Music of Illinois"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10704861\",\n \"text\": \"Lightnin' Strikes \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making it first to No. 1 in Canada in January 1966 on the \\\"RPM\\\" Top Singles chart, then to No. 1 in the U.S. on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in February, No. 3 on the New Zealand \\\"Listener\\\" chart in May, and No. 11 on the UK \\\"Record Retailer\\\" chart. RIAA certification on March 3, 1966, garnering gold status for selling over one million copies. The song was arranged, conducted, and produced\",\n \"title\": \"Lightnin' Strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5507304\",\n \"text\": \"Lou Christie Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco (born February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christie, is an American singer-songwriter best known for three separate strings of pop hits in the 1960s, including his 1966 hit \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\". Christie was born Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco on February 19, 1943, in Glenwillard, Pennsylvania, and grew up in suburban Pittsburgh. While attending Moon Area High School, he studied music and voice, served as student conductor of the choir and sang solos at holiday concerts. His teacher Frank Cummings wanted him to pursue a career in classical music, but Sacco wanted to cut a\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Christie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5507310\",\n \"text\": \"Milan), stalled at #46 as Christie's career was temporarily derailed by his induction into the US Army. Christie would not have another charting single for two and a half years. Christie's career was quickly re-established after his discharge from the military when he signed with the MGM label. MGM reportedly disliked Christie's first single for the label, the Christie-Herbert song \\\"Lightnin' Strikes.\\\" But Christie's new management promoted the record in California, and when it gained some traction (eventually reaching #2 on KHJ the last two weeks of 1965), MGM released it. \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\" reached #1 in the U.S. on Christie's\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Christie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5507319\",\n \"text\": \"SiriusXM radio for the 1960s channel. In 2015, Christie released his first new recording in several years, entitled \\\"Drive In Dreams\\\", written by Gregory Scharpf, who is a former member of Sweet Breeze, the Pittsburgh-based band that Christie signed to their first recording contract. His next release was 2016's \\\"When You Were Young,\\\" also penned by Scharpf. Lou Christie Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco (born February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christie, is an American singer-songwriter best known for three separate strings of pop hits in the 1960s, including his 1966 hit \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\". Christie was born Lugee Alfredo Giovanni\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Christie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5507313\",\n \"text\": \"1966, while \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\" was falling down the chart. After being dropped by MGM and an unfruitful stint with Columbia Records in the late 1960s, Christie teamed up with Buddah Records (a move prompted by his business manager Stan Polley) and bubblegum music record producer Tony Romeo and had a surprise Wall of Sound constant uptempo hit \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Mine\\\" (which Romeo wrote) in the early autumn of 1969. Helped by backing vocalist Linda Scott and by two promotional videos distinctly different from each other, the song peaked at #10 in the US, but climbed to #2 on\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Christie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14751731\",\n \"text\": \"Allbut, replacing Linda Jansen as lead singer in The Angels in 1962 when a senior at Belleville High School (Belleville, New Jersey) in live performances and then to record on their new label, Smash with producers FGG. \\\"My Boyfriend's Back\\\" became a #1 hit. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Two albums followed the single. After their hit, The Angels frequently worked as background singers in the New York area, and Peggy was also in the chorus backing Lou Christie's \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\". Additionally, under the pseudonym Peggy Farina, she wrote the lyrics for The\",\n \"title\": \"Peggy Santiglia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12963065\",\n \"text\": \"Lymon, and most notably Lou Christie; Lou Christie's MGM hits including \\\"Rhapsody in the Rain\\\", \\\"Painter\\\", \\\"Trapeze\\\", and his #1 smash hit \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\". On October 8,9 and 10th of 2013, The Delicates were honored in their hometown of Belleville and inducted into \\\"The Belleville Wall Of Recognition.\\\" There is now a plaque on the wall of Belleville High next to that of Connie Francis. The auditorium in Number 8 grammar school was renamed \\\"The Delicates Auditorium\\\" and part of Union Avenue was named \\\"The Delicates Drive.\\\" Denise lived on Union Ave., and her family owned \\\"Lou's Deli\\\" which is\",\n \"title\": \"The Delicates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1808633\",\n \"text\": \"Klaus Nomi Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona. Nomi was known for his bizarrely visionary theatrical live performances, heavy make-up, unusual costumes, and a highly stylized signature hairdo that flaunted a receding hairline. His songs were equally unusual, ranging from synthesizer-laden interpretations of classical opera to covers of 1960s pop standards like Chubby Checker's \\\"The Twist\\\" and Lou Christie's \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\". He is remembered in the United States as one of David Bowie's backup singers for\",\n \"title\": \"Klaus Nomi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10704862\",\n \"text\": \"by Charles Calello and was recorded on September 3, 1965. The song featured backing vocals from Bernadette Carroll, Peggy Santiglia and Denise Ferri of The Delicates. Session personnel included Joe Farrell and George Young on baritone sax; Ray DeSio on trombone; Stan Free on piano; Lou Mauro on bass; Charlie Macy, Ralph Casale, and Vinnie Bell on guitar; and Buddy Saltzman on drums. Ralph Casale's \\\"stuttering\\\" guitar solo was an overdub. Lightnin' Strikes \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making\",\n \"title\": \"Lightnin' Strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11087399\",\n \"text\": \"Gypsy Cried\\\", \\\"Two Faces Have I\\\", \\\"Rhapsody in the Rain\\\", \\\"She Sold Me Magic\\\", and most famously, \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\", a song later covered by such artists as Del Shannon and Klaus Nomi. Christie discussed their songwriting relationship: \\\"Twyla is a genius. She was going to be a concert pianist but we started writing rock 'n' roll. The hardest part was that we had too many ideas. If we wanted to write a song, it would never stop.\\\" Herbert and Christie also composed for his backup singers, a girl group named the Tammys, a handful of songs, including the eccentric single,\",\n \"title\": \"Twyla Herbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1808643\",\n \"text\": \"City. | valign=top | Klaus Nomi Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona. Nomi was known for his bizarrely visionary theatrical live performances, heavy make-up, unusual costumes, and a highly stylized signature hairdo that flaunted a receding hairline. His songs were equally unusual, ranging from synthesizer-laden interpretations of classical opera to covers of 1960s pop standards like Chubby Checker's \\\"The Twist\\\" and Lou Christie's \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\". He is remembered in the United States as one of David\",\n \"title\": \"Klaus Nomi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"364634\",\n \"text\": \"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1964), \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (1968), \\\"The Boxer\\\" (1969), and \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Simon & Garfunkel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678968\",\n \"text\": \"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \\\"Pop\\\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20964915\",\n \"text\": \"Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album) Lightnin' Strikes is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins recorded in Texas in 1962 and released on the Vee-Jay label. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings said \\\"Creatively speaking, this is Lightnin' on no more than good form, rising to very good indeed in \\\"Walking Round in Circles\\\", but the sonic effects lend the music a strangeness that some listeners may find attractive\\\". AllMusic reviewer Cub Coda stated: \\\"This brings together some early-'60s sides that Hopkins recorded for the Chicago-based Vee-Jay label, although all of them were recorded in his native Houston. ... two are\",\n \"title\": \"Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860786\",\n \"text\": \"Hits by George Hits by George is a greatest hits album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 on the Musicor Records label. \\\"Hits By George\\\" includes mostly remakes of songs from earlier in Jones's career, including the number one hits \\\"White Lightnin'\\\" and \\\"She Thinks I Still Care\\\". Part of the motivation for the release may have been the number of Jones releases that were still being issued by the singer's former record label Mercury Records, which owned the rights to masters that dated all the way back to mid-1950s. It continued Jones's string of top\",\n \"title\": \"Hits by George\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9898672\",\n \"text\": \"considered the finest singer in country music.\\\" Singles – Billboard (North America) Country Heart Country Heart is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1966 as a double LP on the Musicor Records label, and was available exclusively through the Columbia Record Club. Although \\\"Country Heart\\\" contained several hits Jones had scored with Musicor, it is not actually a greatest hits collection. It includes a rerecording of Jones's first number one country hit \\\"White Lightnin'\\\" as well as a remake of his hit duet \\\"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\\\" with Melba\",\n \"title\": \"Country Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20964916\",\n \"text\": \"full-band tracks produced by drummer King Ivory Lee Semiens with Lightnin' playing electric, the band following his erratic timing as best as they can\\\". All compositions credited to Bill Quinn and Lola Anne Cullen except where noted Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album) Lightnin' Strikes is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins recorded in Texas in 1962 and released on the Vee-Jay label. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings said \\\"Creatively speaking, this is Lightnin' on no more than good form, rising to very good indeed in \\\"Walking Round in Circles\\\", but the sonic effects lend the music a strangeness that\",\n \"title\": \"Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9898669\",\n \"text\": \"Country Heart Country Heart is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1966 as a double LP on the Musicor Records label, and was available exclusively through the Columbia Record Club. Although \\\"Country Heart\\\" contained several hits Jones had scored with Musicor, it is not actually a greatest hits collection. It includes a rerecording of Jones's first number one country hit \\\"White Lightnin'\\\" as well as a remake of his hit duet \\\"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\\\" with Melba Montgomery from 1963. Curiously, the album also features an instrumental version of\",\n \"title\": \"Country Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860787\",\n \"text\": \"ten albums, reaching number 9. Hits by George Hits by George is a greatest hits album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 on the Musicor Records label. \\\"Hits By George\\\" includes mostly remakes of songs from earlier in Jones's career, including the number one hits \\\"White Lightnin'\\\" and \\\"She Thinks I Still Care\\\". Part of the motivation for the release may have been the number of Jones releases that were still being issued by the singer's former record label Mercury Records, which owned the rights to masters that dated all the way back to mid-1950s. It\",\n \"title\": \"Hits by George\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"354395\",\n \"text\": \"REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \\\"Hi Infidelity\\\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \\\"Keep On Loving You\\\" and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late\",\n \"title\": \"REO Speedwagon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10324448\",\n \"text\": \"Following this, he founded Avalon Productions, the first booking agency specifically formed to represent blues artists. Within a few years, he was representing House, White, Hurt, Skip James, Sam \\\"Lightnin'\\\" Hopkins, Arthur Crudup, Junior Wells, J. B. Hutto, and many others. He also promoted concerts by folk and rock acts in the Boston area. In the late 1960s he met a young female guitarist and singer named Bonnie Raitt and persuaded her to begin what has become a long, fruitful music career. As the older blues artists died, Waterman’s responsibilities shifted to care of their estates and providing for their\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Waterman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5415915\",\n \"text\": \"two previously unreleased songs and a new remix. Cracknell was Spiller's first choice for the vocals of his number-one hit \\\"Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)\\\" in 2000, but never got to record the song. She has recorded tracks with various artists such as David Holmes (\\\"Anymore\\\", \\\"Gone\\\"), Xploding Plastix (\\\"Sunset Spirals\\\"), Cheapglue (\\\"You've Just Won Me Over\\\") and Paul Van Dyk (\\\"The Riddle (Tell Me Why),\\\" although billed as a collaboration between Van Dyk and St. Etienne but with Cracknell on vocals). She recorded a duet of Dusty Springfield's 1968 song \\\"I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten\\\" with\",\n \"title\": \"Sarah Cracknell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17554931\",\n \"text\": \"Nashville in 2005 at the age of 79, having suffered from cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Floyd Chance Floyd Taylor Chance (21 December 1925 – 11 April 2005), often credited as Lightnin' Chance, was an American session musician who played bass on many successful country and pop records, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Como, Mississippi, and learned to play guitar, clarinet, saxophone and tuba while at school. He was nicknamed \\\"Lightnin'\\\" for his prowess on the football field. He received further musical training while serving with the US Navy in World War II, when he performed\",\n \"title\": \"Floyd Chance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14242448\",\n \"text\": \"the early 1960s, including \\\"Walkin' This Road by Myself\\\" (1962), \\\"Lightnin' and Co.\\\" (1962), and \\\"Smokes Like Lightning\\\" (1963). Pickens had by this time also recorded his own debut solo album, \\\"Buster Pickens\\\" (1960), and appeared in the 1962 film \\\"The Blues\\\". Pickens was shot dead by his cousin after an argument in a bar in Houston, in November 1964. The album, recorded in Houston by Chris Strachwitz, Mack McCormick and Paul Oliver, contained \\\"Santa Fe Train\\\" / \\\"Rock Island Blues\\\" / \\\"Ain't Nobody's Business\\\" / \\\"Colorado Springs Blues\\\" / \\\"She Caught the L & N\\\" / \\\"Remember Me\\\" /\",\n \"title\": \"Buster Pickens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7304410\",\n \"text\": \"emigrate to Canada, and was replaced in the group by Dave Cary. The group served as backing vocalists for Petula Clark on her first recordings. The Stargazers enjoyed considerable commercial success during the 1950s, including two United Kingdom number one hit singles on their own, \\\"Broken Wings\\\", which was the first recording by a native British act to top the UK Singles Chart, and \\\"I See the Moon\\\", along with a third number 1 hit with Dickie Valentine on \\\"Finger Of Suspicion\\\", and were much in demand for back-up work and broadcast work. In 1954, The Stargazers recorded \\\"The Happy\",\n \"title\": \"The Stargazers (1940s–50s group)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12560056\",\n \"text\": \"Motown Sound heard around the world during the 1960s. They were notable for having Stubbs, a baritone, as their lead singer, whereas most male and mixed vocal groups of the time were fronted by a tenor. The group was the main male vocal group for the highly successful songwriting and production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, who crafted a stream of hit singles for Motown. These included two \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 number-one hits for the Tops: \\\"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)\\\" in 1965 and \\\"Reach Out I'll Be There\\\" in 1966. After Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown in 1967, the Four\",\n \"title\": \"Four Tops\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4951161\",\n \"text\": \"number 1 twice as \\\"The Twist\\\" by Chubby Checker, reached number 1 in both 1960 and 1961. In 2006, \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\" was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. The group found success in the latter half of the 1960s as background singers for recordings by artists such as Jimmy Ruffin's \\\"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted,\\\" Stevie Wonder's \\\"For Once in My Life\\\" and \\\"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday,\\\" David Ruffin's \\\"My Whole World Ended (The Moment You Left Me),\\\" Marvin Gaye's \\\"Chained\\\" and \\\"Just to Keep You Satisfied,\\\" Edwin Starr's \\\"War\\\" and \\\"25 Miles,\\\" and many more. Much like The\",\n \"title\": \"The Originals (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2074416\",\n \"text\": \"appeared in Phoenix. Musicians to emerge from this era include Alice Cooper, and Bill Spooner of The Tubes. The group Pages was formed by Phoenix residents Richard Page and Steve George, who later formed the nucleus of the Phoenix pop-rock group Mr. Mister (who had 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including \\\"Broken Wings\\\" in 1985). Dolan Ellis has lived in Phoenix most of his adult life. He moved to LA in the early 1960s, where he was an original member of the Grammy-winning folk group The New Christy Minstrels. Dolan returned to Phoenix while the group was still at its\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Arizona\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308304\",\n \"text\": \"The Supremes The Supremes were an American female singing group and the premier act of Motown Records during the 1960s. Founded as The Primettes in Detroit, Michigan, in 1959, the Supremes were the most commercially successful of Motown's acts and are, to date, America's most successful vocal group with 12 number one singles on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Most of these hits were written and produced by Motown's main songwriting and production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. At their peak in the mid-1960s, the Supremes rivaled the Beatles in worldwide popularity, and it is said that their success made it possible for future\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678924\",\n \"text\": \"next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5826921\",\n \"text\": \"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \\\"Make It Easy on Yourself\\\" and \\\"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\\\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit\",\n \"title\": \"The Walker Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14631534\",\n \"text\": \"US country charts No. 72 in 1975 Sources for chart positions: \\\"Billboard\\\" and [ All Music.Com] Pat Boone discography During his career as a singer and composer, Pat Boone released 63 singles, mostly during the 1950s and early 1960s when Boone was a successful pop singer and, for a time, the second-biggest charting artist behind Elvis Presley according to \\\"Billboard\\\". Boone has had over 25 singles reach the top 20 on the U.S. singles charts, including the number-one hits \\\"Ain't That a Shame\\\" (1955), \\\"I Almost Lost My Mind\\\" (1956), \\\"Don't Forbid Me\\\" (1957), \\\"Love Letters in the Sand\\\" (1957),\",\n \"title\": \"Pat Boone discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13504955\",\n \"text\": \"US in 1956 billed as \\\"the King of Rock & Roll\\\"; Dickie Pride, Roy Young, and Helen Shapiro. The only act to create what has been described as \\\"a pre-Beatle rock classic\\\", were Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, whose song \\\"Shakin' All Over\\\" managed to become a rock and roll standard. Several of the most lasting and innovative British records of the period were produced by Joe Meek. These included \\\"Johnny Remember Me\\\" by John Leyton, a UK number one record in 1961, and \\\"Telstar\\\" by the Tornados in 1962, which was number one in the UK and became the\",\n \"title\": \"British rock and roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678954\",\n \"text\": \"with jazz and symphonic music, is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues-rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze the Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard & the Midnighters' R&B hit \\\"The Twist\\\". Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music, writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group, the Shirelles \\\"Will You\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4377792\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \\\"Tears Are Not Enough\\\", \\\"Poison Arrow\\\", \\\"The Look of Love\\\", \\\"All of My Heart\\\", \\\"That Was Then but This Is Now\\\" and \\\"When Smokey Sings\\\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Fry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9186375\",\n \"text\": \"took their name from Jerry Lee Lewis's \\\"Great Balls of Fire\\\". They reached the Top 40 with the singles \\\"Torquay\\\" (1959), \\\"Bulldog\\\" (1960) and \\\"Quite a Party\\\" (1961). \\\"Quite a Party\\\" peaked at #29 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1961. Tharp, Budd and Trammell left the group in the early 1960s, but the Fireballs added Doug Roberts on drums, plus Petty Studio singer/pianist Jimmy Gilmer (born September 15, 1940 in Chicago and raised in Amarillo, Texas) to the group. Billed as Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, the group reached number 1 on the Billboard chart with \\\"Sugar Shack\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Fireballs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2101552\",\n \"text\": \"The Manual The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way) is a 1988 book by \\\"The Timelords\\\" (Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty), better known as The KLF. It is a step by step guide to achieving a No.1 single with no money or musical skills, and a case study of the duo's UK novelty pop No. 1 \\\"Doctorin' the Tardis\\\". The advice dispensed by The Manual includes: \\\"Firstly, you must be skint and on the dole. Anybody with a proper job or tied up with full time education will not have the time to devote to see\",\n \"title\": \"The Manual\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16988014\",\n \"text\": \"written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell made famous by The Hollies. The song went on to take the coveted Christmas number 1 position for 2012 in the UK, beating \\\"The X Factor\\\" winner James Arthur, who was number one the previous week. It was number 2 in Scotland, number 4 in Ireland. Song was recorded with vocals including those of Melanie C, Robbie Williams and two original members of The Hollies, Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks, for various charities associated with the Hillsborough disaster. Vocalists include Andy Brown (of Lawson), Gerry Marsden (of Gerry and the Pacemakers), Paul Heaton\",\n \"title\": \"The Justice Collective\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2990317\",\n \"text\": \"Johnny Horton Johnny Horton (born as John LaGale Horton, April 30, 1925 – November 5, 1960) was an American country music, honky tonk and rockabilly singer and musician, during the 1950s and early 1960s, best known for his international hits beginning with the 1959 single \\\"The Battle of New Orleans\\\", which was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and in 2001 ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's \\\"Songs of the Century\\\". His first number 1 country song was in 1959, \\\"When\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Horton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14631531\",\n \"text\": \"Pat Boone discography During his career as a singer and composer, Pat Boone released 63 singles, mostly during the 1950s and early 1960s when Boone was a successful pop singer and, for a time, the second-biggest charting artist behind Elvis Presley according to \\\"Billboard\\\". Boone has had over 25 singles reach the top 20 on the U.S. singles charts, including the number-one hits \\\"Ain't That a Shame\\\" (1955), \\\"I Almost Lost My Mind\\\" (1956), \\\"Don't Forbid Me\\\" (1957), \\\"Love Letters in the Sand\\\" (1957), \\\"April Love\\\" (1957), and \\\"Moody River\\\" (1961). He set a \\\"Billboard\\\" record, which he still holds,\",\n \"title\": \"Pat Boone discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4380522\",\n \"text\": \"Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \\\"Yeh, Yeh\\\" in 1964, \\\"Get Away\\\" in 1966 and \\\"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\\\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and\",\n \"title\": \"Georgie Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7441947\",\n \"text\": \"Art and Dotty Todd Art and Dotty Todd were an American husband and wife singing duo who reached the Top Ten in the UK and the US with the hits \\\"Broken Wings\\\" (1953) and \\\"Chanson D'Amour\\\" (1958). Dotty Todd was born Doris Dabb in Elizabeth, New Jersey on 22 June 1913. She studied the piano from an early age, giving a piano recital at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13. She was performing at the Providence Biltmore Hotel in Rhode Island when she met Art Todd - born Arthur William Todd in Baltimore, Maryland on 11 March 1914 -\",\n \"title\": \"Art and Dotty Todd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14035873\",\n \"text\": \"Astor—marked the debut of the Ford/Keays writing partnership. It was inspired by Donovan's \\\"Mellow Yellow\\\" and bears a resemblance to some of The Move's earlier singles. The quasi-baroque arrangement included a string section scored by The Strangers' John Farrar, and also took them into the Top 40. Mid-year, they topped the annual \\\"Go-Set\\\" Pop Poll as 'Most Original Group', and they came second to The Twilights as 'Most Popular Australian Group'. They entered the South Australian heats of the 1968 Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds, beating local rivals Zoot in a tense contest. They were runners-up in the national final,\",\n \"title\": \"The Masters Apprentices\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"764030\",\n \"text\": \"and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \\\"I Remember You\\\", \\\"Lovesick Blues\\\" (both 1962) and \\\"The Wayward Wind\\\" (1963). \\\"I Remember You\\\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13773985\",\n \"text\": \"B.B. Seaton Harris Lloyd \\\"B.B.\\\" Seaton (born 3 September 1944), also known as \\\"Bibby\\\", is a Jamaican reggae singer, songwriter, and record producer who was a member of The Gaylads, The Astronauts, Conscious Minds, and The Messengers (along with Ken Boothe, Lloyd Charmers and Busty Brown), and who has had a long solo career dating back to 1960. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Seaton first recorded as a solo artist in 1960 before forming the duo Winston & Bibby with Winston Delano Stewart. The duo were joined by Maurice Roberts and became The Gaylads, although Seaton soon left to join The\",\n \"title\": \"B.B. Seaton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6696811\",\n \"text\": \"appearing on stage in a number of Pantomimes. Mike Nolan (singer) Michael Nolan (born 7 December 1954) is a singer who is best known as one of the four original members of the British pop group, Bucks Fizz. He was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, but brought up in the UK, where he still resides. As a member of Bucks Fizz, he won the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest and achieved 20 UK top 60 singles between 1981 and 1988, including three number one hits. He was a member of the group until 1996. Since 2004, he has been a\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Nolan (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2421228\",\n \"text\": \"the northern terminus of the Northern line. Record producer Joe Meek, responsible amongst other things for \\\"Telstar\\\" by The Tornados, a massive UK and US no. 1 record in 1962, and the highly influential 1959 album I Hear a New World, lived, worked, and committed suicide at 304 Holloway Road, where he is commemorated by a plaque. Sex Pistols singer John Lydon (Johnny Rotten) claims to have been born and raised in side-street Benwell Road, although no documentary evidence survives of this. The road also features heavily as the home of a fictionalised Meek in Jake Arnott's \\\"The Long Firm\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Holloway Road\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8875774\",\n \"text\": \"Geoff Goddard Geoff Goddard (19 November 1937 – 15 May 2000) was an English songwriter, singer and instrumentalist. Working for Joe Meek in the early 1960s, he wrote songs for Heinz, Mike Berry, Gerry Temple, The Tornados, Kenny Hollywood, The Outlaws, Freddie Starr, Screaming Lord Sutch, The Ramblers and John Leyton. His song for Leyton, \\\"Johnny Remember Me\\\", reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. By the mid-1960s he had fallen out with Meek. Disillusioned with the music industry, he withdrew from it to work in catering. Goddard was born in Reading, Berkshire, England. He sang in choir in\",\n \"title\": \"Geoff Goddard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9537234\",\n \"text\": \"Reg Presley Reginald Maurice Ball (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013), known professionally as Reg Presley, was an English singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer with the 1960s rock and roll band the Troggs, the hits of which included \\\"Wild Thing\\\" (#1 on the Hot 100 on 30 July - 6 August 1966) and \\\"With a Girl Like You\\\" (#1 on the UK Official Singles Chart on 4-11 August 1966). He wrote the song \\\"Love Is All Around\\\", which was featured in the films \\\"Four Weddings and a Funeral\\\" and \\\"Love Actually\\\". Presley, whose stage name was given to\",\n \"title\": \"Reg Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"783362\",\n \"text\": \"died of gallbladder cancer on December 2, 2006, at the age of 59 in The Hague, Netherlands. Bassist Klaasje van der Wal died on 12 February 2018 at the age of 69. LPs CDs Shocking Blue Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in The Hague in 1967. The band spawned a number of psychedelic rock hits throughout the counterculture movements era during the 1960s and early 1970s, including \\\"Never Marry a Railroad Man\\\", \\\"Mighty Joe\\\", \\\"Love Buzz\\\", \\\"Blossom Lady\\\", \\\"Inkpot\\\" and \\\"Venus\\\". The latter became their biggest hit and went to No. 1 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot\",\n \"title\": \"Shocking Blue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1755744\",\n \"text\": \"was garnering a lot of attention and his singles were making very respectable showings on the charts, Jones was still playing the \\\"blood bucket\\\" circuit of honky-tonks that dotted the rural countryside. In 1959, Jones had his first number one on the Billboard country chart with \\\"White Lightnin'\\\", ironically a more authentic rock and roll sound than his half-hearted rockabilly cuts. In the \\\"Same Ole Me\\\" retrospective, Johnny Cash insisted, \\\"George Jones woulda been a really hot rockabilly artist if he'd approached it from that angle. Well, \\\"he was\\\", really, but never got the credit for it.\\\" \\\"White Lightnin'\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"George Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15348622\",\n \"text\": \"Philadelphia native Chubby Checker followed in 1960. His single became a smash hit, reaching No. 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and started a national dance craze. Also in 1960, Jack Scott had his final top 10 hits with \\\"What In The World's Come Over You\\\" and \\\"Burning Bridges\\\". The following year, rocker Del Shannon had his own No. 1 hit in March 1961 with the song \\\"Runaway\\\". This was followed by the top 10 hits \\\"Hats Off to Larry\\\" in June 1961 and \\\"Little Town Flirt\\\" in 1962. In 1964, Detroit's one-hit wonders The Reflections had their own Top\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Detroit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2071120\",\n \"text\": \"of Toni Braxton (who had two No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits, including \\\"Un-break My Heart\\\" in 1996), Sisqo (who had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with \\\"Incomplete\\\" in 2000), and Mario (who had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with \\\"Let Me Love You\\\" in 2005), and the pop of Cass Elliott. Though doo wop can be traced to many urban areas across the United States, especially New York City, Sonny Til's 1946 band called The Vibranaires, later known as The Orioles, can be considered the first doo wop group. The genre-crossing Frank Zappa was also from Maryland,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500236\",\n \"text\": \"acceptance and radio airplay, despite criticism in the lyrics over the eschewing of traditional sounds by radio programmers. However, traditional country music retained a large following during the decade, thanks to the ongoing successes of veteran artists such as Strait, Jackson, Reba McEntire, Brooks & Dunn, Toby Keith and Kenny Chesney, and newer artists such as Paisley, Blake Shelton and Billy Currington. Rogers, Parton and Willie Nelson, all artists who had No. 1 country hits as far back as the early 1970s, all had No. 1 songs during the 2000s decade – either as soloists (Rogers), as part of one-time\",\n \"title\": \"2000s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5503274\",\n \"text\": \"Cooper, Lew Hoad, and Roy Emerson. Fraser was also successful in the mixed doubles, winning the Australian in 1956 with Beryl Penrose, Wimbledon in 1962, and the US from 1958 to 1960 with Margaret Osborne duPont. He holds the distinction of having won the US National (now Open) singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles in 1959 and then successfully defending those titles a year later. Since that time, no one has equalled that feat in a single year, let alone successively. Fraser was ranked the World No. 1 amateur in 1959 and 1960 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph,\",\n \"title\": \"Neale Fraser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17174172\",\n \"text\": \"William Weatherspoon William Henry Weatherspoon (11 February 1936 – 17 July 2005) was an American songwriter and record producer, best known for his work for Motown Records in the 1960s. He co-wrote \\\"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\\\", an international hit for Jimmy Ruffin, and many other hit songs. He was born in Detroit, Michigan; his younger brother is the actor John Witherspoon. William Weatherspoon began singing in 1956 with a local vocal group, the Tornados, led by Charles Sutton, formerly of The Midnighters. The group split up in 1960, and, after a spell in the US military, Weatherspoon began working\",\n \"title\": \"William Weatherspoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16200308\",\n \"text\": \"number 6 for two weeks. Just like the previous month, there was only one number one in March, when Guy Mitchell's \\\"She Wears Red Feathers\\\" climbed a place to number one, remaining there for four weeks. Big hits this month were by British group Stargazers' \\\"Broken Wings\\\", American singer Danny Kaye's \\\"Wonderful Copenhagen\\\", and British singer Lita Roza's \\\"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window\\\", although they all reached their peaks in the following month. Al Martino's \\\"Now\\\" also re-peaked at number 3, and spent two weeks there. In April, Stargazers' \\\"Broken Wings\\\" climbed to number one, and was\",\n \"title\": \"1953 in British music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7441952\",\n \"text\": \"with Alzheimer's disease. Art Todd died on 10 October 2007 of congestive heart failure in Honolulu at the age of 93. Art and Dotty Todd Art and Dotty Todd were an American husband and wife singing duo who reached the Top Ten in the UK and the US with the hits \\\"Broken Wings\\\" (1953) and \\\"Chanson D'Amour\\\" (1958). Dotty Todd was born Doris Dabb in Elizabeth, New Jersey on 22 June 1913. She studied the piano from an early age, giving a piano recital at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13. She was performing at the Providence Biltmore Hotel\",\n \"title\": \"Art and Dotty Todd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1963433\",\n \"text\": \"(another \\\"Grammy Hall of Fame\\\"-inducted hit), \\\"Mickey's Monkey\\\",\\\"What's So Good About Goodbye\\\", and \\\"I'll Try Something New\\\", made The Miracles the label's first stars. The Tamla and Motown labels were then merged into a new company, Motown Record Corporation, incorporated on April 14, 1960. In 1960, Gordy signed an unknown singer, Mary Wells, who became the fledgling label's second star, with Smokey Robinson penning her hits \\\"You Beat Me to the Punch\\\", \\\"Two Lovers\\\", and \\\"My Guy\\\". The Miracles' hit \\\"Shop Around\\\" peaked at No. 1 on the national R&B charts in late 1960 and at No. 2 on the\",\n \"title\": \"Berry Gordy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17554928\",\n \"text\": \"Floyd Chance Floyd Taylor Chance (21 December 1925 – 11 April 2005), often credited as Lightnin' Chance, was an American session musician who played bass on many successful country and pop records, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Como, Mississippi, and learned to play guitar, clarinet, saxophone and tuba while at school. He was nicknamed \\\"Lightnin'\\\" for his prowess on the football field. He received further musical training while serving with the US Navy in World War II, when he performed with the Fourth Fleet Band. After his discharge, he moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and from\",\n \"title\": \"Floyd Chance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2638125\",\n \"text\": \"commercial (for Miller Lite lager) in the summer of 1988, \\\"He Ain't Heavy\\\" was reissued in the UK and reached No.1, thus establishing a new record for the length of time between chart-topping singles for one artist of 23 years (the Hollies' only previous UK No.1 having been 1965's I'm Alive). By this time bassist Ray Stiles, formerly a member of 1970s chart-topping glam rock group Mud, had joined the permanent line-up. 1988 also saw the release of compilation album \\\"All the Hits & More: The Definitive Collection\\\" which charted in the UK. In 1993 the Hollies had their 30th\",\n \"title\": \"The Hollies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"940749\",\n \"text\": \"a few months later, a white group from Canada, the Crew Cuts, released their cover of the song, which reached #1. Many other all-white doo-wop groups would appear and produce hits: The Mello-Kings in 1956 with \\\"Tonight, Tonight,\\\" The Diamonds in 1957 with the chart-topping \\\"Little Darlin',\\\" The Skyliners in 1959 with \\\"Since I Don't Have You\\\" and in 1960 with \\\"This I Swear,\\\" The Tokens in 1961 with \\\"Tonight I Fell In Love\\\" and \\\"I Love My Baby.\\\" Particularly productive were doo-wop groups of young Italian-American men who, like their black counterparts, lived in rough neighborhoods (e.g. the Bronx\",\n \"title\": \"Doo-wop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6696802\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Nolan (singer) Michael Nolan (born 7 December 1954) is a singer who is best known as one of the four original members of the British pop group, Bucks Fizz. He was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, but brought up in the UK, where he still resides. As a member of Bucks Fizz, he won the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest and achieved 20 UK top 60 singles between 1981 and 1988, including three number one hits. He was a member of the group until 1996. Since 2004, he has been a member of the group The Original Bucks Fizz\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Nolan (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2101330\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Who Killed The JAMs?\\\"; and compilation \\\"Shag Times\\\") before a change of direction saw the duo mutate into dance and ambient music pioneers, The KLF. Along the way, the duo scored their first British number one hit single as The Timelords with the Gary Glitter/Dr. Who novelty-pop mash-up \\\"Doctorin' the Tardis\\\", claimed to be sung by Cauty's 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car. The KLF released two albums, \\\"Chill Out\\\" and \\\"The White Room\\\", and a string of top 5 singles, becoming the biggest selling singles act in the world in 1991. In 1992, suddenly and very publicly, The KLF\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Cauty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427685\",\n \"text\": \"Gladys Knight Gladys Maria Knight (born May 28, 1944), known as the \\\"Empress of Soul\\\", is an American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman, humanitarian and author. A seven-time Grammy Award-winner, Knight is best known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips, which included her brother Merald \\\"Bubba\\\" Knight and her cousins Edward Patten and William Guest. Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles (\\\"Midnight Train to Georgia\\\" and \\\"That's What Friends Are For\\\"), eleven number-one R&B singles, and six number-one R&B albums. She has won seven Grammy\",\n \"title\": \"Gladys Knight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1317092\",\n \"text\": \"rock experienced a boom in popularity. With thousands of garage bands active in the US and Canada, hundreds produced regional hits during the period, often receiving airplay on local AM radio stations. Several acts gained wider exposure just long enough to have one or occasionally more national hits in an era rife with \\\"One-Hit Wonders\\\". \\\"96 Tears\\\" (1966) by Question Mark and the Mysterians, from Saginaw, Michigan, became a No. 1 hit in the US. The song's organ riffs and theme of teenage heartbreak have been mentioned as a landmark recording of the garage rock era and recognized for influencing\",\n \"title\": \"Garage rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1808638\",\n \"text\": \"The Student Teachers, the Accidents, and The Mumps. Hoffman helped Nomi choose his pop covers, including the Lou Christie song \\\"Lightnin' Strikes.\\\" Hoffman wrote several pop songs with which Nomi is closely identified: \\\"The Nomi Song\\\", \\\"Total Eclipse\\\", \\\"After The Fall\\\", and \\\"Simple Man\\\", the title song of Nomi's second RCA French LP. This configuration of the Klaus Nomi band performed at Manhattan clubs, including several performances at Max's Kansas City, Danceteria and Hurrah. Disagreements with the management Nomi engaged led to a dissolution of this band, and Nomi continued without them. In the late 1970s, while performing at Club\",\n \"title\": \"Klaus Nomi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4108957\",\n \"text\": \"Tommy Roe Thomas David \\\"Tommy\\\" Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American pop music singer-songwriter. Best-remembered for his hits \\\"Sheila\\\" (1962) and \\\"Dizzy\\\" (1969), Roe was \\\"widely perceived as one of the archetypal bubblegum artists of the late 1960s, but cut some pretty decent rockers along the way, especially early in his career,” wrote the Allmusic journalist Bill Dahl. Roe was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, where he attended Brown High School. After graduating, he landed a job at General Electric soldering wires. He had a \\\"Billboard\\\" number 1 hit in the U.S. and Australia in\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Roe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7924165\",\n \"text\": \"million copies and other charts hits were soon to follow. In September 1963 they released \\\"Do You Love Me\\\". It reached number one in the UK charts, famously knocking the Beatles second number one hit \\\"She Loves You\\\" from the top slot. \\\"Do You Love Me\\\" remained at the top of the charts for three weeks. \\\"Brian Poole and the Tremeloes\\\" continued to produce hits and thrive in the UK charts with tracks such as \\\"Candy Man\\\", which reached number six and the popular ballad \\\"Someone, Someone\\\" which reached number two. In 1968 the band officially split. Brian Poole left\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Poole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17528231\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Bacon (actor) Frank Bacon (January 16, 1864 – November 19, 1922), was an American character actor and playwright who after years of relative obscurity achieved great success as he entered the twilight of his career. The 1918 play \\\"Lightnin'\\\", which Bacon co-wrote and starred in, set a Broadway record for the day of 1,291 performances and was still going strong on tour after more than 700 shows when Bacon was forced to bow out due to fatigue. His death from a heart attack followed a week later. Bacon was born on his parent’s farm about five miles west of\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Bacon (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15506246\",\n \"text\": \"recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"764015\",\n \"text\": \"derived from those of Europe. Contemporary Australian music ranges across a broad spectrum with trends often concurrent with those of the US, the UK, and similar nations – notably in the Australian rock and Australian country music genres. Tastes have diversified along with post-World War II multicultural immigration to Australia. Notable Australian musicians include: the children's band The Wiggles; the opera singers Dame Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland; the bass-baritone Peter Dawson, country music stars Slim Dusty (Australia's biggest selling domestic artist), Smoky Dawson and John Williamson; solo artists John Farnham, Olivia Newton-John (five No. 1 Hot 100 hits,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17174272\",\n \"text\": \"James Dean (songwriter) James Anthony Dean (7 February 1943 – 9 April 2006) was an American songwriter. He was best known for his work at Motown Records in the 1960s, often in collaboration with William Weatherspoon with whom he co-wrote several hits including Jimmy Ruffin's \\\"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\\\". Dean also co-wrote, with John Glover, \\\"You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)\\\", a US no.1 hit for Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr. Dean was born in Detroit, and attended Hamtramck High School in Hamtramck, Michigan. He served in the US Army, and then\",\n \"title\": \"James Dean (songwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13535556\",\n \"text\": \"band Dexys Midnight Runners also achieved two UK #1s in \\\"Come On Eileen\\\" and \\\"Geno\\\" with their distinctive blend of Celtic folk, new wave and, most importantly, soul music. For the first time since the 1960s, there were also notable acts who specialised in soul. These included George Michael, who reinvented himself a white soul singer with the multi-platinum album \\\"Faith\\\" (1987). Also significant were Sade, Simply Red, Loose Ends, and toward the end of the decade, Lisa Stansfield and Soul II Soul. The latter's breakthrough hits \\\"Keep on Movin'\\\" and \\\"Back to Life\\\" in 1989 have been seen as\",\n \"title\": \"British soul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8896108\",\n \"text\": \"UK city. 1960s Cardiff produced Amen Corner, one of the top pop acts of the era and the first Welsh group to have a number one hit. Also from the 1960s was Love Sculpture who had a minor hit with Sabre Dance. Love Sculpture featured Dave Edmunds who also had chart hits in the 1960s and 1970s in his own right. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Cardiff music scene was dominated by hard rock and blues bands, and included heavy metal pioneers Budgie. Budgie released a string of hit albums in the 1970s including the gold-certified \\\"Bandolier\\\". Budgie's influence\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Cardiff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9537238\",\n \"text\": \"rehearse. Presley's music has influenced Iggy Pop and won praise from Bob Dylan. The rock critic Lester Bangs called the Troggs the \\\"godfathers of punk\\\" and compared Presley to Marcel Proust. Presley appears as a character in Steve Erickson's novel \\\"These Dreams of You\\\" (2012). Reg Presley Reginald Maurice Ball (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013), known professionally as Reg Presley, was an English singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer with the 1960s rock and roll band the Troggs, the hits of which included \\\"Wild Thing\\\" (#1 on the Hot 100 on 30 July - 6 August 1966) and\",\n \"title\": \"Reg Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19685907\",\n \"text\": \"The Shadracks became the subject of a 30-minute tribute documentary by Dean Mardon. Phillips was also a cousin of jazz cabaret singer Bridgette Allen. Deane Waretini had two singles released on the label, \\\"Trouble In My Life\\\" bw \\\"\\\"The Long Road\\\" and \\\"Melody Butterfly\\\" bw \\\"Trouble in My Life. He would go on to have a No.1 hit in 1981 with \\\"The Bridge\\\". Kount 5 Plus 2 were a group consisting of five men and two women. They appeared on New Zealand's \\\"New Faces\\\" in the final heat of the variety competition. Their single \\\"Anybody There\\\" was followed by \\\"Tomorrow's\",\n \"title\": \"Tony McCarthy Recordings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119096\",\n \"text\": \"The number five \\\"She's Not You\\\" (1962) \\\"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\\\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \\\"Elvis Is Back!\\\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \\\"Down in the Alley\\\" and \\\"Hi-Heel Sneakers\\\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \\\"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\\\", a number one in 1960. \\\"It's Now or Never\\\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \\\"’O sole mio\\\" and concluding with a\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4656433\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Goldsboro Bobby Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer-songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit \\\"Honey\\\", which sold over one million copies in the United States. Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He graduated from Dothan High School in 1959 and later enrolled at Auburn University. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career. He played guitar for Roy Orbison from\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Goldsboro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16267163\",\n \"text\": \"Carpenters took it back to #1 again. This was the second time in pop history (after \\\"The Twist\\\" by Chubby Checker) that a song reached #1 in the US twice. In 2006, \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\" was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Born in Detroit on April 11, 1939, Gorman developed his bass harmonizing on local street corners, and was still in high school when he made his recorded debut on the Qualitones' 1955 Josie Records single \\\"Tears of Love\\\". Two years later Gorman and longtime best friends Brian Holland and Sonny Sanders formed the Fideletones. After issuing \\\"Pretty\",\n \"title\": \"Freddie Gorman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6466171\",\n \"text\": \"under the Gentrys name is a gospel family quartet of no relation to the original band. The Gentrys The Gentrys were an American band of the 1960s and early 1970s, best known for their 1965 hit \\\"Keep on Dancing\\\". A cover by the Bay City Rollers charted No. 9 in the UK in 1971. Follow-up singles charted outside of the Top 40: \\\"Every Day I Have to Cry\\\" (1966), \\\"Spread It On Thick\\\" (1966), \\\"Cinnamon Girl\\\" (1970), \\\"Why Should I Cry\\\" (1970), \\\"Wild World\\\" (1971), and a 'Bubbling Under' \\\"Billboard\\\" chart entry, \\\"Brown Paper Sack\\\" (#101, 1966). The seven-member group\",\n \"title\": \"The Gentrys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5528036\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Jacobsen Kevin George Jacobsen OAM (born 29 July 1937 in Sydney) is an Australian entertainment entrepreneur. Along with his brothers Colin (Col Joye) and Keith, he was a member of Australian 1960s band Col Joye and The Joyboys achieving four No.1 Top Forty chart hits. In Australia, the Jacobsen Group of Companies presented many international artists including Barbra Streisand, Bruce Springsteen, the Bee Gees, The Three Tenors, Kiss, Simon and Garfunkel, Bob Marley, Shania Twain, Billy Joel, John Denver, Pearl Jam, Cyndi Lauper, Julio Iglesias, Barry Manilow, Meat Loaf, Olivia Newton-John, Walt Disney's World on Ice, Peter Allen, Sammy\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Jacobsen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14317784\",\n \"text\": \"songs \\\"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\\\" and \\\"I'll Try Something New\\\" are collaborations with and co-credited to their Motown colleagues, The Temptations. Every iconic song by the group during this period is present, and twelve of the 25 tracks here topped the chart. Historically, only Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson, and Mariah Carey have had more #1 singles chart hits in the United States. The disc was part of an \\\"Ultimate Collection\\\" series issued that year by Motown for many of their top-selling classic artists. Starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s, standard industry practice shifted to\",\n \"title\": \"The Ultimate Collection (The Supremes album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12798478\",\n \"text\": \"re-issue with \\\"If You Wanna Be Happy\\\" by Jimmy Soul and \\\"Deep Purple\\\" by Nino Tempo & April Stevens. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on October 30, 1997. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1963. The album includes eight songs that reached the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, including the year's No. 1 song, \\\"Sugar Shack\\\" by Jimmy Gilmer and The Fireballs. The remaining three tracks each reached the\",\n \"title\": \"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15506236\",\n \"text\": \"and symphonic music, is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze The Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard's R&B hit \\\"The Twist\\\". Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music, writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group, The Shirelles \\\"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5602465\",\n \"text\": \"with Davie also playing piano, and by the vocal group the High Fives. The track was arranged by Davie, who added thumbtacks to the hammers of his piano and sped up the tape to give a honky-tonk sound. Released by Dot Records, the single reached #1 on the Billboard charts for one week on November 17, 1956, replacing \\\"Love Me Tender\\\" by Elvis Presley. In the United Kingdom, Lowe's version reached #8 on the charts, but a version by Frankie Vaughan was even more popular, reaching #2. Another UK recording, by Glen Mason, reached #24 on the UK chart. The\",\n \"title\": \"Green Door\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1970178\",\n \"text\": \"production team by producer George Martin. 'Let It Be' went straight to No. 1 where it stayed for three weeks knocking Stock's own 'Respectable' by Mel and Kim off the top spot. Two years later Stock would again collaborate with McCartney on the Gerry and the Pacemakers hit-Ferry Cross the Mersey, recorded to raise funds for the victims and their families of the Hillsborough Disaster in 1989 which also went straight to No. 1. In 1987 Pete Waterman formed PWL the in-house label of SAW and one of the first artists to be released on the label was Australian soap\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Stock (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054333\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\" (1981) and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Cronin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2103229\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Is It True\\\" was released in England and later in the US, and it became a hit and a gold record. \\\"What'd I Say\\\" became another hit throughout Europe but was never released in the US. Most had equal success with other artists for whom he produced chart-topping albums and singles between 1964 and 1969, notably Donovan with \\\"Sunshine Superman\\\", \\\"Mellow Yellow\\\", \\\"Jennifer Juniper\\\", and \\\"Hurdy Gurdy Man\\\", and Lulu's hits \\\"To Sir, with Love\\\", \\\"The Boat That I Row\\\", \\\"Boom Bang-a-Bang\\\" (which finished equal first in the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest), \\\"Me the Peaceful Heart\\\", and \\\"I'm a Tiger\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Mickie Most\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2995920\",\n \"text\": \"in December 2012. The trio came together at Motown in the early 1960s. Eddie Holland had been working with Motown founder Berry Gordy prior to that label being formed; his 1958 Mercury single \\\"You\\\" was one of Gordy's earliest productions. Later, Eddie Holland had a career as a Motown recording artist, scoring a US Top 30 hit in 1961 with \\\"Jamie\\\". Eddie's brother Brian Holland was a Motown staff songwriter who also tasted success in 1961, being a co-composer of the Marvelettes' US No. 1 \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\". Dozier had been a recording artist for several labels in the late\",\n \"title\": \"Holland–Dozier–Holland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"783356\",\n \"text\": \"Shocking Blue Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in The Hague in 1967. The band spawned a number of psychedelic rock hits throughout the counterculture movements era during the 1960s and early 1970s, including \\\"Never Marry a Railroad Man\\\", \\\"Mighty Joe\\\", \\\"Love Buzz\\\", \\\"Blossom Lady\\\", \\\"Inkpot\\\" and \\\"Venus\\\". The latter became their biggest hit and went to No. 1 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and many other countries during 1969 and 1970. The band had sold 13.5 million records by 1973 but disbanded in 1974, during the final years of the hippie, flower power and other counterculture\",\n \"title\": \"Shocking Blue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3906214\",\n \"text\": \"album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" and its title track. The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\", \\\"She Loves You\\\", \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", \\\"Love Me Do\\\", \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\", \\\"I Feel Fine\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"A Hard Day's Night (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12250858\",\n \"text\": \"Ballard wrote \\\"I'm Alive\\\" for The Hollies, which was number one in the UK Singles Chart in 1965; and also \\\"Good Timin'\\\" for Jimmy Jones which reached number one in the UK five years earlier in 1960. Other songs include \\\"Ginger Bread\\\" for Frankie Avalon, and \\\"There's Not a Minute\\\" for Ricky Nelson and \\\"Gotta Get a Hold of Myself\\\" for The Zombies – see fuller list below. Clint Ballard Jr. Clinton Conger Ballard Jr. (May 24, 1931 – December 23, 2008) was an American songwriter. He wrote two \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 number one hits. The first was \\\"Game of\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Ballard Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15396897\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Bromberg Bruce Bromberg (born October 31, 1941) is an American Grammy Award winning producer of blues music. He was born in Chicago, and raised there and in Park Forest, Illinois. In 1958 he moved with his family to Los Angeles, and began working for various record labels. Since the late 1960s, he has been responsible for producing albums by Lightnin' Hopkins, Phillip Walker, Johnny Shines, Lonesome Sundown, Ted Hawkins, Robert Cray, Joe Louis Walker, Dave Alvin, Chris Thomas King, Johnny Childs and many others, as well as supervising many reissues of archive material. He formed HighTone Records with Larry\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Bromberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20118624\",\n \"text\": \"Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \\\"You Were Mine\\\", as well as on their follow-ups including \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye\\\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", a hit in the US in 1961\",\n \"title\": \"Ritchie Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2222001\",\n \"text\": \"Darlene Love Darlene Wright (born July 26, 1941), known by her stage name, Darlene Love, is an American popular music singer and actress. She gained prominence in the 1960s for the song \\\"He's a Rebel,\\\" a No. 1 American single in 1962, and was one of the artists who performed on the celebrated Christmas album \\\"A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector,\\\" produced by Phil Spector in 1963. She is ranked number 84 among Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Singers. As a minister's daughter, she grew up listening to gospel music and was a dedicated member of her church. She\",\n \"title\": \"Darlene Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5359267\",\n \"text\": \"all-time record. In order, these singles were \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\", \\\"She Loves You\\\", \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", \\\"Love Me Do\\\", \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" and \\\"I Feel Fine\\\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \\\"4 – by the Beatles\\\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \\\"Eight Days a Week\\\", \\\"Ticket to Ride\\\", \\\"Help!\\\", \\\"Yesterday\\\" and \\\"We\",\n \"title\": \"I Feel Fine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"612453\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Simon Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. Simon's musical career has spanned seven decades, with his fame and commercial success beginning as half of the duo Simon & Garfunkel (originally known as Tom & Jerry), formed in 1956 with Art Garfunkel. Simon was responsible for writing nearly all of the pair's songs, including three that reached number one on the U.S. singles charts: \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\", \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\", and \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\". The duo split up in 1970 at the height of their popularity and Simon began a successful solo\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20078582\",\n \"text\": \"labels, including Mercury, in the 1960s and early 1970s, although some sources have confused the two. Jimmy Dotson James Dent Dotson (October 19, 1933 – March 26, 2017), sometimes known as Jimmy \\\"Louisiana\\\" Dotson, was an American blues singer, guitarist and drummer. His best known track was \\\"I Need Your Love\\\", a song he co-wrote with Jerry West. Over a sixty-year career, Dotson played alongside Silas Hogan, Lightnin' Slim, Slim Harpo, Lazy Lester, Albert King, O. V. Wright, Rufus Thomas, Ivory Joe Hunter, Buddy Guy, Son Seals, and Isaac Hayes. He released three singles on different record labels between 1959\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Dotson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2068318\",\n \"text\": \"alternative rock. Illinois musicians with a #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit include artists from the 1950s: Sam Cooke (\\\"The King of Soul,\\\" d.1964); from the 1960s: The Buckinghams; from the 1970s: Earth, Wind & Fire, The Chi-Lites, The Staple Singers, The Emotions, Minnie Riperton, Styx; from the 1980s: Chicago, Cheap Trick, REO Speedwagon, Survivor, Richard Marx; from the 1990s: R. Kelly; from the 2000s: Kanye West, Twista, Plain White T's. Most of these artists are from Chicago, with soul singers Sam Cooke, Mavis Staples, Minnie Riperton, and R. Kelly hailing from the South Side. In addition, Chicago musicians with a\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Illinois\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Lightnin' Strikes context Lightnin' Strikes \\\"Lightnin' Strikes\\\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making it first to No. 1 in Canada in January 1966 on the \\\"RPM\\\" Top Singles chart, then to No. 1 in the U.S. on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in February, No. 3 on the New Zealand \\\"Listener\\\" chart in May, and No. 11 on the UK \\\"Record Retailer\\\" chart. RIAA certification on March 3, 1966, garnering gold status for selling over one million copies. The song was arranged, conducted, and produced\\n\\nWho had a 60s No 1 with Lightnin' Strikes?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 211,\n \"origin_tokens\": 212,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Music history of the United States in the 1960s context: recorded songs issued after their death) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...\\n\\ntitle: Lou Christie context: Lou Christie Luge Alfredo Sacco ( February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christ, is an American singer-songwriter best known three strings pop hits in the 1960, including his 196 \\\"Lightnin' Strik Christie was born Lue Alfredo Giovanni Sacco on February 19, 1943, in Glenwillard, Pennsylvania, and grew up in suburban Pittsburgh While attending Moon Area High School, he studied music and served as student conductor of choir and sang solos at holiday concerts teacher Frank Cummings wanted him pursue a career classical music, Sacco wanted cut a\\n M:Is It True\\\" was England and in US, and it became a hit gold.'d I Say\\\" another hit throughout was released in the US. Most had equal success for he chartpping between1 and1,ably Donovan with \\\"S \\\"Mellow Y\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Hur Gurdy Man\\\",s hits, with Love\\\",TheatBo BangBangwhich in 1visionest), \\\" Peaceful Heart\\\", and \\\"'m a T\\n Music: and Smson. Dy married singer- biggestelling music artist million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \\\"I Remember You\\\", \\\"Lovesick Blues\\\" (both 1962) and \\\"The Wayward Wind\\\" (1963). \\\"I Remember You\\\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.\\n\\nWho had a 60s No 1 with Lightnin' Strikes?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 550,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15393,\n \"ratio\": \"28.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":186,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":186,"string":"186"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which year was CNN founded?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["one thousand, nine hundred and eighty","1980"],"string":"[\n \"one thousand, nine hundred and eighty\",\n \"1980\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"1980"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"13319804","text":"History of CNN (1980–2003) Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel. Four years before CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his","title":"History of CNN (1980–2003)"},{"id":"721042","text":"CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System, a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia. CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel. Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is","title":"CNN"},{"id":"412811","text":"victory. Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded","title":"Ted Turner"},{"id":"412776","text":"Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded the","title":"Ted Turner"},{"id":"12675837","text":"Call Me Ted Call Me Ted is an autobiography written by American businessman Ted Turner, released on November 10, 2008. The book was written over the course of three years with the help of Bill Burke, a former executive for TBS. After dropping out of college, Turner began working for his father's billboard company, slowly turning it into an international media empire, including the creation of the first 24-hour news channel \"CNN\". Also discussed are some of Turner's more controversial business moves, such as the disastrous merger of his corporation Time Warner with AOL. The book delves into Turner's personal","title":"Call Me Ted"},{"id":"2177792","text":"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member","title":"Turner Broadcasting System"},{"id":"209314","text":"in the 1940s, United States broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of John F. Kennedy, broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with the establishment of CNN, news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media,","title":"Journalism"},{"id":"721044","text":"The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as CNN Airport). The company has 42 bureaus (11 domestic, 31 international),","title":"CNN"},{"id":"13516867","text":"History of Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996. Murdoch appointed Roger Ailes as permanent CEO of the news operation. FNC (along with MSNBC) was created as an alternative to CNN. In January 2002, the ratings of the channel surpassed top-rated CNN to become the #1 news cable channel. The network has since maintained its #1 cable rating, with increasing viewership and international access helping it become a subject of controversy. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul","title":"History of Fox News"},{"id":"7403270","text":"into hundreds by the end of the 1950s and thousands by the end of the 1960s. In the 1960s, the term \"Community Antenna Television (CATV)\" gave way to the term \"cable\", reflecting the industry's expanded categories of service – including local news, weather information, and channels of pay television. Accordingly, in 1968, NCTA – while retaining its acronym – changed its official name for the first time, to National Cable Television Association. Following the introduction of global telecommunication satellites, the late 1970s and 1980s saw initial explosive growth in cable content, as entrepreneurs gave birth to such networks as CNN,","title":"NCTA (association)"},{"id":"4890649","text":"and MyNetworkTV affiliates and independent stations air the syndicated news program \"The Daily Buzz\", while some Tribune Broadcasting-owned CW and MyNetworkTV stations air a similar program called \"EyeOpener\"). 24-hour news channels are devoted to current events around the clock. They are often referred to as \"cable news\" channels. The originator of this format from which the name derives is CNN (which following its 1980 launch, spun off other national and international networks using the brand such as CNN International, CNN en Español, and CNN-IBN), originally standing for Cable News Network in reference to the then-new phenomenon of cable television. As","title":"News broadcasting"},{"id":"15618912","text":"actively recruited Reinhardt to CNN, later wrote that Reinhardt was \"a seasoned professional who knew how to get things done,\" in his autobiography, \"Call Me Ted\". CNN was launched in 1980, with Reinhardt serving as the network's executive vice president from 1980 to 1982. AS executive VP. Reinhardt recruited and hired most of CNN's first 200 employees, including Bernard Shaw, who became CNN's first news anchor. Reinhardt was also responsible for all financial decisions made by the network during the first two years of CNN on-air. In January 1982, Ted Turner appointed Reinhardt as the second President of CNN, succeeding","title":"Burt Reinhardt"},{"id":"721045","text":"more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource), and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage","title":"CNN"},{"id":"13516880","text":"of a strategy to get more coverage – and more positive coverage – by spending time with right-leaning and outside-the-Washington-beltway journalists. In the Clinton White House, press secretaries were sometimes dismissive of reporters from conservative newspapers and stations – or they ignored them. History of Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996. Murdoch appointed Roger Ailes as permanent CEO of the news operation. FNC (along with MSNBC) was created as an alternative to CNN. In January 2002, the ratings of","title":"History of Fox News"},{"id":"4249921","text":"CNN Airport CNN Airport is an out-of-home television network that is operated by CNN. The service broadcasts general news, weather, stock market updates, entertainment, and travel content to airports across the United States. The founding management was led by Jon Petrovich and Scott Weiss. Deborah Cooper was the inaugural vice president/general manager, and continues in the role today. The network originally was test launched from June 3 to July 14, 1991 at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, Hartsfield-Atlanta International Airport and O'Hare International Airport, and officially debuted on January 20, 1992 as the CNN Airport Network, and is currently shown in","title":"CNN Airport"},{"id":"12894552","text":"would merge with Time Warner in 1996) created a spin-off of CNN called CNN2, which was originally formatted to show the top news stories of the day on a 30-minute \"wheel\" schedule. The channel rebranded as CNN Headline News in 1983, before the network abandoned the CNN branding and changed its name to the orphaned initialism HLN in 2008, following a shift from news programming towards a mix of news during the day and discussion programs and documentary series at night that began two years earlier. Turner founded CNN International in 1985, with a straight focus on international news stories","title":"United States cable news"},{"id":"16824992","text":"predicted the exponential advancement of computer chip technology, hard drive technology was advancing at an even more rapid pace. In the article Walter called this \"Kryder's Law\" and the term stuck. Walter has two daughters, Molly and Hannah, and two step-children, Steven and Annie. Chip Walter William J. (Chip) Walter Jr. (born May 23, 1951) is an American science writer, documentary filmmaker, journalist and screenwriter. He was one of the original employees at Cable News Network when it went on the air June 1, 1980 and later became its youngest bureau chief when he created CNN's first Southeast Bureau before","title":"Chip Walter"},{"id":"12821759","text":"Information Agency. In Britain and the United States, television news watching rose dramatically in the 1950s and by the 1960s supplanted radio as the public's primary source of news. In the U.S., television was run by the same networks which owned radio: CBS, NBC, and an NBC spin-off called ABC. Edward R. Murrow, who first entered the public ear as a war reporter in London, made the big leap to television to become an iconic newsman on CBS (and later the director of the United States Information Agency). Ted Turner's creation of the Cable News Network (CNN) in 1980 inaugurated","title":"News"},{"id":"353242","text":"Communications to develop a major news website and magazine, \"The Weekly Standard\". Also that year, News Corporation launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in partnership with Telstra. In 1996, Murdoch decided to enter the cable news market with the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news station. Ratings studies released in 2009 showed that the network was responsible for nine of the top ten programs in the \"Cable News\" category at that time. Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner (founder and former owner of CNN) are long-standing rivals. In late 2003, Murdoch acquired a 34% stake in Hughes Electronics,","title":"Rupert Murdoch"},{"id":"13319806","text":"as scheduled, using a transponder on Satcom 1. The network launched on Sunday, June 1, 1980 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time with an original staff of 25 employees based at its headquarters in Atlanta, and bureaus in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco and Washington, D.C. The inaugural broadcast on the channel was an introduction by Ted Turner, who announced: Following the introduction and a pre-recorded version of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" (which was a tradition whenever a new Turner-owned network launched) that was played afterward, the husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart anchored","title":"History of CNN (1980–2003)"},{"id":"2199630","text":"On Sundays it airs \"Fox News Sunday\", produced by its sister Fox News Channel. Fox does provide coverage of breaking news of major events such as presidential debates, primarily hosted by Fox News Channel anchor Shepard Smith. The advent of cable television in the United States led to the eventual birth of cable news. On June 1, 1980, Ted Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour cable news operation, and sister channel Headline News followed in 1982. CNN gained reputation significantly with its 1991 coverage of the Gulf War. The success of CNN inspired many other 24-hour cable news stations. In","title":"Television news in the United States"},{"id":"872226","text":"selling millions of Atari 2600s and computers. At its peak, Atari accounted for a third of Warner's annual income and was the fastest-growing company in the history of the United States at the time. In 1980, Warner purchased The Franklin Mint for about $225 million. The combination was short lived: Warner sold The Franklin Mint in 1985 to American Protection Industries Inc. (API) for $167.5 million. However, Warner retained Franklin Mint's Eastern Mountain Sports as well as The Franklin Mint Center, which it leased back to API. In 1980, Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour all-news network, redefining the way","title":"WarnerMedia"},{"id":"3030146","text":"Tennessee. 95 million households receive Food Network as of January 2016. Food Network was founded on April 19, 1993, as \"TV Food Network\"; its legal name remains Television Food Network, G. P. The network shortened its brand name within a few years and discontinued the \"TV\" portion of the name, thus leaving it as \"Food Network\". The network initially launched on November 22, 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten, Donna Hanover, and Robin Leach. On November 23, 1993, Food Network launched its live broadcasting. It was developed by Reese Schonfeld (one of the founders of CNN), under the","title":"Food Network"},{"id":"10789","text":"Gingrich publicly lauded his ideas about the future, and urged members of Congress to read Toffler's book, \"Creating a New Civilization\" (1995). Others, such as AOL founder Steve Case, cited Toffler's \"The Third Wave\" as a formative influence on his thinking, which inspired him to write \"The Third Wave: An Entrepreneur's Vision of the Future\" in 2016. Case said that Toffler was a \"real pioneer in helping people, companies and even countries lean into the future.\" In 1980 Ted Turner founded CNN, which he said was inspired by Toffler's forecasting the end of the dominance of the three main television","title":"Alvin Toffler"},{"id":"991876","text":"since the early 2000s. The BBC World Service was the first broadcaster to consider setting up a satellite television news and information channel as far back as 1976, but ceded being the first to CNN (that had primary access to Canada soon after launch). The defunct BBC World Service Antigua Relay Station was built in 1976, but its setup costs were not known to have been part of the BBCWS decision processes at the time. In the early 1990s, many international (as well as domestic) 24-hour news and information channels launched as part of the post-Cold War prosperity bubble. There","title":"International broadcasting"},{"id":"15051588","text":"publicity from the international community over the past few years. Wadongo was voted one of CNN's top ten heroes of 2010. On 30 March 2011, Wadongo was named one of three recipients of the inaugural Mikhail Gorbachev Awards for \"The Man Who Changed the World.\" His fellow inaugural recipients of this award were Sir Tim Berners Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web and Ted Turner, media mogul and founder of CNN. The ceremony, held in London, also celebrated Gorbachev's 80th birthday. Wadongo won the Outstanding Social Entrepreneur in Africa at the Africa Awards for Entrepreneurship held in Mauritius in","title":"Evans Wadongo"},{"id":"11926061","text":"aired on TNT, entitled \"Cartoon Network on TNT\". Cartoon Network was not the first cable channel to have relied on cartoons to attract an audience; however, it was the first 24-hour single-genre channel with animation as its main theme. Turner Broadcasting System had defied conventional wisdom before by launching CNN, a channel providing 24-hour news coverage. The concept was previously thought unlikely to attract a sufficient audience to be particularly profitable, however the CNN experiment had been successful and Turner hoped that Cartoon Network would also find success. Initially, the channel would broadcast cartoons 24 hours a day. Most of","title":"Cartoon Network"},{"id":"15456338","text":"affiliate) in Los Angeles were uplinked to satellite as well, primarily being carried on a regional basis. The expansion of WTCG into a superstation would serve as the linchpin for what would later be renamed the Turner Broadcasting System to eventually launch or acquire other cable television channels in subsequent years, including the Cable News Network (CNN) (launched on June 1, 1980); HLN (launched as CNN2 on January 1, 1982, and later known as CNN Headline News from 1983 to 2007); Turner Network Television (TNT) (launched on October 3, 1988); Cartoon Network (launched on October 1, 1992); Turner Classic Movies","title":"TBS (U.S. TV channel)"},{"id":"12894554","text":"Illustrated, attempted to counter the rising success of ESPNews in covering sports news. While the network was shut down, CNN and Sports Illustrated continue to maintain their partnership, with Sports Illustrated operating a sports section on CNN's website. Fox News Channel (FNC) was founded in 1996 under the ownership of News Corporation (founded by Australian-born media mogul Rupert Murdoch), the third largest media company in the United States behind Time Warner and The Walt Disney Company. The network is headed by chief executive officer Rupert Murdoch. The network began broadcasting its programming in high definition in May 2008. Since the","title":"United States cable news"},{"id":"12894548","text":"United States cable news Cable news channels are television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982. CNBC was created in 1989, taking control of FNN in 1991. Through the 1990s and beyond, the cable news industry continued to grow, with the establishment of several other networks, including, Fox News Channel (FNC), MSNBC, and specialty channels such as Bloomberg Television, Fox","title":"United States cable news"},{"id":"412806","text":"debate in an environment where the news is controlled by only a few corporations and individuals. In the 1993 biography \"It Ain't As Easy as It Looks\" by Porter Bibb, Turner discussed his use of lithium and struggles with mental illness. The 1981 biography \"Lead, Follow or Get Out of the Way\" by Christian Williams chronicles the founding of CNN. In 2008, Turner wrote \"Call Me Ted,\" which documents his career and personal life. Turner has been married and divorced three times: to Judy Nye (1960–64), Jane Shirley Smith (1965–88), and actress Jane Fonda (1991–2001). He has five children. Through","title":"Ted Turner"},{"id":"7159447","text":"(CONUS being an acronym for Continental U.S.), which included a news video-sharing service for local television stations nationwide, particularly those affiliated with a major broadcast network. Nearly all of ANC's video came from these stations. CONUS also maintained a small news bureau in Washington, D.C. It was the first nationwide challenger to established cable news channel CNN since the Satellite News Channel folded in 1983. From shortly after its inception until the early 1990s, All News Channel produced daily news updates that aired on Showtime (at the time, owned by ANC co-parent Viacom) during the premium channel's promo breaks. The","title":"All News Channel"},{"id":"836299","text":"The three partners had a non-compete clause that would prevent them from owning other basic cable networks independently from the USA joint venture, but the said clause would cause Time Inc. to drop out of the venture in 1987, as the company attempted (but failed) to buy CNN from Ted Turner and run it independently from USA. MCA and Paramount subsequently became the sole owners of the channel (with each company owning a 50% interest). In the fall of 1982, USA began operating on a 24-hour-a-day schedule, running a mix of talk shows, children's shows, and a low-budget movie from","title":"USA Network"},{"id":"3564962","text":"Ted Turner, who was in the process of forming CNN. Dobbs divorced his first wife in 1981 and is now married to Debi Lee Segura, a former CNN sports anchor. The couple raised four children together. Dobbs resides on a horse farm in Wantage Township, New Jersey. Dobbs joined CNN when it launched in 1980, serving as its chief economics correspondent and as host of the business news program \"Moneyline\" on CNN. Dobbs also served as a corporate executive for CNN, as its executive vice president and as a member of CNN's executive committee. He founded CNN fn (CNN financial","title":"Lou Dobbs"},{"id":"13319819","text":"the world. Several specialty websites were launched in later years such as CNNMoney, created in partnership with fellow co-owned magazine \"Money\"; CNN also launched a radio network that provided news updates and other content to radio stations nationwide. The network grew to include 36 bureaus (10 domestic, 26 international), and expanded its broadcast partnerships to more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the affiliate video service CNN Newsource). CNN's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for multimedia conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting","title":"History of CNN (1980–2003)"},{"id":"13319807","text":"the channel's first newscast. Among the first segments was an interview with then-President Jimmy Carter by Daniel Schorr. On January 1, 1982, the channel launched a spin-off network called CNN2, which was subsequently renamed Headline News (HLN) the following year in January 1983. Whereas CNN featured a mix of newscasts and specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News was originally formatted to strictly focus on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day with segments scheduled in fixed timeslots each half-hour; as such, it was one of the first news channels to utilize a \"wheel\" schedule. Headline News","title":"History of CNN (1980–2003)"},{"id":"527151","text":"deeply involved with the newer visual medium of television. In 1948, it entered into a partnership with 20th Century Fox subsidiary Fox Movietone News to shoot newsfilm for television stations. That service, United Press Movietone, or UPMT, was a pioneer in newsfilm syndication and numbered among its clients major US and foreign networks and local stations, including for many years the early TV operation of ABC News. In subsequent decades, it underwent several changes in partnerships and names, becoming best known as United Press International Television News (UPITN). Senior UPITN executives later helped Ted Turner create CNN, with its first","title":"United Press International"},{"id":"7948763","text":"the eighth-largest Nielsen designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 2,310,490 homes (2.0% of the total U.S.). Atlanta is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System (now merged with Time Warner media conglomerate) in Atlanta, where he bought a UHF station that eventually became TBS. Turner established the headquarters of the Cable News Network at CNN Center, adjacent today to Centennial Olympic Park. As his company grew, its other channels – Cartoon Network, Boomerang, TNT, Turner South, Turner Classic Movies, CNN International, CNN en Español, CNN Headline News, and CNN Airport Network –","title":"Media in Atlanta"},{"id":"15618916","text":"Diana Shaw Reinhardt and two children: Cheryl Reinhardt and Gary Reinhardt. Another son, Barry S. Reinhardt, died in 1960. Burt Reinhardt Burton \"Burt\" Reinhardt (April 19, 1920 – May 10, 2011) was an American journalist and news executive, who served as executive Vice President of CNN from 1980 to 1982 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 1990. In his capacity as vice president, Reinhardt helped to hire most of CNN's first 200 employees, including the cable network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Reinhardt was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920.","title":"Burt Reinhardt"},{"id":"5652782","text":"\"CBS Evening News with Douglas Edwards\". KWTV is purported to be the first television station in the Oklahoma City market to conduct consumer and investigative reporting, the first to utilize beat reporters, and was the first television station in the United States to air a consumer-investigative news program, \"Call for Action\", which was based on a KOMA radio show of the same title. In 1962, assignment reporter Ed Turner (who later become the inaugural executive vice president of CNN when the channel launched in 1980) received accolades for a series of reports on James Meredith, who in October of that","title":"KWTV-DT"},{"id":"2888660","text":"news operation ever owned by the future founder of CNN. Within a few months, \"Action News 36\" had become competitive with longer-established WBTV and WSOC-TV. Robert D. Raiford was the station's first news anchor. Upon becoming a network affiliate, Turner sold about half of WRET-TV's programming inventory to WCCB, including older sitcoms, movies and most of its inventory of syndicated cartoons. Turner's ambitious ownership of the station would not last long, however. In 1980, he sold WRET-TV to Westinghouse Broadcasting (also known as Group W), with the proceeds going towards starting CNN. The $20 million purchase price that Westinghouse paid","title":"WCNC-TV"},{"id":"14162542","text":"Cindy Vandor Cindy Vandor (Cindy Druss) was born on May 11, 1955. After graduating from Northwestern University with a degree in journalism, she went on to Washington, D.C. where she handled production duties for The Today Show, NBC Nightly News, and NBC News Updates. She also reported for NBC’s all-news radio station. There, she attracted the notice of the Independent Television News Association which hired her to cover Capitol Hill, and later, The White House. When Ted Turner launched a 24-hour cable news television channel, Cindy was chosen for the management team that created CNN. She opened CNN’s Chicago bureau,","title":"Cindy Vandor"},{"id":"15618910","text":"Burt Reinhardt Burton \"Burt\" Reinhardt (April 19, 1920 – May 10, 2011) was an American journalist and news executive, who served as executive Vice President of CNN from 1980 to 1982 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 1990. In his capacity as vice president, Reinhardt helped to hire most of CNN's first 200 employees, including the cable network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Reinhardt was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920. He began working as an assistant cameraman for the Movietone News newsreel company in 1939. He served as a","title":"Burt Reinhardt"},{"id":"13319817","text":"Times\" columnist Lisa Belkin wrote a retrospective article in 1995 on the impact of live video news: In 1990, Tom Johnson, who formerly served as publisher of the \"Los Angeles Times\" for 13 years, was named as the president of CNN. Under Johnson, CNN expanded its reach with the launches of a number of cable and satellite television networks, both domestic and internationally, beginning with the 1991 launch of CNN International. Two specialized closed-circuit networks launched in 1991: CNN Airport Network, which provides a mix of original content and simulcasts of CNN International to national and world airports; and CNN","title":"History of CNN (1980–2003)"},{"id":"5219138","text":"of approximately 300 if they used an all electronic newsroom and satellites for all transmissions. It would require an initial investment of $15–20 million and several million dollars per month to operate. In 1979, Turner sold his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarter's in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). He hired Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personal,","title":"Reese Schonfeld"},{"id":"3560642","text":"N-tv n-tv is a German free-to-air television news channel owned by the Bertelsmann Media's RTL Group. n-tv broadcasts news and weather every hour and half-hour in the morning. It also broadcasts magazine shows and documentaries. n-tv began as a business development project at Time-Warner International which, under the leadership of then chairman Steve Ross, was looking for ways to grow its businesses internationally. Time-Warner at the time was a major shareholder in Turner Broadcasting, parent company of CNN (both now subsidiaries of Time-Warner) and began looking for ways to get into the news channel business internationally. In 1991, under the","title":"N-tv"},{"id":"5219141","text":"In 1999 Schonfeld sold his interest in the Food Network to Scripps. He has continued consulting various media projects and occasionally contributes to The Huffington Post. He is the author of \"Me and Ted Against the World\", an account of the development and early history of CNN, and \"The Global Battle for Cultural Domination\", an essay in \"Developing Cultures, Essays on Cultural Change\". Reese Schonfeld Maurice Wolfe \"Reese\" Schonfeld is an American television journalist who is a co-founder of CNN and the Food Network. Schonfeld grew up in Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey in 1931, the grandson of Yiddish","title":"Reese Schonfeld"},{"id":"20612623","text":"Gail Evans Gail Hirschorn Evans (born 17 December 1941) is an American author, lecturer, and business executive. She is known for being the highest ranking female executive at Cable News Network and for her two books, \"Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman\" and \"She Wins, You Win\". Evans was born in 17 December 1941 and received a bachelor's degree from Bennington College. Her first job was in Office of the Special Counsel to the President during the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration. Evans began working at CNN at its inception in 1980. By the time she retired in 2001,","title":"Gail Evans"},{"id":"15618911","text":"combat cameraman with the United States Army's pictoral service in the Pacific theater during World War II. Reinhardt became Fox Movietone News' managing editor following the end of World War II. He then became the executive vice president of United Press International's (UPI) television film division, the UPI Newsfilm. Reinhardt then co-founded UPI's television news agency, United Press International Television News (UPITN), during the late 1960s. He next served as Paramount Pictures' executive vice president of the \"non-theatrical and educational film division.\" He departed Paramount Pictures to help launch CNN at the invitation of its founder Ted Turner. Turner, who","title":"Burt Reinhardt"},{"id":"12894550","text":"are primarily concerned with local programming and cover some statewide interest have included Spectrum News (a brand used for multiple networks including in upstate New York, North Carolina, Florida and Texas), NY1 (which operates from New York City), News 12 Networks, FiOS1, and the former Northwest Cable News (NWCN) (which operated from Seattle). New England Cable News covers the six-state region of New England. Cable News Network (CNN) launched on June 1, 1980, as the first cable channel devoted to news programming. The Persian Gulf War in 1991 catapulted CNN into the spotlight, largely because the channel was the only","title":"United States cable news"},{"id":"721076","text":"go by CNN. CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially known as \"CNN Interactive\"), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S., according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an","title":"CNN"},{"id":"8332789","text":"Talkback Live Talkback Live is a talk show on CNN that lasted from 1994 until 2003. It aired from 3 to 4 pm Eastern Time and was hosted at various times by Susan Rook, Bobbie Battista, Jeff Hullinger, Karyn Bryant, and Arthel Neville. The audience participation show originated from a specially constructed stage in the atrium of the CNN Center. It was canceled in favor of extending \"Live From\" for an additional hour. It has been widely speculated that in 1993 media mogul Ted Turner, founder of the 24-hour news network CNN, was inspired to create a talk show after","title":"Talkback Live"},{"id":"3601477","text":"The current managing director of CNN International is Tony Maddox. CNN International, in large part a result of Ted Turner's globalization ideals, began broadcasting on September 1, 1985, at first primarily broadcasting to American business travelers in hotels. The first studio for CNNI was at CNN's original studio building known as Techwood, home at that time to all of Turner Broadcasting System's channels. Today, it is home to the Turner Studios complex that houses the entertainment channels. Other early studios in Atlanta were tucked away in various corners of the CNN Center, and the newsroom lacked even a digital clock.","title":"CNN International"},{"id":"4358733","text":"giving him his own network to run. In July 1999, Dobbs quit CNNfn and started his own company, Space.com, and eventually returned to CNN to host \"Lou Dobbs Tonight\". From the start, CNNfn struggled to be picked up by local and national cable operators. In 2004, the official CNNfn network was shut down. However the technologies invented in the early CNNfn days helped launch CNN and the entire broadcasting industry into a new digital era. The CNNfn.com website continued on, and in 2001 merged with \"Money Magazine\" to form CNNMoney. The schedule below is taken from the now-defunct site of","title":"CNNfn"},{"id":"2177802","text":"Entertainment Animation Movies Note: (* ) - \"Now owned or absorbed by sister company, Warner Bros.\" Turner Broadcasting System Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. is an American media conglomerate that is a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia, and manages the collection of cable television networks and properties initiated or acquired by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV.","title":"Turner Broadcasting System"},{"id":"721090","text":"the three major cable channels of Republican and Democratic candidates during the earliest five months of presidential primaries in 2007: CNN President Walter Isaacson met with Republican Party leaders in Washington, DC in 2001 saying afterwards \"I was trying to reach out to a lot of Republicans who feel that CNN has not been as open covering Republicans, and I wanted to hear their concerns,\" As CNN founder Ted Turner stated, \"There really isn't much of a point getting some Tom, Dick or Harry off the streets to report on when we can snag a big name whom everyone identifies","title":"CNN"},{"id":"2177788","text":"Turner Broadcasting System Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. is an American media conglomerate that is a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia, and manages the collection of cable television networks and properties initiated or acquired by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV. The headquarters of Turner's properties are located in both the CNN Center in Downtown Atlanta","title":"Turner Broadcasting System"},{"id":"4652551","text":"was in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it purchased WRET-TV from Ted Turner in early 1980, and changed its call letters to WPCQ-TV. Turner used the proceeds from the sale of the Charlotte station to help him launch CNN. The company also purchased cable TV system operator TelePrompTer in 1981, which it renamed Group W Cable the following year. The TelePrompTer acquisition also brought animation producer Filmation into the Group W fold. However, Westinghouse would leave the cable TV system business in 1986, and would later sell the Filmation library to L'Oréal in 1989. During that period, Group W was known","title":"Westinghouse Broadcasting"},{"id":"14014380","text":"Leon Hawthorne Leon Hawthorne (born 11 January 1966) is a British television executive, journalist and presenter. He was a World News anchor for CNN (1996–1999) and a political correspondent for the BBC in Westminster (1999) before founding \"The Baby Channel\", the world’s first parenting television network, of which he was CEO until July 2008. From 2007, Hawthorne has focussed on creating niche TV channels for the Internet, including \"Beauty Zone TV\", \"Book Zone TV\" and \"Theatreland TV\". Hawthorne was born in Bristol, England on 11 January 1966; and went to school in Cardiff and Oxford before going to the University","title":"Leon Hawthorne"},{"id":"16824981","text":"Chip Walter William J. (Chip) Walter Jr. (born May 23, 1951) is an American science writer, documentary filmmaker, journalist and screenwriter. He was one of the original employees at Cable News Network when it went on the air June 1, 1980 and later became its youngest bureau chief when he created CNN's first Southeast Bureau before heading up the network's San Francisco Bureau. He has written and produced several PBS science documentaries, served as an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University in three different departments, worked with UNICEF on the issue of childhood trauma, spoken at Harvard, Xerox PARC, Carnegie","title":"Chip Walter"},{"id":"14647978","text":"1992, Wussler was Chief Executive Officer of Comsat Video Enterprises, Inc., where he joined with the Metromedia Company as initial investors in a company that eventually became Metromedia International Telecommunications, Inc., developing independent cable television and cellular telephone systems in the former Soviet Union. From 1992 until his death, Wussler ran the Wussler Group, a consulting company. Robert Wussler Robert J. Wussler (September 8, 1936 – June 5, 2010) was a journalist, executive, and co-founder of CNN. Wussler was born in Newark, New Jersey and attended Seton Hall University. Wussler began his career at CBS in 1957, working in the","title":"Robert Wussler"},{"id":"12894551","text":"news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the American bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman and Peter Arnett. Throughout the 1990s, CNN (which was at the time the only major cable news channel) became very influential, an influence later coined as the CNN effect. CNN was the first cable news network to begin broadcasting in high definition in September 2007. Today, CNN's television personalities include Wolf Blitzer, Erin Burnett, Anderson Cooper and Jake Tapper. In 1982, the Turner Broadcasting System (which","title":"United States cable news"},{"id":"4223720","text":"KMOX, a station in St. Louis, Mo., was the first to abandon film and switch entirely to ENG. Stations all over the country made the switch over the next decade. ENG greatly reduces the delay between when the footage is captured and when it can be broadcast, thus enabling news gathering and reporting to become steady cycle with little time in between when story breaks and when a story can air..Coupled with live microwave and/or satellite trucks, reporters were able to show live what was happening, bringing the audience into news events as they happened. CNN launched in June 1980,","title":"Electronic news-gathering"},{"id":"14896687","text":"United States and 31st in the world. More recently, USA Technologies was named to Deloitte L.L.P’s 2010 Technology Fast 500 List of the fastest growing companies in North America. In 1985 Jensen founded American Film Technologies where he served as Chairman, Director, and CEO until 1992. AFT is a film colorization company that creates color imaged versions of black-and-white films. During his leadership, Jensen was awarded a contract from Ted Turner, the American film magnate and founder of the CNN news service, to convert 200 black-and-white films to color. Jensen grew AFT to more than 500 employees. In 1989 Jensen","title":"George R. Jensen Jr."},{"id":"2143802","text":"channel was launched at midnight Eastern Time on January 1, 1982, as CNN2. The channel's launch was simulcast nationwide on sister networks CNN and Superstation WTBS (now simply TBS), starting at 11:45 p.m. on December 31, 1981, as a preview for cable providers that had not yet reached agreements to carry CNN2. Following a preview reel by original CNN anchor Lou Waters and an introduction by founder and then-Turner Broadcasting CEO Ted Turner, Chuck Roberts (who would become the channel's longest-serving news anchor, with a 28-year career with CNN2/Headline News that lasted until his retirement on July 30, 2010) and","title":"HLN (TV network)"},{"id":"13319808","text":"would scale back its rolling news coverage in February 2005, with the incorporation of personality-based news discussion programs during its nighttime schedule. Following the launch of CNN, other cable news channels launched in an attempt to capitalize on the channel's growing success, which often had marginal to no success in competing with CNN. One of the first was Satellite News Channel, which launched on June 21, 1982 with a mix of national and regionally focused newscasts; after the channel ceased operations on October 27, 1983, its satellite transponder slot was subsequently purchased by Ted Turner to expand the distribution of","title":"History of CNN (1980–2003)"},{"id":"5763830","text":"metropolitan markets, thus allowing HBO to accumulate 1.6 million subscribers by the end of 1977. A notable legal battle involved Ted Turner suing RCA to get a Satcom 1 transponder in 1980 for the launch of CNN on June 1, 1980. CNN had been scheduled for a Satcom 3 transponder but that satellite failed to reach geosynchronous orbit upon its launch on December 7, 1979. Shortly after its launch, Satcom 1 was the first satellite used by broadcast TV networks in the United States. The networks ABC, NBC, and CBS distributed their programming content to some local affiliate stations, which","title":"Satcom (satellite)"},{"id":"3601494","text":"news website CNN.com (initially an experiment known as \"CNN Interactive\") on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S. according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an increase of 11%","title":"CNN International"},{"id":"13516869","text":"cable and satellite systems as part of a News Corp. \"worldwide platform\" for Fox programming, reasoning that \"The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously.\" In February 1996, after former NBC executive and Republican political strategist Roger Ailes left America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch called him to start the \"Fox News Channel\". Ailes worked individuals through five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch, on October 7, 1996. At launch, only 10 million households were able to watch Fox News, with none in the","title":"History of Fox News"},{"id":"12821760","text":"a new era of 24-hour satellite news broadcasting. In 1991, the BBC introduced a competitor, BBC World Service Television. Rupert Murdoch's Australian News Corporation entered the picture with Fox News Channel in the US, Sky News in Britain, and STAR TV in Asia. Combining this new appartus with the use of embedded reporters, the United States waged the 1991–1992 Gulf War with the assistance of nonstop media coverage. CNN's specialty is the crisis, to which the network is prepared to shift its total attention if so chosen. CNN news was transmitted via INTELSAT communications satellites. CNN, said an executive, would","title":"News"},{"id":"8075024","text":"news summary; this lent credence to SNC's slogan, \"Give us 18 minutes, we'll give you the world,\" which was derived through Group W's experience in all-news radio. Each 18-minute national newscast featured content gathered from both in-house newsgathering and reporting staffs and reports sourced from international television networks that maintained content agreements with Group W/ABC to supply stories for the channel. ABC Video Enterprises and Group W Satellite Communications announced the formation of the Satellite News Channel (as the News-Channel) on August 12, 1981, with a tentative launch set for early 1982. CNN founder Ted Turner subsequently announced plans to","title":"Satellite News Channel"},{"id":"16275791","text":"is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System media empire in Atlanta, where he bought a UHF station that eventually became WTBS. Turner established the headquarters of the Cable News Network at CNN Center, adjacent today to Centennial Olympic Park. As his company grew, its other channels—the Cartoon Network, Boomerang, TNT, Turner South, Turner Classic Movies, CNN International, CNN en Español, HLN, and CNN Airport Network—centered their operations in Atlanta as well (Turner South has since been sold). Turner Broadcasting is a division of Time Warner. In 2008 Tyler Perry established his studios in","title":"Economy of Atlanta"},{"id":"836255","text":"of many classics that were originally filmed in black-and-white. The channel launched with an estimated 17 million subscribers, its initial coverage totaling 6.8 times that of the largest previous cable network launch (VH1, which launched on January 1, 1985 with 2.5 million homes estimated to have initially received that channel). The channel's operations were based inside office space at Turner Broadcasting's Techwood Drive complex in midtown Atlanta that formerly served as the facilities for CNN Headline News from its launch as CNN2 in January 1982 until it and parent network CNN moved their operations into the CNN Center downtown in","title":"TNT (U.S. TV network)"},{"id":"13319809","text":"Headline News further into additional homes. After five years, CNN outgrew its original home, a former country club on the outskirts of midtown Atlanta. In 1985, Turner purchased the Omni International hotel from Canadian real estate tycoon Nelson Skalbania and moved CNN's headquarters to the building, rechristening the complex as the CNN Center. As Omni International, the complex had never succeeded. Cousins sold it to Turner, along with the Atlanta Hawks NBA franchise. CNN moved into the end of the tower that once housed The World of Sid and Marty Krofft. Turner was instrumental in the revival of Atlanta's downtown.","title":"History of CNN (1980–2003)"},{"id":"14348202","text":"New York Yankees in 1946 and then worked for eight years for three minor league teams before becoming director of publicity for the Kansas City Athletics in 1955. CBS hired him the following year. MacPhail was a former president of CBS Sports, where he worked from 1956 to 1973. Afterwards he was associated with Bob Wold, a satellite sports pioneer, and then brought to CNN by Reese Schonfeld to create the CNN Sports department in 1980 upon its launch, which he ran until retiring from CNN in 1995. While at CBS Sports, MacPhail is credited with implementing instant replay for","title":"Bill MacPhail"},{"id":"17220329","text":"School of Continuing Education. He currently lives in New York City where he operates a multimedia production company, Westminster Productions Inc. and produces and moderates monthly film screenings titled “Meet The Filmmaker” at the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences New York. Sumner Jules Glimcher Sumner Jules Glimcher (born June 4, 1924 in Boston, Massachusetts, died 27 February, 2018 in Bolder, Colorado) was a World War II veteran, professor, author and filmmaker. After surviving gunshot wounds at the Battle of the Bulge, Glimcher began an extensive career in communications, creating International Transmissions Inc, a precursor to CNN, and making","title":"Sumner Jules Glimcher"},{"id":"5217024","text":"As well as helping launching Al Jazeera English, Cole is probably best known for being part of the launch-teams of two other leading broadcasters. One of the organisations was CNN International, in their new facility in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1989. The other launch in which he was involved was that of Sky News. In 1989, he started his career as an anchor with the organisation, then known as BSkyB. Before that, he worked for Central Television in Birmingham, Anglia Television's \"About Anglia\", and also for ITN. Cole runs his own firm, Cole Productions, for non-broadcasting business, and is also the","title":"Stephen Cole (broadcaster)"},{"id":"13624077","text":"Krassimir Guergov Krassimir Guergov () is a Bulgarian businessman, who was born on 30 September 1961. He is an ex-officer from the Bulgarian secret services during the communist regime. His main business is related to advertising and media in Bulgaria. He completed \"Sports Journalism\", \"Tourism, Alpinism and Orienteering\" and specialised World Report at CNN, Atlanta and London. In 1994 he acquired the right to broadcast the American TV channel CNN in Bulgaria and created the first private national television in Bulgaria, broadcasting the CNN programme (Triada - CNN). He was also the creator of the first private national radio in","title":"Krassimir Guergov"},{"id":"2462068","text":"Iraq Inquiry on 25 January 2010. Browne is vice chairman of the Washington, DC-based Nuclear Threat Initiative, a non-profit, nonpartisan organization founded in 2001 by former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn, who serves as co-chair and CEO, and CNN founder and philanthropist Ted Turner. NTI’s mission is to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Browne is also convener of the European Leadership Network for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation. and he is convener of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation. Des","title":"Des Browne"},{"id":"412788","text":"his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarters in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). CNN hired Jim Kitchell, former general manager of news at NBC as vice president of production and operations; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personnel, and Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network. In 1982, Schonfeld was succeeded as CEO by Turner after a dispute over Schonfeld's firing of Sandi Freeman; and","title":"Ted Turner"},{"id":"7642424","text":"Jim Walton (journalist) Jim Walton (born 1958) is the former president of CNN Worldwide. He joined CNN in 1981, one year after the network was founded. He graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1981. He started his career at CNN as a VJ, an entry-level position. He has two sons, Jake and Max. He took over as the president of CNN Worldwide in 2003. On July 27, 2012, Walton announced he was quitting at CNN after working there for over 30 years. He remained with the network until the end of the year after which he was","title":"Jim Walton (journalist)"},{"id":"8075026","text":"to do so at the time. The network utilized footage from ABC News for its reports and maintained seven newsgathering and reporting crews based in Washington, D.C. At launch, Satellite News Channel compensated participating cable operators to carry the channel, contrary to the standard of the period in which cable channels charged a nominal fee per subscriber for carriage. Despite this model, SNC had difficulty obtaining clearance from cable systems. The network and its satellite transponder space was eventually purchased by CNN's corporate parent, the Turner Broadcasting System. Satellite News Channel ceased operations on October 27, 1983, after sixteen months","title":"Satellite News Channel"},{"id":"4239798","text":"the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was built in Hell's Kitchen in the 1980s, the Coliseum was the primary event venue for New York City. By 1985, there were plans to replace the Coliseum, and after a series of delays, the Coliseum was demolished in 2000. Since 2003, the site has been occupied by Time Warner Center, the world headquarters of the Time Warner corporation. The center consists of a pair of towers 53 stories high. The complex also hosts the Shops at Columbus Circle mall, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, and the","title":"Columbus Circle"},{"id":"11159233","text":"and otherwise report on news. Beginning in the 1970s, media, unable to respond quickly enough to obtain compelling coverage of natural disasters and weather phenomena such as tornadoes would count on hobbyists for photographs and film footage. With improvements in technology and as video cameras and video-equipped cell phones became widely available, they set up formal programs to gather material from nonprofessionals. For example, in August, 2006, CNN launched \"CNN Exchange\", by which the public is encouraged to submit \"I-Reports\" comprising photographs, videos, or news accounts. More recently newspapers have incorporated blogs, once seen as a threat to conventional news","title":"News bureau"},{"id":"12894587","text":"on Dish Network. Before NBC and its partners acquired The Weather Channel, NBCUniversal operated NBC Weather Plus, a digital multicast service that operated from 2004 to 2008 (continuing thereafter as a locally programmed service using Weather Plus' graphics system called NBC Plus). United States cable news Cable news channels are television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982. CNBC was","title":"United States cable news"},{"id":"836337","text":"reduce the awkwardness of a channel branded with the initials of another nation. USA Network USA Network (commonly referred to as simply USA, stylized as usa since 2005) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group division of NBCUniversal, itself a subsidiary of Comcast. It was originally launched in 1977 as Madison Square Garden Sports Network, one of the first national sports cable television channels, before being relaunched as USA Network on 1980. Once a minor player in basic cable, USA has steadily gained popularity due to its original programming;","title":"USA Network"},{"id":"15748654","text":"of CNN founder Ted Turner's small start-up team that launched CNN in Europe. Early Career Starting her career as an M&A lawyer for global law firm White & Case in New York and London, Dailey previously held legislative posts in the US Congress and a communications post at Estée Lauder Companies in Paris. Other Activities Dailey appears regularly on Sky News as an expert on the creative industries and was named by Creative Review to its ‘ Creative Leaders 50 ’ for 2018 as one of the 50 people driving change in the creative industry and world at large. Dailey","title":"Carolyn Dailey"},{"id":"836258","text":"Warner – a New York City-based media company formed in 1989 through the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Bros. corporate parent Warner Communications – reached an agreement to acquire the Turner Broadcasting System and its associated properties (including TNT, TBS, CNN, Headline News and Cartoon Network as well as Turner Entertainment) for $7.5 billion; the deal would also expand Time Warner's pay television holdings, as it had owned HBO and sister premium service Cinemax as well as cable television provider Time Warner Cable since the Time-Warner Communications merger six years prior. (Time Warner and predecessor Warner Communications had owned","title":"TNT (U.S. TV network)"},{"id":"19433121","text":"32-3, as journey that took 20 days there, and 28 days back. The second trip was sailing a 1984 Ericson 38, which took 17 days there and 22 days to return. Williams chronicled the founding of CNN in the 1981 Ted Turner biography \"Lead, Follow or Get Out of the Way.\" Williams' 2016 book \"Alone Together: Sailing Solo to Hawaii and Beyond\" recounts his solo sail two years earlier to Hawaii and back in his 32-foot sloop \"Thelonious.\" Christian Williams Christian Williams is an American journalist, television writer and yachtsman. A former \"Washington Post\" editor during the Watergate era, he","title":"Christian Williams"},{"id":"721089","text":"CNN operates bureaus in the following cities . Boldface indicates that the city is home to one of CNN's original bureaus, meaning it has been in operation since the network's founding. CNN has regional headquarters in Abu Dhabi, Hong Kong, and London. Other bureau locations include: In parts of the world without a CNN bureau, reports from local affiliate station the network will be used to file a story. In a joint study by the Joan Shorenstein Center on Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University and the Project for Excellence in Journalism, the authors found disparate treatment by","title":"CNN"},{"id":"20612627","text":"2000. They have 3 children and 7 grandchildren. Gail Evans Gail Hirschorn Evans (born 17 December 1941) is an American author, lecturer, and business executive. She is known for being the highest ranking female executive at Cable News Network and for her two books, \"Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman\" and \"She Wins, You Win\". Evans was born in 17 December 1941 and received a bachelor's degree from Bennington College. Her first job was in Office of the Special Counsel to the President during the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration. Evans began working at CNN at its inception in","title":"Gail Evans"},{"id":"17493458","text":"many more. The long-standing success in the management of web communication media for DPG was sealed by its cooperation with CNN. DPG, along with the international news giant CNN, established CNN.gr. Dimitris Giannakopoulos, the President of DPG Group, stated on the occasion of the cooperation announcement: \"We are particularly pleased to become members of the international CNN family through this strategic cooperation. CNN.gr aims to provide to the Greek-speaking audience immediate and accurate Greek and international news, with the unique seal of quality provided by CNN, bringing at the same time the Greek diaspora closer to the motherland. In times","title":"Dimitrios Giannakopoulos"},{"id":"140753","text":"Fox News Fox News (officially known as the Fox News Channel, commonly abbreviated to FNC) is a United States pay television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched","title":"Fox News"},{"id":"140846","text":"Fox News Fox News (officially known as the Fox News Channel, commonly abbreviated to FNC) is a United States pay television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched","title":"Fox News"},{"id":"5219136","text":"Reese Schonfeld Maurice Wolfe \"Reese\" Schonfeld is an American television journalist who is a co-founder of CNN and the Food Network. Schonfeld grew up in Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey in 1931, the grandson of Yiddish speaking immigrants. He graduated from Weequahic High School. He graduated with a B.A. in political science from Dartmouth College and then received an M.A. and a law degree from Columbia University. He began his career with United Press Movietone News in 1956. Later he became vice president of United Press International Television News. In 1975, he founded the Independent Television News Association, a","title":"Reese Schonfeld"},{"id":"4858520","text":"America. This is London calling.\"\" Murrow abbreviated his own opening remarks to \"\"This\"...is London\" and he soon began adapting the prefix \"\"this\"\" to many titles including \"\"This\"... I Believe\". James Earl Jones became one of many to adopt the Murrow style when he later announced: \"\"This\"...is CNN\". Murrow was not without his critics at CBS, and some of his colleagues had formed their own \"\"Murrow-Ain't-God Club\"\" (ibid TIME September 30, 1957.) According to Ward Wheelock who wrote a preface to the 1952 book, \"This I Believe\" was launched in 1949 at a business luncheon of four men (Murrow being one,","title":"This I Believe"},{"id":"8075025","text":"launch a spin-off service, CNN2 (later renamed CNN Headline News shortly after SNC's launch; it is now named HLN), which originally maintained a format similar to that being planned by the Satellite News Channel – albeit with newscasts running in 30-minute intervals – as a preemptive strike against the ABC/Group W venture. CNN2 made its launch on January 1, 1982 on participating cable systems across the county as well as through a sneak preview block on sister channel Superstation WTBS. Satellite News Channel launched on June 21, 1982. During that time, it provided competition for CNN, the first cable network","title":"Satellite News Channel"},{"id":"16945154","text":"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \"new\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print","title":"21st Century Fox"},{"id":"14014389","text":"working through his own small vehicle, Videobite, Hawthorne has launched \"Waterstone’s TV\" for the book retailer and created two channels of his own, \"Book Zone TV\" and a theatre channel, \"Theatreland TV\". Leon Hawthorne Leon Hawthorne (born 11 January 1966) is a British television executive, journalist and presenter. He was a World News anchor for CNN (1996–1999) and a political correspondent for the BBC in Westminster (1999) before founding \"The Baby Channel\", the world’s first parenting television network, of which he was CEO until July 2008. From 2007, Hawthorne has focussed on creating niche TV channels for the Internet, including","title":"Leon Hawthorne"},{"id":"2946056","text":"The facility began as a carpet factory, and later was purchased by Turner as overflow offices (among other things, set building and woodworking facilities were located there, as was CNN Field Engineering) while other Turner operations moved into the Techwood campus (which was originally a country club, then the first HQ for CNN soon after CNN moved into the CNN Center in downtown Atlanta) in the early 1980s. The street is named for early Atlanta settler Ammi Williams. The studio's production logo features a wavy gray image of Space Ghost's fictional studio from \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\", with the","title":"Williams Street"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"13319804\",\n \"text\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003) Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel. Four years before CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his\",\n \"title\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721042\",\n \"text\": \"CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System, a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia. CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel. Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is\",\n \"title\": \"CNN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"412811\",\n \"text\": \"victory. Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"412776\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded the\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12675837\",\n \"text\": \"Call Me Ted Call Me Ted is an autobiography written by American businessman Ted Turner, released on November 10, 2008. The book was written over the course of three years with the help of Bill Burke, a former executive for TBS. After dropping out of college, Turner began working for his father's billboard company, slowly turning it into an international media empire, including the creation of the first 24-hour news channel \\\"CNN\\\". Also discussed are some of Turner's more controversial business moves, such as the disastrous merger of his corporation Time Warner with AOL. The book delves into Turner's personal\",\n \"title\": \"Call Me Ted\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2177792\",\n \"text\": \"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member\",\n \"title\": \"Turner Broadcasting System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"209314\",\n \"text\": \"in the 1940s, United States broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of John F. Kennedy, broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with the establishment of CNN, news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media,\",\n \"title\": \"Journalism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721044\",\n \"text\": \"The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as CNN Airport). The company has 42 bureaus (11 domestic, 31 international),\",\n \"title\": \"CNN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13516867\",\n \"text\": \"History of Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996. Murdoch appointed Roger Ailes as permanent CEO of the news operation. FNC (along with MSNBC) was created as an alternative to CNN. In January 2002, the ratings of the channel surpassed top-rated CNN to become the #1 news cable channel. The network has since maintained its #1 cable rating, with increasing viewership and international access helping it become a subject of controversy. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul\",\n \"title\": \"History of Fox News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7403270\",\n \"text\": \"into hundreds by the end of the 1950s and thousands by the end of the 1960s. In the 1960s, the term \\\"Community Antenna Television (CATV)\\\" gave way to the term \\\"cable\\\", reflecting the industry's expanded categories of service – including local news, weather information, and channels of pay television. Accordingly, in 1968, NCTA – while retaining its acronym – changed its official name for the first time, to National Cable Television Association. Following the introduction of global telecommunication satellites, the late 1970s and 1980s saw initial explosive growth in cable content, as entrepreneurs gave birth to such networks as CNN,\",\n \"title\": \"NCTA (association)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4890649\",\n \"text\": \"and MyNetworkTV affiliates and independent stations air the syndicated news program \\\"The Daily Buzz\\\", while some Tribune Broadcasting-owned CW and MyNetworkTV stations air a similar program called \\\"EyeOpener\\\"). 24-hour news channels are devoted to current events around the clock. They are often referred to as \\\"cable news\\\" channels. The originator of this format from which the name derives is CNN (which following its 1980 launch, spun off other national and international networks using the brand such as CNN International, CNN en Español, and CNN-IBN), originally standing for Cable News Network in reference to the then-new phenomenon of cable television. As\",\n \"title\": \"News broadcasting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618912\",\n \"text\": \"actively recruited Reinhardt to CNN, later wrote that Reinhardt was \\\"a seasoned professional who knew how to get things done,\\\" in his autobiography, \\\"Call Me Ted\\\". CNN was launched in 1980, with Reinhardt serving as the network's executive vice president from 1980 to 1982. AS executive VP. Reinhardt recruited and hired most of CNN's first 200 employees, including Bernard Shaw, who became CNN's first news anchor. Reinhardt was also responsible for all financial decisions made by the network during the first two years of CNN on-air. In January 1982, Ted Turner appointed Reinhardt as the second President of CNN, succeeding\",\n \"title\": \"Burt Reinhardt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721045\",\n \"text\": \"more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource), and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage\",\n \"title\": \"CNN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13516880\",\n \"text\": \"of a strategy to get more coverage – and more positive coverage – by spending time with right-leaning and outside-the-Washington-beltway journalists. In the Clinton White House, press secretaries were sometimes dismissive of reporters from conservative newspapers and stations – or they ignored them. History of Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996. Murdoch appointed Roger Ailes as permanent CEO of the news operation. FNC (along with MSNBC) was created as an alternative to CNN. In January 2002, the ratings of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Fox News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4249921\",\n \"text\": \"CNN Airport CNN Airport is an out-of-home television network that is operated by CNN. The service broadcasts general news, weather, stock market updates, entertainment, and travel content to airports across the United States. The founding management was led by Jon Petrovich and Scott Weiss. Deborah Cooper was the inaugural vice president/general manager, and continues in the role today. The network originally was test launched from June 3 to July 14, 1991 at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, Hartsfield-Atlanta International Airport and O'Hare International Airport, and officially debuted on January 20, 1992 as the CNN Airport Network, and is currently shown in\",\n \"title\": \"CNN Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12894552\",\n \"text\": \"would merge with Time Warner in 1996) created a spin-off of CNN called CNN2, which was originally formatted to show the top news stories of the day on a 30-minute \\\"wheel\\\" schedule. The channel rebranded as CNN Headline News in 1983, before the network abandoned the CNN branding and changed its name to the orphaned initialism HLN in 2008, following a shift from news programming towards a mix of news during the day and discussion programs and documentary series at night that began two years earlier. Turner founded CNN International in 1985, with a straight focus on international news stories\",\n \"title\": \"United States cable news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16824992\",\n \"text\": \"predicted the exponential advancement of computer chip technology, hard drive technology was advancing at an even more rapid pace. In the article Walter called this \\\"Kryder's Law\\\" and the term stuck. Walter has two daughters, Molly and Hannah, and two step-children, Steven and Annie. Chip Walter William J. (Chip) Walter Jr. (born May 23, 1951) is an American science writer, documentary filmmaker, journalist and screenwriter. He was one of the original employees at Cable News Network when it went on the air June 1, 1980 and later became its youngest bureau chief when he created CNN's first Southeast Bureau before\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Walter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12821759\",\n \"text\": \"Information Agency. In Britain and the United States, television news watching rose dramatically in the 1950s and by the 1960s supplanted radio as the public's primary source of news. In the U.S., television was run by the same networks which owned radio: CBS, NBC, and an NBC spin-off called ABC. Edward R. Murrow, who first entered the public ear as a war reporter in London, made the big leap to television to become an iconic newsman on CBS (and later the director of the United States Information Agency). Ted Turner's creation of the Cable News Network (CNN) in 1980 inaugurated\",\n \"title\": \"News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"353242\",\n \"text\": \"Communications to develop a major news website and magazine, \\\"The Weekly Standard\\\". Also that year, News Corporation launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in partnership with Telstra. In 1996, Murdoch decided to enter the cable news market with the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news station. Ratings studies released in 2009 showed that the network was responsible for nine of the top ten programs in the \\\"Cable News\\\" category at that time. Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner (founder and former owner of CNN) are long-standing rivals. In late 2003, Murdoch acquired a 34% stake in Hughes Electronics,\",\n \"title\": \"Rupert Murdoch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319806\",\n \"text\": \"as scheduled, using a transponder on Satcom 1. The network launched on Sunday, June 1, 1980 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time with an original staff of 25 employees based at its headquarters in Atlanta, and bureaus in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco and Washington, D.C. The inaugural broadcast on the channel was an introduction by Ted Turner, who announced: Following the introduction and a pre-recorded version of \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\" (which was a tradition whenever a new Turner-owned network launched) that was played afterward, the husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart anchored\",\n \"title\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199630\",\n \"text\": \"On Sundays it airs \\\"Fox News Sunday\\\", produced by its sister Fox News Channel. Fox does provide coverage of breaking news of major events such as presidential debates, primarily hosted by Fox News Channel anchor Shepard Smith. The advent of cable television in the United States led to the eventual birth of cable news. On June 1, 1980, Ted Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour cable news operation, and sister channel Headline News followed in 1982. CNN gained reputation significantly with its 1991 coverage of the Gulf War. The success of CNN inspired many other 24-hour cable news stations. In\",\n \"title\": \"Television news in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872226\",\n \"text\": \"selling millions of Atari 2600s and computers. At its peak, Atari accounted for a third of Warner's annual income and was the fastest-growing company in the history of the United States at the time. In 1980, Warner purchased The Franklin Mint for about $225 million. The combination was short lived: Warner sold The Franklin Mint in 1985 to American Protection Industries Inc. (API) for $167.5 million. However, Warner retained Franklin Mint's Eastern Mountain Sports as well as The Franklin Mint Center, which it leased back to API. In 1980, Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour all-news network, redefining the way\",\n \"title\": \"WarnerMedia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3030146\",\n \"text\": \"Tennessee. 95 million households receive Food Network as of January 2016. Food Network was founded on April 19, 1993, as \\\"TV Food Network\\\"; its legal name remains Television Food Network, G. P. The network shortened its brand name within a few years and discontinued the \\\"TV\\\" portion of the name, thus leaving it as \\\"Food Network\\\". The network initially launched on November 22, 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten, Donna Hanover, and Robin Leach. On November 23, 1993, Food Network launched its live broadcasting. It was developed by Reese Schonfeld (one of the founders of CNN), under the\",\n \"title\": \"Food Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10789\",\n \"text\": \"Gingrich publicly lauded his ideas about the future, and urged members of Congress to read Toffler's book, \\\"Creating a New Civilization\\\" (1995). Others, such as AOL founder Steve Case, cited Toffler's \\\"The Third Wave\\\" as a formative influence on his thinking, which inspired him to write \\\"The Third Wave: An Entrepreneur's Vision of the Future\\\" in 2016. Case said that Toffler was a \\\"real pioneer in helping people, companies and even countries lean into the future.\\\" In 1980 Ted Turner founded CNN, which he said was inspired by Toffler's forecasting the end of the dominance of the three main television\",\n \"title\": \"Alvin Toffler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"991876\",\n \"text\": \"since the early 2000s. The BBC World Service was the first broadcaster to consider setting up a satellite television news and information channel as far back as 1976, but ceded being the first to CNN (that had primary access to Canada soon after launch). The defunct BBC World Service Antigua Relay Station was built in 1976, but its setup costs were not known to have been part of the BBCWS decision processes at the time. In the early 1990s, many international (as well as domestic) 24-hour news and information channels launched as part of the post-Cold War prosperity bubble. There\",\n \"title\": \"International broadcasting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15051588\",\n \"text\": \"publicity from the international community over the past few years. Wadongo was voted one of CNN's top ten heroes of 2010. On 30 March 2011, Wadongo was named one of three recipients of the inaugural Mikhail Gorbachev Awards for \\\"The Man Who Changed the World.\\\" His fellow inaugural recipients of this award were Sir Tim Berners Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web and Ted Turner, media mogul and founder of CNN. The ceremony, held in London, also celebrated Gorbachev's 80th birthday. Wadongo won the Outstanding Social Entrepreneur in Africa at the Africa Awards for Entrepreneurship held in Mauritius in\",\n \"title\": \"Evans Wadongo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11926061\",\n \"text\": \"aired on TNT, entitled \\\"Cartoon Network on TNT\\\". Cartoon Network was not the first cable channel to have relied on cartoons to attract an audience; however, it was the first 24-hour single-genre channel with animation as its main theme. Turner Broadcasting System had defied conventional wisdom before by launching CNN, a channel providing 24-hour news coverage. The concept was previously thought unlikely to attract a sufficient audience to be particularly profitable, however the CNN experiment had been successful and Turner hoped that Cartoon Network would also find success. Initially, the channel would broadcast cartoons 24 hours a day. Most of\",\n \"title\": \"Cartoon Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15456338\",\n \"text\": \"affiliate) in Los Angeles were uplinked to satellite as well, primarily being carried on a regional basis. The expansion of WTCG into a superstation would serve as the linchpin for what would later be renamed the Turner Broadcasting System to eventually launch or acquire other cable television channels in subsequent years, including the Cable News Network (CNN) (launched on June 1, 1980); HLN (launched as CNN2 on January 1, 1982, and later known as CNN Headline News from 1983 to 2007); Turner Network Television (TNT) (launched on October 3, 1988); Cartoon Network (launched on October 1, 1992); Turner Classic Movies\",\n \"title\": \"TBS (U.S. TV channel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12894554\",\n \"text\": \"Illustrated, attempted to counter the rising success of ESPNews in covering sports news. While the network was shut down, CNN and Sports Illustrated continue to maintain their partnership, with Sports Illustrated operating a sports section on CNN's website. Fox News Channel (FNC) was founded in 1996 under the ownership of News Corporation (founded by Australian-born media mogul Rupert Murdoch), the third largest media company in the United States behind Time Warner and The Walt Disney Company. The network is headed by chief executive officer Rupert Murdoch. The network began broadcasting its programming in high definition in May 2008. Since the\",\n \"title\": \"United States cable news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12894548\",\n \"text\": \"United States cable news Cable news channels are television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982. CNBC was created in 1989, taking control of FNN in 1991. Through the 1990s and beyond, the cable news industry continued to grow, with the establishment of several other networks, including, Fox News Channel (FNC), MSNBC, and specialty channels such as Bloomberg Television, Fox\",\n \"title\": \"United States cable news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"412806\",\n \"text\": \"debate in an environment where the news is controlled by only a few corporations and individuals. In the 1993 biography \\\"It Ain't As Easy as It Looks\\\" by Porter Bibb, Turner discussed his use of lithium and struggles with mental illness. The 1981 biography \\\"Lead, Follow or Get Out of the Way\\\" by Christian Williams chronicles the founding of CNN. In 2008, Turner wrote \\\"Call Me Ted,\\\" which documents his career and personal life. Turner has been married and divorced three times: to Judy Nye (1960–64), Jane Shirley Smith (1965–88), and actress Jane Fonda (1991–2001). He has five children. Through\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7159447\",\n \"text\": \"(CONUS being an acronym for Continental U.S.), which included a news video-sharing service for local television stations nationwide, particularly those affiliated with a major broadcast network. Nearly all of ANC's video came from these stations. CONUS also maintained a small news bureau in Washington, D.C. It was the first nationwide challenger to established cable news channel CNN since the Satellite News Channel folded in 1983. From shortly after its inception until the early 1990s, All News Channel produced daily news updates that aired on Showtime (at the time, owned by ANC co-parent Viacom) during the premium channel's promo breaks. The\",\n \"title\": \"All News Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"836299\",\n \"text\": \"The three partners had a non-compete clause that would prevent them from owning other basic cable networks independently from the USA joint venture, but the said clause would cause Time Inc. to drop out of the venture in 1987, as the company attempted (but failed) to buy CNN from Ted Turner and run it independently from USA. MCA and Paramount subsequently became the sole owners of the channel (with each company owning a 50% interest). In the fall of 1982, USA began operating on a 24-hour-a-day schedule, running a mix of talk shows, children's shows, and a low-budget movie from\",\n \"title\": \"USA Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3564962\",\n \"text\": \"Ted Turner, who was in the process of forming CNN. Dobbs divorced his first wife in 1981 and is now married to Debi Lee Segura, a former CNN sports anchor. The couple raised four children together. Dobbs resides on a horse farm in Wantage Township, New Jersey. Dobbs joined CNN when it launched in 1980, serving as its chief economics correspondent and as host of the business news program \\\"Moneyline\\\" on CNN. Dobbs also served as a corporate executive for CNN, as its executive vice president and as a member of CNN's executive committee. He founded CNN fn (CNN financial\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Dobbs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319819\",\n \"text\": \"the world. Several specialty websites were launched in later years such as CNNMoney, created in partnership with fellow co-owned magazine \\\"Money\\\"; CNN also launched a radio network that provided news updates and other content to radio stations nationwide. The network grew to include 36 bureaus (10 domestic, 26 international), and expanded its broadcast partnerships to more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the affiliate video service CNN Newsource). CNN's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for multimedia conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting\",\n \"title\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319807\",\n \"text\": \"the channel's first newscast. Among the first segments was an interview with then-President Jimmy Carter by Daniel Schorr. On January 1, 1982, the channel launched a spin-off network called CNN2, which was subsequently renamed Headline News (HLN) the following year in January 1983. Whereas CNN featured a mix of newscasts and specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News was originally formatted to strictly focus on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day with segments scheduled in fixed timeslots each half-hour; as such, it was one of the first news channels to utilize a \\\"wheel\\\" schedule. Headline News\",\n \"title\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"527151\",\n \"text\": \"deeply involved with the newer visual medium of television. In 1948, it entered into a partnership with 20th Century Fox subsidiary Fox Movietone News to shoot newsfilm for television stations. That service, United Press Movietone, or UPMT, was a pioneer in newsfilm syndication and numbered among its clients major US and foreign networks and local stations, including for many years the early TV operation of ABC News. In subsequent decades, it underwent several changes in partnerships and names, becoming best known as United Press International Television News (UPITN). Senior UPITN executives later helped Ted Turner create CNN, with its first\",\n \"title\": \"United Press International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7948763\",\n \"text\": \"the eighth-largest Nielsen designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 2,310,490 homes (2.0% of the total U.S.). Atlanta is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System (now merged with Time Warner media conglomerate) in Atlanta, where he bought a UHF station that eventually became TBS. Turner established the headquarters of the Cable News Network at CNN Center, adjacent today to Centennial Olympic Park. As his company grew, its other channels – Cartoon Network, Boomerang, TNT, Turner South, Turner Classic Movies, CNN International, CNN en Español, CNN Headline News, and CNN Airport Network –\",\n \"title\": \"Media in Atlanta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618916\",\n \"text\": \"Diana Shaw Reinhardt and two children: Cheryl Reinhardt and Gary Reinhardt. Another son, Barry S. Reinhardt, died in 1960. Burt Reinhardt Burton \\\"Burt\\\" Reinhardt (April 19, 1920 – May 10, 2011) was an American journalist and news executive, who served as executive Vice President of CNN from 1980 to 1982 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 1990. In his capacity as vice president, Reinhardt helped to hire most of CNN's first 200 employees, including the cable network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Reinhardt was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920.\",\n \"title\": \"Burt Reinhardt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5652782\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"CBS Evening News with Douglas Edwards\\\". KWTV is purported to be the first television station in the Oklahoma City market to conduct consumer and investigative reporting, the first to utilize beat reporters, and was the first television station in the United States to air a consumer-investigative news program, \\\"Call for Action\\\", which was based on a KOMA radio show of the same title. In 1962, assignment reporter Ed Turner (who later become the inaugural executive vice president of CNN when the channel launched in 1980) received accolades for a series of reports on James Meredith, who in October of that\",\n \"title\": \"KWTV-DT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2888660\",\n \"text\": \"news operation ever owned by the future founder of CNN. Within a few months, \\\"Action News 36\\\" had become competitive with longer-established WBTV and WSOC-TV. Robert D. Raiford was the station's first news anchor. Upon becoming a network affiliate, Turner sold about half of WRET-TV's programming inventory to WCCB, including older sitcoms, movies and most of its inventory of syndicated cartoons. Turner's ambitious ownership of the station would not last long, however. In 1980, he sold WRET-TV to Westinghouse Broadcasting (also known as Group W), with the proceeds going towards starting CNN. The $20 million purchase price that Westinghouse paid\",\n \"title\": \"WCNC-TV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14162542\",\n \"text\": \"Cindy Vandor Cindy Vandor (Cindy Druss) was born on May 11, 1955. After graduating from Northwestern University with a degree in journalism, she went on to Washington, D.C. where she handled production duties for The Today Show, NBC Nightly News, and NBC News Updates. She also reported for NBC’s all-news radio station. There, she attracted the notice of the Independent Television News Association which hired her to cover Capitol Hill, and later, The White House. When Ted Turner launched a 24-hour cable news television channel, Cindy was chosen for the management team that created CNN. She opened CNN’s Chicago bureau,\",\n \"title\": \"Cindy Vandor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618910\",\n \"text\": \"Burt Reinhardt Burton \\\"Burt\\\" Reinhardt (April 19, 1920 – May 10, 2011) was an American journalist and news executive, who served as executive Vice President of CNN from 1980 to 1982 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 1990. In his capacity as vice president, Reinhardt helped to hire most of CNN's first 200 employees, including the cable network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Reinhardt was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920. He began working as an assistant cameraman for the Movietone News newsreel company in 1939. He served as a\",\n \"title\": \"Burt Reinhardt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319817\",\n \"text\": \"Times\\\" columnist Lisa Belkin wrote a retrospective article in 1995 on the impact of live video news: In 1990, Tom Johnson, who formerly served as publisher of the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" for 13 years, was named as the president of CNN. Under Johnson, CNN expanded its reach with the launches of a number of cable and satellite television networks, both domestic and internationally, beginning with the 1991 launch of CNN International. Two specialized closed-circuit networks launched in 1991: CNN Airport Network, which provides a mix of original content and simulcasts of CNN International to national and world airports; and CNN\",\n \"title\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5219138\",\n \"text\": \"of approximately 300 if they used an all electronic newsroom and satellites for all transmissions. It would require an initial investment of $15–20 million and several million dollars per month to operate. In 1979, Turner sold his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarter's in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). He hired Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personal,\",\n \"title\": \"Reese Schonfeld\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3560642\",\n \"text\": \"N-tv n-tv is a German free-to-air television news channel owned by the Bertelsmann Media's RTL Group. n-tv broadcasts news and weather every hour and half-hour in the morning. It also broadcasts magazine shows and documentaries. n-tv began as a business development project at Time-Warner International which, under the leadership of then chairman Steve Ross, was looking for ways to grow its businesses internationally. Time-Warner at the time was a major shareholder in Turner Broadcasting, parent company of CNN (both now subsidiaries of Time-Warner) and began looking for ways to get into the news channel business internationally. In 1991, under the\",\n \"title\": \"N-tv\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5219141\",\n \"text\": \"In 1999 Schonfeld sold his interest in the Food Network to Scripps. He has continued consulting various media projects and occasionally contributes to The Huffington Post. He is the author of \\\"Me and Ted Against the World\\\", an account of the development and early history of CNN, and \\\"The Global Battle for Cultural Domination\\\", an essay in \\\"Developing Cultures, Essays on Cultural Change\\\". Reese Schonfeld Maurice Wolfe \\\"Reese\\\" Schonfeld is an American television journalist who is a co-founder of CNN and the Food Network. Schonfeld grew up in Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey in 1931, the grandson of Yiddish\",\n \"title\": \"Reese Schonfeld\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20612623\",\n \"text\": \"Gail Evans Gail Hirschorn Evans (born 17 December 1941) is an American author, lecturer, and business executive. She is known for being the highest ranking female executive at Cable News Network and for her two books, \\\"Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman\\\" and \\\"She Wins, You Win\\\". Evans was born in 17 December 1941 and received a bachelor's degree from Bennington College. Her first job was in Office of the Special Counsel to the President during the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration. Evans began working at CNN at its inception in 1980. By the time she retired in 2001,\",\n \"title\": \"Gail Evans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618911\",\n \"text\": \"combat cameraman with the United States Army's pictoral service in the Pacific theater during World War II. Reinhardt became Fox Movietone News' managing editor following the end of World War II. He then became the executive vice president of United Press International's (UPI) television film division, the UPI Newsfilm. Reinhardt then co-founded UPI's television news agency, United Press International Television News (UPITN), during the late 1960s. He next served as Paramount Pictures' executive vice president of the \\\"non-theatrical and educational film division.\\\" He departed Paramount Pictures to help launch CNN at the invitation of its founder Ted Turner. Turner, who\",\n \"title\": \"Burt Reinhardt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12894550\",\n \"text\": \"are primarily concerned with local programming and cover some statewide interest have included Spectrum News (a brand used for multiple networks including in upstate New York, North Carolina, Florida and Texas), NY1 (which operates from New York City), News 12 Networks, FiOS1, and the former Northwest Cable News (NWCN) (which operated from Seattle). New England Cable News covers the six-state region of New England. Cable News Network (CNN) launched on June 1, 1980, as the first cable channel devoted to news programming. The Persian Gulf War in 1991 catapulted CNN into the spotlight, largely because the channel was the only\",\n \"title\": \"United States cable news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721076\",\n \"text\": \"go by CNN. CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially known as \\\"CNN Interactive\\\"), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S., according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an\",\n \"title\": \"CNN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8332789\",\n \"text\": \"Talkback Live Talkback Live is a talk show on CNN that lasted from 1994 until 2003. It aired from 3 to 4 pm Eastern Time and was hosted at various times by Susan Rook, Bobbie Battista, Jeff Hullinger, Karyn Bryant, and Arthel Neville. The audience participation show originated from a specially constructed stage in the atrium of the CNN Center. It was canceled in favor of extending \\\"Live From\\\" for an additional hour. It has been widely speculated that in 1993 media mogul Ted Turner, founder of the 24-hour news network CNN, was inspired to create a talk show after\",\n \"title\": \"Talkback Live\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3601477\",\n \"text\": \"The current managing director of CNN International is Tony Maddox. CNN International, in large part a result of Ted Turner's globalization ideals, began broadcasting on September 1, 1985, at first primarily broadcasting to American business travelers in hotels. The first studio for CNNI was at CNN's original studio building known as Techwood, home at that time to all of Turner Broadcasting System's channels. Today, it is home to the Turner Studios complex that houses the entertainment channels. Other early studios in Atlanta were tucked away in various corners of the CNN Center, and the newsroom lacked even a digital clock.\",\n \"title\": \"CNN International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4358733\",\n \"text\": \"giving him his own network to run. In July 1999, Dobbs quit CNNfn and started his own company, Space.com, and eventually returned to CNN to host \\\"Lou Dobbs Tonight\\\". From the start, CNNfn struggled to be picked up by local and national cable operators. In 2004, the official CNNfn network was shut down. However the technologies invented in the early CNNfn days helped launch CNN and the entire broadcasting industry into a new digital era. The CNNfn.com website continued on, and in 2001 merged with \\\"Money Magazine\\\" to form CNNMoney. The schedule below is taken from the now-defunct site of\",\n \"title\": \"CNNfn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2177802\",\n \"text\": \"Entertainment Animation Movies Note: (* ) - \\\"Now owned or absorbed by sister company, Warner Bros.\\\" Turner Broadcasting System Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. is an American media conglomerate that is a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia, and manages the collection of cable television networks and properties initiated or acquired by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV.\",\n \"title\": \"Turner Broadcasting System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721090\",\n \"text\": \"the three major cable channels of Republican and Democratic candidates during the earliest five months of presidential primaries in 2007: CNN President Walter Isaacson met with Republican Party leaders in Washington, DC in 2001 saying afterwards \\\"I was trying to reach out to a lot of Republicans who feel that CNN has not been as open covering Republicans, and I wanted to hear their concerns,\\\" As CNN founder Ted Turner stated, \\\"There really isn't much of a point getting some Tom, Dick or Harry off the streets to report on when we can snag a big name whom everyone identifies\",\n \"title\": \"CNN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2177788\",\n \"text\": \"Turner Broadcasting System Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. is an American media conglomerate that is a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia, and manages the collection of cable television networks and properties initiated or acquired by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV. The headquarters of Turner's properties are located in both the CNN Center in Downtown Atlanta\",\n \"title\": \"Turner Broadcasting System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4652551\",\n \"text\": \"was in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it purchased WRET-TV from Ted Turner in early 1980, and changed its call letters to WPCQ-TV. Turner used the proceeds from the sale of the Charlotte station to help him launch CNN. The company also purchased cable TV system operator TelePrompTer in 1981, which it renamed Group W Cable the following year. The TelePrompTer acquisition also brought animation producer Filmation into the Group W fold. However, Westinghouse would leave the cable TV system business in 1986, and would later sell the Filmation library to L'Oréal in 1989. During that period, Group W was known\",\n \"title\": \"Westinghouse Broadcasting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14014380\",\n \"text\": \"Leon Hawthorne Leon Hawthorne (born 11 January 1966) is a British television executive, journalist and presenter. He was a World News anchor for CNN (1996–1999) and a political correspondent for the BBC in Westminster (1999) before founding \\\"The Baby Channel\\\", the world’s first parenting television network, of which he was CEO until July 2008. From 2007, Hawthorne has focussed on creating niche TV channels for the Internet, including \\\"Beauty Zone TV\\\", \\\"Book Zone TV\\\" and \\\"Theatreland TV\\\". Hawthorne was born in Bristol, England on 11 January 1966; and went to school in Cardiff and Oxford before going to the University\",\n \"title\": \"Leon Hawthorne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16824981\",\n \"text\": \"Chip Walter William J. (Chip) Walter Jr. (born May 23, 1951) is an American science writer, documentary filmmaker, journalist and screenwriter. He was one of the original employees at Cable News Network when it went on the air June 1, 1980 and later became its youngest bureau chief when he created CNN's first Southeast Bureau before heading up the network's San Francisco Bureau. He has written and produced several PBS science documentaries, served as an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University in three different departments, worked with UNICEF on the issue of childhood trauma, spoken at Harvard, Xerox PARC, Carnegie\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Walter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14647978\",\n \"text\": \"1992, Wussler was Chief Executive Officer of Comsat Video Enterprises, Inc., where he joined with the Metromedia Company as initial investors in a company that eventually became Metromedia International Telecommunications, Inc., developing independent cable television and cellular telephone systems in the former Soviet Union. From 1992 until his death, Wussler ran the Wussler Group, a consulting company. Robert Wussler Robert J. Wussler (September 8, 1936 – June 5, 2010) was a journalist, executive, and co-founder of CNN. Wussler was born in Newark, New Jersey and attended Seton Hall University. Wussler began his career at CBS in 1957, working in the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Wussler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12894551\",\n \"text\": \"news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the American bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman and Peter Arnett. Throughout the 1990s, CNN (which was at the time the only major cable news channel) became very influential, an influence later coined as the CNN effect. CNN was the first cable news network to begin broadcasting in high definition in September 2007. Today, CNN's television personalities include Wolf Blitzer, Erin Burnett, Anderson Cooper and Jake Tapper. In 1982, the Turner Broadcasting System (which\",\n \"title\": \"United States cable news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4223720\",\n \"text\": \"KMOX, a station in St. Louis, Mo., was the first to abandon film and switch entirely to ENG. Stations all over the country made the switch over the next decade. ENG greatly reduces the delay between when the footage is captured and when it can be broadcast, thus enabling news gathering and reporting to become steady cycle with little time in between when story breaks and when a story can air..Coupled with live microwave and/or satellite trucks, reporters were able to show live what was happening, bringing the audience into news events as they happened. CNN launched in June 1980,\",\n \"title\": \"Electronic news-gathering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14896687\",\n \"text\": \"United States and 31st in the world. More recently, USA Technologies was named to Deloitte L.L.P’s 2010 Technology Fast 500 List of the fastest growing companies in North America. In 1985 Jensen founded American Film Technologies where he served as Chairman, Director, and CEO until 1992. AFT is a film colorization company that creates color imaged versions of black-and-white films. During his leadership, Jensen was awarded a contract from Ted Turner, the American film magnate and founder of the CNN news service, to convert 200 black-and-white films to color. Jensen grew AFT to more than 500 employees. In 1989 Jensen\",\n \"title\": \"George R. Jensen Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2143802\",\n \"text\": \"channel was launched at midnight Eastern Time on January 1, 1982, as CNN2. The channel's launch was simulcast nationwide on sister networks CNN and Superstation WTBS (now simply TBS), starting at 11:45 p.m. on December 31, 1981, as a preview for cable providers that had not yet reached agreements to carry CNN2. Following a preview reel by original CNN anchor Lou Waters and an introduction by founder and then-Turner Broadcasting CEO Ted Turner, Chuck Roberts (who would become the channel's longest-serving news anchor, with a 28-year career with CNN2/Headline News that lasted until his retirement on July 30, 2010) and\",\n \"title\": \"HLN (TV network)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319808\",\n \"text\": \"would scale back its rolling news coverage in February 2005, with the incorporation of personality-based news discussion programs during its nighttime schedule. Following the launch of CNN, other cable news channels launched in an attempt to capitalize on the channel's growing success, which often had marginal to no success in competing with CNN. One of the first was Satellite News Channel, which launched on June 21, 1982 with a mix of national and regionally focused newscasts; after the channel ceased operations on October 27, 1983, its satellite transponder slot was subsequently purchased by Ted Turner to expand the distribution of\",\n \"title\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5763830\",\n \"text\": \"metropolitan markets, thus allowing HBO to accumulate 1.6 million subscribers by the end of 1977. A notable legal battle involved Ted Turner suing RCA to get a Satcom 1 transponder in 1980 for the launch of CNN on June 1, 1980. CNN had been scheduled for a Satcom 3 transponder but that satellite failed to reach geosynchronous orbit upon its launch on December 7, 1979. Shortly after its launch, Satcom 1 was the first satellite used by broadcast TV networks in the United States. The networks ABC, NBC, and CBS distributed their programming content to some local affiliate stations, which\",\n \"title\": \"Satcom (satellite)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3601494\",\n \"text\": \"news website CNN.com (initially an experiment known as \\\"CNN Interactive\\\") on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S. according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an increase of 11%\",\n \"title\": \"CNN International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13516869\",\n \"text\": \"cable and satellite systems as part of a News Corp. \\\"worldwide platform\\\" for Fox programming, reasoning that \\\"The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously.\\\" In February 1996, after former NBC executive and Republican political strategist Roger Ailes left America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch called him to start the \\\"Fox News Channel\\\". Ailes worked individuals through five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch, on October 7, 1996. At launch, only 10 million households were able to watch Fox News, with none in the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Fox News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12821760\",\n \"text\": \"a new era of 24-hour satellite news broadcasting. In 1991, the BBC introduced a competitor, BBC World Service Television. Rupert Murdoch's Australian News Corporation entered the picture with Fox News Channel in the US, Sky News in Britain, and STAR TV in Asia. Combining this new appartus with the use of embedded reporters, the United States waged the 1991–1992 Gulf War with the assistance of nonstop media coverage. CNN's specialty is the crisis, to which the network is prepared to shift its total attention if so chosen. CNN news was transmitted via INTELSAT communications satellites. CNN, said an executive, would\",\n \"title\": \"News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8075024\",\n \"text\": \"news summary; this lent credence to SNC's slogan, \\\"Give us 18 minutes, we'll give you the world,\\\" which was derived through Group W's experience in all-news radio. Each 18-minute national newscast featured content gathered from both in-house newsgathering and reporting staffs and reports sourced from international television networks that maintained content agreements with Group W/ABC to supply stories for the channel. ABC Video Enterprises and Group W Satellite Communications announced the formation of the Satellite News Channel (as the News-Channel) on August 12, 1981, with a tentative launch set for early 1982. CNN founder Ted Turner subsequently announced plans to\",\n \"title\": \"Satellite News Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16275791\",\n \"text\": \"is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System media empire in Atlanta, where he bought a UHF station that eventually became WTBS. Turner established the headquarters of the Cable News Network at CNN Center, adjacent today to Centennial Olympic Park. As his company grew, its other channels—the Cartoon Network, Boomerang, TNT, Turner South, Turner Classic Movies, CNN International, CNN en Español, HLN, and CNN Airport Network—centered their operations in Atlanta as well (Turner South has since been sold). Turner Broadcasting is a division of Time Warner. In 2008 Tyler Perry established his studios in\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Atlanta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"836255\",\n \"text\": \"of many classics that were originally filmed in black-and-white. The channel launched with an estimated 17 million subscribers, its initial coverage totaling 6.8 times that of the largest previous cable network launch (VH1, which launched on January 1, 1985 with 2.5 million homes estimated to have initially received that channel). The channel's operations were based inside office space at Turner Broadcasting's Techwood Drive complex in midtown Atlanta that formerly served as the facilities for CNN Headline News from its launch as CNN2 in January 1982 until it and parent network CNN moved their operations into the CNN Center downtown in\",\n \"title\": \"TNT (U.S. TV network)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13319809\",\n \"text\": \"Headline News further into additional homes. After five years, CNN outgrew its original home, a former country club on the outskirts of midtown Atlanta. In 1985, Turner purchased the Omni International hotel from Canadian real estate tycoon Nelson Skalbania and moved CNN's headquarters to the building, rechristening the complex as the CNN Center. As Omni International, the complex had never succeeded. Cousins sold it to Turner, along with the Atlanta Hawks NBA franchise. CNN moved into the end of the tower that once housed The World of Sid and Marty Krofft. Turner was instrumental in the revival of Atlanta's downtown.\",\n \"title\": \"History of CNN (1980–2003)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14348202\",\n \"text\": \"New York Yankees in 1946 and then worked for eight years for three minor league teams before becoming director of publicity for the Kansas City Athletics in 1955. CBS hired him the following year. MacPhail was a former president of CBS Sports, where he worked from 1956 to 1973. Afterwards he was associated with Bob Wold, a satellite sports pioneer, and then brought to CNN by Reese Schonfeld to create the CNN Sports department in 1980 upon its launch, which he ran until retiring from CNN in 1995. While at CBS Sports, MacPhail is credited with implementing instant replay for\",\n \"title\": \"Bill MacPhail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17220329\",\n \"text\": \"School of Continuing Education. He currently lives in New York City where he operates a multimedia production company, Westminster Productions Inc. and produces and moderates monthly film screenings titled “Meet The Filmmaker” at the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences New York. Sumner Jules Glimcher Sumner Jules Glimcher (born June 4, 1924 in Boston, Massachusetts, died 27 February, 2018 in Bolder, Colorado) was a World War II veteran, professor, author and filmmaker. After surviving gunshot wounds at the Battle of the Bulge, Glimcher began an extensive career in communications, creating International Transmissions Inc, a precursor to CNN, and making\",\n \"title\": \"Sumner Jules Glimcher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5217024\",\n \"text\": \"As well as helping launching Al Jazeera English, Cole is probably best known for being part of the launch-teams of two other leading broadcasters. One of the organisations was CNN International, in their new facility in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1989. The other launch in which he was involved was that of Sky News. In 1989, he started his career as an anchor with the organisation, then known as BSkyB. Before that, he worked for Central Television in Birmingham, Anglia Television's \\\"About Anglia\\\", and also for ITN. Cole runs his own firm, Cole Productions, for non-broadcasting business, and is also the\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Cole (broadcaster)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13624077\",\n \"text\": \"Krassimir Guergov Krassimir Guergov () is a Bulgarian businessman, who was born on 30 September 1961. He is an ex-officer from the Bulgarian secret services during the communist regime. His main business is related to advertising and media in Bulgaria. He completed \\\"Sports Journalism\\\", \\\"Tourism, Alpinism and Orienteering\\\" and specialised World Report at CNN, Atlanta and London. In 1994 he acquired the right to broadcast the American TV channel CNN in Bulgaria and created the first private national television in Bulgaria, broadcasting the CNN programme (Triada - CNN). He was also the creator of the first private national radio in\",\n \"title\": \"Krassimir Guergov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2462068\",\n \"text\": \"Iraq Inquiry on 25 January 2010. Browne is vice chairman of the Washington, DC-based Nuclear Threat Initiative, a non-profit, nonpartisan organization founded in 2001 by former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn, who serves as co-chair and CEO, and CNN founder and philanthropist Ted Turner. NTI’s mission is to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Browne is also convener of the European Leadership Network for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation. and he is convener of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation. Des\",\n \"title\": \"Des Browne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"412788\",\n \"text\": \"his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarters in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). CNN hired Jim Kitchell, former general manager of news at NBC as vice president of production and operations; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personnel, and Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network. In 1982, Schonfeld was succeeded as CEO by Turner after a dispute over Schonfeld's firing of Sandi Freeman; and\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7642424\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Walton (journalist) Jim Walton (born 1958) is the former president of CNN Worldwide. He joined CNN in 1981, one year after the network was founded. He graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1981. He started his career at CNN as a VJ, an entry-level position. He has two sons, Jake and Max. He took over as the president of CNN Worldwide in 2003. On July 27, 2012, Walton announced he was quitting at CNN after working there for over 30 years. He remained with the network until the end of the year after which he was\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Walton (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8075026\",\n \"text\": \"to do so at the time. The network utilized footage from ABC News for its reports and maintained seven newsgathering and reporting crews based in Washington, D.C. At launch, Satellite News Channel compensated participating cable operators to carry the channel, contrary to the standard of the period in which cable channels charged a nominal fee per subscriber for carriage. Despite this model, SNC had difficulty obtaining clearance from cable systems. The network and its satellite transponder space was eventually purchased by CNN's corporate parent, the Turner Broadcasting System. Satellite News Channel ceased operations on October 27, 1983, after sixteen months\",\n \"title\": \"Satellite News Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239798\",\n \"text\": \"the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was built in Hell's Kitchen in the 1980s, the Coliseum was the primary event venue for New York City. By 1985, there were plans to replace the Coliseum, and after a series of delays, the Coliseum was demolished in 2000. Since 2003, the site has been occupied by Time Warner Center, the world headquarters of the Time Warner corporation. The center consists of a pair of towers 53 stories high. The complex also hosts the Shops at Columbus Circle mall, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Columbus Circle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11159233\",\n \"text\": \"and otherwise report on news. Beginning in the 1970s, media, unable to respond quickly enough to obtain compelling coverage of natural disasters and weather phenomena such as tornadoes would count on hobbyists for photographs and film footage. With improvements in technology and as video cameras and video-equipped cell phones became widely available, they set up formal programs to gather material from nonprofessionals. For example, in August, 2006, CNN launched \\\"CNN Exchange\\\", by which the public is encouraged to submit \\\"I-Reports\\\" comprising photographs, videos, or news accounts. More recently newspapers have incorporated blogs, once seen as a threat to conventional news\",\n \"title\": \"News bureau\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12894587\",\n \"text\": \"on Dish Network. Before NBC and its partners acquired The Weather Channel, NBCUniversal operated NBC Weather Plus, a digital multicast service that operated from 2004 to 2008 (continuing thereafter as a locally programmed service using Weather Plus' graphics system called NBC Plus). United States cable news Cable news channels are television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982. CNBC was\",\n \"title\": \"United States cable news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"836337\",\n \"text\": \"reduce the awkwardness of a channel branded with the initials of another nation. USA Network USA Network (commonly referred to as simply USA, stylized as usa since 2005) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group division of NBCUniversal, itself a subsidiary of Comcast. It was originally launched in 1977 as Madison Square Garden Sports Network, one of the first national sports cable television channels, before being relaunched as USA Network on 1980. Once a minor player in basic cable, USA has steadily gained popularity due to its original programming;\",\n \"title\": \"USA Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15748654\",\n \"text\": \"of CNN founder Ted Turner's small start-up team that launched CNN in Europe. Early Career Starting her career as an M&A lawyer for global law firm White & Case in New York and London, Dailey previously held legislative posts in the US Congress and a communications post at Estée Lauder Companies in Paris. Other Activities Dailey appears regularly on Sky News as an expert on the creative industries and was named by Creative Review to its ‘ Creative Leaders 50 ’ for 2018 as one of the 50 people driving change in the creative industry and world at large. Dailey\",\n \"title\": \"Carolyn Dailey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"836258\",\n \"text\": \"Warner – a New York City-based media company formed in 1989 through the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Bros. corporate parent Warner Communications – reached an agreement to acquire the Turner Broadcasting System and its associated properties (including TNT, TBS, CNN, Headline News and Cartoon Network as well as Turner Entertainment) for $7.5 billion; the deal would also expand Time Warner's pay television holdings, as it had owned HBO and sister premium service Cinemax as well as cable television provider Time Warner Cable since the Time-Warner Communications merger six years prior. (Time Warner and predecessor Warner Communications had owned\",\n \"title\": \"TNT (U.S. TV network)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19433121\",\n \"text\": \"32-3, as journey that took 20 days there, and 28 days back. The second trip was sailing a 1984 Ericson 38, which took 17 days there and 22 days to return. Williams chronicled the founding of CNN in the 1981 Ted Turner biography \\\"Lead, Follow or Get Out of the Way.\\\" Williams' 2016 book \\\"Alone Together: Sailing Solo to Hawaii and Beyond\\\" recounts his solo sail two years earlier to Hawaii and back in his 32-foot sloop \\\"Thelonious.\\\" Christian Williams Christian Williams is an American journalist, television writer and yachtsman. A former \\\"Washington Post\\\" editor during the Watergate era, he\",\n \"title\": \"Christian Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721089\",\n \"text\": \"CNN operates bureaus in the following cities . Boldface indicates that the city is home to one of CNN's original bureaus, meaning it has been in operation since the network's founding. CNN has regional headquarters in Abu Dhabi, Hong Kong, and London. Other bureau locations include: In parts of the world without a CNN bureau, reports from local affiliate station the network will be used to file a story. In a joint study by the Joan Shorenstein Center on Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University and the Project for Excellence in Journalism, the authors found disparate treatment by\",\n \"title\": \"CNN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20612627\",\n \"text\": \"2000. They have 3 children and 7 grandchildren. Gail Evans Gail Hirschorn Evans (born 17 December 1941) is an American author, lecturer, and business executive. She is known for being the highest ranking female executive at Cable News Network and for her two books, \\\"Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman\\\" and \\\"She Wins, You Win\\\". Evans was born in 17 December 1941 and received a bachelor's degree from Bennington College. Her first job was in Office of the Special Counsel to the President during the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration. Evans began working at CNN at its inception in\",\n \"title\": \"Gail Evans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17493458\",\n \"text\": \"many more. The long-standing success in the management of web communication media for DPG was sealed by its cooperation with CNN. DPG, along with the international news giant CNN, established CNN.gr. Dimitris Giannakopoulos, the President of DPG Group, stated on the occasion of the cooperation announcement: \\\"We are particularly pleased to become members of the international CNN family through this strategic cooperation. CNN.gr aims to provide to the Greek-speaking audience immediate and accurate Greek and international news, with the unique seal of quality provided by CNN, bringing at the same time the Greek diaspora closer to the motherland. In times\",\n \"title\": \"Dimitrios Giannakopoulos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"140753\",\n \"text\": \"Fox News Fox News (officially known as the Fox News Channel, commonly abbreviated to FNC) is a United States pay television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched\",\n \"title\": \"Fox News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"140846\",\n \"text\": \"Fox News Fox News (officially known as the Fox News Channel, commonly abbreviated to FNC) is a United States pay television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched\",\n \"title\": \"Fox News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5219136\",\n \"text\": \"Reese Schonfeld Maurice Wolfe \\\"Reese\\\" Schonfeld is an American television journalist who is a co-founder of CNN and the Food Network. Schonfeld grew up in Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey in 1931, the grandson of Yiddish speaking immigrants. He graduated from Weequahic High School. He graduated with a B.A. in political science from Dartmouth College and then received an M.A. and a law degree from Columbia University. He began his career with United Press Movietone News in 1956. Later he became vice president of United Press International Television News. In 1975, he founded the Independent Television News Association, a\",\n \"title\": \"Reese Schonfeld\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4858520\",\n \"text\": \"America. This is London calling.\\\"\\\" Murrow abbreviated his own opening remarks to \\\"\\\"This\\\"...is London\\\" and he soon began adapting the prefix \\\"\\\"this\\\"\\\" to many titles including \\\"\\\"This\\\"... I Believe\\\". James Earl Jones became one of many to adopt the Murrow style when he later announced: \\\"\\\"This\\\"...is CNN\\\". Murrow was not without his critics at CBS, and some of his colleagues had formed their own \\\"\\\"Murrow-Ain't-God Club\\\"\\\" (ibid TIME September 30, 1957.) According to Ward Wheelock who wrote a preface to the 1952 book, \\\"This I Believe\\\" was launched in 1949 at a business luncheon of four men (Murrow being one,\",\n \"title\": \"This I Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8075025\",\n \"text\": \"launch a spin-off service, CNN2 (later renamed CNN Headline News shortly after SNC's launch; it is now named HLN), which originally maintained a format similar to that being planned by the Satellite News Channel – albeit with newscasts running in 30-minute intervals – as a preemptive strike against the ABC/Group W venture. CNN2 made its launch on January 1, 1982 on participating cable systems across the county as well as through a sneak preview block on sister channel Superstation WTBS. Satellite News Channel launched on June 21, 1982. During that time, it provided competition for CNN, the first cable network\",\n \"title\": \"Satellite News Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945154\",\n \"text\": \"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \\\"new\\\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print\",\n \"title\": \"21st Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14014389\",\n \"text\": \"working through his own small vehicle, Videobite, Hawthorne has launched \\\"Waterstone’s TV\\\" for the book retailer and created two channels of his own, \\\"Book Zone TV\\\" and a theatre channel, \\\"Theatreland TV\\\". Leon Hawthorne Leon Hawthorne (born 11 January 1966) is a British television executive, journalist and presenter. He was a World News anchor for CNN (1996–1999) and a political correspondent for the BBC in Westminster (1999) before founding \\\"The Baby Channel\\\", the world’s first parenting television network, of which he was CEO until July 2008. From 2007, Hawthorne has focussed on creating niche TV channels for the Internet, including\",\n \"title\": \"Leon Hawthorne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2946056\",\n \"text\": \"The facility began as a carpet factory, and later was purchased by Turner as overflow offices (among other things, set building and woodworking facilities were located there, as was CNN Field Engineering) while other Turner operations moved into the Techwood campus (which was originally a country club, then the first HQ for CNN soon after CNN moved into the CNN Center in downtown Atlanta) in the early 1980s. The street is named for early Atlanta settler Ammi Williams. The studio's production logo features a wavy gray image of Space Ghost's fictional studio from \\\"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\\\", with the\",\n \"title\": \"Williams Street\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of CNN (1980–2003) context: History of CNN (1980–2003) Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel. Four years before CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his\\n\\nIn which year was CNN founded?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 189,\n \"origin_tokens\": 189,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of CNN (1980–2003) context: Headline News further into homes. After five years, CNN outgrew its original home, a former country club on the outskirts of midtown Atlanta. In 1985, Turner purchased the Omni International hotel from Canadian real estate tycoon Nelson Skalbania and moved CNN's headquarters to the building, rechristening the complex as the CNN Center. As Omni International, the complex had never succeeded. Cousins sold it to Turner, along with the Atlanta Hawks NBA franchise. CNN moved into the end of the tower that once housed The World of Sid and Marty Krofft. Turner was instrumental in the revival of Atlanta's downtown.\\n\\ntitleurt Rein contextiana Reinhardt and children Chery Reinhardt Gary Reinhardt. Another son S Reinhardt, died in 1960urt Rein Bur \\\"Burt Reinhardt (April 19, 120 – May 10, 201) was an American journalist executive, who served Vice President of CNN from 1980 to182 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 190. his capacity as vice president Reinhardt helped h most of CNN's00 employees, including the cable network's news anchor, Bernard Shaw Reinhardt was born a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920.\\ntitle International: The current managing CNN International is Maddox part a' global ide, began broadcasting on 1 1, to American businessers in. The was CNN's studio buildingwood Turner Broadcasts Studios entertain. Other studios wereuck away various corners Center androom lack even digital.\\n\\ntitle: Turnering System Animation (>) owned sisterros Turner System Turner cable by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV.\\n\\nIn which year was CNN founded?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 475,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14195,\n \"ratio\": \"29.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":187,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":187,"string":"187"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was President Reagan's Secretary for Defense from 1987 to 1989?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Frank Charles Carlucci","Frank Charles Carlucci, III","Frank Carlucci","Frank Carlucci III","Frank C. Carlucci","Frank C. Carlucci III","Frank Charles Carlucci III"],"string":"[\n \"Frank Charles Carlucci\",\n \"Frank Charles Carlucci, III\",\n \"Frank Carlucci\",\n \"Frank Carlucci III\",\n \"Frank C. Carlucci\",\n \"Frank C. Carlucci III\",\n \"Frank Charles Carlucci III\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Frank Carlucci"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1837686","text":"Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration. Carlucci was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Roxanne (née Bacon) and Frank Charles Carlucci,","title":"Frank Carlucci"},{"id":"87908","text":"Carson, Powell became senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, whom he assisted during the 1983 invasion of Grenada and the 1986 airstrike on Libya. In 1986, Powell took over the command of V Corps in Frankfurt, Germany, from Robert Lewis \"Sam\" Wetzel. Following the Iran–Contra scandal, Powell became, at the age of 49, Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor, serving from 1987 to 1989 while retaining his Army commission as a lieutenant general. In April 1989, after his tenure with the National Security Council, Powell was promoted to four-star general under President George H. W. Bush and briefly","title":"Colin Powell"},{"id":"1837694","text":"They had two children. Carlucci was later married to Marcia McMillan Myers from 1976 until his death. They had one daughter. Carlucci died on June 3, 2018, from complications of Parkinson's disease, at his home in McLean, Virginia, at the age of 87. Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in","title":"Frank Carlucci"},{"id":"14268399","text":"Department of the Army. In 1986, he became Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the United States Department of Justice's Office of Legislative Affairs. On June 9, 1987, President of the United States Ronald Reagan announced the nomination of Bergquist as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict). Less than a year later, President Reagan nominated Bergquist as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), and Bergquist subsequently held this office from June 1988 until November 1989. He later served as Associate Coordinator for Counterterrorism. In 2001, at the request of the Chairman of the Joint","title":"Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense)"},{"id":"1837691","text":"the Iberian Peninsula, is named for him. Carlucci was Deputy Director of the CIA from 1978 until.1981, under CIA Director Stansfield Turner. Carlucci was United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1981 until 1983. He later served as United States National Security Advisor from 1986 until 1987. Carlucci became United States Secretary of Defense in 1987, following the resignation of Caspar Weinberger due to his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair. He served as Secretary of Defense until the end of the Reagan administration on January 20, 1989. He was notable during the administration for advocating an arms build-up to hasten","title":"Frank Carlucci"},{"id":"13587484","text":"later became the director of the Office of Management and Budget under Nixon, and as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under both Nixon and President Gerald Ford. Caspar Weinberger later became the Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan for most of his two terms in office. He resigned as Defense Secretary in 1987 when Jane was diagnosed with several serious medical conditions, including cancer, which she survived. Jane Weinberger first began writing and publishing during Reagan's first term, while her husband, Caspar Weinberger, was Defense Secretary. Her foray into publishing began as the result of one of the Reagan","title":"Jane Weinberger"},{"id":"6335001","text":"Congress to pass laws intruding' on the 'commander in chief.'\" but in his opening remarks as he testified under subpoena before the House Judiciary Committee, Addington said that he had left the committee's service before the minority report was written and had no role in it. Addington was also a special assistant for legislative affairs to President Ronald Reagan for one year in 1987, before becoming Reagan's deputy assistant. From 1989 to 1992, Addington served as special assistant to Cheney who was then the Secretary of Defense, before being appointed by President George H. W. Bush and confirmed by the","title":"David Addington"},{"id":"14149528","text":"Carlucci and his deputy, General Colin Powell. Howard focussed on arms control issues and remained through the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in January 1988. He also dealt with many issues associated with the Iran–Contra affair. On December 21, 1987, President Reagan nominated Howard to serve as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) and Howard would hold this post from February 1988 through May 1989. He worked for Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci and dealt with the aftermath of the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the U.S.S. \"Vincennes\" and the explosion of a gun mount","title":"J. Daniel Howard"},{"id":"1374437","text":"Caspar Weinberger Caspar Willard \"Cap\" Weinberger (August 18, 1917 – March 28, 2006) was an American politician and businessman. As a prominent Republican, he served in a variety of state and federal positions for three decades, including Chairman of the California Republican Party, 1962–68. Most notably he was Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. Weinberger was born in San Francisco, California. He served in the 41st Infantry Division in the Pacific theater of World War II. Weinberger's entry into politics was as a California State Assemblyman from 1953 to 1959, and he would go on","title":"Caspar Weinberger"},{"id":"7760563","text":"to join the moderate Republican Wednesday Group in order to move up the leadership ranks. He was elected Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee from 1981 to 1987. Cheney was the Ranking Member of the Select Committee to investigate the Iran-Contra Affair. He promoted Wyoming's petroleum and coal businesses as well. President George H. W. Bush nominated Cheney for the office of Secretary of Defense immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm John Tower for that position. The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0 and he served in that office from March 1989 to January","title":"Dick Cheney"},{"id":"6033197","text":"James H. Burnley IV James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Burnley was born in High Point, North Carolina, on July 30, 1948 to Dorothy Mary (Rockwell) and James H. Burnley III. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, \"magna cum laude\" from Yale University in 1970. He received his Juris Doctor from Harvard University in 1973. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan chose Burnley, Dole's Deputy Secretary and the Department's former General Counsel,","title":"James H. Burnley IV"},{"id":"6033207","text":"a past Chairman of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. He is a member of the Washington Legal Foundation’s Legal Policy Advisory Board. James H. Burnley IV James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Burnley was born in High Point, North Carolina, on July 30, 1948 to Dorothy Mary (Rockwell) and James H. Burnley III. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, \"magna cum laude\" from Yale University in 1970. He received his Juris Doctor","title":"James H. Burnley IV"},{"id":"14149524","text":"J. Daniel Howard J. Daniel Howard (born August 24, 1943) was Special Assistant to President of the United States Ronald Reagan from July 1986 to February 1988, United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs from February 1988 to May 1989 and Under Secretary of the Navy from 1989 to 1993. Howard was born August 24, 1943, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. After high school, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, serving in Japan from 1961 to 1965. Upon leaving the Marines, he enrolled at the University of Chattanooga, receiving a B.A. in 1969. After college, Howard moved to","title":"J. Daniel Howard"},{"id":"2646819","text":"1987 until his death in 1991. In November 1986, President Reagan asked Tower to chair the President's Special Review Board to study the action of the National Security Council and its staff during the Iran-Contra Affair. The board, which became known as the Tower Commission, issued its report on February 26, 1987. The report was highly critical of the Reagan administration and of the National Security Council's dealings with both Iran and the Nicaraguan Contras. In 1989, Tower was President George H. W. Bush's choice to become Secretary of Defense. In a stunning move, particularly since Tower was himself a","title":"John Tower"},{"id":"1790077","text":"the 1976 election, O'Neill took an executive job at International Paper in New York City. He was vice president of the company from 1977 to 1985 and president from 1985 to 1987. In 1989, he was approached by President George H. W. Bush to be Secretary of Defense. O'Neill declined, but recommended Dick Cheney for the position. Bush then pursued O'Neill to chair an advisory group on education that included Lamar Alexander, Bill Brock, and Richard Riley. O'Neill was chairman and CEO of the Pittsburgh industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, and retired as chairman at the end of","title":"Paul H. O'Neill"},{"id":"7760559","text":"succeeded retiring Democratic Congressman Teno Roncalio, having defeated his Democratic opponent, Bill Bagley. Cheney was re-elected five times, serving until 1989. In 1987, he was elected Chairman of the House Republican Conference. The following year, he was elected House Minority Whip. He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator John G. Tower, whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989. He voted against the creation of the U.S. Department of Education, citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government, and","title":"Dick Cheney"},{"id":"1638688","text":"the interests of an Israeli weapons company. Perle denied conflict of interest, insisting that, although he received payment for these services after he had assumed his position in the Defense Department, he was between government jobs when he worked for the Israeli firm.\" From 1981 to 1987, Perle was Assistant Secretary of Defense for international security policy in the Reagan administration. In a \"New York Times\" article, Perle was criticized for recommending that the Army purchase an armaments system from an Israeli company that a year earlier had paid him $50,000 in consulting fees. Perle acknowledged receiving the payment the","title":"Richard Perle"},{"id":"2397385","text":"each episode of \"McLaughlin Group\". McLaughlin also hosted the interview show \"John McLaughlin's One on One\", first telecast in 1984, and ended in 2013. Also from 1989 through 1994, he produced and hosted \"McLaughlin\", a one-hour nightly talk show on CNBC. For a short while in 1999, he hosted an MSNBC show, \"McLaughlin Special Report\". The show was announced on January 22, and its cancellation was announced on February 25. On August 23, 1975, McLaughlin married Ann Dore (née Lauenstein), his former campaign manager. She served as Secretary of Labor under President Ronald Reagan from 1987 until 1989. During this","title":"John McLaughlin (host)"},{"id":"3330132","text":"a daughter together, (Peggy Verity Power, Jonathan George Verity and William Wymond Verity). He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89. His wife, Peggy Verity died on Wednesday, January 20, 1999, at age 81. He is interred in Woodside Cemetery, Middletown, Ohio. William Verity Jr. Calvin William Verity Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was a U.S. administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to","title":"William Verity Jr."},{"id":"87894","text":"Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Powell was the first, and so far the only, Jamaican American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from","title":"Colin Powell"},{"id":"3330129","text":"William Verity Jr. Calvin William Verity Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was a U.S. administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to Calvin William Verity and Elizabeth (O'Brien) Verity. He roomed with John F. Kennedy at Choate, a Connecticut boarding school, starting a friendship with the future president. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy. Verity worked for most of his career at Armco Steel, a corporation founded by his grandfather, George M. Verity. He started","title":"William Verity Jr."},{"id":"3400202","text":"of Leva, Hawes, Symington, Martin and Oppenheimer. In February 1981, as one of his first appointments, President Ronald Reagan appointed Taft as General Counsel of the Department of Defense. Taft was then appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense and served from January 1984 to April 1989. He served as acting Secretary of Defense from January to March 1989 after George H. W. Bush became president. Bush's initial nominee, John Tower, was not confirmed by the United States Senate after much contentious debate and testimony. The eventual appointee confirmed in March was Richard B. Cheney (later Vice President of the United States,","title":"William Howard Taft IV"},{"id":"3559203","text":"defense budgets beginning in 1986. Weinberger clashed with Congress over the cuts, resigning in late 1987, and was succeeded by Frank Carlucci. Lehman's successor as Navy Secretary, Jim Webb, remained a fierce proponent of the expanded fleet, and disagreed with Carlucci over how to cut the Navy budget in line with other services. Webb resigned rather than endorse Carlucci's cut of 16 frigates. As revealed in \"The Reagan Diaries\", Reagan reflected about Webb's resignation on 22 February 1988: \"Present Sec. Webb resigned over budget cuts. I don't think Navy was sorry to see him go.\" Following the dissolution of the","title":"600-ship Navy"},{"id":"12420702","text":"several appointed positions of increasing responsibility from 1980 through 1987 in the Reagan Administration. He served on the staff of the Deputy Undersecretary for Policy at the Department of Defense; as a Regional Director of the Civil Aeronautics Board; Special Assistant to the Director, Office of Personnel Management; Assistant to the Chairman of the Consumer Product Safety Commission; Special Assistant for Congressional Liaison in the Department of the Interior; and Staff Advisor to the Commissioner at the Interstate Commerce Commission. From 1987 until his appointment with the Selective Service, he was a lobbyist and in 1989, established Kindness & Chatfield","title":"William A. Chatfield"},{"id":"4137384","text":"wide variety of other media and research organizations, for propagating conspiracy theories and Islamophobia, and described as a hate group, a label the organization disputes. In April 1987, Frank Gaffney, Jr. was nominated to serve as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs during the Reagan Administration. He served in that role for seven months until was forced from his post in November of that year. In a meeting with former Department of Defense officials after Gaffney's ouster, Richard Perle, for whom Gaffney had previously served as a top deputy, said, \"What we need is the Domino’s Pizza of","title":"Center for Security Policy"},{"id":"10557056","text":"in China. In August 2016, Lavin endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. Frank Lavin and his wife Ann (née Wortley) have been married since November 29, 1980. They have three children. Frank Lavin Franklin L. \"Frank\" Lavin (October 26, 1957 - ) is a former Republican White House aide who was the political director for Ronald Reagan between 1987–1989, a United States Diplomat, and a bank executive. Lavin earned a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University; a M.S. in Chinese language from Georgetown University; a M.A. in International Relations and International Economics","title":"Frank Lavin"},{"id":"11840850","text":"Electoral history of Dick Cheney Electoral history of Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993), United States Representative from Wyoming (1979–1989, including Minority Whip, 1989) and White House Chief of Staff (1975–1977) Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978 (Republican primary): Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1980: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1982: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1984: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1986: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1988 United States Secretary of Defense, 1989 (Confirmation in the United States Senate): 2000 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally): United States","title":"Electoral history of Dick Cheney"},{"id":"87957","text":"shield can be shown surrounded by the insignia of an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath (KCB), an award the General received after the first Gulf War. Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Powell was the first,","title":"Colin Powell"},{"id":"551886","text":"on the nomination of Dick Thornburgh as U.S. Attorney General, Thurmond stated that Thornburgh had the qualities necessary for an Attorney General to possess, citing his \"integrity, honesty, professionalism and independence.\" Thornburgh was confirmed, and served for the remainder of the Reagan administration as well as the Bush administration. Following the 1988 Presidential election, George H. W. Bush nominated John Tower for United States Secretary of Defense. After Tower's nomination was rejected by the Senate, Thurmond asked, \"What does it say when the leader of the free world can't get a Cabinet member confirmed?\" In August 1989, the Senate Judiciary","title":"Strom Thurmond"},{"id":"1357492","text":"his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, under Richard Perle. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the Reagan Administration, again serving under Perle. In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing arms","title":"Frank Gaffney"},{"id":"6335015","text":"citizens without a warrant: \"It's Addington,\" and further, that \"he doesn't care about the Constitution.\" when speaking with friends at a Washington Redskins game. Jack Goldsmith has written that if Powell indeed made this remark, \"he was wrong,\" as Addington and Cheney \"seemed to care passionately about the Constitution as they understood it.\" Further, it is alleged, at least during Cheney's term as Secretary of Defense from 1989–93, that Addington and Cheney were deeply and eagerly interested in the U.S. Continuity of Operations Plan (CO-OP), to be used in the event of a nuclear attack on the U.S. (and first","title":"David Addington"},{"id":"10557054","text":"Frank Lavin Franklin L. \"Frank\" Lavin (October 26, 1957 - ) is a former Republican White House aide who was the political director for Ronald Reagan between 1987–1989, a United States Diplomat, and a bank executive. Lavin earned a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University; a M.S. in Chinese language from Georgetown University; a M.A. in International Relations and International Economics from the School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University; and a M.B.A. in Finance at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. As Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, Lavin","title":"Frank Lavin"},{"id":"14232567","text":"Melvyn R. Paisley Melvyn R. Paisley (October 9, 1924 – December 19, 2001) was appointed United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems) by President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. He was prosecuted in Operation Ill Wind in which he, numerous other government employees and 60 private citizens were arrested. In 1991, he admitted that while in office he had accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars of bribes and was sentenced to four years in prison. Melvyn R. Paisley was born on October 9, 1924, in Portland, Oregon. He grew up in a logging camp where","title":"Melvyn R. Paisley"},{"id":"542710","text":"to die was Frank Carlucci (1987–1989), on 3 June 2018. United States Secretary of Defense The Secretary of Defense (SecDef) is the leader and chief executive officer of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the Armed Forces of the United States. The Secretary of Defense's position of command and authority over the United States' military is second only to that of the President and Congress, respectively. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent","title":"United States Secretary of Defense"},{"id":"11885881","text":"employees under his management at that time. Two of the companies, Hughes and EDS, had founders who were very high-profile billionaires. On January 26, 1989, President George H. W. Bush named Atwood to the No. 2 job in the US Defense Department. Atwood's management and scientific skills were thought to be a complement to those of the Defense Secretary appointed, John G. Tower, who was expected to play a political and policy-setting role. Atwood served in this post for the four years with Dick Cheney as Defense Secretary. He returned to private life in the spring of 1993. The Apollo","title":"Donald J. Atwood Jr."},{"id":"749099","text":"for which he initiated a project to develop a distributed data management system for more efficient management of training pipelines. His significant staff assignments included: executive assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations, administrative assistant to the Secretary of the Navy and special assistant for Systems Analysis to the Secretary of Defense. He reached the temporary rank of vice admiral but was allowed to retire in 1987 at the lower rank of rear admiral as a result of his role in the Iran–Contra affair. Poindexter went on to serve in the Reagan administration as military assistant to the National Security","title":"John Poindexter"},{"id":"4510134","text":"Florida in 1979. Despite its many successes, the JDA could not handle the job. Although the JDA had responsibility for integrating deployment procedures, it did not have authority to direct the Transportation Operating Agencies or Unified and Specified Commanders in Chief to take corrective actions, keep databases current, or adhere to milestones. According to several independent studies on transportation, the Department of Defense (DOD) needed to consolidate transportation. Consequently, President Ronald Reagan on 18 April 1987 ordered the Secretary of Defense to establish a Unified Transportation Command (UTC), a directive made possible in part by the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense","title":"United States Transportation Command"},{"id":"8083727","text":"of Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Paris, and received a Certificate in International Business from the University of Brussels. Lauder started to work for the Estée Lauder Company in 1964. In 1984, he became a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for European and NATO policy at the United States Department of Defense. In 1986, Ronald Reagan named him as the United States Ambassador to Austria, a position he held until 1987. As ambassador, he fired diplomatic officer Felix Bloch, who later became known in connection with the Robert Hanssen espionage case. As a Republican, he made a bid","title":"Ronald Lauder"},{"id":"3760917","text":"Joint Chiefs of Staff to serve under the provisions of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, where he as chairman became (not the collegial body of the Joint Chiefs of Staff), by statute, the principal military adviser to the president, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. In 1989, Army General Colin L. Powell succeeded him as CJCS. After he retired in October 1989, Crowe returned to the University of Oklahoma and William J. Crowe chair in geopolitics. Crowe surprised politicians when he endorsed Bill Clinton in the presidential election of 1992. President Clinton named","title":"William J. Crowe"},{"id":"11840851","text":"presidential election, 2000: 2004 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally): United States presidential election, 2004: Electoral history of Dick Cheney Electoral history of Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993), United States Representative from Wyoming (1979–1989, including Minority Whip, 1989) and White House Chief of Staff (1975–1977) Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978 (Republican primary): Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1980: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1982: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1984: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1986: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1988 United States Secretary of Defense, 1989","title":"Electoral history of Dick Cheney"},{"id":"3400203","text":"2001–2009). Although he was only acting Secretary of Defense, and never confirmed as the permanent Secretary, he became the third member of his family to hold a position as civilian head of a military department, following his great-great-grandfather Alphonso Taft (under President Ulysses S. Grant) and his great-grandfather William Howard Taft (under President Theodore Roosevelt). Taft served as U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO, which has the rank of ambassador, from 1989 to 1992, during the Gulf War. During the Clinton administration, Taft entered private practice with the Washington, D.C., law firm of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson. After the","title":"William Howard Taft IV"},{"id":"14268397","text":"Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense) Kenneth P. Bergquist (born 1944) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) from 1988 to 1989. Kenneth P. Bergquist was born in Washington, D. C. on July 12, 1944. He attended Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1967. Upon graduation, Bergquist joined the United States Army and served in the Army until 1974. For two of his years in the Army, he saw action in the Vietnam War in Vietnam and Cambodia. For his combat service, he was awarded the Silver Star, six Bronze Stars and two Purple","title":"Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense)"},{"id":"4601845","text":"Pledge of Allegiance in the opening session. During the Reagan Administration, Webb served as the nation's first Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs from 1984-87. In 1987, he served as Secretary of the Navy, becoming the first Naval Academy graduate to serve as the civilian head of the Navy. As Navy Secretary, Webb pushed the appointment of Alfred M. Gray, Jr. as Commandant of the Marine Corps, hoping that Gray could reshape the Corps into the elite unit it once was. Webb resigned in 1988 after refusing to agree to reduce the size of the Navy. Webb had wished","title":"Jim Webb"},{"id":"1824680","text":"Donald Regan Donald Thomas \"Don\" Regan (December 21, 1918 – June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1981 to 1985 and the White House Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 under Ronald Reagan. In the Reagan administration, he advocated \"Reaganomics\" and tax cuts as a means to create jobs and to stimulate production. Earlier in his life, he had studied at Harvard University before he served in the United States Marine Corps, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. He then started to work for Merrill Lynch in 1946, serving as its chairman and","title":"Donald Regan"},{"id":"15976659","text":"suggested the Soviets were overly paranoid about the United States (The Soviets had refused to allow American planes use Soviet airfields in post-World War II Germany). They broke for lunch and Reagan promised Gorbachev he'd have a chance to rebut. They talked outside for about two hours on the Strategic Defense Initiative, but both stood firm. Gorbachev accepted Reagan's invitation to the United States in a year, and Reagan was invited to do the same in 1987. On the second day, Reagan went after human rights, saying that he did not want to tell Gorbachev how to run his country,","title":"Geneva Summit (1985)"},{"id":"845212","text":"Frank Carlucci and Deputy National Security Advisor Lieutenant General Colin Powell. Carlucci reformed the NSC by replacing more than half of the professional staff within 3 months. Carlucci largely withdrew the NSC from its operational roles, but in the matter of Nicaragua, NSC continued to exercise the coordination that was not forthcoming from any of the agencies. In the autumn of 1988, Carlucci was called to the Defense Department to succeed Caspar Weinberger, and for the third time among his six appointments to the position of National Security Advisor during his presidency, Reagan promoted the Deputy. General Powell directed an","title":"History of the United States National Security Council 1981–89"},{"id":"18550270","text":"excitement. A quick solution to manning and basing a brand new unified command was to abolish an existing command. United States Readiness Command (USREDCOM), with an often misunderstood mission, did not appear to have a viable mission in the post Goldwater-Nichols era, and its Commander in Chief, General James Lindsay, had had some special operations experience. On 23 January 1987, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended to the Secretary of Defense that USREDCOM be disestablished to provide billets and facilities for USSOCOM. President Ronald Reagan approved the establishment of the new command on 13 April 1987. The Department of Defense","title":"United States Special Operations Command"},{"id":"16867889","text":"Walker helped the Soviets decipher more than one million encrypted naval messages, organizing a spy operation that \"The New York Times\" reported in 1987 \"is sometimes described as the most damaging Soviet spy ring in history.\" After Walker's arrest, Caspar Weinberger, President Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Defense, concluded that the Soviet Union made significant gains in naval warfare attributable to Walker's spying. Weinberger stated that the information Walker gave Moscow allowed the Soviets \"access to weapons and sensor data and naval tactics, terrorist threats, and surface, submarine, and airborne training, readiness and tactics.\" John Lehman, United States Secretary of the","title":"John Anthony Walker"},{"id":"15412970","text":"Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Installations, 1983–87; and as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Readiness Support, 1987-89. On September 7, 1988, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Keesling to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs). She held this position until 1989. In the early 1990s, she joined the United States Department of Labor, serving as Acting Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division. She moved to Sun City, Arizona in 2000 and practiced law there until her retirement in 2009. She died","title":"Karen R. Keesling"},{"id":"15922240","text":"and executive officer of the 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry at Fort Hood (1975 to 1977), CGSC (1977 to 1979), Individual Training Division at the Pentagon (1979–1982), and Office of the Secretary of Defense (1982–1987), during the Cold War build-up. He retired as a lieutenant colonel. In addition to the Bronze Star and Cross of Gallantry, he earned a Meritorious Service Medal and the Defense Superior Service Medal. He was widely eulogized after his death. Roderick Wetherill Roderick \"Rod\" Wetherill Sr. (January 19, 1918 – June 26, 1978) was a notable officer of the United States Army from World War II","title":"Roderick Wetherill"},{"id":"20903738","text":"John P. Schmitz The Honorable John Patrick Schmitz (born April 19, 1955) was White House Deputy Counsel to US President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), and Deputy Counsel to Vice President Bush during the Reagan Administration (1987-1989). Schmitz clerked for Antonin Scalia at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1983-1984). Fluent in German, Schmitz has worked extensively on German-American issues both in government, and since 1993, in private practice in Washington, D.C. and Berlin. He was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, First Class (Bundesverdienstkreuz). Schmitz graduated magna","title":"John P. Schmitz"},{"id":"14287336","text":"Robert C. McCormack Robert C. McCormack (born 1939) was United States Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Production Support from 1987 to 1988; Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Industrial and International Programs from 1988 to 1990; and Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) from 1990 to 1993. Robert C. McCormack was born in New York City on November 7, 1939. He was educated at The Hotchkiss School and then the University of North Carolina, receiving a B.A. in 1962. After graduating from college, McCormack joined the United States Navy and served in the Navy from 1962","title":"Robert C. McCormack"},{"id":"15392142","text":"associate attorney at the law firm of Dickstein Shapiro in Washington, D.C. He then spent 1981 and 1982 as general counsel of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services under the chairmanship of U.S. Senator John Tower (Republican Party senator from Texas). He was promoted to become the committee's staff director and chief counsel in 1982, holding that post until 1987. On September 17, 1986, U.S. President Ronald Reagan nominated McGovern to be U.S. Under Secretary of the Air Force. He then served as Acting U.S. Secretary of the Air Force from December 1988 until April 1989. After leaving","title":"James F. McGovern"},{"id":"8470135","text":"The Intentions of the Authors of the First Amendment\" (1978). Before joining the University at Albany's faculty in 1990, Malbin worked for the joint U.S. House and Senate Iran-Contra Committee (1987), the House Republican Conference (1988) and as speech writer to Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney (1989–90). He has also been a presidential appointee to the National Humanities Council from 1990–94 and a visiting professor at Yale University (1996). Before government service, he was a resident fellow at The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (1977–86) and a reporter for National Journal (1973–77). Malbin was born in Brooklyn,","title":"Michael J. Malbin"},{"id":"14232570","text":"Lehman convinced President of the United States Ronald Reagan to nominate Paisley as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems). He held this office from December 1981 until March 1987. Lehman and Paisley gained a reputation as being somewhat heavy-handed as managers, but effective at slashing red tape. In 1986, federal prosecutors sued Paisley, arguing that a $183,000 severance package Paisley received upon leaving Boeing compromised his objectivity as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems). The Supreme Court of the United States later ruled that such severance packages were not illegal. Upon leaving government in","title":"Melvyn R. Paisley"},{"id":"9955346","text":"and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1994 to 2000. During his Berkeley years he became a member of the Bohemian Club, at which his closest associates included Caspar Weinberger, who was Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Defense. After having smoked a few packages of cigarettes a day for many years, he died of emphysema in 2011. Ira Michael Heyman Ira Michael Heyman (May 30, 1930 – November 19, 2011) was a Professor of Law and of City and Regional Planning, and was Chancellor of University of California, Berkeley, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Heyman was born in 1930 in","title":"Ira Michael Heyman"},{"id":"215243","text":"techniques. To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz. To position himself as Reagan's successor, Kemp called for Shultz's resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on SDI. In an attempt to highlight his stands on key Reagan Era foreign policy initiatives, Kemp traveled in September 1987 to Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador to lobby the presidents of those nations against","title":"Jack Kemp"},{"id":"7760566","text":"for Public Affairs, and Paul Wolfowitz, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, from the beginning of his tenure. He focused primarily on external matters, and left most of the internal DoD management to Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald Atwood. Cheney's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the Department of Defense budget. Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military, following the Reagan Administration's peacetime defense buildup at the height of the Cold War. As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget, Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services","title":"Dick Cheney"},{"id":"4276632","text":"by the West, including Veryl Goodnight, Gordon Gund, Michael Kessler (artist), Tom Korologos, Tomas Lasansky (son of famed artist Mauricio Lasansky), Dean Mitchell, Dan Namingha, Lloyd Schermer, Peggy Judy and Dan Young. Ann McLaughlin Korologos Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Marie Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989. Korologos was born in Chatham, New Jersey, the daughter of Marie (née Koellhoffer) and Edward Joseph Lauenstein, a manufacturer representative for a wartime ammunitions company. She was educated at Saint Patrick School, the Academy of Saint Elizabeth, Marymount","title":"Ann McLaughlin Korologos"},{"id":"15397408","text":"Secretary of the Air Force, from April 29, 1989 until May 21, 1989. After leaving government service in 1992, Welch served on the Board of Directors of a number of corporations, including MBDA-US, Verint Systems, Serco, Dynacs Military & Defense, Meggitt, and Wilcoxon Research. Welch died at Legacy Lifecare Hospital in Plano, Texas on October 8, 2010. John J. Welch Jr. John James \"Jack\" Welch Jr. (1930–2010) was a United States scientist and businessman who served as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) from 1987 to 1992. John J. Welch Jr. was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 23,","title":"John J. Welch Jr."},{"id":"5680007","text":"to Texas to work for the Texas Public Policy Foundation where he is now Vice President for National Initiatives. DeVore earned a full Army ROTC scholarship that allowed him to obtain a bachelor's degree in Strategic Studies (cum laude) in 1985 from Claremont McKenna College. He was named a Distinguished Military Graduate. He studied abroad at American University in Cairo, Egypt. He's a graduate of the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff Officer Course. DeVore served as Special Assistant for Foreign Affairs to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs during the Reagan administration from 1986 to 1988. He","title":"Chuck DeVore"},{"id":"14201497","text":"Great Performance. \"The book quickly became an international bestseller and won several awards. Duncan is also a frequent contributor to \"Fast Company\" and \"Forbes\" magazines.\" Duncan is the second of four children of Marion Claude Duncan and Helen Colleen Stone Duncan, and is a descendant of George Rogers Clark, a prominent American military officer during the American Revolutionary War. His older brother is Stephen M. Duncan, who served as Assistant Secretary of Defense under U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush and is a recognized expert on national security issues. Duncan lives with his wife Rean Robbins in their","title":"Rodger Dean Duncan"},{"id":"4096807","text":"to inquire into U.S. arms sales to Iran. During the administration of George H. W. Bush, Hadley was a Pentagon aide to Paul Wolfowitz, serving as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy from 1989 to 1993. In that position, he had responsibility for defense policy toward NATO and Western Europe, on nuclear weapons and ballistic missile defense, and arms control. He also participated in policy issues involving export control and the use of space. Hadley served as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney's representative in talks led by Secretary of State James Baker that resulted in the Strategic","title":"Stephen Hadley"},{"id":"108905","text":"Station Anacostia, District of Columbia, as a selective reservist. Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker. He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of captain in 1989. In 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as Administrative Assistant to David S. Dennison Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin","title":"Donald Rumsfeld"},{"id":"3161252","text":"Department. In 1987, Reagan appointed him Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, where he served until the end of Reagan's term, shortly after which he was appointed Administrator of Veterans Affairs, in charge of the Veterans Administration, which was elevated to cabinet-level status as the Department of Veterans Affairs in 1989, making Derwinski the first Secretary of Veterans Affairs. A Polish American, Derwinski was noted for his efforts on behalf of Eastern Europe throughout his career. Notably, he aided in the rehabilitation of the Serbian Royalist general Draža Mihailović. Mihailović had received the Legion of Merit","title":"Ed Derwinski"},{"id":"11788377","text":"Dale Van Atta Dale Van Atta (born 1951) is a speaker, novelist, and journalist. He was a personal friend of and co-author with fellow journalist Jack Anderson and borrowed money to help him when he was in financial trouble. In 2008 his book \"With Honor\" was released about Melvin Robert Laird, Richard Nixon's Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973. Before joining Jack Anderson in 1979, Van Atta was an investigative reporter for \"Deseret News\". He is also a contributor to many international and national magazines and newspapers. Van Atta worked with Jack Anderson for seven years writing a column","title":"Dale Van Atta"},{"id":"3716842","text":"Robert S. Bennett Robert S. Bennett (born 1939) is an American attorney and partner at Schertler & Onorato, LLP, best known for representing President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal. Bennett is also famous for representing Judith Miller in the Valerie Plame CIA leak grand jury investigation case, Caspar Weinberger, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, during the Iran-Contra scandal of the 1980s, Clark Clifford in the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) scandal, and Paul Wolfowitz in the World Bank Scandal. He served as special counsel for the Senate Ethics Committee's 1989–1991 investigation of the Keating Five. In 2008,","title":"Robert S. Bennett"},{"id":"14260349","text":"development specialist in the Small Business Administration's Office of Personnel 1980-82, and then served as Special Assistant to the Administrator of the Small Business Administration 1982-86. In 1986, Pope became Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Family Support, Education, and Safety) in the United States Department of Defense. On August 19, 1989, President of the United States George H. W. Bush nominated Pope as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), and, after ratification by the United States Senate, Pope served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) from November 1989 until January 1993. When the","title":"Barbara S. Pope"},{"id":"20903744","text":"IESE, and Friends of Dresden. Schmitz lives in McLean, VA with his wife, Joan M. Schmitz (née Manee). The two have five grown children, Mary, Anna, John M., C. Maximilian, and Julia, and two grandsons. In 1995, Schmitz and his family planted a vineyard, Chappelle Charlemagne, in Rappahannock County, Virginia John P. Schmitz The Honorable John Patrick Schmitz (born April 19, 1955) was White House Deputy Counsel to US President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), and Deputy Counsel to Vice President Bush during the Reagan Administration (1987-1989). Schmitz clerked for Antonin Scalia at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District","title":"John P. Schmitz"},{"id":"6314217","text":"Reagan aide Michael Deaver about Quigley and her role. Regan, who frequently quarreled with Nancy Reagan, resigned in 1987 after the Iran–Contra affair. In 1988, Regan published his memoir \"For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington\", revealing that Nancy Reagan had consulted with Quigley, and previously with astrologer Jeane Dixon. Regan wrote: Virtually every major move and decision the Reagans made during my time as White House Chief of Staff was cleared in advance with a woman in San Francisco [Quigley] who drew up horoscopes to make certain that the planets were in a favorable alignment for the enterprise.","title":"Joan Quigley"},{"id":"11548448","text":"public policy issues and offers a doctoral degree program in public policy analysis. During this time, Rice also was appointed by President Ford to serve as chairman of the National Commission on Supplies and Shortages and by Presidents Nixon and Carter to two terms on the National Science Board. At the request of President Carter, he directed a comprehensive study of the resources management process within the United States Department of Defense. He remained at RAND until May 1989 when President George H. W. Bush appointed him Secretary of the Air Force. As the Air Force Secretary, Rice reorganized the","title":"Donald Rice"},{"id":"4818967","text":"Edward C. Aldridge Jr. Edward \"Pete\" Cleveland Aldridge Jr. (born August 18, 1938) has served in many top U.S. Defense Department and defense industry jobs, including as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1981 to 1986, Director of the National Reconnaissance Office 1981-1988, and as the Secretary of the Air Force from 1986 to 1988. From 1989 to 1992 he was president of the Electronic Systems Company division of McDonnell Douglas, and later, CEO of The Aerospace Corporation. He was the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2001 to 2003. Aldridge was a payload specialist","title":"Edward C. Aldridge Jr."},{"id":"6278604","text":"South Korea, Japan and Hawaii, where he was well regarded by his superiors. These recommendations led in early 1989 to a successful interview to become the assistant to Colin Powell, who was then finishing his stint as National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration and moving to a position in the United States Army Forces Command at Fort McPherson. He continued this supporting role as Powell became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff through the Gulf War, following Powell into civilian life and then back into public service when President George W. Bush appointed Powell Secretary of State. Wilkerson","title":"Lawrence Wilkerson"},{"id":"17424253","text":"57 years military base closures have taken place though various processes. The secretary of defense implemented by closure on an ad-hoc basis during 1961 - 1979. Individual service Chiefs and Congress strengthened its veto power for closures during 1980 to 1987. The Changes lead to a few major bases being closed and none actually being closed. This being an issue Congress finally granted authority to an independent Defense Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC5) commission to work with the Department of Defense (DoD) to identify bases and installations to the executive and legislative branches for closure or realignment between 1988 and","title":"Ontario Air National Guard Station"},{"id":"1698063","text":"down. That would be an impossible, ridiculous, and morally reprehensible thing to do, but your crime rate would go down.\" Bennett responded to the criticism saying, in part: William Bennett William John Bennett (born July 31, 1943) is an American conservative pundit, politician, and political theorist, who served as Secretary of Education from 1985 to 1988 under President Ronald Reagan. He also held the post of Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy under George H. W. Bush. Bennett was born July 31, 1943 in Brooklyn, the son of Nancy (\"née\" Walsh), a medical secretary, and F. Robert","title":"William Bennett"},{"id":"17499396","text":"staff) and legislative counsel to then U.S. representative (and later secretary of Housing and Urban Development and 1988 Republican presidential primary and 1996 Republican vice presidential candidate Jack K. Kemp of New York); and from 1979 to 1981 as division counsel for Cabot Corporation), a leading global specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. From 1987 to 1991 during Presidents Ronald Reagan and G.H.W. Bush administrations, he served as chairman of the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid of the U.S. Agency for International Development, for which he received its Superior Honor Award. In September 1973, Teague","title":"Randal Teague"},{"id":"11885875","text":"Donald J. Atwood Jr. Donald Jesse Atwood Jr. (May 25, 1924 – April 24, 1994) was appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense for U.S. President George H. W. Bush in 1989. Atwood played a major role in one of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century - taking man to the Moon and back. He wrote the proposal and directed the organization that developed and built the Apollo guidance system. The son of a grocer, Atwood was born May 25, 1924, in Haverhill, Massachusetts, 40 miles North of Boston. He lived on a small farm adjoining the ancestral home","title":"Donald J. Atwood Jr."},{"id":"13219494","text":"Desert Storm: America's Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush\". Howard Teicher Howard Teicher served as Director for the Near East and South Asia and Senior Director for Political-Military Affairs on the staff of the National Security Council from 1982 to 1987, after working under Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan at the Departments of State and Defense. Teicher received his BA in Political Science, summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, from Boston University in 1976. He received a Masters in International Affairs from Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in 1978. Teicher is","title":"Howard Teicher"},{"id":"14287338","text":"1988, he became Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Industrial and International Programs. He was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal in 1989. On October 10, 1989, President of the United States George H. W. Bush nominated McCormack as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller). McCormack subsequently held this office from January 12, 1990 until January 5, 1993. In a 2001 letter supporting McCormack's nomination for an alumni award from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, Dick Cheney, who was United States Secretary of Defense while McCormack was Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management),","title":"Robert C. McCormack"},{"id":"15397487","text":"the professional staff of the United States House Committee on Armed Services, working there until 1982. On December 15, 1982, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Cooper to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research, Development, and Logistics). Cooper subsequently held this office until 1987, with the title of the office changing to Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) during the course of his time in office. Upon leaving government service in 1987, Cooper joined General Electric as an executive. He retired as GE Aviation's head of Washington, D.C. operations in 2008. Thomas E. Cooper Thomas","title":"Thomas E. Cooper"},{"id":"14601681","text":"policy and defense affairs. In the late 1970s, was an advisor to Team B. During the 1980 presidential election, he was a foreign policy advisor for Ronald Reagan, and during the Reagan administration, he would serve as an advisor to United States Secretaries of Defense Caspar Weinberger (1981–87) and Frank Carlucci, and under the administration of George H. W. Bush as an advisor to Defense Secretary Dick Cheney. Weiss was generally considered a neoconservative, a hawk, and an anti-Soviet hard-liner. Weiss died of liver cancer at his home in Bethesda, Maryland on September 23, 1992. Seymour Weiss (diplomat) Seymour Weiss","title":"Seymour Weiss (diplomat)"},{"id":"542709","text":"In of 1 March 2010, President Barack Obama modified the line of succession regarding who would act as Secretary of Defense in the event of a vacancy or incapacitation, thus reversing the changes made by President George W. Bush in as to the relative positions of the Secretaries of the Military Departments. All of the officials in the line of succession are civilians appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate: As of , there are nine living former Secretaries of Defense, the oldest being Harold Brown (1977–1981, born 1927). The most recent Secretary of Defense","title":"United States Secretary of Defense"},{"id":"6255688","text":"for U.S. Representative Dick Cheney and followed Cheney to the United States Department of Defense as Cheney became United States Secretary of Defense to be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs in 1989 during the George H. W. Bush administration. Williams became a correspondent for NBC News in late March 1993, after leaving the Defense Department; his main areas of news coverage for NBC include the Department of Justice and Supreme Court. Born in Casper, Wyoming, Williams graduated from Natrona County High School in 1970. Williams graduated from Stanford University in 1974. From 1974 to 1985, Williams was","title":"Pete Williams (journalist)"},{"id":"15611867","text":"Ronald F. Lehman Ambassador Ronald F. Lehman, II (born March 25, 1946) is currently Director of the Center for Global Security Research at the United States Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He is also Chair of the Governing Board of International Science and Technology Center, an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Moscow and is a member of the Department of Defense Threat Reduction Advisory Committee. He was Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy (now Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs) from 1988 to 1989 and then Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency between","title":"Ronald F. Lehman"},{"id":"6033198","text":"to be the nation's ninth Secretary of Transportation. Burnley served as Secretary of Transportation from 1987 to 1989. While number two at DOT, Burnley played a key role in negotiating the sale of Conrail, enabling the transfer of the Washington airports to a regional authority, and helped to assemble an ATC work force in the wake of the 1981 PATCO strike. He also helped to produce the Department's policies on aviation safety and security. While Secretary, Burnley emphasized programs to eliminate drug use by issuing regulations requiring drug tests for employees in safety or security-sensitive positions in transportation-related industries. He","title":"James H. Burnley IV"},{"id":"18038317","text":"by the Independent Counsel prior to his confirmation as Attorney General. In 1992, Stevens argued before the United States Supreme Court in Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, representing the respondents. From 1980-1983, he was also an adjunct lecturer in law at the Washington College of Law at the American University. From September 1985-July 1986, Stevens served as Deputy Director and General Counsel of President Reagan's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management, also known as the Packard Commission. In January 1987, President Reagan appointed him Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the first Legal Adviser of National Security","title":"Paul Schott Stevens"},{"id":"14991791","text":"war, emphasizing fire support coordination and practicing Suppression of Enemy Air Defense with artillery fire protecting close air support aircraft. In 1987 he reported to Headquarters Marine Corps for duty as the Secretary of the General Staff working for the Chief of Staff of the Marine Corps. Selected to the grade of brigadier general in 1989, he was assigned to the Pentagon under the Deputy Secretary of Defense. His assignment was to implement David Packard's Defense Management Report, designed to improve efficiencies and find savings in the United States Department of Defense. At the end of one year the implementations","title":"Thomas V. Draude"},{"id":"3076098","text":"United States Energy Security Council, sponsored by the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. Robert McFarlane Robert Carl \"Bud\" McFarlane (born July 12, 1937) is a retired Marine Corps officer who served as National Security Advisor to President of the United States Ronald Reagan from 1983 through 1985. After a career in the Marines, McFarlane became part of the Reagan administration and was a leading architect of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) for defending the United States against missile attack. Subsequently, he was involved in, and pleaded guilty to charges for actions related to, the Iran-Contra affair, but received","title":"Robert McFarlane"},{"id":"4276628","text":"Ann McLaughlin Korologos Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Marie Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989. Korologos was born in Chatham, New Jersey, the daughter of Marie (née Koellhoffer) and Edward Joseph Lauenstein, a manufacturer representative for a wartime ammunitions company. She was educated at Saint Patrick School, the Academy of Saint Elizabeth, Marymount College, Tarrytown of Fordham University, where she spent a year studying abroad at the University of London, and earned an EMBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1988.","title":"Ann McLaughlin Korologos"},{"id":"3619392","text":"U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. After the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, Iklé was appointed Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, serving from 1981 to 1988. As an under secretary of defense, Iklé led the effort to lobby for National Security Decision Directive 166 (\"Expanded US Aid to Afghan Guerrillas\"), signed by Reagan in March 1985. When he visited Pakistan in April 1985, Iklé found that the CIA was still pursuing the war in a halfhearted manner. \"We began to understand that what to us was a very big deal back in Washington, from the point of view","title":"Fred Iklé"},{"id":"15315631","text":"mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 (P.L. 99-661, passed 14 November 1986). The position was officially established on 4 January 1988, by Defense Directive 5138.3. The post's responsibilities for strategic capabilities and forces transformation were added as a result of USD(P) Eric Edelman's 2006 reorganization of the DoD policy office. The ASD(SO/LIC) is supported in his/her work by three Deputy Assistant Secretaries of Defense: The table below includes both the various titles of this post over time, as well as all the holders of those offices. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity","title":"Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict"},{"id":"20084944","text":"at the individuals who had contributed most to cleaning up the Pentagon during the Reagan era. \"Many people, including a larger contingent of active-duty officers than might be guessed, played important roles in the military reform movement . . .\" 17 men and women are named, among them Gary Hart and journalist James Fallows—and they include Smith and Heubusch. In 1989, Heubusch left Capitol Hill to work for Elizabeth Dole, named as Secretary of Labor under new President George H.W. Bush. Heubusch became Dole's Chief of Staff. When Dole left the Labor Department to head the American Red Cross in","title":"John Heubusch"},{"id":"12721422","text":"in the early 1990s. Serious charges were leveled at the Bush administration (1989 to 1993) regarding the POW/MIA issue. The United States Department of Defense, headed by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, was accused of covering up information and failing to properly pursue intelligence about American POW/MIAs. Ranking minority member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, became interested in the matter. In October 1990 his chief staff aide, James P. Lucier, prepared a report stating that it was probable there were live POWs still being held and that the Bush administration was complicit in","title":"Vietnam War POW/MIA issue"},{"id":"11204177","text":"1987, President Reagan personally appointed Ryan to be Assistant to the President, the highest level of staff position in the White House. When President Reagan left office on January 20, 1989, he and First Lady Nancy Reagan returned to California. Ryan was hired to be the former President's post-Chief of Staff. During this time, Ryan was responsible for the establishment and operation of Reagan's office in Century City. He was also instrumental in the design, fundraising, planning, and overseeing the construction of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Ryan left his position as Chief of Staff in 1995. A year earlier,","title":"Fred Ryan"},{"id":"14405982","text":"(Civil Works), and he assumed office in December 1987. He was later re-nominated to the post by George H. W. Bush and served as Assistant Secretary until October 1990. After leaving government service, Page was Executive Vice President of McDermott International, Inc. from 1991 until 1994. Robert W. Page Robert W. Page, Sr. (born January 22, 1927) is an American businessman who served as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) from 1987 to 1990. Robert W. Page, Sr. was born on January 22, 1927 in Dallas. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy","title":"Robert W. Page"},{"id":"7917846","text":"Les Aspin Leslie Aspin Jr. (July 21, 1938 – May 21, 1995) was a United States Representative from 1971 to 1993, and the United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton from January 21, 1993 to February 3, 1994. In Congress, Aspin had a reputation as an intellectual who took a middle-of-the-road position on controversial issues. He supported the Reagan administration regarding the MX missile and aid to the Nicaraguan Contras, but he opposed the B-2 bomber and the Strategic Defense Initiative. He played a major role in convincing the House to support the January 1991 resolution supporting the","title":"Les Aspin"},{"id":"15888028","text":"Frank L. McNamara Jr. Francis Luke McNamara Jr. (born November 4, 1947 in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American attorney who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1987 to 1989. After graduating from Harvard College in 1969, McNamara joined the United States Navy. He served as an Intelligence Officer during the Vietnam War. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1976 and in 1977 was admitted to the Massachusetts bar. From 1977 to 1980, McNamara worked as an associate at Choate, Hall & Stewart. He then became an Assistant General","title":"Frank L. McNamara Jr."},{"id":"14822696","text":"Director of the State Department's Office for Combatting Terrorism, holding this post until 1981 and was then named United States Ambassador to Nicaragua, by President Ronald Reagan, presenting his credentials on March 26, 1982 and serving there until May 6, 1984. Reagan then appointed Quainton United States Ambassador to Kuwait, a post which he held from September 1984 to August 1987. Quainton returned to the United States in September 1987, serving as Deputy Inspector General of the Department of State from September 1987 to November 1989. Newly-inaugurated President George H. W. Bush named Quainton United States Ambassador to Peru; Ambassador","title":"Anthony C. E. Quainton"},{"id":"3245849","text":"Interior from 1985 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. He had been Undersecretary of the Interior under James Watt. Critics disrupted his efforts to impose a new management policy on a large amount of federal land and blocked his efforts to create vast new wilderness areas. In spite of the criticisms, the Reagan Administration Secretaries added over two million acres (8,000 km²) to the national wilderness system. The Hodel policy was continued under Manuel Lujan Jr. (1989–93) in the Bush Administration. It was finally rescinded in 1997 by Secretary Bruce Babbitt. In an article, Hodel wrote, \"Throughout President Reagan's eight","title":"Donald P. Hodel"},{"id":"14149529","text":"on the U.S.S. \"Iowa\". He again supported Secretary Carlucci in direct negotiations designed to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union including a historic first visit by a U.S. Secretary of Defense to Moscow and Sevastapol in 1988. He received the Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award. On July 31, 1989, President George H. W. Bush nominated Howard as Under Secretary of the Navy. After confirmation by the United States Senate, Howard entered office on August 7, 1989. Howard's time as Under Secretary was dominated by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent catastrophic drop in the defense","title":"J. Daniel Howard"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1837686\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration. Carlucci was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Roxanne (née Bacon) and Frank Charles Carlucci,\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Carlucci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"87908\",\n \"text\": \"Carson, Powell became senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, whom he assisted during the 1983 invasion of Grenada and the 1986 airstrike on Libya. In 1986, Powell took over the command of V Corps in Frankfurt, Germany, from Robert Lewis \\\"Sam\\\" Wetzel. Following the Iran–Contra scandal, Powell became, at the age of 49, Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor, serving from 1987 to 1989 while retaining his Army commission as a lieutenant general. In April 1989, after his tenure with the National Security Council, Powell was promoted to four-star general under President George H. W. Bush and briefly\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1837694\",\n \"text\": \"They had two children. Carlucci was later married to Marcia McMillan Myers from 1976 until his death. They had one daughter. Carlucci died on June 3, 2018, from complications of Parkinson's disease, at his home in McLean, Virginia, at the age of 87. Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Carlucci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14268399\",\n \"text\": \"Department of the Army. In 1986, he became Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the United States Department of Justice's Office of Legislative Affairs. On June 9, 1987, President of the United States Ronald Reagan announced the nomination of Bergquist as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict). Less than a year later, President Reagan nominated Bergquist as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), and Bergquist subsequently held this office from June 1988 until November 1989. He later served as Associate Coordinator for Counterterrorism. In 2001, at the request of the Chairman of the Joint\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1837691\",\n \"text\": \"the Iberian Peninsula, is named for him. Carlucci was Deputy Director of the CIA from 1978 until.1981, under CIA Director Stansfield Turner. Carlucci was United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1981 until 1983. He later served as United States National Security Advisor from 1986 until 1987. Carlucci became United States Secretary of Defense in 1987, following the resignation of Caspar Weinberger due to his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair. He served as Secretary of Defense until the end of the Reagan administration on January 20, 1989. He was notable during the administration for advocating an arms build-up to hasten\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Carlucci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13587484\",\n \"text\": \"later became the director of the Office of Management and Budget under Nixon, and as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under both Nixon and President Gerald Ford. Caspar Weinberger later became the Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan for most of his two terms in office. He resigned as Defense Secretary in 1987 when Jane was diagnosed with several serious medical conditions, including cancer, which she survived. Jane Weinberger first began writing and publishing during Reagan's first term, while her husband, Caspar Weinberger, was Defense Secretary. Her foray into publishing began as the result of one of the Reagan\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Weinberger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6335001\",\n \"text\": \"Congress to pass laws intruding' on the 'commander in chief.'\\\" but in his opening remarks as he testified under subpoena before the House Judiciary Committee, Addington said that he had left the committee's service before the minority report was written and had no role in it. Addington was also a special assistant for legislative affairs to President Ronald Reagan for one year in 1987, before becoming Reagan's deputy assistant. From 1989 to 1992, Addington served as special assistant to Cheney who was then the Secretary of Defense, before being appointed by President George H. W. Bush and confirmed by the\",\n \"title\": \"David Addington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14149528\",\n \"text\": \"Carlucci and his deputy, General Colin Powell. Howard focussed on arms control issues and remained through the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in January 1988. He also dealt with many issues associated with the Iran–Contra affair. On December 21, 1987, President Reagan nominated Howard to serve as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) and Howard would hold this post from February 1988 through May 1989. He worked for Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci and dealt with the aftermath of the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the U.S.S. \\\"Vincennes\\\" and the explosion of a gun mount\",\n \"title\": \"J. Daniel Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1374437\",\n \"text\": \"Caspar Weinberger Caspar Willard \\\"Cap\\\" Weinberger (August 18, 1917 – March 28, 2006) was an American politician and businessman. As a prominent Republican, he served in a variety of state and federal positions for three decades, including Chairman of the California Republican Party, 1962–68. Most notably he was Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. Weinberger was born in San Francisco, California. He served in the 41st Infantry Division in the Pacific theater of World War II. Weinberger's entry into politics was as a California State Assemblyman from 1953 to 1959, and he would go on\",\n \"title\": \"Caspar Weinberger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7760563\",\n \"text\": \"to join the moderate Republican Wednesday Group in order to move up the leadership ranks. He was elected Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee from 1981 to 1987. Cheney was the Ranking Member of the Select Committee to investigate the Iran-Contra Affair. He promoted Wyoming's petroleum and coal businesses as well. President George H. W. Bush nominated Cheney for the office of Secretary of Defense immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm John Tower for that position. The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0 and he served in that office from March 1989 to January\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Cheney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6033197\",\n \"text\": \"James H. Burnley IV James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Burnley was born in High Point, North Carolina, on July 30, 1948 to Dorothy Mary (Rockwell) and James H. Burnley III. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, \\\"magna cum laude\\\" from Yale University in 1970. He received his Juris Doctor from Harvard University in 1973. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan chose Burnley, Dole's Deputy Secretary and the Department's former General Counsel,\",\n \"title\": \"James H. Burnley IV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6033207\",\n \"text\": \"a past Chairman of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. He is a member of the Washington Legal Foundation’s Legal Policy Advisory Board. James H. Burnley IV James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Burnley was born in High Point, North Carolina, on July 30, 1948 to Dorothy Mary (Rockwell) and James H. Burnley III. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, \\\"magna cum laude\\\" from Yale University in 1970. He received his Juris Doctor\",\n \"title\": \"James H. Burnley IV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14149524\",\n \"text\": \"J. Daniel Howard J. Daniel Howard (born August 24, 1943) was Special Assistant to President of the United States Ronald Reagan from July 1986 to February 1988, United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs from February 1988 to May 1989 and Under Secretary of the Navy from 1989 to 1993. Howard was born August 24, 1943, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. After high school, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, serving in Japan from 1961 to 1965. Upon leaving the Marines, he enrolled at the University of Chattanooga, receiving a B.A. in 1969. After college, Howard moved to\",\n \"title\": \"J. Daniel Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2646819\",\n \"text\": \"1987 until his death in 1991. In November 1986, President Reagan asked Tower to chair the President's Special Review Board to study the action of the National Security Council and its staff during the Iran-Contra Affair. The board, which became known as the Tower Commission, issued its report on February 26, 1987. The report was highly critical of the Reagan administration and of the National Security Council's dealings with both Iran and the Nicaraguan Contras. In 1989, Tower was President George H. W. Bush's choice to become Secretary of Defense. In a stunning move, particularly since Tower was himself a\",\n \"title\": \"John Tower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1790077\",\n \"text\": \"the 1976 election, O'Neill took an executive job at International Paper in New York City. He was vice president of the company from 1977 to 1985 and president from 1985 to 1987. In 1989, he was approached by President George H. W. Bush to be Secretary of Defense. O'Neill declined, but recommended Dick Cheney for the position. Bush then pursued O'Neill to chair an advisory group on education that included Lamar Alexander, Bill Brock, and Richard Riley. O'Neill was chairman and CEO of the Pittsburgh industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, and retired as chairman at the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Paul H. O'Neill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7760559\",\n \"text\": \"succeeded retiring Democratic Congressman Teno Roncalio, having defeated his Democratic opponent, Bill Bagley. Cheney was re-elected five times, serving until 1989. In 1987, he was elected Chairman of the House Republican Conference. The following year, he was elected House Minority Whip. He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator John G. Tower, whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989. He voted against the creation of the U.S. Department of Education, citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government, and\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Cheney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638688\",\n \"text\": \"the interests of an Israeli weapons company. Perle denied conflict of interest, insisting that, although he received payment for these services after he had assumed his position in the Defense Department, he was between government jobs when he worked for the Israeli firm.\\\" From 1981 to 1987, Perle was Assistant Secretary of Defense for international security policy in the Reagan administration. In a \\\"New York Times\\\" article, Perle was criticized for recommending that the Army purchase an armaments system from an Israeli company that a year earlier had paid him $50,000 in consulting fees. Perle acknowledged receiving the payment the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Perle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2397385\",\n \"text\": \"each episode of \\\"McLaughlin Group\\\". McLaughlin also hosted the interview show \\\"John McLaughlin's One on One\\\", first telecast in 1984, and ended in 2013. Also from 1989 through 1994, he produced and hosted \\\"McLaughlin\\\", a one-hour nightly talk show on CNBC. For a short while in 1999, he hosted an MSNBC show, \\\"McLaughlin Special Report\\\". The show was announced on January 22, and its cancellation was announced on February 25. On August 23, 1975, McLaughlin married Ann Dore (née Lauenstein), his former campaign manager. She served as Secretary of Labor under President Ronald Reagan from 1987 until 1989. During this\",\n \"title\": \"John McLaughlin (host)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3330132\",\n \"text\": \"a daughter together, (Peggy Verity Power, Jonathan George Verity and William Wymond Verity). He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89. His wife, Peggy Verity died on Wednesday, January 20, 1999, at age 81. He is interred in Woodside Cemetery, Middletown, Ohio. William Verity Jr. Calvin William Verity Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was a U.S. administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to\",\n \"title\": \"William Verity Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"87894\",\n \"text\": \"Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Powell was the first, and so far the only, Jamaican American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3330129\",\n \"text\": \"William Verity Jr. Calvin William Verity Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was a U.S. administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to Calvin William Verity and Elizabeth (O'Brien) Verity. He roomed with John F. Kennedy at Choate, a Connecticut boarding school, starting a friendship with the future president. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy. Verity worked for most of his career at Armco Steel, a corporation founded by his grandfather, George M. Verity. He started\",\n \"title\": \"William Verity Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3400202\",\n \"text\": \"of Leva, Hawes, Symington, Martin and Oppenheimer. In February 1981, as one of his first appointments, President Ronald Reagan appointed Taft as General Counsel of the Department of Defense. Taft was then appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense and served from January 1984 to April 1989. He served as acting Secretary of Defense from January to March 1989 after George H. W. Bush became president. Bush's initial nominee, John Tower, was not confirmed by the United States Senate after much contentious debate and testimony. The eventual appointee confirmed in March was Richard B. Cheney (later Vice President of the United States,\",\n \"title\": \"William Howard Taft IV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3559203\",\n \"text\": \"defense budgets beginning in 1986. Weinberger clashed with Congress over the cuts, resigning in late 1987, and was succeeded by Frank Carlucci. Lehman's successor as Navy Secretary, Jim Webb, remained a fierce proponent of the expanded fleet, and disagreed with Carlucci over how to cut the Navy budget in line with other services. Webb resigned rather than endorse Carlucci's cut of 16 frigates. As revealed in \\\"The Reagan Diaries\\\", Reagan reflected about Webb's resignation on 22 February 1988: \\\"Present Sec. Webb resigned over budget cuts. I don't think Navy was sorry to see him go.\\\" Following the dissolution of the\",\n \"title\": \"600-ship Navy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12420702\",\n \"text\": \"several appointed positions of increasing responsibility from 1980 through 1987 in the Reagan Administration. He served on the staff of the Deputy Undersecretary for Policy at the Department of Defense; as a Regional Director of the Civil Aeronautics Board; Special Assistant to the Director, Office of Personnel Management; Assistant to the Chairman of the Consumer Product Safety Commission; Special Assistant for Congressional Liaison in the Department of the Interior; and Staff Advisor to the Commissioner at the Interstate Commerce Commission. From 1987 until his appointment with the Selective Service, he was a lobbyist and in 1989, established Kindness & Chatfield\",\n \"title\": \"William A. Chatfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4137384\",\n \"text\": \"wide variety of other media and research organizations, for propagating conspiracy theories and Islamophobia, and described as a hate group, a label the organization disputes. In April 1987, Frank Gaffney, Jr. was nominated to serve as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs during the Reagan Administration. He served in that role for seven months until was forced from his post in November of that year. In a meeting with former Department of Defense officials after Gaffney's ouster, Richard Perle, for whom Gaffney had previously served as a top deputy, said, \\\"What we need is the Domino’s Pizza of\",\n \"title\": \"Center for Security Policy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10557056\",\n \"text\": \"in China. In August 2016, Lavin endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. Frank Lavin and his wife Ann (née Wortley) have been married since November 29, 1980. They have three children. Frank Lavin Franklin L. \\\"Frank\\\" Lavin (October 26, 1957 - ) is a former Republican White House aide who was the political director for Ronald Reagan between 1987–1989, a United States Diplomat, and a bank executive. Lavin earned a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University; a M.S. in Chinese language from Georgetown University; a M.A. in International Relations and International Economics\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Lavin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11840850\",\n \"text\": \"Electoral history of Dick Cheney Electoral history of Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993), United States Representative from Wyoming (1979–1989, including Minority Whip, 1989) and White House Chief of Staff (1975–1977) Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978 (Republican primary): Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1980: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1982: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1984: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1986: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1988 United States Secretary of Defense, 1989 (Confirmation in the United States Senate): 2000 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally): United States\",\n \"title\": \"Electoral history of Dick Cheney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"87957\",\n \"text\": \"shield can be shown surrounded by the insignia of an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath (KCB), an award the General received after the first Gulf War. Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Powell was the first,\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"551886\",\n \"text\": \"on the nomination of Dick Thornburgh as U.S. Attorney General, Thurmond stated that Thornburgh had the qualities necessary for an Attorney General to possess, citing his \\\"integrity, honesty, professionalism and independence.\\\" Thornburgh was confirmed, and served for the remainder of the Reagan administration as well as the Bush administration. Following the 1988 Presidential election, George H. W. Bush nominated John Tower for United States Secretary of Defense. After Tower's nomination was rejected by the Senate, Thurmond asked, \\\"What does it say when the leader of the free world can't get a Cabinet member confirmed?\\\" In August 1989, the Senate Judiciary\",\n \"title\": \"Strom Thurmond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1357492\",\n \"text\": \"his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, under Richard Perle. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the Reagan Administration, again serving under Perle. In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing arms\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Gaffney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6335015\",\n \"text\": \"citizens without a warrant: \\\"It's Addington,\\\" and further, that \\\"he doesn't care about the Constitution.\\\" when speaking with friends at a Washington Redskins game. Jack Goldsmith has written that if Powell indeed made this remark, \\\"he was wrong,\\\" as Addington and Cheney \\\"seemed to care passionately about the Constitution as they understood it.\\\" Further, it is alleged, at least during Cheney's term as Secretary of Defense from 1989–93, that Addington and Cheney were deeply and eagerly interested in the U.S. Continuity of Operations Plan (CO-OP), to be used in the event of a nuclear attack on the U.S. (and first\",\n \"title\": \"David Addington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10557054\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Lavin Franklin L. \\\"Frank\\\" Lavin (October 26, 1957 - ) is a former Republican White House aide who was the political director for Ronald Reagan between 1987–1989, a United States Diplomat, and a bank executive. Lavin earned a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University; a M.S. in Chinese language from Georgetown University; a M.A. in International Relations and International Economics from the School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University; and a M.B.A. in Finance at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. As Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, Lavin\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Lavin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14232567\",\n \"text\": \"Melvyn R. Paisley Melvyn R. Paisley (October 9, 1924 – December 19, 2001) was appointed United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems) by President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. He was prosecuted in Operation Ill Wind in which he, numerous other government employees and 60 private citizens were arrested. In 1991, he admitted that while in office he had accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars of bribes and was sentenced to four years in prison. Melvyn R. Paisley was born on October 9, 1924, in Portland, Oregon. He grew up in a logging camp where\",\n \"title\": \"Melvyn R. Paisley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"542710\",\n \"text\": \"to die was Frank Carlucci (1987–1989), on 3 June 2018. United States Secretary of Defense The Secretary of Defense (SecDef) is the leader and chief executive officer of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the Armed Forces of the United States. The Secretary of Defense's position of command and authority over the United States' military is second only to that of the President and Congress, respectively. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent\",\n \"title\": \"United States Secretary of Defense\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11885881\",\n \"text\": \"employees under his management at that time. Two of the companies, Hughes and EDS, had founders who were very high-profile billionaires. On January 26, 1989, President George H. W. Bush named Atwood to the No. 2 job in the US Defense Department. Atwood's management and scientific skills were thought to be a complement to those of the Defense Secretary appointed, John G. Tower, who was expected to play a political and policy-setting role. Atwood served in this post for the four years with Dick Cheney as Defense Secretary. He returned to private life in the spring of 1993. The Apollo\",\n \"title\": \"Donald J. Atwood Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"749099\",\n \"text\": \"for which he initiated a project to develop a distributed data management system for more efficient management of training pipelines. His significant staff assignments included: executive assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations, administrative assistant to the Secretary of the Navy and special assistant for Systems Analysis to the Secretary of Defense. He reached the temporary rank of vice admiral but was allowed to retire in 1987 at the lower rank of rear admiral as a result of his role in the Iran–Contra affair. Poindexter went on to serve in the Reagan administration as military assistant to the National Security\",\n \"title\": \"John Poindexter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4510134\",\n \"text\": \"Florida in 1979. Despite its many successes, the JDA could not handle the job. Although the JDA had responsibility for integrating deployment procedures, it did not have authority to direct the Transportation Operating Agencies or Unified and Specified Commanders in Chief to take corrective actions, keep databases current, or adhere to milestones. According to several independent studies on transportation, the Department of Defense (DOD) needed to consolidate transportation. Consequently, President Ronald Reagan on 18 April 1987 ordered the Secretary of Defense to establish a Unified Transportation Command (UTC), a directive made possible in part by the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense\",\n \"title\": \"United States Transportation Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8083727\",\n \"text\": \"of Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Paris, and received a Certificate in International Business from the University of Brussels. Lauder started to work for the Estée Lauder Company in 1964. In 1984, he became a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for European and NATO policy at the United States Department of Defense. In 1986, Ronald Reagan named him as the United States Ambassador to Austria, a position he held until 1987. As ambassador, he fired diplomatic officer Felix Bloch, who later became known in connection with the Robert Hanssen espionage case. As a Republican, he made a bid\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald Lauder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3760917\",\n \"text\": \"Joint Chiefs of Staff to serve under the provisions of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, where he as chairman became (not the collegial body of the Joint Chiefs of Staff), by statute, the principal military adviser to the president, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. In 1989, Army General Colin L. Powell succeeded him as CJCS. After he retired in October 1989, Crowe returned to the University of Oklahoma and William J. Crowe chair in geopolitics. Crowe surprised politicians when he endorsed Bill Clinton in the presidential election of 1992. President Clinton named\",\n \"title\": \"William J. Crowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11840851\",\n \"text\": \"presidential election, 2000: 2004 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally): United States presidential election, 2004: Electoral history of Dick Cheney Electoral history of Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993), United States Representative from Wyoming (1979–1989, including Minority Whip, 1989) and White House Chief of Staff (1975–1977) Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978 (Republican primary): Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1980: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1982: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1984: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1986: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1988 United States Secretary of Defense, 1989\",\n \"title\": \"Electoral history of Dick Cheney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3400203\",\n \"text\": \"2001–2009). Although he was only acting Secretary of Defense, and never confirmed as the permanent Secretary, he became the third member of his family to hold a position as civilian head of a military department, following his great-great-grandfather Alphonso Taft (under President Ulysses S. Grant) and his great-grandfather William Howard Taft (under President Theodore Roosevelt). Taft served as U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO, which has the rank of ambassador, from 1989 to 1992, during the Gulf War. During the Clinton administration, Taft entered private practice with the Washington, D.C., law firm of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson. After the\",\n \"title\": \"William Howard Taft IV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14268397\",\n \"text\": \"Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense) Kenneth P. Bergquist (born 1944) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) from 1988 to 1989. Kenneth P. Bergquist was born in Washington, D. C. on July 12, 1944. He attended Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1967. Upon graduation, Bergquist joined the United States Army and served in the Army until 1974. For two of his years in the Army, he saw action in the Vietnam War in Vietnam and Cambodia. For his combat service, he was awarded the Silver Star, six Bronze Stars and two Purple\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4601845\",\n \"text\": \"Pledge of Allegiance in the opening session. During the Reagan Administration, Webb served as the nation's first Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs from 1984-87. In 1987, he served as Secretary of the Navy, becoming the first Naval Academy graduate to serve as the civilian head of the Navy. As Navy Secretary, Webb pushed the appointment of Alfred M. Gray, Jr. as Commandant of the Marine Corps, hoping that Gray could reshape the Corps into the elite unit it once was. Webb resigned in 1988 after refusing to agree to reduce the size of the Navy. Webb had wished\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Webb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1824680\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Regan Donald Thomas \\\"Don\\\" Regan (December 21, 1918 – June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1981 to 1985 and the White House Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 under Ronald Reagan. In the Reagan administration, he advocated \\\"Reaganomics\\\" and tax cuts as a means to create jobs and to stimulate production. Earlier in his life, he had studied at Harvard University before he served in the United States Marine Corps, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. He then started to work for Merrill Lynch in 1946, serving as its chairman and\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Regan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15976659\",\n \"text\": \"suggested the Soviets were overly paranoid about the United States (The Soviets had refused to allow American planes use Soviet airfields in post-World War II Germany). They broke for lunch and Reagan promised Gorbachev he'd have a chance to rebut. They talked outside for about two hours on the Strategic Defense Initiative, but both stood firm. Gorbachev accepted Reagan's invitation to the United States in a year, and Reagan was invited to do the same in 1987. On the second day, Reagan went after human rights, saying that he did not want to tell Gorbachev how to run his country,\",\n \"title\": \"Geneva Summit (1985)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"845212\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Carlucci and Deputy National Security Advisor Lieutenant General Colin Powell. Carlucci reformed the NSC by replacing more than half of the professional staff within 3 months. Carlucci largely withdrew the NSC from its operational roles, but in the matter of Nicaragua, NSC continued to exercise the coordination that was not forthcoming from any of the agencies. In the autumn of 1988, Carlucci was called to the Defense Department to succeed Caspar Weinberger, and for the third time among his six appointments to the position of National Security Advisor during his presidency, Reagan promoted the Deputy. General Powell directed an\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States National Security Council 1981–89\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18550270\",\n \"text\": \"excitement. A quick solution to manning and basing a brand new unified command was to abolish an existing command. United States Readiness Command (USREDCOM), with an often misunderstood mission, did not appear to have a viable mission in the post Goldwater-Nichols era, and its Commander in Chief, General James Lindsay, had had some special operations experience. On 23 January 1987, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended to the Secretary of Defense that USREDCOM be disestablished to provide billets and facilities for USSOCOM. President Ronald Reagan approved the establishment of the new command on 13 April 1987. The Department of Defense\",\n \"title\": \"United States Special Operations Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16867889\",\n \"text\": \"Walker helped the Soviets decipher more than one million encrypted naval messages, organizing a spy operation that \\\"The New York Times\\\" reported in 1987 \\\"is sometimes described as the most damaging Soviet spy ring in history.\\\" After Walker's arrest, Caspar Weinberger, President Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Defense, concluded that the Soviet Union made significant gains in naval warfare attributable to Walker's spying. Weinberger stated that the information Walker gave Moscow allowed the Soviets \\\"access to weapons and sensor data and naval tactics, terrorist threats, and surface, submarine, and airborne training, readiness and tactics.\\\" John Lehman, United States Secretary of the\",\n \"title\": \"John Anthony Walker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15412970\",\n \"text\": \"Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Installations, 1983–87; and as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Readiness Support, 1987-89. On September 7, 1988, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Keesling to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs). She held this position until 1989. In the early 1990s, she joined the United States Department of Labor, serving as Acting Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division. She moved to Sun City, Arizona in 2000 and practiced law there until her retirement in 2009. She died\",\n \"title\": \"Karen R. Keesling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15922240\",\n \"text\": \"and executive officer of the 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry at Fort Hood (1975 to 1977), CGSC (1977 to 1979), Individual Training Division at the Pentagon (1979–1982), and Office of the Secretary of Defense (1982–1987), during the Cold War build-up. He retired as a lieutenant colonel. In addition to the Bronze Star and Cross of Gallantry, he earned a Meritorious Service Medal and the Defense Superior Service Medal. He was widely eulogized after his death. Roderick Wetherill Roderick \\\"Rod\\\" Wetherill Sr. (January 19, 1918 – June 26, 1978) was a notable officer of the United States Army from World War II\",\n \"title\": \"Roderick Wetherill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20903738\",\n \"text\": \"John P. Schmitz The Honorable John Patrick Schmitz (born April 19, 1955) was White House Deputy Counsel to US President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), and Deputy Counsel to Vice President Bush during the Reagan Administration (1987-1989). Schmitz clerked for Antonin Scalia at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1983-1984). Fluent in German, Schmitz has worked extensively on German-American issues both in government, and since 1993, in private practice in Washington, D.C. and Berlin. He was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, First Class (Bundesverdienstkreuz). Schmitz graduated magna\",\n \"title\": \"John P. Schmitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14287336\",\n \"text\": \"Robert C. McCormack Robert C. McCormack (born 1939) was United States Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Production Support from 1987 to 1988; Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Industrial and International Programs from 1988 to 1990; and Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) from 1990 to 1993. Robert C. McCormack was born in New York City on November 7, 1939. He was educated at The Hotchkiss School and then the University of North Carolina, receiving a B.A. in 1962. After graduating from college, McCormack joined the United States Navy and served in the Navy from 1962\",\n \"title\": \"Robert C. McCormack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15392142\",\n \"text\": \"associate attorney at the law firm of Dickstein Shapiro in Washington, D.C. He then spent 1981 and 1982 as general counsel of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services under the chairmanship of U.S. Senator John Tower (Republican Party senator from Texas). He was promoted to become the committee's staff director and chief counsel in 1982, holding that post until 1987. On September 17, 1986, U.S. President Ronald Reagan nominated McGovern to be U.S. Under Secretary of the Air Force. He then served as Acting U.S. Secretary of the Air Force from December 1988 until April 1989. After leaving\",\n \"title\": \"James F. McGovern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8470135\",\n \"text\": \"The Intentions of the Authors of the First Amendment\\\" (1978). Before joining the University at Albany's faculty in 1990, Malbin worked for the joint U.S. House and Senate Iran-Contra Committee (1987), the House Republican Conference (1988) and as speech writer to Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney (1989–90). He has also been a presidential appointee to the National Humanities Council from 1990–94 and a visiting professor at Yale University (1996). Before government service, he was a resident fellow at The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (1977–86) and a reporter for National Journal (1973–77). Malbin was born in Brooklyn,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael J. Malbin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14232570\",\n \"text\": \"Lehman convinced President of the United States Ronald Reagan to nominate Paisley as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems). He held this office from December 1981 until March 1987. Lehman and Paisley gained a reputation as being somewhat heavy-handed as managers, but effective at slashing red tape. In 1986, federal prosecutors sued Paisley, arguing that a $183,000 severance package Paisley received upon leaving Boeing compromised his objectivity as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems). The Supreme Court of the United States later ruled that such severance packages were not illegal. Upon leaving government in\",\n \"title\": \"Melvyn R. Paisley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9955346\",\n \"text\": \"and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1994 to 2000. During his Berkeley years he became a member of the Bohemian Club, at which his closest associates included Caspar Weinberger, who was Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Defense. After having smoked a few packages of cigarettes a day for many years, he died of emphysema in 2011. Ira Michael Heyman Ira Michael Heyman (May 30, 1930 – November 19, 2011) was a Professor of Law and of City and Regional Planning, and was Chancellor of University of California, Berkeley, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Heyman was born in 1930 in\",\n \"title\": \"Ira Michael Heyman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"215243\",\n \"text\": \"techniques. To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz. To position himself as Reagan's successor, Kemp called for Shultz's resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on SDI. In an attempt to highlight his stands on key Reagan Era foreign policy initiatives, Kemp traveled in September 1987 to Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador to lobby the presidents of those nations against\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Kemp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7760566\",\n \"text\": \"for Public Affairs, and Paul Wolfowitz, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, from the beginning of his tenure. He focused primarily on external matters, and left most of the internal DoD management to Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald Atwood. Cheney's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the Department of Defense budget. Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military, following the Reagan Administration's peacetime defense buildup at the height of the Cold War. As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget, Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Cheney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4276632\",\n \"text\": \"by the West, including Veryl Goodnight, Gordon Gund, Michael Kessler (artist), Tom Korologos, Tomas Lasansky (son of famed artist Mauricio Lasansky), Dean Mitchell, Dan Namingha, Lloyd Schermer, Peggy Judy and Dan Young. Ann McLaughlin Korologos Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Marie Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989. Korologos was born in Chatham, New Jersey, the daughter of Marie (née Koellhoffer) and Edward Joseph Lauenstein, a manufacturer representative for a wartime ammunitions company. She was educated at Saint Patrick School, the Academy of Saint Elizabeth, Marymount\",\n \"title\": \"Ann McLaughlin Korologos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15397408\",\n \"text\": \"Secretary of the Air Force, from April 29, 1989 until May 21, 1989. After leaving government service in 1992, Welch served on the Board of Directors of a number of corporations, including MBDA-US, Verint Systems, Serco, Dynacs Military & Defense, Meggitt, and Wilcoxon Research. Welch died at Legacy Lifecare Hospital in Plano, Texas on October 8, 2010. John J. Welch Jr. John James \\\"Jack\\\" Welch Jr. (1930–2010) was a United States scientist and businessman who served as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) from 1987 to 1992. John J. Welch Jr. was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 23,\",\n \"title\": \"John J. Welch Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5680007\",\n \"text\": \"to Texas to work for the Texas Public Policy Foundation where he is now Vice President for National Initiatives. DeVore earned a full Army ROTC scholarship that allowed him to obtain a bachelor's degree in Strategic Studies (cum laude) in 1985 from Claremont McKenna College. He was named a Distinguished Military Graduate. He studied abroad at American University in Cairo, Egypt. He's a graduate of the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff Officer Course. DeVore served as Special Assistant for Foreign Affairs to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs during the Reagan administration from 1986 to 1988. He\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck DeVore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14201497\",\n \"text\": \"Great Performance. \\\"The book quickly became an international bestseller and won several awards. Duncan is also a frequent contributor to \\\"Fast Company\\\" and \\\"Forbes\\\" magazines.\\\" Duncan is the second of four children of Marion Claude Duncan and Helen Colleen Stone Duncan, and is a descendant of George Rogers Clark, a prominent American military officer during the American Revolutionary War. His older brother is Stephen M. Duncan, who served as Assistant Secretary of Defense under U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush and is a recognized expert on national security issues. Duncan lives with his wife Rean Robbins in their\",\n \"title\": \"Rodger Dean Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4096807\",\n \"text\": \"to inquire into U.S. arms sales to Iran. During the administration of George H. W. Bush, Hadley was a Pentagon aide to Paul Wolfowitz, serving as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy from 1989 to 1993. In that position, he had responsibility for defense policy toward NATO and Western Europe, on nuclear weapons and ballistic missile defense, and arms control. He also participated in policy issues involving export control and the use of space. Hadley served as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney's representative in talks led by Secretary of State James Baker that resulted in the Strategic\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Hadley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"108905\",\n \"text\": \"Station Anacostia, District of Columbia, as a selective reservist. Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker. He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of captain in 1989. In 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as Administrative Assistant to David S. Dennison Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Rumsfeld\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3161252\",\n \"text\": \"Department. In 1987, Reagan appointed him Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, where he served until the end of Reagan's term, shortly after which he was appointed Administrator of Veterans Affairs, in charge of the Veterans Administration, which was elevated to cabinet-level status as the Department of Veterans Affairs in 1989, making Derwinski the first Secretary of Veterans Affairs. A Polish American, Derwinski was noted for his efforts on behalf of Eastern Europe throughout his career. Notably, he aided in the rehabilitation of the Serbian Royalist general Draža Mihailović. Mihailović had received the Legion of Merit\",\n \"title\": \"Ed Derwinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11788377\",\n \"text\": \"Dale Van Atta Dale Van Atta (born 1951) is a speaker, novelist, and journalist. He was a personal friend of and co-author with fellow journalist Jack Anderson and borrowed money to help him when he was in financial trouble. In 2008 his book \\\"With Honor\\\" was released about Melvin Robert Laird, Richard Nixon's Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973. Before joining Jack Anderson in 1979, Van Atta was an investigative reporter for \\\"Deseret News\\\". He is also a contributor to many international and national magazines and newspapers. Van Atta worked with Jack Anderson for seven years writing a column\",\n \"title\": \"Dale Van Atta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3716842\",\n \"text\": \"Robert S. Bennett Robert S. Bennett (born 1939) is an American attorney and partner at Schertler & Onorato, LLP, best known for representing President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal. Bennett is also famous for representing Judith Miller in the Valerie Plame CIA leak grand jury investigation case, Caspar Weinberger, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, during the Iran-Contra scandal of the 1980s, Clark Clifford in the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) scandal, and Paul Wolfowitz in the World Bank Scandal. He served as special counsel for the Senate Ethics Committee's 1989–1991 investigation of the Keating Five. In 2008,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert S. Bennett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14260349\",\n \"text\": \"development specialist in the Small Business Administration's Office of Personnel 1980-82, and then served as Special Assistant to the Administrator of the Small Business Administration 1982-86. In 1986, Pope became Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Family Support, Education, and Safety) in the United States Department of Defense. On August 19, 1989, President of the United States George H. W. Bush nominated Pope as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), and, after ratification by the United States Senate, Pope served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) from November 1989 until January 1993. When the\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara S. Pope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20903744\",\n \"text\": \"IESE, and Friends of Dresden. Schmitz lives in McLean, VA with his wife, Joan M. Schmitz (née Manee). The two have five grown children, Mary, Anna, John M., C. Maximilian, and Julia, and two grandsons. In 1995, Schmitz and his family planted a vineyard, Chappelle Charlemagne, in Rappahannock County, Virginia John P. Schmitz The Honorable John Patrick Schmitz (born April 19, 1955) was White House Deputy Counsel to US President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), and Deputy Counsel to Vice President Bush during the Reagan Administration (1987-1989). Schmitz clerked for Antonin Scalia at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District\",\n \"title\": \"John P. Schmitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6314217\",\n \"text\": \"Reagan aide Michael Deaver about Quigley and her role. Regan, who frequently quarreled with Nancy Reagan, resigned in 1987 after the Iran–Contra affair. In 1988, Regan published his memoir \\\"For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington\\\", revealing that Nancy Reagan had consulted with Quigley, and previously with astrologer Jeane Dixon. Regan wrote: Virtually every major move and decision the Reagans made during my time as White House Chief of Staff was cleared in advance with a woman in San Francisco [Quigley] who drew up horoscopes to make certain that the planets were in a favorable alignment for the enterprise.\",\n \"title\": \"Joan Quigley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11548448\",\n \"text\": \"public policy issues and offers a doctoral degree program in public policy analysis. During this time, Rice also was appointed by President Ford to serve as chairman of the National Commission on Supplies and Shortages and by Presidents Nixon and Carter to two terms on the National Science Board. At the request of President Carter, he directed a comprehensive study of the resources management process within the United States Department of Defense. He remained at RAND until May 1989 when President George H. W. Bush appointed him Secretary of the Air Force. As the Air Force Secretary, Rice reorganized the\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Rice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818967\",\n \"text\": \"Edward C. Aldridge Jr. Edward \\\"Pete\\\" Cleveland Aldridge Jr. (born August 18, 1938) has served in many top U.S. Defense Department and defense industry jobs, including as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1981 to 1986, Director of the National Reconnaissance Office 1981-1988, and as the Secretary of the Air Force from 1986 to 1988. From 1989 to 1992 he was president of the Electronic Systems Company division of McDonnell Douglas, and later, CEO of The Aerospace Corporation. He was the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2001 to 2003. Aldridge was a payload specialist\",\n \"title\": \"Edward C. Aldridge Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6278604\",\n \"text\": \"South Korea, Japan and Hawaii, where he was well regarded by his superiors. These recommendations led in early 1989 to a successful interview to become the assistant to Colin Powell, who was then finishing his stint as National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration and moving to a position in the United States Army Forces Command at Fort McPherson. He continued this supporting role as Powell became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff through the Gulf War, following Powell into civilian life and then back into public service when President George W. Bush appointed Powell Secretary of State. Wilkerson\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrence Wilkerson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17424253\",\n \"text\": \"57 years military base closures have taken place though various processes. The secretary of defense implemented by closure on an ad-hoc basis during 1961 - 1979. Individual service Chiefs and Congress strengthened its veto power for closures during 1980 to 1987. The Changes lead to a few major bases being closed and none actually being closed. This being an issue Congress finally granted authority to an independent Defense Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC5) commission to work with the Department of Defense (DoD) to identify bases and installations to the executive and legislative branches for closure or realignment between 1988 and\",\n \"title\": \"Ontario Air National Guard Station\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1698063\",\n \"text\": \"down. That would be an impossible, ridiculous, and morally reprehensible thing to do, but your crime rate would go down.\\\" Bennett responded to the criticism saying, in part: William Bennett William John Bennett (born July 31, 1943) is an American conservative pundit, politician, and political theorist, who served as Secretary of Education from 1985 to 1988 under President Ronald Reagan. He also held the post of Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy under George H. W. Bush. Bennett was born July 31, 1943 in Brooklyn, the son of Nancy (\\\"née\\\" Walsh), a medical secretary, and F. Robert\",\n \"title\": \"William Bennett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17499396\",\n \"text\": \"staff) and legislative counsel to then U.S. representative (and later secretary of Housing and Urban Development and 1988 Republican presidential primary and 1996 Republican vice presidential candidate Jack K. Kemp of New York); and from 1979 to 1981 as division counsel for Cabot Corporation), a leading global specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. From 1987 to 1991 during Presidents Ronald Reagan and G.H.W. Bush administrations, he served as chairman of the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid of the U.S. Agency for International Development, for which he received its Superior Honor Award. In September 1973, Teague\",\n \"title\": \"Randal Teague\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11885875\",\n \"text\": \"Donald J. Atwood Jr. Donald Jesse Atwood Jr. (May 25, 1924 – April 24, 1994) was appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense for U.S. President George H. W. Bush in 1989. Atwood played a major role in one of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century - taking man to the Moon and back. He wrote the proposal and directed the organization that developed and built the Apollo guidance system. The son of a grocer, Atwood was born May 25, 1924, in Haverhill, Massachusetts, 40 miles North of Boston. He lived on a small farm adjoining the ancestral home\",\n \"title\": \"Donald J. Atwood Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13219494\",\n \"text\": \"Desert Storm: America's Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush\\\". Howard Teicher Howard Teicher served as Director for the Near East and South Asia and Senior Director for Political-Military Affairs on the staff of the National Security Council from 1982 to 1987, after working under Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan at the Departments of State and Defense. Teicher received his BA in Political Science, summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, from Boston University in 1976. He received a Masters in International Affairs from Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in 1978. Teicher is\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Teicher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14287338\",\n \"text\": \"1988, he became Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Industrial and International Programs. He was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal in 1989. On October 10, 1989, President of the United States George H. W. Bush nominated McCormack as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller). McCormack subsequently held this office from January 12, 1990 until January 5, 1993. In a 2001 letter supporting McCormack's nomination for an alumni award from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, Dick Cheney, who was United States Secretary of Defense while McCormack was Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management),\",\n \"title\": \"Robert C. McCormack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15397487\",\n \"text\": \"the professional staff of the United States House Committee on Armed Services, working there until 1982. On December 15, 1982, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Cooper to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research, Development, and Logistics). Cooper subsequently held this office until 1987, with the title of the office changing to Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) during the course of his time in office. Upon leaving government service in 1987, Cooper joined General Electric as an executive. He retired as GE Aviation's head of Washington, D.C. operations in 2008. Thomas E. Cooper Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas E. Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14601681\",\n \"text\": \"policy and defense affairs. In the late 1970s, was an advisor to Team B. During the 1980 presidential election, he was a foreign policy advisor for Ronald Reagan, and during the Reagan administration, he would serve as an advisor to United States Secretaries of Defense Caspar Weinberger (1981–87) and Frank Carlucci, and under the administration of George H. W. Bush as an advisor to Defense Secretary Dick Cheney. Weiss was generally considered a neoconservative, a hawk, and an anti-Soviet hard-liner. Weiss died of liver cancer at his home in Bethesda, Maryland on September 23, 1992. Seymour Weiss (diplomat) Seymour Weiss\",\n \"title\": \"Seymour Weiss (diplomat)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"542709\",\n \"text\": \"In of 1 March 2010, President Barack Obama modified the line of succession regarding who would act as Secretary of Defense in the event of a vacancy or incapacitation, thus reversing the changes made by President George W. Bush in as to the relative positions of the Secretaries of the Military Departments. All of the officials in the line of succession are civilians appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate: As of , there are nine living former Secretaries of Defense, the oldest being Harold Brown (1977–1981, born 1927). The most recent Secretary of Defense\",\n \"title\": \"United States Secretary of Defense\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6255688\",\n \"text\": \"for U.S. Representative Dick Cheney and followed Cheney to the United States Department of Defense as Cheney became United States Secretary of Defense to be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs in 1989 during the George H. W. Bush administration. Williams became a correspondent for NBC News in late March 1993, after leaving the Defense Department; his main areas of news coverage for NBC include the Department of Justice and Supreme Court. Born in Casper, Wyoming, Williams graduated from Natrona County High School in 1970. Williams graduated from Stanford University in 1974. From 1974 to 1985, Williams was\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Williams (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15611867\",\n \"text\": \"Ronald F. Lehman Ambassador Ronald F. Lehman, II (born March 25, 1946) is currently Director of the Center for Global Security Research at the United States Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He is also Chair of the Governing Board of International Science and Technology Center, an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Moscow and is a member of the Department of Defense Threat Reduction Advisory Committee. He was Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy (now Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs) from 1988 to 1989 and then Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency between\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald F. Lehman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6033198\",\n \"text\": \"to be the nation's ninth Secretary of Transportation. Burnley served as Secretary of Transportation from 1987 to 1989. While number two at DOT, Burnley played a key role in negotiating the sale of Conrail, enabling the transfer of the Washington airports to a regional authority, and helped to assemble an ATC work force in the wake of the 1981 PATCO strike. He also helped to produce the Department's policies on aviation safety and security. While Secretary, Burnley emphasized programs to eliminate drug use by issuing regulations requiring drug tests for employees in safety or security-sensitive positions in transportation-related industries. He\",\n \"title\": \"James H. Burnley IV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18038317\",\n \"text\": \"by the Independent Counsel prior to his confirmation as Attorney General. In 1992, Stevens argued before the United States Supreme Court in Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, representing the respondents. From 1980-1983, he was also an adjunct lecturer in law at the Washington College of Law at the American University. From September 1985-July 1986, Stevens served as Deputy Director and General Counsel of President Reagan's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management, also known as the Packard Commission. In January 1987, President Reagan appointed him Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the first Legal Adviser of National Security\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Schott Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14991791\",\n \"text\": \"war, emphasizing fire support coordination and practicing Suppression of Enemy Air Defense with artillery fire protecting close air support aircraft. In 1987 he reported to Headquarters Marine Corps for duty as the Secretary of the General Staff working for the Chief of Staff of the Marine Corps. Selected to the grade of brigadier general in 1989, he was assigned to the Pentagon under the Deputy Secretary of Defense. His assignment was to implement David Packard's Defense Management Report, designed to improve efficiencies and find savings in the United States Department of Defense. At the end of one year the implementations\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas V. Draude\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3076098\",\n \"text\": \"United States Energy Security Council, sponsored by the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. Robert McFarlane Robert Carl \\\"Bud\\\" McFarlane (born July 12, 1937) is a retired Marine Corps officer who served as National Security Advisor to President of the United States Ronald Reagan from 1983 through 1985. After a career in the Marines, McFarlane became part of the Reagan administration and was a leading architect of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) for defending the United States against missile attack. Subsequently, he was involved in, and pleaded guilty to charges for actions related to, the Iran-Contra affair, but received\",\n \"title\": \"Robert McFarlane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4276628\",\n \"text\": \"Ann McLaughlin Korologos Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Marie Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989. Korologos was born in Chatham, New Jersey, the daughter of Marie (née Koellhoffer) and Edward Joseph Lauenstein, a manufacturer representative for a wartime ammunitions company. She was educated at Saint Patrick School, the Academy of Saint Elizabeth, Marymount College, Tarrytown of Fordham University, where she spent a year studying abroad at the University of London, and earned an EMBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1988.\",\n \"title\": \"Ann McLaughlin Korologos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3619392\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. After the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, Iklé was appointed Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, serving from 1981 to 1988. As an under secretary of defense, Iklé led the effort to lobby for National Security Decision Directive 166 (\\\"Expanded US Aid to Afghan Guerrillas\\\"), signed by Reagan in March 1985. When he visited Pakistan in April 1985, Iklé found that the CIA was still pursuing the war in a halfhearted manner. \\\"We began to understand that what to us was a very big deal back in Washington, from the point of view\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Iklé\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15315631\",\n \"text\": \"mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 (P.L. 99-661, passed 14 November 1986). The position was officially established on 4 January 1988, by Defense Directive 5138.3. The post's responsibilities for strategic capabilities and forces transformation were added as a result of USD(P) Eric Edelman's 2006 reorganization of the DoD policy office. The ASD(SO/LIC) is supported in his/her work by three Deputy Assistant Secretaries of Defense: The table below includes both the various titles of this post over time, as well as all the holders of those offices. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity\",\n \"title\": \"Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20084944\",\n \"text\": \"at the individuals who had contributed most to cleaning up the Pentagon during the Reagan era. \\\"Many people, including a larger contingent of active-duty officers than might be guessed, played important roles in the military reform movement . . .\\\" 17 men and women are named, among them Gary Hart and journalist James Fallows—and they include Smith and Heubusch. In 1989, Heubusch left Capitol Hill to work for Elizabeth Dole, named as Secretary of Labor under new President George H.W. Bush. Heubusch became Dole's Chief of Staff. When Dole left the Labor Department to head the American Red Cross in\",\n \"title\": \"John Heubusch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12721422\",\n \"text\": \"in the early 1990s. Serious charges were leveled at the Bush administration (1989 to 1993) regarding the POW/MIA issue. The United States Department of Defense, headed by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, was accused of covering up information and failing to properly pursue intelligence about American POW/MIAs. Ranking minority member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, became interested in the matter. In October 1990 his chief staff aide, James P. Lucier, prepared a report stating that it was probable there were live POWs still being held and that the Bush administration was complicit in\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War POW/MIA issue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11204177\",\n \"text\": \"1987, President Reagan personally appointed Ryan to be Assistant to the President, the highest level of staff position in the White House. When President Reagan left office on January 20, 1989, he and First Lady Nancy Reagan returned to California. Ryan was hired to be the former President's post-Chief of Staff. During this time, Ryan was responsible for the establishment and operation of Reagan's office in Century City. He was also instrumental in the design, fundraising, planning, and overseeing the construction of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Ryan left his position as Chief of Staff in 1995. A year earlier,\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Ryan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14405982\",\n \"text\": \"(Civil Works), and he assumed office in December 1987. He was later re-nominated to the post by George H. W. Bush and served as Assistant Secretary until October 1990. After leaving government service, Page was Executive Vice President of McDermott International, Inc. from 1991 until 1994. Robert W. Page Robert W. Page, Sr. (born January 22, 1927) is an American businessman who served as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) from 1987 to 1990. Robert W. Page, Sr. was born on January 22, 1927 in Dallas. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy\",\n \"title\": \"Robert W. Page\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7917846\",\n \"text\": \"Les Aspin Leslie Aspin Jr. (July 21, 1938 – May 21, 1995) was a United States Representative from 1971 to 1993, and the United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton from January 21, 1993 to February 3, 1994. In Congress, Aspin had a reputation as an intellectual who took a middle-of-the-road position on controversial issues. He supported the Reagan administration regarding the MX missile and aid to the Nicaraguan Contras, but he opposed the B-2 bomber and the Strategic Defense Initiative. He played a major role in convincing the House to support the January 1991 resolution supporting the\",\n \"title\": \"Les Aspin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15888028\",\n \"text\": \"Frank L. McNamara Jr. Francis Luke McNamara Jr. (born November 4, 1947 in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American attorney who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1987 to 1989. After graduating from Harvard College in 1969, McNamara joined the United States Navy. He served as an Intelligence Officer during the Vietnam War. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1976 and in 1977 was admitted to the Massachusetts bar. From 1977 to 1980, McNamara worked as an associate at Choate, Hall & Stewart. He then became an Assistant General\",\n \"title\": \"Frank L. McNamara Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822696\",\n \"text\": \"Director of the State Department's Office for Combatting Terrorism, holding this post until 1981 and was then named United States Ambassador to Nicaragua, by President Ronald Reagan, presenting his credentials on March 26, 1982 and serving there until May 6, 1984. Reagan then appointed Quainton United States Ambassador to Kuwait, a post which he held from September 1984 to August 1987. Quainton returned to the United States in September 1987, serving as Deputy Inspector General of the Department of State from September 1987 to November 1989. Newly-inaugurated President George H. W. Bush named Quainton United States Ambassador to Peru; Ambassador\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony C. E. Quainton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3245849\",\n \"text\": \"Interior from 1985 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. He had been Undersecretary of the Interior under James Watt. Critics disrupted his efforts to impose a new management policy on a large amount of federal land and blocked his efforts to create vast new wilderness areas. In spite of the criticisms, the Reagan Administration Secretaries added over two million acres (8,000 km²) to the national wilderness system. The Hodel policy was continued under Manuel Lujan Jr. (1989–93) in the Bush Administration. It was finally rescinded in 1997 by Secretary Bruce Babbitt. In an article, Hodel wrote, \\\"Throughout President Reagan's eight\",\n \"title\": \"Donald P. Hodel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14149529\",\n \"text\": \"on the U.S.S. \\\"Iowa\\\". He again supported Secretary Carlucci in direct negotiations designed to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union including a historic first visit by a U.S. Secretary of Defense to Moscow and Sevastapol in 1988. He received the Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award. On July 31, 1989, President George H. W. Bush nominated Howard as Under Secretary of the Navy. After confirmation by the United States Senate, Howard entered office on August 7, 1989. Howard's time as Under Secretary was dominated by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent catastrophic drop in the defense\",\n \"title\": \"J. Daniel Howard\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Frank Carlucci context: Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration. Carlucci was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Roxanne (née Bacon) and Frank Charles Carlucci,\\n\\nWho was President Reagan's Secretary for Defense from 1987 to 1989?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 200,\n \"origin_tokens\": 200,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: J. Daniel Howard context: Carlucci and his deputy, Colin Powell. Howard focussed on arms control issues and remained through the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in January 1988. He also dealt with many issues associated with the Iran–Contra affair. On December 21, 1987, President Reagan nominated Howard to serve as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) and Howard would hold this post from February 1988 through May 1989. He worked for Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci and dealt with the aftermath of the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the U.S.S. \\\"Vincennes\\\" and the explosion of a gun mount\\n\\ntitleymour Weissdiplomat context: policy and affairs. the late 1s, was advisor Team. During the 190 presidential election, he was a foreign policy ad for Ronald Reagan, the Reagan administration, would serve advisor United States Secretaries of Def Caspar Wein (198187) and Frank Carl and administration of George H. W. advisor to Def Secretary Dick Chen Weiss was generally considered neoconservative, a hawk, and an anti-Soviet hard-lin Weiss died of liver cancer at his home in Bethesda, on September 23, 19ymour Weissdiplomat Seym Weiss\\n\\ntitle: Frank Carlucci:ucciucci III (Oct 1193 June , 2018) was an American politician diplomat served the of Defense from 197 to 198 administration of President Ron Re Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level government positions, Director of of Economicpportunity in the Richard administration Deput Director of C in the Jimmy Carter administration, Deput Secretary of Def and National Security in Reagan born in Scr, the) and Frank\\n\\ntitleucciianula is named him.IA from791 under Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1981 until 1983. He later served as United States National Security Advisor from 1986 until 1987. Carlucci became United States Secretary of Defense in 1987, following the resignation of Caspar Weinberger due to his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair. He served as Secretary of Defense until the end of the Reagan administration on January 20, 1989. He was notable during the administration for advocating an arms build-up to hasten\\n\\nWho was President Reagan's Secretary for Defense from 1987 to 1989?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 532,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14781,\n \"ratio\": \"27.8x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":188,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":188,"string":"188"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In basketball where do the Celtics come from?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["City of Boston","Boston,MA","Economy of Boston","Boston, Massachussets","Boston's","Boston, ma","Boston, Massachusets","Boston Massachusetts","Boston, United States","Wahstoronòn:ke","Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Boston Mass","Boston, Massachessets","Boston, Massachussetts","Boston, Massachusetts, US","Bosotn","The weather in Boston","Boston,Massachusetts","Boston, Mass","Boston, Massachusettes","Boston, Massachussettes","Boston, Massachusetts","The hub of the universe","Boston mass","Boston massachusetts","Boston Weather","Beantown","Bofton","Boston, USA","Boston, mass","Education in Boston","Boston ma","Boston, MA","Boston, US","Boston (Mass.)","Boston MA","Demographics of Boston","Geography of Boston","Religion in Boston","Boston (MA)","Capital of Massachusetts","Puritan City","Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America","Politics of Boston","Boston","Boston, Mass.","The Hub of the Universe","Boston, Massachusetts, United States","Bean Town","Bawstun","UN/LOCODE:USBOS","Massachusetts/Boston"],"string":"[\n \"City of Boston\",\n \"Boston,MA\",\n \"Economy of Boston\",\n \"Boston, Massachussets\",\n \"Boston's\",\n \"Boston, ma\",\n \"Boston, Massachusets\",\n \"Boston Massachusetts\",\n \"Boston, United States\",\n \"Wahstoronòn:ke\",\n \"Boston, Massachusetts, USA\",\n \"Boston Mass\",\n \"Boston, Massachessets\",\n \"Boston, Massachussetts\",\n \"Boston, Massachusetts, US\",\n \"Bosotn\",\n \"The weather in Boston\",\n \"Boston,Massachusetts\",\n \"Boston, Mass\",\n \"Boston, Massachusettes\",\n \"Boston, Massachussettes\",\n \"Boston, Massachusetts\",\n \"The hub of the universe\",\n \"Boston mass\",\n \"Boston massachusetts\",\n \"Boston Weather\",\n \"Beantown\",\n \"Bofton\",\n \"Boston, USA\",\n \"Boston, mass\",\n \"Education in Boston\",\n \"Boston ma\",\n \"Boston, MA\",\n \"Boston, US\",\n \"Boston (Mass.)\",\n \"Boston MA\",\n \"Demographics of Boston\",\n \"Geography of Boston\",\n \"Religion in Boston\",\n \"Boston (MA)\",\n \"Capital of Massachusetts\",\n \"Puritan City\",\n \"Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America\",\n \"Politics of Boston\",\n \"Boston\",\n \"Boston, Mass.\",\n \"The Hub of the Universe\",\n \"Boston, Massachusetts, United States\",\n \"Bean Town\",\n \"Bawstun\",\n \"UN/LOCODE:USBOS\",\n \"Massachusetts/Boston\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Boston"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"539391","text":"Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league's first decade, the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins. The franchise has won the most championships in NBA history with 17, accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"12004305","text":"1922 until 1928, when the team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance). The Rens were the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1. They took part in some official championships and won","title":"History of basketball"},{"id":"11640734","text":"History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA merged with the National Basketball League. Currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference, the Celtics have the most NBA titles with 17 championships. Eleven of those occurred between 1957 and 1969, with a dynasty led by center Bill Russell and coach/general manager Red Auerbach.","title":"History of the Boston Celtics"},{"id":"12004304","text":"the Trenton Nationals, followed by the New York Wanderers, the Bristol Pile Drivers and the Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in 1904. Then, many small championships were organized, but most of them were not as important as some teams who played for money against challengers. The Original Celtics, for instance, are considered the \"fathers of basketball\" and were presented as \"World’s Basketball Champions\"; the players had to sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus, moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest team, and their successes lasted from","title":"History of basketball"},{"id":"11270184","text":"keeping with the way the letter ⟨c⟩ was inherited by Middle English from Old French. From the mid-19th century, academic publications advocated the variant with on the basis of a new understanding of the origins of the word. The pronunciation with remained standard throughout the 19th to early 20th century, but gained ground during the later 20th century. A notable exception is that the pronunciation remains the most recognised form when it occurs in the names of sports teams, most notably Celtic Football Club in Scotland, and the Boston Celtics basketball team in the United States. The Cavan newspaper \"The","title":"Names of the Celts"},{"id":"3660873","text":"Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \"original\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the","title":"Original Celtics"},{"id":"3660860","text":"Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \"original\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the","title":"Original Celtics"},{"id":"13822604","text":"The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen. While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after","title":"Boston"},{"id":"17843862","text":"the 1860s, many Irish immigrants fought for the Union in the American Civil War, and that display of patriotism helped to dispel much of the prejudice against them. With an expanding population, group loyalty, and block-by-block political organization, the Irish took political control of the city, leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business, and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the iconic Irish-American political family, the Kennedys;","title":"History of Irish Americans in Boston"},{"id":"539392","text":"championships since the league's founding. The Celtics have a notable rivalry with the Los Angeles Lakers, and have played the Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA Finals (including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010), of which the Celtics have won nine. Four Celtics players (Bob Cousy, Bill Russell, Dave Cowens and Larry Bird) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards. Both the nickname \"Celtics\" and their mascot \"Lucky the Leprechaun\" are a nod to Boston's historically large Irish population. After winning 16 championships throughout the 20th","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"7093682","text":"Walter A. Brown Walter A. Brown (February 10, 1905 – September 7, 1964) was the founder and original owner of the Boston Celtics as well as an important figure in the development of ice hockey in the United States. He was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts and attended Boston Latin from 1922 to 1923 and Phillips Exeter Academy from 1923 to 1926. After succeeding his father, George V. Brown, as manager of the Boston Garden, he stated his belief that, \"Boston should have a basketball team.\" Taking a mortgage out on his home, he founded the Celtics in 1945. He then","title":"Walter A. Brown"},{"id":"3660865","text":"of owner Jim Furry for embezzling $190,000 from a New York business. Then, in early October, just a month before the ABL season was to get underway, the Celtics bolted to the newly organized National Basketball League. The new league operated solely in and around the metropolitan New York City, but despite its geographical limitations was stocked with some of the best players in the country. After pulling off a coup by signing the Original Celtics, the NBL brashly raided ABL rosters for additional players. The Brooklyn Arcadians were particularly hard hit, losing stars Red Conaty and Rody Cooney, while","title":"Original Celtics"},{"id":"539395","text":"and managed to reach the Eastern Conference Finals where they lost to the Cavaliers in seven games, eliminating them from the NBA Finals. The Boston Celtics were formed on June 6, 1946 by Boston Garden-Arena Corporation president Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper, becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player. The Celtics struggled during their early years, until the hiring","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"5219290","text":"leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the dominant Irish-American political family, the Kennedys; in a large number of prominent local politicians, such as James Michael Curley; in the establishment of Catholic Boston College as a rival to Harvard; and in underworld figures such as James \"Whitey\" Bulger. The Great Boston Fire of 1872 started at the corner of Summer","title":"History of Boston"},{"id":"9378096","text":"Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics. Sports are a major part of the city's culture (as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area). Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to","title":"Sports in Boston"},{"id":"11952448","text":"1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering several team names, including Whirlwinds, Unicorns and Olympics, Brown opted for Celtics. He hoped to grab the attention of Boston's large Irish American","title":"1946–47 Boston Celtics season"},{"id":"11640735","text":"The Celtics won two more titles in the 1970s under coach Tom Heinsohn, and three more in the 1980s under the leadership of forward Larry Bird. After a 22-year drought, the Celtics got their latest title in 2008. The Celtics were formed in 1946 as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the merger of the BAA and the National Basketball League to form the NBA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics became the first franchise to draft an African American player, signing Chuck Cooper. The Celtics","title":"History of the Boston Celtics"},{"id":"14992559","text":"Celtics–Knicks rivalry The Celtics–Knicks rivalry is a National Basketball Association (NBA) rivalry between the Boston Celtics and the New York Knicks. The Celtics and Knicks are two of only three remaining charter franchises (the other being the Golden State Warriors) from the inaugural Basketball Association of America, which began operations in 1946. The rivalry mirrors the fierce competition between the Boston and New York City sports teams, as evidenced by the Red Sox–Yankees rivalry and the Jets–Patriots rivalry. Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart, and both cities' professional sports teams are among the most historic in","title":"Celtics–Knicks rivalry"},{"id":"13127537","text":"state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" The 1986 film \"Hoosiers\" is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986. Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have","title":"Indiana"},{"id":"17738218","text":"no matter how good they were, the Rens would not be given the opportunity to prove it by playing against a white team for a professional title. The best they could do was to finally arrange an exhibition game with a white powerhouse known as the Original Celtics. This pivotal game would have no official status but would show the world that the Rens – and African Americans in general – would no longer be ignored. And indeed, all of Harlem expected a win. The Celtics might be world champs, but the Rens – with jazz in their blood, and","title":"On the Shoulders of Giants (film)"},{"id":"9378136","text":"the Celtics as the best team in the NBA Eastern Conference. 9 World Series titles 1 World Series title 5 Super Bowl titles 17 NBA titles 6 Stanley Cup titles Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college","title":"Sports in Boston"},{"id":"7060657","text":"and media companies. In 2013, Grousbeck was named to the board of Formula E Holdings, a new fully electric powered auto racing championship to be held in the major cities of the world beginning in September, 2014. Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \"Wyc\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team","title":"Wyc Grousbeck"},{"id":"9378134","text":"due to the franchise having formerly been known as the Hartford Whalers and located in Hartford, Connecticut. The Bruins have also been longtime rivals with the New York Rangers also due to the fact that both teams are members of the NHL's Original Six franchises, a group that also includes the Maple Leafs. The Patriots are rivals with frequent playoff opponents Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts. The Red Sox have a rivalry with the Baltimore Orioles and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The NBA's biggest rivalry, is also the Celtics'. The rivalry between the Celtics","title":"Sports in Boston"},{"id":"4463588","text":"as a member of the American Mideast Conference. The Carlow Celtics volleyball team play their home games in St. Joseph Hall. Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh,","title":"Carlow University"},{"id":"42557","text":"The basis for the champion dwindled after 1954 when \"Brown v. Board of Education\" began an integration of schools. The last tournaments were held at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967. Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States, and little organization of the professional game. Players jumped from team to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads such as the Original Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance Five (\"Rens\") and the","title":"Basketball"},{"id":"3660870","text":"fourth place, while first-half winner Cleveland slumped badly to fifth place. Cleveland’s fall was precipitated by the hasty mid-season departure of star Honey Russell, who was exiled to Chicago after a disagreement with team owner Max Rosenblum. The Celtics easily disposed of the weakened Cleveland team in three straight games to take the ABL championship. In 1926, the American Basketball League, developed by sports entrepreneur George Preston Marshall, effectively railroaded the team into joining its ranks by prohibiting member teams from playing against them. The Original Celtics responded by winning the next two ABL titles. During their first full season","title":"Original Celtics"},{"id":"1877046","text":"Harlem Globetrotters The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team. They combine athleticism, theater, and comedy in their style of play. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 123 countries and territories. The team's signature song is Brother Bones' whistled version of \"Sweet Georgia Brown\". Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie. The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment. The executive offices for the team are located in suburban Atlanta. The Globetrotters originated on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the","title":"Harlem Globetrotters"},{"id":"3660868","text":"Celtics to jump to the ABL. As anticipated, the Celtics’ departure triggered an immediate collapse of the rival league. Next, Carr expelled the Detroit and Brooklyn clubs from the ABL, and then awarded the latter franchise to the incoming Celtics. Finally, he bolstered the Baltimore franchise with players from the suddenly defunct NBL. In a single stroke, Carr had signed basketball’s most famous team, thwarted the upstart NBL, and provided his league with an additional pool of dozens of top players. The Original Celtics quickly waded into the race for first-half honors of the ABL, winning 13 of 16 games,","title":"Original Celtics"},{"id":"2082720","text":"taunting him as a \"local yokel\". Second, he drafted African-American Chuck Cooper, the first black player to be drafted by an NBA club. With that, Auerbach effectively broke down the color barrier in professional basketball. In that year, the core of the Celtics consisted of Hall-of-Fame center Ed Macauley, Auerbach's old favorite McKinney, and an unlikely addition, Cousy. Cousy had refused to report to the club that had drafted him (which happened to be the Blackhawks, Auerbach's old club), and because his next team (the Chicago Stags) folded, he ended up with the Celtics. With Auerbach's fast-break tactics, the Celtics","title":"Red Auerbach"},{"id":"9378106","text":"members of the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cy Young, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, Carl Yastrzemski, Carlton Fisk, Wade Boggs, Jim Rice, Pedro Martínez, manager Joe Cronin and owner Tom Yawkey. The Boston Celtics basketball team, who play at the TD Garden, were a founding member of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the National Basketball Association. The Celtics have the distinction of having more Championships than any other NBA team with 17 championships from 1957 to 2008. They had a remarkable run of titles from the 1956–57 until the 1968–69 seasons,","title":"Sports in Boston"},{"id":"17738219","text":"the moves to prove it – had an impressive win record. Harlem expected a swift victory against their white opponents, and they got one: in reverse. The final score was not even close and the Rens, considered the pride and the hope of Harlem, had lost. It was the Depression that began to turn things around, putting many basketball teams, black and white, on the road. The Rens, with their jazz-inspired moves, played the Original Celtics and other white teams, winning many more games than they lost. Even though constant contact turned former enemies, the Harlem Rens and the Original","title":"On the Shoulders of Giants (film)"},{"id":"3070196","text":"part of the Garden. The parquet floor was built and installed in the aforementioned Boston Arena (first home of the Bruins hockey team) and moved to the Garden in 1952. It is said the Celtics knew which way the basketball would bounce off any section of the floor; this was one contributing factor to the Celtics' many NBA championships. The floor became as much a part of Boston sports lore as the Green Monster of Fenway Park. The parquet floor was used at the FleetCenter until December 22, 1999. Portions of the original floor are integrated with new parquet. The","title":"Boston Garden"},{"id":"11952450","text":"damaged after a practice dunk during warm-ups. After the backboard was repaired, the Celtics lost to the Chicago Stags by a score 57–55. 1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering","title":"1946–47 Boston Celtics season"},{"id":"20705747","text":"The Auerbach Center The Auerbach Center is the practice facility for the Boston Celtics in Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts. Designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects, the 160,000-square-foot building is part of a larger mixed-use development being constructed by New Balance at Boston Landing that includes the headquarters of New Balance and that will also include shops, a hotel and the practice facility of the Boston Bruins. Named for the Celtics former president and general manager Arnold \"Red\" Auerbach, the basketball practice facility is spread across the top two floors of The Auerbach Center and will include two parquet floor basketball courts. There","title":"The Auerbach Center"},{"id":"3130584","text":"the league, and, although never a major offensive contributor, won two NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards while helping transform the lowly Utah Jazz into a playoff contender. Of all these players, none enjoyed the success of Robert Parish, who, with forwards Larry Bird and Kevin McHale, formed the legendary frontcourt of the Boston Celtics team that won three titles (1981, 1984 and 1986). The Celtics' fierce rivalry with the Lakers dominated the NBA during the decade and helped basketball reach an unprecedented level of popularity. Nicknamed \"Chief\" after a character in the film \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's","title":"Center (basketball)"},{"id":"2917388","text":"to the newly built Shawmut Center, a sports arena that was to replace the old Boston Garden. The arena therefore opened as the FleetCenter in 1995. After FleetBoston's sale to Bank of America in 2004, the bank chose to give up its naming rights and an announcement was made on March 3, 2005 that the arena would be renamed TD Banknorth Garden (now simply the TD Garden). It is home to the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association and the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. In 1996, Fleet acquired the US branch network (in New York and","title":"FleetBoston Financial"},{"id":"4463570","text":"Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh, where they purchased within the Diocese of Pittsburgh. This land became the location of a new motherhouse and Our Lady of","title":"Carlow University"},{"id":"11640826","text":"to Thomas being even more dominant, and Boston took the series in six after losing the first two games. That series win was the first since 2012. In the second round, Boston faced the Washington Wizards. Thomas dropped 33 and 53 points on them in Games 1 and 2, respectively. Boston took the series in 7. In the Eastern Conference Finals, Boston faced the Cleveland Cavaliers. Thomas got a hip injury and was ruled out for the season, and the Cavs won the series in five. History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team","title":"History of the Boston Celtics"},{"id":"2393853","text":"Abe Saperstein Abraham Michael Saperstein (July 4, 1902 – March 15, 1966) was the founder, owner and earliest coach of the Harlem Globetrotters. Saperstein was a leading figure in black basketball and baseball in the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, primarily before those sports were racially integrated. Saperstein revolutionized the game of basketball and took the Globetrotters from an unknown team touring small farm towns in the Midwestern United States during the height of the Great Depression to a powerhouse that went on to beat the best team in the all-white National Basketball Association. He also introduced the three-point shot,","title":"Abe Saperstein"},{"id":"13986671","text":"leads into this by covering several key matters in NBA history. These involve Simmons' recounting of his father (Bill Sr.) purchasing a season ticket for only $4 a game as the Celtics rose and fell and rose (and critically rose when Larry Bird arrived in Boston); a meeting with Simmons' non-fan Isiah Thomas that turned into a surprisingly friendly discussion about \"The Secret of basketball\"; an overview of how Bill Russell was the greatest center of all-time (and NOT Wilt Chamberlain); a history of how the NBA evolved between 1949 and 1984 into what it is today; dozens of what-if","title":"The Book of Basketball"},{"id":"6830920","text":"hiatus, the rivalry was renewed in 2013 as a part of the Coaches vs. Cancer Boston Tip-Off. UMass won the 2013 game by a score 86-73 and the 2014 game by a score of 71-62. Commonwealth Classic The Commonwealth Classic, also known as Commonwealth Cup or Governor's Cup (for the trophy awarded to the victor of the game), is the title of a basketball rivalry between Boston College and the University of Massachusetts. The name refers to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the New England state in which both universities are located. The game has been played a total of 19","title":"Commonwealth Classic"},{"id":"7420783","text":"World V2 in Meghan Plummer, who also plays her Rock-It-Ball with the Falkirk Cannons. It is a relatively new sport, having been created in the 21st century. Basketball itself was originally invented by James Naismith, a Canadian of recent Scottish family origins, when he was in the USA. basketballscotland is the governing body of basketball in Scotland. Until the late 50s, Scotland was one of Europe's main teams as it twice qualified for the EuroBasket. Since then, the team declined. Scotland had some success at the FIBA European Championship for Small Countries where it has five bronze medals most recently","title":"Sport in Scotland"},{"id":"11467457","text":"awards as well as the first player to win the award with multiple teams. The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight. Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States. Both Duncan and Irving are American citizens, but are considered \"international\" players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C. No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two, and Duncan played","title":"NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award"},{"id":"14992560","text":"professional sports history. The Celtics and Knicks were both established in 1946 as charter franchises of the Basketball Association of America, and are the two oldest teams still playing in their original city today. The first playoff meeting was in the Division Semifinals of the 1950–51 season. This was the first round of the playoffs and a best-of-three series. The Knicks swept the Celtics and got to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Rochester Royals. The clubs squared off in the Division Semifinals once again in the following season. This time, the Celtics were able to win Game 1","title":"Celtics–Knicks rivalry"},{"id":"1739716","text":"in Roxbury. The popular local teams in the area consist of the Boston Red Sox (baseball), Boston Bruins (hockey), Boston Celtics (basketball), the New England Revolution (soccer), and the New England Patriots (football). Less well known local teams also include the Boston Breakers (women's soccer) and Boston Cannons (lacrosse). Other notable sporting annual events include the Boston Marathon on the third Monday of every April, also known in Massachusetts and Maine as Patriot's Day. Boston is also home to the Charles Regatta. The Charles Regatta has been the world's largest rowing competition for the last 46 years. Boston Children's Museum","title":"Roxbury, Boston"},{"id":"4463583","text":"Masses are celebrated in the Center on special occasions, such as the opening of a new academic year. The space is also used for presentations and receptions throughout the year. In 2010, the basement was reopened as a new gym for students and athletes. Carlow University teams, nicknamed athletically as the Celtics, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the River States Conference (RSC). The Celtics also compete as a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA); and formerly competed as a member of the American Mideast Conference until its dissolution on","title":"Carlow University"},{"id":"4872746","text":"K. C. Jones K. C. Jones (born May 25, 1932) is an American retired professional basketball player and coach. He is best known for his association with the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA), with whom he won eleven of his twelve NBA Championships (eight as a player, one as an assistant coach, and two as a head coach). As a player, he is tied for third for most NBA championships in a career, and is one of three NBA players with an 8-0 record in NBA Finals series. He is the only African-American non-player head coach to","title":"K. C. Jones"},{"id":"10088091","text":"Development. He was promoted to Chief Operating Officer in June 2006. On April 18, 2007 Gotham was named President of the Celtics. The position had been vacant since team patriarch Red Auerbach died in October 2006. Official BostonCeltics.com story
Sports Illustrated Online Story
Rich Gotham interview February 2008, Biz of Basketball
Rich Gotham NECN Video Interview, \"Celtics business model all about winning Championships\" April 2010 Rich Gotham Richard Ernest \"Rich\" Gotham (born August 31, 1964) is an American business executive and the current president of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a graduate of Providence","title":"Rich Gotham"},{"id":"539470","text":"33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history. The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams, both of which are in the NBA's Atlantic division. It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams. Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence. The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season, with the Celtics winning 276 times. The two teams have also","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"4789733","text":"played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in \"Goodridge v. Department of Public Health\" by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy","title":"Massachusetts"},{"id":"14699800","text":"assists, and became the first Celtics player to do so since Antoine Walker in 2001. On December 12, he scored 38 points in a 130–125 overtime win over the Washington Wizards. In 2012, Irving was in contention for a position on the Australian team for the 2012 Olympics. However, he elected not to represent his nation of birth, instead focusing on selection for the United States national team for the 2016 Olympic Games. Irving was a member of the United States national team that competed in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. He helped lead Team USA to the gold","title":"Kyrie Irving"},{"id":"13127536","text":"any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball","title":"Indiana"},{"id":"14699768","text":"(MVP) in 2014. In the 2016 NBA Finals, he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors. After losing a rematch against the Warriors in the 2017 Finals, Irving requested a trade, and was traded to the Boston Celtics. He has also played for the United States national team, with which he won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2018, he starred in the film \"Uncle Drew\". Irving was born on March 23,","title":"Kyrie Irving"},{"id":"539481","text":"green. Then for the 1996–97 season, celebrating the club's 50th anniversary, the logo got a full-color treatment. Lucky's face and hands were both painted tan, while gold was included on the vest, bow tie and hat, as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh, and black on its pants and shoes. The Celtics also have various alternative logos, with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters \"Celtics\" above it, wrapped in a green circle, which has been used since the 1998–99 season. The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"13822603","text":"the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves. The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.","title":"Boston"},{"id":"5836002","text":"History of the Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers franchise has a long and storied history, predating the formation of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Founded in 1947, the Lakers are one of the NBA's most famous and successful franchises. As of summer 2012, the Lakers hold the all-time records for wins (3,125), winning percentage (.620), and NBA Finals appearances (31). They are second in NBA championships only to the Boston Celtics, winning 16 championships to the Celtics 17 NBA titles. Their rosters have included some of the game's greatest players, including George Mikan, Jim Pollard, Clyde Lovellette, Elgin","title":"History of the Los Angeles Lakers"},{"id":"2219970","text":"of championships, or simply a three-in-a-row. There are also terms for winning three trophies in the same season: Three-peat In American sports, a three-peat is winning three consecutive championships. The term, a portmanteau of the words \"three\" and \"repeat\", originated with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, during their unsuccessful campaign for a third consecutive championship during the 1988–89 season, having won the previous 2 NBA Finals in 1987 and 1988 against the Boston Celtics and Detroit Pistons, but were swept by the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals. The term is a registered trademark owned by","title":"Three-peat"},{"id":"539477","text":"as significant as they played on Christmas in 2017. \"List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Boston Celtics seasons.\" \"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, % = Winning Percentage\"; The Celtics have an NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row, and 11 championships in 13 years. They also have 52 playoff appearances. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics, and the franchise has retired 22 jersey numbers, more than any other American sports","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"2082757","text":"sitting on a bench. Red Auerbach Arnold Jacob \"Red\" Auerbach (September 20, 1917 – October 28, 2006) was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics. After he retired from coaching, he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death. As a coach, he won 938 games (a record at his retirement) and nine National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in ten years (a number surpassed only by Phil Jackson, who won 11 in twenty years). As general manager and team president of the Celtics, he won an additional","title":"Red Auerbach"},{"id":"10912217","text":"Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers. Both share the Staples Center. The Lakers are one of the most valuable franchises in the NBA and have gained a considerable fanbase over the years. They have the most titles of all Los Angeles franchises, having gained 11 titles in LA and 16 overall. Their title count is second only to the Boston Celtics, who have 17 titles. The LA Lakers were founded as the Minneapolis Lakers, having moved to Southern California in 1960. The LA Clippers were founded as the Buffalo Braves in 1970; in 1978, the team moved to San","title":"Sports in Los Angeles"},{"id":"12120537","text":"its nickname from the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: the club crest features the Mayflower, which carried the Pilgrims to Massachusetts and the club's mascot is named Pilgrim Pete. The city is also home to clubs in nearly all sports, notably Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1921 and are currently in the third tier of Professional English Rugby National League One. Plymouth Raiders play in the top tier of British Bastketball, the British Basketball","title":"Sport in Plymouth"},{"id":"14368571","text":"Run and gun (basketball) In basketball, run and gun is a fast, freewheeling style of play that features a high number of field goal attempts, resulting in high-scoring games. The offense typically relies on fast breaks while placing less emphasis on set plays. A run-and-gun team typically allows a large number of points on defense as well. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the run and gun was at its peak in the 1960s when teams scored an average of 115 points a game. Around 2003, the average had dropped to 95. The Boston Celtics were a run-and-gun team in","title":"Run and gun (basketball)"},{"id":"1612657","text":"the one used by the Boston Celtics of the NBA. The original floor, which was installed at the Celtics' original home of Boston Arena in 1946, was moved intact to Boston Garden in 1952 and used there until the team moved to what was then known as FleetCenter in 1995, now known as TD Garden. The floor remained intact and in use until it was cut up and sold as souvenirs in 1999, after the 1998 demolition of Boston Garden. The Celtics today play on a parquet floor inside TD Garden that combines old and new sections. Similar square-paneled parquet","title":"Parquetry"},{"id":"17893605","text":"Sports in Indiana The state of Indiana is home to a number of professional and college sports teams, as well as prominent auto racing. Indiana has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" The 1986 film \"Hoosiers\" is inspired by the story","title":"Sports in Indiana"},{"id":"4729465","text":"Springfield College (Massachusetts) Springfield College is a private, coeducational college located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The institution confers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral degrees. Known as the birthplace of basketball, the sport was invented there in 1891 by Canadian graduate student James Naismith. The college's philosophy of \"humanics\" \"calls for the education of the whole person—in spirit, mind, and body—for leadership in service to others.\" It is symbolized by a triangle. Founded in 1885, as the Young Men's Christian Association department of the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, the school originally specialized in preparing young men to become General Secretaries of","title":"Springfield College (Massachusetts)"},{"id":"3660861","text":"West Side of New York City, and defiantly called his new squad the Original Celtics. Initially they played in various struggling professional leagues, before becoming primarily a touring squad which traveled up to 150,000 miles a year while completing a 150–200 game schedule. They won about ninety percent of their games and finished 1922–23 with the unbelievable record of 193–11–1. Hoping to claim an undisputed national championship, they challenged the nationally famous Franklin Wonder Five, but the Franklin coach refused as his team \"was too tired\" after a grueling year. The team's first dominant player was \"Dutch\" Dehnert, a 6'1\"","title":"Original Celtics"},{"id":"7591244","text":"Atlantic Division (NBA) The Atlantic Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Toronto Raptors. All teams, except the Raptors, are located on the East Coast of the United States. However, Toronto sports teams have over the years enjoyed rivalries with teams in the Northeastern United States (particularly, Toronto teams also share divisions with Boston teams in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, with the former also containing","title":"Atlantic Division (NBA)"},{"id":"2082756","text":"'80s under coaches Bill Fitch (white) and K.C. Jones (black). Auerbach is prominently featured in the documentary film, \"The First Basket\", about Jewish basketball history. To honor Auerbach, the Celtics created the Arnold \"Red\" Auerbach award in 2006. It is an award given annually to the current Celtic player or coach who \"best exemplifies the spirit and meaning of a true Celtic. The NBA gives out an annual coach of the year award to honor the league's best coach as voted by a panel of sportswriters. The trophy is named the 'Red Auerbach trophy' and has a figure of Auerbach","title":"Red Auerbach"},{"id":"539478","text":"team. FIBA, the body which governs international basketball, has selected two players associated with the Celtics to the FIBA Hall of Fame for contributions to international basketball. The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"8368732","text":"finger, dribbling in complex patterns, rolling the ball over one's shoulder, or performing aerobatic maneuvers with the ball while executing a slam dunk, most notably in the context of a slam dunk contest. Nearly all basketballs have an inflatable inner rubber bladder, generally wrapped in layers of fiber and then covered with a surface made either from leather (traditional), rubber, or a synthetic composite. As in most inflatable balls, there is a small opening that allows the pressure to be increased or decreased. The surface of the ball is nearly always divided by \"ribs\" that are recessed below the surface","title":"Basketball (ball)"},{"id":"7420964","text":"rebounding and defense. Black pros did not get a chance to showcase their talents in the league until the arrival of Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain. In 1963, the 1933 version of the Rens team was collectively named to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Only their arch-rivals, the Original Celtics, and the Buffalo Germans received the same honor. The Rens' selection was well-deserved, for despite traveling and playing throughout America when the harsh effect of segregation was common and often legal, they compiled a 2318-381 record before the team folded in 1949. In 2005, the 109th United States Congress passed","title":"Black Fives"},{"id":"12706622","text":"Fordham Rams football The Fordham Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Fordham University located in the U.S. state of New York. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Patriot League. Fordham's first football team was fielded in 1882. The team plays its home games at the 7,000 seat Coffey Field in Bronx, New York. The Rams are coached by former Yale offensive coordinator Joe Conlin, distant relative to the late Ed Conlin, Fordham's all-time leading scorer in basketball who later played seven seasons in the NBA.","title":"Fordham Rams football"},{"id":"7560718","text":"\"At that time NBA teams had quotas for African American players, and the Celtics already had two on their roster.\" The team's leadership may also have been concerned that Garrett's height (six foot, three inches) was not tall enough to play center and uncertain about his ability to switch to playing a guard or forward position. After Garrett's release from the Celtics, the Harlem Globetrotters founder and owner, Abe Saperstein, who had scouted Garrett since his playing days at IU, offered him a contract to play for the team. Garrett considered the team's comic acts and jokes more show-business entertainment","title":"Bill Garrett (basketball)"},{"id":"13797732","text":"Lou Bender Louis \"Lulu\" Bender (March 8, 1910 – September 10, 2009) was an American basketball player who helped turn the sport into a popular success in New York City during the Great Depression and helped make Madison Square Garden a destination for the sport. Bender was a three-time All-Ivy League and two-time All-America in the early 1930s while attending Columbia University. After graduating from Columbia, Bender barnstormed with the Original Celtics and later played for a number of professional teams in the American Basketball League, the first true professional league and a predecessor of the National Basketball Association. While","title":"Lou Bender"},{"id":"10149101","text":"Brad Stevens Bradley Kent Stevens (born October 22, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former collegiate player. He is the head coach of the Boston Celtics. Born and raised in Zionsville, Indiana, Stevens starred on the Zionsville Community High School basketball team, setting four school records. After high school, he attended DePauw University, where he played basketball and earned a degree in economics. He made the all-conference team multiple times and was a three-time Academic All-America nominee. He transitioned into coaching after quitting his job at Eli Lilly and Company, joining the basketball program at Butler University as","title":"Brad Stevens"},{"id":"14100103","text":"the love of the game, but above all it is a way to fit in and find an identity. The NBA (National Basketball Association) is the premier basketball league in America. For a long time it was a sport dominated by white Americans and it wasn't very popular amongst Latin American countries. That all changed with the arrival of the \"Nuyoricans\". They were Puerto Ricans who had immigrated to New York in search of a better life and while there discovered the sport of basketball. They brought the sport back with them to the island and it became immensely popular.","title":"Latino athletes in American sports"},{"id":"4479456","text":"the company into a worldwide success, and sold his interest in the company for a huge profit in 1971. He then invested in several other restaurant ventures, but none matched the success of KFC. During the 1970s, he also owned, at various times, three professional basketball teams – the American Basketball Association's Kentucky Colonels, and the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics and Buffalo Braves (currently the Los Angeles Clippers). Despite having previously shown little inclination toward politics, Brown surprised political observers by declaring his candidacy for governor in 1979. With the state and nation facing difficult economic times, Brown promised","title":"John Y. Brown Jr."},{"id":"11640792","text":"age of 89. Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946. The Celtics went 2–22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Paul Pierce to injury, the result of a stress reaction in his left foot (he would later miss the latter part of March and all of April because of swelling in his left elbow). At first, the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL on a dunk attempt in a game vs. the Indiana","title":"History of the Boston Celtics"},{"id":"4048730","text":"victory. As Foreman was shaking all the players' hands, when he arrived at the then-unknown power forward, McHale displayed his comic wit: \"Nice to meet you, Mr. Foreman. What do you do for a living?\" Entering the 1980 NBA draft, the Celtics held the number one overall pick, but in a pre-draft trade, considered by many to be among the most lopsided in NBA history, Celtics president Red Auerbach dealt the pick and an additional first-round pick to the Golden State Warriors for center Robert Parish and the Warriors' first-round pick, the third overall, which the Celtics used to draft","title":"Kevin McHale (basketball)"},{"id":"8206187","text":"particularly the all-white New York Celtics (now the Boston Celtics) to play games against exclusively black teams. Philadelphia, as a city that is particularly heavily lived-in by black citizens, looked as basketball as both an opportunity for recognition and escape. Young men had \"hoop dreams\" and wanted to fight their way to the ABL, or NBA today, and having a local successful professional basketball team allowed for the observation of successful black men in a sport that they were interested in. This resulted also in a feeling of community in the city between black men, and contributed to the culture","title":"Philadelphia Warriors (ABL)"},{"id":"12004322","text":"way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth. History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became","title":"History of basketball"},{"id":"7060655","text":"Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \"Wyc\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team that claimed the Ivy League and national rowing championship. He later received a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1986 and an MBA in 1992 from the Stanford Graduate School of Business. After spending seven","title":"Wyc Grousbeck"},{"id":"4789821","text":"University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester. The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester. Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics, nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox, six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins, and five-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots. The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team. The Boston Breakers were the Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts. Massachusetts is also the home","title":"Massachusetts"},{"id":"16458224","text":"role in the first-ever automobile accident. Today, the city of Springfield is known worldwide as the birthplace of the sport of basketball. In 1891, James Naismith, a theology graduate, invented the sport of basketball at the YMCA International Training School – now known as Springfield College – to fill-in the gap between the football and baseball seasons. The first game of basketball ever played took place in the Mason Square district of Springfield. (The game's score was 1 – 0). As of 2011, the exact spot where the first game took place is memorialized by an illuminated monument. The first","title":"History of Springfield, Massachusetts"},{"id":"8486945","text":"Wizards, but also to participate in the show. The Wizards get the crowd involved, often bringing children out onto the floor to be part of a basketball trick or a comedy act. Their antics are similar to those of the Harlem Globetrotters, who were created in 1926. The Wizards, Flight Squad Basketball and the Globetrotters are comedy basketball teams that tour the country. The theme for the Wizards' 2010-2011 campaign was the \"Basketball and Beyond Tour.\" They hold the second longest known winning streak in all of professional sports - over 2,800 games after the Harlem Globetrotters 24-year, 8,829 game","title":"Harlem Wizards"},{"id":"169993","text":"Greek letter fraternities and sororities are not permitted. One of the earliest college basketball games in the United States occurred at Geneva College on April 8, 1893, when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA. Geneva commemorates this event through the athletic slogan of \"The Birthplace of College Basketball\". Geneva also has one of the oldest basketball courts in collegiate sports in the Johnson Gymnasium. Geneva was founded by Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants. Many names of campus buildings and areas bear Scottish names: Geneva sports teams were nicknamed the \"Covenanters\" until the 1950s. Members of the RPCNA are","title":"Geneva College"},{"id":"802342","text":"All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team The New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics are two of the three remaining teams from the original 1946 NBA (the other is the Golden State Warriors). The rivalry stems from the old rivalry between the cities of New York City and Boston, as well as the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. The fact that Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart contributes to it, which is also seen in the Jets–Patriots rivalry. The teams have met nine times in the postseason. The last time was in the 2012–13 season, when Carmelo","title":"New York Knicks"},{"id":"189568","text":"the state of Indiana. Indiana's passion for basketball was observed and written about by basketball's inventor, James Naismith. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote, that while it was invented in Massachusetts, \"basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" Hoosiers have a traditional love for basketball similar to that of Southerners or Ohioans for football, Pennsylvanians for wrestling, and Minnesotans for ice hockey. Indiana high schools boast a tradition of producing top caliber basketball players. Through the 2009-2010 NBA season, 152 Hoosier","title":"Hoosier Hysteria"},{"id":"11082399","text":"compete in teams of one hundred, first demonstrated on the Boston Common in 1917. Brown lived in Hopkinton, Massachusetts throughout his life, married Elizabeth Gallagher, and had four sons and three daughters, who continued their father’s pursuits. His son, Walter A. Brown, assumed the General Manager position at the Boston Garden upon his father’s death. Walter A. Brown went on to become General Manager of the Boston Bruins ice hockey team, and founding Owner and General Manager of the Boston Celtics men’s professional basketball team. Like his father, Walter A. Brown was inducted into the hockey halls of fame, and","title":"George V. Brown"},{"id":"802231","text":"New York Knicks The New York Knickerbockers, more commonly referred to as the Knicks, are an American professional basketball team based in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden. They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City; the other is the Brooklyn Nets. The team, established by Ned Irish in 1946, was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), which","title":"New York Knicks"},{"id":"5571985","text":"those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and","title":"Sports in the United States"},{"id":"539498","text":"Bruins and certain \"Sports Byline USA\" and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts. However, WEEI was sold off in 1994, and would later reemerge as the name of an ESPN-radio affiliate, Sportsradio 850 WEEI. WFXT continued to carry the Fox network programming; however, during the team's ownership of the station, they broadcast the team's games and they also had a news share agreement with regional cable news channel New England Cable News in 1993. WFXT meanwhile was reacquired by Fox Television Stations group, and once again was Fox owned-and-operated from 1995. Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"10470669","text":"Ireland match at Celtic Park were donated by host club Celtic to the grieving Battles family in tribute to their former player. Battles junior was raised in the Edinburgh area, where he attended the city's Holy Cross RC Academy, and developed his footballing skills in the city's inter-school competitions. While he was still a teenager his mother decided to emigrate to the United States of America and Battles and an elder sister accompanied her across the Atlantic. On his arrival in the U.S., Battles began playing for the Boston Celtics, a Sullivan Square team. While playing for the Celtics, he","title":"Barney Battles Jr."},{"id":"16234281","text":"being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on Saint Patricks Day. The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw, who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17, 1981. Along with the Phillies, many other teams have since started wearing Saint Patrick's day themed jerseys, including the Boston Red Sox in 2004, who were also the second team to wear Saint Patrick's Day hats in 1990; the green uniforms have also been worn twice during the regular season, in 2007 and 2008, as a tribute to the NBA's Boston Celtics, whose primary color is green. Since","title":"Saint Patrick's Day in the United States"},{"id":"437269","text":"Uruguay by English sailors and labourers in the late 19th century. Less successfully, they introduced rugby and cricket. There are two Montevideo-based football clubs, Nacional and Peñarol, who are successful in domestic and South American tournaments and have won three Intercontinental Cups each. Besides football, the most popular sport in Uruguay is basketball. Its national team qualified for the Basketball World Cup 7 times, more often than other countries in South America, except Brazil and Argentina. Uruguay hosted the official Basketball World Cup for the 1967 FIBA World Championship and the official Americas Basketball Championship in 1988, 1997 and is","title":"Uruguay"},{"id":"19636536","text":"of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League who moved in from Harvard University's Bright-Landry Hockey Center, and Ristuccia Ice Arena in Wilmington, Massachusetts respectively. Public transit to the facility is via the MBTA Boston Landing station, a station on the MBTA Commuter Rail system's Framingham/Worcester Line. Groundbreaking took place in December 2014, with the completed facility hosting its grand opening on September 8th, 2016. The Bruins' fellow tenants at the TD Garden when both are in their respective wintertime league seasons, the Boston Celtics NBA basketball team, now have their own, brand new professional basketball training facility named","title":"Warrior Ice Arena"},{"id":"12004298","text":"History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball as it is","title":"History of basketball"},{"id":"7060656","text":"years as a partner at the venture capital firm, Highland Capital Partners, Grousbeck, along with his father H. Irving Grousbeck founded the group Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. that bought the Boston Celtics for $360 million in 2002. In 2008, they led the organization to their seventeenth NBA Championship. While continuing his duties with the Celtics, in 2010 Grousbeck became Chairman of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, the world's largest research and clinical hospital specializing in blindness and deafness research. In 2013, Grousbeck co-founded Causeway Media Partners, LP, a growth equity partnership managing over $330 million, investing in sports technology","title":"Wyc Grousbeck"},{"id":"7126431","text":"for guard Frank Ramsey, who played behind the Hall-of-Fame duo of Bob Cousy and Bill Sharman during the early part of the Celtics' dynasty years. Though Ramsey was one of the Celtics' best players, he felt more comfortable coming off the bench and Auerbach wanted his best players fresh and in the lineup at the end of close games. The most famous sixth man, however, was teammate John Havlicek, who revolutionized the role during his 16-year career. Sixth man The sixth man in basketball is a player who is not a starter but comes off the bench much more often","title":"Sixth man"},{"id":"13782331","text":"Tournament, by defeating the Italian League club Virtus Bologna, by a score of 67–37. Nisiotis is credited by most as being mainly responsible for the development of the sport in Greece in the 1930s and 1940s. Panellinios also featured the great scorer Antonis Christeas. The Spanoudakis brothers, Ioannis and Alekos, who were players of Olympiacos, were among the first early important pioneers of the modern style sport in the country. Boston Celtics players Bob Cousy, and the Greek American player Lou Tsioropoulos, came to Greece in the 1950s, and gave teaching clinics on what the Celtics were doing, and how","title":"Basketball in Greece"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"539391\",\n \"text\": \"Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league's first decade, the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins. The franchise has won the most championships in NBA history with 17, accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004305\",\n \"text\": \"1922 until 1928, when the team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance). The Rens were the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1. They took part in some official championships and won\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640734\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA merged with the National Basketball League. Currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference, the Celtics have the most NBA titles with 17 championships. Eleven of those occurred between 1957 and 1969, with a dynasty led by center Bill Russell and coach/general manager Red Auerbach.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004304\",\n \"text\": \"the Trenton Nationals, followed by the New York Wanderers, the Bristol Pile Drivers and the Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in 1904. Then, many small championships were organized, but most of them were not as important as some teams who played for money against challengers. The Original Celtics, for instance, are considered the \\\"fathers of basketball\\\" and were presented as \\\"World’s Basketball Champions\\\"; the players had to sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus, moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest team, and their successes lasted from\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11270184\",\n \"text\": \"keeping with the way the letter ⟨c⟩ was inherited by Middle English from Old French. From the mid-19th century, academic publications advocated the variant with on the basis of a new understanding of the origins of the word. The pronunciation with remained standard throughout the 19th to early 20th century, but gained ground during the later 20th century. A notable exception is that the pronunciation remains the most recognised form when it occurs in the names of sports teams, most notably Celtic Football Club in Scotland, and the Boston Celtics basketball team in the United States. The Cavan newspaper \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Names of the Celts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660873\",\n \"text\": \"Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \\\"original\\\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660860\",\n \"text\": \"Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \\\"original\\\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13822604\",\n \"text\": \"The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen. While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after\",\n \"title\": \"Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17843862\",\n \"text\": \"the 1860s, many Irish immigrants fought for the Union in the American Civil War, and that display of patriotism helped to dispel much of the prejudice against them. With an expanding population, group loyalty, and block-by-block political organization, the Irish took political control of the city, leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business, and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the iconic Irish-American political family, the Kennedys;\",\n \"title\": \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539392\",\n \"text\": \"championships since the league's founding. The Celtics have a notable rivalry with the Los Angeles Lakers, and have played the Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA Finals (including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010), of which the Celtics have won nine. Four Celtics players (Bob Cousy, Bill Russell, Dave Cowens and Larry Bird) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards. Both the nickname \\\"Celtics\\\" and their mascot \\\"Lucky the Leprechaun\\\" are a nod to Boston's historically large Irish population. After winning 16 championships throughout the 20th\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7093682\",\n \"text\": \"Walter A. Brown Walter A. Brown (February 10, 1905 – September 7, 1964) was the founder and original owner of the Boston Celtics as well as an important figure in the development of ice hockey in the United States. He was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts and attended Boston Latin from 1922 to 1923 and Phillips Exeter Academy from 1923 to 1926. After succeeding his father, George V. Brown, as manager of the Boston Garden, he stated his belief that, \\\"Boston should have a basketball team.\\\" Taking a mortgage out on his home, he founded the Celtics in 1945. He then\",\n \"title\": \"Walter A. Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660865\",\n \"text\": \"of owner Jim Furry for embezzling $190,000 from a New York business. Then, in early October, just a month before the ABL season was to get underway, the Celtics bolted to the newly organized National Basketball League. The new league operated solely in and around the metropolitan New York City, but despite its geographical limitations was stocked with some of the best players in the country. After pulling off a coup by signing the Original Celtics, the NBL brashly raided ABL rosters for additional players. The Brooklyn Arcadians were particularly hard hit, losing stars Red Conaty and Rody Cooney, while\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539395\",\n \"text\": \"and managed to reach the Eastern Conference Finals where they lost to the Cavaliers in seven games, eliminating them from the NBA Finals. The Boston Celtics were formed on June 6, 1946 by Boston Garden-Arena Corporation president Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper, becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player. The Celtics struggled during their early years, until the hiring\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5219290\",\n \"text\": \"leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the dominant Irish-American political family, the Kennedys; in a large number of prominent local politicians, such as James Michael Curley; in the establishment of Catholic Boston College as a rival to Harvard; and in underworld figures such as James \\\"Whitey\\\" Bulger. The Great Boston Fire of 1872 started at the corner of Summer\",\n \"title\": \"History of Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378096\",\n \"text\": \"Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics. Sports are a major part of the city's culture (as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area). Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11952448\",\n \"text\": \"1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering several team names, including Whirlwinds, Unicorns and Olympics, Brown opted for Celtics. He hoped to grab the attention of Boston's large Irish American\",\n \"title\": \"1946–47 Boston Celtics season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640735\",\n \"text\": \"The Celtics won two more titles in the 1970s under coach Tom Heinsohn, and three more in the 1980s under the leadership of forward Larry Bird. After a 22-year drought, the Celtics got their latest title in 2008. The Celtics were formed in 1946 as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the merger of the BAA and the National Basketball League to form the NBA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics became the first franchise to draft an African American player, signing Chuck Cooper. The Celtics\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14992559\",\n \"text\": \"Celtics–Knicks rivalry The Celtics–Knicks rivalry is a National Basketball Association (NBA) rivalry between the Boston Celtics and the New York Knicks. The Celtics and Knicks are two of only three remaining charter franchises (the other being the Golden State Warriors) from the inaugural Basketball Association of America, which began operations in 1946. The rivalry mirrors the fierce competition between the Boston and New York City sports teams, as evidenced by the Red Sox–Yankees rivalry and the Jets–Patriots rivalry. Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart, and both cities' professional sports teams are among the most historic in\",\n \"title\": \"Celtics–Knicks rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13127537\",\n \"text\": \"state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \\\"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\\\" The 1986 film \\\"Hoosiers\\\" is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986. Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have\",\n \"title\": \"Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17738218\",\n \"text\": \"no matter how good they were, the Rens would not be given the opportunity to prove it by playing against a white team for a professional title. The best they could do was to finally arrange an exhibition game with a white powerhouse known as the Original Celtics. This pivotal game would have no official status but would show the world that the Rens – and African Americans in general – would no longer be ignored. And indeed, all of Harlem expected a win. The Celtics might be world champs, but the Rens – with jazz in their blood, and\",\n \"title\": \"On the Shoulders of Giants (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378136\",\n \"text\": \"the Celtics as the best team in the NBA Eastern Conference. 9 World Series titles 1 World Series title 5 Super Bowl titles 17 NBA titles 6 Stanley Cup titles Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7060657\",\n \"text\": \"and media companies. In 2013, Grousbeck was named to the board of Formula E Holdings, a new fully electric powered auto racing championship to be held in the major cities of the world beginning in September, 2014. Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \\\"Wyc\\\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team\",\n \"title\": \"Wyc Grousbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378134\",\n \"text\": \"due to the franchise having formerly been known as the Hartford Whalers and located in Hartford, Connecticut. The Bruins have also been longtime rivals with the New York Rangers also due to the fact that both teams are members of the NHL's Original Six franchises, a group that also includes the Maple Leafs. The Patriots are rivals with frequent playoff opponents Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts. The Red Sox have a rivalry with the Baltimore Orioles and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The NBA's biggest rivalry, is also the Celtics'. The rivalry between the Celtics\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4463588\",\n \"text\": \"as a member of the American Mideast Conference. The Carlow Celtics volleyball team play their home games in St. Joseph Hall. Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh,\",\n \"title\": \"Carlow University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"42557\",\n \"text\": \"The basis for the champion dwindled after 1954 when \\\"Brown v. Board of Education\\\" began an integration of schools. The last tournaments were held at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967. Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States, and little organization of the professional game. Players jumped from team to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads such as the Original Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance Five (\\\"Rens\\\") and the\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660870\",\n \"text\": \"fourth place, while first-half winner Cleveland slumped badly to fifth place. Cleveland’s fall was precipitated by the hasty mid-season departure of star Honey Russell, who was exiled to Chicago after a disagreement with team owner Max Rosenblum. The Celtics easily disposed of the weakened Cleveland team in three straight games to take the ABL championship. In 1926, the American Basketball League, developed by sports entrepreneur George Preston Marshall, effectively railroaded the team into joining its ranks by prohibiting member teams from playing against them. The Original Celtics responded by winning the next two ABL titles. During their first full season\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1877046\",\n \"text\": \"Harlem Globetrotters The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team. They combine athleticism, theater, and comedy in their style of play. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 123 countries and territories. The team's signature song is Brother Bones' whistled version of \\\"Sweet Georgia Brown\\\". Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie. The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment. The executive offices for the team are located in suburban Atlanta. The Globetrotters originated on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Harlem Globetrotters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660868\",\n \"text\": \"Celtics to jump to the ABL. As anticipated, the Celtics’ departure triggered an immediate collapse of the rival league. Next, Carr expelled the Detroit and Brooklyn clubs from the ABL, and then awarded the latter franchise to the incoming Celtics. Finally, he bolstered the Baltimore franchise with players from the suddenly defunct NBL. In a single stroke, Carr had signed basketball’s most famous team, thwarted the upstart NBL, and provided his league with an additional pool of dozens of top players. The Original Celtics quickly waded into the race for first-half honors of the ABL, winning 13 of 16 games,\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2082720\",\n \"text\": \"taunting him as a \\\"local yokel\\\". Second, he drafted African-American Chuck Cooper, the first black player to be drafted by an NBA club. With that, Auerbach effectively broke down the color barrier in professional basketball. In that year, the core of the Celtics consisted of Hall-of-Fame center Ed Macauley, Auerbach's old favorite McKinney, and an unlikely addition, Cousy. Cousy had refused to report to the club that had drafted him (which happened to be the Blackhawks, Auerbach's old club), and because his next team (the Chicago Stags) folded, he ended up with the Celtics. With Auerbach's fast-break tactics, the Celtics\",\n \"title\": \"Red Auerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378106\",\n \"text\": \"members of the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cy Young, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, Carl Yastrzemski, Carlton Fisk, Wade Boggs, Jim Rice, Pedro Martínez, manager Joe Cronin and owner Tom Yawkey. The Boston Celtics basketball team, who play at the TD Garden, were a founding member of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the National Basketball Association. The Celtics have the distinction of having more Championships than any other NBA team with 17 championships from 1957 to 2008. They had a remarkable run of titles from the 1956–57 until the 1968–69 seasons,\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17738219\",\n \"text\": \"the moves to prove it – had an impressive win record. Harlem expected a swift victory against their white opponents, and they got one: in reverse. The final score was not even close and the Rens, considered the pride and the hope of Harlem, had lost. It was the Depression that began to turn things around, putting many basketball teams, black and white, on the road. The Rens, with their jazz-inspired moves, played the Original Celtics and other white teams, winning many more games than they lost. Even though constant contact turned former enemies, the Harlem Rens and the Original\",\n \"title\": \"On the Shoulders of Giants (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3070196\",\n \"text\": \"part of the Garden. The parquet floor was built and installed in the aforementioned Boston Arena (first home of the Bruins hockey team) and moved to the Garden in 1952. It is said the Celtics knew which way the basketball would bounce off any section of the floor; this was one contributing factor to the Celtics' many NBA championships. The floor became as much a part of Boston sports lore as the Green Monster of Fenway Park. The parquet floor was used at the FleetCenter until December 22, 1999. Portions of the original floor are integrated with new parquet. The\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Garden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11952450\",\n \"text\": \"damaged after a practice dunk during warm-ups. After the backboard was repaired, the Celtics lost to the Chicago Stags by a score 57–55. 1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering\",\n \"title\": \"1946–47 Boston Celtics season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20705747\",\n \"text\": \"The Auerbach Center The Auerbach Center is the practice facility for the Boston Celtics in Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts. Designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects, the 160,000-square-foot building is part of a larger mixed-use development being constructed by New Balance at Boston Landing that includes the headquarters of New Balance and that will also include shops, a hotel and the practice facility of the Boston Bruins. Named for the Celtics former president and general manager Arnold \\\"Red\\\" Auerbach, the basketball practice facility is spread across the top two floors of The Auerbach Center and will include two parquet floor basketball courts. There\",\n \"title\": \"The Auerbach Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3130584\",\n \"text\": \"the league, and, although never a major offensive contributor, won two NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards while helping transform the lowly Utah Jazz into a playoff contender. Of all these players, none enjoyed the success of Robert Parish, who, with forwards Larry Bird and Kevin McHale, formed the legendary frontcourt of the Boston Celtics team that won three titles (1981, 1984 and 1986). The Celtics' fierce rivalry with the Lakers dominated the NBA during the decade and helped basketball reach an unprecedented level of popularity. Nicknamed \\\"Chief\\\" after a character in the film \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's\",\n \"title\": \"Center (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2917388\",\n \"text\": \"to the newly built Shawmut Center, a sports arena that was to replace the old Boston Garden. The arena therefore opened as the FleetCenter in 1995. After FleetBoston's sale to Bank of America in 2004, the bank chose to give up its naming rights and an announcement was made on March 3, 2005 that the arena would be renamed TD Banknorth Garden (now simply the TD Garden). It is home to the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association and the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. In 1996, Fleet acquired the US branch network (in New York and\",\n \"title\": \"FleetBoston Financial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4463570\",\n \"text\": \"Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh, where they purchased within the Diocese of Pittsburgh. This land became the location of a new motherhouse and Our Lady of\",\n \"title\": \"Carlow University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640826\",\n \"text\": \"to Thomas being even more dominant, and Boston took the series in six after losing the first two games. That series win was the first since 2012. In the second round, Boston faced the Washington Wizards. Thomas dropped 33 and 53 points on them in Games 1 and 2, respectively. Boston took the series in 7. In the Eastern Conference Finals, Boston faced the Cleveland Cavaliers. Thomas got a hip injury and was ruled out for the season, and the Cavs won the series in five. History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2393853\",\n \"text\": \"Abe Saperstein Abraham Michael Saperstein (July 4, 1902 – March 15, 1966) was the founder, owner and earliest coach of the Harlem Globetrotters. Saperstein was a leading figure in black basketball and baseball in the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, primarily before those sports were racially integrated. Saperstein revolutionized the game of basketball and took the Globetrotters from an unknown team touring small farm towns in the Midwestern United States during the height of the Great Depression to a powerhouse that went on to beat the best team in the all-white National Basketball Association. He also introduced the three-point shot,\",\n \"title\": \"Abe Saperstein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13986671\",\n \"text\": \"leads into this by covering several key matters in NBA history. These involve Simmons' recounting of his father (Bill Sr.) purchasing a season ticket for only $4 a game as the Celtics rose and fell and rose (and critically rose when Larry Bird arrived in Boston); a meeting with Simmons' non-fan Isiah Thomas that turned into a surprisingly friendly discussion about \\\"The Secret of basketball\\\"; an overview of how Bill Russell was the greatest center of all-time (and NOT Wilt Chamberlain); a history of how the NBA evolved between 1949 and 1984 into what it is today; dozens of what-if\",\n \"title\": \"The Book of Basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6830920\",\n \"text\": \"hiatus, the rivalry was renewed in 2013 as a part of the Coaches vs. Cancer Boston Tip-Off. UMass won the 2013 game by a score 86-73 and the 2014 game by a score of 71-62. Commonwealth Classic The Commonwealth Classic, also known as Commonwealth Cup or Governor's Cup (for the trophy awarded to the victor of the game), is the title of a basketball rivalry between Boston College and the University of Massachusetts. The name refers to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the New England state in which both universities are located. The game has been played a total of 19\",\n \"title\": \"Commonwealth Classic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7420783\",\n \"text\": \"World V2 in Meghan Plummer, who also plays her Rock-It-Ball with the Falkirk Cannons. It is a relatively new sport, having been created in the 21st century. Basketball itself was originally invented by James Naismith, a Canadian of recent Scottish family origins, when he was in the USA. basketballscotland is the governing body of basketball in Scotland. Until the late 50s, Scotland was one of Europe's main teams as it twice qualified for the EuroBasket. Since then, the team declined. Scotland had some success at the FIBA European Championship for Small Countries where it has five bronze medals most recently\",\n \"title\": \"Sport in Scotland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11467457\",\n \"text\": \"awards as well as the first player to win the award with multiple teams. The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight. Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States. Both Duncan and Irving are American citizens, but are considered \\\"international\\\" players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C. No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two, and Duncan played\",\n \"title\": \"NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14992560\",\n \"text\": \"professional sports history. The Celtics and Knicks were both established in 1946 as charter franchises of the Basketball Association of America, and are the two oldest teams still playing in their original city today. The first playoff meeting was in the Division Semifinals of the 1950–51 season. This was the first round of the playoffs and a best-of-three series. The Knicks swept the Celtics and got to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Rochester Royals. The clubs squared off in the Division Semifinals once again in the following season. This time, the Celtics were able to win Game 1\",\n \"title\": \"Celtics–Knicks rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1739716\",\n \"text\": \"in Roxbury. The popular local teams in the area consist of the Boston Red Sox (baseball), Boston Bruins (hockey), Boston Celtics (basketball), the New England Revolution (soccer), and the New England Patriots (football). Less well known local teams also include the Boston Breakers (women's soccer) and Boston Cannons (lacrosse). Other notable sporting annual events include the Boston Marathon on the third Monday of every April, also known in Massachusetts and Maine as Patriot's Day. Boston is also home to the Charles Regatta. The Charles Regatta has been the world's largest rowing competition for the last 46 years. Boston Children's Museum\",\n \"title\": \"Roxbury, Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4463583\",\n \"text\": \"Masses are celebrated in the Center on special occasions, such as the opening of a new academic year. The space is also used for presentations and receptions throughout the year. In 2010, the basement was reopened as a new gym for students and athletes. Carlow University teams, nicknamed athletically as the Celtics, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the River States Conference (RSC). The Celtics also compete as a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA); and formerly competed as a member of the American Mideast Conference until its dissolution on\",\n \"title\": \"Carlow University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4872746\",\n \"text\": \"K. C. Jones K. C. Jones (born May 25, 1932) is an American retired professional basketball player and coach. He is best known for his association with the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA), with whom he won eleven of his twelve NBA Championships (eight as a player, one as an assistant coach, and two as a head coach). As a player, he is tied for third for most NBA championships in a career, and is one of three NBA players with an 8-0 record in NBA Finals series. He is the only African-American non-player head coach to\",\n \"title\": \"K. C. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10088091\",\n \"text\": \"Development. He was promoted to Chief Operating Officer in June 2006. On April 18, 2007 Gotham was named President of the Celtics. The position had been vacant since team patriarch Red Auerbach died in October 2006. Official BostonCeltics.com story
Sports Illustrated Online Story
Rich Gotham interview February 2008, Biz of Basketball
Rich Gotham NECN Video Interview, \\\"Celtics business model all about winning Championships\\\" April 2010 Rich Gotham Richard Ernest \\\"Rich\\\" Gotham (born August 31, 1964) is an American business executive and the current president of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a graduate of Providence\",\n \"title\": \"Rich Gotham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539470\",\n \"text\": \"33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history. The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams, both of which are in the NBA's Atlantic division. It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams. Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence. The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season, with the Celtics winning 276 times. The two teams have also\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4789733\",\n \"text\": \"played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in \\\"Goodridge v. Department of Public Health\\\" by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Massachusetts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14699800\",\n \"text\": \"assists, and became the first Celtics player to do so since Antoine Walker in 2001. On December 12, he scored 38 points in a 130–125 overtime win over the Washington Wizards. In 2012, Irving was in contention for a position on the Australian team for the 2012 Olympics. However, he elected not to represent his nation of birth, instead focusing on selection for the United States national team for the 2016 Olympic Games. Irving was a member of the United States national team that competed in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. He helped lead Team USA to the gold\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrie Irving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13127536\",\n \"text\": \"any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball\",\n \"title\": \"Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14699768\",\n \"text\": \"(MVP) in 2014. In the 2016 NBA Finals, he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors. After losing a rematch against the Warriors in the 2017 Finals, Irving requested a trade, and was traded to the Boston Celtics. He has also played for the United States national team, with which he won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2018, he starred in the film \\\"Uncle Drew\\\". Irving was born on March 23,\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrie Irving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539481\",\n \"text\": \"green. Then for the 1996–97 season, celebrating the club's 50th anniversary, the logo got a full-color treatment. Lucky's face and hands were both painted tan, while gold was included on the vest, bow tie and hat, as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh, and black on its pants and shoes. The Celtics also have various alternative logos, with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters \\\"Celtics\\\" above it, wrapped in a green circle, which has been used since the 1998–99 season. The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13822603\",\n \"text\": \"the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves. The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.\",\n \"title\": \"Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5836002\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers franchise has a long and storied history, predating the formation of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Founded in 1947, the Lakers are one of the NBA's most famous and successful franchises. As of summer 2012, the Lakers hold the all-time records for wins (3,125), winning percentage (.620), and NBA Finals appearances (31). They are second in NBA championships only to the Boston Celtics, winning 16 championships to the Celtics 17 NBA titles. Their rosters have included some of the game's greatest players, including George Mikan, Jim Pollard, Clyde Lovellette, Elgin\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Los Angeles Lakers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219970\",\n \"text\": \"of championships, or simply a three-in-a-row. There are also terms for winning three trophies in the same season: Three-peat In American sports, a three-peat is winning three consecutive championships. The term, a portmanteau of the words \\\"three\\\" and \\\"repeat\\\", originated with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, during their unsuccessful campaign for a third consecutive championship during the 1988–89 season, having won the previous 2 NBA Finals in 1987 and 1988 against the Boston Celtics and Detroit Pistons, but were swept by the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals. The term is a registered trademark owned by\",\n \"title\": \"Three-peat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539477\",\n \"text\": \"as significant as they played on Christmas in 2017. \\\"List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Boston Celtics seasons.\\\" \\\"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, % = Winning Percentage\\\"; The Celtics have an NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row, and 11 championships in 13 years. They also have 52 playoff appearances. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics, and the franchise has retired 22 jersey numbers, more than any other American sports\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2082757\",\n \"text\": \"sitting on a bench. Red Auerbach Arnold Jacob \\\"Red\\\" Auerbach (September 20, 1917 – October 28, 2006) was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics. After he retired from coaching, he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death. As a coach, he won 938 games (a record at his retirement) and nine National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in ten years (a number surpassed only by Phil Jackson, who won 11 in twenty years). As general manager and team president of the Celtics, he won an additional\",\n \"title\": \"Red Auerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10912217\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers. Both share the Staples Center. The Lakers are one of the most valuable franchises in the NBA and have gained a considerable fanbase over the years. They have the most titles of all Los Angeles franchises, having gained 11 titles in LA and 16 overall. Their title count is second only to the Boston Celtics, who have 17 titles. The LA Lakers were founded as the Minneapolis Lakers, having moved to Southern California in 1960. The LA Clippers were founded as the Buffalo Braves in 1970; in 1978, the team moved to San\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Los Angeles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12120537\",\n \"text\": \"its nickname from the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: the club crest features the Mayflower, which carried the Pilgrims to Massachusetts and the club's mascot is named Pilgrim Pete. The city is also home to clubs in nearly all sports, notably Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1921 and are currently in the third tier of Professional English Rugby National League One. Plymouth Raiders play in the top tier of British Bastketball, the British Basketball\",\n \"title\": \"Sport in Plymouth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14368571\",\n \"text\": \"Run and gun (basketball) In basketball, run and gun is a fast, freewheeling style of play that features a high number of field goal attempts, resulting in high-scoring games. The offense typically relies on fast breaks while placing less emphasis on set plays. A run-and-gun team typically allows a large number of points on defense as well. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the run and gun was at its peak in the 1960s when teams scored an average of 115 points a game. Around 2003, the average had dropped to 95. The Boston Celtics were a run-and-gun team in\",\n \"title\": \"Run and gun (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1612657\",\n \"text\": \"the one used by the Boston Celtics of the NBA. The original floor, which was installed at the Celtics' original home of Boston Arena in 1946, was moved intact to Boston Garden in 1952 and used there until the team moved to what was then known as FleetCenter in 1995, now known as TD Garden. The floor remained intact and in use until it was cut up and sold as souvenirs in 1999, after the 1998 demolition of Boston Garden. The Celtics today play on a parquet floor inside TD Garden that combines old and new sections. Similar square-paneled parquet\",\n \"title\": \"Parquetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17893605\",\n \"text\": \"Sports in Indiana The state of Indiana is home to a number of professional and college sports teams, as well as prominent auto racing. Indiana has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \\\"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\\\" The 1986 film \\\"Hoosiers\\\" is inspired by the story\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4729465\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield College (Massachusetts) Springfield College is a private, coeducational college located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The institution confers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral degrees. Known as the birthplace of basketball, the sport was invented there in 1891 by Canadian graduate student James Naismith. The college's philosophy of \\\"humanics\\\" \\\"calls for the education of the whole person—in spirit, mind, and body—for leadership in service to others.\\\" It is symbolized by a triangle. Founded in 1885, as the Young Men's Christian Association department of the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, the school originally specialized in preparing young men to become General Secretaries of\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield College (Massachusetts)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660861\",\n \"text\": \"West Side of New York City, and defiantly called his new squad the Original Celtics. Initially they played in various struggling professional leagues, before becoming primarily a touring squad which traveled up to 150,000 miles a year while completing a 150–200 game schedule. They won about ninety percent of their games and finished 1922–23 with the unbelievable record of 193–11–1. Hoping to claim an undisputed national championship, they challenged the nationally famous Franklin Wonder Five, but the Franklin coach refused as his team \\\"was too tired\\\" after a grueling year. The team's first dominant player was \\\"Dutch\\\" Dehnert, a 6'1\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7591244\",\n \"text\": \"Atlantic Division (NBA) The Atlantic Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Toronto Raptors. All teams, except the Raptors, are located on the East Coast of the United States. However, Toronto sports teams have over the years enjoyed rivalries with teams in the Northeastern United States (particularly, Toronto teams also share divisions with Boston teams in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, with the former also containing\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic Division (NBA)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2082756\",\n \"text\": \"'80s under coaches Bill Fitch (white) and K.C. Jones (black). Auerbach is prominently featured in the documentary film, \\\"The First Basket\\\", about Jewish basketball history. To honor Auerbach, the Celtics created the Arnold \\\"Red\\\" Auerbach award in 2006. It is an award given annually to the current Celtic player or coach who \\\"best exemplifies the spirit and meaning of a true Celtic. The NBA gives out an annual coach of the year award to honor the league's best coach as voted by a panel of sportswriters. The trophy is named the 'Red Auerbach trophy' and has a figure of Auerbach\",\n \"title\": \"Red Auerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539478\",\n \"text\": \"team. FIBA, the body which governs international basketball, has selected two players associated with the Celtics to the FIBA Hall of Fame for contributions to international basketball. The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8368732\",\n \"text\": \"finger, dribbling in complex patterns, rolling the ball over one's shoulder, or performing aerobatic maneuvers with the ball while executing a slam dunk, most notably in the context of a slam dunk contest. Nearly all basketballs have an inflatable inner rubber bladder, generally wrapped in layers of fiber and then covered with a surface made either from leather (traditional), rubber, or a synthetic composite. As in most inflatable balls, there is a small opening that allows the pressure to be increased or decreased. The surface of the ball is nearly always divided by \\\"ribs\\\" that are recessed below the surface\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball (ball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7420964\",\n \"text\": \"rebounding and defense. Black pros did not get a chance to showcase their talents in the league until the arrival of Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain. In 1963, the 1933 version of the Rens team was collectively named to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Only their arch-rivals, the Original Celtics, and the Buffalo Germans received the same honor. The Rens' selection was well-deserved, for despite traveling and playing throughout America when the harsh effect of segregation was common and often legal, they compiled a 2318-381 record before the team folded in 1949. In 2005, the 109th United States Congress passed\",\n \"title\": \"Black Fives\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12706622\",\n \"text\": \"Fordham Rams football The Fordham Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Fordham University located in the U.S. state of New York. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Patriot League. Fordham's first football team was fielded in 1882. The team plays its home games at the 7,000 seat Coffey Field in Bronx, New York. The Rams are coached by former Yale offensive coordinator Joe Conlin, distant relative to the late Ed Conlin, Fordham's all-time leading scorer in basketball who later played seven seasons in the NBA.\",\n \"title\": \"Fordham Rams football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7560718\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"At that time NBA teams had quotas for African American players, and the Celtics already had two on their roster.\\\" The team's leadership may also have been concerned that Garrett's height (six foot, three inches) was not tall enough to play center and uncertain about his ability to switch to playing a guard or forward position. After Garrett's release from the Celtics, the Harlem Globetrotters founder and owner, Abe Saperstein, who had scouted Garrett since his playing days at IU, offered him a contract to play for the team. Garrett considered the team's comic acts and jokes more show-business entertainment\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Garrett (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13797732\",\n \"text\": \"Lou Bender Louis \\\"Lulu\\\" Bender (March 8, 1910 – September 10, 2009) was an American basketball player who helped turn the sport into a popular success in New York City during the Great Depression and helped make Madison Square Garden a destination for the sport. Bender was a three-time All-Ivy League and two-time All-America in the early 1930s while attending Columbia University. After graduating from Columbia, Bender barnstormed with the Original Celtics and later played for a number of professional teams in the American Basketball League, the first true professional league and a predecessor of the National Basketball Association. While\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Bender\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10149101\",\n \"text\": \"Brad Stevens Bradley Kent Stevens (born October 22, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former collegiate player. He is the head coach of the Boston Celtics. Born and raised in Zionsville, Indiana, Stevens starred on the Zionsville Community High School basketball team, setting four school records. After high school, he attended DePauw University, where he played basketball and earned a degree in economics. He made the all-conference team multiple times and was a three-time Academic All-America nominee. He transitioned into coaching after quitting his job at Eli Lilly and Company, joining the basketball program at Butler University as\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14100103\",\n \"text\": \"the love of the game, but above all it is a way to fit in and find an identity. The NBA (National Basketball Association) is the premier basketball league in America. For a long time it was a sport dominated by white Americans and it wasn't very popular amongst Latin American countries. That all changed with the arrival of the \\\"Nuyoricans\\\". They were Puerto Ricans who had immigrated to New York in search of a better life and while there discovered the sport of basketball. They brought the sport back with them to the island and it became immensely popular.\",\n \"title\": \"Latino athletes in American sports\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4479456\",\n \"text\": \"the company into a worldwide success, and sold his interest in the company for a huge profit in 1971. He then invested in several other restaurant ventures, but none matched the success of KFC. During the 1970s, he also owned, at various times, three professional basketball teams – the American Basketball Association's Kentucky Colonels, and the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics and Buffalo Braves (currently the Los Angeles Clippers). Despite having previously shown little inclination toward politics, Brown surprised political observers by declaring his candidacy for governor in 1979. With the state and nation facing difficult economic times, Brown promised\",\n \"title\": \"John Y. Brown Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640792\",\n \"text\": \"age of 89. Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946. The Celtics went 2–22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Paul Pierce to injury, the result of a stress reaction in his left foot (he would later miss the latter part of March and all of April because of swelling in his left elbow). At first, the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL on a dunk attempt in a game vs. the Indiana\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4048730\",\n \"text\": \"victory. As Foreman was shaking all the players' hands, when he arrived at the then-unknown power forward, McHale displayed his comic wit: \\\"Nice to meet you, Mr. Foreman. What do you do for a living?\\\" Entering the 1980 NBA draft, the Celtics held the number one overall pick, but in a pre-draft trade, considered by many to be among the most lopsided in NBA history, Celtics president Red Auerbach dealt the pick and an additional first-round pick to the Golden State Warriors for center Robert Parish and the Warriors' first-round pick, the third overall, which the Celtics used to draft\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin McHale (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8206187\",\n \"text\": \"particularly the all-white New York Celtics (now the Boston Celtics) to play games against exclusively black teams. Philadelphia, as a city that is particularly heavily lived-in by black citizens, looked as basketball as both an opportunity for recognition and escape. Young men had \\\"hoop dreams\\\" and wanted to fight their way to the ABL, or NBA today, and having a local successful professional basketball team allowed for the observation of successful black men in a sport that they were interested in. This resulted also in a feeling of community in the city between black men, and contributed to the culture\",\n \"title\": \"Philadelphia Warriors (ABL)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004322\",\n \"text\": \"way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth. History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7060655\",\n \"text\": \"Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \\\"Wyc\\\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team that claimed the Ivy League and national rowing championship. He later received a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1986 and an MBA in 1992 from the Stanford Graduate School of Business. After spending seven\",\n \"title\": \"Wyc Grousbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4789821\",\n \"text\": \"University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester. The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester. Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics, nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox, six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins, and five-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots. The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team. The Boston Breakers were the Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts. Massachusetts is also the home\",\n \"title\": \"Massachusetts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16458224\",\n \"text\": \"role in the first-ever automobile accident. Today, the city of Springfield is known worldwide as the birthplace of the sport of basketball. In 1891, James Naismith, a theology graduate, invented the sport of basketball at the YMCA International Training School – now known as Springfield College – to fill-in the gap between the football and baseball seasons. The first game of basketball ever played took place in the Mason Square district of Springfield. (The game's score was 1 – 0). As of 2011, the exact spot where the first game took place is memorialized by an illuminated monument. The first\",\n \"title\": \"History of Springfield, Massachusetts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8486945\",\n \"text\": \"Wizards, but also to participate in the show. The Wizards get the crowd involved, often bringing children out onto the floor to be part of a basketball trick or a comedy act. Their antics are similar to those of the Harlem Globetrotters, who were created in 1926. The Wizards, Flight Squad Basketball and the Globetrotters are comedy basketball teams that tour the country. The theme for the Wizards' 2010-2011 campaign was the \\\"Basketball and Beyond Tour.\\\" They hold the second longest known winning streak in all of professional sports - over 2,800 games after the Harlem Globetrotters 24-year, 8,829 game\",\n \"title\": \"Harlem Wizards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"169993\",\n \"text\": \"Greek letter fraternities and sororities are not permitted. One of the earliest college basketball games in the United States occurred at Geneva College on April 8, 1893, when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA. Geneva commemorates this event through the athletic slogan of \\\"The Birthplace of College Basketball\\\". Geneva also has one of the oldest basketball courts in collegiate sports in the Johnson Gymnasium. Geneva was founded by Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants. Many names of campus buildings and areas bear Scottish names: Geneva sports teams were nicknamed the \\\"Covenanters\\\" until the 1950s. Members of the RPCNA are\",\n \"title\": \"Geneva College\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"802342\",\n \"text\": \"All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team The New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics are two of the three remaining teams from the original 1946 NBA (the other is the Golden State Warriors). The rivalry stems from the old rivalry between the cities of New York City and Boston, as well as the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. The fact that Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart contributes to it, which is also seen in the Jets–Patriots rivalry. The teams have met nine times in the postseason. The last time was in the 2012–13 season, when Carmelo\",\n \"title\": \"New York Knicks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"189568\",\n \"text\": \"the state of Indiana. Indiana's passion for basketball was observed and written about by basketball's inventor, James Naismith. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote, that while it was invented in Massachusetts, \\\"basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\\\" Hoosiers have a traditional love for basketball similar to that of Southerners or Ohioans for football, Pennsylvanians for wrestling, and Minnesotans for ice hockey. Indiana high schools boast a tradition of producing top caliber basketball players. Through the 2009-2010 NBA season, 152 Hoosier\",\n \"title\": \"Hoosier Hysteria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11082399\",\n \"text\": \"compete in teams of one hundred, first demonstrated on the Boston Common in 1917. Brown lived in Hopkinton, Massachusetts throughout his life, married Elizabeth Gallagher, and had four sons and three daughters, who continued their father’s pursuits. His son, Walter A. Brown, assumed the General Manager position at the Boston Garden upon his father’s death. Walter A. Brown went on to become General Manager of the Boston Bruins ice hockey team, and founding Owner and General Manager of the Boston Celtics men’s professional basketball team. Like his father, Walter A. Brown was inducted into the hockey halls of fame, and\",\n \"title\": \"George V. Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"802231\",\n \"text\": \"New York Knicks The New York Knickerbockers, more commonly referred to as the Knicks, are an American professional basketball team based in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden. They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City; the other is the Brooklyn Nets. The team, established by Ned Irish in 1946, was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), which\",\n \"title\": \"New York Knicks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5571985\",\n \"text\": \"those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539498\",\n \"text\": \"Bruins and certain \\\"Sports Byline USA\\\" and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts. However, WEEI was sold off in 1994, and would later reemerge as the name of an ESPN-radio affiliate, Sportsradio 850 WEEI. WFXT continued to carry the Fox network programming; however, during the team's ownership of the station, they broadcast the team's games and they also had a news share agreement with regional cable news channel New England Cable News in 1993. WFXT meanwhile was reacquired by Fox Television Stations group, and once again was Fox owned-and-operated from 1995. Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10470669\",\n \"text\": \"Ireland match at Celtic Park were donated by host club Celtic to the grieving Battles family in tribute to their former player. Battles junior was raised in the Edinburgh area, where he attended the city's Holy Cross RC Academy, and developed his footballing skills in the city's inter-school competitions. While he was still a teenager his mother decided to emigrate to the United States of America and Battles and an elder sister accompanied her across the Atlantic. On his arrival in the U.S., Battles began playing for the Boston Celtics, a Sullivan Square team. While playing for the Celtics, he\",\n \"title\": \"Barney Battles Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16234281\",\n \"text\": \"being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on Saint Patricks Day. The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw, who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17, 1981. Along with the Phillies, many other teams have since started wearing Saint Patrick's day themed jerseys, including the Boston Red Sox in 2004, who were also the second team to wear Saint Patrick's Day hats in 1990; the green uniforms have also been worn twice during the regular season, in 2007 and 2008, as a tribute to the NBA's Boston Celtics, whose primary color is green. Since\",\n \"title\": \"Saint Patrick's Day in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437269\",\n \"text\": \"Uruguay by English sailors and labourers in the late 19th century. Less successfully, they introduced rugby and cricket. There are two Montevideo-based football clubs, Nacional and Peñarol, who are successful in domestic and South American tournaments and have won three Intercontinental Cups each. Besides football, the most popular sport in Uruguay is basketball. Its national team qualified for the Basketball World Cup 7 times, more often than other countries in South America, except Brazil and Argentina. Uruguay hosted the official Basketball World Cup for the 1967 FIBA World Championship and the official Americas Basketball Championship in 1988, 1997 and is\",\n \"title\": \"Uruguay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19636536\",\n \"text\": \"of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League who moved in from Harvard University's Bright-Landry Hockey Center, and Ristuccia Ice Arena in Wilmington, Massachusetts respectively. Public transit to the facility is via the MBTA Boston Landing station, a station on the MBTA Commuter Rail system's Framingham/Worcester Line. Groundbreaking took place in December 2014, with the completed facility hosting its grand opening on September 8th, 2016. The Bruins' fellow tenants at the TD Garden when both are in their respective wintertime league seasons, the Boston Celtics NBA basketball team, now have their own, brand new professional basketball training facility named\",\n \"title\": \"Warrior Ice Arena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004298\",\n \"text\": \"History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball as it is\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7060656\",\n \"text\": \"years as a partner at the venture capital firm, Highland Capital Partners, Grousbeck, along with his father H. Irving Grousbeck founded the group Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. that bought the Boston Celtics for $360 million in 2002. In 2008, they led the organization to their seventeenth NBA Championship. While continuing his duties with the Celtics, in 2010 Grousbeck became Chairman of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, the world's largest research and clinical hospital specializing in blindness and deafness research. In 2013, Grousbeck co-founded Causeway Media Partners, LP, a growth equity partnership managing over $330 million, investing in sports technology\",\n \"title\": \"Wyc Grousbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7126431\",\n \"text\": \"for guard Frank Ramsey, who played behind the Hall-of-Fame duo of Bob Cousy and Bill Sharman during the early part of the Celtics' dynasty years. Though Ramsey was one of the Celtics' best players, he felt more comfortable coming off the bench and Auerbach wanted his best players fresh and in the lineup at the end of close games. The most famous sixth man, however, was teammate John Havlicek, who revolutionized the role during his 16-year career. Sixth man The sixth man in basketball is a player who is not a starter but comes off the bench much more often\",\n \"title\": \"Sixth man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13782331\",\n \"text\": \"Tournament, by defeating the Italian League club Virtus Bologna, by a score of 67–37. Nisiotis is credited by most as being mainly responsible for the development of the sport in Greece in the 1930s and 1940s. Panellinios also featured the great scorer Antonis Christeas. The Spanoudakis brothers, Ioannis and Alekos, who were players of Olympiacos, were among the first early important pioneers of the modern style sport in the country. Boston Celtics players Bob Cousy, and the Greek American player Lou Tsioropoulos, came to Greece in the 1950s, and gave teaching clinics on what the Celtics were doing, and how\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball in Greece\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Boston Celtics context: Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league's first decade, the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins. The franchise has won the most championships in NBA history with 17, accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA\\n\\nIn basketball where do the Celtics come from?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 176,\n \"origin_tokens\": 176,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of the Boston Celtics context: History of the Boston Celt The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA merged with the National Basketball League. Currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference, the Celtics have the most NBA titles with 17 championships. Eleven of those occurred between 1957 and 1969, with a dynasty led by center Bill Russell and coach/general manager Red Auerbach.\\n\\ntitle: Boston context: the in 171 and the National League in 187 team played under that name until 88, under theaneaters until 191 and under the name Bra from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season Since 16 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves The TD Garden formerly called the FleCenter and to replace the,-demolished Boston Garden, isjoined to North Station and is home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.\\ntitle: Original Celt: Original Celtics Celt barnstorming American basketball team At various times existence, the team in American Basketball Eastern Basketball and The team has relation to Boston Celt. The franchise whole inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of in 195.'s roots lay in New York Celt disbanded during World. 1,ure assemble team nucle of those trulyoriginal\\\" Cics, players mostly\\n: Originalelticseltics The Originalics were baring American basketball team. At times their existence played in Basketball, Eastern Metropolitan Basketball has theeltics Theise as 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \\\"original\\\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the\\n\\nIn basketball where do the Celtics come from?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 442,\n \"origin_tokens\": 13824,\n \"ratio\": \"31.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":189,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":189,"string":"189"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["'Ala' ad Din","'Ala' ad-Din","Alad-Din","Aladdin","'Ala' addin","アラジン","Aladdin's lamp","Alladdin","Ali ibn ad-Din","Ala addin","Alaad Din","Alad Din","علاء الدين","ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn","Ala ad-Din","Alaaddin","Aladdin and the magic lamp","Arajin","Alaad-Din","Aladdin and the Magic Lamp","'Ala addin"],"string":"[\n \"'Ala' ad Din\",\n \"'Ala' ad-Din\",\n \"Alad-Din\",\n \"Aladdin\",\n \"'Ala' addin\",\n \"アラジン\",\n \"Aladdin's lamp\",\n \"Alladdin\",\n \"Ali ibn ad-Din\",\n \"Ala addin\",\n \"Alaad Din\",\n \"Alad Din\",\n \"علاء الدين\",\n \"ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn\",\n \"Ala ad-Din\",\n \"Alaaddin\",\n \"Aladdin and the magic lamp\",\n \"Arajin\",\n \"Alaad-Din\",\n \"Aladdin and the Magic Lamp\",\n \"'Ala addin\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Aladdin"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"5020256","text":"A Whole New World \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \"Aladdin\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"A Whole New World\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"5020259","text":"studio album \"Passion\" (1993) and on Bryson's studio album \"Through the Fire\" (1994). A Whole New World \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \"Aladdin\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"A Whole New World\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"5020258","text":"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \"\"Aladdin\"'s Theme\". The version peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"9492915","text":"Rice demos Alan Menken's score for \"Aladdin\" follows the compositional method also used in \"The Little Mermaid\" and \"Beauty and the Beast\", with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies. When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, they are usually accompanied by an instrumental cue of \"A Whole New World\". Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, \"Aladdin\"\". \"The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as","title":"Aladdin (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6249989","text":"Regina Belle Regina Belle (born July 17, 1963) is an American singer–songwriter and actress who first started her career in the mid–1980s. Known for her singles, \"Baby Come to Me\" (1989) and \"Make It Like It Was\" (1990), Belle's most notable for two hit duets, both with Peabo Bryson: \"Without You\", the love theme from the comedy film \"Leonard Part 6\", recorded in 1987 and \"A Whole New World\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \"Aladdin\", recorded in 1992, with which Belle and Bryson won the Grammy award. The theme song \"Far Longer than Forever\" from the","title":"Regina Belle"},{"id":"7013487","text":"Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \"Fantasy in the Sky\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \"A Whole New World\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \"Disney in the Stars\" was replaced by \"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\", a Halloween-themed fireworks performance. In celebration","title":"Disney in the Stars"},{"id":"7013489","text":"2018 as a \"Magical Finale\". Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \"Fantasy in the Sky\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \"A Whole New World\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \"Disney in the Stars\" was replaced by \"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\", a","title":"Disney in the Stars"},{"id":"2880076","text":"the comedy film \"Leonard Part 6\", recorded in 1987 and \"A Whole New World\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \"Aladdin\", recorded in 1992. Bryson and Belle recorded four duets over the years: \"Without You\" (in 1987), \"I Can't Imagine\" (in 1991), \"A Whole New World\" (in 1992) and \"Total Praise\" (in 2009). Among his romantic love songs and duets are: Bryson won two Grammy Awards: in 1992 for his performance of the song \"Beauty and the Beast\" with Celine Dion and in 1993 for \"A Whole New World\" with Regina Belle. In Spring 1998, Bryson contributed","title":"Peabo Bryson"},{"id":"15352889","text":"Ariel is singing \"Part of Your World\" from Disney's \"The Little Mermaid\". At the end of the song, an electric eel shocks Donald while trying to kiss Ariel. Guests are now in \"The Lion King\", where Simba is singing \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" from Disney's'\"The Lion King\". After that, guests go to \"Peter Pan\", where the chorus is singing \"You Can Fly\" from Peter Pan. Peter sprinkles pixie dust on Donald, which gives him the ability to fly. Finally, guests go to \"Aladdin\", where Aladdin and Jasmine are singing \"A Whole New World.\" This time, Donald retrieves","title":"Mickey's PhilharMagic"},{"id":"15409519","text":"and lyrical content, several comparisons have been drawn between both the song and its corresponding scene and various romantic musical sequences from a number of preceding Disney animated feature films, the most frequently referenced of which are \"Kiss the Girl\" from \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" (1992), both romantic ballads also composed by Menken. One particular reviewer, Steven D. Greydanus of \"Decent Films Guide\", drew comparisons between the scene and the musical \"Nutcracker Suite\" sequence from Disney's animated feature film \"Fantasia\" (1940), describing it as \"a moment of visual transcendence.\" Throughout the filmmaking process,","title":"I See the Light"},{"id":"15409509","text":"song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \"lantern sequence\" during which \"I See the Light\" is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \"Kiss the Girl\" from \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \"I See the Light\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.","title":"I See the Light"},{"id":"16241440","text":"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \"When You Wish Upon a Star\", from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", from \"Song of the South\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from the eponymous film, \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\", \"If I Didn't Have You\" from \"Monsters, Inc.\", and \"We Belong","title":"Man or Muppet"},{"id":"6249993","text":"Continuing her tradition of duets, Belle teamed up with Peabo Bryson for four songs: \"Without You\" (in 1987), \"I Can't Imagine\" (in 1991), \"A Whole New World\" (in 1992) and \"Total Praise\" (in 2009). Later in 1993, she released her Platinum selling third album, \"Passion\". The album featured the Disney hit, \"A Whole New World\". The theme song \"Far Longer than Forever\" from the animated movie \"The Swan Princess\", performed with Jeffrey Osborne was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1995 for Best Original Song. She released \"Reachin' Back\" in 1995 followed by \"Believe in Me\" in 1998. In 2001,","title":"Regina Belle"},{"id":"17785482","text":"Disney's theme parks: \"The Magic Carpets of Aladdin\", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris; and the show \"\" at Disney California Adventure Park. In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is \"A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale\", written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does. Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"9517777","text":"had become so popular that fans made numerous requests to be able to purchase the song. On August 19, it was announced on the LFG Forum that a mp3 download version of the Slaughter Your World would be available for a small fee. A second teaser trailer called LFG: This is War was released in December 2008, and features Richard and Cale in battle while singing a parodied version of the song \"A Whole New World\" from Disney's Aladdin, which when paired with the previous \"Slaughter your World\" trailer suggests that Disney parodies might be a frequent occurrence in the","title":"Looking for Group"},{"id":"815129","text":"– hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips – but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers.\" \"Aladdin\" also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Original Score and Best Original Song for \"A Whole New World\" and receiving nominations for Best Song (\"Friend Like Me\"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), and Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \"Aladdin\" won Best Original Song (\"A Whole New World\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"10073401","text":"with his Entourage (\"Prince Ali\"), but his demeanor offends Jasmine, who storms off. Frustrated, Aladdin lashes out at his friends, who in turn abandon him and leave the palace. Later, on the Princess's balcony, Prince Ali gains Jasmine's trust and invites her on a magic carpet ride (\"A Whole New World\"). After bidding her farewell, Aladdin is arrested by Jafar for trespassing in the Princess's private chambers. Omar, returning to help Aladdin, witnesses his arrest and runs to tell his pals, who pledge to help him (\"High Adventure\"), but they too are detained as they storm the palace. Aladdin uses","title":"Aladdin Jr."},{"id":"6915995","text":"returned to Disney as a special guest to host various segments for certain \"Beauty and the Beast\" re-releases. In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist, the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of \"A Whole New World\" and \"As Long as There's Christmas\", the theme songs of the animated films \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"\" (1997), respectively, both of which are duets. Although \"A Whole New World\" was very successful, \"Beauty and the Beast\" remains a larger hit for the singer. Bryson also included \"Beauty and the Beast\" on some","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"4289479","text":"Ship Columbia, portraying the \"Black Pearl\" from the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" films. Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and other pirates participate in a stunt sequence. The scene ends with fountains that look like explosions and a cannon fired from the Sailing Ship Columbia. As the scene concludes, Mickey's sorcerer hat is painted on the mist screen and the hat turns to clouds as Aladdin and Jasmine are on a physical magic carpet flying through the clouds while a rendition of A Whole New World plays. Then the carpet fades away and three small barges arrive carrying Belle and the Beast,","title":"Fantasmic!"},{"id":"16315141","text":"until 1994. It was then that he moved to Sarasota, Florida. Pitera received his BFA in Computer Animation from Ringling College of Art and Design. Pitera gained his popularity for his extensive vocal range and his unusual feminine falsetto, as he first demonstrated in his most popular video, a cover of \"A Whole New World\", from the movie \"Aladdin\" where he sings both Aladdin and Jasmine's parts. In 2011, Pitera released \"One Man Disney Movie\" using a \"'Brady Bunch'-style grid\" to perform \"an eight-minute-plus mashup of songs from various big-screen musical fairy tales, from \"Beauty and the Beast\" to \"Enchanted,\"","title":"Nick Pitera"},{"id":"6040237","text":"or dress. According to \"Vanity Fair\", Jasmine was the first feminist Disney Princess, although author Alex Beggs admitted that this claim has been exaggerated to some degree. Jasmine's song \"A Whole New World\", which she performs as a duet with Aladdin, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards in 1993. Six years after \"Aladdin\", Lea Salonga would be cast as the singing voice of Mulan in 1998. Salonga joked about being required to audition for the role despite having already voiced a Disney Princess: \"Why do I have to audition? ... I was already","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"16767818","text":"Princess and the Frog\". The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Dumbo\", \"Wreck-it Ralph\", \"The Lion King\", \"Tarzan\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Tangled\", \"Toy Story\", \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" and \"Frozen\". The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Bambi\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"Pocahontas\", \"Up\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Finding Nemo\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", and \"Tangled\". During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous","title":"Celebrate the Magic"},{"id":"6040171","text":"and Scott Weinger, voice of Aladdin. Apart from some rough, unfinished storyboards and drawings, Larkin did not see much of her character until the film was finally screened at the Museum of Modern Art. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \"strong actors\" instead. When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \"A Whole New World\", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; she admitted, \"there's no way I would have even auditioned","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"2130079","text":"Disney's animated film \"Aladdin\". In 1993, Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of \"Les Misérables\". She performed the song \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles, where the song won an Oscar, having already won a Golden Globe Award. That same year, she released her self-titled international debut album with Atlantic Records, which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide. In 1994, Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore,","title":"Lea Salonga"},{"id":"17991780","text":"Jake discover that the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) has been stealing princesses' body parts to build a bride, Princess Monster Wife. She is so horribly deformed that Finn and Jake cannot view her directly without fainting; eventually, Princess Monster Wife realizes that she is a monster and returns the stolen body parts. Ward explained that \"Princess Monster Wife\" was conceptualized to be both a sad and funny story at the same time. The episode featured a song, \"Something Special\", written by McHale, that was inspired by the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film","title":"Princess Monster Wife"},{"id":"17919087","text":"was either to be the first Asian-woman President of the United States or a singer. The event that changed her life was when Disney released \"Aladdin\". It was the renowned song \"\"A Whole New World\"\" that made her choose the latter. She would sing the song and watch the movie everyday for the entire school year. Manting entered the Metropolitan Opera Children's Choir at the age of 10 and was chosen by then music director, Elena Doria, to be one of the children singing in Puccini's \"La Boheme\" and later \"Khovanshchina\", a Russian opera. It was then, Manting realized that","title":"Manting Chan"},{"id":"1478496","text":"Cliff Richard. Rice has collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber, with whom he wrote \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Evita\", \"Cricket\", and \"The Likes of Us\". For The Walt Disney Company, Rice has collaborated individually with Alan Menken and Elton John, creating productions including \"Aladdin\" (winning an Academy Award, Golden Globe and Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World\") and \"The Lion King\" (winning the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\"). In 1996, his collaboration with Lloyd Webber for the","title":"Tim Rice"},{"id":"5020257","text":"Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards. \"A Whole New World\" performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle also won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards, the first and so far only Disney song to win in the category. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation. A single version of the song was released that same year and was performed by American recording artists Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. This version is played over the film's","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"2039845","text":"final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane (the singing voice of the title character of \"Aladdin\") and Susan Egan (who played Belle in the stage adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\"), who sang songs from their respective films, and a duet of \"A Whole New World\". On May 16, 2017, ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film, \"The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live\", on October 3, 2017. The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians, in a","title":"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)"},{"id":"17192562","text":"pleases. Babkak, Omar and Kassim are made royal advisors, while Iago is arrested. Aladdin and Jasmine are married, and Genie prepares for a long-awaited vacation. All ends well as Aladdin and Jasmine board the magic carpet and take flight (Finale Ultimo: \"Arabian Nights\"/\"A Whole New World\" (Reprises)). \"Aladdin\" takes pride in showcasing a glimpse of the Middle Eastern Culture. The animated version was celebrated as Disney’s first to feature non-white protagonists. How a play or musical is cast impacts how the show is portrayed. According to actor Kyle Scatliffe, who played Enjolras in \"Les Misérables\": “It changes things whenever you","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"20095543","text":"castle as Rapunzel and Flynn Rider duet and send their own lanterns to the top of the castle. Songs featured are \"Love is an Open Door\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\", \"A Whole New World\", and \"I See the Light\". Introduced by the Emperor of China from \"Mulan\", the show becomes aggressive and loud, highlighting the climactic battles and challenges the characters face including epic scenes from \"The Incredibles\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Aladdin\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", and \"Pirates of the Caribbean\". The castle and its surroundings are peppered with explosions as many","title":"Happily Ever After (Magic Kingdom)"},{"id":"815121","text":"Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991. Although fourteen songs were written for \"Aladdin\", only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist. The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animation tests, and a music video of one, \"Proud of Your Boy\", performed by Clay Aiken, which also appears on the album \"DisneyMania 3\". The version of the song \"A Whole New World\" sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle that plays over the end credits holds the","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"12189011","text":"contemporary chart were \"Missing You Now\" (credited to Michael Bolton featuring Kenny G) and \"Forever in Love\", while Bryson's previous #1s were \"If Ever You're in My Arms Again\" and \"A Whole New World\", a duet with Regina Belle that was the theme for the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\". By the Time This Night Is Over \"By the Time This Night Is Over\" is a song by Kenny G, featuring Peabo Bryson, released as a single from his album \"Breathless\", in 1993. The song peaked at #25 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the summer of 1993, spending seven","title":"By the Time This Night Is Over"},{"id":"19116607","text":"notes from Bambaataa's song \"Planet Rock\" while Savage speaks out about child molestation In September, Hay released two playlist albums \"The Long Beach Crook Playlist\" with Kxng Crooked and \"The Stoned Mountain Playlist\" with Cyhi The Prynce In April 2017, Hay was a producer on the viral song \"Kylie's Daddy\" about reality television personality Kylie Jenner that debuted on \"TMZ\". In January 2018, Smith and Hay released \"Jazz (Deluxe)\" that hit #1 on the Billboard Jazz Charts. In February, Hay produced \"Jazzmine\" for Riff Raff, a remake on the classic \"A Whole New World\" from the animated Disney film \"Aladdin\".","title":"Jonathan Hay (publicist)"},{"id":"8362196","text":"Whole New World - Underscore (:20) 20. I'll Say (:42) 21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36) 22. Snake! (:41) 23. He Has More Power (:50) 24. Father, I've Decided (:59) 25. Celebration (1:36) 26. Curtain Call (1:13) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film \"Aladdin\" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the","title":"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular"},{"id":"19784719","text":"like Dolly Parton, and for Mr. Pig's part to be reminiscent of Meat Loaf. \"Let Me Show You Something Special\" is a duet between the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) and his monstrous creation, Princess Monster Wife (voiced in tandem by Ward, Hynden Walch, and Steve Little). The song, which was taken from the episode \"Princess Monster Wife\", was also written by McHale, and was inspired by the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo,","title":"The Music of Ooo"},{"id":"2550880","text":"is identical in layout to the Magic Kingdom version except for these differences: On March 1, 2017, Tokyo Disneyland's version of \"It's a Small World\" closed down for refurbishment for its first major update since the park's opening in 1983. Reopened on April 8, 2018 coinciding with Tokyo Disneyland's 35th anniversary, the attraction featured 40 characters from Disney properties including \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Aristocats\", \"Brave\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Aladdin\", \"Pinocchio\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Lion King\", \"Hercules\", \"The Three Caballeros\", \"Mulan\", \"Tangled\", \"Lilo & Stitch\", \"Frozen\", \"Finding Nemo\" and \"Moana\" similar to its counterparts in California","title":"It's a Small World"},{"id":"7597910","text":"being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,","title":"On the Record (musical)"},{"id":"16315142","text":"taking on the roles of the heroes, heroines, villains, sidekicks and their furry choirs.\" In 2012, Pitera released a medley cover of Andrew Lloyd Webber songs entitled \"One Man Phantom of the Opera.\" This was followed in August of the same year by \"One Man Les Miserables\". Pitera has also appeared on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" as one of the audience acts. He sang \"A Whole New World\" from Disney, with himself singing both Jasmine's and Aladdin's parts. He released his first self-written original single \"Better Days\" on iTunes and Amazon on December 4, 2012. He released an EP of","title":"Nick Pitera"},{"id":"8389131","text":"Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \"Oliver & Company\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Rescuers Down Under\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Tarzan\", \"\", \"Home on the Range\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", and \"Winnie the Pooh\". He studied at the Program in Character Animation at the California Institute of the Arts. Along with his wife, Angela, Edmonds owns and directs the Edmonds Studios, an independent animation production studio in Red","title":"Russ Edmonds"},{"id":"6040174","text":"voices. Describing Salonga as \"an incredible singer\", Larkin herself was pleasantly surprised by how much Salonga's voice resembled her own when she first heard \"A Whole New World\", joking, \"the filmmakers almost had me convinced that I sang it\". The character's blurb on the official Disney website reads, \"Jasmine is an independent, fiery beauty capable of taking care of herself\" who \"longs to experience life outside the palace.\" The writers had originally conceived Jasmine as a spoiled and materialistic princess whose interests were limited to clothing and jewelry, but eventually developed her into a stronger, more mature character. Larkin described","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"5823509","text":"the Public Theater's production of \"Titus Andronicus\", and two roles in James Lapine's Lincoln Center production of \"The Winter's Tale\". He provided the singing voice of the character Aladdin, opposite Lea Salonga (Jasmine), in the 1992 film of the same name, as well as its sequels. In 1993, Kane teamed up again with Salonga to do a live version of \"A Whole New World\", the hit song from \"Aladdin\", at the 65th Academy Awards. In 1993, he played Arpad Laszlo in the Broadway revival of \"She Loves Me\". He also played Tucker Wells in the season three episode \"The Prom\"","title":"Brad Kane"},{"id":"16694704","text":"again.”\" A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Beauty and The Beast\", and \"Aladdin\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for","title":"A Whole New World EP"},{"id":"7474693","text":"her second album to chart at #1 on Oricon and became her second longest-charting album. It contained every song from her \"12 Singles Collection,\" causing there to be little room for new material. The two new songs on the album were \"Love goes like...\" and the bonus track \"A Whole New World\" featuring famed singer Peabo Bryson. This was a cover of the song from the Disney film \"Aladdin.\" The first DVD portion of the album carried all of the music videos released for the singles. Limited editions also included the \"\"...and \"Wish your happiness and love\"\"\", which was the","title":"Best: Second Session"},{"id":"17375169","text":"R&B chart, #85 on the UK Singles, and #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, between 1987/1988. \"Without You\" was the first duet recorded by Bryson and Belle, who recorded four songs together, and was also the first successful duet of the two. Another success the duo came in 1992 with \"A Whole New World\", the theme of the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". In addition to its original English version by Bryson and Belle, \"Without You\" also received two adaptations in different languages. The first was in Portuguese and the second was in Spanish, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Both adaptations","title":"Without You (Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle song)"},{"id":"16694700","text":"A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Beauty and The Beast\", and \"Aladdin\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for me,","title":"A Whole New World EP"},{"id":"17991786","text":"During the episode's DVD commentary, fellow storyboard artist Jesse Moynihan argued that Youn employed \"visual vocabulary [borrowed] from anime\", which informed how he drew the characters. The song that the Ice King sings to Princess Monster Wife is called \"Something Special\". According to McHale, the song's writer, the main inspiration for it was the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo, however, his cat kept meowing loudly. The crew found this funny, and so, in the","title":"Princess Monster Wife"},{"id":"12543443","text":"Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \"Aladdin\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \"Ce Rêve bleu\" (the French adaptation of \"A Whole New World\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \"Tombé du ciel\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has also recorded the song \"C'est la vie\" for the film \"Bambi 2\". She had a hit with her own version of Burt Bacharach's song,","title":"Karine Costa"},{"id":"12543444","text":"\"I Say a Little Prayer\" (made famous by Dionne Warwick) that is currently used in France in the TV advert for the Crédit mutuel. Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \"Aladdin\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \"Ce Rêve bleu\" (the French adaptation of \"A Whole New World\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \"Tombé du ciel\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has","title":"Karine Costa"},{"id":"17192557","text":"Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of \"Prince Ali of Ababwa\" (\"Prince Ali\"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses to the Sultan his desire to marry Jasmine. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie (\"A Whole New World\"). Once they return, Jasmine","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"5823510","text":"of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", and provided Jonathan Levinson's singing voice in the episode \"Superstar\". On September 11, 2005, Kane was invited to a ceremony at Hong Kong Disneyland, the night before the theme park's opening. He performed the song \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" with Cantopop star Joey Yung. As Caleb Kane, he released the song \"This Close\", which was played on the movie \"Devil's Pond\". Then in 2004, he released his website with a message board to promote his album \"This Day In History\" with the first single \"Go Mad\" released in March 2006. Caleb has two","title":"Brad Kane"},{"id":"7763329","text":"\"Mary Poppins\", but that 15 other animated movies would never be aired. These 15 animated feature films – \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\", \"Bambi\", \"Cinderella\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"101 Dalmatians\", \"The Sword in the Stone\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Aristocats\", \"Robin Hood\", \"The Rescuers\", and \"The Fox and the Hound\" – had only been shown at theaters, not television or any other format. These 15 movies laid the foundation upon which the Disney company was built. During each re-release to theaters (on a roughly seven-year cycle), they earned money comparable to new","title":"Walt Disney Classics"},{"id":"6040173","text":"the interest of casting director Albert Tavares, who proceeded to leave a note for the singer on the stage door before leaving a show he had attended. Salonga's agent then scheduled her audition, at which she performed \"Part of Your World\" from \"The Little Mermaid\". Salonga finally began recording a demo of \"A Whole New World\" a few days later. With the casting of Salonga, Larkin became one of Disney's first voice actors to not provide the singing voice of the character she voices, and thus Jasmine marked the first time Disney decided to separate a Princess's speaking and singing","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"4010630","text":"and arranged other successful motion picture soundtracks, including Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\" (the Celine Dion/Peabo Bryson title-track duet), \"Aladdin\" (\"A Whole New World\") and \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (\"Someday\"). Afanasieff was also the producer and arranger for \"Go the Distance\", the Oscar-nominated Michael Bolton song from the animated film \"Hercules\". Afanasieff performs on most of his recordings (mainly keyboards, synthesizers and drum programming). Afanasieff spent a significant part of his career creating music with Mariah Carey: 1988-1998. He had a role in some of Carey's most successful songs, including \"Hero\", which he co-produced, co-wrote, and on which he","title":"Walter Afanasieff"},{"id":"9492912","text":"was released in 2004. The music on the album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album also as received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World\" performed by Regina Belle. The album","title":"Aladdin (soundtrack)"},{"id":"13427749","text":"aired on 22 September 2016 on the ABC channel in the United States. Yuna's version of \"A Whole New World\" from the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\", which was also sung by Peabo Bryson and Celine Dion, featured in the Deluxe Edition (bonus track) for the album \"We Love Disney (2015 compilation album)\". Beside Yuna, big names such as Ariana Grande, Ne-Yo, Jessie J, Jason Derulo, Gwen Stefani, Fall Out Boy, and Tori Kelly are also involved in the album published by David Foster. A remix version of her song \"Live Your Life\" by MeLo-X appeared on the in-game radio station","title":"Yuna (singer)"},{"id":"18192973","text":"Pocahontas (franchise) Pocahontas is a Disney media franchise that commenced in 1995 with the theatrical release of \"Pocahontas\". \"Pocahontas\" is a 1995 American animated musical romance-drama film and is the 33rd Disney animated feature film. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and had a limited release to theaters on June 23, 1995 by Walt Disney Pictures. It belongs to the era known as the Disney Renaissance, from 1989 to 1999 \"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World\" is a 1998 straight-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney film \"Pocahontas\". The sequel focuses on Pocahontas' journey to London, England with","title":"Pocahontas (franchise)"},{"id":"5084910","text":"Jones, Sir John Mills, Hayley Mills and Peter Ustinov are amongst the celebrities who introduced scenes from their films including Darby O'Gill and the Little People, Mary Poppins, Candleshoe, Thomasina, Herbie goes to Monte Carlo, The Swiss Family Robinson, In Search of the Castaways, Robin Hood, Cinderella, The Rescuers and Pete's Dragon This Easter edition was introduced by Cliff Richard on 27 March. Films included The Rescuers, Alice in Wonderland, Candleshoe, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Mary Poppins, That Darn Cat, Pinocchio and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Penelope Keith presented the Whitsun show from Brighton with clips from Alice","title":"Disney Time"},{"id":"482037","text":"commercial and critical successes with such films as \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"The Lion King\" (1994). In addition, the company successfully entered the field of television animation with a number of lavishly budgeted and acclaimed series such as \"Adventures of the Gummi Bears\", \"DuckTales\", \"\", \"Darkwing Duck\", \"TaleSpin\" and \"Gargoyles\". Disney moved to first place in box office receipts by 1988 and had increased revenues by 20% every year. In 1989, Disney signed an agreement-in-principle to acquire The Jim Henson Company from its founder, Muppet creator Jim Henson. The deal included Henson's","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"2550859","text":"It's a Small World It's a Small World (officially styled as \"it's a small world\") is a water-based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide; these include: Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland, with its inaugural version having originally premiered at the 1964 New York World's Fair before permanently moving to Disneyland. The ride features over 300 audio-animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world, frolicking in a spirit","title":"It's a Small World"},{"id":"12337231","text":"\"The Circle of Poo\" that shows the endless circle of food and defecation in the episode \"A Very Crappy Christmas\". It is currently the main theme song for Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort. Disney's Epcot park currently features a cinema-type film called \"\" from 1995 with Timon, Pumbaa, and Simba discussing environmental topics at the Walt Disney World Resort as well. At the 2011 White House Correspondents' Dinner, President Barack Obama jokingly claimed he was going to show his long-form birth video, spoofing an earlier controversy about refusing to show his long-form birth certificate to prove","title":"Circle of Life"},{"id":"7013488","text":"of Hong Kong Disneyland's 10th anniversary, the show features Projection mapping onto Sleeping Beauty Castle in September 7, 2015 as the preview. The projections in each area are different in order to evenly distribute crowds and to encourage people to view the show multiple times from different locations. The show then progresses all-new scenes from Disney films, including; \"Frozen\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", \"Tangled\", \"Big Hero 6\", \"Finding Nemo\", \"Cars\", \"Brave\" and \"Inside Out\". During the Magical Castle Transformation, the last show appearance on January 1,","title":"Disney in the Stars"},{"id":"9127984","text":"of the entertainment quarterly \"R&B Showcase Magazine.\" In the summer of 2002, LMNT toured the United States as part of the Pop 'Til You Drop! Tour, a 30-date tour headlined by A*Teens with other supporting acts, including Baha Men and Play. LMNT also performed in front of crowds in support of the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, 2002 A Time for Heroes Carnival, in Los Angeles, California. They are also well known for re-recording their own version of \"A Whole New World\" from Disney's \"Aladdin\", for the \"DisneyMania 2\" CD, and \"Open Your Eyes (To Love)\", for \"The Lizzie McGuire","title":"LMNT"},{"id":"827284","text":"California) version of It's a Small World, installed during major refurbishments between January and November 2008. José and Panchito's costumes were extinct at the Disneyland Resort by 2011, but were re-Imagineered for Mickey's Soundsational Parade in May 2011. They now appear with Donald Duck and dancers with a float where Donald is trying to hit a Piñata. The 2011 animated film \"Rio\" draws on José Carioca and Panchito Pistoles for several of its characters. José Carioca José \"Zé\" Carioca (; ) is a Disney cartoon character drawn as an anthropomorphic parrot from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (thus \"Carioca\", a term","title":"José Carioca"},{"id":"12198442","text":"Down Under\" (1990), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992), \"The Lion King\" (1994), \"Pocahontas\" (1995), \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (1996), \"Hercules\" (1997), \"Mulan\" (1998) and \"Tarzan\" (1999). After the deaths of Walt and Roy O. Disney (in 1966 and 1971, respectively), The Walt Disney Studios were left in the hands of Donn Tatum, Card Walker, and Ron Miller. The films released over an eighteen-year period following this change of management did not perform as well commercially as their prior counterparts. An especially hard blow was dealt during production of \"The Fox and the Hound\" when long-time animator Don","title":"Disney Renaissance"},{"id":"18154823","text":"in which the player can collect gems; the bonus stage ends when the melody to \"A Whole New World\" ends. Only stages 1, 6 and 7 have a boss to defeat (stage 7 being the final stage), while stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 require reaching the end to complete. \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" four reviewers scored the Super NES version 8, 8, 9 and 8 out of 10, adding up to 33 out of 40 (average 8.25 out of 10). They commented that the graphics, animation, music and gameplay are all outstanding. \"GameFan\"s four reviewers scored it 90%, 89%, 87%","title":"Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game)"},{"id":"1987078","text":"scene in March 2018 and Disneyland's version received it in June 2018 after a scheduled refurbishment. In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow, the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24. In June 2017, Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version. In June 2018 the Disneyland version of the attraction reopened after a refurb which saw the replacement of the Davy Jones mist waterfall with a new scene of a skeleton who transforms into a live pirate as the boat passes","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)"},{"id":"16694701","text":"but when I found out about it, I thought I'd give it a shot. I do like cover songs, and Disney movies, but it had been years since I enjoyed anything Stellar Kart had done. \"A Whole New World\" exceeded my expectations, and it's a very enjoyable EP. Obviously, you'll get the most out of it if you're a fellow Disney fan and if you've grown up watching these four movies. But even if you've never seen a Disney movie, you can probably get something out of this as well.\" Jeremiah Holdsworth concurred by going on to say: \"Stellar Kart","title":"A Whole New World EP"},{"id":"12198453","text":"from its ten-year exile to Glendale. A 240,000-square-foot building designed by Robert A. M. Stern opened across the street from the main Disney lot in Burbank on December 16, 1994. In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create \"Toy Story\", Disney's first fully computer-animated film. The next Disney animated film, 1995's \"Pocahontas\", opened to mixed reviews, though it still earned $346 million worldwide and garnered two Academy Awards for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and Best Original Song for \"Colors of the Wind.\" The following year, \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", Disney's first animated film produced at a budget","title":"Disney Renaissance"},{"id":"10756415","text":"into \"Aladdin\". With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform \"A Whole New World\" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing \"Friend Like Me\". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from \"Fantasia 2000\" transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing \"Just Around the Riverbend\". The \"Pocahontas\" segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to \"Colors of the Wind\". After a brief pause, Heimlich from \"A Bug's Life\" arrives, informing the audience of an approaching thunderstorm. The storm rapidly intensifies into the thunderstorm","title":"World of Color"},{"id":"1478947","text":"Best Picture nomination: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Up\" (2009), and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \"\" (2006), \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), \"\" (2011), and \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \"Toy Story 3\" (2010), \"Frozen\" (2013), \"Zootopia\", \"Finding Dory\" (both 2016), and \"Incredibles 2\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of","title":"Walt Disney Pictures"},{"id":"10073395","text":"Like Me,\" \"Prince Ali,\" and \"A Whole New World,\" and until 2018 included the song \"Why Me\" which is sung by Jafar and Iago. It was originally written for the Disney film, but it was cut. The songs are somewhat different in \"Aladdin Jr.\" For example, the \"One Jump Ahead\" reprise is sung by Jasmine, not Aladdin. There are additional changes in the musical. For instance, three princes come try for Jasmine's hand in marriage. The additional narrators reprise \"Arabian Nights\" several times throughout the musical in order to more quickly further the plot as well as have \"red carpet","title":"Aladdin Jr."},{"id":"4310797","text":"and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical-comedy format such as \"Thumbelina\" (1994), \"The Swan Princess\" (1994), \"A Troll in Central Park\" (1994), \"Cats Don't Dance\" (1997), \"Anastasia\" (1997), \"Quest for Camelot\" (1998) and \"The King and I\" (1999). Concerns arose internally at Disney, particularly from Roy E. Disney, about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney's early 1990s releases. Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994, and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position. Instead, tensions between Katzenberg, Eisner, and","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios"},{"id":"13152476","text":"Heart Makes\" [Cinderella], \"Be Our Guest\" [Beauty and the Beast], \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" [Pirates of the Caribbean], \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" [Pinocchio] \"Do you want to build a Snowman?\" [Frozen] and \"It's a Small World\" [It's a Small World]. In addition to these music horns, during the \"Star Wars Day At Sea\" the ship can sound other horns, including: \"Imperial March (Darth Vader's Theme)\" and a segment of the \"Star Wars Main Title Theme\". In total, the \"Disney Fantasy\" can play 11 horns. Disney Fantasy Disney Fantasy is a cruise ship owned and operated","title":"Disney Fantasy"},{"id":"13152324","text":"\"Disney Dream\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" \"(Cinderella)\", \"Be Our Guest\" \"(Beauty and the Beast)\", \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" \"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\", \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\" \"(Frozen)\", and \"It's a Small World\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in","title":"Disney Dream"},{"id":"7898830","text":"the Magic Kingdom, and as a tagline for promoting the 2017 film. The song has been parodied in an episode of \"The Simpsons\" and the film \"\". Originally, \"Beauty and the Beast\", under the direction of Richard Purdum, was not intended to be a musical. Then-studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg made the decision to turn the film into a Broadway-style musical similar to \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), Disney's previous animated film, after he, displeased with the film's initial story reel, ordered the film scrapped and restarted from scratch. As a result, Purdum resigned, and first-time feature film directors Kirk Wise and","title":"Be Our Guest"},{"id":"17442867","text":"\"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"Mulan\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\", \"The Sword in the Stone\", \"The Black Cauldron\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,\" \"Lady and the Tramp\", and \"Lilo & Stitch\". The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of \"Peter Pan\", \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\" and \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" along with a live-action prequel to \"Aladdin\". Cinderella (2015 Disney film) Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Kinberg Genre, Allison Shearmur Productions, and Beagle Pug","title":"Cinderella (2015 Disney film)"},{"id":"4310792","text":"of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters, which had been explored to some degree with \"The Jungle Book\" and \"Oliver & Company\", but now became standard practice. In June 1994, Disney released \"The Lion King\", directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. An all-animal adventure set in Africa, \"The Lion King\" featured an all-star voice cast which included James Earl Jones, Matthew Broderick, and Jeremy Irons, with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John. \"The Lion King\" earned $768 million at the worldwide box office, to this date a record for","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios"},{"id":"2421417","text":"Best Music, Original Song for \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\". Decades later, it was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, \"\" and \"\", and a 2015 live-action adaptation directed by Kenneth Branagh. The castle is duplicated at Magic Kingdom park in Disney World and with Sleeping Beauty Castle at the center of Disneyland is the basis for one of Walt Disney's logo. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Cinderella Castle, the signature landmark at the in Florida, is designed to look like the palace","title":"Cinderella (1950 film)"},{"id":"5586985","text":"contradicted a rule-of-thumb that Disney attractions are supposed to be based on either G or PG. (However, Disney has since developed attractions from franchises that host at least one PG-13 rated film, such as \"Pirates of the Caribbean\", \"Star Wars\", \"Indiana Jones\", \"Marvel\", and \"Avatar\".) As a result, the name Nostromo was taken out entirely and an original monster was created for the ride and the fictional company was changed to \"X-S Tech\". Nevertheless, Disney had acquired the rights to use \"Alien\", and thusly used it in The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios, which featured a scene aboard","title":"ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter"},{"id":"12604364","text":"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (stylized The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure) is a dark ride attraction based on the 1989 Disney animated film \"The Little Mermaid\", located in Paradise Gardens Park at Disney California Adventure and in Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, where it is titled Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid (stylized Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid). The ride opened on June 3, 2011 at Disney California Adventure, and on December 6, 2012 at Magic Kingdom. In the early-to-mid-1990s, Walt Disney Imagineering","title":"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure"},{"id":"13900554","text":"top of each other as a (expletive) \"pile\" and whilst casting \"Song of the South\" he used the term pickaninny. The supposed insensitivity Disney and some of his employees showed in many cartoons including the short \"Mickey's Mellerdrammer\" where Mickey Mouse dresses in blackface, the stereotypical \"Black\" Bird in the short \"Who Killed Cock Robin\", Sunflower the half donkey-half black servant centaurette in \"Fantasia\", the film \"Song of the South\" which depicts an idealized version of slavery, the depiction of Native American 'Indians' as savage in \"Peter Pan\", the cunning and manipulative Siamese Cats in \"Lady and the Tramp\" and","title":"Criticism of The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"4976500","text":"Manager to oversee the startup of the studio and run day-to-day operations of the division. The company was designed to compete with Walt Disney Feature Animation, which had phenomenal success during the late 1980s and early 1990s with the releases of films such as \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"The Lion King\" (1994). Disney veterans Bluth and Goldman came in 1994 to Fox from Sullivan Bluth Studios, which had produced \"An American Tail\", \"The Land Before Time\" and both \"All Dogs Go To Heaven\" and \"Rock-a-Doodle\", among other films. Before Bluth came to","title":"Fox Animation Studios"},{"id":"8232375","text":"a part of the park's grand opening on October 1, 1971. A Southern live oak tree found growing on the Walt Disney World property (originally six miles from the Magic Kingdom) was transplanted by Disney engineers and now serves as the square's Liberty Tree. Adorning it are 13 lanterns, representing the original 13 American colonies. Johnny Tremain (film) Johnny Tremain is a 1957 film made by Walt Disney Productions, based on the 1944 Newbery Medal-winning children's novel of the same name by Esther Forbes, retelling the story of the years in Boston, Massachusetts prior to the outbreak of the American","title":"Johnny Tremain (film)"},{"id":"5084896","text":"One Dalmatians, The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes and In Search of the Castaways Cliff Richard introduced this Whitsun programme of Walt Disney films - The Living Desert, Pinocchio, Lady and the Tramp, The Love Bug, King of the Grizzlies, Alice in Wonderland, In Search of the Castaways, Hang your hat on the wind, and Jungle Book Ken Dodd hosted the August Bank Holiday edition from Scarborough where he was appearing at the Futurist Theatre with excerpts from Cinderella, Dumbo, Pinocchio, In Search of the Castaways, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, The Boatniks, Smoke, Treasure Island and The Aristocats Harry Worth","title":"Disney Time"},{"id":"454646","text":"\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\" (both 1940), \"Dumbo\" (1941), and \"Bambi\" (1942), furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful \"Cinderella\" (1950) and \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards. In the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. To fund the project he diversified into television programs, such as \"Walt Disney's Disneyland\" and \"The Mickey Mouse Club\"; he was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair, the 1960 Winter Olympics, and","title":"Walt Disney"},{"id":"11610353","text":"traveling down the park's central Main Street – Fantasyland corridor. There have been daytime and nighttime parades that celebrated Disney films or seasonal holidays with characters, music, and large floats. One of the most popular parades was the Main Street Electrical Parade, which recently ended a limited-time return engagement after an extended run at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. From May 5, 2005 through November 7, 2008, as part of Disneyland's 50th anniversary, \"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams\" was presented, celebrating several Disney films including \"The Lion King\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Alice in","title":"Disneyland"},{"id":"2475898","text":"Goes to Washington\", \"Wuthering Heights\", \"Only Angels Have Wings\", \"Ninotchka\" and \"Midnight\". Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: \"Casablanca\", \"It's a Wonderful Life\", \"It Happened One Night\", the original \"King Kong\", \"Mutiny on the Bounty\", \"Top Hat\", \"City Lights\", \"Red River\", \"The Lady from Shanghai\", \"Rear Window\", \"On the Waterfront\", \"Rebel Without a Cause\", \"Some Like It Hot,\" and \"The Manchurian Candidate\". The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s: In 1938, Walt Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"12198455","text":"Menken. Disney's next film, \"Mulan\", with a score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel, came out in 1998 and earned $304 million at the worldwide box office, restoring the commercial and critical standing of Disney's output. The release of \"Tarzan\" is retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era. With songs by Phil Collins, Tarzan won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"You'll Be in My Heart,\" and became Disney's most commercially successful film since \"The Lion King\", earning $448 million at the box office and widespread positive reviews. \"Tarzan\" was also","title":"Disney Renaissance"},{"id":"17891382","text":"studio's own \"\"), the fourth animated film (after \"Toy Story 3\", \"Frozen\", and \"Minions\"), the eleventh Disney film (third Disney animated film), and the twenty-sixth film overall to break the milestone. Worldwide, it was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind \"Civil War\", \"Rogue One\", and \"Finding Dory\"), the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2016, the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film (second-highest overall) of all time in its original release (after \"Frozen\"), the second-highest-grossing original film (behind \"Avatar\"), the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 30th-highest-grossing film of all time. \"Deadline Hollywood\" calculated the net profit of the film","title":"Zootopia"},{"id":"17572989","text":"never done a sitcom before. I’ve always infused comedic stuff into any dramatic roles I’ve done, but this is a whole — to quote Disney’s \"Aladdin\" — a whole new world.\" This is also the first episode of the series to not feature Angus T. Jones as Jake Harper as a main cast star. CBS announced in April 2013 that he would be downgraded to recurring status for season 11, but he never made an appearance. However, he does return in season 12 as a guest star for the series finale. On October 2, 2013, Tamblyn was officially promoted to","title":"Nangnangnangnang"},{"id":"8389132","text":"Bluff, California. Earlier career opportunities include development of isometric for Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant. (1st hand) Edmonds was nominated for the 1996 Annie Award for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement for Animation\" as the supervising animator of Phoebus in Disney's \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\". Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \"Oliver & Company\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Rescuers Down Under\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Tarzan\", \"\", \"Home on","title":"Russ Edmonds"},{"id":"6580647","text":"were gift sets, containing supplements such as original animation sketches, a film frame, and a companion's book. The current list of Platinum Editions includes: \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Lion King\", \"Aladdin\", \"Bambi\", \"Cinderella\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Jungle Book\", and \"101 Dalmatians\". The original plan for the Platinum Editions was that they would be released ten years after they are put in the Disney Vault. Since then, this time has been shortened to four to seven years. Beginning with \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" in October","title":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment"},{"id":"14559733","text":"the best entries out of a 177 entries world over. She has also sung the Tamil and Telugu versions of the Walt Disney musical animation \"Aladdin\" called \"A Whole New World\". As a composer she has composed several radio spots and jingles for various brands and companies like TVS, RMKV, VIVEL,INDIAN OIL etc.. The latest project she has worked on is for an NGO \"We for WE\" based in Jalandhar who work for women empowerment and present globally in 18 countries besides India. She has composed and sung an anthem in Hindi On women empowerment called SHAAN SE JEE. The","title":"Annupamaa"},{"id":"6076732","text":"Crichton book and film \"Jurassic Park\". Other parts of the episode, such as the park's claim to be the \"theme park of the future\" and the phrase \"where nothing can possibly go wrong,\" as well as the plot of the robots at the park rebelling, are based on another Crichton story, \"Westworld\". \"Scratchtasia\" is a reference to the \"Sorcerer's Apprentice\" segment of the Disney film \"Fantasia\", with several shots and the music parodying it exactly. In addition, the area where the cartoon \"Scratchtasia\" is being shown and the documentary it is a part of is reminiscent of the Great Movie","title":"Itchy & Scratchy Land"},{"id":"2753465","text":"make up Aslan's army in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch \"with a great bellowing voice\". In the film \"Alexander\" (2004), \"lamassu\" are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney movie \"Aladdin\" (1992), a gold \"lamassu\" can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp. Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the \"Lamassu\" that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from","title":"Lamassu"},{"id":"5964471","text":"went around over the years, saying that a proposed attraction based on the 2001 Disney animated film \"\" was going to replace Submarine Voyage. Another rumor was that the lagoon was going to be destroyed in a similar fashion to the submarine lagoon of Walt Disney World's . In 2005, the lagoon was drained and construction began on a new attraction: Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, which opened on June 11, 2007. The successor of this attraction was the Jules Verne themed at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. The attraction was given a Nautilus theme and a narration by Peter Renaday,","title":"Submarine Voyage"},{"id":"6426466","text":"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams premiered on May 5, 2005 as part of the Happiest Homecoming on Earth, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Disneyland in California. Conceived by VP Parades and Spectaculars, Steve Davison, the parade celebrates the dreams of Disney characters and includes Disney characters such as Mickey, Minnie, Tinker Bell, Cinderella, Snow White, Simba, Alice and Mad Hatter, Pinocchio, Belle and Beast, Ariel, Donald, Goofy and Pluto. The parade includes eight floats which include Getaway to Dreams, Dream of Enchantment, Dream of Laughter, Dream of Another World, Dream of Imagination, Dream of Adventure,","title":"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams"},{"id":"5084895","text":"Holiday, Alice in Wonderland, The Love Bug and Dumbo Julie Andrews introduces scenes and characters from some of her favourite Walt Disney films including Fantasia, Jungle Book, Swiss Family Robinson, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, King of the Grizzlies, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, A Hundred and One Dalmatians, Pluto's Christmas Tree, Mary Poppins which starred Julie Andrews and Alice in Wonderland The Easter edition on 30 March introduced by Jimmy Tarbuck with scenes from Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Treasure Island, King of the Grizzlies, My Dog, the Thief (1969), A Hundred and","title":"Disney Time"},{"id":"3742859","text":"2013 after several pilot productions. This was Disney's first \"Peter Pan\" film. In the early 2000s, a \"Peter Pan\" franchise was spawned, involving a number of other animation projects: Following the studio's success of live-action adaptations of Disney cartoon films including \"Maleficent, Cinderella, The Jungle Book and Beauty and the Beast\", Disney announced that a live action \"Peter Pan\" movie is in development, with David Lowery directing and co-writing with Toby Halbrooks. On July 31, 2018, it was announced that it may air on the Disney+ instead. Peter Pan (1953 film) Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy adventure","title":"Peter Pan (1953 film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"5020256\",\n \"text\": \"A Whole New World \\\"A Whole New World\\\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020259\",\n \"text\": \"studio album \\\"Passion\\\" (1993) and on Bryson's studio album \\\"Through the Fire\\\" (1994). A Whole New World \\\"A Whole New World\\\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020258\",\n \"text\": \"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \\\"\\\"Aladdin\\\"'s Theme\\\". The version peaked at number one on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9492915\",\n \"text\": \"Rice demos Alan Menken's score for \\\"Aladdin\\\" follows the compositional method also used in \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" and \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies. When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, they are usually accompanied by an instrumental cue of \\\"A Whole New World\\\". Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, \\\"Aladdin\\\"\\\". \\\"The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6249989\",\n \"text\": \"Regina Belle Regina Belle (born July 17, 1963) is an American singer–songwriter and actress who first started her career in the mid–1980s. Known for her singles, \\\"Baby Come to Me\\\" (1989) and \\\"Make It Like It Was\\\" (1990), Belle's most notable for two hit duets, both with Peabo Bryson: \\\"Without You\\\", the love theme from the comedy film \\\"Leonard Part 6\\\", recorded in 1987 and \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", recorded in 1992, with which Belle and Bryson won the Grammy award. The theme song \\\"Far Longer than Forever\\\" from the\",\n \"title\": \"Regina Belle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7013487\",\n \"text\": \"Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \\\"Fantasy in the Sky\\\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \\\"A Whole New World\\\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \\\"Disney in the Stars\\\" was replaced by \\\"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\\\", a Halloween-themed fireworks performance. In celebration\",\n \"title\": \"Disney in the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7013489\",\n \"text\": \"2018 as a \\\"Magical Finale\\\". Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \\\"Fantasy in the Sky\\\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \\\"A Whole New World\\\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \\\"Disney in the Stars\\\" was replaced by \\\"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Disney in the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2880076\",\n \"text\": \"the comedy film \\\"Leonard Part 6\\\", recorded in 1987 and \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", recorded in 1992. Bryson and Belle recorded four duets over the years: \\\"Without You\\\" (in 1987), \\\"I Can't Imagine\\\" (in 1991), \\\"A Whole New World\\\" (in 1992) and \\\"Total Praise\\\" (in 2009). Among his romantic love songs and duets are: Bryson won two Grammy Awards: in 1992 for his performance of the song \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" with Celine Dion and in 1993 for \\\"A Whole New World\\\" with Regina Belle. In Spring 1998, Bryson contributed\",\n \"title\": \"Peabo Bryson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15352889\",\n \"text\": \"Ariel is singing \\\"Part of Your World\\\" from Disney's \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\". At the end of the song, an electric eel shocks Donald while trying to kiss Ariel. Guests are now in \\\"The Lion King\\\", where Simba is singing \\\"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\\\" from Disney's'\\\"The Lion King\\\". After that, guests go to \\\"Peter Pan\\\", where the chorus is singing \\\"You Can Fly\\\" from Peter Pan. Peter sprinkles pixie dust on Donald, which gives him the ability to fly. Finally, guests go to \\\"Aladdin\\\", where Aladdin and Jasmine are singing \\\"A Whole New World.\\\" This time, Donald retrieves\",\n \"title\": \"Mickey's PhilharMagic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15409519\",\n \"text\": \"and lyrical content, several comparisons have been drawn between both the song and its corresponding scene and various romantic musical sequences from a number of preceding Disney animated feature films, the most frequently referenced of which are \\\"Kiss the Girl\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989) and \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), both romantic ballads also composed by Menken. One particular reviewer, Steven D. Greydanus of \\\"Decent Films Guide\\\", drew comparisons between the scene and the musical \\\"Nutcracker Suite\\\" sequence from Disney's animated feature film \\\"Fantasia\\\" (1940), describing it as \\\"a moment of visual transcendence.\\\" Throughout the filmmaking process,\",\n \"title\": \"I See the Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15409509\",\n \"text\": \"song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \\\"lantern sequence\\\" during which \\\"I See the Light\\\" is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \\\"Kiss the Girl\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989) and \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \\\"I See the Light\\\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.\",\n \"title\": \"I See the Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16241440\",\n \"text\": \"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\", from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\", from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from the eponymous film, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"If I Didn't Have You\\\" from \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\", and \\\"We Belong\",\n \"title\": \"Man or Muppet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6249993\",\n \"text\": \"Continuing her tradition of duets, Belle teamed up with Peabo Bryson for four songs: \\\"Without You\\\" (in 1987), \\\"I Can't Imagine\\\" (in 1991), \\\"A Whole New World\\\" (in 1992) and \\\"Total Praise\\\" (in 2009). Later in 1993, she released her Platinum selling third album, \\\"Passion\\\". The album featured the Disney hit, \\\"A Whole New World\\\". The theme song \\\"Far Longer than Forever\\\" from the animated movie \\\"The Swan Princess\\\", performed with Jeffrey Osborne was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1995 for Best Original Song. She released \\\"Reachin' Back\\\" in 1995 followed by \\\"Believe in Me\\\" in 1998. In 2001,\",\n \"title\": \"Regina Belle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785482\",\n \"text\": \"Disney's theme parks: \\\"The Magic Carpets of Aladdin\\\", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris; and the show \\\"\\\" at Disney California Adventure Park. In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is \\\"A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale\\\", written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does. Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9517777\",\n \"text\": \"had become so popular that fans made numerous requests to be able to purchase the song. On August 19, it was announced on the LFG Forum that a mp3 download version of the Slaughter Your World would be available for a small fee. A second teaser trailer called LFG: This is War was released in December 2008, and features Richard and Cale in battle while singing a parodied version of the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from Disney's Aladdin, which when paired with the previous \\\"Slaughter your World\\\" trailer suggests that Disney parodies might be a frequent occurrence in the\",\n \"title\": \"Looking for Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815129\",\n \"text\": \"– hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips – but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers.\\\" \\\"Aladdin\\\" also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Original Score and Best Original Song for \\\"A Whole New World\\\" and receiving nominations for Best Song (\\\"Friend Like Me\\\"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), and Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \\\"Aladdin\\\" won Best Original Song (\\\"A Whole New World\\\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10073401\",\n \"text\": \"with his Entourage (\\\"Prince Ali\\\"), but his demeanor offends Jasmine, who storms off. Frustrated, Aladdin lashes out at his friends, who in turn abandon him and leave the palace. Later, on the Princess's balcony, Prince Ali gains Jasmine's trust and invites her on a magic carpet ride (\\\"A Whole New World\\\"). After bidding her farewell, Aladdin is arrested by Jafar for trespassing in the Princess's private chambers. Omar, returning to help Aladdin, witnesses his arrest and runs to tell his pals, who pledge to help him (\\\"High Adventure\\\"), but they too are detained as they storm the palace. Aladdin uses\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915995\",\n \"text\": \"returned to Disney as a special guest to host various segments for certain \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" re-releases. In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist, the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" and \\\"As Long as There's Christmas\\\", the theme songs of the animated films \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) and \\\"\\\" (1997), respectively, both of which are duets. Although \\\"A Whole New World\\\" was very successful, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" remains a larger hit for the singer. Bryson also included \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" on some\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4289479\",\n \"text\": \"Ship Columbia, portraying the \\\"Black Pearl\\\" from the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" films. Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and other pirates participate in a stunt sequence. The scene ends with fountains that look like explosions and a cannon fired from the Sailing Ship Columbia. As the scene concludes, Mickey's sorcerer hat is painted on the mist screen and the hat turns to clouds as Aladdin and Jasmine are on a physical magic carpet flying through the clouds while a rendition of A Whole New World plays. Then the carpet fades away and three small barges arrive carrying Belle and the Beast,\",\n \"title\": \"Fantasmic!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16315141\",\n \"text\": \"until 1994. It was then that he moved to Sarasota, Florida. Pitera received his BFA in Computer Animation from Ringling College of Art and Design. Pitera gained his popularity for his extensive vocal range and his unusual feminine falsetto, as he first demonstrated in his most popular video, a cover of \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the movie \\\"Aladdin\\\" where he sings both Aladdin and Jasmine's parts. In 2011, Pitera released \\\"One Man Disney Movie\\\" using a \\\"'Brady Bunch'-style grid\\\" to perform \\\"an eight-minute-plus mashup of songs from various big-screen musical fairy tales, from \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" to \\\"Enchanted,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Nick Pitera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040237\",\n \"text\": \"or dress. According to \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", Jasmine was the first feminist Disney Princess, although author Alex Beggs admitted that this claim has been exaggerated to some degree. Jasmine's song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", which she performs as a duet with Aladdin, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards in 1993. Six years after \\\"Aladdin\\\", Lea Salonga would be cast as the singing voice of Mulan in 1998. Salonga joked about being required to audition for the role despite having already voiced a Disney Princess: \\\"Why do I have to audition? ... I was already\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16767818\",\n \"text\": \"Princess and the Frog\\\". The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Dumbo\\\", \\\"Wreck-it Ralph\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Toy Story\\\", \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" and \\\"Frozen\\\". The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Bambi\\\", \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\", \\\"Pocahontas\\\", \\\"Up\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Finding Nemo\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", and \\\"Tangled\\\". During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous\",\n \"title\": \"Celebrate the Magic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040171\",\n \"text\": \"and Scott Weinger, voice of Aladdin. Apart from some rough, unfinished storyboards and drawings, Larkin did not see much of her character until the film was finally screened at the Museum of Modern Art. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \\\"strong actors\\\" instead. When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \\\"A Whole New World\\\", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; she admitted, \\\"there's no way I would have even auditioned\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2130079\",\n \"text\": \"Disney's animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\". In 1993, Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of \\\"Les Misérables\\\". She performed the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles, where the song won an Oscar, having already won a Golden Globe Award. That same year, she released her self-titled international debut album with Atlantic Records, which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide. In 1994, Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore,\",\n \"title\": \"Lea Salonga\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17991780\",\n \"text\": \"Jake discover that the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) has been stealing princesses' body parts to build a bride, Princess Monster Wife. She is so horribly deformed that Finn and Jake cannot view her directly without fainting; eventually, Princess Monster Wife realizes that she is a monster and returns the stolen body parts. Ward explained that \\\"Princess Monster Wife\\\" was conceptualized to be both a sad and funny story at the same time. The episode featured a song, \\\"Something Special\\\", written by McHale, that was inspired by the 1992 song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the animated feature film\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Monster Wife\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17919087\",\n \"text\": \"was either to be the first Asian-woman President of the United States or a singer. The event that changed her life was when Disney released \\\"Aladdin\\\". It was the renowned song \\\"\\\"A Whole New World\\\"\\\" that made her choose the latter. She would sing the song and watch the movie everyday for the entire school year. Manting entered the Metropolitan Opera Children's Choir at the age of 10 and was chosen by then music director, Elena Doria, to be one of the children singing in Puccini's \\\"La Boheme\\\" and later \\\"Khovanshchina\\\", a Russian opera. It was then, Manting realized that\",\n \"title\": \"Manting Chan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1478496\",\n \"text\": \"Cliff Richard. Rice has collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber, with whom he wrote \\\"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\\\", \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\", \\\"Evita\\\", \\\"Cricket\\\", and \\\"The Likes of Us\\\". For The Walt Disney Company, Rice has collaborated individually with Alan Menken and Elton John, creating productions including \\\"Aladdin\\\" (winning an Academy Award, Golden Globe and Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\") and \\\"The Lion King\\\" (winning the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song for \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\"). In 1996, his collaboration with Lloyd Webber for the\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Rice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020257\",\n \"text\": \"Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards. \\\"A Whole New World\\\" performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle also won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards, the first and so far only Disney song to win in the category. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation. A single version of the song was released that same year and was performed by American recording artists Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. This version is played over the film's\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2039845\",\n \"text\": \"final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane (the singing voice of the title character of \\\"Aladdin\\\") and Susan Egan (who played Belle in the stage adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\"), who sang songs from their respective films, and a duet of \\\"A Whole New World\\\". On May 16, 2017, ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film, \\\"The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live\\\", on October 3, 2017. The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians, in a\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192562\",\n \"text\": \"pleases. Babkak, Omar and Kassim are made royal advisors, while Iago is arrested. Aladdin and Jasmine are married, and Genie prepares for a long-awaited vacation. All ends well as Aladdin and Jasmine board the magic carpet and take flight (Finale Ultimo: \\\"Arabian Nights\\\"/\\\"A Whole New World\\\" (Reprises)). \\\"Aladdin\\\" takes pride in showcasing a glimpse of the Middle Eastern Culture. The animated version was celebrated as Disney’s first to feature non-white protagonists. How a play or musical is cast impacts how the show is portrayed. According to actor Kyle Scatliffe, who played Enjolras in \\\"Les Misérables\\\": “It changes things whenever you\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20095543\",\n \"text\": \"castle as Rapunzel and Flynn Rider duet and send their own lanterns to the top of the castle. Songs featured are \\\"Love is an Open Door\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\", \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\", \\\"A Whole New World\\\", and \\\"I See the Light\\\". Introduced by the Emperor of China from \\\"Mulan\\\", the show becomes aggressive and loud, highlighting the climactic battles and challenges the characters face including epic scenes from \\\"The Incredibles\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\", and \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\". The castle and its surroundings are peppered with explosions as many\",\n \"title\": \"Happily Ever After (Magic Kingdom)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815121\",\n \"text\": \"Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991. Although fourteen songs were written for \\\"Aladdin\\\", only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist. The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animation tests, and a music video of one, \\\"Proud of Your Boy\\\", performed by Clay Aiken, which also appears on the album \\\"DisneyMania 3\\\". The version of the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle that plays over the end credits holds the\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12189011\",\n \"text\": \"contemporary chart were \\\"Missing You Now\\\" (credited to Michael Bolton featuring Kenny G) and \\\"Forever in Love\\\", while Bryson's previous #1s were \\\"If Ever You're in My Arms Again\\\" and \\\"A Whole New World\\\", a duet with Regina Belle that was the theme for the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\". By the Time This Night Is Over \\\"By the Time This Night Is Over\\\" is a song by Kenny G, featuring Peabo Bryson, released as a single from his album \\\"Breathless\\\", in 1993. The song peaked at #25 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the summer of 1993, spending seven\",\n \"title\": \"By the Time This Night Is Over\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19116607\",\n \"text\": \"notes from Bambaataa's song \\\"Planet Rock\\\" while Savage speaks out about child molestation In September, Hay released two playlist albums \\\"The Long Beach Crook Playlist\\\" with Kxng Crooked and \\\"The Stoned Mountain Playlist\\\" with Cyhi The Prynce In April 2017, Hay was a producer on the viral song \\\"Kylie's Daddy\\\" about reality television personality Kylie Jenner that debuted on \\\"TMZ\\\". In January 2018, Smith and Hay released \\\"Jazz (Deluxe)\\\" that hit #1 on the Billboard Jazz Charts. In February, Hay produced \\\"Jazzmine\\\" for Riff Raff, a remake on the classic \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from the animated Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Hay (publicist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8362196\",\n \"text\": \"Whole New World - Underscore (:20) 20. I'll Say (:42) 21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36) 22. Snake! (:41) 23. He Has More Power (:50) 24. Father, I've Decided (:59) 25. Celebration (1:36) 26. Curtain Call (1:13) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19784719\",\n \"text\": \"like Dolly Parton, and for Mr. Pig's part to be reminiscent of Meat Loaf. \\\"Let Me Show You Something Special\\\" is a duet between the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) and his monstrous creation, Princess Monster Wife (voiced in tandem by Ward, Hynden Walch, and Steve Little). The song, which was taken from the episode \\\"Princess Monster Wife\\\", was also written by McHale, and was inspired by the 1992 song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo,\",\n \"title\": \"The Music of Ooo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2550880\",\n \"text\": \"is identical in layout to the Magic Kingdom version except for these differences: On March 1, 2017, Tokyo Disneyland's version of \\\"It's a Small World\\\" closed down for refurbishment for its first major update since the park's opening in 1983. Reopened on April 8, 2018 coinciding with Tokyo Disneyland's 35th anniversary, the attraction featured 40 characters from Disney properties including \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Aristocats\\\", \\\"Brave\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Hercules\\\", \\\"The Three Caballeros\\\", \\\"Mulan\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Lilo & Stitch\\\", \\\"Frozen\\\", \\\"Finding Nemo\\\" and \\\"Moana\\\" similar to its counterparts in California\",\n \"title\": \"It's a Small World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7597910\",\n \"text\": \"being \\\"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\\\" from the 2004 film \\\"Home on the Range\\\". \\\"On the Record\\\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", and \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,\",\n \"title\": \"On the Record (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16315142\",\n \"text\": \"taking on the roles of the heroes, heroines, villains, sidekicks and their furry choirs.\\\" In 2012, Pitera released a medley cover of Andrew Lloyd Webber songs entitled \\\"One Man Phantom of the Opera.\\\" This was followed in August of the same year by \\\"One Man Les Miserables\\\". Pitera has also appeared on \\\"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\\\" as one of the audience acts. He sang \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from Disney, with himself singing both Jasmine's and Aladdin's parts. He released his first self-written original single \\\"Better Days\\\" on iTunes and Amazon on December 4, 2012. He released an EP of\",\n \"title\": \"Nick Pitera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8389131\",\n \"text\": \"Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \\\"Oliver & Company\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Rescuers Down Under\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Home on the Range\\\", \\\"The Princess and the Frog\\\", and \\\"Winnie the Pooh\\\". He studied at the Program in Character Animation at the California Institute of the Arts. Along with his wife, Angela, Edmonds owns and directs the Edmonds Studios, an independent animation production studio in Red\",\n \"title\": \"Russ Edmonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040174\",\n \"text\": \"voices. Describing Salonga as \\\"an incredible singer\\\", Larkin herself was pleasantly surprised by how much Salonga's voice resembled her own when she first heard \\\"A Whole New World\\\", joking, \\\"the filmmakers almost had me convinced that I sang it\\\". The character's blurb on the official Disney website reads, \\\"Jasmine is an independent, fiery beauty capable of taking care of herself\\\" who \\\"longs to experience life outside the palace.\\\" The writers had originally conceived Jasmine as a spoiled and materialistic princess whose interests were limited to clothing and jewelry, but eventually developed her into a stronger, more mature character. Larkin described\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5823509\",\n \"text\": \"the Public Theater's production of \\\"Titus Andronicus\\\", and two roles in James Lapine's Lincoln Center production of \\\"The Winter's Tale\\\". He provided the singing voice of the character Aladdin, opposite Lea Salonga (Jasmine), in the 1992 film of the same name, as well as its sequels. In 1993, Kane teamed up again with Salonga to do a live version of \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the hit song from \\\"Aladdin\\\", at the 65th Academy Awards. In 1993, he played Arpad Laszlo in the Broadway revival of \\\"She Loves Me\\\". He also played Tucker Wells in the season three episode \\\"The Prom\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694704\",\n \"text\": \"again.”\\\" A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Beauty and The Beast\\\", and \\\"Aladdin\\\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \\\"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7474693\",\n \"text\": \"her second album to chart at #1 on Oricon and became her second longest-charting album. It contained every song from her \\\"12 Singles Collection,\\\" causing there to be little room for new material. The two new songs on the album were \\\"Love goes like...\\\" and the bonus track \\\"A Whole New World\\\" featuring famed singer Peabo Bryson. This was a cover of the song from the Disney film \\\"Aladdin.\\\" The first DVD portion of the album carried all of the music videos released for the singles. Limited editions also included the \\\"\\\"...and \\\"Wish your happiness and love\\\"\\\"\\\", which was the\",\n \"title\": \"Best: Second Session\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17375169\",\n \"text\": \"R&B chart, #85 on the UK Singles, and #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, between 1987/1988. \\\"Without You\\\" was the first duet recorded by Bryson and Belle, who recorded four songs together, and was also the first successful duet of the two. Another success the duo came in 1992 with \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the theme of the animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\". In addition to its original English version by Bryson and Belle, \\\"Without You\\\" also received two adaptations in different languages. The first was in Portuguese and the second was in Spanish, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Both adaptations\",\n \"title\": \"Without You (Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694700\",\n \"text\": \"A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Beauty and The Beast\\\", and \\\"Aladdin\\\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \\\"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for me,\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17991786\",\n \"text\": \"During the episode's DVD commentary, fellow storyboard artist Jesse Moynihan argued that Youn employed \\\"visual vocabulary [borrowed] from anime\\\", which informed how he drew the characters. The song that the Ice King sings to Princess Monster Wife is called \\\"Something Special\\\". According to McHale, the song's writer, the main inspiration for it was the 1992 song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo, however, his cat kept meowing loudly. The crew found this funny, and so, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Monster Wife\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12543443\",\n \"text\": \"Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \\\"Ce Rêve bleu\\\" (the French adaptation of \\\"A Whole New World\\\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \\\"Tombé du ciel\\\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has also recorded the song \\\"C'est la vie\\\" for the film \\\"Bambi 2\\\". She had a hit with her own version of Burt Bacharach's song,\",\n \"title\": \"Karine Costa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12543444\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Say a Little Prayer\\\" (made famous by Dionne Warwick) that is currently used in France in the TV advert for the Crédit mutuel. Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \\\"Ce Rêve bleu\\\" (the French adaptation of \\\"A Whole New World\\\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \\\"Tombé du ciel\\\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has\",\n \"title\": \"Karine Costa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192557\",\n \"text\": \"Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of \\\"Prince Ali of Ababwa\\\" (\\\"Prince Ali\\\"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses to the Sultan his desire to marry Jasmine. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie (\\\"A Whole New World\\\"). Once they return, Jasmine\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5823510\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\\\", and provided Jonathan Levinson's singing voice in the episode \\\"Superstar\\\". On September 11, 2005, Kane was invited to a ceremony at Hong Kong Disneyland, the night before the theme park's opening. He performed the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" with Cantopop star Joey Yung. As Caleb Kane, he released the song \\\"This Close\\\", which was played on the movie \\\"Devil's Pond\\\". Then in 2004, he released his website with a message board to promote his album \\\"This Day In History\\\" with the first single \\\"Go Mad\\\" released in March 2006. Caleb has two\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7763329\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mary Poppins\\\", but that 15 other animated movies would never be aired. These 15 animated feature films – \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Fantasia\\\", \\\"Bambi\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\", \\\"101 Dalmatians\\\", \\\"The Sword in the Stone\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Aristocats\\\", \\\"Robin Hood\\\", \\\"The Rescuers\\\", and \\\"The Fox and the Hound\\\" – had only been shown at theaters, not television or any other format. These 15 movies laid the foundation upon which the Disney company was built. During each re-release to theaters (on a roughly seven-year cycle), they earned money comparable to new\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Classics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040173\",\n \"text\": \"the interest of casting director Albert Tavares, who proceeded to leave a note for the singer on the stage door before leaving a show he had attended. Salonga's agent then scheduled her audition, at which she performed \\\"Part of Your World\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\". Salonga finally began recording a demo of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" a few days later. With the casting of Salonga, Larkin became one of Disney's first voice actors to not provide the singing voice of the character she voices, and thus Jasmine marked the first time Disney decided to separate a Princess's speaking and singing\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4010630\",\n \"text\": \"and arranged other successful motion picture soundtracks, including Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (the Celine Dion/Peabo Bryson title-track duet), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (\\\"A Whole New World\\\") and \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\" (\\\"Someday\\\"). Afanasieff was also the producer and arranger for \\\"Go the Distance\\\", the Oscar-nominated Michael Bolton song from the animated film \\\"Hercules\\\". Afanasieff performs on most of his recordings (mainly keyboards, synthesizers and drum programming). Afanasieff spent a significant part of his career creating music with Mariah Carey: 1988-1998. He had a role in some of Carey's most successful songs, including \\\"Hero\\\", which he co-produced, co-wrote, and on which he\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Afanasieff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9492912\",\n \"text\": \"was released in 2004. The music on the album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album also as received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" performed by Regina Belle. The album\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13427749\",\n \"text\": \"aired on 22 September 2016 on the ABC channel in the United States. Yuna's version of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\", which was also sung by Peabo Bryson and Celine Dion, featured in the Deluxe Edition (bonus track) for the album \\\"We Love Disney (2015 compilation album)\\\". Beside Yuna, big names such as Ariana Grande, Ne-Yo, Jessie J, Jason Derulo, Gwen Stefani, Fall Out Boy, and Tori Kelly are also involved in the album published by David Foster. A remix version of her song \\\"Live Your Life\\\" by MeLo-X appeared on the in-game radio station\",\n \"title\": \"Yuna (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18192973\",\n \"text\": \"Pocahontas (franchise) Pocahontas is a Disney media franchise that commenced in 1995 with the theatrical release of \\\"Pocahontas\\\". \\\"Pocahontas\\\" is a 1995 American animated musical romance-drama film and is the 33rd Disney animated feature film. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and had a limited release to theaters on June 23, 1995 by Walt Disney Pictures. It belongs to the era known as the Disney Renaissance, from 1989 to 1999 \\\"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World\\\" is a 1998 straight-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney film \\\"Pocahontas\\\". The sequel focuses on Pocahontas' journey to London, England with\",\n \"title\": \"Pocahontas (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5084910\",\n \"text\": \"Jones, Sir John Mills, Hayley Mills and Peter Ustinov are amongst the celebrities who introduced scenes from their films including Darby O'Gill and the Little People, Mary Poppins, Candleshoe, Thomasina, Herbie goes to Monte Carlo, The Swiss Family Robinson, In Search of the Castaways, Robin Hood, Cinderella, The Rescuers and Pete's Dragon This Easter edition was introduced by Cliff Richard on 27 March. Films included The Rescuers, Alice in Wonderland, Candleshoe, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Mary Poppins, That Darn Cat, Pinocchio and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Penelope Keith presented the Whitsun show from Brighton with clips from Alice\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482037\",\n \"text\": \"commercial and critical successes with such films as \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) and \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1994). In addition, the company successfully entered the field of television animation with a number of lavishly budgeted and acclaimed series such as \\\"Adventures of the Gummi Bears\\\", \\\"DuckTales\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\", \\\"TaleSpin\\\" and \\\"Gargoyles\\\". Disney moved to first place in box office receipts by 1988 and had increased revenues by 20% every year. In 1989, Disney signed an agreement-in-principle to acquire The Jim Henson Company from its founder, Muppet creator Jim Henson. The deal included Henson's\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2550859\",\n \"text\": \"It's a Small World It's a Small World (officially styled as \\\"it's a small world\\\") is a water-based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide; these include: Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland, with its inaugural version having originally premiered at the 1964 New York World's Fair before permanently moving to Disneyland. The ride features over 300 audio-animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world, frolicking in a spirit\",\n \"title\": \"It's a Small World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12337231\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Circle of Poo\\\" that shows the endless circle of food and defecation in the episode \\\"A Very Crappy Christmas\\\". It is currently the main theme song for Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort. Disney's Epcot park currently features a cinema-type film called \\\"\\\" from 1995 with Timon, Pumbaa, and Simba discussing environmental topics at the Walt Disney World Resort as well. At the 2011 White House Correspondents' Dinner, President Barack Obama jokingly claimed he was going to show his long-form birth video, spoofing an earlier controversy about refusing to show his long-form birth certificate to prove\",\n \"title\": \"Circle of Life\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7013488\",\n \"text\": \"of Hong Kong Disneyland's 10th anniversary, the show features Projection mapping onto Sleeping Beauty Castle in September 7, 2015 as the preview. The projections in each area are different in order to evenly distribute crowds and to encourage people to view the show multiple times from different locations. The show then progresses all-new scenes from Disney films, including; \\\"Frozen\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Princess and the Frog\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Big Hero 6\\\", \\\"Finding Nemo\\\", \\\"Cars\\\", \\\"Brave\\\" and \\\"Inside Out\\\". During the Magical Castle Transformation, the last show appearance on January 1,\",\n \"title\": \"Disney in the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9127984\",\n \"text\": \"of the entertainment quarterly \\\"R&B Showcase Magazine.\\\" In the summer of 2002, LMNT toured the United States as part of the Pop 'Til You Drop! Tour, a 30-date tour headlined by A*Teens with other supporting acts, including Baha Men and Play. LMNT also performed in front of crowds in support of the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, 2002 A Time for Heroes Carnival, in Los Angeles, California. They are also well known for re-recording their own version of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\", for the \\\"DisneyMania 2\\\" CD, and \\\"Open Your Eyes (To Love)\\\", for \\\"The Lizzie McGuire\",\n \"title\": \"LMNT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827284\",\n \"text\": \"California) version of It's a Small World, installed during major refurbishments between January and November 2008. José and Panchito's costumes were extinct at the Disneyland Resort by 2011, but were re-Imagineered for Mickey's Soundsational Parade in May 2011. They now appear with Donald Duck and dancers with a float where Donald is trying to hit a Piñata. The 2011 animated film \\\"Rio\\\" draws on José Carioca and Panchito Pistoles for several of its characters. José Carioca José \\\"Zé\\\" Carioca (; ) is a Disney cartoon character drawn as an anthropomorphic parrot from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (thus \\\"Carioca\\\", a term\",\n \"title\": \"José Carioca\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198442\",\n \"text\": \"Down Under\\\" (1990), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1994), \\\"Pocahontas\\\" (1995), \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\" (1996), \\\"Hercules\\\" (1997), \\\"Mulan\\\" (1998) and \\\"Tarzan\\\" (1999). After the deaths of Walt and Roy O. Disney (in 1966 and 1971, respectively), The Walt Disney Studios were left in the hands of Donn Tatum, Card Walker, and Ron Miller. The films released over an eighteen-year period following this change of management did not perform as well commercially as their prior counterparts. An especially hard blow was dealt during production of \\\"The Fox and the Hound\\\" when long-time animator Don\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Renaissance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18154823\",\n \"text\": \"in which the player can collect gems; the bonus stage ends when the melody to \\\"A Whole New World\\\" ends. Only stages 1, 6 and 7 have a boss to defeat (stage 7 being the final stage), while stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 require reaching the end to complete. \\\"Electronic Gaming Monthly\\\" four reviewers scored the Super NES version 8, 8, 9 and 8 out of 10, adding up to 33 out of 40 (average 8.25 out of 10). They commented that the graphics, animation, music and gameplay are all outstanding. \\\"GameFan\\\"s four reviewers scored it 90%, 89%, 87%\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1987078\",\n \"text\": \"scene in March 2018 and Disneyland's version received it in June 2018 after a scheduled refurbishment. In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow, the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24. In June 2017, Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version. In June 2018 the Disneyland version of the attraction reopened after a refurb which saw the replacement of the Davy Jones mist waterfall with a new scene of a skeleton who transforms into a live pirate as the boat passes\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694701\",\n \"text\": \"but when I found out about it, I thought I'd give it a shot. I do like cover songs, and Disney movies, but it had been years since I enjoyed anything Stellar Kart had done. \\\"A Whole New World\\\" exceeded my expectations, and it's a very enjoyable EP. Obviously, you'll get the most out of it if you're a fellow Disney fan and if you've grown up watching these four movies. But even if you've never seen a Disney movie, you can probably get something out of this as well.\\\" Jeremiah Holdsworth concurred by going on to say: \\\"Stellar Kart\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198453\",\n \"text\": \"from its ten-year exile to Glendale. A 240,000-square-foot building designed by Robert A. M. Stern opened across the street from the main Disney lot in Burbank on December 16, 1994. In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create \\\"Toy Story\\\", Disney's first fully computer-animated film. The next Disney animated film, 1995's \\\"Pocahontas\\\", opened to mixed reviews, though it still earned $346 million worldwide and garnered two Academy Awards for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and Best Original Song for \\\"Colors of the Wind.\\\" The following year, \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", Disney's first animated film produced at a budget\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Renaissance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10756415\",\n \"text\": \"into \\\"Aladdin\\\". With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform \\\"A Whole New World\\\" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing \\\"Friend Like Me\\\". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from \\\"Fantasia 2000\\\" transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing \\\"Just Around the Riverbend\\\". The \\\"Pocahontas\\\" segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\". After a brief pause, Heimlich from \\\"A Bug's Life\\\" arrives, informing the audience of an approaching thunderstorm. The storm rapidly intensifies into the thunderstorm\",\n \"title\": \"World of Color\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1478947\",\n \"text\": \"Best Picture nomination: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Up\\\" (2009), and \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \\\"\\\" (2006), \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\" (2010), \\\"\\\" (2011), and \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010), \\\"Frozen\\\" (2013), \\\"Zootopia\\\", \\\"Finding Dory\\\" (both 2016), and \\\"Incredibles 2\\\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10073395\",\n \"text\": \"Like Me,\\\" \\\"Prince Ali,\\\" and \\\"A Whole New World,\\\" and until 2018 included the song \\\"Why Me\\\" which is sung by Jafar and Iago. It was originally written for the Disney film, but it was cut. The songs are somewhat different in \\\"Aladdin Jr.\\\" For example, the \\\"One Jump Ahead\\\" reprise is sung by Jasmine, not Aladdin. There are additional changes in the musical. For instance, three princes come try for Jasmine's hand in marriage. The additional narrators reprise \\\"Arabian Nights\\\" several times throughout the musical in order to more quickly further the plot as well as have \\\"red carpet\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4310797\",\n \"text\": \"and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical-comedy format such as \\\"Thumbelina\\\" (1994), \\\"The Swan Princess\\\" (1994), \\\"A Troll in Central Park\\\" (1994), \\\"Cats Don't Dance\\\" (1997), \\\"Anastasia\\\" (1997), \\\"Quest for Camelot\\\" (1998) and \\\"The King and I\\\" (1999). Concerns arose internally at Disney, particularly from Roy E. Disney, about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney's early 1990s releases. Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994, and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position. Instead, tensions between Katzenberg, Eisner, and\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152476\",\n \"text\": \"Heart Makes\\\" [Cinderella], \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" [Beauty and the Beast], \\\"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\\\" [Pirates of the Caribbean], \\\"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\\\" [Pinocchio] \\\"Do you want to build a Snowman?\\\" [Frozen] and \\\"It's a Small World\\\" [It's a Small World]. In addition to these music horns, during the \\\"Star Wars Day At Sea\\\" the ship can sound other horns, including: \\\"Imperial March (Darth Vader's Theme)\\\" and a segment of the \\\"Star Wars Main Title Theme\\\". In total, the \\\"Disney Fantasy\\\" can play 11 horns. Disney Fantasy Disney Fantasy is a cruise ship owned and operated\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Fantasy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152324\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Disney Dream\\\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\\\" \\\"(Cinderella)\\\", \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" \\\"(Beauty and the Beast)\\\", \\\"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\\\", \\\"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\\\" \\\"(Frozen)\\\", and \\\"It's a Small World\\\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7898830\",\n \"text\": \"the Magic Kingdom, and as a tagline for promoting the 2017 film. The song has been parodied in an episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" and the film \\\"\\\". Originally, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", under the direction of Richard Purdum, was not intended to be a musical. Then-studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg made the decision to turn the film into a Broadway-style musical similar to \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989), Disney's previous animated film, after he, displeased with the film's initial story reel, ordered the film scrapped and restarted from scratch. As a result, Purdum resigned, and first-time feature film directors Kirk Wise and\",\n \"title\": \"Be Our Guest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17442867\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Mulan\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Fantasia\\\", \\\"The Sword in the Stone\\\", \\\"The Black Cauldron\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,\\\" \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", and \\\"Lilo & Stitch\\\". The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\\\" and \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" along with a live-action prequel to \\\"Aladdin\\\". Cinderella (2015 Disney film) Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Kinberg Genre, Allison Shearmur Productions, and Beagle Pug\",\n \"title\": \"Cinderella (2015 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4310792\",\n \"text\": \"of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters, which had been explored to some degree with \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" and \\\"Oliver & Company\\\", but now became standard practice. In June 1994, Disney released \\\"The Lion King\\\", directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. An all-animal adventure set in Africa, \\\"The Lion King\\\" featured an all-star voice cast which included James Earl Jones, Matthew Broderick, and Jeremy Irons, with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John. \\\"The Lion King\\\" earned $768 million at the worldwide box office, to this date a record for\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2421417\",\n \"text\": \"Best Music, Original Song for \\\"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\\\". Decades later, it was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", and a 2015 live-action adaptation directed by Kenneth Branagh. The castle is duplicated at Magic Kingdom park in Disney World and with Sleeping Beauty Castle at the center of Disneyland is the basis for one of Walt Disney's logo. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". Cinderella Castle, the signature landmark at the in Florida, is designed to look like the palace\",\n \"title\": \"Cinderella (1950 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5586985\",\n \"text\": \"contradicted a rule-of-thumb that Disney attractions are supposed to be based on either G or PG. (However, Disney has since developed attractions from franchises that host at least one PG-13 rated film, such as \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\", \\\"Star Wars\\\", \\\"Indiana Jones\\\", \\\"Marvel\\\", and \\\"Avatar\\\".) As a result, the name Nostromo was taken out entirely and an original monster was created for the ride and the fictional company was changed to \\\"X-S Tech\\\". Nevertheless, Disney had acquired the rights to use \\\"Alien\\\", and thusly used it in The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios, which featured a scene aboard\",\n \"title\": \"ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12604364\",\n \"text\": \"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (stylized The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure) is a dark ride attraction based on the 1989 Disney animated film \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", located in Paradise Gardens Park at Disney California Adventure and in Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, where it is titled Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid (stylized Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid). The ride opened on June 3, 2011 at Disney California Adventure, and on December 6, 2012 at Magic Kingdom. In the early-to-mid-1990s, Walt Disney Imagineering\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13900554\",\n \"text\": \"top of each other as a (expletive) \\\"pile\\\" and whilst casting \\\"Song of the South\\\" he used the term pickaninny. The supposed insensitivity Disney and some of his employees showed in many cartoons including the short \\\"Mickey's Mellerdrammer\\\" where Mickey Mouse dresses in blackface, the stereotypical \\\"Black\\\" Bird in the short \\\"Who Killed Cock Robin\\\", Sunflower the half donkey-half black servant centaurette in \\\"Fantasia\\\", the film \\\"Song of the South\\\" which depicts an idealized version of slavery, the depiction of Native American 'Indians' as savage in \\\"Peter Pan\\\", the cunning and manipulative Siamese Cats in \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4976500\",\n \"text\": \"Manager to oversee the startup of the studio and run day-to-day operations of the division. The company was designed to compete with Walt Disney Feature Animation, which had phenomenal success during the late 1980s and early 1990s with the releases of films such as \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) and \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1994). Disney veterans Bluth and Goldman came in 1994 to Fox from Sullivan Bluth Studios, which had produced \\\"An American Tail\\\", \\\"The Land Before Time\\\" and both \\\"All Dogs Go To Heaven\\\" and \\\"Rock-a-Doodle\\\", among other films. Before Bluth came to\",\n \"title\": \"Fox Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8232375\",\n \"text\": \"a part of the park's grand opening on October 1, 1971. A Southern live oak tree found growing on the Walt Disney World property (originally six miles from the Magic Kingdom) was transplanted by Disney engineers and now serves as the square's Liberty Tree. Adorning it are 13 lanterns, representing the original 13 American colonies. Johnny Tremain (film) Johnny Tremain is a 1957 film made by Walt Disney Productions, based on the 1944 Newbery Medal-winning children's novel of the same name by Esther Forbes, retelling the story of the years in Boston, Massachusetts prior to the outbreak of the American\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Tremain (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5084896\",\n \"text\": \"One Dalmatians, The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes and In Search of the Castaways Cliff Richard introduced this Whitsun programme of Walt Disney films - The Living Desert, Pinocchio, Lady and the Tramp, The Love Bug, King of the Grizzlies, Alice in Wonderland, In Search of the Castaways, Hang your hat on the wind, and Jungle Book Ken Dodd hosted the August Bank Holiday edition from Scarborough where he was appearing at the Futurist Theatre with excerpts from Cinderella, Dumbo, Pinocchio, In Search of the Castaways, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, The Boatniks, Smoke, Treasure Island and The Aristocats Harry Worth\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454646\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937), \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Fantasia\\\" (both 1940), \\\"Dumbo\\\" (1941), and \\\"Bambi\\\" (1942), furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful \\\"Cinderella\\\" (1950) and \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards. In the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. To fund the project he diversified into television programs, such as \\\"Walt Disney's Disneyland\\\" and \\\"The Mickey Mouse Club\\\"; he was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair, the 1960 Winter Olympics, and\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11610353\",\n \"text\": \"traveling down the park's central Main Street – Fantasyland corridor. There have been daytime and nighttime parades that celebrated Disney films or seasonal holidays with characters, music, and large floats. One of the most popular parades was the Main Street Electrical Parade, which recently ended a limited-time return engagement after an extended run at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. From May 5, 2005 through November 7, 2008, as part of Disneyland's 50th anniversary, \\\"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams\\\" was presented, celebrating several Disney films including \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Alice in\",\n \"title\": \"Disneyland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475898\",\n \"text\": \"Goes to Washington\\\", \\\"Wuthering Heights\\\", \\\"Only Angels Have Wings\\\", \\\"Ninotchka\\\" and \\\"Midnight\\\". Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: \\\"Casablanca\\\", \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\", \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", the original \\\"King Kong\\\", \\\"Mutiny on the Bounty\\\", \\\"Top Hat\\\", \\\"City Lights\\\", \\\"Red River\\\", \\\"The Lady from Shanghai\\\", \\\"Rear Window\\\", \\\"On the Waterfront\\\", \\\"Rebel Without a Cause\\\", \\\"Some Like It Hot,\\\" and \\\"The Manchurian Candidate\\\". The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s: In 1938, Walt Disney's \\\"Snow White and the Seven\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198455\",\n \"text\": \"Menken. Disney's next film, \\\"Mulan\\\", with a score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel, came out in 1998 and earned $304 million at the worldwide box office, restoring the commercial and critical standing of Disney's output. The release of \\\"Tarzan\\\" is retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era. With songs by Phil Collins, Tarzan won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \\\"You'll Be in My Heart,\\\" and became Disney's most commercially successful film since \\\"The Lion King\\\", earning $448 million at the box office and widespread positive reviews. \\\"Tarzan\\\" was also\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Renaissance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17891382\",\n \"text\": \"studio's own \\\"\\\"), the fourth animated film (after \\\"Toy Story 3\\\", \\\"Frozen\\\", and \\\"Minions\\\"), the eleventh Disney film (third Disney animated film), and the twenty-sixth film overall to break the milestone. Worldwide, it was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind \\\"Civil War\\\", \\\"Rogue One\\\", and \\\"Finding Dory\\\"), the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2016, the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film (second-highest overall) of all time in its original release (after \\\"Frozen\\\"), the second-highest-grossing original film (behind \\\"Avatar\\\"), the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 30th-highest-grossing film of all time. \\\"Deadline Hollywood\\\" calculated the net profit of the film\",\n \"title\": \"Zootopia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17572989\",\n \"text\": \"never done a sitcom before. I’ve always infused comedic stuff into any dramatic roles I’ve done, but this is a whole — to quote Disney’s \\\"Aladdin\\\" — a whole new world.\\\" This is also the first episode of the series to not feature Angus T. Jones as Jake Harper as a main cast star. CBS announced in April 2013 that he would be downgraded to recurring status for season 11, but he never made an appearance. However, he does return in season 12 as a guest star for the series finale. On October 2, 2013, Tamblyn was officially promoted to\",\n \"title\": \"Nangnangnangnang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8389132\",\n \"text\": \"Bluff, California. Earlier career opportunities include development of isometric for Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant. (1st hand) Edmonds was nominated for the 1996 Annie Award for \\\"Outstanding Individual Achievement for Animation\\\" as the supervising animator of Phoebus in Disney's \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\". Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \\\"Oliver & Company\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Rescuers Down Under\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Home on\",\n \"title\": \"Russ Edmonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6580647\",\n \"text\": \"were gift sets, containing supplements such as original animation sketches, a film frame, and a companion's book. The current list of Platinum Editions includes: \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Bambi\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", and \\\"101 Dalmatians\\\". The original plan for the Platinum Editions was that they would be released ten years after they are put in the Disney Vault. Since then, this time has been shortened to four to seven years. Beginning with \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" in October\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14559733\",\n \"text\": \"the best entries out of a 177 entries world over. She has also sung the Tamil and Telugu versions of the Walt Disney musical animation \\\"Aladdin\\\" called \\\"A Whole New World\\\". As a composer she has composed several radio spots and jingles for various brands and companies like TVS, RMKV, VIVEL,INDIAN OIL etc.. The latest project she has worked on is for an NGO \\\"We for WE\\\" based in Jalandhar who work for women empowerment and present globally in 18 countries besides India. She has composed and sung an anthem in Hindi On women empowerment called SHAAN SE JEE. The\",\n \"title\": \"Annupamaa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6076732\",\n \"text\": \"Crichton book and film \\\"Jurassic Park\\\". Other parts of the episode, such as the park's claim to be the \\\"theme park of the future\\\" and the phrase \\\"where nothing can possibly go wrong,\\\" as well as the plot of the robots at the park rebelling, are based on another Crichton story, \\\"Westworld\\\". \\\"Scratchtasia\\\" is a reference to the \\\"Sorcerer's Apprentice\\\" segment of the Disney film \\\"Fantasia\\\", with several shots and the music parodying it exactly. In addition, the area where the cartoon \\\"Scratchtasia\\\" is being shown and the documentary it is a part of is reminiscent of the Great Movie\",\n \"title\": \"Itchy & Scratchy Land\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753465\",\n \"text\": \"make up Aslan's army in \\\"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\\\" by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch \\\"with a great bellowing voice\\\". In the film \\\"Alexander\\\" (2004), \\\"lamassu\\\" are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney movie \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), a gold \\\"lamassu\\\" can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp. Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the \\\"Lamassu\\\" that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from\",\n \"title\": \"Lamassu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5964471\",\n \"text\": \"went around over the years, saying that a proposed attraction based on the 2001 Disney animated film \\\"\\\" was going to replace Submarine Voyage. Another rumor was that the lagoon was going to be destroyed in a similar fashion to the submarine lagoon of Walt Disney World's . In 2005, the lagoon was drained and construction began on a new attraction: Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, which opened on June 11, 2007. The successor of this attraction was the Jules Verne themed at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. The attraction was given a Nautilus theme and a narration by Peter Renaday,\",\n \"title\": \"Submarine Voyage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6426466\",\n \"text\": \"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams premiered on May 5, 2005 as part of the Happiest Homecoming on Earth, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Disneyland in California. Conceived by VP Parades and Spectaculars, Steve Davison, the parade celebrates the dreams of Disney characters and includes Disney characters such as Mickey, Minnie, Tinker Bell, Cinderella, Snow White, Simba, Alice and Mad Hatter, Pinocchio, Belle and Beast, Ariel, Donald, Goofy and Pluto. The parade includes eight floats which include Getaway to Dreams, Dream of Enchantment, Dream of Laughter, Dream of Another World, Dream of Imagination, Dream of Adventure,\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5084895\",\n \"text\": \"Holiday, Alice in Wonderland, The Love Bug and Dumbo Julie Andrews introduces scenes and characters from some of her favourite Walt Disney films including Fantasia, Jungle Book, Swiss Family Robinson, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, King of the Grizzlies, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, A Hundred and One Dalmatians, Pluto's Christmas Tree, Mary Poppins which starred Julie Andrews and Alice in Wonderland The Easter edition on 30 March introduced by Jimmy Tarbuck with scenes from Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Treasure Island, King of the Grizzlies, My Dog, the Thief (1969), A Hundred and\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3742859\",\n \"text\": \"2013 after several pilot productions. This was Disney's first \\\"Peter Pan\\\" film. In the early 2000s, a \\\"Peter Pan\\\" franchise was spawned, involving a number of other animation projects: Following the studio's success of live-action adaptations of Disney cartoon films including \\\"Maleficent, Cinderella, The Jungle Book and Beauty and the Beast\\\", Disney announced that a live action \\\"Peter Pan\\\" movie is in development, with David Lowery directing and co-writing with Toby Halbrooks. On July 31, 2018, it was announced that it may air on the Disney+ instead. Peter Pan (1953 film) Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy adventure\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Pan (1953 film)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: A Whole New World context: A Whole New World \\\"A Whole New World\\\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an\\n\\nWhich Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 184,\n \"origin_tokens\": 184,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: I See the Light context: song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \\\"lantern sequence\\\" during which \\\"I See the Light\\\" is performed Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \\\"Kiss the Girl\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989) and \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \\\"I See the Light\\\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.\\n\\ntitle: Aladd (soundtrack context: was in204. on album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Score and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album received nomination for BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \\\"A Whole New World performed Regina Belle. The album\\n: A Whole New context cred is referred as \\\"\\\"addin\\\"s Th The version peakedillboard\\\" Hot 100 chart March 19, Whitney's \\\" Will Always Love You then- 4 weeks at the the. went000 domest track pe number2 in the UK Chart 19 The and so far from a animated film to top theboard\\\" Hot 10 The version was later included on\\n:add (92 Disney film: hook noses, g lips – but look American te.\\\" received many awardations, its music, World Best (Mark Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \\\"Aladdin\\\" won Best Original Song (\\\"A Whole New World\\\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,\\n\\nWhich Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 472,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15443,\n \"ratio\": \"32.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":190,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":190,"string":"190"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Memphis style","Memphis design","Memphis Style","Memphis movement","Memphis Group","Memphis (design group)"],"string":"[\n \"Memphis style\",\n \"Memphis design\",\n \"Memphis Style\",\n \"Memphis movement\",\n \"Memphis Group\",\n \"Memphis (design group)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Memphis Group"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1427118","text":"the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \"Memphis Group\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \"M.G.\" stood for \"Memphis Group\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"2141872","text":"Stax Records Stax Records is an American record label, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. Founded in 1957 as Satellite Records, the label changed its name to Stax Records in 1961. It was a major factor in the creation of Southern soul and Memphis soul music. Stax also released gospel, funk, and blues recordings. Renowned for its output of blues music, the label was founded by two siblings and business partners, Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton (STewart/AXton = Stax). It featured several popular ethnically integrated bands (including the label's house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s) and a racially","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"3923758","text":"Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \"The Human Timekeeper\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2015. Jackson's father, Al Jackson Sr., led a jazz/swing dance band in Memphis, Tennessee. The young Jackson started drumming at an early age and began playing on stage with his father's","title":"Al Jackson Jr."},{"id":"730834","text":"with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds. Memphis, Tennessee label Stax Records nurtured a distinctive sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by house bands Booker T and the MGs (with Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section of the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love). \"Memphis soul\" is a","title":"Soul music"},{"id":"1994336","text":"stepchildren from their prior relationships. On March 1, 1995, Booker T. & the MGs won their first Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the song \"Cruisin'\". Jones still plays with the MGs and his own small combo called the Booker T. Jones Band. His current touring group includes Vernon \"Ice\" Black (guitar), Darian Gray (drums), and Melvin Brannon (bass). Jones was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and was honored with a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement on February 11, 2007. In 2007, Jones was also inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"5602576","text":"to Albert King, who sang and played lead guitar, were the Stax in-house recording session band, Booker T. and the MGs, featuring the Memphis Horns. The release of \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" in 1967 \"would change the face of American music, modernizing the blues\". \"'It was the great divide of modern blues, the point at which the music was rescued from slipping into derivative obscurity'\". Part of the album's success has been attributed to Booker T. and the MGs who \"gave his blues a sleek, soulful sound [which] gave King crossover appeal\". Four of the album's songs became modern","title":"Born Under a Bad Sign"},{"id":"1427091","text":"Steve Potts. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. Having two white members (Cropper and Dunn), Booker T. & the M.G.'s was one of the first racially integrated rock groups, at a time when soul music and the Memphis music scene in particular were generally considered the preserve of black culture. Booker T. & the M.G.'s formed as the house band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427108","text":"the change of studios and cities between MG's gigs. Like Jones, Cropper had also become unhappy with business affairs at Stax and soon left to open his own studio in Memphis. However, the rhythm section of Dunn and Jackson remained on at Stax and did session and production work. Jackson (who had been in Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell's band) played on and wrote many of Al Green's biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \"final\" single, \"Jamaica This Morning\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"11424345","text":"the Memphis and northern Mississippi, and performed there regularly. These included such musical greats as Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, B.B. King, and Howlin' Wolf. Stax Records, which opened in Memphis in 1957, produced almost exclusively African-American music. Stax was a major factor in the creation of the Southern soul and Memphis soul music styles, also releasing gospel, funk, jazz, and blues recordings. Stax recordings and artists included Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, William Bell, The Bar-Kays and their house band, Booker T. & the MG's. Several Stax hits were written and produced by the team of","title":"History of Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"1427111","text":"to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \"Theme from \"Shaft\"\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \"Universal Language\" for","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1282131","text":"often influenced by the music of the Middle East, and frequently using exotic scales. Around the time of the British Invasion, rock changed appreciably, and instrumental hits came mostly from the R&B world. Notable artists include Booker T. & the MG's and saxophonist Junior Walker. The early incarnation of Fleetwood Mac with bandleader Peter Green achieved number one chart positions with the guitar-based instrumental Albatross in February 1969. Steve Cropper of the MG's asserts: Just before the British Invasion, Lonnie Mack's version of Chuck Berry's \"Memphis\" reached #5 on the Billboard Pop chart in June 1963. Employing both the blues","title":"Instrumental rock"},{"id":"3923767","text":"Records in the Stax Museum. According to Steve Cropper, as quoted in 'Give the Drummer Some!' by Jim Payne, a grey pearl Rogers floor tom was used in the mix 'n' match kit at Stax. Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \"The Human Timekeeper\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music","title":"Al Jackson Jr."},{"id":"1427119","text":"in an earlier Stax backing group called the Triumphs, which was also named after his car. Jones, in a 2007 interview on National Public Radio's \"Fresh Air with Terry Gross\", confirmed Moman's account of the origin of the group's name. Jones has re-confirmed this story on several occasions since, most recently as a guest on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\" on May 9, 2012. Stax historian Rob Bowman has averred that the reason the label obscured the story of the meaning of name \"M.G.'s\" (and concocted the \"Memphis Group\" explanation) was to avoid claims of trademark infringement from the","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"2141903","text":"1967 Stax was at the height of its fame. Alongside Otis Redding were soul singers Sam and Dave, Carla Thomas and writer Isaac Hayes, who would have a deep impact on funk music in the 1970s. Also signed to the record label was the house band, Booker T. and the M.G.’s, who were breaking boundaries in integration. Two of the band members were black and two were white, which at the time was unheard of, because of racial turmoil in the United States. In contrast to Stax's rapidly rising fortunes at this time, most of the house band were struggling","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"2711420","text":"equal partner. The following year, Axton and Stewart turned the Capitol Theatre, in a black Memphis neighborhood, into a recording studio and record shop, and began making hit records with predominantly black artists. Satellite was forced to change its name after it was discovered that a Los Angeles label already owned the title, and it changed its name to Stax, taking its name from Axton and Stewart's surnames. Axton was actively involved with selecting and developing the artists on the label, who included Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, Booker T & the MGs, and Isaac Hayes. She sold her interest in","title":"Estelle Axton"},{"id":"1427109","text":"the time being. In 1973, Dunn and Stax session guitarist Bobby Manuel recruited Hammond B-3 organist Carson Whitsett to be part of a band that was to back Stefan Anderson, a promising new Stax artist. Al Jackson was later brought in. The project did not ultimately yield any results, but the rehearsals were promising, prompting Jackson and Dunn to reform the M.G.'s. This version of the band featured Whitsett in place of Jones, so it was billed as simply \"the MG's\". The 1973 album entitled \"The MG's\", with Manuel and Whitsett replacing Cropper and Jones, was not commercially successful, though","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"34025","text":"and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \"king of the blues\". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and","title":"Blues"},{"id":"11708621","text":"The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and Carson Whitsett to replace Cropper and Jones respectively. Billed as \"The MG's\" since Jones was not involved with the project, the group released two singles, \"Sugar Cane\" and \"Neck Bone\". The singles and the album were not commercially successful, but were critically well received. By 1975, Jones and","title":"The MG's (album)"},{"id":"3281635","text":"Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor. He also acted as the producer of many of these records. He was later a member of the Blues Brothers band. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranked him 39th on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Born on a farm near Dora, Missouri, Cropper moved with his family to","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"3953069","text":"under their new name, the \"Mar-Keys\". Booker T. and the M.G.'s was founded by Cropper and Booker T. Jones in 1962, with the drummer Al Jackson, Jr.. The original bassist, on early hits such as \"Green Onions\", was Lewie Steinberg; Dunn replaced him in 1964. Stax became known for Jackson's drum sound, the sound of the Memphis Horns, and Dunn's grooves. The MG's and Dunn's bass lines on songs like Otis Redding's \"Respect\" and \"I Can't Turn You Loose\", Sam & Dave's \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\", and Albert King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" influenced musicians everywhere. As an instrumental","title":"Donald \"Duck\" Dunn"},{"id":"2141886","text":"drummer Al Jackson, Jr. to form Booker T. & the M.G.'s, an instrumental combo that would record numerous hit singles in their own right and served as the \"de facto\" house band for virtually every recording made at Stax from 1962 through about 1970. Dunn eventually became the band's primary bassist, replacing Steinberg in 1964. Jones was frequently absent from Stax over several years in the mid-1960s, while he pursued his musical studies at Indiana University, so during this period Isaac Hayes usually replaced him as the house band's regular pianist, although the two occasionally performed on recordings together when","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"2167378","text":"lead singer and guitarist with the Small Faces in the mid to late 1960s. Marriott was influenced from an early age by his heroes including Buddy Holly, Booker T & the MG's, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Muddy Waters and Bobby Bland. In later life Marriott became disillusioned with the music industry and turned his back on the big record companies, remaining in relative obscurity. He returned to his music roots playing the pubs and clubs around London and Essex. Marriott died on 20 April 1991 when a fire, which was thought to have been caused by a cigarette, swept through","title":"Steve Marriott"},{"id":"10243533","text":"stints in L.A., Lake Tahoe, New York, and a home away from home in Erie, Pennsylvania. With the addition of future southern soul cult figure Tommy Tate on vocals (and later drums as well), they became Tim Whitsett & The Imperial Show Band featuring Tommy Tate. This was significant because other than Memphis's renowned Booker T. & the MGs (who were a house band first, usually regulated to working days and nights in the Stax studio), this made Whitsett's band one of the first, if not the only, integrated bands in the entire Southeastern United States at the time. Like","title":"The Imperial Show Band"},{"id":"2141917","text":"from Deutsche Grammaphon, the European record company owned at the time by the giant Philips corporation. By the fall of 1970, both Steve Cropper and Booker T. Jones were frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs, and left the company and stopped playing sessions for Stax. Even though Jones was given the title of Vice President at Stax before leaving, as he put it, \"There were titles given (to us) but we didn't actually make the decisions.\" A final Booker T. and the MGs album was issued in 1971. The two remaining MGs (Duck Dunn and Al Jackson) stayed on","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"1994341","text":"Moore, William Bell and British artists Beverley Knight, Ruby Turner, James Morrison and Tom Jones. \"See also Booker T. & the M.G.'s\". Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T.","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"4581762","text":"This use of house bands, first popularized in the 1920s, was revived during the 1960s, most notably at Motown and at Stax Records. Some of these house bands, such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s (Stax), had parallel careers as main artists in their own right. House band A house band is a group of musicians, often centrally organized by a band leader, who regularly play at an establishment. It is widely used to refer both to the bands who work on entertainment programs on television or radio, and to bands which are the regular performers at a nightclub, especially","title":"House band"},{"id":"1994329","text":"Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T. Jones, Sr., who was named in honor of Booker T. Washington, the educator. Booker T. Jones, Sr. was a science teacher at","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"591225","text":"an awards banquet including a night of performance and celebration. Memphis is the home of founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including Memphis soul, Memphis blues, gospel, rock n' roll, Memphis rap, Buck, crunk, and \"sharecropper\" country music (in contrast to the \"rhinestone\" country sound of Nashville). Many musicians, including Aretha Franklin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Shawn Lane, Al Green, Rance Allen, Percy Sledge, Solomon Burke, William Bell, Sam & Dave and B.B. King, got their start in Memphis in the 1950s","title":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"7306909","text":"sang \"message\" songs like \"Long Walk to D.C.\" and \"When Will We Be Paid?,\" bringing their moving and articulate music to a huge number of young people. The group signed to Stax Records in 1968, joining their gospel harmonies and deep faith with musical accompaniment from members of Booker T. and the MGs. The Staple Singers hit the Top 40 eight times between 1971 and 1975, including two No. 1 singles, \"I'll Take You There\" produced by Al Bell and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning, \"Let's Do It Again,\" and a No. 2 single \"Who Took the Merry Out","title":"Mavis Staples"},{"id":"3889980","text":"next signed with jazz artist Leo Gooden's Coun-Tree label and cut two records for them; these also failed to chart. With no apparent career prospects other than touring the club circuit in the South and Midwest, King moved to Memphis, where he signed with the Stax record label. Produced by Al Jackson Jr., King with Booker T. & the MGs recorded dozens of influential sides, such as \"Crosscut Saw\" and \"As the Years Go Passing By\". In 1967, Stax released the album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\", a collection of the singles King recorded at Stax. The title track of","title":"Albert King"},{"id":"1427114","text":"Letterman\") went so well that the group decided to play some dates together. Over the next few years, they played together occasionally. In 1992, Bob Dylan asked Jones, Cropper, and Dunn to serve as the house band (with Jim Keltner on drums) for his \"30th Anniversary Concert\", commemorating his thirty years in the music business, at which they backed Dylan, Stevie Wonder, Johnny Cash, Eric Clapton, and George Harrison, among others. At the concert, Neil Young asked the group to back him on his 1993 world tour. Also in 1992, Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"11957717","text":"not follow the typical twelve-bar blues I-IV-V progression. Rather, it is dominated by an R&B-style bass/rhythm guitar line, which Bell claimed that he came up with \"while fooling around on the guitar\". Albert King provided his signature guitar fills around his vocals and solos during the break and outro, with backing by Booker T. & the M.G.'s and the Memphis Horns. \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" became a Billboard R&B chart hit for King, reaching number 49. It was later included on his first album for Stax, also titled \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". The album's cover depicts images of","title":"Born Under a Bad Sign (song)"},{"id":"1947124","text":"to Greenwood, he began playing bass out of necessity, teaching himself by playing along to New Order, Joy Division and Otis Redding. Among his musical influences are Booker T and the MGs, Bill Withers and Curtis Mayfield. He said: \"We were people who picked up their respective instruments because we wanted to play music together, rather than just because we wanted to play that particular instrument. So it was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument, then that was really cool. I don’t think of myself as a bass player","title":"Colin Greenwood"},{"id":"2141904","text":"to make a living: the musicians often worked long hours in the studio during the day, developing songs and arrangements, but they were paid for recordings only when the actual sessions took place, so most had to play at local venues in the evenings to earn enough to support themselves and their families. To remedy this, in 1966 Al Bell appointed the members of the so-called Big Six (Hayes, Porter and Booker T. & the M.G.'s) as full-time salaried employees of Stax, on a fixed salary of $125 a week (US$ in dollars). This allowed them to quit their night","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"5872574","text":"Whitsett's musicians had now scattered, joining other bands in other parts of the country. Davis then signed Whitsett and Tommy Tate as producer/songwriters. But within days of arriving at Stax, Whitsett was asked to take charge of the company’s music publishing division, East/Memphis Music Corp., which included works written or recorded by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Al Green, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas and Booker T. & the MGs. During his years with Stax, Whitsett was the motivating force behind the releases of million sellers, such as \"I've Been Lonely For So Long\" (Frederick Knight), \"I'll Play the Blues For","title":"Tim Whitsett"},{"id":"6957744","text":"replaced by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn. Steinberg was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007. He lived in Memphis. Steinberg died on July 21, 2016, in Memphis, at the age of 82. \"Green Onions\" (Stax 701) \"Soul Dressing\" (Stax 705) Lewie Steinberg Lewie Polk Steinberg (September 13, 1933 – July 21, 2016) was an American musician best known as the original bass guitar player for the soul music group Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. Steinberg was in the group from 1962 to","title":"Lewie Steinberg"},{"id":"1427098","text":"& the M.G.'s were meeting with greater commercial success than those credited to the Mar-Keys, the decision was made to credit \"Boot-Leg\" to Booker T. & the M.G.'s, even though Jones did not participate in the recording. Individual session credits notwithstanding, the Stax house band—Cropper, Jackson, Jones, and Steinberg, along with bassist Dunn (Cropper's bandmate in the Mar-Keys); keyboardist Isaac Hayes; and various horn players, most frequently Floyd Newman, Wayne Jackson and Andrew Love (the latter two later formed the Memphis Horns)—set a standard for soul music. Whereas the sign outside Detroit's pop-oriented Motown Records aptly read \"Hitsville U.S.A.\", the","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"3207194","text":"in on the Memphis sessions that became Jerry Lee Lewis's \"Southern Roots\" album. By all accounts, these sessions were a three-day, around-the-clock party, which not only reunited the original MGs (Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. of Booker T. and the MGs fame) for the first time in three years, but also featured Carl Perkins, Mark Lindsay (of Paul Revere & the Raiders), and Wayne Jackson plus The Memphis Horns. From 1976 to 1983, White released three more albums, each on a different label. Trying to combine his own swamp-rock sound with the popular disco music at","title":"Tony Joe White"},{"id":"10626430","text":"McLemore Avenue McLemore Avenue is a 1970 album by Booker T. & the M.G.s, consisting entirely of mostly instrumental covers of songs from the Beatles' album \"Abbey Road\" (released only months earlier, in September 1969). The title and cover are an homage to the Beatles album, 926 East McLemore Avenue being the address of the Stax Studios in Memphis, as Abbey Road was for EMI Studios in London, which was soon renamed Abbey Road Studios. Booker T. Jones said, \"I was in California when I heard \"Abbey Road\", and I thought it was incredibly courageous of The Beatles to drop","title":"McLemore Avenue"},{"id":"14818951","text":"were replaced by guitar solos. However, King uses a different arrangement based on an Afro-Cuban rhythm pattern, similar to that of his 1962 song \"I Get Evil\". Backing King is the Stax Records' house band, Booker T. & the MG's. The song was a success, reaching number 34 in the Billboard R&B chart. It was included on King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" album, which \"became one of the most popular and influential blues albums of the late '60s\". The song remained in his repertoire throughout his career and several live versions were issued. King recorded another studio version of","title":"Crosscut Saw (song)"},{"id":"1994331","text":"\"Cause I Love You,\" by Carla and Rufus (Thomas). Willie Mitchell hired Jones for his band, in which Jones started on sax and later moved to bass. It was here that he met Al Jackson Jr., who he brought to Stax. Simultaneously, Jones formed a combo with White and Porter, in which he played guitar. While hanging around the Satellite Record Shop run by Estelle Axton, co-owner of Satellite Records with her brother Jim Stewart, Jones met record clerk Steve Cropper, who would become one of the MGs when the group formed in 1962. Besides Jones on organ and Cropper","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"1427116","text":"Neil Young on his 2002 album \"Are You Passionate?\". Cropper, along with Isaac Hayes and Sam Moore, welcomed Stax president Jim Stewart into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002. Cropper and Hayes were later inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Booker T. & the M.G.'s, usually with Steve Potts on drums, still play select dates. They have been called the most influential stylists in modern American music. In early 2008 they backed singer Guy Sebastian on a sold-out tour of in Australia. In 2004, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the group #93 on their list of the 100","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"7700535","text":"stints with various teenage bands performing at talent shows and dances around the Island. In the late 1960s he formed his own quartet called Voltage Four, patterned on American group Booker T and the MGs or The Meters, and mainly toured the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In 1970, Henderson moved to Guadeloupe to become the lead singer of \"Les Vikings\" of Guadeloupe, a group that toured the French Departments of Guiana, Martinique, St. Martin and Metropolitan France. He wrote and recorded a song titled “Love” with the Vikings which became a huge hit across the Caribbean and particularly","title":"Exile One"},{"id":"1427090","text":"of which the best known is the 1962 hit single \"Green Onions\". As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, and imitated of its era. By the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 1965, Steinberg was replaced by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, who played with the group until his death in 2012. Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, after which Dunn, Cropper and Jones reunited on numerous occasions using various drummers, including Willie Hall, Anton Fig, Steve Jordan and","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"2141895","text":"R&B and the pop charts. Though the label had enjoyed some early hits with the Mar-Keys and Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Redding became the first Stax/Volt artist to consistently hit the charts with each release—in fact, each of Redding's 17 singles issued during his lifetime charted. (Carla Thomas also charted with some consistency, but her pre-1965 releases were on Atlantic, not Stax or Volt.) Between January 1962 and December 1964, Stax and Volt released several chart hits each by Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, and Booker T. and the M.G.'s. However, despite dozens of other releases, only three other Stax/Volt","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"421324","text":"Tonne The tonne () (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms; or one megagram (Mg); it is equivalent to approximately pounds, or 0.984 long tons (UK). Although not part of the SI, the tonne is accepted for use with SI units and prefixes by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The tonne is derived from the weight of pure water; there are 1,000 litres in one tonne. The SI symbol for the tonne is \"t\", adopted at the same time","title":"Tonne"},{"id":"2641524","text":"and lyrics to him, before he finally gave up the job in 1963, to focus on his role as a singer and entertainer. He recorded a series of novelty dance tracks, including \"Can Your Monkey Do the Dog'\" and '\"Somebody Stole My Dog\" for Stax, where he was often backed by Booker T. & the MGs or the Bar-Kays. He also became a mentor to younger Stax stars, giving advice on stage moves to performers like Otis Redding, who partnered daughter Carla on record. After \"Jump Back\" in 1964, the hits dried up for several years, as Stax gave more","title":"Rufus Thomas"},{"id":"12982045","text":"Who's Making Love \"Who's Making Love\" is a song written by Stax Records staffers Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis and Raymond Jackson and recorded by singer Johnnie Taylor. Released on the Stax label in the late summer of 1968, it became Taylor's breakthrough single, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot R&B singles chart and number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It became one of the few singles Taylor would become primarily known for in the mainstream. The song featured the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Isaac Hayes (on keyboards). It was Taylor's best-selling","title":"Who's Making Love"},{"id":"10244905","text":"Marvell Thomas Ronald Marvell Thomas (August 22, 1941 – January 23, 2017) was an American keyboardist, record producer and arranger known for his work in Memphis Soul. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Thomas's studio career started at the age of 17. He was the first piano player to punch the clock at Stax Records. He played on the label's earliest national hits, including \"Burnt Biscuits\" (by the short-lived group The Triumphs, later covered by Booker T. & the MGs), childhood friend William Bell's \"You Don't Miss Your Water\", and the company's first hit \"Cause I Love You\" (featuring a sixteen-year-old Booker","title":"Marvell Thomas"},{"id":"2641521","text":"Phillips, as he oriented his label more toward white audiences and signed Elvis Presley, who later recorded Thomas's song \"Tiger Man\". Thomas did not record again until 1956, when he made a single, \"I'm Steady Holdin' On\", for the Bihari brothers' Meteor label; musicians on the record included Lewie Steinberg, later a founding member of Booker T and the MGs. In 1960 he made his first recordings with his 17-year-old daughter Carla, for the Satellite label in Memphis, which changed its name to Stax the following year. The song, \"Cause I Love You\", featuring a rhythm borrowed from Jesse Hill's","title":"Rufus Thomas"},{"id":"11101747","text":"and destructive. When you're on tape, it's on tape, and it's really hard to go in and fix a bunch of stuff like you can with computer these days.\" Sebastian wrote about his time recording in Memphis in a series of blogs in Australian newspapers. \"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. [...] I would show them which song I wanted to record. After listening to any changes I had, we","title":"The Memphis Album"},{"id":"18507381","text":"leaving him, his two brothers and mother, Joan Patterson. As a result, Patterson devoted himself completely to music and his guitar playing. He was soon exposed to rock bands such as Van Halen, AC/DC, Queen and The Who. With the release of the \"Blues Brothers\" film in 1980, Patterson was heavily drawn to the influences of the film’s soundtrack and band: Elmore James, Sam and Dave, and Booker T and the MG’s. For the next four years, he was consumed by practicing and began writing songs. He played in and out of local bands until he graduated from Athol High","title":"Shawn Patterson (composer)"},{"id":"2356700","text":"co-produced the album with Sebastian, which was recorded on analogue tape live in the studio. Sebastian wrote about his time in Memphis in a series of blogs for Australian newspapers, \"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. I mean, they are mostly in their late 60s and have such a wealth of experience.\" Cropper later spoke on AllMemphisMusic, an online Memphis radio station, \"This kid came into Memphis, and just blew","title":"Guy Sebastian"},{"id":"2141905","text":"jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and from this point on Booker T. and the M.G.'s regularly backed virtually all of the artists who recorded at Stax. Bell also persuaded Jim Stewart to set up a \"production pool\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving from Atlantic was split equally between the Big Six to pay them for their production duties with the artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which was still a segregated city, where Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"4088651","text":"Mar-Keys were no longer routinely issuing singles, the name still had a certain amount of marketability, and in the late 1960s the Mar-Keys name was used whenever horn players Andrew Love and Wayne Jackson (later known as the Memphis Horns) teamed with Booker T. & the M.G.'s in live performances. The two groups shared billing on a live album in 1967, \"Back to Back\", from a concert in Paris. For the 1969 album \"Damifiknow!\", the Mar-Keys were back in the studio, and were explicitly identified in the album credits as the sextet of Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, Booker T. Jones,","title":"The Mar-Keys"},{"id":"2284851","text":"Columbia Records signed Big Brother and the Holding Company on the basis of their performance at Monterey. Eric Burdon changed gears with his performance at Monterey. After three years of playing with the original Animals as part of the British Invasion, and the breakup of that band, Eric assembled a new band, a \"New Animals\", and at the festival, they performed the Rolling Stones' song \"Paint It Black\" which showcased Burdon's new style: anti-war, hard rock. Monterey affected his career intensely, as later captured in the song he wrote about it. Redding, backed by Booker T. & the MG's, was","title":"Monterey Pop Festival"},{"id":"2599167","text":"purchase brought in Atlantic's lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. In the mid 1960s, Atlantic/Stax had released a string of landmark soul music recordings by artists including Booker T & the MGs, Sam & Dave, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Ben E. King, and Aretha Franklin. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings. However, Atlantic also moved decisively into rock and pop in the late 1960s and 1970s, signing major British and American acts including","title":"Warner Music Group"},{"id":"2948773","text":"integration. Composed of Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr., Booker T. and the MGs provided the instrumental backing for Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, and many other artists, The group also recorded under its own name, including the instrumental hit \"Green Onions\". In later years, members of the group pursued their own individual careers. Jones worked with the singer and producer William Bell and co-wrote the blues classic \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". Cropper supervised the recordings of Otis Redding and co-wrote hits with Wilson Pickett and Eddie Floyd. Stax gave back","title":"Memphis soul"},{"id":"1427115","text":"and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1993, Booker T. & the M.G.'s toured with Neil Young, backing him on his own compositions. In 1994, the group recorded its first album in 17 years, \"That's the Way It Should Be\". Steve Jordan was the drummer on most tracks. In 1995, when the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened its museum in Cleveland, Ohio, the M.G.'s served as the house band for the opening ceremonies, playing behind Aretha Franklin, Sam Moore, John Fogerty, and Al Green, as well as performing themselves. Jones, Dunn, and Al Jackson's cousin, drummer Steve Potts, backed","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427099","text":"marquee outside of the converted movie theater where Stax was based proclaimed \"Soulsville U.S.A.\" Booker T. & the M.G.'s consistently issued singles from 1963 to 1965, but only a few made the charts, and none was as successful as \"Green Onions\". Their second album, \"Soul Dressing\", was released in 1965. Whereas the \"Green Onions\" album contained mostly covers, every composition but one on \"Soul Dressing\" was an original. After contributing to that album, Steinberg left the group, and Dunn (who had played on previous Stax sessions) became the group's full-time bassist. During a tour when the band was in Los","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"10993607","text":"formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" and \"We've Only Just Begun\". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three number-one singles and five number-two singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and fifteen number-one","title":"The Carpenters"},{"id":"12286958","text":"bought WCW\". Booker is a six-time world champion, having won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship five times (four times in WCW, and once in the WWF) and WWE's World Heavyweight Championship once. He is the first non-mixed race African American to become a world champion in WWE, and was voted the greatest World Heavyweight Champion in a WWE viewer poll. Booker is a 15-time world tag team champion between WCW (10 times), WWF/E (four times), and TNA (once). Additionally, he was the winner of the King of the Ring tournament in 2006, the sixteenth Triple Crown Champion, and the ninth","title":"Booker T (wrestler)"},{"id":"3198306","text":"Test (wrestler) Andrew James Robert Patrick Martin (March 17, 1975 – March 13, 2009) was a Canadian-American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE) under the ring name Test. During his nine-year tenure with the WWF/WWE, he found his greatest success as a singles performer, winning the Intercontinental and European Championships once each, and the Hardcore Championship twice. Martin found additional success in the tag team division, twice becoming a World Tag Team Champion with Booker T by winning the WWF and WCW World Tag Team Championships once each. Martin","title":"Test (wrestler)"},{"id":"3281642","text":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Cropper appeared with a new line-up of the group for the Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary concert, on October 1992 at Madison Square Garden, performing songs by and backing Dylan, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, Chrissie Hynde, Sinéad O'Connor, Stevie Wonder and Neil Young. The concert was recorded and later released as \"The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration\" (1993). Young later recruited this line up of Booker T. and the M.G's to tour with him and record as his studio band. In 1996,","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"12286957","text":"Television Championships (along with being the first African American titleholder), and a record eleven WCW World Tag Team Championships: ten as one half of Harlem Heat with his brother, Lash \"Stevie Ray\" Huffman in WCW (most reigns within that company), and one in the WWF with Test. Harlem Heat were recognized by WWE as being – along with The Steiner Brothers – WCW's greatest ever tag team. Booker was the final WCW World Heavyweight Champion and WCW United States Heavyweight Champion under the WCW banner; industry veteran John Layfield described him as \"the best acquisition that WWE got when they","title":"Booker T (wrestler)"},{"id":"3281646","text":"4th Crossroads Guitar Festival at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Cropper married his first wife, Betty, in 1961. They have two children named Stephen and Ashley. They lived in Memphis, TN, until divorcing in 1976. Cropper married his second wife, Angel, in the late 1980s. They have two children named Andrea and Cameron. The Croppers currently live in Tennessee. Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding,","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"1427104","text":"fondly called the group \"Book a Table and the Maitre d's\" (in 1974, Lennon facetiously credited himself and his studio band as \"Dr. Winston and Booker Table and the Maitre d's\" on his original R&B-inspired instrumental, \"Beef Jerky\"). Paul McCartney, like Dunn, played bass melodically, without straying from the rhythm or the groove. In 1970, Lennon's wish was granted, in a sense, when Booker T. and the M.G.'s recorded \"McLemore Avenue\" (named for the street where Stax Records was located), on which they performed instrumental cover versions of thirteen of the songs on \"Abbey Road\", condensing twelve of them into","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427096","text":"played tuba over Donald \"Duck\" Dunn's bass line), \"Soul Man\", \"Who's Making Love\", \"I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)\", and \"Try a Little Tenderness\", among others. Along with their counterparts in Detroit, Motown's Funk Brothers, as a backing band to numerous hits, they are considered to have originated much of the sound of soul music—particularly, in the case of the M.G.'s, Southern soul—in which \"the groove\" is paramount. In the mid-1960s Jones was often away from Memphis while studying music full-time at Indiana University. Stax writer and producer Isaac Hayes usually stepped in when Jones was unavailable","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"3281640","text":"produced various musicians including Tower of Power, Rod Stewart, John Prine, José Feliciano, The Jeff Beck Group, Ringo Starr and John Lennon. It's little-known that Cropper also played guitar on the cover of The Velvet Underground's \"Femme Fatale\" that appears on fellow Memphians Big Star's \"Third/Sister Lovers\". By 1975, Cropper had moved to Los Angeles and along with Jones, Jackson and Dunn, reformed Booker T. & the M.G's. Jackson, whom Cropper called \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth,\" was murdered in his Memphis home before the group could make their comeback. In 1978, Cropper and Dunn became members","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"3281637","text":"guitarist's playing, Stax Records president Jim Stewart saw professionalism and maturity beyond Cropper's years. When American Records founder Chips Moman left Stax, Cropper became the company's A&R man. He became a founding member of the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, along with Hammond organ player Booker T. Jones, bassist Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and drummer Al Jackson Jr.. As a house guitarist he played on many recordings such as \"(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay,\" co-written with and performed by Otis Redding and Sam & Dave's \"Soul Man\" on which he was mentioned by name. When Cropper","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"9364263","text":"changed to the Bar-Kays in the mid-1960s. Cauley started attending LeMoyne College in 1965, before becoming a professional musician. The Bar-Kays joined the Stax studio by 1966, and were signed on to Stax's subsidiary Volt Records in the beginning of 1967. According to James Alexander, Cauley was the best dressed of the group, always known to wear a suit, no matter the occasion. Al Jackson, Jr. the drummer with Booker T & the MGs, took a particular interest in the young members of the Bar-Kays and groomed them to become the second house band for Stax after Booker T and","title":"Ben Cauley"},{"id":"8668585","text":"Major's contribution was truly phenomenal and unforgettable... [He] was to become legendary as a UK club act, known to deliver 110% at every performance.\" In 1972, while in England, he recorded an album, \"Major Lance's Greatest Hits Recorded Live at the Torch\", at the Torch, a club in Stoke on Trent, which has been described as \"perhaps the best Northern Soul album ever made.\" Lance returned to Atlanta in 1974 and recorded an updated disco version of \"Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um\" for Playboy Records. He set up a new label, Osiris, with former Booker T and the MG's","title":"Major Lance"},{"id":"11990682","text":"soul in all its unpretentious, down-home glory\". According to Steve Cropper, lead guitarist for Booker T and the MG's, the Stax Recording Studio played a key role in the creation of the title track, \"Hold on, I'm Comin\"'. Stax Records was an old Movie Theater located at 926 East McLemore Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. The men's restroom in the theater-turned studio had tile walls and tile floors. To produce reverb and echo a speaker from the studio was placed in the men's room to pipe the sound into the men's room; and a microphone was placed in the men's room","title":"Hold On, I'm Comin'"},{"id":"10626453","text":"studio in Memphis, spending less and less time at the Stax studio. \"Melting Pot\" was recorded in New York City, between M.G.'s gigs, as Jones refused to record in Memphis and wanted the band to create a different sound for the new album. The album's title track was edited for length and issued by Stax as a single in spring 1971. \"Melting Pot\" peaked at number 45 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States and at number 21 on the \"Billboard\" R&B singles chart. The review in \"Rolling Stone\" magazine was very positive, concluding in its final paragraph:","title":"Melting Pot (Booker T album)"},{"id":"11680134","text":"Al Bell Al Bell (born Alvertis Isbell, March 15, 1940) is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive. He is best known as having been an executive and co-owner of Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, during the latter half of the label's 19-year existence. A former disc jockey in his hometown of Little Rock, Arkansas, Bell was vital to the careers of Stax's soul stars such as the Staple SIngers and Isaac Hayes, the Emotions, the Dramatics, and Mel and Tim. Bell's promotional efforts drove the “Memphis sound” internationally and made Stax the second-largest African-American–owned business in the","title":"Al Bell"},{"id":"1427100","text":"Angeles playing in a Stax Revue, an informal jam session with three of the M.G.'s was recorded in Hollywood in 1965, initiated by DJ Magnificent Montague who played congas. The resulting track, \"Hole in the Wall\", was issued by Pure Soul Music in October 1965 credited to the Packers with writing shared by Montague, Cropper, Jackson and Jones. The track reached number 43 on Billboard, and made the Top 30 on Cash Box. All other songs released by the Packers had no involvement from Booker T. & the M.G.'s. After a period of commercial decline, Booker T. & the M.G.'s","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"11708622","text":"Cropper agreed to reform the original lineup with Jackson and Dunn, but just days before their scheduled reunion, Jackson was murdered at his home in Memphis, Tennessee. All tracks composed by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson, Jr., Bobby Manuel, Carson Whitsett; except where indicated Side One Side Two The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and","title":"The MG's (album)"},{"id":"1427120","text":"manufacturers of the car. Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"591227","text":"Motown. Booker T. and the M.G.s were the label's backing band for most of the classic hits that came out of Stax, by Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and many more. The sound still lives on in the \"Blues Brothers\" movie, in which many of the musicians starred as themselves. Memphis is noted for its influence on the power pop musical genre in the 1970s. Notable bands and musicians include Big Star, Chris Bell, Alex Chilton, Tommy Hoehn, The Scruffs, and Prix. Several notable singers are from the Memphis area, including Justin Timberlake, Kirk Whalum, Three 6 Mafia,","title":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"210461","text":"(such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle.\" It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \"Soul Brother No. 1\", after failing to win the title \"King of Soul\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin","title":"James Brown"},{"id":"13280668","text":"The Packers The Packers were an American soul group formed by tenor saxophonist Charles \"Packy\" Axton, who was the son of Stax Records part-owner Estelle Axton. Axton was a former member of the Mar-Keys, as was Steve Cropper, who played on the group's first recording and hit, ostensibly recorded as a 'demo'. Cropper, a member of Booker T. Jones & The MGs and the Stax Records' session band, was also joined by Booker T. on piano and drummer Al Jackson for the recording, while Leon Haywood (on organ) was among those who also played on the group's records. The Packers'","title":"The Packers"},{"id":"3840979","text":"time of release, this was the only record that featured the cover of the \"Time Is Tight\" instrumental by Booker T & the MGs. \"Capital Radio\" was extremely rare in the UK. Rather than re-issue the original the group recorded a new version for \"The Cost of Living\" as \"Capital Radio Two.\" \"Cheat\" is from their UK debut album but had been left off the US version. \"Bankrobber\" had been a UK A-side. \"Robber Dub\" was originally intended for the b-side of an unreleased \"Bankrobber\" 12\" dance club single. The two tracks appear here in a combined edit that is","title":"Super Black Market Clash"},{"id":"3889984","text":"King wanted to retain his popular appeal and remain on the charts, and so he eagerly embraced the new sound of funk. King was teamed with members of the Bar-Kays and the Movement (Isaac Hayes's backing group), including the bassist James Alexander and the drummer Willie Hall, adding strong funk elements to his music. Adding strings and multiple rhythm guitarists, producers Allen Jones and Henry Bush created a wall of sound that contrasted with the sparse, punchy records King made with Booker T. & the MGs. Among these was another of King's signature songs, \"I'll Play the Blues for You\",","title":"Albert King"},{"id":"1427089","text":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records under their own name,","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"14867988","text":"and Gov't Mule (\"Live... With a Little Help from Our Friends\" 1999), and Schenker – Pattison Summit (\"The Endless Jam Continues\" 2005). The Hunter (Albert King song) \"The Hunter\" is a blues song first recorded by Albert King in 1967 for his landmark album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". It was written by Stax Records' house band, Booker T. and the MGs, and Carl Wells. Along with \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" and \"Crosscut Saw\", \"The Hunter\" is one of King's best-known and most recorded songs. In 1969, Ike and Tina Turner had hit with the tune in the R&B","title":"The Hunter (Albert King song)"},{"id":"172015","text":"Emerson limited the use of Leslie because he felt that was Preston's domain at the time, whereas he himself was approaching the instrument with an aesthetic combining \"a white European attitude\", classical music, and rock. Booker T. Jones is cited as being the bridge from rhythm and blues to rock. British organist James Taylor said the Hammond \"became popular [in the UK] when people such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s and artists on the Stax Records label came over to London and played gigs.\" Matthew Fisher first encountered the Hammond in 1966, having heard the Small Faces' Ian McLagan","title":"Hammond organ"},{"id":"1427106","text":"a Hammond B-3 on the album \"Pendulum\" was an acknowledgement of Jones and the admiration the two bands had for each other. Booker T. and the M.G.'s released what would be their last Stax single, \"Melting Pot\", and their last Stax album, also called \"Melting Pot\", in 1971. \"Melting Pot\"'s repetitive groove-oriented drumming, loping bass line, and tight rhythm guitar made it an underground hit popular in New York City block parties. The song has often been sampled by rappers and techno DJs. The full-length album version of the track is over eight minutes long and contains a passage (not","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"12286956","text":"Booker T (wrestler) Robert Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965), better known by his ring name Booker T, is an American professional wrestling promoter, color commentator, and professional wrestler, signed with WWE. He is also the owner and founder of the independent promotion Reality of Wrestling (ROW) in Texas City, Texas. Booker is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), holding 35 championships between those organizations. He is the most decorated wrestler in WCW history, having held 21 titles including a record six WCW World","title":"Booker T (wrestler)"},{"id":"3839204","text":"saxophone for the Mar-Keys, which also featured Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn and others. The hit instrumental single \"Last Night\" (composed by the band as a whole) was the first of many successful hits to Nix's credit. Without Nix, the Mar-Keys evolved into Booker T. & the M.G.'s. As a producer, Nix worked with other artists and producers, such as Leon Russell of Shelter Records; Gary Lewis and the Playboys in Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars; George Harrison, of the Beatles; and John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers. One notable achievement was his collaboration with Harrison, Russell, and many others in the","title":"Don Nix"},{"id":"4088649","text":"through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar-Keys or Booker T. & the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar-Keys both live and in the studio for several years. The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time","title":"The Mar-Keys"},{"id":"3953082","text":"Jr., were given a Lifetime Achievement Grammy award for their contributions to popular music. In 2017 Dunn was posthumously awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Bass Player Magazine for his contributions to \"the art, craft, and profession of bass playing.\" Donald \"Duck\" Dunn Donald \"Duck\" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam &","title":"Donald \"Duck\" Dunn"},{"id":"11283548","text":"Presenting Isaac Hayes Presenting Isaac Hayes is the debut studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. The album was released in 1968, by Enterprise and Atlantic Records. The LP was the first release on Stax Records' Enterprise label; Hayes had for several years served as one of Stax's key songwriters, producers, and studio musicians. Recorded to appease Stax vice president Alvertis Isbell (Al Bell), \"Presenting\" features Hayes recording with Booker T. & the MGs members Al Jackson, Jr. and Donald \"Duck\" Dunn as a jazz trio. No material was prepared for the sessions, so the three musicians improvised an","title":"Presenting Isaac Hayes"},{"id":"8182847","text":"2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The Neptunes production discography The Neptunes are a two-member producing group consisting of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo. This discography lists the recorded performances as a duo and individuals. It also lists the writing and production credits as The Neptunes, as Williams or Hugo, or both. Song names that are bold are singles, album names/releases are in \"italics\". S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) – \"S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) (Studio Session) (Unreleased)\" (With Larry Live, DJ Timmy Tim aka \"Timbaland\", Mr. Magoo & Magnum The Verb Lord","title":"The Neptunes production discography"},{"id":"1427174","text":"produced the duo's biggest hits (although they did not receive production credits until the \"Soul Men\" LP and singles). According to Moore and Prater, they also greatly influenced the duo's singing style, and shifted their recording style from the style of their Roulette records to a more live, more energetic gospel, call-and-response feel and beat driven soul style the group is known for today. Sam & Dave's Stax records also benefited from the musicians and engineering at Stax. The Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and the Stax horn section, the Mar-Keys, were world-class musicians who co-wrote (often","title":"Sam & Dave"},{"id":"1427103","text":"(later used by the BBC as their theme for cricket coverage on both TV and, latterly, radio's \"Test Match Special\"), as was their version of \"Hang 'Em High\". In 1969, the band scored their second biggest hit with \"Time Is Tight\", from the soundtrack to the movie \"Up Tight!\", scored by Jones, which reached #6 on the Billboard pop charts. In 1969, Dunn and Jones, in particular, had become admirers of the Beatles, especially their work on \"Abbey Road\". The appreciation was mutual, as the Beatles had been musically influenced by the M.G.'s. John Lennon was a Stax fan, who","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427110","text":"it was critically well received. Whitsett would go on to back Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, Little Milton, and Kathy Mattea, and his songs were recorded by Johnnie Taylor, Solomon Burke, B. B. King, Etta James, Conway Twitty, and Lorrie Morgan. Manuel would become a staple of the Memphis music scene, playing with everybody from Al Green to Albert King, and later founded HighStacks Records (the name being a tribute to both Stax and Hi Records). After a promising meeting in late September 1975, Jones and Cropper (who were now living in Los Angeles) and Jackson and Dunn (still in Memphis), decided","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1472536","text":"and started recording mostly rock 'n' roll. Booker T. & the M.G.'s carried the electric blues style into the 1960s. Detroit-based John Lee Hooker pursued a unique brand of electric blues based on his deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie woogie, his \"groovy\" style is sometimes called \"guitar boogie\". His first hit, \"Boogie Chillen\", reached #1 on the R&B charts in 1949. He continued to play and record until his death in 2001. The New Orleans blues musician Guitar Slim recorded \"The Things That I Used to Do\" (1953), which featured","title":"Electric blues"},{"id":"8780658","text":"23 The Coasters - Poison Ivy 24 Charles Mingus - Pithecanthropus Erectus 25 The Drifters - Save The Last Dance For Me 26 Ben E. King - Stand By Me 27 Bobby Darin - Mack The Knife 28 Booker T. And The MG's - Hip Hug-Her 29 Booker T. And The MG's - Green Onions 30 Rufus Thomas - Walking The Dog 31 Otis Redding - Try A Little Tenderness 32 Aretha Franklyn - Baby, Baby, Baby 33 Aretha Franklyn - Ain't No Way 34 Aretha Franklyn - Respect 35 Cream - Strange Brew 36 Cream - Sunshine Of Your","title":"Tom Dowd and the Language of Music"},{"id":"1994333","text":"a session musician with other Stax acts, and writing songs that became widely regarded as classics. He wrote, with Eddie Floyd, \"I've Never Found a Girl (To Love Me Like You Do),\" Otis Redding's \"I Love You More Than Words Can Say,\" and, with William Bell, bluesman Albert King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" (later popularized by the cover version recorded by the British power trio Cream). In 1970, Jones moved to California and stopped playing sessions for Stax after becoming frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs as employees rather than musicians. Even though Jones was given the title","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"4329500","text":"others.\" He joined Radio Caroline, a pirate radio station broadcasting from a ship off the coast of Britain, in 1964. There, his American-influenced quick presentation style soon made him one of the station's best-loved DJs. He was often joined on air by his mynah bird Alfie. After his time at Radio Caroline, speaking fluent French, he presented for French-language stations Radio Monte Carlo and Radio Luxembourg as \"Le Président Rosko\". Rosko compered the Stax/Volt Tour of Europe in 1967 and can be heard introducing Booker T. & the M.G.'s, the Bar-Kays, Carla Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Sam & Dave, and Otis","title":"Emperor Rosko"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1427118\",\n \"text\": \"the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \\\"M.G.\\\" stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141872\",\n \"text\": \"Stax Records Stax Records is an American record label, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. Founded in 1957 as Satellite Records, the label changed its name to Stax Records in 1961. It was a major factor in the creation of Southern soul and Memphis soul music. Stax also released gospel, funk, and blues recordings. Renowned for its output of blues music, the label was founded by two siblings and business partners, Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton (STewart/AXton = Stax). It featured several popular ethnically integrated bands (including the label's house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s) and a racially\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3923758\",\n \"text\": \"Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \\\"The Human Timekeeper\\\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2015. Jackson's father, Al Jackson Sr., led a jazz/swing dance band in Memphis, Tennessee. The young Jackson started drumming at an early age and began playing on stage with his father's\",\n \"title\": \"Al Jackson Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"730834\",\n \"text\": \"with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds. Memphis, Tennessee label Stax Records nurtured a distinctive sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by house bands Booker T and the MGs (with Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section of the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love). \\\"Memphis soul\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Soul music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994336\",\n \"text\": \"stepchildren from their prior relationships. On March 1, 1995, Booker T. & the MGs won their first Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the song \\\"Cruisin'\\\". Jones still plays with the MGs and his own small combo called the Booker T. Jones Band. His current touring group includes Vernon \\\"Ice\\\" Black (guitar), Darian Gray (drums), and Melvin Brannon (bass). Jones was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and was honored with a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement on February 11, 2007. In 2007, Jones was also inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5602576\",\n \"text\": \"to Albert King, who sang and played lead guitar, were the Stax in-house recording session band, Booker T. and the MGs, featuring the Memphis Horns. The release of \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" in 1967 \\\"would change the face of American music, modernizing the blues\\\". \\\"'It was the great divide of modern blues, the point at which the music was rescued from slipping into derivative obscurity'\\\". Part of the album's success has been attributed to Booker T. and the MGs who \\\"gave his blues a sleek, soulful sound [which] gave King crossover appeal\\\". Four of the album's songs became modern\",\n \"title\": \"Born Under a Bad Sign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427091\",\n \"text\": \"Steve Potts. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. Having two white members (Cropper and Dunn), Booker T. & the M.G.'s was one of the first racially integrated rock groups, at a time when soul music and the Memphis music scene in particular were generally considered the preserve of black culture. Booker T. & the M.G.'s formed as the house band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427108\",\n \"text\": \"the change of studios and cities between MG's gigs. Like Jones, Cropper had also become unhappy with business affairs at Stax and soon left to open his own studio in Memphis. However, the rhythm section of Dunn and Jackson remained on at Stax and did session and production work. Jackson (who had been in Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell's band) played on and wrote many of Al Green's biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \\\"final\\\" single, \\\"Jamaica This Morning\\\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11424345\",\n \"text\": \"the Memphis and northern Mississippi, and performed there regularly. These included such musical greats as Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, B.B. King, and Howlin' Wolf. Stax Records, which opened in Memphis in 1957, produced almost exclusively African-American music. Stax was a major factor in the creation of the Southern soul and Memphis soul music styles, also releasing gospel, funk, jazz, and blues recordings. Stax recordings and artists included Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, William Bell, The Bar-Kays and their house band, Booker T. & the MG's. Several Stax hits were written and produced by the team of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427111\",\n \"text\": \"to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \\\"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\\\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \\\"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\\\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \\\"Theme from \\\"Shaft\\\"\\\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \\\"Universal Language\\\" for\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1282131\",\n \"text\": \"often influenced by the music of the Middle East, and frequently using exotic scales. Around the time of the British Invasion, rock changed appreciably, and instrumental hits came mostly from the R&B world. Notable artists include Booker T. & the MG's and saxophonist Junior Walker. The early incarnation of Fleetwood Mac with bandleader Peter Green achieved number one chart positions with the guitar-based instrumental Albatross in February 1969. Steve Cropper of the MG's asserts: Just before the British Invasion, Lonnie Mack's version of Chuck Berry's \\\"Memphis\\\" reached #5 on the Billboard Pop chart in June 1963. Employing both the blues\",\n \"title\": \"Instrumental rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3923767\",\n \"text\": \"Records in the Stax Museum. According to Steve Cropper, as quoted in 'Give the Drummer Some!' by Jim Payne, a grey pearl Rogers floor tom was used in the mix 'n' match kit at Stax. Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \\\"The Human Timekeeper\\\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music\",\n \"title\": \"Al Jackson Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427119\",\n \"text\": \"in an earlier Stax backing group called the Triumphs, which was also named after his car. Jones, in a 2007 interview on National Public Radio's \\\"Fresh Air with Terry Gross\\\", confirmed Moman's account of the origin of the group's name. Jones has re-confirmed this story on several occasions since, most recently as a guest on the \\\"Late Show with David Letterman\\\" on May 9, 2012. Stax historian Rob Bowman has averred that the reason the label obscured the story of the meaning of name \\\"M.G.'s\\\" (and concocted the \\\"Memphis Group\\\" explanation) was to avoid claims of trademark infringement from the\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141903\",\n \"text\": \"1967 Stax was at the height of its fame. Alongside Otis Redding were soul singers Sam and Dave, Carla Thomas and writer Isaac Hayes, who would have a deep impact on funk music in the 1970s. Also signed to the record label was the house band, Booker T. and the M.G.’s, who were breaking boundaries in integration. Two of the band members were black and two were white, which at the time was unheard of, because of racial turmoil in the United States. In contrast to Stax's rapidly rising fortunes at this time, most of the house band were struggling\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2711420\",\n \"text\": \"equal partner. The following year, Axton and Stewart turned the Capitol Theatre, in a black Memphis neighborhood, into a recording studio and record shop, and began making hit records with predominantly black artists. Satellite was forced to change its name after it was discovered that a Los Angeles label already owned the title, and it changed its name to Stax, taking its name from Axton and Stewart's surnames. Axton was actively involved with selecting and developing the artists on the label, who included Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, Booker T & the MGs, and Isaac Hayes. She sold her interest in\",\n \"title\": \"Estelle Axton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427109\",\n \"text\": \"the time being. In 1973, Dunn and Stax session guitarist Bobby Manuel recruited Hammond B-3 organist Carson Whitsett to be part of a band that was to back Stefan Anderson, a promising new Stax artist. Al Jackson was later brought in. The project did not ultimately yield any results, but the rehearsals were promising, prompting Jackson and Dunn to reform the M.G.'s. This version of the band featured Whitsett in place of Jones, so it was billed as simply \\\"the MG's\\\". The 1973 album entitled \\\"The MG's\\\", with Manuel and Whitsett replacing Cropper and Jones, was not commercially successful, though\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34025\",\n \"text\": \"and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \\\"king of the blues\\\". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \\\"Blue\\\" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and\",\n \"title\": \"Blues\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11708621\",\n \"text\": \"The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and Carson Whitsett to replace Cropper and Jones respectively. Billed as \\\"The MG's\\\" since Jones was not involved with the project, the group released two singles, \\\"Sugar Cane\\\" and \\\"Neck Bone\\\". The singles and the album were not commercially successful, but were critically well received. By 1975, Jones and\",\n \"title\": \"The MG's (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281635\",\n \"text\": \"Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor. He also acted as the producer of many of these records. He was later a member of the Blues Brothers band. \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine ranked him 39th on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Born on a farm near Dora, Missouri, Cropper moved with his family to\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3953069\",\n \"text\": \"under their new name, the \\\"Mar-Keys\\\". Booker T. and the M.G.'s was founded by Cropper and Booker T. Jones in 1962, with the drummer Al Jackson, Jr.. The original bassist, on early hits such as \\\"Green Onions\\\", was Lewie Steinberg; Dunn replaced him in 1964. Stax became known for Jackson's drum sound, the sound of the Memphis Horns, and Dunn's grooves. The MG's and Dunn's bass lines on songs like Otis Redding's \\\"Respect\\\" and \\\"I Can't Turn You Loose\\\", Sam & Dave's \\\"Hold On, I'm Comin'\\\", and Albert King's \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" influenced musicians everywhere. As an instrumental\",\n \"title\": \"Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141886\",\n \"text\": \"drummer Al Jackson, Jr. to form Booker T. & the M.G.'s, an instrumental combo that would record numerous hit singles in their own right and served as the \\\"de facto\\\" house band for virtually every recording made at Stax from 1962 through about 1970. Dunn eventually became the band's primary bassist, replacing Steinberg in 1964. Jones was frequently absent from Stax over several years in the mid-1960s, while he pursued his musical studies at Indiana University, so during this period Isaac Hayes usually replaced him as the house band's regular pianist, although the two occasionally performed on recordings together when\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2167378\",\n \"text\": \"lead singer and guitarist with the Small Faces in the mid to late 1960s. Marriott was influenced from an early age by his heroes including Buddy Holly, Booker T & the MG's, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Muddy Waters and Bobby Bland. In later life Marriott became disillusioned with the music industry and turned his back on the big record companies, remaining in relative obscurity. He returned to his music roots playing the pubs and clubs around London and Essex. Marriott died on 20 April 1991 when a fire, which was thought to have been caused by a cigarette, swept through\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Marriott\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10243533\",\n \"text\": \"stints in L.A., Lake Tahoe, New York, and a home away from home in Erie, Pennsylvania. With the addition of future southern soul cult figure Tommy Tate on vocals (and later drums as well), they became Tim Whitsett & The Imperial Show Band featuring Tommy Tate. This was significant because other than Memphis's renowned Booker T. & the MGs (who were a house band first, usually regulated to working days and nights in the Stax studio), this made Whitsett's band one of the first, if not the only, integrated bands in the entire Southeastern United States at the time. Like\",\n \"title\": \"The Imperial Show Band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141917\",\n \"text\": \"from Deutsche Grammaphon, the European record company owned at the time by the giant Philips corporation. By the fall of 1970, both Steve Cropper and Booker T. Jones were frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs, and left the company and stopped playing sessions for Stax. Even though Jones was given the title of Vice President at Stax before leaving, as he put it, \\\"There were titles given (to us) but we didn't actually make the decisions.\\\" A final Booker T. and the MGs album was issued in 1971. The two remaining MGs (Duck Dunn and Al Jackson) stayed on\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994341\",\n \"text\": \"Moore, William Bell and British artists Beverley Knight, Ruby Turner, James Morrison and Tom Jones. \\\"See also Booker T. & the M.G.'s\\\". Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T.\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4581762\",\n \"text\": \"This use of house bands, first popularized in the 1920s, was revived during the 1960s, most notably at Motown and at Stax Records. Some of these house bands, such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s (Stax), had parallel careers as main artists in their own right. House band A house band is a group of musicians, often centrally organized by a band leader, who regularly play at an establishment. It is widely used to refer both to the bands who work on entertainment programs on television or radio, and to bands which are the regular performers at a nightclub, especially\",\n \"title\": \"House band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994329\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T. Jones, Sr., who was named in honor of Booker T. Washington, the educator. Booker T. Jones, Sr. was a science teacher at\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591225\",\n \"text\": \"an awards banquet including a night of performance and celebration. Memphis is the home of founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including Memphis soul, Memphis blues, gospel, rock n' roll, Memphis rap, Buck, crunk, and \\\"sharecropper\\\" country music (in contrast to the \\\"rhinestone\\\" country sound of Nashville). Many musicians, including Aretha Franklin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Shawn Lane, Al Green, Rance Allen, Percy Sledge, Solomon Burke, William Bell, Sam & Dave and B.B. King, got their start in Memphis in the 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7306909\",\n \"text\": \"sang \\\"message\\\" songs like \\\"Long Walk to D.C.\\\" and \\\"When Will We Be Paid?,\\\" bringing their moving and articulate music to a huge number of young people. The group signed to Stax Records in 1968, joining their gospel harmonies and deep faith with musical accompaniment from members of Booker T. and the MGs. The Staple Singers hit the Top 40 eight times between 1971 and 1975, including two No. 1 singles, \\\"I'll Take You There\\\" produced by Al Bell and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning, \\\"Let's Do It Again,\\\" and a No. 2 single \\\"Who Took the Merry Out\",\n \"title\": \"Mavis Staples\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3889980\",\n \"text\": \"next signed with jazz artist Leo Gooden's Coun-Tree label and cut two records for them; these also failed to chart. With no apparent career prospects other than touring the club circuit in the South and Midwest, King moved to Memphis, where he signed with the Stax record label. Produced by Al Jackson Jr., King with Booker T. & the MGs recorded dozens of influential sides, such as \\\"Crosscut Saw\\\" and \\\"As the Years Go Passing By\\\". In 1967, Stax released the album \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\", a collection of the singles King recorded at Stax. The title track of\",\n \"title\": \"Albert King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427114\",\n \"text\": \"Letterman\\\") went so well that the group decided to play some dates together. Over the next few years, they played together occasionally. In 1992, Bob Dylan asked Jones, Cropper, and Dunn to serve as the house band (with Jim Keltner on drums) for his \\\"30th Anniversary Concert\\\", commemorating his thirty years in the music business, at which they backed Dylan, Stevie Wonder, Johnny Cash, Eric Clapton, and George Harrison, among others. At the concert, Neil Young asked the group to back him on his 1993 world tour. Also in 1992, Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11957717\",\n \"text\": \"not follow the typical twelve-bar blues I-IV-V progression. Rather, it is dominated by an R&B-style bass/rhythm guitar line, which Bell claimed that he came up with \\\"while fooling around on the guitar\\\". Albert King provided his signature guitar fills around his vocals and solos during the break and outro, with backing by Booker T. & the M.G.'s and the Memphis Horns. \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" became a Billboard R&B chart hit for King, reaching number 49. It was later included on his first album for Stax, also titled \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\". The album's cover depicts images of\",\n \"title\": \"Born Under a Bad Sign (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1947124\",\n \"text\": \"to Greenwood, he began playing bass out of necessity, teaching himself by playing along to New Order, Joy Division and Otis Redding. Among his musical influences are Booker T and the MGs, Bill Withers and Curtis Mayfield. He said: \\\"We were people who picked up their respective instruments because we wanted to play music together, rather than just because we wanted to play that particular instrument. So it was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument, then that was really cool. I don’t think of myself as a bass player\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Greenwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141904\",\n \"text\": \"to make a living: the musicians often worked long hours in the studio during the day, developing songs and arrangements, but they were paid for recordings only when the actual sessions took place, so most had to play at local venues in the evenings to earn enough to support themselves and their families. To remedy this, in 1966 Al Bell appointed the members of the so-called Big Six (Hayes, Porter and Booker T. & the M.G.'s) as full-time salaried employees of Stax, on a fixed salary of $125 a week (US$ in dollars). This allowed them to quit their night\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5872574\",\n \"text\": \"Whitsett's musicians had now scattered, joining other bands in other parts of the country. Davis then signed Whitsett and Tommy Tate as producer/songwriters. But within days of arriving at Stax, Whitsett was asked to take charge of the company’s music publishing division, East/Memphis Music Corp., which included works written or recorded by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Al Green, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas and Booker T. & the MGs. During his years with Stax, Whitsett was the motivating force behind the releases of million sellers, such as \\\"I've Been Lonely For So Long\\\" (Frederick Knight), \\\"I'll Play the Blues For\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Whitsett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6957744\",\n \"text\": \"replaced by Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn. Steinberg was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007. He lived in Memphis. Steinberg died on July 21, 2016, in Memphis, at the age of 82. \\\"Green Onions\\\" (Stax 701) \\\"Soul Dressing\\\" (Stax 705) Lewie Steinberg Lewie Polk Steinberg (September 13, 1933 – July 21, 2016) was an American musician best known as the original bass guitar player for the soul music group Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. Steinberg was in the group from 1962 to\",\n \"title\": \"Lewie Steinberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427098\",\n \"text\": \"& the M.G.'s were meeting with greater commercial success than those credited to the Mar-Keys, the decision was made to credit \\\"Boot-Leg\\\" to Booker T. & the M.G.'s, even though Jones did not participate in the recording. Individual session credits notwithstanding, the Stax house band—Cropper, Jackson, Jones, and Steinberg, along with bassist Dunn (Cropper's bandmate in the Mar-Keys); keyboardist Isaac Hayes; and various horn players, most frequently Floyd Newman, Wayne Jackson and Andrew Love (the latter two later formed the Memphis Horns)—set a standard for soul music. Whereas the sign outside Detroit's pop-oriented Motown Records aptly read \\\"Hitsville U.S.A.\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3207194\",\n \"text\": \"in on the Memphis sessions that became Jerry Lee Lewis's \\\"Southern Roots\\\" album. By all accounts, these sessions were a three-day, around-the-clock party, which not only reunited the original MGs (Steve Cropper, Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. of Booker T. and the MGs fame) for the first time in three years, but also featured Carl Perkins, Mark Lindsay (of Paul Revere & the Raiders), and Wayne Jackson plus The Memphis Horns. From 1976 to 1983, White released three more albums, each on a different label. Trying to combine his own swamp-rock sound with the popular disco music at\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Joe White\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10626430\",\n \"text\": \"McLemore Avenue McLemore Avenue is a 1970 album by Booker T. & the M.G.s, consisting entirely of mostly instrumental covers of songs from the Beatles' album \\\"Abbey Road\\\" (released only months earlier, in September 1969). The title and cover are an homage to the Beatles album, 926 East McLemore Avenue being the address of the Stax Studios in Memphis, as Abbey Road was for EMI Studios in London, which was soon renamed Abbey Road Studios. Booker T. Jones said, \\\"I was in California when I heard \\\"Abbey Road\\\", and I thought it was incredibly courageous of The Beatles to drop\",\n \"title\": \"McLemore Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14818951\",\n \"text\": \"were replaced by guitar solos. However, King uses a different arrangement based on an Afro-Cuban rhythm pattern, similar to that of his 1962 song \\\"I Get Evil\\\". Backing King is the Stax Records' house band, Booker T. & the MG's. The song was a success, reaching number 34 in the Billboard R&B chart. It was included on King's \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" album, which \\\"became one of the most popular and influential blues albums of the late '60s\\\". The song remained in his repertoire throughout his career and several live versions were issued. King recorded another studio version of\",\n \"title\": \"Crosscut Saw (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994331\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Cause I Love You,\\\" by Carla and Rufus (Thomas). Willie Mitchell hired Jones for his band, in which Jones started on sax and later moved to bass. It was here that he met Al Jackson Jr., who he brought to Stax. Simultaneously, Jones formed a combo with White and Porter, in which he played guitar. While hanging around the Satellite Record Shop run by Estelle Axton, co-owner of Satellite Records with her brother Jim Stewart, Jones met record clerk Steve Cropper, who would become one of the MGs when the group formed in 1962. Besides Jones on organ and Cropper\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427116\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Young on his 2002 album \\\"Are You Passionate?\\\". Cropper, along with Isaac Hayes and Sam Moore, welcomed Stax president Jim Stewart into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002. Cropper and Hayes were later inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Booker T. & the M.G.'s, usually with Steve Potts on drums, still play select dates. They have been called the most influential stylists in modern American music. In early 2008 they backed singer Guy Sebastian on a sold-out tour of in Australia. In 2004, \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" ranked the group #93 on their list of the 100\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7700535\",\n \"text\": \"stints with various teenage bands performing at talent shows and dances around the Island. In the late 1960s he formed his own quartet called Voltage Four, patterned on American group Booker T and the MGs or The Meters, and mainly toured the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In 1970, Henderson moved to Guadeloupe to become the lead singer of \\\"Les Vikings\\\" of Guadeloupe, a group that toured the French Departments of Guiana, Martinique, St. Martin and Metropolitan France. He wrote and recorded a song titled “Love” with the Vikings which became a huge hit across the Caribbean and particularly\",\n \"title\": \"Exile One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427090\",\n \"text\": \"of which the best known is the 1962 hit single \\\"Green Onions\\\". As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, and imitated of its era. By the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 1965, Steinberg was replaced by Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn, who played with the group until his death in 2012. Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, after which Dunn, Cropper and Jones reunited on numerous occasions using various drummers, including Willie Hall, Anton Fig, Steve Jordan and\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141895\",\n \"text\": \"R&B and the pop charts. Though the label had enjoyed some early hits with the Mar-Keys and Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Redding became the first Stax/Volt artist to consistently hit the charts with each release—in fact, each of Redding's 17 singles issued during his lifetime charted. (Carla Thomas also charted with some consistency, but her pre-1965 releases were on Atlantic, not Stax or Volt.) Between January 1962 and December 1964, Stax and Volt released several chart hits each by Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, and Booker T. and the M.G.'s. However, despite dozens of other releases, only three other Stax/Volt\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"421324\",\n \"text\": \"Tonne The tonne () (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms; or one megagram (Mg); it is equivalent to approximately pounds, or 0.984 long tons (UK). Although not part of the SI, the tonne is accepted for use with SI units and prefixes by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The tonne is derived from the weight of pure water; there are 1,000 litres in one tonne. The SI symbol for the tonne is \\\"t\\\", adopted at the same time\",\n \"title\": \"Tonne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2641524\",\n \"text\": \"and lyrics to him, before he finally gave up the job in 1963, to focus on his role as a singer and entertainer. He recorded a series of novelty dance tracks, including \\\"Can Your Monkey Do the Dog'\\\" and '\\\"Somebody Stole My Dog\\\" for Stax, where he was often backed by Booker T. & the MGs or the Bar-Kays. He also became a mentor to younger Stax stars, giving advice on stage moves to performers like Otis Redding, who partnered daughter Carla on record. After \\\"Jump Back\\\" in 1964, the hits dried up for several years, as Stax gave more\",\n \"title\": \"Rufus Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12982045\",\n \"text\": \"Who's Making Love \\\"Who's Making Love\\\" is a song written by Stax Records staffers Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis and Raymond Jackson and recorded by singer Johnnie Taylor. Released on the Stax label in the late summer of 1968, it became Taylor's breakthrough single, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot R&B singles chart and number five on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. It became one of the few singles Taylor would become primarily known for in the mainstream. The song featured the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Isaac Hayes (on keyboards). It was Taylor's best-selling\",\n \"title\": \"Who's Making Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10244905\",\n \"text\": \"Marvell Thomas Ronald Marvell Thomas (August 22, 1941 – January 23, 2017) was an American keyboardist, record producer and arranger known for his work in Memphis Soul. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Thomas's studio career started at the age of 17. He was the first piano player to punch the clock at Stax Records. He played on the label's earliest national hits, including \\\"Burnt Biscuits\\\" (by the short-lived group The Triumphs, later covered by Booker T. & the MGs), childhood friend William Bell's \\\"You Don't Miss Your Water\\\", and the company's first hit \\\"Cause I Love You\\\" (featuring a sixteen-year-old Booker\",\n \"title\": \"Marvell Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2641521\",\n \"text\": \"Phillips, as he oriented his label more toward white audiences and signed Elvis Presley, who later recorded Thomas's song \\\"Tiger Man\\\". Thomas did not record again until 1956, when he made a single, \\\"I'm Steady Holdin' On\\\", for the Bihari brothers' Meteor label; musicians on the record included Lewie Steinberg, later a founding member of Booker T and the MGs. In 1960 he made his first recordings with his 17-year-old daughter Carla, for the Satellite label in Memphis, which changed its name to Stax the following year. The song, \\\"Cause I Love You\\\", featuring a rhythm borrowed from Jesse Hill's\",\n \"title\": \"Rufus Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11101747\",\n \"text\": \"and destructive. When you're on tape, it's on tape, and it's really hard to go in and fix a bunch of stuff like you can with computer these days.\\\" Sebastian wrote about his time recording in Memphis in a series of blogs in Australian newspapers. \\\"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. [...] I would show them which song I wanted to record. After listening to any changes I had, we\",\n \"title\": \"The Memphis Album\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18507381\",\n \"text\": \"leaving him, his two brothers and mother, Joan Patterson. As a result, Patterson devoted himself completely to music and his guitar playing. He was soon exposed to rock bands such as Van Halen, AC/DC, Queen and The Who. With the release of the \\\"Blues Brothers\\\" film in 1980, Patterson was heavily drawn to the influences of the film’s soundtrack and band: Elmore James, Sam and Dave, and Booker T and the MG’s. For the next four years, he was consumed by practicing and began writing songs. He played in and out of local bands until he graduated from Athol High\",\n \"title\": \"Shawn Patterson (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2356700\",\n \"text\": \"co-produced the album with Sebastian, which was recorded on analogue tape live in the studio. Sebastian wrote about his time in Memphis in a series of blogs for Australian newspapers, \\\"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. I mean, they are mostly in their late 60s and have such a wealth of experience.\\\" Cropper later spoke on AllMemphisMusic, an online Memphis radio station, \\\"This kid came into Memphis, and just blew\",\n \"title\": \"Guy Sebastian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141905\",\n \"text\": \"jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and from this point on Booker T. and the M.G.'s regularly backed virtually all of the artists who recorded at Stax. Bell also persuaded Jim Stewart to set up a \\\"production pool\\\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving from Atlantic was split equally between the Big Six to pay them for their production duties with the artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which was still a segregated city, where Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4088651\",\n \"text\": \"Mar-Keys were no longer routinely issuing singles, the name still had a certain amount of marketability, and in the late 1960s the Mar-Keys name was used whenever horn players Andrew Love and Wayne Jackson (later known as the Memphis Horns) teamed with Booker T. & the M.G.'s in live performances. The two groups shared billing on a live album in 1967, \\\"Back to Back\\\", from a concert in Paris. For the 1969 album \\\"Damifiknow!\\\", the Mar-Keys were back in the studio, and were explicitly identified in the album credits as the sextet of Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, Booker T. Jones,\",\n \"title\": \"The Mar-Keys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2284851\",\n \"text\": \"Columbia Records signed Big Brother and the Holding Company on the basis of their performance at Monterey. Eric Burdon changed gears with his performance at Monterey. After three years of playing with the original Animals as part of the British Invasion, and the breakup of that band, Eric assembled a new band, a \\\"New Animals\\\", and at the festival, they performed the Rolling Stones' song \\\"Paint It Black\\\" which showcased Burdon's new style: anti-war, hard rock. Monterey affected his career intensely, as later captured in the song he wrote about it. Redding, backed by Booker T. & the MG's, was\",\n \"title\": \"Monterey Pop Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599167\",\n \"text\": \"purchase brought in Atlantic's lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. In the mid 1960s, Atlantic/Stax had released a string of landmark soul music recordings by artists including Booker T & the MGs, Sam & Dave, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Ben E. King, and Aretha Franklin. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings. However, Atlantic also moved decisively into rock and pop in the late 1960s and 1970s, signing major British and American acts including\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Music Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2948773\",\n \"text\": \"integration. Composed of Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr., Booker T. and the MGs provided the instrumental backing for Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, and many other artists, The group also recorded under its own name, including the instrumental hit \\\"Green Onions\\\". In later years, members of the group pursued their own individual careers. Jones worked with the singer and producer William Bell and co-wrote the blues classic \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\". Cropper supervised the recordings of Otis Redding and co-wrote hits with Wilson Pickett and Eddie Floyd. Stax gave back\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis soul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427115\",\n \"text\": \"and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1993, Booker T. & the M.G.'s toured with Neil Young, backing him on his own compositions. In 1994, the group recorded its first album in 17 years, \\\"That's the Way It Should Be\\\". Steve Jordan was the drummer on most tracks. In 1995, when the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened its museum in Cleveland, Ohio, the M.G.'s served as the house band for the opening ceremonies, playing behind Aretha Franklin, Sam Moore, John Fogerty, and Al Green, as well as performing themselves. Jones, Dunn, and Al Jackson's cousin, drummer Steve Potts, backed\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427099\",\n \"text\": \"marquee outside of the converted movie theater where Stax was based proclaimed \\\"Soulsville U.S.A.\\\" Booker T. & the M.G.'s consistently issued singles from 1963 to 1965, but only a few made the charts, and none was as successful as \\\"Green Onions\\\". Their second album, \\\"Soul Dressing\\\", was released in 1965. Whereas the \\\"Green Onions\\\" album contained mostly covers, every composition but one on \\\"Soul Dressing\\\" was an original. After contributing to that album, Steinberg left the group, and Dunn (who had played on previous Stax sessions) became the group's full-time bassist. During a tour when the band was in Los\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10993607\",\n \"text\": \"formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles \\\"(They Long to Be) Close to You\\\" and \\\"We've Only Just Begun\\\". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three number-one singles and five number-two singles on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and fifteen number-one\",\n \"title\": \"The Carpenters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12286958\",\n \"text\": \"bought WCW\\\". Booker is a six-time world champion, having won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship five times (four times in WCW, and once in the WWF) and WWE's World Heavyweight Championship once. He is the first non-mixed race African American to become a world champion in WWE, and was voted the greatest World Heavyweight Champion in a WWE viewer poll. Booker is a 15-time world tag team champion between WCW (10 times), WWF/E (four times), and TNA (once). Additionally, he was the winner of the King of the Ring tournament in 2006, the sixteenth Triple Crown Champion, and the ninth\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3198306\",\n \"text\": \"Test (wrestler) Andrew James Robert Patrick Martin (March 17, 1975 – March 13, 2009) was a Canadian-American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE) under the ring name Test. During his nine-year tenure with the WWF/WWE, he found his greatest success as a singles performer, winning the Intercontinental and European Championships once each, and the Hardcore Championship twice. Martin found additional success in the tag team division, twice becoming a World Tag Team Champion with Booker T by winning the WWF and WCW World Tag Team Championships once each. Martin\",\n \"title\": \"Test (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281642\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Cropper appeared with a new line-up of the group for the Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary concert, on October 1992 at Madison Square Garden, performing songs by and backing Dylan, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, Chrissie Hynde, Sinéad O'Connor, Stevie Wonder and Neil Young. The concert was recorded and later released as \\\"The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration\\\" (1993). Young later recruited this line up of Booker T. and the M.G's to tour with him and record as his studio band. In 1996,\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12286957\",\n \"text\": \"Television Championships (along with being the first African American titleholder), and a record eleven WCW World Tag Team Championships: ten as one half of Harlem Heat with his brother, Lash \\\"Stevie Ray\\\" Huffman in WCW (most reigns within that company), and one in the WWF with Test. Harlem Heat were recognized by WWE as being – along with The Steiner Brothers – WCW's greatest ever tag team. Booker was the final WCW World Heavyweight Champion and WCW United States Heavyweight Champion under the WCW banner; industry veteran John Layfield described him as \\\"the best acquisition that WWE got when they\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281646\",\n \"text\": \"4th Crossroads Guitar Festival at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Cropper married his first wife, Betty, in 1961. They have two children named Stephen and Ashley. They lived in Memphis, TN, until divorcing in 1976. Cropper married his second wife, Angel, in the late 1980s. They have two children named Andrea and Cameron. The Croppers currently live in Tennessee. Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding,\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427104\",\n \"text\": \"fondly called the group \\\"Book a Table and the Maitre d's\\\" (in 1974, Lennon facetiously credited himself and his studio band as \\\"Dr. Winston and Booker Table and the Maitre d's\\\" on his original R&B-inspired instrumental, \\\"Beef Jerky\\\"). Paul McCartney, like Dunn, played bass melodically, without straying from the rhythm or the groove. In 1970, Lennon's wish was granted, in a sense, when Booker T. and the M.G.'s recorded \\\"McLemore Avenue\\\" (named for the street where Stax Records was located), on which they performed instrumental cover versions of thirteen of the songs on \\\"Abbey Road\\\", condensing twelve of them into\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427096\",\n \"text\": \"played tuba over Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn's bass line), \\\"Soul Man\\\", \\\"Who's Making Love\\\", \\\"I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)\\\", and \\\"Try a Little Tenderness\\\", among others. Along with their counterparts in Detroit, Motown's Funk Brothers, as a backing band to numerous hits, they are considered to have originated much of the sound of soul music—particularly, in the case of the M.G.'s, Southern soul—in which \\\"the groove\\\" is paramount. In the mid-1960s Jones was often away from Memphis while studying music full-time at Indiana University. Stax writer and producer Isaac Hayes usually stepped in when Jones was unavailable\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281640\",\n \"text\": \"produced various musicians including Tower of Power, Rod Stewart, John Prine, José Feliciano, The Jeff Beck Group, Ringo Starr and John Lennon. It's little-known that Cropper also played guitar on the cover of The Velvet Underground's \\\"Femme Fatale\\\" that appears on fellow Memphians Big Star's \\\"Third/Sister Lovers\\\". By 1975, Cropper had moved to Los Angeles and along with Jones, Jackson and Dunn, reformed Booker T. & the M.G's. Jackson, whom Cropper called \\\"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth,\\\" was murdered in his Memphis home before the group could make their comeback. In 1978, Cropper and Dunn became members\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281637\",\n \"text\": \"guitarist's playing, Stax Records president Jim Stewart saw professionalism and maturity beyond Cropper's years. When American Records founder Chips Moman left Stax, Cropper became the company's A&R man. He became a founding member of the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, along with Hammond organ player Booker T. Jones, bassist Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and drummer Al Jackson Jr.. As a house guitarist he played on many recordings such as \\\"(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay,\\\" co-written with and performed by Otis Redding and Sam & Dave's \\\"Soul Man\\\" on which he was mentioned by name. When Cropper\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9364263\",\n \"text\": \"changed to the Bar-Kays in the mid-1960s. Cauley started attending LeMoyne College in 1965, before becoming a professional musician. The Bar-Kays joined the Stax studio by 1966, and were signed on to Stax's subsidiary Volt Records in the beginning of 1967. According to James Alexander, Cauley was the best dressed of the group, always known to wear a suit, no matter the occasion. Al Jackson, Jr. the drummer with Booker T & the MGs, took a particular interest in the young members of the Bar-Kays and groomed them to become the second house band for Stax after Booker T and\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Cauley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8668585\",\n \"text\": \"Major's contribution was truly phenomenal and unforgettable... [He] was to become legendary as a UK club act, known to deliver 110% at every performance.\\\" In 1972, while in England, he recorded an album, \\\"Major Lance's Greatest Hits Recorded Live at the Torch\\\", at the Torch, a club in Stoke on Trent, which has been described as \\\"perhaps the best Northern Soul album ever made.\\\" Lance returned to Atlanta in 1974 and recorded an updated disco version of \\\"Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um\\\" for Playboy Records. He set up a new label, Osiris, with former Booker T and the MG's\",\n \"title\": \"Major Lance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11990682\",\n \"text\": \"soul in all its unpretentious, down-home glory\\\". According to Steve Cropper, lead guitarist for Booker T and the MG's, the Stax Recording Studio played a key role in the creation of the title track, \\\"Hold on, I'm Comin\\\"'. Stax Records was an old Movie Theater located at 926 East McLemore Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. The men's restroom in the theater-turned studio had tile walls and tile floors. To produce reverb and echo a speaker from the studio was placed in the men's room to pipe the sound into the men's room; and a microphone was placed in the men's room\",\n \"title\": \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10626453\",\n \"text\": \"studio in Memphis, spending less and less time at the Stax studio. \\\"Melting Pot\\\" was recorded in New York City, between M.G.'s gigs, as Jones refused to record in Memphis and wanted the band to create a different sound for the new album. The album's title track was edited for length and issued by Stax as a single in spring 1971. \\\"Melting Pot\\\" peaked at number 45 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the United States and at number 21 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B singles chart. The review in \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine was very positive, concluding in its final paragraph:\",\n \"title\": \"Melting Pot (Booker T album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11680134\",\n \"text\": \"Al Bell Al Bell (born Alvertis Isbell, March 15, 1940) is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive. He is best known as having been an executive and co-owner of Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, during the latter half of the label's 19-year existence. A former disc jockey in his hometown of Little Rock, Arkansas, Bell was vital to the careers of Stax's soul stars such as the Staple SIngers and Isaac Hayes, the Emotions, the Dramatics, and Mel and Tim. Bell's promotional efforts drove the “Memphis sound” internationally and made Stax the second-largest African-American–owned business in the\",\n \"title\": \"Al Bell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427100\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles playing in a Stax Revue, an informal jam session with three of the M.G.'s was recorded in Hollywood in 1965, initiated by DJ Magnificent Montague who played congas. The resulting track, \\\"Hole in the Wall\\\", was issued by Pure Soul Music in October 1965 credited to the Packers with writing shared by Montague, Cropper, Jackson and Jones. The track reached number 43 on Billboard, and made the Top 30 on Cash Box. All other songs released by the Packers had no involvement from Booker T. & the M.G.'s. After a period of commercial decline, Booker T. & the M.G.'s\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11708622\",\n \"text\": \"Cropper agreed to reform the original lineup with Jackson and Dunn, but just days before their scheduled reunion, Jackson was murdered at his home in Memphis, Tennessee. All tracks composed by Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn, Al Jackson, Jr., Bobby Manuel, Carson Whitsett; except where indicated Side One Side Two The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and\",\n \"title\": \"The MG's (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427120\",\n \"text\": \"manufacturers of the car. Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591227\",\n \"text\": \"Motown. Booker T. and the M.G.s were the label's backing band for most of the classic hits that came out of Stax, by Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and many more. The sound still lives on in the \\\"Blues Brothers\\\" movie, in which many of the musicians starred as themselves. Memphis is noted for its influence on the power pop musical genre in the 1970s. Notable bands and musicians include Big Star, Chris Bell, Alex Chilton, Tommy Hoehn, The Scruffs, and Prix. Several notable singers are from the Memphis area, including Justin Timberlake, Kirk Whalum, Three 6 Mafia,\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"210461\",\n \"text\": \"(such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle.\\\" It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \\\"Soul Brother No. 1\\\", after failing to win the title \\\"King of Soul\\\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin\",\n \"title\": \"James Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13280668\",\n \"text\": \"The Packers The Packers were an American soul group formed by tenor saxophonist Charles \\\"Packy\\\" Axton, who was the son of Stax Records part-owner Estelle Axton. Axton was a former member of the Mar-Keys, as was Steve Cropper, who played on the group's first recording and hit, ostensibly recorded as a 'demo'. Cropper, a member of Booker T. Jones & The MGs and the Stax Records' session band, was also joined by Booker T. on piano and drummer Al Jackson for the recording, while Leon Haywood (on organ) was among those who also played on the group's records. The Packers'\",\n \"title\": \"The Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3840979\",\n \"text\": \"time of release, this was the only record that featured the cover of the \\\"Time Is Tight\\\" instrumental by Booker T & the MGs. \\\"Capital Radio\\\" was extremely rare in the UK. Rather than re-issue the original the group recorded a new version for \\\"The Cost of Living\\\" as \\\"Capital Radio Two.\\\" \\\"Cheat\\\" is from their UK debut album but had been left off the US version. \\\"Bankrobber\\\" had been a UK A-side. \\\"Robber Dub\\\" was originally intended for the b-side of an unreleased \\\"Bankrobber\\\" 12\\\" dance club single. The two tracks appear here in a combined edit that is\",\n \"title\": \"Super Black Market Clash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3889984\",\n \"text\": \"King wanted to retain his popular appeal and remain on the charts, and so he eagerly embraced the new sound of funk. King was teamed with members of the Bar-Kays and the Movement (Isaac Hayes's backing group), including the bassist James Alexander and the drummer Willie Hall, adding strong funk elements to his music. Adding strings and multiple rhythm guitarists, producers Allen Jones and Henry Bush created a wall of sound that contrasted with the sparse, punchy records King made with Booker T. & the MGs. Among these was another of King's signature songs, \\\"I'll Play the Blues for You\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Albert King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427089\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records under their own name,\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867988\",\n \"text\": \"and Gov't Mule (\\\"Live... With a Little Help from Our Friends\\\" 1999), and Schenker – Pattison Summit (\\\"The Endless Jam Continues\\\" 2005). The Hunter (Albert King song) \\\"The Hunter\\\" is a blues song first recorded by Albert King in 1967 for his landmark album \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\". It was written by Stax Records' house band, Booker T. and the MGs, and Carl Wells. Along with \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" and \\\"Crosscut Saw\\\", \\\"The Hunter\\\" is one of King's best-known and most recorded songs. In 1969, Ike and Tina Turner had hit with the tune in the R&B\",\n \"title\": \"The Hunter (Albert King song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"172015\",\n \"text\": \"Emerson limited the use of Leslie because he felt that was Preston's domain at the time, whereas he himself was approaching the instrument with an aesthetic combining \\\"a white European attitude\\\", classical music, and rock. Booker T. Jones is cited as being the bridge from rhythm and blues to rock. British organist James Taylor said the Hammond \\\"became popular [in the UK] when people such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s and artists on the Stax Records label came over to London and played gigs.\\\" Matthew Fisher first encountered the Hammond in 1966, having heard the Small Faces' Ian McLagan\",\n \"title\": \"Hammond organ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427106\",\n \"text\": \"a Hammond B-3 on the album \\\"Pendulum\\\" was an acknowledgement of Jones and the admiration the two bands had for each other. Booker T. and the M.G.'s released what would be their last Stax single, \\\"Melting Pot\\\", and their last Stax album, also called \\\"Melting Pot\\\", in 1971. \\\"Melting Pot\\\"'s repetitive groove-oriented drumming, loping bass line, and tight rhythm guitar made it an underground hit popular in New York City block parties. The song has often been sampled by rappers and techno DJs. The full-length album version of the track is over eight minutes long and contains a passage (not\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12286956\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T (wrestler) Robert Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965), better known by his ring name Booker T, is an American professional wrestling promoter, color commentator, and professional wrestler, signed with WWE. He is also the owner and founder of the independent promotion Reality of Wrestling (ROW) in Texas City, Texas. Booker is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), holding 35 championships between those organizations. He is the most decorated wrestler in WCW history, having held 21 titles including a record six WCW World\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3839204\",\n \"text\": \"saxophone for the Mar-Keys, which also featured Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn and others. The hit instrumental single \\\"Last Night\\\" (composed by the band as a whole) was the first of many successful hits to Nix's credit. Without Nix, the Mar-Keys evolved into Booker T. & the M.G.'s. As a producer, Nix worked with other artists and producers, such as Leon Russell of Shelter Records; Gary Lewis and the Playboys in Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars; George Harrison, of the Beatles; and John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers. One notable achievement was his collaboration with Harrison, Russell, and many others in the\",\n \"title\": \"Don Nix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4088649\",\n \"text\": \"through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar-Keys or Booker T. & the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar-Keys both live and in the studio for several years. The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time\",\n \"title\": \"The Mar-Keys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3953082\",\n \"text\": \"Jr., were given a Lifetime Achievement Grammy award for their contributions to popular music. In 2017 Dunn was posthumously awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Bass Player Magazine for his contributions to \\\"the art, craft, and profession of bass playing.\\\" Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam &\",\n \"title\": \"Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11283548\",\n \"text\": \"Presenting Isaac Hayes Presenting Isaac Hayes is the debut studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. The album was released in 1968, by Enterprise and Atlantic Records. The LP was the first release on Stax Records' Enterprise label; Hayes had for several years served as one of Stax's key songwriters, producers, and studio musicians. Recorded to appease Stax vice president Alvertis Isbell (Al Bell), \\\"Presenting\\\" features Hayes recording with Booker T. & the MGs members Al Jackson, Jr. and Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn as a jazz trio. No material was prepared for the sessions, so the three musicians improvised an\",\n \"title\": \"Presenting Isaac Hayes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8182847\",\n \"text\": \"2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The Neptunes production discography The Neptunes are a two-member producing group consisting of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo. This discography lists the recorded performances as a duo and individuals. It also lists the writing and production credits as The Neptunes, as Williams or Hugo, or both. Song names that are bold are singles, album names/releases are in \\\"italics\\\". S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) – \\\"S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) (Studio Session) (Unreleased)\\\" (With Larry Live, DJ Timmy Tim aka \\\"Timbaland\\\", Mr. Magoo & Magnum The Verb Lord\",\n \"title\": \"The Neptunes production discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427174\",\n \"text\": \"produced the duo's biggest hits (although they did not receive production credits until the \\\"Soul Men\\\" LP and singles). According to Moore and Prater, they also greatly influenced the duo's singing style, and shifted their recording style from the style of their Roulette records to a more live, more energetic gospel, call-and-response feel and beat driven soul style the group is known for today. Sam & Dave's Stax records also benefited from the musicians and engineering at Stax. The Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and the Stax horn section, the Mar-Keys, were world-class musicians who co-wrote (often\",\n \"title\": \"Sam & Dave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427103\",\n \"text\": \"(later used by the BBC as their theme for cricket coverage on both TV and, latterly, radio's \\\"Test Match Special\\\"), as was their version of \\\"Hang 'Em High\\\". In 1969, the band scored their second biggest hit with \\\"Time Is Tight\\\", from the soundtrack to the movie \\\"Up Tight!\\\", scored by Jones, which reached #6 on the Billboard pop charts. In 1969, Dunn and Jones, in particular, had become admirers of the Beatles, especially their work on \\\"Abbey Road\\\". The appreciation was mutual, as the Beatles had been musically influenced by the M.G.'s. John Lennon was a Stax fan, who\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427110\",\n \"text\": \"it was critically well received. Whitsett would go on to back Bobby \\\"Blue\\\" Bland, Little Milton, and Kathy Mattea, and his songs were recorded by Johnnie Taylor, Solomon Burke, B. B. King, Etta James, Conway Twitty, and Lorrie Morgan. Manuel would become a staple of the Memphis music scene, playing with everybody from Al Green to Albert King, and later founded HighStacks Records (the name being a tribute to both Stax and Hi Records). After a promising meeting in late September 1975, Jones and Cropper (who were now living in Los Angeles) and Jackson and Dunn (still in Memphis), decided\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1472536\",\n \"text\": \"and started recording mostly rock 'n' roll. Booker T. & the M.G.'s carried the electric blues style into the 1960s. Detroit-based John Lee Hooker pursued a unique brand of electric blues based on his deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie woogie, his \\\"groovy\\\" style is sometimes called \\\"guitar boogie\\\". His first hit, \\\"Boogie Chillen\\\", reached #1 on the R&B charts in 1949. He continued to play and record until his death in 2001. The New Orleans blues musician Guitar Slim recorded \\\"The Things That I Used to Do\\\" (1953), which featured\",\n \"title\": \"Electric blues\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8780658\",\n \"text\": \"23 The Coasters - Poison Ivy 24 Charles Mingus - Pithecanthropus Erectus 25 The Drifters - Save The Last Dance For Me 26 Ben E. King - Stand By Me 27 Bobby Darin - Mack The Knife 28 Booker T. And The MG's - Hip Hug-Her 29 Booker T. And The MG's - Green Onions 30 Rufus Thomas - Walking The Dog 31 Otis Redding - Try A Little Tenderness 32 Aretha Franklyn - Baby, Baby, Baby 33 Aretha Franklyn - Ain't No Way 34 Aretha Franklyn - Respect 35 Cream - Strange Brew 36 Cream - Sunshine Of Your\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Dowd and the Language of Music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994333\",\n \"text\": \"a session musician with other Stax acts, and writing songs that became widely regarded as classics. He wrote, with Eddie Floyd, \\\"I've Never Found a Girl (To Love Me Like You Do),\\\" Otis Redding's \\\"I Love You More Than Words Can Say,\\\" and, with William Bell, bluesman Albert King's \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" (later popularized by the cover version recorded by the British power trio Cream). In 1970, Jones moved to California and stopped playing sessions for Stax after becoming frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs as employees rather than musicians. Even though Jones was given the title\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4329500\",\n \"text\": \"others.\\\" He joined Radio Caroline, a pirate radio station broadcasting from a ship off the coast of Britain, in 1964. There, his American-influenced quick presentation style soon made him one of the station's best-loved DJs. He was often joined on air by his mynah bird Alfie. After his time at Radio Caroline, speaking fluent French, he presented for French-language stations Radio Monte Carlo and Radio Luxembourg as \\\"Le Président Rosko\\\". Rosko compered the Stax/Volt Tour of Europe in 1967 and can be heard introducing Booker T. & the M.G.'s, the Bar-Kays, Carla Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Sam & Dave, and Otis\",\n \"title\": \"Emperor Rosko\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Booker T. & the M.G.'s context: the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \\\"M.G.\\\" stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg\\n\\nWhat does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 196,\n \"origin_tokens\": 196,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Booker T. & the M.G.'s context: to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \\\"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\\\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \\\"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\\\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \\\"Theme from \\\"Shaft\\\"\\\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \\\"Universal Language\\\" for\\n\\ntitle: Stax context: jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and this point on Booker T. and the..'s backed virt all of the artists who recorded at Stax Bell also persu Jim Stewart set up a \\\"production\\\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving Atlantic split equally between the Six to pay them for production duties with artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which still a segregated city Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.\\ntitle: Booker the.G.'s context an earlier Stax backing groupumphs, was also named after his car. Jones,207 interview National Public' \\\"Fresh with Terry Gross\\\", confirmedoman's of the origin of the's. has reconfir on several occasions since, most as a guest \\\"Late with David Letter on May 21 St Bowman that reason label obscured of the meaning \\\"G.'and conco \\\"emphis Group\\\") to avoid claims of trademark infring\\n:er. & the the change Ms, also become with business at to studiois., section of onax and did work been band and ofs biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \\\"final\\\" single, \\\"Jamaica This Morning\\\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for\\n\\nWhat does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 484,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14825,\n \"ratio\": \"30.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":191,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":191,"string":"191"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Florence Ballard was a member of which girl group?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Diana Ross and the Supremes","Diana Ross & The Supremes","Diana Ross and The Supremes","The Supremes Sing Disney Classics","The Supremes at the Copa '67","The Supremes","Diana Ross And The Supremes","Supremes","The Primettes","Diana ross and the supremes","Primettes","The supremes","Diana Ross & the Supremes"],"string":"[\n \"Diana Ross and the Supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross & The Supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross and The Supremes\",\n \"The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\",\n \"The Supremes at the Copa '67\",\n \"The Supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross And The Supremes\",\n \"Supremes\",\n \"The Primettes\",\n \"Diana ross and the supremes\",\n \"Primettes\",\n \"The supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Supremes"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1425946","text":"Ballard's 1969 album \"You Can't Keep a Good Man Down\". A 1972 single, \"From the Love Side\", credited to Hank Ballard and the Midnight Lighters, went to number 43 on the R&B chart. Ballard also appeared on Brown's 1972 album \"Get on the Good Foot\", in a track (\"Recitation By Hank Ballard\") that features Ballard describing Brown and the album. During the 1960s, Ballard's cousin, Florence Ballard, was a member of the Detroit girl group the Supremes. In the mid-1980s, Ballard re-formed The Midnighters and the group performed until 2002. On March 2, 2003, he died at age 75 of","title":"Hank Ballard"},{"id":"5916701","text":"Betty McGlown Betty McGlown-Travis (June 30, 1941 – January 12, 2008) was an American singer, a member of The Primettes, later better known known as The Supremes. In 1959, McGlown started dating future Temptations member Paul Williams, who was then singing with the Primes. Around the same time, the Primes' booking agent and manager Milton Jenkins was scouting the Detroit neighborhoods looking for girls to become part of the Primes' sister act. After he discovered Florence Ballard, Ballard set about recruiting other girls she knew, quickly asking Mary Wilson. Primes member Paul Williams asked Diana Ross to join. Due to","title":"Betty McGlown"},{"id":"1656453","text":"Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the end of the decade. Ballard struggled with alcoholism, depression, and poverty for three years. She was making an attempt for a musical comeback when she died of a","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1656474","text":"late 1975, prior to her death. Besides her three daughters, Ballard's family included her cousin Hank Ballard and his grandnephew, NFL player Christian Ballard. Notes Bibliography Further reading Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1308324","text":"of 1966, but changed his mind and instead kept Ross in the group for several more years. Gordy's caution may have been sparked by an incident in early 1966 as the group prepared to make their second appearance at the Copacabana. Angered by erratic behavior from Florence Ballard, Gordy intended to replace her with Marlene Barrow, a member of the Motown in-house singing group the Andantes. However, when club management heard of this change, they threatened to cancel the group's appearance if Ballard was replaced, as they saw Ballard's banter with her group mates as a major part of their","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"1656464","text":"sometimes replaced Ballard on stage with the Andantes' Marlene Barrow. In April 1967, Cindy Birdsong, member of Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles, became a stand-in for Ballard. A month later, Ballard returned to the group from what she thought was a temporary leave of absence. In June, Gordy changed the group's name to \"The Supremes with Diana Ross\", which was how they were billed on the marquee of Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel. On July 1, the day after her 24th birthday, Ballard showed up inebriated during the group's third performance at the Flamingo and stuck her stomach out from","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1656457","text":"Diana Ross, then going by \"Diane\". Betty McGlown completed the original lineup and Jenkins named them as \"The Primettes\". The group performed at talent showcases and at school parties before auditioning for Motown Records in 1960. Berry Gordy, head of Motown, advised the group to graduate from high school before auditioning again. Ballard eventually dropped out of high school though her groupmates graduated. In 1960, Ballard was raped at knifepoint by local high-school basketball player Reggie Harding after leaving a sock hop at Detroit's Graystone Ballroom (she had attended with her brother, but they accidentally lost track of each other).","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"4720304","text":"To A Go-Go\". Stevie Wonder, accompanied by his band and his girl group \"Wonderlove\" sang several of his greatest hits, including \"I Wish,\" \"Uptight (Everything's Alright),\" \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours,\" \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life,\" \"My Cherie Amour,\" \"Sir Duke,\" and also preceded by a vintage clip of Wonder singing his first hit \"Fingertips.\" Motown 25 was a showcase for the highly anticipated reunion of the Supremes: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson and Supremes replacement Cindy Birdsong (original member Florence Ballard had died in 1976). Four of their greatest hits were to be sung that night, including \"Someday","title":"Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever"},{"id":"5922721","text":"Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as the Supremes, a name that Ballard had chosen (as she was the only group member in the studio at","title":"Barbara Martin (singer)"},{"id":"2519305","text":"the Bluebelles. Hendryx's husky alto differed from Dash's sharp soprano, LaBelle's mezzo-soprano and Birdsong's second soprano. During this tenure, the group became known for their emotional live performances and their renditions of classic standards such as \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", \"Over The Rainbow\"and \"Danny Boy\". The group often found themselves competing against girl groups such as The Chantels, Shirelles and The Supremes. In 1967, Hendryx, LaBelle and Dash were shocked to discover that Birdsong had secretly joined the Supremes after Florence Ballard was ousted from the group by Motown. Different members of the group were in touch with Birdsong over","title":"Nona Hendryx"},{"id":"8628750","text":"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart\" was halved","title":"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart"},{"id":"14872583","text":"group, and they were reduced to a trio. In 1958 they left Birmingham to break out into the music business. They settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where Milton Jenkins would become their manager. They later moved to Detroit, Michigan, not too long after that Jenkins changed the group's name to The Primes, and they got a spin-off group known as The Primettes, members of that group included Diane (later Diana) Ross, Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. In 1960 Kell left the group and moved to Los Angeles, California to start a solo career, and as a result the group","title":"Kell Osborne"},{"id":"1656463","text":"three girls.\" All in all, Ballard contributed vocals to ten number-one pop hits and 16 top forty hit singles between 1963 and 1967. Ballard expressed dissatisfaction with the group's direction throughout its successful period. She would also claim that their schedule had forced the group members to drift apart. Ballard blamed Motown Records for destroying the group dynamic by making Diana Ross the star. Struggling to cope with label demands and her own bout with depression, Ballard turned to alcohol for comfort, leading to arguments with her group members. Ballard's alcoholism led to her missing performances and recording sessions. Gordy","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"12135434","text":"song failed to chart forcing Berry Gordy to find other options for the teenage quartet - its full lineup included Barbara Martin alongside Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson. Three members of the group (Ross, Wilson and Ballard), in fact, had already recorded a single, \"Tears of Sorrow\"/\"Pretty Baby\", in their previous quartet, \"The Primettes\". In between the two singles the teenaged girls would replace Betty McGlown with Martin, and the new quartet would be recording under a new name (and under a new record deal). This song would be issued as a b-side of a Marvelettes hit (\"Twistin' Postman\")","title":"I Want a Guy"},{"id":"8017790","text":"Meet The Supremes Meet the Supremes is the debut studio album by The Supremes, released in late 1962 on Motown. The LP includes the group's earliest singles: \"I Want a Guy\", \"Buttered Popcorn\", \"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" and \"Let Me Go the Right Way\". The earliest recordings on this album, done between fall 1960 and fall 1961, feature the Supremes as a quartet composed of teenagers Diane Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin. Martin left the group in early 1962 to start a family, and the other three girls continued as a trio. Martin is not pictured","title":"Meet The Supremes"},{"id":"1656460","text":"Ballard chose \"Supremes\". When the other members heard of the new name, they were not pleased. Diana Ross feared they would be mistaken for a male vocal group. Eventually Gordy agreed to sign them under that name on January 15, 1961. The group struggled in their early years with the label, releasing eight singles that failed to crack the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, giving them the nickname \"no-hit Supremes\". One track, \"Buttered Popcorn\", led by Ballard, was a regional hit in the Midwest, but still failed to chart. During a 1962 Motortown Revue tour, Ballard briefly replaced the Marvelettes' Wanda Young","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1361277","text":"member Paul Williams. Along with Ross, the other members included Florence Ballard the first group member hired by Jenkins, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. Following a talent competition win in Windsor, Ontario, in 1960, the Primettes were invited to audition for Motown records. Ballard, allegedly, declined the offer, due to unsavory rumors of the unscrupulous business practices of Motown's founder, Berry Gordy. Later, following local success via live performances at sock hops, etc., Ross approached former neighbor (and rumored childhood former boyfriend), William \"Smokey\" Robinson, who insisted that the group audition for him first. Robinson agreed to bring the Primettes","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"3073379","text":"who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the \"Floy Joy\" album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in November 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence and remaining with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson's then-husband Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager; coincidentally, a few days before Birdsong's official departure, Florence Ballard died of cardiac arrest at the age of 32 while experiencing a financial and personal recovery. During that period, Birdsong","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"7715781","text":"helped the group to distinguish themselves from the other girl groups in the label including the pop-oriented Marvelettes and the doo-wop-influenced Supremes with a rougher, brassier gospel-influenced sound. Reeves was a brassy alto while Annette was a deep contralto, and Rosalind was a high soprano. Like the Supremes' Florence Ballard, the Marvelettes' Wanda Rogers and The Four Tops' Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Ashford registered as the high background vocal in Vandellas records. After \"Quicksand\" gave the group a third top forty pop hit, Beard left to start a family with her new spouse. Reeves recruited a former member of The Velvelettes,","title":"Rosalind Ashford"},{"id":"8823400","text":"love bug). Lead singer Diana Ross' bandmates Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson accompany Ross, as she sings about her lover's grasp on her heart. The girl group performed the hit live on CBS variety program \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" on Sunday, May 1, 1966. Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart \"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\" is a 1966 song recorded by the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song was recorded in June 1965 and not released until April 1966. It was one of the","title":"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart"},{"id":"10379199","text":"in the Dutch Pop Chart. Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier, and written by Holland–Dozier–Holland and Frank De Vol (\"The Happening's\" musical director), \"The Happening\" was the final single issued by The Supremes under that name. Between the release of \"The Happening\" and the next Supremes single, \"Reflections,\" the group's billing changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", and Florence Ballard was replaced with Cindy Birdsong of Patti LaBelle & the Blue Belles. Ballard's final of the 17 appearances The Supremes made on the hit CBS variety television program \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" was on an episode where she","title":"The Happening (song)"},{"id":"1656472","text":"of plot components parallel events in the Supremes' career. The central character of Effie White, like Florence Ballard, is criticized for being overweight, and is fired from the group. The film version of \"Dreamgirls\" released in 2006 features more overt references to Ballard's life and the Supremes' story, including gowns and album covers that are direct copies of Supremes originals. Jennifer Hudson won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for her portrayal of Effie White in the \"Dreamgirls\" film. In her Golden Globe acceptance speech, Hudson dedicated her win to Florence Ballard. The music video for the Diana Ross","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"9442244","text":"and was rumored to carry a pistol in his gym bag. During a television interview, Harding threatened to shoot the Indiana Pacers' general manager, Mike Storen. Harding also reportedly threatened to shoot teammate Jimmy Rayl while the two were rooming together. According to Peter Benjaminson's \"The Lost Supreme: The Life of Dreamgirl Florence Ballard\", Harding raped Florence Ballard, a member of The Supremes, at knifepoint in 1960. Harding was shot dead at a Detroit intersection in 1972, aged 30. Reggie Harding Reginald \"Reggie\" Harding (May 4, 1942 – September 2, 1972) was an American professional basketball player. Drafted in 1962","title":"Reggie Harding"},{"id":"1308306","text":"Ross as lead singer and Holland-Dozier-Holland as its songwriting and production team. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy renamed the group Diana Ross & the Supremes, and replaced Ballard with Cindy Birdsong. Ross left to pursue a solo career in 1970 and was replaced by Jean Terrell, so the group's name reverted to The Supremes. During the mid-1970s, the lineup changed with Lynda Laurence, Scherrie Payne and Susaye Greene joining the group until, after 18 years, The Supremes disbanded in 1977. In Detroit in 1958, Florence Ballard, a junior high school student living in the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects, met Paul","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"5922723","text":"of the tracks on the group's first album, \"Meet The Supremes\", she is not pictured on the album's cover. Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as","title":"Barbara Martin (singer)"},{"id":"1361280","text":"studio, many written by \"Smokey\" Robinson, who, by then, was vice president of Motown (\"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" and \"A Breathtaking Guy\"). Gordy, too, composed songs for the trio, including \"Buttered Popcorn\"(featuring Ballard on lead) and \"Let Me Go the Right Way\". While these songs were regional hits, they were not nationwide successes. In January 1961, Gordy agreed to sign the group on the condition they change their name. Eventually, Janie Bradford approached Florence Ballard, the only group member at the studio at the time, to pick out a new name for the group. Ballard chose \"Supremes\", reportedly, because","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"3073384","text":"man at Birdsong's apartment, contacted police and turned himself in. \"(All singles with the Temptations)\" Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"1656458","text":"The rape occurred in an empty parking lot off Woodward Avenue. Ballard responded by secluding herself in her house refusing to come outside, which worried her groupmates. Weeks later, Ballard told Wilson and Ross what had happened. Though Ross and Wilson were sympathetic, they were also confused because Ballard was considered to be strong-willed and unflappable. Both Wilson and Jesse Green, an early boyfriend of Florence's, had described her as a \"generally happy if somewhat mischievous and sassy teenager.\" Wilson believes that the incident heavily contributed to the more self-destructive aspects of Ballard's adult personality, like cynicism, pessimism, and fear","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"10867850","text":"and Kelly helped the group become international stars gaining popularity from performances from \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"Shindig!\" and \"American Bandstand\". Kelly was often mistaken for being an original member of the group despite the fact that Beard had sung on the group's earlier singles, often lip-synched by Kelly when the group performed on TV. Kelly's vocals contrasted from original member Beard's. Kelly was fired from the group in the summer of 1967—about the same time that Florence Ballard was fired from The Supremes—and was replaced by Martha's younger sister Lois Reeves with the group's name changed to \"Martha Reeves","title":"Betty Kelly"},{"id":"12588882","text":"\"Our Day Will Come\" and \"The Ballad Of Davy Crockett\". Florence Ballard is featured lead on \"Save Me A Star\" and \"Silent Night\". The Never-Before-Released Masters The Never-Before-Released Masters is 1987 compilation album containing unreleased recordings recorded by Motown girl-group The Supremes from 1961 to 1969. It was the second CD release of unreleased recordings by The Supremes, the first being disc two of the 2 disc \"25th Anniversary\" compilation. Several other unreleased tracks appeared on earlier various artists compilations. A majority of the recordings for the unreleased album \"Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\" are featured on","title":"The Never-Before-Released Masters"},{"id":"8628754","text":"on the \"Billboard\" R&B Album chart. The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes","title":"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart"},{"id":"1361283","text":"weight, and alcoholism, Florence Ballard was fired from the Supremes by Gordy in July 1967, hiring Cindy Birdsong from Patti LaBelle and the Blue-Bells as Ballard's replacement. Gordy renamed the group \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", making it easier to charge a larger performance fee for a solo star and a backing group, as it did for other renamed Motown groups. Gordy initially considered Ross leaving the Supremes for a solo career in 1966 but changed his mind because the group's success was still too significant for Ross to pursue solo obligations. Ross remained with the Supremes until early 1970.","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"1656468","text":"sister Maxine's house. In 1974 Mary Wilson invited Ballard to join the Supremes, which now included Cindy Birdsong and Scherrie Payne (Ross had left for her successful solo career in 1970). Though Ballard played tambourine, she didn't sing and told Wilson she had no ambition to sing any more. Later that year Ballard's plight started to be reported in newspapers as word got around that the singer had applied for welfare. Around that time, Ballard entered Henry Ford Hospital for rehab treatment. Following six weeks of treatment, Ballard slowly started to recover. In early 1975, Ballard received an insurance settlement","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"13950688","text":"wanna buy a ring\". \"Wear My Kiss\" is reminiscent of songs performed by British girl group Girls Aloud and American recording artist Lady Gaga. In September 2009, speculation arose that group member Amelle Berrabah had left the Sugababes following reports of tension with band member Keisha Buchanan. However, it was announced on 21 September 2009 that Buchanan, the sole original member of the group, had officially left the Sugababes. Buchanan clarified the departure on her official Twitter account, writing: \"I'm sad to say that I am no longer a part of the Sugababes ... Although it was not my choice","title":"Wear My Kiss"},{"id":"11714657","text":"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song) \"In and Out of Love\" is a 1967 song recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label. It was the second single issued with the group's new billing of \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", the penultimate Supremes single written and produced by Motown production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, and the last single to feature the vocals of original member Florence Ballard. By the time of the recording of \"In and Out of Love,\" The Supremes had become the most successful American music group of all time, with ten number-one pop singles on the \"Billboard\"","title":"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)"},{"id":"1361350","text":"one of the 21 recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. (* = made directly for television) Headlining Co-headlining tours Residency shows Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"1656473","text":"song \"Missing You\" pays tribute to Marvin Gaye, Ballard, and Paul Williams, all former Motown artists who had died. In 1988, Ballard was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes alongside Diana Ross and Mary Wilson. Ballard began dating Thomas Chapman, a Motown Records associate, in 1967; they married in a private celebration in Hawaii on February 29, 1968, and had three daughters: Michelle Denise and Nichole Rene and Lisa Sabrina (b. 1971). Ballard reportedly had several domestic disputes with her husband and filed for divorce in 1973, but they reconciled in","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"15557865","text":"Lauren Bennett Lauren Bennett (born 23 June 1989) is an English singer, dancer, and model. She is best known as a member of the girl group G.R.L.. She is also known for her work with the Paradiso Girls, CeeLo Green, Robin Antin of the Pussycat Dolls, and most notably with LMFAO, where she was featured on the 2011 summer hit \"Party Rock Anthem,\" achieving her first number one single in the United Kingdom and United States. Bennett was part of a girl group called the Paradiso Girls. The group consisted of seven members at their formation in 2007, but had","title":"Lauren Bennett"},{"id":"14124683","text":"the Bluebelles was a US 1960s girl group whose image Vicki Wickham, their manager, helped remake in the early 1970s, renaming the group Labelle and pushing them in the direction of glam rock. Labelle were the first girl group to eschew matching outfits and identical choreography, instead wearing extravagant spacesuits and feathered headdresses. Later, during the disco craze and beyond, female acts included First Choice, Silver Convention, Hot, the Emotions, High Inergy, Odyssey, Sister Sledge, Mary Jane Girls, Belle Epoque, Frantique, Luv', and Baccara. Extending into the 1980s were groups like the Pointer Sisters, Exposé, and Bananarama. In Latin America,","title":"Girl group"},{"id":"6004736","text":"are songs Florence took the lead on as a Supreme. Due to legal agreements between Motown and Ballard when she separated from The Supremes in 1967, Motown stated that Ballard was not allowed to mention that she had been a former member of the Supremes. As a result, her press release stated that \"Florence has been a part of an entertainment trio for many years,\" which hindered her releases from garnering attention from the public. Although there was only one album by Ballard released, she was supposedly about to sign a contract just before her death. Ballard had also recorded","title":"The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard"},{"id":"9929707","text":"period it was released a third single from the album: \"Good Enough\". Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \"Baby (Off the Wall)\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make","title":"Sirens (British band)"},{"id":"15605615","text":"\"Beat of My Drum\" is a dance-pop song which incorporates elements of indie pop, and has been compared to the work of artists including M.I.A. and Major Lazer. Lyrically, the song discusses Roberts' time in the girl band she was a part of, Girls Aloud; while part of the group, she felt undervalued in comparison to other members. \"Beat of My Drum\" garnered universal acclaim from music critics, with some describing it as more original than solo releases by other members of Girls Aloud; it was also compared to the work of artists such as Kelis and Robyn. Commercially, \"Beat","title":"Beat of My Drum"},{"id":"1457478","text":"Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \"The Writing's on the Wall\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \"Bills, Bills,","title":"Destiny's Child"},{"id":"1457533","text":"Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \"The Writing's on the Wall\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \"Bills, Bills,","title":"Destiny's Child"},{"id":"4570740","text":"Together that covers Wilson's life since 1970. Both books and a new afterword were included in a combined volume titled Dreamgirl & Supreme Faith: My Life as a Supreme in 2000. The book covers the story of Wilson's life from her childhood, to meeting Florence Ballard and Diana Ross and forming the Primettes (later \"The Supremes\"), to the group's later international success and personal conflicts in the 1960s, Ballard's replacement with Cindy Birdsong in 1967, the development of Ross as a solo act, and Ross' split from the group in 1969-1970. \"Dreamgirl\" was dedicated to Wilson's family and \"to the","title":"Dreamgirl: My Life as a Supreme"},{"id":"12966210","text":"Gail Kendall. Her paternal grandmother was an amateur opera singer. In 1978, she was a member of the dance troupe Hot Gossip who performed on British television's \"The Kenny Everett Video Show\". They were noted for their sexually-suggestive costumes and risqué dance routines. Lister was one of the original Blitz Kids, a group of young, flamboyantly-dressed people who patronised the elitist Covent Garden club night 'Blitz' in the early 1980s, among whom were Boy George, Steve Strange, Spandau Ballet, and singer Marilyn. She appeared as a dancer in the 1980 film \"Can't Stop the Music\". Lister began a relationship with","title":"Perri Lister"},{"id":"3073370","text":"Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set her sights on becoming a nurse and attending college in Pennsylvania. When Cindy returned to","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"14124688","text":"group since the Beatles. The cultural movement started by the Spice Girls produced other similar acts, which include the British-Canadian outfit All Saints, Irish girl group B*Witched, Atomic Kitten and Eternal, who all achieved varying levels of success during the decade. Throughout the 2000s, girl groups from the UK remained popular, with Girls Aloud's \"Sound of the Underground\" and Sugababes' \"Round Round\" having been called \"two huge groundbreaking hits\" credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s. The success of Sugababes and Girls Aloud inspired other UK girl group acts, including Mis-Teeq, the Saturdays, StooShe and Little Mix, who","title":"Girl group"},{"id":"2212117","text":"John L. Pippin in Detroit. Wilson reunited with her mother and siblings at the age of 9. To make ends meet, Wilson's mother worked as a domestic worker. Before reaching her teenage years, Wilson and her family had settled at Detroit's upstart housing project, the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects. Mary Wilson first met Florence Ballard at an elementary school in Detroit. The duo became friends while singing in the school's talent show. In 1959, Ballard asked Wilson to audition for Milton Jenkins, who was forming a sister group to his male vocal trio, the Primes. Wilson was soon accepted in the","title":"Mary Wilson (singer)"},{"id":"1882316","text":"Geri Halliwell Geraldine Estelle Horner (; born 6 August 1972) is an English pop singer-songwriter, clothes designer, author, and actress. Halliwell came to international prominence in the 1990s as Ginger Spice, a member of the successful girl group the Spice Girls, the best-selling girl group of all time with over 85 million records sold, of which more than 75 million copies sold with the quintet lineup with Halliwell. In 1998, Halliwell left the Spice Girls to pursue a solo career but later returned to the group when they reunited in 2007. Halliwell reportedly amassed a $40 million fortune during her","title":"Geri Halliwell"},{"id":"3073375","text":"in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966's \"Over the Rainbow\" and 1967's \"Dreamer\" scoring modest charted singles such as \"All or Nothing\", \"Take Me a Little While\" and \"I'm Still Waiting\". Starting in mid and late 1967, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard's bout with alcoholism caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard's official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"8628980","text":"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released, she had been fired from the group and replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It would rank as","title":"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)"},{"id":"3825155","text":"Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \"The Hookers\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics about sex and fantasy. Prince had been wanting to mentor a girl singer or group since the late–1970s when he saw the film \"A Star is Born\" with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.","title":"Vanity 6"},{"id":"14498303","text":"Tiffany Young Stephanie Young Hwang (born August 1, 1989), known professionally as Tiffany or Tiffany Young, is an American singer. Born and raised in California, she was discovered by South Korean entertainment agency SM Entertainment at the age of fifteen and subsequently moved to South Korea. After two years of training, Tiffany debuted as a member of girl group Girls' Generation (and later its subgroup TTS) in August 2007, who went on to be one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most popular girl groups worldwide. In 2016, following her contribution to several side","title":"Tiffany Young"},{"id":"8628984","text":"All songs written by Holland–Dozier–Holland unless otherwise noted. Superscripts denote original album sources, referenced below. Notes Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released,","title":"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)"},{"id":"8493140","text":"to which she agreed, and called on former Supremes Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong. Wilson declined, instead opting to forge a solo career, while Birdsong agreed and coaxed former Supreme Jean Terrell to join the new Supremes group (By early 1976, was stated that Terrell and Birdsong would try to create a new group alongside original supreme Florence Ballard, but Ballard's sudden death cancelled their plans). The three of them set about forming a new incarnation of The Supremes, although due to contractual difficulties over the ownership of the name (Mary Wilson was involved in lengthy lawsuits with Motown over","title":"Former Ladies of the Supremes"},{"id":"3687997","text":"The Bobbettes The Bobbettes were an American R&B girl group who had a 1957 top 10 hit song called \"Mr. Lee.\" The group existed from 1955 to 1974 and included Jannie Pought (1945-1980), Emma Pought (born 1942), Reather Dixon (1945-2014), Laura Webb (1941-2001), and Helen Gathers (1942-2011). The group, which originally formed in East Harlem, New York, in 1955, was first known as \"The Harlem Queens\". The girls first met while singing at the Glee Club at P.S. 109 in Spanish Harlem. They were soon discovered by James Dailey, a record producer, who also became their manager, while playing a","title":"The Bobbettes"},{"id":"6468155","text":"Girl Thing Girl Thing were an English-Dutch girl group, consisting of members Jodi Albert, Anika Bostelaar, Linzi Martin, Michelle Barber and Nikki Stuart. They were formed in 1998 by Simon Cowell and were originally intended to rival the Spice Girls, but their success was minor and short-lived. They sold 2 million records worldwide before disbanding in 2001. The group reformed in 2013 for the second series of \"The Big Reunion\" to perform a one-off gig at the Hammersmith Apollo in 2014. In 1998, Simon Cowell, having previously turned down the Spice Girls, decided to form his own girl group. Girl","title":"Girl Thing"},{"id":"9929703","text":"Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \"Baby (Off the Wall)\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make money by doing a variety of jobs before running her own stableyard.","title":"Sirens (British band)"},{"id":"1656454","text":"heart attack in February 1976 at the age of 32. Ballard's death was considered by one critic as \"one of rock's greatest tragedies\". Ballard was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes in 1988. Florence Glenda Ballard was born in Detroit, Michigan on June 30, 1943 to Lurlee (née Wilson) and Jesse Ballard, as the ninth of fifteen children. Her siblings were Bertie, Cornell, Jesse, Jr., Gilbert, Geraldine, Barbara, Maxine, Billy, Calvin, Pat, Linda and Roy. Her mother was a resident of Rosetta, Mississippi. Her father was born Jesse Lambert in","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1322698","text":"Labelle Labelle is an American all-female singing group who were a popular vocal group of the 1960s and 1970s. The group was formed after the disbanding of two rival girl groups in the Philadelphia/Trenton areas, the Ordettes and the Del-Capris, forming as a new version of the former group, later changing their name to The Blue Belles (later Bluebelles). The founding members were Patti LaBelle (formerly Patricia Holt), Cindy Birdsong, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash. As The Bluebelles, and later Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, the group found success with ballads in the doo-wop genre, most notably \"Down the Aisle","title":"Labelle"},{"id":"1308305","text":"African American R&B and soul musicians to find mainstream success. Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diana Ross, and Betty McGlown, the original group, are all from the Brewster-Douglass public housing project in Detroit. They formed the Primettes as the sister act to the Primes (with Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks, who went on to form the Temptations). Barbara Martin replaced McGlown in 1960, and the group signed with Motown the following year as the Supremes. Martin left the act in early 1962, and Ross, Ballard, and Wilson carried on as a trio. During the mid-1960s, the Supremes achieved mainstream success with","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"18086179","text":"Love Ain't Love \"Love Ain't Love\" is the second solo single released by singer Florence Ballard of the Supremes after her departure from the group. In 1967, Florence Ballard was fired by Motown Records founder Berry Gordy Jr.. As part of her release from Motown, no mention could be made that Ballard had been a part of the best-selling trio. Eventually, Ballard signed with ABC Records on March 6, 1968, and quickly started work on her solo album. \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\" b/w \"Goin' Out Of My Head\" (ABC Records #45-11074A/B)","title":"Love Ain't Love"},{"id":"3825162","text":"complex form of a kidney disease. A number of songs were in fact intended for the Vanity 6 follow up album, but due to Vanity's departure, these songs ended up performed by others. Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \"The Hookers\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics","title":"Vanity 6"},{"id":"1308311","text":"hand claps and background vocals for the songs of other Motown artists including Marvin Gaye and Mary Wells. In January 1961, Gordy finally relented and agreed to sign the girls to his label – but under the condition that they change the name of their group. The Primes had by this time combined with Otis Williams & the Distants and would soon sign to Motown as the Temptations. Gordy gave Ballard a list of names to choose from that included suggestions such as \"the Darleens\", \"the Sweet Ps\", \"the Melodees\", \"the Royaltones\" and \"the Jewelettes\". Ballard chose \"the Supremes\", a","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"14478723","text":"\"Guinness Book of World Records\" as the all-female group that have the most UK chart entries in history, a record they still hold. Dallin is of English, French and Irish ancestry. She studied journalism at the London College of Fashion (University of Arts) in 1980-81. She formed the group Bananarama with her childhood friend Keren Woodward and Siobhan Fahey who she met at college. In 1980, Dallin and Woodward met Paul Cook, ex-member of the Sex Pistols, in a club and they became fast friends. They sang backing vocals for his and Steve Jones' new band, TheProfessionals, and had their","title":"Sara Dallin"},{"id":"16115794","text":"Stacy Francis Stacy Francis is an American singer and actress. She is best known for being a part of the girl group Ex Girlfriend and as a contestant in the first season of \"The X Factor USA\". Francis has also made several television appearances on various shows. She also performed for Tom Cruise at his 40th birthday. Stacy participated in the nineteenth series of the UK television show \"Celebrity Big Brother\" as a \"new star\" housemate. Francis was a part of an all female group called Ex Girlfriend. Besides Francis, the members consisted of Monica Boyd, Julia Robertson, and Tisha","title":"Stacy Francis"},{"id":"1308348","text":"they have had on black girl groups who have succeeded them in popular music, such as The Three Degrees, The Emotions, The Pointer Sisters, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child and Cleopatra. \"The Beatles were there,\" said Madonna of her childhood, \"but I was more eager about The Supremes. I was really into girl groups.\" Fan interest made the idea of a Supremes reunion tour a very profitable one during the 1980s. In 1982, around the time that Motown reunited all of the Temptations, it was rumored that Motown would reunite the Supremes. The 1974 line-up of the Supremes (Wilson, Birdsong","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"1656471","text":"contains the line \"Remember the sadness in Florence Ballard's eyes\". On his 2006 album \"Hip Hop is Dead\", hip-hop artist Nas mentions the Ballard/Ross rivalry in his song \"Blunt Ashes\": \"\"When Flo from the Supremes died/Diana Ross cried/Many people said that she was laughing inside.\"\" In his short story \"You Know They Got a Hell of a Band\", Stephen King, through the late disc jockey Alan Freed, includes Ballard as one of the deceased artists who performs in a town called \"Rock and Roll Heaven\". \"Dreamgirls\", a 1981 Broadway musical, chronicles a fictional group called \"The Dreams,\" and a number","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"2970180","text":"edition. The group was also named the United Kingdom's biggest selling girl group of the 21st century, with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone. In March 2013, after the , the group announced their split. The group Girls Aloud was formed on 30 November 2002, in front of millions of viewers on ITV's \"\". The concept of the programme, hosted by \"Big Brother\" presenter Davina McCall was to produce a boyband and a girlgroup who would be \"rivals\" and compete for the 2002 Christmas number one single. Following the initial success of","title":"Girls Aloud"},{"id":"10867643","text":"Gloria Williams Gloria Williams (August 1, 1942 - July 5, 2000) was an American singer notable for being the original lead singer of an early incarnation of Martha and the Vandellas under the name, The Del-Phis. Born Gloria Jean Williamson in Detroit, Michigan in 1942, Williams auditioned for a spot in a girl group in 1957, and found herself accompanying Annette Beard, Rosalind Ashford and Martha Reeves in the christened Del-Phis. The group performed in benefits and high school parties before being signed to the Chess Records subsidiary Checkmate (later bought by Motown Records), where the group recorded a single,","title":"Gloria Williams"},{"id":"1656456","text":"next year Jesse Lambert Ballard died of cancer. Named \"Blondie\" and \"Flo\" by family and friends, Ballard attended Northeastern High School and was coached vocally by Abraham Silver. Ballard met future singing partner Mary Wilson during a middle-school talent show and they became friends while attending Northeastern High. From an early age, Ballard aspired to be a singer and agreed to audition for a spot on a sister group of the local Detroit attraction, the Primes, who were managed by Milton Jenkins. After she was accepted, Ballard recruited Mary Wilson to join Jenkins' group. Wilson, in turn, enlisted another neighbor,","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"11714658","text":"Hot 100 to their credit. In the midst of their success, conflicts between Supremes members Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson arose. Ballard was uneasy about the group's direction and felt her role was being reduced in the group she first found. Motown's premier production team Holland–Dozier–Holland (H–D–H) recorded the track for \"In and Out of Love\" originally in Detroit with The Funk Brothers on March 2, 1967 during the same session for \"The Happening\" and \"Reflections,\" but subsequently rerecorded the track six weeks later in Los Angeles. Ross added her lead vocals on June 12, 1967 with Wilson","title":"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)"},{"id":"1361267","text":"Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"19061221","text":"and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion, many of whom were influenced by doo-wop style. All-female bands are sometimes also called girl groups. In the Jazz Age and during the 1930s, all-female bands such as The Blue Belles, the Parisian Redheads (later the Bricktops), Lil-Hardin's All-Girl Band, The Ingenues, The Harlem Playgirls, Phil Spitalny's Musical Sweethearts and \"Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators\" were popular.Ina Ray Hutton led an all-girl band, the Melodears, from 1934 to 1939. Eunice Westmoreland, under the name Rita Rio, led an all-female band appearing on NBC","title":"Women in music"},{"id":"387019","text":"Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \"Spice\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \"Spiceworld\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls","title":"Spice Girls"},{"id":"15036172","text":"good at singing and it was her \"thing\". In 2003, aged 15, she won \"Best Pop Singer\" in the TV show \"Britain's Brilliant Prodigies\", performing as Jessica Cornish. At the age of 16 she began studying at the BRIT School and at 17 she joined a girl group named Soul Deep. She graduated in the class of 2006 along with singers Adele and Leona Lewis. At 18, she claims she suffered a 'minor stroke.' Regarding her choice of the stage name \"Jessie J\", in an interview with the Daily Mail, she is quoted as having said \"to be honest, there's","title":"Jessie J"},{"id":"1656465","text":"her suit. Angered, Gordy ordered her to return to Detroit, and Birdsong officially replaced her, abruptly ending her tenure with the Supremes. It had been decided as early as May that Birdsong would be Ballard's official replacement once Birdsong's contract with the Bluebelles was bought out. In August 1967, the \"Detroit Free Press\" reported that Ballard had taken a temporary leave of absence from the group due to \"exhaustion\". Ballard eventually married her boyfriend, Thomas Chapman, on February 29, 1968. A week earlier, on February 22, Ballard and Motown negotiated to have Ballard released from the label. Her attorney in","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1910400","text":"Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album \"Hot\". The album's lead single, \"I Want You Back\" charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on the soundtrack for","title":"Mel B"},{"id":"4049920","text":"The Marvelettes The Marvelettes was an American girl group that achieved popularity in the early- to mid-1960s. They consisted of schoolmates Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson (now Schaffner), Georgeanna Tillman (later Gordon), Juanita Cowart (now Cowart Motley), and Georgia Dobbins, who was replaced by Wanda Young (now Rogers) prior to the group signing their first deal. They were the first major successful act of Motown Records after the Miracles and its first significantly successful girl group after the release of the 1961 number-one single, \"Please Mr. Postman\", one of the first number-one singles recorded by an all-female vocal group and the","title":"The Marvelettes"},{"id":"4439289","text":"the departure of Florence Ballard in 1967 and lead singer Diana Ross in 1970, was about to lose another member of the group, Cindy Birdsong, who was expecting a baby. Birdsong originally replaced Tucker in the group The Ordettes, later to be named Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles, so it was ironic that Tucker's sister, Laurence took Birdsong's place as a backing vocalist. At this time, Jean Terrell was the lead singer of The Supremes. Laurence joined the group around the time the group issued their \"Floy Joy\" album, and appeared on the cover with Terrell and Wilson, though Birdsong","title":"Lynda Laurence"},{"id":"15358179","text":"Wilson would later write that the song had been originally given to The Marvelettes, Holland would deny this claim, as would the Marvelettes themselves. Marvelettes member Katherine Anderson-Schnaffer later said that the song didn't quite fit her group's repertoire because the song was produced under a slower beat and their music was more uptempo. When the Supremes were eventually given the song, the group members weren't pleased with the record, with member Florence Ballard later stating that they had wanted a stronger single similar to the Marvelettes' \"Please Mr. Postman\". Although the group felt the song didn't have the hook","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"id":"2500206","text":"whose foray into Blue-eyed soul R&B/Pop spawned a successful solo career. A new strain of boy bands, such as V Factory, Varsity Fanclub, Click Five, NLT, and the Jonas Brothers, emerged at the end of the decade, but this new generation of boy bands did not reach the glamor and success of those of the 1990s and early 2000s. Girl groups maintained a steady popularity through the 2000s, with groups such as Destiny's Child (which disbanded in 2005) setting the fuel for the most successful girl group of the decade, the Pussycat Dolls (2003–10). Other girl groups included Danity Kane","title":"2000s in music"},{"id":"2212119","text":"1 on the pop charts for the first time with the hit, \"Where Did Our Love Go\", becoming their first of 12 No. 1 singles. (Though Wilson sang background on all of their hits before 1967, it was later revealed that Motown used in-house background singers, The Andantes, for the hits \"Love Child\" and \"Someday We'll Be Together). By 1964, the group had become international superstars. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy changed the name of the group to \"Diana Ross & The Supremes\" and, after a period of tension, Florence Ballard was removed from the Supremes that July. Cindy","title":"Mary Wilson (singer)"},{"id":"12112761","text":"of the group. 1 line for the verse \"more butter\" is for the all girls from the group: \"Florence: When I asked him what was happenin' in the world today. He said... \" \"Florence: A more butter;\" \"Florence and Mary: More butter;\" \"Florence, Mary and Barbara: More butter;\" \"Florence, Mary, Barbara and Diane: More.\" Despite the fact that Ballard's leads were deemed \"too soulful\", Buttered Popcorn was considered by Motown's Quality Control department to be the best song to be issued as the Supremes' second Motown single. However, Berry Gordy was determined that Ross should be the group's main lead","title":"Buttered Popcorn"},{"id":"4558005","text":"Palace, which was formerly a movie theatre. They brought in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue who had never been to Vancouver before. They drew a small crowd and Melton and Chong broke even on that one. Although Little Daddy & The Bachelors built up a small following, things soured when they went with Chong's suggestion and had themselves billed as \"Four Niggers and a Chink\". (or, bowing to pressure, \"Four N's and a C\") before taking on the moniker Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers. In 1965, Supremes members Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard heard the band — whose repertoire","title":"Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers"},{"id":"15303211","text":"Baby It's You! Baby It's You! is a jukebox musical written by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, featuring the music of the 1960s pop group the Shirelles. The show \"tells the story of Florence Greenberg and Scepter Records, the label Greenberg started when she signed the Shirelles.\" After several tryouts and premieres, the show debuted on Broadway in April 2011, directed by Sheldon Epps. The Shirelles were an American girl group in the early 1960s, and the first to have a number one single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The members of the quartet were Shirley Owens (the main lead","title":"Baby It's You!"},{"id":"2317681","text":"is also frequently cited as one of his standout performances. He also took over the lead vocal for live performances of \"My Girl\" following David Ruffin's departure from the group. Williams suffered from sickle-cell anemia, which frequently wrought havoc on his physical health. In 1965, Williams began an affair with Winnie Brown, hair stylist for The Supremes and a relative of Supremes member Florence Ballard. In love with Brown but still devoted to his wife and children, Williams was also depressed because Cholly Atkins' presence now made Williams' former role as choreographer essentially, but not completely, obsolete. Life on the","title":"Paul Williams (The Temptations)"},{"id":"6004737","text":"an Aretha Franklin-esque demo around the time of her death, according to Tony Turner in \"All That Glittered: My Life With The Supremes\". Also, one of her singles, \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It\", has been featured on soul CDs. \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\" - take one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzdxmfGJ67w \"My Heart\" - take one : The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard is a 2002 release by Universal Music Group's Spectrum label, compiling the ABC Records solo recordings of Florence Ballard (formerly of The Supremes), originally released in","title":"The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard"},{"id":"12588881","text":"The Never-Before-Released Masters The Never-Before-Released Masters is 1987 compilation album containing unreleased recordings recorded by Motown girl-group The Supremes from 1961 to 1969. It was the second CD release of unreleased recordings by The Supremes, the first being disc two of the 2 disc \"25th Anniversary\" compilation. Several other unreleased tracks appeared on earlier various artists compilations. A majority of the recordings for the unreleased album \"Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\" are featured on this compilation. Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard are both featured with lead vocals on two songs each. Mary Wilson is featured lead on","title":"The Never-Before-Released Masters"},{"id":"387065","text":"the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls’ success. 21st-century girl groups, including The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix and Fifth Harmony, continue to cite the group as a major source of influence, as have female singers, including Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Charli XCX, Rita Ora and Carly Rae Jepsen. During her 2005 \"Reflections\" concert","title":"Spice Girls"},{"id":"1910436","text":"where she broke several ribs and severed her hand, and was rushed into emergency surgery. Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album \"Hot\". The album's lead single, \"I Want You Back\" charted","title":"Mel B"},{"id":"8620305","text":"Originally added to the 1999 CD album release as a bonus track. () Led by Florence Ballard. () Features Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson. An instrumental track for \"Winter Wonderland\" was cut; however no vocals were recorded. Merry Christmas (The Supremes album) Merry Christmas is the seventh studio album recorded by Motown girl group The Supremes, and released on Motown Records in November 1965 (see 1965 in music). The LP, produced by Harvey Fuqua, includes recordings of familiar Christmas songs such as \"White Christmas\", \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", \"My Favorite Things\", and \"Joy to the World\".","title":"Merry Christmas (The Supremes album)"},{"id":"387115","text":"single, \"Wannabe\". Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \"Spice\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \"Spiceworld\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The","title":"Spice Girls"},{"id":"10486513","text":"Tiko, or a \"lucky pair\" as they are referred to during the series). Reportedly the series was inspired in part by the popularity of Pink Lady, a female pop duo who were known for performing their songs and dancing in perfect unison and who sold millions of records in Japan during the late 1970s (they also later had a minor hit in the United States called \"Kiss in the Dark\"). Pink Lady had an enormous audience of young girls, and \"Majokko Tickle\" was considered an opportunity to capitalize on the similarity. In fact, one of Pink Lady's hits (\"Southpaw\") was","title":"Majokko Tickle"},{"id":"4187311","text":"a solo artist, he was already in the process of creating a group called The Three Degrees with the line up of Fayette Pinkney, Shirley Porter and Linda Turner. By 1966, the line up had changed to be Fayette Pinkney, Helen Scott and Janet Harmon. However, Scott announced she would be leaving the group in order to get married. Having previously appeared with the group as a cover when one of the girls fell ill, Ferguson was asked by Pinkney and Harmon to become a permanent member. In 1967, Harmon left the group and was replaced by Valerie Holiday. Barrett","title":"Sheila Ferguson"},{"id":"4983658","text":"City Technology College in Gateshead and Newcastle College of Performing Arts, She began her singing career in the group Sirens in the late 1990s with other girls from the northeast of England. While the five winning contestants of \"Popstars\" formed Hear'Say, the five runner-up contestants formed the group Liberty. The name Liberty was chosen to reflect the freedom the members experienced following their participation in \"Popstars\". Amidst pejorative media commentary (including the term \"Flopstars\"), the act proceeded to sign a multimillion-pound record contract with Richard Branson's independent record label, V2 records. Shortly after forming, Liberty received a legal challenge in","title":"Michelle Heaton"},{"id":"7233190","text":"and Tito Jackson. Sammy appeared in the BBC TV documentary \"Be My Baby - The Girl Group Story\" which aired in August 2006. The show covered the history of girl groups, focusing specifically on The Supremes, The Three Degrees, Sister Sledge, Bananarama, The Bangles and the Spice Girls. In 2007 she was a judge on BBC Radio 3's Choir of the Year competition. CeCe was one of Bruno Tonioli's panelists on BBC One's \"DanceX\". CeCe made a guest appearance on ITV's \"Dancing on Ice\" in early 2009, where she was seen helping one of the groups that were selected to","title":"CeCe Sammy"},{"id":"11994115","text":"Girls Next Door Girls Next Door was an American country music group formed in Nashville, Tennessee in 1982 and disbanded in 1991. The group consisted of Doris King, Cindy Nixon, Diane Williams, and Tammy Stephens. The group recorded three albums. Girls Next Door was founded in 1982 by record producer Tommy West, who suggested that studio backing vocalist Doris King form a four-woman vocal group. They were previously known as Belle and Wildflower. Girls Next Door recorded two albums for MTM Records and one for Atlantic Records, in addition to charting nine singles on the U.S. country charts. Their most","title":"Girls Next Door"},{"id":"4090534","text":"Hot 100, \"Love Child\" ranked highest among the Supremes' six entries. In 1967, Diana Ross & the Supremes dropped Florence Ballard, acquired new member Cindy Birdsong and added Ross' name to the billing. Following this string of changes, the Supremes had mixed success on the pop charts. \"Reflections\" peaked at number 2 on the Billboard pop charts and \"In and out of Love\" peaked at 9, but the group's next two singles did not make the pop top twenty. This prompted Motown label chief Berry Gordy to hold a special meeting in a room at the Pontchartrain Hotel in Detroit,","title":"Love Child (song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1425946\",\n \"text\": \"Ballard's 1969 album \\\"You Can't Keep a Good Man Down\\\". A 1972 single, \\\"From the Love Side\\\", credited to Hank Ballard and the Midnight Lighters, went to number 43 on the R&B chart. Ballard also appeared on Brown's 1972 album \\\"Get on the Good Foot\\\", in a track (\\\"Recitation By Hank Ballard\\\") that features Ballard describing Brown and the album. During the 1960s, Ballard's cousin, Florence Ballard, was a member of the Detroit girl group the Supremes. In the mid-1980s, Ballard re-formed The Midnighters and the group performed until 2002. On March 2, 2003, he died at age 75 of\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5916701\",\n \"text\": \"Betty McGlown Betty McGlown-Travis (June 30, 1941 – January 12, 2008) was an American singer, a member of The Primettes, later better known known as The Supremes. In 1959, McGlown started dating future Temptations member Paul Williams, who was then singing with the Primes. Around the same time, the Primes' booking agent and manager Milton Jenkins was scouting the Detroit neighborhoods looking for girls to become part of the Primes' sister act. After he discovered Florence Ballard, Ballard set about recruiting other girls she knew, quickly asking Mary Wilson. Primes member Paul Williams asked Diana Ross to join. Due to\",\n \"title\": \"Betty McGlown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656453\",\n \"text\": \"Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the end of the decade. Ballard struggled with alcoholism, depression, and poverty for three years. She was making an attempt for a musical comeback when she died of a\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656474\",\n \"text\": \"late 1975, prior to her death. Besides her three daughters, Ballard's family included her cousin Hank Ballard and his grandnephew, NFL player Christian Ballard. Notes Bibliography Further reading Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308324\",\n \"text\": \"of 1966, but changed his mind and instead kept Ross in the group for several more years. Gordy's caution may have been sparked by an incident in early 1966 as the group prepared to make their second appearance at the Copacabana. Angered by erratic behavior from Florence Ballard, Gordy intended to replace her with Marlene Barrow, a member of the Motown in-house singing group the Andantes. However, when club management heard of this change, they threatened to cancel the group's appearance if Ballard was replaced, as they saw Ballard's banter with her group mates as a major part of their\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656464\",\n \"text\": \"sometimes replaced Ballard on stage with the Andantes' Marlene Barrow. In April 1967, Cindy Birdsong, member of Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles, became a stand-in for Ballard. A month later, Ballard returned to the group from what she thought was a temporary leave of absence. In June, Gordy changed the group's name to \\\"The Supremes with Diana Ross\\\", which was how they were billed on the marquee of Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel. On July 1, the day after her 24th birthday, Ballard showed up inebriated during the group's third performance at the Flamingo and stuck her stomach out from\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656457\",\n \"text\": \"Diana Ross, then going by \\\"Diane\\\". Betty McGlown completed the original lineup and Jenkins named them as \\\"The Primettes\\\". The group performed at talent showcases and at school parties before auditioning for Motown Records in 1960. Berry Gordy, head of Motown, advised the group to graduate from high school before auditioning again. Ballard eventually dropped out of high school though her groupmates graduated. In 1960, Ballard was raped at knifepoint by local high-school basketball player Reggie Harding after leaving a sock hop at Detroit's Graystone Ballroom (she had attended with her brother, but they accidentally lost track of each other).\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4720304\",\n \"text\": \"To A Go-Go\\\". Stevie Wonder, accompanied by his band and his girl group \\\"Wonderlove\\\" sang several of his greatest hits, including \\\"I Wish,\\\" \\\"Uptight (Everything's Alright),\\\" \\\"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours,\\\" \\\"You Are the Sunshine of My Life,\\\" \\\"My Cherie Amour,\\\" \\\"Sir Duke,\\\" and also preceded by a vintage clip of Wonder singing his first hit \\\"Fingertips.\\\" Motown 25 was a showcase for the highly anticipated reunion of the Supremes: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson and Supremes replacement Cindy Birdsong (original member Florence Ballard had died in 1976). Four of their greatest hits were to be sung that night, including \\\"Someday\",\n \"title\": \"Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5922721\",\n \"text\": \"Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as the Supremes, a name that Ballard had chosen (as she was the only group member in the studio at\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Martin (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2519305\",\n \"text\": \"the Bluebelles. Hendryx's husky alto differed from Dash's sharp soprano, LaBelle's mezzo-soprano and Birdsong's second soprano. During this tenure, the group became known for their emotional live performances and their renditions of classic standards such as \\\"You'll Never Walk Alone\\\", \\\"Over The Rainbow\\\"and \\\"Danny Boy\\\". The group often found themselves competing against girl groups such as The Chantels, Shirelles and The Supremes. In 1967, Hendryx, LaBelle and Dash were shocked to discover that Birdsong had secretly joined the Supremes after Florence Ballard was ousted from the group by Motown. Different members of the group were in touch with Birdsong over\",\n \"title\": \"Nona Hendryx\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8628750\",\n \"text\": \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\\\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \\\"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart\\\" was halved\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14872583\",\n \"text\": \"group, and they were reduced to a trio. In 1958 they left Birmingham to break out into the music business. They settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where Milton Jenkins would become their manager. They later moved to Detroit, Michigan, not too long after that Jenkins changed the group's name to The Primes, and they got a spin-off group known as The Primettes, members of that group included Diane (later Diana) Ross, Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. In 1960 Kell left the group and moved to Los Angeles, California to start a solo career, and as a result the group\",\n \"title\": \"Kell Osborne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656463\",\n \"text\": \"three girls.\\\" All in all, Ballard contributed vocals to ten number-one pop hits and 16 top forty hit singles between 1963 and 1967. Ballard expressed dissatisfaction with the group's direction throughout its successful period. She would also claim that their schedule had forced the group members to drift apart. Ballard blamed Motown Records for destroying the group dynamic by making Diana Ross the star. Struggling to cope with label demands and her own bout with depression, Ballard turned to alcohol for comfort, leading to arguments with her group members. Ballard's alcoholism led to her missing performances and recording sessions. Gordy\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12135434\",\n \"text\": \"song failed to chart forcing Berry Gordy to find other options for the teenage quartet - its full lineup included Barbara Martin alongside Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson. Three members of the group (Ross, Wilson and Ballard), in fact, had already recorded a single, \\\"Tears of Sorrow\\\"/\\\"Pretty Baby\\\", in their previous quartet, \\\"The Primettes\\\". In between the two singles the teenaged girls would replace Betty McGlown with Martin, and the new quartet would be recording under a new name (and under a new record deal). This song would be issued as a b-side of a Marvelettes hit (\\\"Twistin' Postman\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"I Want a Guy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8017790\",\n \"text\": \"Meet The Supremes Meet the Supremes is the debut studio album by The Supremes, released in late 1962 on Motown. The LP includes the group's earliest singles: \\\"I Want a Guy\\\", \\\"Buttered Popcorn\\\", \\\"Your Heart Belongs to Me\\\" and \\\"Let Me Go the Right Way\\\". The earliest recordings on this album, done between fall 1960 and fall 1961, feature the Supremes as a quartet composed of teenagers Diane Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin. Martin left the group in early 1962 to start a family, and the other three girls continued as a trio. Martin is not pictured\",\n \"title\": \"Meet The Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656460\",\n \"text\": \"Ballard chose \\\"Supremes\\\". When the other members heard of the new name, they were not pleased. Diana Ross feared they would be mistaken for a male vocal group. Eventually Gordy agreed to sign them under that name on January 15, 1961. The group struggled in their early years with the label, releasing eight singles that failed to crack the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, giving them the nickname \\\"no-hit Supremes\\\". One track, \\\"Buttered Popcorn\\\", led by Ballard, was a regional hit in the Midwest, but still failed to chart. During a 1962 Motortown Revue tour, Ballard briefly replaced the Marvelettes' Wanda Young\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361277\",\n \"text\": \"member Paul Williams. Along with Ross, the other members included Florence Ballard the first group member hired by Jenkins, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. Following a talent competition win in Windsor, Ontario, in 1960, the Primettes were invited to audition for Motown records. Ballard, allegedly, declined the offer, due to unsavory rumors of the unscrupulous business practices of Motown's founder, Berry Gordy. Later, following local success via live performances at sock hops, etc., Ross approached former neighbor (and rumored childhood former boyfriend), William \\\"Smokey\\\" Robinson, who insisted that the group audition for him first. Robinson agreed to bring the Primettes\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3073379\",\n \"text\": \"who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the \\\"Floy Joy\\\" album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in November 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence and remaining with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson's then-husband Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager; coincidentally, a few days before Birdsong's official departure, Florence Ballard died of cardiac arrest at the age of 32 while experiencing a financial and personal recovery. During that period, Birdsong\",\n \"title\": \"Cindy Birdsong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7715781\",\n \"text\": \"helped the group to distinguish themselves from the other girl groups in the label including the pop-oriented Marvelettes and the doo-wop-influenced Supremes with a rougher, brassier gospel-influenced sound. Reeves was a brassy alto while Annette was a deep contralto, and Rosalind was a high soprano. Like the Supremes' Florence Ballard, the Marvelettes' Wanda Rogers and The Four Tops' Abdul \\\"Duke\\\" Fakir, Ashford registered as the high background vocal in Vandellas records. After \\\"Quicksand\\\" gave the group a third top forty pop hit, Beard left to start a family with her new spouse. Reeves recruited a former member of The Velvelettes,\",\n \"title\": \"Rosalind Ashford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8823400\",\n \"text\": \"love bug). Lead singer Diana Ross' bandmates Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson accompany Ross, as she sings about her lover's grasp on her heart. The girl group performed the hit live on CBS variety program \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\" on Sunday, May 1, 1966. Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart \\\"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\\\" is a 1966 song recorded by the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song was recorded in June 1965 and not released until April 1966. It was one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10379199\",\n \"text\": \"in the Dutch Pop Chart. Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier, and written by Holland–Dozier–Holland and Frank De Vol (\\\"The Happening's\\\" musical director), \\\"The Happening\\\" was the final single issued by The Supremes under that name. Between the release of \\\"The Happening\\\" and the next Supremes single, \\\"Reflections,\\\" the group's billing changed to \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes\\\", and Florence Ballard was replaced with Cindy Birdsong of Patti LaBelle & the Blue Belles. Ballard's final of the 17 appearances The Supremes made on the hit CBS variety television program \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\" was on an episode where she\",\n \"title\": \"The Happening (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656472\",\n \"text\": \"of plot components parallel events in the Supremes' career. The central character of Effie White, like Florence Ballard, is criticized for being overweight, and is fired from the group. The film version of \\\"Dreamgirls\\\" released in 2006 features more overt references to Ballard's life and the Supremes' story, including gowns and album covers that are direct copies of Supremes originals. Jennifer Hudson won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for her portrayal of Effie White in the \\\"Dreamgirls\\\" film. In her Golden Globe acceptance speech, Hudson dedicated her win to Florence Ballard. The music video for the Diana Ross\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9442244\",\n \"text\": \"and was rumored to carry a pistol in his gym bag. During a television interview, Harding threatened to shoot the Indiana Pacers' general manager, Mike Storen. Harding also reportedly threatened to shoot teammate Jimmy Rayl while the two were rooming together. According to Peter Benjaminson's \\\"The Lost Supreme: The Life of Dreamgirl Florence Ballard\\\", Harding raped Florence Ballard, a member of The Supremes, at knifepoint in 1960. Harding was shot dead at a Detroit intersection in 1972, aged 30. Reggie Harding Reginald \\\"Reggie\\\" Harding (May 4, 1942 – September 2, 1972) was an American professional basketball player. Drafted in 1962\",\n \"title\": \"Reggie Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308306\",\n \"text\": \"Ross as lead singer and Holland-Dozier-Holland as its songwriting and production team. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy renamed the group Diana Ross & the Supremes, and replaced Ballard with Cindy Birdsong. Ross left to pursue a solo career in 1970 and was replaced by Jean Terrell, so the group's name reverted to The Supremes. During the mid-1970s, the lineup changed with Lynda Laurence, Scherrie Payne and Susaye Greene joining the group until, after 18 years, The Supremes disbanded in 1977. In Detroit in 1958, Florence Ballard, a junior high school student living in the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects, met Paul\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5922723\",\n \"text\": \"of the tracks on the group's first album, \\\"Meet The Supremes\\\", she is not pictured on the album's cover. Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Martin (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361280\",\n \"text\": \"studio, many written by \\\"Smokey\\\" Robinson, who, by then, was vice president of Motown (\\\"Your Heart Belongs to Me\\\" and \\\"A Breathtaking Guy\\\"). Gordy, too, composed songs for the trio, including \\\"Buttered Popcorn\\\"(featuring Ballard on lead) and \\\"Let Me Go the Right Way\\\". While these songs were regional hits, they were not nationwide successes. In January 1961, Gordy agreed to sign the group on the condition they change their name. Eventually, Janie Bradford approached Florence Ballard, the only group member at the studio at the time, to pick out a new name for the group. Ballard chose \\\"Supremes\\\", reportedly, because\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3073384\",\n \"text\": \"man at Birdsong's apartment, contacted police and turned himself in. \\\"(All singles with the Temptations)\\\" Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \\\"Cindy\\\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set\",\n \"title\": \"Cindy Birdsong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656458\",\n \"text\": \"The rape occurred in an empty parking lot off Woodward Avenue. Ballard responded by secluding herself in her house refusing to come outside, which worried her groupmates. Weeks later, Ballard told Wilson and Ross what had happened. Though Ross and Wilson were sympathetic, they were also confused because Ballard was considered to be strong-willed and unflappable. Both Wilson and Jesse Green, an early boyfriend of Florence's, had described her as a \\\"generally happy if somewhat mischievous and sassy teenager.\\\" Wilson believes that the incident heavily contributed to the more self-destructive aspects of Ballard's adult personality, like cynicism, pessimism, and fear\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10867850\",\n \"text\": \"and Kelly helped the group become international stars gaining popularity from performances from \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\", \\\"Shindig!\\\" and \\\"American Bandstand\\\". Kelly was often mistaken for being an original member of the group despite the fact that Beard had sung on the group's earlier singles, often lip-synched by Kelly when the group performed on TV. Kelly's vocals contrasted from original member Beard's. Kelly was fired from the group in the summer of 1967—about the same time that Florence Ballard was fired from The Supremes—and was replaced by Martha's younger sister Lois Reeves with the group's name changed to \\\"Martha Reeves\",\n \"title\": \"Betty Kelly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12588882\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Our Day Will Come\\\" and \\\"The Ballad Of Davy Crockett\\\". Florence Ballard is featured lead on \\\"Save Me A Star\\\" and \\\"Silent Night\\\". The Never-Before-Released Masters The Never-Before-Released Masters is 1987 compilation album containing unreleased recordings recorded by Motown girl-group The Supremes from 1961 to 1969. It was the second CD release of unreleased recordings by The Supremes, the first being disc two of the 2 disc \\\"25th Anniversary\\\" compilation. Several other unreleased tracks appeared on earlier various artists compilations. A majority of the recordings for the unreleased album \\\"Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\\\" are featured on\",\n \"title\": \"The Never-Before-Released Masters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8628754\",\n \"text\": \"on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B Album chart. The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\\\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \\\"The Supremes\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361283\",\n \"text\": \"weight, and alcoholism, Florence Ballard was fired from the Supremes by Gordy in July 1967, hiring Cindy Birdsong from Patti LaBelle and the Blue-Bells as Ballard's replacement. Gordy renamed the group \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes\\\", making it easier to charge a larger performance fee for a solo star and a backing group, as it did for other renamed Motown groups. Gordy initially considered Ross leaving the Supremes for a solo career in 1966 but changed his mind because the group's success was still too significant for Ross to pursue solo obligations. Ross remained with the Supremes until early 1970.\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656468\",\n \"text\": \"sister Maxine's house. In 1974 Mary Wilson invited Ballard to join the Supremes, which now included Cindy Birdsong and Scherrie Payne (Ross had left for her successful solo career in 1970). Though Ballard played tambourine, she didn't sing and told Wilson she had no ambition to sing any more. Later that year Ballard's plight started to be reported in newspapers as word got around that the singer had applied for welfare. Around that time, Ballard entered Henry Ford Hospital for rehab treatment. Following six weeks of treatment, Ballard slowly started to recover. In early 1975, Ballard received an insurance settlement\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13950688\",\n \"text\": \"wanna buy a ring\\\". \\\"Wear My Kiss\\\" is reminiscent of songs performed by British girl group Girls Aloud and American recording artist Lady Gaga. In September 2009, speculation arose that group member Amelle Berrabah had left the Sugababes following reports of tension with band member Keisha Buchanan. However, it was announced on 21 September 2009 that Buchanan, the sole original member of the group, had officially left the Sugababes. Buchanan clarified the departure on her official Twitter account, writing: \\\"I'm sad to say that I am no longer a part of the Sugababes ... Although it was not my choice\",\n \"title\": \"Wear My Kiss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11714657\",\n \"text\": \"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song) \\\"In and Out of Love\\\" is a 1967 song recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label. It was the second single issued with the group's new billing of \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes\\\", the penultimate Supremes single written and produced by Motown production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, and the last single to feature the vocals of original member Florence Ballard. By the time of the recording of \\\"In and Out of Love,\\\" The Supremes had become the most successful American music group of all time, with ten number-one pop singles on the \\\"Billboard\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361350\",\n \"text\": \"one of the 21 recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. (* = made directly for television) Headlining Co-headlining tours Residency shows Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656473\",\n \"text\": \"song \\\"Missing You\\\" pays tribute to Marvin Gaye, Ballard, and Paul Williams, all former Motown artists who had died. In 1988, Ballard was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes alongside Diana Ross and Mary Wilson. Ballard began dating Thomas Chapman, a Motown Records associate, in 1967; they married in a private celebration in Hawaii on February 29, 1968, and had three daughters: Michelle Denise and Nichole Rene and Lisa Sabrina (b. 1971). Ballard reportedly had several domestic disputes with her husband and filed for divorce in 1973, but they reconciled in\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15557865\",\n \"text\": \"Lauren Bennett Lauren Bennett (born 23 June 1989) is an English singer, dancer, and model. She is best known as a member of the girl group G.R.L.. She is also known for her work with the Paradiso Girls, CeeLo Green, Robin Antin of the Pussycat Dolls, and most notably with LMFAO, where she was featured on the 2011 summer hit \\\"Party Rock Anthem,\\\" achieving her first number one single in the United Kingdom and United States. Bennett was part of a girl group called the Paradiso Girls. The group consisted of seven members at their formation in 2007, but had\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Bennett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14124683\",\n \"text\": \"the Bluebelles was a US 1960s girl group whose image Vicki Wickham, their manager, helped remake in the early 1970s, renaming the group Labelle and pushing them in the direction of glam rock. Labelle were the first girl group to eschew matching outfits and identical choreography, instead wearing extravagant spacesuits and feathered headdresses. Later, during the disco craze and beyond, female acts included First Choice, Silver Convention, Hot, the Emotions, High Inergy, Odyssey, Sister Sledge, Mary Jane Girls, Belle Epoque, Frantique, Luv', and Baccara. Extending into the 1980s were groups like the Pointer Sisters, Exposé, and Bananarama. In Latin America,\",\n \"title\": \"Girl group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6004736\",\n \"text\": \"are songs Florence took the lead on as a Supreme. Due to legal agreements between Motown and Ballard when she separated from The Supremes in 1967, Motown stated that Ballard was not allowed to mention that she had been a former member of the Supremes. As a result, her press release stated that \\\"Florence has been a part of an entertainment trio for many years,\\\" which hindered her releases from garnering attention from the public. Although there was only one album by Ballard released, she was supposedly about to sign a contract just before her death. Ballard had also recorded\",\n \"title\": \"The Supreme Florence \\\"Flo\\\" Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9929707\",\n \"text\": \"period it was released a third single from the album: \\\"Good Enough\\\". Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \\\"Baby (Off the Wall)\\\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make\",\n \"title\": \"Sirens (British band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15605615\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" is a dance-pop song which incorporates elements of indie pop, and has been compared to the work of artists including M.I.A. and Major Lazer. Lyrically, the song discusses Roberts' time in the girl band she was a part of, Girls Aloud; while part of the group, she felt undervalued in comparison to other members. \\\"Beat of My Drum\\\" garnered universal acclaim from music critics, with some describing it as more original than solo releases by other members of Girls Aloud; it was also compared to the work of artists such as Kelis and Robyn. Commercially, \\\"Beat\",\n \"title\": \"Beat of My Drum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1457478\",\n \"text\": \"Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \\\"The Writing's on the Wall\\\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \\\"Bills, Bills,\",\n \"title\": \"Destiny's Child\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1457533\",\n \"text\": \"Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \\\"The Writing's on the Wall\\\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \\\"Bills, Bills,\",\n \"title\": \"Destiny's Child\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4570740\",\n \"text\": \"Together that covers Wilson's life since 1970. Both books and a new afterword were included in a combined volume titled Dreamgirl & Supreme Faith: My Life as a Supreme in 2000. The book covers the story of Wilson's life from her childhood, to meeting Florence Ballard and Diana Ross and forming the Primettes (later \\\"The Supremes\\\"), to the group's later international success and personal conflicts in the 1960s, Ballard's replacement with Cindy Birdsong in 1967, the development of Ross as a solo act, and Ross' split from the group in 1969-1970. \\\"Dreamgirl\\\" was dedicated to Wilson's family and \\\"to the\",\n \"title\": \"Dreamgirl: My Life as a Supreme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12966210\",\n \"text\": \"Gail Kendall. Her paternal grandmother was an amateur opera singer. In 1978, she was a member of the dance troupe Hot Gossip who performed on British television's \\\"The Kenny Everett Video Show\\\". They were noted for their sexually-suggestive costumes and risqué dance routines. Lister was one of the original Blitz Kids, a group of young, flamboyantly-dressed people who patronised the elitist Covent Garden club night 'Blitz' in the early 1980s, among whom were Boy George, Steve Strange, Spandau Ballet, and singer Marilyn. She appeared as a dancer in the 1980 film \\\"Can't Stop the Music\\\". Lister began a relationship with\",\n \"title\": \"Perri Lister\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3073370\",\n \"text\": \"Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \\\"Cindy\\\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set her sights on becoming a nurse and attending college in Pennsylvania. When Cindy returned to\",\n \"title\": \"Cindy Birdsong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14124688\",\n \"text\": \"group since the Beatles. The cultural movement started by the Spice Girls produced other similar acts, which include the British-Canadian outfit All Saints, Irish girl group B*Witched, Atomic Kitten and Eternal, who all achieved varying levels of success during the decade. Throughout the 2000s, girl groups from the UK remained popular, with Girls Aloud's \\\"Sound of the Underground\\\" and Sugababes' \\\"Round Round\\\" having been called \\\"two huge groundbreaking hits\\\" credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s. The success of Sugababes and Girls Aloud inspired other UK girl group acts, including Mis-Teeq, the Saturdays, StooShe and Little Mix, who\",\n \"title\": \"Girl group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2212117\",\n \"text\": \"John L. Pippin in Detroit. Wilson reunited with her mother and siblings at the age of 9. To make ends meet, Wilson's mother worked as a domestic worker. Before reaching her teenage years, Wilson and her family had settled at Detroit's upstart housing project, the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects. Mary Wilson first met Florence Ballard at an elementary school in Detroit. The duo became friends while singing in the school's talent show. In 1959, Ballard asked Wilson to audition for Milton Jenkins, who was forming a sister group to his male vocal trio, the Primes. Wilson was soon accepted in the\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Wilson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1882316\",\n \"text\": \"Geri Halliwell Geraldine Estelle Horner (; born 6 August 1972) is an English pop singer-songwriter, clothes designer, author, and actress. Halliwell came to international prominence in the 1990s as Ginger Spice, a member of the successful girl group the Spice Girls, the best-selling girl group of all time with over 85 million records sold, of which more than 75 million copies sold with the quintet lineup with Halliwell. In 1998, Halliwell left the Spice Girls to pursue a solo career but later returned to the group when they reunited in 2007. Halliwell reportedly amassed a $40 million fortune during her\",\n \"title\": \"Geri Halliwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3073375\",\n \"text\": \"in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966's \\\"Over the Rainbow\\\" and 1967's \\\"Dreamer\\\" scoring modest charted singles such as \\\"All or Nothing\\\", \\\"Take Me a Little While\\\" and \\\"I'm Still Waiting\\\". Starting in mid and late 1967, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard's bout with alcoholism caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard's official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused\",\n \"title\": \"Cindy Birdsong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8628980\",\n \"text\": \"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes\\\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released, she had been fired from the group and replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It would rank as\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3825155\",\n \"text\": \"Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \\\"The Hookers\\\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics about sex and fantasy. Prince had been wanting to mentor a girl singer or group since the late–1970s when he saw the film \\\"A Star is Born\\\" with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.\",\n \"title\": \"Vanity 6\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14498303\",\n \"text\": \"Tiffany Young Stephanie Young Hwang (born August 1, 1989), known professionally as Tiffany or Tiffany Young, is an American singer. Born and raised in California, she was discovered by South Korean entertainment agency SM Entertainment at the age of fifteen and subsequently moved to South Korea. After two years of training, Tiffany debuted as a member of girl group Girls' Generation (and later its subgroup TTS) in August 2007, who went on to be one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most popular girl groups worldwide. In 2016, following her contribution to several side\",\n \"title\": \"Tiffany Young\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8628984\",\n \"text\": \"All songs written by Holland–Dozier–Holland unless otherwise noted. Superscripts denote original album sources, referenced below. Notes Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes\\\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released,\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8493140\",\n \"text\": \"to which she agreed, and called on former Supremes Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong. Wilson declined, instead opting to forge a solo career, while Birdsong agreed and coaxed former Supreme Jean Terrell to join the new Supremes group (By early 1976, was stated that Terrell and Birdsong would try to create a new group alongside original supreme Florence Ballard, but Ballard's sudden death cancelled their plans). The three of them set about forming a new incarnation of The Supremes, although due to contractual difficulties over the ownership of the name (Mary Wilson was involved in lengthy lawsuits with Motown over\",\n \"title\": \"Former Ladies of the Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3687997\",\n \"text\": \"The Bobbettes The Bobbettes were an American R&B girl group who had a 1957 top 10 hit song called \\\"Mr. Lee.\\\" The group existed from 1955 to 1974 and included Jannie Pought (1945-1980), Emma Pought (born 1942), Reather Dixon (1945-2014), Laura Webb (1941-2001), and Helen Gathers (1942-2011). The group, which originally formed in East Harlem, New York, in 1955, was first known as \\\"The Harlem Queens\\\". The girls first met while singing at the Glee Club at P.S. 109 in Spanish Harlem. They were soon discovered by James Dailey, a record producer, who also became their manager, while playing a\",\n \"title\": \"The Bobbettes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6468155\",\n \"text\": \"Girl Thing Girl Thing were an English-Dutch girl group, consisting of members Jodi Albert, Anika Bostelaar, Linzi Martin, Michelle Barber and Nikki Stuart. They were formed in 1998 by Simon Cowell and were originally intended to rival the Spice Girls, but their success was minor and short-lived. They sold 2 million records worldwide before disbanding in 2001. The group reformed in 2013 for the second series of \\\"The Big Reunion\\\" to perform a one-off gig at the Hammersmith Apollo in 2014. In 1998, Simon Cowell, having previously turned down the Spice Girls, decided to form his own girl group. Girl\",\n \"title\": \"Girl Thing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9929703\",\n \"text\": \"Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \\\"Baby (Off the Wall)\\\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make money by doing a variety of jobs before running her own stableyard.\",\n \"title\": \"Sirens (British band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656454\",\n \"text\": \"heart attack in February 1976 at the age of 32. Ballard's death was considered by one critic as \\\"one of rock's greatest tragedies\\\". Ballard was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes in 1988. Florence Glenda Ballard was born in Detroit, Michigan on June 30, 1943 to Lurlee (née Wilson) and Jesse Ballard, as the ninth of fifteen children. Her siblings were Bertie, Cornell, Jesse, Jr., Gilbert, Geraldine, Barbara, Maxine, Billy, Calvin, Pat, Linda and Roy. Her mother was a resident of Rosetta, Mississippi. Her father was born Jesse Lambert in\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1322698\",\n \"text\": \"Labelle Labelle is an American all-female singing group who were a popular vocal group of the 1960s and 1970s. The group was formed after the disbanding of two rival girl groups in the Philadelphia/Trenton areas, the Ordettes and the Del-Capris, forming as a new version of the former group, later changing their name to The Blue Belles (later Bluebelles). The founding members were Patti LaBelle (formerly Patricia Holt), Cindy Birdsong, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash. As The Bluebelles, and later Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, the group found success with ballads in the doo-wop genre, most notably \\\"Down the Aisle\",\n \"title\": \"Labelle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308305\",\n \"text\": \"African American R&B and soul musicians to find mainstream success. Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diana Ross, and Betty McGlown, the original group, are all from the Brewster-Douglass public housing project in Detroit. They formed the Primettes as the sister act to the Primes (with Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks, who went on to form the Temptations). Barbara Martin replaced McGlown in 1960, and the group signed with Motown the following year as the Supremes. Martin left the act in early 1962, and Ross, Ballard, and Wilson carried on as a trio. During the mid-1960s, the Supremes achieved mainstream success with\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18086179\",\n \"text\": \"Love Ain't Love \\\"Love Ain't Love\\\" is the second solo single released by singer Florence Ballard of the Supremes after her departure from the group. In 1967, Florence Ballard was fired by Motown Records founder Berry Gordy Jr.. As part of her release from Motown, no mention could be made that Ballard had been a part of the best-selling trio. Eventually, Ballard signed with ABC Records on March 6, 1968, and quickly started work on her solo album. \\\"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\\\" b/w \\\"Goin' Out Of My Head\\\" (ABC Records #45-11074A/B)\",\n \"title\": \"Love Ain't Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3825162\",\n \"text\": \"complex form of a kidney disease. A number of songs were in fact intended for the Vanity 6 follow up album, but due to Vanity's departure, these songs ended up performed by others. Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \\\"The Hookers\\\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics\",\n \"title\": \"Vanity 6\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308311\",\n \"text\": \"hand claps and background vocals for the songs of other Motown artists including Marvin Gaye and Mary Wells. In January 1961, Gordy finally relented and agreed to sign the girls to his label – but under the condition that they change the name of their group. The Primes had by this time combined with Otis Williams & the Distants and would soon sign to Motown as the Temptations. Gordy gave Ballard a list of names to choose from that included suggestions such as \\\"the Darleens\\\", \\\"the Sweet Ps\\\", \\\"the Melodees\\\", \\\"the Royaltones\\\" and \\\"the Jewelettes\\\". Ballard chose \\\"the Supremes\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14478723\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Guinness Book of World Records\\\" as the all-female group that have the most UK chart entries in history, a record they still hold. Dallin is of English, French and Irish ancestry. She studied journalism at the London College of Fashion (University of Arts) in 1980-81. She formed the group Bananarama with her childhood friend Keren Woodward and Siobhan Fahey who she met at college. In 1980, Dallin and Woodward met Paul Cook, ex-member of the Sex Pistols, in a club and they became fast friends. They sang backing vocals for his and Steve Jones' new band, TheProfessionals, and had their\",\n \"title\": \"Sara Dallin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16115794\",\n \"text\": \"Stacy Francis Stacy Francis is an American singer and actress. She is best known for being a part of the girl group Ex Girlfriend and as a contestant in the first season of \\\"The X Factor USA\\\". Francis has also made several television appearances on various shows. She also performed for Tom Cruise at his 40th birthday. Stacy participated in the nineteenth series of the UK television show \\\"Celebrity Big Brother\\\" as a \\\"new star\\\" housemate. Francis was a part of an all female group called Ex Girlfriend. Besides Francis, the members consisted of Monica Boyd, Julia Robertson, and Tisha\",\n \"title\": \"Stacy Francis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308348\",\n \"text\": \"they have had on black girl groups who have succeeded them in popular music, such as The Three Degrees, The Emotions, The Pointer Sisters, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child and Cleopatra. \\\"The Beatles were there,\\\" said Madonna of her childhood, \\\"but I was more eager about The Supremes. I was really into girl groups.\\\" Fan interest made the idea of a Supremes reunion tour a very profitable one during the 1980s. In 1982, around the time that Motown reunited all of the Temptations, it was rumored that Motown would reunite the Supremes. The 1974 line-up of the Supremes (Wilson, Birdsong\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656471\",\n \"text\": \"contains the line \\\"Remember the sadness in Florence Ballard's eyes\\\". On his 2006 album \\\"Hip Hop is Dead\\\", hip-hop artist Nas mentions the Ballard/Ross rivalry in his song \\\"Blunt Ashes\\\": \\\"\\\"When Flo from the Supremes died/Diana Ross cried/Many people said that she was laughing inside.\\\"\\\" In his short story \\\"You Know They Got a Hell of a Band\\\", Stephen King, through the late disc jockey Alan Freed, includes Ballard as one of the deceased artists who performs in a town called \\\"Rock and Roll Heaven\\\". \\\"Dreamgirls\\\", a 1981 Broadway musical, chronicles a fictional group called \\\"The Dreams,\\\" and a number\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970180\",\n \"text\": \"edition. The group was also named the United Kingdom's biggest selling girl group of the 21st century, with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone. In March 2013, after the , the group announced their split. The group Girls Aloud was formed on 30 November 2002, in front of millions of viewers on ITV's \\\"\\\". The concept of the programme, hosted by \\\"Big Brother\\\" presenter Davina McCall was to produce a boyband and a girlgroup who would be \\\"rivals\\\" and compete for the 2002 Christmas number one single. Following the initial success of\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Aloud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10867643\",\n \"text\": \"Gloria Williams Gloria Williams (August 1, 1942 - July 5, 2000) was an American singer notable for being the original lead singer of an early incarnation of Martha and the Vandellas under the name, The Del-Phis. Born Gloria Jean Williamson in Detroit, Michigan in 1942, Williams auditioned for a spot in a girl group in 1957, and found herself accompanying Annette Beard, Rosalind Ashford and Martha Reeves in the christened Del-Phis. The group performed in benefits and high school parties before being signed to the Chess Records subsidiary Checkmate (later bought by Motown Records), where the group recorded a single,\",\n \"title\": \"Gloria Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656456\",\n \"text\": \"next year Jesse Lambert Ballard died of cancer. Named \\\"Blondie\\\" and \\\"Flo\\\" by family and friends, Ballard attended Northeastern High School and was coached vocally by Abraham Silver. Ballard met future singing partner Mary Wilson during a middle-school talent show and they became friends while attending Northeastern High. From an early age, Ballard aspired to be a singer and agreed to audition for a spot on a sister group of the local Detroit attraction, the Primes, who were managed by Milton Jenkins. After she was accepted, Ballard recruited Mary Wilson to join Jenkins' group. Wilson, in turn, enlisted another neighbor,\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11714658\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100 to their credit. In the midst of their success, conflicts between Supremes members Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson arose. Ballard was uneasy about the group's direction and felt her role was being reduced in the group she first found. Motown's premier production team Holland–Dozier–Holland (H–D–H) recorded the track for \\\"In and Out of Love\\\" originally in Detroit with The Funk Brothers on March 2, 1967 during the same session for \\\"The Happening\\\" and \\\"Reflections,\\\" but subsequently rerecorded the track six weeks later in Los Angeles. Ross added her lead vocals on June 12, 1967 with Wilson\",\n \"title\": \"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361267\",\n \"text\": \"Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, including \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", \\\"Baby Love\\\", \\\"Come See About Me\\\", \\\"Stop! In the Name of\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19061221\",\n \"text\": \"and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion, many of whom were influenced by doo-wop style. All-female bands are sometimes also called girl groups. In the Jazz Age and during the 1930s, all-female bands such as The Blue Belles, the Parisian Redheads (later the Bricktops), Lil-Hardin's All-Girl Band, The Ingenues, The Harlem Playgirls, Phil Spitalny's Musical Sweethearts and \\\"Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators\\\" were popular.Ina Ray Hutton led an all-girl band, the Melodears, from 1934 to 1939. Eunice Westmoreland, under the name Rita Rio, led an all-female band appearing on NBC\",\n \"title\": \"Women in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"387019\",\n \"text\": \"Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\\\"Scary Spice\\\"), Melanie Chisholm (\\\"Sporty Spice\\\"), Emma Bunton (\\\"Baby Spice\\\"), Geri Halliwell (\\\"Ginger Spice\\\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\\\"Posh Spice\\\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \\\"Wannabe\\\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \\\"Spice\\\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \\\"Spiceworld\\\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls\",\n \"title\": \"Spice Girls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15036172\",\n \"text\": \"good at singing and it was her \\\"thing\\\". In 2003, aged 15, she won \\\"Best Pop Singer\\\" in the TV show \\\"Britain's Brilliant Prodigies\\\", performing as Jessica Cornish. At the age of 16 she began studying at the BRIT School and at 17 she joined a girl group named Soul Deep. She graduated in the class of 2006 along with singers Adele and Leona Lewis. At 18, she claims she suffered a 'minor stroke.' Regarding her choice of the stage name \\\"Jessie J\\\", in an interview with the Daily Mail, she is quoted as having said \\\"to be honest, there's\",\n \"title\": \"Jessie J\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1656465\",\n \"text\": \"her suit. Angered, Gordy ordered her to return to Detroit, and Birdsong officially replaced her, abruptly ending her tenure with the Supremes. It had been decided as early as May that Birdsong would be Ballard's official replacement once Birdsong's contract with the Bluebelles was bought out. In August 1967, the \\\"Detroit Free Press\\\" reported that Ballard had taken a temporary leave of absence from the group due to \\\"exhaustion\\\". Ballard eventually married her boyfriend, Thomas Chapman, on February 29, 1968. A week earlier, on February 22, Ballard and Motown negotiated to have Ballard released from the label. Her attorney in\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1910400\",\n \"text\": \"Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album \\\"Hot\\\". The album's lead single, \\\"I Want You Back\\\" charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on the soundtrack for\",\n \"title\": \"Mel B\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4049920\",\n \"text\": \"The Marvelettes The Marvelettes was an American girl group that achieved popularity in the early- to mid-1960s. They consisted of schoolmates Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson (now Schaffner), Georgeanna Tillman (later Gordon), Juanita Cowart (now Cowart Motley), and Georgia Dobbins, who was replaced by Wanda Young (now Rogers) prior to the group signing their first deal. They were the first major successful act of Motown Records after the Miracles and its first significantly successful girl group after the release of the 1961 number-one single, \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\", one of the first number-one singles recorded by an all-female vocal group and the\",\n \"title\": \"The Marvelettes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4439289\",\n \"text\": \"the departure of Florence Ballard in 1967 and lead singer Diana Ross in 1970, was about to lose another member of the group, Cindy Birdsong, who was expecting a baby. Birdsong originally replaced Tucker in the group The Ordettes, later to be named Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles, so it was ironic that Tucker's sister, Laurence took Birdsong's place as a backing vocalist. At this time, Jean Terrell was the lead singer of The Supremes. Laurence joined the group around the time the group issued their \\\"Floy Joy\\\" album, and appeared on the cover with Terrell and Wilson, though Birdsong\",\n \"title\": \"Lynda Laurence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15358179\",\n \"text\": \"Wilson would later write that the song had been originally given to The Marvelettes, Holland would deny this claim, as would the Marvelettes themselves. Marvelettes member Katherine Anderson-Schnaffer later said that the song didn't quite fit her group's repertoire because the song was produced under a slower beat and their music was more uptempo. When the Supremes were eventually given the song, the group members weren't pleased with the record, with member Florence Ballard later stating that they had wanted a stronger single similar to the Marvelettes' \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\". Although the group felt the song didn't have the hook\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500206\",\n \"text\": \"whose foray into Blue-eyed soul R&B/Pop spawned a successful solo career. A new strain of boy bands, such as V Factory, Varsity Fanclub, Click Five, NLT, and the Jonas Brothers, emerged at the end of the decade, but this new generation of boy bands did not reach the glamor and success of those of the 1990s and early 2000s. Girl groups maintained a steady popularity through the 2000s, with groups such as Destiny's Child (which disbanded in 2005) setting the fuel for the most successful girl group of the decade, the Pussycat Dolls (2003–10). Other girl groups included Danity Kane\",\n \"title\": \"2000s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2212119\",\n \"text\": \"1 on the pop charts for the first time with the hit, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", becoming their first of 12 No. 1 singles. (Though Wilson sang background on all of their hits before 1967, it was later revealed that Motown used in-house background singers, The Andantes, for the hits \\\"Love Child\\\" and \\\"Someday We'll Be Together). By 1964, the group had become international superstars. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy changed the name of the group to \\\"Diana Ross & The Supremes\\\" and, after a period of tension, Florence Ballard was removed from the Supremes that July. Cindy\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Wilson (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12112761\",\n \"text\": \"of the group. 1 line for the verse \\\"more butter\\\" is for the all girls from the group: \\\"Florence: When I asked him what was happenin' in the world today. He said... \\\" \\\"Florence: A more butter;\\\" \\\"Florence and Mary: More butter;\\\" \\\"Florence, Mary and Barbara: More butter;\\\" \\\"Florence, Mary, Barbara and Diane: More.\\\" Despite the fact that Ballard's leads were deemed \\\"too soulful\\\", Buttered Popcorn was considered by Motown's Quality Control department to be the best song to be issued as the Supremes' second Motown single. However, Berry Gordy was determined that Ross should be the group's main lead\",\n \"title\": \"Buttered Popcorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4558005\",\n \"text\": \"Palace, which was formerly a movie theatre. They brought in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue who had never been to Vancouver before. They drew a small crowd and Melton and Chong broke even on that one. Although Little Daddy & The Bachelors built up a small following, things soured when they went with Chong's suggestion and had themselves billed as \\\"Four Niggers and a Chink\\\". (or, bowing to pressure, \\\"Four N's and a C\\\") before taking on the moniker Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers. In 1965, Supremes members Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard heard the band — whose repertoire\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15303211\",\n \"text\": \"Baby It's You! Baby It's You! is a jukebox musical written by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, featuring the music of the 1960s pop group the Shirelles. The show \\\"tells the story of Florence Greenberg and Scepter Records, the label Greenberg started when she signed the Shirelles.\\\" After several tryouts and premieres, the show debuted on Broadway in April 2011, directed by Sheldon Epps. The Shirelles were an American girl group in the early 1960s, and the first to have a number one single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The members of the quartet were Shirley Owens (the main lead\",\n \"title\": \"Baby It's You!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2317681\",\n \"text\": \"is also frequently cited as one of his standout performances. He also took over the lead vocal for live performances of \\\"My Girl\\\" following David Ruffin's departure from the group. Williams suffered from sickle-cell anemia, which frequently wrought havoc on his physical health. In 1965, Williams began an affair with Winnie Brown, hair stylist for The Supremes and a relative of Supremes member Florence Ballard. In love with Brown but still devoted to his wife and children, Williams was also depressed because Cholly Atkins' presence now made Williams' former role as choreographer essentially, but not completely, obsolete. Life on the\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Williams (The Temptations)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6004737\",\n \"text\": \"an Aretha Franklin-esque demo around the time of her death, according to Tony Turner in \\\"All That Glittered: My Life With The Supremes\\\". Also, one of her singles, \\\"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It\\\", has been featured on soul CDs. \\\"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\\\" - take one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzdxmfGJ67w \\\"My Heart\\\" - take one : The Supreme Florence \\\"Flo\\\" Ballard The Supreme Florence \\\"Flo\\\" Ballard is a 2002 release by Universal Music Group's Spectrum label, compiling the ABC Records solo recordings of Florence Ballard (formerly of The Supremes), originally released in\",\n \"title\": \"The Supreme Florence \\\"Flo\\\" Ballard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12588881\",\n \"text\": \"The Never-Before-Released Masters The Never-Before-Released Masters is 1987 compilation album containing unreleased recordings recorded by Motown girl-group The Supremes from 1961 to 1969. It was the second CD release of unreleased recordings by The Supremes, the first being disc two of the 2 disc \\\"25th Anniversary\\\" compilation. Several other unreleased tracks appeared on earlier various artists compilations. A majority of the recordings for the unreleased album \\\"Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\\\" are featured on this compilation. Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard are both featured with lead vocals on two songs each. Mary Wilson is featured lead on\",\n \"title\": \"The Never-Before-Released Masters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"387065\",\n \"text\": \"the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls’ success. 21st-century girl groups, including The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix and Fifth Harmony, continue to cite the group as a major source of influence, as have female singers, including Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Charli XCX, Rita Ora and Carly Rae Jepsen. During her 2005 \\\"Reflections\\\" concert\",\n \"title\": \"Spice Girls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1910436\",\n \"text\": \"where she broke several ribs and severed her hand, and was rushed into emergency surgery. Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album \\\"Hot\\\". The album's lead single, \\\"I Want You Back\\\" charted\",\n \"title\": \"Mel B\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8620305\",\n \"text\": \"Originally added to the 1999 CD album release as a bonus track. () Led by Florence Ballard. () Features Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson. An instrumental track for \\\"Winter Wonderland\\\" was cut; however no vocals were recorded. Merry Christmas (The Supremes album) Merry Christmas is the seventh studio album recorded by Motown girl group The Supremes, and released on Motown Records in November 1965 (see 1965 in music). The LP, produced by Harvey Fuqua, includes recordings of familiar Christmas songs such as \\\"White Christmas\\\", \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\", \\\"My Favorite Things\\\", and \\\"Joy to the World\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Merry Christmas (The Supremes album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"387115\",\n \"text\": \"single, \\\"Wannabe\\\". Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\\\"Scary Spice\\\"), Melanie Chisholm (\\\"Sporty Spice\\\"), Emma Bunton (\\\"Baby Spice\\\"), Geri Halliwell (\\\"Ginger Spice\\\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\\\"Posh Spice\\\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \\\"Wannabe\\\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \\\"Spice\\\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \\\"Spiceworld\\\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The\",\n \"title\": \"Spice Girls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10486513\",\n \"text\": \"Tiko, or a \\\"lucky pair\\\" as they are referred to during the series). Reportedly the series was inspired in part by the popularity of Pink Lady, a female pop duo who were known for performing their songs and dancing in perfect unison and who sold millions of records in Japan during the late 1970s (they also later had a minor hit in the United States called \\\"Kiss in the Dark\\\"). Pink Lady had an enormous audience of young girls, and \\\"Majokko Tickle\\\" was considered an opportunity to capitalize on the similarity. In fact, one of Pink Lady's hits (\\\"Southpaw\\\") was\",\n \"title\": \"Majokko Tickle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4187311\",\n \"text\": \"a solo artist, he was already in the process of creating a group called The Three Degrees with the line up of Fayette Pinkney, Shirley Porter and Linda Turner. By 1966, the line up had changed to be Fayette Pinkney, Helen Scott and Janet Harmon. However, Scott announced she would be leaving the group in order to get married. Having previously appeared with the group as a cover when one of the girls fell ill, Ferguson was asked by Pinkney and Harmon to become a permanent member. In 1967, Harmon left the group and was replaced by Valerie Holiday. Barrett\",\n \"title\": \"Sheila Ferguson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4983658\",\n \"text\": \"City Technology College in Gateshead and Newcastle College of Performing Arts, She began her singing career in the group Sirens in the late 1990s with other girls from the northeast of England. While the five winning contestants of \\\"Popstars\\\" formed Hear'Say, the five runner-up contestants formed the group Liberty. The name Liberty was chosen to reflect the freedom the members experienced following their participation in \\\"Popstars\\\". Amidst pejorative media commentary (including the term \\\"Flopstars\\\"), the act proceeded to sign a multimillion-pound record contract with Richard Branson's independent record label, V2 records. Shortly after forming, Liberty received a legal challenge in\",\n \"title\": \"Michelle Heaton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7233190\",\n \"text\": \"and Tito Jackson. Sammy appeared in the BBC TV documentary \\\"Be My Baby - The Girl Group Story\\\" which aired in August 2006. The show covered the history of girl groups, focusing specifically on The Supremes, The Three Degrees, Sister Sledge, Bananarama, The Bangles and the Spice Girls. In 2007 she was a judge on BBC Radio 3's Choir of the Year competition. CeCe was one of Bruno Tonioli's panelists on BBC One's \\\"DanceX\\\". CeCe made a guest appearance on ITV's \\\"Dancing on Ice\\\" in early 2009, where she was seen helping one of the groups that were selected to\",\n \"title\": \"CeCe Sammy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11994115\",\n \"text\": \"Girls Next Door Girls Next Door was an American country music group formed in Nashville, Tennessee in 1982 and disbanded in 1991. The group consisted of Doris King, Cindy Nixon, Diane Williams, and Tammy Stephens. The group recorded three albums. Girls Next Door was founded in 1982 by record producer Tommy West, who suggested that studio backing vocalist Doris King form a four-woman vocal group. They were previously known as Belle and Wildflower. Girls Next Door recorded two albums for MTM Records and one for Atlantic Records, in addition to charting nine singles on the U.S. country charts. Their most\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Next Door\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4090534\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100, \\\"Love Child\\\" ranked highest among the Supremes' six entries. In 1967, Diana Ross & the Supremes dropped Florence Ballard, acquired new member Cindy Birdsong and added Ross' name to the billing. Following this string of changes, the Supremes had mixed success on the pop charts. \\\"Reflections\\\" peaked at number 2 on the Billboard pop charts and \\\"In and out of Love\\\" peaked at 9, but the group's next two singles did not make the pop top twenty. This prompted Motown label chief Berry Gordy to hold a special meeting in a room at the Pontchartrain Hotel in Detroit,\",\n \"title\": \"Love Child (song)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle Hank Ballard context: Ballard's 1969 album \\\"You Can't Keep a Good Man Down\\\". A 1972 single, \\\"From the Love Side\\\", credited to Hank Ballard and the Midnight Lighters, went to number 43 on the R&B chart. Ballard also appeared on Brown's 1972 album \\\"Get on the Good Foot\\\", in a track (\\\"Recitation By Hank Ballard\\\") that features Ballard describing Brown and the album. During the 1960s, Ballard's cousin, Florence Ballard, was a member of the Detroit girl group the Supremes. In the mid-1980s, Ballard re-formed The Midnighters and the group performed until 2002. On March 2, 2003, he died at age 75 of\\n\\nFlorence Ballard was a member of which girl group?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 205,\n \"origin_tokens\": 206,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle Diana Ross context: weight, and alcoholism, Florence Ballard was fired from the Supremes by Gordy in July 1967, hiring Cindy Birdsong from Patti LaBelle and the Blue-Bells as Ballard's replacement. Gordy renamed the group \\\"Diana Ross & the Supremes\\\", making it easier to charge a larger performance fee for a solo star and a backing group, as it did for other renamed Motown groups. Gordy initially considered Ross leaving the Supremes for a solo career in 1966 but changed his mind because the group's success was still too significant for Ross to pursue solo obligations. Ross remained with the Supremes until early 1970.\\n\\ntitle: Florence Ball context: Diana Ross, goingDiane\\\". Betty McGlown completed the original lineup and Jenkins named as \\\"The Primettes\\\". The performed at showcases and at school parties auditioning for Motown Records in 1960. Berry Gordy, head of Motown, advised the group to graduate from high school auditioning again. Ball eventually dropped out of high school though her groupmates graduated. In 190, Ballard was raped at knifepoint by local- basketball player Reg Harding after leaving a sock hop at Detroit's Graystone Ball (she had attended with brother, but they accidentally lost track of each other).\\ntitle Ball context: The rape in an parking off Woodward.ard responded by secluding herself her refusing to come outside which worriedm. We told and Ross what had happened Wilson were sympathetic they were because consideredwilled andlapp Both Wilson and Green, an boy Florence's, had described \\\"ally happy if somewhat mischievous sass te.\\\" bel heavily the more self-destructive ofard' adult person cynic pessim and fear\\ntitle:: Wilson would later song hades, Holland wouldy this claim asesesfer fit theirremes were eventually given the song, the group members weren't pleased with the record, with member Florence Ballard later stating that they had wanted a stronger single similar to the Marvelettes' \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\". Although the group felt the song didn't have the hook\\n\\nFlorence Ballard was a member of which girl group?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 483,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14967,\n \"ratio\": \"31.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":192,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":192,"string":"192"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Susan Abigail Sarandon","Susan Abigail Tomalin","Susan Sarandon"],"string":"[\n \"Susan Abigail Sarandon\",\n \"Susan Abigail Tomalin\",\n \"Susan Sarandon\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Susan Sarandon"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"774216","text":"Lenora Marie (née Criscione; b. 1923) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin (1917–1999), an advertising executive, television producer, and one-time nightclub singer. She has four brothers, Philip Jr., Terry (deceased May 19, 2016), Tim and O'Brian, and four sisters, Meredith, Bonnie, Amanda, and Missy. Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry, his English ancestors being from Hackney in London and his Welsh ancestors being from Bridgend. On her mother's side, she is of Italian descent, with ancestors from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Sarandon was raised Roman Catholic and attended Roman Catholic schools. She grew up in Edison, New","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"774212","text":"Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Tomalin, better known as Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She has received an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and has been nominated for six Primetime Emmy Awards and nine Golden Globe Awards. She is known for her social and political activism for a variety of causes. She was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006. Sarandon began her career in the 1970 film \"Joe\", before appearing in the soap opera \"A","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"774235","text":"received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Stockholm International Film Festival, was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2010, and received the Outstanding Artistic Life Award for her Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema at the 2011 Shanghai International Film Festival. In 2013, she was invited to inaugurate the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa. In 2015, Sarandon received the Goldene Kamera international lifetime achievement award. Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Tomalin, better known as Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She has received an Academy Award, a British","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"90225","text":"surname was originally \"Sarondonethes\", was born in Istanbul, Turkey, of Greek ancestry; his mother is also of Greek descent. Sarandon graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Beckley. He earned a degree in speech at West Virginia University. He earned his master's degree in theater from The Catholic University of America (CUA) in Washington, D.C.. While attending CUA, he married classmate Susan Tomalin in 1967. After graduating, they both pursued acting careers, with Tomalin taking his surname as her professional name, Susan Sarandon. They were married until 1979. After graduation, he toured with numerous improvisational companies and became much involved","title":"Chris Sarandon"},{"id":"3572647","text":"Eva Amurri Eva Maria Olivia Amurri Martino (born March 15, 1985) is an American film and television actress. Amurri Martino was born in New York City, to Italian director Franco Amurri and American actress Susan Sarandon (whose own mother's ancestry was Italian). She also has two half-brothers, Jack and Miles, on her mother's side. She attended Friends Seminary (Manhattan) for middle school, and graduated from Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, New York, and Brown University. Amurri Martino had a role in the 2002 film \"The Banger Sisters\", in which her mother starred, with Amurri Martino playing the daughter of her","title":"Eva Amurri"},{"id":"1935148","text":"63rd Berlin International Film Festival. In 1988, Robbins entered into a relationship with actress Susan Sarandon, whom he met on the set of \"Bull Durham\". They have two sons: John \"Jack\" Henry (born May 15, 1989) and Miles Guthrie (born May 4, 1992). Robbins, like Sarandon, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. The end of Robbins' relationship with Sarandon was announced in late December 2009. Robbins supported Ralph Nader's 2000 presidential campaign and appeared on stage in character as Bob Roberts during the \"Nader Rocks the Garden\" rally at Madison Square Garden. In December 2007,","title":"Tim Robbins"},{"id":"549502","text":"nominated for three Grammy Awards and a BAFTA Award. Close has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Close was born on March 19, 1947 in Greenwich, Connecticut, to William Taliaferro Close, a doctor who operated a clinic in the Belgian Congo and served as a personal physician to Zaire's ruler Mobutu Sese Seko, and socialite Bettine Moore Close. She has two sisters, Tina and Jessie, and two brothers, Alexander (nicknamed Sandy) and Tambu Misoki, whom Close's parents adopted while living in Africa. During her childhood, Close","title":"Glenn Close"},{"id":"3572650","text":"at nine weeks. Amurri Martino is a longtime resident of Pound Ridge, New York. Eva Amurri Eva Maria Olivia Amurri Martino (born March 15, 1985) is an American film and television actress. Amurri Martino was born in New York City, to Italian director Franco Amurri and American actress Susan Sarandon (whose own mother's ancestry was Italian). She also has two half-brothers, Jack and Miles, on her mother's side. She attended Friends Seminary (Manhattan) for middle school, and graduated from Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, New York, and Brown University. Amurri Martino had a role in the 2002 film \"The Banger","title":"Eva Amurri"},{"id":"774215","text":"six-time Emmy Award nominee, including for her guest roles on the sitcoms \"Friends\" (2001) and \"Malcolm in the Middle\" (2002), and appearances in the TV films \"Bernard and Doris\" (2007) and \"You Don't Know Jack\" (2010). In 2017, Sarandon portrayed Bette Davis in the first season of FX's anthology series \"Feud\", for which she was nominated for both for acting and producing Emmys. She was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy award for executive producing \"Cool Women in History\" in 2002. Sarandon was born in the Queens borough of New York City. She is the eldest of nine children of","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"774233","text":"the mid-1980s, Sarandon dated Italian filmmaker Franco Amurri, with whom she had a daughter, Eva Amurri (born March 15, 1985) who is also an actress. From 1988, Sarandon lived with actor Tim Robbins, whom she met while they were filming \"Bull Durham\". They have two sons. Sarandon, like Robbins, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. Sarandon split with Robbins in 2009. Following the end of her relationship with Robbins, she soon began a relationship with Jonathan Bricklin, son of Malcolm Bricklin. Sarandon and Bricklin helped establish a chain of ping-pong lounges named SPiN. Sarandon is","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"90232","text":"Kevin Kline, Jennifer Garner and Daniel Sunjata. He is on the Advisory Board for the Greenbrier Valley Theatre in Lewisburg, West Virginia. In 2016 he performed in the Off-Broadway production of the Dave Malloy musical \"Preludes\" as Anton Chekhov, Tchaikovsky, Alexander Glazunov, Leo Tolstoy, Tsar Nicholas II, and The Master. Sarandon has been married three times; he was first married to actress Susan Sarandon from 1967 to 1979. After his divorce from Susan, he married Lisa Ann Cooper in 1980; together the couple had two daughters and one son, Stephanie, Alexis and Michael. The marriage ended in a divorce in","title":"Chris Sarandon"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"774234","text":"the co-owner of this New York ping-pong club and its Toronto branch SPiN Toronto. Sarandon and Bricklin broke up in 2015. In 2006, Sarandon and ten relatives, including her then-partner, Tim Robbins, and their son Miles traveled to Wales to trace her family's Welsh genealogy. Their journey was documented by the BBC Wales programme, \"Coming Home: Susan Sarandon\". Much of the same research and content was featured in the American version of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" She also received the \"Ragusani Nel Mondo\" prize in 2006; her Sicilian roots are in Ragusa, Italy. Sarandon is a vegetarian. Sarandon","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"549556","text":"Twitter account. Glenn Close Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress and producer. She began her professional stage career in 1974 in \"Love for Love\", and was mostly a New York stage actress through the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing in both plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \"Barnum\" in 1980 and \"The Real Thing\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \"The World According to Garp\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \"The Big Chill\" (1983)","title":"Glenn Close"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"4417688","text":"to Mortimer Hall, son of New York Post newspaper publisher Dorothy Schiff. Lynn's daughter Dolly Hall is a film producer. Another daughter, Susan, a.k.a. Daisy Hall, is an alumna of the Emma Willard School for Girls in Troy, New York, and as an actress herself, has starred in numerous French- and lesser-known American-produced films, during the 1980s, '90s and 2000s. Diana Lynn Diana Marie Lynn (born Dolores Eartha Loehr, October 7, 1926 – December 18, 1971) was an American actress. Lynn was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Louis Loehr, was an oil supply executive, and her mother, Martha","title":"Diana Lynn"},{"id":"774232","text":"Globe Awards and participated in a rally against gun violence in June 2018. On June 28, 2018, Sarandon was arrested during the Women Disobey protests, along with 575 other people, for protesting at the Hart Senate Office Building where a sit-in was being held against Donald Trump's migrant separation policy. While in college, Susan Tomalin met fellow student Chris Sarandon and the couple married on September 16, 1967. They divorced in 1979, but she retained the surname Sarandon as her stage name. She was then involved romantically with director Louis Malle, musician David Bowie and, briefly, actor Sean Penn. In","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"1045200","text":"those age 65 or over. Hinckley was home to the first Harlem Globetrotters away game on January 7, 1927. In 1981, Hinckley served as stand-in for fictional North Crawford in Jonathan Demme's film adaptation of \"Who Am I This Time?\" by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.. Christopher Walken and Susan Sarandon portray two painfully shy people who find one another through a community theater production of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", in which they portray the tempestuous Stanley and Stella Kowalski. Hinckley, Illinois Hinckley is a village in Squaw Grove Township, DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 2,070 at the 2010","title":"Hinckley, Illinois"},{"id":"378368","text":"Anthony and Lucy Read in Adams, Massachusetts, the second oldest of seven children. She was named for her mother's mother Susanah, and for her father's sister Susan. In her youth, she and her sisters responded to a \"great craze for middle initials\" by adding middle initials to their own names. Anthony adopted \"B.\" as her middle initial because her namesake aunt Susan had married a man named Brownell. Her family shared a passion for social reform. Her brothers Daniel and Merritt moved to Kansas to support the anti-slavery movement there. Merritt fought with John Brown against pro-slavery forces during the","title":"Susan B. Anthony"},{"id":"1769410","text":"Tenzing Norgay Tenzing Norgay GM OSN (; \"tendzin norgyé\"; 29 May 1914 – 9 May 1986), born Namgyal Wangdi and often referred to as Sherpa Tenzing, was a Nepali-Indian Sherpa mountaineer. He was one of the first two individuals known to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which he accomplished with Edmund Hillary on 29 May 1953. \"Time\" named him one of the people of the 20th century. There are conflicting accounts of his early life. The account he gave in his autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and raised in Tengboche, Khumbu, in","title":"Tenzing Norgay"},{"id":"549498","text":"Glenn Close Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress and producer. She began her professional stage career in 1974 in \"Love for Love\", and was mostly a New York stage actress through the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing in both plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \"Barnum\" in 1980 and \"The Real Thing\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \"The World According to Garp\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \"The Big Chill\" (1983) and \"The","title":"Glenn Close"},{"id":"2046972","text":"Jacqueline Susann Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American writer and actress. Her first novel, \"Valley of the Dolls\" (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, \"The Love Machine\" (1969) and \"Once Is Not Enough\" (1973), Susann became the first author to have three consecutive #1 novels on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller List. Jacqueline Susann was born on August 20, 1918, in Philadelphia, a single daughter to a Jewish couple: Robert Susan (1887–1957), a portrait painter, and Rose Jans (1892–1981), a public schoolteacher. As a","title":"Jacqueline Susann"},{"id":"857667","text":"Cher Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer and actress. Commonly referred to by the media as the Goddess of Pop, she has been described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. She is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances during her six-decade-long career. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher after their song \"I Got You Babe\" reached number one on the American and","title":"Cher"},{"id":"549503","text":"lived with her parents in a stone cottage on her maternal grandfather's estate in Greenwich. Close has credited her acting abilities to her early years: \"I have no doubt that the days I spent running free in the evocative Connecticut countryside with an unfettered imagination, playing whatever character our games demanded, is one of the reasons that acting has always seemed so natural to me.\" Although Close has an affluent background, she has stated that her family chose not to participate in WASP society. She would also avoid mentioning her birthplace whenever asked because she did not want people to","title":"Glenn Close"},{"id":"2129660","text":"of the yacht \"Pelorus\". Approached on Geffen's behalf by broker Merle Wood, Geffen bought \"Pelorus\" in 2011 for $300 million. David Geffen David Lawrence Geffen (born February 21, 1943) is an American business magnate, producer, film studio executive, and philanthropist. Geffen created or co-created Asylum Records in 1970, Geffen Records in 1980, DGC Records in 1990, and DreamWorks SKG in 1994. As philanthropist he has donated to the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and other educational and research institutes. David Geffen was born in Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York, to Abraham Geffen and Batya Volovskaya (1909—1988). Geffen's mother","title":"David Geffen"},{"id":"13005347","text":"William Close William Taliaferro Close (June 7, 1924 – January 15, 2009) was an American surgeon who played a major role in stemming a 1976 outbreak of the Ebola virus in Zaire, the first major outbreak of the viral hemorrhagic fever in Central Africa, and preventing its further spread. He was also the father of actress Glenn Close and husband of Bettine Moore Close. William Close was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, on June 7, 1924, minutes after his twin brother. His parents were Elizabeth (née Taliaferro) and Edward Bennett Close, an attorney; his mother was a descendant of the Taliaferro","title":"William Close"},{"id":"549547","text":"times, each ending in divorce. Her first marriage ended before going off to university. Close described it as \"kind of an arranged marriage.\" From 1969 to 1971, Close was married to Cabot Wade, a guitarist and songwriter, with whom she had performed during her time at Up with People. She was married to businessman James Marlas from 1984 to 1987. Soon afterwards, she began a relationship with producer John Starke, whom she had previously met on the set of \"The World According to Garp\". Their daughter, Annie Starke, was born on April 26, 1988, and is an actress. They separated","title":"Glenn Close"},{"id":"2846648","text":"faith states. In 1968, soon after her discovery, Bell married Martin Burnell; the couple divorced in 1993 after separating in 1989. Her husband was a local government officer, and his career took them to various parts of Britain. She worked part-time for many years while raising her son, Gavin Burnell, who is a member of the condensed matter physics group at the University of Leeds. Jocelyn Bell Burnell Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, co-discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. She was credited with","title":"Jocelyn Bell Burnell"},{"id":"20908920","text":"Miles Robbins Miles Guthrie Tomalin Robbins (born May 4, 1992) is an American musician and actor. Robbins was born in New York City. He studied documentary film and music production at Brown University for three years but left before graduation. He is the son of the actors Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon. His half-sister is the actress Eva Amurri, and his older brother is the director Jack Henry Robbins. While he has publicly worn dresses, Robbins identifies as male and heterosexual. Robbins has worked as a disc jockey. In his current psychedelic pop band called the 'Pow Pow Family Band'.","title":"Miles Robbins"},{"id":"17327865","text":"Natalie Portman filmography Natalie Portman is an actress, producer, and director with dual American and Israeli citizenship. Portman made her film debut in Luc Besson's \"\" where she starred as a vengeful child assassin. She followed this by appearing in Michael Mann's crime thriller \"Heat\" (1995), Ted Demme's romantic comedy \"Beautiful Girls\" (1996), and Tim Burton's science fiction comedy \"Mars Attacks!\" (1996). Three years later, her supporting role as the precocious, responsible daughter of a narcissistic mother played by Susan Sarandon in the drama \"Anywhere but Here\" earned Portman her first Golden Globe Award nomination. In the same year, Portman","title":"Natalie Portman filmography"},{"id":"2392774","text":"The Banger Sisters The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy film written and directed by Bob Dolman, and produced by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film stars Goldie Hawn and Susan Sarandon as two middle-aged women who used to be friends and groupies when they were young. It was released on September 20, 2002. The film was Hawn's last acting role until the release of \"Snatched\" in 2017, fourteen and a half years after the release of \"The Banger Sisters\". When Suzette (Hawn) is fired from her job as bartender at the Whisky A Go-Go in Los Angeles, she decides,","title":"The Banger Sisters"},{"id":"17382583","text":"Bus. rejoins US 15 at the north end of Leesburg, just short of the Morven Park equestrian facilities. U.S. Route 15 Business (US 15 Business) is an unsigned business route of US 15 through Emmitsburg. Known as Seton Avenue, the highway runs between junctions with US 15 on the south and north sides of the town. US 15 Business follows the original alignment of US 15 through Emmitsburg. The highway serves the St. Joseph's College and Mother Seton Shrine campuses, which are home to several emergency management institutions and a shrine dedicated to Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first person born","title":"Special routes of U.S. Route 15"},{"id":"14851313","text":"during the Great Depression. He was born Dorothy Lucille Tipton in 1914, but began living as a man in the 1930s. He was married five times to women, and adopted three boys. He led a full career as a musician and, in later life, as an entertainment agent. Other than his birth family, no one knew of his birth sex or cross-living until after his death in 1989. Willmer \"Little Ax\" Broadnax was a lead singer in several important gospel quartets, most famously the Spirit of Memphis Quartet. When he died in 1994, it was discovered that he was female","title":"History of cross-dressing"},{"id":"1312129","text":"Gaye wasn't satisfied with the support he was getting from the agency. Notes Marvin Gaye Marvin Pentz Gaye (born Gay Jr.; April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984) was an American singer, songwriter and record producer. Gaye helped to shape the sound of Motown in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of hits, including \"Ain't That Peculiar\", \"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)\" and \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\", and duet recordings with Mary Wells, Kim Weston, Diana Ross and Tammi Terrell, later earning the","title":"Marvin Gaye"},{"id":"846343","text":"quintuplets known to survive infancy were the all-female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets, born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as \"quins\" in the UK and \"quints\" in North America. Born in Liverpool, England on 18 November 1983, the Walton sextuplets were the world's first all-female surviving sextuplets, and the world's fourth known set of surviving sextuplets. Another well-known set of sextuplets is the Gosselin sextuplets, born May 10, 2004 in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Reality television shows called Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus 8 have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets. In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets were born","title":"Multiple birth"},{"id":"3706710","text":"Blue\". In recent years, Crouse has concentrated on the theater. \"Once you get your driver's license, you end your film career,\" says Crouse. \"Look at my generation. Great actresses like Glenn Close and Susan Sarandon—there's nothing written for anyone over a certain age.\" In 2007, Crouse opened a revival of \"The Belle of Amherst\", a one-woman show about the life of poet Emily Dickinson, at the Gloucester Stage in Gloucester, Massachusetts. \"You can't stop and recite something,\" says Crouse. \"You have to keep the poetry very, very active, which is pretty easy with Dickinson. She was striving so hard to","title":"Lindsay Crouse"},{"id":"258423","text":"his brother Ron Reagan \"an embarrassment\" for speculating in a memoir that their father suffered from Alzheimer's disease while president. Michael Reagan Michael Edward Reagan (born John Charles Flaugher; March 18, 1945) is an American political commentator, Republican strategist, former radio talk show host, and author. He is the son of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) and his first wife, actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). Reagan was born John Charles Flaugher in Los Angeles to Irene Flaugher (October 18, 1916 – December 26, 1985), an unmarried woman from Kentucky who became pregnant through a relationship with John Bourgholtzer, a U.S.","title":"Michael Reagan"},{"id":"3694273","text":"analyzing the voting behavior of GenJonesers. The election to the presidency of Barack Obama, born in 1961, plus Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, born 1964, focused more attention on Generation Jones. Many journalists, publications, and experts — including Jonathan Alter (\"Newsweek\"), David Brooks (\"The New York Times\") and Karen Tumulty (\"Time\") — have characterized Obama as a member of Generation Jones. Key characteristics assigned to members are pessimism, distrust of government, and general cynicism. Generation Jones Generation Jones is a term coined by the author Jonathan Pontell to describe those born from approximately 1954 to 1964, while other sources","title":"Generation Jones"},{"id":"16914357","text":"Diana Abgar Diana Apcar (, 12 October 1859 – 8 July 1937) was an Armenian writer, diplomat, and ambassador to Japan of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia in 1918-1920. She is the first Armenian woman diplomat and possibly the first woman to have ever been appointed in any diplomatic post. Diana Agabeg (Agabegian), whose baptismal name was Gayane, was born in Rangoon, British Burma (today Yangon, Myanmar) on 12 October 1859. Her father was an Indian-Armenian who migrated to South East Asia from New Julfa, Persia. Diana Apcar's mother Avet was from the Tateos Avetum family in the Shiraz","title":"Diana Abgar"},{"id":"5106671","text":"Luci Baines Johnson Luci Baines Johnson Turpin (born July 2, 1947) is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the younger daughter of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife, former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. Born in Washington, D.C., Johnson has an older sister Lynda Bird. Johnson's first name was originally spelled \"Lucy\"; she changed the spelling in her teens as a rebellion towards her parents. As her parents both had the initials LBJ, they named their two daughters to have these initials also. Although her father was a member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), her","title":"Luci Baines Johnson"},{"id":"258414","text":"Michael Reagan Michael Edward Reagan (born John Charles Flaugher; March 18, 1945) is an American political commentator, Republican strategist, former radio talk show host, and author. He is the son of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) and his first wife, actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). Reagan was born John Charles Flaugher in Los Angeles to Irene Flaugher (October 18, 1916 – December 26, 1985), an unmarried woman from Kentucky who became pregnant through a relationship with John Bourgholtzer, a U.S. Army corporal of German background. He was adopted by Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman shortly after his birth. He was","title":"Michael Reagan"},{"id":"774229","text":"up the status quo right now, then you're not in touch with the status quo\". On October 30, 2016, she endorsed Green Party of the United States presidential candidate Jill Stein. In an interview with \"The Guardian\" published on November 26, 2017, Sarandon said about Hillary Clinton: \"I did think she was very, very dangerous. We would still be fracking, we would be at war [if she were president]\". Sarandon's mother Leonora Tomalin is a staunch Republican, a supporter of George W. Bush and the Iraq War. In 1995, Sarandon was one of many Hollywood actors, directors and writers interviewed","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"18801195","text":"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe is a 2015 American made-for-TV drama film on Marilyn Monroe. It stars Kelli Garner, Susan Sarandon, Emily Watson, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, and Eva Amurri Martino and was first aired on Lifetime on May 30 and May 31, 2015. The (two-hour forty-seven minute) miniseries is based on \"The New York Times\" bestseller of the same name by J. Randy Taraborrelli. It has been nominated for 3 Creative Arts Emmy Awards A chronicle of Marilyn Monroe's family life, her relationship with her mother, Gladys Baker, and how she succeeded in","title":"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe"},{"id":"37957","text":"the best-selling female albums artist of the 2000s. In 2004, she launched a perfume brand with Elizabeth Arden, Inc., from which sales exceeded US$1.5 billion, . Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the second child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears. Her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portell, was English (born in London), and one of Spears's maternal great-great-grandfathers was Maltese. Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn. Britney was born in the Bible Belt, where socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a particularly strong religious influence. Spears was baptized into the Southern Baptist Convention, but later in life studied","title":"Britney Spears"},{"id":"549549","text":"$10.2 million. She also runs a 1,000 acre ranch in Wyoming. Close is the President of Trillium Productions Inc. Her company has produced films like \"Albert Nobbs\", \"Sarah Plain and Tall,\" and \"South Pacific\". She also produced the film \"\" (1995) with Barbra Streisand, for which they were both nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Television Movie. In 2007 she co-founded FetchDog, a dog accessories catalog and Internet site. She published blogs where she interviews other celebrities about their relationships with their dogs. She sold the business in 2012. Close was born into a Democratic family. In addition, she has","title":"Glenn Close"},{"id":"3144126","text":"2003, Parker dated actor Billy Crudup. Parker was seven months pregnant with their son, William Atticus Parker, born in 2004, when Crudup left her for actress Claire Danes, then 24 years old. William's godmother is actress Susan Sarandon. In December 2006, Parker began dating actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan, whom she met on the set of \"Weeds\". On February 12, 2008, Parker and Morgan announced their engagement, only to break up the following April. In September 2007, Parker adopted a baby girl, Caroline Aberash Parker, from Ethiopia. In 2013, Parker was honored for her work with Hope North, an organization that","title":"Mary-Louise Parker"},{"id":"321913","text":"Diana, Princess of Wales Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. Diana was born into the Spencer family, a family of British nobility, and she was the youngest daughter of Viscount and Viscountess Althorp. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, and was educated in England and Switzerland.","title":"Diana, Princess of Wales"},{"id":"5859861","text":"album, \"F.L.M.\" (1987) spent 25 weeks on the UK chart and was certified platinum in the UK. Appleby died in Westminster, London, of cancer following treatment for metastatic paraganglioma on 18 January 1990. She died at the age of 23 and is buried in East Finchley Cemetery. Melanie Appleby Melanie Susan \"Mel\" Appleby (11 July 1966 – 18 January 1990) was one half of the 1980s English duo Mel and Kim. They had a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart in March 1987, with the song \"Respectable\". Appleby was born in Hackney, London, to a Jamaican father and","title":"Melanie Appleby"},{"id":"12903077","text":"understanding and sympathy of these partnerships. The drawings depict actors including Ethan Hawke (and Nina), Susan Sarandon (with Penny and Rigby) and Alan Cumming (with Honey) and several Hotel Chelsea neighbours among them April Barton (with Ava), Laura Kaplan (with Oscar) and Drew Straub (with Fuzzy) the philanthropist Agnes Gund (with Tina, Giotto and Bronzino) and Mayer Rus (with Louise). In 2015 the Royal Academy of Arts, London published the book We Think The World of You, \"People and Dogs Drawn Together\". . Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Thames & Hudson, Ltd London and distributed in the","title":"David Remfry"},{"id":"18801197","text":"has an approval of 55% based on 11 reviews with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Offering few revelations, \"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe\" treads the same well-worn path as many other Monroe biopics, despite an admirable performance by Kelli Garner\". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating \"mixed or average\". The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe is a 2015 American made-for-TV drama film on Marilyn Monroe. It stars Kelli Garner, Susan Sarandon, Emily Watson, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, and","title":"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe"},{"id":"15811288","text":"Zuzana Zuzana is a common female given name in the Czech and Slovak republics. It is often translated to other languages as Suzanne, Susan, or Susannah – all commonly derived from the Hebrew language name Shoshana, meaning \"lilly\". The nameday for people with this name is 11 August. Both Czech and Slovak have initial stress and mark vowel length with acute accents, so the correct pronunciation of the name in the two languages is with the stress on the first syllable and with short vowels /'zuzana/. There are several variations of the name. For example, the name is often shortened","title":"Zuzana"},{"id":"11674775","text":"of February 2011 are in the process of getting a divorce. Tania Harcourt-Cooze Tania Rosamund Harcourt-Cooze (née Coleridge, born 22 January 1966) is an English model and actress. The daughter of Major William Duke Coleridge, 5th Baron Coleridge of Ottery St Mary, a Major in the Coldstream Guards, and his first wife Everild Tania Hambrough, she is directly related to the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The oldest of five children, by her father's first marriage she has a brother, James Duke Coleridge (born 1967) and a sister, Sophia Tamsin Coleridge (born 1970). Born in Kenya, she followed her father's British","title":"Tania Harcourt-Cooze"},{"id":"740004","text":"marriage. African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth (born 'Isabella Baumfree') was a native speaker of Dutch. Martin Van Buren, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his native language, making him the only President whose first language was not English. In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers. Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million, lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans. Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts (Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt), Marlon Brando, Thomas","title":"Languages of the United States"},{"id":"16979711","text":"her mother's third and last child. Through her father's second marriage, she became half-sister to William B. Close (1924–2009), father of actress Glenn Close (born 1947). Eleanor was educated at the Spence School in Manhattan and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. She was introduced to society in 1927, and in 1928, was presented to King George and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace. On April 12, 1930, she eloped with the playwright and director Preston Sturges (1898–1959). In 1932, she sought an annulment on the grounds that he was not legally divorced from his first wife when they eloped. Sturges'","title":"Eleanor Post Hutton"},{"id":"3326412","text":"in 1968. Corey appeared in various Broadway productions, including as a gravedigger in a production of \"Hamlet\". In 2009, filmmaker Jordan Stone began filming what was to become an award-winning documentary film called \"Irwin & Fran\". Political activist and fellow stand-up comedian Dick Gregory shared some in-depth and provocative memories and Academy Award-winning actress Susan Sarandon narrated in a very personal tone. The film won The People's Film Festival Best Film Award in 2013. Corey was married for 70 years to Frances Berman Corey, who died in May 2011. The couple had two children, the late Margaret Davis, née Corey,","title":"Irwin Corey"},{"id":"5850502","text":"that separation from Canada is the only solution to the problems plaguing Francophones. Dock is convinced that it doesn't matter who is in charge - people like him will suffer nevertheless, so it's everyone for themselves. Elizabeth, who is relatively well off, doesn't acknowledge the problems that exist for all the Francophones with whom she shares her city . The Apprentice (film) The Apprentice () is a 1971 Quebec-made comedy/drama film starring Susan Sarandon and Steve Fiset. Although the original jtitle literally translates to English as \"Blue Flower\", it is better known in English as \"The Apprentice\", which is a","title":"The Apprentice (film)"},{"id":"284057","text":"Nancy Reagan Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American film actress and the wife of Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was born in New York City. After her parents separated, she lived in Maryland with an aunt and uncle for several years. When her mother remarried in 1929, she moved to Chicago and later took the name Davis from her stepfather. As Nancy Davis, she was a Hollywood actress in the 1940s","title":"Nancy Reagan"},{"id":"268946","text":"star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of six professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin, Ronald Reagan, Lucille Ball, Frank Sinatra, and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by \"Time\" magazine as one of its . Brando was born on April 3, 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. (1895–1965), a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia (née Pennebaker; 1897–1954). Brando had two older sisters, Jocelyn Brando (1919–2005) and Frances (1922–1994). His ancestry was German, Dutch, English, and Irish. His patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New","title":"Marlon Brando"},{"id":"7185618","text":"century, when it began to be used alongside the classical form Marcus. In the Celtic legend of Tristan and Isolde this was the name of a king of Cornwall. It was also borne by the American author Mark Twain (1835–1910), real name Samuel Clemens, the author of 'Tom Sawyer' and 'Huckleberry Finn'. He actually took his pen name from a call used by riverboat workers on the Mississippi River to indicate a depth of two fathoms. This is also the usual English spelling of the name of the 1st-century BC Roman triumvir Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). Mark (name) Mark is","title":"Mark (name)"},{"id":"1967772","text":"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \"Viva La Radio\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \"Smash Hits\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working","title":"Lolly (singer)"},{"id":"640814","text":"against it, deeming it too similar to another actor working at the time. Cary and the studio eventually settled on \"Cary Grant\" (Grant thought the letters \"C\" and \"G\" to be lucky: they had brought previous success for both Clark Gable and Gary Cooper). Joan Crawford, born Lucille Fay LeSueur, had her name changed as a result of a magazine poll organised by her studio, MGM. In the past, a stage name was often used when a performer's real name was considered to denote a specific ethnicity that faced potential discrimination. In other cases, actors have reinvented themselves with a","title":"Stage name"},{"id":"983113","text":"Lorne Michaels Lorne Michaels (born Lorne David Lipowitz; November 17, 1944) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, comedian, and actor, best known for creating and producing \"Saturday Night Live\", and producing the \"Late Night\" series (since 1993), \"The Kids in the Hall\" (from 1989 to 1995) and \"The Tonight Show\" (since 2014). Lorne Michaels was born on November 17, 1944, to Florence (née Becker) and Henry Abraham Lipowitz. His place of birth is disputed; multiple sources have said he was born in Toronto, Ontario in Canada while others state he was born on a kibbutz in British-mandate Palestine (now Israel),","title":"Lorne Michaels"},{"id":"19793747","text":"on Day 40. MADD currently reside in Luton. Since their stints on Judge Geordie and If Katie Hopkins Ruled the World, Sue and Carlton have gotten engaged and have asked Vicky and Katie to be a bridesmaids at her wedding. Madd (duo) Susan \"Sue\" Evans (born 16 September 1968) and Imani \"Ginny\" Evans (born 24 January 1992) are Reality television personalities and Television producers known as MADD, which is an acronym for Mother and Daughter Duo. Their careers in television began during 2014, when they were selected to appear in the BBC observational documentary The Kitchen, which focused on the","title":"Madd (duo)"},{"id":"16824450","text":"some fat, solid, six-part melodies which are very K-poppy.\" A*M*E cites Beyoncé, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and Big Bang as her influences, she also cites Janet Jackson as a major influence calling Jackson \"my idol\". A*M*E Aminata Jamieson (née Kabba) (born 13 December 1994), better known as A*M*E, is a British singer and songwriter. A*M*E was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone on 13 December 1994. In 2011, Amy was scouted and signed by Take That frontman Gary Barlow to his label, Future Records. On 9 December 2012 the BBC announced that A*M*E had been nominated for the Sound of","title":"A*M*E"},{"id":"9369160","text":"beliefs of what should be reformed need not be normative for the church. But it is his unquenchable desire to reform timely and be biblically sound to what can be agreed upon is to be counted, and the event as an inspiration in dormancy and as a guide for readiness to change, in the present day. English: Malayalam: Abraham Malpan Palakunnathu Abraham Malpan (പാലകുന്നത്ത് അബ്രഹാം മൽപ്പാൻ), also known as Martin Luther of the East (30 May, 1796 – 9 September, 1845) was born in the ancient Syrian Christian Palakunnathu Family which practiced Knanaya West Syriac Rite Oriental Orthodoxy after the","title":"Abraham Malpan"},{"id":"1272646","text":"co-starring in the Sherlock Holmes–inspired crime drama series \"Elementary\" as Joan Watson for which she won the Seoul International Drama Award for Best Actress and voicing Silvermist in Disney's \"Tinker Bell\" film series. Lucy Liu was born on December 2, 1968, in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, New York. In high school, she adopted a middle name, Alexis. She is the youngest of three children born to Cecilia, who worked as a biochemist, and Tom Liu, a trained civil engineer who sold digital clock pens. Liu's parents originally came from Beijing and Shanghai and immigrated to Taiwan as adults","title":"Lucy Liu"},{"id":"2846637","text":"Jocelyn Bell Burnell Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, co-discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. She was credited with \"one of the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century\". The discovery was recognised by the award of the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics, but despite the fact that she was the first to observe the pulsars, Bell was excluded from the recipients of the prize. The paper announcing the discovery of pulsars had five authors. Bell's thesis supervisor Antony Hewish was listed first,","title":"Jocelyn Bell Burnell"},{"id":"15811289","text":"to Zuzka. For a child with the name Zuzana, one can also use the diminutive form: Zuzanka. Zuzana Zuzana is a common female given name in the Czech and Slovak republics. It is often translated to other languages as Suzanne, Susan, or Susannah – all commonly derived from the Hebrew language name Shoshana, meaning \"lilly\". The nameday for people with this name is 11 August. Both Czech and Slovak have initial stress and mark vowel length with acute accents, so the correct pronunciation of the name in the two languages is with the stress on the first syllable and with","title":"Zuzana"},{"id":"18653961","text":"Pioneer Generation Package In Singapore, the Pioneer Generation Package (PGP; Chinese: 建国一代配套, pinyin: Jiànguóyìdài pèitào; Malay: \"Pakej Generasi Perintis\") is a S$9 billion package launched in 2014 aimed at helping pioneering Singaporeans to meet retirement adequacy. PGP is designed as a series of healthcare and social support schemes to show gratitude towards pioneer Singaporeans for their contributions to Singapore during the nation's nascency. The package covers approximately 450,000 pioneer Singaporeans over an estimated 20-year period. The package defines a \"Pioneer\" as a Singaporean born on or before 31 December 1949 and obtained citizenship before 31 December 1986. The Pioneer Generation","title":"Pioneer Generation Package"},{"id":"2047003","text":"called \"See How Beautiful I Am: The Return of Jackie Susann\", during which a dying Susann discusses her life and career. The show was performed as part of the Edinburgh Festival in 2001 as well as the New York International Fringe Festival in 2008. Jacqueline Susann Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American writer and actress. Her first novel, \"Valley of the Dolls\" (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, \"The Love Machine\" (1969) and \"Once Is Not Enough\" (1973), Susann became the first author to have","title":"Jacqueline Susann"},{"id":"774224","text":"1999, she was appointed UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In that capacity, she has actively supported the organization's global advocacy, as well as the work of the Canadian UNICEF Committee. In 2006, she was one of eight women selected to carry in the Olympic flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 2006 Olympic Winter Games, in Turin, Italy. The same year, Sarandon received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award. Sarandon was appointed an FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2010. Sarandon and Robbins both took an early stance against the 2003 invasion of Iraq, with Sarandon stating that she was firmly against war as","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"1955587","text":"Francisco, California. In 2010, Odam played himself in the independent film, \"Rainbows End\", a mockumentary about a band traveling from Texas to California to record an album with him. In late 2011, The Legendary Stardust Cowboy released an anthology of his life's work, a double CD on Cherry Red Records from England, titled \"For Sarah, Raquel, and David: An Anthology\". The first names refer to Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York, Raquel Welch, actress, and performing artist David Bowie, all longtime fans of The Ledge's work. Rumors of a European tour abound. Legendary Stardust Cowboy Norman Carl Odam (born September 5,","title":"Legendary Stardust Cowboy"},{"id":"10714005","text":"Safe Passage (film) Safe Passage is a 1994 American drama film starring Susan Sarandon, and featuring Nick Stahl, Sam Shepard, Sean Astin and Jason London. Directed by Robert Allan Ackerman from a screenplay by Deena Goldstone, it is based on the novel \"Safe Passage\" by Ellyn Bache. Maggie Singer (Susan Sarandon) is an obsessive, superstitious and moderately psychic woman who has premonitions in her dreams. The mother of seven children, only one of which still lives at home, she is getting divorced from her husband, and plans to move into the city and take a job as a civil servant.","title":"Safe Passage (film)"},{"id":"12296847","text":"but seen in the imagination only, . . . This little book, unlike the fortieth imitation of somebody's book on Picasso and available everywhere, is a discovery, pictures and commentary moving from an area of the mind now understandably suspect. . . .\" Sheri Martinelli Sheri Martinelli, (January 17, 1918 – November 3, 1996) was an American painter, poet, and muse. Martinelli was born Shirley Burns Brennan in Philadelphia in 1918. Of Irish ancestry, she was the eldest of four children and began using the name Sherry by the time she was a teenager. Later told that her first name","title":"Sheri Martinelli"},{"id":"3348110","text":"Rain Phoenix Rain Joan of Arc Phoenix born November 21, 1972) is an American actress, musician, and singer. Phoenix has two sisters, Liberty and Summer, and two brothers, actors Joaquin and River Phoenix. Phoenix was born Rain Joan of Arc in Crockett, Texas, the second child of John Lee Bottom and Arlyn Sharon (née Dunetz). Her mother was born in the Bronx, New York to Jewish parents from Hungary and Russia. Her father was a lapsed Catholic from Fontana, California. In 1968, Phoenix's mother left her family and moved to California, meeting Phoenix's father while hitch-hiking. They married in 1969","title":"Rain Phoenix"},{"id":"3042398","text":"in November 1990. They divorced in 2002. Since 2010, Henson has been married to actress Mia Sara. They have one child. Brian Henson Brian Henson (born November 3, 1963) is an American puppeteer, director, producer, technician, and the chairman of The Jim Henson Company. He is the son of puppeteers Jim and Jane Henson. Henson was born in New York City, is the middle child and first born son of Jane Henson (née Nebel; 1934–2013) and Jim Henson (1936–1990). He has four siblings: Lisa (born 1960), Cheryl (born 1961), John (1965–2014), and Heather Henson (born 1970). As a child, he","title":"Brian Henson"},{"id":"2047355","text":"Monica Seles Monica Seles (; , ; ; born December 2, 1973) is a retired professional tennis player, who represented Yugoslavia and the United States and is also a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. An ethnic Hungarian, she was born and raised in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. She became a naturalized American citizen in 1994 and also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007. A former world no. 1, she won nine Grand Slam singles titles, eight of them as a teenager while representing Yugoslavia, and the final one while representing the United States. In 1990, Seles became the","title":"Monica Seles"},{"id":"1359709","text":"that he would \"go out with it\" as well; he died the day after the comet returned. He was lauded as the \"greatest humorist this country has produced\", and William Faulkner called him \"the father of American literature\". Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri, the sixth of seven children born to Jane (\"née\" Lampton; 1803–1890), a native of Kentucky, and John Marshall Clemens (1798–1847), a native of Virginia. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823. Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only","title":"Mark Twain"},{"id":"7183088","text":"Mary McCartney Mary Anna McCartney (born 28 August 1969) is an English photographer and vegetarian cookery writer. McCartney is the eldest biological child of musician and singer/songwriter Paul McCartney and photographer/musician Linda McCartney. McCartney was born in London on 28 August 1969 and named after her paternal grandmother, Mary McCartney. She is the first biological child of Paul McCartney of the Beatles and photographer Linda Eastman McCartney, and Linda's second child. McCartney has an older half-sister, Heather McCartney, who was born Heather Louise See on 31 December 1962 to Linda and Joseph Melville See Jr. and adopted by Paul McCartney;","title":"Mary McCartney"},{"id":"8565556","text":"job! I wake up in the morning and I haven't got to go to a nine-to-five. I've got this life and I'm very, very lucky! Although her birth name is Susan Ann Sulley, she has been known professionally by a number of variants throughout her career; the table below shows the chronology. Because she rarely corrects journalists using an incorrect name, it is possible to find any of these currently in use in the media. Susan Ann Sulley Susan Ann Sulley (born 22 March 1963), formerly known as Susanne Sulley and Susan Ann Gayle, is an English singer who is","title":"Susan Ann Sulley"},{"id":"774231","text":"help finance the documentary \"Deep Run\", the story of a poor North Carolina teen undergoing a gender transition. On March 12, 2011, Sarandon spoke before a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin protesting Governor Scott Walker and his Budget Repair Bill. On September 27, 2011, Sarandon spoke to reporters and interested parties at the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City. Her use of the word \"Nazi\" to describe Pope Benedict XVI on October 15, 2011, generated complaints from Roman Catholic authorities, and the Anti-Defamation League, which called on Sarandon to apologize. Sarandon brought activist Rosa Clemente to the 75th Golden","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"16390943","text":"pin him down, while Evelyn was a singer, and they both were lovers. Dylan also finds an article online stating that Jack had shot Evelyn and another policeman, Noah (Jack Ellis), down in the Grand Central Station in a fit of jealous rage before being gunned down by other policemen on 18 April 1986, which was the day both Dylan and Sarah were born. Dylan then visits Evelyn's sister, and she gives Dylan a stack of letters that Jack wrote to Evelyn as she could never bear to read them and shows him the necklace she is wearing saying that","title":"2:22 (2017 film)"},{"id":"2913626","text":"Susan Orlean Susan Orlean (born October 31, 1955) is a journalist and author. She has been a staff writer for \"The New Yorker\" since 1992, and has contributed articles to many magazines including \"Vogue\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"Esquire\", and \"Outside\". She is best known as the author of the 1998 book \"The Orchid Thief\", which was adapted into the film \"Adaptation\" (2002). Meryl Streep received an Academy Award nomination for her performance as Orlean. Orlean was raised in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the daughter of Edith (née Gross 1923-2016) and Arthur Orlean (1915-2007). She has a sister, Debra, and a brother, David.","title":"Susan Orlean"},{"id":"19236873","text":"1951 they married in London. They had four children: Lionel Michael Ash, born 1953 (died as an infant in 1953); Lucinda (known as Lucy) Jane Orme, born 1955; Frances Mildred, born 1958; and (Michael) Edward Cracroft. born 1960 (all in London). In 1975 Ash divorced and married his second wife Gillian Issobel Little; she died in 2007. He lived the last part of his life in Painscastle, in Powys, Wales, and died on April 30, 2016. His publications include - Michael Edward Ash Michael Edward Ash (17 December 1927 – 30 April 2016) was a British mathematician and brewer. Ash","title":"Michael Edward Ash"},{"id":"2225517","text":"of the Prius c variant passed the one million mark during the first half of 2015. The Prius family totaled global cumulative sales of 6.1 million units in January 2017, representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997. Prius is a Latin word meaning \"first\", \"original\", \"superior\" or \"to go before\". In February 2011, Toyota USA asked the US public to decide on what the most proper plural form of Prius should be, with choices including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius, or Priuses. The company announced on 20 February that \"Prii\" was the most popular choice,","title":"Toyota Prius"},{"id":"1529883","text":"Beverly Cleary Beverly Atlee Cleary (née Bunn; born April 12, 1916) is an American writer of children's and young adult fiction. One of America's most successful living authors, 91 million copies of her books have been sold worldwide since her first book was published in 1950. Some of Cleary's best known characters are Henry Huggins and his dog Ribsy, Ramona Quimby and Beezus Quimby, and Ralph S. Mouse. The majority of Cleary's books are set in the Grant Park neighborhood of northeast Portland, Oregon, where she was raised, and she has been credited as one of the first authors of","title":"Beverly Cleary"},{"id":"1286775","text":"to give \"Welsh status to Welsh people who, not speaking Cymraeg, nevertheless do not feel at all English\". There is no final, clear definition of what constitutes a Welsh writer in English, or Anglo-Welsh author. Obviously it includes Welsh writers whose first language is English, rather than Welsh, such as Swansea born Dylan Thomas (1914–53) and novelist Emyr Humphreys, born in Prestatyn in 1919. But it also includes those born outside Wales with Welsh parentage, who were influenced by their Welsh roots, like London-born poet David Jones (1895–1974). Glyn Jones in \"The Dragon Has Two Tongues\" defines the Anglo-Welsh as","title":"Welsh literature in English"},{"id":"9548152","text":"extended from MD 26 to Tuscarora Creek. In 2015, an interchange opened at Jefferson Technology Parkway. U.S. Route 15 Business (US 15 Business) is an unsigned business route of US 15 through Emmitsburg. Known as Seton Avenue, the highway runs between junctions with US 15 on the south and north sides of the town. US 15 Business follows the original alignment of US 15 through Emmitsburg. The highway serves the St. Joseph's College and Mother Seton Shrine campuses, which are home to several emergency management institutions and a shrine dedicated to Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first person born in the","title":"U.S. Route 15 in Maryland"},{"id":"20908922","text":"in which Jamie Lee Curtis reprises her role as Laurie Strode. He also has upcoming roles in a film adaptation of \"Taipei\" by Tao Lin, and a Chris Morris production filmed in the Dominican Republic with Anna Kendrick. Miles Robbins Miles Guthrie Tomalin Robbins (born May 4, 1992) is an American musician and actor. Robbins was born in New York City. He studied documentary film and music production at Brown University for three years but left before graduation. He is the son of the actors Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon. His half-sister is the actress Eva Amurri, and his older","title":"Miles Robbins"},{"id":"6818450","text":"Beaumarchais' \"The Marriage of Figaro\" (\"Le Nozze di Figaro\") was adapted into a comic opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. 1789 \"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano\", one of the first slave narratives to have been widely read in historical times, is published. James Fenimore Cooper is born on September 15 in the United States. 1792 Percy Bysshe Shelley was born (August 4). 1793 \"Salisbury Plain\" by William Wordsworth. 1794 Robert Goldsmith was born. In 1795, Samuel Taylor Coleridge met William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. The two men published a","title":"18th century in literature"},{"id":"5181402","text":"the main groups to reject a bill to allow civil partnerships for same-sex couples in Greece. Party leader, Nikolaos Michaloliakos stated, \"church bells should toll mournfully across the country\". Nikolaos Michaloliakos supports a revival of the \"Megali Idea\", the irredentist concept that guided Greece's foreign policy until the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22: These regions, which in the past were Greek lands, had significant Greek populations until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s. Michaloliakos has criticized Thessaloniki mayor Yiannis Boutaris for wanting to name a street after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born","title":"Golden Dawn (political party)"},{"id":"16824444","text":"A*M*E Aminata Jamieson (née Kabba) (born 13 December 1994), better known as A*M*E, is a British singer and songwriter. A*M*E was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone on 13 December 1994. In 2011, Amy was scouted and signed by Take That frontman Gary Barlow to his label, Future Records. On 9 December 2012 the BBC announced that A*M*E had been nominated for the Sound of 2013 poll. In January 2013 A*M*E signed to Sony Music's Epic Records after Barlow closed Future Records to focus on his own career commitments. Her single \"Need U (100%)\", a collaboration with Duke Dumont and MNEK,","title":"A*M*E"},{"id":"2016096","text":"extensively about photography, culture and media, AIDS and illness, human rights, and communism and leftist ideology. Although her essays and speeches sometimes drew controversy, she has been described as \"one of the most influential critics of her generation.\" Sontag was born Susan Rosenblatt in New York City, the daughter of Mildred (née Jacobson) and Jack Rosenblatt, both Jews of Lithuanian and Polish descent. Her father managed a fur trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis in 1939, when Susan was five years old. Seven years later, Sontag's mother married U.S. Army Captain Nathan Sontag. Susan and her sister,","title":"Susan Sontag"},{"id":"3284579","text":"2012. Summer Phoenix Summer Joy Phoenix (née Bottom; born December 10, 1978) is an American actress, model and designer. She is the youngest sibling of actors/actresses River Phoenix, Rain Phoenix, Joaquin Phoenix, and Liberty Phoenix. Phoenix was born in Winter Park, Florida. Her mother, Arlyn Sharon (née Dunetz), was born in The Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents from Hungary and Russia. Her father, John Lee Bottom, was a lapsed Catholic from Fontana, California. In 1968, Phoenix's mother left The Bronx and moved to California, meeting Phoenix's father while hitchhiking. They married in 1969 and joined the religious cult the","title":"Summer Phoenix"},{"id":"774213","text":"World Apart\" (1970–71). In 1974, she co-starred as a young Zelda Fitzgerald surrogate in the TV movie \"F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles'\" and in 1975, she starred in the popular cult film \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\". She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for \"Atlantic City\" (1980), \"Thelma & Louise\" (1991), \"Lorenzo's Oil\" (1992), and \"The Client\" (1994), before winning for \"Dead Man Walking\" (1995). She has also won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for \"The Client\", and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for","title":"Susan Sarandon"},{"id":"378476","text":"John the Divine in Manhattan, one of the world's largest, has a sculpture honoring four spiritual heroes of the twentieth century: Anthony, Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein, and Mohandas Gandhi. Susan B. Anthony Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Anthony and women's suffrage in the United States. The holiday is February 15—Anthony's birthday. The Susan B. Anthony List (SBA List) is a non-profit organization that seeks to reduce and ultimately end abortion in the U.S. Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and women's rights","title":"Susan B. Anthony"},{"id":"12361010","text":"The Buddy System (film) The Buddy System is a 1984 American romantic comedy film starring Richard Dreyfuss, Susan Sarandon, Nancy Allen, Wil Wheaton and Jean Stapleton. The film was directed by Glenn A. Jordan who is better known for directing and producing numerous television films and television dramas. The film follows the story of a cautious single mother who forms an unlikely friendship with her son's school security guard. \"The Buddy System\" was Wil Wheaton's first major film role and his second non-television role after the 1983 film \"Hambone and Hillie\". Emily Price is a single mother: she got pregnant","title":"The Buddy System (film)"},{"id":"2787584","text":"who was born in 1979 and who took his own life in 2016 after a lifelong battle with schizophrenia, and who for a time was in the Peace Corps; Jessie, who was born in 1981, and who herself is an artist and a candidate for an advanced degree in neurobiology, and whose heroes include Helen Keller, Martin Luther King Jr. and Madonna; and Virginia, who was born in 1985, and is now a lawyer. She is passionate about endurance horse racing. In 2006, her Arabian horse ruptured an aneurysm while she was riding him. In the horse's death throes, Mann","title":"Sally Mann"},{"id":"12296843","text":"Sheri Martinelli Sheri Martinelli, (January 17, 1918 – November 3, 1996) was an American painter, poet, and muse. Martinelli was born Shirley Burns Brennan in Philadelphia in 1918. Of Irish ancestry, she was the eldest of four children and began using the name Sherry by the time she was a teenager. Later told that her first name had the wrong numerological value, she modified it to Sheri. The name Martinelli came by way of a brief early marriage to painter Ezio Martinelli, by whom she had a daughter Shelley (named after the poet) in 1943. Sheri Martinelli was a protégée","title":"Sheri Martinelli"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"774216\",\n \"text\": \"Lenora Marie (née Criscione; b. 1923) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin (1917–1999), an advertising executive, television producer, and one-time nightclub singer. She has four brothers, Philip Jr., Terry (deceased May 19, 2016), Tim and O'Brian, and four sisters, Meredith, Bonnie, Amanda, and Missy. Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry, his English ancestors being from Hackney in London and his Welsh ancestors being from Bridgend. On her mother's side, she is of Italian descent, with ancestors from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Sarandon was raised Roman Catholic and attended Roman Catholic schools. She grew up in Edison, New\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774212\",\n \"text\": \"Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Tomalin, better known as Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She has received an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and has been nominated for six Primetime Emmy Awards and nine Golden Globe Awards. She is known for her social and political activism for a variety of causes. She was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006. Sarandon began her career in the 1970 film \\\"Joe\\\", before appearing in the soap opera \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774235\",\n \"text\": \"received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Stockholm International Film Festival, was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2010, and received the Outstanding Artistic Life Award for her Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema at the 2011 Shanghai International Film Festival. In 2013, she was invited to inaugurate the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa. In 2015, Sarandon received the Goldene Kamera international lifetime achievement award. Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Tomalin, better known as Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She has received an Academy Award, a British\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90225\",\n \"text\": \"surname was originally \\\"Sarondonethes\\\", was born in Istanbul, Turkey, of Greek ancestry; his mother is also of Greek descent. Sarandon graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Beckley. He earned a degree in speech at West Virginia University. He earned his master's degree in theater from The Catholic University of America (CUA) in Washington, D.C.. While attending CUA, he married classmate Susan Tomalin in 1967. After graduating, they both pursued acting careers, with Tomalin taking his surname as her professional name, Susan Sarandon. They were married until 1979. After graduation, he toured with numerous improvisational companies and became much involved\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3572647\",\n \"text\": \"Eva Amurri Eva Maria Olivia Amurri Martino (born March 15, 1985) is an American film and television actress. Amurri Martino was born in New York City, to Italian director Franco Amurri and American actress Susan Sarandon (whose own mother's ancestry was Italian). She also has two half-brothers, Jack and Miles, on her mother's side. She attended Friends Seminary (Manhattan) for middle school, and graduated from Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, New York, and Brown University. Amurri Martino had a role in the 2002 film \\\"The Banger Sisters\\\", in which her mother starred, with Amurri Martino playing the daughter of her\",\n \"title\": \"Eva Amurri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1935148\",\n \"text\": \"63rd Berlin International Film Festival. In 1988, Robbins entered into a relationship with actress Susan Sarandon, whom he met on the set of \\\"Bull Durham\\\". They have two sons: John \\\"Jack\\\" Henry (born May 15, 1989) and Miles Guthrie (born May 4, 1992). Robbins, like Sarandon, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. The end of Robbins' relationship with Sarandon was announced in late December 2009. Robbins supported Ralph Nader's 2000 presidential campaign and appeared on stage in character as Bob Roberts during the \\\"Nader Rocks the Garden\\\" rally at Madison Square Garden. In December 2007,\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Robbins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549502\",\n \"text\": \"nominated for three Grammy Awards and a BAFTA Award. Close has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Close was born on March 19, 1947 in Greenwich, Connecticut, to William Taliaferro Close, a doctor who operated a clinic in the Belgian Congo and served as a personal physician to Zaire's ruler Mobutu Sese Seko, and socialite Bettine Moore Close. She has two sisters, Tina and Jessie, and two brothers, Alexander (nicknamed Sandy) and Tambu Misoki, whom Close's parents adopted while living in Africa. During her childhood, Close\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn Close\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3572650\",\n \"text\": \"at nine weeks. Amurri Martino is a longtime resident of Pound Ridge, New York. Eva Amurri Eva Maria Olivia Amurri Martino (born March 15, 1985) is an American film and television actress. Amurri Martino was born in New York City, to Italian director Franco Amurri and American actress Susan Sarandon (whose own mother's ancestry was Italian). She also has two half-brothers, Jack and Miles, on her mother's side. She attended Friends Seminary (Manhattan) for middle school, and graduated from Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, New York, and Brown University. Amurri Martino had a role in the 2002 film \\\"The Banger\",\n \"title\": \"Eva Amurri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774215\",\n \"text\": \"six-time Emmy Award nominee, including for her guest roles on the sitcoms \\\"Friends\\\" (2001) and \\\"Malcolm in the Middle\\\" (2002), and appearances in the TV films \\\"Bernard and Doris\\\" (2007) and \\\"You Don't Know Jack\\\" (2010). In 2017, Sarandon portrayed Bette Davis in the first season of FX's anthology series \\\"Feud\\\", for which she was nominated for both for acting and producing Emmys. She was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy award for executive producing \\\"Cool Women in History\\\" in 2002. Sarandon was born in the Queens borough of New York City. She is the eldest of nine children of\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774233\",\n \"text\": \"the mid-1980s, Sarandon dated Italian filmmaker Franco Amurri, with whom she had a daughter, Eva Amurri (born March 15, 1985) who is also an actress. From 1988, Sarandon lived with actor Tim Robbins, whom she met while they were filming \\\"Bull Durham\\\". They have two sons. Sarandon, like Robbins, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. Sarandon split with Robbins in 2009. Following the end of her relationship with Robbins, she soon began a relationship with Jonathan Bricklin, son of Malcolm Bricklin. Sarandon and Bricklin helped establish a chain of ping-pong lounges named SPiN. Sarandon is\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90232\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Kline, Jennifer Garner and Daniel Sunjata. He is on the Advisory Board for the Greenbrier Valley Theatre in Lewisburg, West Virginia. In 2016 he performed in the Off-Broadway production of the Dave Malloy musical \\\"Preludes\\\" as Anton Chekhov, Tchaikovsky, Alexander Glazunov, Leo Tolstoy, Tsar Nicholas II, and The Master. Sarandon has been married three times; he was first married to actress Susan Sarandon from 1967 to 1979. After his divorce from Susan, he married Lisa Ann Cooper in 1980; together the couple had two daughters and one son, Stephanie, Alexis and Michael. The marriage ended in a divorce in\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774234\",\n \"text\": \"the co-owner of this New York ping-pong club and its Toronto branch SPiN Toronto. Sarandon and Bricklin broke up in 2015. In 2006, Sarandon and ten relatives, including her then-partner, Tim Robbins, and their son Miles traveled to Wales to trace her family's Welsh genealogy. Their journey was documented by the BBC Wales programme, \\\"Coming Home: Susan Sarandon\\\". Much of the same research and content was featured in the American version of \\\"Who Do You Think You Are?\\\" She also received the \\\"Ragusani Nel Mondo\\\" prize in 2006; her Sicilian roots are in Ragusa, Italy. Sarandon is a vegetarian. Sarandon\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549556\",\n \"text\": \"Twitter account. Glenn Close Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress and producer. She began her professional stage career in 1974 in \\\"Love for Love\\\", and was mostly a New York stage actress through the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing in both plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \\\"Barnum\\\" in 1980 and \\\"The Real Thing\\\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \\\"The World According to Garp\\\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \\\"The Big Chill\\\" (1983)\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn Close\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4417688\",\n \"text\": \"to Mortimer Hall, son of New York Post newspaper publisher Dorothy Schiff. Lynn's daughter Dolly Hall is a film producer. Another daughter, Susan, a.k.a. Daisy Hall, is an alumna of the Emma Willard School for Girls in Troy, New York, and as an actress herself, has starred in numerous French- and lesser-known American-produced films, during the 1980s, '90s and 2000s. Diana Lynn Diana Marie Lynn (born Dolores Eartha Loehr, October 7, 1926 – December 18, 1971) was an American actress. Lynn was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Louis Loehr, was an oil supply executive, and her mother, Martha\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Lynn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774232\",\n \"text\": \"Globe Awards and participated in a rally against gun violence in June 2018. On June 28, 2018, Sarandon was arrested during the Women Disobey protests, along with 575 other people, for protesting at the Hart Senate Office Building where a sit-in was being held against Donald Trump's migrant separation policy. While in college, Susan Tomalin met fellow student Chris Sarandon and the couple married on September 16, 1967. They divorced in 1979, but she retained the surname Sarandon as her stage name. She was then involved romantically with director Louis Malle, musician David Bowie and, briefly, actor Sean Penn. In\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1045200\",\n \"text\": \"those age 65 or over. Hinckley was home to the first Harlem Globetrotters away game on January 7, 1927. In 1981, Hinckley served as stand-in for fictional North Crawford in Jonathan Demme's film adaptation of \\\"Who Am I This Time?\\\" by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.. Christopher Walken and Susan Sarandon portray two painfully shy people who find one another through a community theater production of \\\"A Streetcar Named Desire\\\", in which they portray the tempestuous Stanley and Stella Kowalski. Hinckley, Illinois Hinckley is a village in Squaw Grove Township, DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 2,070 at the 2010\",\n \"title\": \"Hinckley, Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"378368\",\n \"text\": \"Anthony and Lucy Read in Adams, Massachusetts, the second oldest of seven children. She was named for her mother's mother Susanah, and for her father's sister Susan. In her youth, she and her sisters responded to a \\\"great craze for middle initials\\\" by adding middle initials to their own names. Anthony adopted \\\"B.\\\" as her middle initial because her namesake aunt Susan had married a man named Brownell. Her family shared a passion for social reform. Her brothers Daniel and Merritt moved to Kansas to support the anti-slavery movement there. Merritt fought with John Brown against pro-slavery forces during the\",\n \"title\": \"Susan B. Anthony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1769410\",\n \"text\": \"Tenzing Norgay Tenzing Norgay GM OSN (; \\\"tendzin norgyé\\\"; 29 May 1914 – 9 May 1986), born Namgyal Wangdi and often referred to as Sherpa Tenzing, was a Nepali-Indian Sherpa mountaineer. He was one of the first two individuals known to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which he accomplished with Edmund Hillary on 29 May 1953. \\\"Time\\\" named him one of the people of the 20th century. There are conflicting accounts of his early life. The account he gave in his autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and raised in Tengboche, Khumbu, in\",\n \"title\": \"Tenzing Norgay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549498\",\n \"text\": \"Glenn Close Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress and producer. She began her professional stage career in 1974 in \\\"Love for Love\\\", and was mostly a New York stage actress through the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing in both plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \\\"Barnum\\\" in 1980 and \\\"The Real Thing\\\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \\\"The World According to Garp\\\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \\\"The Big Chill\\\" (1983) and \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn Close\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2046972\",\n \"text\": \"Jacqueline Susann Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American writer and actress. Her first novel, \\\"Valley of the Dolls\\\" (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, \\\"The Love Machine\\\" (1969) and \\\"Once Is Not Enough\\\" (1973), Susann became the first author to have three consecutive #1 novels on \\\"The New York Times\\\" Best Seller List. Jacqueline Susann was born on August 20, 1918, in Philadelphia, a single daughter to a Jewish couple: Robert Susan (1887–1957), a portrait painter, and Rose Jans (1892–1981), a public schoolteacher. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Susann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"857667\",\n \"text\": \"Cher Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer and actress. Commonly referred to by the media as the Goddess of Pop, she has been described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. She is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances during her six-decade-long career. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher after their song \\\"I Got You Babe\\\" reached number one on the American and\",\n \"title\": \"Cher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549503\",\n \"text\": \"lived with her parents in a stone cottage on her maternal grandfather's estate in Greenwich. Close has credited her acting abilities to her early years: \\\"I have no doubt that the days I spent running free in the evocative Connecticut countryside with an unfettered imagination, playing whatever character our games demanded, is one of the reasons that acting has always seemed so natural to me.\\\" Although Close has an affluent background, she has stated that her family chose not to participate in WASP society. She would also avoid mentioning her birthplace whenever asked because she did not want people to\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn Close\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2129660\",\n \"text\": \"of the yacht \\\"Pelorus\\\". Approached on Geffen's behalf by broker Merle Wood, Geffen bought \\\"Pelorus\\\" in 2011 for $300 million. David Geffen David Lawrence Geffen (born February 21, 1943) is an American business magnate, producer, film studio executive, and philanthropist. Geffen created or co-created Asylum Records in 1970, Geffen Records in 1980, DGC Records in 1990, and DreamWorks SKG in 1994. As philanthropist he has donated to the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and other educational and research institutes. David Geffen was born in Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York, to Abraham Geffen and Batya Volovskaya (1909—1988). Geffen's mother\",\n \"title\": \"David Geffen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13005347\",\n \"text\": \"William Close William Taliaferro Close (June 7, 1924 – January 15, 2009) was an American surgeon who played a major role in stemming a 1976 outbreak of the Ebola virus in Zaire, the first major outbreak of the viral hemorrhagic fever in Central Africa, and preventing its further spread. He was also the father of actress Glenn Close and husband of Bettine Moore Close. William Close was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, on June 7, 1924, minutes after his twin brother. His parents were Elizabeth (née Taliaferro) and Edward Bennett Close, an attorney; his mother was a descendant of the Taliaferro\",\n \"title\": \"William Close\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549547\",\n \"text\": \"times, each ending in divorce. Her first marriage ended before going off to university. Close described it as \\\"kind of an arranged marriage.\\\" From 1969 to 1971, Close was married to Cabot Wade, a guitarist and songwriter, with whom she had performed during her time at Up with People. She was married to businessman James Marlas from 1984 to 1987. Soon afterwards, she began a relationship with producer John Starke, whom she had previously met on the set of \\\"The World According to Garp\\\". Their daughter, Annie Starke, was born on April 26, 1988, and is an actress. They separated\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn Close\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2846648\",\n \"text\": \"faith states. In 1968, soon after her discovery, Bell married Martin Burnell; the couple divorced in 1993 after separating in 1989. Her husband was a local government officer, and his career took them to various parts of Britain. She worked part-time for many years while raising her son, Gavin Burnell, who is a member of the condensed matter physics group at the University of Leeds. Jocelyn Bell Burnell Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, co-discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. She was credited with\",\n \"title\": \"Jocelyn Bell Burnell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20908920\",\n \"text\": \"Miles Robbins Miles Guthrie Tomalin Robbins (born May 4, 1992) is an American musician and actor. Robbins was born in New York City. He studied documentary film and music production at Brown University for three years but left before graduation. He is the son of the actors Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon. His half-sister is the actress Eva Amurri, and his older brother is the director Jack Henry Robbins. While he has publicly worn dresses, Robbins identifies as male and heterosexual. Robbins has worked as a disc jockey. In his current psychedelic pop band called the 'Pow Pow Family Band'.\",\n \"title\": \"Miles Robbins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17327865\",\n \"text\": \"Natalie Portman filmography Natalie Portman is an actress, producer, and director with dual American and Israeli citizenship. Portman made her film debut in Luc Besson's \\\"\\\" where she starred as a vengeful child assassin. She followed this by appearing in Michael Mann's crime thriller \\\"Heat\\\" (1995), Ted Demme's romantic comedy \\\"Beautiful Girls\\\" (1996), and Tim Burton's science fiction comedy \\\"Mars Attacks!\\\" (1996). Three years later, her supporting role as the precocious, responsible daughter of a narcissistic mother played by Susan Sarandon in the drama \\\"Anywhere but Here\\\" earned Portman her first Golden Globe Award nomination. In the same year, Portman\",\n \"title\": \"Natalie Portman filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2392774\",\n \"text\": \"The Banger Sisters The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy film written and directed by Bob Dolman, and produced by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film stars Goldie Hawn and Susan Sarandon as two middle-aged women who used to be friends and groupies when they were young. It was released on September 20, 2002. The film was Hawn's last acting role until the release of \\\"Snatched\\\" in 2017, fourteen and a half years after the release of \\\"The Banger Sisters\\\". When Suzette (Hawn) is fired from her job as bartender at the Whisky A Go-Go in Los Angeles, she decides,\",\n \"title\": \"The Banger Sisters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17382583\",\n \"text\": \"Bus. rejoins US 15 at the north end of Leesburg, just short of the Morven Park equestrian facilities. U.S. Route 15 Business (US 15 Business) is an unsigned business route of US 15 through Emmitsburg. Known as Seton Avenue, the highway runs between junctions with US 15 on the south and north sides of the town. US 15 Business follows the original alignment of US 15 through Emmitsburg. The highway serves the St. Joseph's College and Mother Seton Shrine campuses, which are home to several emergency management institutions and a shrine dedicated to Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first person born\",\n \"title\": \"Special routes of U.S. Route 15\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14851313\",\n \"text\": \"during the Great Depression. He was born Dorothy Lucille Tipton in 1914, but began living as a man in the 1930s. He was married five times to women, and adopted three boys. He led a full career as a musician and, in later life, as an entertainment agent. Other than his birth family, no one knew of his birth sex or cross-living until after his death in 1989. Willmer \\\"Little Ax\\\" Broadnax was a lead singer in several important gospel quartets, most famously the Spirit of Memphis Quartet. When he died in 1994, it was discovered that he was female\",\n \"title\": \"History of cross-dressing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1312129\",\n \"text\": \"Gaye wasn't satisfied with the support he was getting from the agency. Notes Marvin Gaye Marvin Pentz Gaye (born Gay Jr.; April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984) was an American singer, songwriter and record producer. Gaye helped to shape the sound of Motown in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of hits, including \\\"Ain't That Peculiar\\\", \\\"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)\\\" and \\\"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\\\", and duet recordings with Mary Wells, Kim Weston, Diana Ross and Tammi Terrell, later earning the\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin Gaye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"846343\",\n \"text\": \"quintuplets known to survive infancy were the all-female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets, born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as \\\"quins\\\" in the UK and \\\"quints\\\" in North America. Born in Liverpool, England on 18 November 1983, the Walton sextuplets were the world's first all-female surviving sextuplets, and the world's fourth known set of surviving sextuplets. Another well-known set of sextuplets is the Gosselin sextuplets, born May 10, 2004 in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Reality television shows called Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus 8 have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets. In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets were born\",\n \"title\": \"Multiple birth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3706710\",\n \"text\": \"Blue\\\". In recent years, Crouse has concentrated on the theater. \\\"Once you get your driver's license, you end your film career,\\\" says Crouse. \\\"Look at my generation. Great actresses like Glenn Close and Susan Sarandon—there's nothing written for anyone over a certain age.\\\" In 2007, Crouse opened a revival of \\\"The Belle of Amherst\\\", a one-woman show about the life of poet Emily Dickinson, at the Gloucester Stage in Gloucester, Massachusetts. \\\"You can't stop and recite something,\\\" says Crouse. \\\"You have to keep the poetry very, very active, which is pretty easy with Dickinson. She was striving so hard to\",\n \"title\": \"Lindsay Crouse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"258423\",\n \"text\": \"his brother Ron Reagan \\\"an embarrassment\\\" for speculating in a memoir that their father suffered from Alzheimer's disease while president. Michael Reagan Michael Edward Reagan (born John Charles Flaugher; March 18, 1945) is an American political commentator, Republican strategist, former radio talk show host, and author. He is the son of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) and his first wife, actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). Reagan was born John Charles Flaugher in Los Angeles to Irene Flaugher (October 18, 1916 – December 26, 1985), an unmarried woman from Kentucky who became pregnant through a relationship with John Bourgholtzer, a U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3694273\",\n \"text\": \"analyzing the voting behavior of GenJonesers. The election to the presidency of Barack Obama, born in 1961, plus Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, born 1964, focused more attention on Generation Jones. Many journalists, publications, and experts — including Jonathan Alter (\\\"Newsweek\\\"), David Brooks (\\\"The New York Times\\\") and Karen Tumulty (\\\"Time\\\") — have characterized Obama as a member of Generation Jones. Key characteristics assigned to members are pessimism, distrust of government, and general cynicism. Generation Jones Generation Jones is a term coined by the author Jonathan Pontell to describe those born from approximately 1954 to 1964, while other sources\",\n \"title\": \"Generation Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16914357\",\n \"text\": \"Diana Abgar Diana Apcar (, 12 October 1859 – 8 July 1937) was an Armenian writer, diplomat, and ambassador to Japan of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia in 1918-1920. She is the first Armenian woman diplomat and possibly the first woman to have ever been appointed in any diplomatic post. Diana Agabeg (Agabegian), whose baptismal name was Gayane, was born in Rangoon, British Burma (today Yangon, Myanmar) on 12 October 1859. Her father was an Indian-Armenian who migrated to South East Asia from New Julfa, Persia. Diana Apcar's mother Avet was from the Tateos Avetum family in the Shiraz\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Abgar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5106671\",\n \"text\": \"Luci Baines Johnson Luci Baines Johnson Turpin (born July 2, 1947) is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the younger daughter of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife, former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. Born in Washington, D.C., Johnson has an older sister Lynda Bird. Johnson's first name was originally spelled \\\"Lucy\\\"; she changed the spelling in her teens as a rebellion towards her parents. As her parents both had the initials LBJ, they named their two daughters to have these initials also. Although her father was a member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), her\",\n \"title\": \"Luci Baines Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"258414\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Reagan Michael Edward Reagan (born John Charles Flaugher; March 18, 1945) is an American political commentator, Republican strategist, former radio talk show host, and author. He is the son of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) and his first wife, actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). Reagan was born John Charles Flaugher in Los Angeles to Irene Flaugher (October 18, 1916 – December 26, 1985), an unmarried woman from Kentucky who became pregnant through a relationship with John Bourgholtzer, a U.S. Army corporal of German background. He was adopted by Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman shortly after his birth. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774229\",\n \"text\": \"up the status quo right now, then you're not in touch with the status quo\\\". On October 30, 2016, she endorsed Green Party of the United States presidential candidate Jill Stein. In an interview with \\\"The Guardian\\\" published on November 26, 2017, Sarandon said about Hillary Clinton: \\\"I did think she was very, very dangerous. We would still be fracking, we would be at war [if she were president]\\\". Sarandon's mother Leonora Tomalin is a staunch Republican, a supporter of George W. Bush and the Iraq War. In 1995, Sarandon was one of many Hollywood actors, directors and writers interviewed\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18801195\",\n \"text\": \"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe is a 2015 American made-for-TV drama film on Marilyn Monroe. It stars Kelli Garner, Susan Sarandon, Emily Watson, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, and Eva Amurri Martino and was first aired on Lifetime on May 30 and May 31, 2015. The (two-hour forty-seven minute) miniseries is based on \\\"The New York Times\\\" bestseller of the same name by J. Randy Taraborrelli. It has been nominated for 3 Creative Arts Emmy Awards A chronicle of Marilyn Monroe's family life, her relationship with her mother, Gladys Baker, and how she succeeded in\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"37957\",\n \"text\": \"the best-selling female albums artist of the 2000s. In 2004, she launched a perfume brand with Elizabeth Arden, Inc., from which sales exceeded US$1.5 billion, . Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the second child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears. Her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portell, was English (born in London), and one of Spears's maternal great-great-grandfathers was Maltese. Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn. Britney was born in the Bible Belt, where socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a particularly strong religious influence. Spears was baptized into the Southern Baptist Convention, but later in life studied\",\n \"title\": \"Britney Spears\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"549549\",\n \"text\": \"$10.2 million. She also runs a 1,000 acre ranch in Wyoming. Close is the President of Trillium Productions Inc. Her company has produced films like \\\"Albert Nobbs\\\", \\\"Sarah Plain and Tall,\\\" and \\\"South Pacific\\\". She also produced the film \\\"\\\" (1995) with Barbra Streisand, for which they were both nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Television Movie. In 2007 she co-founded FetchDog, a dog accessories catalog and Internet site. She published blogs where she interviews other celebrities about their relationships with their dogs. She sold the business in 2012. Close was born into a Democratic family. In addition, she has\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn Close\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3144126\",\n \"text\": \"2003, Parker dated actor Billy Crudup. Parker was seven months pregnant with their son, William Atticus Parker, born in 2004, when Crudup left her for actress Claire Danes, then 24 years old. William's godmother is actress Susan Sarandon. In December 2006, Parker began dating actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan, whom she met on the set of \\\"Weeds\\\". On February 12, 2008, Parker and Morgan announced their engagement, only to break up the following April. In September 2007, Parker adopted a baby girl, Caroline Aberash Parker, from Ethiopia. In 2013, Parker was honored for her work with Hope North, an organization that\",\n \"title\": \"Mary-Louise Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"321913\",\n \"text\": \"Diana, Princess of Wales Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. Diana was born into the Spencer family, a family of British nobility, and she was the youngest daughter of Viscount and Viscountess Althorp. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, and was educated in England and Switzerland.\",\n \"title\": \"Diana, Princess of Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5859861\",\n \"text\": \"album, \\\"F.L.M.\\\" (1987) spent 25 weeks on the UK chart and was certified platinum in the UK. Appleby died in Westminster, London, of cancer following treatment for metastatic paraganglioma on 18 January 1990. She died at the age of 23 and is buried in East Finchley Cemetery. Melanie Appleby Melanie Susan \\\"Mel\\\" Appleby (11 July 1966 – 18 January 1990) was one half of the 1980s English duo Mel and Kim. They had a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart in March 1987, with the song \\\"Respectable\\\". Appleby was born in Hackney, London, to a Jamaican father and\",\n \"title\": \"Melanie Appleby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12903077\",\n \"text\": \"understanding and sympathy of these partnerships. The drawings depict actors including Ethan Hawke (and Nina), Susan Sarandon (with Penny and Rigby) and Alan Cumming (with Honey) and several Hotel Chelsea neighbours among them April Barton (with Ava), Laura Kaplan (with Oscar) and Drew Straub (with Fuzzy) the philanthropist Agnes Gund (with Tina, Giotto and Bronzino) and Mayer Rus (with Louise). In 2015 the Royal Academy of Arts, London published the book We Think The World of You, \\\"People and Dogs Drawn Together\\\". . Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Thames & Hudson, Ltd London and distributed in the\",\n \"title\": \"David Remfry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18801197\",\n \"text\": \"has an approval of 55% based on 11 reviews with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\"Offering few revelations, \\\"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe\\\" treads the same well-worn path as many other Monroe biopics, despite an admirable performance by Kelli Garner\\\". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating \\\"mixed or average\\\". The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe is a 2015 American made-for-TV drama film on Marilyn Monroe. It stars Kelli Garner, Susan Sarandon, Emily Watson, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, and\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15811288\",\n \"text\": \"Zuzana Zuzana is a common female given name in the Czech and Slovak republics. It is often translated to other languages as Suzanne, Susan, or Susannah – all commonly derived from the Hebrew language name Shoshana, meaning \\\"lilly\\\". The nameday for people with this name is 11 August. Both Czech and Slovak have initial stress and mark vowel length with acute accents, so the correct pronunciation of the name in the two languages is with the stress on the first syllable and with short vowels /'zuzana/. There are several variations of the name. For example, the name is often shortened\",\n \"title\": \"Zuzana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11674775\",\n \"text\": \"of February 2011 are in the process of getting a divorce. Tania Harcourt-Cooze Tania Rosamund Harcourt-Cooze (née Coleridge, born 22 January 1966) is an English model and actress. The daughter of Major William Duke Coleridge, 5th Baron Coleridge of Ottery St Mary, a Major in the Coldstream Guards, and his first wife Everild Tania Hambrough, she is directly related to the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The oldest of five children, by her father's first marriage she has a brother, James Duke Coleridge (born 1967) and a sister, Sophia Tamsin Coleridge (born 1970). Born in Kenya, she followed her father's British\",\n \"title\": \"Tania Harcourt-Cooze\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"740004\",\n \"text\": \"marriage. African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth (born 'Isabella Baumfree') was a native speaker of Dutch. Martin Van Buren, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his native language, making him the only President whose first language was not English. In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers. Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million, lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans. Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts (Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt), Marlon Brando, Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16979711\",\n \"text\": \"her mother's third and last child. Through her father's second marriage, she became half-sister to William B. Close (1924–2009), father of actress Glenn Close (born 1947). Eleanor was educated at the Spence School in Manhattan and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. She was introduced to society in 1927, and in 1928, was presented to King George and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace. On April 12, 1930, she eloped with the playwright and director Preston Sturges (1898–1959). In 1932, she sought an annulment on the grounds that he was not legally divorced from his first wife when they eloped. Sturges'\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor Post Hutton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3326412\",\n \"text\": \"in 1968. Corey appeared in various Broadway productions, including as a gravedigger in a production of \\\"Hamlet\\\". In 2009, filmmaker Jordan Stone began filming what was to become an award-winning documentary film called \\\"Irwin & Fran\\\". Political activist and fellow stand-up comedian Dick Gregory shared some in-depth and provocative memories and Academy Award-winning actress Susan Sarandon narrated in a very personal tone. The film won The People's Film Festival Best Film Award in 2013. Corey was married for 70 years to Frances Berman Corey, who died in May 2011. The couple had two children, the late Margaret Davis, née Corey,\",\n \"title\": \"Irwin Corey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5850502\",\n \"text\": \"that separation from Canada is the only solution to the problems plaguing Francophones. Dock is convinced that it doesn't matter who is in charge - people like him will suffer nevertheless, so it's everyone for themselves. Elizabeth, who is relatively well off, doesn't acknowledge the problems that exist for all the Francophones with whom she shares her city . The Apprentice (film) The Apprentice () is a 1971 Quebec-made comedy/drama film starring Susan Sarandon and Steve Fiset. Although the original jtitle literally translates to English as \\\"Blue Flower\\\", it is better known in English as \\\"The Apprentice\\\", which is a\",\n \"title\": \"The Apprentice (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284057\",\n \"text\": \"Nancy Reagan Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American film actress and the wife of Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was born in New York City. After her parents separated, she lived in Maryland with an aunt and uncle for several years. When her mother remarried in 1929, she moved to Chicago and later took the name Davis from her stepfather. As Nancy Davis, she was a Hollywood actress in the 1940s\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Reagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"268946\",\n \"text\": \"star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of six professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin, Ronald Reagan, Lucille Ball, Frank Sinatra, and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by \\\"Time\\\" magazine as one of its . Brando was born on April 3, 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. (1895–1965), a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia (née Pennebaker; 1897–1954). Brando had two older sisters, Jocelyn Brando (1919–2005) and Frances (1922–1994). His ancestry was German, Dutch, English, and Irish. His patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New\",\n \"title\": \"Marlon Brando\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7185618\",\n \"text\": \"century, when it began to be used alongside the classical form Marcus. In the Celtic legend of Tristan and Isolde this was the name of a king of Cornwall. It was also borne by the American author Mark Twain (1835–1910), real name Samuel Clemens, the author of 'Tom Sawyer' and 'Huckleberry Finn'. He actually took his pen name from a call used by riverboat workers on the Mississippi River to indicate a depth of two fathoms. This is also the usual English spelling of the name of the 1st-century BC Roman triumvir Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). Mark (name) Mark is\",\n \"title\": \"Mark (name)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1967772\",\n \"text\": \"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \\\"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\\\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \\\"Viva La Radio\\\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \\\"Smash Hits\\\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working\",\n \"title\": \"Lolly (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"640814\",\n \"text\": \"against it, deeming it too similar to another actor working at the time. Cary and the studio eventually settled on \\\"Cary Grant\\\" (Grant thought the letters \\\"C\\\" and \\\"G\\\" to be lucky: they had brought previous success for both Clark Gable and Gary Cooper). Joan Crawford, born Lucille Fay LeSueur, had her name changed as a result of a magazine poll organised by her studio, MGM. In the past, a stage name was often used when a performer's real name was considered to denote a specific ethnicity that faced potential discrimination. In other cases, actors have reinvented themselves with a\",\n \"title\": \"Stage name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983113\",\n \"text\": \"Lorne Michaels Lorne Michaels (born Lorne David Lipowitz; November 17, 1944) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, comedian, and actor, best known for creating and producing \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", and producing the \\\"Late Night\\\" series (since 1993), \\\"The Kids in the Hall\\\" (from 1989 to 1995) and \\\"The Tonight Show\\\" (since 2014). Lorne Michaels was born on November 17, 1944, to Florence (née Becker) and Henry Abraham Lipowitz. His place of birth is disputed; multiple sources have said he was born in Toronto, Ontario in Canada while others state he was born on a kibbutz in British-mandate Palestine (now Israel),\",\n \"title\": \"Lorne Michaels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19793747\",\n \"text\": \"on Day 40. MADD currently reside in Luton. Since their stints on Judge Geordie and If Katie Hopkins Ruled the World, Sue and Carlton have gotten engaged and have asked Vicky and Katie to be a bridesmaids at her wedding. Madd (duo) Susan \\\"Sue\\\" Evans (born 16 September 1968) and Imani \\\"Ginny\\\" Evans (born 24 January 1992) are Reality television personalities and Television producers known as MADD, which is an acronym for Mother and Daughter Duo. Their careers in television began during 2014, when they were selected to appear in the BBC observational documentary The Kitchen, which focused on the\",\n \"title\": \"Madd (duo)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16824450\",\n \"text\": \"some fat, solid, six-part melodies which are very K-poppy.\\\" A*M*E cites Beyoncé, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and Big Bang as her influences, she also cites Janet Jackson as a major influence calling Jackson \\\"my idol\\\". A*M*E Aminata Jamieson (née Kabba) (born 13 December 1994), better known as A*M*E, is a British singer and songwriter. A*M*E was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone on 13 December 1994. In 2011, Amy was scouted and signed by Take That frontman Gary Barlow to his label, Future Records. On 9 December 2012 the BBC announced that A*M*E had been nominated for the Sound of\",\n \"title\": \"A*M*E\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9369160\",\n \"text\": \"beliefs of what should be reformed need not be normative for the church. But it is his unquenchable desire to reform timely and be biblically sound to what can be agreed upon is to be counted, and the event as an inspiration in dormancy and as a guide for readiness to change, in the present day. English: Malayalam: Abraham Malpan Palakunnathu Abraham Malpan (പാലകുന്നത്ത് അബ്രഹാം മൽപ്പാൻ), also known as Martin Luther of the East (30 May, 1796 – 9 September, 1845) was born in the ancient Syrian Christian Palakunnathu Family which practiced Knanaya West Syriac Rite Oriental Orthodoxy after the\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Malpan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1272646\",\n \"text\": \"co-starring in the Sherlock Holmes–inspired crime drama series \\\"Elementary\\\" as Joan Watson for which she won the Seoul International Drama Award for Best Actress and voicing Silvermist in Disney's \\\"Tinker Bell\\\" film series. Lucy Liu was born on December 2, 1968, in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, New York. In high school, she adopted a middle name, Alexis. She is the youngest of three children born to Cecilia, who worked as a biochemist, and Tom Liu, a trained civil engineer who sold digital clock pens. Liu's parents originally came from Beijing and Shanghai and immigrated to Taiwan as adults\",\n \"title\": \"Lucy Liu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2846637\",\n \"text\": \"Jocelyn Bell Burnell Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, co-discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. She was credited with \\\"one of the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century\\\". The discovery was recognised by the award of the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics, but despite the fact that she was the first to observe the pulsars, Bell was excluded from the recipients of the prize. The paper announcing the discovery of pulsars had five authors. Bell's thesis supervisor Antony Hewish was listed first,\",\n \"title\": \"Jocelyn Bell Burnell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15811289\",\n \"text\": \"to Zuzka. For a child with the name Zuzana, one can also use the diminutive form: Zuzanka. Zuzana Zuzana is a common female given name in the Czech and Slovak republics. It is often translated to other languages as Suzanne, Susan, or Susannah – all commonly derived from the Hebrew language name Shoshana, meaning \\\"lilly\\\". The nameday for people with this name is 11 August. Both Czech and Slovak have initial stress and mark vowel length with acute accents, so the correct pronunciation of the name in the two languages is with the stress on the first syllable and with\",\n \"title\": \"Zuzana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18653961\",\n \"text\": \"Pioneer Generation Package In Singapore, the Pioneer Generation Package (PGP; Chinese: 建国一代配套, pinyin: Jiànguóyìdài pèitào; Malay: \\\"Pakej Generasi Perintis\\\") is a S$9 billion package launched in 2014 aimed at helping pioneering Singaporeans to meet retirement adequacy. PGP is designed as a series of healthcare and social support schemes to show gratitude towards pioneer Singaporeans for their contributions to Singapore during the nation's nascency. The package covers approximately 450,000 pioneer Singaporeans over an estimated 20-year period. The package defines a \\\"Pioneer\\\" as a Singaporean born on or before 31 December 1949 and obtained citizenship before 31 December 1986. The Pioneer Generation\",\n \"title\": \"Pioneer Generation Package\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047003\",\n \"text\": \"called \\\"See How Beautiful I Am: The Return of Jackie Susann\\\", during which a dying Susann discusses her life and career. The show was performed as part of the Edinburgh Festival in 2001 as well as the New York International Fringe Festival in 2008. Jacqueline Susann Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American writer and actress. Her first novel, \\\"Valley of the Dolls\\\" (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, \\\"The Love Machine\\\" (1969) and \\\"Once Is Not Enough\\\" (1973), Susann became the first author to have\",\n \"title\": \"Jacqueline Susann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774224\",\n \"text\": \"1999, she was appointed UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In that capacity, she has actively supported the organization's global advocacy, as well as the work of the Canadian UNICEF Committee. In 2006, she was one of eight women selected to carry in the Olympic flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 2006 Olympic Winter Games, in Turin, Italy. The same year, Sarandon received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award. Sarandon was appointed an FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2010. Sarandon and Robbins both took an early stance against the 2003 invasion of Iraq, with Sarandon stating that she was firmly against war as\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1955587\",\n \"text\": \"Francisco, California. In 2010, Odam played himself in the independent film, \\\"Rainbows End\\\", a mockumentary about a band traveling from Texas to California to record an album with him. In late 2011, The Legendary Stardust Cowboy released an anthology of his life's work, a double CD on Cherry Red Records from England, titled \\\"For Sarah, Raquel, and David: An Anthology\\\". The first names refer to Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York, Raquel Welch, actress, and performing artist David Bowie, all longtime fans of The Ledge's work. Rumors of a European tour abound. Legendary Stardust Cowboy Norman Carl Odam (born September 5,\",\n \"title\": \"Legendary Stardust Cowboy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10714005\",\n \"text\": \"Safe Passage (film) Safe Passage is a 1994 American drama film starring Susan Sarandon, and featuring Nick Stahl, Sam Shepard, Sean Astin and Jason London. Directed by Robert Allan Ackerman from a screenplay by Deena Goldstone, it is based on the novel \\\"Safe Passage\\\" by Ellyn Bache. Maggie Singer (Susan Sarandon) is an obsessive, superstitious and moderately psychic woman who has premonitions in her dreams. The mother of seven children, only one of which still lives at home, she is getting divorced from her husband, and plans to move into the city and take a job as a civil servant.\",\n \"title\": \"Safe Passage (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296847\",\n \"text\": \"but seen in the imagination only, . . . This little book, unlike the fortieth imitation of somebody's book on Picasso and available everywhere, is a discovery, pictures and commentary moving from an area of the mind now understandably suspect. . . .\\\" Sheri Martinelli Sheri Martinelli, (January 17, 1918 – November 3, 1996) was an American painter, poet, and muse. Martinelli was born Shirley Burns Brennan in Philadelphia in 1918. Of Irish ancestry, she was the eldest of four children and began using the name Sherry by the time she was a teenager. Later told that her first name\",\n \"title\": \"Sheri Martinelli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3348110\",\n \"text\": \"Rain Phoenix Rain Joan of Arc Phoenix born November 21, 1972) is an American actress, musician, and singer. Phoenix has two sisters, Liberty and Summer, and two brothers, actors Joaquin and River Phoenix. Phoenix was born Rain Joan of Arc in Crockett, Texas, the second child of John Lee Bottom and Arlyn Sharon (née Dunetz). Her mother was born in the Bronx, New York to Jewish parents from Hungary and Russia. Her father was a lapsed Catholic from Fontana, California. In 1968, Phoenix's mother left her family and moved to California, meeting Phoenix's father while hitch-hiking. They married in 1969\",\n \"title\": \"Rain Phoenix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3042398\",\n \"text\": \"in November 1990. They divorced in 2002. Since 2010, Henson has been married to actress Mia Sara. They have one child. Brian Henson Brian Henson (born November 3, 1963) is an American puppeteer, director, producer, technician, and the chairman of The Jim Henson Company. He is the son of puppeteers Jim and Jane Henson. Henson was born in New York City, is the middle child and first born son of Jane Henson (née Nebel; 1934–2013) and Jim Henson (1936–1990). He has four siblings: Lisa (born 1960), Cheryl (born 1961), John (1965–2014), and Heather Henson (born 1970). As a child, he\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Henson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047355\",\n \"text\": \"Monica Seles Monica Seles (; , ; ; born December 2, 1973) is a retired professional tennis player, who represented Yugoslavia and the United States and is also a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. An ethnic Hungarian, she was born and raised in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. She became a naturalized American citizen in 1994 and also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007. A former world no. 1, she won nine Grand Slam singles titles, eight of them as a teenager while representing Yugoslavia, and the final one while representing the United States. In 1990, Seles became the\",\n \"title\": \"Monica Seles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1359709\",\n \"text\": \"that he would \\\"go out with it\\\" as well; he died the day after the comet returned. He was lauded as the \\\"greatest humorist this country has produced\\\", and William Faulkner called him \\\"the father of American literature\\\". Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri, the sixth of seven children born to Jane (\\\"née\\\" Lampton; 1803–1890), a native of Kentucky, and John Marshall Clemens (1798–1847), a native of Virginia. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823. Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Twain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7183088\",\n \"text\": \"Mary McCartney Mary Anna McCartney (born 28 August 1969) is an English photographer and vegetarian cookery writer. McCartney is the eldest biological child of musician and singer/songwriter Paul McCartney and photographer/musician Linda McCartney. McCartney was born in London on 28 August 1969 and named after her paternal grandmother, Mary McCartney. She is the first biological child of Paul McCartney of the Beatles and photographer Linda Eastman McCartney, and Linda's second child. McCartney has an older half-sister, Heather McCartney, who was born Heather Louise See on 31 December 1962 to Linda and Joseph Melville See Jr. and adopted by Paul McCartney;\",\n \"title\": \"Mary McCartney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8565556\",\n \"text\": \"job! I wake up in the morning and I haven't got to go to a nine-to-five. I've got this life and I'm very, very lucky! Although her birth name is Susan Ann Sulley, she has been known professionally by a number of variants throughout her career; the table below shows the chronology. Because she rarely corrects journalists using an incorrect name, it is possible to find any of these currently in use in the media. Susan Ann Sulley Susan Ann Sulley (born 22 March 1963), formerly known as Susanne Sulley and Susan Ann Gayle, is an English singer who is\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Ann Sulley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774231\",\n \"text\": \"help finance the documentary \\\"Deep Run\\\", the story of a poor North Carolina teen undergoing a gender transition. On March 12, 2011, Sarandon spoke before a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin protesting Governor Scott Walker and his Budget Repair Bill. On September 27, 2011, Sarandon spoke to reporters and interested parties at the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City. Her use of the word \\\"Nazi\\\" to describe Pope Benedict XVI on October 15, 2011, generated complaints from Roman Catholic authorities, and the Anti-Defamation League, which called on Sarandon to apologize. Sarandon brought activist Rosa Clemente to the 75th Golden\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16390943\",\n \"text\": \"pin him down, while Evelyn was a singer, and they both were lovers. Dylan also finds an article online stating that Jack had shot Evelyn and another policeman, Noah (Jack Ellis), down in the Grand Central Station in a fit of jealous rage before being gunned down by other policemen on 18 April 1986, which was the day both Dylan and Sarah were born. Dylan then visits Evelyn's sister, and she gives Dylan a stack of letters that Jack wrote to Evelyn as she could never bear to read them and shows him the necklace she is wearing saying that\",\n \"title\": \"2:22 (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2913626\",\n \"text\": \"Susan Orlean Susan Orlean (born October 31, 1955) is a journalist and author. She has been a staff writer for \\\"The New Yorker\\\" since 1992, and has contributed articles to many magazines including \\\"Vogue\\\", \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", \\\"Esquire\\\", and \\\"Outside\\\". She is best known as the author of the 1998 book \\\"The Orchid Thief\\\", which was adapted into the film \\\"Adaptation\\\" (2002). Meryl Streep received an Academy Award nomination for her performance as Orlean. Orlean was raised in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the daughter of Edith (née Gross 1923-2016) and Arthur Orlean (1915-2007). She has a sister, Debra, and a brother, David.\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Orlean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19236873\",\n \"text\": \"1951 they married in London. They had four children: Lionel Michael Ash, born 1953 (died as an infant in 1953); Lucinda (known as Lucy) Jane Orme, born 1955; Frances Mildred, born 1958; and (Michael) Edward Cracroft. born 1960 (all in London). In 1975 Ash divorced and married his second wife Gillian Issobel Little; she died in 2007. He lived the last part of his life in Painscastle, in Powys, Wales, and died on April 30, 2016. His publications include - Michael Edward Ash Michael Edward Ash (17 December 1927 – 30 April 2016) was a British mathematician and brewer. Ash\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Edward Ash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2225517\",\n \"text\": \"of the Prius c variant passed the one million mark during the first half of 2015. The Prius family totaled global cumulative sales of 6.1 million units in January 2017, representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997. Prius is a Latin word meaning \\\"first\\\", \\\"original\\\", \\\"superior\\\" or \\\"to go before\\\". In February 2011, Toyota USA asked the US public to decide on what the most proper plural form of Prius should be, with choices including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius, or Priuses. The company announced on 20 February that \\\"Prii\\\" was the most popular choice,\",\n \"title\": \"Toyota Prius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1529883\",\n \"text\": \"Beverly Cleary Beverly Atlee Cleary (née Bunn; born April 12, 1916) is an American writer of children's and young adult fiction. One of America's most successful living authors, 91 million copies of her books have been sold worldwide since her first book was published in 1950. Some of Cleary's best known characters are Henry Huggins and his dog Ribsy, Ramona Quimby and Beezus Quimby, and Ralph S. Mouse. The majority of Cleary's books are set in the Grant Park neighborhood of northeast Portland, Oregon, where she was raised, and she has been credited as one of the first authors of\",\n \"title\": \"Beverly Cleary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286775\",\n \"text\": \"to give \\\"Welsh status to Welsh people who, not speaking Cymraeg, nevertheless do not feel at all English\\\". There is no final, clear definition of what constitutes a Welsh writer in English, or Anglo-Welsh author. Obviously it includes Welsh writers whose first language is English, rather than Welsh, such as Swansea born Dylan Thomas (1914–53) and novelist Emyr Humphreys, born in Prestatyn in 1919. But it also includes those born outside Wales with Welsh parentage, who were influenced by their Welsh roots, like London-born poet David Jones (1895–1974). Glyn Jones in \\\"The Dragon Has Two Tongues\\\" defines the Anglo-Welsh as\",\n \"title\": \"Welsh literature in English\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9548152\",\n \"text\": \"extended from MD 26 to Tuscarora Creek. In 2015, an interchange opened at Jefferson Technology Parkway. U.S. Route 15 Business (US 15 Business) is an unsigned business route of US 15 through Emmitsburg. Known as Seton Avenue, the highway runs between junctions with US 15 on the south and north sides of the town. US 15 Business follows the original alignment of US 15 through Emmitsburg. The highway serves the St. Joseph's College and Mother Seton Shrine campuses, which are home to several emergency management institutions and a shrine dedicated to Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first person born in the\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. Route 15 in Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20908922\",\n \"text\": \"in which Jamie Lee Curtis reprises her role as Laurie Strode. He also has upcoming roles in a film adaptation of \\\"Taipei\\\" by Tao Lin, and a Chris Morris production filmed in the Dominican Republic with Anna Kendrick. Miles Robbins Miles Guthrie Tomalin Robbins (born May 4, 1992) is an American musician and actor. Robbins was born in New York City. He studied documentary film and music production at Brown University for three years but left before graduation. He is the son of the actors Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon. His half-sister is the actress Eva Amurri, and his older\",\n \"title\": \"Miles Robbins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6818450\",\n \"text\": \"Beaumarchais' \\\"The Marriage of Figaro\\\" (\\\"Le Nozze di Figaro\\\") was adapted into a comic opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. 1789 \\\"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano\\\", one of the first slave narratives to have been widely read in historical times, is published. James Fenimore Cooper is born on September 15 in the United States. 1792 Percy Bysshe Shelley was born (August 4). 1793 \\\"Salisbury Plain\\\" by William Wordsworth. 1794 Robert Goldsmith was born. In 1795, Samuel Taylor Coleridge met William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. The two men published a\",\n \"title\": \"18th century in literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5181402\",\n \"text\": \"the main groups to reject a bill to allow civil partnerships for same-sex couples in Greece. Party leader, Nikolaos Michaloliakos stated, \\\"church bells should toll mournfully across the country\\\". Nikolaos Michaloliakos supports a revival of the \\\"Megali Idea\\\", the irredentist concept that guided Greece's foreign policy until the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22: These regions, which in the past were Greek lands, had significant Greek populations until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s. Michaloliakos has criticized Thessaloniki mayor Yiannis Boutaris for wanting to name a street after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born\",\n \"title\": \"Golden Dawn (political party)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16824444\",\n \"text\": \"A*M*E Aminata Jamieson (née Kabba) (born 13 December 1994), better known as A*M*E, is a British singer and songwriter. A*M*E was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone on 13 December 1994. In 2011, Amy was scouted and signed by Take That frontman Gary Barlow to his label, Future Records. On 9 December 2012 the BBC announced that A*M*E had been nominated for the Sound of 2013 poll. In January 2013 A*M*E signed to Sony Music's Epic Records after Barlow closed Future Records to focus on his own career commitments. Her single \\\"Need U (100%)\\\", a collaboration with Duke Dumont and MNEK,\",\n \"title\": \"A*M*E\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2016096\",\n \"text\": \"extensively about photography, culture and media, AIDS and illness, human rights, and communism and leftist ideology. Although her essays and speeches sometimes drew controversy, she has been described as \\\"one of the most influential critics of her generation.\\\" Sontag was born Susan Rosenblatt in New York City, the daughter of Mildred (née Jacobson) and Jack Rosenblatt, both Jews of Lithuanian and Polish descent. Her father managed a fur trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis in 1939, when Susan was five years old. Seven years later, Sontag's mother married U.S. Army Captain Nathan Sontag. Susan and her sister,\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sontag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3284579\",\n \"text\": \"2012. Summer Phoenix Summer Joy Phoenix (née Bottom; born December 10, 1978) is an American actress, model and designer. She is the youngest sibling of actors/actresses River Phoenix, Rain Phoenix, Joaquin Phoenix, and Liberty Phoenix. Phoenix was born in Winter Park, Florida. Her mother, Arlyn Sharon (née Dunetz), was born in The Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents from Hungary and Russia. Her father, John Lee Bottom, was a lapsed Catholic from Fontana, California. In 1968, Phoenix's mother left The Bronx and moved to California, meeting Phoenix's father while hitchhiking. They married in 1969 and joined the religious cult the\",\n \"title\": \"Summer Phoenix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"774213\",\n \"text\": \"World Apart\\\" (1970–71). In 1974, she co-starred as a young Zelda Fitzgerald surrogate in the TV movie \\\"F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles'\\\" and in 1975, she starred in the popular cult film \\\"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\\\". She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for \\\"Atlantic City\\\" (1980), \\\"Thelma & Louise\\\" (1991), \\\"Lorenzo's Oil\\\" (1992), and \\\"The Client\\\" (1994), before winning for \\\"Dead Man Walking\\\" (1995). She has also won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for \\\"The Client\\\", and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"378476\",\n \"text\": \"John the Divine in Manhattan, one of the world's largest, has a sculpture honoring four spiritual heroes of the twentieth century: Anthony, Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein, and Mohandas Gandhi. Susan B. Anthony Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Anthony and women's suffrage in the United States. The holiday is February 15—Anthony's birthday. The Susan B. Anthony List (SBA List) is a non-profit organization that seeks to reduce and ultimately end abortion in the U.S. Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and women's rights\",\n \"title\": \"Susan B. Anthony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12361010\",\n \"text\": \"The Buddy System (film) The Buddy System is a 1984 American romantic comedy film starring Richard Dreyfuss, Susan Sarandon, Nancy Allen, Wil Wheaton and Jean Stapleton. The film was directed by Glenn A. Jordan who is better known for directing and producing numerous television films and television dramas. The film follows the story of a cautious single mother who forms an unlikely friendship with her son's school security guard. \\\"The Buddy System\\\" was Wil Wheaton's first major film role and his second non-television role after the 1983 film \\\"Hambone and Hillie\\\". Emily Price is a single mother: she got pregnant\",\n \"title\": \"The Buddy System (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2787584\",\n \"text\": \"who was born in 1979 and who took his own life in 2016 after a lifelong battle with schizophrenia, and who for a time was in the Peace Corps; Jessie, who was born in 1981, and who herself is an artist and a candidate for an advanced degree in neurobiology, and whose heroes include Helen Keller, Martin Luther King Jr. and Madonna; and Virginia, who was born in 1985, and is now a lawyer. She is passionate about endurance horse racing. In 2006, her Arabian horse ruptured an aneurysm while she was riding him. In the horse's death throes, Mann\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296843\",\n \"text\": \"Sheri Martinelli Sheri Martinelli, (January 17, 1918 – November 3, 1996) was an American painter, poet, and muse. Martinelli was born Shirley Burns Brennan in Philadelphia in 1918. Of Irish ancestry, she was the eldest of four children and began using the name Sherry by the time she was a teenager. Later told that her first name had the wrong numerological value, she modified it to Sheri. The name Martinelli came by way of a brief early marriage to painter Ezio Martinelli, by whom she had a daughter Shelley (named after the poet) in 1943. Sheri Martinelli was a protégée\",\n \"title\": \"Sheri Martinelli\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Susan Sarandon context Lenora Marie (née Criscione; b. 1923) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin (1917–1999), an advertising executive, television producer, and one-time nightclub singer. She has four brothers, Philip Jr., Terry (deceased May 19, 2016), Tim and O'Brian, and four sisters, Meredith, Bonnie, Amanda, and Missy. Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry, his English ancestors being from Hackney in London and his Welsh ancestors being from Bridgend. On her mother's side, she is of Italian descent, with ancestors from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Sarandon was raised Roman Catholic and attended Roman Catholic schools. She grew up in Edison, New\\n\\nWho was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 211,\n \"origin_tokens\": 212,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle Safe Passage (film) context: Safe Passage (film) Safe Passage is a 1994 American drama film starring Susan Sarandon, and featuring Nick Stahl, Sam Shepard, Sean Astin and Jason London. Directed by Robert Allan Ackerman from a screenplay by Deena Goldstone, it is based on the novel \\\"Safe Passage\\\" by Ellyn Bache. Maggie Singer (Susan Sarandon) is an obsessive, superstitious and moderately psychic woman who has premonitions in her dreams. The mother of seven children, only one of which still lives at home, she is getting divorced from her husband, and plans to move into the city and take a job as a civil servant.\\n\\ntitle: Susan Sar context: 1, she UNICEF Goodwill Amb.,ively supported the organization' global advoc, as well as the work of UNICE. In206, she was one of eight selected to carry in the flag at Opening Ceremony of the 200 Olympic Winter Games in Turin, Italy The same year, Sar received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award Sarandon was appointed an FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2010 Sarandonb both took an stance against 200 invasion of Iraq with Sarandon stating that she firmly against war as Mil Robins contextbesie Tom ( 4 92) is an and actor Robb born in New York He documentary production Brown but leftation is the son of actorsins Sar half-s the actress Evaur, the director Jack Henry While he hasly worn dresses Robinsifies as Robins worked disc j. In currentedelic pop called 'Pow Pow Band'.: Glenn Close context Twitter Close and stage4L\\\", and wass, in plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \\\"Barnum\\\" in 1980 and \\\"The Real Thing\\\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \\\"The World According to Garp\\\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \\\"The Big Chill\\\" (1983)\\n\\nWho was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 471,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15626,\n \"ratio\": \"33.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":193,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":193,"string":"193"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who wrote the novel The Go Between?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["L P Hartley","L. P. Hartley","Leslie Hartley","L.P. Hartley","The past is a foreign country","Leslie Poles Hartley","LP Hartley"],"string":"[\n \"L P Hartley\",\n \"L. P. Hartley\",\n \"Leslie Hartley\",\n \"L.P. Hartley\",\n \"The past is a foreign country\",\n \"Leslie Poles Hartley\",\n \"LP Hartley\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"L. P. Hartley"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4535526","text":"sexuality until toward the end of his life. Hartley regarded his 1971 novel \"The Harness Room\" as his \"homosexual novel\" and feared the public reaction to it. In 1947 Hartley was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel \"Eustace and Hilda\", while his 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" was joint winner of the Heinemann Award. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 New Year Honours. Hartley died in London on 13 December 1972 at the age of 76. L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December","title":"L. P. Hartley"},{"id":"4535522","text":"L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December 1972) was a British novelist and short story writer. Although his first fiction was published in 1924, his career was slow to take off. His best-known novels are the \"Eustace and Hilda\" trilogy (1944–47) and \"The Go-Between\" (1953). The latter was made into a film in 1971, as was his 1957 novel \"The Hireling\" in 1973. Leslie Poles Hartley was born on 30 December 1895 in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, the son of Bessie and Harry Bark Hartley, a solicitor and JP. He had two sisters, Enid and Annie Norah.","title":"L. P. Hartley"},{"id":"4935558","text":"very much like \"another country\". \"Another Country\" is also the title of a novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \"The Go-Between\" is a novel by L.P. Hartley (1895–1972), published in London in 1953. The movie's framing as the narration of an old man may reference the beginning line of the novel: \"\"The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.\"\" The most direct reference is to several well-known lines from British literature, originating from Christopher Marlowe's play \"The Jew of Malta\": Friar Barnadine: \"Thou hast committed--\"
Barabas: \"Fornication-- but that was in another country","title":"Another Country (play)"},{"id":"805167","text":"The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it has been adapted several times for stage and screen. The book gives a critical view of society at the end of the Victorian era through the eyes of a naïve schoolboy outsider. In the book’s prologue, Leo Colston chances upon a diary from 1900, the year of his thirteenth birthday, and gradually pieces together a memory that he has suppressed. Under its influence, and from the viewpoint of what he has become by the midpoint of \"this hideous century\", Leo relives the","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805181","text":"BBC Radio 3 on 26 May 2013. In 1991, South African composer David Earl adapted the novel as a two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805173","text":"by her as his own. He had died in 1910, while Marcus and his elder brother were killed in the First World War and Marian's son in the second. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess. \"The Go-Between\" was first published in Britain by Hamish Hamilton in 1953. In the USA its publisher was Alfred A. Knopf in the summer of 1954, and the book was slow","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"902450","text":"Harold Pinter Harold Pinter (; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include \"The Birthday Party\" (1957), \"The Homecoming\" (1964), and \"Betrayal\" (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include \"The Servant\" (1963), \"The Go-Between\" (1971), \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\" (1981), \"The Trial\" (1993), and \"Sleuth\" (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and","title":"Harold Pinter"},{"id":"805178","text":"Leo's age in 1909, Hartley spent a summer with a school friend called Moxley at Bradenham Hall in Norfolk and took part in a cricket match. The names are sufficiently close to Maudsley and Brandham to give rise to such speculation. But Tóibín counsels a cautious approach to the question, quoting Hartley's own study of fiction-writing, \"The Novelist's Responsibility\". The novelist's world, he wrote, \"must, in some degree, be an extension of his own life.\" And, while it is “unsafe to assume that a novelist's work is autobiographical in any direct sense,” this does not prevent it from reflecting his","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805177","text":"past that continues to exist in and to control the subconscious … This doubling of consciousness and of narrative voice—the innocent twelve-year-old's emerging from beneath the self-protective sixty-five-year-old's—is one of Hartley's most effective techniques.” Another preoccupation in Tóibín's introduction was how far the story of “The Go-Between” is based on fact, in the wake of Adrian Wright’s biographical study, \"Foreign Country: The Life of L. P. Hartley\". Although Leo is twelve at the time of the novel – the long, hot summer of 1900 – the five-year-old Hartley remembered that time afterwards as \"a Golden Age\". When he was about","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"19042345","text":"Burgess' suicide when the heavens literally opened. This was sumptuous, involving, unforgettable drama that stayed with you. If only it hadn't been forced to compete with Downton\". As of 23 September 2015, \"The Go-Between\" had a rating of 7.3/10 (from 90 users) on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest","title":"The Go-Between (2015 film)"},{"id":"9277333","text":"The Go-Between (1971 film) The Go-Between is a 1971 British romantic drama film directed by Joseph Losey. Its screenplay, by Harold Pinter, is an adaptation of the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. The film stars Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Margaret Leighton, Michael Redgrave and Dominic Guard. It won the Grand Prix at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. The story follows a young boy named Leo Colston (Dominic Guard), who in the year 1900 is a guest of his wealthy school friend, Marcus Maudsley (Richard Gibson), to spend the summer holidays at his family's Norfolk country house. While","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"805179","text":"experience. Among other writers commenting on the book's contemporary context, Paul Binding has pointed out that its famous opening phrase, “The past is a foreign country”, had first been used by Hartley’s friend Lord David Cecil in his inaugural lecture as Goldsmith's Professor in 1949. Ali Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between the treatment of class and sexuality in \"The Go-Between\" and in \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\" (1928). D. H. Lawrence’s novel was not allowed unexpurgated circulation in Britain until after \"The Go-Between\"s appearance, but perhaps, she speculated, Hartley's novel helped prepare the climate for the overturning of the British","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"902501","text":"In its première in the National Theatre's two-part production of \"Sketches\", despite undergoing chemotherapy at the time, Pinter played the ruthless Minister willing to murder little children for the benefit of \"The State\". Pinter composed 27 screenplays and film scripts for cinema and television, many of which were filmed, or adapted as stage plays. His fame as a screenwriter began with his three screenplays written for films directed by Joseph Losey, leading to their close friendship: \"The Servant\" (1963), based on the novel by Robin Maugham; \"Accident\" (1967), adapted from the novel by Nicholas Mosley; and \"The Go-Between\" (1971), based","title":"Harold Pinter"},{"id":"1296360","text":"was removed from the project. An alternative version is that Losey was replaced due to illness. Losey was later hired by Hammer Films to direct \"The Damned\", a 1963 British science fiction film based on H.L. Lawrence's novel \"The Children of Light\". In the 1960s, Losey began working with playwright Harold Pinter, in what became a long friendship and initiated a successful screenwriting career for Pinter. Losey directed three enduring classics based on Pinter's screenplays: \"The Servant\" (1963), \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971). \"The Servant\" won three British Academy Film Awards. \"Accident\" won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury","title":"Joseph Losey"},{"id":"19498114","text":"1972 and \"Nights at the Circus\" 1984. Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who published from the 1960s into the 21st century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \"Possession\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include \"The Cement Garden\"","title":"Twentieth-century English literature"},{"id":"19042338","text":"The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest of a much wealthier school friend, Marcus Maudsley. On his journey he recalls the events surrounding his original visit, during which he had celebrated his thirteenth birthday and also become besotted with his friend’s older sister Marian, whose family strongly hoped that she would marry the local landowner,","title":"The Go-Between (2015 film)"},{"id":"9277335","text":"in a farm building. This event has a long-lasting impact on Leo after Burgess shoots himself dead in his farmhouse kitchen. More than fifty years later, Marian, now the Dowager Lady Trimingham, sends for Leo, wanting him to speak to her grandson to assure him that she had truly loved Burgess. She asks Leo whether her grandson reminds him of anyone, and he replies \"Yes. Ted Burgess\". Michael Redgrave plays Leo in old age. The rights to the novel had been in the hands of many producers, including Anthony Asquith. Then Sir Alexander Korda purchased it in 1956. He originally","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"13338538","text":"Neil Cross Neil Cross (born 9 February 1969) is a British novelist and scriptwriter, best known for as the creator of the drama series \"Luther\" and Hard Sun (TV Series) Cross was born in Bristol on 9 February 1969. He graduated from the University of Leeds in 1994 with a degree in English and Theology. His initial career was solely as a novelist, beginning with \"Mr In-Between\", which was published in 1998 (and adapted into a film in 2001). He later diversified into television, writing an episode of the BBC spy drama \"Spooks\" in 2006 before becoming lead writer on","title":"Neil Cross"},{"id":"805174","text":"to sell at first. However, it was greeted with favourable reviews. \"The New York Times\" called it \"a triumph of literary architecture\", while two articles were devoted to it in the \"Los Angeles Times\". Joseph Henry Jackson commented on its skilful presentation as “a many-leveled affair; perhaps only the author knows how much there is in it of symbol and reference.\" A month later Milton Merlin described it as \"a superbly composed and an irresistibly haunting novel” characterised by “the author's beautiful and ingenious style, his whimsy, irony and humor, and, most of all, the powerful wallop of a deceptively","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805176","text":"reprint, the book is not really \"a drama about class or about England, or a lost world mourned by Hartley; instead it is a drama about Leo's deeply sensuous nature moving blindly, in a world of rich detail and beautiful sentences, toward a destruction that is impelled by his own intensity of feeling and, despite everything, his own innocence.\" Kevin Gardner cites the narrative technique among other complex treatments of time: \"Hartley's haunting tale of lost innocence underscores the modern experience of broken time, a paradox in which humanity is alienated from the past, yet not free from it, a","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"2540044","text":"Accident (1967 film) Accident is Harold Pinter's 1967 British dramatic film adaptation of the 1965 novel by Nicholas Mosley. Directed by Joseph Losey, it was the second of three collaborations between Pinter and Losey, the others being \"The Servant\" (1963) and \"The Go-Between\" (1970). At the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, it won the award for Grand Prix Spécial du Jury. It also won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. Stephen, a married Oxford tutor in his forties, has two students: the rich and likeable William, of whom he is fond, and a beautiful, enigmatic Austrian named","title":"Accident (1967 film)"},{"id":"805171","text":"Leo naively believes that Marian’s engagement ought to bring the correspondence between her and Ted to an end. Feeling increasingly uncomfortable about the general atmosphere of deception and risk, Leo tries to end his role as go-between but comes under great psychological pressure and is forced to continue. Ultimately, his unwilling involvement has disastrous consequences when Marian’s mother makes him accompany her as she tracks the lovers down to their hiding place and discovers them having sex. The trauma which results leads directly to Ted's suicide and Leo's nervous collapse. In the epilogue, the older Leo sums up how profoundly","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"10528179","text":"The Pacific Between The Pacific Between is a romantic coming of age novel by Raymond K. Wong. Published in 2006, \"The Pacific Between\" was the finalist for the IPPY Book Award in 2006. The novel is loosely based on the author's experience as an immigrant and young adult, but the characters and events are entirely fictional. \"The Pacific Between\" contains many themes such as betrayal, sacrifice, unconditional love, pride, prejudice, and life's lessons, set in Southern California and Hong Kong. It is Raymond K. Wong's debut novel. When Greg Lockland returns to California for his parents' funeral, he discovers letters","title":"The Pacific Between"},{"id":"1483452","text":"Machines of Doctor Hoffman\" (1972) and \"Nights at the Circus\" (1984). Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who has published from the 1960s until this century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \"Possession\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include","title":"English novel"},{"id":"9277337","text":"Losey was unable to get finance then or again in 1968. \"The company had cold feet about the story,\" said Losey. \"It was too tame for the pornographic age. As one man put it, who would be interested in a bit of Edwardian nostalgia? That's idiotic. It is certainly not a romantic or sentimental piece. It has a surface and a coating of romantic melodrama, but it has a bitter core.\" Losey said he was attracted to the novel because it was about \"the terrible sense of shortness of any human life, the sense of totality of life.\" Pinter's screenplay","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"8949763","text":"and had a regular role in the BBC series \"Ashes to Ashes\". In 2009 he worked on the ABC miniseries \"Ben-Hur\". He appeared in the 2011 film \"Season of the Witch\". In 2012 he starred as Titus in Jean Racine's \"Berenice\" alongside Anne-Marie Duff in title role at the Donmar Warehouse in London. Campbell Moore played the role of Viscount Hugh Trimingham in the BBC's 2015 adaptation of L. P. Hartley's novel \"The Go-Between\". Also in 2015, he played the role of Maurice Wilkins in Anna Ziegler's play \"Photograph 51\", with Michael Billington writing, \"The play is also anything but","title":"Stephen Campbell Moore"},{"id":"20061069","text":"colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Nunez, who grew up in Trinidad and later moved to the United States notes on how she relates with the story of Vikram Lall of being straddled in the two different worlds. When Nunez wrote her novel \"Anna In-Between\" and portrayed Anna, a character struggling in two identities, she said \"[she] just stole Vassanji's line, 'in-between'\". The novel was long-listed for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award where \"Let the Great World Spin\" by Irish author Colum McCann eventually won. It was awarded at the 2010 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for literary excellence. The novel","title":"Anna In-Between"},{"id":"121564","text":"subtle and elegantly written novel by an author in complete command of his talent\". It also won the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award in 2005. Berger had earlier won the award in 1996 for \"A Year of Lesser\" and later again won in 2009 for \"The Retreat\". Dan Zigmond of \"SFGate\" reviews the novel as \"a rich and rewarding novel\". The Time in Between The Time in Between is a novel by Canadian author David Bergen. It deals with a man, who mysteriously returns to Vietnam, where he had been a soldier earlier in his life, followed by","title":"The Time in Between"},{"id":"15729182","text":"S. J. Watson Steve \"S. J.\" Watson (born 1971) is an English writer. He debuted in 2011 with the thriller novel \"Before I Go to Sleep\". Rights to publish the book have been sold in 42 different countries around the world and it has gone on to be an international bestseller. Watson was born in Stourbridge, in the West Midlands. He studied Physics at the University of Birmingham and then moved to London, where he worked in various hospitals and specialized as an audiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing-impaired children. In the evenings and weekends he wrote fiction.","title":"S. J. Watson"},{"id":"18979083","text":"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \"Cider With Rosie\", LP Hartley's \"The Go-Between\" and J B Priestley's play \"An Inspector Calls\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\"Holliday Grainger\") enjoys a happy marriage to the dashing aristocrat Sir Clifford Chatterley (\"James","title":"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)"},{"id":"805168","text":"events of what had once seemed to him its hopeful beginning. The importance of his boarding school's social rules is another theme running through the book and complicates Leo's interaction with the adult world. \"Curses\" of his devising had routed boys who were bullying Leo at school and had given him the reputation of a magician something that he came to half-believe himself. As a result, he is invited as a guest to spend the summer at Brandham Hall, the country home of his school friend, Marcus Maudsley. There the socially clumsy Leo, with his regional accent, is a middle","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"5747462","text":"of the musical group, The Go-Betweens, grew up in The Gap and wrote about the suburb in his 2016 memoir, Grant & I. David Malouf's novel \"Johnno\" references The Gap on two occasions, as does the debut novel of journalist Trent Dalton, 'Boy Swallows Universe'. The Gap, Queensland The Gap is a leafy and hilly suburb of Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia, located approximately west of the Brisbane CBD. The Gap was named for its geographical location in the valley between Mount Coot-tha and Enoggera Hill (i.e. \" 'the gap' between hills\") which both form part of the Taylor Range. Initially","title":"The Gap, Queensland"},{"id":"805180","text":"ban on Lawrence’s work seven years later. In 1960, an adaptation for stage by Louise F. Tanner was produced in Morgantown, West Virginia. Mrs. Tanner travelled to the United Kingdom to consult Hartley in person about the work. Playwright Harold Pinter adapted the novel into a screenplay of a film of the same name (1971), directed by Joseph Losey. A television adaptation starring Jim Broadbent was broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2015. On 8 July 2012, a radio adaptation by Frances Byrnes and directed by Matt Thompson was broadcast on BBC Radio 3. The production was re-broadcast on","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"1286332","text":"Charles Sheffield Charles Sheffield (25 June 1935 – 2 November 2002) was an English-born mathematician, physicist and science fiction writer who served as a President of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and of the American Astronautical Society. His novel \"The Web Between the Worlds\", featuring the construction of a space elevator, was published almost simultaneously with Arthur C. Clarke's novel on the subject, \"The Fountains of Paradise\", a coincidence that amused them both. Excerpts from both Sheffield's \"The Web Between the Worlds\" and Clarke's \"The Fountains of Paradise\" have appeared recently in a space elevator anthology \"Towering","title":"Charles Sheffield"},{"id":"2547074","text":"James Salter James Arnold Horowitz (June 10, 1925 – June 19, 2015), better known as James Salter, his pen name and later-adopted legal name, was an American novelist and short-story writer. Originally a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, he resigned from the military in 1957 following the successful publication of his first novel, \"The Hunters\". After a brief career in film writing and film directing, in 1979 Salter published the novel \"Solo Faces\". He won numerous literary awards for his works, including belated recognition of works originally criticized at the time of their publication. His","title":"James Salter"},{"id":"1618121","text":"University College in 1963. His debut novel, \"Weep Not, Child\", was published in May 1964, becoming the first novel in English to be published by a writer from East Africa. Later that year, having won a scholarship to the University of Leeds to study for an MA, Ngũgĩ travelled to England, where he was when his second novel, \"The River Between\", came out in 1965. \"The River Between\", which has as its background the Mau Mau Uprising, and described an unhappy romance between Christians and non-Christians, is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus. He left Leeds without completing his","title":"Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o"},{"id":"9474075","text":"Nigel Farndale Nigel Farndale (born 30 September 1964) is a British author and journalist, known for his broadsheet interviews and his novel \"The Blasphemer\". He has written six books: three novels, two biographies and a collection of interviews. His latest novel is \"The Road Between Us\". \"The Blasphemer\" was shortlisted for the 2010 Costa Book Awards and selected for the WH Smith Richard and Judy Bookclub. His biography \"Haw-Haw: The Tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce\" was published in 2005 and shortlisted for that year’s Whitbread Prize and James Tait Black Memorial Prize. As a journalist he has written for","title":"Nigel Farndale"},{"id":"12388279","text":"Press in Autumn 2011. His novel about a Jewish RAF officer's return to post-war London, \"With Hope, Farewell\" (1952), and his semi-autobiographical account of a young man's political coming-of-age \"The In-Between Time\" (1971) are both scheduled for re-issue in 2016 or 2017 Novels Film screenplays Story Alexander Baron Alexander Baron ( – ) was a British author and screenwriter. He is best known for his highly acclaimed novel about D-Day entitled \"From the City from \"The Plough\" (1948) and his London novel \"The Lowlife\" (1963). Baron's father was Barnet Bernstein, a Polish-Jewish immigrant to Britain who settled in the East","title":"Alexander Baron"},{"id":"144398","text":"\"The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes\" (1970), but for a time funds became hard to come by. More relaxed censorship also brought several controversial films, including Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell's \"Performance\", Ken Russell's \"The Devils\" (1971), Sam Peckinpah's \"Straw Dogs\" (1971), and Stanley Kubrick's \"A Clockwork Orange\" (1971) starring Malcolm McDowell as the leader of a gang of thugs in a dystopian future Britain. Other films during the early 1970s included the Edwardian drama \"The Go-Between\" (1971), which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, Nicolas Roeg's Venice-set supernatural thriller \"Don't Look Now\" (1973) and Mike Hodges'","title":"Cinema of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"16856510","text":"because of the amount of leisure time and education required to write novels, most novelists have come from the upper or the educated middle classes. However, working men and women began publishing novels in the twentieth century. This includes in Britain Walter Greenwood's \"Love on the Dole\" (1933), from America B. Traven's, \"The Death Ship\" (1926) and Agnes Smedley, \"Daughter of Earth\" (1929) and from the Soviet Union Nikolay Ostrovsky's \"How the Steel Was Tempered\" (1932). Later, in 1950s Britain, came a group of writers known as the \"Angry young men,\" which included the novelists Alan Sillitoe and Kingsley Amis,","title":"Novelist"},{"id":"10977840","text":"The Years Between (play) The Years Between is a play by the English writer Daphne du Maurier, better known as a novelist and particularly as the author of \"Rebecca\" (which she had adapted for the London stage in 1940). This is one of two original plays that she wrote. The other is\" September Tide\" (1948). Set against the backdrop of the Second World War, \"The Years Between\" unfolds in the library/living room of an English country house. The man of the house, Colonel Michael Wentworth, MP, is presumed dead after his plane crashed into the sea on a flight to","title":"The Years Between (play)"},{"id":"2025861","text":"fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. Novelists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), who was also a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include \"The Forsyte Saga\" (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of \"The Old Wives' Tale\" (1908); G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936); E.M. Forster (1879–1970). The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). H. G. Wells","title":"British literature"},{"id":"5126893","text":"Richardson's \"Clarissa\", Vladimir Nabokov's \"Lolita\", Rosamond Lehmann's \"Dusty Answer\", and Shakespeare's \"The Tempest\", \"Macbeth\", \"Hamlet,\" and \"Twelfth Night\". McEwan has also said that he was directly influenced by L.P. Hartley's \"The Go-Between\". \"Atonement\" contains a (fictional) letter addressed to Briony by the literary critic and editor Cyril Connolly. Like Connolly, Elizabeth Bowen is revealed to have reviewed Briony's earlier novel. \"Atonement\" was shortlisted for the 2001 Booker Prize for fiction. It was also shortlisted for the 2001 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the 2001 Whitbread Novel Award. It won the 2002 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, the","title":"Atonement (novel)"},{"id":"18979091","text":"thou can’t say owt fairer than that\". Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \"Cider With Rosie\", LP Hartley's \"The Go-Between\" and J B Priestley's play \"An Inspector Calls\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\"Holliday Grainger\") enjoys a happy marriage to","title":"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)"},{"id":"16698992","text":"Stephen McKenna (novelist) Stephen McKenna (27 February 1888 – 26 September 1967) was an English novelist who wrote forty-seven novels, mostly focusing on English upper-class society, and six non-fiction titles. He published his first novel, \"The Reluctant Lover\", in 1912. His best-known novel, \"Sonia: Between Two Worlds\", was published in 1917. It was the tenth best-selling novel for 1918 in the United States, and also made into a British film of the same name in 1921. McKenna was the son of Leopold and Ellen McKenna. He was educated at Westminster School (Scholar), London, and at Christ Church, Oxford (Exhibitioner). He","title":"Stephen McKenna (novelist)"},{"id":"17077100","text":"2019 premiere. Kirkus Reviews calls Good Sam, \"a solid, feel-good romance sparked with mystery.\" In addition, she is the author of the sequel to \"Good Sam,\" the bestseller “Perfectly Good Crime” recently won the Living Now Book Awards for “books that change the world.” Her third bestselling novel, \"The Space Between,\" was published by Lake Union Publishing in July 2018 and was a Once Upon A Book Club August Selection. Prior to joining Wind Dancer Films, Meserve was Vice President of Classical KUSC, the University of Southern California’s radio network. She began her career as Station Manager of the National","title":"Dete Meserve"},{"id":"2312024","text":"Brian O'Nolan Brian O'Nolan (; 5 October 1911 – 1 April 1966) was an Irish novelist, playwright and satirist, considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \"At Swim-Two-Birds\" and \"The Third Policeman\", were written under the pen name Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \"The Irish Times\" and an Irish language novel \"An Béal Bocht\" were written under the name Myles na gCopaleen. O'Nolan's novels have attracted a wide following for their bizarre humour and modernist","title":"Brian O'Nolan"},{"id":"10527986","text":"Raymond K. Wong Raymond Kin Wong is an American actor and writer. He is the author of the award-winning novel, \"The Pacific Between\". He was also named as one of \"Pittsburgh Magazine\"s 25 Most Beautiful People in 2007. Raymond K. Wong began his career as an Information Technology Consultant. He later became a Screen Actors Guild actor and has worked with Peter Falk, Julianne Moore, Sarah Jessica Parker, directors Rob Marshall and Peter Yates in features and TV series such as Oscar-nominated \"Roommates\" and Emmy-winning series \"Sex and the City\". As a writer, he is the author of the novel,","title":"Raymond K. Wong"},{"id":"805170","text":"carry between them and the well-meaning, innocent boy is easily manipulated by the lovers. Although Marian and Ted are fully aware of the social taboo that must make their relationship a matter of the utmost secrecy, Leo is too naïve to understand why they can never marry. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Marian is about to become engaged to Hugh, Viscount Trimingham, the descendant of the area's nobility who formerly lived in Brandham Hall. As he begins to comprehend that the relationship between Marian and Ted is not to do with \"business\", as they have claimed,","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"9333930","text":"parts. After a prologue by a child, the first scene is a Shakespearean scene with romantic dialogue. The second scene is a parody of a restoration comedy, and the third scene is a panorama of Victorian triumph based on a policeman directing the traffic in Hyde Park. The final scene is entitled \"Ourselves\", at which point Miss La Trobe shocks the audience by turning mirrors on them. The book ends quietly with life returning to normal. Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book","title":"Between the Acts"},{"id":"805169","text":"class boy among the wealthy upper class. Though he does not fit in, his hosts do their best to make him feel welcome, treating him with kindness and indulgence, especially their daughter Marian. When Marcus falls ill, Leo is left largely to his own devices and becomes a secret \"postman\" for Marian and nearby tenant farmer Ted Burgess, with whom she is having a clandestine relationship. Leo is happy to help Marian because he has a crush on her and likes Ted. Besides, Leo is initially ignorant of the significance or content of the messages that he is asked to","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"4550166","text":"he reunited with Jimmy McGovern for the BBC television film \"Go Now\", the story of a young man who falls ill with multiple sclerosis just as he meets the love of his life. Focusing on the turmoil this causes the couple, the film was given a theatrical release in many countries, including the United States. In 1996 Winterbottom adapted his favourite novel, Thomas Hardy's bleak classic \"Jude the Obscure\", the tale of forbidden love between two cousins which had so scandalized British society on its release in 1895 that Hardy gave up novel-writing. It was not Winterbottom's first time approaching","title":"Michael Winterbottom"},{"id":"887380","text":"Amis's work centres on the excesses of late-capitalist Western society, whose perceived absurdity he often satirises through grotesque caricature; he has been portrayed as a master of what \"The New York Times\" called \"the new unpleasantness\". Inspired by Saul Bellow, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Joyce, as well as by his father Kingsley Amis, Amis himself has gone on to influence many successful British novelists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including Will Self and Zadie Smith. Amis was born in Oxford, England. His father, noted English novelist Sir Kingsley Amis, was the son of a mustard manufacturer's clerk","title":"Martin Amis"},{"id":"10310340","text":"Jack Trevor Story Memorial Cup include Fred Normandale, Steve Aylett, Nicholas Lezard and Howard Waldrop. Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \"The Trouble with Harry\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\"Live Now, Pay Later\", \"Something for Nothing\" and \"The Urban District Lover\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\", \"One Last Mad Embrace\", \"Hitler Needs You\"). He also wrote","title":"Jack Trevor Story"},{"id":"449479","text":"warn against the \"neurotic-genius\" way of looking at mental illness, which rationalises the theory that creativity is somehow born of mental illness. Stephen Trombley describes Woolf as having a confrontational relationship with her doctors, and possibly being a woman who is a \"victim of male medicine\", referring to the contemporary relative lack of understanding about mental illness. After completing the manuscript of her last novel (posthumously published), \"Between the Acts\" (1941), Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and","title":"Virginia Woolf"},{"id":"2829075","text":"Journal\" described the novel as \"a fast-paced and gripping story.\" The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska,","title":"The Two Georges"},{"id":"12486307","text":"second (or third, depending on the version) stanza of the hymn \"I Vow to Thee, My Country\", which is sung in both the play and film, as well as referring to the fact that English public school life in the 1930s was indeed very much like \"another country\". In the hymn, the other country referred to is Heaven (or the Kingdom of Heaven), although this allusion does not appear to relate to the film in any way. \"Another Country\" is also the title of a 1962 novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \"The Go-Between\" is a","title":"Another Country (film)"},{"id":"13919720","text":"Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \"The Space Between\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \"The Good Divide\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received her MFA in creative writing. She has taught creative writing and literature for Drake University and Upper Iowa University. She is currently","title":"Kali VanBaale"},{"id":"15339827","text":"Go Between Bridge The Go Between Bridge, formerly known as the Hale Street Link, is a toll bridge for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists over the Brisbane River in inner-city Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Merivale and Cordelia Streets in West End to Hale Street and the Inner City Bypass at Milton. It is Brisbane's first inner-city traffic bridge in 40 years and carries around 12,000 vehicles per day. The bridge opened to traffic in the early hours on 5 July 2010 and is now operated by Transurban. The Go Between Bridge is named after the popular Australian indie rock","title":"Go Between Bridge"},{"id":"429241","text":"classics Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne (the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton; the controversial D. H. Lawrence; the modernist Virginia Woolf; the satirist Evelyn Waugh; the prophetic novelist George Orwell; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene; the crime writer Agatha Christie (the best-selling novelist of all time); Ian Fleming (the creator of James Bond); the poets T.S. Eliot, Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes; the fantasy writers J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and J. K. Rowling; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. Scotland's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle","title":"United Kingdom"},{"id":"887379","text":"Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \"Experience\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \"Time's Arrow\" and longlisted in 2003 for \"Yellow Dog\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New Writing at the University of Manchester until 2011. In 2008, \"The Times\" named him one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.","title":"Martin Amis"},{"id":"805175","text":"simple, almost gentle story of a boy lost in a strange world of emotions.\" There have been regular editions from Penguin Books and other sources since 1958. By 1954 translations were being prepared in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Japanese, French and Italian. Others followed later in Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Romanian and German. The novel has also been set as an exam text with a study guide dedicated to it and there have been interdisciplinary studies on psychological and philosophical themes there. Later literary interpretations looked beyond the book’s immediately noticeable themes. For Colm Tóibín in his introduction to a 2002","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"9277338","text":"for the film was his final collaboration with Losey, following \"The Servant\" (1963) and \"Accident\" (1967). It is largely faithful to the novel, although it alludes to the novel's opening events in dialogue, in which Leo is admired by other boys at his school as they believe he used black magic to punish two bullies, and also moves events described in the novel's epilogue into the central narrative. Losey says he was glad he and Pinter did not make the film until after \"Accident\" because that film encouraged them to play around with time in storytelling. Eventually John Heyman managed","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"866737","text":"Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \"Ruman Katseb\", , \"Roman Leibovich Katsev\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood. His mother, Mina Owczyńska (1879—?), was a Jewish actress from Švenčionys","title":"Romain Gary"},{"id":"13919721","text":"a faculty member of the Lindenwood University MFA in Writing Program. She lives outside Des Moines with her husband and three children. Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \"The Space Between\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \"The Good Divide\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received","title":"Kali VanBaale"},{"id":"2829070","text":"The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska, retained under the rule of Russia. \"The Two Georges\", a","title":"The Two Georges"},{"id":"1296349","text":"Joseph Losey Joseph Walton Losey III (; January 14, 1909June 22, 1984) was an American theatre and film director. Born in Wisconsin, he studied in Germany with Bertolt Brecht and then returned to the United States. Blacklisted by Hollywood in the 1950s, he moved to Europe where he made the remainder of his films, mostly in the United Kingdom. Among the most critically and commercially successful were three films with screenplays by Harold Pinter, \"The Servant\" (1963), \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971). Joseph Walton Losey III was born on January 14, 1909 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he and","title":"Joseph Losey"},{"id":"4009386","text":"Pelecanos published \"The Cut\", introducing the character Spero Lucas, a young veteran of the Iraq war. The former Marine works part-time as a private investigator for a D.C. defense attorney as well as taking jobs finding stolen items for a 40% cut of the value of the returned item. In 2013, Pelecanos published \"The Double\", the second Spero Lucas book. Pelecanos has written and produced for HBO's \"The Wire\" and is part of a literary circle with \"The Wire\" creator David Simon and novelist Laura Lippman. Simon sought out Pelecanos after reading his work. Simon was recommended his novels several","title":"George Pelecanos"},{"id":"9333927","text":"Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book describes the mounting, performance, and audience of a play at a festival in a small English village, just before the outbreak of the Second World War. The story takes place in a country house somewhere in England, just before the Second World War. It is the day when the annual pageant is to be performed in the grounds of the house. The pageant is traditionally a celebration of English history, and is attended by the entire","title":"Between the Acts"},{"id":"20061066","text":"Anna In-Between Anna In-Between is a 2009 English novel by Trinidadian American author Elizabeth Nunez. Anna, the lead character of the novel, finds herself in a situation where she is made to ponder on the differences between her native Caribbean, where her parents live, and her adopted lifestyle in Manhattan, and how race affects it. The novel was longlisted for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award. Anna Sinclair is an established and in-demand book editor settled in Manhattan. On a vacation trip getting away from her work pressures, she visits her parents in her native Caribbean island. The Sinclairs are","title":"Anna In-Between"},{"id":"13463857","text":"Nobel Prize in Literature) and is open to novels written in all languages, was €100,000 (£85,000, US$140,000). Thomas was the third author to win with a debut novel, following Andrew Miller's \"Ingenious Pain\" (1999) and Rawi Hage's \"De Niro's Game\" (2007). The book was praised by the judges, who included James Ryan, for its \"energy and warmth\" and for being \"tuned urgently to the way we live now\". Thomas said he had been \"feeling a little desperate\" during the writing of it. \"Man Gone Down\" beat an international longlist of 147 titles from 41 countries, as well as seven other","title":"Michael Thomas (author)"},{"id":"1276727","text":"was prohibited, despite the fact that there were no swastikas on the cover of the first German edition. The Iron Dream won a Prix Tour-Apollo Award, and was nominated for an American Book Award. \"A World Between\" (1979) tells of a mildly turbulent period on the planet of Pacifica, a eutopic, democratic electronically mediated society, on which lands a ship from each of the two factions in the \"Pink and Blue War\": the patronisingly paternalistic Institute of Transcendental Science on the one side, and the rabidly man-hating lesbian Femocrats on the other. Nobody suffers a worse fate than political embarrassment,","title":"Norman Spinrad"},{"id":"3516439","text":"Forest of Dean on the borders of England and Wales. Andrew Taylor (author) Andrew Taylor (born 14 October 1951) is a British author best known for his crime novels, which include the Lydmouth series, the Roth Trilogy and historical novels such as the best-selling \"The American Boy\" and \"The Ashes of London\". His accolades include the Diamond Dagger, Britain's top crime-writing award. Andrew Taylor grew up in East Anglia. He was educated at The King's School, Ely, and Woodbridge School. He read English at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and has an MA in Library, Archive and Information Science from University College","title":"Andrew Taylor (author)"},{"id":"16025589","text":"Frank Baker (author) Francis Baker (22 May 1908 – 1982) was a British author of novels and short stories, mainly on fantastic or supernatural themes. He was also an actor, musician and television scriptwriter. His best-known works are his novels, \"The Birds\" (1936) and \"Miss Hargreaves\" (1940), and his memoir, \"I Follow But Myself\" (1968). Francis Baker was born at Hornsey in London in 1908, the son of a marine insurance salesman (who had been a chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford) and grandson of an organist at Alexandra Palace. During World War I he was a weekly boarder at schools","title":"Frank Baker (author)"},{"id":"6647778","text":"who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were Herman Wouk's \"The Caine Mutiny\", James Jones's \"From Here to Eternity\", and Hemingway's \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\", the latter a novel set in the Spanish Civil War. Among more recent European novels is \"Ukraine - In the Time of War\", by Sonia Campbell-Gillies which has seen a sudden upsurge in demand since the annexation of Crimea by Russia. Ukraine's war-torn history is mirrored in the struggle","title":"War novel"},{"id":"19566364","text":"Carey 93. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting Milan Kundera 94. Haroun and the Sea of Stories Salman Rushdie 95. LA Confidential James Ellroy 96. Wise Children Angela Carter 97. Atonement Ian McEwan 98. Northern Lights Philip Pullman 99. American Pastoral Philip Roth 100. Austerlitz W. G. Sebald 1. 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678) 2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) 3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726) 4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748) 5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749) 6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne (1759) 7. Emma by","title":"The Guardian's 100 Best Novels Written in English"},{"id":"3935688","text":"The Servant (1963 film) The Servant is Harold Pinter's 1963 film adaptation of a 1948 novelette by Robin Maugham. A British production directed by Joseph Losey, it stars Dirk Bogarde, Sarah Miles, Wendy Craig and James Fox. It opened at London's Warner Theatre on 14 November 1963. The first of Pinter's three film collaborations with Losey, which also include \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971), \"The Servant\" is a tightly-constructed psychological dramatic film about the relationships among the four central characters examining issues relating to class, servitude and the ennui of the upper classes. Tony (James Fox) a wealthy young","title":"The Servant (1963 film)"},{"id":"3438685","text":"in Winnipeg by enlisting in the Canadian army. When his service was up, he worked as a doctor in the Arctic and on the coast of British Columbia while pursuing his MFA in creative writing at the University of British Columbia. In 1999, Patterson published \"The Water in Between\", a travel memoir of his sailing expedition in the Pacific Ocean. The book was nominated for the 2000 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction. His first novel, \"Consumption\", was published in September 2006 in Canada. He co-edited \"Outside the Wire: The War in Afghanistan in the Words of its Participants\", which","title":"Kevin Patterson (writer)"},{"id":"17559716","text":"Devil's Keg\", set in Alberta, Canada, was published in 1903. After its success he settled in Britain and became a full-time writer. Several of his novels were made into films. Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British","title":"Ridgwell Cullum"},{"id":"16494974","text":"and MacNeice, they were to be adopted by Virginia Woolf and through her much of 1930s literary London. The best-known early to mid 20th century novelist associated with Birmingham was J. R. R. Tolkien, whose books \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\" are two of the world's four best-selling books of all time, with over 100 million and over 150 million copies in print respectively. Although Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein in South Africa, he later called this a \"fallacious fact\" claiming that he \"happened to be born there by accident\". Both of his parents were from Birmingham","title":"Literature of Birmingham"},{"id":"12375211","text":"the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Henry James (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late","title":"English literature"},{"id":"321386","text":"receive the prize. On the other hand, Jon Fosse, former recipient of the prize, welcomed the decision, saying that Handke was a worthy recipient and deserved the Nobel Prize in Literature. Handke collaborated with director Wim Wenders on a film version of \"The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty\", wrote the script for Wenders' \"The Wrong Move\", and co-wrote the screenplay for Wenders' \"Wings of Desire\" and \"The Beautiful Days of Aranjuez\". He has also directed films, including from his own novels, \"The Left-Handed Woman\" and \"The Absence\". Peter Handke Peter Handke (; born 6 December 1942) is an Austrian novelist,","title":"Peter Handke"},{"id":"2297319","text":"regular feature on Broadway. Among the most important novelists from Northern Ireland are Flann O'Brien (1911–66), Brian Moore (1921–1999), and Bernard MacLaverty (1942– ). Flann O'Brien, Brian O'Nolan, , was a novelist, playwright and satirist, and is considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he also is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \"At Swim-Two-Birds\", and \"The Third Policeman\", were written under the \"nom de plume\" Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \"The Irish Times\" and an Irish language novel \"An Béal Bocht\" were","title":"Irish literature"},{"id":"16962720","text":"the pale fluorescent gloom of laundromats, pockets filled with lint-covered jellybeans, the smell of crabcakes and coconut oil on a Delaware beach, grapy veins in the calves of middle-aged mothers. As a chronicler of domestic fuss, Tyler can be compared to John Updike\". Morgan's Passing Morgan's Passing is a 1980 novel by Anne Tyler. It won the 1980 Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction and was nominated for both the American Book Awards and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Morgan Gower is a middle-aged husband and father who works at Cullen's Hardware Store. Morgan's life is boring: His house","title":"Morgan's Passing"},{"id":"17559715","text":"Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British and Boer settlers; he travelled to the scene of another gold rush in Yukon in north-west Canada; he spent a few years cattle-ranching in Montana, USA. His first novel \"The","title":"Ridgwell Cullum"},{"id":"887432","text":"literature, terrorism, religion, Philip Larkin, science, Britishness, suicide, sex, ageing, his 2010 novel \"The Pregnant Widow\", violence, film, the short story, and America). Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \"Experience\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \"Time's Arrow\" and longlisted in 2003 for \"Yellow Dog\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New","title":"Martin Amis"},{"id":"4238985","text":"shows Bantam (UK) hardcover, first printings only.\" James Grant A.K.A. Lee Child has received honorary degrees from several universities. These include: Lee Child James D. \"Jim\" Grant (born 29 October 1954), primarily known by his pen name Lee Child, is a British author who writes thriller novels, and is best known for his \"Jack Reacher\" novel series. The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman, Jack Reacher, who wanders the United States. His first novel, \"Killing Floor\", won both the Anthony Award, and the Barry Award for Best First Novel. Jim Grant was born in Coventry, England.","title":"Lee Child"},{"id":"295508","text":"Neil Gaiman Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (; born Neil Richard Gaiman, 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre, and films. His works include the comic book series \"The Sandman\" and novels \"Stardust\", \"American Gods\", \"Coraline\", and \"The Graveyard Book\". He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, \"The Graveyard Book\" (2008). In 2013, \"The Ocean at the End of","title":"Neil Gaiman"},{"id":"19498136","text":"only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. G. Farrell, J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel. Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reputation, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and novelist Leonard Cohen, short story writer Alice Munro, and more recently poet Anne Carson. Another admired Canadian novelist and poet is Michael Ondaatje, who was born in Sri Lanka. From 1940 into the 21st century, American playwrights, poets and novelists have continued to be internationally prominent. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.","title":"Twentieth-century English literature"},{"id":"9287164","text":"The White Boy Shuffle The White Boy Shuffle is the 1996 first novel of poet Paul Beatty. A satiric coming-of-age tale following the life of poet, basketball star, and self-described “Negro Demagogue” Gunnar Kaufman. It has been noted for its postmodern treatment of African American gender and sexuality in addition to race. The White Boy Shuffle is the first American novel to win the Booker prize In the book's prologue, the reader meets the narrator, Gunnar Kaufman, a prolific African-American poet whose astronomically successful book, \"Watermelanin\", has sold 126 million copies, elevating him to the status of \"Negro Demagogue.\" The","title":"The White Boy Shuffle"},{"id":"866746","text":"and his ashes were scattered in the Mediterranean Sea near Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \"Ruman Katseb\", , \"Roman Leibovich Katsev\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood.","title":"Romain Gary"},{"id":"11274467","text":"number of contemporary postcolonial writers, including V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie and Zoë Wicomb. He is the editor of \"A Companion to Salman Rushdie\" (Cambridge University Press, 2007).` Gurnah has supervised research projects on the writing of Rushdie, Naipaul, G. V. Desani, Anthony Burgess, Joseph Conrad, George Lamming and Jamaica Kincaid. Novels The most famous of these are \"Paradise\", \"Desertion\" and \"By the Sea\", the first of which was shortlisted for both the Booker and the Whitbread Prize. \"By the Sea\", meanwhile, was longlisted for the Booker and shortlisted for the \"Los Angeles Times\" Book Award. Short stories Abdulrazak Gurnah","title":"Abdulrazak Gurnah"},{"id":"9621156","text":"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall The In-Between World of Vikram Lall is a novel by M. G. Vassanji, published in 2003 by Doubleday Canada. The novel won the Scotiabank Giller Prize that year and narrates a story of Vikram Lall in the colonial and post-colonial Kenya. The title for the novel also inspired the title for Elizabeth Nunez's novel \"Anna In-Between\", published in 2009. Vikram Lall is an adult living in exile in Canada and the novel plots him contemplating over his life as a teenager of Indian origin living in Kenya in the 1950s. Vikram's paternal grandfather was","title":"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall"},{"id":"4717920","text":"Donald James Donald James (born Donald James Wheal; 22 August 1931—28 April 2008) was a British television writer, novelist and non-fiction writer. Born in World's End, Chelsea, and educated at Sloane Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (where he read history), James completed his National Service in the Parachute Regiment before returning to London to work as a supply teacher. He was the author of the best-selling novels \"Vadim\", \"Monstrum\", \"The Fortune Teller\" and \"The Fall of the Russian Empire\", as well as non-fiction books such as \"The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich\". He wrote under a number of","title":"Donald James"},{"id":"7263006","text":"with the new mass of the Roman Catholic Church were the work of the Holy Spirit. From the pulpit he campaigned vigorously against the Book of Common Prayer and in favour of the Alternative Service Book. He achieved some notoriety by suggesting that a service to be said after abortion be added to the ASB. The most notable of his books were \"The Go-Between God\" (1972) and \"The Christlike God\" (1992), both of which remain in print. \"Enough is enough\" (1975) was an early book of the environmentalist movement, making the theological case for resisting consumerism and looking after our","title":"John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)"},{"id":"9277336","text":"envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \"The Servant\" and says Pinter wrote \"two thirds of a script\".","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"12154166","text":"Africa, the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o wrote \"Weep Not, Child\" (1964), the first postcolonial novel about the East African experience of colonial imperialism; in \"The River Between\" (1965), with the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–60) as political background, he addressed the postcolonial matters of native religious culture, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa; and the essay \"Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature\" (1986). In postcolonial countries of Africa, the Africans and the non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages,","title":"Postcolonialism"},{"id":"11437024","text":"Literature in the 1970s Fiction in the '70s brought a return of old-fashioned storytelling, especially with Erich Segal's \"Love Story\". The early seventies also saw the decline of previously well-respected writers, such as Saul Bellow and Peter De Vries, both of whom released poorly received novels at the start of the decade, but rebounded critically as the decade wore on. Racism remained a key literary subject. John Updike emerged as a major literary figure with his 1971 novel \"Rabbit Redux\". Reflections of the 1960s experience also found roots in the literature of the decade through the works of Joyce Carol","title":"Literature in the 1970s"},{"id":"10310333","text":"Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \"The Trouble with Harry\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\"Live Now, Pay Later\", \"Something for Nothing\" and \"The Urban District Lover\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\", \"One Last Mad Embrace\", \"Hitler Needs You\"). He also wrote under the names Alex Atwell, Bret Harding and Rex Riotti. Story was born in Hertford","title":"Jack Trevor Story"},{"id":"6871795","text":"Whyte-Butler, in the late 1990s, and she lived with him in Sydney and Tasmania, and was with him when he died in 2013. Christopher Koch Christopher John Koch AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist, known for his 1978 novel \"The Year of Living Dangerously\", which was adapted into an award-winning film. He twice won the Miles Franklin Award (for \"The Doubleman\" in 1985, and \"Highways to a War\" in 1996). In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature, and was awarded an honorary Doctor of","title":"Christopher Koch"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4535526\",\n \"text\": \"sexuality until toward the end of his life. Hartley regarded his 1971 novel \\\"The Harness Room\\\" as his \\\"homosexual novel\\\" and feared the public reaction to it. In 1947 Hartley was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel \\\"Eustace and Hilda\\\", while his 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" was joint winner of the Heinemann Award. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 New Year Honours. Hartley died in London on 13 December 1972 at the age of 76. L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December\",\n \"title\": \"L. P. Hartley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4535522\",\n \"text\": \"L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December 1972) was a British novelist and short story writer. Although his first fiction was published in 1924, his career was slow to take off. His best-known novels are the \\\"Eustace and Hilda\\\" trilogy (1944–47) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1953). The latter was made into a film in 1971, as was his 1957 novel \\\"The Hireling\\\" in 1973. Leslie Poles Hartley was born on 30 December 1895 in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, the son of Bessie and Harry Bark Hartley, a solicitor and JP. He had two sisters, Enid and Annie Norah.\",\n \"title\": \"L. P. Hartley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4935558\",\n \"text\": \"very much like \\\"another country\\\". \\\"Another Country\\\" is also the title of a novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \\\"The Go-Between\\\" is a novel by L.P. Hartley (1895–1972), published in London in 1953. The movie's framing as the narration of an old man may reference the beginning line of the novel: \\\"\\\"The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.\\\"\\\" The most direct reference is to several well-known lines from British literature, originating from Christopher Marlowe's play \\\"The Jew of Malta\\\": Friar Barnadine: \\\"Thou hast committed--\\\"
Barabas: \\\"Fornication-- but that was in another country\",\n \"title\": \"Another Country (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805167\",\n \"text\": \"The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it has been adapted several times for stage and screen. The book gives a critical view of society at the end of the Victorian era through the eyes of a naïve schoolboy outsider. In the book’s prologue, Leo Colston chances upon a diary from 1900, the year of his thirteenth birthday, and gradually pieces together a memory that he has suppressed. Under its influence, and from the viewpoint of what he has become by the midpoint of \\\"this hideous century\\\", Leo relives the\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805181\",\n \"text\": \"BBC Radio 3 on 26 May 2013. In 1991, South African composer David Earl adapted the novel as a two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805173\",\n \"text\": \"by her as his own. He had died in 1910, while Marcus and his elder brother were killed in the First World War and Marian's son in the second. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess. \\\"The Go-Between\\\" was first published in Britain by Hamish Hamilton in 1953. In the USA its publisher was Alfred A. Knopf in the summer of 1954, and the book was slow\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"902450\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Pinter Harold Pinter (; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include \\\"The Birthday Party\\\" (1957), \\\"The Homecoming\\\" (1964), and \\\"Betrayal\\\" (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), \\\"The French Lieutenant's Woman\\\" (1981), \\\"The Trial\\\" (1993), and \\\"Sleuth\\\" (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Pinter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805178\",\n \"text\": \"Leo's age in 1909, Hartley spent a summer with a school friend called Moxley at Bradenham Hall in Norfolk and took part in a cricket match. The names are sufficiently close to Maudsley and Brandham to give rise to such speculation. But Tóibín counsels a cautious approach to the question, quoting Hartley's own study of fiction-writing, \\\"The Novelist's Responsibility\\\". The novelist's world, he wrote, \\\"must, in some degree, be an extension of his own life.\\\" And, while it is “unsafe to assume that a novelist's work is autobiographical in any direct sense,” this does not prevent it from reflecting his\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805177\",\n \"text\": \"past that continues to exist in and to control the subconscious … This doubling of consciousness and of narrative voice—the innocent twelve-year-old's emerging from beneath the self-protective sixty-five-year-old's—is one of Hartley's most effective techniques.” Another preoccupation in Tóibín's introduction was how far the story of “The Go-Between” is based on fact, in the wake of Adrian Wright’s biographical study, \\\"Foreign Country: The Life of L. P. Hartley\\\". Although Leo is twelve at the time of the novel – the long, hot summer of 1900 – the five-year-old Hartley remembered that time afterwards as \\\"a Golden Age\\\". When he was about\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19042345\",\n \"text\": \"Burgess' suicide when the heavens literally opened. This was sumptuous, involving, unforgettable drama that stayed with you. If only it hadn't been forced to compete with Downton\\\". As of 23 September 2015, \\\"The Go-Between\\\" had a rating of 7.3/10 (from 90 users) on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277333\",\n \"text\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film) The Go-Between is a 1971 British romantic drama film directed by Joseph Losey. Its screenplay, by Harold Pinter, is an adaptation of the 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" by L. P. Hartley. The film stars Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Margaret Leighton, Michael Redgrave and Dominic Guard. It won the Grand Prix at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. The story follows a young boy named Leo Colston (Dominic Guard), who in the year 1900 is a guest of his wealthy school friend, Marcus Maudsley (Richard Gibson), to spend the summer holidays at his family's Norfolk country house. While\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805179\",\n \"text\": \"experience. Among other writers commenting on the book's contemporary context, Paul Binding has pointed out that its famous opening phrase, “The past is a foreign country”, had first been used by Hartley’s friend Lord David Cecil in his inaugural lecture as Goldsmith's Professor in 1949. Ali Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between the treatment of class and sexuality in \\\"The Go-Between\\\" and in \\\"Lady Chatterley's Lover\\\" (1928). D. H. Lawrence’s novel was not allowed unexpurgated circulation in Britain until after \\\"The Go-Between\\\"s appearance, but perhaps, she speculated, Hartley's novel helped prepare the climate for the overturning of the British\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"902501\",\n \"text\": \"In its première in the National Theatre's two-part production of \\\"Sketches\\\", despite undergoing chemotherapy at the time, Pinter played the ruthless Minister willing to murder little children for the benefit of \\\"The State\\\". Pinter composed 27 screenplays and film scripts for cinema and television, many of which were filmed, or adapted as stage plays. His fame as a screenwriter began with his three screenplays written for films directed by Joseph Losey, leading to their close friendship: \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), based on the novel by Robin Maugham; \\\"Accident\\\" (1967), adapted from the novel by Nicholas Mosley; and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), based\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Pinter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1296360\",\n \"text\": \"was removed from the project. An alternative version is that Losey was replaced due to illness. Losey was later hired by Hammer Films to direct \\\"The Damned\\\", a 1963 British science fiction film based on H.L. Lawrence's novel \\\"The Children of Light\\\". In the 1960s, Losey began working with playwright Harold Pinter, in what became a long friendship and initiated a successful screenwriting career for Pinter. Losey directed three enduring classics based on Pinter's screenplays: \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), \\\"Accident\\\" (1967) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971). \\\"The Servant\\\" won three British Academy Film Awards. \\\"Accident\\\" won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Losey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19498114\",\n \"text\": \"1972 and \\\"Nights at the Circus\\\" 1984. Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who published from the 1960s into the 21st century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \\\"Possession\\\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include \\\"The Cement Garden\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Twentieth-century English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19042338\",\n \"text\": \"The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest of a much wealthier school friend, Marcus Maudsley. On his journey he recalls the events surrounding his original visit, during which he had celebrated his thirteenth birthday and also become besotted with his friend’s older sister Marian, whose family strongly hoped that she would marry the local landowner,\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277335\",\n \"text\": \"in a farm building. This event has a long-lasting impact on Leo after Burgess shoots himself dead in his farmhouse kitchen. More than fifty years later, Marian, now the Dowager Lady Trimingham, sends for Leo, wanting him to speak to her grandson to assure him that she had truly loved Burgess. She asks Leo whether her grandson reminds him of anyone, and he replies \\\"Yes. Ted Burgess\\\". Michael Redgrave plays Leo in old age. The rights to the novel had been in the hands of many producers, including Anthony Asquith. Then Sir Alexander Korda purchased it in 1956. He originally\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13338538\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Cross Neil Cross (born 9 February 1969) is a British novelist and scriptwriter, best known for as the creator of the drama series \\\"Luther\\\" and Hard Sun (TV Series) Cross was born in Bristol on 9 February 1969. He graduated from the University of Leeds in 1994 with a degree in English and Theology. His initial career was solely as a novelist, beginning with \\\"Mr In-Between\\\", which was published in 1998 (and adapted into a film in 2001). He later diversified into television, writing an episode of the BBC spy drama \\\"Spooks\\\" in 2006 before becoming lead writer on\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Cross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805174\",\n \"text\": \"to sell at first. However, it was greeted with favourable reviews. \\\"The New York Times\\\" called it \\\"a triumph of literary architecture\\\", while two articles were devoted to it in the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\". Joseph Henry Jackson commented on its skilful presentation as “a many-leveled affair; perhaps only the author knows how much there is in it of symbol and reference.\\\" A month later Milton Merlin described it as \\\"a superbly composed and an irresistibly haunting novel” characterised by “the author's beautiful and ingenious style, his whimsy, irony and humor, and, most of all, the powerful wallop of a deceptively\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805176\",\n \"text\": \"reprint, the book is not really \\\"a drama about class or about England, or a lost world mourned by Hartley; instead it is a drama about Leo's deeply sensuous nature moving blindly, in a world of rich detail and beautiful sentences, toward a destruction that is impelled by his own intensity of feeling and, despite everything, his own innocence.\\\" Kevin Gardner cites the narrative technique among other complex treatments of time: \\\"Hartley's haunting tale of lost innocence underscores the modern experience of broken time, a paradox in which humanity is alienated from the past, yet not free from it, a\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2540044\",\n \"text\": \"Accident (1967 film) Accident is Harold Pinter's 1967 British dramatic film adaptation of the 1965 novel by Nicholas Mosley. Directed by Joseph Losey, it was the second of three collaborations between Pinter and Losey, the others being \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1970). At the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, it won the award for Grand Prix Spécial du Jury. It also won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. Stephen, a married Oxford tutor in his forties, has two students: the rich and likeable William, of whom he is fond, and a beautiful, enigmatic Austrian named\",\n \"title\": \"Accident (1967 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805171\",\n \"text\": \"Leo naively believes that Marian’s engagement ought to bring the correspondence between her and Ted to an end. Feeling increasingly uncomfortable about the general atmosphere of deception and risk, Leo tries to end his role as go-between but comes under great psychological pressure and is forced to continue. Ultimately, his unwilling involvement has disastrous consequences when Marian’s mother makes him accompany her as she tracks the lovers down to their hiding place and discovers them having sex. The trauma which results leads directly to Ted's suicide and Leo's nervous collapse. In the epilogue, the older Leo sums up how profoundly\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10528179\",\n \"text\": \"The Pacific Between The Pacific Between is a romantic coming of age novel by Raymond K. Wong. Published in 2006, \\\"The Pacific Between\\\" was the finalist for the IPPY Book Award in 2006. The novel is loosely based on the author's experience as an immigrant and young adult, but the characters and events are entirely fictional. \\\"The Pacific Between\\\" contains many themes such as betrayal, sacrifice, unconditional love, pride, prejudice, and life's lessons, set in Southern California and Hong Kong. It is Raymond K. Wong's debut novel. When Greg Lockland returns to California for his parents' funeral, he discovers letters\",\n \"title\": \"The Pacific Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1483452\",\n \"text\": \"Machines of Doctor Hoffman\\\" (1972) and \\\"Nights at the Circus\\\" (1984). Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who has published from the 1960s until this century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \\\"Possession\\\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include\",\n \"title\": \"English novel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277337\",\n \"text\": \"Losey was unable to get finance then or again in 1968. \\\"The company had cold feet about the story,\\\" said Losey. \\\"It was too tame for the pornographic age. As one man put it, who would be interested in a bit of Edwardian nostalgia? That's idiotic. It is certainly not a romantic or sentimental piece. It has a surface and a coating of romantic melodrama, but it has a bitter core.\\\" Losey said he was attracted to the novel because it was about \\\"the terrible sense of shortness of any human life, the sense of totality of life.\\\" Pinter's screenplay\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8949763\",\n \"text\": \"and had a regular role in the BBC series \\\"Ashes to Ashes\\\". In 2009 he worked on the ABC miniseries \\\"Ben-Hur\\\". He appeared in the 2011 film \\\"Season of the Witch\\\". In 2012 he starred as Titus in Jean Racine's \\\"Berenice\\\" alongside Anne-Marie Duff in title role at the Donmar Warehouse in London. Campbell Moore played the role of Viscount Hugh Trimingham in the BBC's 2015 adaptation of L. P. Hartley's novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\". Also in 2015, he played the role of Maurice Wilkins in Anna Ziegler's play \\\"Photograph 51\\\", with Michael Billington writing, \\\"The play is also anything but\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Campbell Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20061069\",\n \"text\": \"colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Nunez, who grew up in Trinidad and later moved to the United States notes on how she relates with the story of Vikram Lall of being straddled in the two different worlds. When Nunez wrote her novel \\\"Anna In-Between\\\" and portrayed Anna, a character struggling in two identities, she said \\\"[she] just stole Vassanji's line, 'in-between'\\\". The novel was long-listed for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award where \\\"Let the Great World Spin\\\" by Irish author Colum McCann eventually won. It was awarded at the 2010 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for literary excellence. The novel\",\n \"title\": \"Anna In-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"121564\",\n \"text\": \"subtle and elegantly written novel by an author in complete command of his talent\\\". It also won the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award in 2005. Berger had earlier won the award in 1996 for \\\"A Year of Lesser\\\" and later again won in 2009 for \\\"The Retreat\\\". Dan Zigmond of \\\"SFGate\\\" reviews the novel as \\\"a rich and rewarding novel\\\". The Time in Between The Time in Between is a novel by Canadian author David Bergen. It deals with a man, who mysteriously returns to Vietnam, where he had been a soldier earlier in his life, followed by\",\n \"title\": \"The Time in Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15729182\",\n \"text\": \"S. J. Watson Steve \\\"S. J.\\\" Watson (born 1971) is an English writer. He debuted in 2011 with the thriller novel \\\"Before I Go to Sleep\\\". Rights to publish the book have been sold in 42 different countries around the world and it has gone on to be an international bestseller. Watson was born in Stourbridge, in the West Midlands. He studied Physics at the University of Birmingham and then moved to London, where he worked in various hospitals and specialized as an audiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing-impaired children. In the evenings and weekends he wrote fiction.\",\n \"title\": \"S. J. Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18979083\",\n \"text\": \"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \\\"Lady Chatterley's Lover\\\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \\\"Cider With Rosie\\\", LP Hartley's \\\"The Go-Between\\\" and J B Priestley's play \\\"An Inspector Calls\\\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\\\"Holliday Grainger\\\") enjoys a happy marriage to the dashing aristocrat Sir Clifford Chatterley (\\\"James\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805168\",\n \"text\": \"events of what had once seemed to him its hopeful beginning. The importance of his boarding school's social rules is another theme running through the book and complicates Leo's interaction with the adult world. \\\"Curses\\\" of his devising had routed boys who were bullying Leo at school and had given him the reputation of a magician something that he came to half-believe himself. As a result, he is invited as a guest to spend the summer at Brandham Hall, the country home of his school friend, Marcus Maudsley. There the socially clumsy Leo, with his regional accent, is a middle\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747462\",\n \"text\": \"of the musical group, The Go-Betweens, grew up in The Gap and wrote about the suburb in his 2016 memoir, Grant & I. David Malouf's novel \\\"Johnno\\\" references The Gap on two occasions, as does the debut novel of journalist Trent Dalton, 'Boy Swallows Universe'. The Gap, Queensland The Gap is a leafy and hilly suburb of Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia, located approximately west of the Brisbane CBD. The Gap was named for its geographical location in the valley between Mount Coot-tha and Enoggera Hill (i.e. \\\" 'the gap' between hills\\\") which both form part of the Taylor Range. Initially\",\n \"title\": \"The Gap, Queensland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805180\",\n \"text\": \"ban on Lawrence’s work seven years later. In 1960, an adaptation for stage by Louise F. Tanner was produced in Morgantown, West Virginia. Mrs. Tanner travelled to the United Kingdom to consult Hartley in person about the work. Playwright Harold Pinter adapted the novel into a screenplay of a film of the same name (1971), directed by Joseph Losey. A television adaptation starring Jim Broadbent was broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2015. On 8 July 2012, a radio adaptation by Frances Byrnes and directed by Matt Thompson was broadcast on BBC Radio 3. The production was re-broadcast on\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286332\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Sheffield Charles Sheffield (25 June 1935 – 2 November 2002) was an English-born mathematician, physicist and science fiction writer who served as a President of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and of the American Astronautical Society. His novel \\\"The Web Between the Worlds\\\", featuring the construction of a space elevator, was published almost simultaneously with Arthur C. Clarke's novel on the subject, \\\"The Fountains of Paradise\\\", a coincidence that amused them both. Excerpts from both Sheffield's \\\"The Web Between the Worlds\\\" and Clarke's \\\"The Fountains of Paradise\\\" have appeared recently in a space elevator anthology \\\"Towering\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Sheffield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2547074\",\n \"text\": \"James Salter James Arnold Horowitz (June 10, 1925 – June 19, 2015), better known as James Salter, his pen name and later-adopted legal name, was an American novelist and short-story writer. Originally a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, he resigned from the military in 1957 following the successful publication of his first novel, \\\"The Hunters\\\". After a brief career in film writing and film directing, in 1979 Salter published the novel \\\"Solo Faces\\\". He won numerous literary awards for his works, including belated recognition of works originally criticized at the time of their publication. His\",\n \"title\": \"James Salter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1618121\",\n \"text\": \"University College in 1963. His debut novel, \\\"Weep Not, Child\\\", was published in May 1964, becoming the first novel in English to be published by a writer from East Africa. Later that year, having won a scholarship to the University of Leeds to study for an MA, Ngũgĩ travelled to England, where he was when his second novel, \\\"The River Between\\\", came out in 1965. \\\"The River Between\\\", which has as its background the Mau Mau Uprising, and described an unhappy romance between Christians and non-Christians, is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus. He left Leeds without completing his\",\n \"title\": \"Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9474075\",\n \"text\": \"Nigel Farndale Nigel Farndale (born 30 September 1964) is a British author and journalist, known for his broadsheet interviews and his novel \\\"The Blasphemer\\\". He has written six books: three novels, two biographies and a collection of interviews. His latest novel is \\\"The Road Between Us\\\". \\\"The Blasphemer\\\" was shortlisted for the 2010 Costa Book Awards and selected for the WH Smith Richard and Judy Bookclub. His biography \\\"Haw-Haw: The Tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce\\\" was published in 2005 and shortlisted for that year’s Whitbread Prize and James Tait Black Memorial Prize. As a journalist he has written for\",\n \"title\": \"Nigel Farndale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12388279\",\n \"text\": \"Press in Autumn 2011. His novel about a Jewish RAF officer's return to post-war London, \\\"With Hope, Farewell\\\" (1952), and his semi-autobiographical account of a young man's political coming-of-age \\\"The In-Between Time\\\" (1971) are both scheduled for re-issue in 2016 or 2017 Novels Film screenplays Story Alexander Baron Alexander Baron ( – ) was a British author and screenwriter. He is best known for his highly acclaimed novel about D-Day entitled \\\"From the City from \\\"The Plough\\\" (1948) and his London novel \\\"The Lowlife\\\" (1963). Baron's father was Barnet Bernstein, a Polish-Jewish immigrant to Britain who settled in the East\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Baron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"144398\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes\\\" (1970), but for a time funds became hard to come by. More relaxed censorship also brought several controversial films, including Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell's \\\"Performance\\\", Ken Russell's \\\"The Devils\\\" (1971), Sam Peckinpah's \\\"Straw Dogs\\\" (1971), and Stanley Kubrick's \\\"A Clockwork Orange\\\" (1971) starring Malcolm McDowell as the leader of a gang of thugs in a dystopian future Britain. Other films during the early 1970s included the Edwardian drama \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, Nicolas Roeg's Venice-set supernatural thriller \\\"Don't Look Now\\\" (1973) and Mike Hodges'\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16856510\",\n \"text\": \"because of the amount of leisure time and education required to write novels, most novelists have come from the upper or the educated middle classes. However, working men and women began publishing novels in the twentieth century. This includes in Britain Walter Greenwood's \\\"Love on the Dole\\\" (1933), from America B. Traven's, \\\"The Death Ship\\\" (1926) and Agnes Smedley, \\\"Daughter of Earth\\\" (1929) and from the Soviet Union Nikolay Ostrovsky's \\\"How the Steel Was Tempered\\\" (1932). Later, in 1950s Britain, came a group of writers known as the \\\"Angry young men,\\\" which included the novelists Alan Sillitoe and Kingsley Amis,\",\n \"title\": \"Novelist\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10977840\",\n \"text\": \"The Years Between (play) The Years Between is a play by the English writer Daphne du Maurier, better known as a novelist and particularly as the author of \\\"Rebecca\\\" (which she had adapted for the London stage in 1940). This is one of two original plays that she wrote. The other is\\\" September Tide\\\" (1948). Set against the backdrop of the Second World War, \\\"The Years Between\\\" unfolds in the library/living room of an English country house. The man of the house, Colonel Michael Wentworth, MP, is presumed dead after his plane crashed into the sea on a flight to\",\n \"title\": \"The Years Between (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2025861\",\n \"text\": \"fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. Novelists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), who was also a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include \\\"The Forsyte Saga\\\" (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of \\\"The Old Wives' Tale\\\" (1908); G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936); E.M. Forster (1879–1970). The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). H. G. Wells\",\n \"title\": \"British literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5126893\",\n \"text\": \"Richardson's \\\"Clarissa\\\", Vladimir Nabokov's \\\"Lolita\\\", Rosamond Lehmann's \\\"Dusty Answer\\\", and Shakespeare's \\\"The Tempest\\\", \\\"Macbeth\\\", \\\"Hamlet,\\\" and \\\"Twelfth Night\\\". McEwan has also said that he was directly influenced by L.P. Hartley's \\\"The Go-Between\\\". \\\"Atonement\\\" contains a (fictional) letter addressed to Briony by the literary critic and editor Cyril Connolly. Like Connolly, Elizabeth Bowen is revealed to have reviewed Briony's earlier novel. \\\"Atonement\\\" was shortlisted for the 2001 Booker Prize for fiction. It was also shortlisted for the 2001 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the 2001 Whitbread Novel Award. It won the 2002 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, the\",\n \"title\": \"Atonement (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18979091\",\n \"text\": \"thou can’t say owt fairer than that\\\". Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \\\"Lady Chatterley's Lover\\\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \\\"Cider With Rosie\\\", LP Hartley's \\\"The Go-Between\\\" and J B Priestley's play \\\"An Inspector Calls\\\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\\\"Holliday Grainger\\\") enjoys a happy marriage to\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16698992\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen McKenna (novelist) Stephen McKenna (27 February 1888 – 26 September 1967) was an English novelist who wrote forty-seven novels, mostly focusing on English upper-class society, and six non-fiction titles. He published his first novel, \\\"The Reluctant Lover\\\", in 1912. His best-known novel, \\\"Sonia: Between Two Worlds\\\", was published in 1917. It was the tenth best-selling novel for 1918 in the United States, and also made into a British film of the same name in 1921. McKenna was the son of Leopold and Ellen McKenna. He was educated at Westminster School (Scholar), London, and at Christ Church, Oxford (Exhibitioner). He\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen McKenna (novelist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17077100\",\n \"text\": \"2019 premiere. Kirkus Reviews calls Good Sam, \\\"a solid, feel-good romance sparked with mystery.\\\" In addition, she is the author of the sequel to \\\"Good Sam,\\\" the bestseller “Perfectly Good Crime” recently won the Living Now Book Awards for “books that change the world.” Her third bestselling novel, \\\"The Space Between,\\\" was published by Lake Union Publishing in July 2018 and was a Once Upon A Book Club August Selection. Prior to joining Wind Dancer Films, Meserve was Vice President of Classical KUSC, the University of Southern California’s radio network. She began her career as Station Manager of the National\",\n \"title\": \"Dete Meserve\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2312024\",\n \"text\": \"Brian O'Nolan Brian O'Nolan (; 5 October 1911 – 1 April 1966) was an Irish novelist, playwright and satirist, considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \\\"At Swim-Two-Birds\\\" and \\\"The Third Policeman\\\", were written under the pen name Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \\\"The Irish Times\\\" and an Irish language novel \\\"An Béal Bocht\\\" were written under the name Myles na gCopaleen. O'Nolan's novels have attracted a wide following for their bizarre humour and modernist\",\n \"title\": \"Brian O'Nolan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10527986\",\n \"text\": \"Raymond K. Wong Raymond Kin Wong is an American actor and writer. He is the author of the award-winning novel, \\\"The Pacific Between\\\". He was also named as one of \\\"Pittsburgh Magazine\\\"s 25 Most Beautiful People in 2007. Raymond K. Wong began his career as an Information Technology Consultant. He later became a Screen Actors Guild actor and has worked with Peter Falk, Julianne Moore, Sarah Jessica Parker, directors Rob Marshall and Peter Yates in features and TV series such as Oscar-nominated \\\"Roommates\\\" and Emmy-winning series \\\"Sex and the City\\\". As a writer, he is the author of the novel,\",\n \"title\": \"Raymond K. Wong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805170\",\n \"text\": \"carry between them and the well-meaning, innocent boy is easily manipulated by the lovers. Although Marian and Ted are fully aware of the social taboo that must make their relationship a matter of the utmost secrecy, Leo is too naïve to understand why they can never marry. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Marian is about to become engaged to Hugh, Viscount Trimingham, the descendant of the area's nobility who formerly lived in Brandham Hall. As he begins to comprehend that the relationship between Marian and Ted is not to do with \\\"business\\\", as they have claimed,\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9333930\",\n \"text\": \"parts. After a prologue by a child, the first scene is a Shakespearean scene with romantic dialogue. The second scene is a parody of a restoration comedy, and the third scene is a panorama of Victorian triumph based on a policeman directing the traffic in Hyde Park. The final scene is entitled \\\"Ourselves\\\", at which point Miss La Trobe shocks the audience by turning mirrors on them. The book ends quietly with life returning to normal. Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book\",\n \"title\": \"Between the Acts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805169\",\n \"text\": \"class boy among the wealthy upper class. Though he does not fit in, his hosts do their best to make him feel welcome, treating him with kindness and indulgence, especially their daughter Marian. When Marcus falls ill, Leo is left largely to his own devices and becomes a secret \\\"postman\\\" for Marian and nearby tenant farmer Ted Burgess, with whom she is having a clandestine relationship. Leo is happy to help Marian because he has a crush on her and likes Ted. Besides, Leo is initially ignorant of the significance or content of the messages that he is asked to\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4550166\",\n \"text\": \"he reunited with Jimmy McGovern for the BBC television film \\\"Go Now\\\", the story of a young man who falls ill with multiple sclerosis just as he meets the love of his life. Focusing on the turmoil this causes the couple, the film was given a theatrical release in many countries, including the United States. In 1996 Winterbottom adapted his favourite novel, Thomas Hardy's bleak classic \\\"Jude the Obscure\\\", the tale of forbidden love between two cousins which had so scandalized British society on its release in 1895 that Hardy gave up novel-writing. It was not Winterbottom's first time approaching\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Winterbottom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"887380\",\n \"text\": \"Amis's work centres on the excesses of late-capitalist Western society, whose perceived absurdity he often satirises through grotesque caricature; he has been portrayed as a master of what \\\"The New York Times\\\" called \\\"the new unpleasantness\\\". Inspired by Saul Bellow, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Joyce, as well as by his father Kingsley Amis, Amis himself has gone on to influence many successful British novelists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including Will Self and Zadie Smith. Amis was born in Oxford, England. His father, noted English novelist Sir Kingsley Amis, was the son of a mustard manufacturer's clerk\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Amis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10310340\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Trevor Story Memorial Cup include Fred Normandale, Steve Aylett, Nicholas Lezard and Howard Waldrop. Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \\\"The Trouble with Harry\\\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\\\"Live Now, Pay Later\\\", \\\"Something for Nothing\\\" and \\\"The Urban District Lover\\\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\\\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\\\", \\\"One Last Mad Embrace\\\", \\\"Hitler Needs You\\\"). He also wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Trevor Story\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"449479\",\n \"text\": \"warn against the \\\"neurotic-genius\\\" way of looking at mental illness, which rationalises the theory that creativity is somehow born of mental illness. Stephen Trombley describes Woolf as having a confrontational relationship with her doctors, and possibly being a woman who is a \\\"victim of male medicine\\\", referring to the contemporary relative lack of understanding about mental illness. After completing the manuscript of her last novel (posthumously published), \\\"Between the Acts\\\" (1941), Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and\",\n \"title\": \"Virginia Woolf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2829075\",\n \"text\": \"Journal\\\" described the novel as \\\"a fast-paced and gripping story.\\\" The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska,\",\n \"title\": \"The Two Georges\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12486307\",\n \"text\": \"second (or third, depending on the version) stanza of the hymn \\\"I Vow to Thee, My Country\\\", which is sung in both the play and film, as well as referring to the fact that English public school life in the 1930s was indeed very much like \\\"another country\\\". In the hymn, the other country referred to is Heaven (or the Kingdom of Heaven), although this allusion does not appear to relate to the film in any way. \\\"Another Country\\\" is also the title of a 1962 novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \\\"The Go-Between\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Another Country (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13919720\",\n \"text\": \"Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \\\"The Space Between\\\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \\\"The Good Divide\\\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received her MFA in creative writing. She has taught creative writing and literature for Drake University and Upper Iowa University. She is currently\",\n \"title\": \"Kali VanBaale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15339827\",\n \"text\": \"Go Between Bridge The Go Between Bridge, formerly known as the Hale Street Link, is a toll bridge for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists over the Brisbane River in inner-city Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Merivale and Cordelia Streets in West End to Hale Street and the Inner City Bypass at Milton. It is Brisbane's first inner-city traffic bridge in 40 years and carries around 12,000 vehicles per day. The bridge opened to traffic in the early hours on 5 July 2010 and is now operated by Transurban. The Go Between Bridge is named after the popular Australian indie rock\",\n \"title\": \"Go Between Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"429241\",\n \"text\": \"classics Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne (the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton; the controversial D. H. Lawrence; the modernist Virginia Woolf; the satirist Evelyn Waugh; the prophetic novelist George Orwell; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene; the crime writer Agatha Christie (the best-selling novelist of all time); Ian Fleming (the creator of James Bond); the poets T.S. Eliot, Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes; the fantasy writers J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and J. K. Rowling; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. Scotland's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"887379\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \\\"Experience\\\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \\\"Time's Arrow\\\" and longlisted in 2003 for \\\"Yellow Dog\\\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New Writing at the University of Manchester until 2011. In 2008, \\\"The Times\\\" named him one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Amis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805175\",\n \"text\": \"simple, almost gentle story of a boy lost in a strange world of emotions.\\\" There have been regular editions from Penguin Books and other sources since 1958. By 1954 translations were being prepared in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Japanese, French and Italian. Others followed later in Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Romanian and German. The novel has also been set as an exam text with a study guide dedicated to it and there have been interdisciplinary studies on psychological and philosophical themes there. Later literary interpretations looked beyond the book’s immediately noticeable themes. For Colm Tóibín in his introduction to a 2002\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277338\",\n \"text\": \"for the film was his final collaboration with Losey, following \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963) and \\\"Accident\\\" (1967). It is largely faithful to the novel, although it alludes to the novel's opening events in dialogue, in which Leo is admired by other boys at his school as they believe he used black magic to punish two bullies, and also moves events described in the novel's epilogue into the central narrative. Losey says he was glad he and Pinter did not make the film until after \\\"Accident\\\" because that film encouraged them to play around with time in storytelling. Eventually John Heyman managed\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"866737\",\n \"text\": \"Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \\\"Ruman Katseb\\\", , \\\"Roman Leibovich Katsev\\\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood. His mother, Mina Owczyńska (1879—?), was a Jewish actress from Švenčionys\",\n \"title\": \"Romain Gary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13919721\",\n \"text\": \"a faculty member of the Lindenwood University MFA in Writing Program. She lives outside Des Moines with her husband and three children. Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \\\"The Space Between\\\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \\\"The Good Divide\\\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received\",\n \"title\": \"Kali VanBaale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2829070\",\n \"text\": \"The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska, retained under the rule of Russia. \\\"The Two Georges\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"The Two Georges\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1296349\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Losey Joseph Walton Losey III (; January 14, 1909June 22, 1984) was an American theatre and film director. Born in Wisconsin, he studied in Germany with Bertolt Brecht and then returned to the United States. Blacklisted by Hollywood in the 1950s, he moved to Europe where he made the remainder of his films, mostly in the United Kingdom. Among the most critically and commercially successful were three films with screenplays by Harold Pinter, \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), \\\"Accident\\\" (1967) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971). Joseph Walton Losey III was born on January 14, 1909 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he and\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Losey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4009386\",\n \"text\": \"Pelecanos published \\\"The Cut\\\", introducing the character Spero Lucas, a young veteran of the Iraq war. The former Marine works part-time as a private investigator for a D.C. defense attorney as well as taking jobs finding stolen items for a 40% cut of the value of the returned item. In 2013, Pelecanos published \\\"The Double\\\", the second Spero Lucas book. Pelecanos has written and produced for HBO's \\\"The Wire\\\" and is part of a literary circle with \\\"The Wire\\\" creator David Simon and novelist Laura Lippman. Simon sought out Pelecanos after reading his work. Simon was recommended his novels several\",\n \"title\": \"George Pelecanos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9333927\",\n \"text\": \"Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book describes the mounting, performance, and audience of a play at a festival in a small English village, just before the outbreak of the Second World War. The story takes place in a country house somewhere in England, just before the Second World War. It is the day when the annual pageant is to be performed in the grounds of the house. The pageant is traditionally a celebration of English history, and is attended by the entire\",\n \"title\": \"Between the Acts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20061066\",\n \"text\": \"Anna In-Between Anna In-Between is a 2009 English novel by Trinidadian American author Elizabeth Nunez. Anna, the lead character of the novel, finds herself in a situation where she is made to ponder on the differences between her native Caribbean, where her parents live, and her adopted lifestyle in Manhattan, and how race affects it. The novel was longlisted for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award. Anna Sinclair is an established and in-demand book editor settled in Manhattan. On a vacation trip getting away from her work pressures, she visits her parents in her native Caribbean island. The Sinclairs are\",\n \"title\": \"Anna In-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13463857\",\n \"text\": \"Nobel Prize in Literature) and is open to novels written in all languages, was €100,000 (£85,000, US$140,000). Thomas was the third author to win with a debut novel, following Andrew Miller's \\\"Ingenious Pain\\\" (1999) and Rawi Hage's \\\"De Niro's Game\\\" (2007). The book was praised by the judges, who included James Ryan, for its \\\"energy and warmth\\\" and for being \\\"tuned urgently to the way we live now\\\". Thomas said he had been \\\"feeling a little desperate\\\" during the writing of it. \\\"Man Gone Down\\\" beat an international longlist of 147 titles from 41 countries, as well as seven other\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Thomas (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1276727\",\n \"text\": \"was prohibited, despite the fact that there were no swastikas on the cover of the first German edition. The Iron Dream won a Prix Tour-Apollo Award, and was nominated for an American Book Award. \\\"A World Between\\\" (1979) tells of a mildly turbulent period on the planet of Pacifica, a eutopic, democratic electronically mediated society, on which lands a ship from each of the two factions in the \\\"Pink and Blue War\\\": the patronisingly paternalistic Institute of Transcendental Science on the one side, and the rabidly man-hating lesbian Femocrats on the other. Nobody suffers a worse fate than political embarrassment,\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Spinrad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3516439\",\n \"text\": \"Forest of Dean on the borders of England and Wales. Andrew Taylor (author) Andrew Taylor (born 14 October 1951) is a British author best known for his crime novels, which include the Lydmouth series, the Roth Trilogy and historical novels such as the best-selling \\\"The American Boy\\\" and \\\"The Ashes of London\\\". His accolades include the Diamond Dagger, Britain's top crime-writing award. Andrew Taylor grew up in East Anglia. He was educated at The King's School, Ely, and Woodbridge School. He read English at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and has an MA in Library, Archive and Information Science from University College\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Taylor (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16025589\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Baker (author) Francis Baker (22 May 1908 – 1982) was a British author of novels and short stories, mainly on fantastic or supernatural themes. He was also an actor, musician and television scriptwriter. His best-known works are his novels, \\\"The Birds\\\" (1936) and \\\"Miss Hargreaves\\\" (1940), and his memoir, \\\"I Follow But Myself\\\" (1968). Francis Baker was born at Hornsey in London in 1908, the son of a marine insurance salesman (who had been a chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford) and grandson of an organist at Alexandra Palace. During World War I he was a weekly boarder at schools\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Baker (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6647778\",\n \"text\": \"who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were Herman Wouk's \\\"The Caine Mutiny\\\", James Jones's \\\"From Here to Eternity\\\", and Hemingway's \\\"For Whom the Bell Tolls\\\", the latter a novel set in the Spanish Civil War. Among more recent European novels is \\\"Ukraine - In the Time of War\\\", by Sonia Campbell-Gillies which has seen a sudden upsurge in demand since the annexation of Crimea by Russia. Ukraine's war-torn history is mirrored in the struggle\",\n \"title\": \"War novel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19566364\",\n \"text\": \"Carey 93. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting Milan Kundera 94. Haroun and the Sea of Stories Salman Rushdie 95. LA Confidential James Ellroy 96. Wise Children Angela Carter 97. Atonement Ian McEwan 98. Northern Lights Philip Pullman 99. American Pastoral Philip Roth 100. Austerlitz W. G. Sebald 1. 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678) 2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) 3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726) 4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748) 5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749) 6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne (1759) 7. Emma by\",\n \"title\": \"The Guardian's 100 Best Novels Written in English\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3935688\",\n \"text\": \"The Servant (1963 film) The Servant is Harold Pinter's 1963 film adaptation of a 1948 novelette by Robin Maugham. A British production directed by Joseph Losey, it stars Dirk Bogarde, Sarah Miles, Wendy Craig and James Fox. It opened at London's Warner Theatre on 14 November 1963. The first of Pinter's three film collaborations with Losey, which also include \\\"Accident\\\" (1967) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), \\\"The Servant\\\" is a tightly-constructed psychological dramatic film about the relationships among the four central characters examining issues relating to class, servitude and the ennui of the upper classes. Tony (James Fox) a wealthy young\",\n \"title\": \"The Servant (1963 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3438685\",\n \"text\": \"in Winnipeg by enlisting in the Canadian army. When his service was up, he worked as a doctor in the Arctic and on the coast of British Columbia while pursuing his MFA in creative writing at the University of British Columbia. In 1999, Patterson published \\\"The Water in Between\\\", a travel memoir of his sailing expedition in the Pacific Ocean. The book was nominated for the 2000 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction. His first novel, \\\"Consumption\\\", was published in September 2006 in Canada. He co-edited \\\"Outside the Wire: The War in Afghanistan in the Words of its Participants\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Patterson (writer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17559716\",\n \"text\": \"Devil's Keg\\\", set in Alberta, Canada, was published in 1903. After its success he settled in Britain and became a full-time writer. Several of his novels were made into films. Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British\",\n \"title\": \"Ridgwell Cullum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16494974\",\n \"text\": \"and MacNeice, they were to be adopted by Virginia Woolf and through her much of 1930s literary London. The best-known early to mid 20th century novelist associated with Birmingham was J. R. R. Tolkien, whose books \\\"The Hobbit\\\" and \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" are two of the world's four best-selling books of all time, with over 100 million and over 150 million copies in print respectively. Although Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein in South Africa, he later called this a \\\"fallacious fact\\\" claiming that he \\\"happened to be born there by accident\\\". Both of his parents were from Birmingham\",\n \"title\": \"Literature of Birmingham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12375211\",\n \"text\": \"the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels \\\"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\\\" (1876) and \\\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Henry James (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late\",\n \"title\": \"English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"321386\",\n \"text\": \"receive the prize. On the other hand, Jon Fosse, former recipient of the prize, welcomed the decision, saying that Handke was a worthy recipient and deserved the Nobel Prize in Literature. Handke collaborated with director Wim Wenders on a film version of \\\"The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty\\\", wrote the script for Wenders' \\\"The Wrong Move\\\", and co-wrote the screenplay for Wenders' \\\"Wings of Desire\\\" and \\\"The Beautiful Days of Aranjuez\\\". He has also directed films, including from his own novels, \\\"The Left-Handed Woman\\\" and \\\"The Absence\\\". Peter Handke Peter Handke (; born 6 December 1942) is an Austrian novelist,\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Handke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2297319\",\n \"text\": \"regular feature on Broadway. Among the most important novelists from Northern Ireland are Flann O'Brien (1911–66), Brian Moore (1921–1999), and Bernard MacLaverty (1942– ). Flann O'Brien, Brian O'Nolan, , was a novelist, playwright and satirist, and is considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he also is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \\\"At Swim-Two-Birds\\\", and \\\"The Third Policeman\\\", were written under the \\\"nom de plume\\\" Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \\\"The Irish Times\\\" and an Irish language novel \\\"An Béal Bocht\\\" were\",\n \"title\": \"Irish literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16962720\",\n \"text\": \"the pale fluorescent gloom of laundromats, pockets filled with lint-covered jellybeans, the smell of crabcakes and coconut oil on a Delaware beach, grapy veins in the calves of middle-aged mothers. As a chronicler of domestic fuss, Tyler can be compared to John Updike\\\". Morgan's Passing Morgan's Passing is a 1980 novel by Anne Tyler. It won the 1980 Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction and was nominated for both the American Book Awards and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Morgan Gower is a middle-aged husband and father who works at Cullen's Hardware Store. Morgan's life is boring: His house\",\n \"title\": \"Morgan's Passing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17559715\",\n \"text\": \"Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British and Boer settlers; he travelled to the scene of another gold rush in Yukon in north-west Canada; he spent a few years cattle-ranching in Montana, USA. His first novel \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Ridgwell Cullum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"887432\",\n \"text\": \"literature, terrorism, religion, Philip Larkin, science, Britishness, suicide, sex, ageing, his 2010 novel \\\"The Pregnant Widow\\\", violence, film, the short story, and America). Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \\\"Experience\\\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \\\"Time's Arrow\\\" and longlisted in 2003 for \\\"Yellow Dog\\\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Amis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4238985\",\n \"text\": \"shows Bantam (UK) hardcover, first printings only.\\\" James Grant A.K.A. Lee Child has received honorary degrees from several universities. These include: Lee Child James D. \\\"Jim\\\" Grant (born 29 October 1954), primarily known by his pen name Lee Child, is a British author who writes thriller novels, and is best known for his \\\"Jack Reacher\\\" novel series. The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman, Jack Reacher, who wanders the United States. His first novel, \\\"Killing Floor\\\", won both the Anthony Award, and the Barry Award for Best First Novel. Jim Grant was born in Coventry, England.\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Child\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295508\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Gaiman Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (; born Neil Richard Gaiman, 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre, and films. His works include the comic book series \\\"The Sandman\\\" and novels \\\"Stardust\\\", \\\"American Gods\\\", \\\"Coraline\\\", and \\\"The Graveyard Book\\\". He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, \\\"The Graveyard Book\\\" (2008). In 2013, \\\"The Ocean at the End of\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Gaiman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19498136\",\n \"text\": \"only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. G. Farrell, J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel. Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reputation, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and novelist Leonard Cohen, short story writer Alice Munro, and more recently poet Anne Carson. Another admired Canadian novelist and poet is Michael Ondaatje, who was born in Sri Lanka. From 1940 into the 21st century, American playwrights, poets and novelists have continued to be internationally prominent. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.\",\n \"title\": \"Twentieth-century English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9287164\",\n \"text\": \"The White Boy Shuffle The White Boy Shuffle is the 1996 first novel of poet Paul Beatty. A satiric coming-of-age tale following the life of poet, basketball star, and self-described “Negro Demagogue” Gunnar Kaufman. It has been noted for its postmodern treatment of African American gender and sexuality in addition to race. The White Boy Shuffle is the first American novel to win the Booker prize In the book's prologue, the reader meets the narrator, Gunnar Kaufman, a prolific African-American poet whose astronomically successful book, \\\"Watermelanin\\\", has sold 126 million copies, elevating him to the status of \\\"Negro Demagogue.\\\" The\",\n \"title\": \"The White Boy Shuffle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"866746\",\n \"text\": \"and his ashes were scattered in the Mediterranean Sea near Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \\\"Ruman Katseb\\\", , \\\"Roman Leibovich Katsev\\\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood.\",\n \"title\": \"Romain Gary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11274467\",\n \"text\": \"number of contemporary postcolonial writers, including V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie and Zoë Wicomb. He is the editor of \\\"A Companion to Salman Rushdie\\\" (Cambridge University Press, 2007).` Gurnah has supervised research projects on the writing of Rushdie, Naipaul, G. V. Desani, Anthony Burgess, Joseph Conrad, George Lamming and Jamaica Kincaid. Novels The most famous of these are \\\"Paradise\\\", \\\"Desertion\\\" and \\\"By the Sea\\\", the first of which was shortlisted for both the Booker and the Whitbread Prize. \\\"By the Sea\\\", meanwhile, was longlisted for the Booker and shortlisted for the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" Book Award. Short stories Abdulrazak Gurnah\",\n \"title\": \"Abdulrazak Gurnah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9621156\",\n \"text\": \"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall The In-Between World of Vikram Lall is a novel by M. G. Vassanji, published in 2003 by Doubleday Canada. The novel won the Scotiabank Giller Prize that year and narrates a story of Vikram Lall in the colonial and post-colonial Kenya. The title for the novel also inspired the title for Elizabeth Nunez's novel \\\"Anna In-Between\\\", published in 2009. Vikram Lall is an adult living in exile in Canada and the novel plots him contemplating over his life as a teenager of Indian origin living in Kenya in the 1950s. Vikram's paternal grandfather was\",\n \"title\": \"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717920\",\n \"text\": \"Donald James Donald James (born Donald James Wheal; 22 August 1931—28 April 2008) was a British television writer, novelist and non-fiction writer. Born in World's End, Chelsea, and educated at Sloane Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (where he read history), James completed his National Service in the Parachute Regiment before returning to London to work as a supply teacher. He was the author of the best-selling novels \\\"Vadim\\\", \\\"Monstrum\\\", \\\"The Fortune Teller\\\" and \\\"The Fall of the Russian Empire\\\", as well as non-fiction books such as \\\"The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich\\\". He wrote under a number of\",\n \"title\": \"Donald James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7263006\",\n \"text\": \"with the new mass of the Roman Catholic Church were the work of the Holy Spirit. From the pulpit he campaigned vigorously against the Book of Common Prayer and in favour of the Alternative Service Book. He achieved some notoriety by suggesting that a service to be said after abortion be added to the ASB. The most notable of his books were \\\"The Go-Between God\\\" (1972) and \\\"The Christlike God\\\" (1992), both of which remain in print. \\\"Enough is enough\\\" (1975) was an early book of the environmentalist movement, making the theological case for resisting consumerism and looking after our\",\n \"title\": \"John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277336\",\n \"text\": \"envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \\\"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\\\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \\\"The Servant\\\" and says Pinter wrote \\\"two thirds of a script\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12154166\",\n \"text\": \"Africa, the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o wrote \\\"Weep Not, Child\\\" (1964), the first postcolonial novel about the East African experience of colonial imperialism; in \\\"The River Between\\\" (1965), with the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–60) as political background, he addressed the postcolonial matters of native religious culture, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa; and the essay \\\"Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature\\\" (1986). In postcolonial countries of Africa, the Africans and the non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages,\",\n \"title\": \"Postcolonialism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437024\",\n \"text\": \"Literature in the 1970s Fiction in the '70s brought a return of old-fashioned storytelling, especially with Erich Segal's \\\"Love Story\\\". The early seventies also saw the decline of previously well-respected writers, such as Saul Bellow and Peter De Vries, both of whom released poorly received novels at the start of the decade, but rebounded critically as the decade wore on. Racism remained a key literary subject. John Updike emerged as a major literary figure with his 1971 novel \\\"Rabbit Redux\\\". Reflections of the 1960s experience also found roots in the literature of the decade through the works of Joyce Carol\",\n \"title\": \"Literature in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10310333\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \\\"The Trouble with Harry\\\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\\\"Live Now, Pay Later\\\", \\\"Something for Nothing\\\" and \\\"The Urban District Lover\\\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\\\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\\\", \\\"One Last Mad Embrace\\\", \\\"Hitler Needs You\\\"). He also wrote under the names Alex Atwell, Bret Harding and Rex Riotti. Story was born in Hertford\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Trevor Story\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6871795\",\n \"text\": \"Whyte-Butler, in the late 1990s, and she lived with him in Sydney and Tasmania, and was with him when he died in 2013. Christopher Koch Christopher John Koch AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist, known for his 1978 novel \\\"The Year of Living Dangerously\\\", which was adapted into an award-winning film. He twice won the Miles Franklin Award (for \\\"The Doubleman\\\" in 1985, and \\\"Highways to a War\\\" in 1996). In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature, and was awarded an honorary Doctor of\",\n \"title\": \"Christopher Koch\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: L. P. Hartley context: sexuality until toward the end of his life. Hartley regarded his 1971 novel \\\"The Harness Room\\\" as his \\\"homosexual novel\\\" and feared the public reaction to it. In 1947 Hartley was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel \\\"Eustace and Hilda\\\", while his 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" was joint winner of the Heinemann Award. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 New Year Honours. Hartley died in London on 13 December 1972 at the age of 76. L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December\\n\\nWho wrote the novel The Go Between?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 202,\n \"origin_tokens\": 202,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Go-Between (171 film) context: envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \\\"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\\\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \\\"The Servant\\\" and says Pinter wrote \\\"two thirds of a script\\\".\\n\\ntitle L. P. Hartley context: L. P. Hart Leslie Poles Hartley (0 December 1895 – 3 December 1972 a British novelist and short story writer Although first fiction was published in 1924 career was slow to take off His best- novelsustace and Hilda\\\" trilogy144–7) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1953). The was made into in 191, as 1957 novel \\\"The Hire in 1973 Leslie Poles Hartley was born on December 1895ittlesey, Cambridgeshire the son ofessie and Harry Bark Hartley, a solicitor and JP He had two sisters, Enid andnie Norah.\\ntitle: Theet. commenting's context, Paul Binding pointed out that its opening phrase, “The past is a”, had first Hartleys friend David Cec in his inaug lectureoldsms in9 Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between treatment class and sexualityTheet\\\"ady Chatter L Lawrence’s allowedexpurgated in untilBween\\\"s appearance but,ulated, Harts novel the forturn British\\ntitle: The BBC3 on African Earl the two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it\\n\\nWho wrote the novel The Go Between?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 538,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15306,\n \"ratio\": \"28.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":194,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":194,"string":"194"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mrs. George Banks","Winifred banks","17 Cherry Tree Lane","Bert (Mary Poppins)","Mr. George Banks","Mr George Banks","Mary popins","Mrs George Banks","Marry Poppins","Mrs Winifred Banks","Mary Poppins","Mrs. Winifred Banks","Mary poppins","Winifred Banks"],"string":"[\n \"Mrs. George Banks\",\n \"Winifred banks\",\n \"17 Cherry Tree Lane\",\n \"Bert (Mary Poppins)\",\n \"Mr. George Banks\",\n \"Mr George Banks\",\n \"Mary popins\",\n \"Mrs George Banks\",\n \"Marry Poppins\",\n \"Mrs Winifred Banks\",\n \"Mary Poppins\",\n \"Mrs. Winifred Banks\",\n \"Mary poppins\",\n \"Winifred Banks\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Mary Poppins"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1875121","text":"being in the book series \"Mary Poppins\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \"Bert\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" which won the Oscar for \"Best Song\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \"\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\"\". The novel \"Die schwarzen Brüder\" (\"The Black Brothers\"),","title":"Chimney sweep"},{"id":"8953356","text":"West Ham, Aston Villa and Burnley, who all wear claret and blue shirts. English comedian Tim Vine played on the lyrics to the song in the title of one of his stand-up DVDs, \"Tim Timinee, Tim Timinee, Tim Tim To You\" and on the cover it features Vine dressed up as a chimney sweep. In the British comedy series Peep Show Series 7 episode 1, Jeremy mentions Him Chim Cher-ee in relation to Sophie's cervical sweep. Chim Chim Cher-ee \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from \"Mary Poppins\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"8953354","text":"by one of the drawings of a chimney sweep created by Mary Poppins' screenwriter, Don DaGradi. When asked about the drawing by the Sherman Brothers, DaGradi explained the ancient British folklore attributed to \"sweeps\" and how shaking hands with one could bring a person good luck. In their 1961 treatment, the Sherman Brothers had already amalgamated many of the P.L. Travers characters in the creation of \"Bert\". His theme music became \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". In addition to the \"standard\" version of the song which Bert sings to the children, he sings short snippets of the song to himself at various","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"16241440","text":"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \"When You Wish Upon a Star\", from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", from \"Song of the South\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from the eponymous film, \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\", \"If I Didn't Have You\" from \"Monsters, Inc.\", and \"We Belong","title":"Man or Muppet"},{"id":"8953353","text":"Chim Chim Cher-ee \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from \"Mary Poppins\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van Dyke and Julie Andrews, and also is featured in the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney \"Mary Poppins\" musical. The song won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2005, Julie Andrews included this song as part of \"Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.\" The song was written by Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman (the \"Sherman Brothers\") who also won an Oscar and a Grammy Award for Mary Poppins' song score. The song was inspired","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"13566388","text":"are played. Eden then sings \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the film \"Mary Poppins\" and the voice of Mary Poppins says, \"See, children? Everything is practically perfect in every way, or my name isn't Mary Poppins!\". \"Jolly Holiday\" plays, followed by \"Step in Time\", \"Let's Go Fly a Kite\", and \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\". Eden Espinosa sings \"Baby Mine\" from \"Dumbo\". Timothy Mouse is heard saying, \"You can do it, Dumbo! You can fly! You don't need a magic feather!\" An airborne puppet of Dumbo appears above Sleeping Beauty Castle, flapping his big ears and moving his legs. (Note: Dumbo does not fly every","title":"Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations"},{"id":"2342592","text":"been used by several sets of fans. \"Lola\" by The Kinks, and \"Hi Ho Silver Lining\" by Jeff Beck have been adapted by several clubs such as Sheffield Wednesday and Wolverhampton Wanderers. \"All You Need Is Love\", \"Hey Jude\" and \"Yellow Submarine\" by The Beatles are often used. Songs from musicals have become very popular as football chants, such as \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the 1964 musical \"Mary Poppins\". The emergence of funk and disco in the 1970s also made its mark on the terraces with songs such as \"Go West\" by the Village People and \"Oops Upside Your Head\"","title":"Football chant"},{"id":"10945242","text":"Awards was the last of four times Cahn was nominated for two songs in the same year, and the second of two times for Van Heusen. It was the only time that they had two songs nominated as a team, with the other being \"Where Love Has Gone\" from \"Where Love Has Gone\" sung by Jack Jones. In addition to the winner, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", other songs nominated in 1964 were \"Dear Heart from \"Dear Heart\" and \"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" from \"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\". The Grammy Awards did not have a Best Song Written for a Motion","title":"My Kind of Town"},{"id":"3590376","text":"this song attracted the attention of Walt Disney who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most recognized song: \"It's a Small World (After All)\" for the 1964 New York World's Fair. In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for \"Mary Poppins\" – Best Original Score, which included \"Feed The Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\"; and Best Original Song, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold","title":"Robert B. Sherman"},{"id":"12713025","text":"could watch the show as it was not geo-blocked. 40,000 applications for tickets were received with only around 200 available. The show had a \"Mary Poppins\" theme, with Ryan Tubridy opening the show dressed as chimney sweep Bert and then tore off the costume to reveal his Christmas jumper. The 2013 toy show featured a record breaking 237 toys. Over 231 performers and demonstrators took to the stage, with 34 of them performing a special opening number from Mary Poppins. The opening song on the show was Chim Chim Cher-ee and featured Ryan Tubridy dancing. In advance, a week before","title":"The Late Late Toy Show"},{"id":"3138531","text":"success of some of these 1960s films helped to make up for \"London Town\", Britain's first Technicolor musical, which was a high-profile flop in 1946. \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) was a critical and popular success, winning multiple Oscars for its editing, music (including Best Song for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"), and visual effects (notably the scene combining live action and animation). Lead actress Julie Andrews won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Also in 1964, Audrey Hepburn starred in \"My Fair Lady\", the film of the musical of the George Bernard Shaw play \"Pygmalion\". George Cukor's decision to award the role of","title":"London in film"},{"id":"10945235","text":"My Kind of Town \"My Kind of Town\" or \"My Kind of Town (Chicago Is)\" is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn. The song was originally part of the musical score for \"Robin and the 7 Hoods\", a 1964 musical film starring several members of the Rat Pack. It was nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\". Although the song predated the Grammy Award Best Original Song for a Motion Picture category, the entire score was nominated for the 1964 Grammy","title":"My Kind of Town"},{"id":"6933374","text":"in how to take better care of their belongings and toys (formerly \"Temper, Temper\", now \"Playing the Game\"). Believing that Jane and Michael need personal growth, Mary decides to leave Cherry Tree Lane (\"Chim Chim Cher-ee – Rooftop Duet\"), to bring them to their senses. Her distraught charges find a note saying that perhaps they will see Mary again eventually. In a misguided attempt to please her husband, Winifred arranges for his childhood nanny, Miss Andrew, to take over from the suddenly departed Mary (\"Cherry Tree Lane (Reprise)\"). At the sight of her, a terrified George flees, exclaiming \"the Holy","title":"Mary Poppins (musical)"},{"id":"16985719","text":"- Mary Costa/Bill Shirley 26. Cruella De Vil: \"101 Dalmatians\" (1961) - Bill Lee/Lisa Davis/Ben Wright 27. Higitus Figitus: \"The Sword In The Stone\" (1963) - Karl Swenson/Ricky Sorenson 1. Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Julie Andrews/Dick Van Dyke/The Pearlie Chorus 2. A Spoonful Of Sugar: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Julie Andrews 3. Chim Chim Cher-ee: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Dick Van Dyke/Julie Andrews/Karen Dotrice/Matthew Garber 4. Winnie The Pooh: \"Winnie The Pooh And The Honey Tree\" (1966) - Disney Studio Chorus 5. The Bare Necessities: \"The Jungle Book\" (1967) - Phil Harris/Bruce Reitherman 6. I Wan'na Be Like You:","title":"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song"},{"id":"4921331","text":"throughout its run. After the group toured Europe in early 1965, McGuire left to embark on a solo career, and this spelled the end of the original New Christy Minstrels. Now under the direction of Greif and Garris the group moved towards a variety act, doing \"novelty and pop tunes\" and a little comedy, making them closer to the 19th century Christy's Minstrels from whom the group's name was derived. Reflecting this shift, they had a \"Billboard\" Top 100 hit later in 1965 with a cover of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the Disney film \"Mary Poppins\". Regular group membership changes","title":"The New Christy Minstrels"},{"id":"16158904","text":"a Motion Picture or Television. \"A Spoonful of Sugar\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", \"Step in Time, Feed the Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" and \"Let's Go Fly a Kite\" were each written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman, often credited as the Sherman Brothers. Track three, \"Beauty and the Beast\" features cellist Nicole Pinnell. Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney is the tenth studio album by American classical violinist Jenny Oaks Baker, released in 2011 through Shadow Mountain Records. Produced and arranged by Kurt","title":"Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney"},{"id":"3590361","text":"2 Academy Awards for \"Mary Poppins\" – Best Original Score, which included \"Feed The Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\"; and Best Original Song, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney until Disney's death in 1966. After leaving the company, the brothers worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme park exhibits and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccoli's motion picture production \"Chitty Chitty","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"2628256","text":"accent any better than I did\", and that no one alerted him to how bad it was during the production. Still, \"Mary Poppins\" was successful on release and its appeal has endured. \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", one of the songs that Van Dyke performed in \"Mary Poppins\", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the Sherman Brothers, the film's songwriting duo. Many of the comedy films Van Dyke starred in throughout the 1960s were relatively unsuccessful at the box office, including \"What a Way to Go!\" with Shirley MacLaine, \"Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.\", \"Fitzwilly\", \"The Art of Love\" with","title":"Dick Van Dyke"},{"id":"19103703","text":"opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Poppins through to “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot the pace is well handled both vocally and instrumentally with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is a must have CD.\" Performers Technical Swingin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway is jazz vocalist Gary Williams's third album, recorded at Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was released to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock of Big Band World gave it five stars and","title":"Swingin' on Broadway"},{"id":"2411884","text":"which includes the songs \"Feed The Birds,\" \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,\" and the Oscar-winning \"Chim Chim Cher-ee.\" Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations, and 23 gold- and platinum-certified albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney, completing the scores for the live-action musical films \"The Happiest Millionaire\" and \"The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band\" until Disney's death in 1966. Since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"838166","text":"was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California using painted London background scenes. \"Mary Poppins\" was released on August 27, 1964, to critical acclaim. It received a total of 13 Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture – a record for any other film released by Walt Disney Studios – and won five; Best Actress for Andrews, Best Film Editing, Best Original Music Score, Best Visual Effects, and Best Original Song for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally,","title":"Mary Poppins (film)"},{"id":"17820043","text":"also featured introductory passages (\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\") or completed endings (\"Sister Suffragette\", \"Fidelity Fiduciary Bank\", \"A Man Has Dreams\"). The film's music received critical acclaim, winning two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song (for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\") and two Grammy Awards for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and Best Recording for Children. Walt Disney Records reissued the soundtrack in 1997, including a 16-minute track of unreleased songs and demo versions. In 2004, as part of the film's 40th anniversary (also called Special Edition), a 28-track disc (as part of a two-disc set) was released. In","title":"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6933367","text":"by Ocesa Teatro and starring Bianca Marroquin as Mary and Mauricio Salas as Bert. In April 2015 Brazilian entertainment company Time for Fun opened auditions for the Portuguese-language premiere in São Paulo, but eventually the production was cancelled. The first Japanese language production opened on March 25, 2018 in Tokyo before moving to Osaka in May 2018. In September 2018, it was announced that a West End revival would play at the Prince Edward Theatre beginning in 2019. Bert, a man of many professions, introduces the audience to Cherry Tree Lane (\"Chim Chim Cher-ee/Cherry Tree Lane- Part 1\") in Edwardian","title":"Mary Poppins (musical)"},{"id":"482025","text":"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\"Johnny Tremain\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\"Pollyanna\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\"The Shaggy Dog\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \"Mary Poppins\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"17820045","text":"that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and the \"smoke staircase yodel\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \"Jolly Holiday\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: Mary Poppins (soundtrack) Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", with music and","title":"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)"},{"id":"10901743","text":"performed \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" on the April 5, 1965 37th Academy Awards broadcast, Page singing the song from the perspective of a third-party reassuring Charlotte that she [i.e. Charlotte] has John's constant devotion: Page had recorded the song in a February 17, 1965 session at Columbia Recording Studio in Nashville. Despite the song's being bested for the Academy Award by \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", a recording of Page's rendition of \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" was rush-released to become the singer's first Top 40 hit on Columbia Records as of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart dated May 22,","title":"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (song)"},{"id":"838185","text":"indicated that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and the \"smoke staircase yodel\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \"Jolly Holiday\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: \"Mary Poppins\" premiered on August 27, 1964, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. Travers was not extended an invitation","title":"Mary Poppins (film)"},{"id":"18941551","text":"results.\" The British publication \"The Gramophone\" commented: \"Meanwhile there is overwhelming evidence that Mr. Crosby has lost none of his charm or skill in \"Thoroughly Modern Bing\" (Stateside SL10257). He works his lasting magic on “Talk to the Animals,” “Love Is Blue,” “Chim Chim Cheree,” and other modern songs of quality plus the oldie “Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead” with the same ease and warmth that was discernible in 1928. He even transforms a blatant flag-waver like “What’s More American” into something tolerable, and is the first singer to hold my attention throughout “Puff (The Magic Dragon)” without causing","title":"Thoroughly Modern Bing"},{"id":"7344568","text":"a typical concert at this time could incorporate \"Mars\" from Gustav Holst's \"The Planets\" and \"Chim Chim Cheree\" from \"Mary Poppins\". Bowie's future manager Ken Pitt attended one of these mid-1960s concerts, where the band finished with The Rodgers and Hammerstein song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". You've Got a Habit of Leaving \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with","title":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"},{"id":"1378329","text":"(#98 in 1965). Sherman's \"The End of a Symphony\", spotlighting Arthur Fiedler's Boston Pops Orchestra, reached #113 on the \"Bubbling Under\" chart in 1964, but did not make the Hot 100. The songs on Sherman's next album \"My Name Is Allan\" (1965) were thematically connected: except for a couple of original novelty songs with music by Sherman and Busch, all the songs on the album are parodies of songs that had won, or were nominated for, the Academy Award for Best Song. They included \"That Old Black Magic\", \"Secret Love\", \"The Continental\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and \"Call Me Irresponsible\". The","title":"Allan Sherman"},{"id":"16724172","text":"back to the 'present,' when Travers and the Sherman brothers are working on the script for \"Mary Poppins\". And that was fun, but also musically challenging.” For the score's instrumentation, Newman primarily employed a string orchestra with some woodwinds and brass, as well as including piano and hammered instruments that were \"appropriate to the time period\", such as dulcimers. The film's score was recorded at the Newman Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, while the cast recorded several of the Shermans' songs at Capitol Studios for use as playback during the film's diegetic music scenes, including \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\", \"A","title":"Saving Mr. Banks"},{"id":"2703760","text":"Sundae. In November 2011, the band toured the United Kingdom to celebrate the tenth anniversary of their debut album The Optimist LP. The band played the complete debut album in the correct order, apart from hidden track \"Three Days Old\" and a second set of more recent work, including new song \"Rescue Squad\" and their re-working of \"Mary Poppins\"-song Chim Chim Cher-ee, which they released as a digital single to raise money for homeless charities. A live recording of their show at Koko in London on 11 November 2011 was released as a live album. Throughout 2012, the band wrote","title":"Turin Brakes"},{"id":"3590381","text":"four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \"The Jungle Book\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) ranked at #8, \"The Aristocats\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\" made its world premiere at the Prince Edward Theatre in December 2004 and features the Sherman Brothers classic songs. In June 2005, Robert B. Sherman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame with","title":"Robert B. Sherman"},{"id":"8953355","text":"times, with different verses specific to an unfolding plot element. The \"Mentsch\" music group notes some similarities with a Yiddish song written by Itsik Manger named \"Vaylu\". The song also shares some sonic similarities to the Yiddish folksong, Tumbalalaika. The song was parodied by song parodist Allan Sherman (no relation to the Sherman Brothers), using the song's same title. In his version, he poked fun at the American merchandise seen on TV commercials. Supporters of English football teams, Millwall, West Bromwich Albion and Blackburn Rovers, sing a version of the song which is a reference to each team's local rivals,","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"10677767","text":"many pre-Broadway productions because of Broadway In Chicago. These productions include \"The Pirate Queen\", \"The Producers\", \"Movin' Out\", \"Mamma Mia!\", \"Aida\", \"All Shook Up\", \"Sweet Smell of Success\", \"Tallulah\", \"A Thousand Clowns\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Spamalot\", \"Blast!\", \"The Addams Family\", \"Kinky Boots\", \"Big Fish\", \"The Last Ship\" and \"The SpongeBob Musical\". Broadway In Chicago was also responsible for bringing many long-run productions to the city including \"Wicked\", \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\", Disney's \"The Lion King\", \"Jersey Boys\", \"Ragtime\", \"The Book of Mormon\" and \"Hamilton\". Broadway In Chicago Broadway In Chicago is a theatrical production company. It was formed","title":"Broadway In Chicago"},{"id":"2452477","text":"the Christys in January 1965, after recording the album \"Cowboys and Indians\", although, on the 1965 album \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", he sang on the title cut. As a folk rock solo singer in the 1960s, he was best known for his hits \"Eve of Destruction\" and \"Sins of a Family\", both written by P.F. Sloan. Barry's other chart successes were \"Child of Our Times\" and \"Cloudy Summer Afternoon (Raindrops)\" (penned by Travis Edmonson of the 1960s folk-duo, Bud & Travis). \"Eve of Destruction\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The album, \"The Eve of Destruction\",","title":"Barry McGuire"},{"id":"9036733","text":"The Good-Time Girl \"The Good-Time Girl\" aka \"The V.D. Polka\" is a song from the musical \"Over Here!\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Honey Bun\" from \"South Pacific\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \"Good Time Girl\" because: The song was written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. Ten years prior to \"Over Here!\", in 1964, the Sherman Brothers wrote \"The North Pole Polka\" for Walt Disney's \"Mary Poppins\".","title":"The Good-Time Girl"},{"id":"7945053","text":"Notre Dame High School has an active performing arts department which presents three productions annually: a fall drama or comedy, a late-winter musical, and a late-spring comedy, drama, or musical. Past performances have included \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Show Boat\", \"Kiss Me, Kate\", \"Godspell\", \"Man of La Mancha\", \"Inherit the Wind\", \"Grease\", \"West Side Story\", \"The Crucible\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"You Can't Take It with You\", \"Scapino!\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Footloose\", \"Seussical\", \"Hairspray\" and \"Anything Goes\" in March 2016. The musicals annually perform for audiences from 3,500-5,000. Along with theatrical productions, a dance program entitled \"Fusion\",","title":"Notre Dame High School (New Jersey)"},{"id":"896780","text":"runs on Broadway, including such successful musicals as \"Hair\", \"Godspell\", \"Little Shop of Horrors\", \"Sunday in the Park with George\", \"Rent\", \"Grey Gardens\", \"Urinetown\", \"Avenue Q\", \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\", \"Rock of Ages\", \"In the Heights\", \"Spring Awakening\", \"Next to Normal\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"Fun Home\", \"Hamilton\" and \"Dear Evan Hansen\". In particular, two that became Broadway hits, \"Grease\" and \"A Chorus Line\", encouraged other producers to premiere their shows Off-Broadway. Plays that have moved from Off-Broadway houses to Broadway include \"Doubt\", \"I Am My Own Wife\", \"Bridge & Tunnel\", \"The Normal Heart\", and \"Coastal","title":"Off-Broadway"},{"id":"3590356","text":"Richard M. Sherman Richard Morton Sherman (born June 12, 1928) is an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Robert B. Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"Snoopy Come Home\", \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\", \"The Slipper and","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"6632101","text":"\"Starlight Express\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"Monty Python's Spamalot\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"West Side Story\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"The Rocky Horror Show\", \"Fame - The Musical\", \"Never Forget\", \"Priscilla Queen of the Desert - the Musical\", \"Cabaret\", \"Blood Brothers\", \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Carousel\", \"Footloose - The Musical\", \"Grease\", \"Anything Goes\", \"Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake\", \"Our House\", \"Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story\", \"Carousel\", \"Tap Dogs\", \"Taboo\", \"Flashdance - The Musical\", \"Annie\", \"Annie Get Your Gun\", \"\", \"Dancing in the Streets\", \"Sister Act\", \"An Inspector Calls\", \"Dirty Rotten Scoundrels\", \"Rock of Ages\", \"Chicago\",","title":"New Wimbledon Theatre"},{"id":"272889","text":"on the songs of Queen). Live-action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s, with exceptions of \"Victor/Victoria\", \"Little Shop of Horrors\" and the 1996 film of \"Evita\". In the new century, Baz Luhrmann began a revival of the film musical with \"Moulin Rouge!\" (2001). This was followed by \"Chicago\" (2002); \"Phantom of the Opera\" (2004); \"Dreamgirls\" (2006); \"Hairspray\", \"Enchanted\" and \"\" (all in 2007); \"Mamma Mia!\" (2008); \"Nine\" (2009); \"Les Misérables\" and \"Pitch Perfect\" (both in 2012), \"Into The Woods\" (2014) and \"La La Land\" (2016), among others. Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (2000)","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"3590365","text":"Broadway (New York City) at the Foxwoods Theatre (then the Hilton Theatre). The Sherman Brothers wrote an additional six songs specifically for the new stage productions. In 2003, four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \"The Jungle Book\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) ranked at #8, \"The Aristocats\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\" made its world premiere at the","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"9017158","text":"Step in Time \"Step In Time\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \"Knees Up Mother Brown\". In the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are","title":"Step in Time"},{"id":"272883","text":"\"the closest to traditional musical theatre\" and was \"one pathway to the future.\" However, most major-market 21st-century productions have taken a safe route, with revivals of familiar fare, such as \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"A Chorus Line\", \"South Pacific\", \"Gypsy\", \"Hair\", \"West Side Story\" and \"Grease\", or with adaptations of other proven material, such as literature (\"The Scarlet Pimpernel\", \"Wicked\" and \"Fun Home\"), hoping that the shows would have a built-in audience as a result. This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations, including (\"The Producers\", \"Spamalot\", \"Hairspray\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"The Color Purple\", \"Xanadu\", \"Billy Elliot\", \"Shrek\", \"Waitress\" and \"Groundhog","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"652647","text":"George\", \"Make Way for Ducklings\", \"Stone Soup\", \"Caps for Sale\", and \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975","title":"Captain Kangaroo"},{"id":"16985715","text":"Star\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\", \"Someday My Prince Will Come\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\", \"A Spoonful of Sugar\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"It's A Small World (After All)\". The wide array of singers and performers include Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, Burl Ives, Louis Prima, Maurice Chevalier, Angela Lansbury, Roger Miller, Helen Reddy, Bette Midler, Sean Connery, Kirk Douglas, Annette Funicello, Pearl Bailey and George Burns. Certified as a gold-selling record by the RIAA in January 1993, it was certified as a platinum-selling recording in March 1995. 1. Turkey In the Straw: \"Steamboat Willie\" (1928) - Traditional 2. Who's Afraid Of The Big Bad Wolf?:","title":"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song"},{"id":"252426","text":"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \"West Side Story\", \"Gypsy\", \"The Music Man\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Oliver!\", and \"Funny Girl\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\" and \"The Young Girls","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"2411890","text":"Time in a British nationwide poll reported by the BBC. Most notably, \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. In later years, with Robert's move to London, the brothers wrote new songs for the stage musical presentation of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" For their contributions to the motion picture industry, the Sherman brothers have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Blvd. and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 9, 2005. On November 16, 2006, \"Mary Poppins\" premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway. On November 17, 2008","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"252432","text":"musicals were still being made that were financially and/or critically less successful than in the musical's heyday. They include \"1776\", \"The Wiz\", \"At Long Last Love\", \"Mame\", \"Man of La Mancha\", \"Lost Horizon\",\" Godspell\", \"Phantom of the Paradise\", \"Funny Lady\" (Barbra Streisand's sequel to \"Funny Girl\"), \"A Little Night Music\", and \"Hair\" amongst others. The critical wrath against \"At Long Last Love\", in particular, was so strong that it was never released on home video. Fantasy musical films \"Scrooge\", \"The Blue Bird\", \"The Little Prince\", \"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\", \"Pete's Dragon\", and Disney's \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\" were also","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"14964897","text":"2017, Owen won several awards for the Broadway musical \"Come From Away\" including the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Craig Noel Award, as well as a Helen Hayes Award nomination. Gareth has worked on over two hundred and seventy-five commercial sound designs throughout the world including: \"42nd Street, Bat Out of Hell, Wind in the Willows,\" \"Disney's Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Spring Awakening\", \"Young Frankenstein\",\"The Bodyguard\", \"Let it Be\", \"Disney's Little Mermaid\", \"Sister Act\", \"Hairspray\", \"Disney's Beauty & The Beast\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Aspects of Love\", \"Footloose\", \"Flashdance\", \"Carousel\", \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"Fame\", \"Saturday Night Fever\" and","title":"Gareth Owen (sound designer)"},{"id":"11216765","text":"\"Oh, Kay!\"; \"Jubilee\"; \"Leave It to Me\"; \"On Your Toes\"; \"Between the Devil\"; \"Annie Get Your Gun\"; \"Miss Liberty\"; \"Call Me Madam\"; \"The Most Happy Fella\"; \"Fiddler on the Roof\"; \"The New Moon\"; \"Silk Stockings\"; \"Wish You Were Here\"; \"The Laugh Parade\"; \"Carnival\"; \"They're Playing Our Song\"; \"Oliver!\"; and \"Pippin\". Musicals represented: \"Winners are in bold \" 36th Tony Awards The 36th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast by CBS television on June 6, 1982, from the Imperial Theatre. The host was Tony Randall. Presenters: Lucie Arnaz, Milton Berle, Victor Borge, Pam Dawber, Lillian Gish, Marvin Hamlisch, Lena Horne, Beth Howland,","title":"36th Tony Awards"},{"id":"252428","text":"\"Mary Poppins\" and \"The Jungle Book\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \"The Sound of Music\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \"Camelot\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Hello Dolly!\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Doctor Dolittle\", \"Star!\", \"Darling Lili\", \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\", \"Paint Your Wagon\", \"Song of Norway\", \"On a Clear Day You","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4270977","text":"productions that originated at the Playhouse before finding success on Broadway are The Who's \"Tommy\", Matthew Broderick's revival of \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", \"Jane Eyre\", \"Dracula, the Musical\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Cry Baby\", \"Bonnie and Clyde\", The Pulitzer Prize-winning \"I Am My Own Wife\", \"700 Sundays\", \"Jersey Boys\", \"Memphis, Peter and the Starcatcher, Chaplin, Hands on a Hardbody\", Des McAnuff's revival of \"Jesus Christ Superstar\" and \"Zhivago\". La Jolla Playhouse began the Page To Stage Play Development Program in 2001 to facilitate the development of new plays and musicals, offering audiences the rare opportunity to experience","title":"La Jolla Playhouse"},{"id":"252435","text":"Other successful animated musicals included \"Aladdin\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"Pocahontas\" from Disney proper, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" from Disney division Touchstone Pictures, \"The Prince of Egypt\" from DreamWorks, \"Anastasia\" from Fox and Don Bluth, and \"\" from Paramount. (\"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"The Lion King\" were adapted for the stage after their blockbuster success.) In the 21st century, movie musicals were reborn with darker musicals, epic drama musicals and comedy-drama musicals such as \"Moulin Rouge!\", \"Chicago\", \"Dreamgirls\", \"\", \"Les Misérables\", and \"La La Land\" all of which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4883581","text":"The Words\" (\"Into the Woods\" and \"Weekend In The Country\", Sondheim) 06 \"Annie II\" (\"Tomorrow\", \"Annie\") 07 \"M. Butterfly\" (\"Poor Butterfly\") 08 \"Madonna's Brain\" (\"The Rain in Spain\", Loewe) 09 \"Never, Never Panned\" (\"Never Never Land\", Styne) 10 \"Somewhat Overindulgent\" (\"Over the Rainbow\", Arlen) 11 \"Chita-Rita\" (\"America\", Bernstein) 12 \"I Ham What I Ham\" (\"I Am What I Am\", Herman) 13 \"Hey, Bob Fosse\" (\"Hey, Big Spender\", Coleman-Fields) 14 \"Almost Like Vegas In New York\" (\"Almost Like Being in Love\", Loewe) 15 \"Teeny Todd\" (\"\", Sondheim) 16 \"Liza\" (original, Alessandrini, based on \"Johnny One Note\" by Rodgers and Hart) 17","title":"Forbidden Broadway, Vol. 2"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"3393273","text":"represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing second with the song \"One Step Out of Time\". In 1995, he reprised the role of Marius in \"\". His other West End roles include Giorgio in \"Passion\" (1997) and Caractacus Potts in \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (2002). He has twice won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He won in 2008 for his role as Edna Turnblad in \"Hairspray\", and then in 2013 for the title role in the revival of \"\". Ball was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in","title":"Michael Ball (singer)"},{"id":"9394232","text":"Ward the Musical\", Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical telling the story of the Profumo scandal. \"Party Animals\", \"The Bill\", \"Kidulthood\", \"The Fugitives\", \"Murder City\", \"Auf Wiedersehen, Pet\", \"The Last Detective\", \"Rosemary & Thyme\", \"Heartbeat\", \"Beech is Back\", \"Relic Hunters\", \"Casualty\", \"The Merchant of Venice\", \"The Escort\", \"Unfinished Business\", \"Peak Practice\", \"Doctor Finlay\", \"Poetry Readings\", \"Ffizz\", \"Fellow Traveller\", \"Museums of Madness\", \"The Black Candle\", \"Taking the Floor\", \"Boon\", \"The Chief\", \"Six Characters in Search of an Author\" as well as \"Lewis\". Alexander Hanson (actor) Alexander Harald St John Hanson-Akins (born 28 April 1961) is a Norwegian-born British stage actor who has appeared","title":"Alexander Hanson (actor)"},{"id":"18983817","text":"and its 20s-evocative feel, there are some interesting and fresh-sounding tunes here: ‘Mary Poppins’ is arguably the best of the bunch and has the penguins lament their abandonment at the hands of the most famous nanny in the world, it’s a barber-shop, doo woop number that could easily sit beside Sherman’s illustrious forebears classic output.\" Mary Poppins (song) \"Mary Poppins\" is a song from the 2015 stage musical \"Love Birds\" with music and lyrics by Robert J. Sherman. It is sung by \"The Original Quack Pack\", a penguin barbershop quartet who resemble the penguins from the 1964 Walt Disney motion","title":"Mary Poppins (song)"},{"id":"7597910","text":"being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,","title":"On the Record (musical)"},{"id":"7051330","text":"musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of \"Mary Poppins\", were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908. However, in its final 1909 race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy and Jemima Potts, have grown fond","title":"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang"},{"id":"6861384","text":"Roses (David Grant), All That Jazz (Ruthie Henshall) Week 2 Closing Cole Porter Medley: Anything Goes (Ruthie Henshall), My Heart Belongs to Daddy (Carrie Grant), Too Darn Hot (Mica Paris), Who Wants to be a Millionaire (David Grant, Carrie Grant) Week 3 Introduction—Wilkommen (John Barrowman), Hello Dolly (Ruthie Henshall), If They Could See Me Now (Carrie Grant), Matchmaker, Matchmaker (Mica Paris), Edelweiss (Jon Lee), Somewhere (David Grant & Company) Children's Medley (closing) -- Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", Jon Lee, David Grant, Ruthie Henshall, Les Dennis, Joseph McManners), Supercalifragilistic (\"Mary Poppins\", Ruthie Henshall & same), Part of","title":"The Sound of Musicals"},{"id":"11102013","text":"A Sailor\" and \"Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes,\" the only two of \"The Big 8\", a.k.a. SYKBH, missing. (Basic set list structure from the tour): (*) = Appears on Feeding Frenzy, but out of order. (**) = Doesn't appear on Feeding Frenzy at all. Songs 12 and 13 changed from show to show, such as: \"Pencil Thin Mustache\", \"Havaña Daydreamin'\", \"Son of a Son of a Sailor\", \"Coast of Marseilles\", \"The Weather is Here, Wish You Were Beautiful\", \"Migration\", \"The Captain & the Kid\", \"Lone Palm\", \"Little Miss Magic\", \"Rocky Raccoon\", \"Tin Cup Chalice\" and \"He Went to Paris\".","title":"Feeding Frenzy: Jimmy Buffett Live!"},{"id":"2411880","text":"Sherman Brothers The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928). The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include \"Mary Poppins\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"The Jungle Book\" (except “The Bare Necessities”), \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\", \"Charlotte's Web\" and \"The Aristocats\". Their most well known work, however, remains the theme park song \"It's a Small World (After All)\". According to","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"13152324","text":"\"Disney Dream\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" \"(Cinderella)\", \"Be Our Guest\" \"(Beauty and the Beast)\", \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" \"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\", \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\" \"(Frozen)\", and \"It's a Small World\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in","title":"Disney Dream"},{"id":"252437","text":"(ABBA), \"Rock of Ages\", and \"Sunshine on Leith\" (The Proclaimers). Original ones included \"Across the Universe\" (The Beatles), \"Moulin Rouge!\" (various pop hits), and \"Idlewild\" (Outkast). Disney also returned to musicals with \"Enchanted\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", \"Tangled\", \"Winnie the Pooh\", \"The Muppets\", \"Frozen\", \"Muppets Most Wanted\", \"Into the Woods\", \"Moana\", and \"Mary Poppins Returns\". Following a string of successes with live action fantasy adaptations of several of their animated features, Disney produced a live action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", the first of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical, and features new","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4128592","text":"popular musicals of the 1950s include \"Love Me Tender\" which starred Elvis Presley, \"High Society\", \"An American in Paris\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Guys and Dolls\", \"The Band Wagon\", \"Show Boat\", \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\", \"Gigi\", \"Daddy Long Legs\", \"Funny Face\", \"Calamity Jane\", \"Porgy and Bess\", \"Carmen Jones\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \"Sleeping Beauty\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \"The Sword and the Rose\", \"Davy","title":"United States in the 1950s"},{"id":"469536","text":"Playhouse\", \"Gimme a Break!\", \"Punky Brewster\", \"Taxi\", \"Happy Days\", \"St. Elsewhere\", \"MacGyver\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Magnum, P.I.\", \"M*A*S*H\", \"Barney Miller\", \"WKRP in Cincinnati\", \"Laverne & Shirley\", \"Mork & Mindy\", \"Miami Vice\", \"The Jeffersons\", \"The Facts of Life\", \"Hill Street Blues\", \"T.J. Hooker\", \"The Cosby Show\", \"Highway To Heaven\", \"Murder, She Wrote\", \"227\", \"Matlock\", \"\", \"Night Court\", \"Who's the Boss?\", \"Family Matters\", \"Charles in Charge\", \"The Hogan Family\", \"Perfect Strangers\", \"Designing Women\", \"Amen\", \"Head of the Class\", \"Murphy Brown\", \"The Wonder Years\", \"Empty Nest\", \"Coach\", \"Doogie Howser M.D.\", \"Quantum Leap\", \"Saved by the Bell\", \"Roseanne\", \"Full House\", \"The Golden Girls\",\"Three's Company\", \"Cheers\",","title":"1980s"},{"id":"9391384","text":"has more than 50 Broadway plays and musicals to his credit including , No Man's Land/Waiting for Godot in rep, Love Letters, The Country House, The Assembled Parties,\"Nice Work If You Can Get It\", \"Venus in Fur\",\"Wit\", \"Anything Goes\", \"A View From the Bridge\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Seascape\", \"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\", \"Wonderful Town\", \"Anna in the Tropics\", and revivals of \"The Music Man\" and \"Kiss Me, Kate\". His recent off-Broadway work includes Dada Woof Papa Hot (Lincoln Center Theater), Ripcord Manhattan Theater Club), \"How I Learned to Drive\" for 2nd Stage, \"Twelfth Night\", \"All's Well\", \"Measure for Measure\"","title":"Peter Kaczorowski"},{"id":"7662692","text":"Jazz ensemble Golden Raider Marching Band (GRMB) String Orchestra The Concord Players typically put on a play in the fall and a musical in the spring. Previous performances include \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"Rumors\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Charlotte's Web\", \"Mame\", \"You Could Die Laughing\", \"Once Upon a Mattress\", \"You Can't Take It with You\", \"Anything Goes\", \"Bone Chiller\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"Meet Me In St. Louis\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"Shrek The Musical\", \"Fools\", \"Into the Woods\", \"Noises Off\", \"Disney's The Little Mermaid\", \"You Can't","title":"Concord High School (Wilmington, Delaware)"},{"id":"3590364","text":"Johnny Burnette in 1960 and then with Ringo Starr fourteen years later. Other top-ten hits include, \"Pineapple Princess\", \"Let's Get Together\" and more. In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for Disney's blockbuster film: \"The Tigger Movie\" (2000). This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years. In 2002 the stage musical \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" premiered in London. It was the most successful stage show ever produced at the London Palladium, boasting the longest run in that century-old theatre's history. In early 2005 a second Chitty company premiered on","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"9490894","text":"a week. In 1944, Grimes moved to California to work for Universal. His credits include \"Fairytale Murder\", \"Lady on a Train\", and \"Week-End at the Waldorf\". In the early 1950s, he switched to television. His credits include \"Alcoa Presents\", \"Love of Life\", \"The Aldrich Family\", \"Tom Corbett, Space Cadet\", \"Maude\", \"On the Rocks\", and \"All in the Family\". In 1962, Grimes and Peter Fernandez worked together on a series of records for MGM. Five years later, Fernandez hired him to do the voices of Sparky and Chim Chim on \"Speed Racer\". Grimes died in Queens, New York in 2009 at","title":"Jack Grimes (actor)"},{"id":"18193102","text":"Time\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas\", \"\", and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts. The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's \"Glow\", \"Carol of the Bells\", \"Let it Snow\", \"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\", \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\", \"Believe\", \"Silent Night\", the \"Nutcracker Suite\", \"Jingle Bells\", \"I Have a Little Dreidel\", \"Feliz Navidad\", \"Joy to the World\", and \"Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas\", as well as \"Frozen\" songs, such as \"Let It Go\" and \"In Summer\". In November 2014, \"World of Color: Winter Dreams\" opened with a different show than","title":"Frozen (franchise)"},{"id":"3774469","text":"They include \"Grease\", \"The King and I\", \"Oliver!\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Godspell\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Man of La Mancha\", a multi award-winning \"Sweeney Todd\", \"The Pirates of Penzance\", \"Carousel\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Billy\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Guys and Dolls\" and \"Zorba\". They also have recently presented pantomime productions of \"Treasure Island\", \"Aladdin\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Sinbad\", \"Robin Hood\", \"Little Red Riding Hood\", \"Cinderella\" and \"Sleeping Beauty\". Plays include \"Da\", \"Juno and the Paycock\", \"The Memory of Water\", \"The Plough and the Stars\", \"Allo, Allo\", \"Dancing at Lughnasa\", and \"The Beauty Queen of Leenane\". The Society","title":"Kilcock"},{"id":"10852410","text":"in classic American musical theatre, new musicals, and \"re-thought\" musicals. Broadway has long considered The Marriott Theatre a prime venue for launching shows into the regional market with premiere productions of \"A Chorus Line\", \"Chess\", \"Baby\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"They're Playing Our Song\", \"The Goodbye Girl\", \"The First\", \"Miss Saigon\", \"Cats\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"The Producers\" and \"Little Women\". A founding member of the National Alliance for Musical Theatre, The Marriott Theatre fosters artists in creating new works for the stage. The result has been a string of American and World Premieres including \"Matador\", which","title":"Marriott Theatre"},{"id":"3590369","text":"Robert B. Sherman Robert Bernard Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) was an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Richard Morton Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"The Slipper and the Rose\", and","title":"Robert B. Sherman"},{"id":"7898839","text":"by furniture and dishes.\" Film critic Roger Ebert joked that the \"Be Our Guest\" choreography resembles \"Busby Berkeley running amok.\" Additionally, Jerry Griswold, author of \"The Meanings of \"Beauty and the Beast\": A Handbook\", observed several similarities between \"Be Our Guest\" and a scene from Maurice Sendak and Carole King's musical \"Really Rosie\". Significantly, \"Beauty and the Beast \"was one of Disney's earliest feature-length animated films to fully employ computer-generated imagery and technology, utilizing it to a significant extent, as depicted throughout its signature musical numbers \"Be Our Guest\" and \"Beauty and the Beast.\" Significantly, \"Be Our Guest\" \"marks the","title":"Be Our Guest"},{"id":"14074938","text":"In the semi-final, on 15 June 2007, she performed \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" from the musical \"Mary Poppins\" and received a standing ovation and positive comments from the judges saying that she managed to improve on her audition. Cursons was automatically placed in the final after receiving the highest number of votes. In the final, on 17 June 2007, she performed \"Get Me to the Church on Time\" from \"My Fair Lady\". Judges Piers Morgan and Amanda Holden said Cursons 'deserves to be in the West End'. Simon Cowell, however, preferred her previous performances. Cursons lost in the final to opera singer Paul","title":"Bessie Cursons"},{"id":"3905549","text":"warning, followed by a \"damn good thrashing\" with a tree branch. The staff try to stall for time while waiting for Basil to return with the duck: Manuel struggles through some flamenco tunes on his guitar, Polly sings \"I Cain't Say No\", off key, from the musical \"Oklahoma!\", and Sybil drunkenly recounts an anecdote about \"Uncle Ted and his crate of brown ale.\" The guests are obviously unappreciative. Basil manages to get back to the hotel on foot and the guests are finally presented with the \"duck\" which they have so eagerly awaited, only to discover that, due to a","title":"Gourmet Night"},{"id":"13961421","text":"opening Flyby gag is a parody of the Wicked Witch of the West from \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\". The Slimu octopus is a parody of Shamu, the killer whale. The song that plays during the train station scenes is the American jazz standard \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\". Also Nelson sings a different version of \"Mary Had a Little Lamb. In its original American broadcast, \"Thursdays with Abie\" was viewed by an estimated 8.65 million households and received a rating of 4.0 rating/10% share in the 18/49 rating being the most viewed and highest rated episode on Fox's \"Animation Domination\" block,","title":"Thursdays with Abie"},{"id":"12858697","text":"that began in the 1890s, the Princess Theatre musicals of the early 20th century, and comedies in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the works of Rodgers and Hammerstein), with \"Oklahoma!\" (1943), musicals moved in a more dramatic direction. Famous musicals over the subsequent decades included \"My Fair Lady\" (1956), \"West Side Story\" (1957), \"The Fantasticks\" (1960), \"Hair\" (1967), \"A Chorus Line\" (1975), \"Les Misérables\" (1980), \"Into the Woods\" (1986), and \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1986), as well as more contemporary hits including \"Rent\" (1994), \"The Lion King\" (1997), \"Wicked\" (2003), and \"Hamilton\" (2015). Musical theatre may be produced","title":"Theatre"},{"id":"10373842","text":"studios. BBC Video was well known for its releases of \"Fawlty Towers\", \"Blackadder\", \"Only Fools and Horses\", \"One Foot in the Grave\", \"Dinnerladies\", \"Coupling\", \"Big Cat Diary\", \"2point4 Children\", \"Ballykissangel\", \"Monarch Of The Glen\", \"Hamish MacBeth\", \"Are You Being Served?\", \"Allo Allo\", \"As Time Goes By\", \"Blake's 7\", \"The Young Ones\", \"Bottom\", \"Filthy, Rich and Catflap\", \"Pride & Prejudice\", \"The Naked Chef\", \"The Chronicles of Narnia\", \"The Office\", \"House of Cards\", \"To Play the King\", \"The Final Cut\", \"Life on Earth\", \"The Living Planet\", \"The Trials of Life\", \"Life in the Freezer\", \"The Private Life of Plants\", \"The Life of","title":"2 Entertain"},{"id":"272857","text":"Bernard Shaw's \"Pygmalion\" starring Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews, which at 2,717 performances held the long-run record for many years. Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals. This surpassed the run of two hits by British creators: \"The Boy Friend\" (1954), which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews' American debut, was very briefly the third longest-running musical in West End or Broadway history (after \"Chu Chin Chow\" and \"Oklahoma!\"), until \"Salad Days\" (1954) surpassed its run and became the new long-run record holder, with 2,283 performances. Another record was set by \"The Threepenny Opera\",","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"3956455","text":"Beatles during rehearsals for a television appearance, John Lennon and Paul McCartney provided the Applejacks with a song which was to be their second single: \"Like Dreamers Do\". However, the record only reached number 20 in the UK chart, whilst their final hit, \"Three Little Words (I Love You)\" (also in 1964), made it to No. 23. The group quarrelled with Decca over their next single. Decca wanted them to record \"Chim Chim Chiree\", but the group disliked the song. Although the single had been announced (and is therefore listed in most discographies), it was never released. According to Megan","title":"The Applejacks (British band)"},{"id":"9017163","text":"need a reason, Never need a rhyme.\" The song \"Me Ol' Bamboo\" from the 1968 film \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", also written by the Sherman brothers and performed by Van Dyke, is very similar to Step in Time. Both songs are loosely based on the repetitive physical action song \"Knees Up Mother Brown\", popular in British music halls and Cockney pubs, especially during World War II. Step in Time \"Step In Time\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for","title":"Step in Time"},{"id":"20527518","text":"children of Ennui (the tiny village that surrounds the bottom of the cliff) are playing their annual games of hide and seek. However, unbeknownst to any of them, all are in danger of the Pirate Capt. Jean-Pierre Beunet, Ophelia the Queen Witch of Hubbub, and her cauldron Misty who want to take over the entire Orchard for themselves. Songs included: \"The Orchard of Hide & Seek\", \"Dip-pity Day\", \"Sailors of St. Labyrinth\", \"Believe\", \"Yo Ho Ho\", \"The Regal C'est la Vie\", \"Ophelia's Brew\", \"Ready or Not\", \"Hide & Seek\", \"Poison\", \"Come All Ye Children\", \"Doom\", \"All Around You\" Photo: Sloane","title":"St. John's Conservatory Theater"},{"id":"13350400","text":"Dumpty (Pantomime) 1978 - Good Companions (Musical) 1979 - Cinderella (Pantomime) 1979 - CanCan (Musical) 1980 - Queen of Hearts (Pantomime) 1980 - Follow the Star (Musical) 1981 - Goody Two Shoes (Pantomime) 1981 - Make Me an Offer (Musical) 1982 - Aladdin (Pantomime) 1982 - Godspell (Musical) 1983 - Sleeping Beauty (Pantomime) 1983 - Most Happy Fella (Musical) 1984 - Red Riding Hood (Pantomime) 1984 - A Funny Thing (Musical) 1985 - Robinson Crusoe (Pantomime) 1985 - Pippin (Musical) 1986 - Jack and the Beanstalk (Pantomime) 1986 - Andy Capp (Musical) Manor Operatic Society The Manor Operatic Society is","title":"Manor Operatic Society"},{"id":"12133709","text":"\"Glory Days\", \"Merrily We Roll Along\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Saving Aimee\", \"Into the Woods\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Nevermore\", \"Assassins\", \"The Highest Yellow\", \"One Red Flower\", \"Allegro\", \"Twentieth Century\", \"110 in the Shade\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"The Gospel According to Fishman\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"The Rhythm Club\", \"Over & Over\", \"The Fix\", \"Working\", \"The Rink\", \"Cabaret\", \"First Lady Suite\", \"Wings\", \"Poor Superman\", \"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\", \"Passion\", \"Company\", \"Sweeney Todd\", \"Follies\", \"Pacific Overtures\", \"Ace\", \"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in","title":"Eric D. Schaeffer"},{"id":"9036734","text":"\"The North Pole Polka\" was a much more gentle song than \"The V.D. Polka\". The former was about Polar Bears dancing in the snow. That song was eventually dropped from the \"Mary Poppins\" score, however. The Good-Time Girl \"The Good-Time Girl\" aka \"The V.D. Polka\" is a song from the musical \"Over Here!\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Honey Bun\" from \"South Pacific\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \"Good Time","title":"The Good-Time Girl"},{"id":"8604455","text":"a translation of France Gall's \"Poupée de cire, poupée de son\". \"Khi xưa ta bé\" (When We Were Young) was a translation of Cher's \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", but made in an uptempo manner. \"Giấc mơ tình yêu\" (Love Dream) received airplay on radio and television, and was one of her biggest hits. \"Hát Cho Người ở Lại\" (Singing for the One who Stayed) also charted well. In mid 2003, Mỹ Tâm released her third studio album, Yesterday&Now. It contained two of her biggest hits: \"Ước gì\" (I Wish) and \"Họa Mi Tóc Nâu\" ( Brown-Haired Nightingale","title":"Mỹ Tâm"},{"id":"18792140","text":"the \"Splish Splash\" and \"Mack the Knife\" days. In a Broadway Bag continued that success, and \"Mame\" was his biggest hit in three years. In a Broadway Bag is generally considered one of Bobby Darin's best (and certainly most cohesive) LPs.” In a Broadway Bag (Mame) In a Broadway Bag (Mame) is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1965. The album consists of songs from then-current hit Broadway musicals, including \"Funny Girl\", \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", \"Mame\", \"The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd\", and others. \"In a Broadway Bag","title":"In a Broadway Bag (Mame)"},{"id":"8892427","text":"Woods\", \"Little Women\", \"Once Upon A Mattress\", \"The Mousetrap\", \"A Christmas Story\", \"Once On This Island\", \"Fools\", \"A Christmas Carol\", \"Seussical the Musical\", \"Twelve Angry Men\", \"Taming of the Shrew\", \"West Side Story\", \"The Diviners\", \"Hamlet\", \"Alice\", \"Rent\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Winter's Tale\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"Peter and the Starcatcher\", \"Lazarus Rising\", \"1984\", \"The Addams Family\", \"Twelfth Night\", and \"Little Women\". 4th place at dimond bar high school for show choir (2016) Henry J. Kaiser High School (California) Henry J. Kaiser High School is a small to medium-sized high school located at 11155 Almond Avenue in Fontana, California. Kaiser","title":"Henry J. Kaiser High School (California)"},{"id":"6930058","text":"have previously been possible. The run of major musicals has continued with a five-week run of \"Starlight Express\", in 2005 and shows, such as \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Miss Saigon\", \"The Rocky Horror Show\" and Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", in 2006. The tour of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" visited The Mayflower, for almost 3 months, in 2007. The 2007 Christmas show was Michael Rose and Chris Moreno's production of \"The Wizard of Oz\", starring Russ Abbot, Gregor Fisher, Gary Wilmot and Matthew Kelly, as The Wicked Witch of the West. The 2008 season included Andrew Lloyd Webber's \"Aspects of Love\"","title":"Mayflower Theatre"},{"id":"2088600","text":"in 1811; Afro-Caribbeans rowing a boat in Antigua ca.1814; Black stevedores loading a steamboat in New Orleans in 1841; and a Euro-American crew hauling halyards on a clipper-brig out of New York ca.1840s. Other such multi-job songs were: \"Round the Corn(er), Sally\", \"Fire Down Below\", \"Johnny Come Down to Hilo\", \"Hilo, Boys, Hilo\", \"Tommy's Gone Away\", \"The Sailor Likes His Bottle-O\", \"Highland Laddie\", \"Mudder Dinah\", \"Bully in the Alley\", \"Hogeye Man\", \"Good Morning, Ladies, All\", \"Pay Me the Money Down\", \"Alabama, John Cherokee\", \"Yankee John, Stormalong\", and \"Heave Away (My Johnnies)\". While the non-sailor occupations noted above were mainly within","title":"Sea shanty"},{"id":"272808","text":"to such groundbreaking works as \"Show Boat\" (1927) and \"Oklahoma!\" (1943). Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include \"West Side Story\" (1957), \"The Fantasticks\" (1960), \"Hair\" (1967), \"A Chorus Line\" (1975), \"Les Misérables\" (1985), \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1986), \"Rent\" (1996), \"The Producers\" (2001), \"Wicked\" (2003) and \"Hamilton\" (2015). Musicals are performed around the world. They may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller venues, such as fringe theatre, Off-Broadway, Off-Off-Broadway, regional theatre, or community","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"16055423","text":"the Elephant\" and \"The Pink Panther Show\". Daytime TV consisted of repeats and daytime soaps such as \"Little House on the Prairie\", \"The New Adventures of Black Beauty\", \"CHiPs\", \"Delia Smith's Cookery Course\", \"Emmerdale\", \"Knots Landing\", \"A Country Practice\", \"Perry Mason\", \"Carson's Law\", \"The Love Boat\", \"G. P.\", \"The Sullivans\", \"Santa Barbara\", \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\", \"Take the High Road\", \"Forever Green\" and \"Highway to Heaven\". American prime time show imported at the time included \"\", \"Mancuso, F.B.I.\", \"The Cosby Show\", \"St. Elsewhere\", \"MacGyver\", \"Masquerade\", \"Father Dowling Mysteries\", \"Dallas\", \"Midnight Caller\", \"Home Improvement\", \"\", \"JAG\", \"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\", \"\",","title":"RTÉ One"},{"id":"8066016","text":"nominees: Winner: Bryan Adams Other nominees: Winner: Kim Richardson Other nominees: Winner: Billy Newton-Davis Other nominees: Winner: Honeymoon Suite Other nominees: Winner: Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Jim Vallance Other nominees: Winner: Anne Murray Other nominees: Winner: Murray McLauchlan Other nominees: Winner: Prairie Oyster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster, \"St. Elmo's Fire Soundtrack\" by various artists Other nominees: Winner: Joe and Gino Vannelli, \"Black Cars\" by Gino Vannelli Other nominees: Winner: Gordon Lightfoot Winner: Jack Richardson Winner: \"The Thin Red Line\", Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Hugh Syme and Dimo Safari, \"Power Windows\" by Rush","title":"Juno Awards of 1986"},{"id":"15288076","text":"Garnet Valley High School Garnet Valley High School is a four-year public school in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. It is part of Garnet Valley School District. Garnet Valley High School is also locally known for their musicals. Past productions include \"Annie\", \"The Wizard of Oz\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Little Mermaid, Jr.\", \"Footloose\", \"Rent\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"Gypsy\", \"In the Heights,\" \"Legally Blonde,\" \"Evita,\"\"A Chorus Line\", and others. The 2018-2019 season includes \"High School Musical\" and \"Annie\"..\" Garnet Valley is also involved in the Critics and Awards Program for","title":"Garnet Valley High School"},{"id":"11257454","text":"singing outside. Frankie's renditions of \"It Can't Be Wrong\" by Dick Haymes and \"As Time Goes By\" (from \"Casablanca\", 1942) causes all the hens to swoon. Porky rushes to investigate. Soon, he is auditioning for a new crooner; those showing up are rooster caricatures of Nelson Eddy (\"Shortnin' Bread\"), Al Jolson (\"September in the Rain\"), Jimmy Durante (\"Lullaby of Broadway\"), Cab Calloway (\"Minnie the Moocher\", \"Blues in the Night\"), and Bing Crosby (\"When My Dream Boat Comes Home\"). Porky asks the Bing Crosby rooster (who introduced himself as \"The Old Groaner\") to be the crooner, provoking a competition with Frankie.","title":"Swooner Crooner"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1875121\",\n \"text\": \"being in the book series \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \\\"Bert\\\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" which won the Oscar for \\\"Best Song\\\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \\\"\\\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\\\"\\\". The novel \\\"Die schwarzen Brüder\\\" (\\\"The Black Brothers\\\"),\",\n \"title\": \"Chimney sweep\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953356\",\n \"text\": \"West Ham, Aston Villa and Burnley, who all wear claret and blue shirts. English comedian Tim Vine played on the lyrics to the song in the title of one of his stand-up DVDs, \\\"Tim Timinee, Tim Timinee, Tim Tim To You\\\" and on the cover it features Vine dressed up as a chimney sweep. In the British comedy series Peep Show Series 7 episode 1, Jeremy mentions Him Chim Cher-ee in relation to Sophie's cervical sweep. Chim Chim Cher-ee \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" is a song from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953354\",\n \"text\": \"by one of the drawings of a chimney sweep created by Mary Poppins' screenwriter, Don DaGradi. When asked about the drawing by the Sherman Brothers, DaGradi explained the ancient British folklore attributed to \\\"sweeps\\\" and how shaking hands with one could bring a person good luck. In their 1961 treatment, the Sherman Brothers had already amalgamated many of the P.L. Travers characters in the creation of \\\"Bert\\\". His theme music became \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". In addition to the \\\"standard\\\" version of the song which Bert sings to the children, he sings short snippets of the song to himself at various\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16241440\",\n \"text\": \"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\", from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\", from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from the eponymous film, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"If I Didn't Have You\\\" from \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\", and \\\"We Belong\",\n \"title\": \"Man or Muppet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953353\",\n \"text\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" is a song from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van Dyke and Julie Andrews, and also is featured in the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" musical. The song won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2005, Julie Andrews included this song as part of \\\"Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.\\\" The song was written by Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman (the \\\"Sherman Brothers\\\") who also won an Oscar and a Grammy Award for Mary Poppins' song score. The song was inspired\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13566388\",\n \"text\": \"are played. Eden then sings \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from the film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and the voice of Mary Poppins says, \\\"See, children? Everything is practically perfect in every way, or my name isn't Mary Poppins!\\\". \\\"Jolly Holiday\\\" plays, followed by \\\"Step in Time\\\", \\\"Let's Go Fly a Kite\\\", and \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\". Eden Espinosa sings \\\"Baby Mine\\\" from \\\"Dumbo\\\". Timothy Mouse is heard saying, \\\"You can do it, Dumbo! You can fly! You don't need a magic feather!\\\" An airborne puppet of Dumbo appears above Sleeping Beauty Castle, flapping his big ears and moving his legs. (Note: Dumbo does not fly every\",\n \"title\": \"Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2342592\",\n \"text\": \"been used by several sets of fans. \\\"Lola\\\" by The Kinks, and \\\"Hi Ho Silver Lining\\\" by Jeff Beck have been adapted by several clubs such as Sheffield Wednesday and Wolverhampton Wanderers. \\\"All You Need Is Love\\\", \\\"Hey Jude\\\" and \\\"Yellow Submarine\\\" by The Beatles are often used. Songs from musicals have become very popular as football chants, such as \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from the 1964 musical \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". The emergence of funk and disco in the 1970s also made its mark on the terraces with songs such as \\\"Go West\\\" by the Village People and \\\"Oops Upside Your Head\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Football chant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10945242\",\n \"text\": \"Awards was the last of four times Cahn was nominated for two songs in the same year, and the second of two times for Van Heusen. It was the only time that they had two songs nominated as a team, with the other being \\\"Where Love Has Gone\\\" from \\\"Where Love Has Gone\\\" sung by Jack Jones. In addition to the winner, \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", other songs nominated in 1964 were \\\"Dear Heart from \\\"Dear Heart\\\" and \\\"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\" from \\\"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\". The Grammy Awards did not have a Best Song Written for a Motion\",\n \"title\": \"My Kind of Town\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590376\",\n \"text\": \"this song attracted the attention of Walt Disney who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most recognized song: \\\"It's a Small World (After All)\\\" for the 1964 New York World's Fair. In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" – Best Original Score, which included \\\"Feed The Birds\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\"; and Best Original Song, \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". Since \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold\",\n \"title\": \"Robert B. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12713025\",\n \"text\": \"could watch the show as it was not geo-blocked. 40,000 applications for tickets were received with only around 200 available. The show had a \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" theme, with Ryan Tubridy opening the show dressed as chimney sweep Bert and then tore off the costume to reveal his Christmas jumper. The 2013 toy show featured a record breaking 237 toys. Over 231 performers and demonstrators took to the stage, with 34 of them performing a special opening number from Mary Poppins. The opening song on the show was Chim Chim Cher-ee and featured Ryan Tubridy dancing. In advance, a week before\",\n \"title\": \"The Late Late Toy Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3138531\",\n \"text\": \"success of some of these 1960s films helped to make up for \\\"London Town\\\", Britain's first Technicolor musical, which was a high-profile flop in 1946. \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) was a critical and popular success, winning multiple Oscars for its editing, music (including Best Song for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\"), and visual effects (notably the scene combining live action and animation). Lead actress Julie Andrews won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Also in 1964, Audrey Hepburn starred in \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", the film of the musical of the George Bernard Shaw play \\\"Pygmalion\\\". George Cukor's decision to award the role of\",\n \"title\": \"London in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10945235\",\n \"text\": \"My Kind of Town \\\"My Kind of Town\\\" or \\\"My Kind of Town (Chicago Is)\\\" is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn. The song was originally part of the musical score for \\\"Robin and the 7 Hoods\\\", a 1964 musical film starring several members of the Rat Pack. It was nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Although the song predated the Grammy Award Best Original Song for a Motion Picture category, the entire score was nominated for the 1964 Grammy\",\n \"title\": \"My Kind of Town\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6933374\",\n \"text\": \"in how to take better care of their belongings and toys (formerly \\\"Temper, Temper\\\", now \\\"Playing the Game\\\"). Believing that Jane and Michael need personal growth, Mary decides to leave Cherry Tree Lane (\\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee – Rooftop Duet\\\"), to bring them to their senses. Her distraught charges find a note saying that perhaps they will see Mary again eventually. In a misguided attempt to please her husband, Winifred arranges for his childhood nanny, Miss Andrew, to take over from the suddenly departed Mary (\\\"Cherry Tree Lane (Reprise)\\\"). At the sight of her, a terrified George flees, exclaiming \\\"the Holy\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16985719\",\n \"text\": \"- Mary Costa/Bill Shirley 26. Cruella De Vil: \\\"101 Dalmatians\\\" (1961) - Bill Lee/Lisa Davis/Ben Wright 27. Higitus Figitus: \\\"The Sword In The Stone\\\" (1963) - Karl Swenson/Ricky Sorenson 1. Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) - Julie Andrews/Dick Van Dyke/The Pearlie Chorus 2. A Spoonful Of Sugar: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) - Julie Andrews 3. Chim Chim Cher-ee: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) - Dick Van Dyke/Julie Andrews/Karen Dotrice/Matthew Garber 4. Winnie The Pooh: \\\"Winnie The Pooh And The Honey Tree\\\" (1966) - Disney Studio Chorus 5. The Bare Necessities: \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967) - Phil Harris/Bruce Reitherman 6. I Wan'na Be Like You:\",\n \"title\": \"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4921331\",\n \"text\": \"throughout its run. After the group toured Europe in early 1965, McGuire left to embark on a solo career, and this spelled the end of the original New Christy Minstrels. Now under the direction of Greif and Garris the group moved towards a variety act, doing \\\"novelty and pop tunes\\\" and a little comedy, making them closer to the 19th century Christy's Minstrels from whom the group's name was derived. Reflecting this shift, they had a \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 100 hit later in 1965 with a cover of \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from the Disney film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Regular group membership changes\",\n \"title\": \"The New Christy Minstrels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16158904\",\n \"text\": \"a Motion Picture or Television. \\\"A Spoonful of Sugar\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", \\\"Step in Time, Feed the Birds\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\" and \\\"Let's Go Fly a Kite\\\" were each written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman, often credited as the Sherman Brothers. Track three, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" features cellist Nicole Pinnell. Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney is the tenth studio album by American classical violinist Jenny Oaks Baker, released in 2011 through Shadow Mountain Records. Produced and arranged by Kurt\",\n \"title\": \"Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590361\",\n \"text\": \"2 Academy Awards for \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" – Best Original Score, which included \\\"Feed The Birds\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\"; and Best Original Song, \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". Since \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney until Disney's death in 1966. After leaving the company, the brothers worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme park exhibits and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccoli's motion picture production \\\"Chitty Chitty\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2628256\",\n \"text\": \"accent any better than I did\\\", and that no one alerted him to how bad it was during the production. Still, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" was successful on release and its appeal has endured. \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", one of the songs that Van Dyke performed in \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the Sherman Brothers, the film's songwriting duo. Many of the comedy films Van Dyke starred in throughout the 1960s were relatively unsuccessful at the box office, including \\\"What a Way to Go!\\\" with Shirley MacLaine, \\\"Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.\\\", \\\"Fitzwilly\\\", \\\"The Art of Love\\\" with\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Van Dyke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19103703\",\n \"text\": \"opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Poppins through to “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot the pace is well handled both vocally and instrumentally with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is a must have CD.\\\" Performers Technical Swingin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway is jazz vocalist Gary Williams's third album, recorded at Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was released to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock of Big Band World gave it five stars and\",\n \"title\": \"Swingin' on Broadway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411884\",\n \"text\": \"which includes the songs \\\"Feed The Birds,\\\" \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,\\\" and the Oscar-winning \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee.\\\" Since \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"' premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations, and 23 gold- and platinum-certified albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney, completing the scores for the live-action musical films \\\"The Happiest Millionaire\\\" and \\\"The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band\\\" until Disney's death in 1966. Since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"838166\",\n \"text\": \"was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California using painted London background scenes. \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" was released on August 27, 1964, to critical acclaim. It received a total of 13 Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture – a record for any other film released by Walt Disney Studios – and won five; Best Actress for Andrews, Best Film Editing, Best Original Music Score, Best Visual Effects, and Best Original Song for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally,\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17820043\",\n \"text\": \"also featured introductory passages (\\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\") or completed endings (\\\"Sister Suffragette\\\", \\\"Fidelity Fiduciary Bank\\\", \\\"A Man Has Dreams\\\"). The film's music received critical acclaim, winning two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song (for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\") and two Grammy Awards for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and Best Recording for Children. Walt Disney Records reissued the soundtrack in 1997, including a 16-minute track of unreleased songs and demo versions. In 2004, as part of the film's 40th anniversary (also called Special Edition), a 28-track disc (as part of a two-disc set) was released. In\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6933367\",\n \"text\": \"by Ocesa Teatro and starring Bianca Marroquin as Mary and Mauricio Salas as Bert. In April 2015 Brazilian entertainment company Time for Fun opened auditions for the Portuguese-language premiere in São Paulo, but eventually the production was cancelled. The first Japanese language production opened on March 25, 2018 in Tokyo before moving to Osaka in May 2018. In September 2018, it was announced that a West End revival would play at the Prince Edward Theatre beginning in 2019. Bert, a man of many professions, introduces the audience to Cherry Tree Lane (\\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee/Cherry Tree Lane- Part 1\\\") in Edwardian\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482025\",\n \"text\": \"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\\\"Johnny Tremain\\\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\\\"Pollyanna\\\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17820045\",\n \"text\": \"that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" and the \\\"smoke staircase yodel\\\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \\\"Jolly Holiday\\\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: Mary Poppins (soundtrack) Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of the 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", with music and\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10901743\",\n \"text\": \"performed \\\"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\" on the April 5, 1965 37th Academy Awards broadcast, Page singing the song from the perspective of a third-party reassuring Charlotte that she [i.e. Charlotte] has John's constant devotion: Page had recorded the song in a February 17, 1965 session at Columbia Recording Studio in Nashville. Despite the song's being bested for the Academy Award by \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", a recording of Page's rendition of \\\"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\" was rush-released to become the singer's first Top 40 hit on Columbia Records as of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart dated May 22,\",\n \"title\": \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"838185\",\n \"text\": \"indicated that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" and the \\\"smoke staircase yodel\\\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \\\"Jolly Holiday\\\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" premiered on August 27, 1964, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. Travers was not extended an invitation\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18941551\",\n \"text\": \"results.\\\" The British publication \\\"The Gramophone\\\" commented: \\\"Meanwhile there is overwhelming evidence that Mr. Crosby has lost none of his charm or skill in \\\"Thoroughly Modern Bing\\\" (Stateside SL10257). He works his lasting magic on “Talk to the Animals,” “Love Is Blue,” “Chim Chim Cheree,” and other modern songs of quality plus the oldie “Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead” with the same ease and warmth that was discernible in 1928. He even transforms a blatant flag-waver like “What’s More American” into something tolerable, and is the first singer to hold my attention throughout “Puff (The Magic Dragon)” without causing\",\n \"title\": \"Thoroughly Modern Bing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7344568\",\n \"text\": \"a typical concert at this time could incorporate \\\"Mars\\\" from Gustav Holst's \\\"The Planets\\\" and \\\"Chim Chim Cheree\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Bowie's future manager Ken Pitt attended one of these mid-1960s concerts, where the band finished with The Rodgers and Hammerstein song \\\"You'll Never Walk Alone\\\". You've Got a Habit of Leaving \\\"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\\\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with\",\n \"title\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1378329\",\n \"text\": \"(#98 in 1965). Sherman's \\\"The End of a Symphony\\\", spotlighting Arthur Fiedler's Boston Pops Orchestra, reached #113 on the \\\"Bubbling Under\\\" chart in 1964, but did not make the Hot 100. The songs on Sherman's next album \\\"My Name Is Allan\\\" (1965) were thematically connected: except for a couple of original novelty songs with music by Sherman and Busch, all the songs on the album are parodies of songs that had won, or were nominated for, the Academy Award for Best Song. They included \\\"That Old Black Magic\\\", \\\"Secret Love\\\", \\\"The Continental\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" and \\\"Call Me Irresponsible\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Allan Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16724172\",\n \"text\": \"back to the 'present,' when Travers and the Sherman brothers are working on the script for \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". And that was fun, but also musically challenging.” For the score's instrumentation, Newman primarily employed a string orchestra with some woodwinds and brass, as well as including piano and hammered instruments that were \\\"appropriate to the time period\\\", such as dulcimers. The film's score was recorded at the Newman Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, while the cast recorded several of the Shermans' songs at Capitol Studios for use as playback during the film's diegetic music scenes, including \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\", \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Saving Mr. Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2703760\",\n \"text\": \"Sundae. In November 2011, the band toured the United Kingdom to celebrate the tenth anniversary of their debut album The Optimist LP. The band played the complete debut album in the correct order, apart from hidden track \\\"Three Days Old\\\" and a second set of more recent work, including new song \\\"Rescue Squad\\\" and their re-working of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"-song Chim Chim Cher-ee, which they released as a digital single to raise money for homeless charities. A live recording of their show at Koko in London on 11 November 2011 was released as a live album. Throughout 2012, the band wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Turin Brakes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590381\",\n \"text\": \"four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \\\"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\\\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) ranked at #8, \\\"The Aristocats\\\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \\\"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\\\" made its world premiere at the Prince Edward Theatre in December 2004 and features the Sherman Brothers classic songs. In June 2005, Robert B. Sherman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame with\",\n \"title\": \"Robert B. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953355\",\n \"text\": \"times, with different verses specific to an unfolding plot element. The \\\"Mentsch\\\" music group notes some similarities with a Yiddish song written by Itsik Manger named \\\"Vaylu\\\". The song also shares some sonic similarities to the Yiddish folksong, Tumbalalaika. The song was parodied by song parodist Allan Sherman (no relation to the Sherman Brothers), using the song's same title. In his version, he poked fun at the American merchandise seen on TV commercials. Supporters of English football teams, Millwall, West Bromwich Albion and Blackburn Rovers, sing a version of the song which is a reference to each team's local rivals,\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10677767\",\n \"text\": \"many pre-Broadway productions because of Broadway In Chicago. These productions include \\\"The Pirate Queen\\\", \\\"The Producers\\\", \\\"Movin' Out\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\", \\\"Aida\\\", \\\"All Shook Up\\\", \\\"Sweet Smell of Success\\\", \\\"Tallulah\\\", \\\"A Thousand Clowns\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Spamalot\\\", \\\"Blast!\\\", \\\"The Addams Family\\\", \\\"Kinky Boots\\\", \\\"Big Fish\\\", \\\"The Last Ship\\\" and \\\"The SpongeBob Musical\\\". Broadway In Chicago was also responsible for bringing many long-run productions to the city including \\\"Wicked\\\", \\\"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\\\", Disney's \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Jersey Boys\\\", \\\"Ragtime\\\", \\\"The Book of Mormon\\\" and \\\"Hamilton\\\". Broadway In Chicago Broadway In Chicago is a theatrical production company. It was formed\",\n \"title\": \"Broadway In Chicago\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2452477\",\n \"text\": \"the Christys in January 1965, after recording the album \\\"Cowboys and Indians\\\", although, on the 1965 album \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", he sang on the title cut. As a folk rock solo singer in the 1960s, he was best known for his hits \\\"Eve of Destruction\\\" and \\\"Sins of a Family\\\", both written by P.F. Sloan. Barry's other chart successes were \\\"Child of Our Times\\\" and \\\"Cloudy Summer Afternoon (Raindrops)\\\" (penned by Travis Edmonson of the 1960s folk-duo, Bud & Travis). \\\"Eve of Destruction\\\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The album, \\\"The Eve of Destruction\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Barry McGuire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9036733\",\n \"text\": \"The Good-Time Girl \\\"The Good-Time Girl\\\" aka \\\"The V.D. Polka\\\" is a song from the musical \\\"Over Here!\\\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \\\"Honey Bun\\\" from \\\"South Pacific\\\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \\\"Good Time Girl\\\" because: The song was written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. Ten years prior to \\\"Over Here!\\\", in 1964, the Sherman Brothers wrote \\\"The North Pole Polka\\\" for Walt Disney's \\\"Mary Poppins\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Good-Time Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7945053\",\n \"text\": \"Notre Dame High School has an active performing arts department which presents three productions annually: a fall drama or comedy, a late-winter musical, and a late-spring comedy, drama, or musical. Past performances have included \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Show Boat\\\", \\\"Kiss Me, Kate\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\", \\\"Inherit the Wind\\\", \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"The Crucible\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\", \\\"Scapino!\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"The Pajama Game\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Footloose\\\", \\\"Seussical\\\", \\\"Hairspray\\\" and \\\"Anything Goes\\\" in March 2016. The musicals annually perform for audiences from 3,500-5,000. Along with theatrical productions, a dance program entitled \\\"Fusion\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Notre Dame High School (New Jersey)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"896780\",\n \"text\": \"runs on Broadway, including such successful musicals as \\\"Hair\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"Little Shop of Horrors\\\", \\\"Sunday in the Park with George\\\", \\\"Rent\\\", \\\"Grey Gardens\\\", \\\"Urinetown\\\", \\\"Avenue Q\\\", \\\"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\\\", \\\"Rock of Ages\\\", \\\"In the Heights\\\", \\\"Spring Awakening\\\", \\\"Next to Normal\\\", \\\"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\\\", \\\"Fun Home\\\", \\\"Hamilton\\\" and \\\"Dear Evan Hansen\\\". In particular, two that became Broadway hits, \\\"Grease\\\" and \\\"A Chorus Line\\\", encouraged other producers to premiere their shows Off-Broadway. Plays that have moved from Off-Broadway houses to Broadway include \\\"Doubt\\\", \\\"I Am My Own Wife\\\", \\\"Bridge & Tunnel\\\", \\\"The Normal Heart\\\", and \\\"Coastal\",\n \"title\": \"Off-Broadway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590356\",\n \"text\": \"Richard M. Sherman Richard Morton Sherman (born June 12, 1928) is an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Robert B. Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \\\"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\\\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"Snoopy Come Home\\\", \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\", \\\"The Slipper and\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632101\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Starlight Express\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"Monty Python's Spamalot\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", \\\"Fame - The Musical\\\", \\\"Never Forget\\\", \\\"Priscilla Queen of the Desert - the Musical\\\", \\\"Cabaret\\\", \\\"Blood Brothers\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"Footloose - The Musical\\\", \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"Anything Goes\\\", \\\"Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake\\\", \\\"Our House\\\", \\\"Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"Tap Dogs\\\", \\\"Taboo\\\", \\\"Flashdance - The Musical\\\", \\\"Annie\\\", \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Dancing in the Streets\\\", \\\"Sister Act\\\", \\\"An Inspector Calls\\\", \\\"Dirty Rotten Scoundrels\\\", \\\"Rock of Ages\\\", \\\"Chicago\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"New Wimbledon Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272889\",\n \"text\": \"on the songs of Queen). Live-action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s, with exceptions of \\\"Victor/Victoria\\\", \\\"Little Shop of Horrors\\\" and the 1996 film of \\\"Evita\\\". In the new century, Baz Luhrmann began a revival of the film musical with \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\" (2001). This was followed by \\\"Chicago\\\" (2002); \\\"Phantom of the Opera\\\" (2004); \\\"Dreamgirls\\\" (2006); \\\"Hairspray\\\", \\\"Enchanted\\\" and \\\"\\\" (all in 2007); \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\" (2008); \\\"Nine\\\" (2009); \\\"Les Misérables\\\" and \\\"Pitch Perfect\\\" (both in 2012), \\\"Into The Woods\\\" (2014) and \\\"La La Land\\\" (2016), among others. Dr. Seuss's \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\\\" (2000)\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590365\",\n \"text\": \"Broadway (New York City) at the Foxwoods Theatre (then the Hilton Theatre). The Sherman Brothers wrote an additional six songs specifically for the new stage productions. In 2003, four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \\\"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\\\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) ranked at #8, \\\"The Aristocats\\\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \\\"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\\\" made its world premiere at the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9017158\",\n \"text\": \"Step in Time \\\"Step In Time\\\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \\\"Knees Up Mother Brown\\\". In the 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are\",\n \"title\": \"Step in Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272883\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"the closest to traditional musical theatre\\\" and was \\\"one pathway to the future.\\\" However, most major-market 21st-century productions have taken a safe route, with revivals of familiar fare, such as \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\", \\\"A Chorus Line\\\", \\\"South Pacific\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"Hair\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\" and \\\"Grease\\\", or with adaptations of other proven material, such as literature (\\\"The Scarlet Pimpernel\\\", \\\"Wicked\\\" and \\\"Fun Home\\\"), hoping that the shows would have a built-in audience as a result. This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations, including (\\\"The Producers\\\", \\\"Spamalot\\\", \\\"Hairspray\\\", \\\"Legally Blonde\\\", \\\"The Color Purple\\\", \\\"Xanadu\\\", \\\"Billy Elliot\\\", \\\"Shrek\\\", \\\"Waitress\\\" and \\\"Groundhog\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652647\",\n \"text\": \"George\\\", \\\"Make Way for Ducklings\\\", \\\"Stone Soup\\\", \\\"Caps for Sale\\\", and \\\"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\\\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \\\"Captain Kangaroo\\\", \\\"The Captain's Place\\\", \\\"Little Mary Make Believe\\\", \\\"Dennis Anyone\\\", \\\"Guess Who I Am\\\", \\\"Little Black Frog\\\", \\\"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\\\", \\\"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\\\", \\\"Erie Canal\\\", \\\"Horse in Striped Pajamas\\\", \\\"The Littlest Snowman\\\", \\\"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\\\", \\\"You Can Grow Up to Be President\\\", \\\"Spend Some Time With Your Child\\\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975\",\n \"title\": \"Captain Kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16985715\",\n \"text\": \"Star\\\", \\\"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\", \\\"Someday My Prince Will Come\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\", \\\"A Spoonful of Sugar\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and \\\"It's A Small World (After All)\\\". The wide array of singers and performers include Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, Burl Ives, Louis Prima, Maurice Chevalier, Angela Lansbury, Roger Miller, Helen Reddy, Bette Midler, Sean Connery, Kirk Douglas, Annette Funicello, Pearl Bailey and George Burns. Certified as a gold-selling record by the RIAA in January 1993, it was certified as a platinum-selling recording in March 1995. 1. Turkey In the Straw: \\\"Steamboat Willie\\\" (1928) - Traditional 2. Who's Afraid Of The Big Bad Wolf?:\",\n \"title\": \"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252426\",\n \"text\": \"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"The Music Man\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"Oliver!\\\", and \\\"Funny Girl\\\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \\\"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\\\" and \\\"The Young Girls\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411890\",\n \"text\": \"Time in a British nationwide poll reported by the BBC. Most notably, \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (1968) topped the list at #1. In later years, with Robert's move to London, the brothers wrote new songs for the stage musical presentation of \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" For their contributions to the motion picture industry, the Sherman brothers have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Blvd. and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 9, 2005. On November 16, 2006, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway. On November 17, 2008\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252432\",\n \"text\": \"musicals were still being made that were financially and/or critically less successful than in the musical's heyday. They include \\\"1776\\\", \\\"The Wiz\\\", \\\"At Long Last Love\\\", \\\"Mame\\\", \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\", \\\"Lost Horizon\\\",\\\" Godspell\\\", \\\"Phantom of the Paradise\\\", \\\"Funny Lady\\\" (Barbra Streisand's sequel to \\\"Funny Girl\\\"), \\\"A Little Night Music\\\", and \\\"Hair\\\" amongst others. The critical wrath against \\\"At Long Last Love\\\", in particular, was so strong that it was never released on home video. Fantasy musical films \\\"Scrooge\\\", \\\"The Blue Bird\\\", \\\"The Little Prince\\\", \\\"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\\\", \\\"Pete's Dragon\\\", and Disney's \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\" were also\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14964897\",\n \"text\": \"2017, Owen won several awards for the Broadway musical \\\"Come From Away\\\" including the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Craig Noel Award, as well as a Helen Hayes Award nomination. Gareth has worked on over two hundred and seventy-five commercial sound designs throughout the world including: \\\"42nd Street, Bat Out of Hell, Wind in the Willows,\\\" \\\"Disney's Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", \\\"Spring Awakening\\\", \\\"Young Frankenstein\\\",\\\"The Bodyguard\\\", \\\"Let it Be\\\", \\\"Disney's Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Sister Act\\\", \\\"Hairspray\\\", \\\"Disney's Beauty & The Beast\\\", \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"Aspects of Love\\\", \\\"Footloose\\\", \\\"Flashdance\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\", \\\"Fame\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Gareth Owen (sound designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11216765\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Oh, Kay!\\\"; \\\"Jubilee\\\"; \\\"Leave It to Me\\\"; \\\"On Your Toes\\\"; \\\"Between the Devil\\\"; \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\"; \\\"Miss Liberty\\\"; \\\"Call Me Madam\\\"; \\\"The Most Happy Fella\\\"; \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\"; \\\"The New Moon\\\"; \\\"Silk Stockings\\\"; \\\"Wish You Were Here\\\"; \\\"The Laugh Parade\\\"; \\\"Carnival\\\"; \\\"They're Playing Our Song\\\"; \\\"Oliver!\\\"; and \\\"Pippin\\\". Musicals represented: \\\"Winners are in bold \\\" 36th Tony Awards The 36th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast by CBS television on June 6, 1982, from the Imperial Theatre. The host was Tony Randall. Presenters: Lucie Arnaz, Milton Berle, Victor Borge, Pam Dawber, Lillian Gish, Marvin Hamlisch, Lena Horne, Beth Howland,\",\n \"title\": \"36th Tony Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252428\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \\\"Camelot\\\", \\\"Finian's Rainbow\\\", \\\"Hello Dolly!\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Doctor Dolittle\\\", \\\"Star!\\\", \\\"Darling Lili\\\", \\\"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\\\", \\\"Paint Your Wagon\\\", \\\"Song of Norway\\\", \\\"On a Clear Day You\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4270977\",\n \"text\": \"productions that originated at the Playhouse before finding success on Broadway are The Who's \\\"Tommy\\\", Matthew Broderick's revival of \\\"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\\\", \\\"Jane Eyre\\\", \\\"Dracula, the Musical\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"Cry Baby\\\", \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\", The Pulitzer Prize-winning \\\"I Am My Own Wife\\\", \\\"700 Sundays\\\", \\\"Jersey Boys\\\", \\\"Memphis, Peter and the Starcatcher, Chaplin, Hands on a Hardbody\\\", Des McAnuff's revival of \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\" and \\\"Zhivago\\\". La Jolla Playhouse began the Page To Stage Play Development Program in 2001 to facilitate the development of new plays and musicals, offering audiences the rare opportunity to experience\",\n \"title\": \"La Jolla Playhouse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252435\",\n \"text\": \"Other successful animated musicals included \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", and \\\"Pocahontas\\\" from Disney proper, \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\" from Disney division Touchstone Pictures, \\\"The Prince of Egypt\\\" from DreamWorks, \\\"Anastasia\\\" from Fox and Don Bluth, and \\\"\\\" from Paramount. (\\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and \\\"The Lion King\\\" were adapted for the stage after their blockbuster success.) In the 21st century, movie musicals were reborn with darker musicals, epic drama musicals and comedy-drama musicals such as \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\", \\\"Chicago\\\", \\\"Dreamgirls\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", and \\\"La La Land\\\" all of which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4883581\",\n \"text\": \"The Words\\\" (\\\"Into the Woods\\\" and \\\"Weekend In The Country\\\", Sondheim) 06 \\\"Annie II\\\" (\\\"Tomorrow\\\", \\\"Annie\\\") 07 \\\"M. Butterfly\\\" (\\\"Poor Butterfly\\\") 08 \\\"Madonna's Brain\\\" (\\\"The Rain in Spain\\\", Loewe) 09 \\\"Never, Never Panned\\\" (\\\"Never Never Land\\\", Styne) 10 \\\"Somewhat Overindulgent\\\" (\\\"Over the Rainbow\\\", Arlen) 11 \\\"Chita-Rita\\\" (\\\"America\\\", Bernstein) 12 \\\"I Ham What I Ham\\\" (\\\"I Am What I Am\\\", Herman) 13 \\\"Hey, Bob Fosse\\\" (\\\"Hey, Big Spender\\\", Coleman-Fields) 14 \\\"Almost Like Vegas In New York\\\" (\\\"Almost Like Being in Love\\\", Loewe) 15 \\\"Teeny Todd\\\" (\\\"\\\", Sondheim) 16 \\\"Liza\\\" (original, Alessandrini, based on \\\"Johnny One Note\\\" by Rodgers and Hart) 17\",\n \"title\": \"Forbidden Broadway, Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3393273\",\n \"text\": \"represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing second with the song \\\"One Step Out of Time\\\". In 1995, he reprised the role of Marius in \\\"\\\". His other West End roles include Giorgio in \\\"Passion\\\" (1997) and Caractacus Potts in \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (2002). He has twice won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He won in 2008 for his role as Edna Turnblad in \\\"Hairspray\\\", and then in 2013 for the title role in the revival of \\\"\\\". Ball was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Ball (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9394232\",\n \"text\": \"Ward the Musical\\\", Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical telling the story of the Profumo scandal. \\\"Party Animals\\\", \\\"The Bill\\\", \\\"Kidulthood\\\", \\\"The Fugitives\\\", \\\"Murder City\\\", \\\"Auf Wiedersehen, Pet\\\", \\\"The Last Detective\\\", \\\"Rosemary & Thyme\\\", \\\"Heartbeat\\\", \\\"Beech is Back\\\", \\\"Relic Hunters\\\", \\\"Casualty\\\", \\\"The Merchant of Venice\\\", \\\"The Escort\\\", \\\"Unfinished Business\\\", \\\"Peak Practice\\\", \\\"Doctor Finlay\\\", \\\"Poetry Readings\\\", \\\"Ffizz\\\", \\\"Fellow Traveller\\\", \\\"Museums of Madness\\\", \\\"The Black Candle\\\", \\\"Taking the Floor\\\", \\\"Boon\\\", \\\"The Chief\\\", \\\"Six Characters in Search of an Author\\\" as well as \\\"Lewis\\\". Alexander Hanson (actor) Alexander Harald St John Hanson-Akins (born 28 April 1961) is a Norwegian-born British stage actor who has appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Hanson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18983817\",\n \"text\": \"and its 20s-evocative feel, there are some interesting and fresh-sounding tunes here: ‘Mary Poppins’ is arguably the best of the bunch and has the penguins lament their abandonment at the hands of the most famous nanny in the world, it’s a barber-shop, doo woop number that could easily sit beside Sherman’s illustrious forebears classic output.\\\" Mary Poppins (song) \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" is a song from the 2015 stage musical \\\"Love Birds\\\" with music and lyrics by Robert J. Sherman. It is sung by \\\"The Original Quack Pack\\\", a penguin barbershop quartet who resemble the penguins from the 1964 Walt Disney motion\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7597910\",\n \"text\": \"being \\\"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\\\" from the 2004 film \\\"Home on the Range\\\". \\\"On the Record\\\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", and \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,\",\n \"title\": \"On the Record (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7051330\",\n \"text\": \"musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908. However, in its final 1909 race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy and Jemima Potts, have grown fond\",\n \"title\": \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6861384\",\n \"text\": \"Roses (David Grant), All That Jazz (Ruthie Henshall) Week 2 Closing Cole Porter Medley: Anything Goes (Ruthie Henshall), My Heart Belongs to Daddy (Carrie Grant), Too Darn Hot (Mica Paris), Who Wants to be a Millionaire (David Grant, Carrie Grant) Week 3 Introduction—Wilkommen (John Barrowman), Hello Dolly (Ruthie Henshall), If They Could See Me Now (Carrie Grant), Matchmaker, Matchmaker (Mica Paris), Edelweiss (Jon Lee), Somewhere (David Grant & Company) Children's Medley (closing) -- Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (\\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", Jon Lee, David Grant, Ruthie Henshall, Les Dennis, Joseph McManners), Supercalifragilistic (\\\"Mary Poppins\\\", Ruthie Henshall & same), Part of\",\n \"title\": \"The Sound of Musicals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11102013\",\n \"text\": \"A Sailor\\\" and \\\"Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes,\\\" the only two of \\\"The Big 8\\\", a.k.a. SYKBH, missing. (Basic set list structure from the tour): (*) = Appears on Feeding Frenzy, but out of order. (**) = Doesn't appear on Feeding Frenzy at all. Songs 12 and 13 changed from show to show, such as: \\\"Pencil Thin Mustache\\\", \\\"Havaña Daydreamin'\\\", \\\"Son of a Son of a Sailor\\\", \\\"Coast of Marseilles\\\", \\\"The Weather is Here, Wish You Were Beautiful\\\", \\\"Migration\\\", \\\"The Captain & the Kid\\\", \\\"Lone Palm\\\", \\\"Little Miss Magic\\\", \\\"Rocky Raccoon\\\", \\\"Tin Cup Chalice\\\" and \\\"He Went to Paris\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Feeding Frenzy: Jimmy Buffett Live!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411880\",\n \"text\": \"Sherman Brothers The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928). The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (except “The Bare Necessities”), \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\", \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\" and \\\"The Aristocats\\\". Their most well known work, however, remains the theme park song \\\"It's a Small World (After All)\\\". According to\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152324\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Disney Dream\\\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\\\" \\\"(Cinderella)\\\", \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" \\\"(Beauty and the Beast)\\\", \\\"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\\\", \\\"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\\\" \\\"(Frozen)\\\", and \\\"It's a Small World\\\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252437\",\n \"text\": \"(ABBA), \\\"Rock of Ages\\\", and \\\"Sunshine on Leith\\\" (The Proclaimers). Original ones included \\\"Across the Universe\\\" (The Beatles), \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\" (various pop hits), and \\\"Idlewild\\\" (Outkast). Disney also returned to musicals with \\\"Enchanted\\\", \\\"The Princess and the Frog\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Winnie the Pooh\\\", \\\"The Muppets\\\", \\\"Frozen\\\", \\\"Muppets Most Wanted\\\", \\\"Into the Woods\\\", \\\"Moana\\\", and \\\"Mary Poppins Returns\\\". Following a string of successes with live action fantasy adaptations of several of their animated features, Disney produced a live action version of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", the first of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical, and features new\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4128592\",\n \"text\": \"popular musicals of the 1950s include \\\"Love Me Tender\\\" which starred Elvis Presley, \\\"High Society\\\", \\\"An American in Paris\\\", \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"Guys and Dolls\\\", \\\"The Band Wagon\\\", \\\"Show Boat\\\", \\\"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\\\", \\\"Gigi\\\", \\\"Daddy Long Legs\\\", \\\"Funny Face\\\", \\\"Calamity Jane\\\", \\\"Porgy and Bess\\\", \\\"Carmen Jones\\\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \\\"The Sword and the Rose\\\", \\\"Davy\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the 1950s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469536\",\n \"text\": \"Playhouse\\\", \\\"Gimme a Break!\\\", \\\"Punky Brewster\\\", \\\"Taxi\\\", \\\"Happy Days\\\", \\\"St. Elsewhere\\\", \\\"MacGyver\\\", \\\"L.A. Law\\\", \\\"Magnum, P.I.\\\", \\\"M*A*S*H\\\", \\\"Barney Miller\\\", \\\"WKRP in Cincinnati\\\", \\\"Laverne & Shirley\\\", \\\"Mork & Mindy\\\", \\\"Miami Vice\\\", \\\"The Jeffersons\\\", \\\"The Facts of Life\\\", \\\"Hill Street Blues\\\", \\\"T.J. Hooker\\\", \\\"The Cosby Show\\\", \\\"Highway To Heaven\\\", \\\"Murder, She Wrote\\\", \\\"227\\\", \\\"Matlock\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Night Court\\\", \\\"Who's the Boss?\\\", \\\"Family Matters\\\", \\\"Charles in Charge\\\", \\\"The Hogan Family\\\", \\\"Perfect Strangers\\\", \\\"Designing Women\\\", \\\"Amen\\\", \\\"Head of the Class\\\", \\\"Murphy Brown\\\", \\\"The Wonder Years\\\", \\\"Empty Nest\\\", \\\"Coach\\\", \\\"Doogie Howser M.D.\\\", \\\"Quantum Leap\\\", \\\"Saved by the Bell\\\", \\\"Roseanne\\\", \\\"Full House\\\", \\\"The Golden Girls\\\",\\\"Three's Company\\\", \\\"Cheers\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9391384\",\n \"text\": \"has more than 50 Broadway plays and musicals to his credit including , No Man's Land/Waiting for Godot in rep, Love Letters, The Country House, The Assembled Parties,\\\"Nice Work If You Can Get It\\\", \\\"Venus in Fur\\\",\\\"Wit\\\", \\\"Anything Goes\\\", \\\"A View From the Bridge\\\", \\\"The Pajama Game\\\", \\\"Seascape\\\", \\\"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\\\", \\\"Wonderful Town\\\", \\\"Anna in the Tropics\\\", and revivals of \\\"The Music Man\\\" and \\\"Kiss Me, Kate\\\". His recent off-Broadway work includes Dada Woof Papa Hot (Lincoln Center Theater), Ripcord Manhattan Theater Club), \\\"How I Learned to Drive\\\" for 2nd Stage, \\\"Twelfth Night\\\", \\\"All's Well\\\", \\\"Measure for Measure\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Kaczorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7662692\",\n \"text\": \"Jazz ensemble Golden Raider Marching Band (GRMB) String Orchestra The Concord Players typically put on a play in the fall and a musical in the spring. Previous performances include \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe\\\", \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\", \\\"Rumors\\\", \\\"The Pajama Game\\\", \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\", \\\"Mame\\\", \\\"You Could Die Laughing\\\", \\\"Once Upon a Mattress\\\", \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\", \\\"Anything Goes\\\", \\\"Bone Chiller\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"Meet Me In St. Louis\\\", \\\"Legally Blonde\\\", \\\"Shrek The Musical\\\", \\\"Fools\\\", \\\"Into the Woods\\\", \\\"Noises Off\\\", \\\"Disney's The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"You Can't\",\n \"title\": \"Concord High School (Wilmington, Delaware)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590364\",\n \"text\": \"Johnny Burnette in 1960 and then with Ringo Starr fourteen years later. Other top-ten hits include, \\\"Pineapple Princess\\\", \\\"Let's Get Together\\\" and more. In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for Disney's blockbuster film: \\\"The Tigger Movie\\\" (2000). This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years. In 2002 the stage musical \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" premiered in London. It was the most successful stage show ever produced at the London Palladium, boasting the longest run in that century-old theatre's history. In early 2005 a second Chitty company premiered on\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9490894\",\n \"text\": \"a week. In 1944, Grimes moved to California to work for Universal. His credits include \\\"Fairytale Murder\\\", \\\"Lady on a Train\\\", and \\\"Week-End at the Waldorf\\\". In the early 1950s, he switched to television. His credits include \\\"Alcoa Presents\\\", \\\"Love of Life\\\", \\\"The Aldrich Family\\\", \\\"Tom Corbett, Space Cadet\\\", \\\"Maude\\\", \\\"On the Rocks\\\", and \\\"All in the Family\\\". In 1962, Grimes and Peter Fernandez worked together on a series of records for MGM. Five years later, Fernandez hired him to do the voices of Sparky and Chim Chim on \\\"Speed Racer\\\". Grimes died in Queens, New York in 2009 at\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Grimes (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18193102\",\n \"text\": \"Time\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas\\\", \\\"\\\", and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts. The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's \\\"Glow\\\", \\\"Carol of the Bells\\\", \\\"Let it Snow\\\", \\\"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\\\", \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\", \\\"Believe\\\", \\\"Silent Night\\\", the \\\"Nutcracker Suite\\\", \\\"Jingle Bells\\\", \\\"I Have a Little Dreidel\\\", \\\"Feliz Navidad\\\", \\\"Joy to the World\\\", and \\\"Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas\\\", as well as \\\"Frozen\\\" songs, such as \\\"Let It Go\\\" and \\\"In Summer\\\". In November 2014, \\\"World of Color: Winter Dreams\\\" opened with a different show than\",\n \"title\": \"Frozen (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3774469\",\n \"text\": \"They include \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"The King and I\\\", \\\"Oliver!\\\", \\\"Finian's Rainbow\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\", \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\", a multi award-winning \\\"Sweeney Todd\\\", \\\"The Pirates of Penzance\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"The Witches of Eastwick\\\", \\\"Billy\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Guys and Dolls\\\" and \\\"Zorba\\\". They also have recently presented pantomime productions of \\\"Treasure Island\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Sinbad\\\", \\\"Robin Hood\\\", \\\"Little Red Riding Hood\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\" and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". Plays include \\\"Da\\\", \\\"Juno and the Paycock\\\", \\\"The Memory of Water\\\", \\\"The Plough and the Stars\\\", \\\"Allo, Allo\\\", \\\"Dancing at Lughnasa\\\", and \\\"The Beauty Queen of Leenane\\\". The Society\",\n \"title\": \"Kilcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10852410\",\n \"text\": \"in classic American musical theatre, new musicals, and \\\"re-thought\\\" musicals. Broadway has long considered The Marriott Theatre a prime venue for launching shows into the regional market with premiere productions of \\\"A Chorus Line\\\", \\\"Chess\\\", \\\"Baby\\\", \\\"Grand Hotel\\\", \\\"They're Playing Our Song\\\", \\\"The Goodbye Girl\\\", \\\"The First\\\", \\\"Miss Saigon\\\", \\\"Cats\\\", \\\"Sunset Boulevard\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"The Producers\\\" and \\\"Little Women\\\". A founding member of the National Alliance for Musical Theatre, The Marriott Theatre fosters artists in creating new works for the stage. The result has been a string of American and World Premieres including \\\"Matador\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Marriott Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590369\",\n \"text\": \"Robert B. Sherman Robert Bernard Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) was an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Richard Morton Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \\\"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\\\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"The Slipper and the Rose\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Robert B. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7898839\",\n \"text\": \"by furniture and dishes.\\\" Film critic Roger Ebert joked that the \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" choreography resembles \\\"Busby Berkeley running amok.\\\" Additionally, Jerry Griswold, author of \\\"The Meanings of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\": A Handbook\\\", observed several similarities between \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" and a scene from Maurice Sendak and Carole King's musical \\\"Really Rosie\\\". Significantly, \\\"Beauty and the Beast \\\"was one of Disney's earliest feature-length animated films to fully employ computer-generated imagery and technology, utilizing it to a significant extent, as depicted throughout its signature musical numbers \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" and \\\"Beauty and the Beast.\\\" Significantly, \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" \\\"marks the\",\n \"title\": \"Be Our Guest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14074938\",\n \"text\": \"In the semi-final, on 15 June 2007, she performed \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\" from the musical \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and received a standing ovation and positive comments from the judges saying that she managed to improve on her audition. Cursons was automatically placed in the final after receiving the highest number of votes. In the final, on 17 June 2007, she performed \\\"Get Me to the Church on Time\\\" from \\\"My Fair Lady\\\". Judges Piers Morgan and Amanda Holden said Cursons 'deserves to be in the West End'. Simon Cowell, however, preferred her previous performances. Cursons lost in the final to opera singer Paul\",\n \"title\": \"Bessie Cursons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3905549\",\n \"text\": \"warning, followed by a \\\"damn good thrashing\\\" with a tree branch. The staff try to stall for time while waiting for Basil to return with the duck: Manuel struggles through some flamenco tunes on his guitar, Polly sings \\\"I Cain't Say No\\\", off key, from the musical \\\"Oklahoma!\\\", and Sybil drunkenly recounts an anecdote about \\\"Uncle Ted and his crate of brown ale.\\\" The guests are obviously unappreciative. Basil manages to get back to the hotel on foot and the guests are finally presented with the \\\"duck\\\" which they have so eagerly awaited, only to discover that, due to a\",\n \"title\": \"Gourmet Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13961421\",\n \"text\": \"opening Flyby gag is a parody of the Wicked Witch of the West from \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\". The Slimu octopus is a parody of Shamu, the killer whale. The song that plays during the train station scenes is the American jazz standard \\\"Chattanooga Choo Choo\\\". Also Nelson sings a different version of \\\"Mary Had a Little Lamb. In its original American broadcast, \\\"Thursdays with Abie\\\" was viewed by an estimated 8.65 million households and received a rating of 4.0 rating/10% share in the 18/49 rating being the most viewed and highest rated episode on Fox's \\\"Animation Domination\\\" block,\",\n \"title\": \"Thursdays with Abie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12858697\",\n \"text\": \"that began in the 1890s, the Princess Theatre musicals of the early 20th century, and comedies in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the works of Rodgers and Hammerstein), with \\\"Oklahoma!\\\" (1943), musicals moved in a more dramatic direction. Famous musicals over the subsequent decades included \\\"My Fair Lady\\\" (1956), \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1957), \\\"The Fantasticks\\\" (1960), \\\"Hair\\\" (1967), \\\"A Chorus Line\\\" (1975), \\\"Les Misérables\\\" (1980), \\\"Into the Woods\\\" (1986), and \\\"The Phantom of the Opera\\\" (1986), as well as more contemporary hits including \\\"Rent\\\" (1994), \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1997), \\\"Wicked\\\" (2003), and \\\"Hamilton\\\" (2015). Musical theatre may be produced\",\n \"title\": \"Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10373842\",\n \"text\": \"studios. BBC Video was well known for its releases of \\\"Fawlty Towers\\\", \\\"Blackadder\\\", \\\"Only Fools and Horses\\\", \\\"One Foot in the Grave\\\", \\\"Dinnerladies\\\", \\\"Coupling\\\", \\\"Big Cat Diary\\\", \\\"2point4 Children\\\", \\\"Ballykissangel\\\", \\\"Monarch Of The Glen\\\", \\\"Hamish MacBeth\\\", \\\"Are You Being Served?\\\", \\\"Allo Allo\\\", \\\"As Time Goes By\\\", \\\"Blake's 7\\\", \\\"The Young Ones\\\", \\\"Bottom\\\", \\\"Filthy, Rich and Catflap\\\", \\\"Pride & Prejudice\\\", \\\"The Naked Chef\\\", \\\"The Chronicles of Narnia\\\", \\\"The Office\\\", \\\"House of Cards\\\", \\\"To Play the King\\\", \\\"The Final Cut\\\", \\\"Life on Earth\\\", \\\"The Living Planet\\\", \\\"The Trials of Life\\\", \\\"Life in the Freezer\\\", \\\"The Private Life of Plants\\\", \\\"The Life of\",\n \"title\": \"2 Entertain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272857\",\n \"text\": \"Bernard Shaw's \\\"Pygmalion\\\" starring Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews, which at 2,717 performances held the long-run record for many years. Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals. This surpassed the run of two hits by British creators: \\\"The Boy Friend\\\" (1954), which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews' American debut, was very briefly the third longest-running musical in West End or Broadway history (after \\\"Chu Chin Chow\\\" and \\\"Oklahoma!\\\"), until \\\"Salad Days\\\" (1954) surpassed its run and became the new long-run record holder, with 2,283 performances. Another record was set by \\\"The Threepenny Opera\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3956455\",\n \"text\": \"Beatles during rehearsals for a television appearance, John Lennon and Paul McCartney provided the Applejacks with a song which was to be their second single: \\\"Like Dreamers Do\\\". However, the record only reached number 20 in the UK chart, whilst their final hit, \\\"Three Little Words (I Love You)\\\" (also in 1964), made it to No. 23. The group quarrelled with Decca over their next single. Decca wanted them to record \\\"Chim Chim Chiree\\\", but the group disliked the song. Although the single had been announced (and is therefore listed in most discographies), it was never released. According to Megan\",\n \"title\": \"The Applejacks (British band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9017163\",\n \"text\": \"need a reason, Never need a rhyme.\\\" The song \\\"Me Ol' Bamboo\\\" from the 1968 film \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", also written by the Sherman brothers and performed by Van Dyke, is very similar to Step in Time. Both songs are loosely based on the repetitive physical action song \\\"Knees Up Mother Brown\\\", popular in British music halls and Cockney pubs, especially during World War II. Step in Time \\\"Step In Time\\\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for\",\n \"title\": \"Step in Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20527518\",\n \"text\": \"children of Ennui (the tiny village that surrounds the bottom of the cliff) are playing their annual games of hide and seek. However, unbeknownst to any of them, all are in danger of the Pirate Capt. Jean-Pierre Beunet, Ophelia the Queen Witch of Hubbub, and her cauldron Misty who want to take over the entire Orchard for themselves. Songs included: \\\"The Orchard of Hide & Seek\\\", \\\"Dip-pity Day\\\", \\\"Sailors of St. Labyrinth\\\", \\\"Believe\\\", \\\"Yo Ho Ho\\\", \\\"The Regal C'est la Vie\\\", \\\"Ophelia's Brew\\\", \\\"Ready or Not\\\", \\\"Hide & Seek\\\", \\\"Poison\\\", \\\"Come All Ye Children\\\", \\\"Doom\\\", \\\"All Around You\\\" Photo: Sloane\",\n \"title\": \"St. John's Conservatory Theater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13350400\",\n \"text\": \"Dumpty (Pantomime) 1978 - Good Companions (Musical) 1979 - Cinderella (Pantomime) 1979 - CanCan (Musical) 1980 - Queen of Hearts (Pantomime) 1980 - Follow the Star (Musical) 1981 - Goody Two Shoes (Pantomime) 1981 - Make Me an Offer (Musical) 1982 - Aladdin (Pantomime) 1982 - Godspell (Musical) 1983 - Sleeping Beauty (Pantomime) 1983 - Most Happy Fella (Musical) 1984 - Red Riding Hood (Pantomime) 1984 - A Funny Thing (Musical) 1985 - Robinson Crusoe (Pantomime) 1985 - Pippin (Musical) 1986 - Jack and the Beanstalk (Pantomime) 1986 - Andy Capp (Musical) Manor Operatic Society The Manor Operatic Society is\",\n \"title\": \"Manor Operatic Society\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12133709\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Glory Days\\\", \\\"Merrily We Roll Along\\\", \\\"The Witches of Eastwick\\\", \\\"Saving Aimee\\\", \\\"Into the Woods\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Nevermore\\\", \\\"Assassins\\\", \\\"The Highest Yellow\\\", \\\"One Red Flower\\\", \\\"Allegro\\\", \\\"Twentieth Century\\\", \\\"110 in the Shade\\\", \\\"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\\\", \\\"The Gospel According to Fishman\\\", \\\"Grand Hotel\\\", \\\"The Rhythm Club\\\", \\\"Over & Over\\\", \\\"The Fix\\\", \\\"Working\\\", \\\"The Rink\\\", \\\"Cabaret\\\", \\\"First Lady Suite\\\", \\\"Wings\\\", \\\"Poor Superman\\\", \\\"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\\\", \\\"Passion\\\", \\\"Company\\\", \\\"Sweeney Todd\\\", \\\"Follies\\\", \\\"Pacific Overtures\\\", \\\"Ace\\\", \\\"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in\",\n \"title\": \"Eric D. Schaeffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9036734\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The North Pole Polka\\\" was a much more gentle song than \\\"The V.D. Polka\\\". The former was about Polar Bears dancing in the snow. That song was eventually dropped from the \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" score, however. The Good-Time Girl \\\"The Good-Time Girl\\\" aka \\\"The V.D. Polka\\\" is a song from the musical \\\"Over Here!\\\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \\\"Honey Bun\\\" from \\\"South Pacific\\\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \\\"Good Time\",\n \"title\": \"The Good-Time Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8604455\",\n \"text\": \"a translation of France Gall's \\\"Poupée de cire, poupée de son\\\". \\\"Khi xưa ta bé\\\" (When We Were Young) was a translation of Cher's \\\"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\\\", but made in an uptempo manner. \\\"Giấc mơ tình yêu\\\" (Love Dream) received airplay on radio and television, and was one of her biggest hits. \\\"Hát Cho Người ở Lại\\\" (Singing for the One who Stayed) also charted well. In mid 2003, Mỹ Tâm released her third studio album, Yesterday&Now. It contained two of her biggest hits: \\\"Ước gì\\\" (I Wish) and \\\"Họa Mi Tóc Nâu\\\" ( Brown-Haired Nightingale\",\n \"title\": \"Mỹ Tâm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18792140\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Splish Splash\\\" and \\\"Mack the Knife\\\" days. In a Broadway Bag continued that success, and \\\"Mame\\\" was his biggest hit in three years. In a Broadway Bag is generally considered one of Bobby Darin's best (and certainly most cohesive) LPs.” In a Broadway Bag (Mame) In a Broadway Bag (Mame) is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1965. The album consists of songs from then-current hit Broadway musicals, including \\\"Funny Girl\\\", \\\"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\\\", \\\"Mame\\\", \\\"The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd\\\", and others. \\\"In a Broadway Bag\",\n \"title\": \"In a Broadway Bag (Mame)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8892427\",\n \"text\": \"Woods\\\", \\\"Little Women\\\", \\\"Once Upon A Mattress\\\", \\\"The Mousetrap\\\", \\\"A Christmas Story\\\", \\\"Once On This Island\\\", \\\"Fools\\\", \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\", \\\"Seussical the Musical\\\", \\\"Twelve Angry Men\\\", \\\"Taming of the Shrew\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"The Diviners\\\", \\\"Hamlet\\\", \\\"Alice\\\", \\\"Rent\\\", \\\"Julius Caesar\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"The Winter's Tale\\\", \\\"Legally Blonde\\\", \\\"Peter and the Starcatcher\\\", \\\"Lazarus Rising\\\", \\\"1984\\\", \\\"The Addams Family\\\", \\\"Twelfth Night\\\", and \\\"Little Women\\\". 4th place at dimond bar high school for show choir (2016) Henry J. Kaiser High School (California) Henry J. Kaiser High School is a small to medium-sized high school located at 11155 Almond Avenue in Fontana, California. Kaiser\",\n \"title\": \"Henry J. Kaiser High School (California)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6930058\",\n \"text\": \"have previously been possible. The run of major musicals has continued with a five-week run of \\\"Starlight Express\\\", in 2005 and shows, such as \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\", \\\"Miss Saigon\\\", \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\" and Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", in 2006. The tour of \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" visited The Mayflower, for almost 3 months, in 2007. The 2007 Christmas show was Michael Rose and Chris Moreno's production of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", starring Russ Abbot, Gregor Fisher, Gary Wilmot and Matthew Kelly, as The Wicked Witch of the West. The 2008 season included Andrew Lloyd Webber's \\\"Aspects of Love\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Mayflower Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088600\",\n \"text\": \"in 1811; Afro-Caribbeans rowing a boat in Antigua ca.1814; Black stevedores loading a steamboat in New Orleans in 1841; and a Euro-American crew hauling halyards on a clipper-brig out of New York ca.1840s. Other such multi-job songs were: \\\"Round the Corn(er), Sally\\\", \\\"Fire Down Below\\\", \\\"Johnny Come Down to Hilo\\\", \\\"Hilo, Boys, Hilo\\\", \\\"Tommy's Gone Away\\\", \\\"The Sailor Likes His Bottle-O\\\", \\\"Highland Laddie\\\", \\\"Mudder Dinah\\\", \\\"Bully in the Alley\\\", \\\"Hogeye Man\\\", \\\"Good Morning, Ladies, All\\\", \\\"Pay Me the Money Down\\\", \\\"Alabama, John Cherokee\\\", \\\"Yankee John, Stormalong\\\", and \\\"Heave Away (My Johnnies)\\\". While the non-sailor occupations noted above were mainly within\",\n \"title\": \"Sea shanty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272808\",\n \"text\": \"to such groundbreaking works as \\\"Show Boat\\\" (1927) and \\\"Oklahoma!\\\" (1943). Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1957), \\\"The Fantasticks\\\" (1960), \\\"Hair\\\" (1967), \\\"A Chorus Line\\\" (1975), \\\"Les Misérables\\\" (1985), \\\"The Phantom of the Opera\\\" (1986), \\\"Rent\\\" (1996), \\\"The Producers\\\" (2001), \\\"Wicked\\\" (2003) and \\\"Hamilton\\\" (2015). Musicals are performed around the world. They may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller venues, such as fringe theatre, Off-Broadway, Off-Off-Broadway, regional theatre, or community\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16055423\",\n \"text\": \"the Elephant\\\" and \\\"The Pink Panther Show\\\". Daytime TV consisted of repeats and daytime soaps such as \\\"Little House on the Prairie\\\", \\\"The New Adventures of Black Beauty\\\", \\\"CHiPs\\\", \\\"Delia Smith's Cookery Course\\\", \\\"Emmerdale\\\", \\\"Knots Landing\\\", \\\"A Country Practice\\\", \\\"Perry Mason\\\", \\\"Carson's Law\\\", \\\"The Love Boat\\\", \\\"G. P.\\\", \\\"The Sullivans\\\", \\\"Santa Barbara\\\", \\\"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\\\", \\\"Take the High Road\\\", \\\"Forever Green\\\" and \\\"Highway to Heaven\\\". American prime time show imported at the time included \\\"\\\", \\\"Mancuso, F.B.I.\\\", \\\"The Cosby Show\\\", \\\"St. Elsewhere\\\", \\\"MacGyver\\\", \\\"Masquerade\\\", \\\"Father Dowling Mysteries\\\", \\\"Dallas\\\", \\\"Midnight Caller\\\", \\\"Home Improvement\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"JAG\\\", \\\"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\\\", \\\"\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"RTÉ One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8066016\",\n \"text\": \"nominees: Winner: Bryan Adams Other nominees: Winner: Kim Richardson Other nominees: Winner: Billy Newton-Davis Other nominees: Winner: Honeymoon Suite Other nominees: Winner: Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Jim Vallance Other nominees: Winner: Anne Murray Other nominees: Winner: Murray McLauchlan Other nominees: Winner: Prairie Oyster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster, \\\"St. Elmo's Fire Soundtrack\\\" by various artists Other nominees: Winner: Joe and Gino Vannelli, \\\"Black Cars\\\" by Gino Vannelli Other nominees: Winner: Gordon Lightfoot Winner: Jack Richardson Winner: \\\"The Thin Red Line\\\", Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Hugh Syme and Dimo Safari, \\\"Power Windows\\\" by Rush\",\n \"title\": \"Juno Awards of 1986\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15288076\",\n \"text\": \"Garnet Valley High School Garnet Valley High School is a four-year public school in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. It is part of Garnet Valley School District. Garnet Valley High School is also locally known for their musicals. Past productions include \\\"Annie\\\", \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid, Jr.\\\", \\\"Footloose\\\", \\\"Rent\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"In the Heights,\\\" \\\"Legally Blonde,\\\" \\\"Evita,\\\"\\\"A Chorus Line\\\", and others. The 2018-2019 season includes \\\"High School Musical\\\" and \\\"Annie\\\"..\\\" Garnet Valley is also involved in the Critics and Awards Program for\",\n \"title\": \"Garnet Valley High School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11257454\",\n \"text\": \"singing outside. Frankie's renditions of \\\"It Can't Be Wrong\\\" by Dick Haymes and \\\"As Time Goes By\\\" (from \\\"Casablanca\\\", 1942) causes all the hens to swoon. Porky rushes to investigate. Soon, he is auditioning for a new crooner; those showing up are rooster caricatures of Nelson Eddy (\\\"Shortnin' Bread\\\"), Al Jolson (\\\"September in the Rain\\\"), Jimmy Durante (\\\"Lullaby of Broadway\\\"), Cab Calloway (\\\"Minnie the Moocher\\\", \\\"Blues in the Night\\\"), and Bing Crosby (\\\"When My Dream Boat Comes Home\\\"). Porky asks the Bing Crosby rooster (who introduced himself as \\\"The Old Groaner\\\") to be the crooner, provoking a competition with Frankie.\",\n \"title\": \"Swooner Crooner\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Chimney sweep context: being in the book series \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \\\"Bert\\\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" which won the Oscar for \\\"Best Song\\\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \\\"\\\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\\\"\\\". The novel \\\"Die schwarzen Brüder\\\" (\\\"The Black Brothers\\\"),\\n\\nIn which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 196,\n \"origin_tokens\": 196,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle Step in Time context: Step in Time \\\"Step In Time\\\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \\\"Knees Up Mother Brown\\\". In the 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are\\n\\ntitle Swin' Broadway context opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Popp to “ways Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot is handled both vocally and instrument with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is must.\\\" Perform Technicalin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway jazz vocal Williams's third album, recorded Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock Big Band World gave it five stars\\ntitle: Chim Ch Cher: byings of aney swe Mary Popp screen asked the by Sh Brothers, DaGradi British folkl attributed to \\\"sweeps hands with one could bring a person good luck. their 19, the Brothers hadalg many the P. Travers creationB\\\". His theme music became \\\"Chim Ch-\\\". addition to the \\\"standard\\\" version of the song s the children, s short sni of song to himself at\\n: Chneyep: in series. and film which an sequence in whichial workics.,,ings \\\"\\\" the Song6. ch sweeps with good luck: \\\"\\\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\\\"\\\". The novel \\\"Die schwarzen Brüder\\\" (\\\"The Black Brothers\\\"),\\n\\nIn which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 473,\n \"origin_tokens\": 17252,\n \"ratio\": \"36.5x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $1.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":195,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":195,"string":"195"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bobby Lewis"],"string":"[\n \"Bobby Lewis\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bobby Lewis"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"10425899","text":"Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \"Billboard\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". On the original hit single version, the track","title":"Tossin' and Turnin'"},{"id":"10425901","text":"\"Billboard\" magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10,","title":"Tossin' and Turnin'"},{"id":"20118624","text":"Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \"You Were Mine\", as well as on their follow-ups including \"I Can't Say Goodbye\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", a hit in the US in 1961","title":"Ritchie Adams"},{"id":"5692400","text":"James, as well as releasing singles under his own name. In May 1959 \"The Happy Organ\" by Dave \"Baby\" Cortez reached the top of the \"Billboard\" pop chart and was succeeded, the following week, by Wilbert Harrison's \"Kansas City\"; both records featured guitar solos by Spruill. Another well-known recording on which Spruill plays is \"Fannie Mae\" by Buster Brown, which hit the top of the R&B charts in early 1960. In 1961, he featured on Bobby Lewis's no.1 hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", and at the same time featured on The Shirelles' \"Dedicated to the One I Love\", which peaked at","title":"Wild Jimmy Spruill"},{"id":"5545342","text":"Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \"Dynasty\" (1979) and \"Unmasked\" (1980). Criss covered \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", which was a #1 hit for Bobby Lewis in the U.S. during the summer of 1961. The song was subsequently covered by Kiss on their 1979 tour. Much of the material on the album was originally written","title":"Peter Criss (album)"},{"id":"5545344","text":"Matter to Me\", neither of which charted. All songs written by Peter Criss and Stan Penridge, except where noted. The following musicians played on \"Peter Criss\": Album – \"Billboard\" (North America) Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \"Dynasty\" (1979) and \"Unmasked\" (1980). Criss covered \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", which was a #1 hit for","title":"Peter Criss (album)"},{"id":"13232328","text":"the time was \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" by rock and roll singer Bobby Lewis, and Benton's song was not considered rock and roll by the magazine, \"The Boll Weevil Song\" holds the distinction of being the first number-one song on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart. In the UK, the song reached a peak position of number 30 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 40 for eight weeks during the summer of 1961. The majority of the song's lyrics are spoken by Benton, as in when the farmer inquires, \"Say, why'd you pick my farm?\", to which the","title":"Boll Weevil (song)"},{"id":"12274753","text":"original 1988 release reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, which included the number one song of 1961, \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", while the 1993 re-issue only contained six chart toppers. However, the remaining four tracks reached the Hot 100's Top 10. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on February 16, 1995. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1961. Two versions of this volume in the \"\"Billboard\" Top Hits\" series were","title":"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961"},{"id":"4717038","text":"\"Tossin' and Turnin'\" went to No.1 for seven weeks on the \"Billboard\" chart. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Later that year, he had a second Top Ten song, \"One Track Mind\", his only other major hit record, at No. 9. \"Tossin' And Turnin'\", composed by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". The song was also covered by Steve Goodman, the Replacements, the Guess Who, Peter Criss, and Jimmy Sturr, among others. (The Ivy League's UK hit \"Tossin' And Turnin\", however, is a completely","title":"Bobby Lewis"},{"id":"7457245","text":"\"Dinner At Eight\". A cover version by Joe Dowell on the Smash Records label made it to number one in the US at the end of August 1961, knocking Bobby Lewis' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" off the number-one spot of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 after seven weeks. Dowell's version also spent three weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart. \"Wooden Heart\", created by Fred Wise, Ben Weisman, Kay Twomey and German bandleader Bert Kaempfert, was based on a German folk song by Friedrich Silcher, \"Muss i denn\", originating from the Rems Valley in Württemberg, southwest Germany. \"Wooden Heart\" features","title":"Wooden Heart"},{"id":"4717037","text":"Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his recording of","title":"Bobby Lewis"},{"id":"17258166","text":"Simone, Ian & Sylvia, Tim Hardin, Van Morrison and many others. Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (1961), \"My Boyfriend's Back\" by The Angels (1963), \"Under the Boardwalk\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sound of Silence\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West","title":"Bob Bushnell"},{"id":"4717039","text":"different song.) Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his","title":"Bobby Lewis"},{"id":"17258164","text":"Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (1961), \"My Boyfriend's Back\" by The Angels (1963), \"Under the Boardwalk\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sound of Silence\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West Philadelphia High School in 1945 and left for New York City","title":"Bob Bushnell"},{"id":"11371880","text":"included \"I Can't Say Goodbye\", \"Marianne\" and \"My Girl\" (all 1960); \"I Can't Say Goodbye\" was the only charter, spending three weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at #90. In 1962 the group reappeared on Taurus Records with \"You Were Mine for Awhile\" and \"Blacksmith Blues\" on Hamilton Records; three other singles followed on Taurus, but the group never returned to the charts. They lasted until 1967 before disbanding for good. Adams went on to release some solo singles and had a successful songwriting career, including the hits \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" and \"After the Lovin'\". Adams died on 6","title":"The Fireflies"},{"id":"12650279","text":"artists. The group's first hit was a raveup of Bobby \"Blue\" Bland's \"(Turn on Your) Love Light,\" recorded on May 7, 1965 and issued on Soma Records. The B side was \"Tossin' and Turnin',\" recorded at the same session. The record did well in the Twin Cities, and hit Number 1 in both Kansas City (the band performed in KC on two occasions) and Dallas during the fall of 1965, and also was beginning to do well in California and Colorado. A Top 40 chart from San Jose in September 1965 showed that the record was ranked Number 33 in","title":"The High Spirits"},{"id":"8624437","text":"in June 1961, Cline was kept in the hospital for two months, which cut into promoting \"I Fall to Pieces\". Therefore, by the time Cline had left the hospital, its popularity began to decrease. The success of the song helped get Cline an invitation to become a regular cast member on the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, one of the highest honors that could be bestowed on a Country singer in the early 1960s. In addition, the track was also ranked number two of the top 100 songs of 1961, right behind Bobby Lewis's \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". In 1980,","title":"I Fall to Pieces"},{"id":"1454178","text":"\"Mr. Tambourine Man\", along with the Animals' rock interpretation of \"The House of the Rising Sun\" (itself based on Dylan's earlier cover), helped to give Dylan the impetus to start recording with an electric backing band. As the 1970s dawned, folk rock evolved away from the jangly template pioneered by the Byrds, but their influence could still be heard in the music of bands like Fairport Convention and Pentangle. The Byrds themselves continued to enjoy commercial success with their brand of folk rock throughout 1965, most notably with their number 1 single \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\". By the start of 1966,","title":"Folk rock"},{"id":"19594375","text":"their journey to Los Angeles, lost some of their earlier members and proceeded to assemble a new lineup that would eventually settle into Dey on bass, Rich Brown on guitar, Ray Kennedy on organ, Roger Huycke on drums. They changed their name to the Wilde Knights. In 1965 the Wilde Knights teamed up with producer Paul Johnson to record two singles for his Star-Bright label. The first was \"Beaver Patrol\" b/w \"Tossin' and Turnin\". \"Beaver Patrol\", penned by Rick Dey and Rich Brown, contained sexually suggestive lyrics. Dey and Brown also wrote \"Just Like Me\", which became the","title":"The Wilde Knights"},{"id":"7803194","text":"around 1970 Sigler began working as a songwriter with Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff at Philadelphia International Records. In partnership with writer Phil Hurtt, Sigler wrote songs for the O'Jays including \"Sunshine\" and \"When the World Is at Peace\". He also wrote songs solo and with Gamble, and his compositions were recorded by many of the Philadelphia International artistes. He discovered a group, Instant Funk, and began again recording as a singer. He had his first chart success for six years in 1973 with a remake of the Bobby Lewis hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (#38 R&B, #97 pop), and had","title":"Bunny Sigler"},{"id":"5545343","text":"in 1971 for Criss's pre-Kiss band Lips. These include \"I'm Gonna Love You\", \"Don't You Let Me Down\", \"That's the Kind of Sugar Papa Likes\", and \"Hooked on Rock 'n' Roll\". The album also includes a cover of the song \"Tossin' and Turnin\" by Bobby Lewis. Reviews for \"Peter Criss\" were mostly negative. The album was the lowest charting of all the Kiss solo albums of 1978, reaching #43 on the US \"Billboard\" album chart. Of the four solo albums, \"Peter Criss\" was the only album to have two singles released from it: \"Don't You Let Me Down\" and \"You","title":"Peter Criss (album)"},{"id":"5610390","text":"1967 hit \"Cold\") failed even to \"Bubble Under.\" In 1967, only one single reached #1 on both charts \"Somethin' Stupid\" by Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra. This trend began to reverse by the end of the decade. Notable artists with multiple #1 songs on this chart during the 1960s include Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Connie Francis, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, The 5th Dimension, and Glen Campbell. \"Love Is Blue\" by Paul Mauriat held the top of the Easy Listening chart for 11 weeks in 1968, which remained the longest stay at #1 until 1993. The Hot 100 and Easy Listening","title":"Adult Contemporary (chart)"},{"id":"18225813","text":"promoted The Beatles' first tour. Between April and May 1965, a hat-trick of Manchester-based acts, all Kennedy Street artistes, enjoyed an unprecedented consecutive six week spell at No. 1 on the US Hot 100, with Freddie and the Dreamers spending two weeks at the top with \"I'm Telling You Now\" (10–24 April), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \"Game of Love\" (24 April-1 May), and then Herman's Hermits a further three weeks with \"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\" (1–22 May). Lisberg spent much of his early career globe-trotting with Herman's Hermits, who capitalized on a string","title":"Harvey Lisberg"},{"id":"13678968","text":"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \"Pop\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"8521750","text":"Terrell duetted with Webb on \"Once in the Morning\". The only US single from the album, the opening track \"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\", was not actually part of the Jimmy Webb project. Instead, it was a Stephen Schwartz song from the Motown-financed Broadway production of \"Pippin\", handled by songwriters-producers Deke Richards and Sherlie Matthews. Although once released, the song and the album failed to generate radio play and sales in the United States, it produced two singles abroad: \"Cheap Lovin'\" in Italy and \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" in the United Kingdom, both released in 1973. Besides being Jean Terrell's","title":"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb"},{"id":"9849277","text":"singer and mastermind of the acid jazz band Jamiroquai. In 1965, on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, a unique hat-trick of consecutive number 1s took place in the spring, all from Mancunian pop groups. Freddie and the Dreamers spent two weeks at the top with \"I'm Telling You Now\" (April 10–24), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \"Game of Love\" (24 April-1 May), and finally Herman's Hermits with \"Mrs Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\", a further three weeks (1–22 May), a total of six weeks, an achievement never matched even in the UK Top 50. Manchester's main","title":"Culture of Manchester"},{"id":"10225731","text":"Doyle Holly Doyle Floyd Hendricks (June 30, 1936 – January 13, 2007), known by the stage name Doyle Holly, was an American musician best known as the bass guitar player of the country music band Buck Owens and the Buckaroos and for his solo hit songs \"Queen Of The Silver Dollar\" and \"Lila\". Holly's contributions on bass guitar and rhythm guitar were a key component of the Bakersfield sound. The Buckaroos had more than 30 Top 40 singles on the country music charts in the 1960s and early 1970s, with 21 number one hits such as \"I've Got a Tiger","title":"Doyle Holly"},{"id":"5507142","text":"singles included on the album had charted in the United Kingdom, peaking at the following positions on the UK Singles Chart: \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" number 26; \"Eight Miles High\" number 24; \"All I Really Want to Do\" number 4; and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" number 1. Author Johnny Rogan has stated that, in particular, \"Eight Miles High\", \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\", and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" were widely influential during the 1960s, a time when singles, at least in pop music, were as important in their own right as albums, and generally more so. Rogan further opined that \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" summed up","title":"The Byrds' Greatest Hits"},{"id":"13845742","text":"Mr Lee In London Label: His Master's Voice – CSDM6268 Vinyl LP Stereo 1 Tabatha Twitchit 2 To Make A Big Man Cry 3 Stop In The Name Of Love 4 Walkin' With My Angel 5 Maria 6 Why Or Where Or When B Side 1 You Don't Have To Say You Love Me 2 Big Man 3 The Wanderer 4 Tossin' And Turnin' 5 Do You Mind 6 Big Boots Credits · Photography – Sal Criscillo · Recording Engineer – Peter Hitchcock · Produced by Howard Gable · Recorded at HMV Studios – Wellington, New Zealand Mr. Lee Grant","title":"Howard Gable"},{"id":"11134548","text":"It was because kids were showing up dressed in costume and make-up for their shows along with their parents. As a result, many teenage fans felt alienated and were turned off by the band. \"Radioactive\" and \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" were played at a few shows during the tour and \"Let Me Go, Rock 'n' Roll\" and \"Christine Sixteen\" were put in their places. Dynasty Tour The Dynasty Tour was a concert tour by the rock band Kiss. It was their first tour since the Alive II Tour ended on April 2, 1978 in Japan. The Dynasty Tour, also known as","title":"Dynasty Tour"},{"id":"364634","text":"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing","title":"Simon & Garfunkel"},{"id":"15348624","text":"young Doug Fieger), and blue eyed soul rockers the Rationals. In 1965 Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels had a national top 10 hit with \"Jenny Take A Ride!\" and then again the following year in 1966 with \"Devil With A Blue Dress On\"/\"Good Golly, Miss Molly\". Also in 1966, Flint's Question Mark & the Mysterians had a No. 1 hit with \"96 Tears\". Finally, in 1967, Detroit blues-rock outfit the Woolies had a regional smash hit with the Bo Diddley song \"Who Do You Love?\". In the late 1960s, two well-known high-energy rock bands emerged from Detroit - the","title":"Music of Detroit"},{"id":"8521748","text":"and covers of hits by Bobby Lewis and Mina, respectively \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" and \"La voce del silenzio\". The album sold over 100,000 copies in the USA. Besides being Jean Terrell's final Supremes album, \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\" was the first of only two Supremes' LPs to include vocals from member Lynda Laurence, the other being the live album \"In Japan!\". Laurence had replaced Cindy Birdsong earlier in 1972 and joined original Supreme Mary Wilson and Terrell for these sessions just prior to her official inclusion into the group. \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy","title":"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb"},{"id":"6987937","text":"Crispian St. Peters Crispian St. Peters (born Robin Peter Smith, 5 April 1939 – 8 June 2010) was an English pop singer-songwriter, best known for his work in the 1960s, particularly his 1966 hits, The Changin' Times' \"The Pied Piper\" and Ian & Sylvia's \"You Were on My Mind\". St. Peters was born in Swanley, Kent and attended Swanley Secondary Modern School. He learned guitar and left school in 1954 to become an assistant cinema projectionist. As a young man, he performed in several relatively unknown bands in England. In 1956, he gave his first live performance, as a member","title":"Crispian St. Peters"},{"id":"13678924","text":"next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"1361282","text":"100 pop chart. At the end of the year, Gordy assigned Ross as the group's lead singer, even though Ballard was usually the lead vocalist. The group scored their first number-one hit with \"Where Did Our Love Go\", paving the way for unprecedented success: between August 1964 and May 1967, Ross, Wilson, and Ballard sang on ten number-one hit singles, all of which also made the UK top 40. The group had also become a hit with audiences both domestically and abroad, going on to become Motown's most successful vocal act throughout the sixties. Following significant issues with her comportment,","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"13678922","text":"complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds. During 1963, the Beatles and other beat groups, such as the Searchers and the Hollies, achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"119096","text":"The number five \"She's Not You\" (1962) \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \"Elvis Is Back!\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. \"It's Now or Never\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \"’O sole mio\" and concluding with a","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"2443201","text":"Fame in 1973 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1995. Miller won 11 Grammy Awards. In Erick, Oklahoma where he grew up, a thoroughfare was renamed \"Roger Miller Boulevard\" and a museum dedicated to Miller was built on the road in 2004. Below is a list of awards won by Miller: Roger Miller Roger Dean Miller, Sr. (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits \"King of the Road\", \"Dang Me\", and \"England Swings\", all from the mid-1960s","title":"Roger Miller"},{"id":"10425900","text":"begins with Lewis singing \"I couldn't sleep at all last night,\" and it appears this way on most oldies compilations. However, on some releases the song has a prelude, where Lewis sings \"Baby...Baby...you did something to me,\" followed by a musical cue into the first verse. Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live. The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece, Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax, Paul Griffin on Piano, and Sticks Evans on drums. In 2008,","title":"Tossin' and Turnin'"},{"id":"2183931","text":"and Barry Whitwam of Herman's Hermits after the exit of Peter Noone. Although Leckenby died in 1994, Foote has continued with the Hermits through to the present. The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \"Game of Love\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and","title":"The Mindbenders"},{"id":"4380522","text":"Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \"Yeh, Yeh\" in 1964, \"Get Away\" in 1966 and \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and","title":"Georgie Fame"},{"id":"2183924","text":"The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \"Game of Love\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and Eric Stewart. The group was later joined by Grahame Foote. The name of the group was inspired by the title of a 1963 UK feature film, starring","title":"The Mindbenders"},{"id":"5050808","text":"drums. Their range covers pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence. The core members since 1958 have been Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch. Along with the Fender guitar, another cornerstone of the Shadows sound was the Vox amplifier. The Shadows, with Cliff Richard, dominated British popular music in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the years before the Beatles. The Shadows' number one hits included \"Apache\", \"Kon-Tiki\", \"Wonderful Land\", \"Foot Tapper\" and \"Dance On!\". Although they lost ground in the late '60s, the band had a second success from the late '70s. The Shadows are the","title":"The Shadows"},{"id":"19561393","text":"Pete Chester Pete Chester (born 9 September 1941) is an English drummer and songwriter. He is the son of Charlie Chester, comedian and broadcaster. Chester started his career by forming the band The Five Chesternuts with Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch in 1957, which released the unsuccessful single \"Teenage Love\" on the Columbia label and appeared on the \"Six-Five Special\" on BBC television. Marvin and Welch left in 1958 to join Cliff Richard and The Drifters, which later became Cliff Richard and The Shadows. Chester had a UK Hit Record in 1960 - \"Ten Swingin' Bottles\" which reached the Top","title":"Pete Chester"},{"id":"3063204","text":"songs for Lewis, Cash, and others. His third single for the Sun subsidiary, Phillips International Records, was the 1960 Top 30 hit, \"Lonely Weekends\", which was notable for its Presley-like vocals. It sold more than one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America. None of his seven follow-up singles was a success, however, though several of the songs became staples in his live set, including \"Who Will the Next Fool Be\", \"Sittin' and Thinkin'\", and \"No Headstone on My Grave\". These songs were often recorded by others to varying degrees of success,","title":"Charlie Rich"},{"id":"1562178","text":"charts. In the United States for the years 1964 to 1966, the group achieved 12 number-one singles and nine number-one albums on the \"Billboard\" charts; by comparison, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys each had three chart-topping singles and one number-one album. In the US, in the case of singles for the decade, the Beatles headed Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Brenda Lee, the Supremes and the Beach Boys; in albums sales, they were followed by Presley, Sinatra, Herb Alpert, the Kingston Trio and Andy Williams. The Beach Boys, along with the Four Seasons, were the only two American pop","title":"Cultural impact of the Beatles"},{"id":"3437944","text":"group LeRoy & His Rockin' Fellers and TV-stars-turned-singers like Clint Eastwood and Merv Griffin. In mid-1966, 23-year-old Neil Bogart was made the label's new head of A&R. Turning to midwestern garage bands and orchestrated soul productions (including the distribution of Curtis Mayfield's \"Windy C\" label), Bogart managed to shepherd in a brief Cameo-Parkway renaissance. The last major hits for the label were \"96 Tears\" by Question Mark and the Mysterians (picked up from independent Pa-Go-Go Records), which went to #1 in the fall of 1966; a novelty remake of \"Wild Thing\" by an impressionist imitating Robert F. Kennedy under the","title":"Cameo-Parkway Records"},{"id":"1361267","text":"Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"285898","text":"actress in November 1957 with an appearance on her father's ABC-TV variety series, but initially achieved success only in Europe and Japan. In early 1966 she had a transatlantic number-one hit with \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". She appeared on TV in high boots, and with colorfully dressed go-go dancers, creating a popular and enduring image of the Swinging Sixties. The song was written by Lee Hazlewood, who wrote and produced most of her hits and sang with her on several duets, including \"Some Velvet Morning\". In 1966 and 1967, Sinatra charted with 13 titles, all of which featured","title":"Nancy Sinatra"},{"id":"1446271","text":"follow-ups to \"Don't Make Me Over\" — \"This Empty Place\" (with \"B\" side \"Wishin' and Hopin' \" later recorded by Dusty Springfield) and \"Make The Music Play\" — charted briefly in the top 100. Her fourth single, \"Anyone Who Had a Heart,\" released in December 1963, was Warwick's first top 10 pop hit (#8) in the U.S. and also an international million seller. This was followed by \"Walk On By\" in April 1964, a major international hit and million seller that solidified her career. For the rest of the 1960s, Warwick was a fixture on the U.S. and Canadian charts,","title":"Dionne Warwick"},{"id":"5826921","text":"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \"Make It Easy on Yourself\" and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit","title":"The Walker Brothers"},{"id":"10461155","text":"Judy Stone Judith Anne Stone AM (born 1 January 1942) is an Australian pop and country music singer. For much of the 1960s she was a regular performer on \"Bandstand\", a pop music TV show, hosted by Brian Henderson. Stone's top 20 singles on the national charts are \"I'll Step Down\" (No. 19, February 1962), \"4,003,221 Tears from Now\" (April 1964), \"Born a Woman\" (No. 3, September 1966) and \"Would You Lay with Me\" (No. 2, June 1974). On the Queen's Birthday Honours List of June 2006, Stone was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia, with the citation,","title":"Judy Stone"},{"id":"15467667","text":"of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also managed to generate four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \"Elvis' Golden Records\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. On January 20, 1960, Presley was promoted to sergeant. The army held","title":"Elvis Presley's Army career"},{"id":"9371259","text":"award from \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. Peter Green (later to become Peter Lee Stirling) started his career as the guitarist and vocalist with a band called the Beachcombers that played gigs in the Birmingham area during the period from 1958 to 1962. Their fortunes changed when they encountered Tommy Bruce, who had a number 3 hit in 1960 with \"Ain't Misbehavin\". This, and some subsequent releases, had been attributed to 'Tommy Bruce and the Bruisers', despite the fact that the instrumental backings were provided by session musicians at EMI. Bruce's account of the meeting was as follows: \"I met them up","title":"Daniel Boone (singer)"},{"id":"7520627","text":"Colin Burgess (musician) Colin John Burgess (born 16 November 1946) is an Australian musician who was a drummer in the rock group the Masters Apprentices from 1968 to 1972 and was the original drummer for hard rockers AC/DC (November 1973–February 1974). The Masters Apprentices had top 20 singles chart success with \"5:10 Man\", \"Think about Tomorrow Today\", \"Turn Up Your Radio\" and \"Because I Love You\". In 1998 The Masters Apprentices, with Burgess, were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. He has performed in various bands with his brother, Denny Burgess, on bass guitar and vocals, including His Majesty.","title":"Colin Burgess (musician)"},{"id":"11018031","text":"I'm Telling You Now \"I'm Telling You Now\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \"I'm Telling You Now\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's subsidiary, Tower Records, re-released the song, which became extremely popular and propelled Freddie and the Dreamers to pop-music","title":"I'm Telling You Now"},{"id":"15506246","text":"recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1960s"},{"id":"2072029","text":"Brunswick was a New York-based label, but under the aegis of producer and A&R man Carl Davis in Chicago, the company produced a large body of Chicago style soul, beginning in 1966, when Jackie Wilson started recording in Chicago. Wilson's biggest hit with Davis was \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher.\" Other Brunswick artists included The Chi-Lites (\"Oh Girl\"), The Artistics (\"I'm Gonna Miss You\"), Barbara Acklin (\"Love Makes A Woman\"), Tyrone Davis (\"Turn Back the Hands of Time\"), and Gene Chandler (\"The Girl Don't Care\"). Brunswick was eventually acquired by Carl Davis, and the offices moved to","title":"Chicago soul"},{"id":"4574049","text":"York, merging American R&B styles with Afro-Cuban instrumentation. Cuba was one of the key architects behind the emerging Latin Boogaloo sound, which became a popular and influential Latin style in the latter half of the 1960s. In 1966, his band scored a hit on the United States National Hit Parade List with the song \"Bang Bang\"— which helped kick off the popularity of the boogaloo. He also had a No. 1 hit that year on the \"Billboard\" charts with the song \"Sock It To Me\". On April 1999, Joe Cuba was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.","title":"Joe Cuba"},{"id":"1963434","text":"\"Billboard\" pop charts on January 16, 1961 (No. 1 pop, Cash Box), which established Motown as an independent company worthy of notice. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes' \"Please Mr. Postman\" made it to the top of both charts. Gordy's gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists' public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Over the next decade, he signed such artists as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations, Jimmy Ruffin, the Contours, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, the Commodores, the Velvelettes, Martha and","title":"Berry Gordy"},{"id":"8837614","text":"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song) \"Let's Party\" was a popular single by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers. The third single by the father and son DJ team Andy and John Pickles it reached the top of the UK Singles Chart for a single week in December 1989. They became only the third act to reach No. 1 with their first three singles, following on from Gerry and the Pacemakers in 1964 and Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984, and took the shortest time to achieve the feat. The record follows on from the formula which took their","title":"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song)"},{"id":"11449890","text":"of a repentant, aging gambler, looking back on his wasted life. The most famous such song is \"The House of the Rising Sun\". Lonnie Donegan recorded \"Gamblin' Man\" as the B-side to \"Putting on the Style\" and took \"Jack O' Diamonds\" to number 1 in the UK in 1957. Other games such as tennis, boating and croquet were middle-class pursuits and are not mentioned in folk-songs. However, a collection of Victorian and Edwardian parlour songs, \"Play the Game\" was recorded by Ian Partridge, Peter Savidge and Jennifer Partridge with The Song and Supper Club in 2001. Whaling could be considered","title":"Sporting song"},{"id":"6460439","text":"B. J. Wilson Barrie James Wilson (18 March 1947 – 8 October 1990) was an English rock drummer. He was best known as a member of Procol Harum for the majority of their original career from 1967 to 1977. Wilson was born in Edmonton, London, and grew up in Ponders End. In 1962 he joined a Southend on Sea group The Paramounts, who scored a hit with \"Poison Ivy\" in 1964. After follow up singles failed to chart, the group disbanded in 1966 and Wilson went into session drumming, playing with Cat Stevens and Lulu. While he was busy with","title":"B. J. Wilson"},{"id":"12408932","text":"Gary Loizzo Gary Alexander Loizzo (August 16, 1945 – January 16, 2016) was an American guitarist, singer, recording engineer, and record producer. He is best known for being the lead singer with The American Breed. Loizzo was the lead singer of The American Breed, formed in the mid 1960s. They had several hit records, including the million selling single \"Bend Me, Shape Me\" in 1967-1968 and two other top 40 Billboard singles \"Green Light\" and \"Step out of your Mind\" and other top 100 hits. Loizzo then went on to start his own recording studio called 'Pumpkin Studios' in the","title":"Gary Loizzo"},{"id":"2248625","text":"The Seeds' first single, \"Can't Seem to Make You Mine\", was a regional hit in Southern California in 1965. The song was also played regularly on AM rock stations in northern California (and probably elsewhere), where it was well received by listeners, and eventually went on to become, and is considered today, a 60s cult classic song. The band had a national Top 40 hit, \"Pushin' Too Hard\", in 1966 and performed the song on national television. Three subsequent singles, \"Mr. Farmer\" (also 1966), a re-release of \"Can't Seem To Make You Mine\" (1967), and \"A Thousand Shadows\" (1967) achieved","title":"The Seeds"},{"id":"6457426","text":"James Ray (singer) James Ray (1941 – c. 1964), born James Jay Raymond, was an African American R&B singer of the early 1960s best known for the hit single \"If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody\", which went to number 10 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart. and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962. He also recorded the original version of \"Got My Mind Set on You\", later a number-one hit for George Harrison. Born in Washington, D.C., Ray stood just 5' tall and first recorded as Little Jimmy Ray, releasing \"Make Her Mine\" on the","title":"James Ray (singer)"},{"id":"13367787","text":"in early 1988. This song was recorded by Little Jimmy Dickens (1965). In the 1960s it was covered in 1967 by Mel Tillis and released as a single where it went to #11, Charley Pride (1967), George Jones (1967), James Carr (1968), Sonny Strickland (Unknown year), and Ernest Tubb (1968). Many more famous country acts would cover the song such as Willie Nelson and Conway Twitty. \"Life Turned Her That Way\" reached #1 on both the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart and on The Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart. It was his first single to reach #1 on that chart.","title":"Life Turned Her That Way"},{"id":"8077795","text":"Records, \"What More Do You Want\" as the Ivy League. Their luck changed when Herman's Hermits recorded \"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\" and took it to number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States. In the UK it was a smaller hit for Goldie and the Gingerbreads. They then provided backing vocals for \"I Can't Explain\", by the Who. In 1965 and 1966, The Ivy League scored four UK chart hits, including \"Tossing and Turning\", which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and \"Funny How Love Can Be\" top 10 hit. By early 1966 Carter","title":"John Carter (musician)"},{"id":"9522607","text":"Bill Shankly had won promotion in 1962 and soon after won the league title in 1964, and again in 1966, with an FA Cup in between; their neighbours Everton meanwhile had similar success, taking two league titles in 1963 and 1970, and the FA Cup in 1966. Players who dominated the English scene during the 1960s include Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, Bobby Charlton, George Best, Denis Law, Jimmy Greaves, Francis Lee, Jeff Astle, Gordon Banks and Roger Hunt. With the exception of Best and Law, all of these players appeared for the England team, with six of them being in","title":"History of football in England"},{"id":"7224815","text":"dates. Both disc sales exceeded one million copies, resulting in R.I.A.A. gold record awards by 1969. The group had nine Billboard Hot 100 Singles hits from 1966 to 1968, including versions of \"Go Away Little Girl\" (#12) (a #1 hit for Steve Lawrence in 1962 and later for Donny Osmond in 1971) and \"My Mammy\" (#13) (popularized by Al Jolson in the 1920s). They also both achieved sales in excess of one million copies, garnering the group another couple of gold records. \"Hare Krishna,\" a version of a song from the musical \"Hair\" (1969), was the group's last Hot 100","title":"The Happenings"},{"id":"119023","text":"induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \"Elvis' Golden Records\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged three days later with the rank of sergeant. The train that carried him from","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"5172114","text":"Gordon Waller Gordon Trueman Riviere Waller (4 June 1945 – 17 July 2009) was a Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known as Gordon of the 1960s pop music duo Peter and Gordon, whose biggest hit was the No. 1 million-selling classic \"A World Without Love\". Waller was born in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of a prominent surgeon. The family later moved to Middlesex, when Waller was a child, where Waller gained entrance to Westminster School. While attending Westminster School, he met fellow student Peter Asher, also the son of a doctor, and they began playing together as a duo","title":"Gordon Waller"},{"id":"9853035","text":"climb in the UK Singles Chart. At the end of August the record reached No. 1. Outside the UK \"Have I the Right?\" was a big success too. The song became #1 in Australia, Canada and Sweden. In the US the record reached #5 and in the Netherlands #2. \"Have I the Right?\" sold worldwide about two million copies within a year. In July 1965, the British music magazine \"NME\" reported that it had been agreed in the London High Court that \"Have I the Right?\" was the work of Howard and Blaikley. Composer Geoff Goddard agreed to drop allegations","title":"Have I the Right?"},{"id":"3675691","text":"massive wave of chart success that would continue until the Beatles broke up in 1970. On 4 April 1964, the Beatles held the top 5 positions on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart, the only time to date that any act has accomplished this. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles in the US. Other acts that were part of the \"invasion\" included The Who, The Kinks,","title":"British rock music"},{"id":"3697838","text":"Byrds' first single, a jangly cover of Bob Dylan's \"Mr. Tambourine Man\", was an international hit and marked the birth of folk rock. During the mid-1960s the Byrds ranked as one of the most successful and influential American pop groups; they recorded a string of hits, including \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\", \"Eight Miles High\" and \"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\". Hillman kept a low profile on the band's first two albums, on which McGuinn and Clark shared lead vocals with Crosby adding high harmony and singing the bridge on \"All I Really Want to Do\". However,","title":"Chris Hillman"},{"id":"20069834","text":"was an American vocal group that had 40 charted singles on the Billboard \"Hot 100 Chart\" between 1955 and 1967, including four No. 1 hits, and for a period of time was the most successful vocal group in the world. From the age of 20 to the present time, Conti has performed with some of the world's greatest artists both in the studio and touring the globe, including Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Gene Simmons, Wilson Pickett, Jose Feliciano, Richie Sambora, Paul Simon, Earth, Wind & Fire, Rita Coolidge, Helen Reddy, Karen Carpenter, Laura Brannigan, Player, Raquel Welch, The Brooklyn Dreams","title":"Bob Conti"},{"id":"764030","text":"and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \"I Remember You\", \"Lovesick Blues\" (both 1962) and \"The Wayward Wind\" (1963). \"I Remember You\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.","title":"Music of Australia"},{"id":"4197831","text":"and Barclay James Harvest and 10cc in the early 1970s. \"Top of the Pops\" was also recorded by the BBC at this time in the city. In 1965, Herman's Hermits outsold The Beatles, selling over 10 million records in seven months. Manchester bands Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman's Hermits topped the American Billboard charts consecutively during mid-April – May 1965. In 1965, all three bands were numbers 1, 2 and 3 on the US Billboard top 100 for one week. Graham Nash of The Hollies moved to California to become part of the rapidly","title":"Popular music of Manchester"},{"id":"1443416","text":"Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \"Itchycoo Park\", \"Lazy Sunday\", \"All or Nothing\", and \"Tin Soldier\", as well as their concept album \"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until 1969. The","title":"Small Faces"},{"id":"6280098","text":"with familiar songs (like \"Blue Suede Shoes\" and \"Money (That's What I Want)\") that suited the mood of the program. Rock and roll revival Rock and Roll Revival was a back-to-basics musical trend of the late 1960s and early 1970s, in a sort-of backlash against the heavier and psychedelic rock sounds then in vogue. As the Sixties ended, several early rock and rollers like Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley & His Comets and Bo Diddley, who had been out of fashion since the British Invasion, experienced a resurgence in popularity, performing their old hits","title":"Rock and roll revival"},{"id":"13591880","text":"in April 1964 saw them, uniquely, hold the top 5 positions on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart simultaneously. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included The Dave Clark Five, Tom Jones, The Kinks and The Who At this point most of the British Invasion bands did not distinguish their rock 'n' roll or blues based music from","title":"British pop music"},{"id":"1755751","text":"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \"Walk Through This World With Me\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \"Love Bug\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\", \"The Race Is On\", \"My Favorite Lies\", \"I'll Share My World with You\", \"Take Me\" (a","title":"George Jones"},{"id":"4382526","text":"roster, including Gracie Fields and Joan Regan. He recorded his first solo single \"Party Pops\" in 1957, a \"medley of standard songs\" which included \"Roll the Carpet Up\" and \"The Westminster Waltz\". Between 1957 and 1963, Conway had 20 UK chart hits, and in 1959 alone he achieved a cumulative total of 83 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. This included two self-penned number one instrumentals, \"Side Saddle\" and \"Roulette\", the latter deposing Elvis Presley's \"A Fool Such As I\". He appeared frequently on light entertainment TV shows and radio for many years afterwards, performing at the London Palladium on","title":"Russ Conway"},{"id":"2544059","text":"beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones, the Kinks and the Yardbirds. The term \"British Invasion\" was mainstreamed by T.V. reporter Walter Cronkite to describe the Beatles' arrival in the United States and the outbreak of Beatlemania in 1964. Their appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" soon after led to chart success. During the next two years, the Animals, Petula Clark, the Dave Clark Five, the Rolling Stones, Donovan, Peter and Gordon, Manfred Mann, Freddie and the Dreamers, The Zombies, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, and the Troggs would have one or more number one singles","title":"Beat music"},{"id":"5988752","text":"dances, including the Mashed Potato, the Jerk, and the Freddie. The dance was also done by Ozzie Nelson and called out by name at the end of an episode titled flying down to Mexico for lunch which also featured music by Herb Alpert and his Tijuana Brass. Freddie (dance) The Freddie was a short-lived 1960s fad dance prompted by the release of the songs \"I'm Telling You Now,\" and \"Do the Freddie,\" both by the British band, Freddie and the Dreamers. \"Do the Freddie\" had been a #18 hit in the United States in 1965, and American dance craze stalwart","title":"Freddie (dance)"},{"id":"1309295","text":"Am I\", was co-written by Norma Tanega and Norma Kutzer. By late 1966, Springfield was in a domestic relationship with Tanega – a US-born singer-songwriter who had a UK Top 30 hit with the novelty song, \"Walkin' My Cat Named Dog\". Springfield's ITV series \"It Must Be Dusty\" was broadcast in May and June 1968, episode six featured a duet performance of \"Mockingbird\" with singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix fronting his band, The Experience. By 1968 Carole King, a songwriter whom Springfield had frequently tapped for material, had embarked on a solo singing career, while her relationship with the chart-peaking Bacharach-David partnership","title":"Dusty Springfield"},{"id":"7297314","text":"B. A. Robertson Brian Alexander \"B. A.\" Robertson (born 12 September 1956) is a Scottish musician, actor, composer and songwriter. He had a string of hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, characterised by catchy pop tunes and jaunty, humorous lyrics, most notably \"Bang Bang\", a tongue-in-cheek commentary on famous historical and fictional couples. He co-wrote the Grammy-nominated and Ivor Novello Award-winning \"The Living Years\". It was a number one hit in the USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland and reached #2 in his native UK. He has also written music for films and been a television presenter. Born in","title":"B. A. Robertson"},{"id":"2302073","text":"Roy Wood Roy Wood (born 8 November 1946) is an English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was particularly successful in the 1960s and 1970s as member and co-founder of the Move, Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard. As a songwriter, he contributed a number of hits to the repertoire of these bands. Collectively, hit records by the Move, Electric Light Orchestra, Wizzard, and Wood's own solo singles demonstrated an impressive chart run for an individual, both as composer and performer. Altogether he had more than 20 singles in the UK Singles Chart under various guises, including three UK No. 1 hits. The","title":"Roy Wood"},{"id":"5082484","text":"The Hollywood Argyles The Hollywood Argyles were an American musical ensemble, assembled for studio recordings by the producer and songwriter Kim Fowley and his friend and fellow musician Gary S. Paxton. They had a US number one hit record, \"Alley Oop\" (Lute Records 5905) in 1960. According to Paxton – who, at the time, was half of Skip & Flip – \"Alley Oop\" was written by Dallas Frazier as a country tune: \"As for the name, Kim Fowley and I were living in a $15-a-week room in Hollywood... Since I was still under contract (to Brent Records) as 'Flip,' I","title":"The Hollywood Argyles"},{"id":"6918119","text":"Billy Thorpe William Richard \"Billy\" Thorpe, AM (29 March 1946 – 28 February 2007) was an English-born Australian pop / rock singer-songwriter, producer,and musician. As lead singer of his band Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, he had success in the 1960s with \"Blue Day\", \"Poison Ivy\", \"Over the Rainbow\", \"Sick and Tired\", \"Baby, Hold Me Close\" and \"Mashed Potato\"; and in the 1970s with \"Most People I Know Think That I'm Crazy\". Featuring in concerts at Sunbury Pop Festivals and Myer Music Bowl in the early 1970s, the Aztecs also developed the pub rock scene and were one of the","title":"Billy Thorpe"},{"id":"5820797","text":"outside in the hundreds,\" he recalled. \"They were always yanking off my glasses and pulling out tufts of hair, which was very, very painful.\" The Mindbenders split with Fontana in late 1965. They had a UK No. 2 hit with \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in early 1966 with Stewart on vocals. They reached the top 20 later that year with \"Ashes To Ashes\". Stewart, who was devoting more time to songwriting, became disenchanted with the Mindbenders towards the end of its existence, realising the material they were playing was drifting further from the music for which they had gained","title":"Eric Stewart"},{"id":"7718892","text":"Jack Greene Jack Henry Greene (January 7, 1930 – March 14, 2013) was an American country musician. Nicknamed the \"Jolly Greene Giant\" due to his height and deep voice, Greene was a long time member of the Grand Ole Opry. A three-time Grammy Award nominee, Greene is best known for his 1966 hit, \"There Goes My Everything\". The song dominated the Country music charts for nearly two months in 1967 and earned Greene \"Male Vocalist of the Year\", \"Single of the Year\", \"Album of the Year\" and \"Song of the Year\" honors from the Country Music Association. Greene had a","title":"Jack Greene"},{"id":"12649342","text":"was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \"rock and roll\" stations. \"Billboard\" first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \"Boll Weevil Song\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \"not too far out in either direction\". Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of","title":"Adult contemporary music"},{"id":"1443447","text":"General Specific Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \"Itchycoo Park\", \"Lazy Sunday\", \"All or Nothing\", and \"Tin Soldier\", as well as their concept album \"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until","title":"Small Faces"},{"id":"11018032","text":"stardom. The dancing by Freddie and the band during this song spawned a minor dance fad, \"The Freddie\". I'm Telling You Now \"I'm Telling You Now\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \"I'm Telling You Now\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's","title":"I'm Telling You Now"},{"id":"9371263","text":"the subsequent releases, \"Your Turn To Cry\" and \"I Believe\", were unsuccessful. The first use of the full name 'Peter Lee Stirling' was in 1964 on \"Sad, Lonely and Blue\", but none of the eight records issued between 1964 and 1970 under this name entered the UK chart. However, Stirling went on to write or co-write \"I Think of You\" and \"Don't Turn Around\", both of which were hits for The Merseybeats, and co-wrote \"I Belong\" for Kathy Kirby, which came second in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1965. The Bruisers broke up in 1967 and Stirling became the co-owner,","title":"Daniel Boone (singer)"},{"id":"1428061","text":"song had been a UK No. 5 for Pitney in 1967. The duet brought him his first UK No. 1, in late January 1989. The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \"Love Decides\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.","title":"Gene Pitney"},{"id":"7331250","text":"1950s retro band, Fanis. Baker saw them perform in 1975 and became their manager, changing their name to Ol' 55 after the Tom Waits song. Baker's management was astute and presented the group as a combination of retro kitsch, rock music and clever theatrics. Baker introduced chartered accountant Peter Brian to the band, and he became their versatile front man Frankie J. Holden; in October, Baker recruited saxophone player Nick Aitken, who performed as Wilbur Wilde. Ol' 55 had hit singles with \"On the Prowl\", \"Looking for an Echo\" and the number one \"(I Want A) Rockin' Christmas\" (which Baker","title":"Glenn A. Baker"},{"id":"3015937","text":"Rick Derringer Rick Derringer (born Ricky Dean Zehringer; August 5, 1947) is an American guitarist, vocalist, Grammy Award-winning producer and entertainer. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a member of the McCoys, when he was brought in to record lead vocals for the number-one hit single with \"Hang On Sloopy\". He then turned to blues rock, scoring a 1974 hit with \"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\". He has worked extensively with brothers Edgar and Johnny Winter, and with the group Steely Dan. He also worked with \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, producing Yankovic's Grammy Award-winning songs \"Eat It\" and \"Fat\",","title":"Rick Derringer"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10425899\",\n \"text\": \"Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". On the original hit single version, the track\",\n \"title\": \"Tossin' and Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10425901\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Billboard\\\" magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10,\",\n \"title\": \"Tossin' and Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20118624\",\n \"text\": \"Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \\\"You Were Mine\\\", as well as on their follow-ups including \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye\\\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", a hit in the US in 1961\",\n \"title\": \"Ritchie Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5692400\",\n \"text\": \"James, as well as releasing singles under his own name. In May 1959 \\\"The Happy Organ\\\" by Dave \\\"Baby\\\" Cortez reached the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart and was succeeded, the following week, by Wilbert Harrison's \\\"Kansas City\\\"; both records featured guitar solos by Spruill. Another well-known recording on which Spruill plays is \\\"Fannie Mae\\\" by Buster Brown, which hit the top of the R&B charts in early 1960. In 1961, he featured on Bobby Lewis's no.1 hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", and at the same time featured on The Shirelles' \\\"Dedicated to the One I Love\\\", which peaked at\",\n \"title\": \"Wild Jimmy Spruill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5545342\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \\\"Dynasty\\\" (1979) and \\\"Unmasked\\\" (1980). Criss covered \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", which was a #1 hit for Bobby Lewis in the U.S. during the summer of 1961. The song was subsequently covered by Kiss on their 1979 tour. Much of the material on the album was originally written\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Criss (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5545344\",\n \"text\": \"Matter to Me\\\", neither of which charted. All songs written by Peter Criss and Stan Penridge, except where noted. The following musicians played on \\\"Peter Criss\\\": Album – \\\"Billboard\\\" (North America) Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \\\"Dynasty\\\" (1979) and \\\"Unmasked\\\" (1980). Criss covered \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", which was a #1 hit for\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Criss (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13232328\",\n \"text\": \"the time was \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" by rock and roll singer Bobby Lewis, and Benton's song was not considered rock and roll by the magazine, \\\"The Boll Weevil Song\\\" holds the distinction of being the first number-one song on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Easy Listening chart. In the UK, the song reached a peak position of number 30 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 40 for eight weeks during the summer of 1961. The majority of the song's lyrics are spoken by Benton, as in when the farmer inquires, \\\"Say, why'd you pick my farm?\\\", to which the\",\n \"title\": \"Boll Weevil (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12274753\",\n \"text\": \"original 1988 release reached the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, which included the number one song of 1961, \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", while the 1993 re-issue only contained six chart toppers. However, the remaining four tracks reached the Hot 100's Top 10. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on February 16, 1995. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1961. Two versions of this volume in the \\\"\\\"Billboard\\\" Top Hits\\\" series were\",\n \"title\": \"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717038\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" went to No.1 for seven weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Later that year, he had a second Top Ten song, \\\"One Track Mind\\\", his only other major hit record, at No. 9. \\\"Tossin' And Turnin'\\\", composed by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". The song was also covered by Steve Goodman, the Replacements, the Guess Who, Peter Criss, and Jimmy Sturr, among others. (The Ivy League's UK hit \\\"Tossin' And Turnin\\\", however, is a completely\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7457245\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dinner At Eight\\\". A cover version by Joe Dowell on the Smash Records label made it to number one in the US at the end of August 1961, knocking Bobby Lewis' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" off the number-one spot of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 after seven weeks. Dowell's version also spent three weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart. \\\"Wooden Heart\\\", created by Fred Wise, Ben Weisman, Kay Twomey and German bandleader Bert Kaempfert, was based on a German folk song by Friedrich Silcher, \\\"Muss i denn\\\", originating from the Rems Valley in Württemberg, southwest Germany. \\\"Wooden Heart\\\" features\",\n \"title\": \"Wooden Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717037\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his recording of\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17258166\",\n \"text\": \"Simone, Ian & Sylvia, Tim Hardin, Van Morrison and many others. Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" (1961), \\\"My Boyfriend's Back\\\" by The Angels (1963), \\\"Under the Boardwalk\\\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Bushnell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717039\",\n \"text\": \"different song.) Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17258164\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" (1961), \\\"My Boyfriend's Back\\\" by The Angels (1963), \\\"Under the Boardwalk\\\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West Philadelphia High School in 1945 and left for New York City\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Bushnell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11371880\",\n \"text\": \"included \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye\\\", \\\"Marianne\\\" and \\\"My Girl\\\" (all 1960); \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye\\\" was the only charter, spending three weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at #90. In 1962 the group reappeared on Taurus Records with \\\"You Were Mine for Awhile\\\" and \\\"Blacksmith Blues\\\" on Hamilton Records; three other singles followed on Taurus, but the group never returned to the charts. They lasted until 1967 before disbanding for good. Adams went on to release some solo singles and had a successful songwriting career, including the hits \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" and \\\"After the Lovin'\\\". Adams died on 6\",\n \"title\": \"The Fireflies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12650279\",\n \"text\": \"artists. The group's first hit was a raveup of Bobby \\\"Blue\\\" Bland's \\\"(Turn on Your) Love Light,\\\" recorded on May 7, 1965 and issued on Soma Records. The B side was \\\"Tossin' and Turnin',\\\" recorded at the same session. The record did well in the Twin Cities, and hit Number 1 in both Kansas City (the band performed in KC on two occasions) and Dallas during the fall of 1965, and also was beginning to do well in California and Colorado. A Top 40 chart from San Jose in September 1965 showed that the record was ranked Number 33 in\",\n \"title\": \"The High Spirits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8624437\",\n \"text\": \"in June 1961, Cline was kept in the hospital for two months, which cut into promoting \\\"I Fall to Pieces\\\". Therefore, by the time Cline had left the hospital, its popularity began to decrease. The success of the song helped get Cline an invitation to become a regular cast member on the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, one of the highest honors that could be bestowed on a Country singer in the early 1960s. In addition, the track was also ranked number two of the top 100 songs of 1961, right behind Bobby Lewis's \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\". In 1980,\",\n \"title\": \"I Fall to Pieces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1454178\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\", along with the Animals' rock interpretation of \\\"The House of the Rising Sun\\\" (itself based on Dylan's earlier cover), helped to give Dylan the impetus to start recording with an electric backing band. As the 1970s dawned, folk rock evolved away from the jangly template pioneered by the Byrds, but their influence could still be heard in the music of bands like Fairport Convention and Pentangle. The Byrds themselves continued to enjoy commercial success with their brand of folk rock throughout 1965, most notably with their number 1 single \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\". By the start of 1966,\",\n \"title\": \"Folk rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19594375\",\n \"text\": \"their journey to Los Angeles, lost some of their earlier members and proceeded to assemble a new lineup that would eventually settle into Dey on bass, Rich Brown on guitar, Ray Kennedy on organ, Roger Huycke on drums. They changed their name to the Wilde Knights. In 1965 the Wilde Knights teamed up with producer Paul Johnson to record two singles for his Star-Bright label. The first was \\\"Beaver Patrol\\\" b/w \\\"Tossin' and Turnin\\\". \\\"Beaver Patrol\\\", penned by Rick Dey and Rich Brown, contained sexually suggestive lyrics. Dey and Brown also wrote \\\"Just Like Me\\\", which became the\",\n \"title\": \"The Wilde Knights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7803194\",\n \"text\": \"around 1970 Sigler began working as a songwriter with Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff at Philadelphia International Records. In partnership with writer Phil Hurtt, Sigler wrote songs for the O'Jays including \\\"Sunshine\\\" and \\\"When the World Is at Peace\\\". He also wrote songs solo and with Gamble, and his compositions were recorded by many of the Philadelphia International artistes. He discovered a group, Instant Funk, and began again recording as a singer. He had his first chart success for six years in 1973 with a remake of the Bobby Lewis hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" (#38 R&B, #97 pop), and had\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Sigler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5545343\",\n \"text\": \"in 1971 for Criss's pre-Kiss band Lips. These include \\\"I'm Gonna Love You\\\", \\\"Don't You Let Me Down\\\", \\\"That's the Kind of Sugar Papa Likes\\\", and \\\"Hooked on Rock 'n' Roll\\\". The album also includes a cover of the song \\\"Tossin' and Turnin\\\" by Bobby Lewis. Reviews for \\\"Peter Criss\\\" were mostly negative. The album was the lowest charting of all the Kiss solo albums of 1978, reaching #43 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" album chart. Of the four solo albums, \\\"Peter Criss\\\" was the only album to have two singles released from it: \\\"Don't You Let Me Down\\\" and \\\"You\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Criss (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5610390\",\n \"text\": \"1967 hit \\\"Cold\\\") failed even to \\\"Bubble Under.\\\" In 1967, only one single reached #1 on both charts \\\"Somethin' Stupid\\\" by Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra. This trend began to reverse by the end of the decade. Notable artists with multiple #1 songs on this chart during the 1960s include Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Connie Francis, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, The 5th Dimension, and Glen Campbell. \\\"Love Is Blue\\\" by Paul Mauriat held the top of the Easy Listening chart for 11 weeks in 1968, which remained the longest stay at #1 until 1993. The Hot 100 and Easy Listening\",\n \"title\": \"Adult Contemporary (chart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18225813\",\n \"text\": \"promoted The Beatles' first tour. Between April and May 1965, a hat-trick of Manchester-based acts, all Kennedy Street artistes, enjoyed an unprecedented consecutive six week spell at No. 1 on the US Hot 100, with Freddie and the Dreamers spending two weeks at the top with \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" (10–24 April), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (24 April-1 May), and then Herman's Hermits a further three weeks with \\\"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\\\" (1–22 May). Lisberg spent much of his early career globe-trotting with Herman's Hermits, who capitalized on a string\",\n \"title\": \"Harvey Lisberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678968\",\n \"text\": \"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \\\"Pop\\\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8521750\",\n \"text\": \"Terrell duetted with Webb on \\\"Once in the Morning\\\". The only US single from the album, the opening track \\\"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\\\", was not actually part of the Jimmy Webb project. Instead, it was a Stephen Schwartz song from the Motown-financed Broadway production of \\\"Pippin\\\", handled by songwriters-producers Deke Richards and Sherlie Matthews. Although once released, the song and the album failed to generate radio play and sales in the United States, it produced two singles abroad: \\\"Cheap Lovin'\\\" in Italy and \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" in the United Kingdom, both released in 1973. Besides being Jean Terrell's\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9849277\",\n \"text\": \"singer and mastermind of the acid jazz band Jamiroquai. In 1965, on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, a unique hat-trick of consecutive number 1s took place in the spring, all from Mancunian pop groups. Freddie and the Dreamers spent two weeks at the top with \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" (April 10–24), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (24 April-1 May), and finally Herman's Hermits with \\\"Mrs Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\\\", a further three weeks (1–22 May), a total of six weeks, an achievement never matched even in the UK Top 50. Manchester's main\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Manchester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10225731\",\n \"text\": \"Doyle Holly Doyle Floyd Hendricks (June 30, 1936 – January 13, 2007), known by the stage name Doyle Holly, was an American musician best known as the bass guitar player of the country music band Buck Owens and the Buckaroos and for his solo hit songs \\\"Queen Of The Silver Dollar\\\" and \\\"Lila\\\". Holly's contributions on bass guitar and rhythm guitar were a key component of the Bakersfield sound. The Buckaroos had more than 30 Top 40 singles on the country music charts in the 1960s and early 1970s, with 21 number one hits such as \\\"I've Got a Tiger\",\n \"title\": \"Doyle Holly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5507142\",\n \"text\": \"singles included on the album had charted in the United Kingdom, peaking at the following positions on the UK Singles Chart: \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\" number 26; \\\"Eight Miles High\\\" number 24; \\\"All I Really Want to Do\\\" number 4; and \\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\" number 1. Author Johnny Rogan has stated that, in particular, \\\"Eight Miles High\\\", \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\", and \\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\" were widely influential during the 1960s, a time when singles, at least in pop music, were as important in their own right as albums, and generally more so. Rogan further opined that \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\" summed up\",\n \"title\": \"The Byrds' Greatest Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13845742\",\n \"text\": \"Mr Lee In London Label: His Master's Voice – CSDM6268 Vinyl LP Stereo 1 Tabatha Twitchit 2 To Make A Big Man Cry 3 Stop In The Name Of Love 4 Walkin' With My Angel 5 Maria 6 Why Or Where Or When B Side 1 You Don't Have To Say You Love Me 2 Big Man 3 The Wanderer 4 Tossin' And Turnin' 5 Do You Mind 6 Big Boots Credits · Photography – Sal Criscillo · Recording Engineer – Peter Hitchcock · Produced by Howard Gable · Recorded at HMV Studios – Wellington, New Zealand Mr. Lee Grant\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Gable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11134548\",\n \"text\": \"It was because kids were showing up dressed in costume and make-up for their shows along with their parents. As a result, many teenage fans felt alienated and were turned off by the band. \\\"Radioactive\\\" and \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" were played at a few shows during the tour and \\\"Let Me Go, Rock 'n' Roll\\\" and \\\"Christine Sixteen\\\" were put in their places. Dynasty Tour The Dynasty Tour was a concert tour by the rock band Kiss. It was their first tour since the Alive II Tour ended on April 2, 1978 in Japan. The Dynasty Tour, also known as\",\n \"title\": \"Dynasty Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"364634\",\n \"text\": \"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1964), \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (1968), \\\"The Boxer\\\" (1969), and \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Simon & Garfunkel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15348624\",\n \"text\": \"young Doug Fieger), and blue eyed soul rockers the Rationals. In 1965 Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels had a national top 10 hit with \\\"Jenny Take A Ride!\\\" and then again the following year in 1966 with \\\"Devil With A Blue Dress On\\\"/\\\"Good Golly, Miss Molly\\\". Also in 1966, Flint's Question Mark & the Mysterians had a No. 1 hit with \\\"96 Tears\\\". Finally, in 1967, Detroit blues-rock outfit the Woolies had a regional smash hit with the Bo Diddley song \\\"Who Do You Love?\\\". In the late 1960s, two well-known high-energy rock bands emerged from Detroit - the\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Detroit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8521748\",\n \"text\": \"and covers of hits by Bobby Lewis and Mina, respectively \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" and \\\"La voce del silenzio\\\". The album sold over 100,000 copies in the USA. Besides being Jean Terrell's final Supremes album, \\\"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\\\" was the first of only two Supremes' LPs to include vocals from member Lynda Laurence, the other being the live album \\\"In Japan!\\\". Laurence had replaced Cindy Birdsong earlier in 1972 and joined original Supreme Mary Wilson and Terrell for these sessions just prior to her official inclusion into the group. \\\"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6987937\",\n \"text\": \"Crispian St. Peters Crispian St. Peters (born Robin Peter Smith, 5 April 1939 – 8 June 2010) was an English pop singer-songwriter, best known for his work in the 1960s, particularly his 1966 hits, The Changin' Times' \\\"The Pied Piper\\\" and Ian & Sylvia's \\\"You Were on My Mind\\\". St. Peters was born in Swanley, Kent and attended Swanley Secondary Modern School. He learned guitar and left school in 1954 to become an assistant cinema projectionist. As a young man, he performed in several relatively unknown bands in England. In 1956, he gave his first live performance, as a member\",\n \"title\": \"Crispian St. Peters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678924\",\n \"text\": \"next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361282\",\n \"text\": \"100 pop chart. At the end of the year, Gordy assigned Ross as the group's lead singer, even though Ballard was usually the lead vocalist. The group scored their first number-one hit with \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", paving the way for unprecedented success: between August 1964 and May 1967, Ross, Wilson, and Ballard sang on ten number-one hit singles, all of which also made the UK top 40. The group had also become a hit with audiences both domestically and abroad, going on to become Motown's most successful vocal act throughout the sixties. Following significant issues with her comportment,\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678922\",\n \"text\": \"complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds. During 1963, the Beatles and other beat groups, such as the Searchers and the Hollies, achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119096\",\n \"text\": \"The number five \\\"She's Not You\\\" (1962) \\\"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\\\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \\\"Elvis Is Back!\\\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \\\"Down in the Alley\\\" and \\\"Hi-Heel Sneakers\\\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \\\"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\\\", a number one in 1960. \\\"It's Now or Never\\\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \\\"’O sole mio\\\" and concluding with a\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2443201\",\n \"text\": \"Fame in 1973 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1995. Miller won 11 Grammy Awards. In Erick, Oklahoma where he grew up, a thoroughfare was renamed \\\"Roger Miller Boulevard\\\" and a museum dedicated to Miller was built on the road in 2004. Below is a list of awards won by Miller: Roger Miller Roger Dean Miller, Sr. (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits \\\"King of the Road\\\", \\\"Dang Me\\\", and \\\"England Swings\\\", all from the mid-1960s\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10425900\",\n \"text\": \"begins with Lewis singing \\\"I couldn't sleep at all last night,\\\" and it appears this way on most oldies compilations. However, on some releases the song has a prelude, where Lewis sings \\\"Baby...Baby...you did something to me,\\\" followed by a musical cue into the first verse. Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live. The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece, Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax, Paul Griffin on Piano, and Sticks Evans on drums. In 2008,\",\n \"title\": \"Tossin' and Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2183931\",\n \"text\": \"and Barry Whitwam of Herman's Hermits after the exit of Peter Noone. Although Leckenby died in 1994, Foote has continued with the Hermits through to the present. The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \\\"A Groovy Kind of Love\\\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and\",\n \"title\": \"The Mindbenders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4380522\",\n \"text\": \"Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \\\"Yeh, Yeh\\\" in 1964, \\\"Get Away\\\" in 1966 and \\\"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\\\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and\",\n \"title\": \"Georgie Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2183924\",\n \"text\": \"The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \\\"A Groovy Kind of Love\\\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and Eric Stewart. The group was later joined by Grahame Foote. The name of the group was inspired by the title of a 1963 UK feature film, starring\",\n \"title\": \"The Mindbenders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5050808\",\n \"text\": \"drums. Their range covers pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence. The core members since 1958 have been Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch. Along with the Fender guitar, another cornerstone of the Shadows sound was the Vox amplifier. The Shadows, with Cliff Richard, dominated British popular music in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the years before the Beatles. The Shadows' number one hits included \\\"Apache\\\", \\\"Kon-Tiki\\\", \\\"Wonderful Land\\\", \\\"Foot Tapper\\\" and \\\"Dance On!\\\". Although they lost ground in the late '60s, the band had a second success from the late '70s. The Shadows are the\",\n \"title\": \"The Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19561393\",\n \"text\": \"Pete Chester Pete Chester (born 9 September 1941) is an English drummer and songwriter. He is the son of Charlie Chester, comedian and broadcaster. Chester started his career by forming the band The Five Chesternuts with Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch in 1957, which released the unsuccessful single \\\"Teenage Love\\\" on the Columbia label and appeared on the \\\"Six-Five Special\\\" on BBC television. Marvin and Welch left in 1958 to join Cliff Richard and The Drifters, which later became Cliff Richard and The Shadows. Chester had a UK Hit Record in 1960 - \\\"Ten Swingin' Bottles\\\" which reached the Top\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Chester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3063204\",\n \"text\": \"songs for Lewis, Cash, and others. His third single for the Sun subsidiary, Phillips International Records, was the 1960 Top 30 hit, \\\"Lonely Weekends\\\", which was notable for its Presley-like vocals. It sold more than one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America. None of his seven follow-up singles was a success, however, though several of the songs became staples in his live set, including \\\"Who Will the Next Fool Be\\\", \\\"Sittin' and Thinkin'\\\", and \\\"No Headstone on My Grave\\\". These songs were often recorded by others to varying degrees of success,\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Rich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562178\",\n \"text\": \"charts. In the United States for the years 1964 to 1966, the group achieved 12 number-one singles and nine number-one albums on the \\\"Billboard\\\" charts; by comparison, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys each had three chart-topping singles and one number-one album. In the US, in the case of singles for the decade, the Beatles headed Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Brenda Lee, the Supremes and the Beach Boys; in albums sales, they were followed by Presley, Sinatra, Herb Alpert, the Kingston Trio and Andy Williams. The Beach Boys, along with the Four Seasons, were the only two American pop\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural impact of the Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3437944\",\n \"text\": \"group LeRoy & His Rockin' Fellers and TV-stars-turned-singers like Clint Eastwood and Merv Griffin. In mid-1966, 23-year-old Neil Bogart was made the label's new head of A&R. Turning to midwestern garage bands and orchestrated soul productions (including the distribution of Curtis Mayfield's \\\"Windy C\\\" label), Bogart managed to shepherd in a brief Cameo-Parkway renaissance. The last major hits for the label were \\\"96 Tears\\\" by Question Mark and the Mysterians (picked up from independent Pa-Go-Go Records), which went to #1 in the fall of 1966; a novelty remake of \\\"Wild Thing\\\" by an impressionist imitating Robert F. Kennedy under the\",\n \"title\": \"Cameo-Parkway Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361267\",\n \"text\": \"Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, including \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", \\\"Baby Love\\\", \\\"Come See About Me\\\", \\\"Stop! In the Name of\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"285898\",\n \"text\": \"actress in November 1957 with an appearance on her father's ABC-TV variety series, but initially achieved success only in Europe and Japan. In early 1966 she had a transatlantic number-one hit with \\\"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\\\". She appeared on TV in high boots, and with colorfully dressed go-go dancers, creating a popular and enduring image of the Swinging Sixties. The song was written by Lee Hazlewood, who wrote and produced most of her hits and sang with her on several duets, including \\\"Some Velvet Morning\\\". In 1966 and 1967, Sinatra charted with 13 titles, all of which featured\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Sinatra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446271\",\n \"text\": \"follow-ups to \\\"Don't Make Me Over\\\" — \\\"This Empty Place\\\" (with \\\"B\\\" side \\\"Wishin' and Hopin' \\\" later recorded by Dusty Springfield) and \\\"Make The Music Play\\\" — charted briefly in the top 100. Her fourth single, \\\"Anyone Who Had a Heart,\\\" released in December 1963, was Warwick's first top 10 pop hit (#8) in the U.S. and also an international million seller. This was followed by \\\"Walk On By\\\" in April 1964, a major international hit and million seller that solidified her career. For the rest of the 1960s, Warwick was a fixture on the U.S. and Canadian charts,\",\n \"title\": \"Dionne Warwick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5826921\",\n \"text\": \"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \\\"Make It Easy on Yourself\\\" and \\\"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\\\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit\",\n \"title\": \"The Walker Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10461155\",\n \"text\": \"Judy Stone Judith Anne Stone AM (born 1 January 1942) is an Australian pop and country music singer. For much of the 1960s she was a regular performer on \\\"Bandstand\\\", a pop music TV show, hosted by Brian Henderson. Stone's top 20 singles on the national charts are \\\"I'll Step Down\\\" (No. 19, February 1962), \\\"4,003,221 Tears from Now\\\" (April 1964), \\\"Born a Woman\\\" (No. 3, September 1966) and \\\"Would You Lay with Me\\\" (No. 2, June 1974). On the Queen's Birthday Honours List of June 2006, Stone was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia, with the citation,\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Stone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15467667\",\n \"text\": \"of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \\\"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\\\", the best-selling \\\"Hard Headed Woman\\\", and \\\"One Night\\\" in 1958, and \\\"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\\\" and the number one \\\"A Big Hunk o' Love\\\" in 1959. RCA also managed to generate four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \\\"Elvis' Golden Records\\\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. On January 20, 1960, Presley was promoted to sergeant. The army held\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley's Army career\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9371259\",\n \"text\": \"award from \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine. Peter Green (later to become Peter Lee Stirling) started his career as the guitarist and vocalist with a band called the Beachcombers that played gigs in the Birmingham area during the period from 1958 to 1962. Their fortunes changed when they encountered Tommy Bruce, who had a number 3 hit in 1960 with \\\"Ain't Misbehavin\\\". This, and some subsequent releases, had been attributed to 'Tommy Bruce and the Bruisers', despite the fact that the instrumental backings were provided by session musicians at EMI. Bruce's account of the meeting was as follows: \\\"I met them up\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel Boone (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7520627\",\n \"text\": \"Colin Burgess (musician) Colin John Burgess (born 16 November 1946) is an Australian musician who was a drummer in the rock group the Masters Apprentices from 1968 to 1972 and was the original drummer for hard rockers AC/DC (November 1973–February 1974). The Masters Apprentices had top 20 singles chart success with \\\"5:10 Man\\\", \\\"Think about Tomorrow Today\\\", \\\"Turn Up Your Radio\\\" and \\\"Because I Love You\\\". In 1998 The Masters Apprentices, with Burgess, were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. He has performed in various bands with his brother, Denny Burgess, on bass guitar and vocals, including His Majesty.\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Burgess (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11018031\",\n \"text\": \"I'm Telling You Now \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's subsidiary, Tower Records, re-released the song, which became extremely popular and propelled Freddie and the Dreamers to pop-music\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Telling You Now\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15506246\",\n \"text\": \"recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2072029\",\n \"text\": \"Brunswick was a New York-based label, but under the aegis of producer and A&R man Carl Davis in Chicago, the company produced a large body of Chicago style soul, beginning in 1966, when Jackie Wilson started recording in Chicago. Wilson's biggest hit with Davis was \\\"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher.\\\" Other Brunswick artists included The Chi-Lites (\\\"Oh Girl\\\"), The Artistics (\\\"I'm Gonna Miss You\\\"), Barbara Acklin (\\\"Love Makes A Woman\\\"), Tyrone Davis (\\\"Turn Back the Hands of Time\\\"), and Gene Chandler (\\\"The Girl Don't Care\\\"). Brunswick was eventually acquired by Carl Davis, and the offices moved to\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago soul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4574049\",\n \"text\": \"York, merging American R&B styles with Afro-Cuban instrumentation. Cuba was one of the key architects behind the emerging Latin Boogaloo sound, which became a popular and influential Latin style in the latter half of the 1960s. In 1966, his band scored a hit on the United States National Hit Parade List with the song \\\"Bang Bang\\\"— which helped kick off the popularity of the boogaloo. He also had a No. 1 hit that year on the \\\"Billboard\\\" charts with the song \\\"Sock It To Me\\\". On April 1999, Joe Cuba was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Cuba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1963434\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Billboard\\\" pop charts on January 16, 1961 (No. 1 pop, Cash Box), which established Motown as an independent company worthy of notice. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes' \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\" made it to the top of both charts. Gordy's gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists' public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Over the next decade, he signed such artists as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations, Jimmy Ruffin, the Contours, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, the Commodores, the Velvelettes, Martha and\",\n \"title\": \"Berry Gordy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8837614\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song) \\\"Let's Party\\\" was a popular single by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers. The third single by the father and son DJ team Andy and John Pickles it reached the top of the UK Singles Chart for a single week in December 1989. They became only the third act to reach No. 1 with their first three singles, following on from Gerry and the Pacemakers in 1964 and Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984, and took the shortest time to achieve the feat. The record follows on from the formula which took their\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11449890\",\n \"text\": \"of a repentant, aging gambler, looking back on his wasted life. The most famous such song is \\\"The House of the Rising Sun\\\". Lonnie Donegan recorded \\\"Gamblin' Man\\\" as the B-side to \\\"Putting on the Style\\\" and took \\\"Jack O' Diamonds\\\" to number 1 in the UK in 1957. Other games such as tennis, boating and croquet were middle-class pursuits and are not mentioned in folk-songs. However, a collection of Victorian and Edwardian parlour songs, \\\"Play the Game\\\" was recorded by Ian Partridge, Peter Savidge and Jennifer Partridge with The Song and Supper Club in 2001. Whaling could be considered\",\n \"title\": \"Sporting song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6460439\",\n \"text\": \"B. J. Wilson Barrie James Wilson (18 March 1947 – 8 October 1990) was an English rock drummer. He was best known as a member of Procol Harum for the majority of their original career from 1967 to 1977. Wilson was born in Edmonton, London, and grew up in Ponders End. In 1962 he joined a Southend on Sea group The Paramounts, who scored a hit with \\\"Poison Ivy\\\" in 1964. After follow up singles failed to chart, the group disbanded in 1966 and Wilson went into session drumming, playing with Cat Stevens and Lulu. While he was busy with\",\n \"title\": \"B. J. Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12408932\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Loizzo Gary Alexander Loizzo (August 16, 1945 – January 16, 2016) was an American guitarist, singer, recording engineer, and record producer. He is best known for being the lead singer with The American Breed. Loizzo was the lead singer of The American Breed, formed in the mid 1960s. They had several hit records, including the million selling single \\\"Bend Me, Shape Me\\\" in 1967-1968 and two other top 40 Billboard singles \\\"Green Light\\\" and \\\"Step out of your Mind\\\" and other top 100 hits. Loizzo then went on to start his own recording studio called 'Pumpkin Studios' in the\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Loizzo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2248625\",\n \"text\": \"The Seeds' first single, \\\"Can't Seem to Make You Mine\\\", was a regional hit in Southern California in 1965. The song was also played regularly on AM rock stations in northern California (and probably elsewhere), where it was well received by listeners, and eventually went on to become, and is considered today, a 60s cult classic song. The band had a national Top 40 hit, \\\"Pushin' Too Hard\\\", in 1966 and performed the song on national television. Three subsequent singles, \\\"Mr. Farmer\\\" (also 1966), a re-release of \\\"Can't Seem To Make You Mine\\\" (1967), and \\\"A Thousand Shadows\\\" (1967) achieved\",\n \"title\": \"The Seeds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6457426\",\n \"text\": \"James Ray (singer) James Ray (1941 – c. 1964), born James Jay Raymond, was an African American R&B singer of the early 1960s best known for the hit single \\\"If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody\\\", which went to number 10 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962. He also recorded the original version of \\\"Got My Mind Set on You\\\", later a number-one hit for George Harrison. Born in Washington, D.C., Ray stood just 5' tall and first recorded as Little Jimmy Ray, releasing \\\"Make Her Mine\\\" on the\",\n \"title\": \"James Ray (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13367787\",\n \"text\": \"in early 1988. This song was recorded by Little Jimmy Dickens (1965). In the 1960s it was covered in 1967 by Mel Tillis and released as a single where it went to #11, Charley Pride (1967), George Jones (1967), James Carr (1968), Sonny Strickland (Unknown year), and Ernest Tubb (1968). Many more famous country acts would cover the song such as Willie Nelson and Conway Twitty. \\\"Life Turned Her That Way\\\" reached #1 on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart and on The Canadian \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks chart. It was his first single to reach #1 on that chart.\",\n \"title\": \"Life Turned Her That Way\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8077795\",\n \"text\": \"Records, \\\"What More Do You Want\\\" as the Ivy League. Their luck changed when Herman's Hermits recorded \\\"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\\\" and took it to number 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the United States. In the UK it was a smaller hit for Goldie and the Gingerbreads. They then provided backing vocals for \\\"I Can't Explain\\\", by the Who. In 1965 and 1966, The Ivy League scored four UK chart hits, including \\\"Tossing and Turning\\\", which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and \\\"Funny How Love Can Be\\\" top 10 hit. By early 1966 Carter\",\n \"title\": \"John Carter (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9522607\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Shankly had won promotion in 1962 and soon after won the league title in 1964, and again in 1966, with an FA Cup in between; their neighbours Everton meanwhile had similar success, taking two league titles in 1963 and 1970, and the FA Cup in 1966. Players who dominated the English scene during the 1960s include Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, Bobby Charlton, George Best, Denis Law, Jimmy Greaves, Francis Lee, Jeff Astle, Gordon Banks and Roger Hunt. With the exception of Best and Law, all of these players appeared for the England team, with six of them being in\",\n \"title\": \"History of football in England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7224815\",\n \"text\": \"dates. Both disc sales exceeded one million copies, resulting in R.I.A.A. gold record awards by 1969. The group had nine Billboard Hot 100 Singles hits from 1966 to 1968, including versions of \\\"Go Away Little Girl\\\" (#12) (a #1 hit for Steve Lawrence in 1962 and later for Donny Osmond in 1971) and \\\"My Mammy\\\" (#13) (popularized by Al Jolson in the 1920s). They also both achieved sales in excess of one million copies, garnering the group another couple of gold records. \\\"Hare Krishna,\\\" a version of a song from the musical \\\"Hair\\\" (1969), was the group's last Hot 100\",\n \"title\": \"The Happenings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119023\",\n \"text\": \"induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \\\"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\\\", the best-selling \\\"Hard Headed Woman\\\", and \\\"One Night\\\" in 1958, and \\\"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\\\" and the number one \\\"A Big Hunk o' Love\\\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \\\"Elvis' Golden Records\\\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged three days later with the rank of sergeant. The train that carried him from\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172114\",\n \"text\": \"Gordon Waller Gordon Trueman Riviere Waller (4 June 1945 – 17 July 2009) was a Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known as Gordon of the 1960s pop music duo Peter and Gordon, whose biggest hit was the No. 1 million-selling classic \\\"A World Without Love\\\". Waller was born in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of a prominent surgeon. The family later moved to Middlesex, when Waller was a child, where Waller gained entrance to Westminster School. While attending Westminster School, he met fellow student Peter Asher, also the son of a doctor, and they began playing together as a duo\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon Waller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9853035\",\n \"text\": \"climb in the UK Singles Chart. At the end of August the record reached No. 1. Outside the UK \\\"Have I the Right?\\\" was a big success too. The song became #1 in Australia, Canada and Sweden. In the US the record reached #5 and in the Netherlands #2. \\\"Have I the Right?\\\" sold worldwide about two million copies within a year. In July 1965, the British music magazine \\\"NME\\\" reported that it had been agreed in the London High Court that \\\"Have I the Right?\\\" was the work of Howard and Blaikley. Composer Geoff Goddard agreed to drop allegations\",\n \"title\": \"Have I the Right?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3675691\",\n \"text\": \"massive wave of chart success that would continue until the Beatles broke up in 1970. On 4 April 1964, the Beatles held the top 5 positions on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart, the only time to date that any act has accomplished this. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles in the US. Other acts that were part of the \\\"invasion\\\" included The Who, The Kinks,\",\n \"title\": \"British rock music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3697838\",\n \"text\": \"Byrds' first single, a jangly cover of Bob Dylan's \\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\", was an international hit and marked the birth of folk rock. During the mid-1960s the Byrds ranked as one of the most successful and influential American pop groups; they recorded a string of hits, including \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\", \\\"Eight Miles High\\\" and \\\"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\\\". Hillman kept a low profile on the band's first two albums, on which McGuinn and Clark shared lead vocals with Crosby adding high harmony and singing the bridge on \\\"All I Really Want to Do\\\". However,\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Hillman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20069834\",\n \"text\": \"was an American vocal group that had 40 charted singles on the Billboard \\\"Hot 100 Chart\\\" between 1955 and 1967, including four No. 1 hits, and for a period of time was the most successful vocal group in the world. From the age of 20 to the present time, Conti has performed with some of the world's greatest artists both in the studio and touring the globe, including Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Gene Simmons, Wilson Pickett, Jose Feliciano, Richie Sambora, Paul Simon, Earth, Wind & Fire, Rita Coolidge, Helen Reddy, Karen Carpenter, Laura Brannigan, Player, Raquel Welch, The Brooklyn Dreams\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Conti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"764030\",\n \"text\": \"and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \\\"I Remember You\\\", \\\"Lovesick Blues\\\" (both 1962) and \\\"The Wayward Wind\\\" (1963). \\\"I Remember You\\\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4197831\",\n \"text\": \"and Barclay James Harvest and 10cc in the early 1970s. \\\"Top of the Pops\\\" was also recorded by the BBC at this time in the city. In 1965, Herman's Hermits outsold The Beatles, selling over 10 million records in seven months. Manchester bands Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman's Hermits topped the American Billboard charts consecutively during mid-April – May 1965. In 1965, all three bands were numbers 1, 2 and 3 on the US Billboard top 100 for one week. Graham Nash of The Hollies moved to California to become part of the rapidly\",\n \"title\": \"Popular music of Manchester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1443416\",\n \"text\": \"Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \\\"Itchycoo Park\\\", \\\"Lazy Sunday\\\", \\\"All or Nothing\\\", and \\\"Tin Soldier\\\", as well as their concept album \\\"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\\\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until 1969. The\",\n \"title\": \"Small Faces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6280098\",\n \"text\": \"with familiar songs (like \\\"Blue Suede Shoes\\\" and \\\"Money (That's What I Want)\\\") that suited the mood of the program. Rock and roll revival Rock and Roll Revival was a back-to-basics musical trend of the late 1960s and early 1970s, in a sort-of backlash against the heavier and psychedelic rock sounds then in vogue. As the Sixties ended, several early rock and rollers like Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley & His Comets and Bo Diddley, who had been out of fashion since the British Invasion, experienced a resurgence in popularity, performing their old hits\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and roll revival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13591880\",\n \"text\": \"in April 1964 saw them, uniquely, hold the top 5 positions on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart simultaneously. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included The Dave Clark Five, Tom Jones, The Kinks and The Who At this point most of the British Invasion bands did not distinguish their rock 'n' roll or blues based music from\",\n \"title\": \"British pop music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1755751\",\n \"text\": \"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \\\"Walk Through This World With Me\\\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \\\"Love Bug\\\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \\\"Things Have Gone to Pieces\\\", \\\"The Race Is On\\\", \\\"My Favorite Lies\\\", \\\"I'll Share My World with You\\\", \\\"Take Me\\\" (a\",\n \"title\": \"George Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4382526\",\n \"text\": \"roster, including Gracie Fields and Joan Regan. He recorded his first solo single \\\"Party Pops\\\" in 1957, a \\\"medley of standard songs\\\" which included \\\"Roll the Carpet Up\\\" and \\\"The Westminster Waltz\\\". Between 1957 and 1963, Conway had 20 UK chart hits, and in 1959 alone he achieved a cumulative total of 83 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. This included two self-penned number one instrumentals, \\\"Side Saddle\\\" and \\\"Roulette\\\", the latter deposing Elvis Presley's \\\"A Fool Such As I\\\". He appeared frequently on light entertainment TV shows and radio for many years afterwards, performing at the London Palladium on\",\n \"title\": \"Russ Conway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2544059\",\n \"text\": \"beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones, the Kinks and the Yardbirds. The term \\\"British Invasion\\\" was mainstreamed by T.V. reporter Walter Cronkite to describe the Beatles' arrival in the United States and the outbreak of Beatlemania in 1964. Their appearance on \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\" soon after led to chart success. During the next two years, the Animals, Petula Clark, the Dave Clark Five, the Rolling Stones, Donovan, Peter and Gordon, Manfred Mann, Freddie and the Dreamers, The Zombies, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, and the Troggs would have one or more number one singles\",\n \"title\": \"Beat music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5988752\",\n \"text\": \"dances, including the Mashed Potato, the Jerk, and the Freddie. The dance was also done by Ozzie Nelson and called out by name at the end of an episode titled flying down to Mexico for lunch which also featured music by Herb Alpert and his Tijuana Brass. Freddie (dance) The Freddie was a short-lived 1960s fad dance prompted by the release of the songs \\\"I'm Telling You Now,\\\" and \\\"Do the Freddie,\\\" both by the British band, Freddie and the Dreamers. \\\"Do the Freddie\\\" had been a #18 hit in the United States in 1965, and American dance craze stalwart\",\n \"title\": \"Freddie (dance)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1309295\",\n \"text\": \"Am I\\\", was co-written by Norma Tanega and Norma Kutzer. By late 1966, Springfield was in a domestic relationship with Tanega – a US-born singer-songwriter who had a UK Top 30 hit with the novelty song, \\\"Walkin' My Cat Named Dog\\\". Springfield's ITV series \\\"It Must Be Dusty\\\" was broadcast in May and June 1968, episode six featured a duet performance of \\\"Mockingbird\\\" with singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix fronting his band, The Experience. By 1968 Carole King, a songwriter whom Springfield had frequently tapped for material, had embarked on a solo singing career, while her relationship with the chart-peaking Bacharach-David partnership\",\n \"title\": \"Dusty Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7297314\",\n \"text\": \"B. A. Robertson Brian Alexander \\\"B. A.\\\" Robertson (born 12 September 1956) is a Scottish musician, actor, composer and songwriter. He had a string of hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, characterised by catchy pop tunes and jaunty, humorous lyrics, most notably \\\"Bang Bang\\\", a tongue-in-cheek commentary on famous historical and fictional couples. He co-wrote the Grammy-nominated and Ivor Novello Award-winning \\\"The Living Years\\\". It was a number one hit in the USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland and reached #2 in his native UK. He has also written music for films and been a television presenter. Born in\",\n \"title\": \"B. A. Robertson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2302073\",\n \"text\": \"Roy Wood Roy Wood (born 8 November 1946) is an English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was particularly successful in the 1960s and 1970s as member and co-founder of the Move, Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard. As a songwriter, he contributed a number of hits to the repertoire of these bands. Collectively, hit records by the Move, Electric Light Orchestra, Wizzard, and Wood's own solo singles demonstrated an impressive chart run for an individual, both as composer and performer. Altogether he had more than 20 singles in the UK Singles Chart under various guises, including three UK No. 1 hits. The\",\n \"title\": \"Roy Wood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5082484\",\n \"text\": \"The Hollywood Argyles The Hollywood Argyles were an American musical ensemble, assembled for studio recordings by the producer and songwriter Kim Fowley and his friend and fellow musician Gary S. Paxton. They had a US number one hit record, \\\"Alley Oop\\\" (Lute Records 5905) in 1960. According to Paxton – who, at the time, was half of Skip & Flip – \\\"Alley Oop\\\" was written by Dallas Frazier as a country tune: \\\"As for the name, Kim Fowley and I were living in a $15-a-week room in Hollywood... Since I was still under contract (to Brent Records) as 'Flip,' I\",\n \"title\": \"The Hollywood Argyles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6918119\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Thorpe William Richard \\\"Billy\\\" Thorpe, AM (29 March 1946 – 28 February 2007) was an English-born Australian pop / rock singer-songwriter, producer,and musician. As lead singer of his band Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, he had success in the 1960s with \\\"Blue Day\\\", \\\"Poison Ivy\\\", \\\"Over the Rainbow\\\", \\\"Sick and Tired\\\", \\\"Baby, Hold Me Close\\\" and \\\"Mashed Potato\\\"; and in the 1970s with \\\"Most People I Know Think That I'm Crazy\\\". Featuring in concerts at Sunbury Pop Festivals and Myer Music Bowl in the early 1970s, the Aztecs also developed the pub rock scene and were one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Thorpe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5820797\",\n \"text\": \"outside in the hundreds,\\\" he recalled. \\\"They were always yanking off my glasses and pulling out tufts of hair, which was very, very painful.\\\" The Mindbenders split with Fontana in late 1965. They had a UK No. 2 hit with \\\"A Groovy Kind of Love\\\" in early 1966 with Stewart on vocals. They reached the top 20 later that year with \\\"Ashes To Ashes\\\". Stewart, who was devoting more time to songwriting, became disenchanted with the Mindbenders towards the end of its existence, realising the material they were playing was drifting further from the music for which they had gained\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7718892\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Greene Jack Henry Greene (January 7, 1930 – March 14, 2013) was an American country musician. Nicknamed the \\\"Jolly Greene Giant\\\" due to his height and deep voice, Greene was a long time member of the Grand Ole Opry. A three-time Grammy Award nominee, Greene is best known for his 1966 hit, \\\"There Goes My Everything\\\". The song dominated the Country music charts for nearly two months in 1967 and earned Greene \\\"Male Vocalist of the Year\\\", \\\"Single of the Year\\\", \\\"Album of the Year\\\" and \\\"Song of the Year\\\" honors from the Country Music Association. Greene had a\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Greene\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12649342\",\n \"text\": \"was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \\\"rock and roll\\\" stations. \\\"Billboard\\\" first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \\\"Boll Weevil Song\\\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \\\"not too far out in either direction\\\". Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of\",\n \"title\": \"Adult contemporary music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1443447\",\n \"text\": \"General Specific Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \\\"Itchycoo Park\\\", \\\"Lazy Sunday\\\", \\\"All or Nothing\\\", and \\\"Tin Soldier\\\", as well as their concept album \\\"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\\\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until\",\n \"title\": \"Small Faces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11018032\",\n \"text\": \"stardom. The dancing by Freddie and the band during this song spawned a minor dance fad, \\\"The Freddie\\\". I'm Telling You Now \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Telling You Now\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9371263\",\n \"text\": \"the subsequent releases, \\\"Your Turn To Cry\\\" and \\\"I Believe\\\", were unsuccessful. The first use of the full name 'Peter Lee Stirling' was in 1964 on \\\"Sad, Lonely and Blue\\\", but none of the eight records issued between 1964 and 1970 under this name entered the UK chart. However, Stirling went on to write or co-write \\\"I Think of You\\\" and \\\"Don't Turn Around\\\", both of which were hits for The Merseybeats, and co-wrote \\\"I Belong\\\" for Kathy Kirby, which came second in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1965. The Bruisers broke up in 1967 and Stirling became the co-owner,\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel Boone (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1428061\",\n \"text\": \"song had been a UK No. 5 for Pitney in 1967. The duet brought him his first UK No. 1, in late January 1989. The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \\\"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\\\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \\\"Love Decides\\\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Pitney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7331250\",\n \"text\": \"1950s retro band, Fanis. Baker saw them perform in 1975 and became their manager, changing their name to Ol' 55 after the Tom Waits song. Baker's management was astute and presented the group as a combination of retro kitsch, rock music and clever theatrics. Baker introduced chartered accountant Peter Brian to the band, and he became their versatile front man Frankie J. Holden; in October, Baker recruited saxophone player Nick Aitken, who performed as Wilbur Wilde. Ol' 55 had hit singles with \\\"On the Prowl\\\", \\\"Looking for an Echo\\\" and the number one \\\"(I Want A) Rockin' Christmas\\\" (which Baker\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn A. Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3015937\",\n \"text\": \"Rick Derringer Rick Derringer (born Ricky Dean Zehringer; August 5, 1947) is an American guitarist, vocalist, Grammy Award-winning producer and entertainer. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a member of the McCoys, when he was brought in to record lead vocals for the number-one hit single with \\\"Hang On Sloopy\\\". He then turned to blues rock, scoring a 1974 hit with \\\"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\\\". He has worked extensively with brothers Edgar and Johnny Winter, and with the group Steely Dan. He also worked with \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic, producing Yankovic's Grammy Award-winning songs \\\"Eat It\\\" and \\\"Fat\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Derringer\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". On the original hit single version, the track\\n\\nWho had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 213,\n \"origin_tokens\": 214,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context: \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine ranked song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10,\\n\\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context Tossin' and TurninTossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10 196 and R&B chart has since standard on old compilations It was the number- on \\\"Billboard\\\" chart for 196 after sp seven consecutive weeks at the top It was featured the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". original version the track\\n: Music of United States in the196:) and strongings many years. aend al of No. onBill\\\" tochanging data methods. When90s de, four. 1 songs tofive, one counts Martyb \\\"El Paso by mid-1s, there always at songs topping chart annually.16, there than2 top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year\\n: Gene: song been a UK5 for in6 brought1,8 The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \\\"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\\\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \\\"Love Decides\\\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\\n\\nWho had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 560,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15327,\n \"ratio\": \"27.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":196,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":196,"string":"196"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Sam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Structure of the Sun","Sun","Orbit of the sun","Solar X-ray astronomy","Internal structure of the Sun","🌞","The Sun","Solarian","Solar glare","Layers of the Sun","Solar photosphere","Solar atmosphere","Solar magnetic field","Sun (astronomy)","Sun gravity","Sunlike","The sun","Atmosphere of the Sun","Exploration of the Sun","Sun (song)","Sun's orbit","Local Star","Sun characteristics","Sol (star)","Sun (star)","Solar diameter","Orbit of the Sun","Local star","Earth's sun","Heliology","Watch sun directly","Parts of the sun"],"string":"[\n \"Structure of the Sun\",\n \"Sun\",\n \"Orbit of the sun\",\n \"Solar X-ray astronomy\",\n \"Internal structure of the Sun\",\n \"🌞\",\n \"The Sun\",\n \"Solarian\",\n \"Solar glare\",\n \"Layers of the Sun\",\n \"Solar photosphere\",\n \"Solar atmosphere\",\n \"Solar magnetic field\",\n \"Sun (astronomy)\",\n \"Sun gravity\",\n \"Sunlike\",\n \"The sun\",\n \"Atmosphere of the Sun\",\n \"Exploration of the Sun\",\n \"Sun (song)\",\n \"Sun's orbit\",\n \"Local Star\",\n \"Sun characteristics\",\n \"Sol (star)\",\n \"Sun (star)\",\n \"Solar diameter\",\n \"Orbit of the Sun\",\n \"Local star\",\n \"Earth's sun\",\n \"Heliology\",\n \"Watch sun directly\",\n \"Parts of the sun\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Sun"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"905604","text":"Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"961450","text":"Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in 1950 at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. There, he discovered and first recorded such influential musicians as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison and Jerry Lee Lewis. Presley's recording contract was eventually sold to RCA Victor Records for $35,000 in 1955 to relieve Sun's financial difficulties. Before those records, Sun had concentrated mainly","title":"Sun Records"},{"id":"12296540","text":"by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Record Collector magazine valued the Beatles related disc (still owned by McCartney) at a value of UK£ 200,000 in their 2016 \"Rare Record Price Guide.\" (A similar one off acetate recording by a pre famous Elvis Presley by Sam Phillips sold at auction for a similar amount previously). Phillips' Sound Recording Services Phillips' Sound Recording Services was a studio in the house of Percy Francis Phillips (1896–1984) and his family at 38 Kensington, Kensington, Liverpool, England. Between the years of 1955 and 1969, Phillips recorded numerous","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"4145744","text":"Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella a Nashville studio, where famed CBS Records producer Billy Sherrill","title":"Phillips Recording"},{"id":"4145746","text":"Knox Phillips has overseen the studio's operations in recent years. Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella","title":"Phillips Recording"},{"id":"961455","text":"Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis grouped round Elvis Presley at the piano, the night when the four joined in an impromptu jam at Sun Records' one-room sound studio, the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" of 4 December 1956. A TV series about the label ran for eight episodes on CMT from February to April, 2017. Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in","title":"Sun Records"},{"id":"4145685","text":"Bros. and Chris Isaak & Silvertone to name a few. In 2003 it was officially recognized as a National Historic Landmark tourist attraction. Sun Studio regularly releases studio session podcasts on YouTube and on Public Television. Sun Studio have announced that PBS affiliate stations will be showing a 30-minute series of \"Sun Studio Sessions\" starting in January 2010. Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business.","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"10296369","text":"by Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Phillips released Presley's recording contract to RCA for the substantial sum, in 1955 dollars, of $35,000 (). This gave RCA the rights to all of Presley's masters recorded at Sun. The first disc presents all eighteen Sun titles from professional recording sessions during the singer's stay at the label. The opening ten tracks comprise the A and b sides of the five officially released Presley singles on the Sun label. Outtakes from sessions at Sun were used to fill in catalogue items for RCA, with five used for Presley's","title":"Sunrise (Elvis Presley album)"},{"id":"905620","text":"Fame, and in 2012 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, on July 30, 2003, only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark, and just over a month before the death of former Sun Records recording star Johnny Cash, on September 12, 2003. Phillips is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis. Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"591226","text":"and 1960s. Beale Street is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American blues, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were \"discovered\" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues. Stax Records created a classic 1960s soul music sound, much grittier and horn-based than","title":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"4145659","text":"Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business. Reputedly the first rock and roll single, Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats' \"Rocket 88\" was recorded there in 1951 with song composer Ike Turner on keyboards, leading the studio to claim status as the birthplace of rock & roll. Blues and R&B artists like Howlin' Wolf, Junior Parker, Little Milton, B.B. King, James Cotton, Rufus Thomas, and","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"905609","text":"inspire his work in Memphis. Beginning in 1945, he worked for four years as an announcer and sound engineer for radio station WREC, in Memphis. On January 3, 1950, Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service, at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. He let amateurs record, which drew performers such as B.B. King, Junior Parker, and Howlin' Wolf, who made their first recordings there. Phillips then sold the recordings to larger labels. In addition to musical performances, Phillips recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings. The Memphis Recording Service also served as the studio for Phillips's own label,","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"2547543","text":"called the Cimmerons to entertain his fellow soldiers. Wayne Hause, a neighbor, suggested that Jenkins could make it in the music industry. Soon after hearing Elvis Presley's song \"Mystery Train\", Jenkins began writing rock and roll material. He went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and worked with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder, to get the \"right\" sound. Allegedly, in 1957, Jenkins decided that his real name was not memorable enough and sought a better show business name. In \"The Billboard Book of Number One Hits\" Fred Bronson states that the singer was looking at a road map","title":"Conway Twitty"},{"id":"905615","text":"Got a Hole in It\"), Charlie Rich, Junior Parker, and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, and others, such as Jerry Lee Lewis, BB King, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins, became stars. Phillips's pivotal role in the early days of rock and roll was exemplified by a celebrated jam session on December 4, 1956, with what became known as the Million Dollar Quartet. Jerry Lee Lewis was playing piano for a Carl Perkins recording session at Phillips's studio. When Elvis Presley walked in unexpectedly, Johnny Cash was called into the studio by Phillips, leading to","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"4145660","text":"Rosco Gordon recorded there in the early 1950s. Rock and roll, country music, and rockabilly artists, including Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Charlie Feathers, Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded there throughout the mid-to-late 1950s until the studio outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 1959 to replace the older facility. Since Phillips had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"6017489","text":"Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \"High School Confidential\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \"Great Balls of Fire\" and \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\" The album is sometimes referred to as \"High School Confidential\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.","title":"Jerry Lee Lewis (album)"},{"id":"4145661","text":"In 1957, Bill Justis recorded his Grammy Hall of Fame song \"Raunchy\" for Sam Phillips and worked as a musical director at Sun Records. In 1969, Sam Phillips sold the label to Shelby Singleton, and there was no recording-related or label-related activity again in the building until the September 1985 \"Class of '55\" recording sessions with Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash, produced by Chips Moman. In 1987, the original building housing the Sun Records label and Memphis Recording Service was reopened by Gary Hardy as \"Sun Studio,\" a recording label and tourist attraction that has","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"9039466","text":"WLFP WLFP is a country music radio station. It is licensed to Germantown, Tennessee, and serves the Memphis area. The station broadcasts at 94.1 MHz frequency. WLFP broadcasts in HD. WLFP is a Class C2 FM station that transmits with an ERP of 50,000 watts from a tower just south of the Mississippi state line, near Olive Branch, Mississippi, and its studios are located in Southeast Memphis. The station's original owner was Sam Phillips, who founded Memphis' Sun Records in the 1950s, and is credited with discovering Elvis Presley. The station was originally WLVS-FM (named in honor of Elvis Presley)","title":"WLFP"},{"id":"12296539","text":"mine [and Harrison] on the other side that's never been released before.\" Other customers of Phillips' studio included The Swinging Blue Jeans, Brian Epstein, Freddie Starr, Willy Russell, Liverpool F.C. supporters club, and players from Everton F.C.. Denny Seyton and The Sabres recorded \"Little Latin Lupe Lu\" (Bill Medley) in the studio in 1963. Phillips closed the studio in 1969, the record shop in 1974, and died in 1984, at the Royal Liverpool Hospital. The recording of The Quarrymen acetate and the site of Phillips' Sound Recording Services was commemorated on 26 August 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"4145745","text":"got his start, and a studio in Tupelo, Mississippi for demos. The Nashville and Tupelo studios were short-lived. Sun Records' many artists recorded there until 1969, when the label was sold to Mercury Records producer Shelby Singleton of Nashville. Phillips Recording continued operating, and hosted recordings by a newer generation of rock-and-roll groups like the Cramps, starting in 1979, drawn in part by the mystique of Sam Phillips. Numerous Memphis veteran sessions musicians of several genres, from soul to country, rock and others, have worked there over the years, and the studio still records various musical styles. Sam Phillips' son","title":"Phillips Recording"},{"id":"905613","text":"already a well-known Memphis radio personality. On 18 July 1953, the eighteen-year-old Presley dropped into the studio to record an acetate for his mother's birthday; Keisker thought she heard some talent in the young truck driver's voice, and so she turned on the tape recorder. Later, she played it for Phillips, who gradually, with Keisker's encouragement, warmed to the idea of recording Elvis. Presley, who recorded his version of Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup's \"That's All Right\" at Phillips's studio, became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States. He auditioned for Phillips in 1954, but it was","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"8414251","text":"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography The Johnny Cash Sun Records discography details the music recorded by country music legend Johnny Cash and released on Sun Records. From late 1954 to July, 1958, Cash recorded for Sun Records, a label founded by Sam Phillips and located at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Despite making his final recordings for Sun in 1958 and subsequently moving to Columbia Records, Phillips amassed sufficient backlog to continue to release new material by Cash in single and album format until as late as 1964. Cash was the first Sun artist to release an LP The following","title":"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography"},{"id":"118971","text":"the record as a gift for his mother, or that he was merely interested in what he \"sounded like\", although there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argued that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, \"I sing all kinds.\" When she pressed him on who he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, \"I don't sound like nobody.\" After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"905618","text":"the first investors in Holiday Inn, a motel chain that was about to expand to a nationwide franchise; he became involved with the chain shortly after selling Elvis Presley's contract to RCA, for $35,000, which he multiplied many times over the years with Holiday Inn. He also created two subsidiary recording labels, Phillips International Records and Holiday Inn Records. He owned the Sun Studio Café in Memphis. One location was in the Mall of Memphis. Phillips and his family founded Big River Broadcasting Corporation, which owns and operates several radio stations in the Florence, Alabama, area, including WQLT-FM, WSBM, and","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"11424347","text":"B. King worked there as a disc jockey. B. B. King's moniker was derived from his WDIA nickname, \"Beale Street Blues Boy\", a reference to Memphis' Beale Street on which many nightclubs and blues venues were located. WHER, the first all-female station (\"All-Girl Radio\"), was founded in 1955 by the recording studio owner Sam Phillips and Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson. In addition to a rich musical heritage, Memphis also boasts a long culinary legacy dominated by regional barbecue. Memphis barbecue is rendered distinct by its sole usage of pork (as opposed to beef), focus on rib and shoulder cuts","title":"History of Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"12398843","text":"Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \"Marvin Gaye Studios\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \"I Want You\", \"Here, My Dear\", the hit single \"Got to Give It Up\", his shelved","title":"Marvin's Room (studio)"},{"id":"4145666","text":"Some biographers have suggested that it was Phillips' inventive creativeness that led to the song's unique sound, but others put it down to the fact that the amplifier used on the record was broken, leading to a \"fuzzy\" sound. The Sun Studio tour lends credence to the latter, with the tour guide saying the amplifier was stuffed with wads of newspaper. In early 1952, Phillips once again launched his own record label, this time calling it Sun Records. During his first year he recorded several artists who would go on to have successful careers. Among them were B.B. King, Joe","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"905616","text":"an impromptu session featuring the four musicians. Phillips challenged the four to achieve gold record sales, offering a free Cadillac to the first, which Carl Perkins won. The contest is commemorated in a song by the Drive-By Truckers. By the mid-1960s, Phillips rarely recorded. He built a satellite studio and opened radio stations, but the studio declined, and he sold Sun Records to Shelby Singleton in 1969. In 1977 Sam's sons, Knox and Jerry, were working with John Prine at the Phillips Recording Studio when Sam Phillips joined them to oversee recordings that were eventually included on the album \"Pink","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"4145663","text":"Larry Taylor and Richard Innes for his 2010 release at the studio. In July 2009, John Mellencamp recorded nine songs for his album \"No Better Than This\" at the studio. In 2011, Chris Isaak released \"Beyond the Sun,\" a collection of songs recorded at Sun Studio, most of which are cover versions of songs originally released on Sun Records. In January 1950, WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"3454904","text":"The Sun Sessions The Sun Sessions is a compilation album of Elvis Presley recordings at Sun Studios in 1954 and 1955. It was issued by RCA Records in 1976, and had been issued and charted as The Sun Collection in the UK the previous year. It features liner notes by Roy Carr of the New Musical Express. The album features most of the tracks Elvis recorded at Sun studio and were produced by Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Studios. Elvis began his singing career with Sun Records label in Memphis. Phillips signed Presley after hearing a song that he","title":"The Sun Sessions"},{"id":"1265378","text":"Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road Studios (formerly known as EMI Recording Studios) is a recording studio at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established in November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, which owned it until Universal Music took control of part of EMI in 2013. Abbey Road Studios is most notable as being the 1960s' venue for innovative recording techniques adopted by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Hollies, as well as others. One of its earliest world-famous-artist clients was Paul Robeson, who recorded there in December","title":"Abbey Road Studios"},{"id":"961375","text":"known as Franz Douskey), an occasional Memphis musician and friend of Sam Phillips, and Gary Skala, that Lewis went back to record at Sun Records. In 1960, Phillips opened a new state-of-the-art studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, abandoning the old Union Avenue studio where Phillips had recorded B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, Lewis, Johnny Cash and others, and also opened a studio in Nashville. It was at the latter studio that Lewis recorded his only major hit during this period, a rendition of Ray Charles's \"What'd I Say\" in 1961. In Europe, other","title":"Jerry Lee Lewis"},{"id":"14986692","text":"chance meeting with Sunnyland Slim, Vinson relocated from Mississippi to Memphis, Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vinson continued to play at local juke house and rural community parties. By the early 1950s, he was working as a custodian at the Taylor Boarding Home, where artists often stayed whilst recording next door at the Sun Records studio. Sun's founder and producer, Sam Phillips, occasionally asked Vinson to accompany musicians in the studio. Vinson played there with James Cotton on \"Cotton Crop Blues\" (1954) and with Jimmy DeBerry on \"Take a Little Chance\". Phillips also allowed Vinson to record some tracks","title":"Mose Vinson"},{"id":"12398846","text":"the city. Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \"Marvin Gaye Studios\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \"I Want You\", \"Here, My Dear\", the hit single \"Got to Give It Up\",","title":"Marvin's Room (studio)"},{"id":"4711307","text":"of the Country and Western and Rhythm and blues division, Steve Sholes. At the urging of Parker, on November 21, 1955, Sholes bought Presley's contract from Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Records and Studio, for the unprecedented sum of $35,000 (approximately $318,500 in 2017 dollars). Presley and rock and roll were still untested properties for the major labels in the music business, but this album, along with the number 1 single \"Heartbreak Hotel\", proved the selling power of both: it was the first RCA Victor pop album to earn more than $1,000,000, and in 1966 it had sold over","title":"Elvis Presley (album)"},{"id":"1153606","text":"for the single. Sholes was attempting to recapture the Sun Records sound, but he was unaware that Sun founder Sam Phillips had used two tape recorders and a slight time delay to create it on previous Presley recordings. When Phillips first heard \"Heartbreak Hotel\", he remarked that it was a \"morbid mess\". Most others at RCA agreed, declaring \"Heartbreak Hotel\" a terrible choice of song, especially after hearing that the finished recording sounded nothing like Presley's Sun recordings. Internal memos from the time show that every one of RCA's executive corps disliked it so much that one of them insisted","title":"Heartbreak Hotel"},{"id":"4145664","text":"now that it was a reality he was overjoyed. However, getting the company off the ground was not an easy task. To create revenue at the beginning, Phillips would record conventions, weddings, choirs, and even funerals. He also held an open door policy, allowing anybody to walk in and, for a small fee, record their own record. Phillips' slogan for his studio was \"We Record Anything, Anywhere, Anytime.\" In June, Phillips and a friend, local DJ Dewey Phillips who was no relation, set up their own record label called Phillips Records. The purpose of the label was to record \"negro","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"12296526","text":"popular records. In 1955, Phillips set up a recording studio called Phillips' Sound Recording Services. In 1958, The Quarrymen (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John 'Duff' Lowe and Colin Hanton) recorded \"That'll Be The Day\", and \"In Spite of All the Danger\" in the studio. Other clients included Billy Fury, Ken Dodd, and Marty Wilde. Phillips died in 1984. The Quarrymen recording and the site of the studio was commemorated in 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Percy Phillips was born in March 1896,","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"1423742","text":"singles charted in the UK. The Mamas & the Papas cut their first three albums at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, while the group's subsequent releases were recorded at the eight-track studio John and Michelle Phillips built at their home in Bel Air (at a time when four-track recording was still the norm). John Phillips said, \"I got the idea to transform the attic into my own recording studio, so I could stay high all the time and never have to worry about studio time. I began assembling the state-of-the-art equipment and ran the cost up to about a hundred","title":"The Mamas & the Papas"},{"id":"3916546","text":"Cordell Jackson Cordell Jackson (July 15, 1923 – October 14, 2004) was an American guitarist thought to be the first woman to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label. She was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi, on July 15, 1923, and died in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 14, 2004. Jackson founded the Moon Records label in Memphis in 1956 after a few years of recording demos at Sam Phillips' Memphis Recording Service and Sun Records Studio. Unable to break into the Sun Records label's stable of male artists, she received the advice and assistance","title":"Cordell Jackson"},{"id":"12296531","text":"with his eight-year-old daughter, Carol, singing, \"Mr Sandman\". All the discs had \"Play with a light-weight pick-up\" on the label, as this would increase the life of the disc, which would eventually wear out. Phillips advertised the studio as Phillips' Sound Recording Services (also advertised as P. F. Phillips' Professional Tape & Disc Recording Service), and his business cards read: \"PF Phillips, 38 Kensington, Liverpool, 7. Television and Battery Service. Gramophone Record Dealer. Professional Tape and Disc Recording Studio.\" He started cutting discs for members of the public, as well as for actors from the Liverpool Playhouse, who often stayed","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"13871067","text":"Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave Davies put this and money from recent hits like \"Lola\" towards a new studio of their own in Hornsey, a mile down the road from their home territory of Muswell Hill. In the past few years the group had mainly been recording at Morgan Studios, in Willesden, London. Albums recorded there included \"Lola","title":"Konk (recording studio)"},{"id":"930312","text":"in the area around the old Highbury stadium is highly sought after, and prices for apartments within the stadium start at £300k. For 40 years from 1965, Highbury New Park was home to Wessex Studios. Created by Beatles producer Sir George Martin (who grew up on Drayton Park in Highbury), the studios saw the recording of some of the best-known albums created by bands including Queen, Genesis, the Rolling Stones, the Sex Pistols and the Clash. The building is now a block of residential apartments called \"The Recording Studio\" and located at 106, Highbury New Park. (Refs: George Martin speaking","title":"Highbury"},{"id":"1477621","text":"the other, but both sung in the same vein. Presley's unique musical style rocketed him into the spotlight, and drew masses of followers: \"But it's Presley's singing, halfway between a country western and a R&B rock 'n' roll style that has sent teenagers into a trance. Whether you like it or not, there will always be an Elvis Presley.\" Presley's first, historical recordings took place at Sun Records, a small independent label run by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee. The historical significance of these first Presley recordings and their impact on future musical artists is well exemplified by the actions","title":"Rockabilly"},{"id":"4145682","text":"seated at the piano surrounded by Lewis, Perkins and Cash (the uncropped version of the photo also includes Evans, shown seated atop the piano). This photo proves Cash was there, but the audio doesn't provide substantial proof he joined in on the session. For several years after Presley left Sun, Phillips had success with other acts. Sun Studio became known as a place that nurtured talent and then encouraged it to expand with bigger labels. In 1959, Phillips moved Sun Studio to larger premises at 639 Madison Avenue. By the mid 1960s, Phillips had lost interest in recording and had","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"13207675","text":"got five songs here last night. We asked ourselves, 'What the fuck were we doing in the 70s and 80s, spending days and days on a drum sound, when it was all right here the whole time?' \"Everything was set up exactly as Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley recorded. They had 'X' marks made with electrical tape on the floor where Elvis and his musicians stood and where the instruments were placed, because Sam Philips walked around the room and decided where everything sounded best\". Mellencamp wanted to record at the now-derelict Brunswick Records Building in Dallas, where Robert Johnson","title":"No Better Than This"},{"id":"4145669","text":"recording. A few biographers have said that this article, printed in the \"Memphis Press-Scimitar\" on July 15, influenced Elvis Presley to seek out Sun to record a demo record. In August 1953, fresh out of his high school graduation the previous June, the 18½ year old Presley walked into the offices of Sun. He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc: \"My Happiness\" and \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\". He would later claim he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or was merely interested in what he \"sounded","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"10098864","text":"summer of 1958, the Quarrymen recorded two songs at Phillips' Sound Recording Services in their hometown of Liverpool. It was the group's first recording session, for which they paid 17s 6d (87.5p or £ in ). The recordings were pressed onto a mono 10-inch 78 rpm shellac disc, then the sessions tapes were erased to be reused with new customers. Because of the low quality and age of the recordings, the songs are filled with a hiss but are still listenable. The record was not intended for release but for the Quarrymen's personal use. In 1981, Lowe sold the record","title":"The Beatles' recording sessions"},{"id":"1349293","text":"have [an electric guitar] myself. 'Had' to have one, short of stealing!\" In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. Before his RPM contract, King had debuted on Bullet Records by issuing the single, \"Miss Martha King\" (1949), which did not chart well. \"My very first recordings [in 1949] were for a company out of Nashville called Bullet, the Bullet Record Transcription company,\" King recalled. \"I had horns that very first session. I had Phineas Newborn on piano; his father","title":"B.B. King"},{"id":"11555716","text":"recording their attendant soundtracks in either Nashville or Hollywood. After the success of his Christmas special on NBC in December 1968, Presley made a decision not to continue with business as usual, but instead to return to recording in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee, to take advantage of the thriving soul music scene active at the city's studios such as Stax and Hi Records. Presley chose American Studios, run by songwriter Chips Moman, for several reasons. First, their music staff was populated by session musicians steeped in Elvis' upbringing in blues, country, gospel, and rock and roll; second, they knew","title":"Suspicious Minds (album)"},{"id":"3908037","text":"DJ and independent record producer, Hoss Allen who cut several soul and gospel records in the studio, including some of the earliest session work by a young, hotshot ex-GI guitarist named \"Jimi Hendrix\". In 1968, Pierce sold Starday to the Nashville-based LIN Broadcasting Corporation which also purchased the renowned Cincinnati-based R&B and country label, King Records. As Starday-King Records, the label became the largest independent record label in the world, and King’s biggest star, \"James Brown\", began cutting records at the Starday studio. Brown loved the studio and continued to record there for several years after leaving King to sign","title":"Starday Records"},{"id":"4145671","text":"Way\" and \"It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You\"—but again nothing came of it. Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused to a broader audience. As Keisker reported, \"Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'\" In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, \"Without You\", that he thought might suit the teenaged singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"10339761","text":"place in RCA's newly constructed studio in Nashville, where Presley would continue to record through 1971. Original recordings produced by Sam Phillips or Steve Sholes. This compilation received a 1992 Grammy nomination for Best Historical Album, only to lose that award to the boxed set \"The Complete Capitol Recordings of The Nat 'King' Cole Trio\". \"Chart positions for LPs and EPs from Billboard Top Pop Albums chart; peak positions for EPA 4114 and EPA 4325 from EP chart commenced October 1957; positions for singles from Billboard Pop Singles chart. Certain recordings derive from acetates or from primitive recording equipment, and","title":"The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters"},{"id":"3654094","text":"CD by NRC. Other Ray Smith single cuts have been released on CD by London-based Ace Records. Almost all of Ray Smith's Judd and Sun studio tracks and cuts have been released on Germany's Bear Family Records Records. NRC, Judd, and affiliated labels are owned and administered by Johnny Carter, president of National Recording Corporation. Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder","title":"Judd Records"},{"id":"1477654","text":"Roll Trio. In Memphis Sam Phillips used various techniques to create similar acoustics at his Memphis Recording Services Studio. The shape of the ceiling, corrugated tiles, and the setup of the studio were augmented by \"slap-back\" tape echo which involved feeding the original signal from one tape machine through a second machine. The echo effect had been used, less subtly, on Wilf Carter Victor records of the 1930s, and in Eddy Arnold's 1945 \"Cattle Call\". According to Cowboy Jack Clement, who took over production duties from Sam Phillips, \"There's two heads; one records, and one plays back. The sound comes","title":"Rockabilly"},{"id":"14947741","text":"The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \"My Happiness\", with \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\" on the flipside. Presley's recording was managed by Phillips' secretary, Marion Keisker, who also kept a demo recording for the","title":"The Blue Moon Boys"},{"id":"8244808","text":"IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \"International Broadcasting Company\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by Don Arden and was run by his son David Arden. In its long history,","title":"IBC Studios"},{"id":"16818129","text":"with the U.S. Air Force in Germany, and adapted it into \"Folsom Prison Blues.\" Cash said in the 1990s, \"At the time, I really had no idea I would be a professional recording artist; I wasn't trying to rip anybody off.\" Nonetheless, Jenkins was not credited on the original record from Sun Records. According to Cash's manager Lou Robin, Cash acknowledged the debt to Jenkins's song, but was reassured by Sun founder Sam Phillips that he had no reason to fear a plagiarism suit. Fifteen years later, Jenkins sued for royalties. In the early 1970s, after the song became popular,","title":"Crescent City Blues"},{"id":"16115988","text":"and CBS shot the \"Perry Mason\" television series there from 1962–1966. In 1966, Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss purchased the studio from CBS to serve as a headquarters for A&M Records. A&M Records had grown from $500,000 in revenues in 1964 to $30 million in 1967. Alpert and Moss reportedly \"astonished the big network by having their bank deliver a cashier's check for more than $1 million, the full amount.\" A&M converted two of the old soundstages and Chaplin's swimming pool into a recording studio. A 1968 profile on Alpert and Moss described their renovation of Chaplin's old studios: The","title":"Jim Henson Company Lot"},{"id":"17794881","text":"and converted to meet the demands of a recording studio. A restaurant opened on the ground floor, whereas the Meistersaal was reborn as \"Studio 2\". Over the next years, the Meistersaal became famous worldwide within the music industry as it was the recording studio of choice for many pop stars from around the globe, including U2, Iggy Pop, Depeche Mode, David Bowie, Eartha Kitt, Richard Clayderman, Marillion, Mike Batt, David Byrne, Nick Cave, Snow Patrol, Jon Bon Jovi and Supergrass to name but a few. Rubbing shoulders with the international stars were the local heroes of the time, including Peter","title":"Meistersaal"},{"id":"3654092","text":"Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder but the name was misspelled in the artwork of the label having two \"D's.\" From Judd 1016 on, the label was pressed and distributed by National Recording Corporation, and the label sported the NRC logo and/or the words \"National Recording Corporation - Atlanta, GA\". According to Jud Phillips' son, NRC acquired the Judd label originally","title":"Judd Records"},{"id":"4205316","text":"by country music legend Hank Williams. Frank Sinatra declared that Miller's choices of songs had ruined his career, and he promptly switched over to Capitol Records, where he chose his own songs and began making hit records again. However, Boyd felt a great deal of loyalty to Miller. He did not follow through with his own wish to go to Memphis and record with Sam Phillips at his Sun Records, where the dawn of rock and roll was beginning with many of the new rock artists of the time. Instead, he concentrated more on movies and television, and finishing his","title":"Jimmy Boyd"},{"id":"934395","text":"was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid VAT of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home in order to help pay the settlement. Earning enough money from his record store, Branson in 1972 launched the record label Virgin Records with Nik Powell. The name \"Virgin\" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business. Branson bought a country estate north of Oxford in which he installed a residential recording studio, The Manor Studio. He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield,","title":"Richard Branson"},{"id":"13871072","text":"mainly for mixing and editing tracks. Over time many artists have recorded at the studio. Some of these include the Stone Roses, the Kooks, Blur, Franz Ferdinand, Elvis Costello, Steve Winwood, and the Bee Gees. Bombay Bicycle Club recorded their album \"I Had the Blues But I Shook Them Loose\" at the studio. Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave","title":"Konk (recording studio)"},{"id":"14143592","text":"Records\" was produced by the Sun Record Company of Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the early 1920s. Many or all of the masters pressed were leased from the US-based Okeh Records. There were as many as eight other record companies that preceded and/or were contemporary with the Memphis label Sun Records run by Sam Phillips, the most famous of the companies by that name. The other Sun Records that preceded the Memphis company by nearly forty years in one case, and six years in the other, or even those that were contemporary with it were never as significant to the history","title":"Sun Records (other companies)"},{"id":"6694500","text":"studio is located centrally in the historic Music Row district. Currently studio B is managed by the Country Music Hall of Fame and it runs scheduled tours of the facility. Beyond the countless recordings made by legendary music artists here, Elvis Presley is known to have made more than two hundred song recordings at this location. The National Park Service subsequently listed it on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Built by Dan Maddox in 1956, it was constructed at the request of Chet Atkins and Steve Sholes to facilitate the needs of RCA Victor Records and other","title":"RCA Studio B"},{"id":"9879335","text":"Billy Lee Riley Billy Lee Riley (October 5, 1933 – August 2, 2009) was an American rockabilly musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. His most memorable recordings include \"Rock With Me Baby\", \"Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll\" and \"Red Hot\". Riley was born in Pocahontas, Arkansas, the son of a sharecropper. He learned to play the guitar from black farm workers. After four years in the Army, he first recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1955, before being persuaded by Sam Phillips to record for Sun Studios. He then recorded \"Trouble Bound\", produced by Jack Clement and Slim Wallace. Phillips obtained the","title":"Billy Lee Riley"},{"id":"7983681","text":"Angeles studio to Chrysalis Records under Sir George Martin, with Stone continuing to manage the facility. In 1989 he sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management. In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium lit by skylight, holding a jacuzzi and a billiard table. On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened the Northern California location in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going on line. Ginger Mews, ex-manager of Wally Heider Studios, was named studio manager","title":"Record Plant"},{"id":"4145684","text":"the firm to Nashville, and sold the building to a plumbing company, who eventually sold it to an auto parts store. Since, Sun Records Studio has been used as a setting for the film biopics \"Walk the Line\", \"Great Balls of Fire\", \"Mystery Train\" and \"Elvis\". In 1987, ten years after Presley died, Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue was converted back into a recording studio, and soon became a tourist attraction for Presley fans and music lovers in general. The studio was also used by several well known acts to record, including U2, Def Leppard, John Mellencamp, the Bogus","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"5058649","text":"with a local band. In 1956, Clement was part of one of the seminal events in rock-and-roll history when he was hired as a producer and engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Subsequently, Clement worked with future stars such as Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. Most notably, he discovered and recorded Jerry Lee Lewis while Phillips was away on a trip to Florida. One of those recordings, \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\", was selected in 2005 for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress. In 1957, Clement wrote the song \"Ballad of","title":"Jack Clement"},{"id":"14143593","text":"of 20th century music as Sam Phillips' little record company that operated out of his Memphis Recording Service. Since Sam had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artist starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson. Two Sun Records were offered on eBay.com in August and September 2006 and were pressed in Germany, probably around 1905–1912, for the Sun Record Company of Bombay, India, and referred to on the label as the Sun Disc Record to differentiate the discs from cylinder records also produced by the company. This Sun Record Company","title":"Sun Records (other companies)"},{"id":"20904803","text":"Mira Ann Smith Mira Ann Smith (a.k.a. Myra Smith) (born 1926—died August 29, 1989) was an American songwriter, music industry pioneer, record label owner, studio engineer, and multi-instrumentalist. In 1955, she founded Royal Audio Music, Inc. (a.k.a. Ram Records) and became one of the first women to own her own record company. Her success led some in the music business to dub her “the female Sam Phillips.\" Smith is most well known for the songs she wrote with singer/songwriter, Margaret Lewis (Warwick), many of which charted on the \"Billboard\" Top 10. Smith and Lewis found their greatest songwriting success with","title":"Mira Ann Smith"},{"id":"700295","text":"had its first major \"crossover\" hit on the \"Billboard\" pop chart when the \"Sh-Boom\" by The Chords reached No.5 (although The Crew-Cuts' version went to No. 1). Atlantic missed an important signing in 1955 when Sun owner Sam Phillips sold Elvis Presley's recording contract in a bidding war between labels. Atlantic offered $25,000 which, Ertegun later noted, \"was all the money we had then.\" But they were outbid by RCA's offer of $45,000. In 1990 Ertegun remarked, \"The president of RCA at the time had been extensively quoted in \"Variety\" damning R&B music as immoral. He soon stopped when RCA","title":"Atlantic Records"},{"id":"10405482","text":"Elvis at Sun Elvis at Sun is a compact disc compilation of Elvis Presley's studio recordings at Sun Studio from 1954 to 1955, released in June 2004, BMG Heritage 61205. This set features master recordings made by Presley and his accompanists, Scotty Moore and Bill Black, occasionally augmented by other musicians, prior to his arrival on RCA Records in 1956. Tapes for at least two songs have been lost, Sun versions of \"I Got A Woman\" and \"Satisfied;\" the former would be recorded for Presley during his first RCA session. All of the studio commercial recordings were produced by Sam","title":"Elvis at Sun"},{"id":"20338915","text":"An enduring myth from the fifties is that the young unknown Elvis was daunted by the performance on record of an (unknown) singer. The story is that Elvis as an undiscovered 18 year old was introduced to a demo record of \"Without You\" by Sam Phillips on 24 Jun 1954. (Elvis had already visited Sun before that to record two sessions for personal use, and Marion Keisker had taken note of his potential). Sam had a stack of demos that had been sent into him, one was a disk of an unknown ballad \"Without You\", by an unknown singer with","title":"Jimmy Sweeney"},{"id":"14518702","text":"his first songwriting successes in the late 1950s, when George Jones recorded his song \"Achin', Breakin' Heart\", Brenda Lee recorded \"She'll Never Know\", and Roy Orbison recorded \"Sweet and Innocent\". In 1960, he started a company based in Florence, Alabama, together with fellow ex-Fairlanes member Billy Sherrill, the future producer of Tammy Wynette's records. They named their company FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) and opened their first primitive studio above a drugstore. Producer Sam Phillips, originally from Florence, Alabama, was an early mentor. During a 2015 interview with \"The New York Times\", Hall recalled those early days. \"We would sit","title":"Rick Hall"},{"id":"19750742","text":"Matt Ross-Spang Matt Ross-Spang is a multiple Grammy Award winning American record producer, engineer, and mixer. His credits include such artists as Jason Isbell, Margo Price, John Prine and Elvis Presley. Matt Ross-Spang, born in Memphis, Tennessee, began working at the Legendary Sun Studio when he was just 16, working his way from an intern to the Chief Engineer. Wanting to capture what made Sun Studio great, Ross-Spang championed hard to find, install, and use the same period equipment that Sam Phillips engineered with from the 1950s. His 11 years of dedication to Sun, and its signature sound, garnered national","title":"Matt Ross-Spang"},{"id":"2986023","text":"number with him. King contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who sat in with his band. They were well received and the club owner booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. In the 50s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-Am, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour. Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm down to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise","title":"Kings of Rhythm"},{"id":"3471793","text":"\"Bear Cat\", by Rufus Thomas which reached number 3. That led to a successful copyright lawsuit for $35,000, which is said to have led Sam Phillips of Sun Records to sell Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA. Today, this practice is most common in hip hop music and filk, especially as the continuation of a feud between performers; the Roxanne Wars was a notable example that resulted in over a hundred answer songs. Answer songs also played a part in the battle over turf in The Bridge Wars. Sometimes, an answer record imitated the original very closely and occasionally, a","title":"Answer song"},{"id":"3686147","text":"Paisley Park Records Paisley Park Records was an American record label founded by musician Prince in 1985, which was distributed by and funded in part by Warner Bros. Records. It was started in 1985, following the success of the film and album \"Purple Rain\". The label shares its name with Prince's recording complex Paisley Park Studios and the song \"Paisley Park\" on his 1985 \"Around the World in a Day\" album. Paisley Park was opened to the public as a museum and memorial to Prince following his death. October 28, 2016, is officially known as Paisley Park Day in the","title":"Paisley Park Records"},{"id":"11600005","text":"Nighthawk. Soon after touring, he toured again with Sonny Boy Williamson II for several years, who helped teach him how to play the harmonica. While playing with guitarist Big Jack Johnson, Frost attracted the interest of the record producer Sam Phillips, founder of Sun Records. Some recordings of note that followed included \"Hey Boss Man\" and \"My Back Scratcher\". Frost also recorded for the Jewel label, four years later. The Sun Records and Jewel Records material was re-released on one CD by Charly Records of London, England. In the late 1970s, Frost was re-discovered by a blues enthusiast, Michael Franks,","title":"Frank Frost"},{"id":"10231038","text":"recorded at Sound Techniques in 1968. In 1970 during his early career as a session musician, Elton John recorded an album of songs written by the artists on Witchseason, as an attempt to make them more widely known through a more commercial style. The studio closed in 1976 when the lease on the building ran out and Frost and Wood were unable to purchase the property due to lack of funds. As of 2018 a documentary film about the studio is in production, directed by Neil Innes and Nick Turner and provisionally titled \"The Parts You Don't Hear\". Sound Techniques","title":"Sound Techniques"},{"id":"9054239","text":"rock n' roll record, \"Breaktime\", by The Masters, which consisted of himself, Paul Buff, and Ronnie Williams. In 1964, Zappa bought the studio and renamed it Studio Z. Zappa lived at the studio building for a few months before it was closed in 1965. The building had to be torn down in order to widen North Archibald Avenue. Zappa made many other recordings at the studio. Some were released by small Los Angeles record companies, such as Original Sound. Other recordings were kept in his vault and released on albums such as \"Lumpy Gravy\" (1968), \"Mystery Disc\" (1985), \"The Lost","title":"Pal Recording Studio"},{"id":"3673581","text":"\"Hank Snow Tour\" to book him and tour him. Although Neal remained Presley's official manager, Parker was becoming increasingly involved in the running of his career, and by the summer of 1955 he had become Presley's \"special advisor.\" As Presley was still a minor, his parents had to sign the contract with Parker on his behalf. Part of Parker's role was to secure a new recording contract with a bigger label. Presley had been at Sun Records since the beginning of his career, but Sam Phillips, the owner of Presley's current label, was aware that for Presley to have any","title":"Colonel Tom Parker"},{"id":"8244811","text":"Madonna used the system to appear as her virtual self at the Grammy Awards. IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \"International Broadcasting Company\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by","title":"IBC Studios"},{"id":"119009","text":"at the box office. Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made. On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and had an impromptu jam session, along with Johnny Cash. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure that the session was captured on tape. The results, none officially released for 25 years, became known as the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" recordings. The year ended with a front-page story in \"The Wall Street Journal\" reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"961385","text":"Rick Bragg notes that the songs Lewis was recording \"were of the kind they were starting to call 'hard country', not because it had a rock beat or crossed over into rock in a real way, but because it was more substantial than the cloying, overproduced mess out there on country radio\". In a remarkable turnaround, Lewis became the most bankable country star in the world. He was so huge in 1970 that his former Smash producer Shelby Singleton, who purchased Sun Records from Sam Phillips in July 1969, wasted no time in repackaging many of Lewis's old country recordings","title":"Jerry Lee Lewis"},{"id":"9110521","text":"Broadcasting Corporation on February 21, 1973. Big River Broadcasting is owned by the family of Sam Phillips, the legendary record producer and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member most notable for founding Sun Records and discovering Elvis Presley. The station's signal was boosted to 100,000 watts in 1978 and the station was assigned the current WQLT-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 1, 1978. This was the first regional top-40 station in North Alabama and forced several AM's to change format. Q-107's original line-up offered four hour shifts starting at 6 am and included J.Micheal Pruitt","title":"WQLT-FM"},{"id":"14947747","text":"in 1965 of a brain tumor. In 2007, the Blue Moon Boys were inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville. The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \"My Happiness\", with \"That's","title":"The Blue Moon Boys"},{"id":"1946577","text":"Juliet\" by The Reflections. The early, pre-Motown songs by Edwin Starr (\"War\"), such as \"Agent Double-O-Soul\", were recorded in the Golden World studio. Golden World operated from 1962 to 1968. The label and its subsidiaries were purchased by Berry Gordy in 1966, and folded into Gordy's Motown Record Corporation. The Golden World studio became Motown's \"Studio B\", working in support of the original Motown recording studio (Studio A) at Hitsville USA. Before its purchase by Gordy, the studio's recordings often included moonlighting Motown back-up musicians, including James Jamerson on bass and George McGregor, who was the studio percussionist. The famous","title":"Golden World Records"},{"id":"7308339","text":"WHER (defunct) WHER (1430 kHz AM) was the first \"All-Girl\" radio station when it went on the air in October 1955. Staffed almost exclusively by women (including broadcasting pioneer Vida Jane Butler), the station spawned a series of imitators, but later evolved into a mixed-gender staff rechristened WWEE. The radio station was the brainchild of Sam Phillips, who used a portion of the $35,000 he made from the sale of Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA Records to finance the station. A portion of the balance of the funding came from Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson, who also provided the","title":"WHER (defunct)"},{"id":"16003308","text":"Royal Studios has served a variety of artists during its operation. The list below is of notable albums which feature recordings from Royal Studios. These albums went Platinum, Gold or won a Grammy or other significant recognition. Royal Studios Royal Studios is a recording studio located in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1956, it is one of the oldest continuously operated music recording studios in the world. It is widely known for producer, recording artist and owner, Willie Mitchell, and notable productions of Al Green, Chuck Berry, John Mayer, Buddy Guy, My Morning Jacket, Robert Cray, De La Soul,","title":"Royal Studios"},{"id":"5626923","text":"Trident Studios Trident Studios was a British recording facility, located at 17 St. Anne's Court in London's Soho district between 1968 and 1981. It was constructed in 1967 by Norman Sheffield, a drummer of former 1960s group the Hunters, and his brother Barry. \"My Name is Jack\" by Manfred Mann was recorded at Trident in March 1968, and helped launch the studio's reputation. Some well-known albums and singles recorded at Trident include The Beatles' \"White Album\" (some recording was also done at Abbey Road Studios) as well as their single \"Hey Jude\", Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind\", David Bowie's","title":"Trident Studios"},{"id":"15699884","text":"it clear that no one, not even Johnny Cash, was going to dictate who did and did not get an audition on his record label. After what had happened to the careers of Presley and Cash, artists were coming to Sam Phillips in droves. Elvis, Cash, and Orbison had failed to persuade Phillips to sign Orbison. On the day that Je–Wel released The Teen Kings' single, Orbison took a copy to Cecil \"Pop\" Holifield (1905–1974) of Odessa, who owned two record stores (\"The Record Shop\"), one in Odessa and one in Midland. Holifield was also had promoted local concerts for","title":"Je–Wel"},{"id":"11629444","text":"the 1950s, Perkins invited him to sing a song and told him to talk to Sam Phillips, owner of Sun Records. The meeting came to nothing, but Trammell moved to Long Beach, California soon after in hopes of landing a recording contract. While in California, he took a job in a Ford manufacturing plant. He saw Bobby Bare play at a carnival and convinced Bare to let him come on stage for a few songs. Lefty Frizzell, who was in attendance at the fair, asked him to open for a show at the Jubilee Ballroom, a venue in Baldwin Park,","title":"Bobby Lee Trammell"},{"id":"267178","text":"of his efforts until September 1971, when as a session musician and bass guitarist for the Arthur Louis Band, he attended recording sessions at The Manor Studio near Kidlington, Oxfordshire, owned by a young Richard Branson and run by engineers Tom Newman and Simon Heyworth. Branson already had several business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records, together with Simon Draper. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfield's demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, who eventually gave Oldfield one week's worth of recording time at The Manor. During this week, he completed","title":"Mike Oldfield"},{"id":"2390484","text":"first single, \"Sally Sue Brown\", under the name of June Alexander (short for Junior), which was released in 1960 on Jud Phillips' Judd Records. (Phillips is the brother of music pioneer Sam Phillips). A year later, Alexander cut \"You Better Move On\" at a former tobacco warehouse-turned-recording studio in Muscle Shoals. Released on Nashville's Dot Records, the song became a soul/R&B chart hit, and laid the foundation for the modern recording studio FAME. \"You Better Move On\" is perhaps Alexander's best-known song, covered by the Rolling Stones, the Hollies, George Jones & Johnny Paycheck, Gene Clark (from The Byrds) and","title":"Arthur Alexander"},{"id":"9651270","text":"of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt\", Eggers first heard Van Zandt's song \"Tecumseh Valley\" when producer Jack Clement played a demo of it recorded at a Houston recording studio in 1966, with Eggers marveling, \"I thought it was an absolute classic song. When I heard it I said, 'This is a brilliant songwriter.' I told Jack right then and there that I would sign Townes and make a record with him. Townes was brilliant from day one.\" Clement, who had been an engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records and an established songwriter himself, offered to produce the album","title":"For the Sake of the Song"},{"id":"12296532","text":"in the first-floor boarding rooms above the studio, who were sometimes asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems. These included the actors John Thaw, Richard Briers, and the ventriloquist Ray Alan. For the first couple of years, Phillips made music compilation discs for local businesses such as the local ice rink or cinema, men singing songs for loved ones, children playing an instrument, or even a neighbour’s dog howling along to piano accompaniment. As the record shop and studio took over the business, he had a brass plate made which he put on the wall just outside the front","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"6694504","text":"Unfinished Business\", Dolly Parton recounted how she was rushing to her first recording session at Studio B in September 1967 (shortly after having signed with RCA Victor) and, in her haste to make the session on time, drove her car through the side wall of the building. She noted that the spot where her car impacted the building is still visible. In 1977 the studio was made available to the Country Music Hall of Fame for tours, and in 1992 it was donated to the Country Music Hall of Fame by the late Dan Maddox. Until 2001, it was operated","title":"RCA Studio B"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"905604\",\n \"text\": \"Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961450\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in 1950 at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. There, he discovered and first recorded such influential musicians as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison and Jerry Lee Lewis. Presley's recording contract was eventually sold to RCA Victor Records for $35,000 in 1955 to relieve Sun's financial difficulties. Before those records, Sun had concentrated mainly\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296540\",\n \"text\": \"by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Record Collector magazine valued the Beatles related disc (still owned by McCartney) at a value of UK£ 200,000 in their 2016 \\\"Rare Record Price Guide.\\\" (A similar one off acetate recording by a pre famous Elvis Presley by Sam Phillips sold at auction for a similar amount previously). Phillips' Sound Recording Services Phillips' Sound Recording Services was a studio in the house of Percy Francis Phillips (1896–1984) and his family at 38 Kensington, Kensington, Liverpool, England. Between the years of 1955 and 1969, Phillips recorded numerous\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145744\",\n \"text\": \"Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella a Nashville studio, where famed CBS Records producer Billy Sherrill\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145746\",\n \"text\": \"Knox Phillips has overseen the studio's operations in recent years. Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961455\",\n \"text\": \"Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis grouped round Elvis Presley at the piano, the night when the four joined in an impromptu jam at Sun Records' one-room sound studio, the \\\"Million Dollar Quartet\\\" of 4 December 1956. A TV series about the label ran for eight episodes on CMT from February to April, 2017. Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145685\",\n \"text\": \"Bros. and Chris Isaak & Silvertone to name a few. In 2003 it was officially recognized as a National Historic Landmark tourist attraction. Sun Studio regularly releases studio session podcasts on YouTube and on Public Television. Sun Studio have announced that PBS affiliate stations will be showing a 30-minute series of \\\"Sun Studio Sessions\\\" starting in January 2010. Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business.\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10296369\",\n \"text\": \"by Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Phillips released Presley's recording contract to RCA for the substantial sum, in 1955 dollars, of $35,000 (). This gave RCA the rights to all of Presley's masters recorded at Sun. The first disc presents all eighteen Sun titles from professional recording sessions during the singer's stay at the label. The opening ten tracks comprise the A and b sides of the five officially released Presley singles on the Sun label. Outtakes from sessions at Sun were used to fill in catalogue items for RCA, with five used for Presley's\",\n \"title\": \"Sunrise (Elvis Presley album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905620\",\n \"text\": \"Fame, and in 2012 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, on July 30, 2003, only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark, and just over a month before the death of former Sun Records recording star Johnny Cash, on September 12, 2003. Phillips is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis. Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591226\",\n \"text\": \"and 1960s. Beale Street is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American blues, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were \\\"discovered\\\" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues. Stax Records created a classic 1960s soul music sound, much grittier and horn-based than\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145659\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business. Reputedly the first rock and roll single, Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats' \\\"Rocket 88\\\" was recorded there in 1951 with song composer Ike Turner on keyboards, leading the studio to claim status as the birthplace of rock & roll. Blues and R&B artists like Howlin' Wolf, Junior Parker, Little Milton, B.B. King, James Cotton, Rufus Thomas, and\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905609\",\n \"text\": \"inspire his work in Memphis. Beginning in 1945, he worked for four years as an announcer and sound engineer for radio station WREC, in Memphis. On January 3, 1950, Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service, at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. He let amateurs record, which drew performers such as B.B. King, Junior Parker, and Howlin' Wolf, who made their first recordings there. Phillips then sold the recordings to larger labels. In addition to musical performances, Phillips recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings. The Memphis Recording Service also served as the studio for Phillips's own label,\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2547543\",\n \"text\": \"called the Cimmerons to entertain his fellow soldiers. Wayne Hause, a neighbor, suggested that Jenkins could make it in the music industry. Soon after hearing Elvis Presley's song \\\"Mystery Train\\\", Jenkins began writing rock and roll material. He went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and worked with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder, to get the \\\"right\\\" sound. Allegedly, in 1957, Jenkins decided that his real name was not memorable enough and sought a better show business name. In \\\"The Billboard Book of Number One Hits\\\" Fred Bronson states that the singer was looking at a road map\",\n \"title\": \"Conway Twitty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905615\",\n \"text\": \"Got a Hole in It\\\"), Charlie Rich, Junior Parker, and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, and others, such as Jerry Lee Lewis, BB King, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins, became stars. Phillips's pivotal role in the early days of rock and roll was exemplified by a celebrated jam session on December 4, 1956, with what became known as the Million Dollar Quartet. Jerry Lee Lewis was playing piano for a Carl Perkins recording session at Phillips's studio. When Elvis Presley walked in unexpectedly, Johnny Cash was called into the studio by Phillips, leading to\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145660\",\n \"text\": \"Rosco Gordon recorded there in the early 1950s. Rock and roll, country music, and rockabilly artists, including Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Charlie Feathers, Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded there throughout the mid-to-late 1950s until the studio outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 1959 to replace the older facility. Since Phillips had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6017489\",\n \"text\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \\\"High School Confidential\\\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \\\"Great Balls of Fire\\\" and \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\\\" The album is sometimes referred to as \\\"High School Confidential\\\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145661\",\n \"text\": \"In 1957, Bill Justis recorded his Grammy Hall of Fame song \\\"Raunchy\\\" for Sam Phillips and worked as a musical director at Sun Records. In 1969, Sam Phillips sold the label to Shelby Singleton, and there was no recording-related or label-related activity again in the building until the September 1985 \\\"Class of '55\\\" recording sessions with Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash, produced by Chips Moman. In 1987, the original building housing the Sun Records label and Memphis Recording Service was reopened by Gary Hardy as \\\"Sun Studio,\\\" a recording label and tourist attraction that has\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9039466\",\n \"text\": \"WLFP WLFP is a country music radio station. It is licensed to Germantown, Tennessee, and serves the Memphis area. The station broadcasts at 94.1 MHz frequency. WLFP broadcasts in HD. WLFP is a Class C2 FM station that transmits with an ERP of 50,000 watts from a tower just south of the Mississippi state line, near Olive Branch, Mississippi, and its studios are located in Southeast Memphis. The station's original owner was Sam Phillips, who founded Memphis' Sun Records in the 1950s, and is credited with discovering Elvis Presley. The station was originally WLVS-FM (named in honor of Elvis Presley)\",\n \"title\": \"WLFP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296539\",\n \"text\": \"mine [and Harrison] on the other side that's never been released before.\\\" Other customers of Phillips' studio included The Swinging Blue Jeans, Brian Epstein, Freddie Starr, Willy Russell, Liverpool F.C. supporters club, and players from Everton F.C.. Denny Seyton and The Sabres recorded \\\"Little Latin Lupe Lu\\\" (Bill Medley) in the studio in 1963. Phillips closed the studio in 1969, the record shop in 1974, and died in 1984, at the Royal Liverpool Hospital. The recording of The Quarrymen acetate and the site of Phillips' Sound Recording Services was commemorated on 26 August 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145745\",\n \"text\": \"got his start, and a studio in Tupelo, Mississippi for demos. The Nashville and Tupelo studios were short-lived. Sun Records' many artists recorded there until 1969, when the label was sold to Mercury Records producer Shelby Singleton of Nashville. Phillips Recording continued operating, and hosted recordings by a newer generation of rock-and-roll groups like the Cramps, starting in 1979, drawn in part by the mystique of Sam Phillips. Numerous Memphis veteran sessions musicians of several genres, from soul to country, rock and others, have worked there over the years, and the studio still records various musical styles. Sam Phillips' son\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905613\",\n \"text\": \"already a well-known Memphis radio personality. On 18 July 1953, the eighteen-year-old Presley dropped into the studio to record an acetate for his mother's birthday; Keisker thought she heard some talent in the young truck driver's voice, and so she turned on the tape recorder. Later, she played it for Phillips, who gradually, with Keisker's encouragement, warmed to the idea of recording Elvis. Presley, who recorded his version of Arthur \\\"Big Boy\\\" Crudup's \\\"That's All Right\\\" at Phillips's studio, became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States. He auditioned for Phillips in 1954, but it was\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414251\",\n \"text\": \"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography The Johnny Cash Sun Records discography details the music recorded by country music legend Johnny Cash and released on Sun Records. From late 1954 to July, 1958, Cash recorded for Sun Records, a label founded by Sam Phillips and located at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Despite making his final recordings for Sun in 1958 and subsequently moving to Columbia Records, Phillips amassed sufficient backlog to continue to release new material by Cash in single and album format until as late as 1964. Cash was the first Sun artist to release an LP The following\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"118971\",\n \"text\": \"the record as a gift for his mother, or that he was merely interested in what he \\\"sounded like\\\", although there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argued that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, \\\"I sing all kinds.\\\" When she pressed him on who he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, \\\"I don't sound like nobody.\\\" After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905618\",\n \"text\": \"the first investors in Holiday Inn, a motel chain that was about to expand to a nationwide franchise; he became involved with the chain shortly after selling Elvis Presley's contract to RCA, for $35,000, which he multiplied many times over the years with Holiday Inn. He also created two subsidiary recording labels, Phillips International Records and Holiday Inn Records. He owned the Sun Studio Café in Memphis. One location was in the Mall of Memphis. Phillips and his family founded Big River Broadcasting Corporation, which owns and operates several radio stations in the Florence, Alabama, area, including WQLT-FM, WSBM, and\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11424347\",\n \"text\": \"B. King worked there as a disc jockey. B. B. King's moniker was derived from his WDIA nickname, \\\"Beale Street Blues Boy\\\", a reference to Memphis' Beale Street on which many nightclubs and blues venues were located. WHER, the first all-female station (\\\"All-Girl Radio\\\"), was founded in 1955 by the recording studio owner Sam Phillips and Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson. In addition to a rich musical heritage, Memphis also boasts a long culinary legacy dominated by regional barbecue. Memphis barbecue is rendered distinct by its sole usage of pork (as opposed to beef), focus on rib and shoulder cuts\",\n \"title\": \"History of Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12398843\",\n \"text\": \"Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \\\"Marvin Gaye Studios\\\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \\\"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\\\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \\\"I Want You\\\", \\\"Here, My Dear\\\", the hit single \\\"Got to Give It Up\\\", his shelved\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin's Room (studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145666\",\n \"text\": \"Some biographers have suggested that it was Phillips' inventive creativeness that led to the song's unique sound, but others put it down to the fact that the amplifier used on the record was broken, leading to a \\\"fuzzy\\\" sound. The Sun Studio tour lends credence to the latter, with the tour guide saying the amplifier was stuffed with wads of newspaper. In early 1952, Phillips once again launched his own record label, this time calling it Sun Records. During his first year he recorded several artists who would go on to have successful careers. Among them were B.B. King, Joe\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905616\",\n \"text\": \"an impromptu session featuring the four musicians. Phillips challenged the four to achieve gold record sales, offering a free Cadillac to the first, which Carl Perkins won. The contest is commemorated in a song by the Drive-By Truckers. By the mid-1960s, Phillips rarely recorded. He built a satellite studio and opened radio stations, but the studio declined, and he sold Sun Records to Shelby Singleton in 1969. In 1977 Sam's sons, Knox and Jerry, were working with John Prine at the Phillips Recording Studio when Sam Phillips joined them to oversee recordings that were eventually included on the album \\\"Pink\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145663\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Taylor and Richard Innes for his 2010 release at the studio. In July 2009, John Mellencamp recorded nine songs for his album \\\"No Better Than This\\\" at the studio. In 2011, Chris Isaak released \\\"Beyond the Sun,\\\" a collection of songs recorded at Sun Studio, most of which are cover versions of songs originally released on Sun Records. In January 1950, WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454904\",\n \"text\": \"The Sun Sessions The Sun Sessions is a compilation album of Elvis Presley recordings at Sun Studios in 1954 and 1955. It was issued by RCA Records in 1976, and had been issued and charted as The Sun Collection in the UK the previous year. It features liner notes by Roy Carr of the New Musical Express. The album features most of the tracks Elvis recorded at Sun studio and were produced by Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Studios. Elvis began his singing career with Sun Records label in Memphis. Phillips signed Presley after hearing a song that he\",\n \"title\": \"The Sun Sessions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1265378\",\n \"text\": \"Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road Studios (formerly known as EMI Recording Studios) is a recording studio at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established in November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, which owned it until Universal Music took control of part of EMI in 2013. Abbey Road Studios is most notable as being the 1960s' venue for innovative recording techniques adopted by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Hollies, as well as others. One of its earliest world-famous-artist clients was Paul Robeson, who recorded there in December\",\n \"title\": \"Abbey Road Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961375\",\n \"text\": \"known as Franz Douskey), an occasional Memphis musician and friend of Sam Phillips, and Gary Skala, that Lewis went back to record at Sun Records. In 1960, Phillips opened a new state-of-the-art studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, abandoning the old Union Avenue studio where Phillips had recorded B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, Lewis, Johnny Cash and others, and also opened a studio in Nashville. It was at the latter studio that Lewis recorded his only major hit during this period, a rendition of Ray Charles's \\\"What'd I Say\\\" in 1961. In Europe, other\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14986692\",\n \"text\": \"chance meeting with Sunnyland Slim, Vinson relocated from Mississippi to Memphis, Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vinson continued to play at local juke house and rural community parties. By the early 1950s, he was working as a custodian at the Taylor Boarding Home, where artists often stayed whilst recording next door at the Sun Records studio. Sun's founder and producer, Sam Phillips, occasionally asked Vinson to accompany musicians in the studio. Vinson played there with James Cotton on \\\"Cotton Crop Blues\\\" (1954) and with Jimmy DeBerry on \\\"Take a Little Chance\\\". Phillips also allowed Vinson to record some tracks\",\n \"title\": \"Mose Vinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12398846\",\n \"text\": \"the city. Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \\\"Marvin Gaye Studios\\\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \\\"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\\\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \\\"I Want You\\\", \\\"Here, My Dear\\\", the hit single \\\"Got to Give It Up\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin's Room (studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4711307\",\n \"text\": \"of the Country and Western and Rhythm and blues division, Steve Sholes. At the urging of Parker, on November 21, 1955, Sholes bought Presley's contract from Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Records and Studio, for the unprecedented sum of $35,000 (approximately $318,500 in 2017 dollars). Presley and rock and roll were still untested properties for the major labels in the music business, but this album, along with the number 1 single \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\", proved the selling power of both: it was the first RCA Victor pop album to earn more than $1,000,000, and in 1966 it had sold over\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1153606\",\n \"text\": \"for the single. Sholes was attempting to recapture the Sun Records sound, but he was unaware that Sun founder Sam Phillips had used two tape recorders and a slight time delay to create it on previous Presley recordings. When Phillips first heard \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\", he remarked that it was a \\\"morbid mess\\\". Most others at RCA agreed, declaring \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\" a terrible choice of song, especially after hearing that the finished recording sounded nothing like Presley's Sun recordings. Internal memos from the time show that every one of RCA's executive corps disliked it so much that one of them insisted\",\n \"title\": \"Heartbreak Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145664\",\n \"text\": \"now that it was a reality he was overjoyed. However, getting the company off the ground was not an easy task. To create revenue at the beginning, Phillips would record conventions, weddings, choirs, and even funerals. He also held an open door policy, allowing anybody to walk in and, for a small fee, record their own record. Phillips' slogan for his studio was \\\"We Record Anything, Anywhere, Anytime.\\\" In June, Phillips and a friend, local DJ Dewey Phillips who was no relation, set up their own record label called Phillips Records. The purpose of the label was to record \\\"negro\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296526\",\n \"text\": \"popular records. In 1955, Phillips set up a recording studio called Phillips' Sound Recording Services. In 1958, The Quarrymen (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John 'Duff' Lowe and Colin Hanton) recorded \\\"That'll Be The Day\\\", and \\\"In Spite of All the Danger\\\" in the studio. Other clients included Billy Fury, Ken Dodd, and Marty Wilde. Phillips died in 1984. The Quarrymen recording and the site of the studio was commemorated in 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Percy Phillips was born in March 1896,\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1423742\",\n \"text\": \"singles charted in the UK. The Mamas & the Papas cut their first three albums at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, while the group's subsequent releases were recorded at the eight-track studio John and Michelle Phillips built at their home in Bel Air (at a time when four-track recording was still the norm). John Phillips said, \\\"I got the idea to transform the attic into my own recording studio, so I could stay high all the time and never have to worry about studio time. I began assembling the state-of-the-art equipment and ran the cost up to about a hundred\",\n \"title\": \"The Mamas & the Papas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3916546\",\n \"text\": \"Cordell Jackson Cordell Jackson (July 15, 1923 – October 14, 2004) was an American guitarist thought to be the first woman to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label. She was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi, on July 15, 1923, and died in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 14, 2004. Jackson founded the Moon Records label in Memphis in 1956 after a few years of recording demos at Sam Phillips' Memphis Recording Service and Sun Records Studio. Unable to break into the Sun Records label's stable of male artists, she received the advice and assistance\",\n \"title\": \"Cordell Jackson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296531\",\n \"text\": \"with his eight-year-old daughter, Carol, singing, \\\"Mr Sandman\\\". All the discs had \\\"Play with a light-weight pick-up\\\" on the label, as this would increase the life of the disc, which would eventually wear out. Phillips advertised the studio as Phillips' Sound Recording Services (also advertised as P. F. Phillips' Professional Tape & Disc Recording Service), and his business cards read: \\\"PF Phillips, 38 Kensington, Liverpool, 7. Television and Battery Service. Gramophone Record Dealer. Professional Tape and Disc Recording Studio.\\\" He started cutting discs for members of the public, as well as for actors from the Liverpool Playhouse, who often stayed\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13871067\",\n \"text\": \"Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave Davies put this and money from recent hits like \\\"Lola\\\" towards a new studio of their own in Hornsey, a mile down the road from their home territory of Muswell Hill. In the past few years the group had mainly been recording at Morgan Studios, in Willesden, London. Albums recorded there included \\\"Lola\",\n \"title\": \"Konk (recording studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"930312\",\n \"text\": \"in the area around the old Highbury stadium is highly sought after, and prices for apartments within the stadium start at £300k. For 40 years from 1965, Highbury New Park was home to Wessex Studios. Created by Beatles producer Sir George Martin (who grew up on Drayton Park in Highbury), the studios saw the recording of some of the best-known albums created by bands including Queen, Genesis, the Rolling Stones, the Sex Pistols and the Clash. The building is now a block of residential apartments called \\\"The Recording Studio\\\" and located at 106, Highbury New Park. (Refs: George Martin speaking\",\n \"title\": \"Highbury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1477621\",\n \"text\": \"the other, but both sung in the same vein. Presley's unique musical style rocketed him into the spotlight, and drew masses of followers: \\\"But it's Presley's singing, halfway between a country western and a R&B rock 'n' roll style that has sent teenagers into a trance. Whether you like it or not, there will always be an Elvis Presley.\\\" Presley's first, historical recordings took place at Sun Records, a small independent label run by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee. The historical significance of these first Presley recordings and their impact on future musical artists is well exemplified by the actions\",\n \"title\": \"Rockabilly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145682\",\n \"text\": \"seated at the piano surrounded by Lewis, Perkins and Cash (the uncropped version of the photo also includes Evans, shown seated atop the piano). This photo proves Cash was there, but the audio doesn't provide substantial proof he joined in on the session. For several years after Presley left Sun, Phillips had success with other acts. Sun Studio became known as a place that nurtured talent and then encouraged it to expand with bigger labels. In 1959, Phillips moved Sun Studio to larger premises at 639 Madison Avenue. By the mid 1960s, Phillips had lost interest in recording and had\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13207675\",\n \"text\": \"got five songs here last night. We asked ourselves, 'What the fuck were we doing in the 70s and 80s, spending days and days on a drum sound, when it was all right here the whole time?' \\\"Everything was set up exactly as Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley recorded. They had 'X' marks made with electrical tape on the floor where Elvis and his musicians stood and where the instruments were placed, because Sam Philips walked around the room and decided where everything sounded best\\\". Mellencamp wanted to record at the now-derelict Brunswick Records Building in Dallas, where Robert Johnson\",\n \"title\": \"No Better Than This\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145669\",\n \"text\": \"recording. A few biographers have said that this article, printed in the \\\"Memphis Press-Scimitar\\\" on July 15, influenced Elvis Presley to seek out Sun to record a demo record. In August 1953, fresh out of his high school graduation the previous June, the 18½ year old Presley walked into the offices of Sun. He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc: \\\"My Happiness\\\" and \\\"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\\\". He would later claim he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or was merely interested in what he \\\"sounded\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10098864\",\n \"text\": \"summer of 1958, the Quarrymen recorded two songs at Phillips' Sound Recording Services in their hometown of Liverpool. It was the group's first recording session, for which they paid 17s 6d (87.5p or £ in ). The recordings were pressed onto a mono 10-inch 78 rpm shellac disc, then the sessions tapes were erased to be reused with new customers. Because of the low quality and age of the recordings, the songs are filled with a hiss but are still listenable. The record was not intended for release but for the Quarrymen's personal use. In 1981, Lowe sold the record\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles' recording sessions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1349293\",\n \"text\": \"have [an electric guitar] myself. 'Had' to have one, short of stealing!\\\" In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. Before his RPM contract, King had debuted on Bullet Records by issuing the single, \\\"Miss Martha King\\\" (1949), which did not chart well. \\\"My very first recordings [in 1949] were for a company out of Nashville called Bullet, the Bullet Record Transcription company,\\\" King recalled. \\\"I had horns that very first session. I had Phineas Newborn on piano; his father\",\n \"title\": \"B.B. King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11555716\",\n \"text\": \"recording their attendant soundtracks in either Nashville or Hollywood. After the success of his Christmas special on NBC in December 1968, Presley made a decision not to continue with business as usual, but instead to return to recording in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee, to take advantage of the thriving soul music scene active at the city's studios such as Stax and Hi Records. Presley chose American Studios, run by songwriter Chips Moman, for several reasons. First, their music staff was populated by session musicians steeped in Elvis' upbringing in blues, country, gospel, and rock and roll; second, they knew\",\n \"title\": \"Suspicious Minds (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3908037\",\n \"text\": \"DJ and independent record producer, Hoss Allen who cut several soul and gospel records in the studio, including some of the earliest session work by a young, hotshot ex-GI guitarist named \\\"Jimi Hendrix\\\". In 1968, Pierce sold Starday to the Nashville-based LIN Broadcasting Corporation which also purchased the renowned Cincinnati-based R&B and country label, King Records. As Starday-King Records, the label became the largest independent record label in the world, and King’s biggest star, \\\"James Brown\\\", began cutting records at the Starday studio. Brown loved the studio and continued to record there for several years after leaving King to sign\",\n \"title\": \"Starday Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145671\",\n \"text\": \"Way\\\" and \\\"It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You\\\"—but again nothing came of it. Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused to a broader audience. As Keisker reported, \\\"Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'\\\" In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, \\\"Without You\\\", that he thought might suit the teenaged singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10339761\",\n \"text\": \"place in RCA's newly constructed studio in Nashville, where Presley would continue to record through 1971. Original recordings produced by Sam Phillips or Steve Sholes. This compilation received a 1992 Grammy nomination for Best Historical Album, only to lose that award to the boxed set \\\"The Complete Capitol Recordings of The Nat 'King' Cole Trio\\\". \\\"Chart positions for LPs and EPs from Billboard Top Pop Albums chart; peak positions for EPA 4114 and EPA 4325 from EP chart commenced October 1957; positions for singles from Billboard Pop Singles chart. Certain recordings derive from acetates or from primitive recording equipment, and\",\n \"title\": \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3654094\",\n \"text\": \"CD by NRC. Other Ray Smith single cuts have been released on CD by London-based Ace Records. Almost all of Ray Smith's Judd and Sun studio tracks and cuts have been released on Germany's Bear Family Records Records. NRC, Judd, and affiliated labels are owned and administered by Johnny Carter, president of National Recording Corporation. Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder\",\n \"title\": \"Judd Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1477654\",\n \"text\": \"Roll Trio. In Memphis Sam Phillips used various techniques to create similar acoustics at his Memphis Recording Services Studio. The shape of the ceiling, corrugated tiles, and the setup of the studio were augmented by \\\"slap-back\\\" tape echo which involved feeding the original signal from one tape machine through a second machine. The echo effect had been used, less subtly, on Wilf Carter Victor records of the 1930s, and in Eddy Arnold's 1945 \\\"Cattle Call\\\". According to Cowboy Jack Clement, who took over production duties from Sam Phillips, \\\"There's two heads; one records, and one plays back. The sound comes\",\n \"title\": \"Rockabilly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14947741\",\n \"text\": \"The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \\\"My Happiness\\\", with \\\"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\\\" on the flipside. Presley's recording was managed by Phillips' secretary, Marion Keisker, who also kept a demo recording for the\",\n \"title\": \"The Blue Moon Boys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8244808\",\n \"text\": \"IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \\\"International Broadcasting Company\\\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by Don Arden and was run by his son David Arden. In its long history,\",\n \"title\": \"IBC Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16818129\",\n \"text\": \"with the U.S. Air Force in Germany, and adapted it into \\\"Folsom Prison Blues.\\\" Cash said in the 1990s, \\\"At the time, I really had no idea I would be a professional recording artist; I wasn't trying to rip anybody off.\\\" Nonetheless, Jenkins was not credited on the original record from Sun Records. According to Cash's manager Lou Robin, Cash acknowledged the debt to Jenkins's song, but was reassured by Sun founder Sam Phillips that he had no reason to fear a plagiarism suit. Fifteen years later, Jenkins sued for royalties. In the early 1970s, after the song became popular,\",\n \"title\": \"Crescent City Blues\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16115988\",\n \"text\": \"and CBS shot the \\\"Perry Mason\\\" television series there from 1962–1966. In 1966, Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss purchased the studio from CBS to serve as a headquarters for A&M Records. A&M Records had grown from $500,000 in revenues in 1964 to $30 million in 1967. Alpert and Moss reportedly \\\"astonished the big network by having their bank deliver a cashier's check for more than $1 million, the full amount.\\\" A&M converted two of the old soundstages and Chaplin's swimming pool into a recording studio. A 1968 profile on Alpert and Moss described their renovation of Chaplin's old studios: The\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson Company Lot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17794881\",\n \"text\": \"and converted to meet the demands of a recording studio. A restaurant opened on the ground floor, whereas the Meistersaal was reborn as \\\"Studio 2\\\". Over the next years, the Meistersaal became famous worldwide within the music industry as it was the recording studio of choice for many pop stars from around the globe, including U2, Iggy Pop, Depeche Mode, David Bowie, Eartha Kitt, Richard Clayderman, Marillion, Mike Batt, David Byrne, Nick Cave, Snow Patrol, Jon Bon Jovi and Supergrass to name but a few. Rubbing shoulders with the international stars were the local heroes of the time, including Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Meistersaal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3654092\",\n \"text\": \"Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder but the name was misspelled in the artwork of the label having two \\\"D's.\\\" From Judd 1016 on, the label was pressed and distributed by National Recording Corporation, and the label sported the NRC logo and/or the words \\\"National Recording Corporation - Atlanta, GA\\\". According to Jud Phillips' son, NRC acquired the Judd label originally\",\n \"title\": \"Judd Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4205316\",\n \"text\": \"by country music legend Hank Williams. Frank Sinatra declared that Miller's choices of songs had ruined his career, and he promptly switched over to Capitol Records, where he chose his own songs and began making hit records again. However, Boyd felt a great deal of loyalty to Miller. He did not follow through with his own wish to go to Memphis and record with Sam Phillips at his Sun Records, where the dawn of rock and roll was beginning with many of the new rock artists of the time. Instead, he concentrated more on movies and television, and finishing his\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Boyd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"934395\",\n \"text\": \"was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid VAT of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home in order to help pay the settlement. Earning enough money from his record store, Branson in 1972 launched the record label Virgin Records with Nik Powell. The name \\\"Virgin\\\" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business. Branson bought a country estate north of Oxford in which he installed a residential recording studio, The Manor Studio. He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield,\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Branson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13871072\",\n \"text\": \"mainly for mixing and editing tracks. Over time many artists have recorded at the studio. Some of these include the Stone Roses, the Kooks, Blur, Franz Ferdinand, Elvis Costello, Steve Winwood, and the Bee Gees. Bombay Bicycle Club recorded their album \\\"I Had the Blues But I Shook Them Loose\\\" at the studio. Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave\",\n \"title\": \"Konk (recording studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14143592\",\n \"text\": \"Records\\\" was produced by the Sun Record Company of Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the early 1920s. Many or all of the masters pressed were leased from the US-based Okeh Records. There were as many as eight other record companies that preceded and/or were contemporary with the Memphis label Sun Records run by Sam Phillips, the most famous of the companies by that name. The other Sun Records that preceded the Memphis company by nearly forty years in one case, and six years in the other, or even those that were contemporary with it were never as significant to the history\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records (other companies)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6694500\",\n \"text\": \"studio is located centrally in the historic Music Row district. Currently studio B is managed by the Country Music Hall of Fame and it runs scheduled tours of the facility. Beyond the countless recordings made by legendary music artists here, Elvis Presley is known to have made more than two hundred song recordings at this location. The National Park Service subsequently listed it on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Built by Dan Maddox in 1956, it was constructed at the request of Chet Atkins and Steve Sholes to facilitate the needs of RCA Victor Records and other\",\n \"title\": \"RCA Studio B\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9879335\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Lee Riley Billy Lee Riley (October 5, 1933 – August 2, 2009) was an American rockabilly musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. His most memorable recordings include \\\"Rock With Me Baby\\\", \\\"Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll\\\" and \\\"Red Hot\\\". Riley was born in Pocahontas, Arkansas, the son of a sharecropper. He learned to play the guitar from black farm workers. After four years in the Army, he first recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1955, before being persuaded by Sam Phillips to record for Sun Studios. He then recorded \\\"Trouble Bound\\\", produced by Jack Clement and Slim Wallace. Phillips obtained the\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Lee Riley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7983681\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles studio to Chrysalis Records under Sir George Martin, with Stone continuing to manage the facility. In 1989 he sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management. In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium lit by skylight, holding a jacuzzi and a billiard table. On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened the Northern California location in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going on line. Ginger Mews, ex-manager of Wally Heider Studios, was named studio manager\",\n \"title\": \"Record Plant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145684\",\n \"text\": \"the firm to Nashville, and sold the building to a plumbing company, who eventually sold it to an auto parts store. Since, Sun Records Studio has been used as a setting for the film biopics \\\"Walk the Line\\\", \\\"Great Balls of Fire\\\", \\\"Mystery Train\\\" and \\\"Elvis\\\". In 1987, ten years after Presley died, Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue was converted back into a recording studio, and soon became a tourist attraction for Presley fans and music lovers in general. The studio was also used by several well known acts to record, including U2, Def Leppard, John Mellencamp, the Bogus\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5058649\",\n \"text\": \"with a local band. In 1956, Clement was part of one of the seminal events in rock-and-roll history when he was hired as a producer and engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Subsequently, Clement worked with future stars such as Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. Most notably, he discovered and recorded Jerry Lee Lewis while Phillips was away on a trip to Florida. One of those recordings, \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\\\", was selected in 2005 for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress. In 1957, Clement wrote the song \\\"Ballad of\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Clement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14143593\",\n \"text\": \"of 20th century music as Sam Phillips' little record company that operated out of his Memphis Recording Service. Since Sam had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artist starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson. Two Sun Records were offered on eBay.com in August and September 2006 and were pressed in Germany, probably around 1905–1912, for the Sun Record Company of Bombay, India, and referred to on the label as the Sun Disc Record to differentiate the discs from cylinder records also produced by the company. This Sun Record Company\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records (other companies)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20904803\",\n \"text\": \"Mira Ann Smith Mira Ann Smith (a.k.a. Myra Smith) (born 1926—died August 29, 1989) was an American songwriter, music industry pioneer, record label owner, studio engineer, and multi-instrumentalist. In 1955, she founded Royal Audio Music, Inc. (a.k.a. Ram Records) and became one of the first women to own her own record company. Her success led some in the music business to dub her “the female Sam Phillips.\\\" Smith is most well known for the songs she wrote with singer/songwriter, Margaret Lewis (Warwick), many of which charted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 10. Smith and Lewis found their greatest songwriting success with\",\n \"title\": \"Mira Ann Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"700295\",\n \"text\": \"had its first major \\\"crossover\\\" hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart when the \\\"Sh-Boom\\\" by The Chords reached No.5 (although The Crew-Cuts' version went to No. 1). Atlantic missed an important signing in 1955 when Sun owner Sam Phillips sold Elvis Presley's recording contract in a bidding war between labels. Atlantic offered $25,000 which, Ertegun later noted, \\\"was all the money we had then.\\\" But they were outbid by RCA's offer of $45,000. In 1990 Ertegun remarked, \\\"The president of RCA at the time had been extensively quoted in \\\"Variety\\\" damning R&B music as immoral. He soon stopped when RCA\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10405482\",\n \"text\": \"Elvis at Sun Elvis at Sun is a compact disc compilation of Elvis Presley's studio recordings at Sun Studio from 1954 to 1955, released in June 2004, BMG Heritage 61205. This set features master recordings made by Presley and his accompanists, Scotty Moore and Bill Black, occasionally augmented by other musicians, prior to his arrival on RCA Records in 1956. Tapes for at least two songs have been lost, Sun versions of \\\"I Got A Woman\\\" and \\\"Satisfied;\\\" the former would be recorded for Presley during his first RCA session. All of the studio commercial recordings were produced by Sam\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis at Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20338915\",\n \"text\": \"An enduring myth from the fifties is that the young unknown Elvis was daunted by the performance on record of an (unknown) singer. The story is that Elvis as an undiscovered 18 year old was introduced to a demo record of \\\"Without You\\\" by Sam Phillips on 24 Jun 1954. (Elvis had already visited Sun before that to record two sessions for personal use, and Marion Keisker had taken note of his potential). Sam had a stack of demos that had been sent into him, one was a disk of an unknown ballad \\\"Without You\\\", by an unknown singer with\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Sweeney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14518702\",\n \"text\": \"his first songwriting successes in the late 1950s, when George Jones recorded his song \\\"Achin', Breakin' Heart\\\", Brenda Lee recorded \\\"She'll Never Know\\\", and Roy Orbison recorded \\\"Sweet and Innocent\\\". In 1960, he started a company based in Florence, Alabama, together with fellow ex-Fairlanes member Billy Sherrill, the future producer of Tammy Wynette's records. They named their company FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) and opened their first primitive studio above a drugstore. Producer Sam Phillips, originally from Florence, Alabama, was an early mentor. During a 2015 interview with \\\"The New York Times\\\", Hall recalled those early days. \\\"We would sit\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19750742\",\n \"text\": \"Matt Ross-Spang Matt Ross-Spang is a multiple Grammy Award winning American record producer, engineer, and mixer. His credits include such artists as Jason Isbell, Margo Price, John Prine and Elvis Presley. Matt Ross-Spang, born in Memphis, Tennessee, began working at the Legendary Sun Studio when he was just 16, working his way from an intern to the Chief Engineer. Wanting to capture what made Sun Studio great, Ross-Spang championed hard to find, install, and use the same period equipment that Sam Phillips engineered with from the 1950s. His 11 years of dedication to Sun, and its signature sound, garnered national\",\n \"title\": \"Matt Ross-Spang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2986023\",\n \"text\": \"number with him. King contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who sat in with his band. They were well received and the club owner booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. In the 50s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-Am, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour. Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm down to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise\",\n \"title\": \"Kings of Rhythm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3471793\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bear Cat\\\", by Rufus Thomas which reached number 3. That led to a successful copyright lawsuit for $35,000, which is said to have led Sam Phillips of Sun Records to sell Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA. Today, this practice is most common in hip hop music and filk, especially as the continuation of a feud between performers; the Roxanne Wars was a notable example that resulted in over a hundred answer songs. Answer songs also played a part in the battle over turf in The Bridge Wars. Sometimes, an answer record imitated the original very closely and occasionally, a\",\n \"title\": \"Answer song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3686147\",\n \"text\": \"Paisley Park Records Paisley Park Records was an American record label founded by musician Prince in 1985, which was distributed by and funded in part by Warner Bros. Records. It was started in 1985, following the success of the film and album \\\"Purple Rain\\\". The label shares its name with Prince's recording complex Paisley Park Studios and the song \\\"Paisley Park\\\" on his 1985 \\\"Around the World in a Day\\\" album. Paisley Park was opened to the public as a museum and memorial to Prince following his death. October 28, 2016, is officially known as Paisley Park Day in the\",\n \"title\": \"Paisley Park Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11600005\",\n \"text\": \"Nighthawk. Soon after touring, he toured again with Sonny Boy Williamson II for several years, who helped teach him how to play the harmonica. While playing with guitarist Big Jack Johnson, Frost attracted the interest of the record producer Sam Phillips, founder of Sun Records. Some recordings of note that followed included \\\"Hey Boss Man\\\" and \\\"My Back Scratcher\\\". Frost also recorded for the Jewel label, four years later. The Sun Records and Jewel Records material was re-released on one CD by Charly Records of London, England. In the late 1970s, Frost was re-discovered by a blues enthusiast, Michael Franks,\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10231038\",\n \"text\": \"recorded at Sound Techniques in 1968. In 1970 during his early career as a session musician, Elton John recorded an album of songs written by the artists on Witchseason, as an attempt to make them more widely known through a more commercial style. The studio closed in 1976 when the lease on the building ran out and Frost and Wood were unable to purchase the property due to lack of funds. As of 2018 a documentary film about the studio is in production, directed by Neil Innes and Nick Turner and provisionally titled \\\"The Parts You Don't Hear\\\". Sound Techniques\",\n \"title\": \"Sound Techniques\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054239\",\n \"text\": \"rock n' roll record, \\\"Breaktime\\\", by The Masters, which consisted of himself, Paul Buff, and Ronnie Williams. In 1964, Zappa bought the studio and renamed it Studio Z. Zappa lived at the studio building for a few months before it was closed in 1965. The building had to be torn down in order to widen North Archibald Avenue. Zappa made many other recordings at the studio. Some were released by small Los Angeles record companies, such as Original Sound. Other recordings were kept in his vault and released on albums such as \\\"Lumpy Gravy\\\" (1968), \\\"Mystery Disc\\\" (1985), \\\"The Lost\",\n \"title\": \"Pal Recording Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3673581\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hank Snow Tour\\\" to book him and tour him. Although Neal remained Presley's official manager, Parker was becoming increasingly involved in the running of his career, and by the summer of 1955 he had become Presley's \\\"special advisor.\\\" As Presley was still a minor, his parents had to sign the contract with Parker on his behalf. Part of Parker's role was to secure a new recording contract with a bigger label. Presley had been at Sun Records since the beginning of his career, but Sam Phillips, the owner of Presley's current label, was aware that for Presley to have any\",\n \"title\": \"Colonel Tom Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8244811\",\n \"text\": \"Madonna used the system to appear as her virtual self at the Grammy Awards. IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \\\"International Broadcasting Company\\\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by\",\n \"title\": \"IBC Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119009\",\n \"text\": \"at the box office. Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made. On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and had an impromptu jam session, along with Johnny Cash. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure that the session was captured on tape. The results, none officially released for 25 years, became known as the \\\"Million Dollar Quartet\\\" recordings. The year ended with a front-page story in \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961385\",\n \"text\": \"Rick Bragg notes that the songs Lewis was recording \\\"were of the kind they were starting to call 'hard country', not because it had a rock beat or crossed over into rock in a real way, but because it was more substantial than the cloying, overproduced mess out there on country radio\\\". In a remarkable turnaround, Lewis became the most bankable country star in the world. He was so huge in 1970 that his former Smash producer Shelby Singleton, who purchased Sun Records from Sam Phillips in July 1969, wasted no time in repackaging many of Lewis's old country recordings\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9110521\",\n \"text\": \"Broadcasting Corporation on February 21, 1973. Big River Broadcasting is owned by the family of Sam Phillips, the legendary record producer and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member most notable for founding Sun Records and discovering Elvis Presley. The station's signal was boosted to 100,000 watts in 1978 and the station was assigned the current WQLT-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 1, 1978. This was the first regional top-40 station in North Alabama and forced several AM's to change format. Q-107's original line-up offered four hour shifts starting at 6 am and included J.Micheal Pruitt\",\n \"title\": \"WQLT-FM\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14947747\",\n \"text\": \"in 1965 of a brain tumor. In 2007, the Blue Moon Boys were inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville. The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \\\"My Happiness\\\", with \\\"That's\",\n \"title\": \"The Blue Moon Boys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1946577\",\n \"text\": \"Juliet\\\" by The Reflections. The early, pre-Motown songs by Edwin Starr (\\\"War\\\"), such as \\\"Agent Double-O-Soul\\\", were recorded in the Golden World studio. Golden World operated from 1962 to 1968. The label and its subsidiaries were purchased by Berry Gordy in 1966, and folded into Gordy's Motown Record Corporation. The Golden World studio became Motown's \\\"Studio B\\\", working in support of the original Motown recording studio (Studio A) at Hitsville USA. Before its purchase by Gordy, the studio's recordings often included moonlighting Motown back-up musicians, including James Jamerson on bass and George McGregor, who was the studio percussionist. The famous\",\n \"title\": \"Golden World Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7308339\",\n \"text\": \"WHER (defunct) WHER (1430 kHz AM) was the first \\\"All-Girl\\\" radio station when it went on the air in October 1955. Staffed almost exclusively by women (including broadcasting pioneer Vida Jane Butler), the station spawned a series of imitators, but later evolved into a mixed-gender staff rechristened WWEE. The radio station was the brainchild of Sam Phillips, who used a portion of the $35,000 he made from the sale of Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA Records to finance the station. A portion of the balance of the funding came from Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson, who also provided the\",\n \"title\": \"WHER (defunct)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16003308\",\n \"text\": \"Royal Studios has served a variety of artists during its operation. The list below is of notable albums which feature recordings from Royal Studios. These albums went Platinum, Gold or won a Grammy or other significant recognition. Royal Studios Royal Studios is a recording studio located in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1956, it is one of the oldest continuously operated music recording studios in the world. It is widely known for producer, recording artist and owner, Willie Mitchell, and notable productions of Al Green, Chuck Berry, John Mayer, Buddy Guy, My Morning Jacket, Robert Cray, De La Soul,\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5626923\",\n \"text\": \"Trident Studios Trident Studios was a British recording facility, located at 17 St. Anne's Court in London's Soho district between 1968 and 1981. It was constructed in 1967 by Norman Sheffield, a drummer of former 1960s group the Hunters, and his brother Barry. \\\"My Name is Jack\\\" by Manfred Mann was recorded at Trident in March 1968, and helped launch the studio's reputation. Some well-known albums and singles recorded at Trident include The Beatles' \\\"White Album\\\" (some recording was also done at Abbey Road Studios) as well as their single \\\"Hey Jude\\\", Elton John's \\\"Candle in the Wind\\\", David Bowie's\",\n \"title\": \"Trident Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15699884\",\n \"text\": \"it clear that no one, not even Johnny Cash, was going to dictate who did and did not get an audition on his record label. After what had happened to the careers of Presley and Cash, artists were coming to Sam Phillips in droves. Elvis, Cash, and Orbison had failed to persuade Phillips to sign Orbison. On the day that Je–Wel released The Teen Kings' single, Orbison took a copy to Cecil \\\"Pop\\\" Holifield (1905–1974) of Odessa, who owned two record stores (\\\"The Record Shop\\\"), one in Odessa and one in Midland. Holifield was also had promoted local concerts for\",\n \"title\": \"Je–Wel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11629444\",\n \"text\": \"the 1950s, Perkins invited him to sing a song and told him to talk to Sam Phillips, owner of Sun Records. The meeting came to nothing, but Trammell moved to Long Beach, California soon after in hopes of landing a recording contract. While in California, he took a job in a Ford manufacturing plant. He saw Bobby Bare play at a carnival and convinced Bare to let him come on stage for a few songs. Lefty Frizzell, who was in attendance at the fair, asked him to open for a show at the Jubilee Ballroom, a venue in Baldwin Park,\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lee Trammell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"267178\",\n \"text\": \"of his efforts until September 1971, when as a session musician and bass guitarist for the Arthur Louis Band, he attended recording sessions at The Manor Studio near Kidlington, Oxfordshire, owned by a young Richard Branson and run by engineers Tom Newman and Simon Heyworth. Branson already had several business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records, together with Simon Draper. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfield's demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, who eventually gave Oldfield one week's worth of recording time at The Manor. During this week, he completed\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Oldfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2390484\",\n \"text\": \"first single, \\\"Sally Sue Brown\\\", under the name of June Alexander (short for Junior), which was released in 1960 on Jud Phillips' Judd Records. (Phillips is the brother of music pioneer Sam Phillips). A year later, Alexander cut \\\"You Better Move On\\\" at a former tobacco warehouse-turned-recording studio in Muscle Shoals. Released on Nashville's Dot Records, the song became a soul/R&B chart hit, and laid the foundation for the modern recording studio FAME. \\\"You Better Move On\\\" is perhaps Alexander's best-known song, covered by the Rolling Stones, the Hollies, George Jones & Johnny Paycheck, Gene Clark (from The Byrds) and\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Alexander\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651270\",\n \"text\": \"of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt\\\", Eggers first heard Van Zandt's song \\\"Tecumseh Valley\\\" when producer Jack Clement played a demo of it recorded at a Houston recording studio in 1966, with Eggers marveling, \\\"I thought it was an absolute classic song. When I heard it I said, 'This is a brilliant songwriter.' I told Jack right then and there that I would sign Townes and make a record with him. Townes was brilliant from day one.\\\" Clement, who had been an engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records and an established songwriter himself, offered to produce the album\",\n \"title\": \"For the Sake of the Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296532\",\n \"text\": \"in the first-floor boarding rooms above the studio, who were sometimes asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems. These included the actors John Thaw, Richard Briers, and the ventriloquist Ray Alan. For the first couple of years, Phillips made music compilation discs for local businesses such as the local ice rink or cinema, men singing songs for loved ones, children playing an instrument, or even a neighbour’s dog howling along to piano accompaniment. As the record shop and studio took over the business, he had a brass plate made which he put on the wall just outside the front\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6694504\",\n \"text\": \"Unfinished Business\\\", Dolly Parton recounted how she was rushing to her first recording session at Studio B in September 1967 (shortly after having signed with RCA Victor) and, in her haste to make the session on time, drove her car through the side wall of the building. She noted that the spot where her car impacted the building is still visible. In 1977 the studio was made available to the Country Music Hall of Fame for tours, and in 1992 it was donated to the Country Music Hall of Fame by the late Dan Maddox. Until 2001, it was operated\",\n \"title\": \"RCA Studio B\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Sam Phillips context: Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake\\n\\nSam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 192,\n \"origin_tokens\": 192,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Jerry Lee Lewisalbum) context: Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \\\"High School Confidential\\\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \\\"Great Balls of Fire\\\" and \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\\\" The album is sometimes referred to as \\\"High School Confidential\\\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.\\n\\ntitle: Sun Studio context: Gordon in the early 1950s Rock and roll country music, rockabil artists, including Johnny Cash Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Feathers Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded throughout mid-to-late 1950s the outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 15 the older facility Since Phill had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.\\ntitle Studio context: B. and Chris Isaone to few. In03 it officially a National Historic Land tourraction. Sun regularly releases studio session podcast on YouTube Sun announced affili showing3-min series of \\\" Studio S Studio Sun Studio is a openedand pione Phill 0 in Memphis Tennessee 1950. was originally Memphis Rec Service, the same with\\n\\ntitle Studio: Taylor andnes for0 at the.amp his album at. In1akB Sun,\\\", released on. , WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and\\n\\nSam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 451,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14092,\n \"ratio\": \"31.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":197,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":197,"string":"197"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which actor played Maxwell Smart?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Adams, Don","Don Adams (Actor)","Don Adams","Donald James Yarmy","Donald Yarmy","Missed it by that much"],"string":"[\n \"Adams, Don\",\n \"Don Adams (Actor)\",\n \"Don Adams\",\n \"Donald James Yarmy\",\n \"Donald Yarmy\",\n \"Missed it by that much\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Don Adams"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1869329","text":"the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \"CONTROL\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"8539979","text":"famous example of a shoe phone in fiction is that of the television show \"Get Smart\". The use of a shoe phone is a gimmick of the show's main character, Maxwell Smart (played by Don Adams), a secret agent who has need to conceal a communication device in his shoe. The device had a removable sole which allowed access to a telephone handset. Like many gadgets depicted in the series, the shoe phone was a parody of communication gadgets in \"James Bond\" films which were themselves often fantastical. In the 1990s, Sports Illustrated developed and promoted a \"Sneaker Phone\", a","title":"Shoe phone"},{"id":"4336905","text":"also includes Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn, and Luke Wilson. Carell acted as the title character of \"Evan Almighty\", a sequel to \"Bruce Almighty\", reprising his role as Evan Baxter, now a U.S. Congressman. The film received mostly negative reviews. Carell starred in the 2007 film \"Dan in Real Life\", co-starring Dane Cook and Juliette Binoche. Carell played Maxwell Smart in the 2008 film \"Get Smart\", an adaptation of the TV series starring Don Adams. It was successful, grossing over $230 million worldwide. During 2007, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Carell","title":"Steve Carell"},{"id":"1814161","text":"Don Adams Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy \"Get Smart\" (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\" (1963–66) and \"Inspector Gadget\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"1869371","text":"owns international distribution rights. On August 10, 2015, the entire series was officially released on digital streaming platforms for the first time in preparation for the series 50th anniversary. Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869321","text":"Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as Thaddeus, the Chief. Henry said that they created the show at the request of Daniel Melnick to capitalize on \"the two biggest things in the entertainment world today\":","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"269758","text":"In 1965, Brooks teamed up with comedy writer Buck Henry to create a comedic TV show about a bumbling James Bond-inspired spy. Brooks explains, \"I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life... I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first.\" The show that Brooks and Henry created was \"Get Smart\", starring Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86. This series ran from 1965 until 1970,","title":"Mel Brooks"},{"id":"5051912","text":"during his appearances on panel programs such as celebrity \"roasts\" and other tributes. On a 1967 episode of \"Get Smart\", he played a KAOS agent who made a phone call to the Chief of CONTROL (played by Edward Platt), performed a perfect impression of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and told the Chief he was fired and replaced with agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams). In 1970-71, he hosted 22 episodes of \"Something Else\", a syndicated half-hour musical variety series. He then hosted his own show in 1972 called the \"John Byner Comedy Hour\", where the character Super Dave was first introduced.","title":"John Byner"},{"id":"17271938","text":"leviathan\". The 1965 Tiger Mark I gained some exposure on American television as the car of choice for Maxwell Smart in the spoof spy series \"Get Smart\". The Tiger was used for the first two seasons in the opening credits, in which Smart screeched to a halt outside his headquarters, and was used through the remainder of the series in several episodes. Some of the scenes featured unusual modifications such as a retractable James Bond-style machine gun that could not have fit under the Tiger's bonnet, so rebadged Alpine models were used instead. Don Adams, who played the protagonist Maxwell","title":"Sunbeam Tiger"},{"id":"3558643","text":"as an inebriated Turkish waiter on \"Get Smart\", the spy-spoof comedy series, in an \"I Spy\" parody episode titled \"Die Spy\". In this, secret agent Maxwell Smart played by Don Adams in effect assumes Culp's Kelly Robinson character, as he pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the \"I Spy\" theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott, with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. In 1971, Culp, Peter Falk, Robert Wagner, and Darren McGavin each stepped in to take turns with Anthony Franciosa's rotation of NBC's series \"The Name of the Game\" after","title":"Robert Culp"},{"id":"1814172","text":"Beach\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \"Check it Out!\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \"Get Smart\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"1772951","text":"but manages to survive by either his own good luck or covert help by Penny and Brain. Gadget dresses in a style similar to Inspector Clouseau from \"The Pink Panther\" movies, but also has similarities in behavior to Maxwell Smart, the protagonist of the television series \"Get Smart\" (1965–1970). The original voice actor for Gadget was Don Adams, who also portrayed Maxwell Smart. The car which Gadget drives is recognizable as a Matra Murena. Gadget's boss is Chief Quimby. Gadget is covertly assisted by his niece Penny, who is typically the person who actually solves their cases. Penny is a","title":"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"},{"id":"12000484","text":"Get Smart (1995 TV series) Get Smart is an American sitcom sequel to the original 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \"Get Smart\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. The series aired Sunday at 7:30 pm on Fox for seven episodes from January 8 to February 19, 1995. Maxwell Smart is the Chief of CONTROL, and Agent 99 is a politician. Their bungling son, Zach (Andy Dick), one of the twins introduced in the fifth season of the original show, becomes CONTROL's star agent. Zach is teamed with the reluctant Agent 66 (Elaine Hendrix)","title":"Get Smart (1995 TV series)"},{"id":"12000485","text":"as they try to stop KAOS from controlling the world's economy. Joining Zach and 66 is Trudy (Heather Morgan), an accident prone spy, and Agent 0, a master of disguise. The relative success of the 1989 reunion movie \"Get Smart, Again!\" eventually prompted the development of a weekly revival of \"Get Smart\", with Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 respectively, with Dave Ketchum also reprising his role of Agent 13 and Bernie Kopell reprising his role as Siegfried. Though Zachary Smart's name was revealed in the FOX revival, his twin sister's name remained","title":"Get Smart (1995 TV series)"},{"id":"1772967","text":"seen since its initial production. A second version of the pilot was made with the only difference being Gary Owens re-recording all of White's dialogue with a deep-toned mid-Atlantic accent. Eventually, producers decided to cast actor Don Adams in the role, re-recording all of Gadget's dialogue in the pilot to make it more reminiscent of Maxwell Smart of \"Get Smart\" (also played by Don Adams), one of the series' inspirations. A fourth version of the pilot was made for broadcast with Frank Welker re-recording one line as Gadget to explain away the mustache. Gadget's nemesis Doctor Claw – as well","title":"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"},{"id":"4706313","text":"came to the show with an established acting career. Herman's \"MADtv\" characters included Mike Lawson (Incredible Findings), Generation X anchorman Marsh (\"X News\"), and concerned father Joel Linder. Former castmate Artie Lange referred to Herman as \"a brilliant, talented actor\" and called him \"one of my best friends in show business.\" Herman lampooned celebrities and famous figures such as Don Adams (as Maxwell Smart from \"Get Smart\"), Tim Allen (as Tim \"the Tool Man\" Taylor from \"Home Improvement\"), Woody Allen, Nicolas Cage, Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, David Duchovny (as Fox Mulder from \"The X-Files\"), Larry Flynt, Tom Hanks (as Forrest","title":"David Herman"},{"id":"1869323","text":"2010, \"TV Guide\" ranked \"Get Smart\"s opening title sequence at No. 2 on its list of TV's Top 10 Credits Sequences as selected by readers. After switching networks in 1969, to CBS, the show ended its five-season run on May 15, 1970, with a production roster at both networks of 138 episodes. The Museum of Broadcast Communications finds the show notable for \"broadening the parameters for the presentation of comedy on television.\" The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart (Don Adams), also known as Agent 86, and his more sensible female partner, Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon). Agents","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1814168","text":"award three times. The show moved to CBS for its final season, with ratings declining, as spy series went out of fashion. \"Get Smart\" was canceled in 1970 after 138 episodes. Following this, Adams then wanted to move on to other projects. His efforts after \"Get Smart\" were less successful, including the comedy series \"The Partners\" (1971–72), a game show called \"Don Adams' Screen Test\" (1975–76) and three attempts to revive the \"Get Smart\" series in the 1980s. His movie \"The Nude Bomb\" (1980) was unsuccessful at the box-office. Adams had been typecast as Maxwell Smart and was unable to","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"1869360","text":"the doctor on \"Love Boat\" was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried on \"Get Smart.\" In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was \"Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart.\" In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his \"Get Smart\" character with his catch phrase \"Would you believe...?\" In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of a bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series \"Inspector Gadget.\" This later became a feature film in 1999","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"4155475","text":"while blending in alternate history and homages & cameos to other fiction (i.e. instead of becoming the President of the United States, actor Ronald Reagan portrayed Maxwell Smart in the TV series \"Get Smart\", famous film murderers like Jason Voorhees are inmates in an asylum in \"Krokodil Tears\", and actor Leonard Nimoy is viewed as a 60s astronaut in \"Comeback Tour\"). The world has undergone an intense social, environmental, and moral collapse, combined with a dramatic rise in technology; by the year 1995, violence became the main killer as well as mutating viruses ASD, CSE and PHD. In the \"Demon","title":"Dark Future"},{"id":"1772942","text":"endless amount of gadgets he can summon by saying \"Go-Go-Gadget\" then the gadget's name. Although he has all this equipment, Gadget is ultimately incompetent and clueless (in a manner similar to Maxwell Smart of \"Get Smart\" – who was also played by Don Adams – and the Inspector Clouseau character of the \"Pink Panther\" series, including his attire looking similar to Clouseau). He overcomes obstacles and survives perilous situations and malfunctioning gadgets, often by sheer good luck. His niece, Penny, and intelligent dog, Brain, secretly help him solve each case. His nemesis is Dr. Claw, the head of the criminal","title":"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"},{"id":"2542058","text":"the television game show \"I've Got a Secret\". September 2, 1962: Mosconi was a contestant on the television game show \"What's My Line?\". 1966: An episode of \"Get Smart\", \"The Dead Spy Scrawls\" {1/18}, featured actor Harry Bartell in the role of \"Willie Marconi,\" trying to teach Maxwell Smart how to play pool. While some have erroneously believed this is a cameo of Willie Mosconi playing himself, the Marconi character is a fictitious but obvious tribute to Mosconi, who is acknowledged by The Chief as \"the greatest pool player in the world.\" February 25, 1978: \"The Great Pool Shoot-Out\", a","title":"Willie Mosconi"},{"id":"1869363","text":"is customary for the actor to go to the foreign location for shooting, Adams' apparent intense dislike of long-distance flying meant that the New Zealand specification car had to be shipped to the US for filming. He also appeared in another series of Canadian commercials in the late 1990s for a dial-around long distance carrier. In the movie Back to the Beach (1987), Adams played the Harbor Master, who used several of Maxwell Smart's catch phrases (including an exchange in which Frankie Avalon's character did a vague impression of Siegfried). Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart.","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869331","text":"is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the \"Bureau of Internal Revenue\". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film. In 1999, \"TV Guide\" ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in \"Ice Station Siegfried\", as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts). Admiral Harold Harmon Hargrade or (William","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"3101404","text":"\"The Old Dark House\" (1963), \"Soldier in the Rain\" (1963), \"Cold Turkey\" (1971), \"The Happy Hooker\" (1975), \"Rabbit Test\" (1978), \"Up the Academy\" (1980) and \"Carbon Copy\" (1981). He was cast as Michael Carrington's uncle Tom Anderson in \"Grease 2\" (1982), but his scenes were deleted. However, his television career was expansive, covering the better part of five decades. When Mel Brooks submitted his idea for \"Get Smart\" to the ABC network, ABC wanted Poston for the lead role of Maxwell Smart. When ABC passed on the show, NBC picked it up and the lead went to Don Adams. Poston,","title":"Tom Poston"},{"id":"1869361","text":"starring Matthew Broderick in the title role of Inspector John Brown Gadget (in which Adams had a cameo), and its prequel series \"Gadget Boy and Heather.\" Neither were directly related to \"Get Smart.\" In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"2296322","text":"Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969. The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman in a stressful career. Feldon noted \"A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them. Because she was smart and always got the right answer.\" Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of \"Get Smart\" was a deodorant soap and she had done a","title":"Barbara Feldon"},{"id":"3097998","text":"Nanny\". He also starred as Zachary Smart, the son of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 in the \"Get Smart\" Fox television remake (a role he reportedly tried to escape in order to go into work with \"NewsRadio\"). In 2001, Dick starred along with Kieran Culkin on the short lived NBC summer television series \"Go Fish\". Dick has been a series regular on several sitcoms for their entire duration, including \"NewsRadio\" on NBC (1995–1999), portraying Matthew Brock, and on the ABC sitcom \"Less than Perfect\" as Owen Kronsky. In 2001, his colleagues and producers, including himself, developed a show on MTV","title":"Andy Dick"},{"id":"5733633","text":"The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \"Get Smart\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\" for television. Agent Maxwell Smart is called back into service in order to stop a nefarious KAOS terrorist plan from exploding a bomb that destroys only clothing, so as to leave KAOS as the only supplier of clothes to the entire world. Saint-Sauvage, the KAOS fashion designer, finds everyone","title":"The Nude Bomb"},{"id":"13257422","text":"Mr. Big (Get Smart) \"Mr. Big\" is the first episode of the first season of \"Get Smart\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) is called up during a concert by his shoe-phone, and is then","title":"Mr. Big (Get Smart)"},{"id":"4443304","text":"played judges in \"Centennial\" and \"B. J. and the Bear\". In 1980, he was cast in the role of \"Chief\" in the \"Get Smart\" feature film entitled \"The Nude Bomb\" (a.k.a. \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\") that was based on the 1960s hit TV series (the role previously played by Edward Platt, who died in 1974). He also co-starred in two episodes of \"The A-Team\" in 1984 and 1985. In 1987, he was cast on \"Matlock\". Elcar and his stunt/photography double, Don S. Davis, were often mistaken for each other. Elcar appeared in the hit series \"Knight Rider\" in the","title":"Dana Elcar"},{"id":"6251109","text":"Get Smart, Again! Get Smart, Again! is a 1989 American made-for-television comedy film based on the 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \"Get Smart!\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. It originally aired February 26, 1989 on ABC (the network that rejected the original pilot for \"Get Smart!\"). Maxwell Smart, acting as a protocol officer since CONTROL was disbanded in the early 1970s, is reactivated as a counterintelligence agent by Commander Drury, of the United States Intelligence Agency. KAOS, long considered defunct, has been revitalized by a corporate takeover. Its first scheme involves turning","title":"Get Smart, Again!"},{"id":"1869362","text":"Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier. In the late 1980s Adams portrayed Smart in a series of TV commercials for Toyota New Zealand, for the 1990 model Toyota Starlet. While it","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"5361667","text":"included Don Adams as a hopelessly inept house detective named Byron Glick; when the show was cancelled, Adams quickly used the Glick characterization as the basis for Maxwell Smart, and \"Get Smart\" premiered on NBC that fall. Before appearing in front of a television camera for the first time on \"The Steve Allen Show\" in 1959, Dana had been a prolific comedy writer, an activity he continued into the 1980s, producing material for other actors on stage and screen. Dana co-wrote the script for the \"Get Smart\" theatrical film \"The Nude Bomb\". His brother, Irving Szathmary, wrote the famous theme","title":"Bill Dana"},{"id":"1869354","text":"Hendrix as 66. Four feature-length films have been produced following the end of the NBC/CBS run of the TV series: In October 2008, it was reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Mosaic Media Group are producing a sequel. Carell and Hathaway are set to return, but the status of other cast members has not yet been announced. \"Get Smart, Again!\" eventually prompted the development of a short-lived 1995 weekly series on FOX also titled \"Get Smart\", with Adams and Feldon reprising their characters with Maxwell Smart now being the Chief of CONTROL as their bumbling son, Zach (Andy","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"5733639","text":"on broadcast television for the first time with its originally intended title, \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\". The film was released on Region 1 DVD on August 26, 2008 and Region 4 on October 30, 2009. It was released in Australia on Blu-ray on June 22, 2016. The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \"Get Smart\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\" for television.","title":"The Nude Bomb"},{"id":"1814171","text":"the two contestants would be played, with audience reaction determining the winner, who would receive a trip to Hollywood and a real screen test for a motion picture. Don Adams resurrected the Maxwell Smart character for a series of television commercials for Savemart, a retail chain that sold audio and video equipment. Don Adams also did a series of audio/radio commercials for Chief Auto Parts in the 1980's, a retail automobile parts establishment, later sold to AutoZone AutoZone. He also appeared in the film \"Jimmy the Kid\" (1982) and played a cameo role as a harbormaster in \"Back to the","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"18065344","text":"at the accounting firm, Mr. Hamble, were all unaware of Henry's secret life, with Gerald Hannahan, the regional director of the agency the lone person to know the secret. The characters of the girlfriend and mother-in-law were phased out halfway through the abbreviated run. Buttons noted that, unlike Agent Maxwell Smart in NBC's new hit \"Get Smart\", his character was shy, used no gadgets in his work, and was an impostor, not an actual agent. Phyfe's CIS boss was played by veteran character actor Fred Clark, who bore a superficial physical resemblance to Smart's \"Chief\" played by Edward Platt. The","title":"The Double Life of Henry Phyfe"},{"id":"2675277","text":"the spy-spoof television series, did a parody of the show in the 1968 episode titled \"Die Spy\". In this, agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott—with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. Robert Culp makes an uncredited cameo appearance as an inebriated Turkish waiter. A number of original novels based upon the series were published, most written in the mid-to-late 1960s by Walter Wager under the pseudonym \"John Tiger.\" The \"I Spy\" novels were published by Popular Library: The following","title":"I Spy (1965 TV series)"},{"id":"1869359","text":"Glick. His speech mannerisms, catch phrases (\"Would you believe...?\"), and other comedy bits were adapted for his \"Maxwell Smart\" role on \"Get Smart\". When WCGV-TV, a new independent station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin signed on the air in 1980, Adams did in-house promos as Agent 86 to let viewers know when the reruns of \"Get Smart\" aired on the station by using his shoephone. In one of Adams' five appearances as a guest passenger on the series \"The Love Boat\", his character, even when he thought he had been shot, makes no attempt to visit the ship's doctor. The role of","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"2296324","text":"film to date is 2006's \"Last Request\", a comedy with Danny Aiello and Joe Piscopo. Feldon reprised her role as \"Agent 99\" in the made-for-television film \"Get Smart, Again!\" (1989) and a short-lived television series also titled \"Get Smart\" in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original \"Get Smart\" series in 2006 but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 episode (S1 E20) of \"Mad About You\", as Diane \"Spy Girl\"","title":"Barbara Feldon"},{"id":"9244712","text":"analyst named Maxwell Smart (Carell) who dreams of becoming a real field agent and a better spy. The film was released in North America on June 20, 2008. \"Get Smart\" received mixed reviews from critics and it earned $230 million on a $80 million budget. Maxwell Smart, an analyst for the top secret American intelligence agency, CONTROL, yearns to become a field agent like his idol, Agent 23. Despite top scores in the acceptance tests, Max is denied the promotion due to his higher value as an analyst. When CONTROL headquarters is attacked by the terrorist organization KAOS, almost all","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"3772789","text":"minutes, akin to the technique that has become quite commonplace today. The theme music, which accompanied the closing credits and occasionally popped up during the program itself, was composed by Lalo Schifrin, best known for the theme to \"\". Unlike many other sitcoms of the 1960s and 70s, there is no family seen in the show. There are not many characters altogether. Detective Lennie Crooke: (Don Adams) Det. Lennie Crooke is a slightly inept police detective, a bit similar to Adams' previous character on \"Get Smart\", Maxwell Smart. Details on his life and family are very sparse. He has mentioned","title":"The Partners"},{"id":"1869357","text":"air new episodes (or made-for-TV films) on each of the aforementioned current four major American television networks, although several TV shows in the 1940s and 1950s aired on NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont. The different versions of \"Get Smart\" did not all feature the original lead cast. \"Get Smart\" was parodied on a sketch in the Mexican comedy show \"De Nuez en Cuando\" called [\"Super Agente 3.1486\"], making fun of the Spanish title of the series (Super Agente 86) and the way the series is dubbed. An early \"MadTV\" sketch titled \"Get Smarty\" placed the Maxwell Smart character in situations","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"10796429","text":"a retired secret agent sought by CONTROL agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) and by enemy spies. Taylor gets a chance in the plot to exchange humorous takes with Adams and perform some physical comedy. Another veteran of acting, Ellen Corby, also appears in this same \"Get Smart\" episode, which takes place in \"Spy City,\" a retirement community for former agents. In 1966 and 1968, Taylor made guest appearances on \"Petticoat Junction\". In 1966, he played Mr. Foley, episode: \"Better Never Than Late\", and in 1968, he played Mr. Clayton, in the episode \"Uncle Joe Runs the Hotel\". On April 26,","title":"Vaughn Taylor (actor)"},{"id":"3384639","text":"house detective, a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on \"Get Smart\". In similar fashion, several of Harris's tropes from the series, such as \"Oh, the pain!\", along with the character's mannerisms and delivery, became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on \"Lost in Space\". In an apparent homage to his earlier role, Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on \"Get Smart\" in 1970. His female assistant was named Zachary. Harris also guest-starred on \"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir\". Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of","title":"Jonathan Harris"},{"id":"1869327","text":"something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first. Brooks and Henry proposed the show to ABC, where network executives called it \"un-American\" and demanded a \"lovable dog to give the show more heart\", as well as scenes showing Maxwell Smart's mother. Brooks strongly objected to the second suggestion: They wanted to put a print housecoat on the show. Max was to come home to his mother and explain everything. I hate mothers on shows. Max has no mother. He never had one. The cast and crew contributed","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"13257427","text":"Dante admits that he'd originally intended to call his thermal death-ray \"Dante's Inferno.\" Mr. Big (Get Smart) \"Mr. Big\" is the first episode of the first season of \"Get Smart\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don","title":"Mr. Big (Get Smart)"},{"id":"7528634","text":"his cousin to remain close to him, Adams initially gave Karvelas several uncredited bit parts on \"Get Smart\". One such part was an assistant to the Chief, which would evolve into the character of Larrabee. Mr. Karvelas actually ended up appearing in all five seasons of the show. The character \"Larrabee\" would go on to have the distinction of being just as bumbling as Maxwell Smart, if not more so. In Episode 21, Season 5, Smart tells the Chief, \"People ask if Larrabee and I are related.\" Robert's character part, and his generally sweet, unassuming nature, enhanced the joviality of","title":"Robert Karvelas"},{"id":"1869336","text":"though the two characters share similar traits and often speak fondly of one another—even in the midst of attempting to assassinate each other. Speaking English with an exaggerated German accent, the gray-haired, mustachioed, and dueling-scarred Siegfried's catchphrase is, \"Zis is KAOS! Ve don't [some action] here!\" He was played by Terence Stamp in the 2008 film. In \"Get Smart\", telephones are concealed in over 50 objects, including a necktie, comb, watch, and a clock. A recurring gag is Max's shoe phone (an idea from Brooks). To use or answer it, he has to take off his shoe. There were a","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"3142496","text":"episodes, when both characters are in the car, Karate is the driver while Batfink rides in the back seat. In early episodes, his voice is a stereotypical Asian accent, but in later episodes, Len Maxwell adopts a clipped and nasal speech pattern. This was inspired by Don Adams, whose \"Get Smart\" character, Maxwell Smart, was popular at the time. Karate on occasion even utters the Maxwell-inspired catchphrase, \"Sorry about that, Batfink.\" Karate was usually ordered to check downstairs, while Batfink checked the upper floor. At the end of each cartoon episode, Karate would make a corny pun that was sometimes","title":"Batfink"},{"id":"1869349","text":"Second and third calls come in, each with its own alias, the last of which is his own real name of Maxwell Smart, which he initially does not answer. Smart tells the skeptical gallery owner that those are his names as well, making it obvious to any spy that he is taking calls from fellow agents and informants. Smart then makes himself even more visible by tangling the handset cords of the three phones. CONTROL has a policy of burning pertinent documents after cases are closed; the reasons were detailed in their Rules and Regulations book, but nobody can read","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869335","text":"were so busy, they forgot to have the names stand for anything. In a series episode, after making a series of demands in a recording, the speaker mentions the demands are from \"KAOS, a Delaware Corporation\". When Smart asks the chief about this, he mentions they did it for tax reasons. Ludwig Von Siegfried, Konrad Siegfried, Count Von Siegfried, simply , or Herr Siegfried in most episodes (Bernie Kopell) is a recurring villain, and the Vice President in charge of Public Relations and Terror at KAOS though his title does vary. Siegfried is Maxwell Smart's \"opposite number\" and nemesis, even","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1814166","text":"show, which cast Adams in the role because he was already under contract. When \"Get Smart\" debuted in 1965, it was an immediate hit. Barbara Feldon co-starred as Max's young and attractive partner (later wife) Agent 99, where she had a great chemistry with Adams throughout the show's run, despite a 10-year age difference, and they became best friends during and after. Adams gave the character a clipped speaking style borrowed from actor William Powell. Feldon said, \"Part of the pop fervor for Agent 86 was because Don did such an extreme portrayal of the character that it made it","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"9244721","text":"response, Dalip throws Siegfried into a river. Back in CONTROL headquarters, a party is held in Maxwell's honor, where Agent 99 gives him a puppy. Maxwell is afterwards given honors and gets his dream of becoming a real spy. While leaving, Max attempts to fix the jammed door, much to Agent 99's dismay, and ends up jammed between the sliding doors as a humorous ending shot. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original TV series, has a cameo as a motorist driving an Opel GT, a car featured in the TV series. This film's score was composed by Trevor","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"4891586","text":"was referenced in the first part of the 1969 \"Get Smart\" episode \"To Sire, with Love\", aired February 15th., in the US. Maxwell Smart claims that after appearing in an unspecified movie involving mummies, Bey was cursed and his career never recovered. Turhan Bey Turhan Bey (30 March 192230 September 2012) was an Austrian-born actor of Turkish and Czech Jewish origin. Turhan was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed \"The Turkish Delight\" by his fans. After his return to Austria, he pursued careers as a photographer and stage director. Returning to Hollywood after a 40-year hiatus,","title":"Turhan Bey"},{"id":"4083335","text":"had a regular comic strip feature, \"Superfan\", in \"Pro Quarterback\" magazine in the early 1970s. It was written by his \"Mad\" cohort, Nick Meglin. Davis first worked with \"TV Guide\" in 1965, which hired him to illustrate an expansive eight-page advertising supplement for NBC's TV lineup, which featured icons such as Johnny Carson, Dean Martin and fictional characters such as Dr. Kildare, Napoleon Solo and Maxwell Smart. His first cover for the magazine came in 1968, when he depicted a tribute to Andy Griffith, in which the actor was hoisted on the shoulders of his costars, Don Knotts and Jim","title":"Jack Davis (cartoonist)"},{"id":"11365334","text":"Bruce Bilson Bruce Bilson (born May 19, 1928) is an American film and television director. He is the grandfather of actress Rachel Bilson. He is most notable for his work as a regular director on the popular spy spoof \"Get Smart\". He won the 1967-68 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the third season Get Smart episode \"Maxwell Smart, Private Eye\". Bilson was born in Brooklyn to Jewish parents. His mother, Hattie Bilson (née Dratwa), was an American screenwriter, and his father, George Bilson (1902-1981), was an English producer/writer/director (born Leeds, West Yorkshire) . His","title":"Bruce Bilson"},{"id":"6922105","text":"married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote \"Rag Doll\", using the pseudonym \"Maxwell Smart\", a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including \"Casualty\", \"Love Hurts\" and","title":"Catherine Johnson (playwright)"},{"id":"3591869","text":"Jürgen Prochnow Jürgen Prochnow ( ; born 10 June 1941) is a German-born actor. His best-known roles internationally have been as the good-hearted and sympathetic U-Boat captain in \"Das Boot\" (1981), Duke Leto Atreides in \"Dune\" (1984), the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in \"Air Force One\" (1997), and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in \"Beverly Hills Cop II\" (1987). Prochnow was born in Berlin and brought up in Düsseldorf, the son of an engineer. He studied acting at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. Thanks to his on-screen intensity and his fluency in English, he has","title":"Jürgen Prochnow"},{"id":"4568995","text":"designed with an eye to safety. Automotive magazine \"Road & Track\" reviewed the GT in their June 1969 issue, recording 0–96 km/h in 10.8 seconds and a top speed of 182 km/h. \"Road & Track\" also found the car to have strong understeer, suggesting the 165x13 tires to be too small, although the ride was comfortable. A gold 1969 Opel GT was Agent 86 Maxwell Smart's car in the last season of the comedy TV series \"Get Smart\". Maxwell Smart drove a GT in several episodes, and the car features prominently in the opening credits. In the 2008 movie adaptation","title":"Opel GT"},{"id":"9244711","text":"Get Smart (film) Get Smart is a 2008 American action spy comedy film directed by Peter Segal, written by Tom J. Astle and Matt Ember and produced by Leonard B. Stern, who is also the producer of the original series. The film is based on Mel Brooks and Buck Henry's television series of the same name. The film stars Steve Carell, Anne Hathaway, Dwayne Johnson, and Alan Arkin, with Terence Stamp, Terry Crews, David Koechner, and James Caan in supporting roles. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original series, also appeared in the film. The film centers on an","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"4568996","text":"\"Get Smart\", Bernie Kopell (who played Siegfried in the original \"Get Smart\" series) makes a cameo appearance in which he drives a GT. Maxwell Smart's cars in Season 1 and 2 (a Sunbeam Tiger) and in Seasons 3 and 4 (a Volkswagen Karmann Ghia) are also in the scene. In the January 20, 2016 episode of \"Criminal Minds\" seen on CBS called \"Drive\", Dr. Tara Lewis, (played by Aisha Tyler) is seen pulling up in a vintage White Opel GT. When asked by the character Special Agent David Rossi (played Joe Mantegna), \"Who's your restoration guy?\", She answers, \"Oh, um,","title":"Opel GT"},{"id":"3056406","text":"James Kirkwood. He voiced James Bond in the video game \"\" (2002). Maxwell Newby was born to Peter Newby on 23 November 1959 in Belper, Derbyshire and Oriole Rosalind (née Findlater) — although he later claimed to be a native of Glasgow, reportedly to be \"more interesting\". By 1965, his parents had divorced. Although not a child actor per se, aged around 7, he played \"Ted\" (under the name Maxwell Findlater, using his mother's maiden name) in the 1967 film, \"Accident\". The film's screenplay was written by Harold Pinter, and the film starred Stanley Baker, Dirk Bogarde and Michael York.","title":"Maxwell Caulfield"},{"id":"13191562","text":"Makes Diamonds AZ - Legendary Sheek Louch - Life On D-Block Messy Marv and Berner - Blow Messy Marv and Berner - Blow 2: Blocks and Boat Docks Trina - Amazin' Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max","title":"Max Perry"},{"id":"1869355","text":"Dick), becomes CONTROL's star agent (Zach's twin sister is never seen nor mentioned — though the new leader of KAOS, a hidden female figure, would have been revealed as the other twin if the show had continued.) And 99 is now a Congresswoman. The beginning teaser shows Maxwell Smart and Zach driving to CONTROL headquarters in a car wash separately; Smart, Zach and their secretary cram themselves into a secret elevator: a soda machine which \"disappears\". (A cleaning lady sits down in the open space when all of a sudden the machine pops up and knocks the woman into the","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869364","text":"He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, \"Don't tell me you're a double agent.\" (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, \"Don't tell me...\" and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, \"I \"asked\" you not to tell me that!\") Adams also appeared","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"7545987","text":"to be his true breakthrough role. He also considers the role to be his favorite Oscar-nominated performance. Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the","title":"Street Smart (film)"},{"id":"5964290","text":"Rupert Penry-Jones Rupert William Penry-Jones (born 22 September 1970) is an English actor, known for his roles as Adam Carter in the BBC One spy drama series \"Spooks\", Clive Reader QC in the BBC One legal drama \"Silk\", policeman DI Joseph Chandler in the ITV murder mystery series \"Whitechapel\", and Mr. Quinlan in the FX horror series \"The Strain\". Penry-Jones was born in London, the son of Welsh actor Peter Penry-Jones and English actress Angela Thorne. His brother, Laurence Penry-Jones, is an actor turned ambulance driver who is married to actress Polly Walker. On BBC One's \"Who Do You Think","title":"Rupert Penry-Jones"},{"id":"9244719","text":"him a coded message via the radio show \"American Top 40\" alerting him to Siegfried's plan. Max escapes, arrives in Los Angeles to reunite with the Chief, Agent 99, and Agent 23, and convinces them that he is not the double-agent. When his Geiger counter-equipped watch picks up traces of radiation from Agent 23, they realize Agent 23 is the real double-agent. 23 takes 99 hostage and flees in a vehicle. After a chase, Maxwell manages to rescue Agent 99, but in the struggle, the car is set on fire and forced onto railroad tracks. Maxwell kisses Agent 23 to","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"1869322","text":"James Bond and Inspector Clouseau. Brooks said: \"It's an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy.\" The show generated a number of popular catchphrases during its run, including \"Would you believe...\", \"Good thinking, 99\", \"Missed it by \"that much\"!\", \"Sorry about that, Chief\", \"The old (such-and-such) trick\", \"And \"loving\" it\", and \"I \"asked\" you not to tell me that\". The show was followed by the films \"The Nude Bomb\" (a 1980 theatrical film release) and \"Get Smart, Again!\" (a 1989 made-for-TV sequel to the series), as well as a 1995 revival series, and a 2008 film remake. In","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869325","text":"as KAOS agents, including William Schallert (who also had a recurring role as The Admiral, the first Chief of CONTROL). Conrad Siegfried, played by Bernie Kopell, is Smart's KAOS archenemy. King Moody (originally appearing as a generic KAOS killer) portrayed the dim-witted but burly Shtarker, Siegfried's assistant. The enemies, world-takeover plots and gadgets seen in \"Get Smart\" were a parody of the \"James Bond\" movie franchise. \"Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch\", Mel Brooks said of the methods of this TV series. Max and 99 marry in season four, and have twins in season five.","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"7545986","text":"do the film partly because Cannon promised to give \"Street Smart\" the financial backing it needed. Miles Davis and Robert Irving III recorded the complete soundtrack. The film gained positive reviews. It currently holds a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film performed poorly at the box office, which is primarily attributed to Cannon Films' failure to properly market the theatrical release. Morgan Freeman was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award (among other honors) for Best Supporting Actor for his role. Despite having appeared in \"The Electric Company\" during the 1970s, Freeman has considered Fast Black","title":"Street Smart (film)"},{"id":"1869358","text":"from the film \"Get Shorty.\" An episode of \"F Troop\" called \"Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy\" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent \"B. Wise.\" \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade\" parodies the opening of \"Get Smart\" in the couch gag. Homer goes through many futuristic doors and passageways until he reaches the phone booth, falls through the floor, and lands on the couch, with the rest of the family already seated. In the 1960s, Adams had a supporting role on the sitcom \"The Bill Dana Show\" (1963–1965) as the hopelessly inept hotel detective Byron","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"3558646","text":"rein to do the episode as he saw fit. The show lasted three years from 1981-83. He reprised the role in the spin-off pilot \"The Greatest American Heroine\" and a voice-over on the stop-motion sketch comedy \"Robot Chicken\". During that time, Culp was rumored to replace Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing in \"Dallas.\" However, Culp firmly denied this, insisting he would never leave his role as Bill Maxwell. In 1987, he reunited with Cosby on \"The Cosby Show\", playing Dr. Cliff Huxtable's old friend Scott Kelly. The name was a combination of their \"I Spy\" characters' names. Culp had","title":"Robert Culp"},{"id":"3509078","text":"Mack (Bill Nighy). In 2004, he played the role of Solanio in the Michael Radford film, \"The Merchant of Venice.\" In an interview in \"The Metro\" on 20 February 2008 he stated that he is no longer recognised as Rab C. Nesbitt, and rather is more likely to be stopped by fans for his recent role as Mr Bumble in \"Oliver Twist\". \"Empty\", a comedy series starring Fisher, began on BBC2 on 28 February 2008. On BBC2, on 23 December 2008, he reprised his role as Rab C Nesbitt in a Christmas special. Fisher's autobiography, \"The Boy from Nowhere\", was","title":"Gregor Fisher"},{"id":"15107063","text":"\"I'm absolutely thrilled to bits - I've not even been on screen yet, so it's quite flattering to be up for Sexiest Male. It's great. A few people have asked me whether it would be quite an embarrassing award to win, but considering I haven't even been on screen yet, I'd take anything! (laughs) If it was Best Haircut, I'd take that as well!\" Tommy Duckworth Tommy Duckworth is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \"Coronation Street\", played by Darryl Edwards from 1992 to 1997, Joseph Aston in 2000 and Chris Fountain from 2011 to 2013. The","title":"Tommy Duckworth"},{"id":"9244723","text":"regarded Mexican actor who was returning to the character after a 13-year hiatus, having dubbed Don Adams in the 1960s TV series and again in the short-lived 1990s \"Get Smart\" TV series starring Andy Dick. \"Get Smart\" received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 51%, based on 215 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, \"\"Get Smart\" rides Steve Carell's considerable charm for a few laughs, but in the end is a rather ordinary Summer comedy.\" Metacritic gave the film a score of 54 out of 100, based on 34 critics,","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"731140","text":"of \"Long and the Short and the Tall\" to Laurence Harvey. \"It broke my heart,\" he said later. O'Toole's major break came in November 1960 when he was chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in Sir David Lean's $12 million epic \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), after Marlon Brando proved unavailable and Albert Finney turned down the role. His performance was ranked number one in \"Premiere\" magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. The role introduced him to US audiences and earned him the first of his eight nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor. T. E.","title":"Peter O'Toole"},{"id":"9909223","text":"that White (then Sir Gordon) was written into the script of the 1987 film \"Wall Street\", as the character 'Sir Larry Wildman', in which he was played as a cold-blooded money-making machine by actor Terence Stamp. In May 2004 White's daughter Sita, aged 43, died suddenly during a Santa Monica yoga class, Gordon White, Baron White of Hull Vincent Gordon Lindsay White, Baron White of Hull, KBE (11 May 1923 – 23 August 1995), known as Gordon White, was co-founder with James Hanson of the British conglomerate Hanson plc and one of the most successful corporate raiders of the 1970s","title":"Gordon White, Baron White of Hull"},{"id":"1568527","text":"her metafictional novel \"Culture Shock\" (Duckworth 1988), Valerie Grosvenor Myer wrote of a satirically presented married couple among her characters:Let us consider my Jean and Jack ... I weighted the scales by presenting them in the rôle of parents ... fictional parents are usually set up as Aunt Sallies to be knocked down ... Mrs. Bennet, Mrs. Nickleby, Mrs. Portnoy; Old Capulet, Mr Dorrit, Dr Sloper. In the \"Get Smart\" original TV series, in the fifth-season episode \"Do I Hear a Vaults?\", aired on 8 May 1970, Maxwell Smart alludes to the book being hidden in a public library. The","title":"Portnoy's Complaint"},{"id":"331205","text":"Academy Film Awards. In 1963, Stanley Kubrick cast Sellers to appear in \"Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb\" alongside George C. Scott, Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn and Slim Pickens. Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film's production and had the greatest of respect for each other, also sharing a love of photography. The director asked Sellers to play three roles: US President Merkin Muffley, Dr. Strangelove and Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF. Sellers was initially hesitant about taking on these divergent characters, but Kubrick prevailed. According to some accounts,","title":"Peter Sellers"},{"id":"1869341","text":"of soup (Cream of Technicolor) that takes a picture (with a conspicuous flash) of the person eating the soup with each spoonful; a Mini Magnet on a belt, which turns out to be stronger than KAOS's Maxi Magnet; and a powerful miniature laser weapon in the button of a sports jacket (the \"laser blazer\"). Another of the show's recurring gags is the \"Cone of Silence\". Smart would pedantically insist on following CONTROL's security protocols; when in the chief's office he would insist on speaking under the Cone of Silence—two transparent plastic hemispheres which are electrically lowered on top of Max","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"13191559","text":"Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max Perry has done many cowrites with his brother and partner, Gennessee, who has worked with artists such as Mac Dre, One Block Radius, Too Short, Hell Rell, Paul Wall, AZ, and","title":"Max Perry"},{"id":"12874443","text":"working at Talent Associates in New York City on the script for a new pilot, which became an enduring legacy of Talent Associates. This was the sitcom \"Get Smart\", a spoof of the then-popular secret agent genre, which premiered in 1965 on NBC and starred Don Adams and Barbara Feldon. Production took place at Sunset Bronson Studios in Hollywood, so Talent Associates had to establish a West Coast presence. \"Get Smart\" spanned 138 episodes over 5 years, and was very popular in broadcast syndication. It spawned sequels, reunion shows and even major feature films decades after its premiere. Talent Associates","title":"Talent Associates"},{"id":"7733611","text":"of serious story lines which Paul performed with some panache. These included being kicked almost to death by a gang of thugs and having to spend several weeks in hospital on a drip, falling in love with a colleague's girlfriend and having an affair with her (and marrying her after the affair became public), and then having an extramarital relationship himself with another officer. The character was eventually transferred after successfully undertaking undercover work. This tied in with Paul's decision to leave \"The Bill\" after 13 years. He briefly played Maxwell Moon in the popular BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" and","title":"Andrew Paul"},{"id":"9675307","text":"his eyesight. Maxwell Arnow is survived by two daughters and three grandchildren. Aside from the two mentioned above, other film stars he worked with included Kay Francis, Miriam Hopkins, Helen Hayes, Ruth Chatterton, Katharine Hepburn, Humphrey Bogart (who wouldn't change his first name), Jack Lemmon, Ernest Borgnine, Shelley Winters, Robert Vaughn and Tab Hunter. Maxwell Arnow Maxwell Arnow (born February 25, 1902 in New York City – died June 6, 1984 in Beverly Hills) was an American Casting director. He was noted for his discoveries of future film stars Ronald Reagan and Kim Novak. Maxwell Arnow was born in New","title":"Maxwell Arnow"},{"id":"2568610","text":"many times. For security reasons, Maxwell Smart insists upon using it to discuss his case. Despite this, its use is always counterproductive in some way: The series also employs related technology: Cone of Silence (Get Smart) The Cone of Silence is one of many recurring joke devices from \"Get Smart\", an American comedy television series of the 1960s about an inept spy. The essence of the joke is that the apparatus, designed for secret conversations, makes it impossible for those inside the device – and easy for those outside the device – to hear the conversation. The end result being","title":"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)"},{"id":"35148","text":"scene of \"\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \"Broadcast News\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\" He also won positive notices for his role in 1998's \"Out of Sight\", playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict. Brooks received positive reviews for his portrayal of a dying retail store owner who befriends disillusioned teen Leelee Sobieski","title":"Albert Brooks"},{"id":"3056407","text":"The actor's American stepfather, Peter Maclaine, a former Marine, reportedly kicked Caulfield out of the house at the age of 15. Caulfield became an exotic dancer at London's Windmill Theatre in order to obtain an Equity card enabling him to work as an actor. Later he got his green card through his stepfather. He reportedly took his stage surname, Caulfield, from the character in J.D. Salinger's novel \"Catcher in the Rye\". Caulfield made his New York City debut in \"Hot Rock Hotel\" (1978) after moving from the UK to the United States, and the following year made his stage debut","title":"Maxwell Caulfield"},{"id":"2912248","text":"Edward Platt Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his portrayal of \"The Chief\" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series \"Get Smart\". With his deep voice and mature appearance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career. Platt was born in Staten Island, New York, and studied at the Juilliard School. He attended Princeton University, but left after his freshman year. Platt served in the United States Army during World War II. A powerful, operatically trained bass-baritone, he debuted on Broadway in the Rodgers and","title":"Edward Platt"},{"id":"6774078","text":"hit—\"Marriage on the Rocks\" and \"Assault on a Queen\" having flopped in the two previous years—so he put actor and trusted aide Brad Dexter in charge of finding a suitable vehicle. After negotiations for him to star in \"Harper\" fell through, \"The Naked Runner\" was chosen instead. Sinatra had been impressed with 1965's \"The IPCRESS File\" and recruited its director Sidney J. Furie. Among the film's co-stars were Peter Vaughan, Derren Nesbitt and Edward Fox. Sinatra was paid $1 million. In Copenhagen, Sinatra left to perform at a rally for California's Democratic governor Pat Brown (running against Republican Ronald Reagan).","title":"The Naked Runner"},{"id":"14396271","text":"wave of actors born in the late 1970s and early 1980s who were garnering success in Hollywood. These actors include Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hiddleston, Henry Cavill, James McAvoy, Tom Hardy, Eddie Redmayne and Rupert Friend. Brit Pack (actors) \"Brit Pack\" is a term that has been used to refer to specific groups of young British actors who have achieved success in Hollywood, as well as more generally to the entire group of such actors. According to one article, \"every decade brings a new Brit Pack, another disparate group of actors backed by the media to achieve simultaneous Hollywood stardom.\" However,","title":"Brit Pack (actors)"},{"id":"2568607","text":"them. Neither the characters nor the audience hear what is being said. In the later sequel movie, \"Get Smart, Again!\" (1989), when Maxwell is reactivated as a secret agent, he insists on following protocol to ensure secrecy by using the Cone of Silence. However, the device is considered to be completely outdated (however Max and 99 still have one at home), and the current methods used were the following: A new version of the Cone of Silence appears in the 2008 \"Get Smart\" film. One of the early versions of the Cone used in the television series is on display","title":"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)"},{"id":"7545984","text":"Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the Police and the District Attorney think the story is of a real pimp who is wanted for","title":"Street Smart (film)"},{"id":"8650034","text":"women in the broadcast booth. This gets him into trouble eventually, as one of these women (played by Tim Reid's real-life wife Daphne Maxwell Reid) later is arrested as a conspirator in a jewelry robbery. To save her own skin, she fingers Venus, who bears a strong resemblance to the real robber. Venus is in jail for about a week until the real robber (briefly played by Reid via a split screen effect) is finally arrested. Despite the way he dresses and his occasional use of 1970s vernacular slang like \"what's happening,\" Venus is actually one of the more straitlaced","title":"Venus Flytrap (WKRP in Cincinnati)"},{"id":"771484","text":"the filmmakers had to make a choice whether to delay filming for a year or re-cast. James Mason had just finished filming \"Doctor Fischer of Geneva\" for the BBC. The \"Shooting Party\" schedule was changed to allow him to take over the part of Sir Randolph Nettleby six weeks later. His broken leg also deprived Scofield of the part of O'Brien in \"Nineteen Eighty-Four,\" in which he was replaced by Richard Burton. Scofield was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for \"A","title":"Paul Scofield"},{"id":"4271001","text":"grew further when he played the title role of Jim Hacker in the comedy series \"Yes Minister\" (first screened in 1980) and \"Yes, Prime Minister\" (1986–88) – said to have been former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's favourite TV programme. He was shortlisted four times for the BAFTA award for Best Light Entertainment Performance for the series, but he lost out to his co-star Nigel Hawthorne on each occasion. During 1987 Eddington appeared as Sir Joseph Porter in \"H.M.S. Pinafore\" in Australia. His last roles included Guy Wheeler, a corrupt property developer in the \"Minder\" episode \"The Wrong Goodbye\" (1989); as","title":"Paul Eddington"},{"id":"2655596","text":"recalling favorite moments with the actor. The comedy celebration has been noted as the most successful fundraiser in IMF history, as the first event held in 2007 raised over $550,000, while the following year over $600,000 was raised for the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the IMF's research programs. He was interred at Green River Cemetery in Springs, New York. Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and the comical monster in Mel Brooks'","title":"Peter Boyle"},{"id":"11433989","text":"a film made with a low budget funded almost entirely by financial contributions starting at £1,000 each from such individuals as Richard Burton, Noël Coward, Peter Sellers and Elizabeth Taylor, with the stars bypassing their standard fees and taking shares of the film's revenue. The movie, based on the play of the same name by Harold Pinter, was filmed in black-and-white with cinematography by Nicolas Roeg. Donner's next film, 1964's \"Nothing But the Best\", was a satire on the British class system starring Alan Bates and Denholm Elliott, based on a screenplay by Frederic Raphael. The film tells the story","title":"Clive Donner"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1869329\",\n \"text\": \"the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \\\"CONTROL\\\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8539979\",\n \"text\": \"famous example of a shoe phone in fiction is that of the television show \\\"Get Smart\\\". The use of a shoe phone is a gimmick of the show's main character, Maxwell Smart (played by Don Adams), a secret agent who has need to conceal a communication device in his shoe. The device had a removable sole which allowed access to a telephone handset. Like many gadgets depicted in the series, the shoe phone was a parody of communication gadgets in \\\"James Bond\\\" films which were themselves often fantastical. In the 1990s, Sports Illustrated developed and promoted a \\\"Sneaker Phone\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Shoe phone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4336905\",\n \"text\": \"also includes Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn, and Luke Wilson. Carell acted as the title character of \\\"Evan Almighty\\\", a sequel to \\\"Bruce Almighty\\\", reprising his role as Evan Baxter, now a U.S. Congressman. The film received mostly negative reviews. Carell starred in the 2007 film \\\"Dan in Real Life\\\", co-starring Dane Cook and Juliette Binoche. Carell played Maxwell Smart in the 2008 film \\\"Get Smart\\\", an adaptation of the TV series starring Don Adams. It was successful, grossing over $230 million worldwide. During 2007, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Carell\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Carell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814161\",\n \"text\": \"Don Adams Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy \\\"Get Smart\\\" (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \\\"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\\\" (1963–66) and \\\"Inspector Gadget\\\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869371\",\n \"text\": \"owns international distribution rights. On August 10, 2015, the entire series was officially released on digital streaming platforms for the first time in preparation for the series 50th anniversary. Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869321\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as Thaddeus, the Chief. Henry said that they created the show at the request of Daniel Melnick to capitalize on \\\"the two biggest things in the entertainment world today\\\":\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"269758\",\n \"text\": \"In 1965, Brooks teamed up with comedy writer Buck Henry to create a comedic TV show about a bumbling James Bond-inspired spy. Brooks explains, \\\"I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life... I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first.\\\" The show that Brooks and Henry created was \\\"Get Smart\\\", starring Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86. This series ran from 1965 until 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"Mel Brooks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5051912\",\n \"text\": \"during his appearances on panel programs such as celebrity \\\"roasts\\\" and other tributes. On a 1967 episode of \\\"Get Smart\\\", he played a KAOS agent who made a phone call to the Chief of CONTROL (played by Edward Platt), performed a perfect impression of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and told the Chief he was fired and replaced with agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams). In 1970-71, he hosted 22 episodes of \\\"Something Else\\\", a syndicated half-hour musical variety series. He then hosted his own show in 1972 called the \\\"John Byner Comedy Hour\\\", where the character Super Dave was first introduced.\",\n \"title\": \"John Byner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17271938\",\n \"text\": \"leviathan\\\". The 1965 Tiger Mark I gained some exposure on American television as the car of choice for Maxwell Smart in the spoof spy series \\\"Get Smart\\\". The Tiger was used for the first two seasons in the opening credits, in which Smart screeched to a halt outside his headquarters, and was used through the remainder of the series in several episodes. Some of the scenes featured unusual modifications such as a retractable James Bond-style machine gun that could not have fit under the Tiger's bonnet, so rebadged Alpine models were used instead. Don Adams, who played the protagonist Maxwell\",\n \"title\": \"Sunbeam Tiger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3558643\",\n \"text\": \"as an inebriated Turkish waiter on \\\"Get Smart\\\", the spy-spoof comedy series, in an \\\"I Spy\\\" parody episode titled \\\"Die Spy\\\". In this, secret agent Maxwell Smart played by Don Adams in effect assumes Culp's Kelly Robinson character, as he pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the \\\"I Spy\\\" theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott, with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. In 1971, Culp, Peter Falk, Robert Wagner, and Darren McGavin each stepped in to take turns with Anthony Franciosa's rotation of NBC's series \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" after\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Culp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814172\",\n \"text\": \"Beach\\\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \\\"Check it Out!\\\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \\\"Get Smart\\\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772951\",\n \"text\": \"but manages to survive by either his own good luck or covert help by Penny and Brain. Gadget dresses in a style similar to Inspector Clouseau from \\\"The Pink Panther\\\" movies, but also has similarities in behavior to Maxwell Smart, the protagonist of the television series \\\"Get Smart\\\" (1965–1970). The original voice actor for Gadget was Don Adams, who also portrayed Maxwell Smart. The car which Gadget drives is recognizable as a Matra Murena. Gadget's boss is Chief Quimby. Gadget is covertly assisted by his niece Penny, who is typically the person who actually solves their cases. Penny is a\",\n \"title\": \"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12000484\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart (1995 TV series) Get Smart is an American sitcom sequel to the original 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \\\"Get Smart\\\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. The series aired Sunday at 7:30 pm on Fox for seven episodes from January 8 to February 19, 1995. Maxwell Smart is the Chief of CONTROL, and Agent 99 is a politician. Their bungling son, Zach (Andy Dick), one of the twins introduced in the fifth season of the original show, becomes CONTROL's star agent. Zach is teamed with the reluctant Agent 66 (Elaine Hendrix)\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (1995 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12000485\",\n \"text\": \"as they try to stop KAOS from controlling the world's economy. Joining Zach and 66 is Trudy (Heather Morgan), an accident prone spy, and Agent 0, a master of disguise. The relative success of the 1989 reunion movie \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" eventually prompted the development of a weekly revival of \\\"Get Smart\\\", with Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 respectively, with Dave Ketchum also reprising his role of Agent 13 and Bernie Kopell reprising his role as Siegfried. Though Zachary Smart's name was revealed in the FOX revival, his twin sister's name remained\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (1995 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772967\",\n \"text\": \"seen since its initial production. A second version of the pilot was made with the only difference being Gary Owens re-recording all of White's dialogue with a deep-toned mid-Atlantic accent. Eventually, producers decided to cast actor Don Adams in the role, re-recording all of Gadget's dialogue in the pilot to make it more reminiscent of Maxwell Smart of \\\"Get Smart\\\" (also played by Don Adams), one of the series' inspirations. A fourth version of the pilot was made for broadcast with Frank Welker re-recording one line as Gadget to explain away the mustache. Gadget's nemesis Doctor Claw – as well\",\n \"title\": \"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4706313\",\n \"text\": \"came to the show with an established acting career. Herman's \\\"MADtv\\\" characters included Mike Lawson (Incredible Findings), Generation X anchorman Marsh (\\\"X News\\\"), and concerned father Joel Linder. Former castmate Artie Lange referred to Herman as \\\"a brilliant, talented actor\\\" and called him \\\"one of my best friends in show business.\\\" Herman lampooned celebrities and famous figures such as Don Adams (as Maxwell Smart from \\\"Get Smart\\\"), Tim Allen (as Tim \\\"the Tool Man\\\" Taylor from \\\"Home Improvement\\\"), Woody Allen, Nicolas Cage, Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, David Duchovny (as Fox Mulder from \\\"The X-Files\\\"), Larry Flynt, Tom Hanks (as Forrest\",\n \"title\": \"David Herman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869323\",\n \"text\": \"2010, \\\"TV Guide\\\" ranked \\\"Get Smart\\\"s opening title sequence at No. 2 on its list of TV's Top 10 Credits Sequences as selected by readers. After switching networks in 1969, to CBS, the show ended its five-season run on May 15, 1970, with a production roster at both networks of 138 episodes. The Museum of Broadcast Communications finds the show notable for \\\"broadening the parameters for the presentation of comedy on television.\\\" The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart (Don Adams), also known as Agent 86, and his more sensible female partner, Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon). Agents\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814168\",\n \"text\": \"award three times. The show moved to CBS for its final season, with ratings declining, as spy series went out of fashion. \\\"Get Smart\\\" was canceled in 1970 after 138 episodes. Following this, Adams then wanted to move on to other projects. His efforts after \\\"Get Smart\\\" were less successful, including the comedy series \\\"The Partners\\\" (1971–72), a game show called \\\"Don Adams' Screen Test\\\" (1975–76) and three attempts to revive the \\\"Get Smart\\\" series in the 1980s. His movie \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\" (1980) was unsuccessful at the box-office. Adams had been typecast as Maxwell Smart and was unable to\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869360\",\n \"text\": \"the doctor on \\\"Love Boat\\\" was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried on \\\"Get Smart.\\\" In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was \\\"Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart.\\\" In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his \\\"Get Smart\\\" character with his catch phrase \\\"Would you believe...?\\\" In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of a bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series \\\"Inspector Gadget.\\\" This later became a feature film in 1999\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4155475\",\n \"text\": \"while blending in alternate history and homages & cameos to other fiction (i.e. instead of becoming the President of the United States, actor Ronald Reagan portrayed Maxwell Smart in the TV series \\\"Get Smart\\\", famous film murderers like Jason Voorhees are inmates in an asylum in \\\"Krokodil Tears\\\", and actor Leonard Nimoy is viewed as a 60s astronaut in \\\"Comeback Tour\\\"). The world has undergone an intense social, environmental, and moral collapse, combined with a dramatic rise in technology; by the year 1995, violence became the main killer as well as mutating viruses ASD, CSE and PHD. In the \\\"Demon\",\n \"title\": \"Dark Future\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772942\",\n \"text\": \"endless amount of gadgets he can summon by saying \\\"Go-Go-Gadget\\\" then the gadget's name. Although he has all this equipment, Gadget is ultimately incompetent and clueless (in a manner similar to Maxwell Smart of \\\"Get Smart\\\" – who was also played by Don Adams – and the Inspector Clouseau character of the \\\"Pink Panther\\\" series, including his attire looking similar to Clouseau). He overcomes obstacles and survives perilous situations and malfunctioning gadgets, often by sheer good luck. His niece, Penny, and intelligent dog, Brain, secretly help him solve each case. His nemesis is Dr. Claw, the head of the criminal\",\n \"title\": \"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2542058\",\n \"text\": \"the television game show \\\"I've Got a Secret\\\". September 2, 1962: Mosconi was a contestant on the television game show \\\"What's My Line?\\\". 1966: An episode of \\\"Get Smart\\\", \\\"The Dead Spy Scrawls\\\" {1/18}, featured actor Harry Bartell in the role of \\\"Willie Marconi,\\\" trying to teach Maxwell Smart how to play pool. While some have erroneously believed this is a cameo of Willie Mosconi playing himself, the Marconi character is a fictitious but obvious tribute to Mosconi, who is acknowledged by The Chief as \\\"the greatest pool player in the world.\\\" February 25, 1978: \\\"The Great Pool Shoot-Out\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Willie Mosconi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869363\",\n \"text\": \"is customary for the actor to go to the foreign location for shooting, Adams' apparent intense dislike of long-distance flying meant that the New Zealand specification car had to be shipped to the US for filming. He also appeared in another series of Canadian commercials in the late 1990s for a dial-around long distance carrier. In the movie Back to the Beach (1987), Adams played the Harbor Master, who used several of Maxwell Smart's catch phrases (including an exchange in which Frankie Avalon's character did a vague impression of Siegfried). Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart.\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869331\",\n \"text\": \"is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the \\\"Bureau of Internal Revenue\\\". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film. In 1999, \\\"TV Guide\\\" ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in \\\"Ice Station Siegfried\\\", as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts). Admiral Harold Harmon Hargrade or (William\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3101404\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Old Dark House\\\" (1963), \\\"Soldier in the Rain\\\" (1963), \\\"Cold Turkey\\\" (1971), \\\"The Happy Hooker\\\" (1975), \\\"Rabbit Test\\\" (1978), \\\"Up the Academy\\\" (1980) and \\\"Carbon Copy\\\" (1981). He was cast as Michael Carrington's uncle Tom Anderson in \\\"Grease 2\\\" (1982), but his scenes were deleted. However, his television career was expansive, covering the better part of five decades. When Mel Brooks submitted his idea for \\\"Get Smart\\\" to the ABC network, ABC wanted Poston for the lead role of Maxwell Smart. When ABC passed on the show, NBC picked it up and the lead went to Don Adams. Poston,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Poston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869361\",\n \"text\": \"starring Matthew Broderick in the title role of Inspector John Brown Gadget (in which Adams had a cameo), and its prequel series \\\"Gadget Boy and Heather.\\\" Neither were directly related to \\\"Get Smart.\\\" In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296322\",\n \"text\": \"Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969. The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman in a stressful career. Feldon noted \\\"A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them. Because she was smart and always got the right answer.\\\" Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of \\\"Get Smart\\\" was a deodorant soap and she had done a\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Feldon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3097998\",\n \"text\": \"Nanny\\\". He also starred as Zachary Smart, the son of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 in the \\\"Get Smart\\\" Fox television remake (a role he reportedly tried to escape in order to go into work with \\\"NewsRadio\\\"). In 2001, Dick starred along with Kieran Culkin on the short lived NBC summer television series \\\"Go Fish\\\". Dick has been a series regular on several sitcoms for their entire duration, including \\\"NewsRadio\\\" on NBC (1995–1999), portraying Matthew Brock, and on the ABC sitcom \\\"Less than Perfect\\\" as Owen Kronsky. In 2001, his colleagues and producers, including himself, developed a show on MTV\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Dick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5733633\",\n \"text\": \"The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \\\"Get Smart\\\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\" for television. Agent Maxwell Smart is called back into service in order to stop a nefarious KAOS terrorist plan from exploding a bomb that destroys only clothing, so as to leave KAOS as the only supplier of clothes to the entire world. Saint-Sauvage, the KAOS fashion designer, finds everyone\",\n \"title\": \"The Nude Bomb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13257422\",\n \"text\": \"Mr. Big (Get Smart) \\\"Mr. Big\\\" is the first episode of the first season of \\\"Get Smart\\\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) is called up during a concert by his shoe-phone, and is then\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Big (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4443304\",\n \"text\": \"played judges in \\\"Centennial\\\" and \\\"B. J. and the Bear\\\". In 1980, he was cast in the role of \\\"Chief\\\" in the \\\"Get Smart\\\" feature film entitled \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\" (a.k.a. \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\") that was based on the 1960s hit TV series (the role previously played by Edward Platt, who died in 1974). He also co-starred in two episodes of \\\"The A-Team\\\" in 1984 and 1985. In 1987, he was cast on \\\"Matlock\\\". Elcar and his stunt/photography double, Don S. Davis, were often mistaken for each other. Elcar appeared in the hit series \\\"Knight Rider\\\" in the\",\n \"title\": \"Dana Elcar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6251109\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart, Again! Get Smart, Again! is a 1989 American made-for-television comedy film based on the 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \\\"Get Smart!\\\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. It originally aired February 26, 1989 on ABC (the network that rejected the original pilot for \\\"Get Smart!\\\"). Maxwell Smart, acting as a protocol officer since CONTROL was disbanded in the early 1970s, is reactivated as a counterintelligence agent by Commander Drury, of the United States Intelligence Agency. KAOS, long considered defunct, has been revitalized by a corporate takeover. Its first scheme involves turning\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart, Again!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869362\",\n \"text\": \"Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier. In the late 1980s Adams portrayed Smart in a series of TV commercials for Toyota New Zealand, for the 1990 model Toyota Starlet. While it\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5361667\",\n \"text\": \"included Don Adams as a hopelessly inept house detective named Byron Glick; when the show was cancelled, Adams quickly used the Glick characterization as the basis for Maxwell Smart, and \\\"Get Smart\\\" premiered on NBC that fall. Before appearing in front of a television camera for the first time on \\\"The Steve Allen Show\\\" in 1959, Dana had been a prolific comedy writer, an activity he continued into the 1980s, producing material for other actors on stage and screen. Dana co-wrote the script for the \\\"Get Smart\\\" theatrical film \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\". His brother, Irving Szathmary, wrote the famous theme\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Dana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869354\",\n \"text\": \"Hendrix as 66. Four feature-length films have been produced following the end of the NBC/CBS run of the TV series: In October 2008, it was reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Mosaic Media Group are producing a sequel. Carell and Hathaway are set to return, but the status of other cast members has not yet been announced. \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" eventually prompted the development of a short-lived 1995 weekly series on FOX also titled \\\"Get Smart\\\", with Adams and Feldon reprising their characters with Maxwell Smart now being the Chief of CONTROL as their bumbling son, Zach (Andy\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5733639\",\n \"text\": \"on broadcast television for the first time with its originally intended title, \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\". The film was released on Region 1 DVD on August 26, 2008 and Region 4 on October 30, 2009. It was released in Australia on Blu-ray on June 22, 2016. The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \\\"Get Smart\\\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\" for television.\",\n \"title\": \"The Nude Bomb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814171\",\n \"text\": \"the two contestants would be played, with audience reaction determining the winner, who would receive a trip to Hollywood and a real screen test for a motion picture. Don Adams resurrected the Maxwell Smart character for a series of television commercials for Savemart, a retail chain that sold audio and video equipment. Don Adams also did a series of audio/radio commercials for Chief Auto Parts in the 1980's, a retail automobile parts establishment, later sold to AutoZone AutoZone. He also appeared in the film \\\"Jimmy the Kid\\\" (1982) and played a cameo role as a harbormaster in \\\"Back to the\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18065344\",\n \"text\": \"at the accounting firm, Mr. Hamble, were all unaware of Henry's secret life, with Gerald Hannahan, the regional director of the agency the lone person to know the secret. The characters of the girlfriend and mother-in-law were phased out halfway through the abbreviated run. Buttons noted that, unlike Agent Maxwell Smart in NBC's new hit \\\"Get Smart\\\", his character was shy, used no gadgets in his work, and was an impostor, not an actual agent. Phyfe's CIS boss was played by veteran character actor Fred Clark, who bore a superficial physical resemblance to Smart's \\\"Chief\\\" played by Edward Platt. The\",\n \"title\": \"The Double Life of Henry Phyfe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2675277\",\n \"text\": \"the spy-spoof television series, did a parody of the show in the 1968 episode titled \\\"Die Spy\\\". In this, agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott—with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. Robert Culp makes an uncredited cameo appearance as an inebriated Turkish waiter. A number of original novels based upon the series were published, most written in the mid-to-late 1960s by Walter Wager under the pseudonym \\\"John Tiger.\\\" The \\\"I Spy\\\" novels were published by Popular Library: The following\",\n \"title\": \"I Spy (1965 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869359\",\n \"text\": \"Glick. His speech mannerisms, catch phrases (\\\"Would you believe...?\\\"), and other comedy bits were adapted for his \\\"Maxwell Smart\\\" role on \\\"Get Smart\\\". When WCGV-TV, a new independent station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin signed on the air in 1980, Adams did in-house promos as Agent 86 to let viewers know when the reruns of \\\"Get Smart\\\" aired on the station by using his shoephone. In one of Adams' five appearances as a guest passenger on the series \\\"The Love Boat\\\", his character, even when he thought he had been shot, makes no attempt to visit the ship's doctor. The role of\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296324\",\n \"text\": \"film to date is 2006's \\\"Last Request\\\", a comedy with Danny Aiello and Joe Piscopo. Feldon reprised her role as \\\"Agent 99\\\" in the made-for-television film \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" (1989) and a short-lived television series also titled \\\"Get Smart\\\" in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original \\\"Get Smart\\\" series in 2006 but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 episode (S1 E20) of \\\"Mad About You\\\", as Diane \\\"Spy Girl\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Feldon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244712\",\n \"text\": \"analyst named Maxwell Smart (Carell) who dreams of becoming a real field agent and a better spy. The film was released in North America on June 20, 2008. \\\"Get Smart\\\" received mixed reviews from critics and it earned $230 million on a $80 million budget. Maxwell Smart, an analyst for the top secret American intelligence agency, CONTROL, yearns to become a field agent like his idol, Agent 23. Despite top scores in the acceptance tests, Max is denied the promotion due to his higher value as an analyst. When CONTROL headquarters is attacked by the terrorist organization KAOS, almost all\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3772789\",\n \"text\": \"minutes, akin to the technique that has become quite commonplace today. The theme music, which accompanied the closing credits and occasionally popped up during the program itself, was composed by Lalo Schifrin, best known for the theme to \\\"\\\". Unlike many other sitcoms of the 1960s and 70s, there is no family seen in the show. There are not many characters altogether. Detective Lennie Crooke: (Don Adams) Det. Lennie Crooke is a slightly inept police detective, a bit similar to Adams' previous character on \\\"Get Smart\\\", Maxwell Smart. Details on his life and family are very sparse. He has mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"The Partners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869357\",\n \"text\": \"air new episodes (or made-for-TV films) on each of the aforementioned current four major American television networks, although several TV shows in the 1940s and 1950s aired on NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont. The different versions of \\\"Get Smart\\\" did not all feature the original lead cast. \\\"Get Smart\\\" was parodied on a sketch in the Mexican comedy show \\\"De Nuez en Cuando\\\" called [\\\"Super Agente 3.1486\\\"], making fun of the Spanish title of the series (Super Agente 86) and the way the series is dubbed. An early \\\"MadTV\\\" sketch titled \\\"Get Smarty\\\" placed the Maxwell Smart character in situations\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10796429\",\n \"text\": \"a retired secret agent sought by CONTROL agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) and by enemy spies. Taylor gets a chance in the plot to exchange humorous takes with Adams and perform some physical comedy. Another veteran of acting, Ellen Corby, also appears in this same \\\"Get Smart\\\" episode, which takes place in \\\"Spy City,\\\" a retirement community for former agents. In 1966 and 1968, Taylor made guest appearances on \\\"Petticoat Junction\\\". In 1966, he played Mr. Foley, episode: \\\"Better Never Than Late\\\", and in 1968, he played Mr. Clayton, in the episode \\\"Uncle Joe Runs the Hotel\\\". On April 26,\",\n \"title\": \"Vaughn Taylor (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3384639\",\n \"text\": \"house detective, a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on \\\"Get Smart\\\". In similar fashion, several of Harris's tropes from the series, such as \\\"Oh, the pain!\\\", along with the character's mannerisms and delivery, became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on \\\"Lost in Space\\\". In an apparent homage to his earlier role, Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on \\\"Get Smart\\\" in 1970. His female assistant was named Zachary. Harris also guest-starred on \\\"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir\\\". Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Harris\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869327\",\n \"text\": \"something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first. Brooks and Henry proposed the show to ABC, where network executives called it \\\"un-American\\\" and demanded a \\\"lovable dog to give the show more heart\\\", as well as scenes showing Maxwell Smart's mother. Brooks strongly objected to the second suggestion: They wanted to put a print housecoat on the show. Max was to come home to his mother and explain everything. I hate mothers on shows. Max has no mother. He never had one. The cast and crew contributed\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13257427\",\n \"text\": \"Dante admits that he'd originally intended to call his thermal death-ray \\\"Dante's Inferno.\\\" Mr. Big (Get Smart) \\\"Mr. Big\\\" is the first episode of the first season of \\\"Get Smart\\\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Big (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7528634\",\n \"text\": \"his cousin to remain close to him, Adams initially gave Karvelas several uncredited bit parts on \\\"Get Smart\\\". One such part was an assistant to the Chief, which would evolve into the character of Larrabee. Mr. Karvelas actually ended up appearing in all five seasons of the show. The character \\\"Larrabee\\\" would go on to have the distinction of being just as bumbling as Maxwell Smart, if not more so. In Episode 21, Season 5, Smart tells the Chief, \\\"People ask if Larrabee and I are related.\\\" Robert's character part, and his generally sweet, unassuming nature, enhanced the joviality of\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Karvelas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869336\",\n \"text\": \"though the two characters share similar traits and often speak fondly of one another—even in the midst of attempting to assassinate each other. Speaking English with an exaggerated German accent, the gray-haired, mustachioed, and dueling-scarred Siegfried's catchphrase is, \\\"Zis is KAOS! Ve don't [some action] here!\\\" He was played by Terence Stamp in the 2008 film. In \\\"Get Smart\\\", telephones are concealed in over 50 objects, including a necktie, comb, watch, and a clock. A recurring gag is Max's shoe phone (an idea from Brooks). To use or answer it, he has to take off his shoe. There were a\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3142496\",\n \"text\": \"episodes, when both characters are in the car, Karate is the driver while Batfink rides in the back seat. In early episodes, his voice is a stereotypical Asian accent, but in later episodes, Len Maxwell adopts a clipped and nasal speech pattern. This was inspired by Don Adams, whose \\\"Get Smart\\\" character, Maxwell Smart, was popular at the time. Karate on occasion even utters the Maxwell-inspired catchphrase, \\\"Sorry about that, Batfink.\\\" Karate was usually ordered to check downstairs, while Batfink checked the upper floor. At the end of each cartoon episode, Karate would make a corny pun that was sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Batfink\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869349\",\n \"text\": \"Second and third calls come in, each with its own alias, the last of which is his own real name of Maxwell Smart, which he initially does not answer. Smart tells the skeptical gallery owner that those are his names as well, making it obvious to any spy that he is taking calls from fellow agents and informants. Smart then makes himself even more visible by tangling the handset cords of the three phones. CONTROL has a policy of burning pertinent documents after cases are closed; the reasons were detailed in their Rules and Regulations book, but nobody can read\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869335\",\n \"text\": \"were so busy, they forgot to have the names stand for anything. In a series episode, after making a series of demands in a recording, the speaker mentions the demands are from \\\"KAOS, a Delaware Corporation\\\". When Smart asks the chief about this, he mentions they did it for tax reasons. Ludwig Von Siegfried, Konrad Siegfried, Count Von Siegfried, simply , or Herr Siegfried in most episodes (Bernie Kopell) is a recurring villain, and the Vice President in charge of Public Relations and Terror at KAOS though his title does vary. Siegfried is Maxwell Smart's \\\"opposite number\\\" and nemesis, even\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814166\",\n \"text\": \"show, which cast Adams in the role because he was already under contract. When \\\"Get Smart\\\" debuted in 1965, it was an immediate hit. Barbara Feldon co-starred as Max's young and attractive partner (later wife) Agent 99, where she had a great chemistry with Adams throughout the show's run, despite a 10-year age difference, and they became best friends during and after. Adams gave the character a clipped speaking style borrowed from actor William Powell. Feldon said, \\\"Part of the pop fervor for Agent 86 was because Don did such an extreme portrayal of the character that it made it\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244721\",\n \"text\": \"response, Dalip throws Siegfried into a river. Back in CONTROL headquarters, a party is held in Maxwell's honor, where Agent 99 gives him a puppy. Maxwell is afterwards given honors and gets his dream of becoming a real spy. While leaving, Max attempts to fix the jammed door, much to Agent 99's dismay, and ends up jammed between the sliding doors as a humorous ending shot. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original TV series, has a cameo as a motorist driving an Opel GT, a car featured in the TV series. This film's score was composed by Trevor\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4891586\",\n \"text\": \"was referenced in the first part of the 1969 \\\"Get Smart\\\" episode \\\"To Sire, with Love\\\", aired February 15th., in the US. Maxwell Smart claims that after appearing in an unspecified movie involving mummies, Bey was cursed and his career never recovered. Turhan Bey Turhan Bey (30 March 192230 September 2012) was an Austrian-born actor of Turkish and Czech Jewish origin. Turhan was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed \\\"The Turkish Delight\\\" by his fans. After his return to Austria, he pursued careers as a photographer and stage director. Returning to Hollywood after a 40-year hiatus,\",\n \"title\": \"Turhan Bey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4083335\",\n \"text\": \"had a regular comic strip feature, \\\"Superfan\\\", in \\\"Pro Quarterback\\\" magazine in the early 1970s. It was written by his \\\"Mad\\\" cohort, Nick Meglin. Davis first worked with \\\"TV Guide\\\" in 1965, which hired him to illustrate an expansive eight-page advertising supplement for NBC's TV lineup, which featured icons such as Johnny Carson, Dean Martin and fictional characters such as Dr. Kildare, Napoleon Solo and Maxwell Smart. His first cover for the magazine came in 1968, when he depicted a tribute to Andy Griffith, in which the actor was hoisted on the shoulders of his costars, Don Knotts and Jim\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Davis (cartoonist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11365334\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Bilson Bruce Bilson (born May 19, 1928) is an American film and television director. He is the grandfather of actress Rachel Bilson. He is most notable for his work as a regular director on the popular spy spoof \\\"Get Smart\\\". He won the 1967-68 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the third season Get Smart episode \\\"Maxwell Smart, Private Eye\\\". Bilson was born in Brooklyn to Jewish parents. His mother, Hattie Bilson (née Dratwa), was an American screenwriter, and his father, George Bilson (1902-1981), was an English producer/writer/director (born Leeds, West Yorkshire) . His\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Bilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6922105\",\n \"text\": \"married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote \\\"Rag Doll\\\", using the pseudonym \\\"Maxwell Smart\\\", a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including \\\"Casualty\\\", \\\"Love Hurts\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Johnson (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3591869\",\n \"text\": \"Jürgen Prochnow Jürgen Prochnow ( ; born 10 June 1941) is a German-born actor. His best-known roles internationally have been as the good-hearted and sympathetic U-Boat captain in \\\"Das Boot\\\" (1981), Duke Leto Atreides in \\\"Dune\\\" (1984), the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in \\\"Air Force One\\\" (1997), and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in \\\"Beverly Hills Cop II\\\" (1987). Prochnow was born in Berlin and brought up in Düsseldorf, the son of an engineer. He studied acting at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. Thanks to his on-screen intensity and his fluency in English, he has\",\n \"title\": \"Jürgen Prochnow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4568995\",\n \"text\": \"designed with an eye to safety. Automotive magazine \\\"Road & Track\\\" reviewed the GT in their June 1969 issue, recording 0–96 km/h in 10.8 seconds and a top speed of 182 km/h. \\\"Road & Track\\\" also found the car to have strong understeer, suggesting the 165x13 tires to be too small, although the ride was comfortable. A gold 1969 Opel GT was Agent 86 Maxwell Smart's car in the last season of the comedy TV series \\\"Get Smart\\\". Maxwell Smart drove a GT in several episodes, and the car features prominently in the opening credits. In the 2008 movie adaptation\",\n \"title\": \"Opel GT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244711\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart (film) Get Smart is a 2008 American action spy comedy film directed by Peter Segal, written by Tom J. Astle and Matt Ember and produced by Leonard B. Stern, who is also the producer of the original series. The film is based on Mel Brooks and Buck Henry's television series of the same name. The film stars Steve Carell, Anne Hathaway, Dwayne Johnson, and Alan Arkin, with Terence Stamp, Terry Crews, David Koechner, and James Caan in supporting roles. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original series, also appeared in the film. The film centers on an\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4568996\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Get Smart\\\", Bernie Kopell (who played Siegfried in the original \\\"Get Smart\\\" series) makes a cameo appearance in which he drives a GT. Maxwell Smart's cars in Season 1 and 2 (a Sunbeam Tiger) and in Seasons 3 and 4 (a Volkswagen Karmann Ghia) are also in the scene. In the January 20, 2016 episode of \\\"Criminal Minds\\\" seen on CBS called \\\"Drive\\\", Dr. Tara Lewis, (played by Aisha Tyler) is seen pulling up in a vintage White Opel GT. When asked by the character Special Agent David Rossi (played Joe Mantegna), \\\"Who's your restoration guy?\\\", She answers, \\\"Oh, um,\",\n \"title\": \"Opel GT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3056406\",\n \"text\": \"James Kirkwood. He voiced James Bond in the video game \\\"\\\" (2002). Maxwell Newby was born to Peter Newby on 23 November 1959 in Belper, Derbyshire and Oriole Rosalind (née Findlater) — although he later claimed to be a native of Glasgow, reportedly to be \\\"more interesting\\\". By 1965, his parents had divorced. Although not a child actor per se, aged around 7, he played \\\"Ted\\\" (under the name Maxwell Findlater, using his mother's maiden name) in the 1967 film, \\\"Accident\\\". The film's screenplay was written by Harold Pinter, and the film starred Stanley Baker, Dirk Bogarde and Michael York.\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell Caulfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13191562\",\n \"text\": \"Makes Diamonds AZ - Legendary Sheek Louch - Life On D-Block Messy Marv and Berner - Blow Messy Marv and Berner - Blow 2: Blocks and Boat Docks Trina - Amazin' Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max\",\n \"title\": \"Max Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869355\",\n \"text\": \"Dick), becomes CONTROL's star agent (Zach's twin sister is never seen nor mentioned — though the new leader of KAOS, a hidden female figure, would have been revealed as the other twin if the show had continued.) And 99 is now a Congresswoman. The beginning teaser shows Maxwell Smart and Zach driving to CONTROL headquarters in a car wash separately; Smart, Zach and their secretary cram themselves into a secret elevator: a soda machine which \\\"disappears\\\". (A cleaning lady sits down in the open space when all of a sudden the machine pops up and knocks the woman into the\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869364\",\n \"text\": \"He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, \\\"Don't tell me you're a double agent.\\\" (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, \\\"Don't tell me...\\\" and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, \\\"I \\\"asked\\\" you not to tell me that!\\\") Adams also appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7545987\",\n \"text\": \"to be his true breakthrough role. He also considers the role to be his favorite Oscar-nominated performance. Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the\",\n \"title\": \"Street Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5964290\",\n \"text\": \"Rupert Penry-Jones Rupert William Penry-Jones (born 22 September 1970) is an English actor, known for his roles as Adam Carter in the BBC One spy drama series \\\"Spooks\\\", Clive Reader QC in the BBC One legal drama \\\"Silk\\\", policeman DI Joseph Chandler in the ITV murder mystery series \\\"Whitechapel\\\", and Mr. Quinlan in the FX horror series \\\"The Strain\\\". Penry-Jones was born in London, the son of Welsh actor Peter Penry-Jones and English actress Angela Thorne. His brother, Laurence Penry-Jones, is an actor turned ambulance driver who is married to actress Polly Walker. On BBC One's \\\"Who Do You Think\",\n \"title\": \"Rupert Penry-Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244719\",\n \"text\": \"him a coded message via the radio show \\\"American Top 40\\\" alerting him to Siegfried's plan. Max escapes, arrives in Los Angeles to reunite with the Chief, Agent 99, and Agent 23, and convinces them that he is not the double-agent. When his Geiger counter-equipped watch picks up traces of radiation from Agent 23, they realize Agent 23 is the real double-agent. 23 takes 99 hostage and flees in a vehicle. After a chase, Maxwell manages to rescue Agent 99, but in the struggle, the car is set on fire and forced onto railroad tracks. Maxwell kisses Agent 23 to\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869322\",\n \"text\": \"James Bond and Inspector Clouseau. Brooks said: \\\"It's an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy.\\\" The show generated a number of popular catchphrases during its run, including \\\"Would you believe...\\\", \\\"Good thinking, 99\\\", \\\"Missed it by \\\"that much\\\"!\\\", \\\"Sorry about that, Chief\\\", \\\"The old (such-and-such) trick\\\", \\\"And \\\"loving\\\" it\\\", and \\\"I \\\"asked\\\" you not to tell me that\\\". The show was followed by the films \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\" (a 1980 theatrical film release) and \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" (a 1989 made-for-TV sequel to the series), as well as a 1995 revival series, and a 2008 film remake. In\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869325\",\n \"text\": \"as KAOS agents, including William Schallert (who also had a recurring role as The Admiral, the first Chief of CONTROL). Conrad Siegfried, played by Bernie Kopell, is Smart's KAOS archenemy. King Moody (originally appearing as a generic KAOS killer) portrayed the dim-witted but burly Shtarker, Siegfried's assistant. The enemies, world-takeover plots and gadgets seen in \\\"Get Smart\\\" were a parody of the \\\"James Bond\\\" movie franchise. \\\"Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch\\\", Mel Brooks said of the methods of this TV series. Max and 99 marry in season four, and have twins in season five.\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7545986\",\n \"text\": \"do the film partly because Cannon promised to give \\\"Street Smart\\\" the financial backing it needed. Miles Davis and Robert Irving III recorded the complete soundtrack. The film gained positive reviews. It currently holds a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film performed poorly at the box office, which is primarily attributed to Cannon Films' failure to properly market the theatrical release. Morgan Freeman was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award (among other honors) for Best Supporting Actor for his role. Despite having appeared in \\\"The Electric Company\\\" during the 1970s, Freeman has considered Fast Black\",\n \"title\": \"Street Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869358\",\n \"text\": \"from the film \\\"Get Shorty.\\\" An episode of \\\"F Troop\\\" called \\\"Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy\\\" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent \\\"B. Wise.\\\" \\\"The Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade\\\" parodies the opening of \\\"Get Smart\\\" in the couch gag. Homer goes through many futuristic doors and passageways until he reaches the phone booth, falls through the floor, and lands on the couch, with the rest of the family already seated. In the 1960s, Adams had a supporting role on the sitcom \\\"The Bill Dana Show\\\" (1963–1965) as the hopelessly inept hotel detective Byron\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3558646\",\n \"text\": \"rein to do the episode as he saw fit. The show lasted three years from 1981-83. He reprised the role in the spin-off pilot \\\"The Greatest American Heroine\\\" and a voice-over on the stop-motion sketch comedy \\\"Robot Chicken\\\". During that time, Culp was rumored to replace Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing in \\\"Dallas.\\\" However, Culp firmly denied this, insisting he would never leave his role as Bill Maxwell. In 1987, he reunited with Cosby on \\\"The Cosby Show\\\", playing Dr. Cliff Huxtable's old friend Scott Kelly. The name was a combination of their \\\"I Spy\\\" characters' names. Culp had\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Culp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3509078\",\n \"text\": \"Mack (Bill Nighy). In 2004, he played the role of Solanio in the Michael Radford film, \\\"The Merchant of Venice.\\\" In an interview in \\\"The Metro\\\" on 20 February 2008 he stated that he is no longer recognised as Rab C. Nesbitt, and rather is more likely to be stopped by fans for his recent role as Mr Bumble in \\\"Oliver Twist\\\". \\\"Empty\\\", a comedy series starring Fisher, began on BBC2 on 28 February 2008. On BBC2, on 23 December 2008, he reprised his role as Rab C Nesbitt in a Christmas special. Fisher's autobiography, \\\"The Boy from Nowhere\\\", was\",\n \"title\": \"Gregor Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15107063\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'm absolutely thrilled to bits - I've not even been on screen yet, so it's quite flattering to be up for Sexiest Male. It's great. A few people have asked me whether it would be quite an embarrassing award to win, but considering I haven't even been on screen yet, I'd take anything! (laughs) If it was Best Haircut, I'd take that as well!\\\" Tommy Duckworth Tommy Duckworth is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \\\"Coronation Street\\\", played by Darryl Edwards from 1992 to 1997, Joseph Aston in 2000 and Chris Fountain from 2011 to 2013. The\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Duckworth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244723\",\n \"text\": \"regarded Mexican actor who was returning to the character after a 13-year hiatus, having dubbed Don Adams in the 1960s TV series and again in the short-lived 1990s \\\"Get Smart\\\" TV series starring Andy Dick. \\\"Get Smart\\\" received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 51%, based on 215 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, \\\"\\\"Get Smart\\\" rides Steve Carell's considerable charm for a few laughs, but in the end is a rather ordinary Summer comedy.\\\" Metacritic gave the film a score of 54 out of 100, based on 34 critics,\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"731140\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Long and the Short and the Tall\\\" to Laurence Harvey. \\\"It broke my heart,\\\" he said later. O'Toole's major break came in November 1960 when he was chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in Sir David Lean's $12 million epic \\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\" (1962), after Marlon Brando proved unavailable and Albert Finney turned down the role. His performance was ranked number one in \\\"Premiere\\\" magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. The role introduced him to US audiences and earned him the first of his eight nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor. T. E.\",\n \"title\": \"Peter O'Toole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9909223\",\n \"text\": \"that White (then Sir Gordon) was written into the script of the 1987 film \\\"Wall Street\\\", as the character 'Sir Larry Wildman', in which he was played as a cold-blooded money-making machine by actor Terence Stamp. In May 2004 White's daughter Sita, aged 43, died suddenly during a Santa Monica yoga class, Gordon White, Baron White of Hull Vincent Gordon Lindsay White, Baron White of Hull, KBE (11 May 1923 – 23 August 1995), known as Gordon White, was co-founder with James Hanson of the British conglomerate Hanson plc and one of the most successful corporate raiders of the 1970s\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon White, Baron White of Hull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1568527\",\n \"text\": \"her metafictional novel \\\"Culture Shock\\\" (Duckworth 1988), Valerie Grosvenor Myer wrote of a satirically presented married couple among her characters:Let us consider my Jean and Jack ... I weighted the scales by presenting them in the rôle of parents ... fictional parents are usually set up as Aunt Sallies to be knocked down ... Mrs. Bennet, Mrs. Nickleby, Mrs. Portnoy; Old Capulet, Mr Dorrit, Dr Sloper. In the \\\"Get Smart\\\" original TV series, in the fifth-season episode \\\"Do I Hear a Vaults?\\\", aired on 8 May 1970, Maxwell Smart alludes to the book being hidden in a public library. The\",\n \"title\": \"Portnoy's Complaint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"331205\",\n \"text\": \"Academy Film Awards. In 1963, Stanley Kubrick cast Sellers to appear in \\\"Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb\\\" alongside George C. Scott, Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn and Slim Pickens. Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film's production and had the greatest of respect for each other, also sharing a love of photography. The director asked Sellers to play three roles: US President Merkin Muffley, Dr. Strangelove and Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF. Sellers was initially hesitant about taking on these divergent characters, but Kubrick prevailed. According to some accounts,\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Sellers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869341\",\n \"text\": \"of soup (Cream of Technicolor) that takes a picture (with a conspicuous flash) of the person eating the soup with each spoonful; a Mini Magnet on a belt, which turns out to be stronger than KAOS's Maxi Magnet; and a powerful miniature laser weapon in the button of a sports jacket (the \\\"laser blazer\\\"). Another of the show's recurring gags is the \\\"Cone of Silence\\\". Smart would pedantically insist on following CONTROL's security protocols; when in the chief's office he would insist on speaking under the Cone of Silence—two transparent plastic hemispheres which are electrically lowered on top of Max\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13191559\",\n \"text\": \"Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max Perry has done many cowrites with his brother and partner, Gennessee, who has worked with artists such as Mac Dre, One Block Radius, Too Short, Hell Rell, Paul Wall, AZ, and\",\n \"title\": \"Max Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12874443\",\n \"text\": \"working at Talent Associates in New York City on the script for a new pilot, which became an enduring legacy of Talent Associates. This was the sitcom \\\"Get Smart\\\", a spoof of the then-popular secret agent genre, which premiered in 1965 on NBC and starred Don Adams and Barbara Feldon. Production took place at Sunset Bronson Studios in Hollywood, so Talent Associates had to establish a West Coast presence. \\\"Get Smart\\\" spanned 138 episodes over 5 years, and was very popular in broadcast syndication. It spawned sequels, reunion shows and even major feature films decades after its premiere. Talent Associates\",\n \"title\": \"Talent Associates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7733611\",\n \"text\": \"of serious story lines which Paul performed with some panache. These included being kicked almost to death by a gang of thugs and having to spend several weeks in hospital on a drip, falling in love with a colleague's girlfriend and having an affair with her (and marrying her after the affair became public), and then having an extramarital relationship himself with another officer. The character was eventually transferred after successfully undertaking undercover work. This tied in with Paul's decision to leave \\\"The Bill\\\" after 13 years. He briefly played Maxwell Moon in the popular BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Paul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9675307\",\n \"text\": \"his eyesight. Maxwell Arnow is survived by two daughters and three grandchildren. Aside from the two mentioned above, other film stars he worked with included Kay Francis, Miriam Hopkins, Helen Hayes, Ruth Chatterton, Katharine Hepburn, Humphrey Bogart (who wouldn't change his first name), Jack Lemmon, Ernest Borgnine, Shelley Winters, Robert Vaughn and Tab Hunter. Maxwell Arnow Maxwell Arnow (born February 25, 1902 in New York City – died June 6, 1984 in Beverly Hills) was an American Casting director. He was noted for his discoveries of future film stars Ronald Reagan and Kim Novak. Maxwell Arnow was born in New\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell Arnow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2568610\",\n \"text\": \"many times. For security reasons, Maxwell Smart insists upon using it to discuss his case. Despite this, its use is always counterproductive in some way: The series also employs related technology: Cone of Silence (Get Smart) The Cone of Silence is one of many recurring joke devices from \\\"Get Smart\\\", an American comedy television series of the 1960s about an inept spy. The essence of the joke is that the apparatus, designed for secret conversations, makes it impossible for those inside the device – and easy for those outside the device – to hear the conversation. The end result being\",\n \"title\": \"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"35148\",\n \"text\": \"scene of \\\"\\\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \\\"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\\\" He also won positive notices for his role in 1998's \\\"Out of Sight\\\", playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict. Brooks received positive reviews for his portrayal of a dying retail store owner who befriends disillusioned teen Leelee Sobieski\",\n \"title\": \"Albert Brooks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3056407\",\n \"text\": \"The actor's American stepfather, Peter Maclaine, a former Marine, reportedly kicked Caulfield out of the house at the age of 15. Caulfield became an exotic dancer at London's Windmill Theatre in order to obtain an Equity card enabling him to work as an actor. Later he got his green card through his stepfather. He reportedly took his stage surname, Caulfield, from the character in J.D. Salinger's novel \\\"Catcher in the Rye\\\". Caulfield made his New York City debut in \\\"Hot Rock Hotel\\\" (1978) after moving from the UK to the United States, and the following year made his stage debut\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell Caulfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2912248\",\n \"text\": \"Edward Platt Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his portrayal of \\\"The Chief\\\" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series \\\"Get Smart\\\". With his deep voice and mature appearance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career. Platt was born in Staten Island, New York, and studied at the Juilliard School. He attended Princeton University, but left after his freshman year. Platt served in the United States Army during World War II. A powerful, operatically trained bass-baritone, he debuted on Broadway in the Rodgers and\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Platt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6774078\",\n \"text\": \"hit—\\\"Marriage on the Rocks\\\" and \\\"Assault on a Queen\\\" having flopped in the two previous years—so he put actor and trusted aide Brad Dexter in charge of finding a suitable vehicle. After negotiations for him to star in \\\"Harper\\\" fell through, \\\"The Naked Runner\\\" was chosen instead. Sinatra had been impressed with 1965's \\\"The IPCRESS File\\\" and recruited its director Sidney J. Furie. Among the film's co-stars were Peter Vaughan, Derren Nesbitt and Edward Fox. Sinatra was paid $1 million. In Copenhagen, Sinatra left to perform at a rally for California's Democratic governor Pat Brown (running against Republican Ronald Reagan).\",\n \"title\": \"The Naked Runner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14396271\",\n \"text\": \"wave of actors born in the late 1970s and early 1980s who were garnering success in Hollywood. These actors include Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hiddleston, Henry Cavill, James McAvoy, Tom Hardy, Eddie Redmayne and Rupert Friend. Brit Pack (actors) \\\"Brit Pack\\\" is a term that has been used to refer to specific groups of young British actors who have achieved success in Hollywood, as well as more generally to the entire group of such actors. According to one article, \\\"every decade brings a new Brit Pack, another disparate group of actors backed by the media to achieve simultaneous Hollywood stardom.\\\" However,\",\n \"title\": \"Brit Pack (actors)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2568607\",\n \"text\": \"them. Neither the characters nor the audience hear what is being said. In the later sequel movie, \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" (1989), when Maxwell is reactivated as a secret agent, he insists on following protocol to ensure secrecy by using the Cone of Silence. However, the device is considered to be completely outdated (however Max and 99 still have one at home), and the current methods used were the following: A new version of the Cone of Silence appears in the 2008 \\\"Get Smart\\\" film. One of the early versions of the Cone used in the television series is on display\",\n \"title\": \"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7545984\",\n \"text\": \"Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the Police and the District Attorney think the story is of a real pimp who is wanted for\",\n \"title\": \"Street Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8650034\",\n \"text\": \"women in the broadcast booth. This gets him into trouble eventually, as one of these women (played by Tim Reid's real-life wife Daphne Maxwell Reid) later is arrested as a conspirator in a jewelry robbery. To save her own skin, she fingers Venus, who bears a strong resemblance to the real robber. Venus is in jail for about a week until the real robber (briefly played by Reid via a split screen effect) is finally arrested. Despite the way he dresses and his occasional use of 1970s vernacular slang like \\\"what's happening,\\\" Venus is actually one of the more straitlaced\",\n \"title\": \"Venus Flytrap (WKRP in Cincinnati)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"771484\",\n \"text\": \"the filmmakers had to make a choice whether to delay filming for a year or re-cast. James Mason had just finished filming \\\"Doctor Fischer of Geneva\\\" for the BBC. The \\\"Shooting Party\\\" schedule was changed to allow him to take over the part of Sir Randolph Nettleby six weeks later. His broken leg also deprived Scofield of the part of O'Brien in \\\"Nineteen Eighty-Four,\\\" in which he was replaced by Richard Burton. Scofield was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Scofield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4271001\",\n \"text\": \"grew further when he played the title role of Jim Hacker in the comedy series \\\"Yes Minister\\\" (first screened in 1980) and \\\"Yes, Prime Minister\\\" (1986–88) – said to have been former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's favourite TV programme. He was shortlisted four times for the BAFTA award for Best Light Entertainment Performance for the series, but he lost out to his co-star Nigel Hawthorne on each occasion. During 1987 Eddington appeared as Sir Joseph Porter in \\\"H.M.S. Pinafore\\\" in Australia. His last roles included Guy Wheeler, a corrupt property developer in the \\\"Minder\\\" episode \\\"The Wrong Goodbye\\\" (1989); as\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Eddington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2655596\",\n \"text\": \"recalling favorite moments with the actor. The comedy celebration has been noted as the most successful fundraiser in IMF history, as the first event held in 2007 raised over $550,000, while the following year over $600,000 was raised for the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the IMF's research programs. He was interred at Green River Cemetery in Springs, New York. Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom \\\"Everybody Loves Raymond\\\" and the comical monster in Mel Brooks'\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Boyle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11433989\",\n \"text\": \"a film made with a low budget funded almost entirely by financial contributions starting at £1,000 each from such individuals as Richard Burton, Noël Coward, Peter Sellers and Elizabeth Taylor, with the stars bypassing their standard fees and taking shares of the film's revenue. The movie, based on the play of the same name by Harold Pinter, was filmed in black-and-white with cinematography by Nicolas Roeg. Donner's next film, 1964's \\\"Nothing But the Best\\\", was a satire on the British class system starring Alan Bates and Denholm Elliott, based on a screenplay by Frederic Raphael. The film tells the story\",\n \"title\": \"Clive Donner\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Get Smart context: the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \\\"CONTROL\\\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly\\n\\nWhich actor played Maxwell Smart?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 188,\n \"origin_tokens\": 188,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Don Adams context Beach\\\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \\\"Check it Out!\\\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \\\"Get Smart\\\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.\\n\\ntitle Get Smart context: is customary for the go to shooting Adams intense dislike of long- flying meant Zealand car had to be shipped to US for filming. He appeared in another series commercials in the late 1990 for a dial-around distance carrier. In the Back to Beach (1987), Adams played Har Master, who used severalwell Smart's catch phr (including in Frankie Aval's character did a vague impression Siegfried). Adams played Smart 1989 commercial for K\\n\\ntitle: Get Smart: as KA, Williamallertwho had a recurr roleal, the ofTROL Conradfried, played by Kopell, is Smart' KAOS archen. King (origin appearing a generic KAOS k)rayed dim-witted bur Shtarker Siegfrieds assistant worldgets in were a par of the\\\".Do what did stretch in Mel of methods of series. and 9 in season four andins in\\ntitle: Adams Don Adams Donald Jamesmy1),ian television comedyart095), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \\\"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\\\" (1963–66) and \\\"Inspector Gadget\\\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.\\n\\nWhich actor played Maxwell Smart?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 469,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14526,\n \"ratio\": \"31.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":198,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":198,"string":"198"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"On a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["History of V","🆅","V (letter)","Ⓥ","Ｖ","⒱","ⓥ","🄥","🅥","V","🅅"],"string":"[\n \"History of V\",\n \"🆅\",\n \"V (letter)\",\n \"Ⓥ\",\n \"Ｖ\",\n \"⒱\",\n \"ⓥ\",\n \"🄥\",\n \"🅥\",\n \"V\",\n \"🅅\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"V"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1485176","text":"fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \"wolf interval\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has","title":"Wolf interval"},{"id":"9959211","text":"it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,","title":"Icelandic orthography"},{"id":"3662046","text":"across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \"key\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \"styled\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on","title":"Space bar"},{"id":"1508270","text":"short. For instance, an octave (2:1) spans from C to C', and three justly tuned major thirds (5:4) span from C to B (namely, from C, to E, to G, to B). The difference between C-C' (2:1) and C-B (125:64) is the diesis (128:125). Notice that this coincides with the interval between B and C', also called a diminished second. The diesis is a comma. The above-mentioned 128:125 comma is also known as the lesser diesis, as opposed to a wider comma (648:625) known as greater diesis. As shown in the picture, in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system (a tuning","title":"Diesis"},{"id":"15440023","text":"variation (24 unique sets of key signatures, 12 major and 12 minor each in the keys of C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, Gb, G, Ab, A, Bb, B). Each chord value can instantly change, depending on which key signature the player selects from the top keyboard in the stack of four MIDI keyboards. For example, in the Key of C, the I chord is C major, and the II chord is D minor, and so on up the scale. The chordboard allows the player to select key signature changes on the fly, and chord style, or genre changes also","title":"Chordboard"},{"id":"5775943","text":"F hexachord, and known as \"B molle\" for 'soft B') and B♮ (\"mi\" in the G hexachord, and known as \"B durum\" for 'hard B'). Over time, the soft and hard variants of 'b' were depicted as a rounded \" and a squared-off \" which gradually developed into the modern flat and natural signs (or, in Northern Europe, into the letters 'b' and 'h'). Since a single hexachord did not cover every possible note in the range of the gamut (only C–A, F–D excluding B, or G–E excluding B), singers would have to \"mutate\" between hexachords if the range of","title":"Guidonian hand"},{"id":"8389920","text":"a result, Eurolengo has never had any speakers. According to its author, there are only three pages of grammar rules. The Eurolengo alphabet is almost the same as the English alphabet, except there is no C (its phonemes being taken over by either S or K), but the Ch digraph is treated as a letter. a=ah, b= bay, ch = chay, d=day, e = eh, f=eff, g=gay, h=ash, i = ee, j = jay, k = kay, l = ell, m = em, n = en, o = oh, p = pay, q=kw, r=air, s = ess, t=tay, u =","title":"Eurolengo"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"2525937","text":"to a new hexachord. For example, the hexachord beginning on C and rising to A, named \"hexachordum naturale\", has its only semitone between the notes E and F, and stops short of the note B or B. A melody moving a semitone higher than \"la\" (namely, from A to the B above) required changing the \"la\" to \"mi\", so that the required B becomes \"fa\". Because B was named by the \"soft\" or rounded letter B, the hexachord with this note in it was called the \"hexachordum molle\" (soft hexachord). Similarly, the hexachord with \"mi\" and \"fa\" expressed by the","title":"Hexachord"},{"id":"3234324","text":"often divided into \"transposition ciphers\" and \"substitution ciphers\". In a substitution cipher, letters (or groups of letters) are systematically replaced throughout the message for other letters (or groups of letters). A well-known example of a substitution cipher is the Caesar cipher. To encrypt a message with the Caesar cipher, each letter of message is replaced by the letter three positions later in the alphabet. Hence, A is replaced by D, B by E, C by F, etc. Finally, X, Y and Z are replaced by A, B and C respectively. So, for example, \"WIKIPEDIA\" encrypts as \"ZLNLSHGLD\". Caesar rotated the","title":"Classical cipher"},{"id":"14318197","text":"are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. They differ by where a few of the letters are placed. For example, some have Cyrillic 'B' (which is pronounced 'V') on the Latin 'W' key (after the German transliteration of B), while others have it on the Latin 'V' key. The images of AATSEEL \"Student\", YaZhERT (яжерт) and YaWERT (яверт) are shown on this page. There are also variations within these variations; for example the Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout is YaShERT but differs in placement of ж and э. Windows","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"14318154","text":"or \"Control\", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows. Turkmen keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where Ä appears in place of Q above A, Ü appears in place of X below S, Ç appears in place of C, and Ý appears in place of V, with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"15476359","text":"typical example is B-2b=TG. The first letter(s) represents the piece moved: R = rook, C = reverse chariot, SW = swallow's wings, GB = go-between, B = bishop, TG = tile general, CS = cat's sword, D = dog. The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move, x for a capture, or * for a drop. Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands. This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top","title":"Nana shogi"},{"id":"14318157","text":"such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"2517004","text":"at right, with the added dimension of brightness. The axes in these diagrams are the responses of the short-wavelength (\"S\"), middle-wavelength (\"M\"), and long-wavelength (\"L\") cones in the human eye. The other letters indicate black (\"Blk\"), red (\"R\"), green (\"G\"), blue (\"B\"), cyan (\"C\"), magenta (\"M\"), yellow (\"Y\"), and white colors (\"W\"). (Note: These pictures are not exactly to scale.) The top left diagram shows that the shape of the RGB gamut is a triangle between red, green, and blue at lower luminosities; a triangle between cyan, magenta, and yellow at higher luminosities, and a single white point at maximum","title":"Gamut"},{"id":"17233939","text":"to have confirmed planets. The designations \"b\", \"c\" derive from the order of discovery. The designation of \"b\" is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, followed by the other lowercase letters of the alphabet. In the case of Kepler-69, all of the known planets in the system were discovered at one time, so \"b\" is applied to the closest planet to the star and \"c\" to the farthest. Kepler-69 is a G-type star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K.","title":"Kepler-69"},{"id":"6245955","text":"\"d\" correspond to \"q\" and \"p\" respectively. \"F\" transforms to a mixture between a \"J\" and a \"t\". A and C do not transform readily to recognizable letters. E transforms to 3. C transforms to an open O or right parenthesis. Upside-down A is the # sign. Using leet, additional letters can be represented by combinations of letters (11/II or 2 [\"Z\" being very rare in English] representing \"two\" or \"to\", 111/III representing \"three\", 15/SI, 935/SEa or 335/SEE for \"C\", etc.). This is generally rare and, especially in the last case (using a spelling-out of a letter) severely limits readability.","title":"Calculator spelling"},{"id":"14951961","text":"Pitch circularity Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because","title":"Pitch circularity"},{"id":"12491784","text":"and Heidi waited for Liz and Kristy to get close enough to them to tell them the solution. When she saw the safe's keypad, Liz told Heidi to key in 6642, since the number 1 on the safe had the letters A, B, and C where on a telephone it has no letters. This guess was incorrect, and they did not have time to try again. The host revealed, when the time ran out, that 6653 was indeed the correct combination. Meanwhile, Craig and John were sent to find men in the town of Rotorua who could reasonably pass for","title":"The Mole (Australia season 5)"},{"id":"61621","text":"fixed lines: total subscriptions: 14,987,520 (July 2016 est.) Telephones - mobile cellular: 30.45 million (July 2016 est.) Telephone system: (2016) ITU prefixes: Letter combinations available for use in Canada as the first two letters of a television or radio station's call sign are CF, CG, CH, CI, CJ, CK, CY, CZ, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF, VG, VO, VX, VY, XJ, XK, XL, XM, XN and XO. Only CF, CH, CI, CJ and CK are currently in common use, although four radio stations in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador retained call letters beginning with VO when Newfoundland joined Canadian","title":"Telecommunications in Canada"},{"id":"6591886","text":"B, C, D, E, F*, G, A*, B*, B, C ... The bold notes spell out an acoustic scale on C. However, in the harmonic series, the notes marked with asterisks are out of tune: F* is almost exactly halfway between F and F, A* is closer to A* than A, and B* is too flat to be generally accepted as part of an equal tempered scale. The acoustic scale may have formed from a major triad (C E G) with an added minor seventh and raised fourth (B and F, drawn from the overtone series) and major second and","title":"Acoustic scale"},{"id":"12323757","text":"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"4563402","text":"to ensure that no two items exactly match. With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 (\"first\") and D gets ranking number 4 (\"fourth\"), and either B gets ranking number 2 (\"second\") and C gets ranking number 3 (\"third\") or C gets ranking number 2 (\"second\") and B gets ranking number 3 (\"third\"). In computer data processing, ordinal ranking is also referred to as \"row numbering\". Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what","title":"Ranking"},{"id":"13425520","text":"calculations should be stopped and an error message (\"indeterminate case\") returned. (Adapted form Bowser, exercise 140, page 203). A, B and C are three objects such that \"AC\" = 435 (yards), \"CB\" = 320, and \"C\" = 255.8 degrees. From a station P it is observed that \"APC\" = 30 degrees and \"CPB\" = 15 degrees. Find the distances of \"P\" from \"A\", \"B\" and \"C\". (Note that in this case the points C and P are on the same side of the line AB, a different configuration from the one shown in the figure). Answer: \"PA\" = 790, \"PB\"","title":"Snellius–Pothenot problem"},{"id":"88826","text":"Hill system order is arranged alphabetically, as above, with single-letter elements coming before two-letter symbols when the symbols begin with the same letter (so \"B\" comes before \"Be\", which comes before \"Br\"). The following example formulae are written using the Hill system, and listed in Hill order: Chemical formula The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or","title":"Chemical formula"},{"id":"235376","text":"flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat is placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\"","title":"Key signature"},{"id":"3740043","text":"has additional ones, ranging from 1101 to 1133 (for some reason, however, omitting 1103 and 1105), Kamnik has 1240 and 1241, etc. Albeit they exist, it is not necessary to use them - usually the \"general\" postcodes are used. The abbreviations are: g. for \"gospod\" (Mr), ga. for \"gospa\" (Mrs), and gdč. for \"gospodična\" (Miss) - all always capitalized if in the beginning of the line. Numbers can have a suffix like A, B, C, etc. Common abbreviations are: c. for \"cesta\" (Street), and ul. for \"ulica\" (Road) - both always capitalised if in the beginning of the line. 5ºB","title":"Address"},{"id":"941630","text":"the readability of a line of music. For example, a sequence of notes is more easily read as \"ascending\" or \"descending\" if the noteheads are on different positions on the staff. Doing so may also reduce the number of accidentals that must be used. Thus, in the key of B major, the sequence B-B-B is more easily read using the enharmonic spelling C instead of B. For example, the intervals of a minor sixth on C, on B, and an augmented fifth on C are all enharmonic intervals . The most common enharmonic intervals are the augmented fourth and diminished","title":"Enharmonic"},{"id":"4658793","text":"uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C. In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60. The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart. However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz. Range (music) In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the","title":"Range (music)"},{"id":"111585","text":"or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in \"book and 'ck' in \"chicken\". Even with the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the \"Latin-Extended A\" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an \"h-convention\", which replaces \"ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,\" and \"ŭ\" with \"ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,\" and \"u,\" respectively. If","title":"Esperanto"},{"id":"12323773","text":"the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"2500784","text":"same as that of F.) This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context. Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B, E, or A (the three most common registers), never in A, and D, and B","title":"Letter notation"},{"id":"1975662","text":"the PCjr to change the home-computer market in a similar way to how the IBM PC had changed the business-microcomputer market. They predicted that the PCjr would extend IBM's dominance, with customers able to use the company's computers in the home and in the office. \"The Wall Street Journal\" observed that \"The PCjr ... has at least three invaluable assets: the letters I, B, and M\". Even rival companies like Coleco, Commodore, and Tandy hoped that a home computer from IBM with, as \"Popular Science\" wrote, \"the three initials on its nameplate, letters that, in the minds of many, represent","title":"IBM PCjr"},{"id":"3785956","text":"centre of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in \"bolour\" instead of \"colour.\" Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K? Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies, \"what, spell bolour with a K? Kolour. Oh! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt!\" The video game franchise Mortal Kombat is another example of this trend. A common satiric usage of the letters","title":"Satiric misspelling"},{"id":"5580921","text":"use the Latin alphabet letters \"A\" to \"Z\" to represent the 26 digit values one to twenty-six. (A=1, B=2, C=3, ..., Z=26) With this choice of notation, the number sequence (starting from 1) begins A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z, AA, AB, AC, ..., AX, AY, AZ, BA, BB, BC, ... Each digit position represents a power of twenty-six, so for example, the numeral ABC represents the value = 731 in base 10. Many spreadsheets including Microsoft Excel use this system to assign labels to the columns of a spreadsheet, starting A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...,","title":"Bijective numeration"},{"id":"6994734","text":"example given in the spec is: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c(d + e).foo(); with the suggestion that the preceding statement be terminated with a semicolon. Some suggest instead the use of \"leading\" semicolons on lines starting with '(' or '[ ', so the line is not accidentally joined with the previous one. This is known as a defensive semicolon, and is particularly recommended, because code may otherwise become ambiguous when it is rearranged. For example: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c; // (d +","title":"JavaScript syntax"},{"id":"6612078","text":"actions than the last one can also be undone by pressing multiple times. was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing. Presumably these particular keystrokes were chosen because of their location on a standard QWERTY keyboard, since the Z (undo), X (cut), C (copy), and V (paste) keys are located together at the left end of the bottom row of the standard QWERTY keyboard. Substitute character A substitute character (␚) is a control character that is used in the place of a character that is recognized to be","title":"Substitute character"},{"id":"5775942","text":"of three octaves. Reading from left to right could, within certain limits, permit notes within different octaves to be distinguished from each other. Thus, C (modern \"c\") was \"C fa ut\" (or \"Cefaut\"), c (modern c′) was \"C sol fa ut\", and cc (modern c″) was \"C sol fa\". Since the lowest pitch was designated by the Greek letter Γ (gamma, for 'g'), the pitch was known as \"Gamma ut\" or \"Gamut\", a term which came to designate the range of notes available, and later, a complete range of anything. The hexachordal system also distinguished between B (\"fa\" in the","title":"Guidonian hand"},{"id":"11429516","text":"diagrams on this page reflect his usage). In other words if one thinks of a standard musical keyboard and takes for example middle C as Do then the following six white keys, DEFGAB will represent the rest of the octave, and the next white key will be the higher C. There will be black keys between each of the white keys, except between E and F (the mi-fa interval) and between B and the higher C (the si-do interval) In any process described in terms of the Law of Seven, the Mi-Fa interval and the Ti-Do interval are said to","title":"Fourth Way enneagram"},{"id":"7456450","text":"must be played or sung. A note always lasts till the next one of the same hand or part appears, unless a stop sign or continuation dot is used. Therefore there is no connection between shape or colour of a note and its duration. The various kinds of 'rest' signs, different note heads, ties and different clefs are thus rendered unnecessary. The klavar notation uses one clef: the centre of the keyboard is indicated by dotted lines representing C and D, so Middle C can easily be located. There are no different clefs for the left and right hand. This","title":"Klavarskribo"},{"id":"3863950","text":"0 of SPN marks the low end of what humans can actually perceive, with the average person being able to hear frequencies no lower than 20 Hz.
The octave number increases by 1 upon an ascension from B to C. Thus, \"A\" refers to the first A \"above\" C and middle C (the small octave's C or simply \"c\") is denoted as \"C\" in SPN. Scientific pitch notation is often used to specify the range of an instrument. It provides an unambiguous means of identifying a note in terms of textual notation rather than frequency, while at the same","title":"Scientific pitch notation"},{"id":"309501","text":"gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \"notes\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \"accidentals\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and","title":"Piano"},{"id":"9294982","text":"It Might as Well Be String \"It Might as Well Be String\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \"The Goodies\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies have become Advertising Men and Graeme reads from a blackboard with the letters 'A', 'B', 'C' and 'D' written on it, and showing what is written about each letter — from 'D' to 'A'): Tim ('TBT') tells the others: \"From today 'BO', 'GG' — save time — call you 'BOGG'.\" Bill & Grahame are in charge with creative sides, Tim is horrified at","title":"It Might as Well Be String"},{"id":"92300","text":"are \"$\" = 36, \"a\" = 97, \"b\" = 98, \"C\" = 67, and \"d\" = 100). Therefore, strings beginning with \"C\", \"M\", or \"Z\" would be sorted before strings with lower-case \"a\", \"b\", etc. This is sometimes called \"ASCIIbetical order\". This deviates from the standard alphabetical order, particularly due to the ordering of capital letters before all lower-case ones (and possibly the treatment of spaces and other non-letter characters). It is therefore often applied with certain alterations, the most obvious being case conversion (often to uppercase, for historical reasons) before comparison of ASCII values. In many collation algorithms, the","title":"Collation"},{"id":"3029921","text":"modulatory space, though readers should be advised that the term \"modulatory space\" is not a standard music-theoretical term.) Chordal spaces model relationships between chords. The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency \"f\" is mapped to a real number \"p\" according to the equation This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which is the note 9 semitones","title":"Pitch space"},{"id":"47918","text":"of Dr. Martin Richards. The BBC Domesday Project made use of the language. Versions of BCPL for the Amstrad CPC and Amstrad PCW computers were also released in 1986 by UK software house Arnor Ltd. MacBCPL was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1985 by Topexpress Ltd, of Kensington, England. Both the design and philosophy of BCPL strongly influenced B, which in turn influenced C. Programmers at the time debated whether an eventual successor to C would be called \"D\" (the next letter in the alphabet) or \"P\" (the next letter in the parent language name). The language most accepted","title":"BCPL"},{"id":"16277214","text":"for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B button emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.","title":"B"},{"id":"20513434","text":"alliteration with \"b\" is very rare. However, when an alliterating word comes after a verse-break such as a caesura, the letter \"a\" is less common, coming only in 6th or 7th place. Usually a letter alliterates only with itself, but sometimes \"qu\" can alliterate with \"c\"; \"ph\" may alliterate with \"p\"; \"ae\" and \"au\" may alliterate with \"a\"; and \"sc\", \"sp\", \"st\" may alliterate with \"s\". From both studies, it is clear that when only two words in a line begin with the same letter, it is difficult or impossible to identify objectively whether the alliteration is accidental or deliberate,","title":"Alliteration (Latin)"},{"id":"3968482","text":"looks like an uncial \"a\", but with the left stroke still straight, \"b\" and \"d\" are hard to distinguish, \"e\" is a full height letter (like the \"s\"), \"p\" and \"t\" are very similar, and \"v\" is written above the baseline, resembling an inverted chevron. New Roman cursive, also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive, developed from old Roman cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern readers; \"a\", \"b\", \"d\", and \"e\" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are","title":"Roman cursive"},{"id":"19590718","text":"Phonetic keyboard layout A phonetic keyboard layout is a setup in which the letters of a language correspond to the keys in the keyboard layout for another language and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between letters in the languages that is based on their sound. Russian has two popular keyboard layouts: The Cyrillic letters are on the same keys as similarly-sounding Roman letters: A-А, Б-B, В-V, Г-G, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O and so on. There are Russian phonetic layouts based on the QWERTY layout and others based on other localized layouts. The Russian phonetic layout is especially suited for foreigners studying","title":"Phonetic keyboard layout"},{"id":"393027","text":"type A. She was the first to do so, although she did not use lettered spectral types, but rather a series of twenty-two types numbered from I to XXII. In 1901, Annie Jump Cannon returned to the lettered types, but dropped all letters except O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, used in that order, as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra. She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A, F2G for stars one-fifth of the way from F to G, and so on. Finally, by","title":"Stellar classification"},{"id":"4595113","text":"and \"C\" followed by a positional indication which is given by an Arabic number or Roman numeral. Examples: BIII, CVII, B2, C7. The two abbreviations \"B\", \"C\", represent the terms barre or bar, cejillo or capotasto, the later being Spanish and Italian terms for capo. The choice of letter adopted is an editorial decision reflecting the style adopted. The use of Roman numerals is more prevalent than Arabic numbers to avoid confusion with other fingering indications and common chord symbols (but not figured harmony). Notation of Roman numerals without including letters \"B\" or \"C\" is an indication of fingerboard position","title":"Barre chord"},{"id":"11485869","text":"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the","title":"Indonesia national badminton team"},{"id":"2086551","text":"letter for the doomsday is C except for the portion of leap years before February 29 in which it is D, we have: Note: G = 0 = Sunday, A = 1 = Monday, B = 2 = Tuesday, C = 3 = Wednesday, D = 4 = Thursday, E = 5 = Friday, and F = 6 = Saturday, i.e. in our context, C is mathematically identical to 3. Hence, for instance, the doomsday of the year 2013 is Thursday, so DL = (3 − 4) mod 7 = 6 = F. The dominical letter of the year 1913","title":"Dominical letter"},{"id":"903521","text":"in the traditional west-to-east method. Coincidentally, the NYSDOT maintained portion of I-90 is oriented geographically north–south for most of its length, so the exit numbers seem to increase from north to south. Exit and milepost numbering starts over again when the Berkshire Section of the Thruway begins, with exit and mile numbers preceded by the letter B (Exit B1, Exit B2, Mile B1, Mile B2, etc.) There once were two metric-only signs on the westbound New York State Thruway around Syracuse, which is about from Ontario. The NYS Thruway Authority decided to test metric signage, which may have briefly included","title":"Interstate 90"},{"id":"1798563","text":"G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp” is placed on the F, to make it F. The key of D, with nine sharps, has another sharp placed on the C, making it C. The same is true for key signatures with flats; The key of E (four sharps) is equivalent to the key of F (again, one fifth below the key of C, following the pattern of flat key signatures). The last flat is placed on the B, making it B. Circle of fifths In music","title":"Circle of fifths"},{"id":"14707615","text":"patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on","title":"Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"},{"id":"461177","text":"combined with the \"Control\" key, which on keyboards of the time was conveniently next to the letter A in the position now usually occupied by the Caps Lock key. For touch typists, in addition, reaching the function and cursor keys generally requires them to take their fingers off the \"home keys\" with consequent loss of typing rhythm. For example, the \"diamond\" of Ctrl-S/E/D/X (s=left, e=up, d=right, x=down) moved the cursors one character or line to the left, up, right, or down. Ctrl-A/F (to the outside of the \"diamond\") moved the cursor a full word left/right, and Ctrl-R/C (just \"past\" the","title":"WordStar"},{"id":"2520260","text":"would create a dissonant minor ninth interval with the third of the chord, including the third is a rare phenomenon, even in 20th-century classical music. Though rare, in rock and popular music, for example 52 seconds into \"Sun King\" on the Beatles' \"Abbey Road\", the third of the dominant eleventh (\"as theoretically conceived\": C, E, G, B, D, F ), for example, is usually omitted. It may be notated in charts as, C, or, more often, \"descriptively,\" as Gm/C. The fifth is also sometimes omitted, thus turning the chord into a suspended chord (C, B, D, F). As the upper","title":"Eleventh chord"},{"id":"6245954","text":"\"9\" appears as a lowercase \"b\". Other variants of calculator spelling alphabets consider \"0\" to be a capital \"D\" instead of \"O\", \"6\" (not used in the standard beghilos) as a lowercase \"g\" (as opposed to uppercase represented by 9) and \"9\" as either a reversed lowercase \"a\" or an at sign (@), both of which represent the letter A. You can spell words and names with the numbers, such as : 0.1134 when read upside down, it reads hEllO. Extending the available alphabet to hexadecimal notation (generally available on lower-end scientific calculators, though not on basic models), \"b\" and","title":"Calculator spelling"},{"id":"590514","text":"the letters A, B, and C (the Greek letters alpha, beta, and gamma in the original) as term place holders, rather than giving concrete examples. It is traditional to use \"is\" rather than \"are\" as the copula, hence \"All A is B\" rather than \"All As are Bs\". It is traditional and convenient practice to use a, e, i, o as infix operators so the categorical statements can be written succinctly. The following table shows the longer form, the succinct shorthand, and equivalent expressions in predicate logic: The letter S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate","title":"Syllogism"},{"id":"5679531","text":"\"C:\", however this is not always the case. Since personal computers now no longer include floppies, and optical disc and other removable drives typically still start at \"D:\", letters A and B are available for manual assignment by a user with administrative privileges. This assignment will be remembered by the same OS on the same PC next time a removable volume is inserted, as long as there are no conflicts, and as long as the removable drive has not been reformatted on another computer (which changes its volume serial number), and as long as the OS has not been reinstalled","title":"Volume (computing)"},{"id":"1489512","text":"by other signs. Godart (1995:99-107) describes these corrections, by word. They occur in the following words: A1 (signs 02-12-13-01), A4 (29-29-34) together with A5 (02-12-04), A8 (12), A10 (02-41-19?-35), A12 (12), A16 (12-31-26?), A17 (second 27?), A29 (second 27?), B1 (12-22), B3 (37?), B4 (22-25 imprinted over the same), B10 (07?-24?-40?), B13 (beside 29?). Question marks indicate uncertainty about that particular sign being the result of a correction. Also, the borders of word B28 has been widened to make room for sign 02. See Duhoux (1977:34-35) and Godart (1995:107). The two signs 27 (Hide) in word A29 are rotated 180","title":"Phaistos Disc"},{"id":"1798007","text":"before the 2000s. Button configurations vary depending on vendor and laptop model. ThinkPads have a prominent middle mouse button, but some models have no physical buttons. Toshiba employs concentric arcs. In the early 1990s, Zenith Data Systems shipped a number of laptop computers equipped with a device called \"J-Mouse\", which essentially used a special keyswitch under the J key to allow the J keycap to be used as a pointing stick. In addition to appearing between the G, H and B keys on a QWERTY keyboard, these devices or similar can also appear on gaming devices as an alternative to","title":"Pointing stick"},{"id":"12290078","text":"case of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, U for \"Underground\". In British buildings, LG for \"Lower Ground\" is commonly encountered. If there is more than one basement, the next level down may be marked SB for \"Sub-Basement\". The lower levels may also be numbered B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, etc.. Negative numbers are sometimes used: −1 for the first level below ground, −2 for the second one, and so on. Letters are sometimes used: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc. In Hawaii these levels are numbered I1, I2, I3,","title":"Storey"},{"id":"247241","text":"note or key of a given song. For example, a folk song in the key of C (also referred to as C major) may have a melody that uses only the notes of the C major scale (the individual notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C; these are the \"white notes\" on a piano keyboard. On the other hand, Bebop-era jazz from the 1940s and contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries may use melodies with many chromatic notes (i.e., notes in addition to the notes of the major scale; on a piano, a chromatic scale","title":"Music"},{"id":"339672","text":"more information). On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of ISO 8859-1. Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being: The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+). In other keyboards it's situated","title":"QWERTY"},{"id":"8017531","text":"diatonic and chromatic semitone. For instance, the interval from B to C is a diatonic semitone, the interval from B to B is a chromatic semitone, and their difference, the interval from B to C is a diminished second. Being diminished, it is considered a dissonant interval. In tuning systems other than twelve-tone equal temperament, the diminished second can be viewed as a comma, the minute interval between two enharmonically equivalent notes tuned in a slightly different way. This makes it a highly variable quantity between tuning systems. Hence for example C is narrower (or sometimes wider) than D by","title":"Diminished second"},{"id":"598210","text":"was intended to bear: \"F\" and \"C\" and, more rarely, \"G\". These were the most often-used 'clefs', or \"litterae clavis\" (key-letters), in Gregorian chant notation. Over time the shapes of these letters became stylised, leading to their current versions. Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, including most of the notes from the low \"Γ\" (\"gamma\", the note written today on the bottom line of the bass clef) up to the G above middle C, written with a small letter \"g\", and including two forms of lowercase \"b\" (for the note just below middle","title":"Clef"},{"id":"111586","text":"used in a database, a program in principle could not determine whether to render, for example, \"ch\" as \"c\" followed by \"h\" or as \"ĉ\", and would fail to render, for example, the word properly. A more recent \"x-convention\" has gained ground since the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with an \"x\" (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing the six digraphs \"cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,\" and \"ux.\" There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding","title":"Esperanto"},{"id":"8422191","text":"but \"B\" is also possible but not likely (\"p\" = 0.05). Doctor 2 says that the cause is very likely \"C\" (\"p\" = 0.95), but \"B\" is also possible but not likely (\"p\" = 0.05). How is one to make one's own opinion from this? Bayesian updating the first opinion with the second (or the other way round) implies certainty that the cause is \"B\". Dempster's rule of combination lead to the same result. This can be seen as paradoxical, since although the two doctors point at different causes, \"A\" and \"C\", they both agree that \"B\" is not likely.","title":"Transferable belief model"},{"id":"6494988","text":"did not change on a given system, but modifying systems could be confusing: If an Eagle booted from a File 10, File 40, or \"File 20\" (a File 10 or File 40 box with a 20-Mb hard disk inside), the drive-letter assignments of the hard-disk BIOS prevailed. The external hard disk's partitions would be A and B for a File 10; A, B, and C for a \"File 20\", and A, B, C, and D for a File 40. The top floppy would be E and I and the bottom one F and J, unless they were single-sided floppies, which","title":"Eagle Computer"},{"id":"3147630","text":"(\"buky/буки\"), meaning \"letter\". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the letter Be had no numeric value because the letter Ve inherited the Greek letter Beta's numeric value. The Russian small letter б (be) is similar (but not identical) in shape to the digit 6. Its lowercase form also somewhat resembles a lowercase letter B (\"b\"), the letter to which it corresponds in the Latin alphabet. After all, lowercase letter B (\"b\") developed from scribal alterations to the capital letter B (\"B\"), just as б did from scribal alterations to the capital letter В. In Serbian and Macedonian the italic form is","title":"Be (Cyrillic)"},{"id":"13458449","text":"with the file-modified time) is destroyed if the file is moved between the phone and the card, causing pictures to appear out of order, as if taken at the time they were moved. Like other Verizon phones, filenames are recorded as MMDDYYhhmm\"x\".jpg or .3g2, where \"x\" is the letter a, b, c, etc. Because the year is in the wrong place (the middle instead of the beginning where the most significant digits belong), the sort order appears wrong when viewed on a computer via a card reader, if there are pictures from a previous calendar year. Videos are recorded with","title":"Motorola Krave"},{"id":"8017530","text":"Diminished second In modern Western tonal music theory, a diminished second is the interval produced by narrowing a minor second by one chromatic semitone. It is enharmonically equivalent to a perfect unison. Thus, it is the interval between notes on two adjacent staff positions, or having adjacent note letters, altered in such a way that they have no pitch difference in twelve-tone equal temperament. An example is the interval from a B to the C immediately above; another is the interval from a B to the C immediately above. In particular, it may be regarded as the \"difference\" between a","title":"Diminished second"},{"id":"14407110","text":"an indicator, and connected the call by plugging a cord into the outgoing circuit and ringing the destination station. For example, if a dial customer calling from TAylor 4725 dialed a number served by a manual exchange, e.g., ADams 1383-W, the call was completed, from the subscriber’s perspective, exactly as a call to LEnnox 5813, in an automated exchange. The party line letters W, R, J, and M were only used in manual exchanges with jack-per-line party lines. In contrast to the listing format \"MAin 1234\" for an automated office with two capital letters, a manual office, having listings such","title":"Telephone exchange"},{"id":"5001643","text":"\"d\", and since \"bc\" cannot equal \"c\", it follows that \"bc\" = \"d\", and therefore \"bd\" must equal \"c\". Multiplying on the right by \"f\" this gives us \"b\" = \"cf\", which we can further manipulate into \"cb\" = \"f\" by multiplying by \"c\" on the left. By similar logic we can deduce that \"c\" = \"fb\" and that \"dc\" = \"b\". Filling these in, we have (with the latest additions in green): Since the \"d\" row is missing only \"f\", we know \"d\" = \"f\", and thus \"f\" = \"d\". As we have managed to fill in the whole","title":"Cayley table"},{"id":"10714060","text":"F♯ (musical note) F (F-sharp; also known as fa dièse or fi) is the seventh semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to \"sol bémol\" or G (G-flat). However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as G. G is a major third below B, whereas F is a major third above D (a minor third below A). When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the F above middle C (or F) is approximately","title":"F♯ (musical note)"},{"id":"9563574","text":"the west. When a street lies between two numbered streets, letters are appended as suffixes. For example, 107A Avenue lies between 107 Avenue and 108 Avenue. Occasionally the letter B will be used and more rarely C, to denote multiple streets between 2 different street numbers. For example, 17A, 17B and 17C Avenues all lie between 17 Avenue and 18 Avenue. Houses with odd numbers are on the east side of a street or the south side of an avenue. Dropping the last two digits of a house number tells what two streets or avenues the house lies between, for","title":"Transportation in Edmonton"},{"id":"17382965","text":"piece except the king. In notation, suborn is represented by the destination cell, followed by the equal symbol (=) and then the colour the suborned piece changes to, alternatively only one letter: b for black and w for white. Example: b3=b for 'the piece on b3 becomes black'. (There is no need of writing the letter D for the diplomat). The game can be played through the Zillions of Games game platform, by downloading the corresponding files from this link. Diplomat chess Diplomat chess is a chess variant invented by Carlos Martín-Fuertes in 2003 as a contribution to a Contest","title":"Diplomat chess"},{"id":"4184293","text":"discovering observatory followed by their right ascension (e.g. CP 1919). As more pulsars were discovered, the letter code became unwieldy, and so the convention then arose of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination (e.g. PSR 0531+21) and sometimes declination to a tenth of a degree (e.g. PSR 1913+16.7). Pulsars appearing very close together sometimes have letters appended (e.g. PSR 0021-72C and PSR 0021-72D). The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B (e.g. PSR B1919+21), with the B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All","title":"Pulsar"},{"id":"1434356","text":"four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is usually used for envelopes and is defined in ISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits","title":"Paper size"},{"id":"6966856","text":"to form \"Gore\" — each easily remembered by the rat armies — to make it more difficult to crack. In this code, each letter is \"shifted\" one over in the alphabet, except for the letters in the secret word, which stay the same. \"A\" becomes \"B\", \"B\" becomes \"C\", \"C\" becomes \"D\", and so on. \"G\", \"O\", \"R\", and \"E\" remain the same. This code is of great importance to the plot of \"Gregor and the Code of Claw\" because of its mention in the Prophecy of Gray and its usefulness to the human war effort. The Underland Chronicles The","title":"The Underland Chronicles"},{"id":"8230086","text":"also a ' \"closed omega\"), ' \"right-leg turned m\", ' \"turned long-leg r\" (there was once also a \"long-leg r\"), ' \"double pipe\", and the obsolete \"stretched c\". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' \"c cedilla\", ' \"eth\" (also spelled \"edh\"), ' \"engma\" or \"eng\", ' \"schwa\" (also spelled \"shwa\"), ' \"exclamation mark\", ' \"pipe\". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' \"fish-hook r\", ' \"ram's horns\", ' \"bull's eye\", ' \"esh\" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' \"ezh\" (sometimes confused with \"yogh\"), ' \"hook-top heng\". The is usually called by the","title":"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"},{"id":"691808","text":"by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a","title":"NATO phonetic alphabet"},{"id":"7797892","text":"vocals (on \"120E7\"). Alternate versions of \"120E7\" and \"Vesica Pisces\" would be later released on De Facto's second LP, \"Légende du Scorpion à Quatre Queues\". The title is a coded message using numbers and the corresponding letter of the English alphabet; it spells \"DEFACTO\" (4=D, 5=E, 6=F, 1=A, 3=C, 20=T, 15=O). The EP was to be followed by a full-length LP also recorded with Caldato Jr., tentatively titled \"Black Hot Chrome\". The album was shelved when Grand Royal went bankrupt the same year and remains unreleased to this day. Band members subsequently focused their efforts on a new project, The","title":"456132015"},{"id":"16510462","text":"order to facilitate navigation within the game and on the console itself. For standard keyboard mode and when playing guitar/bass parts, five white keys, from the middle C to G, are marked with colored dots, and are played similarly to the fret buttons found on guitar controllers. For pro mode, all the keys are used, and the keyboard is split up into 5 colored sections to aid the player: red - C-E, yellow - F-B, blue - C -E, green - F-B and orange - C. The touchpad acts as a modulation control, and in game-play terms is functionally equivalent","title":"Rhythm game accessories"},{"id":"8023801","text":"temperament, the diminished third is wider than the major second. In 19 equal temperament it is in fact enharmonically equivalent to an augmented second, both having a value of 252.6 cents. In 31 equal temperament it has a more typical value of 232.3 cents. In a twelve-note keyboard tuned in a meantone tuning from E to G, the dimininished third appears between C and E, and again between G and B. In superpythagorean tunings, the diminished third is narrower than the major second. In the special case of 17 equal temperament, the chromatic semitone and diminished third are in fact","title":"Diminished third"},{"id":"42662","text":"next ten letters, \"k–t,\" are identical to \"a–j,\" respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the table): : The next ten letters (the next \"decade\") are the same again, but with dots also at positions both 3 and 6 (green dots). Here \"w\" was left out as not being a part of the official French alphabet at the time of Braille's life; the French braille order is \"u v x y z ç é à è ù\" (). The next ten, ending in \"w\", are the same again, except that for this series","title":"Braille"},{"id":"15552327","text":"so-called ‘Big three credit rating agencies’ - Standard & Poor's, Moody's Investor Service and Fitch Ratings), CredoLine uses the same internationally recognized letter designations such as A, B, C and D. For every literal rating meaning corresponds definition, which disclose the reliability level, risk character, as well as the forecast of further business development. For instance: crBB – High creditworthiness and financial stability. The company is affected by country risk. Risk of default or delayed payment is moderate. Rating categories from “cr AAA” to “crDD” may be modified with plus or minus sign. For example: there are three rating levels","title":"CredoLine"},{"id":"8799809","text":"makes it hard to distinguish an 'F' from an 'S' for example. Also, the lack of visual cues during oral communication can cause confusion. For example, lips are closed at the start of saying the letter \"B\" but open at the beginning of the letter \"D\" making these otherwise similar-sounding letters more easily discriminated when looking at the speaker. Without these visual cues, such as during announcements of airline gate numbers \"B1\" and \"D1\" at an airport, \"B\" may be confused with \"D\" by the listener. Spelling out one's name, a password or a ticker symbol over the telephone are","title":"Spelling alphabet"},{"id":"4130307","text":"somewhat similar to Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings with the words high and low replacing the + and −. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor: AAA, AA (high), AA, AA (low), A (high), A, A (low), BBB (high), BBB, BBB (low), BB (high), BB, BB (low), B (high), B, B (low), CCC (high), CCC, CCC (low), CC (high), CC, CC (low), C (high), C, C (low) and D. The short-term ratings often map to long-term ratings though there is room for exceptions at the high or low side of each equivalent. S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS are","title":"Credit rating"},{"id":"295108","text":"The sharp sign raises a note by a semitone or half-step, and a flat lowers it by the same amount. In modern tuning a half step has a frequency ratio of , approximately 1.059. The accidentals are written after the note name: so, for example, F represents F-sharp, B is B-flat, and C is C natural (or C). Additional accidentals are the double-sharp , raising the frequency by two semitones, and double-flat , lowering it by that amount. In musical notation, accidentals are placed before the note symbols. Systematic alterations to the seven lettered pitches in the scale can be","title":"Musical note"},{"id":"3152859","text":"To create a sorted list, repeatedly use RP to select a winner, remove that winner from the list of candidates, and repeat (to find the next runner up, and so forth). To tally the votes, consider each voter's preferences. For example, if a voter states \"A > B > C\" (A is better than B, and B is better than C), the tally should add one for A in A vs. B, one for A in A vs. C, and one for B in B vs. C. Voters may also express indifference (e.g., A = B), and unstated candidates are","title":"Ranked pairs"},{"id":"68478","text":"letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in \"yoke\", the vowel in \"myth\", the vowel in \"funny\", and the diphthong in \"my\". W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in \"growth\", \"raw\", and \"how\", and in a few loanwords from Welsh, like \"crwth\" or \"cwm\". In some other languages, such as Finnish,","title":"Consonant"},{"id":"945733","text":"on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the \"h-system\", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called \"x-system\" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of \"c\" and the circumflex letters \"ĉ\" , \"ĝ\" , \"ĥ\" , \"ĵ\" , \"ŝ\" , \"ŭ\" . \"J\" transcribes two sounds, consonantal","title":"Esperanto orthography"},{"id":"8230085","text":"o\". The implosives have \"hook\" tops: ' \"hook-top b\", as does ' \"hook-top h\". Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a \"tail\". It may be specified as \"left\" or \"right\" depending on which direction it turns: ' \"right-tail n\", ' \"right-tail turned r\", ' \"left-tail n\", ' \"tail z\" (or just \"retroflex z\"), etc. But note: ' \"eng\" or \"engma\", ' \"meng\", \"heng\". When the tail loops over itself, it's called \"curly\": ' \"curly-tail j\", ' \"curly-tail c\". There are also a few unique modifications: ' \"belted l\", ' \"closed reversed epsilon\" (there was once","title":"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"},{"id":"3204815","text":"for official acceptance) is as follows: Zamanälif contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi and Íí. The other letters are the same in both alphabets, but they are pronounced differently. A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, í/i, ı/e. The symbol is used for the glottal stop (known as","title":"Tatar alphabet"},{"id":"16077238","text":"9th-largest CRM/Direct Marketing Agency in the world; the 5th-largest US search marketing agency. 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 2004: 2005: 2007: Acquired CFM Direct LLC, the Response Processing Division of AB&C Group, and CognitiveDATA 2009: Acquired CMS Direct 2010: 2011: 2012: Acquired Social Amp 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: 2008: 2009: 2011: 2013: 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2013: 2014: 2015: Merkle Inc. Merkle Group Inc. (also called \"Merkle\") is a global data-driven, technology-enabled performance marketing agency based in Columbia, Maryland and is part of Dentsu Aegis Network. Merkle Computer Systems, Inc. was founded in","title":"Merkle Inc."},{"id":"228142","text":"512 kbit/s broadband Internet connection\". The unit symbol kb (lowercase 'b') is typographically similar to the international standard unit symbol for the kilobyte, i.e. kB (upper case 'B'). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommends the symbol bit instead of b. The prefix \"kilo-\" is often used in fields of computer science and information technology with a meaning of multiplication by 1024 instead of 1000, contrary to international standards, in conjunction with the base unit byte and bit, in which case it is to be written as \"Ki-\", with a capital letter K, e.g., 1 Kibit = 1024 bits. The decimal","title":"Kilobit"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1485176\",\n \"text\": \"fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \\\"wolf interval\\\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has\",\n \"title\": \"Wolf interval\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9959211\",\n \"text\": \"it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,\",\n \"title\": \"Icelandic orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3662046\",\n \"text\": \"across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \\\"key\\\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \\\"styled\\\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on\",\n \"title\": \"Space bar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1508270\",\n \"text\": \"short. For instance, an octave (2:1) spans from C to C', and three justly tuned major thirds (5:4) span from C to B (namely, from C, to E, to G, to B). The difference between C-C' (2:1) and C-B (125:64) is the diesis (128:125). Notice that this coincides with the interval between B and C', also called a diminished second. The diesis is a comma. The above-mentioned 128:125 comma is also known as the lesser diesis, as opposed to a wider comma (648:625) known as greater diesis. As shown in the picture, in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system (a tuning\",\n \"title\": \"Diesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15440023\",\n \"text\": \"variation (24 unique sets of key signatures, 12 major and 12 minor each in the keys of C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, Gb, G, Ab, A, Bb, B). Each chord value can instantly change, depending on which key signature the player selects from the top keyboard in the stack of four MIDI keyboards. For example, in the Key of C, the I chord is C major, and the II chord is D minor, and so on up the scale. The chordboard allows the player to select key signature changes on the fly, and chord style, or genre changes also\",\n \"title\": \"Chordboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5775943\",\n \"text\": \"F hexachord, and known as \\\"B molle\\\" for 'soft B') and B♮ (\\\"mi\\\" in the G hexachord, and known as \\\"B durum\\\" for 'hard B'). Over time, the soft and hard variants of 'b' were depicted as a rounded \\\" and a squared-off \\\" which gradually developed into the modern flat and natural signs (or, in Northern Europe, into the letters 'b' and 'h'). Since a single hexachord did not cover every possible note in the range of the gamut (only C–A, F–D excluding B, or G–E excluding B), singers would have to \\\"mutate\\\" between hexachords if the range of\",\n \"title\": \"Guidonian hand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8389920\",\n \"text\": \"a result, Eurolengo has never had any speakers. According to its author, there are only three pages of grammar rules. The Eurolengo alphabet is almost the same as the English alphabet, except there is no C (its phonemes being taken over by either S or K), but the Ch digraph is treated as a letter. a=ah, b= bay, ch = chay, d=day, e = eh, f=eff, g=gay, h=ash, i = ee, j = jay, k = kay, l = ell, m = em, n = en, o = oh, p = pay, q=kw, r=air, s = ess, t=tay, u =\",\n \"title\": \"Eurolengo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2525937\",\n \"text\": \"to a new hexachord. For example, the hexachord beginning on C and rising to A, named \\\"hexachordum naturale\\\", has its only semitone between the notes E and F, and stops short of the note B or B. A melody moving a semitone higher than \\\"la\\\" (namely, from A to the B above) required changing the \\\"la\\\" to \\\"mi\\\", so that the required B becomes \\\"fa\\\". Because B was named by the \\\"soft\\\" or rounded letter B, the hexachord with this note in it was called the \\\"hexachordum molle\\\" (soft hexachord). Similarly, the hexachord with \\\"mi\\\" and \\\"fa\\\" expressed by the\",\n \"title\": \"Hexachord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3234324\",\n \"text\": \"often divided into \\\"transposition ciphers\\\" and \\\"substitution ciphers\\\". In a substitution cipher, letters (or groups of letters) are systematically replaced throughout the message for other letters (or groups of letters). A well-known example of a substitution cipher is the Caesar cipher. To encrypt a message with the Caesar cipher, each letter of message is replaced by the letter three positions later in the alphabet. Hence, A is replaced by D, B by E, C by F, etc. Finally, X, Y and Z are replaced by A, B and C respectively. So, for example, \\\"WIKIPEDIA\\\" encrypts as \\\"ZLNLSHGLD\\\". Caesar rotated the\",\n \"title\": \"Classical cipher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318197\",\n \"text\": \"are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. They differ by where a few of the letters are placed. For example, some have Cyrillic 'B' (which is pronounced 'V') on the Latin 'W' key (after the German transliteration of B), while others have it on the Latin 'V' key. The images of AATSEEL \\\"Student\\\", YaZhERT (яжерт) and YaWERT (яверт) are shown on this page. There are also variations within these variations; for example the Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout is YaShERT but differs in placement of ж and э. Windows\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318154\",\n \"text\": \"or \\\"Control\\\", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows. Turkmen keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where Ä appears in place of Q above A, Ü appears in place of X below S, Ç appears in place of C, and Ý appears in place of V, with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15476359\",\n \"text\": \"typical example is B-2b=TG. The first letter(s) represents the piece moved: R = rook, C = reverse chariot, SW = swallow's wings, GB = go-between, B = bishop, TG = tile general, CS = cat's sword, D = dog. The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move, x for a capture, or * for a drop. Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands. This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top\",\n \"title\": \"Nana shogi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318157\",\n \"text\": \"such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2517004\",\n \"text\": \"at right, with the added dimension of brightness. The axes in these diagrams are the responses of the short-wavelength (\\\"S\\\"), middle-wavelength (\\\"M\\\"), and long-wavelength (\\\"L\\\") cones in the human eye. The other letters indicate black (\\\"Blk\\\"), red (\\\"R\\\"), green (\\\"G\\\"), blue (\\\"B\\\"), cyan (\\\"C\\\"), magenta (\\\"M\\\"), yellow (\\\"Y\\\"), and white colors (\\\"W\\\"). (Note: These pictures are not exactly to scale.) The top left diagram shows that the shape of the RGB gamut is a triangle between red, green, and blue at lower luminosities; a triangle between cyan, magenta, and yellow at higher luminosities, and a single white point at maximum\",\n \"title\": \"Gamut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17233939\",\n \"text\": \"to have confirmed planets. The designations \\\"b\\\", \\\"c\\\" derive from the order of discovery. The designation of \\\"b\\\" is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, followed by the other lowercase letters of the alphabet. In the case of Kepler-69, all of the known planets in the system were discovered at one time, so \\\"b\\\" is applied to the closest planet to the star and \\\"c\\\" to the farthest. Kepler-69 is a G-type star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K.\",\n \"title\": \"Kepler-69\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6245955\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"d\\\" correspond to \\\"q\\\" and \\\"p\\\" respectively. \\\"F\\\" transforms to a mixture between a \\\"J\\\" and a \\\"t\\\". A and C do not transform readily to recognizable letters. E transforms to 3. C transforms to an open O or right parenthesis. Upside-down A is the # sign. Using leet, additional letters can be represented by combinations of letters (11/II or 2 [\\\"Z\\\" being very rare in English] representing \\\"two\\\" or \\\"to\\\", 111/III representing \\\"three\\\", 15/SI, 935/SEa or 335/SEE for \\\"C\\\", etc.). This is generally rare and, especially in the last case (using a spelling-out of a letter) severely limits readability.\",\n \"title\": \"Calculator spelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14951961\",\n \"text\": \"Pitch circularity Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because\",\n \"title\": \"Pitch circularity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12491784\",\n \"text\": \"and Heidi waited for Liz and Kristy to get close enough to them to tell them the solution. When she saw the safe's keypad, Liz told Heidi to key in 6642, since the number 1 on the safe had the letters A, B, and C where on a telephone it has no letters. This guess was incorrect, and they did not have time to try again. The host revealed, when the time ran out, that 6653 was indeed the correct combination. Meanwhile, Craig and John were sent to find men in the town of Rotorua who could reasonably pass for\",\n \"title\": \"The Mole (Australia season 5)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"61621\",\n \"text\": \"fixed lines: total subscriptions: 14,987,520 (July 2016 est.) Telephones - mobile cellular: 30.45 million (July 2016 est.) Telephone system: (2016) ITU prefixes: Letter combinations available for use in Canada as the first two letters of a television or radio station's call sign are CF, CG, CH, CI, CJ, CK, CY, CZ, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF, VG, VO, VX, VY, XJ, XK, XL, XM, XN and XO. Only CF, CH, CI, CJ and CK are currently in common use, although four radio stations in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador retained call letters beginning with VO when Newfoundland joined Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Telecommunications in Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6591886\",\n \"text\": \"B, C, D, E, F*, G, A*, B*, B, C ... The bold notes spell out an acoustic scale on C. However, in the harmonic series, the notes marked with asterisks are out of tune: F* is almost exactly halfway between F and F, A* is closer to A* than A, and B* is too flat to be generally accepted as part of an equal tempered scale. The acoustic scale may have formed from a major triad (C E G) with an added minor seventh and raised fourth (B and F, drawn from the overtone series) and major second and\",\n \"title\": \"Acoustic scale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323757\",\n \"text\": \"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4563402\",\n \"text\": \"to ensure that no two items exactly match. With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 (\\\"first\\\") and D gets ranking number 4 (\\\"fourth\\\"), and either B gets ranking number 2 (\\\"second\\\") and C gets ranking number 3 (\\\"third\\\") or C gets ranking number 2 (\\\"second\\\") and B gets ranking number 3 (\\\"third\\\"). In computer data processing, ordinal ranking is also referred to as \\\"row numbering\\\". Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what\",\n \"title\": \"Ranking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425520\",\n \"text\": \"calculations should be stopped and an error message (\\\"indeterminate case\\\") returned. (Adapted form Bowser, exercise 140, page 203). A, B and C are three objects such that \\\"AC\\\" = 435 (yards), \\\"CB\\\" = 320, and \\\"C\\\" = 255.8 degrees. From a station P it is observed that \\\"APC\\\" = 30 degrees and \\\"CPB\\\" = 15 degrees. Find the distances of \\\"P\\\" from \\\"A\\\", \\\"B\\\" and \\\"C\\\". (Note that in this case the points C and P are on the same side of the line AB, a different configuration from the one shown in the figure). Answer: \\\"PA\\\" = 790, \\\"PB\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Snellius–Pothenot problem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"88826\",\n \"text\": \"Hill system order is arranged alphabetically, as above, with single-letter elements coming before two-letter symbols when the symbols begin with the same letter (so \\\"B\\\" comes before \\\"Be\\\", which comes before \\\"Br\\\"). The following example formulae are written using the Hill system, and listed in Hill order: Chemical formula The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or\",\n \"title\": \"Chemical formula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"235376\",\n \"text\": \"flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat is placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \\\"empty\\\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \\\"flat\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Key signature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3740043\",\n \"text\": \"has additional ones, ranging from 1101 to 1133 (for some reason, however, omitting 1103 and 1105), Kamnik has 1240 and 1241, etc. Albeit they exist, it is not necessary to use them - usually the \\\"general\\\" postcodes are used. The abbreviations are: g. for \\\"gospod\\\" (Mr), ga. for \\\"gospa\\\" (Mrs), and gdč. for \\\"gospodična\\\" (Miss) - all always capitalized if in the beginning of the line. Numbers can have a suffix like A, B, C, etc. Common abbreviations are: c. for \\\"cesta\\\" (Street), and ul. for \\\"ulica\\\" (Road) - both always capitalised if in the beginning of the line. 5ºB\",\n \"title\": \"Address\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"941630\",\n \"text\": \"the readability of a line of music. For example, a sequence of notes is more easily read as \\\"ascending\\\" or \\\"descending\\\" if the noteheads are on different positions on the staff. Doing so may also reduce the number of accidentals that must be used. Thus, in the key of B major, the sequence B-B-B is more easily read using the enharmonic spelling C instead of B. For example, the intervals of a minor sixth on C, on B, and an augmented fifth on C are all enharmonic intervals . The most common enharmonic intervals are the augmented fourth and diminished\",\n \"title\": \"Enharmonic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4658793\",\n \"text\": \"uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C. In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60. The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart. However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz. Range (music) In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the\",\n \"title\": \"Range (music)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111585\",\n \"text\": \"or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in \\\"book and 'ck' in \\\"chicken\\\". Even with the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the \\\"Latin-Extended A\\\" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an \\\"h-convention\\\", which replaces \\\"ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,\\\" and \\\"ŭ\\\" with \\\"ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,\\\" and \\\"u,\\\" respectively. If\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323773\",\n \"text\": \"the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \\\"é\\\" or \\\"à\\\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500784\",\n \"text\": \"same as that of F.) This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context. Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B, E, or A (the three most common registers), never in A, and D, and B\",\n \"title\": \"Letter notation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1975662\",\n \"text\": \"the PCjr to change the home-computer market in a similar way to how the IBM PC had changed the business-microcomputer market. They predicted that the PCjr would extend IBM's dominance, with customers able to use the company's computers in the home and in the office. \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" observed that \\\"The PCjr ... has at least three invaluable assets: the letters I, B, and M\\\". Even rival companies like Coleco, Commodore, and Tandy hoped that a home computer from IBM with, as \\\"Popular Science\\\" wrote, \\\"the three initials on its nameplate, letters that, in the minds of many, represent\",\n \"title\": \"IBM PCjr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785956\",\n \"text\": \"centre of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in \\\"bolour\\\" instead of \\\"colour.\\\" Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K? Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies, \\\"what, spell bolour with a K? Kolour. Oh! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt!\\\" The video game franchise Mortal Kombat is another example of this trend. A common satiric usage of the letters\",\n \"title\": \"Satiric misspelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580921\",\n \"text\": \"use the Latin alphabet letters \\\"A\\\" to \\\"Z\\\" to represent the 26 digit values one to twenty-six. (A=1, B=2, C=3, ..., Z=26) With this choice of notation, the number sequence (starting from 1) begins A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z, AA, AB, AC, ..., AX, AY, AZ, BA, BB, BC, ... Each digit position represents a power of twenty-six, so for example, the numeral ABC represents the value = 731 in base 10. Many spreadsheets including Microsoft Excel use this system to assign labels to the columns of a spreadsheet, starting A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...,\",\n \"title\": \"Bijective numeration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6994734\",\n \"text\": \"example given in the spec is: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c(d + e).foo(); with the suggestion that the preceding statement be terminated with a semicolon. Some suggest instead the use of \\\"leading\\\" semicolons on lines starting with '(' or '[ ', so the line is not accidentally joined with the previous one. This is known as a defensive semicolon, and is particularly recommended, because code may otherwise become ambiguous when it is rearranged. For example: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c; // (d +\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript syntax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6612078\",\n \"text\": \"actions than the last one can also be undone by pressing multiple times. was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing. Presumably these particular keystrokes were chosen because of their location on a standard QWERTY keyboard, since the Z (undo), X (cut), C (copy), and V (paste) keys are located together at the left end of the bottom row of the standard QWERTY keyboard. Substitute character A substitute character (␚) is a control character that is used in the place of a character that is recognized to be\",\n \"title\": \"Substitute character\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5775942\",\n \"text\": \"of three octaves. Reading from left to right could, within certain limits, permit notes within different octaves to be distinguished from each other. Thus, C (modern \\\"c\\\") was \\\"C fa ut\\\" (or \\\"Cefaut\\\"), c (modern c′) was \\\"C sol fa ut\\\", and cc (modern c″) was \\\"C sol fa\\\". Since the lowest pitch was designated by the Greek letter Γ (gamma, for 'g'), the pitch was known as \\\"Gamma ut\\\" or \\\"Gamut\\\", a term which came to designate the range of notes available, and later, a complete range of anything. The hexachordal system also distinguished between B (\\\"fa\\\" in the\",\n \"title\": \"Guidonian hand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11429516\",\n \"text\": \"diagrams on this page reflect his usage). In other words if one thinks of a standard musical keyboard and takes for example middle C as Do then the following six white keys, DEFGAB will represent the rest of the octave, and the next white key will be the higher C. There will be black keys between each of the white keys, except between E and F (the mi-fa interval) and between B and the higher C (the si-do interval) In any process described in terms of the Law of Seven, the Mi-Fa interval and the Ti-Do interval are said to\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Way enneagram\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7456450\",\n \"text\": \"must be played or sung. A note always lasts till the next one of the same hand or part appears, unless a stop sign or continuation dot is used. Therefore there is no connection between shape or colour of a note and its duration. The various kinds of 'rest' signs, different note heads, ties and different clefs are thus rendered unnecessary. The klavar notation uses one clef: the centre of the keyboard is indicated by dotted lines representing C and D, so Middle C can easily be located. There are no different clefs for the left and right hand. This\",\n \"title\": \"Klavarskribo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3863950\",\n \"text\": \"0 of SPN marks the low end of what humans can actually perceive, with the average person being able to hear frequencies no lower than 20 Hz.
The octave number increases by 1 upon an ascension from B to C. Thus, \\\"A\\\" refers to the first A \\\"above\\\" C and middle C (the small octave's C or simply \\\"c\\\") is denoted as \\\"C\\\" in SPN. Scientific pitch notation is often used to specify the range of an instrument. It provides an unambiguous means of identifying a note in terms of textual notation rather than frequency, while at the same\",\n \"title\": \"Scientific pitch notation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"309501\",\n \"text\": \"gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \\\"notes\\\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \\\"accidentals\\\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and\",\n \"title\": \"Piano\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9294982\",\n \"text\": \"It Might as Well Be String \\\"It Might as Well Be String\\\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \\\"The Goodies\\\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies have become Advertising Men and Graeme reads from a blackboard with the letters 'A', 'B', 'C' and 'D' written on it, and showing what is written about each letter — from 'D' to 'A'): Tim ('TBT') tells the others: \\\"From today 'BO', 'GG' — save time — call you 'BOGG'.\\\" Bill & Grahame are in charge with creative sides, Tim is horrified at\",\n \"title\": \"It Might as Well Be String\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"92300\",\n \"text\": \"are \\\"$\\\" = 36, \\\"a\\\" = 97, \\\"b\\\" = 98, \\\"C\\\" = 67, and \\\"d\\\" = 100). Therefore, strings beginning with \\\"C\\\", \\\"M\\\", or \\\"Z\\\" would be sorted before strings with lower-case \\\"a\\\", \\\"b\\\", etc. This is sometimes called \\\"ASCIIbetical order\\\". This deviates from the standard alphabetical order, particularly due to the ordering of capital letters before all lower-case ones (and possibly the treatment of spaces and other non-letter characters). It is therefore often applied with certain alterations, the most obvious being case conversion (often to uppercase, for historical reasons) before comparison of ASCII values. In many collation algorithms, the\",\n \"title\": \"Collation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3029921\",\n \"text\": \"modulatory space, though readers should be advised that the term \\\"modulatory space\\\" is not a standard music-theoretical term.) Chordal spaces model relationships between chords. The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency \\\"f\\\" is mapped to a real number \\\"p\\\" according to the equation This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which is the note 9 semitones\",\n \"title\": \"Pitch space\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"47918\",\n \"text\": \"of Dr. Martin Richards. The BBC Domesday Project made use of the language. Versions of BCPL for the Amstrad CPC and Amstrad PCW computers were also released in 1986 by UK software house Arnor Ltd. MacBCPL was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1985 by Topexpress Ltd, of Kensington, England. Both the design and philosophy of BCPL strongly influenced B, which in turn influenced C. Programmers at the time debated whether an eventual successor to C would be called \\\"D\\\" (the next letter in the alphabet) or \\\"P\\\" (the next letter in the parent language name). The language most accepted\",\n \"title\": \"BCPL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16277214\",\n \"text\": \"for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B button emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.\",\n \"title\": \"B\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20513434\",\n \"text\": \"alliteration with \\\"b\\\" is very rare. However, when an alliterating word comes after a verse-break such as a caesura, the letter \\\"a\\\" is less common, coming only in 6th or 7th place. Usually a letter alliterates only with itself, but sometimes \\\"qu\\\" can alliterate with \\\"c\\\"; \\\"ph\\\" may alliterate with \\\"p\\\"; \\\"ae\\\" and \\\"au\\\" may alliterate with \\\"a\\\"; and \\\"sc\\\", \\\"sp\\\", \\\"st\\\" may alliterate with \\\"s\\\". From both studies, it is clear that when only two words in a line begin with the same letter, it is difficult or impossible to identify objectively whether the alliteration is accidental or deliberate,\",\n \"title\": \"Alliteration (Latin)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3968482\",\n \"text\": \"looks like an uncial \\\"a\\\", but with the left stroke still straight, \\\"b\\\" and \\\"d\\\" are hard to distinguish, \\\"e\\\" is a full height letter (like the \\\"s\\\"), \\\"p\\\" and \\\"t\\\" are very similar, and \\\"v\\\" is written above the baseline, resembling an inverted chevron. New Roman cursive, also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive, developed from old Roman cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern readers; \\\"a\\\", \\\"b\\\", \\\"d\\\", and \\\"e\\\" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are\",\n \"title\": \"Roman cursive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19590718\",\n \"text\": \"Phonetic keyboard layout A phonetic keyboard layout is a setup in which the letters of a language correspond to the keys in the keyboard layout for another language and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between letters in the languages that is based on their sound. Russian has two popular keyboard layouts: The Cyrillic letters are on the same keys as similarly-sounding Roman letters: A-А, Б-B, В-V, Г-G, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O and so on. There are Russian phonetic layouts based on the QWERTY layout and others based on other localized layouts. The Russian phonetic layout is especially suited for foreigners studying\",\n \"title\": \"Phonetic keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393027\",\n \"text\": \"type A. She was the first to do so, although she did not use lettered spectral types, but rather a series of twenty-two types numbered from I to XXII. In 1901, Annie Jump Cannon returned to the lettered types, but dropped all letters except O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, used in that order, as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra. She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A, F2G for stars one-fifth of the way from F to G, and so on. Finally, by\",\n \"title\": \"Stellar classification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4595113\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"C\\\" followed by a positional indication which is given by an Arabic number or Roman numeral. Examples: BIII, CVII, B2, C7. The two abbreviations \\\"B\\\", \\\"C\\\", represent the terms barre or bar, cejillo or capotasto, the later being Spanish and Italian terms for capo. The choice of letter adopted is an editorial decision reflecting the style adopted. The use of Roman numerals is more prevalent than Arabic numbers to avoid confusion with other fingering indications and common chord symbols (but not figured harmony). Notation of Roman numerals without including letters \\\"B\\\" or \\\"C\\\" is an indication of fingerboard position\",\n \"title\": \"Barre chord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11485869\",\n \"text\": \"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia national badminton team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2086551\",\n \"text\": \"letter for the doomsday is C except for the portion of leap years before February 29 in which it is D, we have: Note: G = 0 = Sunday, A = 1 = Monday, B = 2 = Tuesday, C = 3 = Wednesday, D = 4 = Thursday, E = 5 = Friday, and F = 6 = Saturday, i.e. in our context, C is mathematically identical to 3. Hence, for instance, the doomsday of the year 2013 is Thursday, so DL = (3 − 4) mod 7 = 6 = F. The dominical letter of the year 1913\",\n \"title\": \"Dominical letter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"903521\",\n \"text\": \"in the traditional west-to-east method. Coincidentally, the NYSDOT maintained portion of I-90 is oriented geographically north–south for most of its length, so the exit numbers seem to increase from north to south. Exit and milepost numbering starts over again when the Berkshire Section of the Thruway begins, with exit and mile numbers preceded by the letter B (Exit B1, Exit B2, Mile B1, Mile B2, etc.) There once were two metric-only signs on the westbound New York State Thruway around Syracuse, which is about from Ontario. The NYS Thruway Authority decided to test metric signage, which may have briefly included\",\n \"title\": \"Interstate 90\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1798563\",\n \"text\": \"G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp” is placed on the F, to make it F. The key of D, with nine sharps, has another sharp placed on the C, making it C. The same is true for key signatures with flats; The key of E (four sharps) is equivalent to the key of F (again, one fifth below the key of C, following the pattern of flat key signatures). The last flat is placed on the B, making it B. Circle of fifths In music\",\n \"title\": \"Circle of fifths\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14707615\",\n \"text\": \"patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"461177\",\n \"text\": \"combined with the \\\"Control\\\" key, which on keyboards of the time was conveniently next to the letter A in the position now usually occupied by the Caps Lock key. For touch typists, in addition, reaching the function and cursor keys generally requires them to take their fingers off the \\\"home keys\\\" with consequent loss of typing rhythm. For example, the \\\"diamond\\\" of Ctrl-S/E/D/X (s=left, e=up, d=right, x=down) moved the cursors one character or line to the left, up, right, or down. Ctrl-A/F (to the outside of the \\\"diamond\\\") moved the cursor a full word left/right, and Ctrl-R/C (just \\\"past\\\" the\",\n \"title\": \"WordStar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520260\",\n \"text\": \"would create a dissonant minor ninth interval with the third of the chord, including the third is a rare phenomenon, even in 20th-century classical music. Though rare, in rock and popular music, for example 52 seconds into \\\"Sun King\\\" on the Beatles' \\\"Abbey Road\\\", the third of the dominant eleventh (\\\"as theoretically conceived\\\": C, E, G, B, D, F ), for example, is usually omitted. It may be notated in charts as, C, or, more often, \\\"descriptively,\\\" as Gm/C. The fifth is also sometimes omitted, thus turning the chord into a suspended chord (C, B, D, F). As the upper\",\n \"title\": \"Eleventh chord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6245954\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"9\\\" appears as a lowercase \\\"b\\\". Other variants of calculator spelling alphabets consider \\\"0\\\" to be a capital \\\"D\\\" instead of \\\"O\\\", \\\"6\\\" (not used in the standard beghilos) as a lowercase \\\"g\\\" (as opposed to uppercase represented by 9) and \\\"9\\\" as either a reversed lowercase \\\"a\\\" or an at sign (@), both of which represent the letter A. You can spell words and names with the numbers, such as : 0.1134 when read upside down, it reads hEllO. Extending the available alphabet to hexadecimal notation (generally available on lower-end scientific calculators, though not on basic models), \\\"b\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Calculator spelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"590514\",\n \"text\": \"the letters A, B, and C (the Greek letters alpha, beta, and gamma in the original) as term place holders, rather than giving concrete examples. It is traditional to use \\\"is\\\" rather than \\\"are\\\" as the copula, hence \\\"All A is B\\\" rather than \\\"All As are Bs\\\". It is traditional and convenient practice to use a, e, i, o as infix operators so the categorical statements can be written succinctly. The following table shows the longer form, the succinct shorthand, and equivalent expressions in predicate logic: The letter S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate\",\n \"title\": \"Syllogism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5679531\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"C:\\\", however this is not always the case. Since personal computers now no longer include floppies, and optical disc and other removable drives typically still start at \\\"D:\\\", letters A and B are available for manual assignment by a user with administrative privileges. This assignment will be remembered by the same OS on the same PC next time a removable volume is inserted, as long as there are no conflicts, and as long as the removable drive has not been reformatted on another computer (which changes its volume serial number), and as long as the OS has not been reinstalled\",\n \"title\": \"Volume (computing)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489512\",\n \"text\": \"by other signs. Godart (1995:99-107) describes these corrections, by word. They occur in the following words: A1 (signs 02-12-13-01), A4 (29-29-34) together with A5 (02-12-04), A8 (12), A10 (02-41-19?-35), A12 (12), A16 (12-31-26?), A17 (second 27?), A29 (second 27?), B1 (12-22), B3 (37?), B4 (22-25 imprinted over the same), B10 (07?-24?-40?), B13 (beside 29?). Question marks indicate uncertainty about that particular sign being the result of a correction. Also, the borders of word B28 has been widened to make room for sign 02. See Duhoux (1977:34-35) and Godart (1995:107). The two signs 27 (Hide) in word A29 are rotated 180\",\n \"title\": \"Phaistos Disc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1798007\",\n \"text\": \"before the 2000s. Button configurations vary depending on vendor and laptop model. ThinkPads have a prominent middle mouse button, but some models have no physical buttons. Toshiba employs concentric arcs. In the early 1990s, Zenith Data Systems shipped a number of laptop computers equipped with a device called \\\"J-Mouse\\\", which essentially used a special keyswitch under the J key to allow the J keycap to be used as a pointing stick. In addition to appearing between the G, H and B keys on a QWERTY keyboard, these devices or similar can also appear on gaming devices as an alternative to\",\n \"title\": \"Pointing stick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12290078\",\n \"text\": \"case of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, U for \\\"Underground\\\". In British buildings, LG for \\\"Lower Ground\\\" is commonly encountered. If there is more than one basement, the next level down may be marked SB for \\\"Sub-Basement\\\". The lower levels may also be numbered B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, etc.. Negative numbers are sometimes used: −1 for the first level below ground, −2 for the second one, and so on. Letters are sometimes used: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc. In Hawaii these levels are numbered I1, I2, I3,\",\n \"title\": \"Storey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"247241\",\n \"text\": \"note or key of a given song. For example, a folk song in the key of C (also referred to as C major) may have a melody that uses only the notes of the C major scale (the individual notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C; these are the \\\"white notes\\\" on a piano keyboard. On the other hand, Bebop-era jazz from the 1940s and contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries may use melodies with many chromatic notes (i.e., notes in addition to the notes of the major scale; on a piano, a chromatic scale\",\n \"title\": \"Music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"339672\",\n \"text\": \"more information). On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of ISO 8859-1. Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being: The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+). In other keyboards it's situated\",\n \"title\": \"QWERTY\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8017531\",\n \"text\": \"diatonic and chromatic semitone. For instance, the interval from B to C is a diatonic semitone, the interval from B to B is a chromatic semitone, and their difference, the interval from B to C is a diminished second. Being diminished, it is considered a dissonant interval. In tuning systems other than twelve-tone equal temperament, the diminished second can be viewed as a comma, the minute interval between two enharmonically equivalent notes tuned in a slightly different way. This makes it a highly variable quantity between tuning systems. Hence for example C is narrower (or sometimes wider) than D by\",\n \"title\": \"Diminished second\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"598210\",\n \"text\": \"was intended to bear: \\\"F\\\" and \\\"C\\\" and, more rarely, \\\"G\\\". These were the most often-used 'clefs', or \\\"litterae clavis\\\" (key-letters), in Gregorian chant notation. Over time the shapes of these letters became stylised, leading to their current versions. Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, including most of the notes from the low \\\"Γ\\\" (\\\"gamma\\\", the note written today on the bottom line of the bass clef) up to the G above middle C, written with a small letter \\\"g\\\", and including two forms of lowercase \\\"b\\\" (for the note just below middle\",\n \"title\": \"Clef\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111586\",\n \"text\": \"used in a database, a program in principle could not determine whether to render, for example, \\\"ch\\\" as \\\"c\\\" followed by \\\"h\\\" or as \\\"ĉ\\\", and would fail to render, for example, the word properly. A more recent \\\"x-convention\\\" has gained ground since the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with an \\\"x\\\" (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing the six digraphs \\\"cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,\\\" and \\\"ux.\\\" There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8422191\",\n \"text\": \"but \\\"B\\\" is also possible but not likely (\\\"p\\\" = 0.05). Doctor 2 says that the cause is very likely \\\"C\\\" (\\\"p\\\" = 0.95), but \\\"B\\\" is also possible but not likely (\\\"p\\\" = 0.05). How is one to make one's own opinion from this? Bayesian updating the first opinion with the second (or the other way round) implies certainty that the cause is \\\"B\\\". Dempster's rule of combination lead to the same result. This can be seen as paradoxical, since although the two doctors point at different causes, \\\"A\\\" and \\\"C\\\", they both agree that \\\"B\\\" is not likely.\",\n \"title\": \"Transferable belief model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6494988\",\n \"text\": \"did not change on a given system, but modifying systems could be confusing: If an Eagle booted from a File 10, File 40, or \\\"File 20\\\" (a File 10 or File 40 box with a 20-Mb hard disk inside), the drive-letter assignments of the hard-disk BIOS prevailed. The external hard disk's partitions would be A and B for a File 10; A, B, and C for a \\\"File 20\\\", and A, B, C, and D for a File 40. The top floppy would be E and I and the bottom one F and J, unless they were single-sided floppies, which\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Computer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3147630\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"buky/буки\\\"), meaning \\\"letter\\\". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the letter Be had no numeric value because the letter Ve inherited the Greek letter Beta's numeric value. The Russian small letter б (be) is similar (but not identical) in shape to the digit 6. Its lowercase form also somewhat resembles a lowercase letter B (\\\"b\\\"), the letter to which it corresponds in the Latin alphabet. After all, lowercase letter B (\\\"b\\\") developed from scribal alterations to the capital letter B (\\\"B\\\"), just as б did from scribal alterations to the capital letter В. In Serbian and Macedonian the italic form is\",\n \"title\": \"Be (Cyrillic)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13458449\",\n \"text\": \"with the file-modified time) is destroyed if the file is moved between the phone and the card, causing pictures to appear out of order, as if taken at the time they were moved. Like other Verizon phones, filenames are recorded as MMDDYYhhmm\\\"x\\\".jpg or .3g2, where \\\"x\\\" is the letter a, b, c, etc. Because the year is in the wrong place (the middle instead of the beginning where the most significant digits belong), the sort order appears wrong when viewed on a computer via a card reader, if there are pictures from a previous calendar year. Videos are recorded with\",\n \"title\": \"Motorola Krave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8017530\",\n \"text\": \"Diminished second In modern Western tonal music theory, a diminished second is the interval produced by narrowing a minor second by one chromatic semitone. It is enharmonically equivalent to a perfect unison. Thus, it is the interval between notes on two adjacent staff positions, or having adjacent note letters, altered in such a way that they have no pitch difference in twelve-tone equal temperament. An example is the interval from a B to the C immediately above; another is the interval from a B to the C immediately above. In particular, it may be regarded as the \\\"difference\\\" between a\",\n \"title\": \"Diminished second\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14407110\",\n \"text\": \"an indicator, and connected the call by plugging a cord into the outgoing circuit and ringing the destination station. For example, if a dial customer calling from TAylor 4725 dialed a number served by a manual exchange, e.g., ADams 1383-W, the call was completed, from the subscriber’s perspective, exactly as a call to LEnnox 5813, in an automated exchange. The party line letters W, R, J, and M were only used in manual exchanges with jack-per-line party lines. In contrast to the listing format \\\"MAin 1234\\\" for an automated office with two capital letters, a manual office, having listings such\",\n \"title\": \"Telephone exchange\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5001643\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"d\\\", and since \\\"bc\\\" cannot equal \\\"c\\\", it follows that \\\"bc\\\" = \\\"d\\\", and therefore \\\"bd\\\" must equal \\\"c\\\". Multiplying on the right by \\\"f\\\" this gives us \\\"b\\\" = \\\"cf\\\", which we can further manipulate into \\\"cb\\\" = \\\"f\\\" by multiplying by \\\"c\\\" on the left. By similar logic we can deduce that \\\"c\\\" = \\\"fb\\\" and that \\\"dc\\\" = \\\"b\\\". Filling these in, we have (with the latest additions in green): Since the \\\"d\\\" row is missing only \\\"f\\\", we know \\\"d\\\" = \\\"f\\\", and thus \\\"f\\\" = \\\"d\\\". As we have managed to fill in the whole\",\n \"title\": \"Cayley table\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10714060\",\n \"text\": \"F♯ (musical note) F (F-sharp; also known as fa dièse or fi) is the seventh semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to \\\"sol bémol\\\" or G (G-flat). However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as G. G is a major third below B, whereas F is a major third above D (a minor third below A). When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the F above middle C (or F) is approximately\",\n \"title\": \"F♯ (musical note)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563574\",\n \"text\": \"the west. When a street lies between two numbered streets, letters are appended as suffixes. For example, 107A Avenue lies between 107 Avenue and 108 Avenue. Occasionally the letter B will be used and more rarely C, to denote multiple streets between 2 different street numbers. For example, 17A, 17B and 17C Avenues all lie between 17 Avenue and 18 Avenue. Houses with odd numbers are on the east side of a street or the south side of an avenue. Dropping the last two digits of a house number tells what two streets or avenues the house lies between, for\",\n \"title\": \"Transportation in Edmonton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17382965\",\n \"text\": \"piece except the king. In notation, suborn is represented by the destination cell, followed by the equal symbol (=) and then the colour the suborned piece changes to, alternatively only one letter: b for black and w for white. Example: b3=b for 'the piece on b3 becomes black'. (There is no need of writing the letter D for the diplomat). The game can be played through the Zillions of Games game platform, by downloading the corresponding files from this link. Diplomat chess Diplomat chess is a chess variant invented by Carlos Martín-Fuertes in 2003 as a contribution to a Contest\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomat chess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4184293\",\n \"text\": \"discovering observatory followed by their right ascension (e.g. CP 1919). As more pulsars were discovered, the letter code became unwieldy, and so the convention then arose of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination (e.g. PSR 0531+21) and sometimes declination to a tenth of a degree (e.g. PSR 1913+16.7). Pulsars appearing very close together sometimes have letters appended (e.g. PSR 0021-72C and PSR 0021-72D). The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B (e.g. PSR B1919+21), with the B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All\",\n \"title\": \"Pulsar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1434356\",\n \"text\": \"four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is usually used for envelopes and is defined in ISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits\",\n \"title\": \"Paper size\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6966856\",\n \"text\": \"to form \\\"Gore\\\" — each easily remembered by the rat armies — to make it more difficult to crack. In this code, each letter is \\\"shifted\\\" one over in the alphabet, except for the letters in the secret word, which stay the same. \\\"A\\\" becomes \\\"B\\\", \\\"B\\\" becomes \\\"C\\\", \\\"C\\\" becomes \\\"D\\\", and so on. \\\"G\\\", \\\"O\\\", \\\"R\\\", and \\\"E\\\" remain the same. This code is of great importance to the plot of \\\"Gregor and the Code of Claw\\\" because of its mention in the Prophecy of Gray and its usefulness to the human war effort. The Underland Chronicles The\",\n \"title\": \"The Underland Chronicles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8230086\",\n \"text\": \"also a ' \\\"closed omega\\\"), ' \\\"right-leg turned m\\\", ' \\\"turned long-leg r\\\" (there was once also a \\\"long-leg r\\\"), ' \\\"double pipe\\\", and the obsolete \\\"stretched c\\\". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' \\\"c cedilla\\\", ' \\\"eth\\\" (also spelled \\\"edh\\\"), ' \\\"engma\\\" or \\\"eng\\\", ' \\\"schwa\\\" (also spelled \\\"shwa\\\"), ' \\\"exclamation mark\\\", ' \\\"pipe\\\". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' \\\"fish-hook r\\\", ' \\\"ram's horns\\\", ' \\\"bull's eye\\\", ' \\\"esh\\\" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' \\\"ezh\\\" (sometimes confused with \\\"yogh\\\"), ' \\\"hook-top heng\\\". The is usually called by the\",\n \"title\": \"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"691808\",\n \"text\": \"by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a\",\n \"title\": \"NATO phonetic alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7797892\",\n \"text\": \"vocals (on \\\"120E7\\\"). Alternate versions of \\\"120E7\\\" and \\\"Vesica Pisces\\\" would be later released on De Facto's second LP, \\\"Légende du Scorpion à Quatre Queues\\\". The title is a coded message using numbers and the corresponding letter of the English alphabet; it spells \\\"DEFACTO\\\" (4=D, 5=E, 6=F, 1=A, 3=C, 20=T, 15=O). The EP was to be followed by a full-length LP also recorded with Caldato Jr., tentatively titled \\\"Black Hot Chrome\\\". The album was shelved when Grand Royal went bankrupt the same year and remains unreleased to this day. Band members subsequently focused their efforts on a new project, The\",\n \"title\": \"456132015\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16510462\",\n \"text\": \"order to facilitate navigation within the game and on the console itself. For standard keyboard mode and when playing guitar/bass parts, five white keys, from the middle C to G, are marked with colored dots, and are played similarly to the fret buttons found on guitar controllers. For pro mode, all the keys are used, and the keyboard is split up into 5 colored sections to aid the player: red - C-E, yellow - F-B, blue - C -E, green - F-B and orange - C. The touchpad acts as a modulation control, and in game-play terms is functionally equivalent\",\n \"title\": \"Rhythm game accessories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8023801\",\n \"text\": \"temperament, the diminished third is wider than the major second. In 19 equal temperament it is in fact enharmonically equivalent to an augmented second, both having a value of 252.6 cents. In 31 equal temperament it has a more typical value of 232.3 cents. In a twelve-note keyboard tuned in a meantone tuning from E to G, the dimininished third appears between C and E, and again between G and B. In superpythagorean tunings, the diminished third is narrower than the major second. In the special case of 17 equal temperament, the chromatic semitone and diminished third are in fact\",\n \"title\": \"Diminished third\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"42662\",\n \"text\": \"next ten letters, \\\"k–t,\\\" are identical to \\\"a–j,\\\" respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the table): : The next ten letters (the next \\\"decade\\\") are the same again, but with dots also at positions both 3 and 6 (green dots). Here \\\"w\\\" was left out as not being a part of the official French alphabet at the time of Braille's life; the French braille order is \\\"u v x y z ç é à è ù\\\" (). The next ten, ending in \\\"w\\\", are the same again, except that for this series\",\n \"title\": \"Braille\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15552327\",\n \"text\": \"so-called ‘Big three credit rating agencies’ - Standard & Poor's, Moody's Investor Service and Fitch Ratings), CredoLine uses the same internationally recognized letter designations such as A, B, C and D. For every literal rating meaning corresponds definition, which disclose the reliability level, risk character, as well as the forecast of further business development. For instance: crBB – High creditworthiness and financial stability. The company is affected by country risk. Risk of default or delayed payment is moderate. Rating categories from “cr AAA” to “crDD” may be modified with plus or minus sign. For example: there are three rating levels\",\n \"title\": \"CredoLine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8799809\",\n \"text\": \"makes it hard to distinguish an 'F' from an 'S' for example. Also, the lack of visual cues during oral communication can cause confusion. For example, lips are closed at the start of saying the letter \\\"B\\\" but open at the beginning of the letter \\\"D\\\" making these otherwise similar-sounding letters more easily discriminated when looking at the speaker. Without these visual cues, such as during announcements of airline gate numbers \\\"B1\\\" and \\\"D1\\\" at an airport, \\\"B\\\" may be confused with \\\"D\\\" by the listener. Spelling out one's name, a password or a ticker symbol over the telephone are\",\n \"title\": \"Spelling alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4130307\",\n \"text\": \"somewhat similar to Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings with the words high and low replacing the + and −. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor: AAA, AA (high), AA, AA (low), A (high), A, A (low), BBB (high), BBB, BBB (low), BB (high), BB, BB (low), B (high), B, B (low), CCC (high), CCC, CCC (low), CC (high), CC, CC (low), C (high), C, C (low) and D. The short-term ratings often map to long-term ratings though there is room for exceptions at the high or low side of each equivalent. S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS are\",\n \"title\": \"Credit rating\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295108\",\n \"text\": \"The sharp sign raises a note by a semitone or half-step, and a flat lowers it by the same amount. In modern tuning a half step has a frequency ratio of , approximately 1.059. The accidentals are written after the note name: so, for example, F represents F-sharp, B is B-flat, and C is C natural (or C). Additional accidentals are the double-sharp , raising the frequency by two semitones, and double-flat , lowering it by that amount. In musical notation, accidentals are placed before the note symbols. Systematic alterations to the seven lettered pitches in the scale can be\",\n \"title\": \"Musical note\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3152859\",\n \"text\": \"To create a sorted list, repeatedly use RP to select a winner, remove that winner from the list of candidates, and repeat (to find the next runner up, and so forth). To tally the votes, consider each voter's preferences. For example, if a voter states \\\"A > B > C\\\" (A is better than B, and B is better than C), the tally should add one for A in A vs. B, one for A in A vs. C, and one for B in B vs. C. Voters may also express indifference (e.g., A = B), and unstated candidates are\",\n \"title\": \"Ranked pairs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68478\",\n \"text\": \"letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in \\\"yoke\\\", the vowel in \\\"myth\\\", the vowel in \\\"funny\\\", and the diphthong in \\\"my\\\". W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in \\\"growth\\\", \\\"raw\\\", and \\\"how\\\", and in a few loanwords from Welsh, like \\\"crwth\\\" or \\\"cwm\\\". In some other languages, such as Finnish,\",\n \"title\": \"Consonant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"945733\",\n \"text\": \"on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the \\\"h-system\\\", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called \\\"x-system\\\" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of \\\"c\\\" and the circumflex letters \\\"ĉ\\\" , \\\"ĝ\\\" , \\\"ĥ\\\" , \\\"ĵ\\\" , \\\"ŝ\\\" , \\\"ŭ\\\" . \\\"J\\\" transcribes two sounds, consonantal\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8230085\",\n \"text\": \"o\\\". The implosives have \\\"hook\\\" tops: ' \\\"hook-top b\\\", as does ' \\\"hook-top h\\\". Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a \\\"tail\\\". It may be specified as \\\"left\\\" or \\\"right\\\" depending on which direction it turns: ' \\\"right-tail n\\\", ' \\\"right-tail turned r\\\", ' \\\"left-tail n\\\", ' \\\"tail z\\\" (or just \\\"retroflex z\\\"), etc. But note: ' \\\"eng\\\" or \\\"engma\\\", ' \\\"meng\\\", \\\"heng\\\". When the tail loops over itself, it's called \\\"curly\\\": ' \\\"curly-tail j\\\", ' \\\"curly-tail c\\\". There are also a few unique modifications: ' \\\"belted l\\\", ' \\\"closed reversed epsilon\\\" (there was once\",\n \"title\": \"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3204815\",\n \"text\": \"for official acceptance) is as follows: Zamanälif contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi and Íí. The other letters are the same in both alphabets, but they are pronounced differently. A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, í/i, ı/e. The symbol is used for the glottal stop (known as\",\n \"title\": \"Tatar alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16077238\",\n \"text\": \"9th-largest CRM/Direct Marketing Agency in the world; the 5th-largest US search marketing agency. 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 2004: 2005: 2007: Acquired CFM Direct LLC, the Response Processing Division of AB&C Group, and CognitiveDATA 2009: Acquired CMS Direct 2010: 2011: 2012: Acquired Social Amp 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: 2008: 2009: 2011: 2013: 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2013: 2014: 2015: Merkle Inc. Merkle Group Inc. (also called \\\"Merkle\\\") is a global data-driven, technology-enabled performance marketing agency based in Columbia, Maryland and is part of Dentsu Aegis Network. Merkle Computer Systems, Inc. was founded in\",\n \"title\": \"Merkle Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"228142\",\n \"text\": \"512 kbit/s broadband Internet connection\\\". The unit symbol kb (lowercase 'b') is typographically similar to the international standard unit symbol for the kilobyte, i.e. kB (upper case 'B'). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommends the symbol bit instead of b. The prefix \\\"kilo-\\\" is often used in fields of computer science and information technology with a meaning of multiplication by 1024 instead of 1000, contrary to international standards, in conjunction with the base unit byte and bit, in which case it is to be written as \\\"Ki-\\\", with a capital letter K, e.g., 1 Kibit = 1024 bits. The decimal\",\n \"title\": \"Kilobit\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Wolf interval context: fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \\\"wolf interval\\\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has\\n\\nOn a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 178,\n \"origin_tokens\": 178,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: B context: for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.\\n\\ntitle Fouragram context: diagrams on this page reflect his usage). In other words if one thinks of a standard musical keyboard and takes for middle C Do then the following six white keys, DEFGAB represent the rest of octave, and the next white key will be the higher C. There will be black keys between each of the white keys, except between E and F (the mi-fa interval) and between B and the higher C (the si-do interval) In described in terms of Law of Seven, the Mi-Fa interval and the Ti-Do interval are said to\\n\\ntitle:pler-9 context: to have planets.ations \\\"b\\\", \\\" from order. Theation of is given to the first orbiting a, followed the other lowercase of. In the case Kepler-6, all of the known planets in the at one \\\"\\\" is applied closest planet to thec to the farth. Kepler-69 is a G- that is approximately 8 the mass of93% the radius of the. has a surface temperature of 563± 8 K\\ntitle: Computer Alternatively pressing small Standard alumericboards have that are on three-arterers (.0,9 mm have key of.0). Desktopboards1boards0,ation of function.2 have smaller an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the\\n\\nOn a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 471,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15267,\n \"ratio\": \"32.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":199,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":199,"string":"199"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Lunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Snoopie","Snoopy dog","Daisy Hill Puppy Farm","Snoopy"],"string":"[\n \"Snoopie\",\n \"Snoopy dog\",\n \"Daisy Hill Puppy Farm\",\n \"Snoopy\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Snoopy"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1256859","text":"Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \"Peanuts\":\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a","title":"Charlie Brown"},{"id":"525803","text":"(after earlier hints). In 1960, Hallmark Cards introduced the now popular line of Charlie Brown greeting cards. Charlie Brown and Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, as they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10. As the years went by, Shermy, Patty, and Violet appeared less often and were demoted to supporting roles (eventually disappearing from the strip in 1969, 1976, and 1984 respectively, although Patty and Violet were still seen as late as November 27, 1997), while new major characters were introduced. Schroeder, Lucy van Pelt, and her brother Linus","title":"Peanuts"},{"id":"525805","text":"poor, with only Snoopy, at shortstop, showing competence. The team consistently loses, but while it is often called \"winless\", it does win several games over the course of the strip's run, mostly when Charlie Brown is not playing, a fact he finds highly dispiriting. In the late 1950s, Snoopy, previously a minor character, began to appear more often, and in the 1960s he became a major character. The naming of Apollo 10's command module and lunar module for Charlie Brown and Snoopy respectively attests to the character's prominence at that time. Many of the strips from the 1960s onward revolve","title":"Peanuts"},{"id":"1343665","text":"the \"Aquarius\" and the Command Module \"Odyssey\". The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" episode entitled \"Spider\". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named \"Spider\" after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, \"Eagle\", used by Apollo 11. Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \"Lem\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"525853","text":"Peanuts characters, in Hongdae, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The \"Peanuts\" characters have been licensed to Universal Studios Japan (while Peanuts merchandise in Japan has been licensed by Sanrio, best known for Hello Kitty). The \"Apollo 10\" lunar module was nicknamed \"Snoopy\" and the command module \"Charlie Brown\". While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a spacesuit that was hidden aboard the craft to be found by the astronauts once they were in orbit. This drawing is now on display at the","title":"Peanuts"},{"id":"12394362","text":"and intact remains unknown). Based on an idea by British amateur astronomer Nick Howes, a team of experts has been assembled to try to locate the Lunar Module of the Apollo 10 mission nicknamed \"Snoopy\", which was released during the mission and is currently thought to be in a heliocentric orbit. The Snoopy mission is encouraged by the 2002 re-sighting of the Apollo 12 third-stage rocket. Space Heritage Legal documents Space archaeology In archaeology, space archaeology is the research-based study of various human-made items found in space, their interpretation as clues to the adventures mankind has experienced in space, and","title":"Space archaeology"},{"id":"20216","text":"only two were required for a safe landing (one extra for redundancy). Upon landing in the North Pacific Ocean, the crew were recovered and taken aboard the recovery ship, after a mission lasting 12 days, 7 hours, 11 minutes, and 53 seconds. Apollo 15 used command and service module CSM-112, which was given the call sign \"Endeavour\", named after HMS \"Endeavour\" and lunar module LM-10, call sign \"Falcon\", named after the United States Air Force Academy mascot. Scott explained the choice of the name \"Endeavour\" on the grounds that its captain, James Cook had commanded the first purely scientific sea","title":"Apollo 15"},{"id":"20119","text":"American Samoa. The astronauts were recovered by , and subsequently flown to Pago Pago International Airport in Tafuna for a greeting reception, before being flown on a C-141 cargo plane to Honolulu. After Apollo 10, NASA required astronauts to choose more \"dignified\" names for their command and lunar modules. This proved unenforceable: Apollo 16 astronauts Young, Mattingly and Duke chose \"Casper\", as in Casper the Friendly Ghost, for their command module name. The idea was to give children a way to identify with the mission by using humor. The Smithsonian has been accountable for the command module \"Charlie Brown\" since","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"1343639","text":"CSM and dock for transfer of the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired to fuel depletion, sending it on a trajectory past the Moon into a heliocentric orbit. The Apollo 11 ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface. The lunar module (originally designated the lunar excursion module, known by the acronym LEM) was designed after NASA chose to reach","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"13194540","text":"party. At the party, however, West calls Jack by the wrong name, leading him to realize that he is in fact unhappy, despite his accomplishments. In an effort to reclaim his happiness, Jack attempts to find the same toy that made him so happy on his tenth birthday, a model of an Apollo Lunar Module. He buys one from a vintage toy store, but still remains unhappy. Later, Liz apologizes to Jenna for allowing her to be injured, and agrees to let Jenna tell the \"TGS\" writing staff about her role in an advertisement for a phone sex line. The","title":"Apollo, Apollo"},{"id":"20106","text":"According to the 2002 \"Guinness World Records\", Apollo 10 set the record for the highest speed attained by a manned vehicle: 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph) on May 26, 1969, during the return from the Moon. The mission's call signs were the names of the \"Peanuts\" characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy, which became Apollo 10's semi-official mascots. \"Peanuts\" creator Charles Schulz also drew some mission-related artwork for NASA. Apollo 10 and Apollo 11 were the only Apollo missions whose crew were all veterans of spaceflight. Thomas P. Stafford had flown on Gemini 6 and Gemini 9; John W.","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"525761","text":"the naming of Apollo 10 command module Charlie Brown, and lunar module Snoopy launched on May 18, 1969. The Silver Snoopy award is a special honor awarded to NASA employees and contractors for outstanding achievements related to human flight safety or mission success. The award certificate states that it is \"In Appreciation\" \"For professionalism, dedication and outstanding support that greatly enhanced space flight safety and mission success.\" On January 1, 1974, Schulz served as the Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. Schulz was a keen bridge player, and \"Peanuts\" occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to","title":"Charles M. Schulz"},{"id":"3088414","text":"Gene Cernan as the lunar module pilot. While testing the command module, they received word of the Apollo 1 fire and subsequent suspension of the Apollo program. In the spring of 1968, Deke Slayton announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo 2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10. In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a color camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before from space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission. The command module (CM) was nicknamed \"Charlie Brown\"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed \"Snoopy\". Apollo","title":"Thomas P. Stafford"},{"id":"1343628","text":"Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \"Lem\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The lander spacecraft were built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft. The lunar module, consisting of a descent stage and an ascent stage, was ferried from the Earth to the Moon attached to the Apollo spacecraft command and service module (CSM), approximately twice its mass. The ascent stage carried a crew of two who flew the spacecraft from lunar orbit to the surface and later","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"20105","text":"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"20123","text":"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"1343650","text":"The first manned lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969 with the Apollo 11 LM \"Eagle\". Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the Command Module \"Columbia\" splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing President John F. Kennedy's goal \"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\" This was followed by precision landings on Apollo 12 \"(Intrepid)\" and Apollo 14 \"(Antares)\".In April 1970, the Apollo 13 lunar module \"Aquarius\" played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the service","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"3088400","text":"Thomas P. Stafford Thomas Patten Stafford (born September 17, 1930; Lt Gen, USAF, Ret.) is an American former Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. After graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Stafford commissioned in the United States Air Force, flying the F-86 Sabre prior becoming a test pilot. He was selected to become an astronaut in 1962, and flew aboard Gemini 6A and Gemini 9. In 1969, Stafford was the Commander of Apollo 10, the second manned mission to orbit the Moon and the first to fly a Lunar Module in lunar orbit, descending to an altitude","title":"Thomas P. Stafford"},{"id":"14564033","text":"the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of","title":"U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps"},{"id":"2172893","text":"1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\", Schweickart is portrayed by Kieran Mulroney. He also appeared in the television series \"The Universe\" in the episodes \"The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet\" and \"Stopping Armageddon\". Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969","title":"Rusty Schweickart"},{"id":"20142","text":"colors. The patch has four stars on it – one each for the three astronauts who flew the mission and one for Clifton Williams, a U.S. Marine Corps aviator and astronaut who was killed on October 5, 1967, after a mechanical failure caused the controls of his T-38 trainer to stop responding, resulting in a crash. He trained with Conrad and Gordon as part of the backup crew for what would be the Apollo 9 mission, and would have been assigned as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 12. The Apollo 12 command module \"Yankee Clipper\" is on display at the","title":"Apollo 12"},{"id":"20120","text":"1970. The spacecraft was on display in several countries until it was placed on loan to the London Science Museum in 1978. \"Charlie Brown\"'s service module (SM) was jettisoned just before re-entry and burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. After translunar injection, the Saturn V's S-IVB third stage was accelerated past Earth escape velocity and became a object where , it remains in a heliocentric orbit. The ascent stage of the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" was jettisoned into a heliocentric orbit. Its current location is unknown. The shield-shaped emblem for the flight shows a large, three-dimensional Roman numeral X sitting on","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"1974892","text":"and the attractions in Disney Parks. Buzz's name was inspired by Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon. According to an interview with Pixar producers in \"Entertainment Weekly\", the character was provisionally named Lunar Larry, but it sounded \"too wacky\", so while trying to rechristen him \"we went through some space terms and the word \"light-year\" came up, and the coolest astronaut name was Buzz Aldrin.\" Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA, to rapturous cheers. A clip of this can be found","title":"Buzz Lightyear"},{"id":"9321534","text":"in Los Angeles, Sachs launched his spacecraft, landed on the moon, and explored its surface. This video made by him and the Neistat Brothers captures the event. While the Apollo program was source of precedent, much of Sachs' \"Space Program\" is historically inaccurate, often humorously. The Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) was built full scale, but had many modifications that were probably not on any Apollo mission, including a fully stocked Vodka bar and a library (with titles such as \"Woman's Almanac\"). After the astronauts' first step, they used Sachs' handmade shotguns to \"patrol the surface\", before planting a flag and","title":"Tom Sachs (artist)"},{"id":"2047495","text":"Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December","title":"Gene Cernan"},{"id":"2047501","text":"Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. Standard crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.","title":"Gene Cernan"},{"id":"2052996","text":"Moon\", Mitchell was played by Gary Cole. He was the subject of a chapter of Chris Wright's book \"No More Worlds to Conquer\", which asks how people who are famed for one moment moved on with their life. In it he talked at length about his beliefs in extraterrestrial visitation, the power of the mind, and his certainty that his cancer had been cured \"by mind means\". Edgar Mitchell Edgar Dean \"Ed\" Mitchell (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016) was a United States Navy officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, ufologist and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module","title":"Edgar Mitchell"},{"id":"469326","text":"the Apollo 8 crew (Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \"I","title":"1960s"},{"id":"753865","text":"Times\", Aldrin supported a manned mission to Mars and which viewed the Moon \"not as a destination but more a point of departure, one that places humankind on a trajectory to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species.\" In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a master plan to NASA for consideration where astronauts, with a tour of duty of ten years, establish a colony on Mars before the year 2040. Aldrin was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in 1969 for his role as lunar module pilot on Apollo 11. He was","title":"Buzz Aldrin"},{"id":"16914699","text":"and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976, a letter-writing campaign by Trekkies to then President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship \"Enterprise\", featured on the television show \"\". Although Ford did not mention the campaign, instead saying he was \"partial to the name\" \"Enterprise\", he directed NASA officials to change the name. \"Columbia\" was named for the historical poetic name for the United States of America, like the explorer ship of Captain Robert Gray and the Command Module of Apollo 11, the first manned landing on another celestial body. \"Atlantis\" was named after the","title":"Spacecraft naming"},{"id":"9081","text":"Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Representative Alan Grayson. A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"2131768","text":"Baptise Church, Mayor Tom Colten declared \"James Irwin Day\" and made Irwin an \"honorary citizen of Minden.\" In the 1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" Irwin was played by Gareth Williams. James Irwin James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and","title":"James Irwin"},{"id":"2863362","text":"would replace the Saturn I for Earth orbit testing, allowing the command and service module to be flown with a partial fuel load. It would also allow launching the lunar excursion module separately for unmanned and manned Earth orbital testing, before the Saturn V was ready to be flown. It would also give early development to the third stage. On May 12, 1966, NASA announced the vehicle would be called the \"uprated Saturn I\", at the same time the \"lunar excursion module\" was renamed the lunar module. However, the \"uprated Saturn I\" terminology was reverted to Saturn IB on December","title":"Saturn IB"},{"id":"471099","text":"not called \"American Eagle\" as its crew had planned. The practice of nicknaming spacecraft resumed in 1967, when managers realized that the Apollo flights needed a name for each of two flight elements, the Command Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module. Lobbying by the astronauts and senior NASA administrators also had an effect. Apollo 9 used the name \"Gumdrop\" for the Command Module and \"Spider\" for the Lunar Module. However, Wally Schirra was prevented from naming his Apollo 7 spacecraft \"Phoenix\" in honor of the Apollo 1 crew because some believed that its nickname as a metaphor for \"fire\" might","title":"Gus Grissom"},{"id":"852808","text":"a lunar orbit flight using just the Command/Service Module as Apollo 8 in December, making McDivitt's flight Apollo 9 in March 1969. Borman's Lunar Module Pilot (and spacecraft systems engineer) was William Anders. The Command Module Pilot and navigator, Michael Collins, had to have back surgery and was replaced by his backup, James Lovell, reuniting Borman with his Gemini 7 crewmate. Apollo 8 went into lunar orbit on December 24 and made ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours before returning to Earth. The Apollo 8 mission is also notable for the \"Earthrise\" photograph taken by William Anders of","title":"Frank Borman"},{"id":"15178189","text":"reality with his \"google n' gloves\" system. 1968 Turtle Excluder Device 1968 Zipper (ride) 1969 Lunar Module The Lunar Module was the lander portion of spacecraft built for the \"Apollo program\" by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969, to the moon surface and safely back home","title":"Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)"},{"id":"2155711","text":"In \"\" he was voiced by Scott Glenn, who had portrayed Alan Shepard in \"The Right Stuff\". In 2018, Duke joined the Back to Space organization as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars. Charles Duke Charles Moss \"Charlie\" Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935) is an American former astronaut, retired U.S. Air Force officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon. Duke has logged 4,147 hours flying time, which includes 3,632 hours","title":"Charles Duke"},{"id":"7490","text":"an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-man Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon,","title":"Apollo program"},{"id":"7910002","text":"Lunar Module \"Falcon\", with Scott and Irwin aboard, landed on the Moon on July 30, 1971, and remained there for just under 67 hours. The mission set a number of space records and was the first to use the Lunar Rover. Scott and Irwin rode it to explore the area around the landing site during three periods of extravehicular activity (EVA). On August 2, before finishing the final EVA and entering the Lunar Module, Scott used a special postmarking device to cancel a first day cover of two stamps, whose designs depicted lunar astronauts and a rover, commemorating the 10th","title":"Apollo 15 postal covers incident"},{"id":"3523541","text":"the Soviet leadership made some of its first public pronouncements about landing a man on the Moon and establishing a lunar base. Crewed exploration of the lunar surface began in 1968 when the Apollo 8 spacecraft orbited the Moon with three astronauts on board. This was mankind's first direct view of the far side. The following year, the Apollo 11 Apollo Lunar Module landed two astronauts on the Moon, proving the ability of humans to travel to the Moon, perform scientific research work there, and bring back sample materials. Additional missions to the Moon continued this exploration phase. In 1969,","title":"Colonization of the Moon"},{"id":"20115","text":"of the lunar module (LM), before separating from the S-IVB. Apollo 10 was the first mission to carry a color television camera inside the spacecraft, and made the first live color TV transmissions from space. After reaching lunar orbit three days later, Young remained in the command module (CM) \"Charlie Brown\" while Stafford and Cernan entered the LM \"Snoopy\" and flew it separately. The LM crew performed the descent orbit insertion maneuver by firing their descent engine, and tested their craft's landing radar as they approached the altitude where powered descent would begin on Apollo 11. They surveyed the landing","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"753810","text":"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and","title":"Buzz Aldrin"},{"id":"4195922","text":"when the Gulfstream project was launched, two models of a high-wing and low-wing configuration were set up outside his office. Grumman personally made the decision to go with \"the low wing\". While continuing the company tradition of aircraft production for naval aviation, Grumman pushed for a shift in priorities resulting in the Space Steering Group, a space program that culminated in the design and production of the Apollo program's Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) that landed astronauts on the moon in 1969. During that same year, the company was rebranded as Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Throughout this period, Grumman's eyesight continued to","title":"Leroy Grumman"},{"id":"954512","text":"Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Retired) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to","title":"Michael Collins (astronaut)"},{"id":"7070205","text":"Lunar Surface Access Module was retitled \"Altair\", after the 12th brightest star in the northern hemisphere's night sky, Altair in the constellation Aquila. In Latin, means \"eagle\", providing a connection to the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11's \"Eagle\"; the name \"Altair\" itself is a latinization of the Arabic , meaning \"the eagle,\" \"the bird,\" or \"the flyer.\" Prior to the announcement of the \"Altair\" name, reports had suggested other names had been considered by NASA, but Altair won in a vote by the design team over Pegasus. NASA developed only conceptual designs for Altair. No Altair spacecraft were built—plans","title":"Altair (spacecraft)"},{"id":"2155705","text":"Apollo 13; however, shortly before the mission, he caught German measles from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As Ken Mattingly had no natural immunity to the disease, Mattingly was then replaced as Command Module Pilot by Jack Swigert. Mattingly would be reassigned as Command Module Pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16. Duke served as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16 in 1972 where he and John Young landed at the Descartes Highlands and conducted three EVAs, making Duke the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon. He also served as","title":"Charles Duke"},{"id":"1343645","text":"would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it lands at any significant angle, three legs was the lightest configuration. However, it would be the least stable if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs. In June 1966, the name was changed to lunar module (LM), eliminating the word \"excursion\". According to George Low, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"1343646","text":"was because NASA was afraid that the word \"excursion\" might lend a frivolous note to Apollo. After the name change from \"LEM\" to \"LM\", the pronunciation of the abbreviation did not change, as the habit became ingrained among engineers, the astronauts, and the media to universally pronounce \"LM\" as \"lem\" which is easier than saying the letters individually. To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted Bell Aerosystems in 1964 to build the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), which used a gimbal-mounted vertical jet engine to counter 5/6 of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"7518","text":"off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the \"Lunar Excursion Module\" (LEM, later shortened to \"Lunar Module\", LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM. The command module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component","title":"Apollo program"},{"id":"15082425","text":"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys is an autobiographical book written by the Gemini 10 and Apollo 11 astronaut, Michael Collins. It was released in 1974 and has a foreword written by Charles Lindbergh. An updated version was re-released in 2009 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the first manned lunar landing. The book covers his life as a test pilot in the United States Air Force, his selection as an astronaut and his spacewalks on Gemini 10 and historic flight as the Command Module pilot on Apollo 11. Collins presents some candid","title":"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys"},{"id":"2172874","text":"Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first manned flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life support system used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon. As backup Commander of the","title":"Rusty Schweickart"},{"id":"288010","text":"in light of then-upcoming 21st century, and Hodgson thought it would set his show apart to make it \"3000\". Dr. Forrester was named after the main character of \"The War of the Worlds\". The \"Satellite of Love\" was named after the song of the same name by Lou Reed. Crow T. Robot was inspired by the song \"Crow\" from Jim Carroll's \"Catholic Boy\", while Rocket Number 9's name was inspired by the original name of Sun Ra's album \"Interstellar Low Ways\". The theater shots, the primary component of an episode, is taped in \"Shadowrama\". The \"seats\" were a black-painted foamcore","title":"Mystery Science Theater 3000"},{"id":"242361","text":"at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. The LRV appears in the TV miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\". Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \"lunar rover\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \"Moon buggy\", a play on the words \"dune buggy\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and","title":"Lunar Roving Vehicle"},{"id":"20267","text":"Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the Lunar Module cabin, Young climbed out onto the \"porch\" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon.","title":"Apollo 16"},{"id":"8998","text":"Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins piloted the command module \"Columbia\" alone","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"781594","text":"Adam and Eve. During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar. Donatello is portrayed by Ben Starr in the 2016 television series \"\". Donatello in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is named after him. The \"Donatello\" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) built by the Italian Space Agency, was one of three MPLMs operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. The others were named \"Leonardo\" and \"Raffaello\". Donatello Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (c. 1386 – 13 December 1466), better","title":"Donatello"},{"id":"3180038","text":"Worden was played by Michael Raynor. Worden wrote the poem \"Apollo Lost\" in response to the cutbacks in the US space program. It was set to music by Cynthia McQuillin. Other poems by Worden have been published, and some have been set to music by Dov Rosenschein. Worden contributed the foreword to the space history book \"To A Distant Day\" by Chris Gainor. Alfred Worden Alfred Merrill \"Al\" Worden (born February 7, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of","title":"Alfred Worden"},{"id":"13554465","text":"at the extraterrestrial endeavors of mankind. The leading hypothesis on the origin of the Moon did not gain its current status until after lunar rock samples were analyzed. The Moon is the furthest any humans have ever ventured from their home, and space architecture is what kept them alive and allowed them to function as humans. On the cruise to the Moon, Apollo astronauts had two \"rooms\" to choose from – the Command Module (CM) or the Lunar Module (LM). This can be seen in the film \"Apollo 13\" where the three astronauts were forced to use the LM as","title":"Space architecture"},{"id":"9800465","text":"with its dome on the library roof. As part of Aileen Malone's “Walk With Destiny” project, three Apollo Astronauts visited the observatory, between 2010 and 2012: •Brigadier General Charles Moss Duke Jnr., the Apollo 16 Lunar Module Pilot, and the 10th man to walk on the moon; •Colonel Al Worden, Command Module Pilot on Apollo 15 and; •Captain Richard Gordon, Command Module Pilot on the Apollo 12 mission. All three Astronauts accepted the position of Honorary President of AAA. Sir Patrick Moore was AAA’s first Honorary President, from 2009 until his death in 2012. Airdrie Astronomical Association, commonly abbreviated to","title":"Airdrie Public Observatory"},{"id":"2047515","text":"Pilot Harrison Schmitt's recollections, were used by the band Public Service Broadcasting for the song \"Tomorrow\", the final track of their 2015 album \"The Race for Space\". Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three","title":"Gene Cernan"},{"id":"290661","text":"December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon. In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong's biography in 2005, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"12688849","text":"\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: Two characters in the animation series' \"\" and \"The Legend of Korra\" were named after him. Avatar Aang's mentor (\"The Last Airbender\") and Aang's youngest son Tenzin (\"The Legend of Korra\"). The Dalai Lama was featured on the March 5, 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show \"Last Week Tonight\", in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama,","title":"14th Dalai Lama"},{"id":"13095041","text":"Kate Collins (actress) Kate Collins is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character of Natalie Marlowe on the ABC soap opera \"All My Children\", a role she originated in 1985. Born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Washington D.C., Collins is the eldest child of astronaut Michael Collins, who served as Command Module Pilot on the historic Apollo 11 mission (the first human Moon landing) in 1969. She graduated from National Cathedral School studied theater at Northwestern University and graduated in 1981. After college, she worked in a number of regional theatre groups and appeared in","title":"Kate Collins (actress)"},{"id":"242326","text":"Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \"lunar rover\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \"Moon buggy\", a play on the words \"dune buggy\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. The three LRVs remain on the Moon. The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo, with a 1952–1954 series in","title":"Lunar Roving Vehicle"},{"id":"2986161","text":"Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 12 mission. He also flew in space in 1966 as the Pilot of the Gemini 11 mission. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 5, 1929, the first of five children of Richard Francis Gordon Sr., a machinist, and his wife, Angela, an elementary school teacher. He","title":"Richard F. Gordon Jr."},{"id":"2986171","text":"League. In the 1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" Gordon was played by Tom Verica. Gordon wrote the foreword of the book \"Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon\" by fellow Apollo astronaut Al Worden, as well as the foreword to \"Footprints in the Dust\". Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the","title":"Richard F. Gordon Jr."},{"id":"7411725","text":"that a lunar lander would not sink into a thick layer of dust, as had been feared. The first artificial satellite of the Moon was the Soviet probe Luna 10, launched March 31, 1966. On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first human to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the U.S. mission Apollo 11. The first","title":"Exploration of the Moon"},{"id":"9021","text":"Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10 flew to within of Site 2, and reported that it was acceptable. The ascent stage of lunar module LM-5 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and Command and Service Module CM-107 on January, 23. There were several differences between LM-5 and Apollo 10's LM-4; LM-5 had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"1343630","text":"this, the LM eventually became the most reliable component of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle, the only component never to suffer a failure that significantly affected a mission. Ten lunar modules were launched into space. Of these, six successfully landed humans on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The first two launched were test flights in low Earth orbit—the first without a crew, the second with one. Another was used by Apollo 10 for a \"dress rehearsal\" flight in low lunar orbit, without landing. One lunar module functioned as a \"lifeboat\" for the crew of Apollo 13, providing life support and","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"16138755","text":"The Leslie Cantwell Collection Leslie Cantwell \"(born October 1946)\" is a UK Space Historian renowned for his extensive knowledge of the Apollo Space programme and space-related artifacts. He has written numerous articles on the subject and is probably best known for his extensive collection of original memorabilia including his collection of large-format images signed by most of the Apollo astronauts. For a while he acted as an advisor to the London Science Museum Space Department regarding the Apollo 10 Command Service Module better known as Charlie Brown, currently on and has written various articles on the subject of space travel","title":"The Leslie Cantwell Collection"},{"id":"2131749","text":"James Irwin James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die. Irwin was born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Scottish and Irish descent, to parents James Irwin and Elsa Mathilda Irwin (). Irwin's grandparents","title":"James Irwin"},{"id":"6503608","text":"the electrical power generation and propulsion systems for the Command Module \"Odyssey\". This necessitated the abort of the lunar landing, and placed the lives of astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in serious jeopardy. The mission became famous for the safe return of the men, made possible by the flight controllers' resourceful adaptation of the electrical, propulsion, and life support systems of the LM (Lunar Module) \"Aquarius\" as a \"lifeboat\". Lost Moon Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 (published in paperback as Apollo 13), is a non-fiction book first published in 1994 by astronaut James Lovell and","title":"Lost Moon"},{"id":"2588628","text":"announced by President John F. Kennedy on 25 May of that year. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer, a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the Lunar Excursion Module to the Moon on nine launches, six of which landed on the Moon's surface. Draper taught and conducted research at MIT until January 1970, devoting most of his energy during his final decade to completing the Apollo computers and software. Draper was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1981 for his multiple inventions and scientific contributions. Draper was a member of","title":"Charles Stark Draper"},{"id":"8346943","text":"a conceit, associating MTV with the most famous moment in world television history. MTV also pays tribute to the classic ID by handing out astronaut statuettes (or \"Moonmen\") at its annual Video Music Awards. The Apollo 11 landing site is featured in the \"Futurama\" episode \"The Series Has Landed\", with Fry and Leela sheltering from the lunar night in the Apollo 11 lunar module (which, according to a plaque, has been returned there by the \"Historical Sticklers Society\"). The Apollo 11 mission is used as part of the main story line in \"\". The movie described the mission, indeed the","title":"Apollo 11 in popular culture"},{"id":"8495552","text":"relatively minor role. Writer Charles Murray lamented the fact that Lunney was \"barely visible in the movie\", being overshadowed by the focus on Lunney's fellow flight director Gene Kranz. \"Without slighting Kranz's role\", Murray commented, \"the world should remember that it was Glynn Lunney ... who orchestrated a masterpiece of improvisation that moved the astronauts safely to the lunar module while sidestepping a dozen potential catastrophes that could have doomed them.\" Lunney has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including \"Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back\" (PBS), \"To the Moon\" (PBS), \"Failure is Not an Option\"","title":"Glynn Lunney"},{"id":"20235","text":"Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands. The second of the so-called \"J missions,\" it was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54 PM EST on April 16, 1972, the mission lasted 11 days, 1 hour, and 51 minutes, and concluded at 2:45 PM EST on April 27. Young and Duke spent 71 hours—just","title":"Apollo 16"},{"id":"1343631","text":"propulsion when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, forcing the crew to abandon their landing. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.3B in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.2B using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. The six landed descent stages remain intact where they landed and one ascent stage (Apollo 10's) is in heliocentric orbit. All the other LMs that flew either crashed into the Moon or burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. At launch, the lunar module sat directly beneath","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"11727578","text":"on the Moon, and the first person to walk on it, shortly followed by Buzz Aldrin, after whom the asteroid 6470 Aldrin is named. The minor planet 6471 Collins is named after the third crew member of the Apollo 11 mission. In 1966, Armstrong also conducted the first docking in space together with David Scott aboard Gemini 8. The asteroid's name was suggested by Czech astronomers Jana Tichá, Miloš Tichý and Zdeněk Moravec, who observed it during its 1995-opposition, shortly before being numbered. The lunar crater \"Armstrong\" is also named in his honor. The approved naming citation was published by","title":"6469 Armstrong"},{"id":"2217099","text":"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the","title":"Jim Lovell"},{"id":"17405339","text":"release of \"2001\", Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science and technology, especially at the time of the Apollo space program. The fame of \"2001\" was enough to get the Command Module of the Apollo 13 craft named \"Odyssey\". In 1988, Stephen Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in \"God, the Universe and Everything Else\". They discuss the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The first of Clarke's works to be adapted for television was \"All The Time In The World\" which he adapted himself as an episode of the","title":"Arthur C. Clarke in media"},{"id":"469325","text":"the first woman in space. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 3, and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the moon, Luna 9. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which became the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. The deaths of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967 put a temporary hold on the U.S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with","title":"1960s"},{"id":"7554","text":"spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24. In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The command module pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera,","title":"Apollo program"},{"id":"20116","text":"site in the Sea of Tranquility, then separated the descent stage and fired the ascent engine to return to \"Charlie Brown\". The descent stage was left in orbit, but eventually crashed onto the lunar surface because of the Moon's non-uniform gravitational field; its location was not tracked. Upon descent stage separation and ascent engine ignition, the lunar module began to roll violently because the crew accidentally duplicated commands into the flight computer which took the LM out of abort mode, the correct configuration for this maneuver. The live network broadcasts caught Cernan and Stafford uttering several expletives before regaining control","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"9007","text":"three astronauts died, and the subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit. In March 1969, Apollo 9 put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon. The Soviet Union competed with the US, but were hampered by repeated failures in development of their N1 launcher, which was comparable to the Saturn V.","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"7838960","text":"1969 in spaceflight 1969 saw humanity step onto another world for the first time. On 21 July 1969, the Apollo 11 Lunar Module, \"Eagle,\" landed on the moon's surface with two astronauts aboard. Days later the crew of three returned safely to Earth, satisfying U.S. President John F. Kennedy's 1962 challenge of 25 May 1961, that \"this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\" There were four Apollo missions in total in 1969, three of which traveled to the moon,","title":"1969 in spaceflight"},{"id":"8266382","text":"as a flight controller on Gemini 10 when he was only twenty-three. Bales is best known for having been guidance officer (or GUIDO) during the Apollo 11 lunar landing when he had the responsibility of dealing with several problems that could have ended the mission. While monitoring the lunar module's position and velocity he came close to calling an abort when it became clear a navigational error had occurred. The spacecraft was moving faster than it should have been and was halfway to its abort limits. However, Bales continued to watch the data and the situation remained stable. The last","title":"Steve Bales"},{"id":"4660376","text":"have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two US pilot-astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41-month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11, and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface. All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module. The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility. In order to go to the Moon,","title":"Moon landing"},{"id":"15256650","text":"from the early 1970s and has been replaced, although the character was absent for most of the intervening period, in the 2009 TV Series by another Teacher named Mrs Creecher. Nasty Norman was a bully often seen as Dennis's rival. Stanley Livingstone an explorer with a pet crocodile, who lived next door to Dennis. Seemingly replaced by the Colonel, though the character had disappeared a while before the Colonel first appeared. His name alludes to the explorers David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley. BBC News once called Dennis the 'definitive naughty boy'. Matthew Jarron of Dundee University, curator of a Beano","title":"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher"},{"id":"2173081","text":"Piet Hut, Ed Lu (also CEO, see Leadership, above), David Liddle (Chair, see Leadership, above), and Dan Durda, a planetary scientist. Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (b. October 25, 1935) is a co-founder of the B612 Foundation and chair emeritus of its board of directors. He is also a former U.S. Apollo astronaut, research scientist, Air Force pilot, plus business and government executive. Schweickart, chosen in NASA's third astronaut group, is best known as the lunar module pilot on the Apollo 9 mission, the spacecraft's first manned flight test on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life","title":"B612 Foundation"},{"id":"9000","text":"and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into \"Eagle\" and landed in the Sea of Tranquillity. The astronauts used \"Eagle\"s ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned \"Eagle\" before they performed the","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"18917877","text":"Little West (lunar crater) Little West is a small crater (30-meter diameter) in Mare Tranquillitatis on the Moon, east of the Apollo 11 landing site known as Tranquility Base. The Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the Lunar Module (LM) \"Eagle\" approximately 60 meters west of Little West Crater on July 20, 1969. This is the crater Neil Armstrong mentions during his final descent onto the lunar surface. The south-west rim of the crater marks the farthest point that either astronaut traveled from the lunar module during their time on the lunar surface for the Apollo 11","title":"Little West (lunar crater)"},{"id":"9739780","text":"Between 1972 and 1977, seismometers installed on the Moon by the Apollo missions recorded moonquakes. The Moon was described as \"ringing like a bell\" during some of those quakes, specifically the shallow ones. This phrase was brought to popular attention in March 1970, in an article in \"Popular Science\". When Apollo 12 deliberately crashed the Ascent Stage of its Lunar Module onto the Moon's surface, it was claimed that the Moon rang like a bell for an hour, leading to arguments that it must be hollow like a bell. Lunar seismology experiments since then have shown that the lunar body","title":"Hollow Moon"},{"id":"4925669","text":"the Bonzo Terrier. His attempts were a failure. The British rock group Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and \"Bonzo\" brand dog food take their name from the eponymous terrier. John Bonham, the drummer for Led Zeppelin, took his nickname \"Bonzo\" from the dog. Bonzo the dog Bonzo the Dog is a fictional cartoon character first created in 1922 by British comic strip artist George Studdy. The pup quickly rose to popularity in the 1920s. He starred in one of the world’s first cartoons, became an inspiration for mass-marketed merchandise, and became a favorite among children and adults. In 1912 George Studdy","title":"Bonzo the dog"},{"id":"15134629","text":"It is 1912 days after leaving Earth orbit, and the routine in is suddenly interrupted by a series of whoops and exclamations from the speakers. John Koenig had been out on a reconnaissance flight to investigate a localised increase in the neutron count. Now, he is behaving like a drunken adolescent out for a joyride, taking \"Eagle\" Ten through a series of dare-devil manoeuvres. Loops and barrel-rolls soon give way to death-defying dives on the Alpha complex. Soon bored with this game, Koenig takes off across the lunar surface to begin buzzing about the . Alan Carter tries to establish","title":"The Bringers of Wonder, Part One"},{"id":"2295894","text":"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr. ( ; born November 14, 1933) is an American former NASA astronaut, fighter pilot with the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Air Force and test pilot. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 13. He was to have been the sixth person to land and walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before lunar landing. He went on to fly Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests in 1977, and retired from NASA in 1979. Born","title":"Fred Haise"},{"id":"20111","text":"had a very small chance of receiving the Apollo 13 command if he did an outstanding job with the assignment, which he did not. Eisele, despite his issues with management, was always intended for future assignment to the Apollo Applications Program (which was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component) and not a lunar mission. This dress rehearsal for a Moon landing brought the Apollo lunar module to from the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent would begin on the actual landing. Practicing this approach orbit would refine knowledge of the lunar gravitational field needed to calibrate","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"2217126","text":"wedding anniversary in June. In 2018, actor Pablo Schreiber portrayed Lovell in the film \"First Man\". Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission","title":"Jim Lovell"},{"id":"6373336","text":"There are four defining episodes in the story, and a variety of subplots and minor threads — many of them unrelated to the main story. The story begins late in the 20th century, and tracks the life of the main protagonist, Lewis Crane. The first of four episodes opens the story. An earthquake in California in the late 20th century has left seven-year-old Lewis Crane a crippled, homeless orphan. The second major episode shows Crane as an adult, world's foremost earthquake expert, a Nobel laureate, ruthless scientist, and entrepreneur dedicated to relieving the misery of those affected by earthquakes. He","title":"Richter 10"},{"id":"179642","text":"second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface. Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from","title":"Harrison Schmitt"},{"id":"11368705","text":"Pinocchio Pinocchio (; ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the children's novel \"The Adventures of Pinocchio\" (1883) by Italian writer Carlo Collodi. Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village near Lucca, he was created as a wooden puppet but dreams of becoming a real boy. He is notably characterized for his frequent tendency to lie, which causes his nose to grow. Pinocchio is a cultural icon. As one of the most reimagined characters in children's literature, his story has been adapted into other media, notably the 1940 Disney film \"Pinocchio\". Pinocchio's characterization varies across interpretations,","title":"Pinocchio"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1256859\",\n \"text\": \"Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \\\"Peanuts\\\":\\\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \\\" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525803\",\n \"text\": \"(after earlier hints). In 1960, Hallmark Cards introduced the now popular line of Charlie Brown greeting cards. Charlie Brown and Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, as they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10. As the years went by, Shermy, Patty, and Violet appeared less often and were demoted to supporting roles (eventually disappearing from the strip in 1969, 1976, and 1984 respectively, although Patty and Violet were still seen as late as November 27, 1997), while new major characters were introduced. Schroeder, Lucy van Pelt, and her brother Linus\",\n \"title\": \"Peanuts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525805\",\n \"text\": \"poor, with only Snoopy, at shortstop, showing competence. The team consistently loses, but while it is often called \\\"winless\\\", it does win several games over the course of the strip's run, mostly when Charlie Brown is not playing, a fact he finds highly dispiriting. In the late 1950s, Snoopy, previously a minor character, began to appear more often, and in the 1960s he became a major character. The naming of Apollo 10's command module and lunar module for Charlie Brown and Snoopy respectively attests to the character's prominence at that time. Many of the strips from the 1960s onward revolve\",\n \"title\": \"Peanuts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343665\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Aquarius\\\" and the Command Module \\\"Odyssey\\\". The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\" episode entitled \\\"Spider\\\". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named \\\"Spider\\\" after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, \\\"Eagle\\\", used by Apollo 11. Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \\\"Lem\\\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525853\",\n \"text\": \"Peanuts characters, in Hongdae, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The \\\"Peanuts\\\" characters have been licensed to Universal Studios Japan (while Peanuts merchandise in Japan has been licensed by Sanrio, best known for Hello Kitty). The \\\"Apollo 10\\\" lunar module was nicknamed \\\"Snoopy\\\" and the command module \\\"Charlie Brown\\\". While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a spacesuit that was hidden aboard the craft to be found by the astronauts once they were in orbit. This drawing is now on display at the\",\n \"title\": \"Peanuts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12394362\",\n \"text\": \"and intact remains unknown). Based on an idea by British amateur astronomer Nick Howes, a team of experts has been assembled to try to locate the Lunar Module of the Apollo 10 mission nicknamed \\\"Snoopy\\\", which was released during the mission and is currently thought to be in a heliocentric orbit. The Snoopy mission is encouraged by the 2002 re-sighting of the Apollo 12 third-stage rocket. Space Heritage Legal documents Space archaeology In archaeology, space archaeology is the research-based study of various human-made items found in space, their interpretation as clues to the adventures mankind has experienced in space, and\",\n \"title\": \"Space archaeology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20216\",\n \"text\": \"only two were required for a safe landing (one extra for redundancy). Upon landing in the North Pacific Ocean, the crew were recovered and taken aboard the recovery ship, after a mission lasting 12 days, 7 hours, 11 minutes, and 53 seconds. Apollo 15 used command and service module CSM-112, which was given the call sign \\\"Endeavour\\\", named after HMS \\\"Endeavour\\\" and lunar module LM-10, call sign \\\"Falcon\\\", named after the United States Air Force Academy mascot. Scott explained the choice of the name \\\"Endeavour\\\" on the grounds that its captain, James Cook had commanded the first purely scientific sea\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 15\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20119\",\n \"text\": \"American Samoa. The astronauts were recovered by , and subsequently flown to Pago Pago International Airport in Tafuna for a greeting reception, before being flown on a C-141 cargo plane to Honolulu. After Apollo 10, NASA required astronauts to choose more \\\"dignified\\\" names for their command and lunar modules. This proved unenforceable: Apollo 16 astronauts Young, Mattingly and Duke chose \\\"Casper\\\", as in Casper the Friendly Ghost, for their command module name. The idea was to give children a way to identify with the mission by using humor. The Smithsonian has been accountable for the command module \\\"Charlie Brown\\\" since\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343639\",\n \"text\": \"CSM and dock for transfer of the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired to fuel depletion, sending it on a trajectory past the Moon into a heliocentric orbit. The Apollo 11 ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface. The lunar module (originally designated the lunar excursion module, known by the acronym LEM) was designed after NASA chose to reach\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13194540\",\n \"text\": \"party. At the party, however, West calls Jack by the wrong name, leading him to realize that he is in fact unhappy, despite his accomplishments. In an effort to reclaim his happiness, Jack attempts to find the same toy that made him so happy on his tenth birthday, a model of an Apollo Lunar Module. He buys one from a vintage toy store, but still remains unhappy. Later, Liz apologizes to Jenna for allowing her to be injured, and agrees to let Jenna tell the \\\"TGS\\\" writing staff about her role in an advertisement for a phone sex line. The\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo, Apollo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20106\",\n \"text\": \"According to the 2002 \\\"Guinness World Records\\\", Apollo 10 set the record for the highest speed attained by a manned vehicle: 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph) on May 26, 1969, during the return from the Moon. The mission's call signs were the names of the \\\"Peanuts\\\" characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy, which became Apollo 10's semi-official mascots. \\\"Peanuts\\\" creator Charles Schulz also drew some mission-related artwork for NASA. Apollo 10 and Apollo 11 were the only Apollo missions whose crew were all veterans of spaceflight. Thomas P. Stafford had flown on Gemini 6 and Gemini 9; John W.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525761\",\n \"text\": \"the naming of Apollo 10 command module Charlie Brown, and lunar module Snoopy launched on May 18, 1969. The Silver Snoopy award is a special honor awarded to NASA employees and contractors for outstanding achievements related to human flight safety or mission success. The award certificate states that it is \\\"In Appreciation\\\" \\\"For professionalism, dedication and outstanding support that greatly enhanced space flight safety and mission success.\\\" On January 1, 1974, Schulz served as the Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. Schulz was a keen bridge player, and \\\"Peanuts\\\" occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to\",\n \"title\": \"Charles M. Schulz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3088414\",\n \"text\": \"Gene Cernan as the lunar module pilot. While testing the command module, they received word of the Apollo 1 fire and subsequent suspension of the Apollo program. In the spring of 1968, Deke Slayton announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo 2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10. In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a color camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before from space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission. The command module (CM) was nicknamed \\\"Charlie Brown\\\"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed \\\"Snoopy\\\". Apollo\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas P. Stafford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343628\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \\\"Lem\\\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The lander spacecraft were built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft. The lunar module, consisting of a descent stage and an ascent stage, was ferried from the Earth to the Moon attached to the Apollo spacecraft command and service module (CSM), approximately twice its mass. The ascent stage carried a crew of two who flew the spacecraft from lunar orbit to the surface and later\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20105\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20123\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343650\",\n \"text\": \"The first manned lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969 with the Apollo 11 LM \\\"Eagle\\\". Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the Command Module \\\"Columbia\\\" splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing President John F. Kennedy's goal \\\"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\\\" This was followed by precision landings on Apollo 12 \\\"(Intrepid)\\\" and Apollo 14 \\\"(Antares)\\\".In April 1970, the Apollo 13 lunar module \\\"Aquarius\\\" played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the service\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3088400\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas P. Stafford Thomas Patten Stafford (born September 17, 1930; Lt Gen, USAF, Ret.) is an American former Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. After graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Stafford commissioned in the United States Air Force, flying the F-86 Sabre prior becoming a test pilot. He was selected to become an astronaut in 1962, and flew aboard Gemini 6A and Gemini 9. In 1969, Stafford was the Commander of Apollo 10, the second manned mission to orbit the Moon and the first to fly a Lunar Module in lunar orbit, descending to an altitude\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas P. Stafford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14564033\",\n \"text\": \"the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2172893\",\n \"text\": \"1998 HBO miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\", Schweickart is portrayed by Kieran Mulroney. He also appeared in the television series \\\"The Universe\\\" in the episodes \\\"The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet\\\" and \\\"Stopping Armageddon\\\". Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \\\"Rusty\\\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969\",\n \"title\": \"Rusty Schweickart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20142\",\n \"text\": \"colors. The patch has four stars on it – one each for the three astronauts who flew the mission and one for Clifton Williams, a U.S. Marine Corps aviator and astronaut who was killed on October 5, 1967, after a mechanical failure caused the controls of his T-38 trainer to stop responding, resulting in a crash. He trained with Conrad and Gordon as part of the backup crew for what would be the Apollo 9 mission, and would have been assigned as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 12. The Apollo 12 command module \\\"Yankee Clipper\\\" is on display at the\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 12\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20120\",\n \"text\": \"1970. The spacecraft was on display in several countries until it was placed on loan to the London Science Museum in 1978. \\\"Charlie Brown\\\"'s service module (SM) was jettisoned just before re-entry and burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. After translunar injection, the Saturn V's S-IVB third stage was accelerated past Earth escape velocity and became a object where , it remains in a heliocentric orbit. The ascent stage of the Lunar Module \\\"Snoopy\\\" was jettisoned into a heliocentric orbit. Its current location is unknown. The shield-shaped emblem for the flight shows a large, three-dimensional Roman numeral X sitting on\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974892\",\n \"text\": \"and the attractions in Disney Parks. Buzz's name was inspired by Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin \\\"Buzz\\\" Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon. According to an interview with Pixar producers in \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\", the character was provisionally named Lunar Larry, but it sounded \\\"too wacky\\\", so while trying to rechristen him \\\"we went through some space terms and the word \\\"light-year\\\" came up, and the coolest astronaut name was Buzz Aldrin.\\\" Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA, to rapturous cheers. A clip of this can be found\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Lightyear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9321534\",\n \"text\": \"in Los Angeles, Sachs launched his spacecraft, landed on the moon, and explored its surface. This video made by him and the Neistat Brothers captures the event. While the Apollo program was source of precedent, much of Sachs' \\\"Space Program\\\" is historically inaccurate, often humorously. The Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) was built full scale, but had many modifications that were probably not on any Apollo mission, including a fully stocked Vodka bar and a library (with titles such as \\\"Woman's Almanac\\\"). After the astronauts' first step, they used Sachs' handmade shotguns to \\\"patrol the surface\\\", before planting a flag and\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Sachs (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047495\",\n \"text\": \"Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Cernan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047501\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. Standard crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \\\"Snoopy\\\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Cernan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2052996\",\n \"text\": \"Moon\\\", Mitchell was played by Gary Cole. He was the subject of a chapter of Chris Wright's book \\\"No More Worlds to Conquer\\\", which asks how people who are famed for one moment moved on with their life. In it he talked at length about his beliefs in extraterrestrial visitation, the power of the mind, and his certainty that his cancer had been cured \\\"by mind means\\\". Edgar Mitchell Edgar Dean \\\"Ed\\\" Mitchell (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016) was a United States Navy officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, ufologist and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module\",\n \"title\": \"Edgar Mitchell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469326\",\n \"text\": \"the Apollo 8 crew (Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"753865\",\n \"text\": \"Times\\\", Aldrin supported a manned mission to Mars and which viewed the Moon \\\"not as a destination but more a point of departure, one that places humankind on a trajectory to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species.\\\" In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a master plan to NASA for consideration where astronauts, with a tour of duty of ten years, establish a colony on Mars before the year 2040. Aldrin was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in 1969 for his role as lunar module pilot on Apollo 11. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Aldrin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16914699\",\n \"text\": \"and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976, a letter-writing campaign by Trekkies to then President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship \\\"Enterprise\\\", featured on the television show \\\"\\\". Although Ford did not mention the campaign, instead saying he was \\\"partial to the name\\\" \\\"Enterprise\\\", he directed NASA officials to change the name. \\\"Columbia\\\" was named for the historical poetic name for the United States of America, like the explorer ship of Captain Robert Gray and the Command Module of Apollo 11, the first manned landing on another celestial body. \\\"Atlantis\\\" was named after the\",\n \"title\": \"Spacecraft naming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9081\",\n \"text\": \"Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Representative Alan Grayson. A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \\\"Eagle\\\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131768\",\n \"text\": \"Baptise Church, Mayor Tom Colten declared \\\"James Irwin Day\\\" and made Irwin an \\\"honorary citizen of Minden.\\\" In the 1998 HBO miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\" Irwin was played by Gareth Williams. James Irwin James Benson \\\"Jim\\\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and\",\n \"title\": \"James Irwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2863362\",\n \"text\": \"would replace the Saturn I for Earth orbit testing, allowing the command and service module to be flown with a partial fuel load. It would also allow launching the lunar excursion module separately for unmanned and manned Earth orbital testing, before the Saturn V was ready to be flown. It would also give early development to the third stage. On May 12, 1966, NASA announced the vehicle would be called the \\\"uprated Saturn I\\\", at the same time the \\\"lunar excursion module\\\" was renamed the lunar module. However, the \\\"uprated Saturn I\\\" terminology was reverted to Saturn IB on December\",\n \"title\": \"Saturn IB\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"471099\",\n \"text\": \"not called \\\"American Eagle\\\" as its crew had planned. The practice of nicknaming spacecraft resumed in 1967, when managers realized that the Apollo flights needed a name for each of two flight elements, the Command Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module. Lobbying by the astronauts and senior NASA administrators also had an effect. Apollo 9 used the name \\\"Gumdrop\\\" for the Command Module and \\\"Spider\\\" for the Lunar Module. However, Wally Schirra was prevented from naming his Apollo 7 spacecraft \\\"Phoenix\\\" in honor of the Apollo 1 crew because some believed that its nickname as a metaphor for \\\"fire\\\" might\",\n \"title\": \"Gus Grissom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"852808\",\n \"text\": \"a lunar orbit flight using just the Command/Service Module as Apollo 8 in December, making McDivitt's flight Apollo 9 in March 1969. Borman's Lunar Module Pilot (and spacecraft systems engineer) was William Anders. The Command Module Pilot and navigator, Michael Collins, had to have back surgery and was replaced by his backup, James Lovell, reuniting Borman with his Gemini 7 crewmate. Apollo 8 went into lunar orbit on December 24 and made ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours before returning to Earth. The Apollo 8 mission is also notable for the \\\"Earthrise\\\" photograph taken by William Anders of\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Borman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15178189\",\n \"text\": \"reality with his \\\"google n' gloves\\\" system. 1968 Turtle Excluder Device 1968 Zipper (ride) 1969 Lunar Module The Lunar Module was the lander portion of spacecraft built for the \\\"Apollo program\\\" by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969, to the moon surface and safely back home\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2155711\",\n \"text\": \"In \\\"\\\" he was voiced by Scott Glenn, who had portrayed Alan Shepard in \\\"The Right Stuff\\\". In 2018, Duke joined the Back to Space organization as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars. Charles Duke Charles Moss \\\"Charlie\\\" Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935) is an American former astronaut, retired U.S. Air Force officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon. Duke has logged 4,147 hours flying time, which includes 3,632 hours\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Duke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7490\",\n \"text\": \"an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-man Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon,\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7910002\",\n \"text\": \"Lunar Module \\\"Falcon\\\", with Scott and Irwin aboard, landed on the Moon on July 30, 1971, and remained there for just under 67 hours. The mission set a number of space records and was the first to use the Lunar Rover. Scott and Irwin rode it to explore the area around the landing site during three periods of extravehicular activity (EVA). On August 2, before finishing the final EVA and entering the Lunar Module, Scott used a special postmarking device to cancel a first day cover of two stamps, whose designs depicted lunar astronauts and a rover, commemorating the 10th\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 15 postal covers incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3523541\",\n \"text\": \"the Soviet leadership made some of its first public pronouncements about landing a man on the Moon and establishing a lunar base. Crewed exploration of the lunar surface began in 1968 when the Apollo 8 spacecraft orbited the Moon with three astronauts on board. This was mankind's first direct view of the far side. The following year, the Apollo 11 Apollo Lunar Module landed two astronauts on the Moon, proving the ability of humans to travel to the Moon, perform scientific research work there, and bring back sample materials. Additional missions to the Moon continued this exploration phase. In 1969,\",\n \"title\": \"Colonization of the Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20115\",\n \"text\": \"of the lunar module (LM), before separating from the S-IVB. Apollo 10 was the first mission to carry a color television camera inside the spacecraft, and made the first live color TV transmissions from space. After reaching lunar orbit three days later, Young remained in the command module (CM) \\\"Charlie Brown\\\" while Stafford and Cernan entered the LM \\\"Snoopy\\\" and flew it separately. The LM crew performed the descent orbit insertion maneuver by firing their descent engine, and tested their craft's landing radar as they approached the altitude where powered descent would begin on Apollo 11. They surveyed the landing\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"753810\",\n \"text\": \"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Aldrin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4195922\",\n \"text\": \"when the Gulfstream project was launched, two models of a high-wing and low-wing configuration were set up outside his office. Grumman personally made the decision to go with \\\"the low wing\\\". While continuing the company tradition of aircraft production for naval aviation, Grumman pushed for a shift in priorities resulting in the Space Steering Group, a space program that culminated in the design and production of the Apollo program's Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) that landed astronauts on the moon in 1969. During that same year, the company was rebranded as Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Throughout this period, Grumman's eyesight continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Grumman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"954512\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Retired) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Collins (astronaut)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7070205\",\n \"text\": \"Lunar Surface Access Module was retitled \\\"Altair\\\", after the 12th brightest star in the northern hemisphere's night sky, Altair in the constellation Aquila. In Latin, means \\\"eagle\\\", providing a connection to the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11's \\\"Eagle\\\"; the name \\\"Altair\\\" itself is a latinization of the Arabic , meaning \\\"the eagle,\\\" \\\"the bird,\\\" or \\\"the flyer.\\\" Prior to the announcement of the \\\"Altair\\\" name, reports had suggested other names had been considered by NASA, but Altair won in a vote by the design team over Pegasus. NASA developed only conceptual designs for Altair. No Altair spacecraft were built—plans\",\n \"title\": \"Altair (spacecraft)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2155705\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 13; however, shortly before the mission, he caught German measles from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As Ken Mattingly had no natural immunity to the disease, Mattingly was then replaced as Command Module Pilot by Jack Swigert. Mattingly would be reassigned as Command Module Pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16. Duke served as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16 in 1972 where he and John Young landed at the Descartes Highlands and conducted three EVAs, making Duke the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon. He also served as\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Duke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343645\",\n \"text\": \"would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it lands at any significant angle, three legs was the lightest configuration. However, it would be the least stable if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs. In June 1966, the name was changed to lunar module (LM), eliminating the word \\\"excursion\\\". According to George Low, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343646\",\n \"text\": \"was because NASA was afraid that the word \\\"excursion\\\" might lend a frivolous note to Apollo. After the name change from \\\"LEM\\\" to \\\"LM\\\", the pronunciation of the abbreviation did not change, as the habit became ingrained among engineers, the astronauts, and the media to universally pronounce \\\"LM\\\" as \\\"lem\\\" which is easier than saying the letters individually. To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted Bell Aerosystems in 1964 to build the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), which used a gimbal-mounted vertical jet engine to counter 5/6 of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7518\",\n \"text\": \"off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the \\\"Lunar Excursion Module\\\" (LEM, later shortened to \\\"Lunar Module\\\", LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM. The command module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15082425\",\n \"text\": \"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys is an autobiographical book written by the Gemini 10 and Apollo 11 astronaut, Michael Collins. It was released in 1974 and has a foreword written by Charles Lindbergh. An updated version was re-released in 2009 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the first manned lunar landing. The book covers his life as a test pilot in the United States Air Force, his selection as an astronaut and his spacewalks on Gemini 10 and historic flight as the Command Module pilot on Apollo 11. Collins presents some candid\",\n \"title\": \"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2172874\",\n \"text\": \"Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \\\"Rusty\\\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first manned flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life support system used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon. As backup Commander of the\",\n \"title\": \"Rusty Schweickart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"288010\",\n \"text\": \"in light of then-upcoming 21st century, and Hodgson thought it would set his show apart to make it \\\"3000\\\". Dr. Forrester was named after the main character of \\\"The War of the Worlds\\\". The \\\"Satellite of Love\\\" was named after the song of the same name by Lou Reed. Crow T. Robot was inspired by the song \\\"Crow\\\" from Jim Carroll's \\\"Catholic Boy\\\", while Rocket Number 9's name was inspired by the original name of Sun Ra's album \\\"Interstellar Low Ways\\\". The theater shots, the primary component of an episode, is taped in \\\"Shadowrama\\\". The \\\"seats\\\" were a black-painted foamcore\",\n \"title\": \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"242361\",\n \"text\": \"at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. The LRV appears in the TV miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\". Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \\\"lunar rover\\\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \\\"Moon buggy\\\", a play on the words \\\"dune buggy\\\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and\",\n \"title\": \"Lunar Roving Vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267\",\n \"text\": \"Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the Lunar Module cabin, Young climbed out onto the \\\"porch\\\" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 16\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8998\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \\\"Eagle\\\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins piloted the command module \\\"Columbia\\\" alone\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"781594\",\n \"text\": \"Adam and Eve. During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar. Donatello is portrayed by Ben Starr in the 2016 television series \\\"\\\". Donatello in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is named after him. The \\\"Donatello\\\" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) built by the Italian Space Agency, was one of three MPLMs operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. The others were named \\\"Leonardo\\\" and \\\"Raffaello\\\". Donatello Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (c. 1386 – 13 December 1466), better\",\n \"title\": \"Donatello\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3180038\",\n \"text\": \"Worden was played by Michael Raynor. Worden wrote the poem \\\"Apollo Lost\\\" in response to the cutbacks in the US space program. It was set to music by Cynthia McQuillin. Other poems by Worden have been published, and some have been set to music by Dov Rosenschein. Worden contributed the foreword to the space history book \\\"To A Distant Day\\\" by Chris Gainor. Alfred Worden Alfred Merrill \\\"Al\\\" Worden (born February 7, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Worden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13554465\",\n \"text\": \"at the extraterrestrial endeavors of mankind. The leading hypothesis on the origin of the Moon did not gain its current status until after lunar rock samples were analyzed. The Moon is the furthest any humans have ever ventured from their home, and space architecture is what kept them alive and allowed them to function as humans. On the cruise to the Moon, Apollo astronauts had two \\\"rooms\\\" to choose from – the Command Module (CM) or the Lunar Module (LM). This can be seen in the film \\\"Apollo 13\\\" where the three astronauts were forced to use the LM as\",\n \"title\": \"Space architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9800465\",\n \"text\": \"with its dome on the library roof. As part of Aileen Malone's “Walk With Destiny” project, three Apollo Astronauts visited the observatory, between 2010 and 2012: •Brigadier General Charles Moss Duke Jnr., the Apollo 16 Lunar Module Pilot, and the 10th man to walk on the moon; •Colonel Al Worden, Command Module Pilot on Apollo 15 and; •Captain Richard Gordon, Command Module Pilot on the Apollo 12 mission. All three Astronauts accepted the position of Honorary President of AAA. Sir Patrick Moore was AAA’s first Honorary President, from 2009 until his death in 2012. Airdrie Astronomical Association, commonly abbreviated to\",\n \"title\": \"Airdrie Public Observatory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047515\",\n \"text\": \"Pilot Harrison Schmitt's recollections, were used by the band Public Service Broadcasting for the song \\\"Tomorrow\\\", the final track of their 2015 album \\\"The Race for Space\\\". Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Cernan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290661\",\n \"text\": \"December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon. In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong's biography in 2005, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688849\",\n \"text\": \"\\\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: Two characters in the animation series' \\\"\\\" and \\\"The Legend of Korra\\\" were named after him. Avatar Aang's mentor (\\\"The Last Airbender\\\") and Aang's youngest son Tenzin (\\\"The Legend of Korra\\\"). The Dalai Lama was featured on the March 5, 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show \\\"Last Week Tonight\\\", in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama,\",\n \"title\": \"14th Dalai Lama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13095041\",\n \"text\": \"Kate Collins (actress) Kate Collins is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character of Natalie Marlowe on the ABC soap opera \\\"All My Children\\\", a role she originated in 1985. Born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Washington D.C., Collins is the eldest child of astronaut Michael Collins, who served as Command Module Pilot on the historic Apollo 11 mission (the first human Moon landing) in 1969. She graduated from National Cathedral School studied theater at Northwestern University and graduated in 1981. After college, she worked in a number of regional theatre groups and appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"Kate Collins (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"242326\",\n \"text\": \"Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \\\"lunar rover\\\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \\\"Moon buggy\\\", a play on the words \\\"dune buggy\\\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. The three LRVs remain on the Moon. The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo, with a 1952–1954 series in\",\n \"title\": \"Lunar Roving Vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2986161\",\n \"text\": \"Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 12 mission. He also flew in space in 1966 as the Pilot of the Gemini 11 mission. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 5, 1929, the first of five children of Richard Francis Gordon Sr., a machinist, and his wife, Angela, an elementary school teacher. He\",\n \"title\": \"Richard F. Gordon Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2986171\",\n \"text\": \"League. In the 1998 HBO miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\" Gordon was played by Tom Verica. Gordon wrote the foreword of the book \\\"Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon\\\" by fellow Apollo astronaut Al Worden, as well as the foreword to \\\"Footprints in the Dust\\\". Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard F. Gordon Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7411725\",\n \"text\": \"that a lunar lander would not sink into a thick layer of dust, as had been feared. The first artificial satellite of the Moon was the Soviet probe Luna 10, launched March 31, 1966. On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first human to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the U.S. mission Apollo 11. The first\",\n \"title\": \"Exploration of the Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9021\",\n \"text\": \"Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10 flew to within of Site 2, and reported that it was acceptable. The ascent stage of lunar module LM-5 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and Command and Service Module CM-107 on January, 23. There were several differences between LM-5 and Apollo 10's LM-4; LM-5 had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343630\",\n \"text\": \"this, the LM eventually became the most reliable component of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle, the only component never to suffer a failure that significantly affected a mission. Ten lunar modules were launched into space. Of these, six successfully landed humans on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The first two launched were test flights in low Earth orbit—the first without a crew, the second with one. Another was used by Apollo 10 for a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" flight in low lunar orbit, without landing. One lunar module functioned as a \\\"lifeboat\\\" for the crew of Apollo 13, providing life support and\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16138755\",\n \"text\": \"The Leslie Cantwell Collection Leslie Cantwell \\\"(born October 1946)\\\" is a UK Space Historian renowned for his extensive knowledge of the Apollo Space programme and space-related artifacts. He has written numerous articles on the subject and is probably best known for his extensive collection of original memorabilia including his collection of large-format images signed by most of the Apollo astronauts. For a while he acted as an advisor to the London Science Museum Space Department regarding the Apollo 10 Command Service Module better known as Charlie Brown, currently on and has written various articles on the subject of space travel\",\n \"title\": \"The Leslie Cantwell Collection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131749\",\n \"text\": \"James Irwin James Benson \\\"Jim\\\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die. Irwin was born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Scottish and Irish descent, to parents James Irwin and Elsa Mathilda Irwin (). Irwin's grandparents\",\n \"title\": \"James Irwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6503608\",\n \"text\": \"the electrical power generation and propulsion systems for the Command Module \\\"Odyssey\\\". This necessitated the abort of the lunar landing, and placed the lives of astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in serious jeopardy. The mission became famous for the safe return of the men, made possible by the flight controllers' resourceful adaptation of the electrical, propulsion, and life support systems of the LM (Lunar Module) \\\"Aquarius\\\" as a \\\"lifeboat\\\". Lost Moon Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 (published in paperback as Apollo 13), is a non-fiction book first published in 1994 by astronaut James Lovell and\",\n \"title\": \"Lost Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2588628\",\n \"text\": \"announced by President John F. Kennedy on 25 May of that year. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer, a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the Lunar Excursion Module to the Moon on nine launches, six of which landed on the Moon's surface. Draper taught and conducted research at MIT until January 1970, devoting most of his energy during his final decade to completing the Apollo computers and software. Draper was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1981 for his multiple inventions and scientific contributions. Draper was a member of\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Stark Draper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8346943\",\n \"text\": \"a conceit, associating MTV with the most famous moment in world television history. MTV also pays tribute to the classic ID by handing out astronaut statuettes (or \\\"Moonmen\\\") at its annual Video Music Awards. The Apollo 11 landing site is featured in the \\\"Futurama\\\" episode \\\"The Series Has Landed\\\", with Fry and Leela sheltering from the lunar night in the Apollo 11 lunar module (which, according to a plaque, has been returned there by the \\\"Historical Sticklers Society\\\"). The Apollo 11 mission is used as part of the main story line in \\\"\\\". The movie described the mission, indeed the\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11 in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8495552\",\n \"text\": \"relatively minor role. Writer Charles Murray lamented the fact that Lunney was \\\"barely visible in the movie\\\", being overshadowed by the focus on Lunney's fellow flight director Gene Kranz. \\\"Without slighting Kranz's role\\\", Murray commented, \\\"the world should remember that it was Glynn Lunney ... who orchestrated a masterpiece of improvisation that moved the astronauts safely to the lunar module while sidestepping a dozen potential catastrophes that could have doomed them.\\\" Lunney has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including \\\"Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back\\\" (PBS), \\\"To the Moon\\\" (PBS), \\\"Failure is Not an Option\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Glynn Lunney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20235\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands. The second of the so-called \\\"J missions,\\\" it was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54 PM EST on April 16, 1972, the mission lasted 11 days, 1 hour, and 51 minutes, and concluded at 2:45 PM EST on April 27. Young and Duke spent 71 hours—just\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 16\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343631\",\n \"text\": \"propulsion when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, forcing the crew to abandon their landing. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.3B in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.2B using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. The six landed descent stages remain intact where they landed and one ascent stage (Apollo 10's) is in heliocentric orbit. All the other LMs that flew either crashed into the Moon or burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. At launch, the lunar module sat directly beneath\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11727578\",\n \"text\": \"on the Moon, and the first person to walk on it, shortly followed by Buzz Aldrin, after whom the asteroid 6470 Aldrin is named. The minor planet 6471 Collins is named after the third crew member of the Apollo 11 mission. In 1966, Armstrong also conducted the first docking in space together with David Scott aboard Gemini 8. The asteroid's name was suggested by Czech astronomers Jana Tichá, Miloš Tichý and Zdeněk Moravec, who observed it during its 1995-opposition, shortly before being numbered. The lunar crater \\\"Armstrong\\\" is also named in his honor. The approved naming citation was published by\",\n \"title\": \"6469 Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2217099\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Lovell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17405339\",\n \"text\": \"release of \\\"2001\\\", Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science and technology, especially at the time of the Apollo space program. The fame of \\\"2001\\\" was enough to get the Command Module of the Apollo 13 craft named \\\"Odyssey\\\". In 1988, Stephen Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in \\\"God, the Universe and Everything Else\\\". They discuss the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The first of Clarke's works to be adapted for television was \\\"All The Time In The World\\\" which he adapted himself as an episode of the\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur C. Clarke in media\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469325\",\n \"text\": \"the first woman in space. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 3, and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the moon, Luna 9. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which became the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. The deaths of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967 put a temporary hold on the U.S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7554\",\n \"text\": \"spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24. In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \\\"Pete\\\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The command module pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera,\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20116\",\n \"text\": \"site in the Sea of Tranquility, then separated the descent stage and fired the ascent engine to return to \\\"Charlie Brown\\\". The descent stage was left in orbit, but eventually crashed onto the lunar surface because of the Moon's non-uniform gravitational field; its location was not tracked. Upon descent stage separation and ascent engine ignition, the lunar module began to roll violently because the crew accidentally duplicated commands into the flight computer which took the LM out of abort mode, the correct configuration for this maneuver. The live network broadcasts caught Cernan and Stafford uttering several expletives before regaining control\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9007\",\n \"text\": \"three astronauts died, and the subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit. In March 1969, Apollo 9 put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon. The Soviet Union competed with the US, but were hampered by repeated failures in development of their N1 launcher, which was comparable to the Saturn V.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7838960\",\n \"text\": \"1969 in spaceflight 1969 saw humanity step onto another world for the first time. On 21 July 1969, the Apollo 11 Lunar Module, \\\"Eagle,\\\" landed on the moon's surface with two astronauts aboard. Days later the crew of three returned safely to Earth, satisfying U.S. President John F. Kennedy's 1962 challenge of 25 May 1961, that \\\"this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\\\" There were four Apollo missions in total in 1969, three of which traveled to the moon,\",\n \"title\": \"1969 in spaceflight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8266382\",\n \"text\": \"as a flight controller on Gemini 10 when he was only twenty-three. Bales is best known for having been guidance officer (or GUIDO) during the Apollo 11 lunar landing when he had the responsibility of dealing with several problems that could have ended the mission. While monitoring the lunar module's position and velocity he came close to calling an abort when it became clear a navigational error had occurred. The spacecraft was moving faster than it should have been and was halfway to its abort limits. However, Bales continued to watch the data and the situation remained stable. The last\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Bales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4660376\",\n \"text\": \"have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two US pilot-astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41-month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11, and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface. All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module. The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility. In order to go to the Moon,\",\n \"title\": \"Moon landing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15256650\",\n \"text\": \"from the early 1970s and has been replaced, although the character was absent for most of the intervening period, in the 2009 TV Series by another Teacher named Mrs Creecher. Nasty Norman was a bully often seen as Dennis's rival. Stanley Livingstone an explorer with a pet crocodile, who lived next door to Dennis. Seemingly replaced by the Colonel, though the character had disappeared a while before the Colonel first appeared. His name alludes to the explorers David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley. BBC News once called Dennis the 'definitive naughty boy'. Matthew Jarron of Dundee University, curator of a Beano\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2173081\",\n \"text\": \"Piet Hut, Ed Lu (also CEO, see Leadership, above), David Liddle (Chair, see Leadership, above), and Dan Durda, a planetary scientist. Russell Louis \\\"Rusty\\\" Schweickart (b. October 25, 1935) is a co-founder of the B612 Foundation and chair emeritus of its board of directors. He is also a former U.S. Apollo astronaut, research scientist, Air Force pilot, plus business and government executive. Schweickart, chosen in NASA's third astronaut group, is best known as the lunar module pilot on the Apollo 9 mission, the spacecraft's first manned flight test on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life\",\n \"title\": \"B612 Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9000\",\n \"text\": \"and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into \\\"Eagle\\\" and landed in the Sea of Tranquillity. The astronauts used \\\"Eagle\\\"s ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned \\\"Eagle\\\" before they performed the\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18917877\",\n \"text\": \"Little West (lunar crater) Little West is a small crater (30-meter diameter) in Mare Tranquillitatis on the Moon, east of the Apollo 11 landing site known as Tranquility Base. The Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the Lunar Module (LM) \\\"Eagle\\\" approximately 60 meters west of Little West Crater on July 20, 1969. This is the crater Neil Armstrong mentions during his final descent onto the lunar surface. The south-west rim of the crater marks the farthest point that either astronaut traveled from the lunar module during their time on the lunar surface for the Apollo 11\",\n \"title\": \"Little West (lunar crater)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9739780\",\n \"text\": \"Between 1972 and 1977, seismometers installed on the Moon by the Apollo missions recorded moonquakes. The Moon was described as \\\"ringing like a bell\\\" during some of those quakes, specifically the shallow ones. This phrase was brought to popular attention in March 1970, in an article in \\\"Popular Science\\\". When Apollo 12 deliberately crashed the Ascent Stage of its Lunar Module onto the Moon's surface, it was claimed that the Moon rang like a bell for an hour, leading to arguments that it must be hollow like a bell. Lunar seismology experiments since then have shown that the lunar body\",\n \"title\": \"Hollow Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4925669\",\n \"text\": \"the Bonzo Terrier. His attempts were a failure. The British rock group Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and \\\"Bonzo\\\" brand dog food take their name from the eponymous terrier. John Bonham, the drummer for Led Zeppelin, took his nickname \\\"Bonzo\\\" from the dog. Bonzo the dog Bonzo the Dog is a fictional cartoon character first created in 1922 by British comic strip artist George Studdy. The pup quickly rose to popularity in the 1920s. He starred in one of the world’s first cartoons, became an inspiration for mass-marketed merchandise, and became a favorite among children and adults. In 1912 George Studdy\",\n \"title\": \"Bonzo the dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15134629\",\n \"text\": \"It is 1912 days after leaving Earth orbit, and the routine in is suddenly interrupted by a series of whoops and exclamations from the speakers. John Koenig had been out on a reconnaissance flight to investigate a localised increase in the neutron count. Now, he is behaving like a drunken adolescent out for a joyride, taking \\\"Eagle\\\" Ten through a series of dare-devil manoeuvres. Loops and barrel-rolls soon give way to death-defying dives on the Alpha complex. Soon bored with this game, Koenig takes off across the lunar surface to begin buzzing about the . Alan Carter tries to establish\",\n \"title\": \"The Bringers of Wonder, Part One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2295894\",\n \"text\": \"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr. ( ; born November 14, 1933) is an American former NASA astronaut, fighter pilot with the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Air Force and test pilot. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 13. He was to have been the sixth person to land and walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before lunar landing. He went on to fly Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests in 1977, and retired from NASA in 1979. Born\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Haise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20111\",\n \"text\": \"had a very small chance of receiving the Apollo 13 command if he did an outstanding job with the assignment, which he did not. Eisele, despite his issues with management, was always intended for future assignment to the Apollo Applications Program (which was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component) and not a lunar mission. This dress rehearsal for a Moon landing brought the Apollo lunar module to from the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent would begin on the actual landing. Practicing this approach orbit would refine knowledge of the lunar gravitational field needed to calibrate\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2217126\",\n \"text\": \"wedding anniversary in June. In 2018, actor Pablo Schreiber portrayed Lovell in the film \\\"First Man\\\". Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Lovell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6373336\",\n \"text\": \"There are four defining episodes in the story, and a variety of subplots and minor threads — many of them unrelated to the main story. The story begins late in the 20th century, and tracks the life of the main protagonist, Lewis Crane. The first of four episodes opens the story. An earthquake in California in the late 20th century has left seven-year-old Lewis Crane a crippled, homeless orphan. The second major episode shows Crane as an adult, world's foremost earthquake expert, a Nobel laureate, ruthless scientist, and entrepreneur dedicated to relieving the misery of those affected by earthquakes. He\",\n \"title\": \"Richter 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179642\",\n \"text\": \"second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface. Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from\",\n \"title\": \"Harrison Schmitt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11368705\",\n \"text\": \"Pinocchio Pinocchio (; ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the children's novel \\\"The Adventures of Pinocchio\\\" (1883) by Italian writer Carlo Collodi. Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village near Lucca, he was created as a wooden puppet but dreams of becoming a real boy. He is notably characterized for his frequent tendency to lie, which causes his nose to grow. Pinocchio is a cultural icon. As one of the most reimagined characters in children's literature, his story has been adapted into other media, notably the 1940 Disney film \\\"Pinocchio\\\". Pinocchio's characterization varies across interpretations,\",\n \"title\": \"Pinocchio\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Charlie Brown context: Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \\\"Peanuts\\\":\\\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \\\" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a\\n\\nLunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 186,\n \"origin_tokens\": 186,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Gene Cernan context: Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \\\"Snoopy\\\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.\\n\\ntitle: P. Staff context: Gene Cern as the lunar module pilot While testing command module, they word of Apol fire subsequent suspension the Apollo program. In spring of 198, Deke Slay announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10 In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission The commandCM) nicknamed \\\"Charlie Brown\\\"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed \\\"Snoopy Apollo\\n\\ntitle Apol: three astronauts and October1, Apollo 7 evaluated module in Earth orbit and December Apollo 8 tested in lunar. In March 196, Apollo put the lunar its p in Earth and May Apol10 \\\"dress rehears lunar99, all was in read Apol11 take the final step onto The Union competed the, were hampered repeated fail in N1 launch, which was comparable the Sat\\ntitlelo1010lo 10 was the thelo, the second) to., F: landing, testing all the components procedures just landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.\\n\\nLunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 473,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14235,\n \"ratio\": \"30.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":78785,"offset":100,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc0NDg2ODg1Mywic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL1huaHlhY2ludGgvVFFBLUltYWdlIiwiZXhwIjoxNzQ0ODcyNDUzLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.UU6PuPpydtHKimSVK2pRutHRtcnOupLBgI_PrtYIhv8iV1qhJ9E3zzKUL2SH4JYKCat1rP6Hb10-3It0ytMzCA","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false}">
178.5 million (2014 est.)
174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) Population distribution
Nigeria is the Africa's most populous country. Significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the","title":"Demographics of Nigeria"},{"id":"3884728","text":"thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The World Bank reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the improvement in the region’s aggregate growth is largely attributable to a recovery in Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, three of Africa’s largest economies. The economies of the fastest growing African nations experienced growth significantly above the global average rates. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"2150908","text":"Somalia, followed by Sudan and Ethiopia (as of the early 2000s). According to the Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 1984, eastern Africa had about 10 million dromedaries, the largest population of Africa. Western Africa followed with 2.14 million, while northern Africa had nearly 0.76 million. Populations in Africa increased by 16% from 1994 to 2005. Feral dromedary populations occur in Australia, where it was introduced in 1840. The total dromedary population in Australia is 0.5 million as of 2005. Nearly 99% of the populations are feral, and have annual growth rate of 10%. Most of the","title":"Dromedary"},{"id":"120595","text":"Grande, and Elobey Chico. The country is a member of the African Union, Francophonie, OPEC and the CPLP. Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It is the richest country per capita in Africa, and its gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita ranks 43rd in the world; however, the wealth is distributed extremely unevenly, and few people have benefited from the oil riches. The country ranks 135th on the UN's 2016 Human Development Index. The UN says that less than half of the population has access to","title":"Equatorial Guinea"},{"id":"15747564","text":"Geography of South Sudan The geography of South Sudan describes the physical features of South Sudan, a country in East Africa. South Sudan is a landlocked country and borders - clockwise - Sudan from the north, Ethiopia from the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo from the south and the Central African Republic from the west. Until July 9, 2011 it was part of Sudan, then the largest country in Africa before a referendum took place in January 2011. South Sudan is divided into 32 states which correspond to three historical regions of the Sudan: Bahr","title":"Geography of South Sudan"},{"id":"17424894","text":"to earn returns that would benefit future generations of Nigerians. The fund was allocated an initial $1 billion USD in seed capital. However, an additional $0.5billion has been contributed to date by the current administration. Nigeria is the most populous country on the African continent with an estimated 170,123,740 million people. It is also one of the largest producers of oil, on which the majority of its economy relies. Petroleum exports account for approximately 90 percent of its foreign revenue and 80 percent of government revenue. Given Nigeria's dependence on oil, its economy is susceptible to shifts in oil prices.","title":"Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority"},{"id":"1837","text":"competes in and once has hosted the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup, where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the martial art \"Capoeira Angola\" and \"Batuque\" which were practiced by enslaved African Angolans transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic","title":"Angola"},{"id":"283861","text":"Economy of Nigeria Nigeria is a middle-income, mixed economy and emerging market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications, technology and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 30th-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 23rd-largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent manufacturing sector became the largest on the continent in 2013, and it produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African subcontinent. In addition, the debt-to-GDP ratio is 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Previously hindered by years","title":"Economy of Nigeria"},{"id":"238558","text":"obstacle to efforts toward achieving a fully unified Libya. Area:
\"total:\" 1 759 540 km²
\"land:\" 1 759 540 km²
\"water:\" 0 km² Area - comparative: Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, seven times the size of the United Kingdom, and slightly larger than Alaska. Slightly smaller than Nunavut, Canada Land boundaries:
\"total:\" 4 348 km
\"border countries:\" Algeria 982 km, Chad 1 055 km, Egypt 1 115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1 770 km Maritime claims:
\"territorial sea:\"
\"note:\" Gulf of Sidra closing line – 32 degrees, 30 minutes north.","title":"Geography of Libya"},{"id":"232549","text":"Libya Libya (; ,), officially the State of Libya, is a country the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and","title":"Libya"},{"id":"2241300","text":"tuberculosis in 2011, with 330,000 in South Africa, 83,000 in Mozambique, 50,000 in Nigeria, 47,000 in Kenya, and 46,000 in Zimbabwe. In terms of cases per 100,000 population, Eswatini's rate of 1,010 was by far the highest in 2011. In the following 20 African countries, the cases-per-100,000 coinfection rate has increased at least 20 percent between 2000 and 2011: Algeria, Angola, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Eswatini, Togo, and Tunisia. Since 2004, however, tuberculosis-related deaths among people living with","title":"HIV/AIDS in Africa"},{"id":"98434","text":"The informal sector . In her book entitled \"The Real Economy of Zaire\", MacGaffey described a second, often illegal economy, \"system D,\" which is outside the official economy (MacGaffey 1991:27). and therefore is not reflected in the GDP. exploitation of mineral substances as MIBA EMAXON and De Beers The economy of the second largest country in Africa relies heavily on mining. The Congo is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds. The Congo has 70% of the world’s coltan, and more than 30% of the world’s diamond reserves., mostly in the","title":"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"1703849","text":"household can be placed on a continuum of food security defined by the USDA. This continuum has four categories: high food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. Economic Research Service report number 155 (ERS-155) estimates that 14.5 percent (17.6 million) of US households were food insecure at some point in 2012. The prevalence of food insecurity has been relatively in the United States since the economic recession 2008. In 2016: The Democratic Republic of Congo is the second largest country in Africa; the country is dealing with food insecurity. Although they have an abundance","title":"Food security"},{"id":"363478","text":"the BRICS group of now-five emerging-market nations at the summit held in Sanya, Hainan, China. Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"id":"98433","text":"recognizes that changes in tax structure and export procedures will be needed to facilitate economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has a difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which has been at the heart of many struggles within the country for many decades, but particularly in the 1990s. Although the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in the GDP data as the mining industry has suffered from long-term \"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\"","title":"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"3884729","text":"17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in emerging African economies. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession. The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world. Debt relief is being addressed by some international","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"283651","text":"national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security. Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades. As of 2017, the population stood at 191 million. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% aged 55–64, and 3.1% aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"16639949","text":"as the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone are by far the least favoured in solar power of all the continent and except for these eight quoted nations, each other African country experiences over 2,700 hours of bright sunshine on at least a part of its territory. Many perpetually sunny African nations like Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Niger, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia for instance could rely on developing their tremendous solar resources on a large scale thanks to the immense surface of their territory and at reduced prices. South Africa is a","title":"Solar power in Africa"},{"id":"20538387","text":"Algeria has an embassy in Khartoum while Sudan has an embassy in Algiers. Before 2011, Sudan and Algeria were respectively, the first and second largest African countries as well as the first and second largest Arab countries, but after 2011, Algeria became the largest African and Arab country. Sudan was accused by Algeria for meddling into the Algerian Civil War that caused the death of 200.000 Algerians. Alongside Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Morocco were also involved on supporting the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria. Thus this was the reason for the souring relationship between two nations. In response,","title":"Algeria–Sudan relations"},{"id":"14361609","text":"downsized or have paralyzed operations due to the difficulty in obtaining foreign currency to import necessary auto parts. Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is","title":"Automotive industry by country"},{"id":"13396235","text":"Obala foundation Obala Foundation. Org is U.S. based IRS code 501(c)(3) tax exempt non-profit organization that began as a forum for addressing what many have appreciated as the vast health care and resource gap between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the known world. With 140 million people, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country. There are many things that make it a challenging place to engage. However if only for the sheer number of people that stands to be affected by successful policy interventions, it would be almost irresponsible for any proponent of \"global health\" to ignore this country where","title":"Obala foundation"},{"id":"20882460","text":"Architecture of Angola Angola, the seventh largest country in Africa is a west coast country in located in south-central Africa. Angola is roughly square, with a maximum width of about , including the Cabinda exclave located along the Atlantic coast of Angola bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Angola borders the Republic of Congo in the northwest, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north and northeast, Zambia in the southeast, Namibia in the South, and the Atlantic in the west. In addition to Luanda, the country’s capital, other significant urban areas include Malanje, a large northern city","title":"Architecture of Angola"},{"id":"7919073","text":"– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a","title":"Africa"},{"id":"827883","text":"second-largest country in Africa after Algeria (the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa) by area and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of over floor(/1e6) million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth-most-populated country in Africa, and the 16th-most-populated country in the world. Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the","title":"Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"827929","text":"the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the second largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of in some places, and the area sustains the Congo Rainforest, the second-largest rain forest in the world after the Amazon. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central basin of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is","title":"Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"id":"3884758","text":"Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"20884205","text":"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A","title":"Poverty in Algeria"},{"id":"20884225","text":"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A","title":"Poverty in Algeria"},{"id":"283831","text":"and space births because of a lack of political will, government financing, and the availability and affordability of services and products, as well as a cultural preference for large families. Increased educational attainment, especially among women, and improvements in health care are needed to encourage and to better enable parents to opt for smaller families. The Nigeria's Chairman of National Population Commission, Eze Duruiheoma, delivering Nigeria’s statement in New York on Sustainable Cities, Human Mobility and International Migration in the 51st Session of Commission on Population and Development, said that “Nigeria remains the most populous in Africa, the seventh globally","title":"Demographics of Nigeria"},{"id":"3884726","text":"been evident in recent years, however. The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since the 2000s) has been compared to the Chinese economic boom that had emerged in Asia since late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the world's fastest-growing economies. As of 2018, Nigeria is the biggest economy in terms of nominal GDP, followed by South Africa; in terms of PPP, Egypt is second biggest after Nigeria.. Equatorial Guinea possessed Africa's highest GDP per capita albeit allegations of human rights violations. Oil-rich countries such as Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"283582","text":"Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With /1e6 round 0 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by 250 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 250 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"16524984","text":"the Gold Coast. The Republic of Ghana is a natural resource, mineral resource and fossil fuel-rich nation and is home to one of the world's largest gold and sweet crude oil reserves and they are the second major producers of cocoa in the world. The Republic of Ghana is an economic powerhouse in West Africa, and has one of the biggest economies on the African continent and one of the world's fastest growing economies. The origin and ethnogenesis of the ancient ethnic Ghanaians is traced back to nomadic migration from Nubia along the Sahara desert then south to the Gold","title":"Ghanaian people"},{"id":"15676451","text":"3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa","title":"Emigration from Africa"},{"id":"21003697","text":"agencies to tackle specific issues in low and middle income countries. Since then, Nigeria has partnered up with the IDA, specifically built to help low income countries and give out loans for very low interest rates, and the IBRD. Nigeria is currently the most populated country in Africa and it’s also the biggest oil exporter and in addition to this it is has the second biggest economy in Africa. All of these qualities make it a country with great economic potential, but Nigeria also faces great development challenges. It's not until 1999 that a democratic regime finally took over Nigeria","title":"Nigeria and the World Bank"},{"id":"14361514","text":"Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is the largest manufacturer with an estimated 25.5 percent of the national car market. Other carmakers represented there include","title":"Automotive industry by country"},{"id":"16250102","text":"Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until 1989. Mandour was born in Umbukole, a small village located in","title":"Mandour Elmahdi"},{"id":"16250117","text":"the world in discovering the rich story of Sudan's long history. Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until","title":"Mandour Elmahdi"},{"id":"12422022","text":"Oil reserves in Nigeria Although Libya has more reserves, there were of proven oil reserves in Nigeria as of 2011, ranking the country as the largest oil producer in Africa and the 11th largest in the world, averaging in 2006. At current rates this would be 45 years of supply if no new oil was found. Pipeline vandalism, kidnappings, and militant takeover of oil facilities have reduced production, which could be increased to in the absence of such problems. The Nigerian government hopes to increase oil production capacity to by 2010. Nigeria is the world’s eighth largest exporter of crude","title":"Oil reserves in Nigeria"},{"id":"283623","text":"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"16105926","text":"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.","title":"Energy in Africa"},{"id":"64817","text":"in preparation for several months. Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a West African coalition in the fight against Boko Haram. Chad has also been included on Presidential Proclamation 9645, the expanded version of United States president Donald Trump's Executive Order 13780, which restricts entry by nationals from 8 countries, including Chad, into the US. This move has angered the Chadian government. At , Chad is the world's 22nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and","title":"Chad"},{"id":"11957825","text":"with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality. South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At , according to the UN Demographic Yearbook, South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world. It is about the same size as Colombia, twice the size of France, three times as big as Japan, four times","title":"South Africa"},{"id":"382001","text":"Sudan Sudan (, ; \"as-Sūdān\"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( \"Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān\"), is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million people (2017) and occupies a total area of 1,861,484 square kilometres (718,722 square miles), making it the third-largest country in Africa. Sudan's predominant religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and","title":"Sudan"},{"id":"15765","text":"December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.","title":"Algeria"},{"id":"7346027","text":"the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In","title":"Françafrique"},{"id":"363410","text":"Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in both 2016 and 2017. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion","title":"Economy of South Africa"},{"id":"1566265","text":"Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some","title":"Ethiopia"},{"id":"513919","text":"Geography of Algeria Algeria comprises 2,381,741 square kilometers of land, more than four-fifths of which is desert, in northern Africa, between Morocco and Tunisia. It is the largest country in Africa. Its Arabic name, Al Jazair (the islands), derives from the name of the capital Algiers (\"Al Jazair\" in Arabic), after the small islands formerly found in its harbor. It has a long Mediterranean coastline, most of which is more properly termed the Alboran Sea, which is the westernmost element of the Mediterranean Sea. The northern portion, an area of mountains, valleys, and plateaus between the Mediterranean Sea and the","title":"Geography of Algeria"},{"id":"11891163","text":"Brazil–Nigeria relations Brazil–Nigeria relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Brazil and Nigeria. Relations focus primarily upon trade and culture. The two nations, one the largest country in Latin America by size, the other the largest country in Africa by population, are remotely bordered across from one another by the Atlantic Ocean. For centuries, Brazil and Nigeria have enjoyed a warmly friendly and strong relationship on the bases of culture (since many Afro-Brazilians trace their ancestry and religious practices to Nigeria) and commercial trade. Nigeria is a major provider of petroleum to Brazil. In September 2008, the Nigerian","title":"Brazil–Nigeria relations"},{"id":"6512545","text":"contenders. Currently, no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council. Although no one nation from Africa has formally been put forward as a candidate for membership on the Security Council, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa are seen as the strongest choices. Algeria has gained a great deal of respect for its neutrality over the years and its great commitment to African development; Egypt has the second-largest economy in Africa and the biggest military on the continent, was one of the founding members of the United Nations, enjoys great influence in Africa and in","title":"Reform of the United Nations Security Council"},{"id":"7299524","text":"interests of determined groups include: Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a","title":"Nigerian Americans"},{"id":"357936","text":"and Nile Valley. Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its adjoining conurbation, is the most populous in Nigeria, and the second most populous on the African continent after Cairo, Egypt. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous urban agglomerations. Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa; the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Dar es Salaam is the former capital as well as","title":"Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"id":"7299506","text":"Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a major point of export of","title":"Nigerian Americans"},{"id":"11743286","text":"Health in Sudan Sudan is still one of the largest countries in Africa even after the split of the Northern and Southern parts. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the region and is home to over 37.9 million people. With this rise in population and bearing in mind the political issues that have plagued the country with war and hostility for the last 25 years, health care has become an afterthought and basically lost in the midst of what the government might believe to be more pressing matters. Sudan still has a long way to go","title":"Health in Sudan"},{"id":"3884727","text":"emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, potentially among the world's richest nations, have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare and braindrain of workforce. Botswana remains the site of Africa's longest and one of the world's longest periods of economic boom (1966–1999). The United Nations predicts Africa’s economic growth will reach 3.5% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2019. As of 2007, growth in Africa had surpassed that of East Asia. Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth,","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"10586100","text":"2007 the future looks brighter, with the southern Sudan conflict being the only one currently affecting development of the network (highway 6). Lawlessness rather than war hampers progress in developing highway 3 between Libya and Chad, and though economic instability could affect maintenance of paved highways 4 and 9 though Zimbabwe, there are practical alternatives through neighbouring countries. Conflicts in Somalia do not affect the network as that is the largest African country with no trans-African highways, but they will affect the development of feeder roads to the network. Using existing national highways as much as possible, the aim of","title":"Trans-African Highway network"},{"id":"7435783","text":"Algeria. (International Diabetes Federation) It is predominantly most common in 35–70 year olds, which consist of a large segment of the working population. The transition from the traditional life style to a more westernised is one of the major explanatory factors behind the rapid progression of diabetes in Algeria. Health in Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa and is estimated to have a population of around 40 million people. Algeria has a public health care system, which is accessible and free of charge to all citizens of Algeria. The public health care system is financed by the government","title":"Health in Algeria"},{"id":"11792908","text":"resulted in less food available for human consumption, especially in developing and least developed countries, where a family's daily allowances for food purchases are extremely limited. The crisis can be seen, in a sense, to dichotomize rich and poor nations, since, for example, filling a tank of an average car with biofuel, amounts to as much maize (Africa's principal food staple) as an African person consumes in an entire year. Brazil, the world's second largest producer of ethanol after the US, is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy and its government claims Brazil's sugar cane based ethanol","title":"2007–08 world food price crisis"},{"id":"13382949","text":"continent.\" African oil takes growing importance, mainly after the 2015 oil crisis and recent oil reserves discoveries. Sudan and Nigeria are two of the main oil producers. China owns 40% of Congo's oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by the United States Department of State at $9 billion with United States dollars. Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order of decreasing output, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Other oil producing countries are Gabon,","title":"Natural resources of Africa"},{"id":"3884770","text":"exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars): Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries. The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. The confederation's goals include the creation of a free trade area, a customs union, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby establishing economic and monetary union. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single","title":"Economy of Africa"},{"id":"16597255","text":"which had led to increasing oil prices worldwide—to the disadvantage of all industrialized and oil importing countries, including China itself. In 2006, China imported 47% of its total oil consumption (145 Mt of crude oil). With such high demand, Chinese companies such as Sinopec, CNPC, and CNOOC, have looked to Africa for oil. Africa is the 2nd largest continent in the world, with 30 million square kilometers of land, and contains a vast quantity of natural resources. This trait, together with the continent's relatively low population density and small manufacturing sector has made Africa a key target for Chinese imports.","title":"Africa–China economic relations"},{"id":"16002941","text":"Islands of Africa The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent. The islands of Africa can be subdivided into Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean Islands. The largest number of islands of Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with the sovereign island nations of Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar located off the southeastern seaboard of Africa being the most notable. The French overseas territories of Mayotte and Réunion are also located nearby. The medium-sized islands of Zanzibar and Lamu of Tanzania and","title":"Islands of Africa"},{"id":"8305199","text":"Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \"pieds-noirs\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. The African country with the largest native European African population is South Africa. The Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds are","title":"Demographics of Africa"},{"id":"20052149","text":"International and other experts to be “one of the most corrupt and inhumane court systems” globally. A 2013 report by Transparency International UK called Eritrea the “most militarised country in Africa,” with about 20% of its population in uniform. For this reason, many have called Eritrea the 'North Korea' of Africa. The army is not only large but also one of the nine most corrupt armed forces in the world, along with Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, the DRC, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. According to TI, there is a possible scheme in place of public funds earmarked for \"secret\" military purposes","title":"Corruption in Eritrea"},{"id":"1753","text":"Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda. Although inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, what is now Angola was molded by Portuguese","title":"Angola"},{"id":"7919092","text":"within the continent as well as between Africa and the US. Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of , the population of Africa is estimated at / 1e9 round 1 billion . Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the","title":"Africa"},{"id":"4498657","text":"reasonably similar to that of Brazil and Russia, and slightly above that of India. South Africa is a \"gateway\" to Southern Africa and Africa in general as the most developed African country. China is South Africa's largest trading partner, and India wants to increase commercial ties with Africa. South Africa is also Africa's largest economy, but as number 31 in global GDP economies it is far behind its new partners. Jim O'Neill expressed surprise when South Africa joined BRIC since South Africa's economy is a quarter of the size of Russia's (the least economically powerful BRIC nation). He believed that","title":"BRIC"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17799533\",\n \"text\": \"The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north\",\n \"title\": \"The Sudans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283344\",\n \"text\": \"Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about /1e6 round 0 million live mostly in\",\n \"title\": \"Niger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17799538\",\n \"text\": \"protect the animals from poachers. The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and\",\n \"title\": \"The Sudans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283411\",\n \"text\": \"police to punish criticism of the state. Trade Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of\",\n \"title\": \"Niger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919040\",\n \"text\": \"and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \\\"de facto\\\" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17201286\",\n \"text\": \"the United Nations found, in 2005, that sexual and gender-based violence occurred throughout Darfur. At this time, there were non-governmental organizations that worked to stop this gender violence. However, the government expelled thirteen NGOs that resulted in the closure of most gender-based violence programs. Before the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the Interim National Constitution in the Darfur area explicitly prohibited discrimination based on gender. However, according to the 2009 Human Rights Report published by the U.S. State Department, the government did not effectively enforce this provision. Sudan, before the separation of South Sudan, was Africa's largest country by\",\n \"title\": \"Gender inequality in Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15725\",\n \"text\": \"Algeria Algeria (; ', Algerian Arabic '; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the\",\n \"title\": \"Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11957794\",\n \"text\": \"South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 57 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16886753\",\n \"text\": \"blank how he felt about Sudanese national unity. He replied that he was all for unity. Then I asked if he was opposed to Islam and Arabism, and his answer was no, provided they are elements of unification and not instruments of division,\\\" Khalid recalled. \\\"He said we need to go back to the drawing board.\\\" It is the deeply disturbing presence of war that has bedeviled Africa's largest country since independence from Britain in 1956. \\\"Sudan’s war is no different from wars elsewhere. It is an entangled political, cultural and social weave with equally intricate international ramifications,\\\" Khalid says.\",\n \"title\": \"Mansour Khalid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10653475\",\n \"text\": \"East African Federation The East African Federation (Swahili: \\\"Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki\\\") is a proposed political union of the six sovereign states of the East African CommunityBurundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Ugandaas a single federated sovereign state. In September 2018 a committee was formed to begin the process of drafting a regional constitution. At , the East African Federation would be the largest country in Africa and 10th-largest in the world. With a population of 178,978,883, it would also be the second most populous nation in Africa (after Nigeria) and eighth in the world. Its population would be\",\n \"title\": \"East African Federation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283826\",\n \"text\": \"Demographics of Nigeria Nigeria is one of the most densely populated country in Africa with approximately 196 million people in a million km2 area, and is also the country with the largest population in Africa, and is the country with the seventh largest population in the world. Approximately 50% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, with the rate of urbanization being estimated at 4.3%. Nigeria is home to over 250 ethnic groups, with over 500 languages, and the variety of customs, and traditions among them gives the country great cultural diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa/Fulani 29% of\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11882420\",\n \"text\": \"Angola and Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second largest country by area on the African continent, and is one of the most mineral rich countries in the world. It produces many of the free world's minerals, such as 75% of the free world's cobalt and 70% of the diamonds. It also produces valuable agriculture, such as coffee, palm oil, and cotton. The Congo—formerly a Belgian colony—is only one-quarter the size of the United States. Though it is located in the Central African UN subregion, the nation is\",\n \"title\": \"CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1389656\",\n \"text\": \"populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. Its eight million square kilometers include two of the largest countries of the African continent, Algeria (2.4 million km) in the center of the region and Sudan (1.9 million km) in the southeast. Algeria is about three-quarters the size of India, or about one-and-a-half times the size of Alaska, the largest state in the United States. The largest country in the Arab Middle East is Saudi Arabia (2 million km). At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country in North Africa and the Middle East is Lebanon (10,452 km),\",\n \"title\": \"Arab world\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382160\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Sudan Sudan is located in northeastern Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. Sudan is the third largest country in Africa, after Algeria and DR Congo. It had been the largest country on the continent until the 2011 independence of South Sudan. Geographic coordinates: The length of Sudan's borders is 6,751 kilometers. Border countries are: Petroleum is Sudan's major natural resource. The country\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919039\",\n \"text\": \"Africa Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With /1e9 round 1 billion people as of , it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827958\",\n \"text\": \"outside the GDP data. A United Nations Human Development Index report shows that the human development index of DRC is one of the worst the country has had in decades. Through 2011 the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries. It ranked lower than Niger, despite a higher margin of improvement than the latter country over 2010's numbers. The economy of DRC, the second largest country in Africa, relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from artisanal mining occurs in the informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data. A third of\",\n \"title\": \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"64804\",\n \"text\": \"Chad Chad (; ; ), officially the Republic of Chad ( \\\"\\\"; \\\"Republic of the Chad\\\"), is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. It is the fifth largest country in Africa and the second-largest in Central Africa in terms of area. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad,\",\n \"title\": \"Chad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6512546\",\n \"text\": \"the Arab world, and hosts the headquarters of the Arab League; Ethiopia was also one of the founding members of the United Nations and holds the seat of the African Union Commission; South Africa has the third-largest economy on the continent; and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, has the continent's largest economy, and is one of the largest contributors of military and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping missions. The UNSC \\\"power of veto\\\" is frequently cited as a major problem within the UN. By wielding their veto power (established by Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter),\",\n \"title\": \"Reform of the United Nations Security Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"407683\",\n \"text\": \"Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president. At , Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately long. It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia. The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest\",\n \"title\": \"Tanzania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283633\",\n \"text\": \"its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the Nigerian Stock Exchange), which is the second largest in Africa. Nigeria was ranked 21st in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2015. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"67562\",\n \"text\": \"Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to evidence-based medicine. At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and the state of California; Cameroon is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. The country is located in Central and West Africa, known as the hinge of Africa, on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Cameroon lies between latitudes 1° and 13°N, and longitudes 8° and 17°E. Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean. Tourist literature describes Cameroon as \\\"Africa in miniature\\\" because\",\n \"title\": \"Cameroon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12324925\",\n \"text\": \"isolated from the needs for security and expansion of democratic rights. Rational strategies to pursue these goals cannot be designed purely in terms of bilateral relations with selected countries. At the same time, it is not feasible to give equal weight to U.S. relations with each African country. Africa Action singles out five African nations as \\\"focus countries\\\" where the U.S. must be consistently involved: South Africa, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Algeria. Each \\\"focus country\\\" meets most or all of the following criteria: (1) they are large countries with large populations (usually the largest in the sub-region);\",\n \"title\": \"Africa Action\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20778301\",\n \"text\": \"Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Poverty is widespread and unchecked across the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Despite being the second-largest country in Africa, with an approximate area of , and being endowed with rich natural resources, the DRC is the second-poorest country in the world. The average annual income is only $785 US dollars. In 2016, the United Nations (UN) Human Development Index (HDI) ranked the DRC as the 176th least-developed country out of 188 countries with an HDI of 0.435. More than 80% of Congolese people live on less than\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"67615\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Cameroon At , Cameroon is the world's 54th largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is , with of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Cameroon is sometimes described as \\\"Africa in miniature\\\" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic zones. These are distinguished\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Cameroon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305180\",\n \"text\": \"Demographics of Africa The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries. Total population as of 2017 is estimated at more than 1.25 billion, with a growth rate of more than 2.5% p.a. The most populous African country is Nigeria with 191 million inhabitants as of 2017 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a. , the total population of Africa is estimated at 1.225 billion, representing 17% of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13362688\",\n \"text\": \"Taiwan has been a key political issue for the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1971, the support of African nations was crucial in the PRC joining the United Nations (UN), taking over the seat of the ROC on Taiwan. Many African countries, such as Algeria, Egypt and Zambia have stressed their support to \\\"one-China policy\\\". Only one African country, Swaziland, still maintains relations with Taipei. For the quest of a permanent UN seat for Africa, Nigeria, the largest African country, relies on Chinese support while Egypt looks to U.S. backing. Since 1997, around 40 African heads of state have\",\n \"title\": \"Africa–China relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10054445\",\n \"text\": \"for Africans. Member states of the African Union cover almost the entirety of continental Africa, except for several territories held by Spain (Canary Islands, Plazas de soberanía); France (Mayotte, Réunion, Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean); Portugal (Madeira, Savage Islands); and the United Kingdom (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha). Consequently, the geography of the African Union is wildly diverse, including the world's largest hot desert (the Sahara), huge jungles and savannas, and the world's longest river (the Nile). The AU presently has an area of , with of coastline. The vast majority of this area is on continental\",\n \"title\": \"African Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382048\",\n \"text\": \"Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. It has land borders with Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya. With an area of , it is the third-largest country on the continent (after Algeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the sixteenth-largest in the world. Sudan lies between latitudes 8° and 23°N. The terrain is generally flat plains, broken by several mountain ranges. In the west the Deriba Caldera (), located in the Marrah Mountains, is the highest point in Sudan. In the east are the Red Sea Hills. The Blue and White\",\n \"title\": \"Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"67623\",\n \"text\": \"than any other location. Geography of Cameroon At , Cameroon is the world's 54th largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is , with of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Cameroon is sometimes described as \\\"Africa in miniature\\\" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Cameroon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18378\",\n \"text\": \"outer ranges. The main drainage of the continent is to the north and west, or towards the basin of the Atlantic Ocean. To the main African rivers belong: Nile (the longest river of Africa), Congo (river with the highest water discharge on the continent) and the Niger, which flows half of its length through the arid areas. The largest lakes are the following: Lake Victoria (Lake Ukerewe), Lake Chad, in the centre of the continent, Lake Tanganyika, lying between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia. There is also the considerably large Lake Malawi stretching along the eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"631566\",\n \"text\": \"in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia). Five countries have observer status that entitles them to express their opinion and give advice but denies them voting rights. There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century. As of 2016, there are 22 member states: and 5 observer states: Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War and\",\n \"title\": \"Arab League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7309275\",\n \"text\": \"expel more than 2 million illegal workers (mostly from Ghana, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad) in early 1983 and May 1985. Nigeria has one of the largest populations in Africa with over 200 million citizens. Its economy was booming from the oil industry in the Niger Delta, and was said to become the leading economy in Africa by 2020. Although their economy was doing well, 35 percent live in absolute poverty. Approximately 90 million Nigerians are believed to live on less than one US dollar a day. With economic insecurity, high unemployment rates, and poverty the Boko Haram was able to\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20310143\",\n \"text\": \"governmental policies such as salary enhancement and social security. Nigeria is Africa's most populous country at 186 million people and sporting an urban vs. rural distribution of 48.3% to 51.7% respectively. Despite its large supply of natural resources and being the second largest oil producer in the world, the Gross domestic product of Nigeria is 1,400 USD per person. Bribery and embezzlement of governmental funds from previous Nigerian leaders cost the Nigerian people the ability to afford access to the latest educational achievements. One-third of Nigeria's populace lack basic literacy, with the proportion of literate to illiterate Nigerians largely dependent\",\n \"title\": \"Digital divide in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283835\",\n \"text\": \"vital events is in Nigeria not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Life expectancy from 1950 to 2015 (\\\"UN World Population Prospects\\\"): Structure of the population (DHS 2013) (males 87 034, females 89 529 = 176 574): The following demographic statistics of Nigeria are from the World Population Review. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. Population:
190,632,261 (July 2018 est.)
178.5 million (2014 est.)
174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) Population distribution
Nigeria is the Africa's most populous country. Significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884728\",\n \"text\": \"thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The World Bank reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the improvement in the region’s aggregate growth is largely attributable to a recovery in Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, three of Africa’s largest economies. The economies of the fastest growing African nations experienced growth significantly above the global average rates. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2150908\",\n \"text\": \"Somalia, followed by Sudan and Ethiopia (as of the early 2000s). According to the Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 1984, eastern Africa had about 10 million dromedaries, the largest population of Africa. Western Africa followed with 2.14 million, while northern Africa had nearly 0.76 million. Populations in Africa increased by 16% from 1994 to 2005. Feral dromedary populations occur in Australia, where it was introduced in 1840. The total dromedary population in Australia is 0.5 million as of 2005. Nearly 99% of the populations are feral, and have annual growth rate of 10%. Most of the\",\n \"title\": \"Dromedary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"120595\",\n \"text\": \"Grande, and Elobey Chico. The country is a member of the African Union, Francophonie, OPEC and the CPLP. Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It is the richest country per capita in Africa, and its gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita ranks 43rd in the world; however, the wealth is distributed extremely unevenly, and few people have benefited from the oil riches. The country ranks 135th on the UN's 2016 Human Development Index. The UN says that less than half of the population has access to\",\n \"title\": \"Equatorial Guinea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15747564\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of South Sudan The geography of South Sudan describes the physical features of South Sudan, a country in East Africa. South Sudan is a landlocked country and borders - clockwise - Sudan from the north, Ethiopia from the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo from the south and the Central African Republic from the west. Until July 9, 2011 it was part of Sudan, then the largest country in Africa before a referendum took place in January 2011. South Sudan is divided into 32 states which correspond to three historical regions of the Sudan: Bahr\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of South Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17424894\",\n \"text\": \"to earn returns that would benefit future generations of Nigerians. The fund was allocated an initial $1 billion USD in seed capital. However, an additional $0.5billion has been contributed to date by the current administration. Nigeria is the most populous country on the African continent with an estimated 170,123,740 million people. It is also one of the largest producers of oil, on which the majority of its economy relies. Petroleum exports account for approximately 90 percent of its foreign revenue and 80 percent of government revenue. Given Nigeria's dependence on oil, its economy is susceptible to shifts in oil prices.\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1837\",\n \"text\": \"competes in and once has hosted the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup, where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the martial art \\\"Capoeira Angola\\\" and \\\"Batuque\\\" which were practiced by enslaved African Angolans transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic\",\n \"title\": \"Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283861\",\n \"text\": \"Economy of Nigeria Nigeria is a middle-income, mixed economy and emerging market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications, technology and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 30th-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 23rd-largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent manufacturing sector became the largest on the continent in 2013, and it produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African subcontinent. In addition, the debt-to-GDP ratio is 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Previously hindered by years\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"238558\",\n \"text\": \"obstacle to efforts toward achieving a fully unified Libya. Area:
\\\"total:\\\" 1 759 540 km²
\\\"land:\\\" 1 759 540 km²
\\\"water:\\\" 0 km² Area - comparative: Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, seven times the size of the United Kingdom, and slightly larger than Alaska. Slightly smaller than Nunavut, Canada Land boundaries:
\\\"total:\\\" 4 348 km
\\\"border countries:\\\" Algeria 982 km, Chad 1 055 km, Egypt 1 115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1 770 km Maritime claims:
\\\"territorial sea:\\\"
\\\"note:\\\" Gulf of Sidra closing line – 32 degrees, 30 minutes north.\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Libya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"232549\",\n \"text\": \"Libya Libya (; ,), officially the State of Libya, is a country the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and\",\n \"title\": \"Libya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2241300\",\n \"text\": \"tuberculosis in 2011, with 330,000 in South Africa, 83,000 in Mozambique, 50,000 in Nigeria, 47,000 in Kenya, and 46,000 in Zimbabwe. In terms of cases per 100,000 population, Eswatini's rate of 1,010 was by far the highest in 2011. In the following 20 African countries, the cases-per-100,000 coinfection rate has increased at least 20 percent between 2000 and 2011: Algeria, Angola, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Eswatini, Togo, and Tunisia. Since 2004, however, tuberculosis-related deaths among people living with\",\n \"title\": \"HIV/AIDS in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"98434\",\n \"text\": \"The informal sector . In her book entitled \\\"The Real Economy of Zaire\\\", MacGaffey described a second, often illegal economy, \\\"system D,\\\" which is outside the official economy (MacGaffey 1991:27). and therefore is not reflected in the GDP. exploitation of mineral substances as MIBA EMAXON and De Beers The economy of the second largest country in Africa relies heavily on mining. The Congo is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds. The Congo has 70% of the world’s coltan, and more than 30% of the world’s diamond reserves., mostly in the\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1703849\",\n \"text\": \"household can be placed on a continuum of food security defined by the USDA. This continuum has four categories: high food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. Economic Research Service report number 155 (ERS-155) estimates that 14.5 percent (17.6 million) of US households were food insecure at some point in 2012. The prevalence of food insecurity has been relatively in the United States since the economic recession 2008. In 2016: The Democratic Republic of Congo is the second largest country in Africa; the country is dealing with food insecurity. Although they have an abundance\",\n \"title\": \"Food security\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"363478\",\n \"text\": \"the BRICS group of now-five emerging-market nations at the summit held in Sanya, Hainan, China. Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"98433\",\n \"text\": \"recognizes that changes in tax structure and export procedures will be needed to facilitate economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has a difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which has been at the heart of many struggles within the country for many decades, but particularly in the 1990s. Although the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in the GDP data as the mining industry has suffered from long-term \\\"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884729\",\n \"text\": \"17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in emerging African economies. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession. The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world. Debt relief is being addressed by some international\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283651\",\n \"text\": \"national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security. Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades. As of 2017, the population stood at 191 million. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% aged 55–64, and 3.1% aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16639949\",\n \"text\": \"as the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone are by far the least favoured in solar power of all the continent and except for these eight quoted nations, each other African country experiences over 2,700 hours of bright sunshine on at least a part of its territory. Many perpetually sunny African nations like Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Niger, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia for instance could rely on developing their tremendous solar resources on a large scale thanks to the immense surface of their territory and at reduced prices. South Africa is a\",\n \"title\": \"Solar power in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20538387\",\n \"text\": \"Algeria has an embassy in Khartoum while Sudan has an embassy in Algiers. Before 2011, Sudan and Algeria were respectively, the first and second largest African countries as well as the first and second largest Arab countries, but after 2011, Algeria became the largest African and Arab country. Sudan was accused by Algeria for meddling into the Algerian Civil War that caused the death of 200.000 Algerians. Alongside Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Morocco were also involved on supporting the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria. Thus this was the reason for the souring relationship between two nations. In response,\",\n \"title\": \"Algeria–Sudan relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14361609\",\n \"text\": \"downsized or have paralyzed operations due to the difficulty in obtaining foreign currency to import necessary auto parts. Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13396235\",\n \"text\": \"Obala foundation Obala Foundation. Org is U.S. based IRS code 501(c)(3) tax exempt non-profit organization that began as a forum for addressing what many have appreciated as the vast health care and resource gap between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the known world. With 140 million people, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country. There are many things that make it a challenging place to engage. However if only for the sheer number of people that stands to be affected by successful policy interventions, it would be almost irresponsible for any proponent of \\\"global health\\\" to ignore this country where\",\n \"title\": \"Obala foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20882460\",\n \"text\": \"Architecture of Angola Angola, the seventh largest country in Africa is a west coast country in located in south-central Africa. Angola is roughly square, with a maximum width of about , including the Cabinda exclave located along the Atlantic coast of Angola bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Angola borders the Republic of Congo in the northwest, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north and northeast, Zambia in the southeast, Namibia in the South, and the Atlantic in the west. In addition to Luanda, the country’s capital, other significant urban areas include Malanje, a large northern city\",\n \"title\": \"Architecture of Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919073\",\n \"text\": \"– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\\\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\\\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\\\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827883\",\n \"text\": \"second-largest country in Africa after Algeria (the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa) by area and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of over floor(/1e6) million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth-most-populated country in Africa, and the 16th-most-populated country in the world. Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the\",\n \"title\": \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827929\",\n \"text\": \"the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the second largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of in some places, and the area sustains the Congo Rainforest, the second-largest rain forest in the world after the Amazon. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central basin of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is\",\n \"title\": \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884758\",\n \"text\": \"Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20884205\",\n \"text\": \"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20884225\",\n \"text\": \"Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A\",\n \"title\": \"Poverty in Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283831\",\n \"text\": \"and space births because of a lack of political will, government financing, and the availability and affordability of services and products, as well as a cultural preference for large families. Increased educational attainment, especially among women, and improvements in health care are needed to encourage and to better enable parents to opt for smaller families. The Nigeria's Chairman of National Population Commission, Eze Duruiheoma, delivering Nigeria’s statement in New York on Sustainable Cities, Human Mobility and International Migration in the 51st Session of Commission on Population and Development, said that “Nigeria remains the most populous in Africa, the seventh globally\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884726\",\n \"text\": \"been evident in recent years, however. The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since the 2000s) has been compared to the Chinese economic boom that had emerged in Asia since late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the world's fastest-growing economies. As of 2018, Nigeria is the biggest economy in terms of nominal GDP, followed by South Africa; in terms of PPP, Egypt is second biggest after Nigeria.. Equatorial Guinea possessed Africa's highest GDP per capita albeit allegations of human rights violations. Oil-rich countries such as Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283582\",\n \"text\": \"Africa\\\", owing to its large population and economy. With /1e6 round 0 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by 250 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 250 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16524984\",\n \"text\": \"the Gold Coast. The Republic of Ghana is a natural resource, mineral resource and fossil fuel-rich nation and is home to one of the world's largest gold and sweet crude oil reserves and they are the second major producers of cocoa in the world. The Republic of Ghana is an economic powerhouse in West Africa, and has one of the biggest economies on the African continent and one of the world's fastest growing economies. The origin and ethnogenesis of the ancient ethnic Ghanaians is traced back to nomadic migration from Nubia along the Sahara desert then south to the Gold\",\n \"title\": \"Ghanaian people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15676451\",\n \"text\": \"3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Emigration from Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21003697\",\n \"text\": \"agencies to tackle specific issues in low and middle income countries. Since then, Nigeria has partnered up with the IDA, specifically built to help low income countries and give out loans for very low interest rates, and the IBRD. Nigeria is currently the most populated country in Africa and it’s also the biggest oil exporter and in addition to this it is has the second biggest economy in Africa. All of these qualities make it a country with great economic potential, but Nigeria also faces great development challenges. It's not until 1999 that a democratic regime finally took over Nigeria\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria and the World Bank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14361514\",\n \"text\": \"Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is the largest manufacturer with an estimated 25.5 percent of the national car market. Other carmakers represented there include\",\n \"title\": \"Automotive industry by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16250102\",\n \"text\": \"Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \\\"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\\\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until 1989. Mandour was born in Umbukole, a small village located in\",\n \"title\": \"Mandour Elmahdi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16250117\",\n \"text\": \"the world in discovering the rich story of Sudan's long history. Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \\\"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\\\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until\",\n \"title\": \"Mandour Elmahdi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12422022\",\n \"text\": \"Oil reserves in Nigeria Although Libya has more reserves, there were of proven oil reserves in Nigeria as of 2011, ranking the country as the largest oil producer in Africa and the 11th largest in the world, averaging in 2006. At current rates this would be 45 years of supply if no new oil was found. Pipeline vandalism, kidnappings, and militant takeover of oil facilities have reduced production, which could be increased to in the absence of such problems. The Nigerian government hopes to increase oil production capacity to by 2010. Nigeria is the world’s eighth largest exporter of crude\",\n \"title\": \"Oil reserves in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283623\",\n \"text\": \"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105926\",\n \"text\": \"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.\",\n \"title\": \"Energy in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"64817\",\n \"text\": \"in preparation for several months. Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a West African coalition in the fight against Boko Haram. Chad has also been included on Presidential Proclamation 9645, the expanded version of United States president Donald Trump's Executive Order 13780, which restricts entry by nationals from 8 countries, including Chad, into the US. This move has angered the Chadian government. At , Chad is the world's 22nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and\",\n \"title\": \"Chad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11957825\",\n \"text\": \"with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality. South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At , according to the UN Demographic Yearbook, South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world. It is about the same size as Colombia, twice the size of France, three times as big as Japan, four times\",\n \"title\": \"South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382001\",\n \"text\": \"Sudan Sudan (, ; \\\"as-Sūdān\\\"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( \\\"Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān\\\"), is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million people (2017) and occupies a total area of 1,861,484 square kilometres (718,722 square miles), making it the third-largest country in Africa. Sudan's predominant religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and\",\n \"title\": \"Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15765\",\n \"text\": \"December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.\",\n \"title\": \"Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7346027\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Françafrique\\\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \\\"Françafrique\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Françafrique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"363410\",\n \"text\": \"Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in both 2016 and 2017. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1566265\",\n \"text\": \"Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some\",\n \"title\": \"Ethiopia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"513919\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Algeria Algeria comprises 2,381,741 square kilometers of land, more than four-fifths of which is desert, in northern Africa, between Morocco and Tunisia. It is the largest country in Africa. Its Arabic name, Al Jazair (the islands), derives from the name of the capital Algiers (\\\"Al Jazair\\\" in Arabic), after the small islands formerly found in its harbor. It has a long Mediterranean coastline, most of which is more properly termed the Alboran Sea, which is the westernmost element of the Mediterranean Sea. The northern portion, an area of mountains, valleys, and plateaus between the Mediterranean Sea and the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11891163\",\n \"text\": \"Brazil–Nigeria relations Brazil–Nigeria relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Brazil and Nigeria. Relations focus primarily upon trade and culture. The two nations, one the largest country in Latin America by size, the other the largest country in Africa by population, are remotely bordered across from one another by the Atlantic Ocean. For centuries, Brazil and Nigeria have enjoyed a warmly friendly and strong relationship on the bases of culture (since many Afro-Brazilians trace their ancestry and religious practices to Nigeria) and commercial trade. Nigeria is a major provider of petroleum to Brazil. In September 2008, the Nigerian\",\n \"title\": \"Brazil–Nigeria relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6512545\",\n \"text\": \"contenders. Currently, no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council. Although no one nation from Africa has formally been put forward as a candidate for membership on the Security Council, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa are seen as the strongest choices. Algeria has gained a great deal of respect for its neutrality over the years and its great commitment to African development; Egypt has the second-largest economy in Africa and the biggest military on the continent, was one of the founding members of the United Nations, enjoys great influence in Africa and in\",\n \"title\": \"Reform of the United Nations Security Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7299524\",\n \"text\": \"interests of determined groups include: Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a\",\n \"title\": \"Nigerian Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"357936\",\n \"text\": \"and Nile Valley. Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its adjoining conurbation, is the most populous in Nigeria, and the second most populous on the African continent after Cairo, Egypt. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous urban agglomerations. Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa; the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Dar es Salaam is the former capital as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Sub-Saharan Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7299506\",\n \"text\": \"Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a major point of export of\",\n \"title\": \"Nigerian Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11743286\",\n \"text\": \"Health in Sudan Sudan is still one of the largest countries in Africa even after the split of the Northern and Southern parts. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the region and is home to over 37.9 million people. With this rise in population and bearing in mind the political issues that have plagued the country with war and hostility for the last 25 years, health care has become an afterthought and basically lost in the midst of what the government might believe to be more pressing matters. Sudan still has a long way to go\",\n \"title\": \"Health in Sudan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884727\",\n \"text\": \"emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, potentially among the world's richest nations, have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare and braindrain of workforce. Botswana remains the site of Africa's longest and one of the world's longest periods of economic boom (1966–1999). The United Nations predicts Africa’s economic growth will reach 3.5% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2019. As of 2007, growth in Africa had surpassed that of East Asia. Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth,\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10586100\",\n \"text\": \"2007 the future looks brighter, with the southern Sudan conflict being the only one currently affecting development of the network (highway 6). Lawlessness rather than war hampers progress in developing highway 3 between Libya and Chad, and though economic instability could affect maintenance of paved highways 4 and 9 though Zimbabwe, there are practical alternatives through neighbouring countries. Conflicts in Somalia do not affect the network as that is the largest African country with no trans-African highways, but they will affect the development of feeder roads to the network. Using existing national highways as much as possible, the aim of\",\n \"title\": \"Trans-African Highway network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7435783\",\n \"text\": \"Algeria. (International Diabetes Federation) It is predominantly most common in 35–70 year olds, which consist of a large segment of the working population. The transition from the traditional life style to a more westernised is one of the major explanatory factors behind the rapid progression of diabetes in Algeria. Health in Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa and is estimated to have a population of around 40 million people. Algeria has a public health care system, which is accessible and free of charge to all citizens of Algeria. The public health care system is financed by the government\",\n \"title\": \"Health in Algeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11792908\",\n \"text\": \"resulted in less food available for human consumption, especially in developing and least developed countries, where a family's daily allowances for food purchases are extremely limited. The crisis can be seen, in a sense, to dichotomize rich and poor nations, since, for example, filling a tank of an average car with biofuel, amounts to as much maize (Africa's principal food staple) as an African person consumes in an entire year. Brazil, the world's second largest producer of ethanol after the US, is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy and its government claims Brazil's sugar cane based ethanol\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 world food price crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382949\",\n \"text\": \"continent.\\\" African oil takes growing importance, mainly after the 2015 oil crisis and recent oil reserves discoveries. Sudan and Nigeria are two of the main oil producers. China owns 40% of Congo's oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by the United States Department of State at $9 billion with United States dollars. Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order of decreasing output, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Other oil producing countries are Gabon,\",\n \"title\": \"Natural resources of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3884770\",\n \"text\": \"exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars): Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries. The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. The confederation's goals include the creation of a free trade area, a customs union, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby establishing economic and monetary union. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16597255\",\n \"text\": \"which had led to increasing oil prices worldwide—to the disadvantage of all industrialized and oil importing countries, including China itself. In 2006, China imported 47% of its total oil consumption (145 Mt of crude oil). With such high demand, Chinese companies such as Sinopec, CNPC, and CNOOC, have looked to Africa for oil. Africa is the 2nd largest continent in the world, with 30 million square kilometers of land, and contains a vast quantity of natural resources. This trait, together with the continent's relatively low population density and small manufacturing sector has made Africa a key target for Chinese imports.\",\n \"title\": \"Africa–China economic relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16002941\",\n \"text\": \"Islands of Africa The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent. The islands of Africa can be subdivided into Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean Islands. The largest number of islands of Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with the sovereign island nations of Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar located off the southeastern seaboard of Africa being the most notable. The French overseas territories of Mayotte and Réunion are also located nearby. The medium-sized islands of Zanzibar and Lamu of Tanzania and\",\n \"title\": \"Islands of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8305199\",\n \"text\": \"Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \\\"pieds-noirs\\\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. The African country with the largest native European African population is South Africa. The Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds are\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20052149\",\n \"text\": \"International and other experts to be “one of the most corrupt and inhumane court systems” globally. A 2013 report by Transparency International UK called Eritrea the “most militarised country in Africa,” with about 20% of its population in uniform. For this reason, many have called Eritrea the 'North Korea' of Africa. The army is not only large but also one of the nine most corrupt armed forces in the world, along with Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, the DRC, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. According to TI, there is a possible scheme in place of public funds earmarked for \\\"secret\\\" military purposes\",\n \"title\": \"Corruption in Eritrea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1753\",\n \"text\": \"Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda. Although inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, what is now Angola was molded by Portuguese\",\n \"title\": \"Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919092\",\n \"text\": \"within the continent as well as between Africa and the US. Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of , the population of Africa is estimated at / 1e9 round 1 billion . Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4498657\",\n \"text\": \"reasonably similar to that of Brazil and Russia, and slightly above that of India. South Africa is a \\\"gateway\\\" to Southern Africa and Africa in general as the most developed African country. China is South Africa's largest trading partner, and India wants to increase commercial ties with Africa. South Africa is also Africa's largest economy, but as number 31 in global GDP economies it is far behind its new partners. Jim O'Neill expressed surprise when South Africa joined BRIC since South Africa's economy is a quarter of the size of Russia's (the least economically powerful BRIC nation). He believed that\",\n \"title\": \"BRIC\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Sudans context: The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north\\n\\nWhat is Africa's largest country?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 185,\n \"origin_tokens\": 185,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Mansour Khalid context: blank he felt about Sudanese national unity. He replied that he was all for unity. Then I asked if he was opposed to Islam and Arabism, and his answer was no, provided they are elements of unification and not instruments of division,\\\" Khalid recalled. \\\"He said we need to go back to the drawing board.\\\" It is the deeply disturbing presence of war that has bedeviled Africa's largest country since independence from Britain in 1956. \\\"Sudan’s war is no different from wars elsewhere. It is an entangled political, cultural and social weave with equally intricate international ramifications,\\\" Khalid says.\\n\\ntitle Economy of the Democratic Republic of the context:izes that changes in structure export procedures will be needed to facil economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which been at the heart of many strugg within the country for many dec, particularly in the 1990s. Although the of Democratic Republic of the Congo, second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in GDP the mining industry has suffered from long-term \\\"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\\\"\\n\\ntitle Economy of Africa: been evident recent years, however. dawn African bo (which is 2s) compared the boom had emerged late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the' fastest-growing econom. As of 208, Niger in nom GDP, followed South; terms of P, is second after Niger.. Equatorial Africa's highest G per capitaations.il-rich countries such as Alger, Libya and Gabon and mineral-rich Botsw\\n\\ntitle:geria: December0, inspired by similars Africa.,. with the the elected.1, Bal political., areely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.\\n\\nWhat is Africa's largest country?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 466,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14035,\n \"ratio\": \"30.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":173,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":173,"string":"173"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela","Winnie Madikizela-Mandela","Winnie Mandela","Nomzano Zaniewe","Winnie Nomzamo Mandela","Nomzamo Winnie Mandela","Mandela, Winnie","Winnie Madikizela Mandela","Winnie Madikizela","Winnifred Mandela"],"string":"[\n \"Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela\",\n \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\",\n \"Winnie Mandela\",\n \"Nomzano Zaniewe\",\n \"Winnie Nomzamo Mandela\",\n \"Nomzamo Winnie Mandela\",\n \"Mandela, Winnie\",\n \"Winnie Madikizela Mandela\",\n \"Winnie Madikizela\",\n \"Winnifred Mandela\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Winnie Mandela"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"11391142","text":"convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \"cause célèbre\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"11391141","text":"birthday in jail without trial. At the age of 13 he was expelled from school. Moeketsi, together with Kenny Kgase, Pelo Mekgwe and Thabiso Mono, were kidnapped on December 29, 1988 from the Methodist manse in Orlando, Soweto, run by Paul Verryn. Moeketsi was accused of being a police informer. Screams were heard as Stompie Moeketsi was murdered, at the age of 14, by Jerry Richardson, member of Winnie Mandela's \"Football Club\". His body was recovered on waste ground near Winnie Mandela's house on January 6, 1989. His throat had been cut. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"4485308","text":"funeral was held in Tumahole. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping, but her sentence (6 years in jail) was reduced to a fine and 2 years suspended. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found her guilty on initiating and participating in the assaults but regarding to the actual murder of Stompie, she was only found “negligent”. Winnie Mandela apologized in person to his mother and the two men accused of killing Stompie also apologized on National TV. Parys Parys (pronounced ) is a town situated on the banks of the Vaal River in the Free State province of South","title":"Parys"},{"id":"460304","text":"informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security detail carried out kidnapping, torture, and murder, most notoriously the killing of 14-year-old Stompie Sepei whose kidnapping she was convicted of. Nelson Mandela was released from prison on 11 February 1990, and the couple separated in 1992; their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his final illness. As a senior ANC figure, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was dismissed from her post amid allegations of corruption. In 2003, she was convicted of theft and fraud. She temporarily withdrew from active politics before returning","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"4485307","text":"One of the most outstanding citizens of Parys/Tumahole is Stompie Seipei who was a freedom fighter during the time of Apartheid. Stompie joined the fight at an age of only 10 years, got arrested a few times and was kidnapped on 29th of December 1988 by Mandela United Football Club, which were Winnie Mandela's bodyguards. He was accused of being a police informer. Stompie Seipei was killed on 1st of January 1989, but the family only found out about it 2 weeks after the murder. Manankie Seipei, his mother who still lives in Tumahole, had to identify her son. The","title":"Parys"},{"id":"460319","text":"killed Sepei, had been tortured and kidnapped to Zambia by her supporters, prior to the trial, to prevent him testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal. In 1992, she was accused of ordering the murder of Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, a family friend, and prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted, but before he had been killed. Mandela's role in the Asvat killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. Asvat's murderer testified that she paid the equivalent","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"11391140","text":"Stompie Seipei James Seipei (1974–1 January 1989), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, or Stompie Sepei was a teenage United Democratic Front (UDF) activist from Parys in South Africa. He and three other boys were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the \"Mandela United Football Club\". Moeketsi was murdered on 1 January 1989, the only one of the boys to be killed. Moeketsi joined the street uprising against Apartheid in the mid-1980s at age ten, and soon took on a leading role. He became the country's youngest political detainee when he spent his 12th","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"11391145","text":"killing was later probed as part of the TRC hearings, after Asvat's murderers as well as her associate, Katiza Cebekhulu implicated her in the murder of Asvat, as part of a cover-up of Seipei's death. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Seipei, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. In the documentary, Heslinga claimed that Richardson admitted during an interview that","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"11391143","text":"a heavy blow. Appearing before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 1997, she said allegations that she was involved in at least 18 human rights abuses including eight murders were \"ridiculous\" and said that her main accuser, former comrade Katiza Cebekhulu, was a former \"mental patient\" and his allegations against her were \"hallucinations\". Cebekhulu had, himself, before the 1991 trial, been tortured, and kidnapped to Zambia, where he was detained for almost three years, at the behest of the ANC, before moving to the UK. The Commission found that the abduction of Stompie Moeketsi had been carried out on","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"17096711","text":"In December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeals overturned the culpable homicide verdict and found Pistorius guilty of murder. On 6 July 2016 Judge Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, despite there being a minimum sentence of 15 years in South Africa. On 24 November 2017 the Court of Appeal extended Oscar Pistorius' jail term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp and Anene Booysen, both young South African women killed in 2013, were named SA Persons of the year 2013 by the \"Daily Maverick\". In February 2014, eNCA broadcast a half-hour documentary special about Steenkamp's","title":"Reeva Steenkamp"},{"id":"460317","text":"dead, let Mrs Mandela give us the remains of our son, so that we must bury him decently.\" Sono and Shabalala's bodies were exhumed from pauper's graves in Soweto's Avalon Cemetery in 2013, by the National Prosecuting Authority's Missing People's Task Team, having been stabbed soon after their abductions. On 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson, who was coach of the Mandela United Football Club, abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Sepei) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn, with Richardson claiming that Winnie Mandela had the youths taken to her home because","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"460324","text":"Katiza Cebekhulu's abduction to Zambia, where he was detained without trial for almost 3 years by the Kenneth Kaunda government, before moving to the UK was done by the ANC, and in the \"interests\" of Madikizela-Mandela. The TRC found allegations against Methodist minister Paul Verryn to be \"unfounded and without any merit\" and that \"Madikizela-Mandela deliberately and maliciously slandered Verryn...in an attempt to divert attention away from herself and [her] associates...\". The TRC also found that she was responsible for the abduction of, and assaults on, Stompie Sepei, and that she had attempted to cover up his death by claiming","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"460322","text":"of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife, Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"460323","text":"TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had told her, in the context of her son Stompie's murder: \"...may God forgive me\". After the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had provided financial support to Joyce Sepei's family, and Seipei's home was furnished by the ANC. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation commission (TRC), issued in 1998, found \"Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the Mandela United Football Club\" and that she \"was responsible, by omission, for the commission of gross violations of human rights.\" The TRC report also stated that Sepei trial witness","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"11391144","text":"Winnie Mandela's instructions, and that she had \"initiated and participated in the assaults\", had resisted efforts by the \"Mandela Crisis Committee\" to get the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's","title":"Stompie Seipei"},{"id":"8533514","text":"Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human rights","title":"Kathleen Satchwell"},{"id":"8533516","text":"marriage. Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human","title":"Kathleen Satchwell"},{"id":"16694549","text":"police during South Africa's apartheid days.\" He also served as Chair of the Detainees Parents Support Committee during 1982-83. (South African law during this time allowed detention without trial under certain circumstances). In 1989 a media furor erupted following the abduction of four youths and the murder of James Seipei, also known as Stompie Sepei. Verryn had provided accommodation as a place of safety at the Orlando Mission house (Manse) for the four. At the time this was also his residence as the minister for the Soweto Circuit. Verryn was then also prominent as one of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela's critics. On","title":"Paul Verryn"},{"id":"20668286","text":"Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was) paid for his murder as part of a cover-up of Seipei's killing, being presented to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Asvat was born in Fietas into Gujarati Indian family. His father was a shopkeeper, and he had","title":"Abu Baker Asvat"},{"id":"4361681","text":"pulled over for a broken taillight. Zayd Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and","title":"Black Power movement"},{"id":"17959559","text":"been enticed to the apartment in order to kill her. Joona Hasselqvist's sentence was lowered to 12 years in prison for manslaughter, and Joel Lilo's sentence was lowered to 6 years in prison for assisted manslaughter. The sentences differed, because the district court judge had sentenced both for murder. After the sentence had been declared, Lilo was released, because Finnish law grants parole for crimes committed under the age of 21 after one third of the sentence has been served. Lilo's parole caused disapproval among the public, because after being paroled, he disgraced Lepomäki's on-line memorial with indecent comments. Lepomäki's","title":"Murder of Jenna Lepomäki"},{"id":"17900838","text":"his gun would have killed whoever was behind the door, regardless of who he thought it was. On 6 July 2016 Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, although the prosecution has called for 15 years, the minimum prison sentence in South Africa for murder. Masipa argued that Pistorius had already served 12 months in prison for the culpable homicide conviction and was remorseful for his killing. Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court","title":"Trial of Oscar Pistorius"},{"id":"17096704","text":"Reeva Steenkamp Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (; 19 August 1983 – 14 February 2013) was a South African model. On Valentine's Day 2013, Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend, Oscar Pistorius, who said he believed she was an intruder hiding in the bathroom. Pistorius was later found guilty of culpable homicide at his trial the following year, was given five years in jail and served a one-year prison sentence. On 3 December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa overturned the conviction for culpable homicide and instead convicted Pistorius of murder. The sentencing of Pistorius began on 13","title":"Reeva Steenkamp"},{"id":"17888351","text":"the trial, was subjected to threats and personal attacks by people who disagreed with the verdict. In her new sentence for Pistorius based on a murder conviction, Masipa only increased his sentence by 1 year to 6 years. The 6 year sentence for murder was appealed by the National Prosecuting Authority and they convinced South Africa's Supreme Court of Appeal to increase the sentence. The sentence was set at the minimum length for a murder conviction in South Africa - 15 years. Thokozile Masipa Thokozile Matilda Masipa (born 16 October 1947) is a judge in the Gauteng Division of the","title":"Thokozile Masipa"},{"id":"460318","text":"she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless). The four were beaten to get them to admit to having had sex with the minister. Negotiations that lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get the kidnapped boys released by Winnie Mandela failed. Seipei was accused of being an informer, and his body later found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. In 1991, Mrs Mandela was acquitted of all but the kidnapping of Sepei. A key witness, Katiza Cebekhulu, who was going to testify that Madikizela-Mandela had","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"9900905","text":"daughter, and blamed him for Mark's imprisonment. Schreiber was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years. He became eligible for parole in 2012. Belinda van Krevel pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment, with a non-parole period of three and a half years. She was released from prison on 1 June 2007, saying \"I just want to get on with my life\". She was subsequently arrested in 2010 and charged with assault and theft. On 5 July 2013 she was arrested again and charged with the stabbing","title":"Mark Valera"},{"id":"460320","text":"of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary about the life and activism of Winnie Mandela, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Moeketsi, as well as all other cases made against Winnie Mandela, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson admitted during an interview that Moeketsi discovered he","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"6543106","text":"twenty years of his career, Ayob concentrated on human rights cases, acting for opponents of the apartheid regime. Ayob defended and represented many South African political prisoners. Ayob was one of the few people who were allowed to visit Nelson Mandela while he was imprisoned on Robben Island. His most high-profile case was that of Hélène Passtoors, a Belgian woman accused of ferrying arms for the then-banned African National Congress. Another high-profile client of Ayob's was Winnie Mandela, who he represented during the Stompie Moeketsi kidnapping trial. Ismail Ayob was asked by Nelson Mandela in May 2005 to stop selling","title":"Ismail Ayob"},{"id":"17096705","text":"June 2016 and concluding arguments were made on 15 June 2016. He was sentenced to 6 years in prison on 6 July 2016, despite the minimum sentence for murder in South Africa being 15 years. On appeal by the state for a longer prison sentence, the Supreme Court of Appeal extended Pistorius's prison term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp was born in Cape Town, to parents Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife, June (née Marshall, previously Cowburn), who was born in Blackburn, England. She had two older half-siblings from her father and mother's respective previous","title":"Reeva Steenkamp"},{"id":"3356281","text":"during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison. The BLA was active in the US until at least 1981","title":"Black Liberation Army"},{"id":"20835854","text":"Fladager was the deputy district attorney on the Douglas Mouser case and helped convict him. Fladager made national headlines as one of the attorneys on prosecution team for Scott Peterson, who was convicted in 2004 for murdering his pregnant wife, Laci Peterson. Fladager was later in the news again for not retrying corruption charages against the Modesto mayor Carmen Sabatino (in 2006) and saying she would retry George Souliotes for murder in 2013, before settling the case for involuntary manslaughter. Fladager was found to have not committed retaliation against former prosecutor Douglas Maner (Fladager's former employee). During depositions in that","title":"Birgit Fladager"},{"id":"17526854","text":"night he shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. It was broadcast in Pistorius's home country of South Africa immediately after the ITV programme finished. On 11 November 2014, \"This Morning\" broadcast an exclusive interview with Jo Westwood, the ex-wife of jailed sex offender Max Clifford. In 2015 Williams-Thomas investigated the unsolved murder of BBC presenter Jill Dando. Writing in the \"Daily Mirror\" he theorized that she was murdered by the London underworld for her work on \"Crimewatch\". Williams-Thomas was the reporter for ITV's crime series \"The Investigator: A British Crime Story\", produced by Simon Cowell's Syco. The","title":"Mark Williams-Thomas"},{"id":"16406960","text":"Crown Court and pleaded guilty to her murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum tariff of 25 years. The appeal court upheld the sentence on 14 December 2012. Following the guilty plea, it emerged that a second murder charge against Halliwell had been dropped as a result of an error in the police handling of the case. The body of Becky Godden-Edwards, a woman who had been reported missing in 2007, was found after Halliwell's arrest. Halliwell had led police to the body. Judge Mrs Justice Cox ruled that Halliwell's confessions to killing both women were inadmissible","title":"Murder of Sian O'Callaghan"},{"id":"20668307","text":"and many women were present at his burial. The section of the road linking Soweto to Lenasia was renamed Abu Baker Asvat Drive by the post-apartheid government. A junior cricket tournament was instituted in Asvat's memory, in 2002. Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was)","title":"Abu Baker Asvat"},{"id":"8140642","text":"be due in court on 13 June 2016 to begin a five-day sentencing hearing for the murder conviction, concluding on 17 June 2016. On 15 June 2016, the sentencing was adjourned by Judge Thokozile Masipa until 6 July 2016. On 6 July 2016, Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years imprisonment for murder, rather than his original sentencing of five years imprisonment for culpable homicide; once again he was incarcerated in the hospital wing at the Kgosi Mampuru II jail. It was anticipated that Pistorius would be eligible for release on parole, after serving three years of his sentence,","title":"Oscar Pistorius"},{"id":"1839124","text":"Sue Devine & Michelle Thomas as Tracey. In the closing year, Nicki Paull's character Lisa Mullins was taken over by Terrie Waddell. Viewers' introduction to the Detention Centre featured the arrival of two new prisoners, Karen Travers (Peta Toppano) and Lynn Warner (Kerry Armstrong). Travers was charged with murdering her husband in self-defence (her flashback featured a shower scene that was a nod to Alfred Hitchcock's classic \"Psycho\"), whilst Warner insisted she was innocent despite her conviction for the abduction and attempted murder of a child. Both women were sent to the prison's maximum-security wing (H Block), where they were","title":"Prisoner (TV series)"},{"id":"17244845","text":"Viktor Yeremeyev, asked the court for only a 25-year prison sentence due to his poor mental state, and for him to be incarcerated in the Black Dolphin prison. On August 23, the court under judge Nikolai Kudinov found Pomazun guilty of murdering six people, illegal weapons possession, taking weapons by force and assaulting a police officer. Pomazun was sentence to life imprisonment in a high-security penal colony, and was ordered to pay 3 million rubles in compensation. When the verdict was read out Pomazun reacted to aggressively: he started swearing and threatened to kill those present in court, and promised","title":"2013 Belgorod shooting"},{"id":"14122450","text":"for \"The Guardian\" on the final years of the brutal apartheid system. The British Press Awards named him International Reporter of the Year for 1985. Peter Preston, his editor at \"The Guardian\", wrote of Beresford, \"He was swiftly the finest chronicler of apartheid's disintegration, a correspondent who caught the excitement of a momentous story but always paused to analyse how and why the plates of repression were shrinking.\" Beresford undercovered major stories, including the death-row confessions of Butana Almond Nofomela about the police squads that murdered anti-apartheid activists, and Winnie Mandela's role in the abduction and murder of teenager Stompie","title":"David Beresford (journalist)"},{"id":"13741243","text":"The longest non-parole period imposed for a single murder is 28 years, being served by Bradley John Murdoch, who shot dead British backpacker Peter Falconio. The only woman sentenced to life imprisonment in the Northern Territory under the current laws is Evelyn Namatjira, who stabbed her younger sister Jennifer after an argument during a drinking session and is serving a non-parole period of 15 years. Life imprisonment in Australia Life imprisonment in Australia is handed down for serious offences including treason, murder, and commercial drug trafficking by the State and Territory Supreme Courts in Australia. Life imprisonment is mandatory for","title":"Life imprisonment in Australia"},{"id":"10276273","text":"off his bomb or opening fire. Ağca was sentenced in July 1981 to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt, but was pardoned by Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in June 2000 at the Pope's request. He was then extradited to Turkey, where he was imprisoned for the 1979 murder of left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi and two bank raids carried out in the 1970s. Despite a plea for early release in November 2004, a Turkish court announced that he would not be eligible for release until 2010. Nonetheless he was released on parole on 12 January 2006. However, on 20 January","title":"Pope John Paul II assassination attempt"},{"id":"13022294","text":"Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC","title":"Nelson Mandela"},{"id":"20859651","text":"number two is Freddy Horion, who has been imprisoned for sixfold murder since 1979. In the beginning of 2016, Eyken unintentionally provoked a great deal of commotion when Federal Public Service Justice Koen Geens, despite advice from prison management, gave him permission to leave the prison for one day to visit his sick friend, Jef Lannoo. This decision was controversial because, as a result of the tightening of the law in penitentiary leave days introduced by former Federal Public Service Justice Laurette Onkelinx in 2006, which did not allow parole. Eyken's lawyer Walter Damen, however, pointed out that in 2006","title":"Staf Van Eyken"},{"id":"9204975","text":"April. The defence surprisingly did not call for Booth's diary to be produced in court. Holt was accused of withholding evidence, but it was never proven. On June 29, the eight were found guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy to kill Lincoln. Arnold, O'Laughlen and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler six years in prison and Atzerodt, Herold, Paine and Surratt were to hang. They were executed July 7, 1865. Surratt was the first woman in American history to be executed. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Andrew Johnson in","title":"Henry Lawrence Burnett"},{"id":"13741235","text":"the offender's 'natural life'. If a non-parole period is fixed, it must be at least 10 years unless exceptional circumstances exist, or 20 years if the prisoner is convicted of the murder of a police officer or other public official. The longest overall non-parole period is 60 years, being served by Dieter Pfennig (South Australia), who kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Louise Bell in January 1983, kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Michael Black in January 1989, and kidnapped and sexually abused a third child in December 1989. As Pfenning would have to live to 103 years of age to serve that term,","title":"Life imprisonment in Australia"},{"id":"19752556","text":"was dead. Ryan's family held a memorial service in Bundaberg, Queensland on Ryan's 17th birthday in 2001. Leonard John Fraser, already serving a life sentence for the murder of 9-year-old Keyra Steinhardt in April 1999, confessed to five murders, including that of Natasha Ryan, in an apparent deal with police to avoid the general population in jail. After being charged with the murders of Natasha Ryan, Sylvia Benedetti, Beverly Leggo and the manslaughter of Julie Turner, Fraser stood trial in the Supreme Court of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland. He has since died in prison. On 11 April 2003, during Fraser's","title":"Natasha Ryan"},{"id":"10025219","text":"Booth freed. In 1859, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the Wisconsin court's decision, Ableman v. Booth, ordering Booth arrested and confined. Milwaukee County Lawrencia Bembenek was convicted of the 1981 murder of her husband's ex-wife. She won the right to a new trial in 1992. She pleaded no contest and her sentence was commuted to time served. She was trying to get her original conviction overturned and be exonerated. On November 20, 2010 she died at a hospice facility in Portland, Oregon from liver and kidney failure. Friends, family and supporters have been trying to get her a posthumous pardon.","title":"Overturned convictions in the United States"},{"id":"3364095","text":"euros in moral compensation to family members of the victims. Neither appealed their sentences. In February 2018, Fourniret confessed to killing two more women. On 16 November 2018, Fourniret and Olivier were convicted of the murder of Farida Hammiche, the last of the eight females that Fourniret had confessed to killing in 2004. Fourniret was given a second life sentence and Olivier was sentenced to a further twenty years' imprisonment. Fourniret admitted to eight murders prior to his trial in 2008. He was convicted of seven of these and sentenced to life in prison. On 11 December 1987, Fourniret and","title":"Michel Fourniret"},{"id":"20668301","text":"to Brandfort in the middle of the night to treat her. Mandela would regularly dine with the Asvat family after she returned to Soweto from Brandfort, and attended parties at the Asvat home. Soon after Asvat's murder, Winnie Mandela gave an interview to a Sunday newspaper claiming that he was killed because he could corroborate (baseless) allegations that Methodist minister Paul Verryn had molested Stompie Seipei. However, media sources soon began to report on rumours that Asvat had been killed at the behest of Winnie Mandela, as he had examined the boy, and insisted that he be taken to hospital","title":"Abu Baker Asvat"},{"id":"3925848","text":"and American Amanda Knox were sentenced to 26 years imprisonment for the 2007 Murder of Meredith Kercher. They were released in 2011 after an appeal court found there was no credible evidence against them. Petty burglar Rudy Guede has been convicted of murder and sexual assault in connection with the death of Ms. Kercher. The Schiedammerpark murder case, as well as the similarly overturned case of the Putten murder, led to the installation of the \"Posthumus I committee\", which analyzed what had gone wrong in the Schiedammerpark Murder case, and came to the conclusion that confirmation bias led the police","title":"Miscarriage of justice"},{"id":"19097396","text":"General of Russia in 2016. The Team 29 journalists found that at least six women (Ekaterina Kharebava, Oksana Sevastidi, Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, Inga Tutisani, and Manana Kapanadze) were convicted just for SMS messages on open movements of military equipment to their acquaintances in Georgia. After that, the Team 29 attorneys entered the cases of Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, and Inga Tutisani. On July 29, 2017, Vladimir Putin signed decrees on pardon for Marina Dzhandzhgava and Annik Kesyan; on November 16, 2017, the Supreme Court revised Inga Tutisani's sentence and reduced her punishment term from 6 years to 4 years","title":"Ivan Pavlov (lawyer)"},{"id":"4462132","text":"29, 1865, the eight were found guilty of conspiracy to kill the President. Arnold, O'Laughlen, and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler to six years in prison, and Atzerodt, Herold, Powell, and Surratt to be hanged, the first woman ever to be executed by the US federal government. They were executed July 7, 1865. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Johnson in early 1869. Accusations still remain that Surratt's sentence of hanging had been reduced before the hanging. Holt's public image was besmirched by the trial and his prosecution of it,","title":"Joseph Holt"},{"id":"2920052","text":"Imee Marcos María Imelda Josefa Romualdez Marcos (born November 12, 1955) informally known as Imee Marcos is a Filipino politician best known for being the daughter of the late dictator and former President of the Philippines Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady Imelda R. Marcos, for her role in the torture and murder of Archimedes Trajano, and for her involvement in the 2017 Tobacco Excise Tax funds scandal. Her conviction in the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493) before the U.S. district court in Honolulu, Hawaii is noted in U.S. legal circles for exposing the weaknesses","title":"Imee Marcos"},{"id":"1952174","text":"appeal and been released from prison, strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty's reintroduction. These include the Birmingham Six (cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974), the Guildford Four (cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing), Stephen Downing (a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard) and Barry George (who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal). Perhaps the","title":"Capital punishment in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"460330","text":"Women's League. In July 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria High Court ruled that \"the crimes were not committed for personal gain\". The judge overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three years and six months suspended sentence. When the ANC announced the election of its National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela placed first with 2,845 votes. Madikizela-Mandela criticised the anti-immigrant violence in May–June 2008 that began in Johannesburg and spread throughout the country, and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions for the sentiments behind the riots. She","title":"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"},{"id":"12653266","text":"high-profile appeal cases such as the Lockerbie bombing and the Glasgow Ice Cream Wars, in which she defended Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Thomas \"TC\" Campbell, respectively. She was also successful in the appeal case of Kim Galbraith, whose murder conviction for shooting her policeman husband was reduced to diminished responsibility. On 6 November 2008, Scott applied to the Court of Criminal Appeal for Megrahi's release on bail pending the second appeal against his conviction at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial in 2001. The three judges reserved their judgment on the application. A week later, Megrahi's bail application was refused.","title":"Maggie Scott, Lady Scott"},{"id":"7722231","text":"Marlene Lehnberg Marlene Lehnberg (1955 - 2015) was a South African murderer more commonly known as The Scissor Murderess. She was 18 years old in 1974 when she and hired killer Marthinus Choegoe stabbed Susanna Magdalena van der Linde, the wife of Lehnberg’s 47-year-old lover Christiaan van der Linde, to death with a pair of scissors. At 19 she was then the youngest woman to be convicted of murder in South Africa. Both Lehnberg and Marthinus Choegoe received the death penalty, but this was later set aside and she served 11 years of her 20-year sentence in Pollsmoor Prison outside","title":"Marlene Lehnberg"},{"id":"5529229","text":"a middle-class schoolgirl, whilst Williams was from a working-class background with a stud in her nose and estranged parents. Sandile Memela, chief director for social cohesion at South Africa's Department of Arts and Culture, noted amidst the Oscar Pistorius trial that there existed substantial differences between how media outlets reported on the murders of Reeva Steenkamp and Zanele Khumalo; two South African models, respectively white and black, who had been murdered by their boyfriends under nearly identical circumstances. Memela asserted that the discrepancy between the media coverage of the Steenkamp and Khumala murders amounted to \"structural racism\" within South African","title":"Missing white woman syndrome"},{"id":"17888349","text":"understanding of the judicial process. She is one of the seven female South African judges featured in \"Courting Justice\", a 2008 documentary film directed by Jane Lipman. Masipa contributed to case law on the constitutional duties of local government related to housing in her 2009 ruling on \"Blue Moonlight Properties v Occupiers of Saratoga Avenue\". Masipa was the presiding judge in the trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges which commenced in the High Court in Pretoria on 3 March 2014. She appointed two assessors to assist her in the trial. According to","title":"Thokozile Masipa"},{"id":"16994945","text":"was convicted in 2007 for the murders of six women and sentenced to life imprisonment. Russell Williams is a Canadian convicted murderer, rapist, and former Colonel in the Canadian Forces, who targeted women. He was sentenced in 2010 to two life sentences for first-degree murder, two 10-year sentences for other sexual assaults, two 10-year sentences for forcible confinement, and 82 one-year sentences for breaking and entering, all to be served concurrently. Following Confederation in 1867, the laws were consolidated in the Criminal Code. These dealt principally with pimping, procuring, operating brothels and soliciting. Most amendments to date have dealt with","title":"History of Canadian women"},{"id":"16157627","text":"of the murder of Lesley Whittle, for which he was given a life sentence; and a further 61 years for kidnapping. Three weeks later he was convicted of the murder of three post office workers, and given three further life sentences. The offences regarding the shooting of security guard Gerald Smith were left on file, as Smith had died more than a year and a day after the shooting. In 2008, Neilson was suffering from motor neurone disease and appealed against his sentence, requesting it be commuted to a maximum of 30 years. Mr Justice Teare ruled that he must","title":"Kidnapping and murder of Lesley Whittle"},{"id":"7241889","text":"Tiequon Cox Tiequon Aundray \"Lil Fee\" Cox (born December 1, 1965) is a convicted murderer currently incarcerated in San Quentin State Prison. Cox became one of the prime suspects of a mass murder investigation concerning the deaths of Ebora Alexander, aged 59, Dietra Alexander, aged 25, two boys Damon Bonner, aged 6, and Damani Garner-Alexander, aged 12. These four individuals were relatives of former NFL player and defensive back Kermit Alexander. Cox was also a noted member of the Rollin' 60, one of the many sets affiliated to the Crips, and actually still on parole on an unrelated charge. The","title":"Tiequon Cox"},{"id":"4524821","text":"May 2009. According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to \"destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare\". On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape; she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years. She was acquitted of three further charges. Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR. Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of","title":"Pauline Nyiramasuhuko"},{"id":"389200","text":"Sacramento, California, for all four defendants in the Opsahl murder case. Montague was sentenced to eight years for the murder (2nd degree). Her former husband, William Harris, was sentenced to seven years, and Bortin to six years. Olson was sentenced to six years, adding two consecutively to the 14-year sentence she had already received. All sentences were the maximum allowed under their plea bargains. On November 8, 2002, James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged that a","title":"Symbionese Liberation Army"},{"id":"11239113","text":"the murder to Dennis Donohue. Donohue cannot be tried for the death of Crystallynn Girard, however, as he was granted immunity at her trial. In September 2007, he was arrested for Giambra's murder, 13 years after her death. In May 2008, a jury took only six hours to convict him for Giambra's murder. He was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. According to the Innocence Project, DeJac is the first woman to be exonerated of murdering someone on the basis of DNA evidence. A previous case had involved the reversal of the conviction of Paula Grey, who had","title":"Lynn DeJac"},{"id":"10780532","text":"who had been sentenced to death, later gave birth to a girl, Harithra Murugan in prison. Upon the intervention of Rajiv Gandhi's widow and Congress president Sonia Gandhi, who petitioned for clemency for the sake of Nalini's daughter in 2000, the death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Nalini was treated as a class 'A' convict from September 10, 1999 till the privilege was withdrawn in May 2010 after a mobile phone was allegedly recovered from her cell during a surprise check. She \"regrets\" the killing of the former Prime Minister and claims that the real conspirators have not been","title":"Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi"},{"id":"19646305","text":"recurring-guest role on \"Chicago Med\", in which she plays Denise, the older sister of head charge nurse Maggie Lockwood. She appeared as a guest star on the legal drama \"Doubt\" in 2017 with co-star Dule Hill. Grey played Delilah Johnson, a woman on trial for the murder of a famous athlete. The storyline was based off the real life story of CeCe McDonald. As a singer, Grey opened for singer-songwriter Zara Larsson in October 2016. As well as completed a 12 city summer music tour the same year. In 2017, transgender actors and actresses including Grey (with the help of","title":"Alexandra Grey"},{"id":"819334","text":"die by electrocution over lethal injection. After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines. A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva. The last execution in the Philippines was in 2000, utilizing lethal injection, and the death penalty was abolished six years later. Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted","title":"Electric chair"},{"id":"7230346","text":"safe in France or not. Immigration to Israel rose as a result. A total of 27 people were accused of involvement in the crime and were tried for kidnapping and murder in 2009. One person was acquitted and the rest were convicted. Gang leader Youssouf Fofana was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years before the possibility of parole. The woman who had lured Halimi to his abduction was sentenced to nine years imprisonment. Two of his close associates, Jean-Christophe Soumbou and Samir Ait Abdel Malek, received 18 and 15 year prison terms respectively, and Malek's prison","title":"Killing of Ilan Halimi"},{"id":"2722789","text":"Leslie Van Houten Leslie Louise Van Houten (born August 23, 1949) is an American convicted murderer and former member of the Manson Family. Van Houten was arrested and charged in relation to the 1969 killings of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca when she was 19 years old. She was then convicted and sentenced to death. Despite the ruling, a 1972 California Supreme Court decision on \"People v. Anderson\" ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional, resulting in her sentence being commuted to life in prison. Her conviction was then overturned in a 1976 appellate court decision which granted her a retrial.","title":"Leslie Van Houten"},{"id":"12935859","text":"In February 2009 police in Poland arrested a man identified as Turpal Ali J. whom they described as an \"accomplice\" to Israilov's murderer. An Austrian court sentenced three individuals to prison for Israilov's murder on June 1, 2011. Otto Kaltenbrunner, Suleiman Dadayev and Turpal-Ali Yesherkayev received sentences of life, 19 years, and 16 years, respectively. Austrian police believe Chechen President Kadyrov ordered Israilov's abduction, an action that later ended in murder. Lecha Bogatirov, the man suspected of firing the fatal shots, remained at large. As reported by C.J. Chivers, a journalist for the \"International Herald Tribune\", in August 2008 Austrian","title":"Umar Israilov"},{"id":"14860076","text":"months, Schagen and the Netherlands were shocked by the double murder of Jansje Stoel, the 55-year-old widow of Gerrit Bute, and her 17-year-old niece Anna Bei(j)ers. Berman headed a committee that would pay 750 guilders, donated by the residents, for the golden tip. As head of the local police, he conducted interrogations. After initially the wrong person was arrested, 17-year-old Klaas Boes was arrested for perpetrating the murders. His mother committed suicide. Klaas Boes was sentenced to life imprisonment, but this was later changed to 25 years. Berman was praised for the way he handled the case. The affair was","title":"Simon Berman"},{"id":"16644679","text":"on 1 August to ten months' imprisonment, suspended for two years; the Judge required him to attend a two-year drug rehabilitation programme. The court heard that her heart pacemaker indicated that Eva Rausing probably died on 7 May. At the time of her death she was one of the wealthiest women in the United Kingdom. On 29 August 2012, the British journalist Ben Quinn revealed in \"The Guardian\" that in 2011 Eva Rausing had passed on information to Swedish prosecutors about the unsolved 1986 murder of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. Scotland Yard had confirmed the day before that it","title":"Eva Rausing"},{"id":"3530532","text":"trial at Winchester Crown Court in October that year. The jury's verdict was unanimous. On 22 November 1995, West was found guilty of 10 murders. The judge, Mr. Justice Mantell, sentenced her to life imprisonment, saying, \"If attention is paid to what I think, you will never be released.\" The Lord Chief Justice later decided that she should spend at least 25 years in prison, but in July 1997, Home Secretary Jack Straw subjected West to a whole life tariff. This was the second instance of a whole life tariff imposed on a woman in Britain in modern times. The","title":"Rosemary West"},{"id":"19339010","text":"Emma Humphreys Emma Clare Humphreys (30 October 1967 – 11 July 1998) was a Welsh woman who was imprisoned in England in December 1985 at Her Majesty's pleasure, after being convicted of the murder of her violent 33-year-old boyfriend and pimp, Trevor Armitage. Aged 17 when convicted, Humphreys spent a decade in prison before winning an appeal against the conviction, on 7 July 1995, on the grounds of long-term provocation. The Court of Appeal reduced the conviction to manslaughter, and she was released immediately. Three years later she died, aged 30, from an accidental overdose of prescription drugs at her","title":"Emma Humphreys"},{"id":"11369031","text":"19, 2009, Peagler's family members and community supporters protested outside the Los Angeles office of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, demanding Peagler's release. On August 20, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger declined to review the parole finding, allowing Peagler to be released on August 22, 2009. Peagler died of lung cancer while at home with her family on June 8, 2010. Deborah Peagler Deborah Denise Peagler (December 27, 1959, Pensacola, Florida - June 8, 2010, Compton, California ) was a battered woman who was in prison from 1983 to 2009 for her involvement in the murder of Oliver Wilson, the man who abused","title":"Deborah Peagler"},{"id":"6566081","text":"Sutcliffe had been found guilty of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in a six-year spree. Nilsen remained in prison until his death 35 years later, while Sutcliffe remains in prison. In 1976, Donald \"Black Panther\" Neilson had been convicted on four charges of murder at the end of a highly publicised trial. All of these murderers were also subjected to a whole life tariff by subsequent Home Secretaries. Like Nilsen, Neilson remained in prison until his death, dying in 2011 after serving 35 years of his life sentence. In November 2002, a successful legal challenge by convicted double","title":"Life imprisonment in England and Wales"},{"id":"6706025","text":"2006. The act was also criticised by the Conservative Party for its lenient sentencing rules and handling of parole. Further fueling the controversy was the revelation that 53 prisoners who had been sentenced to life imprisonment under the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 had been freed on parole since 2000. Gill Smith, whose 18-year-old daughter Louise was murdered in December 1995, praised Mr Blunkett for giving judges the power to set longer minimum terms. Her daughter's killer, David Frost, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life but with a minimum of 14 years, as he had confessed to the crime","title":"Criminal Justice Act 2003"},{"id":"9151543","text":"reconciled, planning to resume married life after being released from jail. Rousseff was convicted in the first instance to six years in prison. She had already served three years when the Supreme Military Court reduced her sentence to two years and a month. She also had her political rights suspended for eighteen years. In December 2006, the Special Commission for Reparation of the Human Rights Office for the State of Rio de Janeiro approved a request for indemnification by Rousseff and eighteen other prisoners in law enforcement agencies of the São Paulo state government in the 1970s. In her request,","title":"Dilma Rousseff"},{"id":"17773898","text":"a lethal dose of the drug pentobarbital was administered. As a result of the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"Gregg v. Georgia\", capital punishment was reinstated in the United States. With her execution, Basso became: Legal documents: Newspaper articles: (\"Houston Chronicle\" articles are available from the Houston Public Library, accessible with a library card) Suzanne Basso Suzanne Margaret \"Sue\" Basso (née Burns; May 15, 1954 – February 5, 2014) was an American woman who was one of six co-defendants convicted in the August 1998 torture and murder of Louis \"Buddy\" Musso, a mentally disabled man who was killed for","title":"Suzanne Basso"},{"id":"2933279","text":"John Callahan, Arthur \"Bucky\" Barrett, John McIntyre, and Deborah Hussey. The jury acquitted Bulger of killing Michael Milano, Al Plummer, William O'Brien, James O'Toole, Al Notorangeli, James Sousa and Francis Leonard. They also reported themselves unable to agree about the murder of Deborah Davis, though Bulger had already been found liable for her death in a civil suit. Following the verdict, Bulger's attorneys J. W. Carney Jr. and Hank Brennan vowed to appeal, citing Casper's ruling which prevented Bulger from claiming he had been given immunity. On November 14, 2013, Bulger was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment, plus","title":"Whitey Bulger"},{"id":"18878689","text":"1am until 2009 and 10am from 2009-2018). In 2007, Tennessee established by legislation a \"Committee to Study the Administration of the Death Penalty\". After 16 months of analysis and hearings, the study committee on the death penalty suggested reform of the death penalty without abolishing it, including the creation of an independent authority to review death sentences. Of the two women sentenced to death, Gaile Owens was pardoned in July 2010, owing to a sentence deemed \"disproportionate\" (she was convicted in 1986 for having killed her husband who beat her). The second woman, Christa Pike, who was convicted in 1996","title":"Capital punishment in Tennessee"},{"id":"20076973","text":"Šefka Hodžić Šefka Hodžić (born 1943; fate unknown) was a Bosnian woman convicted of the 1969 murder of her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović. The brutality of the murder has earned Hodžić the title of one of the most \"monstrous\" women in Bosnian history. For months before the killing, since childless Hodžić had learned of her friends pregnancy, she began stuffing her shirts to appear pregnant, indicating premeditation. The murder occurred on 6 October 1969 in the village Jusići on a mountain near Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. During a village party, Hodžić secretly shot her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović three times","title":"Šefka Hodžić"},{"id":"14563970","text":"on her hands and knees while Guede sexually abused her; that Knox had cut Kercher with a knife before inflicting the fatal stab wound; and that she had then stolen Kercher's mobile phones and money to fake a burglary. On 5 December 2009, Knox and Sollecito were convicted of murder and sentenced to 26 years' imprisonment. The appeal (or second grade) trial began in November 2010, presided over by Judges Claudio Pratillo Hellmann and Massimo Zanetti. A court-ordered review of the contested DNA evidence by independent experts noted numerous basic errors in the gathering and analysis of the evidence, and","title":"Murder of Meredith Kercher"},{"id":"18007635","text":"Italian Nobel Prize in Literature Dario Fo dedicates to Jabbari a painting, titled \"Portrait of Reyhaneh Jabbari\". After the execution, and in response to international and domestic reactions, Tehran Prosecutor's office made a statement meant to clarify some of the details of Jabbari's legal dossier. The Prosecutor's Office, inter alia, claims: Reyhaneh Jabbari Reyhaneh Jabbari (; 1988 – 25 October 2014) was a woman convicted of murdering Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, in Iran. She was in prison from 2007 until her execution by hanging in October 2014 for killing her alleged assailant. She published her recollection of the events while in","title":"Reyhaneh Jabbari"},{"id":"17046914","text":"General Mykhailo Potebenko had stated there were no grounds to open a case. On 18 January 2013, Tymoshenko was notified that she is a suspect in the murder of Scherban, his wife and two other people in 1996. Tymoshenko denied the charges and according to Tymoshenko not she, but President Yanukovych had benefited most of the murder of Shcherban. In February 2013 Tymoshenko and her lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko were fined both $2,000 for \"contempt of court\"; Tymoshenko was fined for being absent in court and Vlasenko for \"violating order in the courtroom\". On 21 January 2013 Tymoshenko's lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko","title":"Criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010"},{"id":"11524777","text":"could offer no reasonable explanation. Christofi was arrested on suspicion of murder. During her interrogation, she offered an explanation: \"I wake up, smell burning, go downstairs. Hella burning. Throw water, touch her face. Not move. Run out, get help.\" Christofi was charged and remanded to HM Prison Holloway soon afterwards. Her trial began at the Old Bailey on 28 October 1954. Her counsel offered a defence of insanity but the jury rejected it. Christofi was found guilty and sentenced to death. There was a limited campaign for clemency, but to no avail. Her executioner, Albert Pierrepoint claimed in his autobiography,","title":"Styllou Christofi"},{"id":"12888368","text":"Tansu Çiller, Turkey's first female prime minister, who served from June 1993 to March 1996, requested Şahin's return to the police force and said that he was owed an apology. However, on 27 January 1997 a warrant was issued for his arrest and although he initially eluded capture, on 6 March he was charged with 5–9 years in jail for felony and surrendered within five days later, ultimately being acquitted six months later, on 12 September. After a passage of eighteen months, in March 1999, he was charged for up to year's imprisonment for allegedly losing weapons donated to the","title":"İbrahim Şahin"},{"id":"2128924","text":"in light of this new reasoning. The San Francisco Superior Court reinstated the conviction for second-degree murder, and on September 22, 2008, the court sentenced Knoller to 15 years to life. Knoller then appealed the trial court's actions. On August 23, 2010, the First District Court of Appeal unanimously upheld Knoller's conviction, finding that she acted with a conscious disregard for human life when her Presa Canario escaped and killed Whipple. The California Supreme Court declined to hear her appeal of that decision. Knoller is currently serving her sentence at Valley State Prison for Women in Chowchilla. In November 2015,","title":"Death of Diane Whipple"},{"id":"14727551","text":"regime’s Secretary General for Human Rights, announced that Sakineh Ashtiani had been pardoned, due to good behaviour. She had spent nearly 10 years on death row. Larijani stated that the media attention surrounding her sentence to death by stoning was \"propaganda\" and that the death sentence she had initially received was for the murder of her husband and not the adultery. Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani (; born 1967), is an Iranian Azeri woman who has gained the attention of human rights groups and people throughout the world for a conviction of adultery and attempted murder and its accompanying","title":"Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani"},{"id":"17900793","text":"Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court of South Africa in Pretoria opened on 3 March 2014. On 11–12 September 2014, Judge Thokozile Masipa delivered a verdict that Pistorius was not guilty of murder, but guilty of the culpable homicide of Steenkamp and reckless endangerment with a firearm at a restaurant. On 21 October 2014, Pistorius received a prison sentence of a maximum of five years for culpable homicide and a concurrent three-year suspended prison sentence for the separate","title":"Trial of Oscar Pistorius"},{"id":"19878881","text":"sentence for assault and burglary, Powell was arrested for the June 6, 1992 shooting death of James Rutledge. In 2011,she was convicted of second degree murder and received a sentence of 25 years to life, to begin upon the completion of her 16 year sentence for assault and burglary. Powell is currently being held at The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women and will be eligible for parole in the year 2045 when she is 84 years old. Her case has been highlighted as a clear example of injustice by many social activists and black power groups. Even being mentioned","title":"Joy Powell"},{"id":"1849254","text":"Irma Grese Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a female \"SS\" guard at the Nazi concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen. Grese was convicted for crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the \"Hyena of Auschwitz\" (). Irma Ilse Ida Grese was born","title":"Irma Grese"},{"id":"20474656","text":"JFW's earliest cases was that of Emma Humphreys, who had been convicted of murder after killing her violent pimp boyfriend in 1985, when she was 17. In September 1992 she wrote to JFW from prison asking for help, and with Wistrich's and Bindel's support, she successfully appealed the conviction, claiming long-term provocation. News reports from 7 July 1995 \"(right)\" show the three women leaving the Old Bailey after the judges ordered that Humphreys be released. Wistrich told a press conference that the case had been \"a miscarriage of justice on a par with that of the Guildford Four and Judith","title":"Harriet Wistrich"},{"id":"3406681","text":"Murder of Reena Virk Reena Virk (March 10, 1983 – November 14, 1997) was a resident of Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Her status as a bullied murder victim attracted substantial media scrutiny in Canada. Virk was first swarmed by a group of \"friends.\" The names of six of the girls involved in the first beating, known collectively as \"the Shoreline Six,\" have not all been released. Following the first beating, Warren Glowatski and Kerry Marie Sim (formerly, Kelly Marie Ellard) murdered Virk. Glowatski was given a life sentence after being convicted of second-degree murder. Sim (Ellard) was tried three times.","title":"Murder of Reena Virk"},{"id":"13270713","text":"Facility. The 2011 novel \"The Butterfly and the Flame\" by Dana De Young was dedicated in part to Zapata's memory. Ozomatli references Zapata in their song \"Gay Vatos in Love\", on their 2010 album \"Fire Away\". Angie Zapata Angie Zapata (5 August 198917 July 2008) was an American trans woman beaten to death in Greeley, Colorado. Her killer, Allen Andrade, was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a hate crime, because he murdered her after learning she was transgender. The case was the first in the nation to get a conviction for a hate crime involving a transgender victim, which","title":"Angie Zapata"},{"id":"10060020","text":"verdict of guilty on all counts with a lesser charge on count 17. He was re-sentenced to life in prison by the jury, but with the possibility of parole after 51 years. On June 4, 2013, Judge Kurtz sentenced George Thomas to two life sentences (consecutive) for the murders and 25 years (multiple concurrent) for the rapes. In January 2016, Thomas appealed to the United States Supreme Court but the court did not agree to hear the case. Vanessa Coleman, the only female charged and convicted in the crimes, is held at the Tennessee Prison for Women in Nashville. Serving","title":"Murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom"},{"id":"389195","text":"safe houses. In Hearst's arrest affidavit she claimed that SLA members had used LSD to drug her and had forced her to take part in the bank raid. She was convicted of the Hibernia Bank robbery and sentenced to seven years in prison. US President Jimmy Carter commuted the sentence to time served after she had been in prison for 21 months. She was pardoned by President Bill Clinton. The Harrises were convicted for their part in the Hearst kidnapping and spent eight years in prison. On February 26, 1976, a Los Angeles county grand jury indicted Kathleen Ann Soliah","title":"Symbionese Liberation Army"},{"id":"20448870","text":"years. The NSW Court of Criminal Appeal upheld a crown appeal that the sentence was manifestly inadequate, almost doubling the prison sentence. In 2014 Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Paul Mulvihill, who a jury convicted of the stabbing murder of his former lover Rachelle Yeo and Fullerton sentenced him to a maximum 29 years in prison. Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Adeel Khan, who was convicted of the murder of Chris Noble and the manslaughter of Bianka O'Brien and her baby son Jude following a fire in Khan's shop at Rozelle. Khan was sentenced","title":"Elizabeth Fullerton"},{"id":"18720566","text":"stealing Allen's cash and property and expressed her intention to pawn the stolen rifles. Prosecutors ultimately took the stance that Brown had not been in danger and that she'd murdered Allen in order to steal from him. Ultimately, she was found guilty of murder and sentenced to 51 years to life in prison. Brown is currently serving her sentence at the Tennessee Prison for Women, a maximum security detention facility in Nashville, Tennessee. She will be eligible for parole when she is 67 years old. Brown's former pimp, Garion L. McGlothen, also known as Gary McGlothen and Kutthroat, died on","title":"Cyntoia Brown"},{"id":"6774261","text":"by Meehan. This trial, and particularly the judge's summing-up, raised important questions about the legal meaning of a royal pardon, and Waddell was acquitted. Shortly after Bruce Millan, Secretary of State for Scotland, commented in the House of Commons about these issues. Waddell was himself later murdered by an associate, Andrew Gentle, shortly after a robbery in which they murdered a woman. Gentle was convicted of both murders and later committed suicide in prison. An inquiry into the miscarriage of justice, held due to public demand, and chaired by Lord Hunter, reported in 1982. It was widely criticised as a","title":"Patrick Meehan"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"11391142\",\n \"text\": \"convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \\\"cause célèbre\\\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391141\",\n \"text\": \"birthday in jail without trial. At the age of 13 he was expelled from school. Moeketsi, together with Kenny Kgase, Pelo Mekgwe and Thabiso Mono, were kidnapped on December 29, 1988 from the Methodist manse in Orlando, Soweto, run by Paul Verryn. Moeketsi was accused of being a police informer. Screams were heard as Stompie Moeketsi was murdered, at the age of 14, by Jerry Richardson, member of Winnie Mandela's \\\"Football Club\\\". His body was recovered on waste ground near Winnie Mandela's house on January 6, 1989. His throat had been cut. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4485308\",\n \"text\": \"funeral was held in Tumahole. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping, but her sentence (6 years in jail) was reduced to a fine and 2 years suspended. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found her guilty on initiating and participating in the assaults but regarding to the actual murder of Stompie, she was only found “negligent”. Winnie Mandela apologized in person to his mother and the two men accused of killing Stompie also apologized on National TV. Parys Parys (pronounced ) is a town situated on the banks of the Vaal River in the Free State province of South\",\n \"title\": \"Parys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460304\",\n \"text\": \"informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security detail carried out kidnapping, torture, and murder, most notoriously the killing of 14-year-old Stompie Sepei whose kidnapping she was convicted of. Nelson Mandela was released from prison on 11 February 1990, and the couple separated in 1992; their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his final illness. As a senior ANC figure, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was dismissed from her post amid allegations of corruption. In 2003, she was convicted of theft and fraud. She temporarily withdrew from active politics before returning\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4485307\",\n \"text\": \"One of the most outstanding citizens of Parys/Tumahole is Stompie Seipei who was a freedom fighter during the time of Apartheid. Stompie joined the fight at an age of only 10 years, got arrested a few times and was kidnapped on 29th of December 1988 by Mandela United Football Club, which were Winnie Mandela's bodyguards. He was accused of being a police informer. Stompie Seipei was killed on 1st of January 1989, but the family only found out about it 2 weeks after the murder. Manankie Seipei, his mother who still lives in Tumahole, had to identify her son. The\",\n \"title\": \"Parys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460319\",\n \"text\": \"killed Sepei, had been tortured and kidnapped to Zambia by her supporters, prior to the trial, to prevent him testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal. In 1992, she was accused of ordering the murder of Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, a family friend, and prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted, but before he had been killed. Mandela's role in the Asvat killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. Asvat's murderer testified that she paid the equivalent\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391140\",\n \"text\": \"Stompie Seipei James Seipei (1974–1 January 1989), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, or Stompie Sepei was a teenage United Democratic Front (UDF) activist from Parys in South Africa. He and three other boys were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the \\\"Mandela United Football Club\\\". Moeketsi was murdered on 1 January 1989, the only one of the boys to be killed. Moeketsi joined the street uprising against Apartheid in the mid-1980s at age ten, and soon took on a leading role. He became the country's youngest political detainee when he spent his 12th\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391145\",\n \"text\": \"killing was later probed as part of the TRC hearings, after Asvat's murderers as well as her associate, Katiza Cebekhulu implicated her in the murder of Asvat, as part of a cover-up of Seipei's death. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Seipei, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. In the documentary, Heslinga claimed that Richardson admitted during an interview that\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391143\",\n \"text\": \"a heavy blow. Appearing before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 1997, she said allegations that she was involved in at least 18 human rights abuses including eight murders were \\\"ridiculous\\\" and said that her main accuser, former comrade Katiza Cebekhulu, was a former \\\"mental patient\\\" and his allegations against her were \\\"hallucinations\\\". Cebekhulu had, himself, before the 1991 trial, been tortured, and kidnapped to Zambia, where he was detained for almost three years, at the behest of the ANC, before moving to the UK. The Commission found that the abduction of Stompie Moeketsi had been carried out on\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096711\",\n \"text\": \"In December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeals overturned the culpable homicide verdict and found Pistorius guilty of murder. On 6 July 2016 Judge Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, despite there being a minimum sentence of 15 years in South Africa. On 24 November 2017 the Court of Appeal extended Oscar Pistorius' jail term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp and Anene Booysen, both young South African women killed in 2013, were named SA Persons of the year 2013 by the \\\"Daily Maverick\\\". In February 2014, eNCA broadcast a half-hour documentary special about Steenkamp's\",\n \"title\": \"Reeva Steenkamp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460317\",\n \"text\": \"dead, let Mrs Mandela give us the remains of our son, so that we must bury him decently.\\\" Sono and Shabalala's bodies were exhumed from pauper's graves in Soweto's Avalon Cemetery in 2013, by the National Prosecuting Authority's Missing People's Task Team, having been stabbed soon after their abductions. On 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson, who was coach of the Mandela United Football Club, abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Sepei) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn, with Richardson claiming that Winnie Mandela had the youths taken to her home because\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460324\",\n \"text\": \"Katiza Cebekhulu's abduction to Zambia, where he was detained without trial for almost 3 years by the Kenneth Kaunda government, before moving to the UK was done by the ANC, and in the \\\"interests\\\" of Madikizela-Mandela. The TRC found allegations against Methodist minister Paul Verryn to be \\\"unfounded and without any merit\\\" and that \\\"Madikizela-Mandela deliberately and maliciously slandered Verryn...in an attempt to divert attention away from herself and [her] associates...\\\". The TRC also found that she was responsible for the abduction of, and assaults on, Stompie Sepei, and that she had attempted to cover up his death by claiming\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460322\",\n \"text\": \"of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife, Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460323\",\n \"text\": \"TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had told her, in the context of her son Stompie's murder: \\\"...may God forgive me\\\". After the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had provided financial support to Joyce Sepei's family, and Seipei's home was furnished by the ANC. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation commission (TRC), issued in 1998, found \\\"Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the Mandela United Football Club\\\" and that she \\\"was responsible, by omission, for the commission of gross violations of human rights.\\\" The TRC report also stated that Sepei trial witness\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11391144\",\n \"text\": \"Winnie Mandela's instructions, and that she had \\\"initiated and participated in the assaults\\\", had resisted efforts by the \\\"Mandela Crisis Committee\\\" to get the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \\\"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\\\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's\",\n \"title\": \"Stompie Seipei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8533514\",\n \"text\": \"Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human rights\",\n \"title\": \"Kathleen Satchwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8533516\",\n \"text\": \"marriage. Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human\",\n \"title\": \"Kathleen Satchwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694549\",\n \"text\": \"police during South Africa's apartheid days.\\\" He also served as Chair of the Detainees Parents Support Committee during 1982-83. (South African law during this time allowed detention without trial under certain circumstances). In 1989 a media furor erupted following the abduction of four youths and the murder of James Seipei, also known as Stompie Sepei. Verryn had provided accommodation as a place of safety at the Orlando Mission house (Manse) for the four. At the time this was also his residence as the minister for the Soweto Circuit. Verryn was then also prominent as one of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela's critics. On\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Verryn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20668286\",\n \"text\": \"Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was) paid for his murder as part of a cover-up of Seipei's killing, being presented to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Asvat was born in Fietas into Gujarati Indian family. His father was a shopkeeper, and he had\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Baker Asvat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4361681\",\n \"text\": \"pulled over for a broken taillight. Zayd Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and\",\n \"title\": \"Black Power movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17959559\",\n \"text\": \"been enticed to the apartment in order to kill her. Joona Hasselqvist's sentence was lowered to 12 years in prison for manslaughter, and Joel Lilo's sentence was lowered to 6 years in prison for assisted manslaughter. The sentences differed, because the district court judge had sentenced both for murder. After the sentence had been declared, Lilo was released, because Finnish law grants parole for crimes committed under the age of 21 after one third of the sentence has been served. Lilo's parole caused disapproval among the public, because after being paroled, he disgraced Lepomäki's on-line memorial with indecent comments. Lepomäki's\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Jenna Lepomäki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17900838\",\n \"text\": \"his gun would have killed whoever was behind the door, regardless of who he thought it was. On 6 July 2016 Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, although the prosecution has called for 15 years, the minimum prison sentence in South Africa for murder. Masipa argued that Pistorius had already served 12 months in prison for the culpable homicide conviction and was remorseful for his killing. Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court\",\n \"title\": \"Trial of Oscar Pistorius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096704\",\n \"text\": \"Reeva Steenkamp Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (; 19 August 1983 – 14 February 2013) was a South African model. On Valentine's Day 2013, Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend, Oscar Pistorius, who said he believed she was an intruder hiding in the bathroom. Pistorius was later found guilty of culpable homicide at his trial the following year, was given five years in jail and served a one-year prison sentence. On 3 December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa overturned the conviction for culpable homicide and instead convicted Pistorius of murder. The sentencing of Pistorius began on 13\",\n \"title\": \"Reeva Steenkamp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17888351\",\n \"text\": \"the trial, was subjected to threats and personal attacks by people who disagreed with the verdict. In her new sentence for Pistorius based on a murder conviction, Masipa only increased his sentence by 1 year to 6 years. The 6 year sentence for murder was appealed by the National Prosecuting Authority and they convinced South Africa's Supreme Court of Appeal to increase the sentence. The sentence was set at the minimum length for a murder conviction in South Africa - 15 years. Thokozile Masipa Thokozile Matilda Masipa (born 16 October 1947) is a judge in the Gauteng Division of the\",\n \"title\": \"Thokozile Masipa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460318\",\n \"text\": \"she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless). The four were beaten to get them to admit to having had sex with the minister. Negotiations that lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get the kidnapped boys released by Winnie Mandela failed. Seipei was accused of being an informer, and his body later found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. In 1991, Mrs Mandela was acquitted of all but the kidnapping of Sepei. A key witness, Katiza Cebekhulu, who was going to testify that Madikizela-Mandela had\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9900905\",\n \"text\": \"daughter, and blamed him for Mark's imprisonment. Schreiber was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years. He became eligible for parole in 2012. Belinda van Krevel pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment, with a non-parole period of three and a half years. She was released from prison on 1 June 2007, saying \\\"I just want to get on with my life\\\". She was subsequently arrested in 2010 and charged with assault and theft. On 5 July 2013 she was arrested again and charged with the stabbing\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Valera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460320\",\n \"text\": \"of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary about the life and activism of Winnie Mandela, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Moeketsi, as well as all other cases made against Winnie Mandela, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson admitted during an interview that Moeketsi discovered he\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6543106\",\n \"text\": \"twenty years of his career, Ayob concentrated on human rights cases, acting for opponents of the apartheid regime. Ayob defended and represented many South African political prisoners. Ayob was one of the few people who were allowed to visit Nelson Mandela while he was imprisoned on Robben Island. His most high-profile case was that of Hélène Passtoors, a Belgian woman accused of ferrying arms for the then-banned African National Congress. Another high-profile client of Ayob's was Winnie Mandela, who he represented during the Stompie Moeketsi kidnapping trial. Ismail Ayob was asked by Nelson Mandela in May 2005 to stop selling\",\n \"title\": \"Ismail Ayob\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096705\",\n \"text\": \"June 2016 and concluding arguments were made on 15 June 2016. He was sentenced to 6 years in prison on 6 July 2016, despite the minimum sentence for murder in South Africa being 15 years. On appeal by the state for a longer prison sentence, the Supreme Court of Appeal extended Pistorius's prison term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp was born in Cape Town, to parents Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife, June (née Marshall, previously Cowburn), who was born in Blackburn, England. She had two older half-siblings from her father and mother's respective previous\",\n \"title\": \"Reeva Steenkamp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3356281\",\n \"text\": \"during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison. The BLA was active in the US until at least 1981\",\n \"title\": \"Black Liberation Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20835854\",\n \"text\": \"Fladager was the deputy district attorney on the Douglas Mouser case and helped convict him. Fladager made national headlines as one of the attorneys on prosecution team for Scott Peterson, who was convicted in 2004 for murdering his pregnant wife, Laci Peterson. Fladager was later in the news again for not retrying corruption charages against the Modesto mayor Carmen Sabatino (in 2006) and saying she would retry George Souliotes for murder in 2013, before settling the case for involuntary manslaughter. Fladager was found to have not committed retaliation against former prosecutor Douglas Maner (Fladager's former employee). During depositions in that\",\n \"title\": \"Birgit Fladager\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17526854\",\n \"text\": \"night he shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. It was broadcast in Pistorius's home country of South Africa immediately after the ITV programme finished. On 11 November 2014, \\\"This Morning\\\" broadcast an exclusive interview with Jo Westwood, the ex-wife of jailed sex offender Max Clifford. In 2015 Williams-Thomas investigated the unsolved murder of BBC presenter Jill Dando. Writing in the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\" he theorized that she was murdered by the London underworld for her work on \\\"Crimewatch\\\". Williams-Thomas was the reporter for ITV's crime series \\\"The Investigator: A British Crime Story\\\", produced by Simon Cowell's Syco. The\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Williams-Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16406960\",\n \"text\": \"Crown Court and pleaded guilty to her murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum tariff of 25 years. The appeal court upheld the sentence on 14 December 2012. Following the guilty plea, it emerged that a second murder charge against Halliwell had been dropped as a result of an error in the police handling of the case. The body of Becky Godden-Edwards, a woman who had been reported missing in 2007, was found after Halliwell's arrest. Halliwell had led police to the body. Judge Mrs Justice Cox ruled that Halliwell's confessions to killing both women were inadmissible\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Sian O'Callaghan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20668307\",\n \"text\": \"and many women were present at his burial. The section of the road linking Soweto to Lenasia was renamed Abu Baker Asvat Drive by the post-apartheid government. A junior cricket tournament was instituted in Asvat's memory, in 2002. Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was)\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Baker Asvat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8140642\",\n \"text\": \"be due in court on 13 June 2016 to begin a five-day sentencing hearing for the murder conviction, concluding on 17 June 2016. On 15 June 2016, the sentencing was adjourned by Judge Thokozile Masipa until 6 July 2016. On 6 July 2016, Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years imprisonment for murder, rather than his original sentencing of five years imprisonment for culpable homicide; once again he was incarcerated in the hospital wing at the Kgosi Mampuru II jail. It was anticipated that Pistorius would be eligible for release on parole, after serving three years of his sentence,\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar Pistorius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1839124\",\n \"text\": \"Sue Devine & Michelle Thomas as Tracey. In the closing year, Nicki Paull's character Lisa Mullins was taken over by Terrie Waddell. Viewers' introduction to the Detention Centre featured the arrival of two new prisoners, Karen Travers (Peta Toppano) and Lynn Warner (Kerry Armstrong). Travers was charged with murdering her husband in self-defence (her flashback featured a shower scene that was a nod to Alfred Hitchcock's classic \\\"Psycho\\\"), whilst Warner insisted she was innocent despite her conviction for the abduction and attempted murder of a child. Both women were sent to the prison's maximum-security wing (H Block), where they were\",\n \"title\": \"Prisoner (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17244845\",\n \"text\": \"Viktor Yeremeyev, asked the court for only a 25-year prison sentence due to his poor mental state, and for him to be incarcerated in the Black Dolphin prison. On August 23, the court under judge Nikolai Kudinov found Pomazun guilty of murdering six people, illegal weapons possession, taking weapons by force and assaulting a police officer. Pomazun was sentence to life imprisonment in a high-security penal colony, and was ordered to pay 3 million rubles in compensation. When the verdict was read out Pomazun reacted to aggressively: he started swearing and threatened to kill those present in court, and promised\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Belgorod shooting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14122450\",\n \"text\": \"for \\\"The Guardian\\\" on the final years of the brutal apartheid system. The British Press Awards named him International Reporter of the Year for 1985. Peter Preston, his editor at \\\"The Guardian\\\", wrote of Beresford, \\\"He was swiftly the finest chronicler of apartheid's disintegration, a correspondent who caught the excitement of a momentous story but always paused to analyse how and why the plates of repression were shrinking.\\\" Beresford undercovered major stories, including the death-row confessions of Butana Almond Nofomela about the police squads that murdered anti-apartheid activists, and Winnie Mandela's role in the abduction and murder of teenager Stompie\",\n \"title\": \"David Beresford (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13741243\",\n \"text\": \"The longest non-parole period imposed for a single murder is 28 years, being served by Bradley John Murdoch, who shot dead British backpacker Peter Falconio. The only woman sentenced to life imprisonment in the Northern Territory under the current laws is Evelyn Namatjira, who stabbed her younger sister Jennifer after an argument during a drinking session and is serving a non-parole period of 15 years. Life imprisonment in Australia Life imprisonment in Australia is handed down for serious offences including treason, murder, and commercial drug trafficking by the State and Territory Supreme Courts in Australia. Life imprisonment is mandatory for\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10276273\",\n \"text\": \"off his bomb or opening fire. Ağca was sentenced in July 1981 to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt, but was pardoned by Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in June 2000 at the Pope's request. He was then extradited to Turkey, where he was imprisoned for the 1979 murder of left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi and two bank raids carried out in the 1970s. Despite a plea for early release in November 2004, a Turkish court announced that he would not be eligible for release until 2010. Nonetheless he was released on parole on 12 January 2006. However, on 20 January\",\n \"title\": \"Pope John Paul II assassination attempt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13022294\",\n \"text\": \"Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC\",\n \"title\": \"Nelson Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20859651\",\n \"text\": \"number two is Freddy Horion, who has been imprisoned for sixfold murder since 1979. In the beginning of 2016, Eyken unintentionally provoked a great deal of commotion when Federal Public Service Justice Koen Geens, despite advice from prison management, gave him permission to leave the prison for one day to visit his sick friend, Jef Lannoo. This decision was controversial because, as a result of the tightening of the law in penitentiary leave days introduced by former Federal Public Service Justice Laurette Onkelinx in 2006, which did not allow parole. Eyken's lawyer Walter Damen, however, pointed out that in 2006\",\n \"title\": \"Staf Van Eyken\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9204975\",\n \"text\": \"April. The defence surprisingly did not call for Booth's diary to be produced in court. Holt was accused of withholding evidence, but it was never proven. On June 29, the eight were found guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy to kill Lincoln. Arnold, O'Laughlen and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler six years in prison and Atzerodt, Herold, Paine and Surratt were to hang. They were executed July 7, 1865. Surratt was the first woman in American history to be executed. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Andrew Johnson in\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Lawrence Burnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13741235\",\n \"text\": \"the offender's 'natural life'. If a non-parole period is fixed, it must be at least 10 years unless exceptional circumstances exist, or 20 years if the prisoner is convicted of the murder of a police officer or other public official. The longest overall non-parole period is 60 years, being served by Dieter Pfennig (South Australia), who kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Louise Bell in January 1983, kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Michael Black in January 1989, and kidnapped and sexually abused a third child in December 1989. As Pfenning would have to live to 103 years of age to serve that term,\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19752556\",\n \"text\": \"was dead. Ryan's family held a memorial service in Bundaberg, Queensland on Ryan's 17th birthday in 2001. Leonard John Fraser, already serving a life sentence for the murder of 9-year-old Keyra Steinhardt in April 1999, confessed to five murders, including that of Natasha Ryan, in an apparent deal with police to avoid the general population in jail. After being charged with the murders of Natasha Ryan, Sylvia Benedetti, Beverly Leggo and the manslaughter of Julie Turner, Fraser stood trial in the Supreme Court of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland. He has since died in prison. On 11 April 2003, during Fraser's\",\n \"title\": \"Natasha Ryan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10025219\",\n \"text\": \"Booth freed. In 1859, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the Wisconsin court's decision, Ableman v. Booth, ordering Booth arrested and confined. Milwaukee County Lawrencia Bembenek was convicted of the 1981 murder of her husband's ex-wife. She won the right to a new trial in 1992. She pleaded no contest and her sentence was commuted to time served. She was trying to get her original conviction overturned and be exonerated. On November 20, 2010 she died at a hospice facility in Portland, Oregon from liver and kidney failure. Friends, family and supporters have been trying to get her a posthumous pardon.\",\n \"title\": \"Overturned convictions in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3364095\",\n \"text\": \"euros in moral compensation to family members of the victims. Neither appealed their sentences. In February 2018, Fourniret confessed to killing two more women. On 16 November 2018, Fourniret and Olivier were convicted of the murder of Farida Hammiche, the last of the eight females that Fourniret had confessed to killing in 2004. Fourniret was given a second life sentence and Olivier was sentenced to a further twenty years' imprisonment. Fourniret admitted to eight murders prior to his trial in 2008. He was convicted of seven of these and sentenced to life in prison. On 11 December 1987, Fourniret and\",\n \"title\": \"Michel Fourniret\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20668301\",\n \"text\": \"to Brandfort in the middle of the night to treat her. Mandela would regularly dine with the Asvat family after she returned to Soweto from Brandfort, and attended parties at the Asvat home. Soon after Asvat's murder, Winnie Mandela gave an interview to a Sunday newspaper claiming that he was killed because he could corroborate (baseless) allegations that Methodist minister Paul Verryn had molested Stompie Seipei. However, media sources soon began to report on rumours that Asvat had been killed at the behest of Winnie Mandela, as he had examined the boy, and insisted that he be taken to hospital\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Baker Asvat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3925848\",\n \"text\": \"and American Amanda Knox were sentenced to 26 years imprisonment for the 2007 Murder of Meredith Kercher. They were released in 2011 after an appeal court found there was no credible evidence against them. Petty burglar Rudy Guede has been convicted of murder and sexual assault in connection with the death of Ms. Kercher. The Schiedammerpark murder case, as well as the similarly overturned case of the Putten murder, led to the installation of the \\\"Posthumus I committee\\\", which analyzed what had gone wrong in the Schiedammerpark Murder case, and came to the conclusion that confirmation bias led the police\",\n \"title\": \"Miscarriage of justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19097396\",\n \"text\": \"General of Russia in 2016. The Team 29 journalists found that at least six women (Ekaterina Kharebava, Oksana Sevastidi, Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, Inga Tutisani, and Manana Kapanadze) were convicted just for SMS messages on open movements of military equipment to their acquaintances in Georgia. After that, the Team 29 attorneys entered the cases of Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, and Inga Tutisani. On July 29, 2017, Vladimir Putin signed decrees on pardon for Marina Dzhandzhgava and Annik Kesyan; on November 16, 2017, the Supreme Court revised Inga Tutisani's sentence and reduced her punishment term from 6 years to 4 years\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Pavlov (lawyer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4462132\",\n \"text\": \"29, 1865, the eight were found guilty of conspiracy to kill the President. Arnold, O'Laughlen, and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler to six years in prison, and Atzerodt, Herold, Powell, and Surratt to be hanged, the first woman ever to be executed by the US federal government. They were executed July 7, 1865. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Johnson in early 1869. Accusations still remain that Surratt's sentence of hanging had been reduced before the hanging. Holt's public image was besmirched by the trial and his prosecution of it,\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Holt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2920052\",\n \"text\": \"Imee Marcos María Imelda Josefa Romualdez Marcos (born November 12, 1955) informally known as Imee Marcos is a Filipino politician best known for being the daughter of the late dictator and former President of the Philippines Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady Imelda R. Marcos, for her role in the torture and murder of Archimedes Trajano, and for her involvement in the 2017 Tobacco Excise Tax funds scandal. Her conviction in the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493) before the U.S. district court in Honolulu, Hawaii is noted in U.S. legal circles for exposing the weaknesses\",\n \"title\": \"Imee Marcos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1952174\",\n \"text\": \"appeal and been released from prison, strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty's reintroduction. These include the Birmingham Six (cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974), the Guildford Four (cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing), Stephen Downing (a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard) and Barry George (who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal). Perhaps the\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460330\",\n \"text\": \"Women's League. In July 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria High Court ruled that \\\"the crimes were not committed for personal gain\\\". The judge overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three years and six months suspended sentence. When the ANC announced the election of its National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela placed first with 2,845 votes. Madikizela-Mandela criticised the anti-immigrant violence in May–June 2008 that began in Johannesburg and spread throughout the country, and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions for the sentiments behind the riots. She\",\n \"title\": \"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12653266\",\n \"text\": \"high-profile appeal cases such as the Lockerbie bombing and the Glasgow Ice Cream Wars, in which she defended Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Thomas \\\"TC\\\" Campbell, respectively. She was also successful in the appeal case of Kim Galbraith, whose murder conviction for shooting her policeman husband was reduced to diminished responsibility. On 6 November 2008, Scott applied to the Court of Criminal Appeal for Megrahi's release on bail pending the second appeal against his conviction at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial in 2001. The three judges reserved their judgment on the application. A week later, Megrahi's bail application was refused.\",\n \"title\": \"Maggie Scott, Lady Scott\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7722231\",\n \"text\": \"Marlene Lehnberg Marlene Lehnberg (1955 - 2015) was a South African murderer more commonly known as The Scissor Murderess. She was 18 years old in 1974 when she and hired killer Marthinus Choegoe stabbed Susanna Magdalena van der Linde, the wife of Lehnberg’s 47-year-old lover Christiaan van der Linde, to death with a pair of scissors. At 19 she was then the youngest woman to be convicted of murder in South Africa. Both Lehnberg and Marthinus Choegoe received the death penalty, but this was later set aside and she served 11 years of her 20-year sentence in Pollsmoor Prison outside\",\n \"title\": \"Marlene Lehnberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5529229\",\n \"text\": \"a middle-class schoolgirl, whilst Williams was from a working-class background with a stud in her nose and estranged parents. Sandile Memela, chief director for social cohesion at South Africa's Department of Arts and Culture, noted amidst the Oscar Pistorius trial that there existed substantial differences between how media outlets reported on the murders of Reeva Steenkamp and Zanele Khumalo; two South African models, respectively white and black, who had been murdered by their boyfriends under nearly identical circumstances. Memela asserted that the discrepancy between the media coverage of the Steenkamp and Khumala murders amounted to \\\"structural racism\\\" within South African\",\n \"title\": \"Missing white woman syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17888349\",\n \"text\": \"understanding of the judicial process. She is one of the seven female South African judges featured in \\\"Courting Justice\\\", a 2008 documentary film directed by Jane Lipman. Masipa contributed to case law on the constitutional duties of local government related to housing in her 2009 ruling on \\\"Blue Moonlight Properties v Occupiers of Saratoga Avenue\\\". Masipa was the presiding judge in the trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges which commenced in the High Court in Pretoria on 3 March 2014. She appointed two assessors to assist her in the trial. According to\",\n \"title\": \"Thokozile Masipa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16994945\",\n \"text\": \"was convicted in 2007 for the murders of six women and sentenced to life imprisonment. Russell Williams is a Canadian convicted murderer, rapist, and former Colonel in the Canadian Forces, who targeted women. He was sentenced in 2010 to two life sentences for first-degree murder, two 10-year sentences for other sexual assaults, two 10-year sentences for forcible confinement, and 82 one-year sentences for breaking and entering, all to be served concurrently. Following Confederation in 1867, the laws were consolidated in the Criminal Code. These dealt principally with pimping, procuring, operating brothels and soliciting. Most amendments to date have dealt with\",\n \"title\": \"History of Canadian women\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16157627\",\n \"text\": \"of the murder of Lesley Whittle, for which he was given a life sentence; and a further 61 years for kidnapping. Three weeks later he was convicted of the murder of three post office workers, and given three further life sentences. The offences regarding the shooting of security guard Gerald Smith were left on file, as Smith had died more than a year and a day after the shooting. In 2008, Neilson was suffering from motor neurone disease and appealed against his sentence, requesting it be commuted to a maximum of 30 years. Mr Justice Teare ruled that he must\",\n \"title\": \"Kidnapping and murder of Lesley Whittle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7241889\",\n \"text\": \"Tiequon Cox Tiequon Aundray \\\"Lil Fee\\\" Cox (born December 1, 1965) is a convicted murderer currently incarcerated in San Quentin State Prison. Cox became one of the prime suspects of a mass murder investigation concerning the deaths of Ebora Alexander, aged 59, Dietra Alexander, aged 25, two boys Damon Bonner, aged 6, and Damani Garner-Alexander, aged 12. These four individuals were relatives of former NFL player and defensive back Kermit Alexander. Cox was also a noted member of the Rollin' 60, one of the many sets affiliated to the Crips, and actually still on parole on an unrelated charge. The\",\n \"title\": \"Tiequon Cox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4524821\",\n \"text\": \"May 2009. According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to \\\"destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare\\\". On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape; she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years. She was acquitted of three further charges. Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR. Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of\",\n \"title\": \"Pauline Nyiramasuhuko\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"389200\",\n \"text\": \"Sacramento, California, for all four defendants in the Opsahl murder case. Montague was sentenced to eight years for the murder (2nd degree). Her former husband, William Harris, was sentenced to seven years, and Bortin to six years. Olson was sentenced to six years, adding two consecutively to the 14-year sentence she had already received. All sentences were the maximum allowed under their plea bargains. On November 8, 2002, James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged that a\",\n \"title\": \"Symbionese Liberation Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11239113\",\n \"text\": \"the murder to Dennis Donohue. Donohue cannot be tried for the death of Crystallynn Girard, however, as he was granted immunity at her trial. In September 2007, he was arrested for Giambra's murder, 13 years after her death. In May 2008, a jury took only six hours to convict him for Giambra's murder. He was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. According to the Innocence Project, DeJac is the first woman to be exonerated of murdering someone on the basis of DNA evidence. A previous case had involved the reversal of the conviction of Paula Grey, who had\",\n \"title\": \"Lynn DeJac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10780532\",\n \"text\": \"who had been sentenced to death, later gave birth to a girl, Harithra Murugan in prison. Upon the intervention of Rajiv Gandhi's widow and Congress president Sonia Gandhi, who petitioned for clemency for the sake of Nalini's daughter in 2000, the death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Nalini was treated as a class 'A' convict from September 10, 1999 till the privilege was withdrawn in May 2010 after a mobile phone was allegedly recovered from her cell during a surprise check. She \\\"regrets\\\" the killing of the former Prime Minister and claims that the real conspirators have not been\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19646305\",\n \"text\": \"recurring-guest role on \\\"Chicago Med\\\", in which she plays Denise, the older sister of head charge nurse Maggie Lockwood. She appeared as a guest star on the legal drama \\\"Doubt\\\" in 2017 with co-star Dule Hill. Grey played Delilah Johnson, a woman on trial for the murder of a famous athlete. The storyline was based off the real life story of CeCe McDonald. As a singer, Grey opened for singer-songwriter Zara Larsson in October 2016. As well as completed a 12 city summer music tour the same year. In 2017, transgender actors and actresses including Grey (with the help of\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandra Grey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"819334\",\n \"text\": \"die by electrocution over lethal injection. After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines. A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva. The last execution in the Philippines was in 2000, utilizing lethal injection, and the death penalty was abolished six years later. Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted\",\n \"title\": \"Electric chair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7230346\",\n \"text\": \"safe in France or not. Immigration to Israel rose as a result. A total of 27 people were accused of involvement in the crime and were tried for kidnapping and murder in 2009. One person was acquitted and the rest were convicted. Gang leader Youssouf Fofana was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years before the possibility of parole. The woman who had lured Halimi to his abduction was sentenced to nine years imprisonment. Two of his close associates, Jean-Christophe Soumbou and Samir Ait Abdel Malek, received 18 and 15 year prison terms respectively, and Malek's prison\",\n \"title\": \"Killing of Ilan Halimi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722789\",\n \"text\": \"Leslie Van Houten Leslie Louise Van Houten (born August 23, 1949) is an American convicted murderer and former member of the Manson Family. Van Houten was arrested and charged in relation to the 1969 killings of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca when she was 19 years old. She was then convicted and sentenced to death. Despite the ruling, a 1972 California Supreme Court decision on \\\"People v. Anderson\\\" ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional, resulting in her sentence being commuted to life in prison. Her conviction was then overturned in a 1976 appellate court decision which granted her a retrial.\",\n \"title\": \"Leslie Van Houten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12935859\",\n \"text\": \"In February 2009 police in Poland arrested a man identified as Turpal Ali J. whom they described as an \\\"accomplice\\\" to Israilov's murderer. An Austrian court sentenced three individuals to prison for Israilov's murder on June 1, 2011. Otto Kaltenbrunner, Suleiman Dadayev and Turpal-Ali Yesherkayev received sentences of life, 19 years, and 16 years, respectively. Austrian police believe Chechen President Kadyrov ordered Israilov's abduction, an action that later ended in murder. Lecha Bogatirov, the man suspected of firing the fatal shots, remained at large. As reported by C.J. Chivers, a journalist for the \\\"International Herald Tribune\\\", in August 2008 Austrian\",\n \"title\": \"Umar Israilov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14860076\",\n \"text\": \"months, Schagen and the Netherlands were shocked by the double murder of Jansje Stoel, the 55-year-old widow of Gerrit Bute, and her 17-year-old niece Anna Bei(j)ers. Berman headed a committee that would pay 750 guilders, donated by the residents, for the golden tip. As head of the local police, he conducted interrogations. After initially the wrong person was arrested, 17-year-old Klaas Boes was arrested for perpetrating the murders. His mother committed suicide. Klaas Boes was sentenced to life imprisonment, but this was later changed to 25 years. Berman was praised for the way he handled the case. The affair was\",\n \"title\": \"Simon Berman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16644679\",\n \"text\": \"on 1 August to ten months' imprisonment, suspended for two years; the Judge required him to attend a two-year drug rehabilitation programme. The court heard that her heart pacemaker indicated that Eva Rausing probably died on 7 May. At the time of her death she was one of the wealthiest women in the United Kingdom. On 29 August 2012, the British journalist Ben Quinn revealed in \\\"The Guardian\\\" that in 2011 Eva Rausing had passed on information to Swedish prosecutors about the unsolved 1986 murder of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. Scotland Yard had confirmed the day before that it\",\n \"title\": \"Eva Rausing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3530532\",\n \"text\": \"trial at Winchester Crown Court in October that year. The jury's verdict was unanimous. On 22 November 1995, West was found guilty of 10 murders. The judge, Mr. Justice Mantell, sentenced her to life imprisonment, saying, \\\"If attention is paid to what I think, you will never be released.\\\" The Lord Chief Justice later decided that she should spend at least 25 years in prison, but in July 1997, Home Secretary Jack Straw subjected West to a whole life tariff. This was the second instance of a whole life tariff imposed on a woman in Britain in modern times. The\",\n \"title\": \"Rosemary West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19339010\",\n \"text\": \"Emma Humphreys Emma Clare Humphreys (30 October 1967 – 11 July 1998) was a Welsh woman who was imprisoned in England in December 1985 at Her Majesty's pleasure, after being convicted of the murder of her violent 33-year-old boyfriend and pimp, Trevor Armitage. Aged 17 when convicted, Humphreys spent a decade in prison before winning an appeal against the conviction, on 7 July 1995, on the grounds of long-term provocation. The Court of Appeal reduced the conviction to manslaughter, and she was released immediately. Three years later she died, aged 30, from an accidental overdose of prescription drugs at her\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Humphreys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11369031\",\n \"text\": \"19, 2009, Peagler's family members and community supporters protested outside the Los Angeles office of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, demanding Peagler's release. On August 20, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger declined to review the parole finding, allowing Peagler to be released on August 22, 2009. Peagler died of lung cancer while at home with her family on June 8, 2010. Deborah Peagler Deborah Denise Peagler (December 27, 1959, Pensacola, Florida - June 8, 2010, Compton, California ) was a battered woman who was in prison from 1983 to 2009 for her involvement in the murder of Oliver Wilson, the man who abused\",\n \"title\": \"Deborah Peagler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566081\",\n \"text\": \"Sutcliffe had been found guilty of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in a six-year spree. Nilsen remained in prison until his death 35 years later, while Sutcliffe remains in prison. In 1976, Donald \\\"Black Panther\\\" Neilson had been convicted on four charges of murder at the end of a highly publicised trial. All of these murderers were also subjected to a whole life tariff by subsequent Home Secretaries. Like Nilsen, Neilson remained in prison until his death, dying in 2011 after serving 35 years of his life sentence. In November 2002, a successful legal challenge by convicted double\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in England and Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6706025\",\n \"text\": \"2006. The act was also criticised by the Conservative Party for its lenient sentencing rules and handling of parole. Further fueling the controversy was the revelation that 53 prisoners who had been sentenced to life imprisonment under the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 had been freed on parole since 2000. Gill Smith, whose 18-year-old daughter Louise was murdered in December 1995, praised Mr Blunkett for giving judges the power to set longer minimum terms. Her daughter's killer, David Frost, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life but with a minimum of 14 years, as he had confessed to the crime\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal Justice Act 2003\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9151543\",\n \"text\": \"reconciled, planning to resume married life after being released from jail. Rousseff was convicted in the first instance to six years in prison. She had already served three years when the Supreme Military Court reduced her sentence to two years and a month. She also had her political rights suspended for eighteen years. In December 2006, the Special Commission for Reparation of the Human Rights Office for the State of Rio de Janeiro approved a request for indemnification by Rousseff and eighteen other prisoners in law enforcement agencies of the São Paulo state government in the 1970s. In her request,\",\n \"title\": \"Dilma Rousseff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17773898\",\n \"text\": \"a lethal dose of the drug pentobarbital was administered. As a result of the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision in \\\"Gregg v. Georgia\\\", capital punishment was reinstated in the United States. With her execution, Basso became: Legal documents: Newspaper articles: (\\\"Houston Chronicle\\\" articles are available from the Houston Public Library, accessible with a library card) Suzanne Basso Suzanne Margaret \\\"Sue\\\" Basso (née Burns; May 15, 1954 – February 5, 2014) was an American woman who was one of six co-defendants convicted in the August 1998 torture and murder of Louis \\\"Buddy\\\" Musso, a mentally disabled man who was killed for\",\n \"title\": \"Suzanne Basso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2933279\",\n \"text\": \"John Callahan, Arthur \\\"Bucky\\\" Barrett, John McIntyre, and Deborah Hussey. The jury acquitted Bulger of killing Michael Milano, Al Plummer, William O'Brien, James O'Toole, Al Notorangeli, James Sousa and Francis Leonard. They also reported themselves unable to agree about the murder of Deborah Davis, though Bulger had already been found liable for her death in a civil suit. Following the verdict, Bulger's attorneys J. W. Carney Jr. and Hank Brennan vowed to appeal, citing Casper's ruling which prevented Bulger from claiming he had been given immunity. On November 14, 2013, Bulger was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment, plus\",\n \"title\": \"Whitey Bulger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878689\",\n \"text\": \"1am until 2009 and 10am from 2009-2018). In 2007, Tennessee established by legislation a \\\"Committee to Study the Administration of the Death Penalty\\\". After 16 months of analysis and hearings, the study committee on the death penalty suggested reform of the death penalty without abolishing it, including the creation of an independent authority to review death sentences. Of the two women sentenced to death, Gaile Owens was pardoned in July 2010, owing to a sentence deemed \\\"disproportionate\\\" (she was convicted in 1986 for having killed her husband who beat her). The second woman, Christa Pike, who was convicted in 1996\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20076973\",\n \"text\": \"Šefka Hodžić Šefka Hodžić (born 1943; fate unknown) was a Bosnian woman convicted of the 1969 murder of her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović. The brutality of the murder has earned Hodžić the title of one of the most \\\"monstrous\\\" women in Bosnian history. For months before the killing, since childless Hodžić had learned of her friends pregnancy, she began stuffing her shirts to appear pregnant, indicating premeditation. The murder occurred on 6 October 1969 in the village Jusići on a mountain near Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. During a village party, Hodžić secretly shot her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović three times\",\n \"title\": \"Šefka Hodžić\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14563970\",\n \"text\": \"on her hands and knees while Guede sexually abused her; that Knox had cut Kercher with a knife before inflicting the fatal stab wound; and that she had then stolen Kercher's mobile phones and money to fake a burglary. On 5 December 2009, Knox and Sollecito were convicted of murder and sentenced to 26 years' imprisonment. The appeal (or second grade) trial began in November 2010, presided over by Judges Claudio Pratillo Hellmann and Massimo Zanetti. A court-ordered review of the contested DNA evidence by independent experts noted numerous basic errors in the gathering and analysis of the evidence, and\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Meredith Kercher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18007635\",\n \"text\": \"Italian Nobel Prize in Literature Dario Fo dedicates to Jabbari a painting, titled \\\"Portrait of Reyhaneh Jabbari\\\". After the execution, and in response to international and domestic reactions, Tehran Prosecutor's office made a statement meant to clarify some of the details of Jabbari's legal dossier. The Prosecutor's Office, inter alia, claims: Reyhaneh Jabbari Reyhaneh Jabbari (; 1988 – 25 October 2014) was a woman convicted of murdering Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, in Iran. She was in prison from 2007 until her execution by hanging in October 2014 for killing her alleged assailant. She published her recollection of the events while in\",\n \"title\": \"Reyhaneh Jabbari\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17046914\",\n \"text\": \"General Mykhailo Potebenko had stated there were no grounds to open a case. On 18 January 2013, Tymoshenko was notified that she is a suspect in the murder of Scherban, his wife and two other people in 1996. Tymoshenko denied the charges and according to Tymoshenko not she, but President Yanukovych had benefited most of the murder of Shcherban. In February 2013 Tymoshenko and her lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko were fined both $2,000 for \\\"contempt of court\\\"; Tymoshenko was fined for being absent in court and Vlasenko for \\\"violating order in the courtroom\\\". On 21 January 2013 Tymoshenko's lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11524777\",\n \"text\": \"could offer no reasonable explanation. Christofi was arrested on suspicion of murder. During her interrogation, she offered an explanation: \\\"I wake up, smell burning, go downstairs. Hella burning. Throw water, touch her face. Not move. Run out, get help.\\\" Christofi was charged and remanded to HM Prison Holloway soon afterwards. Her trial began at the Old Bailey on 28 October 1954. Her counsel offered a defence of insanity but the jury rejected it. Christofi was found guilty and sentenced to death. There was a limited campaign for clemency, but to no avail. Her executioner, Albert Pierrepoint claimed in his autobiography,\",\n \"title\": \"Styllou Christofi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12888368\",\n \"text\": \"Tansu Çiller, Turkey's first female prime minister, who served from June 1993 to March 1996, requested Şahin's return to the police force and said that he was owed an apology. However, on 27 January 1997 a warrant was issued for his arrest and although he initially eluded capture, on 6 March he was charged with 5–9 years in jail for felony and surrendered within five days later, ultimately being acquitted six months later, on 12 September. After a passage of eighteen months, in March 1999, he was charged for up to year's imprisonment for allegedly losing weapons donated to the\",\n \"title\": \"İbrahim Şahin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2128924\",\n \"text\": \"in light of this new reasoning. The San Francisco Superior Court reinstated the conviction for second-degree murder, and on September 22, 2008, the court sentenced Knoller to 15 years to life. Knoller then appealed the trial court's actions. On August 23, 2010, the First District Court of Appeal unanimously upheld Knoller's conviction, finding that she acted with a conscious disregard for human life when her Presa Canario escaped and killed Whipple. The California Supreme Court declined to hear her appeal of that decision. Knoller is currently serving her sentence at Valley State Prison for Women in Chowchilla. In November 2015,\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Diane Whipple\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14727551\",\n \"text\": \"regime’s Secretary General for Human Rights, announced that Sakineh Ashtiani had been pardoned, due to good behaviour. She had spent nearly 10 years on death row. Larijani stated that the media attention surrounding her sentence to death by stoning was \\\"propaganda\\\" and that the death sentence she had initially received was for the murder of her husband and not the adultery. Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani (; born 1967), is an Iranian Azeri woman who has gained the attention of human rights groups and people throughout the world for a conviction of adultery and attempted murder and its accompanying\",\n \"title\": \"Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17900793\",\n \"text\": \"Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court of South Africa in Pretoria opened on 3 March 2014. On 11–12 September 2014, Judge Thokozile Masipa delivered a verdict that Pistorius was not guilty of murder, but guilty of the culpable homicide of Steenkamp and reckless endangerment with a firearm at a restaurant. On 21 October 2014, Pistorius received a prison sentence of a maximum of five years for culpable homicide and a concurrent three-year suspended prison sentence for the separate\",\n \"title\": \"Trial of Oscar Pistorius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19878881\",\n \"text\": \"sentence for assault and burglary, Powell was arrested for the June 6, 1992 shooting death of James Rutledge. In 2011,she was convicted of second degree murder and received a sentence of 25 years to life, to begin upon the completion of her 16 year sentence for assault and burglary. Powell is currently being held at The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women and will be eligible for parole in the year 2045 when she is 84 years old. Her case has been highlighted as a clear example of injustice by many social activists and black power groups. Even being mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"Joy Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1849254\",\n \"text\": \"Irma Grese Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a female \\\"SS\\\" guard at the Nazi concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen. Grese was convicted for crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the \\\"Hyena of Auschwitz\\\" (). Irma Ilse Ida Grese was born\",\n \"title\": \"Irma Grese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20474656\",\n \"text\": \"JFW's earliest cases was that of Emma Humphreys, who had been convicted of murder after killing her violent pimp boyfriend in 1985, when she was 17. In September 1992 she wrote to JFW from prison asking for help, and with Wistrich's and Bindel's support, she successfully appealed the conviction, claiming long-term provocation. News reports from 7 July 1995 \\\"(right)\\\" show the three women leaving the Old Bailey after the judges ordered that Humphreys be released. Wistrich told a press conference that the case had been \\\"a miscarriage of justice on a par with that of the Guildford Four and Judith\",\n \"title\": \"Harriet Wistrich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3406681\",\n \"text\": \"Murder of Reena Virk Reena Virk (March 10, 1983 – November 14, 1997) was a resident of Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Her status as a bullied murder victim attracted substantial media scrutiny in Canada. Virk was first swarmed by a group of \\\"friends.\\\" The names of six of the girls involved in the first beating, known collectively as \\\"the Shoreline Six,\\\" have not all been released. Following the first beating, Warren Glowatski and Kerry Marie Sim (formerly, Kelly Marie Ellard) murdered Virk. Glowatski was given a life sentence after being convicted of second-degree murder. Sim (Ellard) was tried three times.\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Reena Virk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13270713\",\n \"text\": \"Facility. The 2011 novel \\\"The Butterfly and the Flame\\\" by Dana De Young was dedicated in part to Zapata's memory. Ozomatli references Zapata in their song \\\"Gay Vatos in Love\\\", on their 2010 album \\\"Fire Away\\\". Angie Zapata Angie Zapata (5 August 198917 July 2008) was an American trans woman beaten to death in Greeley, Colorado. Her killer, Allen Andrade, was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a hate crime, because he murdered her after learning she was transgender. The case was the first in the nation to get a conviction for a hate crime involving a transgender victim, which\",\n \"title\": \"Angie Zapata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10060020\",\n \"text\": \"verdict of guilty on all counts with a lesser charge on count 17. He was re-sentenced to life in prison by the jury, but with the possibility of parole after 51 years. On June 4, 2013, Judge Kurtz sentenced George Thomas to two life sentences (consecutive) for the murders and 25 years (multiple concurrent) for the rapes. In January 2016, Thomas appealed to the United States Supreme Court but the court did not agree to hear the case. Vanessa Coleman, the only female charged and convicted in the crimes, is held at the Tennessee Prison for Women in Nashville. Serving\",\n \"title\": \"Murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"389195\",\n \"text\": \"safe houses. In Hearst's arrest affidavit she claimed that SLA members had used LSD to drug her and had forced her to take part in the bank raid. She was convicted of the Hibernia Bank robbery and sentenced to seven years in prison. US President Jimmy Carter commuted the sentence to time served after she had been in prison for 21 months. She was pardoned by President Bill Clinton. The Harrises were convicted for their part in the Hearst kidnapping and spent eight years in prison. On February 26, 1976, a Los Angeles county grand jury indicted Kathleen Ann Soliah\",\n \"title\": \"Symbionese Liberation Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20448870\",\n \"text\": \"years. The NSW Court of Criminal Appeal upheld a crown appeal that the sentence was manifestly inadequate, almost doubling the prison sentence. In 2014 Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Paul Mulvihill, who a jury convicted of the stabbing murder of his former lover Rachelle Yeo and Fullerton sentenced him to a maximum 29 years in prison. Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Adeel Khan, who was convicted of the murder of Chris Noble and the manslaughter of Bianka O'Brien and her baby son Jude following a fire in Khan's shop at Rozelle. Khan was sentenced\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Fullerton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18720566\",\n \"text\": \"stealing Allen's cash and property and expressed her intention to pawn the stolen rifles. Prosecutors ultimately took the stance that Brown had not been in danger and that she'd murdered Allen in order to steal from him. Ultimately, she was found guilty of murder and sentenced to 51 years to life in prison. Brown is currently serving her sentence at the Tennessee Prison for Women, a maximum security detention facility in Nashville, Tennessee. She will be eligible for parole when she is 67 years old. Brown's former pimp, Garion L. McGlothen, also known as Gary McGlothen and Kutthroat, died on\",\n \"title\": \"Cyntoia Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6774261\",\n \"text\": \"by Meehan. This trial, and particularly the judge's summing-up, raised important questions about the legal meaning of a royal pardon, and Waddell was acquitted. Shortly after Bruce Millan, Secretary of State for Scotland, commented in the House of Commons about these issues. Waddell was himself later murdered by an associate, Andrew Gentle, shortly after a robbery in which they murdered a woman. Gentle was convicted of both murders and later committed suicide in prison. An inquiry into the miscarriage of justice, held due to public demand, and chaired by Lord Hunter, reported in 1982. It was widely criticised as a\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Meehan\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Stompieipei context: convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \\\"cause célèbre\\\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt\\n\\nWho was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 201,\n \"origin_tokens\": 202,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela context: of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the\\n\\ntitle: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela context: Sepe had been tortured kidnapped to Zamb her suppor, prior to the, to prevent testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence reduced to a fine on In 192, she accused ordering the murder Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, and prominent Sow doctor, who had examinedipei Mandela's house, Seipei had abducted but before he had killed. Mand's role in As killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation hearings, in 197's murder testified that paid the equivalent\\n: Pary: funeral was held in Tahole. In 19,ieela wasictedapping but (6 years inail a yearsended Tr Commission guilty and ins regarding to the actualpie was only found “lig Winnie apolog in person mother and two men accused killing also apolog on Nationalaryaryon a situated the banks theal the Free State South\\n: Stpie:, she \\\" had theela to the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \\\"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\\\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's\\n\\nWho was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 539,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15020,\n \"ratio\": \"27.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":174,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":174,"string":"174"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Zimbobwe","Health care in Zimbabwe","Zimbabwean cultural practices","People of Zimbabwe","Republic of Zimbabwe","Zimbabwean legends","Zimbabwae","Zimbabwian","Republic Of Zimbabwe","Cuisine of Zimbabwe","Zimbabwean cuisine","ZWE","Zimbabwei","Zimbabwe","Etymology of Zimbabwe","ISO 3166-1:ZW","Republic Zimbabwe","Zimbawean","Zimbabwean","Name of Zimbabwe","Chimpabwe"],"string":"[\n \"Zimbobwe\",\n \"Health care in Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbabwean cultural practices\",\n \"People of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Republic of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbabwean legends\",\n \"Zimbabwae\",\n \"Zimbabwian\",\n \"Republic Of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Cuisine of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbabwean cuisine\",\n \"ZWE\",\n \"Zimbabwei\",\n \"Zimbabwe\",\n \"Etymology of Zimbabwe\",\n \"ISO 3166-1:ZW\",\n \"Republic Zimbabwe\",\n \"Zimbawean\",\n \"Zimbabwean\",\n \"Name of Zimbabwe\",\n \"Chimpabwe\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Zimbabwe"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2582325","text":"Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is","title":"Midlands Province"},{"id":"20751341","text":"days later, Jonathan told Petersen about his writing who had the idea of turning into a theatrical piece. The play was quickly created in response to daily xenophobic attacks against Nkala and put up in Peterson's garage in 2006. The play begins with the singular actor making bead and wire figures as the audience enters the theater. He introduces himself as Khumbu and then describes the town of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, where Jonathan Nkala grew up, as being corrupt and too expensive for the average Zimbabwean. Wanting a life of abundance, Khumbu and his friend Jacob decide to use the money","title":"The Crossing (play)"},{"id":"6453439","text":"Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the center of the country, roughly equidistant from Harare to the northeast and Bulawayo to the southwest. Its population stood at 47,607 in 1982, 75,425 in 1992 and the preliminary result of the 2002 census suggests a population of 88,000. In 2012, the city's population was estimated at 100,900 people. It is a centre for steel and fertiliser production in the country. Kwekwe and neighbouring Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"3292185","text":"Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \"The Steep Place\" because of the Gweru River's high banks, in 1894 it became the site of a military outpost established by Leander Starr Jameson. In 1914 it attained municipal status, and in 1971 it became a city. The city has a population of 141,862 as of 2013. Gweru is known for vibrant farming activities in beef cattle, crop farming, and commercial gardening of","title":"Gweru"},{"id":"2582327","text":"Rural District Council. Chirumhanzu, Gokwe North and Mberengwa districts have no urban councils. The 8 rural district councils in all 8 subdivisions; Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest","title":"Midlands Province"},{"id":"19294376","text":"to have met with the same fate, for he has not been heard of since the days of the Sikombela Declaration Dossier. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and","title":"Zhombe Joel"},{"id":"6453450","text":"to the geographical centre of the country, Kwekwe is also strategically located within the Midlands metropolitan area. Kwekwe, together with Gweru, Munyati, Kadoma and Redcliff form a single customer base for local commercial enterprises. As elsewhere in Zimbabwe, a high proportion of the population depends on the informal sector, possibly more than half of the population. Many self-employed miners carry out illegal digging work just north of the city, panning for gold, one of the most lucrative sources of income. Other residents engage in less strenuous work as cobblers, carpenters, TV and radio repairmen, and vendors selling anything from onions","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453440","text":"Company (ZISCO), the country's largest steelworks. It also hosts the Zimbabwe Iron and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO), the largest ferrochrome producer, and one of the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, a suburb of Kwekwe. Kwekwe is Zimbabwe's richest city in terms of minerals. Kwekwe town was founded in 1898 as a gold mining town, and hosts Zimbabwe's National Mining Museum. The town remains an industrial centre of the country. The name stems from the Zulu word \"isikwekwe\", which means \"scurvy\", \"mange\" or \"scab\". Popular belief states that Kwekwe is named after the croaking noise made by the nearby river's","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"11565395","text":"Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately , further southwest of Kwekwe. The coordinates of Kwekwe District are:19° 0' 0.00\"S, 29° 45' 0.00\"E (Latitude:19.0000; Longitude:29.7500). Kwekwe District has two urban","title":"Kwekwe District"},{"id":"11565402","text":"population was estimated at 289,039 people. The next national population census in Zimbabwe is scheduled from 18 August 2012 through 28 August 2012. Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately","title":"Kwekwe District"},{"id":"2582326","text":"divided into 8 districts: The Provincial Administrator oversees all the 8 districts in the province, each district having its own district administrator. District Administrators work with local authorities in their respective districts. Local authories have their own Chairmen (mayors for municipalities). These urban councils were established in accordance with the Zimbabwe Urban Councils Act, Chapter 29.15 while rural district councils were created in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act, Chapter 29.13 Of the 8 districts Gokwe South, Gweru, Kwekwe, Shurugwi and Zvishavane have two local government administrative authorities; the Urban District Council (town council or municipality) and the","title":"Midlands Province"},{"id":"3292190","text":"183 km from Masvingo, 471 km from Beitbridge, and 275 km from Harare. Road names used are by destination only, for example the Harare-Gweru Road. There are only mainroads, no highways or freeways. Brendan Ashby, Olympic swimmer × Maxwell Dube, Footballer × Edmore Makozho,Socialite Parliament Research Department, Gweru Urban Constituency Profile, 'Parliament of Zimbabwe', Published: 2011, Retrieved: 28 Apr 2014 Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \"The Steep Place\" because","title":"Gweru"},{"id":"6453457","text":"member of parliament (MP) for Kwekwe Central constituency was Emmerson Mnangagwa until his defeat in the elections of 2000. Since then, Blessing Chebundo of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) has represented the district in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. Kwekwe politics is mainly dominated by MDC. As with other Zimbabwean towns run by opposition parties, Kwekwe has seen a number of politically motivated incidents in which people have been killed and arrested. Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453441","text":"frogs. The town is situated on Zimbabwe's Highveld at an altitude of , above sea level. It is located in the tropics but its high altitude modifies this to a warm temperate climate. The average annual temperature is . As with much of the Highveld, summers are long but not hot as the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"18349765","text":"these organizations finance many other efforts. These organizations include the World Bank, the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the German Government, who through its technical cooperation agency, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), gave $6 million (US) to improve the water supply and sanitation systems in the towns of Gweru, Kadoma, and Kariba. The Australian government also provided over $10 million (US) for water supply and sanitation system improvements and research. UNICEF is currently managing several programs in collaboration with the entire WASH program to ameliorate water and sewage systems. These include updating sanitation systems in the towns of Masvingo,","title":"Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"6453442","text":"the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. Kwekwe has always been a festive and social centre with a mild political atmosphere. It is a multi ethnic city. In and around the city one is assured to come across Shona, Ndebele, Karanga, Chewa, Venda, Tonga and Nambya speaking people. Association Football and cricket are the main sports in the city, just as in the rest of the country. Kwekwe hosts one of Zimbabwe's","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453449","text":"Chicago although New Town is considered the richest area in the town. This is subdivided into mini-suburbs such as Hazeldene. The homes in this area are significantly larger than most, and are usually staffed with 2–4 domestic workers and, at times, security guards. The town lies on the Bulawayo–Harare railway line. It is home to two mosques, a meetinghouse for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Seventh-day Adventist, Salvation Army, Protestant and Catholic churches. Kwekwe has paved roads leading to Gweru, Kadoma, Mvuma and Gokwe Business Centre hence it is considered a well-connected city. Besides being close","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"6453445","text":"the birthplace of former cricketer Norman Featherstone. A stampede at Mbizo Stadium killed 11 people in 2014. Kwekwe is well endowed with many educational facilities. Most are state-run. For university education, the closest facilities are 60 km away in Gweru, the Midlands Province capital, at Midlands State University. Like most urban areas in the country, the city of Kwekwe is serviced by many schools. Amaveni High School, Mbizo High School and Manunure High School recently expanded to offer A-level classes. Amaveni High serves the high density suburb of Amaveni while Mbizo and Manunure serve the high density suburb of Mbizo.","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"19357448","text":"Gweru City the 3rd largest city in Zimbabwe as its capital. Gweru City is also Midlands provincial capital. It is located 164 km northeast of Bulawayo and 275 km south-west-south of Harare via Mvuma ( A17 Highway ) or 278 km via Kwekwe ( A5 Highway ). Gwer District is home to * Roman Catholic Diocese of Gweru, * Lower Gweru,* Gweru River,* Riverside School,* Ascot Stadium, * Chapungu United, * Nalatale, * Danangombe,* Dabuka, * Chaplin High School,* Thornhill High School, * Midlands Christian College, * Nashville Secondary School, * Fletcher High School,* Midlands State University and * Gweru-Thornhill","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"8631482","text":"open in Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare and Kwekwe to cater to the health needs of gay and bisexual men. The July elections were welcomed by LGBT activists, who called them a \"historic win\": \"We witnessed a reduction in homophobic hate speech and reduction in the politicisation of LGBT individuals as campaign tools.\" Homosexuality is highly taboo in the socially conservative country and Mugabe's anti-gay stance resonates with many Zimbabweans. Gays and lesbians in Zimbabwe are threatened by violence and suicide attempts are common among the gay community. A few nightclubs in urban areas such as Harare and Bulawayo are tolerant","title":"LGBT rights in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"11001770","text":"1840 the Society's work was held in such high regard by Queen Victoria that she granted her permission for the SPCA to be entitled the Royal Society for the Preventions of Cruelty to Animals. At that time, only a single Inspector had been appointed in London. By 1842 several requests had been received from other areas for the appointment of additional Inspectors. The first SPCA Centre to be officially registered as a Welfare Organisation in Zimbabwe was Bulawayo in 1967, followed by Kwekwe, Harare and Masvingo in the same year, Mutare in 1968 and Gweru in 1969. The smaller centres","title":"Zimbabwe Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals"},{"id":"13400250","text":"Zimbabwean Jews accepted his offer. In 2003 the Bulawayo Synagogue burned down and the small community did not restore the building. Prayers are generally held at the Sinai Hall or Savyon Lodge in Bulawayo. In Harare the Sephardic Community have their own Synagogue and the Ashkenazi Community have a separate synagogue. Today because of small numbers of congregants the prayers alternate between the two synagogues. Today, about 120 Jews live in Zimbabwe, chiefly in Harare and Bulawayo. There are no Jews remaining in Kwekwe, Gweru, and Kadoma. Two-thirds of Zimbabwean Jews are over 65 years of age, and very few","title":"History of the Jews in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"20751339","text":"Nkala and Petersen at different theatres, universities, and festivals throughout South Africa and Zimbabwe. Playwright Jonathan Kumbulani Nkala was born in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe in 1980. Due to the high rates of political corruption in the country, which he called the \"Unstable States of Zimbabwe\", Jonathan and his childhood friend Jacob Banda decided to flee to South Africa in search of a \"life of abundance.\" While crossing the Limpopo River, the body of water separating the countries, Jacob was drowned by the currents. After receiving his Asylum Seeker Permit in Cape Town, Nkala made a living by selling bead and wire","title":"The Crossing (play)"},{"id":"18437459","text":"An Extension Worker who is a government employed graduate in \"Agricultural Science and Practice\" provides technical advice to both the Irrigation Scheme Management Committee and the farmers. Main crops are vegetables, okra, beans and maize. Tomatoes are not grown by many farmers unless they are contracted by a reliable company. Green maize buyers come from places such as Columbina Rural Service Center, Empress Mine Township and even as far as Kadoma, Kwekwe, Gweru and Harare. Buyers provide their own transport. Okra buyers are usually from among the farmers themselves. The buy from other farmers at producer price and ferry tonnes","title":"Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme"},{"id":"12809947","text":"in the field of humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe. Apart from a few landowners and businesspeople the majority of Greeks in the country are occupied in trade and other activities that contribute considerably to the country's economy. There are Greek communities in various cities in the country, including Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru and Harare where the local community has been operating a Greek school since 1954. The Archbishopric of Zimbabwe and Southern Africa is under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. Greeks in Zimbabwe Greek Zimbabweans () comprise about 2,500 people of Greek origin, almost half of them from","title":"Greeks in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19409276","text":"is the shortest link route from Harare to Gokwe through to Binga. However the road has numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Bridge to Sidakeni Shopping Center. In rainy seasons the Munyati River Bridge on this road may be flooded. This road branches to the right (west) about north of Kwekwe. After Gokwe this road eventually takes you to Binga. There are several roads that connect with A5 in the City of Gweru that include: Source Map: [AA Road Map 1985] The A5Highway passes across a few major river along its route. The rate of unemployment in","title":"A5 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"19357446","text":"Rhodesia as published by the then Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. (Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960) in the article \"Lore and Legend: Southern Rhodesia Place Names\". Gweru District has a population of over 231,675. It has Shurugwi District to the south-esst, Chirumhanzu District to the east, Insiza District south-west, Bubi District to the west, Nkayi District north-west and Kwekwe District north. Source:World Meteorological Organization Main article: Vungu Rural District Council Gweru District is administered by the District Administrator who is an ex-offio of (Gweru City Council and Gweru Rural District Council. for Gweru rural. Gweru rural district","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"15723048","text":"residents. Sakubva Stadium made history on the night of 29 April 1989 when Oliver Mtukudzi held the Tuku Live at Sakubva Concert where he recorded his first live album. The recording was also the first live musical recording of Zimbabwe. Fans came from Bulawayo, Chipinge, Harare, Rusape, Chiredzi, Kwekwe, Gweru including neighbouring Mozambique. Simon Chimbetu, Illanga and Penga Udzoke were supporting artists at the concert. Sakubva has been a subject of violence due to the activities of the so-called bouncers and some of them work for notable Politicians. There has been cases of violence between the residents from Chisamba Singles","title":"Sakubva"},{"id":"19357449","text":"Air Base to name a few. Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \"Ikwelo\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"19409272","text":"Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw.] Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.","title":"A5 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"19357445","text":"Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \"Ikwelo\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as written by Colonel Carbutt, of Southern","title":"Gweru District"},{"id":"15097319","text":"Mid West Rhinos The Mid West Rhinos is one of the four cricket Zimbabwean cricket franchises. They are a first-class cricket team, based in Midlands Province and the Mashonaland West area. They play their home matches at Kwekwe Sports Club in Kwekwe. In 2009 Zimbabwe Cricket announced a major restructure of domestic cricket in Zimbabwe and the traditional provincial sides were replaced with regional franchises. Midlands was renamed Mid West Rhinos and based in the mining town of Kwekwe. With the new franchise system in place the season got under way on 14 September 2009. Current captain Vusimuzi Sibanda was","title":"Mid West Rhinos"},{"id":"12869007","text":"40 kg of gold each month. However, Jena Mine is the biggest gold producer in the Midlands Province employing over 600 people. Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major","title":"Silobela"},{"id":"15311170","text":"Banda was born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and educated in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). His family's home district, however, was Nkhata Bay, in the northern Region of Malawi. His father worked in Livingstone, Zambia, before moving to Moss Mine near Que Que (Kwekwe) in Southern Rhodesia, where Aleke Banda attended school. He became involved in politics from a young age and was imprisoned. In 1959 on release from prison he entered Malawi for the first time. He is believed to be the first cousin of Zambian politician and former President Rupiah Banda. He was the chairman of The Nation","title":"Aleke Banda"},{"id":"19345900","text":"based on Maps produced by the government of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Gweru District Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the","title":"Ikwelo River"},{"id":"18462284","text":"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe Empress Mine Township is a populated place in the area formerly known as Salakuhle (misspelled as Salagushle) in Zhombe Communal Land, Kwekwe District of the Midlands Province in Zimbabwe. It is Zhombe's largest growth point yet plays second fiddle to Zhombe Joel, the current Zhombe Center. Empress Mine Township is about 70 km south-west of Kadoma by road, 98 km north-west of Kwekwe by the fastest route, and just 3 km south of Columbina Rural Service Center. The first houses at Empress Mine Township were built in 1968 when Empress Nickel Mine was established, twelve years","title":"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"18393268","text":"Albania but it has been accused of drastically undercounting the number of Romani in the country, drawing criticism from the Council of Europe. Roma people live all over the country, but some of the biggest communities can be found around the capital, Tirana, the cities of Fier, Berat and Gjirokaster, and around the town of Korça. The distribution of Jevgs (\"Egyptians\") is much less, numbering at most 10,000 people who are concentrated in and around the capital city of Tirana. The poverty rate among Roma in Albania is particularly high (78%), in relation to the majority (22%). Contrary to the","title":"Romani people in Albania"},{"id":"8519558","text":"Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest city in Zimbabwe.The university adopted a multi campus system therefore it has a satellite campus in the mining town of Zvishavane and other campuses located in the city of Gweru.","title":"Midlands State University"},{"id":"9872877","text":"African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \"P J Joubert Limited\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet stores, at Harare, Mutare and","title":"African Distillers"},{"id":"19401786","text":"minutes. Kwekwe, a small fort based on the river of the same name, established soon after the Pioneer Column entered Fort Salisbury to occupy Mashonaland, had been a British South African Police post consisting of one officer, one senior non-commissioned officer, six European troopers and 15 African policemen. It was situated at the banks of Kwekwe River, named after the \"que-que\" sound of croaking frogs in the river. It was not in any way connected to G&P Mine let alone being a police post. With the development of the Globe and Phoenix Mine, the few inhabitants of the Fort Kwekwe","title":"Globe and Phoenix Mine"},{"id":"3778316","text":"Zvishavane Zvishavane (known until 1982 as Shabani) is a mining town in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Surrounded by low hills, it lies west of Masvingo, on the main Bulawayo-Masvingo road. Other roads lead from Zvishavane to Gweru, north, and Mberengwa, south-west. It is also on direct rail links to Gweru and Beit Bridge which then link up with Harare and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique, and Pretoria in South Africa. It has a private airport serving the city. Zvishavane was formerly called \"Shabanie\" (used by the mine) or \"Shabani\" (used for the town). The name \"Shabanie\" has been","title":"Zvishavane"},{"id":"11555640","text":"service, the crowd left toward a single exit in a stampede, killing four immediately; seven others were pronounced dead at hospital. The Business Standard reported that the stampede was caused by police firing teargas after some of the crowd attempted to break off parts of the stadium wall to exit. Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in","title":"Mbizo Stadium"},{"id":"20756958","text":"used to start the company was from Muntari's personal savings but later on he obtained financial support from financial institutions for expansion and growth in the later years. In 2010, Nash Paints acquired 75 percent shares in Eastlea Paints as well as a building previously owned by Rafiq Khan. Between 2008 and 2016 Nash Paints opened branches in Bluffhill, Msasa, Gazaland, Mbare, Graniteside, Masvingo, Kwekwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Mutare, Bindura, Chinhoyi, Kadoma and Marondera. In February 2018, Nash Paints announced Jah Prayzah as the company's new brand ambassador, which led to some criticism in the arts industry. The previous brand ambassador","title":"Nash Paints"},{"id":"18816270","text":"Chicago, Zimbabwe Chicago, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, is a low density suburb located in the outskirts of Kwekwe CBD. Chicago is one of the oldest place names in Kwekwe. The suburb is situated in South of the CBD along the A5 Highway and in a hilly environment. The area was originally the east-end of a farm by the same name, covering the better part of Kwekwe Central, Feachlea, Hellandale and beyond. Gaika Mine also known as Chicago Gaika Mine is wholly in former Chicago Farm. The first plots in Kwekwe were pegged in Chicago. It was not considered the area for the","title":"Chicago, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19294372","text":"Zhombe Joel Joel Business Centre is the location of district administrative offices, parliamentary advisory offices, the post office and police station in the town of Zhombe, Zimbabwe. It is 64 km northwest of Kwekwe and 77 km southeast of Gokwe Centre. This small rural town center is the hub of both Zhombe Communal Land and Zhombe Central Ward. Joel Business Centre, in Zhombe Central ward, is named in honour of Joel Tessa, one of the pioneer businessmen at the centre during the 1960s. Tessa was one of the first shop owners at Zhombe Centre, also known as Zhombe Growth Point","title":"Zhombe Joel"},{"id":"6453443","text":"major provincial cricket sides – the Mid West Rhinos. Their cricket ground has been host to several first class and one day matches, and has even hosted some internationals, most notably against Kenya. Kwekwe also hosts a variety of touring sides versus Zimbabwe 'A' teams. Almost all of the schools in Kwekwe play cricket. Kwekwe hosts two football (soccer) clubs, the Lancashire Steel (named after a local steel company) and Kwekwe Cables. The Kwekwe Queens Club is also a reputable sporting establishment, with a sizeable membership and drinking crowd. Lancashire Steel FC, the main team in the city, has been","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"2138665","text":"Traffic is sometimes heavy, however, the major thoroughfares handle fairly high volumes of traffic without too much trouble. Daegu is served by Daegu Airport (international/domestic) located in northeastern Daegu. International destinations include Japan, China, Southeast Asia, and Vladivostok. Daegu is twinned with the following locations: Daegu Daegu (; , literally 'large hill'), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea, the fourth-largest after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon, and the third-largest metropolitan area in the nation with over 2.5 million residents. Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as","title":"Daegu"},{"id":"3292189","text":"publishing in 2015 but now operational. Railways arrived in Gwelo (Gweru) in 1902. National Railways of Zimbabwe have the country's largest marshalling yard, Dabuka, on the south side of Gweru. Dabuka plays a pivotal role in rail movement in the country as it is the central hub of the rail links to Mozambique in the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana and Namibia in the south west, lying on the Bulawayo - Harare Line. As a central city (hub), it has direct links to all the other cities and towns of Zimbabwe. It is 164 km from Bulawayo,","title":"Gweru"},{"id":"10754822","text":"Telephone numbers in East Timor Until September 1999, East Timor formed part of the Indonesian numbering plan, using the country code +62, followed by area codes for the two largest cities, Dili (390) and Baucau (399). Following the violence in the wake of Indonesia's departure from the territory, most of the telecommunications infrastructure was destroyed, and Telkom Indonesia withdrew its services from East Timor. A new country code, +670, was allocated to East Timor, but international access often remains severely limited. A complicating factor is that 670 was previously used by the Northern Marianas, with many carriers not aware that","title":"Telephone numbers in East Timor"},{"id":"11555639","text":"Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in Mbizo section one, the oldest part of the township. It has a capacity of about a thousand people. On 21 November 2014, a stampede occurred at stadium and killing 11 and injuring 40 people. Reuters reported that around 30,000 people attended a religious service officiated by Walter Magaya. After the","title":"Mbizo Stadium"},{"id":"6712724","text":"Kwekwe High School Kwekwe High School is a high school in the city of Kwekwe, in the Midlands region of Zimbabwe (the school was known until 1982 as Que Que High School). The schools motto is Non Sibi Sed Omnibus (not for ourselves but for all). Kwekwe high is an co-ed interracial school that offers education from Form 1 up to A-Level and offers sports such as rugby, cricket, tennis, basketball, swimming, field hockey, netball and volleyball.The school was founded in the early twentieth century, and combined was combined primary and secondary school until the late 1920s when it was","title":"Kwekwe High School"},{"id":"20490081","text":"hotel and upmarket supermarket for the convenience of the 1200 workers in the mine and their families. He then bought into a shoe factory in Harare called Rhodesian Shoe Manufacturing, now known as Conte Shoes. Naran invested heavily in property in Zimbabwe. He acquired over half of the land in the city of Kwekwe (Queque) for commercial and residential property development, farming and mining as well as significant property portfolio in Kadoma, Chiredzi and Harare. In 1972 Naran established a steel bedding factory in Francistown, Botswana. Naran’s father, Shri Lalloo Naran was a cobbler by profession and opened the Naran","title":"Prag Lalloo Naran"},{"id":"12163718","text":"agritourist services. The voivodeship's seat is the city of Białystok. Like all voivodeships, it has a government-appointed Provincial Governor (), as well as an elected Regional Assembly (sejmik) and of the executive elected by that assembly, headed by the voivodeship marshal (\"marszałek województwa\"). Administrative powers and competences are statutorily divided between these authorities. The voivodeship contains 40 cities and towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2006 Podlaskie Voivodeship Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province (, ) is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian","title":"Podlaskie Voivodeship"},{"id":"12869004","text":"is the largest medical centre in the region, and the Police Station with detention cells. Also in the vicinity is an irrigation co-operative and a business centre with a supermarket, beer outlets and greengrocer's. The Gweru River passes just to the east of Loreto. Crossroads Growth Point is the commercial hub of Silobela. It is about 80 km Southwest of Kwekwe. From this center one roads leads to Gweru, the other to Nkayi and the other to the northern villages of Silobela, and still the main one to Kwekwe, hence Crossroads. The Silobela Old people’s Home was built on a","title":"Silobela"},{"id":"12180455","text":"line is, they don't care\". While campaigning on 12 June, Tsvangirai was detained twice; after being first detained in Kwekwe for about two hours, he was detained in Gweru, along with about 20 other MDC officials, for about four hours before being released. At a ZANU-PF rally on 12 June, Mugabe said that war veterans had asked him after the first round if they could \"take up arms\". According to Mugabe, he replied that he did not want war, but he also vowed that the MDC would never take power, saying that the MDC would forfeit the gains of the","title":"Second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election"},{"id":"10041836","text":"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published","title":"Every Inch a King"},{"id":"8774711","text":"urban, two urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice,","title":"Gliwice County"},{"id":"20751338","text":"The Crossing (play) The Crossing is a 2006 South African one-man play by Jonathan Nkala. The play documents the struggles Nkala had while illegally immigrating from his birth city of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe to Cape Town, South Africa from 2002 to 2006. The original production, titled \"The Journey\", opened November 5 2006 at the Garage Theatre, a 30-seat house in Hout Bay, Cape Town and was directed by Bo Petersen and starred Nkala. The title was changed in July 2008 after Nkala showed the production to his friends who suggested he make the switch. From 2006-2009 the production was staged by","title":"The Crossing (play)"},{"id":"18462466","text":"is a requirement that an operating organisation should make profits and expand its own viability but still, it should benefit the local community in one way or the other. Commoner is the center of Mahogo Village, and the main center for two other villages. (Latitude -18.4420 Longitude 29.4458) Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is","title":"Commoner, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"8951742","text":"Midlands Christian College Midlands Christian College (MCC) is a co-educational high school of about 450 pupils ranging from form 1 to form 6, located in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe. The college has boarding facilities as well as providing for day-scholars. Its name refers to its location in the Midlands Province in central Zimbabwe. Midlands Christian College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ). MCC is a Christian school which teaches Creationism as well as Evolution but teaches students that","title":"Midlands Christian College"},{"id":"19314154","text":"day. Unlike other Zimbabwean highways, the R847 has no toll gates, but the flow of vehicles on the road per day has since doubled the 2011 averages, according to statistics elsewhere on major highways. In past years, the annual average daily traffic was done by traffic recording devices or by human observers who visually had to count and record traffic on tally sheets. However, at the fall of the Zimbabwean dollar the manned system was dropped only to come up later in the form of the toll gates system, which count vehicles by weight and generate revenue at the same","title":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"},{"id":"8519566","text":"rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement, QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities. It is generally ranked among the top three universities in Zimbabwe. Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest","title":"Midlands State University"},{"id":"2336","text":"Albania has undergone significant changes and improvements in the past two decades. Improvements to the public transport, road and rail infrastructure, water and air travel have all led to a vast improvement in transportation. The international airport of Tirana serves as the premier gateway to the country carrying almost 2 million passengers per year with connections to many destinations around Europe. The country plans to increase the number of airports especially in the south with possible locations in Sarandë, Gjirokastër and Vlorë. The roads of Albania are well maintained and still under construction. The A1 is the longest motorway of","title":"Albania"},{"id":"19314152","text":"Chemagora-Sidakeni at Masoro Turnoff popularly known as Chinyudze, about 5 km west of Columbina Township. The road connects Zhombe and Gokwe South areas to all parts of the country via its Kwekwe end. It serves Zhombe Communal Land, Chemagora purchase area, Gokwe, Nemangwe, Mutimutema and Sengwa coal mines. There has been improved economic and business growth in areas served by the road over the years. Both Zhombe Joel and Gokwe have experienced economic growth because of the impact of the feeder road. Although there is no railway line to Gokwe, the road network, courtesy of the main R847 Kwekwe-Gokwe, has","title":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"},{"id":"11565401","text":"the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. The population census of 1992 estimated the population of the district at 249,705. In 2004, the district","title":"Kwekwe District"},{"id":"6453447","text":"in Zimbabwe. Recently the polytechnic has started offering B-tech degrees. Plans are underway to convert it into a modern university. The residential suburbs in the city are divided into higher and lower density areas. The main surbubs in the town are Mbizo Township, Amaveni Township, Msasa Park, Goldrich, Hillandale, Newtown, Gaika, Beverly Hills, Chicago, Golden Acres, Southwood and Fitchlea. Kwekwe's suburbs are divided into low cost housing, residential housing and also industrial and railway housing. Kwekwe has only one set of traffic lights which are just outside the city centre on a road leading to the high density suburb of","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"18462463","text":"Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is in Zhombe _ Kwekwe District, _ Midlands Province _ Zimbabwe. Commoner is not to be confused with \"Commoner Gold Mine\" near Kadoma in Mashonaland West Province Commoner is in \"Mahogo Village\", slightly over 1 000 metres north of Columbina Rural Service Center, in Mabura Ward of Zhombe Communal","title":"Commoner, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19937931","text":"region. About 100,000 residents of settlements in Moscow Oblast such as Lyubertsy, Lytkarino, Dzerzhinsky and Kotelniki lost electricity due to extremely harsh temperatures. On 11 January, the cold wave reached Albania, with temperatures reaching and supplies being flown in by army helicopters, mainly in the city of Gjirokastër and the nation's capital Tirana. On 16 January, it was reported that the electricity prices in Europe were at their highest since 2008 as a result of power outages and increased demand. Romanian Energy Minister, Toma Petcu, suggested that, if coal consumption remained high, reserves held by the country’s two major producers","title":"January 2017 European cold wave"},{"id":"19409245","text":"Border Post or in town at the railway station. The R2 was rehabilited together with the R3 in the rehanilitation project undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Roads Adminuration (ZINARA) as part of the regional transit highway dubbed the Plumtree-Bulawayo-Harare-Mutare Highway project in 2015. The connects Harare and Botswana serving numerous waypoints along the route course. The A5 covers the Harare to Bulawayo via Kwekwe road. This highway covers Figtree, Zimbabwe, Marula and Plumtree. A7 Highway actually ends past Plumtree Town, where it meets Botswana's A1 Highway. The R2 is long. The A5 Highway part is and the A7 Highway is","title":"R2 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"676049","text":"links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in most major towns that includes Harare,Gweru Bulawayo,Mutare through fiber optic and other remote parts through satellite communication International: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru) (2010) Mobile cellular: 9.2 million (2011) Broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 4 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1. Acts as the primary communication for largely rural population. 2012 saw the launch of two independent stations ZiFM and Star FM. As of","title":"Telecommunications in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"13821145","text":"year round. People of Lower Gwelo they are on second position in gardens in the midlands province following Gokwe in planting Vegetables, Fruits and maize. It is positioned agro ecological region IV of Zimbabwe. Natural regions IV and V are too dry for successful crop production without irrigation. Lower Gweru has been blessed with the following irrigation schemes: Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe) Lower Gwelo (officially known as Lower Gweru) is a developed communal settlement in the Midlands province, Zimbabwe and is located about 40km north-west of Gweru, and stretches a further 50 km to the west. Chiefdoms in Lower Gwelo include","title":"Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"9250751","text":"in 1969, operating on a trial basis until 1981. Other major cities followed: Tianjin (1984), Shanghai (1993), Guangzhou (1997), Wuhan (2004), Shenzhen (2004). Nearly sixty cities have or are planning rapid transit systems and new Chinese metro systems open every year. Since 1974, South Korean cities have developed subway systems. The first lines were converted from existing heavy railway lines. The largest, Seoul, operates twelve lines extending approximately 314 km. Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Daejeon and Gwangju also have subway systems. Seoul and Incheon are connected by metro. Pyongyang in North Korea notably has a well adorned and deep metro with","title":"History of rapid transit"},{"id":"8774709","text":"Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice, west of Gliwice. The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 114,963,","title":"Gliwice County"},{"id":"19314142","text":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway or the R84-7 Highway is an all-weather bitumen macadam highway in Zimbabwe running from Kwekwe to Gokwe passing through Zhombe. as a trunk road it is officially the P11 Highway It is from Kwekwe to Gokwe but the highway which branches off from the A5 (Harare-Bulawayo Highway) is , a 1-hour-50-minute drive on average. The Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA), a government department under the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development, oversees the highway. As shown in the 1973 Automobile Association roads network, the Kwekwe–Gokwe road (then Que Que–Gokwe road) was a gravel one for","title":"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"},{"id":"11503763","text":"a consequence of the Great Depression. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as Toronto or Montreal without the approval of local voters. Not all first-level political entities are termed \"provinces.\" In Arab countries, the first administrative level of government—called a \"muhafazah\"—is usually translated as a \"governorate.\" In Poland, the equivalent of \"province\" is \"\"województwo\",\" sometimes rendered in English as \"voivodeship.\" Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into","title":"Province"},{"id":"19345897","text":"Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the area, their women found it very difficult to draw water from the river","title":"Ikwelo River"},{"id":"7505882","text":"Zhombe Zhombe (formerly known as Jombe) is a rural communal area in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. There are a few commercial farms within its borders and a handful of resettlement areas. Most of it is within the Zhombe Constituency. Its administrative centre is the Zhombe Joel Growth Point, and it is under the Zibagwe Rural District Council. There are fourteen business centres in Zhombe. Ten of the business centres are electrified. There are also two rural service centres: Empress and Zhombe Joel. As of 2011, there were 53 primary schools and 18 secondary schools. There are ten clinics (and","title":"Zhombe"},{"id":"6453451","text":"to meat. Gold is mined in the city, and is the reason the city was established. At one stage, the Globe and Phoenix Mine around which the town developed (circa 1900) was the biggest gold mine in the country. In the local mining museum on its premises stands a relic of these boom days called the Paper House, a wood and reinforced cardboard structure in striking green and white. This two-bedroom dwelling on stilts (presumably to combat the heat and protect from termites) was home to the first mine manager, and was once slept in by Cecil John Rhodes, the","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"19232366","text":"Midlands Music Awards The Midlands Music Awards (MMAs) are an annual award ceremony, run by the Midlands Music Organization, where accolades are presented to members of Zimbabwe's music industry who come from the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Winners receive a statuette. The event was established in June 2014. The ceremony is held in June every year and contenders are judged on performances made in the previous year. The show is held at the Midlands Hotel in the capital of the province Gweru and broadcast on Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation - Zbc TV. The ceremony features live performances by some of the","title":"Midlands Music Awards"},{"id":"20821261","text":"returning to communities where they might be shunned due to the fear many have in the respective areas of the Ebola virus, hence psychosocial assistance is needed. Post-Ebola syndrome signs and symptoms in an individual may include, but are not limited to the following: The Ebola virus disease outbreak in Zaire (Yambuku) started in late 1976, and was the second outbreak ever after the earlier one in Sudan the same year. On 1 August 2018, the tenth Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only a few days after the prior outbreak in the same country had","title":"2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak"},{"id":"767800","text":"10.03% Catholics, 6.75% Orthodox believers, 5.49% other, 2.5% Atheists, 2.09% Bektashis and 0.14% other Christians. According to the Institute of Statistics INSTAT, the population in 2016 was 2,886,026. Tirana County is the area with the highest population of 811,649 in the country. Fier County remains the population with the second highest population with a total of 312,488. The Counties with the lowest result are Gjirokastër, Kukës and Dibër respectively with 70,331, 84,035 and 134,153 inhabitants. About 53.4% of Albania's population live in cities. The three largest counties account for half of the population. Almost 53.4% of the population of Albania","title":"Demographics of Albania"},{"id":"6453456","text":"including rhino, elephant, leopard, lion and most big antelope (such as kudu, eland, sable, and tsessebe). The Kwekwe Sports Club hosts games by Zimbabwe's Midlands provincial cricket side, and hosted a One Day International against Kenya in 2002, along with a number of matches between Zimbabwe A and touring teams. Sebakwe dam is one of the main tourist attractions whereby tourists can waterskii, hunt, view game and camp. Sable Park is a recreational privately owned game reserve. The National Mining Museum, dedicated to the mining industry in the country, is one of the main tourist attractions in the city. The","title":"Kwekwe"},{"id":"15613049","text":"There is Mementos Lounge which is an entertainment lounge usually occupied by successful businessmen and women. with a loved (kasi) restaurant owned by Dash who also owns a brand called 'yoh yoh'. Kamela (alternative name) is a rural area under development to be a Township. It is where the kwekwezi FM radio giant Nkosinathi aka 'Na-T' Ntuli originates. Kameelrivier Kameel-rivier B or Kameelrivier is a village in the low-veld region of KwaNdebele, in the Nkangala District Municipality of the Mpumalanga province of South Africa where the majority of the residents are the Ndebele people, it is known for having good","title":"Kameelrivier"},{"id":"2363521","text":"in various Nazi concentration and death camps. The city also was site of prison camps for Norwegian and Soviet PoWs during World War II. It was heavily damaged by bombardments. The county of Lyck had 53,000 inhabitants when the Soviet Army approached in January 1945. The town was placed under Polish administration in April 1945 and its German inhabitants were dispossessed and forcibly expelled. It was rebuilt and renamed Ełk (before 1939, Polish names for the town included \"Łęg\" and \"Łęk\"). In 1999, Ełk was visited by Pope John Paul II. About 300,000 people attended a papal Mass. Note that","title":"Ełk"},{"id":"1107988","text":"Wijchen Wijchen () is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland, in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Number of residents per population centre per 12 December 2009: The population centre Woezik (3,820 residents on 1 January 2005) and the township Laak are statistically included in Wijchen. Neighbourhoods in Wijchen include: Streets in most neighbourhoods are numbered instead of named. This is not common practice in the Netherlands, therefore the street numbers are included in the house numbering. E.g. someone living in Abersland, 11th street, house #05 will usually use Abersland 1105 in his address. Parts of","title":"Wijchen"},{"id":"15097327","text":"the cricketers who played for Mbizo have gone on to represent other local league teams and some have even appeared for the Rhinos. The Mid West Rhinos are solely responsible for all cricketing activity within the region. As part of their efforts to develop the game the Rhinos introduced a league. The league includes the teams; The strongest of the sides is Kwekwe Cricket Club who consistently beat their opposition convincingly. Whilst League cricket in the area faces numerous difficulties due to the lagging local economy the standard of cricket is fairly high with a number of the clubs fielding","title":"Mid West Rhinos"},{"id":"11804766","text":"two archdioceses (Harare and Bulawayo), which each contain three dioceses Chinhoyi, Gokwe, and Mutare; and Gweru, Hwange, and Masvingo; respectively). The most famous Catholic churchman in Zimbabwe is Pius Ncube, the archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government of Robert Mugabe, who is also Roman Catholic. A variety of local churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream Christian churches over the years that fall between the Protestant and Catholic churches. Some, such as the Zimbabwe Assemblies of God, continue to adhere to Christian beliefs and oppose the espousal of traditional religions. Other local groups, such as the","title":"Religion in Zimbabwe"},{"id":"19409279","text":"the road. Wide road shoulders might deter the illegal miners from coming to close to the highway from under ground. In recent years right in the city of Kwekwe illegal gold miners dug and emerged from underneath a classroom at Globe and Phoenix Primary School. Open pits have been left open in places not far from the highway, some of them about 15 metres. Should a disaster come on the road, there won’t be any space to make a detour because of these pits. These \"Makoeokoza\" as they are called have no respect for precious life on their part or","title":"A5 road (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"19363393","text":"Gokwe North Rural District Council Gokwe North Rural District Councils is a local government organ administering Gokwe North District. There are eight Rural District Councils in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe all established in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act; Chapter 29.13. Gokwe North RDC is one of the 8 rural district councils in Midlands Province namely Mberengwa RDC in Mberengwa District, Runde RDC in Zvishavane District, Tongogara RDC in Shurugwi District, Vungu RDC in Gweru District, Takawira RDC in Chirumhanzu District, Zibagwe RDC in Kwekwe District, Gokwe South RDC in Gokwe South District and here in Gokwe","title":"Gokwe North Rural District Council"},{"id":"14140310","text":"Albanian government decided to demolish the building of the theatre and has temporarily relocated it at ArTurbina on Sami Frasheri St in Tirana Re district of Tirana. A new theatre will be constructed on the grounds of the current theater amidst criticism from some groups. In the National Theatre of Albania have been shown unforgettable pieces, interpreted with high artistic values. The following plays have left a lasting impression in the memory of spectators: Albania holds other theatres in Vlora, Durres, Shkoder, Fier, Gjirokastër, Berat and Korce Located in Tirana besides the National Theater, it’s venues are used by mainly","title":"National Theatre (Albania)"},{"id":"4384413","text":"since expanded in the states of Brandenburg, Berlin, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein, and there are a total of more than 340 stores by December 2014. In Germany, a second chain of stores (with over 4100 stores), called Netto Marken-Discount and owned by EDEKA has also been in operation since 1984. The two chains are unrelated to each other. The first Netto store in Poland opened in Szczecin in 1995. The expansion of the branch is concentrated in the west part of the country from Szczecin to Gdańsk (for example in Police and Stargard Szczeciński), and through the","title":"Netto (store)"},{"id":"2212269","text":"Matlock, Derbyshire Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England. It is situated at the south eastern edge of the Peak District. The town is twinned with the French town Eaubonne. The former spa resort Matlock Bath lies immediately south of the town on the A6. The civil parish of Matlock Town had a population in the 2011 UK census of 9,543. The population of the wider Matlock urban area is approximately 20,000 (including Darley Dale, Tansley, Hackney and Matlock Bath). The Matlock area is considered to include Wirksworth, owing to the close proximity of the towns. Matlock is nine","title":"Matlock, Derbyshire"},{"id":"388278","text":"of the Boeremag, a right-wing extremist group, damaged buildings and railway lines, and killed one person. As Soweto was counted as part of Johannesburg in South Africa's 2008 census, recent demographic statistics are not readily available. It has been estimated that 40% of Johannesburg's residents live in Soweto. However, the 2008 Census put its population at 1.3 million (2010) or about one-third of the city's total population. Soweto's population is overwhelmingly black. All eleven of the country's official languages are spoken, and the main linguistic groups (in descending order of size) are Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, and Tsonga. Soweto landmarks include:","title":"Soweto"},{"id":"12869003","text":"Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major centre in Silobela is the Loreto Mission which incorporates the Loreto High School, a Roman Catholic boarding school, the Loreto Hospital, which","title":"Silobela"},{"id":"17061737","text":"Despite sometimes desperate struggles during this, Book Café’s hardest ever year, our hopes and dreams were fulfilled. I am not sure I have ever seen such an outpouring of exciting and skilled youth arts talent since our inception in 1997, well done to the young artists! Amongst this, Pamberi Trust continued its management role in the 16-country African Music Festivals Network, helped establish pioneering civil society and arts platforms, and contributed nationally towards festival platforms in Gweru, Bulawayo, Chimanimani, Harare and local initiatives around the country. Book Café, under Pamberi Trust remit, entered 2012 as a Prince Claus Award laureate","title":"The Book Café (Zimbabwe)"},{"id":"9872878","text":"Bulawayo. The company's products include African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \"P J Joubert Limited\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet","title":"African Distillers"},{"id":"519421","text":"voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975. Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (\"wojewoda\"), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board (\"zarząd województwa\") chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (\"marszałek","title":"Voivodeships of Poland"},{"id":"2016228","text":"Stafford Stafford () is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately north of Wolverhampton, south of Stoke-on-Trent and north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the wider borough of Stafford 122,000, the fourth largest in the county after Stoke-on-Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle-under-Lyme. Stafford means 'ford' by a 'staithe' (landing place). The original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still a large area of marshland","title":"Stafford"},{"id":"19879021","text":"to the United States where they put down roots and start their family. Part of their identity is their habitual movement throughout the world that becomes a pattern in their lives. When situations become too much for them to handle, they flee. Fola and Kweku both move back home to Ghana after or in avoidance of serious confrontation. Redemption: The family does a lot to hurt each other, like all families do. While some of the things they do and say to each other seem irredeemable, in the end they find the strength to overcome their pain and forgive each","title":"Ghana Must Go (novel)"},{"id":"7736370","text":"#59, Ljubljana at #84, Bled at #90, Zagreb at #125 and Belgrade at #143, making Sarajevo the best ranking city on the Balkan peninsula behind Athens, Greece. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects. In recent years investments has made it a popular shopping city as well, with a respectable offer in retail shopping. It hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, which, at the time, were the largest Winter Games ever (in terms of athletes and media). The country is regaining its reputation as an excellent ski destination with its Olympic mountains such as Bjelašnica, Igman","title":"Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2582325\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20751341\",\n \"text\": \"days later, Jonathan told Petersen about his writing who had the idea of turning into a theatrical piece. The play was quickly created in response to daily xenophobic attacks against Nkala and put up in Peterson's garage in 2006. The play begins with the singular actor making bead and wire figures as the audience enters the theater. He introduces himself as Khumbu and then describes the town of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, where Jonathan Nkala grew up, as being corrupt and too expensive for the average Zimbabwean. Wanting a life of abundance, Khumbu and his friend Jacob decide to use the money\",\n \"title\": \"The Crossing (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453439\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the center of the country, roughly equidistant from Harare to the northeast and Bulawayo to the southwest. Its population stood at 47,607 in 1982, 75,425 in 1992 and the preliminary result of the 2002 census suggests a population of 88,000. In 2012, the city's population was estimated at 100,900 people. It is a centre for steel and fertiliser production in the country. Kwekwe and neighbouring Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3292185\",\n \"text\": \"Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \\\"The Steep Place\\\" because of the Gweru River's high banks, in 1894 it became the site of a military outpost established by Leander Starr Jameson. In 1914 it attained municipal status, and in 1971 it became a city. The city has a population of 141,862 as of 2013. Gweru is known for vibrant farming activities in beef cattle, crop farming, and commercial gardening of\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582327\",\n \"text\": \"Rural District Council. Chirumhanzu, Gokwe North and Mberengwa districts have no urban councils. The 8 rural district councils in all 8 subdivisions; Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19294376\",\n \"text\": \"to have met with the same fate, for he has not been heard of since the days of the Sikombela Declaration Dossier. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and\",\n \"title\": \"Zhombe Joel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453450\",\n \"text\": \"to the geographical centre of the country, Kwekwe is also strategically located within the Midlands metropolitan area. Kwekwe, together with Gweru, Munyati, Kadoma and Redcliff form a single customer base for local commercial enterprises. As elsewhere in Zimbabwe, a high proportion of the population depends on the informal sector, possibly more than half of the population. Many self-employed miners carry out illegal digging work just north of the city, panning for gold, one of the most lucrative sources of income. Other residents engage in less strenuous work as cobblers, carpenters, TV and radio repairmen, and vendors selling anything from onions\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453440\",\n \"text\": \"Company (ZISCO), the country's largest steelworks. It also hosts the Zimbabwe Iron and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO), the largest ferrochrome producer, and one of the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, a suburb of Kwekwe. Kwekwe is Zimbabwe's richest city in terms of minerals. Kwekwe town was founded in 1898 as a gold mining town, and hosts Zimbabwe's National Mining Museum. The town remains an industrial centre of the country. The name stems from the Zulu word \\\"isikwekwe\\\", which means \\\"scurvy\\\", \\\"mange\\\" or \\\"scab\\\". Popular belief states that Kwekwe is named after the croaking noise made by the nearby river's\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11565395\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately , further southwest of Kwekwe. The coordinates of Kwekwe District are:19° 0' 0.00\\\"S, 29° 45' 0.00\\\"E (Latitude:19.0000; Longitude:29.7500). Kwekwe District has two urban\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11565402\",\n \"text\": \"population was estimated at 289,039 people. The next national population census in Zimbabwe is scheduled from 18 August 2012 through 28 August 2012. Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582326\",\n \"text\": \"divided into 8 districts: The Provincial Administrator oversees all the 8 districts in the province, each district having its own district administrator. District Administrators work with local authorities in their respective districts. Local authories have their own Chairmen (mayors for municipalities). These urban councils were established in accordance with the Zimbabwe Urban Councils Act, Chapter 29.15 while rural district councils were created in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act, Chapter 29.13 Of the 8 districts Gokwe South, Gweru, Kwekwe, Shurugwi and Zvishavane have two local government administrative authorities; the Urban District Council (town council or municipality) and the\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3292190\",\n \"text\": \"183 km from Masvingo, 471 km from Beitbridge, and 275 km from Harare. Road names used are by destination only, for example the Harare-Gweru Road. There are only mainroads, no highways or freeways. Brendan Ashby, Olympic swimmer × Maxwell Dube, Footballer × Edmore Makozho,Socialite Parliament Research Department, Gweru Urban Constituency Profile, 'Parliament of Zimbabwe', Published: 2011, Retrieved: 28 Apr 2014 Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \\\"The Steep Place\\\" because\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453457\",\n \"text\": \"member of parliament (MP) for Kwekwe Central constituency was Emmerson Mnangagwa until his defeat in the elections of 2000. Since then, Blessing Chebundo of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) has represented the district in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. Kwekwe politics is mainly dominated by MDC. As with other Zimbabwean towns run by opposition parties, Kwekwe has seen a number of politically motivated incidents in which people have been killed and arrested. Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453441\",\n \"text\": \"frogs. The town is situated on Zimbabwe's Highveld at an altitude of , above sea level. It is located in the tropics but its high altitude modifies this to a warm temperate climate. The average annual temperature is . As with much of the Highveld, summers are long but not hot as the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18349765\",\n \"text\": \"these organizations finance many other efforts. These organizations include the World Bank, the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the German Government, who through its technical cooperation agency, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), gave $6 million (US) to improve the water supply and sanitation systems in the towns of Gweru, Kadoma, and Kariba. The Australian government also provided over $10 million (US) for water supply and sanitation system improvements and research. UNICEF is currently managing several programs in collaboration with the entire WASH program to ameliorate water and sewage systems. These include updating sanitation systems in the towns of Masvingo,\",\n \"title\": \"Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453442\",\n \"text\": \"the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. Kwekwe has always been a festive and social centre with a mild political atmosphere. It is a multi ethnic city. In and around the city one is assured to come across Shona, Ndebele, Karanga, Chewa, Venda, Tonga and Nambya speaking people. Association Football and cricket are the main sports in the city, just as in the rest of the country. Kwekwe hosts one of Zimbabwe's\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453449\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago although New Town is considered the richest area in the town. This is subdivided into mini-suburbs such as Hazeldene. The homes in this area are significantly larger than most, and are usually staffed with 2–4 domestic workers and, at times, security guards. The town lies on the Bulawayo–Harare railway line. It is home to two mosques, a meetinghouse for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Seventh-day Adventist, Salvation Army, Protestant and Catholic churches. Kwekwe has paved roads leading to Gweru, Kadoma, Mvuma and Gokwe Business Centre hence it is considered a well-connected city. Besides being close\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453445\",\n \"text\": \"the birthplace of former cricketer Norman Featherstone. A stampede at Mbizo Stadium killed 11 people in 2014. Kwekwe is well endowed with many educational facilities. Most are state-run. For university education, the closest facilities are 60 km away in Gweru, the Midlands Province capital, at Midlands State University. Like most urban areas in the country, the city of Kwekwe is serviced by many schools. Amaveni High School, Mbizo High School and Manunure High School recently expanded to offer A-level classes. Amaveni High serves the high density suburb of Amaveni while Mbizo and Manunure serve the high density suburb of Mbizo.\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357448\",\n \"text\": \"Gweru City the 3rd largest city in Zimbabwe as its capital. Gweru City is also Midlands provincial capital. It is located 164 km northeast of Bulawayo and 275 km south-west-south of Harare via Mvuma ( A17 Highway ) or 278 km via Kwekwe ( A5 Highway ). Gwer District is home to * Roman Catholic Diocese of Gweru, * Lower Gweru,* Gweru River,* Riverside School,* Ascot Stadium, * Chapungu United, * Nalatale, * Danangombe,* Dabuka, * Chaplin High School,* Thornhill High School, * Midlands Christian College, * Nashville Secondary School, * Fletcher High School,* Midlands State University and * Gweru-Thornhill\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8631482\",\n \"text\": \"open in Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare and Kwekwe to cater to the health needs of gay and bisexual men. The July elections were welcomed by LGBT activists, who called them a \\\"historic win\\\": \\\"We witnessed a reduction in homophobic hate speech and reduction in the politicisation of LGBT individuals as campaign tools.\\\" Homosexuality is highly taboo in the socially conservative country and Mugabe's anti-gay stance resonates with many Zimbabweans. Gays and lesbians in Zimbabwe are threatened by violence and suicide attempts are common among the gay community. A few nightclubs in urban areas such as Harare and Bulawayo are tolerant\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT rights in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11001770\",\n \"text\": \"1840 the Society's work was held in such high regard by Queen Victoria that she granted her permission for the SPCA to be entitled the Royal Society for the Preventions of Cruelty to Animals. At that time, only a single Inspector had been appointed in London. By 1842 several requests had been received from other areas for the appointment of additional Inspectors. The first SPCA Centre to be officially registered as a Welfare Organisation in Zimbabwe was Bulawayo in 1967, followed by Kwekwe, Harare and Masvingo in the same year, Mutare in 1968 and Gweru in 1969. The smaller centres\",\n \"title\": \"Zimbabwe Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13400250\",\n \"text\": \"Zimbabwean Jews accepted his offer. In 2003 the Bulawayo Synagogue burned down and the small community did not restore the building. Prayers are generally held at the Sinai Hall or Savyon Lodge in Bulawayo. In Harare the Sephardic Community have their own Synagogue and the Ashkenazi Community have a separate synagogue. Today because of small numbers of congregants the prayers alternate between the two synagogues. Today, about 120 Jews live in Zimbabwe, chiefly in Harare and Bulawayo. There are no Jews remaining in Kwekwe, Gweru, and Kadoma. Two-thirds of Zimbabwean Jews are over 65 years of age, and very few\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Jews in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20751339\",\n \"text\": \"Nkala and Petersen at different theatres, universities, and festivals throughout South Africa and Zimbabwe. Playwright Jonathan Kumbulani Nkala was born in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe in 1980. Due to the high rates of political corruption in the country, which he called the \\\"Unstable States of Zimbabwe\\\", Jonathan and his childhood friend Jacob Banda decided to flee to South Africa in search of a \\\"life of abundance.\\\" While crossing the Limpopo River, the body of water separating the countries, Jacob was drowned by the currents. After receiving his Asylum Seeker Permit in Cape Town, Nkala made a living by selling bead and wire\",\n \"title\": \"The Crossing (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18437459\",\n \"text\": \"An Extension Worker who is a government employed graduate in \\\"Agricultural Science and Practice\\\" provides technical advice to both the Irrigation Scheme Management Committee and the farmers. Main crops are vegetables, okra, beans and maize. Tomatoes are not grown by many farmers unless they are contracted by a reliable company. Green maize buyers come from places such as Columbina Rural Service Center, Empress Mine Township and even as far as Kadoma, Kwekwe, Gweru and Harare. Buyers provide their own transport. Okra buyers are usually from among the farmers themselves. The buy from other farmers at producer price and ferry tonnes\",\n \"title\": \"Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12809947\",\n \"text\": \"in the field of humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe. Apart from a few landowners and businesspeople the majority of Greeks in the country are occupied in trade and other activities that contribute considerably to the country's economy. There are Greek communities in various cities in the country, including Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru and Harare where the local community has been operating a Greek school since 1954. The Archbishopric of Zimbabwe and Southern Africa is under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. Greeks in Zimbabwe Greek Zimbabweans () comprise about 2,500 people of Greek origin, almost half of them from\",\n \"title\": \"Greeks in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409276\",\n \"text\": \"is the shortest link route from Harare to Gokwe through to Binga. However the road has numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Bridge to Sidakeni Shopping Center. In rainy seasons the Munyati River Bridge on this road may be flooded. This road branches to the right (west) about north of Kwekwe. After Gokwe this road eventually takes you to Binga. There are several roads that connect with A5 in the City of Gweru that include: Source Map: [AA Road Map 1985] The A5Highway passes across a few major river along its route. The rate of unemployment in\",\n \"title\": \"A5 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357446\",\n \"text\": \"Rhodesia as published by the then Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. (Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960) in the article \\\"Lore and Legend: Southern Rhodesia Place Names\\\". Gweru District has a population of over 231,675. It has Shurugwi District to the south-esst, Chirumhanzu District to the east, Insiza District south-west, Bubi District to the west, Nkayi District north-west and Kwekwe District north. Source:World Meteorological Organization Main article: Vungu Rural District Council Gweru District is administered by the District Administrator who is an ex-offio of (Gweru City Council and Gweru Rural District Council. for Gweru rural. Gweru rural district\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15723048\",\n \"text\": \"residents. Sakubva Stadium made history on the night of 29 April 1989 when Oliver Mtukudzi held the Tuku Live at Sakubva Concert where he recorded his first live album. The recording was also the first live musical recording of Zimbabwe. Fans came from Bulawayo, Chipinge, Harare, Rusape, Chiredzi, Kwekwe, Gweru including neighbouring Mozambique. Simon Chimbetu, Illanga and Penga Udzoke were supporting artists at the concert. Sakubva has been a subject of violence due to the activities of the so-called bouncers and some of them work for notable Politicians. There has been cases of violence between the residents from Chisamba Singles\",\n \"title\": \"Sakubva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357449\",\n \"text\": \"Air Base to name a few. Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \\\"Ikwelo\\\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409272\",\n \"text\": \"Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw.] Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.\",\n \"title\": \"A5 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19357445\",\n \"text\": \"Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \\\"Ikwelo\\\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as written by Colonel Carbutt, of Southern\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15097319\",\n \"text\": \"Mid West Rhinos The Mid West Rhinos is one of the four cricket Zimbabwean cricket franchises. They are a first-class cricket team, based in Midlands Province and the Mashonaland West area. They play their home matches at Kwekwe Sports Club in Kwekwe. In 2009 Zimbabwe Cricket announced a major restructure of domestic cricket in Zimbabwe and the traditional provincial sides were replaced with regional franchises. Midlands was renamed Mid West Rhinos and based in the mining town of Kwekwe. With the new franchise system in place the season got under way on 14 September 2009. Current captain Vusimuzi Sibanda was\",\n \"title\": \"Mid West Rhinos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12869007\",\n \"text\": \"40 kg of gold each month. However, Jena Mine is the biggest gold producer in the Midlands Province employing over 600 people. Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major\",\n \"title\": \"Silobela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15311170\",\n \"text\": \"Banda was born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and educated in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). His family's home district, however, was Nkhata Bay, in the northern Region of Malawi. His father worked in Livingstone, Zambia, before moving to Moss Mine near Que Que (Kwekwe) in Southern Rhodesia, where Aleke Banda attended school. He became involved in politics from a young age and was imprisoned. In 1959 on release from prison he entered Malawi for the first time. He is believed to be the first cousin of Zambian politician and former President Rupiah Banda. He was the chairman of The Nation\",\n \"title\": \"Aleke Banda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19345900\",\n \"text\": \"based on Maps produced by the government of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Gweru District Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ikwelo River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18462284\",\n \"text\": \"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe Empress Mine Township is a populated place in the area formerly known as Salakuhle (misspelled as Salagushle) in Zhombe Communal Land, Kwekwe District of the Midlands Province in Zimbabwe. It is Zhombe's largest growth point yet plays second fiddle to Zhombe Joel, the current Zhombe Center. Empress Mine Township is about 70 km south-west of Kadoma by road, 98 km north-west of Kwekwe by the fastest route, and just 3 km south of Columbina Rural Service Center. The first houses at Empress Mine Township were built in 1968 when Empress Nickel Mine was established, twelve years\",\n \"title\": \"Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18393268\",\n \"text\": \"Albania but it has been accused of drastically undercounting the number of Romani in the country, drawing criticism from the Council of Europe. Roma people live all over the country, but some of the biggest communities can be found around the capital, Tirana, the cities of Fier, Berat and Gjirokaster, and around the town of Korça. The distribution of Jevgs (\\\"Egyptians\\\") is much less, numbering at most 10,000 people who are concentrated in and around the capital city of Tirana. The poverty rate among Roma in Albania is particularly high (78%), in relation to the majority (22%). Contrary to the\",\n \"title\": \"Romani people in Albania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8519558\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest city in Zimbabwe.The university adopted a multi campus system therefore it has a satellite campus in the mining town of Zvishavane and other campuses located in the city of Gweru.\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9872877\",\n \"text\": \"African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \\\"P J Joubert Limited\\\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet stores, at Harare, Mutare and\",\n \"title\": \"African Distillers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19401786\",\n \"text\": \"minutes. Kwekwe, a small fort based on the river of the same name, established soon after the Pioneer Column entered Fort Salisbury to occupy Mashonaland, had been a British South African Police post consisting of one officer, one senior non-commissioned officer, six European troopers and 15 African policemen. It was situated at the banks of Kwekwe River, named after the \\\"que-que\\\" sound of croaking frogs in the river. It was not in any way connected to G&P Mine let alone being a police post. With the development of the Globe and Phoenix Mine, the few inhabitants of the Fort Kwekwe\",\n \"title\": \"Globe and Phoenix Mine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3778316\",\n \"text\": \"Zvishavane Zvishavane (known until 1982 as Shabani) is a mining town in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Surrounded by low hills, it lies west of Masvingo, on the main Bulawayo-Masvingo road. Other roads lead from Zvishavane to Gweru, north, and Mberengwa, south-west. It is also on direct rail links to Gweru and Beit Bridge which then link up with Harare and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique, and Pretoria in South Africa. It has a private airport serving the city. Zvishavane was formerly called \\\"Shabanie\\\" (used by the mine) or \\\"Shabani\\\" (used for the town). The name \\\"Shabanie\\\" has been\",\n \"title\": \"Zvishavane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11555640\",\n \"text\": \"service, the crowd left toward a single exit in a stampede, killing four immediately; seven others were pronounced dead at hospital. The Business Standard reported that the stampede was caused by police firing teargas after some of the crowd attempted to break off parts of the stadium wall to exit. Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in\",\n \"title\": \"Mbizo Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20756958\",\n \"text\": \"used to start the company was from Muntari's personal savings but later on he obtained financial support from financial institutions for expansion and growth in the later years. In 2010, Nash Paints acquired 75 percent shares in Eastlea Paints as well as a building previously owned by Rafiq Khan. Between 2008 and 2016 Nash Paints opened branches in Bluffhill, Msasa, Gazaland, Mbare, Graniteside, Masvingo, Kwekwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Mutare, Bindura, Chinhoyi, Kadoma and Marondera. In February 2018, Nash Paints announced Jah Prayzah as the company's new brand ambassador, which led to some criticism in the arts industry. The previous brand ambassador\",\n \"title\": \"Nash Paints\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18816270\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago, Zimbabwe Chicago, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, is a low density suburb located in the outskirts of Kwekwe CBD. Chicago is one of the oldest place names in Kwekwe. The suburb is situated in South of the CBD along the A5 Highway and in a hilly environment. The area was originally the east-end of a farm by the same name, covering the better part of Kwekwe Central, Feachlea, Hellandale and beyond. Gaika Mine also known as Chicago Gaika Mine is wholly in former Chicago Farm. The first plots in Kwekwe were pegged in Chicago. It was not considered the area for the\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19294372\",\n \"text\": \"Zhombe Joel Joel Business Centre is the location of district administrative offices, parliamentary advisory offices, the post office and police station in the town of Zhombe, Zimbabwe. It is 64 km northwest of Kwekwe and 77 km southeast of Gokwe Centre. This small rural town center is the hub of both Zhombe Communal Land and Zhombe Central Ward. Joel Business Centre, in Zhombe Central ward, is named in honour of Joel Tessa, one of the pioneer businessmen at the centre during the 1960s. Tessa was one of the first shop owners at Zhombe Centre, also known as Zhombe Growth Point\",\n \"title\": \"Zhombe Joel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453443\",\n \"text\": \"major provincial cricket sides – the Mid West Rhinos. Their cricket ground has been host to several first class and one day matches, and has even hosted some internationals, most notably against Kenya. Kwekwe also hosts a variety of touring sides versus Zimbabwe 'A' teams. Almost all of the schools in Kwekwe play cricket. Kwekwe hosts two football (soccer) clubs, the Lancashire Steel (named after a local steel company) and Kwekwe Cables. The Kwekwe Queens Club is also a reputable sporting establishment, with a sizeable membership and drinking crowd. Lancashire Steel FC, the main team in the city, has been\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138665\",\n \"text\": \"Traffic is sometimes heavy, however, the major thoroughfares handle fairly high volumes of traffic without too much trouble. Daegu is served by Daegu Airport (international/domestic) located in northeastern Daegu. International destinations include Japan, China, Southeast Asia, and Vladivostok. Daegu is twinned with the following locations: Daegu Daegu (; , literally 'large hill'), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea, the fourth-largest after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon, and the third-largest metropolitan area in the nation with over 2.5 million residents. Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as\",\n \"title\": \"Daegu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3292189\",\n \"text\": \"publishing in 2015 but now operational. Railways arrived in Gwelo (Gweru) in 1902. National Railways of Zimbabwe have the country's largest marshalling yard, Dabuka, on the south side of Gweru. Dabuka plays a pivotal role in rail movement in the country as it is the central hub of the rail links to Mozambique in the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana and Namibia in the south west, lying on the Bulawayo - Harare Line. As a central city (hub), it has direct links to all the other cities and towns of Zimbabwe. It is 164 km from Bulawayo,\",\n \"title\": \"Gweru\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10754822\",\n \"text\": \"Telephone numbers in East Timor Until September 1999, East Timor formed part of the Indonesian numbering plan, using the country code +62, followed by area codes for the two largest cities, Dili (390) and Baucau (399). Following the violence in the wake of Indonesia's departure from the territory, most of the telecommunications infrastructure was destroyed, and Telkom Indonesia withdrew its services from East Timor. A new country code, +670, was allocated to East Timor, but international access often remains severely limited. A complicating factor is that 670 was previously used by the Northern Marianas, with many carriers not aware that\",\n \"title\": \"Telephone numbers in East Timor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11555639\",\n \"text\": \"Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in Mbizo section one, the oldest part of the township. It has a capacity of about a thousand people. On 21 November 2014, a stampede occurred at stadium and killing 11 and injuring 40 people. Reuters reported that around 30,000 people attended a religious service officiated by Walter Magaya. After the\",\n \"title\": \"Mbizo Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6712724\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe High School Kwekwe High School is a high school in the city of Kwekwe, in the Midlands region of Zimbabwe (the school was known until 1982 as Que Que High School). The schools motto is Non Sibi Sed Omnibus (not for ourselves but for all). Kwekwe high is an co-ed interracial school that offers education from Form 1 up to A-Level and offers sports such as rugby, cricket, tennis, basketball, swimming, field hockey, netball and volleyball.The school was founded in the early twentieth century, and combined was combined primary and secondary school until the late 1920s when it was\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe High School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20490081\",\n \"text\": \"hotel and upmarket supermarket for the convenience of the 1200 workers in the mine and their families. He then bought into a shoe factory in Harare called Rhodesian Shoe Manufacturing, now known as Conte Shoes. Naran invested heavily in property in Zimbabwe. He acquired over half of the land in the city of Kwekwe (Queque) for commercial and residential property development, farming and mining as well as significant property portfolio in Kadoma, Chiredzi and Harare. In 1972 Naran established a steel bedding factory in Francistown, Botswana. Naran’s father, Shri Lalloo Naran was a cobbler by profession and opened the Naran\",\n \"title\": \"Prag Lalloo Naran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12163718\",\n \"text\": \"agritourist services. The voivodeship's seat is the city of Białystok. Like all voivodeships, it has a government-appointed Provincial Governor (), as well as an elected Regional Assembly (sejmik) and of the executive elected by that assembly, headed by the voivodeship marshal (\\\"marszałek województwa\\\"). Administrative powers and competences are statutorily divided between these authorities. The voivodeship contains 40 cities and towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2006 Podlaskie Voivodeship Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province (, ) is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian\",\n \"title\": \"Podlaskie Voivodeship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12869004\",\n \"text\": \"is the largest medical centre in the region, and the Police Station with detention cells. Also in the vicinity is an irrigation co-operative and a business centre with a supermarket, beer outlets and greengrocer's. The Gweru River passes just to the east of Loreto. Crossroads Growth Point is the commercial hub of Silobela. It is about 80 km Southwest of Kwekwe. From this center one roads leads to Gweru, the other to Nkayi and the other to the northern villages of Silobela, and still the main one to Kwekwe, hence Crossroads. The Silobela Old people’s Home was built on a\",\n \"title\": \"Silobela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12180455\",\n \"text\": \"line is, they don't care\\\". While campaigning on 12 June, Tsvangirai was detained twice; after being first detained in Kwekwe for about two hours, he was detained in Gweru, along with about 20 other MDC officials, for about four hours before being released. At a ZANU-PF rally on 12 June, Mugabe said that war veterans had asked him after the first round if they could \\\"take up arms\\\". According to Mugabe, he replied that he did not want war, but he also vowed that the MDC would never take power, saying that the MDC would forfeit the gains of the\",\n \"title\": \"Second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10041836\",\n \"text\": \"It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published\",\n \"title\": \"Every Inch a King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8774711\",\n \"text\": \"urban, two urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice,\",\n \"title\": \"Gliwice County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20751338\",\n \"text\": \"The Crossing (play) The Crossing is a 2006 South African one-man play by Jonathan Nkala. The play documents the struggles Nkala had while illegally immigrating from his birth city of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe to Cape Town, South Africa from 2002 to 2006. The original production, titled \\\"The Journey\\\", opened November 5 2006 at the Garage Theatre, a 30-seat house in Hout Bay, Cape Town and was directed by Bo Petersen and starred Nkala. The title was changed in July 2008 after Nkala showed the production to his friends who suggested he make the switch. From 2006-2009 the production was staged by\",\n \"title\": \"The Crossing (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18462466\",\n \"text\": \"is a requirement that an operating organisation should make profits and expand its own viability but still, it should benefit the local community in one way or the other. Commoner is the center of Mahogo Village, and the main center for two other villages. (Latitude -18.4420 Longitude 29.4458) Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Commoner, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8951742\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands Christian College Midlands Christian College (MCC) is a co-educational high school of about 450 pupils ranging from form 1 to form 6, located in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe. The college has boarding facilities as well as providing for day-scholars. Its name refers to its location in the Midlands Province in central Zimbabwe. Midlands Christian College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ). MCC is a Christian school which teaches Creationism as well as Evolution but teaches students that\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Christian College\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19314154\",\n \"text\": \"day. Unlike other Zimbabwean highways, the R847 has no toll gates, but the flow of vehicles on the road per day has since doubled the 2011 averages, according to statistics elsewhere on major highways. In past years, the annual average daily traffic was done by traffic recording devices or by human observers who visually had to count and record traffic on tally sheets. However, at the fall of the Zimbabwean dollar the manned system was dropped only to come up later in the form of the toll gates system, which count vehicles by weight and generate revenue at the same\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8519566\",\n \"text\": \"rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement, QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities. It is generally ranked among the top three universities in Zimbabwe. Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2336\",\n \"text\": \"Albania has undergone significant changes and improvements in the past two decades. Improvements to the public transport, road and rail infrastructure, water and air travel have all led to a vast improvement in transportation. The international airport of Tirana serves as the premier gateway to the country carrying almost 2 million passengers per year with connections to many destinations around Europe. The country plans to increase the number of airports especially in the south with possible locations in Sarandë, Gjirokastër and Vlorë. The roads of Albania are well maintained and still under construction. The A1 is the longest motorway of\",\n \"title\": \"Albania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19314152\",\n \"text\": \"Chemagora-Sidakeni at Masoro Turnoff popularly known as Chinyudze, about 5 km west of Columbina Township. The road connects Zhombe and Gokwe South areas to all parts of the country via its Kwekwe end. It serves Zhombe Communal Land, Chemagora purchase area, Gokwe, Nemangwe, Mutimutema and Sengwa coal mines. There has been improved economic and business growth in areas served by the road over the years. Both Zhombe Joel and Gokwe have experienced economic growth because of the impact of the feeder road. Although there is no railway line to Gokwe, the road network, courtesy of the main R847 Kwekwe-Gokwe, has\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11565401\",\n \"text\": \"the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. The population census of 1992 estimated the population of the district at 249,705. In 2004, the district\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453447\",\n \"text\": \"in Zimbabwe. Recently the polytechnic has started offering B-tech degrees. Plans are underway to convert it into a modern university. The residential suburbs in the city are divided into higher and lower density areas. The main surbubs in the town are Mbizo Township, Amaveni Township, Msasa Park, Goldrich, Hillandale, Newtown, Gaika, Beverly Hills, Chicago, Golden Acres, Southwood and Fitchlea. Kwekwe's suburbs are divided into low cost housing, residential housing and also industrial and railway housing. Kwekwe has only one set of traffic lights which are just outside the city centre on a road leading to the high density suburb of\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18462463\",\n \"text\": \"Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is in Zhombe _ Kwekwe District, _ Midlands Province _ Zimbabwe. Commoner is not to be confused with \\\"Commoner Gold Mine\\\" near Kadoma in Mashonaland West Province Commoner is in \\\"Mahogo Village\\\", slightly over 1 000 metres north of Columbina Rural Service Center, in Mabura Ward of Zhombe Communal\",\n \"title\": \"Commoner, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19937931\",\n \"text\": \"region. About 100,000 residents of settlements in Moscow Oblast such as Lyubertsy, Lytkarino, Dzerzhinsky and Kotelniki lost electricity due to extremely harsh temperatures. On 11 January, the cold wave reached Albania, with temperatures reaching and supplies being flown in by army helicopters, mainly in the city of Gjirokastër and the nation's capital Tirana. On 16 January, it was reported that the electricity prices in Europe were at their highest since 2008 as a result of power outages and increased demand. Romanian Energy Minister, Toma Petcu, suggested that, if coal consumption remained high, reserves held by the country’s two major producers\",\n \"title\": \"January 2017 European cold wave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409245\",\n \"text\": \"Border Post or in town at the railway station. The R2 was rehabilited together with the R3 in the rehanilitation project undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Roads Adminuration (ZINARA) as part of the regional transit highway dubbed the Plumtree-Bulawayo-Harare-Mutare Highway project in 2015. The connects Harare and Botswana serving numerous waypoints along the route course. The A5 covers the Harare to Bulawayo via Kwekwe road. This highway covers Figtree, Zimbabwe, Marula and Plumtree. A7 Highway actually ends past Plumtree Town, where it meets Botswana's A1 Highway. The R2 is long. The A5 Highway part is and the A7 Highway is\",\n \"title\": \"R2 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"676049\",\n \"text\": \"links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in most major towns that includes Harare,Gweru Bulawayo,Mutare through fiber optic and other remote parts through satellite communication International: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru) (2010) Mobile cellular: 9.2 million (2011) Broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 4 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1. Acts as the primary communication for largely rural population. 2012 saw the launch of two independent stations ZiFM and Star FM. As of\",\n \"title\": \"Telecommunications in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13821145\",\n \"text\": \"year round. People of Lower Gwelo they are on second position in gardens in the midlands province following Gokwe in planting Vegetables, Fruits and maize. It is positioned agro ecological region IV of Zimbabwe. Natural regions IV and V are too dry for successful crop production without irrigation. Lower Gweru has been blessed with the following irrigation schemes: Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe) Lower Gwelo (officially known as Lower Gweru) is a developed communal settlement in the Midlands province, Zimbabwe and is located about 40km north-west of Gweru, and stretches a further 50 km to the west. Chiefdoms in Lower Gwelo include\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9250751\",\n \"text\": \"in 1969, operating on a trial basis until 1981. Other major cities followed: Tianjin (1984), Shanghai (1993), Guangzhou (1997), Wuhan (2004), Shenzhen (2004). Nearly sixty cities have or are planning rapid transit systems and new Chinese metro systems open every year. Since 1974, South Korean cities have developed subway systems. The first lines were converted from existing heavy railway lines. The largest, Seoul, operates twelve lines extending approximately 314 km. Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Daejeon and Gwangju also have subway systems. Seoul and Incheon are connected by metro. Pyongyang in North Korea notably has a well adorned and deep metro with\",\n \"title\": \"History of rapid transit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8774709\",\n \"text\": \"Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice, west of Gliwice. The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 114,963,\",\n \"title\": \"Gliwice County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19314142\",\n \"text\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway or the R84-7 Highway is an all-weather bitumen macadam highway in Zimbabwe running from Kwekwe to Gokwe passing through Zhombe. as a trunk road it is officially the P11 Highway It is from Kwekwe to Gokwe but the highway which branches off from the A5 (Harare-Bulawayo Highway) is , a 1-hour-50-minute drive on average. The Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA), a government department under the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development, oversees the highway. As shown in the 1973 Automobile Association roads network, the Kwekwe–Gokwe road (then Que Que–Gokwe road) was a gravel one for\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11503763\",\n \"text\": \"a consequence of the Great Depression. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as Toronto or Montreal without the approval of local voters. Not all first-level political entities are termed \\\"provinces.\\\" In Arab countries, the first administrative level of government—called a \\\"muhafazah\\\"—is usually translated as a \\\"governorate.\\\" In Poland, the equivalent of \\\"province\\\" is \\\"\\\"województwo\\\",\\\" sometimes rendered in English as \\\"voivodeship.\\\" Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into\",\n \"title\": \"Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19345897\",\n \"text\": \"Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the area, their women found it very difficult to draw water from the river\",\n \"title\": \"Ikwelo River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7505882\",\n \"text\": \"Zhombe Zhombe (formerly known as Jombe) is a rural communal area in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. There are a few commercial farms within its borders and a handful of resettlement areas. Most of it is within the Zhombe Constituency. Its administrative centre is the Zhombe Joel Growth Point, and it is under the Zibagwe Rural District Council. There are fourteen business centres in Zhombe. Ten of the business centres are electrified. There are also two rural service centres: Empress and Zhombe Joel. As of 2011, there were 53 primary schools and 18 secondary schools. There are ten clinics (and\",\n \"title\": \"Zhombe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453451\",\n \"text\": \"to meat. Gold is mined in the city, and is the reason the city was established. At one stage, the Globe and Phoenix Mine around which the town developed (circa 1900) was the biggest gold mine in the country. In the local mining museum on its premises stands a relic of these boom days called the Paper House, a wood and reinforced cardboard structure in striking green and white. This two-bedroom dwelling on stilts (presumably to combat the heat and protect from termites) was home to the first mine manager, and was once slept in by Cecil John Rhodes, the\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19232366\",\n \"text\": \"Midlands Music Awards The Midlands Music Awards (MMAs) are an annual award ceremony, run by the Midlands Music Organization, where accolades are presented to members of Zimbabwe's music industry who come from the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Winners receive a statuette. The event was established in June 2014. The ceremony is held in June every year and contenders are judged on performances made in the previous year. The show is held at the Midlands Hotel in the capital of the province Gweru and broadcast on Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation - Zbc TV. The ceremony features live performances by some of the\",\n \"title\": \"Midlands Music Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20821261\",\n \"text\": \"returning to communities where they might be shunned due to the fear many have in the respective areas of the Ebola virus, hence psychosocial assistance is needed. Post-Ebola syndrome signs and symptoms in an individual may include, but are not limited to the following: The Ebola virus disease outbreak in Zaire (Yambuku) started in late 1976, and was the second outbreak ever after the earlier one in Sudan the same year. On 1 August 2018, the tenth Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only a few days after the prior outbreak in the same country had\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767800\",\n \"text\": \"10.03% Catholics, 6.75% Orthodox believers, 5.49% other, 2.5% Atheists, 2.09% Bektashis and 0.14% other Christians. According to the Institute of Statistics INSTAT, the population in 2016 was 2,886,026. Tirana County is the area with the highest population of 811,649 in the country. Fier County remains the population with the second highest population with a total of 312,488. The Counties with the lowest result are Gjirokastër, Kukës and Dibër respectively with 70,331, 84,035 and 134,153 inhabitants. About 53.4% of Albania's population live in cities. The three largest counties account for half of the population. Almost 53.4% of the population of Albania\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Albania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6453456\",\n \"text\": \"including rhino, elephant, leopard, lion and most big antelope (such as kudu, eland, sable, and tsessebe). The Kwekwe Sports Club hosts games by Zimbabwe's Midlands provincial cricket side, and hosted a One Day International against Kenya in 2002, along with a number of matches between Zimbabwe A and touring teams. Sebakwe dam is one of the main tourist attractions whereby tourists can waterskii, hunt, view game and camp. Sable Park is a recreational privately owned game reserve. The National Mining Museum, dedicated to the mining industry in the country, is one of the main tourist attractions in the city. The\",\n \"title\": \"Kwekwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15613049\",\n \"text\": \"There is Mementos Lounge which is an entertainment lounge usually occupied by successful businessmen and women. with a loved (kasi) restaurant owned by Dash who also owns a brand called 'yoh yoh'. Kamela (alternative name) is a rural area under development to be a Township. It is where the kwekwezi FM radio giant Nkosinathi aka 'Na-T' Ntuli originates. Kameelrivier Kameel-rivier B or Kameelrivier is a village in the low-veld region of KwaNdebele, in the Nkangala District Municipality of the Mpumalanga province of South Africa where the majority of the residents are the Ndebele people, it is known for having good\",\n \"title\": \"Kameelrivier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2363521\",\n \"text\": \"in various Nazi concentration and death camps. The city also was site of prison camps for Norwegian and Soviet PoWs during World War II. It was heavily damaged by bombardments. The county of Lyck had 53,000 inhabitants when the Soviet Army approached in January 1945. The town was placed under Polish administration in April 1945 and its German inhabitants were dispossessed and forcibly expelled. It was rebuilt and renamed Ełk (before 1939, Polish names for the town included \\\"Łęg\\\" and \\\"Łęk\\\"). In 1999, Ełk was visited by Pope John Paul II. About 300,000 people attended a papal Mass. Note that\",\n \"title\": \"Ełk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1107988\",\n \"text\": \"Wijchen Wijchen () is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland, in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Number of residents per population centre per 12 December 2009: The population centre Woezik (3,820 residents on 1 January 2005) and the township Laak are statistically included in Wijchen. Neighbourhoods in Wijchen include: Streets in most neighbourhoods are numbered instead of named. This is not common practice in the Netherlands, therefore the street numbers are included in the house numbering. E.g. someone living in Abersland, 11th street, house #05 will usually use Abersland 1105 in his address. Parts of\",\n \"title\": \"Wijchen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15097327\",\n \"text\": \"the cricketers who played for Mbizo have gone on to represent other local league teams and some have even appeared for the Rhinos. The Mid West Rhinos are solely responsible for all cricketing activity within the region. As part of their efforts to develop the game the Rhinos introduced a league. The league includes the teams; The strongest of the sides is Kwekwe Cricket Club who consistently beat their opposition convincingly. Whilst League cricket in the area faces numerous difficulties due to the lagging local economy the standard of cricket is fairly high with a number of the clubs fielding\",\n \"title\": \"Mid West Rhinos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11804766\",\n \"text\": \"two archdioceses (Harare and Bulawayo), which each contain three dioceses Chinhoyi, Gokwe, and Mutare; and Gweru, Hwange, and Masvingo; respectively). The most famous Catholic churchman in Zimbabwe is Pius Ncube, the archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government of Robert Mugabe, who is also Roman Catholic. A variety of local churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream Christian churches over the years that fall between the Protestant and Catholic churches. Some, such as the Zimbabwe Assemblies of God, continue to adhere to Christian beliefs and oppose the espousal of traditional religions. Other local groups, such as the\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19409279\",\n \"text\": \"the road. Wide road shoulders might deter the illegal miners from coming to close to the highway from under ground. In recent years right in the city of Kwekwe illegal gold miners dug and emerged from underneath a classroom at Globe and Phoenix Primary School. Open pits have been left open in places not far from the highway, some of them about 15 metres. Should a disaster come on the road, there won’t be any space to make a detour because of these pits. These \\\"Makoeokoza\\\" as they are called have no respect for precious life on their part or\",\n \"title\": \"A5 road (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19363393\",\n \"text\": \"Gokwe North Rural District Council Gokwe North Rural District Councils is a local government organ administering Gokwe North District. There are eight Rural District Councils in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe all established in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act; Chapter 29.13. Gokwe North RDC is one of the 8 rural district councils in Midlands Province namely Mberengwa RDC in Mberengwa District, Runde RDC in Zvishavane District, Tongogara RDC in Shurugwi District, Vungu RDC in Gweru District, Takawira RDC in Chirumhanzu District, Zibagwe RDC in Kwekwe District, Gokwe South RDC in Gokwe South District and here in Gokwe\",\n \"title\": \"Gokwe North Rural District Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14140310\",\n \"text\": \"Albanian government decided to demolish the building of the theatre and has temporarily relocated it at ArTurbina on Sami Frasheri St in Tirana Re district of Tirana. A new theatre will be constructed on the grounds of the current theater amidst criticism from some groups. In the National Theatre of Albania have been shown unforgettable pieces, interpreted with high artistic values. The following plays have left a lasting impression in the memory of spectators: Albania holds other theatres in Vlora, Durres, Shkoder, Fier, Gjirokastër, Berat and Korce Located in Tirana besides the National Theater, it’s venues are used by mainly\",\n \"title\": \"National Theatre (Albania)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4384413\",\n \"text\": \"since expanded in the states of Brandenburg, Berlin, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein, and there are a total of more than 340 stores by December 2014. In Germany, a second chain of stores (with over 4100 stores), called Netto Marken-Discount and owned by EDEKA has also been in operation since 1984. The two chains are unrelated to each other. The first Netto store in Poland opened in Szczecin in 1995. The expansion of the branch is concentrated in the west part of the country from Szczecin to Gdańsk (for example in Police and Stargard Szczeciński), and through the\",\n \"title\": \"Netto (store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2212269\",\n \"text\": \"Matlock, Derbyshire Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England. It is situated at the south eastern edge of the Peak District. The town is twinned with the French town Eaubonne. The former spa resort Matlock Bath lies immediately south of the town on the A6. The civil parish of Matlock Town had a population in the 2011 UK census of 9,543. The population of the wider Matlock urban area is approximately 20,000 (including Darley Dale, Tansley, Hackney and Matlock Bath). The Matlock area is considered to include Wirksworth, owing to the close proximity of the towns. Matlock is nine\",\n \"title\": \"Matlock, Derbyshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"388278\",\n \"text\": \"of the Boeremag, a right-wing extremist group, damaged buildings and railway lines, and killed one person. As Soweto was counted as part of Johannesburg in South Africa's 2008 census, recent demographic statistics are not readily available. It has been estimated that 40% of Johannesburg's residents live in Soweto. However, the 2008 Census put its population at 1.3 million (2010) or about one-third of the city's total population. Soweto's population is overwhelmingly black. All eleven of the country's official languages are spoken, and the main linguistic groups (in descending order of size) are Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, and Tsonga. Soweto landmarks include:\",\n \"title\": \"Soweto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12869003\",\n \"text\": \"Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major centre in Silobela is the Loreto Mission which incorporates the Loreto High School, a Roman Catholic boarding school, the Loreto Hospital, which\",\n \"title\": \"Silobela\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17061737\",\n \"text\": \"Despite sometimes desperate struggles during this, Book Café’s hardest ever year, our hopes and dreams were fulfilled. I am not sure I have ever seen such an outpouring of exciting and skilled youth arts talent since our inception in 1997, well done to the young artists! Amongst this, Pamberi Trust continued its management role in the 16-country African Music Festivals Network, helped establish pioneering civil society and arts platforms, and contributed nationally towards festival platforms in Gweru, Bulawayo, Chimanimani, Harare and local initiatives around the country. Book Café, under Pamberi Trust remit, entered 2012 as a Prince Claus Award laureate\",\n \"title\": \"The Book Café (Zimbabwe)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9872878\",\n \"text\": \"Bulawayo. The company's products include African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \\\"P J Joubert Limited\\\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet\",\n \"title\": \"African Distillers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"519421\",\n \"text\": \"voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975. Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (\\\"wojewoda\\\"), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board (\\\"zarząd województwa\\\") chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (\\\"marszałek\",\n \"title\": \"Voivodeships of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2016228\",\n \"text\": \"Stafford Stafford () is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately north of Wolverhampton, south of Stoke-on-Trent and north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the wider borough of Stafford 122,000, the fourth largest in the county after Stoke-on-Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle-under-Lyme. Stafford means 'ford' by a 'staithe' (landing place). The original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still a large area of marshland\",\n \"title\": \"Stafford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19879021\",\n \"text\": \"to the United States where they put down roots and start their family. Part of their identity is their habitual movement throughout the world that becomes a pattern in their lives. When situations become too much for them to handle, they flee. Fola and Kweku both move back home to Ghana after or in avoidance of serious confrontation. Redemption: The family does a lot to hurt each other, like all families do. While some of the things they do and say to each other seem irredeemable, in the end they find the strength to overcome their pain and forgive each\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana Must Go (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7736370\",\n \"text\": \"#59, Ljubljana at #84, Bled at #90, Zagreb at #125 and Belgrade at #143, making Sarajevo the best ranking city on the Balkan peninsula behind Athens, Greece. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects. In recent years investments has made it a popular shopping city as well, with a respectable offer in retail shopping. It hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, which, at the time, were the largest Winter Games ever (in terms of athletes and media). The country is regaining its reputation as an excellent ski destination with its Olympic mountains such as Bjelašnica, Igman\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Midlands Province context: Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is\\n\\nIn which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 198,\n \"origin_tokens\": 198,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: A5 road (Zimbabwe) context: Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.\\n\\ntitle: A5 road (Zimbabwe context: is the shortest Harare to Gokwe to Binga. However road numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Sidakeni Shopping Center. rainy seasons Munyati Bridge on this road may be flooded This road to the (west) about north of Kwekwe.ok this road eventually takes you to Binga several roads that with A5 the City of Gwer that: Source MapAA Road 198 The A5Highway passes river along its route rate of unemployment in\\ntitle R2 (Zabwe) context Border Post or in the railway was the inhan undertaken byabwe RoZINAR as of theit highwaybed the PltreeawayoHarareMare015. connects Har Botswana numerous waypoints the route. the too via Kwe road highway Fig Z Marula andumtree A Highway actually endsumtree Town itw' Highway The R2 long. The A5 is and7 Highway is\\n: Z Joel to the, for heard the S. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and\\n\\nIn which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 566,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15362,\n \"ratio\": \"27.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":175,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":175,"string":"175"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Republic of Togo","BQG","ISO 3166-1:TG","Health care in Togo","Health in Togo","République Togolaise","Togo","Republique Togolaise","Togolese","Sport in Togo","Religion in Togo","Togolese Republic","Administrative divisions of Togo"],"string":"[\n \"Republic of Togo\",\n \"BQG\",\n \"ISO 3166-1:TG\",\n \"Health care in Togo\",\n \"Health in Togo\",\n \"République Togolaise\",\n \"Togo\",\n \"Republique Togolaise\",\n \"Togolese\",\n \"Sport in Togo\",\n \"Religion in Togo\",\n \"Togolese Republic\",\n \"Administrative divisions of Togo\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Togo"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4148400","text":"An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\" After ten years, working","title":"An African in Greenland"},{"id":"37038","text":"Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its","title":"Burkina Faso"},{"id":"415052","text":"to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign. Togo has an area equal to and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. Togo lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E. The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savanna in contrast","title":"Togo"},{"id":"14482363","text":"was one of the first clients of the Inter-Governmental Philatelic Corporation. Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo"},{"id":"415040","text":"Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans","title":"Togo"},{"id":"14482359","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal towns and used German West African mail boats. Mail entered the","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo"},{"id":"3826646","text":"show more resistance to European incursions than other areas of Africa. Such resistance, combined with a disease environment hostile to Europeans, meant that much of Guinea was not colonised by Europeans until the very end of the 19th century. Guinea is often subdivided into \"Lower Guinea\" and \"Upper Guinea\". Lower Guinea is one of the most densely populated regions of Africa, covering southern Nigeria, Benin, Togo and stretching into Ghana. It includes the coastal regions as well as the interior. Upper Guinea is far less densely populated and stretches from Côte d'Ivoire to Senegal. Within the Republic of Guinea, Lower","title":"Guinea (region)"},{"id":"5131414","text":"become dry, dusty plains, with the occasional pond or lake in a depression. Cattle graze on the floodplains during the dry season. There is also some small scale growing of crops, and the hunting of game takes place there. The river forms part of the international borders between Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Benin. The Oti River flows through Pendjari National Park in Benin and the Oti-Kéran National Park in Togo. Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta","title":"Oti River"},{"id":"10581764","text":"construction of a completely new road between Senegal and Mali. The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows (going east): Alternative routes at the eastern end: The Trans-Sahelian Highway intersects with the following Trans-African Highways: The northern regions of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin are close to the Trans-Sahelian Highway, which may be used to by travellers between those regions in preference to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway further south. Paved roads connect the Trans-Sahelian and West African Coastal Highways through Trans-Sahelian Highway The Trans-Sahelian Highway or Trans-Sahel Highway is a transnational highway","title":"Trans-Sahelian Highway"},{"id":"415122","text":"Geography of Togo Togo is a small Sub-Saharan state, comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. Togo's geographic coordinates are a latitude of 8° north and a longitude of 1°10′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to the east, with of border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Ghana, with of border. To the south Togo has of coastline along the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Togo stretches north from the Gulf and is only wide at the broadest point. In total, Togo has an","title":"Geography of Togo"},{"id":"36484","text":"Benin Benin ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its","title":"Benin"},{"id":"415160","text":"Transport in Togo This article refers to transportation in the country of Togo \"total:\" 568 km (2008)
\"narrow gauge:\" 568 km of gauge \"total:\" 7,520 km
\"paved:\" 2,376 km
\"unpaved:\" 5,144 km (2000) The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to Benin and Nigeria to the east, and Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also connects Togo northwards to Burkina Faso and from there north-west to Mali and north-east","title":"Transport in Togo"},{"id":"152588","text":"Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. \"Ghana\" means \"Warrior King\" in the Soninke language. The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century. Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was","title":"Ghana"},{"id":"16082133","text":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 was unanimously adopted on 31 October, 2011. In the resolution, the 15-member council \"condemns all acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea committed off the coast of the states of the Gulf of Guinea.\" According to reports by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), piracy in the Gulf, which borders West African coastal countries from Ghana to Gabon, has been on the rise in recent years. Resolution 2018 \"welcomes the intention to convene a summit of the Gulf of Guinea","title":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018"},{"id":"65502","text":"Geography of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is approximately square in shape. Its southern border is a coastline on the Gulf of Guinea on the north Atlantic Ocean. On the other three sides it borders five other African nations for a total of : Liberia to the southwest for , Guinea to the northwest for , Mali to the north-northwest for , Burkina Faso to the north-northeast for , and Ghana to the east for . Ivory Coast comprises , of which is","title":"Geography of Ivory Coast"},{"id":"767585","text":"territory in the south Atlantic Ocean. In the United Nations scheme of African regions, the region includes 17 states and the island of Saint Helena, an overseas territory: Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Niger are mostly in the Sahel, a transition zone between the Sahara desert and the Sudanian Savanna, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Nigeria compose Guinea, the traditional name for the area near the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Verde is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauritania lies in the Maghreb, the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been","title":"West Africa"},{"id":"5131412","text":"Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta River in Ghana. The Oti River is about long. Its headwaters are in Burkina Faso, it flows through Benin and Togo and joins the Volta River in Ghana. Tributaries on the left bank in Togo originate from the Togo Mountains to the south. One of its eastern tributaries is the Kara River, the confluence being on the Togo/Ghana border, where another tributary joins from the south, the Koumongou River. The mouth","title":"Oti River"},{"id":"36525","text":"Belgium (198) and Germany (156). Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans-West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also","title":"Benin"},{"id":"680362","text":"Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated","title":"Ivory Coast"},{"id":"9192465","text":"Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region of the West African country of Togo and across the eastern and western borders of that country into Ghana and Benin. In Ghana, the range is also known as the Akwapim Hills, and in Benin it is also known as the Atakora Mountains. Part of the range is associated with the country of Niger, where the W National Park is found. The African wild dog, \"Lycaon pictus\", was historically found in this region but may now be extirpated from this locale. The Togo Mountains run","title":"Togo Mountains"},{"id":"778737","text":"which aims to link the railways of Benin with Niger and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the AfricaRail project. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African","title":"Transport in Benin"},{"id":"10508804","text":"East Africa. In West Africa, a chain of rain forests up to 350 km long extends from the eastern border of Sierra Leone all the way to Ghana. In Ghana the forest zone gradually dispels near the Volta river, following a 300 km stretch of Dahomey savanna gap. The rain forest of West Africa continues from east of Benin through southern Nigeria and officially ends at the border of Cameroon along the Sanaga river. Semi-deciduous rainforests in West Africa began at the fringed coastline of Guinea Bissau (via Guinea) and run all the way through the coasts of Sierra Leone,","title":"Tropical Africa"},{"id":"15174538","text":"African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Nigerian women and girls are taken to Europe, especially to Italy and Russia, and to the Middle East and North Africa, for forced prostitution. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in \"Tier 2 Watchlist\" in 2017. The 2003 Trafficking in Persons Law Enforcement and Administration Act, amended in 2005 to increase penalties","title":"Human trafficking in Nigeria"},{"id":"767568","text":"West Africa West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 17 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The population of West Africa is estimated at about /1e6 round 0 million people as of . Studies of human mitochondrial DNA suggest that all humans share common ancestors from Africa, originated in the southwestern regions near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola at the","title":"West Africa"},{"id":"778750","text":"the political crises in Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, and Togo and provided a contribution to the United Nations force in Haiti, all of which were indications of the country's growing confidence in the international community. Some of the allies of Benin are France, India, US, UK, Netherlands, Ghana, and China. In September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations","title":"Foreign relations of Benin"},{"id":"20655962","text":"This is similar to the lack of documentation available in Southern Africa. West Africa consists of the following 15 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Of these western countries, some have fairly stable vulture populations such as the Hooded Vultures of The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. On the other hand, there are countries like Senegal which has regions that have faced 80% vulture decline in the last half century. The trade of vultures for bushmeat, as well as belief use, is the primary factor for the decline","title":"African vulture trade"},{"id":"15192965","text":"now routinely interrogate the marabout of any beggar they find in the streets. Some observers noted only a small number of trafficking victims, but others see the Gambia's porous borders as an active transit zone for women, girls, and boys from West African countries – mainly Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and Benin – who are recruited for exploitation in the sex trade, in particular to meet the demands of European tourists seeking sex with children. Most trafficking offenders in the Gambia are probably individuals who operate independently of international syndicates. The government's Department of Social","title":"Human trafficking in the Gambia"},{"id":"778636","text":"Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance","title":"Geography of Benin"},{"id":"152691","text":"2017, Ghana ranks as the 43rd–most peaceful country in the world. To enter Ghana, it is necessary to have a visa authorised by the Government of Ghana. Travelers must apply for this visa at a Ghanaian embassy; this process can take approximately two weeks. By law, visitors entering Ghana must be able to produce a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Government General information Trade Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the","title":"Ghana"},{"id":"778644","text":"other location. Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south,","title":"Geography of Benin"},{"id":"4976587","text":"Culture of Ivory Coast The diverse culture of Ivory Coast, a coastal West African country bordered by Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea, is exemplified by a multitude of ethnic groups, events, festivals, music, and art. More than sixty indigenous ethnic groups are often cited, although this number may be reduced to seven clusters of ethnic groups, by classifying small units together on the basis of their cultural and historical characteristics, which differ somewhat from one to the next. These may be further reduced to four major cultural regions – the East Atlantic (primarily Akan), West Atlantic (primarily Kru),","title":"Culture of Ivory Coast"},{"id":"7495779","text":"Guinean Forests of West Africa The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Guinean forests into the Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests. The Upper Guinean forests extend from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana to Togo","title":"Guinean Forests of West Africa"},{"id":"15554548","text":"or divestiture of state-owned industries (\"parastatals\")in the health and agricultural sectors, trade liberalization (lowering or elimination of tariffs on imports), cuts in social spending (agriculture, health, education sectors) and strict deficit reductions. Structural Adjustment Programs also led to the phasing out of most fertilizer subsidy programs. Some of the African countries following these guidelines included Benin, Ghana, Madagascar, Senegal, Togo, Tanzania, Zambia, Cameroon, Malawi, and Nigeria. Results of liberalization and subsidy phase-out were mixed. In a five-year study comparing before and after cases, fertilizer use in Cameroon, Senegal, Tanzania, Nigeria and Ghana declined 25-40 percent, while it increased 14-500 percent","title":"Fertilizer subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"id":"529168","text":"Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in the east. The","title":"Volta River"},{"id":"37926","text":"country are of . Only Ivory Coast is connected to Burkina Faso by rail. Instability in Ivory Coast in 2003 forced a rerouting of rail freight from the Abidjan corridor to ports in Togo, Benin, and Ghana via the road network. A proposed rail link between Ouagadougou and Pô in Burkina Faso and Kumasi and Boankra in Ghana, has been discussed with Ghanaian officials, and feasibility studies are being undertaken to explore this possibility, which would provide rail access to the inland port of Bonakra. Burkina Faso and Ghana use different rail gauges and this break-of-gauge can be overcome to","title":"Transport in Burkina Faso"},{"id":"9476061","text":"State University. Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more than 30 African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. The Afrobarometer is carried on in Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Afrobarometer achieves this measurement through a series of face-to-face interviews with a random sample of either 1,200, 1,600 or 2,400 people in each country. Because the instrument","title":"Afrobarometer"},{"id":"20155837","text":"didn't end there, because due to an attempted coup the previous year, Ghana's president Jerry Rawlings had closed the main land crossing with Togo to avoid the sudden arrival of over 1 Million people. Togo then also shut its borders with Benin. The immigrants were stranded for weeks, thereafter the Ghanaian authority opened their borders causing Togo to also open theirs, for the Ghanaian refugees to have access back home. The relationship between Nigeria and Ghana has since been strengthened. The migration was then named \"Ghana Must Go\". Ghana Must Go In 1983, when Shehu Shagari was the President of","title":"Ghana Must Go"},{"id":"680438","text":"palm wine. Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a \"maquis\", which is unique to the region. A \"maquis\" normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with \"attiéké\" or \"kedjenou\". Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of","title":"Ivory Coast"},{"id":"10633646","text":"like the wind going through a pipe during moonlit nights. The Sahel from southern Mauretania and northern Senegal eastwards to northern Cameroon and southern Chad into South Sudan and southern Sudan with separate population in northern Benin and coastal Ghana, with another in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The quail-plover has an extremely large range, its population trend is not known, the population is not understood to be undergoing a sufficiently rapid decline to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion while the population size has not been quantified so the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Quail-plover The lark","title":"Quail-plover"},{"id":"16105926","text":"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.","title":"Energy in Africa"},{"id":"9192467","text":"the Oti River, a tributary of the River Volta, which flows through Lake Volta and into the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana. Several tributaries to this river system flow from the northern side of the Togo Mountains. To the south of the mountains lies a plateau, which further south slopes gently towards the coast. The central and southern sides of the mountains drain into tributaries of the Mono River, which flows into the Gulf of Guinea through swampland on the borders of Togo and Benin. Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region","title":"Togo Mountains"},{"id":"37927","text":"a greater or lesser extent with a number of methods. In 2006, an Indian proposal surfaced to link the railways in Benin and Togo with landlocked Niger and Burkina Faso. Additionally, a Czech proposal also surfaced to link Ghana railways with Burkina Faso. The manganese deposits near Dori are one source of traffic. Burkina Faso would also be a participant in the AfricaRail project. In May, 2011 the World Bank reported that \"Sitarail\" had recovered well from the political crisis in Ivory Coast but was experiencing financial distress, needed to re-balance its financial structure and find alternative funding for rehabilitation","title":"Transport in Burkina Faso"},{"id":"529171","text":"its curved course. Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in","title":"Volta River"},{"id":"7708340","text":"The Viceroy of Ouidah The Viceroy of Ouidah is a novel published in 1980 by Bruce Chatwin, a British author. Chatwin's novel portrays the life of a fictional slave trader named Francisco Manuel da Silva, who is loosely based on a historical Jewish Brazilian, Francisco Félix de Sousa. He became powerful in Ouidah, on the so-called Slave Coast of West Africa, now Benin, Togo, and parts of the Volta Region in Ghana. Chatwin was caught up in the violence of a coup in Dahomey (now Benin), where Ouidah is located, when he was researching the book. The novel was adapted","title":"The Viceroy of Ouidah"},{"id":"2488030","text":"but, like its neighbours, Ghana and Benin, its territory extends hundreds of kilometres northward, passing through a central hill region into the northern savanna that borders Burkina Faso. Its population of over 6 million people, which is 65% rural and agrarian, is composed of about 21 ethnic groups. Approximately 51% of the population has indigenous beliefs, 29% is Christian, and 20% Muslim. The two most populous language groups are the Ewe in the south (about 32% of the population) and the Kabye in the north (22% of the population). Gen or Mina is the second major language in the south,","title":"Music of Togo"},{"id":"65532","text":"link to Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria, with paved highways to landlocked Mali and Burkina Faso feeding into the coastal highway. When construction of roads and bridges in Liberia and Sierra Leone is complete, the highway will link to another seven Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations to the west and north-west. At the national level, vehicles are estimated at 600 000, which includes 75% of used cars (second hand) due to the low purchasing power since the beginning of the economic crisis. 20 000 new cars are registered every year. Although maintenance and renovations works are being","title":"Transport in Ivory Coast"},{"id":"14413147","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Benin, formerly Dahomey. Located in West Africa, Benin borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Benin is just over in size with a population of almost 8,500,000. Its capital is the city of Porto-Novo but the seat of government is the city of Cotonou. Benin's first stamps were French colonial stamps used at Porto Novo from 1888. Stamps were","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin"},{"id":"8423276","text":"tail) is , possibly more, while the average total length is . It is found in West Africa from Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea, through, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, and Nigeria. It is also found in northern Cameroon and southwestern Chad. The type locality is described as \"Haute Volta, Garango, 048 N, 033 W\" (Burkina Faso). There are also reports of single specimens found in the Bangui in the Central African Republic, and in central Sudan. It is rarely found north of the 15 parallel, after which \"E. leucogaster\" becomes more common. The geographic range","title":"Echis ocellatus"},{"id":"17988095","text":"evident that the continental shelf of Benin, Togo, Ghana, and western Nigeria hosts a breeding/calving population with a Southern Hemisphere seasonality, referred to as the ‘Gulf of Guinea stock’. Its parametric distribution suggests it may be related to the IWC-defined breeding stock ‘B’ from central-west Africa. Mother and calf pairs have been sighted exclusively near shore in Benin, sometimes just beyond the surf-zone. The westernmost authenticated record is a stranding at Assini Mafia, eastern Côte d’Ivoire in August 2007. For many years, small-scale, seasonal humpback whale-watching sorties have been conducted from the ports of Sekondi-Takoradi, Lomé and Cotonou. The breeding","title":"Cetacean strandings in Ghana"},{"id":"4737746","text":"Africa has often been so heavy that the Gap has become wet enough to support rainforest, thus eliminating the savanna. Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian","title":"Dahomey Gap"},{"id":"14477167","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Ghana, known as the Gold Coast before independence. Ghana is located in West Africa, borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The Gold Coast gradually came under British control by the middle of the nineteenth century and it was administered by Sierra Leone, further along the coast, until Gold Coast became a Crown Colony in 1874. Mails travelled via Freetown at this time.","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana"},{"id":"12263853","text":"exploitation, including for sex tourism, within Senegal. Transnationally, boys are trafficked to Senegal from The Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea for forced begging by religious teachers. Senegalese women and girls are trafficked to neighboring countries, the Middle East, and Europe for domestic servitude and possibly for sexual exploitation. Women and girls from other West African countries, particularly Liberia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria may be trafficked to Senegal for sexual exploitation, including for sex tourism. The Government of Senegal does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do","title":"Human trafficking in Senegal"},{"id":"15831584","text":"dry climate, that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, separating the rainforest zones on either side. This species is known from only forty-one specimens found in the last few decades and it has not been viewed in the wild. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers the species too poorly known for it to be able to evaluate this animal's conservation status, so they have assessed it as being of \"data deficient\". Walter's duiker The Walter's duiker (\"Philantomba walteri\") is a species of duiker found in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. It was described","title":"Walter's duiker"},{"id":"16667550","text":"is focussed on west African nations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. This project, started in 2009, aims at worst forms of child labour in west Africa. It has two main components: the first will support national efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, while the second aims at mobilizing sub-regional policy makers and improving sub-regional cooperation for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour among all fifteen member States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). KURET project,","title":"Child labour in Africa"},{"id":"5774281","text":"stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The Guinean Forests of West Africa is a belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast, running in the west from Sierra Leone and Guinea through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and Togo, ending at the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests are divided by the Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin. The forests are a few hundred kilometres inland from the Atlantic Ocean coast on the southern part of West","title":"History of West Africa"},{"id":"16704838","text":"subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking...Near the Togo-Burkina Faso border, Togolese boys are forced into begging by corrupt marabouts (religious instructors). Togolese girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are transported to Benin, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequently forced to work in agriculture. Children from Benin and Ghana are recruited and transported to Togo for forced labor. Traffickers exploit Togolese men for forced labor in Nigerian agriculture and Togolese women as domestic servants. Some reports indicate Togolese women are fraudulently recruited for employment in Saudi Arabia, the United States, and","title":"Human rights in Togo"},{"id":"12502820","text":"Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain (Canary Islands), Togo and United Kingdom). As of May 2013, 23 range States have signed the MoU. Marine turtles are thought to be numerous along much of the Atlantic Coast of Africa. The area includes nesting sites, feeding areas and migration corridors of importance to six species of marine turtles. To protect these species an Article IV agreement was concluded and came into effect","title":"Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa"},{"id":"13753280","text":"West African countries of Ghana, Togo, Dahomey (now known as the Republic of Benin), and Nigeria. When offered this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study abroad at the University Of Ghana Institute Of African Studies in Accra, Ghana and the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana, Taylor was on board without hesitation. Cognizant that time spent becoming well-versed in Western literature and teachings left her ill-prepared in African and African-American history and culture, Taylor went to Africa not quite knowing what to expect. Taylor was amazed as she spent hours poring through dozens of books at the University] of Accra","title":"Glenda R. Taylor"},{"id":"14867521","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Niger, a former French colony that obtained independence in 1960. Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The capital city is Niamey. In 1920, Niger was separated from Upper","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger"},{"id":"7346027","text":"the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In","title":"Françafrique"},{"id":"9063662","text":"West African Gas Pipeline The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) is a natural gas pipeline to supply gas from Nigeria's Escravos region of Niger Delta area to Benin, Togo and Ghana. It is the first regional natural gas transmission system in sub-Saharan Africa. The project began in 1982, when the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa. In 1991 a feasibility report conducted by the World Bank on supplying Nigerian gas on West African markets deemed that a project was commercially viable. In September 1995, the governments of four","title":"West African Gas Pipeline"},{"id":"17983426","text":"ceremonies when the initiates dance with several types of masks. Art of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great","title":"Art of Burkina Faso"},{"id":"5763052","text":"examine including requests for advisory opinion. As of 2018 February, eight state parties to the protocol had made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The eight states are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Altogether, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, and Uganda. The African Court","title":"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights"},{"id":"17988096","text":"stock off Gabon and Angola is the subject of longterm dedicated studies. Possibly up to 10% of world population of humpbacks migrate into Gulf of Guinea. No abundance estimate is available for the Bight of Benin population, but the encounter rate in October 2000 was approximately 5.9 humpback whales per 100 km surveyed (0.109/nautical mile) . The reported neonates stranded in unknown circumstances of natural and anthropogenic causes are possible. At least some humpback whale strandings in the area are thought to be animals killed in vessel collisions, which may be far more common in African waters than scarce reports","title":"Cetacean strandings in Ghana"},{"id":"9192466","text":"across the central region of Togo, ranging from the southwest to the northeast. To the northeast, the mountain range extends into Benin where it is known as the Atakora Mountains, and to the southwest it extends into Ghana where it is known as the Akwapim Hills. The average elevation of these mountains is and the highest peak in Togo is Mount Agou, with a height of . It is in the southwestern part of the range, close to the border with Ghana. To the north of the Togo Mountains, there is undulating savannah, creased by the broad, meandering valley of","title":"Togo Mountains"},{"id":"16934856","text":"African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania. The AVU has its headquarters","title":"African Virtual University"},{"id":"152692","text":"Geography of Ghana Ghana is a country in Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, just a few degrees north of the equator. Ghana encompasses plains, low hills, rivers, Lake Volta, the world's largest artificial lake, Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island on the south Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana. Ghana can be divided into four different geographical ecoregions. The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub and intersected by several rivers and streams. The northern part of Ghana features high plains. South-west and south-central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region consisting of the","title":"Geography of Ghana"},{"id":"13177639","text":"the Small Isles roster. When she arrived back in Mallaig, the new awaited her. \"Pioneer\" headed for Gourock and on to Greenock’s James Watt Dock - her final resting place with the company. She was sold to Corlett Lines, in August 2004. Renamed \"Brenda Corlett\", after the new owner's wife, she now serves the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the equator in West Africa. In 2006 she took almost three hundred Liberian refugees, and their belongings, home from the Ghanaian port of Tema. The ferry was chartered to lend assistance to a repatriation","title":"MV Pioneer (1974)"},{"id":"3826647","text":"Guinea refers to the country's coastal plain, while Upper Guinea refers to the country's interior. European traders in the region subdivided the region based on its main exports. The eastern portion around Benin and Nigeria was named the Slave Coast. What is now Ghana was called the (British) Gold Coast, a name later given to a British colony in the area which ultimately absorbed earlier European colonies. West of this was the Ivory Coast, still the name of the nation in that region. Farthest west, the area around modern Liberia and Sierra Leone was referred to as either the Pepper","title":"Guinea (region)"},{"id":"13804834","text":"a semi-final game at Oconee High School in which the Tigers swept the Warriors in two straight games. The team have finished 2nd in the state twice since 1954. Jonathan Ashley Noles (b. 1975), class of 1993, consultant to CIA for international Smuggling routes in the Bight of Benin which spans from Ghana to Nigeria Bryan Lawler (Class of 2000) - Creator of college football computer ranking methodology included in Massey's composite ranking of college football teams Ringgold High School (Georgia) Ringgold High School is a public four-year comprehensive high school located in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States, in the","title":"Ringgold High School (Georgia)"},{"id":"7503481","text":"Gap is a region of Togo and Benin where the forest-savanna mosaic extends to the coast, and separates the Upper Guinean forests of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana from the Lower Guinean forests of Nigeria and Cameroon. This region is mainly grassland crossed with trees growing alongside streams and on hillsides, with the constantly occurring fires keeping back the growth of trees in open country. Lophira laceolata is a tree that is more resistant to fire. The mixture of forest and grassland provide habitat for a range of species from large mammals such as African leopard, forest","title":"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic"},{"id":"6564556","text":"COP 1: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Libya, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritius, Niger, Senegal, Togo and Tunisia. In addition, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Swaziland and Zambia participated as observers. Bamako Convention The Bamako Convention (in full: Bamako Convention on the ban on the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa) is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The Convention was negotiated by twelve nations of the Organisation of African Unity at Bamako, Mali","title":"Bamako Convention"},{"id":"4159934","text":"Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which lie to the west. Inland and to the east, the Eastern Guinean forests transition to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic. The Eastern Guinean forests,","title":"Eastern Guinean forests"},{"id":"283623","text":"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin","title":"Nigeria"},{"id":"36507","text":"the Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Many, however, continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a sect originating in the 19th century, is also present in a significant minority. Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the","title":"Benin"},{"id":"6844861","text":"it is banned by national legislation. FGM is defined as a \"harmful traditional practice\" in accordance to the Inter-African Committee. Due to globalization and immigration, FGM is spreading beyond the borders of Africa and Middle East, to countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.S., and UK. The Istanbul Convention prohibits female genital mutilation (Article 38). As of 2016, in Africa, FGM has been legally banned in Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.","title":"Violence against women"},{"id":"18606979","text":"belts. This type of categorization is relevant in meteorology and agriculture. Oftentimes, the terms \"Southern\" and \"Northern\" zones are used to divide the country into two halves - Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions on one end, and Greater Accra, Central, Western, Eastern, and volta on the other, respectively. Northerner (Ghana) A Northerner is an unestablished informal term used by the general public in Ghana to refer to Ghanaians who hail from the three northernmost Regions of Ghana namely; the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. Examples are Dagombas, Gurunsi and Wala people. Its opposite, Southerner","title":"Northerner (Ghana)"},{"id":"6620623","text":"multi-media services: IRIN covers the following countries: AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan,","title":"IRIN"},{"id":"15174537","text":"Human trafficking in Nigeria Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficked Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas within the country's borders – women and girls for involuntary domestic servitude and sexual exploitation, and boys for forced labor in street vending, domestic servitude, mining, and begging. Nigerian women and children are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Gambia, for the same purposes. Children from West","title":"Human trafficking in Nigeria"},{"id":"18887021","text":"Visa requirements for Somali citizens Visa requirements for Somali citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Somalia by the authorities of other states. As of 1 January 2018, Somali citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 32 countries and territories, ranking the Somali passport 100th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra","title":"Visa requirements for Somali citizens"},{"id":"14235434","text":"require a visa to the following countries:
The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. Many countries require passport validity of","title":"Visa requirements for Russian citizens"},{"id":"152719","text":"reflected in an agricultural mechanization agreement signed in the late 1980s to irrigate the Afram Plains. The lake is navigable from Akosombo through Yeji in the middle of Ghana. A 24-meter pontoon was commissioned in 1989 to link the Afram Plains to the west of the lake with the lower Volta region to the east. Hydroelectricity generated from Akosombo supplies Ghana, Togo, and Benin. On the other side of the Kwahu Plateau from Lake Volta are several river systems, including the Pra, Ankobra, Tano and Densu. The Pra is the easternmost and the largest of the three principal rivers that","title":"Geography of Ghana"},{"id":"15193095","text":"men are also subjected to forced agricultural labor within Guinea. Smaller numbers of girls from Mali, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Guinea-Bissau migrate to Guinea, where they are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and likely also commercial sexual exploitation. Some Guinean boys and girls are subjected to forced labor in gold mining operations in Senegal, Mali, and possibly other African countries. Guinean women and girls are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and forced prostitution in Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Senegal, Greece, and Spain. Chinese women are trafficked to Guinea for commercial sexual exploitation by Chinese traffickers.","title":"Human trafficking in Guinea"},{"id":"16762409","text":"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia is a Multilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding and entered into effect on 3 October 2008 under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention. The MoU covers 29 range States (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal (Madeira and Azores), São","title":"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding"},{"id":"4737743","text":"Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, or Congolian Forest Zone. The major city in the Gap is Accra. Several other cities, such as Kumasi, exist","title":"Dahomey Gap"},{"id":"16934857","text":"in Nairobi, Kenya and a regional office in Dakar, Senegal. African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina","title":"African Virtual University"},{"id":"10628446","text":"(<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Sub-Saharan Africa and south-western Arabian Peninsula. Western Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo Eastern Africa: Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Yemen This is a monotypic species. Three subspecies are recognised by some authorities: \"C. i.","title":"Plain nightjar"},{"id":"5442906","text":"Tema Tema is a city on the Bight of Benin and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located east of the capital city; Accra, in the region of Greater Accra, and is the capital of the Tema Metropolitan District. As of 2013, Tema is the eleventh most populous settlement in Ghana, with a population of approximately 161,612 people – a marked decrease from its 2005 figure of 209,000. The Greenwich Meridian (00 Longitude) passes directly through the city. Tema is locally nicknamed the \"Harbour City\" because of its status as Ghana's largest seaport. It consists of 25 different communities which","title":"Tema"},{"id":"152694","text":"into it. The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape three points near Axim. Ghana lies between latitudes 4° and 12°N. South Ghana contains evergreen and semi-deciduous forests consisting of trees such as mahogany, odum, ebony and it also contains much of Ghana's oil palms and mangroves with shea trees, baobabs and acacias found in the northern part of Ghana. Ghana, which lies in the center of the Gulf of Guinea coast, 2,420 km of land borders with three countries: Burkina Faso (602 km) to the north, Ivory Coast (720 km) to the","title":"Geography of Ghana"},{"id":"4159935","text":"together with the other tropical moist broadleaf forests of West Africa, is included within Conservation International's Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which","title":"Eastern Guinean forests"},{"id":"10540312","text":"Nubian flapshell turtle The Nubian flapshell turtle (\"Cyclanorbis elegans\") is one of two species of softshell turtle in the genus \"Cyclanorbis\" of the Trionychidae family. It has historically been found in a wide range spanning Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Togo. However, it has been very rarely recorded during the last 50 years (not a single individual has been observed during the last 15 years) and there is little hope that the species is extant in Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is hoped that the species is still to be found in remote","title":"Nubian flapshell turtle"},{"id":"5763055","text":"Julius Nyerere Conservation Centre Complex along Dodoma Road. The Court has jurisdiction to determine applications against state parties of the Court Protocol. To date, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger, Uganda, Rwanda, Arab Saharawi Republic, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo and Tunisia. An application against these states may be made by the African Commission or African inter-governmental organisations. Where a state has made a declaration accepting the right of individual application, an","title":"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights"},{"id":"13707310","text":"exploited in sex trafficking. Burkinabe children are transported to Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Niger for sex trafficking. To a lesser extent, traffickers recruit women for ostensibly legitimate employment in Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and various European countries and subsequently subject them to forced prostitution. Burkina Faso is a transit country for traffickers transporting children from Mali to Cote d’Ivoire and women and girls from Cote d’Ivoire to Saudi Arabia. It is a destination for children subjected to trafficking from neighbouring countries, including Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. Women from other West African countries are fraudulently recruited for","title":"Prostitution in Burkina Faso"},{"id":"5042783","text":"Earth. The magnitude, that is, the ratio between the apparent sizes of the Moon and that of the Sun, was 1.052, and it was part of Saros 139. The path of totality of the Moon's shadow began at sunrise in Brazil and extended across the Atlantic to Africa, traveling across Ghana, the southeastern tip of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, and a small corner of northwest Egypt, from there across the Mediterranean Sea to Greece (Kastellórizo) and Turkey, then across the Black Sea via Georgia, Russia, and Kazakhstan to Western Mongolia, where it ended at sunset. A","title":"Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006"},{"id":"10542723","text":"long as the head-and-body length; it is ringed by small scales and clad with sparse short bristles. The head-and-body length of this rat averages and the weight averages . The West African shaggy rat is native to tropical West Africa; its rangeincludes Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. It inhabits wetlands and swampy areas, streams, riverbanks, lakesides, young oil-palm plantations and rice fields. The West African shaggy rat is a terrestrial species. It is nocturnal and a good swimmer. It lives in a shallow burrow, the entrance often hidden under a","title":"West African shaggy rat"},{"id":"16530876","text":"being acquired by the Zoological Museum Hamburg in 1901, or else mislabeled there. The West African mud turtle is found in the following countries of West and Central Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Additionally, it has been introduced to Guadeloupe. The West African mud turtle is carnivorous and feeds on aquatic prey. There are five phases to feeding; preliminary head fixation on the prey, fine-tuning the head fixation, final approach by the head,","title":"West African mud turtle"},{"id":"17009664","text":"project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries","title":"Pan-African e-Network project"},{"id":"7503480","text":"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa, a band of interlaced forest, savanna, and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior. The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic covers an area of , extending from western Senegal to eastern Nigeria, and including portions of Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The Cameroon Highlands of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon separate the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic from the Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, which lies to the east. The Dahomey","title":"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic"},{"id":"5415686","text":"Centrale Region, Togo Centrale is one of Togo's five regions. Sokodé is the regional capital. Centrale is the least populated region in Togo with a total of 617,871 people according to a census done in 2010. Other major cities in the Centrale region include Tchamba and Sotouboua. Centrale is divided into the prefectures of Blitta, Sotouboua, Tchamba, and Tchaoudjo. Centrale is located north of Plateaux Region and south of Kara Region. Like the rest of the regions of Togo, it borders Ghana in the west and Benin in the east — specifically the Northern Region in the northwest and the","title":"Centrale Region, Togo"},{"id":"15588988","text":"refugees fleeing the fighting in the Second Ivorian Civil War entered Ghana. In total, some 116,000 Ivorians fled to eight West African countries, including Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Liberia, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Ghana received 3,129 new refugees, mainly from the Ivorian capital of Abidjan and its suburbs. The UNHCR set up a transit centre at the Elubo border crossing. The Refugee Board partnered with the UNHCR and Ghanaian state agencies such as NADMO to assist these refugees. After the setting up of the transit centre, the Refugee Board is looking for land to convert into a temporary shelter","title":"Refugee Board (Ghana)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4148400\",\n \"text\": \"An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \\\"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\\\" After ten years, working\",\n \"title\": \"An African in Greenland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"37038\",\n \"text\": \"Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \\\"Burkina Faso\\\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its\",\n \"title\": \"Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415052\",\n \"text\": \"to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign. Togo has an area equal to and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. Togo lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E. The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savanna in contrast\",\n \"title\": \"Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14482363\",\n \"text\": \"was one of the first clients of the Inter-Governmental Philatelic Corporation. Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415040\",\n \"text\": \"Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans\",\n \"title\": \"Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14482359\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal towns and used German West African mail boats. Mail entered the\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3826646\",\n \"text\": \"show more resistance to European incursions than other areas of Africa. Such resistance, combined with a disease environment hostile to Europeans, meant that much of Guinea was not colonised by Europeans until the very end of the 19th century. Guinea is often subdivided into \\\"Lower Guinea\\\" and \\\"Upper Guinea\\\". Lower Guinea is one of the most densely populated regions of Africa, covering southern Nigeria, Benin, Togo and stretching into Ghana. It includes the coastal regions as well as the interior. Upper Guinea is far less densely populated and stretches from Côte d'Ivoire to Senegal. Within the Republic of Guinea, Lower\",\n \"title\": \"Guinea (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5131414\",\n \"text\": \"become dry, dusty plains, with the occasional pond or lake in a depression. Cattle graze on the floodplains during the dry season. There is also some small scale growing of crops, and the hunting of game takes place there. The river forms part of the international borders between Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Benin. The Oti River flows through Pendjari National Park in Benin and the Oti-Kéran National Park in Togo. Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta\",\n \"title\": \"Oti River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10581764\",\n \"text\": \"construction of a completely new road between Senegal and Mali. The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows (going east): Alternative routes at the eastern end: The Trans-Sahelian Highway intersects with the following Trans-African Highways: The northern regions of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin are close to the Trans-Sahelian Highway, which may be used to by travellers between those regions in preference to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway further south. Paved roads connect the Trans-Sahelian and West African Coastal Highways through Trans-Sahelian Highway The Trans-Sahelian Highway or Trans-Sahel Highway is a transnational highway\",\n \"title\": \"Trans-Sahelian Highway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415122\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Togo Togo is a small Sub-Saharan state, comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. Togo's geographic coordinates are a latitude of 8° north and a longitude of 1°10′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to the east, with of border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Ghana, with of border. To the south Togo has of coastline along the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Togo stretches north from the Gulf and is only wide at the broadest point. In total, Togo has an\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36484\",\n \"text\": \"Benin Benin ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its\",\n \"title\": \"Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"415160\",\n \"text\": \"Transport in Togo This article refers to transportation in the country of Togo \\\"total:\\\" 568 km (2008)
\\\"narrow gauge:\\\" 568 km of gauge \\\"total:\\\" 7,520 km
\\\"paved:\\\" 2,376 km
\\\"unpaved:\\\" 5,144 km (2000) The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to Benin and Nigeria to the east, and Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also connects Togo northwards to Burkina Faso and from there north-west to Mali and north-east\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152588\",\n \"text\": \"Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. \\\"Ghana\\\" means \\\"Warrior King\\\" in the Soninke language. The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century. Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16082133\",\n \"text\": \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 was unanimously adopted on 31 October, 2011. In the resolution, the 15-member council \\\"condemns all acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea committed off the coast of the states of the Gulf of Guinea.\\\" According to reports by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), piracy in the Gulf, which borders West African coastal countries from Ghana to Gabon, has been on the rise in recent years. Resolution 2018 \\\"welcomes the intention to convene a summit of the Gulf of Guinea\",\n \"title\": \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"65502\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is approximately square in shape. Its southern border is a coastline on the Gulf of Guinea on the north Atlantic Ocean. On the other three sides it borders five other African nations for a total of : Liberia to the southwest for , Guinea to the northwest for , Mali to the north-northwest for , Burkina Faso to the north-northeast for , and Ghana to the east for . Ivory Coast comprises , of which is\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767585\",\n \"text\": \"territory in the south Atlantic Ocean. In the United Nations scheme of African regions, the region includes 17 states and the island of Saint Helena, an overseas territory: Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Niger are mostly in the Sahel, a transition zone between the Sahara desert and the Sudanian Savanna, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Nigeria compose Guinea, the traditional name for the area near the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Verde is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauritania lies in the Maghreb, the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been\",\n \"title\": \"West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5131412\",\n \"text\": \"Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta River in Ghana. The Oti River is about long. Its headwaters are in Burkina Faso, it flows through Benin and Togo and joins the Volta River in Ghana. Tributaries on the left bank in Togo originate from the Togo Mountains to the south. One of its eastern tributaries is the Kara River, the confluence being on the Togo/Ghana border, where another tributary joins from the south, the Koumongou River. The mouth\",\n \"title\": \"Oti River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36525\",\n \"text\": \"Belgium (198) and Germany (156). Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans-West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also\",\n \"title\": \"Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"680362\",\n \"text\": \"Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated\",\n \"title\": \"Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9192465\",\n \"text\": \"Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region of the West African country of Togo and across the eastern and western borders of that country into Ghana and Benin. In Ghana, the range is also known as the Akwapim Hills, and in Benin it is also known as the Atakora Mountains. Part of the range is associated with the country of Niger, where the W National Park is found. The African wild dog, \\\"Lycaon pictus\\\", was historically found in this region but may now be extirpated from this locale. The Togo Mountains run\",\n \"title\": \"Togo Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778737\",\n \"text\": \"which aims to link the railways of Benin with Niger and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the AfricaRail project. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10508804\",\n \"text\": \"East Africa. In West Africa, a chain of rain forests up to 350 km long extends from the eastern border of Sierra Leone all the way to Ghana. In Ghana the forest zone gradually dispels near the Volta river, following a 300 km stretch of Dahomey savanna gap. The rain forest of West Africa continues from east of Benin through southern Nigeria and officially ends at the border of Cameroon along the Sanaga river. Semi-deciduous rainforests in West Africa began at the fringed coastline of Guinea Bissau (via Guinea) and run all the way through the coasts of Sierra Leone,\",\n \"title\": \"Tropical Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15174538\",\n \"text\": \"African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Nigerian women and girls are taken to Europe, especially to Italy and Russia, and to the Middle East and North Africa, for forced prostitution. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in \\\"Tier 2 Watchlist\\\" in 2017. The 2003 Trafficking in Persons Law Enforcement and Administration Act, amended in 2005 to increase penalties\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767568\",\n \"text\": \"West Africa West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 17 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The population of West Africa is estimated at about /1e6 round 0 million people as of . Studies of human mitochondrial DNA suggest that all humans share common ancestors from Africa, originated in the southwestern regions near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola at the\",\n \"title\": \"West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778750\",\n \"text\": \"the political crises in Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, and Togo and provided a contribution to the United Nations force in Haiti, all of which were indications of the country's growing confidence in the international community. Some of the allies of Benin are France, India, US, UK, Netherlands, Ghana, and China. In September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign relations of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20655962\",\n \"text\": \"This is similar to the lack of documentation available in Southern Africa. West Africa consists of the following 15 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Of these western countries, some have fairly stable vulture populations such as the Hooded Vultures of The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. On the other hand, there are countries like Senegal which has regions that have faced 80% vulture decline in the last half century. The trade of vultures for bushmeat, as well as belief use, is the primary factor for the decline\",\n \"title\": \"African vulture trade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15192965\",\n \"text\": \"now routinely interrogate the marabout of any beggar they find in the streets. Some observers noted only a small number of trafficking victims, but others see the Gambia's porous borders as an active transit zone for women, girls, and boys from West African countries – mainly Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and Benin – who are recruited for exploitation in the sex trade, in particular to meet the demands of European tourists seeking sex with children. Most trafficking offenders in the Gambia are probably individuals who operate independently of international syndicates. The government's Department of Social\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in the Gambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778636\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152691\",\n \"text\": \"2017, Ghana ranks as the 43rd–most peaceful country in the world. To enter Ghana, it is necessary to have a visa authorised by the Government of Ghana. Travelers must apply for this visa at a Ghanaian embassy; this process can take approximately two weeks. By law, visitors entering Ghana must be able to produce a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Government General information Trade Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"778644\",\n \"text\": \"other location. Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south,\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4976587\",\n \"text\": \"Culture of Ivory Coast The diverse culture of Ivory Coast, a coastal West African country bordered by Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea, is exemplified by a multitude of ethnic groups, events, festivals, music, and art. More than sixty indigenous ethnic groups are often cited, although this number may be reduced to seven clusters of ethnic groups, by classifying small units together on the basis of their cultural and historical characteristics, which differ somewhat from one to the next. These may be further reduced to four major cultural regions – the East Atlantic (primarily Akan), West Atlantic (primarily Kru),\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7495779\",\n \"text\": \"Guinean Forests of West Africa The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Guinean forests into the Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests. The Upper Guinean forests extend from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana to Togo\",\n \"title\": \"Guinean Forests of West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15554548\",\n \"text\": \"or divestiture of state-owned industries (\\\"parastatals\\\")in the health and agricultural sectors, trade liberalization (lowering or elimination of tariffs on imports), cuts in social spending (agriculture, health, education sectors) and strict deficit reductions. Structural Adjustment Programs also led to the phasing out of most fertilizer subsidy programs. Some of the African countries following these guidelines included Benin, Ghana, Madagascar, Senegal, Togo, Tanzania, Zambia, Cameroon, Malawi, and Nigeria. Results of liberalization and subsidy phase-out were mixed. In a five-year study comparing before and after cases, fertilizer use in Cameroon, Senegal, Tanzania, Nigeria and Ghana declined 25-40 percent, while it increased 14-500 percent\",\n \"title\": \"Fertilizer subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"529168\",\n \"text\": \"Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in the east. The\",\n \"title\": \"Volta River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"37926\",\n \"text\": \"country are of . Only Ivory Coast is connected to Burkina Faso by rail. Instability in Ivory Coast in 2003 forced a rerouting of rail freight from the Abidjan corridor to ports in Togo, Benin, and Ghana via the road network. A proposed rail link between Ouagadougou and Pô in Burkina Faso and Kumasi and Boankra in Ghana, has been discussed with Ghanaian officials, and feasibility studies are being undertaken to explore this possibility, which would provide rail access to the inland port of Bonakra. Burkina Faso and Ghana use different rail gauges and this break-of-gauge can be overcome to\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9476061\",\n \"text\": \"State University. Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more than 30 African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. The Afrobarometer is carried on in Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Afrobarometer achieves this measurement through a series of face-to-face interviews with a random sample of either 1,200, 1,600 or 2,400 people in each country. Because the instrument\",\n \"title\": \"Afrobarometer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20155837\",\n \"text\": \"didn't end there, because due to an attempted coup the previous year, Ghana's president Jerry Rawlings had closed the main land crossing with Togo to avoid the sudden arrival of over 1 Million people. Togo then also shut its borders with Benin. The immigrants were stranded for weeks, thereafter the Ghanaian authority opened their borders causing Togo to also open theirs, for the Ghanaian refugees to have access back home. The relationship between Nigeria and Ghana has since been strengthened. The migration was then named \\\"Ghana Must Go\\\". Ghana Must Go In 1983, when Shehu Shagari was the President of\",\n \"title\": \"Ghana Must Go\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"680438\",\n \"text\": \"palm wine. Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a \\\"maquis\\\", which is unique to the region. A \\\"maquis\\\" normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with \\\"attiéké\\\" or \\\"kedjenou\\\". Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of\",\n \"title\": \"Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10633646\",\n \"text\": \"like the wind going through a pipe during moonlit nights. The Sahel from southern Mauretania and northern Senegal eastwards to northern Cameroon and southern Chad into South Sudan and southern Sudan with separate population in northern Benin and coastal Ghana, with another in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The quail-plover has an extremely large range, its population trend is not known, the population is not understood to be undergoing a sufficiently rapid decline to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion while the population size has not been quantified so the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Quail-plover The lark\",\n \"title\": \"Quail-plover\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105926\",\n \"text\": \"Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.\",\n \"title\": \"Energy in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9192467\",\n \"text\": \"the Oti River, a tributary of the River Volta, which flows through Lake Volta and into the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana. Several tributaries to this river system flow from the northern side of the Togo Mountains. To the south of the mountains lies a plateau, which further south slopes gently towards the coast. The central and southern sides of the mountains drain into tributaries of the Mono River, which flows into the Gulf of Guinea through swampland on the borders of Togo and Benin. Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region\",\n \"title\": \"Togo Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"37927\",\n \"text\": \"a greater or lesser extent with a number of methods. In 2006, an Indian proposal surfaced to link the railways in Benin and Togo with landlocked Niger and Burkina Faso. Additionally, a Czech proposal also surfaced to link Ghana railways with Burkina Faso. The manganese deposits near Dori are one source of traffic. Burkina Faso would also be a participant in the AfricaRail project. In May, 2011 the World Bank reported that \\\"Sitarail\\\" had recovered well from the political crisis in Ivory Coast but was experiencing financial distress, needed to re-balance its financial structure and find alternative funding for rehabilitation\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"529171\",\n \"text\": \"its curved course. Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in\",\n \"title\": \"Volta River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7708340\",\n \"text\": \"The Viceroy of Ouidah The Viceroy of Ouidah is a novel published in 1980 by Bruce Chatwin, a British author. Chatwin's novel portrays the life of a fictional slave trader named Francisco Manuel da Silva, who is loosely based on a historical Jewish Brazilian, Francisco Félix de Sousa. He became powerful in Ouidah, on the so-called Slave Coast of West Africa, now Benin, Togo, and parts of the Volta Region in Ghana. Chatwin was caught up in the violence of a coup in Dahomey (now Benin), where Ouidah is located, when he was researching the book. The novel was adapted\",\n \"title\": \"The Viceroy of Ouidah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2488030\",\n \"text\": \"but, like its neighbours, Ghana and Benin, its territory extends hundreds of kilometres northward, passing through a central hill region into the northern savanna that borders Burkina Faso. Its population of over 6 million people, which is 65% rural and agrarian, is composed of about 21 ethnic groups. Approximately 51% of the population has indigenous beliefs, 29% is Christian, and 20% Muslim. The two most populous language groups are the Ewe in the south (about 32% of the population) and the Kabye in the north (22% of the population). Gen or Mina is the second major language in the south,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"65532\",\n \"text\": \"link to Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria, with paved highways to landlocked Mali and Burkina Faso feeding into the coastal highway. When construction of roads and bridges in Liberia and Sierra Leone is complete, the highway will link to another seven Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations to the west and north-west. At the national level, vehicles are estimated at 600 000, which includes 75% of used cars (second hand) due to the low purchasing power since the beginning of the economic crisis. 20 000 new cars are registered every year. Although maintenance and renovations works are being\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Ivory Coast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14413147\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Benin, formerly Dahomey. Located in West Africa, Benin borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Benin is just over in size with a population of almost 8,500,000. Its capital is the city of Porto-Novo but the seat of government is the city of Cotonou. Benin's first stamps were French colonial stamps used at Porto Novo from 1888. Stamps were\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8423276\",\n \"text\": \"tail) is , possibly more, while the average total length is . It is found in West Africa from Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea, through, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, and Nigeria. It is also found in northern Cameroon and southwestern Chad. The type locality is described as \\\"Haute Volta, Garango, 048 N, 033 W\\\" (Burkina Faso). There are also reports of single specimens found in the Bangui in the Central African Republic, and in central Sudan. It is rarely found north of the 15 parallel, after which \\\"E. leucogaster\\\" becomes more common. The geographic range\",\n \"title\": \"Echis ocellatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17988095\",\n \"text\": \"evident that the continental shelf of Benin, Togo, Ghana, and western Nigeria hosts a breeding/calving population with a Southern Hemisphere seasonality, referred to as the ‘Gulf of Guinea stock’. Its parametric distribution suggests it may be related to the IWC-defined breeding stock ‘B’ from central-west Africa. Mother and calf pairs have been sighted exclusively near shore in Benin, sometimes just beyond the surf-zone. The westernmost authenticated record is a stranding at Assini Mafia, eastern Côte d’Ivoire in August 2007. For many years, small-scale, seasonal humpback whale-watching sorties have been conducted from the ports of Sekondi-Takoradi, Lomé and Cotonou. The breeding\",\n \"title\": \"Cetacean strandings in Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4737746\",\n \"text\": \"Africa has often been so heavy that the Gap has become wet enough to support rainforest, thus eliminating the savanna. Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian\",\n \"title\": \"Dahomey Gap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14477167\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Ghana, known as the Gold Coast before independence. Ghana is located in West Africa, borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The Gold Coast gradually came under British control by the middle of the nineteenth century and it was administered by Sierra Leone, further along the coast, until Gold Coast became a Crown Colony in 1874. Mails travelled via Freetown at this time.\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12263853\",\n \"text\": \"exploitation, including for sex tourism, within Senegal. Transnationally, boys are trafficked to Senegal from The Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea for forced begging by religious teachers. Senegalese women and girls are trafficked to neighboring countries, the Middle East, and Europe for domestic servitude and possibly for sexual exploitation. Women and girls from other West African countries, particularly Liberia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria may be trafficked to Senegal for sexual exploitation, including for sex tourism. The Government of Senegal does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Senegal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15831584\",\n \"text\": \"dry climate, that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, separating the rainforest zones on either side. This species is known from only forty-one specimens found in the last few decades and it has not been viewed in the wild. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers the species too poorly known for it to be able to evaluate this animal's conservation status, so they have assessed it as being of \\\"data deficient\\\". Walter's duiker The Walter's duiker (\\\"Philantomba walteri\\\") is a species of duiker found in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. It was described\",\n \"title\": \"Walter's duiker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16667550\",\n \"text\": \"is focussed on west African nations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. This project, started in 2009, aims at worst forms of child labour in west Africa. It has two main components: the first will support national efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, while the second aims at mobilizing sub-regional policy makers and improving sub-regional cooperation for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour among all fifteen member States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). KURET project,\",\n \"title\": \"Child labour in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5774281\",\n \"text\": \"stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The Guinean Forests of West Africa is a belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast, running in the west from Sierra Leone and Guinea through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and Togo, ending at the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests are divided by the Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin. The forests are a few hundred kilometres inland from the Atlantic Ocean coast on the southern part of West\",\n \"title\": \"History of West Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16704838\",\n \"text\": \"subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking...Near the Togo-Burkina Faso border, Togolese boys are forced into begging by corrupt marabouts (religious instructors). Togolese girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are transported to Benin, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequently forced to work in agriculture. Children from Benin and Ghana are recruited and transported to Togo for forced labor. Traffickers exploit Togolese men for forced labor in Nigerian agriculture and Togolese women as domestic servants. Some reports indicate Togolese women are fraudulently recruited for employment in Saudi Arabia, the United States, and\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12502820\",\n \"text\": \"Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain (Canary Islands), Togo and United Kingdom). As of May 2013, 23 range States have signed the MoU. Marine turtles are thought to be numerous along much of the Atlantic Coast of Africa. The area includes nesting sites, feeding areas and migration corridors of importance to six species of marine turtles. To protect these species an Article IV agreement was concluded and came into effect\",\n \"title\": \"Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13753280\",\n \"text\": \"West African countries of Ghana, Togo, Dahomey (now known as the Republic of Benin), and Nigeria. When offered this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study abroad at the University Of Ghana Institute Of African Studies in Accra, Ghana and the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana, Taylor was on board without hesitation. Cognizant that time spent becoming well-versed in Western literature and teachings left her ill-prepared in African and African-American history and culture, Taylor went to Africa not quite knowing what to expect. Taylor was amazed as she spent hours poring through dozens of books at the University] of Accra\",\n \"title\": \"Glenda R. Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867521\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Niger, a former French colony that obtained independence in 1960. Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The capital city is Niamey. In 1920, Niger was separated from Upper\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Niger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7346027\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Françafrique\\\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \\\"Françafrique\\\". In\",\n \"title\": \"Françafrique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9063662\",\n \"text\": \"West African Gas Pipeline The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) is a natural gas pipeline to supply gas from Nigeria's Escravos region of Niger Delta area to Benin, Togo and Ghana. It is the first regional natural gas transmission system in sub-Saharan Africa. The project began in 1982, when the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa. In 1991 a feasibility report conducted by the World Bank on supplying Nigerian gas on West African markets deemed that a project was commercially viable. In September 1995, the governments of four\",\n \"title\": \"West African Gas Pipeline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17983426\",\n \"text\": \"ceremonies when the initiates dance with several types of masks. Art of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5763052\",\n \"text\": \"examine including requests for advisory opinion. As of 2018 February, eight state parties to the protocol had made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The eight states are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Altogether, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, and Uganda. The African Court\",\n \"title\": \"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17988096\",\n \"text\": \"stock off Gabon and Angola is the subject of longterm dedicated studies. Possibly up to 10% of world population of humpbacks migrate into Gulf of Guinea. No abundance estimate is available for the Bight of Benin population, but the encounter rate in October 2000 was approximately 5.9 humpback whales per 100 km surveyed (0.109/nautical mile) . The reported neonates stranded in unknown circumstances of natural and anthropogenic causes are possible. At least some humpback whale strandings in the area are thought to be animals killed in vessel collisions, which may be far more common in African waters than scarce reports\",\n \"title\": \"Cetacean strandings in Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9192466\",\n \"text\": \"across the central region of Togo, ranging from the southwest to the northeast. To the northeast, the mountain range extends into Benin where it is known as the Atakora Mountains, and to the southwest it extends into Ghana where it is known as the Akwapim Hills. The average elevation of these mountains is and the highest peak in Togo is Mount Agou, with a height of . It is in the southwestern part of the range, close to the border with Ghana. To the north of the Togo Mountains, there is undulating savannah, creased by the broad, meandering valley of\",\n \"title\": \"Togo Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16934856\",\n \"text\": \"African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania. The AVU has its headquarters\",\n \"title\": \"African Virtual University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152692\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Ghana Ghana is a country in Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, just a few degrees north of the equator. Ghana encompasses plains, low hills, rivers, Lake Volta, the world's largest artificial lake, Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island on the south Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana. Ghana can be divided into four different geographical ecoregions. The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub and intersected by several rivers and streams. The northern part of Ghana features high plains. South-west and south-central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region consisting of the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13177639\",\n \"text\": \"the Small Isles roster. When she arrived back in Mallaig, the new awaited her. \\\"Pioneer\\\" headed for Gourock and on to Greenock’s James Watt Dock - her final resting place with the company. She was sold to Corlett Lines, in August 2004. Renamed \\\"Brenda Corlett\\\", after the new owner's wife, she now serves the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the equator in West Africa. In 2006 she took almost three hundred Liberian refugees, and their belongings, home from the Ghanaian port of Tema. The ferry was chartered to lend assistance to a repatriation\",\n \"title\": \"MV Pioneer (1974)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3826647\",\n \"text\": \"Guinea refers to the country's coastal plain, while Upper Guinea refers to the country's interior. European traders in the region subdivided the region based on its main exports. The eastern portion around Benin and Nigeria was named the Slave Coast. What is now Ghana was called the (British) Gold Coast, a name later given to a British colony in the area which ultimately absorbed earlier European colonies. West of this was the Ivory Coast, still the name of the nation in that region. Farthest west, the area around modern Liberia and Sierra Leone was referred to as either the Pepper\",\n \"title\": \"Guinea (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13804834\",\n \"text\": \"a semi-final game at Oconee High School in which the Tigers swept the Warriors in two straight games. The team have finished 2nd in the state twice since 1954. Jonathan Ashley Noles (b. 1975), class of 1993, consultant to CIA for international Smuggling routes in the Bight of Benin which spans from Ghana to Nigeria Bryan Lawler (Class of 2000) - Creator of college football computer ranking methodology included in Massey's composite ranking of college football teams Ringgold High School (Georgia) Ringgold High School is a public four-year comprehensive high school located in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ringgold High School (Georgia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7503481\",\n \"text\": \"Gap is a region of Togo and Benin where the forest-savanna mosaic extends to the coast, and separates the Upper Guinean forests of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana from the Lower Guinean forests of Nigeria and Cameroon. This region is mainly grassland crossed with trees growing alongside streams and on hillsides, with the constantly occurring fires keeping back the growth of trees in open country. Lophira laceolata is a tree that is more resistant to fire. The mixture of forest and grassland provide habitat for a range of species from large mammals such as African leopard, forest\",\n \"title\": \"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6564556\",\n \"text\": \"COP 1: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Libya, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritius, Niger, Senegal, Togo and Tunisia. In addition, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Swaziland and Zambia participated as observers. Bamako Convention The Bamako Convention (in full: Bamako Convention on the ban on the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa) is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The Convention was negotiated by twelve nations of the Organisation of African Unity at Bamako, Mali\",\n \"title\": \"Bamako Convention\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4159934\",\n \"text\": \"Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which lie to the west. Inland and to the east, the Eastern Guinean forests transition to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic. The Eastern Guinean forests,\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Guinean forests\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283623\",\n \"text\": \"on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36507\",\n \"text\": \"the Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Many, however, continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a sect originating in the 19th century, is also present in a significant minority. Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the\",\n \"title\": \"Benin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6844861\",\n \"text\": \"it is banned by national legislation. FGM is defined as a \\\"harmful traditional practice\\\" in accordance to the Inter-African Committee. Due to globalization and immigration, FGM is spreading beyond the borders of Africa and Middle East, to countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.S., and UK. The Istanbul Convention prohibits female genital mutilation (Article 38). As of 2016, in Africa, FGM has been legally banned in Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.\",\n \"title\": \"Violence against women\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18606979\",\n \"text\": \"belts. This type of categorization is relevant in meteorology and agriculture. Oftentimes, the terms \\\"Southern\\\" and \\\"Northern\\\" zones are used to divide the country into two halves - Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions on one end, and Greater Accra, Central, Western, Eastern, and volta on the other, respectively. Northerner (Ghana) A Northerner is an unestablished informal term used by the general public in Ghana to refer to Ghanaians who hail from the three northernmost Regions of Ghana namely; the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. Examples are Dagombas, Gurunsi and Wala people. Its opposite, Southerner\",\n \"title\": \"Northerner (Ghana)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6620623\",\n \"text\": \"multi-media services: IRIN covers the following countries: AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan,\",\n \"title\": \"IRIN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15174537\",\n \"text\": \"Human trafficking in Nigeria Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficked Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas within the country's borders – women and girls for involuntary domestic servitude and sexual exploitation, and boys for forced labor in street vending, domestic servitude, mining, and begging. Nigerian women and children are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Gambia, for the same purposes. Children from West\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18887021\",\n \"text\": \"Visa requirements for Somali citizens Visa requirements for Somali citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Somalia by the authorities of other states. As of 1 January 2018, Somali citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 32 countries and territories, ranking the Somali passport 100th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra\",\n \"title\": \"Visa requirements for Somali citizens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14235434\",\n \"text\": \"require a visa to the following countries:
The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. Many countries require passport validity of\",\n \"title\": \"Visa requirements for Russian citizens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152719\",\n \"text\": \"reflected in an agricultural mechanization agreement signed in the late 1980s to irrigate the Afram Plains. The lake is navigable from Akosombo through Yeji in the middle of Ghana. A 24-meter pontoon was commissioned in 1989 to link the Afram Plains to the west of the lake with the lower Volta region to the east. Hydroelectricity generated from Akosombo supplies Ghana, Togo, and Benin. On the other side of the Kwahu Plateau from Lake Volta are several river systems, including the Pra, Ankobra, Tano and Densu. The Pra is the easternmost and the largest of the three principal rivers that\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15193095\",\n \"text\": \"men are also subjected to forced agricultural labor within Guinea. Smaller numbers of girls from Mali, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Guinea-Bissau migrate to Guinea, where they are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and likely also commercial sexual exploitation. Some Guinean boys and girls are subjected to forced labor in gold mining operations in Senegal, Mali, and possibly other African countries. Guinean women and girls are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and forced prostitution in Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Senegal, Greece, and Spain. Chinese women are trafficked to Guinea for commercial sexual exploitation by Chinese traffickers.\",\n \"title\": \"Human trafficking in Guinea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16762409\",\n \"text\": \"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia is a Multilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding and entered into effect on 3 October 2008 under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention. The MoU covers 29 range States (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal (Madeira and Azores), São\",\n \"title\": \"West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4737743\",\n \"text\": \"Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, or Congolian Forest Zone. The major city in the Gap is Accra. Several other cities, such as Kumasi, exist\",\n \"title\": \"Dahomey Gap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16934857\",\n \"text\": \"in Nairobi, Kenya and a regional office in Dakar, Senegal. African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina\",\n \"title\": \"African Virtual University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628446\",\n \"text\": \"(<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Sub-Saharan Africa and south-western Arabian Peninsula. Western Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo Eastern Africa: Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Yemen This is a monotypic species. Three subspecies are recognised by some authorities: \\\"C. i.\",\n \"title\": \"Plain nightjar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5442906\",\n \"text\": \"Tema Tema is a city on the Bight of Benin and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located east of the capital city; Accra, in the region of Greater Accra, and is the capital of the Tema Metropolitan District. As of 2013, Tema is the eleventh most populous settlement in Ghana, with a population of approximately 161,612 people – a marked decrease from its 2005 figure of 209,000. The Greenwich Meridian (00 Longitude) passes directly through the city. Tema is locally nicknamed the \\\"Harbour City\\\" because of its status as Ghana's largest seaport. It consists of 25 different communities which\",\n \"title\": \"Tema\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"152694\",\n \"text\": \"into it. The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape three points near Axim. Ghana lies between latitudes 4° and 12°N. South Ghana contains evergreen and semi-deciduous forests consisting of trees such as mahogany, odum, ebony and it also contains much of Ghana's oil palms and mangroves with shea trees, baobabs and acacias found in the northern part of Ghana. Ghana, which lies in the center of the Gulf of Guinea coast, 2,420 km of land borders with three countries: Burkina Faso (602 km) to the north, Ivory Coast (720 km) to the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Ghana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4159935\",\n \"text\": \"together with the other tropical moist broadleaf forests of West Africa, is included within Conservation International's Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Guinean forests\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10540312\",\n \"text\": \"Nubian flapshell turtle The Nubian flapshell turtle (\\\"Cyclanorbis elegans\\\") is one of two species of softshell turtle in the genus \\\"Cyclanorbis\\\" of the Trionychidae family. It has historically been found in a wide range spanning Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Togo. However, it has been very rarely recorded during the last 50 years (not a single individual has been observed during the last 15 years) and there is little hope that the species is extant in Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is hoped that the species is still to be found in remote\",\n \"title\": \"Nubian flapshell turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5763055\",\n \"text\": \"Julius Nyerere Conservation Centre Complex along Dodoma Road. The Court has jurisdiction to determine applications against state parties of the Court Protocol. To date, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger, Uganda, Rwanda, Arab Saharawi Republic, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo and Tunisia. An application against these states may be made by the African Commission or African inter-governmental organisations. Where a state has made a declaration accepting the right of individual application, an\",\n \"title\": \"African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13707310\",\n \"text\": \"exploited in sex trafficking. Burkinabe children are transported to Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Niger for sex trafficking. To a lesser extent, traffickers recruit women for ostensibly legitimate employment in Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and various European countries and subsequently subject them to forced prostitution. Burkina Faso is a transit country for traffickers transporting children from Mali to Cote d’Ivoire and women and girls from Cote d’Ivoire to Saudi Arabia. It is a destination for children subjected to trafficking from neighbouring countries, including Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. Women from other West African countries are fraudulently recruited for\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitution in Burkina Faso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5042783\",\n \"text\": \"Earth. The magnitude, that is, the ratio between the apparent sizes of the Moon and that of the Sun, was 1.052, and it was part of Saros 139. The path of totality of the Moon's shadow began at sunrise in Brazil and extended across the Atlantic to Africa, traveling across Ghana, the southeastern tip of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, and a small corner of northwest Egypt, from there across the Mediterranean Sea to Greece (Kastellórizo) and Turkey, then across the Black Sea via Georgia, Russia, and Kazakhstan to Western Mongolia, where it ended at sunset. A\",\n \"title\": \"Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10542723\",\n \"text\": \"long as the head-and-body length; it is ringed by small scales and clad with sparse short bristles. The head-and-body length of this rat averages and the weight averages . The West African shaggy rat is native to tropical West Africa; its rangeincludes Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. It inhabits wetlands and swampy areas, streams, riverbanks, lakesides, young oil-palm plantations and rice fields. The West African shaggy rat is a terrestrial species. It is nocturnal and a good swimmer. It lives in a shallow burrow, the entrance often hidden under a\",\n \"title\": \"West African shaggy rat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16530876\",\n \"text\": \"being acquired by the Zoological Museum Hamburg in 1901, or else mislabeled there. The West African mud turtle is found in the following countries of West and Central Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Additionally, it has been introduced to Guadeloupe. The West African mud turtle is carnivorous and feeds on aquatic prey. There are five phases to feeding; preliminary head fixation on the prey, fine-tuning the head fixation, final approach by the head,\",\n \"title\": \"West African mud turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17009664\",\n \"text\": \"project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries\",\n \"title\": \"Pan-African e-Network project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7503480\",\n \"text\": \"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa, a band of interlaced forest, savanna, and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior. The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic covers an area of , extending from western Senegal to eastern Nigeria, and including portions of Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The Cameroon Highlands of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon separate the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic from the Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, which lies to the east. The Dahomey\",\n \"title\": \"Guinean forest-savanna mosaic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5415686\",\n \"text\": \"Centrale Region, Togo Centrale is one of Togo's five regions. Sokodé is the regional capital. Centrale is the least populated region in Togo with a total of 617,871 people according to a census done in 2010. Other major cities in the Centrale region include Tchamba and Sotouboua. Centrale is divided into the prefectures of Blitta, Sotouboua, Tchamba, and Tchaoudjo. Centrale is located north of Plateaux Region and south of Kara Region. Like the rest of the regions of Togo, it borders Ghana in the west and Benin in the east — specifically the Northern Region in the northwest and the\",\n \"title\": \"Centrale Region, Togo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15588988\",\n \"text\": \"refugees fleeing the fighting in the Second Ivorian Civil War entered Ghana. In total, some 116,000 Ivorians fled to eight West African countries, including Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Liberia, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Ghana received 3,129 new refugees, mainly from the Ivorian capital of Abidjan and its suburbs. The UNHCR set up a transit centre at the Elubo border crossing. The Refugee Board partnered with the UNHCR and Ghanaian state agencies such as NADMO to assist these refugees. After the setting up of the transit centre, the Refugee Board is looking for land to convert into a temporary shelter\",\n \"title\": \"Refugee Board (Ghana)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: An African in Greenland context: An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \\\"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\\\" After ten years, working\\n\\nWhich African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 204,\n \"origin_tokens\": 204,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Pan-Afr e-Network project context: project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries\\n\\ntitle: Geography of Togo context: Geography of Togo T is Sub-Saharan comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. T's coordinates are latitude of° north and a longitude of 1°1′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to east, with border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Gh with of border To the south Togo has of coastline along Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. T stretches north from the Gulf and only wide at the broadest point. total, Togo has an\\ntitle T: across region of Tanging from the to the. To the n, the intoin where it isakora and to south it extendsana where is known as Akwap. average elevation these mountains is and the highest peakogo is Agou a of It in southwestern part range, close border Ghana. To the north of the is undannased the meand valley of\\n Togoogo theog ( the, and. state covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans\\n\\nWhich African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 511,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15171,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":176,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":176,"string":"176"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"The Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Northern Province, South Africa","Limpopo Province","Limpopo (South African province)","Northern Province (South Africa)","Limpopo","Northern Transvaal","Limpopo province"],"string":"[\n \"Northern Province, South Africa\",\n \"Limpopo Province\",\n \"Limpopo (South African province)\",\n \"Northern Province (South Africa)\",\n \"Limpopo\",\n \"Northern Transvaal\",\n \"Limpopo province\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Limpopo"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"16897554","text":"banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly","title":"Company rule in Rhodesia"},{"id":"16361878","text":"first immigrants almost immediately began instead calling their new home \"Rhodesia\" in honour of their Company benefactor, and this name was officially adopted in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were first formally referred to by Britain as \"Southern Rhodesia\" in 1898, and were united under that name in 1901. The areas to the river's north, Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia, were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. The head of the southern territories' government during this time was in effect the Company's regional administrator. The first of these was","title":"Constitutional history of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"983442","text":"the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following: Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"16897579","text":"the UK government followed suit. \"It is not clear why the name should have been pronounced with the emphasis on the second rather than the first syllable,\" the historian Robert Blake comments, \"but this appears to have been the custom from the beginning and it never changed.\" Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were officially referred to collectively as \"Southern Rhodesia\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.","title":"Company rule in Rhodesia"},{"id":"16798634","text":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia. It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering","title":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission"},{"id":"983396","text":"Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"2582301","text":"from the Matabele or Ndebele people, the province's largest ethnic group. Matabeleland North is bordered by Matabeleland South and Bulawayo to the south, Midlands to the east, Mashonaland West to the northeast, Botswana to the west, and Zambia to the north, which is separated from Zimbabwe by the Zambezi river. It has an area of , equal to 19.2% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the largest in area of the country's ten provinces. Matabeleland North is located on the edge of the Kalahari Basin, giving it an arid climate. Its economy is dominated by agriculture, with 83%","title":"Matabeleland North Province"},{"id":"465985","text":"tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the Chobe River that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation. Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and Luangwa town respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and","title":"Zambia"},{"id":"16806879","text":"It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. Functions of the ZRA, as laid out in the acts that created the body, include: The","title":"Zambezi River Authority"},{"id":"1974715","text":"other British territories were fixed by Orders-in Council. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and that between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. The area of what became Northern Rhodesia, including Barotseland and land as far as Nyasaland to the east and to Katanga and Lake Tanganyika to the north, was placed under BSAC administration by an Order-in-Council of 9 May 1891, but no BSAC Administrator was sent to Barotseland until 1895, and the first","title":"Northern Rhodesia"},{"id":"3428380","text":"food shortages. Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo finally reconciled their political differences by late 1987. The roots of discord remained, however, and in some ways increased as Mugabe's rule became increasingly autocratic into the 21st century. In the early 1990s, a Land Acquisition Act was passed, calling for the Mugabe government to purchase mostly white-owned commercial farming land for redistribution to native Africans. Matabeleland has rich central plains, watered by tributaries of the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, allowing it to sustain cattle and consistently produce large amounts of cotton and maize. But land grabbing, squatting, and repossessions of large white","title":"Matabeleland"},{"id":"11734271","text":"Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a raging torrent, often breaking its banks and causing damage to local communities and","title":"Mazowe River"},{"id":"8081852","text":"neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times). While some older sources claimed that a quadripoint existed in Africa, where the borders of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe come together at the confluence of the Cuando (also called Chobe) and Zambezi rivers (approximately ), it is now widely believed that instead, two separate tripoints exist about apart. There have been a few international incidents","title":"Quadripoint"},{"id":"1587595","text":"of raptors. The Taita falcon, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons, fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common. The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 84 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi. Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been","title":"Victoria Falls"},{"id":"1974841","text":"which also failed to win overseas recognition. After a period of interim British control following the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979, the country achieved internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Initially, the territory was referred to as \"South Zambezia\", a reference to the River Zambezi, until the name \"Rhodesia\" came into use in 1895. This was in honour of Cecil Rhodes, the British empire-builder and key figure during the British expansion into southern Africa. In 1888 Rhodes obtained mineral rights from the most powerful local traditional leaders through treaties such as the Rudd Concession and the Moffat","title":"Southern Rhodesia"},{"id":"12402218","text":"Matabeleland and its subject states, such as Mashonaland. Through such concessions and treaties, many of which were similarly deceitful, he promoted the colonization of the region's land, labor, and precious metal and mineral resources. In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name 'Rhodesia' for Zambesia and in 1898 'Southern Rhodesia' was officially adopted for the part south of the Zambezi River, which later became Zimbabwe. The Rudd Concession was a first step towards occupation of good land, but Lobengula's Ndebele were too strong for a direct invasion. Rhodes planned to surround Matebeleland with British-controlled lands, as British Bechuanaland was already established","title":"White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923"},{"id":"2772757","text":"part of the river's flow may extend along the Magweggana River (actually a northeastern distributary of the Okavango Delta) and enter the Zambezi River, bypassing the Kalahari. Okavango River The Okavango River (formerly spelled Okovango or Okovanggo) is a river in southwest Africa. It is the fourth-longest river system in southern Africa, running southeastward for . It begins in Angola, where it is known by the Portuguese name Rio Cubango. Further south, it forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia, and then flows into Botswana, draining into the Moremi Game Reserve. Before it enters Botswana, the river drops","title":"Okavango River"},{"id":"983426","text":"sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo \"river\" (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi, Matola and Tembe rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay). As a result, several old maps depict the Zambezi and the \"Espirito Santo\" rivers converging deep in the interior, at the same lake. However, the Bisa-derived etymology is not without dispute. In 1845, W.D. Cooley, examining Pereira's notes, concluded the term \"Zambezi\" derives not from the Bisa people, but rather from the Bantu term \"mbege\"/\"mbeze\" (\"fish\"), and consequently","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"16500424","text":"Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port of Lourenço Marques in the Delagoa Bay) along with the","title":"Greater South Africa"},{"id":"187593","text":"In 1888, British colonialist Cecil Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples. Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company (BSAC) over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as 'Zambesia'. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties, Cecil Rhodes promoted the colonisation of the region's land, with British control over labour as well","title":"History of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"465770","text":"are rare Environment – current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd – once the largest concentration of the species in the world – has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution Environment – international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Hydrology: The country is divided into six drainage basins. The largest are the Zambezi and the Limpopo. Western parts of Matabeleland connect to","title":"Geography of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"5937101","text":"augur buzzard, which all breed there. This park is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean","title":"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"},{"id":"5937093","text":"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side. ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language and the name is now used throughout Zambia, and in parts of","title":"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"},{"id":"16500431","text":"Swaziland which became independent from the United Kingdom in 1966-1968. Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port","title":"Greater South Africa"},{"id":"15430597","text":"Niger, the river basin extends from Guinea through Mali and down to Nigeria. Especially for Mali – one of the world's poorest countries – the river is vital for food, water and transportation, and its over usage is contributing to an increasingly polluted and unusable water source. In southern Africa, the Zambezi river basin is one of the world's most over-used river systems, and so Zambia and Zimbabwe compete fiercely over it. Additionally, in 2000, Zimbabwe caused the region to experience the worst flooding in recent history when the country opened the Kariba Dam gates. Finally, within the Volta river","title":"Water scarcity in Africa"},{"id":"16798635","text":"Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. The eight Zambezi Basin riparian states that participate in ZAMCOM are Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZAMCOM operations are in line with the revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses. The SADC Protocol was adopted in 1995 and by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, and came into force in 1998. Seven of the riparian states signed the ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July","title":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission"},{"id":"1587569","text":"is roughly twice the height of North America's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil's Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons. For a considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley, bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, escarpments, or deep valleys; only a flat plateau extending hundreds","title":"Victoria Falls"},{"id":"11734272","text":"farms. Also the name of a district in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a","title":"Mazowe River"},{"id":"465984","text":"and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the Congo basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania. In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its","title":"Zambia"},{"id":"6654937","text":"fixed by an 1894 treaty, although minor adjustments were made until the 1930s. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and the boundary between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. Northern Rhodesia was under BSAC control until 1924, when it became part of the British Empire. The discovery of large deposits of copper sulfide during the 1900s encouraged large mining companies to invest in Northern Rhodesia. South African interest in the region was led by the","title":"Copperbelt strike of 1935"},{"id":"11283595","text":"Shashe is a sand filled channel, with extensive alluvial aquifers in the river channel and below the alluvial plains. These supply water for a number of irrigation schemes including Sibasa and Shashi. More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi River used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan (presently a vast seasonal wetland) to the Shashe River and thence the Limpopo River. There is a road bridge and a rail bridge south of Francistown. The lower Shashe River forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe and is unbridged. However, at Tuli, both sides of the","title":"Shashe River"},{"id":"2777849","text":"Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern","title":"Cuando River"},{"id":"10398244","text":"obtaining valuable help from them. Returning to Ngami, he travelled north to the Okavango River, crossing Damaraland and reaching Walvis Bay. Here he busied himself with cattle-trading in Damaraland, before setting out on an expedition with his brother Henry and Thomas Baines and lasting from December 1860 to September 1864. Their aim was to explore the Zambesi from the Victoria Falls down to its delta, with a view to testing its navigability. However, these plans were bedevilled by sickness and misfortune. They did reach the Zambesi, but did not get to explore the mouth. On 23 July 1862 they reached","title":"James Chapman (explorer)"},{"id":"14867484","text":"until 1978. No stamps were issued in 1979 during the Rhodesia-Zimbabwe period. The first stamps with the name Zimbabwe were issued on 18 April 1980, they were a set of definitives and featured the same designs as the previous definitive stamps of Rhodesia. Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"14867479","text":"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Early European explorers, missionariies and traders, in the area that became Zimbabwe, hired private couriers, or made other arrangements to have their mail carried to the nearest post office which first meant one in the Cape of","title":"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"6953663","text":"gold watch, and a share of a 300-acre (120 ha) tract of land in Matabeleland. It was here that Burnham uncovered many artifacts in the huge granite ruins of the ancient civilization of Great Zimbabwe. Matabeleland became part of the Company domain, which was formally named Rhodesia, after Rhodes, in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland became collectively called Southern Rhodesia. In 1895, Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established for the British South Africa Company that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia. Along the Kafue River, Burnham","title":"Frederick Russell Burnham"},{"id":"17838632","text":"and German – led to his being seconded to the Government Communications Headquarters at Bletchley Park, and working as a cryptographer in Cheltenham. Returning to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1950, he founded the 'Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale' (AETFAT) and started the \"Flora Zambesiaca\" project, the flora covering the catchment area of the Zambesi River, which at the time comprised the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland, the Caprivi strip and Mozambique. He visited the region in 1955 with Mendonça to make further collections. He was co-editor of \"Flora Zambesiaca\" from 1962 onwards, and","title":"Arthur Wallis Exell"},{"id":"9734762","text":"the beginning of white settlement, administration and development in the country that eventually became Rhodesia, named after Rhodes, in 1895. Rhodes's pursuit of the exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and the surrounding areas was motivated by his wish to annex them into the British Empire as part of his personal ambition for a Cape to Cairo Railway—winning the concession would enable him to gain a royal charter from the British government for a chartered company, empowered to annex and thereafter govern the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed on Britain's behalf. He laid the groundwork for concession negotiations during early 1888 by arranging","title":"Rudd Concession"},{"id":"16798639","text":"existing North-South Carrier in Botswana that would connect the carrier to the Zambezi River. Zambia and Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation in the upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to the Zambezi river, also has plans to draw substantial amounts of water from the Zambezi River once the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is \"fully developed\". Citations Sources Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and","title":"Zambezi Watercourse Commission"},{"id":"17165659","text":"from Portuguese to British control. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries allowed freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers and allowed Britain to lease land for a port at Chinde at the mouth of the Zambezi. The other boundaries of the Central Africa Protectorate were also agreed around this time. The northern border was fixed at the Songwe River as part of an Anglo-German Convention in 1890. Its western border with Northern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"14012324","text":"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA) is situated in a region of Southern Africa where the international borders of five countries converge. It includes a major part of the Upper Zambezi River and Okavango basins and Delta, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, the southeastern part of Angola, southwestern Zambia, the northern wildlands of Botswana and western Zimbabwe. The centre of this area is at the confluence of the Zambezi Chobe Rivers where the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. It incorporates Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, and the Victoria Falls. The initiative was created","title":"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area"},{"id":"563573","text":"and . On 20 October 1954, administrative reorganization caused and Mozambique districts to be split from . At the same time, the district was divided into Gaza, Inhambane and , while the district was split from Manica and Sofala. By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering the countries of Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zambia. Covering a total area of . With a tropical to subtropical climate, the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had , with of land boundaries, its highest point at Monte Binga","title":"Portuguese Mozambique"},{"id":"4308195","text":"Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as","title":"Victoria Falls Bridge"},{"id":"12361717","text":"and western end form a small portion of Angola's northern border with Zaire, is also navigable. North of the Lunda Divide the Kwango and many other streams flow north from the tableland to join the Kasai River (one of the largest affluents of the Congo), which in its upper course forms for fully the boundary between Angola and the Congo. South of the divide some rivers flow into the Zambezi River system and thence to the Indian Ocean, others to the Okavango River (as the Cubango River is called along the border with Namibia and in Botswana) and thence to","title":"Geography of Angola"},{"id":"4308202","text":"known as the Victoria Falls Bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he","title":"Victoria Falls Bridge"},{"id":"983427","text":"it probably means merely \"river of fish\". David Livingstone, who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853, refers to it as \"Zambesi\" but also makes note of the local name \"Leeambye\" used by the Lozi people, which he says means \"large river or river par excellence\". Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi—Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi and Zambesi—applied by different peoples along its course, and asserts they \"all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country\". In Portuguese records, the \"Cuama River\" term disappeared and gave way to the","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"13762405","text":"Northern Rhodesia Police The Northern Rhodesia Police was the police force of the British ruled protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). In 1889 Northern Rhodesia, bounded by Angola (Portuguese West Africa), the Belgian Congo, German East Africa, British Central Africa (Nyasaland now Malawi), Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa), Mashonaland and Matabeleland (Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe), Bechuanaland (Botswana) and the Caprivi strip of German South West Africa (Namibia), was not a political unit and had no name at all. Customary law was administered among the 70 odd tribes which populated the Territory by their chiefs. Some chiefs were, willingly or not, in","title":"Northern Rhodesia Police"},{"id":"15622540","text":"Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi River together with its tributaries, the Zambezi River System Plan","title":"Zambezi River System Action Plan"},{"id":"2777854","text":"they have the chance of returning to their former state. The national parks through which it passes or on which it borders are: Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach","title":"Cuando River"},{"id":"9156936","text":"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a huge investment by African standards. The project will consist of three phases as follows: The Gwayi-Shangani dam is the first phase of the MZWP and is the core of the project. Commenced","title":"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project"},{"id":"3668129","text":"region fell from prominence after Northern Rhodesia became Zambia in 1964. From then until 1980, \"Rhodesia\" commonly referred to Southern Rhodesia alone. Since 1980 the term has not been in general use, aside from in a historical context. When whites settled what became \"Southern Rhodesia\" in 1890, and when the British South Africa Company was chartered to administer \"North-Western Rhodesia\" and \"North-Eastern Rhodesia\", it was not under those names, but the names of the parts—\"Mashonaland\", \"Matabeleland\", \"Barotseland\", and so on. The territories were initially collectively referred to as \"Zambesia\" (Cecil Rhodes's preferred name), \"Charterland\" (Leander Starr Jameson's proposal) or \"the","title":"Rhodesia (region)"},{"id":"2774415","text":"the languages of the San people. Approximately 3 million years ago, strong easterly winds formed long dunes which ran from east to west across the middle of the Kalahari Desert. During wetter times, these dunes channeled the great rivers of the area, the Okavango, Chobe, and Upper Zambezi, south eastwards to join with the Limpopo River and drain into the Indian Ocean. Northern Botswana has a series of deep, underlying fault lines running beneath its sands. These faults are thought to be the southernmost extensions of the same system of parallel fault lines that are pulling away from each other","title":"Lake Makgadikgadi"},{"id":"3428360","text":"Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an average size household of 4.4 in an area of","title":"Matabeleland"},{"id":"14442155","text":"Cahora Bassa Dam The Cahora Bassa Dam is located in Mozambique, a country that borders South Africa. It is one of the three major dams on the Zambezi river system, the others being the Kariba and the Itezhi-Tezhi, the latter on the Kafue River, a tributary of the Zambezi. The dam was finished in December 1974 after much political debate. This dam is used to convert the Zambezi River power into electricity by turning turbines. That energy is then sent to South African cities, farms, and mines. The Cahora Bassa dam forms Cahora Bassa Lake. The dam is jointly owned","title":"Cahora Bassa Dam"},{"id":"9156937","text":"in September 2004 it is expected to provide a reservoir for this project. The dam will be located about 6 km downstream of the confluence of the Gwayi River and Shangani River. Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a","title":"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project"},{"id":"983425","text":"likely what modern sources spell the Chambeshi River in northern Zambia. The Monomatapa notion (reported by Santos) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes. One of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was \"Lake Zambre\" (probably a corruption of \"Zambezi\"), possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River. The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion, drawn from classical antiquity, that all the great African rivers—the Nile, the Senegal, the Congo, now the Zambezi, too—were all","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"6362153","text":"quadripoint legally existed. Thus, Botswana has only about of river frontage on the Zambezi, being sandwiched on the south bank between the extreme tip of Namibia's Caprivi Strip and Zimbabwe. The Chobe River, which divides Namibia and Botswana, enters the Zambezi near Kazungula. Kazungula is also headquarters of a district of Zambia of the same name. Kazungula is home to the Kazungula Ferry across the wide Zambezi river to the identically-named village of Kazungula in Botswana, east of the town of Kasane; it is one of the largest ferries in the region with a capacity of . The Kazungula Bridge","title":"Kazungula"},{"id":"16806878","text":"Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.","title":"Zambezi River Authority"},{"id":"8729240","text":"would have provided a limited link between Angola and Mozambique. The refusal of the Portuguese Parliament to ratify the agreement in August 1890 led to a new treaty being negotiated, which gave Portugal more territory in the Zambezi valley than the 1890 treaty, in exchange for giving up what is now the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries it provided for freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers. However, it gave Portugal no special rights along the","title":"Pink Map"},{"id":"466363","text":"country. There is a rainy season that runs from October/November to March/April. The terrain of Zambia is mostly high plateau, with some hills and mountains. The lowest point is the Zambezi river, at above sea level, with the highest being Mafinga Central in the Mafinga Hills, at above sea level. Zambia a landlocked country bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Congo DR in the north, Tanzania on the northeast, Malawi on the east and Mozambique on the southeast. The general topography of the country is characterized by uplifted plantation surfaces. The general elevation of the nation","title":"Geography of Zambia"},{"id":"8729216","text":"journey from Angola to Mozambique, largely following existing trade routes, in 1884–85. Both during and after the expeditions of Serpa Pinto and Capelo, the Portuguese government attempted bi-lateral negotiations with Britain. In 1879, as part of talks on a treaty on the freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers and the development of trade in those river basins, the Portuguese government made a formal claim to the area south and east of the Ruo River (the present south-eastern border of Malawi). The 1879 treaty was never ratified, and in 1882 Portugal occupied the lower Shire River valley as","title":"Pink Map"},{"id":"7005926","text":"which forms a key part of the KAZA trans frontier. MPRG is the north-eastern section of the Matetsi Safari Area. MPGR is also bordered by the Zambezi River (North), Zambezi National Park (East) and Panda-Masuie Forest Reserve, home of the Zimbabwe Elephant Nursery (South). Matetsi Safari Area: consisting of 7 separate concessions, this area reaches from the Zambezi River in the North to Hwange National Park in the South. The area was named for the Matetsi River, which flows through the southern section of the Safari Area. Matetsi Village: located in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe, about 55 km west of Hwange.","title":"Matetsi"},{"id":"983407","text":"two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about wide. From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S) it enters Mozambique. The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa (also spelled Cabora Bassa). Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa, the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam. The lower Zambezi's 650 km from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable,","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"16806881","text":"on the Zambezi water by nations bordering the river were settled by the 1995 Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol on shared watercourse systems and establishment of the Zambezi River Authority. However, the commitment of member governments to honor the agreement seems weak and may not stand up to the pressures of climate change. Citations Sources Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function","title":"Zambezi River Authority"},{"id":"2383195","text":"Caprivi Strip Caprivi, or the Caprivi Strip, is a salient of Namibia which is and has been known by various names. The salient protrudes eastward for about from the north-eastern corner of Namibia. It is bordered by Botswana to the south, and by Angola and Zambia to the north. Its eastern tip is only about 1 km from the borders of Zimbabwe. Within Namibia, it is divided administratively between Kavango East and Zambezi regions. It is crossed by the Okavango; the Kwando/Chobe river forms part of its border with Botswana; and the Zambezi river forms a part of its border","title":"Caprivi Strip"},{"id":"17165660","text":"between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River by agreement with the British South Africa Company, which governed what is today Zambia under Royal Charter until 1924. Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 was an agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Portugal which fixed the boundaries between the British Central Africa Protectorate, (now Malawi) and the territories administered by the British South Africa Company in Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now parts of Zimbabwe) and North-Western Rhodesia (now part of Zambia) and Portuguese Mozambique, and also between the British South Africa Company administered territories of","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"17165653","text":"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The Ultimatum refers to a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over territories, some of which had been claimed by","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"4607786","text":"Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a vast reservoir storing the waters of the Zambezi. The seasonal flooding is very important","title":"Western Province, Zambia"},{"id":"5709724","text":"21 February, two days before, Mugabe had turned 84. It was reported that workers repaired the potholes on the main roads in the city to make sure Mugabe's motorcade moved swiftly with a measure of comfort. Beitbridge Beitbridge is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, which forms the political border between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and","title":"Beitbridge"},{"id":"6007494","text":"Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became prosperous as it traded along","title":"Zumbo"},{"id":"983405","text":"east. Here, the river is broad and shallow, and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge. The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about , cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"6007497","text":"at the Cahora Bassa Dam. Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became","title":"Zumbo"},{"id":"16799795","text":"Ramokgwebana River The Ramokgwebana River (or Ramoqueban) is a river that defines part of the boundary between Botswana and Zimbabwe before entering the Shashe River from the left. The Tati District, a grant made to Captain Levert by the Matabele rulers, was the site of the first area of gold exploration in what is now Botswana. Very roughly corresponding to the North-East District of Botswana, it was bounded by the Ramoqueban to the east and the Shashi to the west. The Tati River, flowing between these two, enters the Shashe River about above the point where the Ramoqueban enters the","title":"Ramokgwebana River"},{"id":"466333","text":"died within a few weeks of arriving at Kazembe’s but left a valuable journal which was carried back to Tete by his priest and which was later translated into English by the explorer Sir Richard Burton. However, it is believed the Portuguese first came in 1720 to Zumbo, Mozambique, just across the Luangwa River from Zambia, at the confluence with the Zambezi River. Around 1820 they had settled on the Zambian side at Feira (now Luangwa). So it is very likely they were visiting Zambian territory between 1720 and 1820. The first Briton to record having set foot on Zambian","title":"History of Zambia"},{"id":"983424","text":"texts given as Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios and other variations), a Bantu people who live in what is now central-eastern Zambia, between the Zambezi River and Lake Bangweolo (at the time, before the Lunda invasion, the Bisa would have likely stretched further north, possibly to Lake Tanganyika). The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region. In a curious note, the Goese-born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira, who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796 was surprised to be shown a second, separate river referred to as the \"Zambezi\". This \"other Zambezi\" that puzzled Pereira is most","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"10141545","text":"Pungwe Gorge & Falls, Nyamuziwa Falls, Nyangwe & Chawomera Forts and the Trout Hatchery near Purdon Dam. The Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, are located on the western edge of Zimbabwe; the two together cover an area of bounded by the Zambezi River, which borders with Zambia. The Falls and the Pa National Park are on the southern bank of the Zambezi River. The Victoria Falls, one of seven natural wonders of the world, is wide, cascades into the gorge and is formed by five different \"falls\", out of which four are in","title":"Wildlife of Zimbabwe"},{"id":"255314","text":"Zambezi, the most considerable river in Mozambique is the Limpopo which enters the Indian Ocean about north of Delagoa Bay. The Komati, Save, Busi and Pungwe south of the Zambezi; the Lukugu, Lurio, Montepuesi (Mtepwesi) and Msalu, with the Rovuma and its affluent the Lujenda, to the north of it, are the other rivers of the province with considerable drainage areas. The Save (Sabi) rises in Zimbabwe at an altitude of over , and after flowing south for over turns east and pierces the mountains some from the coast, being joined near the Zimbabwe-Mozambique frontier by the Lundi. Cataracts entirely","title":"Geography of Mozambique"},{"id":"16897549","text":"of the century, Rhodes's Company held a vast, land-locked country, bisected by the Zambezi river. It officially named this land Rhodesia in 1895, and ran it until the early 1920s. The area south of the Zambezi became Southern Rhodesia, while that to the north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were joined in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. Within Northern Rhodesia, there was a separate Kingdom called Barotseland which later became a British protectorate alongside other territories under the British sphere of influence. Each territory was administered separately, with an administrator heading each territorial legislature. In Southern Rhodesia, which attracted","title":"Company rule in Rhodesia"},{"id":"1587567","text":"Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Lozi language name, \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\"—\"The Smoke That Thunders\"—continues in","title":"Victoria Falls"},{"id":"4945554","text":"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. The settlement began in 1901 when the possibility of using the waterfall for hydro-electric power was explored, and expanded when the railway from Bulawayo reached the town shortly before the Victoria Falls Bridge was opened in April 1905, connecting Zimbabwe to what is now Zambia. It became the principal tourism centre for the Falls,","title":"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe"},{"id":"14709245","text":"2015.Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,2016 and 2017 in its current format. a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria Falls are not connected contrary to some reports. The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and runs south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls","title":"Victoria Cup (rugby union)"},{"id":"9734767","text":"quickly became the region's dominant tribe. In 1836, they negotiated a peace treaty with Sir Benjamin d'Urban, Governor of the British Cape Colony, but the same year Boer Voortrekkers moved to the area, during their Great Trek away from British rule in the Cape. These new arrivals soon toppled Mzilikazi's domination of the Transvaal, compelling him to lead another migration north in 1838. Crossing the Limpopo River, the Matabele settled in the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed's south-west; this area has since been called Matabeleland. Matabele culture mirrored that of the Zulus in many aspects. The Matabele language, Sindebele, was largely based on","title":"Rudd Concession"},{"id":"4607801","text":"and maintaining hospitals, schools and colleges. The councils prepare schemes that encourage community participation. Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a","title":"Western Province, Zambia"},{"id":"17363623","text":"Lower Congo Lower Congo constitutes the 'lower' parts of the great Congo River in Central Africa, that is the section of the river from the river mouth at the Atlantic coast to the twin capitals of Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo and Kinshasa in the DR Congo. In this section of the river there are two significant tributaries to the great Congo River, both on the left or south side. The Kwilu River originates in the hills near the Angolan border and enters the Congo some 100 km upstream from Matadi. The other being the Inkisi River, that","title":"Lower Congo"},{"id":"2383173","text":"during the December-to-March rainy season, making it the wettest region of Namibia. The terrain is mostly made up of swamps, floodplains, wetlands and woodland. In addition to the Zambezi River, the strip also holds the Cuando and Kwando River, which marks the border with Botswana. Tributaries of the river here go by different names, including the Linyata and the Chobe. The province's far east is where the Cuando meets the Zambezi. Katima Mulilo is the largest city, with other notable villages and settlements including Chefuzwe, Mafuta, Liselo, Musanga, Kongola, Chinchimane, Bukalo, Sibinda, and Impalila, along with Kayuo, Wenela, Mapulanga, Sambeso,","title":"Zambezi Region"},{"id":"983428","text":"term \"Sena River\" (\"Rio de Sena\"), a reference to the Swahili (and later Portuguese) upriver trade station at Sena. In 1752, the Zambezi delta, under the name \"Rivers of Sena\" (\"Rios de Sena\") formed a colonial administrative district of Portuguese Mozambique. But common usage of \"Zambezi\" led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district \"Zambézia\". The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa, and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa, were given broadly accurately in early maps. These were probably constructed from","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"2383179","text":"with the United Kingdom. Leo von Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The German motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tanganyika (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British colonisation of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) stopped them well upstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier to navigation on the Zambezi.","title":"Zambezi Region"},{"id":"15622542","text":"countries could not come to an agreements of initial projects. Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi","title":"Zambezi River System Action Plan"},{"id":"7903431","text":"Cimbebasia Cimbebasia was the name given for a long time to the western part of Southern Africa. Its borders in the north were the Kunene River, the lower Kasai River and the western reaches of the Zambezi River. \"Cimbebasia\" was also a journal published by the State Museum of Windhoek, Namibia. Originally Cimbebasia was included in the immense vicariate apostolic made up of Senegambia, French Guinea and Portuguese Guinea, which had been erected in 1842 and of which Bishop Barron was appointed first vicar Apostolic. The Congregation of Propaganda separated Cimbebasia on 3 July 1879 from this vicariate and made","title":"Cimbebasia"},{"id":"255233","text":"in size to Turkey. Mozambique is located on the southeast coast of Africa. It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mozambique lies between latitudes 10° and 27°S, and longitudes 30° and 41°E. The country is divided into two topographical regions by the Zambezi River. To the north of the Zambezi River, the narrow coastal strip gives way to inland hills and low plateaus. Rugged highlands are further west; they include the Niassa highlands,","title":"Mozambique"},{"id":"3428382","text":"chapters in Bulawayo, Lupane and other districts of Matabeleland. Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an","title":"Matabeleland"},{"id":"983404","text":"Zambia's best known festivals, the Kuomboka. After Lealui, the river turns to south-south-east. From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km. Before this, the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's Caprivi Strip. The strip projects from the main body of Namibia, and results from the colonial era: it was added to German South-West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi. Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"2335912","text":"image of Robert the Bruce, whilst the contemporaneous £20 notes had an image of Lord Kelvin. The £10 notes issued from 1971 bore an image of Scottish explorer David Livingstone with palm tree leaves and an illustration of African tribesmen on the back. A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of his Zambezi expedition, showing the River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa and Blantyre, Malawi; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in Blantyre. Occasionally the Clydesdale Bank issues special commemorative banknotes to mark particular occasions or to","title":"Clydesdale Bank"},{"id":"1448175","text":"peoples—separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, the BSAC defeated them in the First Matabele War and Second Matabele War. Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, \"Mlimo\", by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills. He persuaded the \"Impi\" to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called \"Zambesia\" after the Zambezi River flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km² between the","title":"Cecil Rhodes"},{"id":"36882","text":"the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia). Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National Park,","title":"Botswana"},{"id":"17165643","text":"for freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers but the opening of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 ended these discussions, which could have led to British recognition of Portuguese sovereignty stretching across the continent. Portugal's efforts to establish this corridor of influence between Angola and Mozambique were hampered by one of the articles in the General Act of the Berlin Conference requiring effective occupation of areas claimed rather than historical claims based on discovery or claims based on exploration as used by Portugal. To establish further Portuguese claims, Serpa Pinto was appointed as its consul in Zanzibar in","title":"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"},{"id":"983409","text":"km from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River. On approaching the Indian Ocean, the river splits up into a delta. Each of the four primary distributaries, Kongone, Luabo and Timbwe, is obstructed by a sand bar. A more northerly branch, called the Chinde mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in, and is the branch used for navigation. 100 km further north is a river called the Quelimane, after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives","title":"Zambezi"},{"id":"5256895","text":"southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance if their territorial claims, but the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884) ended these discussions. In 1884, Serpa Pinto was appointed as Portuguese consul in Zanzibar, and given the mission of exploring and re-mapping the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance if the chiefs in that area. In 1885, Serpa Pinto undertook an expedition in 1885 with Lieutenant Augusto Cardoso as his","title":"Alexandre de Serpa Pinto"},{"id":"8729235","text":"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The British Ultimatum of 1890 is a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over some territories which Portugal had claimed","title":"Pink Map"},{"id":"13399082","text":"Congo which encompasses the vast majority of the river's watershed. (The one exception to this is the brief sequence of Livingstone Falls.) The reason for this is that the Second Congo War (1998–2003) was underway during filming (1999–2000). The series forms part of the Natural History Unit's \"Continents\" strand and was preceded by \"Andes to Amazon\" in 2000 and succeeded by \"Wild Africa\" later that year in 2001. Formerly called the “Zaire” (Kongo \"nzere\", \"the river that swallows all rivers\"), the Congo's origin is traced to the Chambeshi (discovered by Livingstone) in Zambia. The Kalambo River has one of Africa’s","title":"Congo (TV series)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"16897554\",\n \"text\": \"banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly\",\n \"title\": \"Company rule in Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16361878\",\n \"text\": \"first immigrants almost immediately began instead calling their new home \\\"Rhodesia\\\" in honour of their Company benefactor, and this name was officially adopted in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were first formally referred to by Britain as \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" in 1898, and were united under that name in 1901. The areas to the river's north, Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia, were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. The head of the southern territories' government during this time was in effect the Company's regional administrator. The first of these was\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional history of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983442\",\n \"text\": \"the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following: Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16897579\",\n \"text\": \"the UK government followed suit. \\\"It is not clear why the name should have been pronounced with the emphasis on the second rather than the first syllable,\\\" the historian Robert Blake comments, \\\"but this appears to have been the custom from the beginning and it never changed.\\\" Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were officially referred to collectively as \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.\",\n \"title\": \"Company rule in Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16798634\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia. It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983396\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582301\",\n \"text\": \"from the Matabele or Ndebele people, the province's largest ethnic group. Matabeleland North is bordered by Matabeleland South and Bulawayo to the south, Midlands to the east, Mashonaland West to the northeast, Botswana to the west, and Zambia to the north, which is separated from Zimbabwe by the Zambezi river. It has an area of , equal to 19.2% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the largest in area of the country's ten provinces. Matabeleland North is located on the edge of the Kalahari Basin, giving it an arid climate. Its economy is dominated by agriculture, with 83%\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland North Province\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"465985\",\n \"text\": \"tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the Chobe River that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation. Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and Luangwa town respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and\",\n \"title\": \"Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16806879\",\n \"text\": \"It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. Functions of the ZRA, as laid out in the acts that created the body, include: The\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974715\",\n \"text\": \"other British territories were fixed by Orders-in Council. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and that between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. The area of what became Northern Rhodesia, including Barotseland and land as far as Nyasaland to the east and to Katanga and Lake Tanganyika to the north, was placed under BSAC administration by an Order-in-Council of 9 May 1891, but no BSAC Administrator was sent to Barotseland until 1895, and the first\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3428380\",\n \"text\": \"food shortages. Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo finally reconciled their political differences by late 1987. The roots of discord remained, however, and in some ways increased as Mugabe's rule became increasingly autocratic into the 21st century. In the early 1990s, a Land Acquisition Act was passed, calling for the Mugabe government to purchase mostly white-owned commercial farming land for redistribution to native Africans. Matabeleland has rich central plains, watered by tributaries of the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, allowing it to sustain cattle and consistently produce large amounts of cotton and maize. But land grabbing, squatting, and repossessions of large white\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11734271\",\n \"text\": \"Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a raging torrent, often breaking its banks and causing damage to local communities and\",\n \"title\": \"Mazowe River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8081852\",\n \"text\": \"neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times). While some older sources claimed that a quadripoint existed in Africa, where the borders of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe come together at the confluence of the Cuando (also called Chobe) and Zambezi rivers (approximately ), it is now widely believed that instead, two separate tripoints exist about apart. There have been a few international incidents\",\n \"title\": \"Quadripoint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587595\",\n \"text\": \"of raptors. The Taita falcon, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons, fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common. The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 84 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi. Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \\\"Mosi-oa-Tunya\\\", \\\"The Smoke that Thunders\\\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974841\",\n \"text\": \"which also failed to win overseas recognition. After a period of interim British control following the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979, the country achieved internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Initially, the territory was referred to as \\\"South Zambezia\\\", a reference to the River Zambezi, until the name \\\"Rhodesia\\\" came into use in 1895. This was in honour of Cecil Rhodes, the British empire-builder and key figure during the British expansion into southern Africa. In 1888 Rhodes obtained mineral rights from the most powerful local traditional leaders through treaties such as the Rudd Concession and the Moffat\",\n \"title\": \"Southern Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12402218\",\n \"text\": \"Matabeleland and its subject states, such as Mashonaland. Through such concessions and treaties, many of which were similarly deceitful, he promoted the colonization of the region's land, labor, and precious metal and mineral resources. In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name 'Rhodesia' for Zambesia and in 1898 'Southern Rhodesia' was officially adopted for the part south of the Zambezi River, which later became Zimbabwe. The Rudd Concession was a first step towards occupation of good land, but Lobengula's Ndebele were too strong for a direct invasion. Rhodes planned to surround Matebeleland with British-controlled lands, as British Bechuanaland was already established\",\n \"title\": \"White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2772757\",\n \"text\": \"part of the river's flow may extend along the Magweggana River (actually a northeastern distributary of the Okavango Delta) and enter the Zambezi River, bypassing the Kalahari. Okavango River The Okavango River (formerly spelled Okovango or Okovanggo) is a river in southwest Africa. It is the fourth-longest river system in southern Africa, running southeastward for . It begins in Angola, where it is known by the Portuguese name Rio Cubango. Further south, it forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia, and then flows into Botswana, draining into the Moremi Game Reserve. Before it enters Botswana, the river drops\",\n \"title\": \"Okavango River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983426\",\n \"text\": \"sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo \\\"river\\\" (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi, Matola and Tembe rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay). As a result, several old maps depict the Zambezi and the \\\"Espirito Santo\\\" rivers converging deep in the interior, at the same lake. However, the Bisa-derived etymology is not without dispute. In 1845, W.D. Cooley, examining Pereira's notes, concluded the term \\\"Zambezi\\\" derives not from the Bisa people, but rather from the Bantu term \\\"mbege\\\"/\\\"mbeze\\\" (\\\"fish\\\"), and consequently\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16500424\",\n \"text\": \"Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port of Lourenço Marques in the Delagoa Bay) along with the\",\n \"title\": \"Greater South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"187593\",\n \"text\": \"In 1888, British colonialist Cecil Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples. Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company (BSAC) over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as 'Zambesia'. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties, Cecil Rhodes promoted the colonisation of the region's land, with British control over labour as well\",\n \"title\": \"History of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"465770\",\n \"text\": \"are rare Environment – current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd – once the largest concentration of the species in the world – has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution Environment – international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Hydrology: The country is divided into six drainage basins. The largest are the Zambezi and the Limpopo. Western parts of Matabeleland connect to\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5937101\",\n \"text\": \"augur buzzard, which all breed there. This park is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \\\"Musi oa Thunya\\\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \\\"\\\"The Smoke Which Thunders\\\"\\\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \\\"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\\\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean\",\n \"title\": \"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5937093\",\n \"text\": \"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \\\"Musi oa Thunya\\\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \\\"\\\"The Smoke Which Thunders\\\"\\\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \\\"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\\\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side. ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language and the name is now used throughout Zambia, and in parts of\",\n \"title\": \"Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16500431\",\n \"text\": \"Swaziland which became independent from the United Kingdom in 1966-1968. Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port\",\n \"title\": \"Greater South Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15430597\",\n \"text\": \"Niger, the river basin extends from Guinea through Mali and down to Nigeria. Especially for Mali – one of the world's poorest countries – the river is vital for food, water and transportation, and its over usage is contributing to an increasingly polluted and unusable water source. In southern Africa, the Zambezi river basin is one of the world's most over-used river systems, and so Zambia and Zimbabwe compete fiercely over it. Additionally, in 2000, Zimbabwe caused the region to experience the worst flooding in recent history when the country opened the Kariba Dam gates. Finally, within the Volta river\",\n \"title\": \"Water scarcity in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16798635\",\n \"text\": \"Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. The eight Zambezi Basin riparian states that participate in ZAMCOM are Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZAMCOM operations are in line with the revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses. The SADC Protocol was adopted in 1995 and by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, and came into force in 1998. Seven of the riparian states signed the ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587569\",\n \"text\": \"is roughly twice the height of North America's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil's Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons. For a considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley, bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, escarpments, or deep valleys; only a flat plateau extending hundreds\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11734272\",\n \"text\": \"farms. Also the name of a district in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a\",\n \"title\": \"Mazowe River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"465984\",\n \"text\": \"and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the Congo basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania. In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its\",\n \"title\": \"Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6654937\",\n \"text\": \"fixed by an 1894 treaty, although minor adjustments were made until the 1930s. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and the boundary between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. Northern Rhodesia was under BSAC control until 1924, when it became part of the British Empire. The discovery of large deposits of copper sulfide during the 1900s encouraged large mining companies to invest in Northern Rhodesia. South African interest in the region was led by the\",\n \"title\": \"Copperbelt strike of 1935\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11283595\",\n \"text\": \"Shashe is a sand filled channel, with extensive alluvial aquifers in the river channel and below the alluvial plains. These supply water for a number of irrigation schemes including Sibasa and Shashi. More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi River used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan (presently a vast seasonal wetland) to the Shashe River and thence the Limpopo River. There is a road bridge and a rail bridge south of Francistown. The lower Shashe River forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe and is unbridged. However, at Tuli, both sides of the\",\n \"title\": \"Shashe River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2777849\",\n \"text\": \"Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Cuando River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10398244\",\n \"text\": \"obtaining valuable help from them. Returning to Ngami, he travelled north to the Okavango River, crossing Damaraland and reaching Walvis Bay. Here he busied himself with cattle-trading in Damaraland, before setting out on an expedition with his brother Henry and Thomas Baines and lasting from December 1860 to September 1864. Their aim was to explore the Zambesi from the Victoria Falls down to its delta, with a view to testing its navigability. However, these plans were bedevilled by sickness and misfortune. They did reach the Zambesi, but did not get to explore the mouth. On 23 July 1862 they reached\",\n \"title\": \"James Chapman (explorer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867484\",\n \"text\": \"until 1978. No stamps were issued in 1979 during the Rhodesia-Zimbabwe period. The first stamps with the name Zimbabwe were issued on 18 April 1980, they were a set of definitives and featured the same designs as the previous definitive stamps of Rhodesia. Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867479\",\n \"text\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Early European explorers, missionariies and traders, in the area that became Zimbabwe, hired private couriers, or made other arrangements to have their mail carried to the nearest post office which first meant one in the Cape of\",\n \"title\": \"Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6953663\",\n \"text\": \"gold watch, and a share of a 300-acre (120 ha) tract of land in Matabeleland. It was here that Burnham uncovered many artifacts in the huge granite ruins of the ancient civilization of Great Zimbabwe. Matabeleland became part of the Company domain, which was formally named Rhodesia, after Rhodes, in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland became collectively called Southern Rhodesia. In 1895, Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established for the British South Africa Company that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia. Along the Kafue River, Burnham\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Russell Burnham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17838632\",\n \"text\": \"and German – led to his being seconded to the Government Communications Headquarters at Bletchley Park, and working as a cryptographer in Cheltenham. Returning to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1950, he founded the 'Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale' (AETFAT) and started the \\\"Flora Zambesiaca\\\" project, the flora covering the catchment area of the Zambesi River, which at the time comprised the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland, the Caprivi strip and Mozambique. He visited the region in 1955 with Mendonça to make further collections. He was co-editor of \\\"Flora Zambesiaca\\\" from 1962 onwards, and\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Wallis Exell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9734762\",\n \"text\": \"the beginning of white settlement, administration and development in the country that eventually became Rhodesia, named after Rhodes, in 1895. Rhodes's pursuit of the exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and the surrounding areas was motivated by his wish to annex them into the British Empire as part of his personal ambition for a Cape to Cairo Railway—winning the concession would enable him to gain a royal charter from the British government for a chartered company, empowered to annex and thereafter govern the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed on Britain's behalf. He laid the groundwork for concession negotiations during early 1888 by arranging\",\n \"title\": \"Rudd Concession\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16798639\",\n \"text\": \"existing North-South Carrier in Botswana that would connect the carrier to the Zambezi River. Zambia and Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation in the upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to the Zambezi river, also has plans to draw substantial amounts of water from the Zambezi River once the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is \\\"fully developed\\\". Citations Sources Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Watercourse Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165659\",\n \"text\": \"from Portuguese to British control. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries allowed freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers and allowed Britain to lease land for a port at Chinde at the mouth of the Zambezi. The other boundaries of the Central Africa Protectorate were also agreed around this time. The northern border was fixed at the Songwe River as part of an Anglo-German Convention in 1890. Its western border with Northern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14012324\",\n \"text\": \"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA) is situated in a region of Southern Africa where the international borders of five countries converge. It includes a major part of the Upper Zambezi River and Okavango basins and Delta, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, the southeastern part of Angola, southwestern Zambia, the northern wildlands of Botswana and western Zimbabwe. The centre of this area is at the confluence of the Zambezi Chobe Rivers where the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. It incorporates Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, and the Victoria Falls. The initiative was created\",\n \"title\": \"Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"563573\",\n \"text\": \"and . On 20 October 1954, administrative reorganization caused and Mozambique districts to be split from . At the same time, the district was divided into Gaza, Inhambane and , while the district was split from Manica and Sofala. By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering the countries of Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zambia. Covering a total area of . With a tropical to subtropical climate, the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had , with of land boundaries, its highest point at Monte Binga\",\n \"title\": \"Portuguese Mozambique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4308195\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12361717\",\n \"text\": \"and western end form a small portion of Angola's northern border with Zaire, is also navigable. North of the Lunda Divide the Kwango and many other streams flow north from the tableland to join the Kasai River (one of the largest affluents of the Congo), which in its upper course forms for fully the boundary between Angola and the Congo. South of the divide some rivers flow into the Zambezi River system and thence to the Indian Ocean, others to the Okavango River (as the Cubango River is called along the border with Namibia and in Botswana) and thence to\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Angola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4308202\",\n \"text\": \"known as the Victoria Falls Bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983427\",\n \"text\": \"it probably means merely \\\"river of fish\\\". David Livingstone, who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853, refers to it as \\\"Zambesi\\\" but also makes note of the local name \\\"Leeambye\\\" used by the Lozi people, which he says means \\\"large river or river par excellence\\\". Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi—Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi and Zambesi—applied by different peoples along its course, and asserts they \\\"all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country\\\". In Portuguese records, the \\\"Cuama River\\\" term disappeared and gave way to the\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13762405\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Rhodesia Police The Northern Rhodesia Police was the police force of the British ruled protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). In 1889 Northern Rhodesia, bounded by Angola (Portuguese West Africa), the Belgian Congo, German East Africa, British Central Africa (Nyasaland now Malawi), Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa), Mashonaland and Matabeleland (Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe), Bechuanaland (Botswana) and the Caprivi strip of German South West Africa (Namibia), was not a political unit and had no name at all. Customary law was administered among the 70 odd tribes which populated the Territory by their chiefs. Some chiefs were, willingly or not, in\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Rhodesia Police\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15622540\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi River together with its tributaries, the Zambezi River System Plan\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River System Action Plan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2777854\",\n \"text\": \"they have the chance of returning to their former state. The national parks through which it passes or on which it borders are: Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach\",\n \"title\": \"Cuando River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9156936\",\n \"text\": \"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a huge investment by African standards. The project will consist of three phases as follows: The Gwayi-Shangani dam is the first phase of the MZWP and is the core of the project. Commenced\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3668129\",\n \"text\": \"region fell from prominence after Northern Rhodesia became Zambia in 1964. From then until 1980, \\\"Rhodesia\\\" commonly referred to Southern Rhodesia alone. Since 1980 the term has not been in general use, aside from in a historical context. When whites settled what became \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" in 1890, and when the British South Africa Company was chartered to administer \\\"North-Western Rhodesia\\\" and \\\"North-Eastern Rhodesia\\\", it was not under those names, but the names of the parts—\\\"Mashonaland\\\", \\\"Matabeleland\\\", \\\"Barotseland\\\", and so on. The territories were initially collectively referred to as \\\"Zambesia\\\" (Cecil Rhodes's preferred name), \\\"Charterland\\\" (Leander Starr Jameson's proposal) or \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Rhodesia (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2774415\",\n \"text\": \"the languages of the San people. Approximately 3 million years ago, strong easterly winds formed long dunes which ran from east to west across the middle of the Kalahari Desert. During wetter times, these dunes channeled the great rivers of the area, the Okavango, Chobe, and Upper Zambezi, south eastwards to join with the Limpopo River and drain into the Indian Ocean. Northern Botswana has a series of deep, underlying fault lines running beneath its sands. These faults are thought to be the southernmost extensions of the same system of parallel fault lines that are pulling away from each other\",\n \"title\": \"Lake Makgadikgadi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3428360\",\n \"text\": \"Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an average size household of 4.4 in an area of\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14442155\",\n \"text\": \"Cahora Bassa Dam The Cahora Bassa Dam is located in Mozambique, a country that borders South Africa. It is one of the three major dams on the Zambezi river system, the others being the Kariba and the Itezhi-Tezhi, the latter on the Kafue River, a tributary of the Zambezi. The dam was finished in December 1974 after much political debate. This dam is used to convert the Zambezi River power into electricity by turning turbines. That energy is then sent to South African cities, farms, and mines. The Cahora Bassa dam forms Cahora Bassa Lake. The dam is jointly owned\",\n \"title\": \"Cahora Bassa Dam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9156937\",\n \"text\": \"in September 2004 it is expected to provide a reservoir for this project. The dam will be located about 6 km downstream of the confluence of the Gwayi River and Shangani River. Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983425\",\n \"text\": \"likely what modern sources spell the Chambeshi River in northern Zambia. The Monomatapa notion (reported by Santos) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes. One of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was \\\"Lake Zambre\\\" (probably a corruption of \\\"Zambezi\\\"), possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River. The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion, drawn from classical antiquity, that all the great African rivers—the Nile, the Senegal, the Congo, now the Zambezi, too—were all\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6362153\",\n \"text\": \"quadripoint legally existed. Thus, Botswana has only about of river frontage on the Zambezi, being sandwiched on the south bank between the extreme tip of Namibia's Caprivi Strip and Zimbabwe. The Chobe River, which divides Namibia and Botswana, enters the Zambezi near Kazungula. Kazungula is also headquarters of a district of Zambia of the same name. Kazungula is home to the Kazungula Ferry across the wide Zambezi river to the identically-named village of Kazungula in Botswana, east of the town of Kasane; it is one of the largest ferries in the region with a capacity of . The Kazungula Bridge\",\n \"title\": \"Kazungula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16806878\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8729240\",\n \"text\": \"would have provided a limited link between Angola and Mozambique. The refusal of the Portuguese Parliament to ratify the agreement in August 1890 led to a new treaty being negotiated, which gave Portugal more territory in the Zambezi valley than the 1890 treaty, in exchange for giving up what is now the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries it provided for freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers. However, it gave Portugal no special rights along the\",\n \"title\": \"Pink Map\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"466363\",\n \"text\": \"country. There is a rainy season that runs from October/November to March/April. The terrain of Zambia is mostly high plateau, with some hills and mountains. The lowest point is the Zambezi river, at above sea level, with the highest being Mafinga Central in the Mafinga Hills, at above sea level. Zambia a landlocked country bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Congo DR in the north, Tanzania on the northeast, Malawi on the east and Mozambique on the southeast. The general topography of the country is characterized by uplifted plantation surfaces. The general elevation of the nation\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8729216\",\n \"text\": \"journey from Angola to Mozambique, largely following existing trade routes, in 1884–85. Both during and after the expeditions of Serpa Pinto and Capelo, the Portuguese government attempted bi-lateral negotiations with Britain. In 1879, as part of talks on a treaty on the freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers and the development of trade in those river basins, the Portuguese government made a formal claim to the area south and east of the Ruo River (the present south-eastern border of Malawi). The 1879 treaty was never ratified, and in 1882 Portugal occupied the lower Shire River valley as\",\n \"title\": \"Pink Map\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7005926\",\n \"text\": \"which forms a key part of the KAZA trans frontier. MPRG is the north-eastern section of the Matetsi Safari Area. MPGR is also bordered by the Zambezi River (North), Zambezi National Park (East) and Panda-Masuie Forest Reserve, home of the Zimbabwe Elephant Nursery (South). Matetsi Safari Area: consisting of 7 separate concessions, this area reaches from the Zambezi River in the North to Hwange National Park in the South. The area was named for the Matetsi River, which flows through the southern section of the Safari Area. Matetsi Village: located in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe, about 55 km west of Hwange.\",\n \"title\": \"Matetsi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983407\",\n \"text\": \"two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about wide. From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S) it enters Mozambique. The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa (also spelled Cabora Bassa). Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa, the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam. The lower Zambezi's 650 km from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable,\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16806881\",\n \"text\": \"on the Zambezi water by nations bordering the river were settled by the 1995 Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol on shared watercourse systems and establishment of the Zambezi River Authority. However, the commitment of member governments to honor the agreement seems weak and may not stand up to the pressures of climate change. Citations Sources Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2383195\",\n \"text\": \"Caprivi Strip Caprivi, or the Caprivi Strip, is a salient of Namibia which is and has been known by various names. The salient protrudes eastward for about from the north-eastern corner of Namibia. It is bordered by Botswana to the south, and by Angola and Zambia to the north. Its eastern tip is only about 1 km from the borders of Zimbabwe. Within Namibia, it is divided administratively between Kavango East and Zambezi regions. It is crossed by the Okavango; the Kwando/Chobe river forms part of its border with Botswana; and the Zambezi river forms a part of its border\",\n \"title\": \"Caprivi Strip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165660\",\n \"text\": \"between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River by agreement with the British South Africa Company, which governed what is today Zambia under Royal Charter until 1924. Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 was an agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Portugal which fixed the boundaries between the British Central Africa Protectorate, (now Malawi) and the territories administered by the British South Africa Company in Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now parts of Zimbabwe) and North-Western Rhodesia (now part of Zambia) and Portuguese Mozambique, and also between the British South Africa Company administered territories of\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165653\",\n \"text\": \"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The Ultimatum refers to a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over territories, some of which had been claimed by\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4607786\",\n \"text\": \"Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a vast reservoir storing the waters of the Zambezi. The seasonal flooding is very important\",\n \"title\": \"Western Province, Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5709724\",\n \"text\": \"21 February, two days before, Mugabe had turned 84. It was reported that workers repaired the potholes on the main roads in the city to make sure Mugabe's motorcade moved swiftly with a measure of comfort. Beitbridge Beitbridge is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, which forms the political border between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and\",\n \"title\": \"Beitbridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6007494\",\n \"text\": \"Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became prosperous as it traded along\",\n \"title\": \"Zumbo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983405\",\n \"text\": \"east. Here, the river is broad and shallow, and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge. The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about , cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6007497\",\n \"text\": \"at the Cahora Bassa Dam. Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became\",\n \"title\": \"Zumbo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16799795\",\n \"text\": \"Ramokgwebana River The Ramokgwebana River (or Ramoqueban) is a river that defines part of the boundary between Botswana and Zimbabwe before entering the Shashe River from the left. The Tati District, a grant made to Captain Levert by the Matabele rulers, was the site of the first area of gold exploration in what is now Botswana. Very roughly corresponding to the North-East District of Botswana, it was bounded by the Ramoqueban to the east and the Shashi to the west. The Tati River, flowing between these two, enters the Shashe River about above the point where the Ramoqueban enters the\",\n \"title\": \"Ramokgwebana River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"466333\",\n \"text\": \"died within a few weeks of arriving at Kazembe’s but left a valuable journal which was carried back to Tete by his priest and which was later translated into English by the explorer Sir Richard Burton. However, it is believed the Portuguese first came in 1720 to Zumbo, Mozambique, just across the Luangwa River from Zambia, at the confluence with the Zambezi River. Around 1820 they had settled on the Zambian side at Feira (now Luangwa). So it is very likely they were visiting Zambian territory between 1720 and 1820. The first Briton to record having set foot on Zambian\",\n \"title\": \"History of Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983424\",\n \"text\": \"texts given as Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios and other variations), a Bantu people who live in what is now central-eastern Zambia, between the Zambezi River and Lake Bangweolo (at the time, before the Lunda invasion, the Bisa would have likely stretched further north, possibly to Lake Tanganyika). The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region. In a curious note, the Goese-born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira, who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796 was surprised to be shown a second, separate river referred to as the \\\"Zambezi\\\". This \\\"other Zambezi\\\" that puzzled Pereira is most\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10141545\",\n \"text\": \"Pungwe Gorge & Falls, Nyamuziwa Falls, Nyangwe & Chawomera Forts and the Trout Hatchery near Purdon Dam. The Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, are located on the western edge of Zimbabwe; the two together cover an area of bounded by the Zambezi River, which borders with Zambia. The Falls and the Pa National Park are on the southern bank of the Zambezi River. The Victoria Falls, one of seven natural wonders of the world, is wide, cascades into the gorge and is formed by five different \\\"falls\\\", out of which four are in\",\n \"title\": \"Wildlife of Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"255314\",\n \"text\": \"Zambezi, the most considerable river in Mozambique is the Limpopo which enters the Indian Ocean about north of Delagoa Bay. The Komati, Save, Busi and Pungwe south of the Zambezi; the Lukugu, Lurio, Montepuesi (Mtepwesi) and Msalu, with the Rovuma and its affluent the Lujenda, to the north of it, are the other rivers of the province with considerable drainage areas. The Save (Sabi) rises in Zimbabwe at an altitude of over , and after flowing south for over turns east and pierces the mountains some from the coast, being joined near the Zimbabwe-Mozambique frontier by the Lundi. Cataracts entirely\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Mozambique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16897549\",\n \"text\": \"of the century, Rhodes's Company held a vast, land-locked country, bisected by the Zambezi river. It officially named this land Rhodesia in 1895, and ran it until the early 1920s. The area south of the Zambezi became Southern Rhodesia, while that to the north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were joined in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. Within Northern Rhodesia, there was a separate Kingdom called Barotseland which later became a British protectorate alongside other territories under the British sphere of influence. Each territory was administered separately, with an administrator heading each territorial legislature. In Southern Rhodesia, which attracted\",\n \"title\": \"Company rule in Rhodesia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587567\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \\\"Mosi-oa-Tunya\\\", \\\"The Smoke that Thunders\\\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Lozi language name, \\\"Mosi-oa-Tunya\\\"—\\\"The Smoke That Thunders\\\"—continues in\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4945554\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. The settlement began in 1901 when the possibility of using the waterfall for hydro-electric power was explored, and expanded when the railway from Bulawayo reached the town shortly before the Victoria Falls Bridge was opened in April 1905, connecting Zimbabwe to what is now Zambia. It became the principal tourism centre for the Falls,\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14709245\",\n \"text\": \"2015.Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,2016 and 2017 in its current format. a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria Falls are not connected contrary to some reports. The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and runs south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Cup (rugby union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9734767\",\n \"text\": \"quickly became the region's dominant tribe. In 1836, they negotiated a peace treaty with Sir Benjamin d'Urban, Governor of the British Cape Colony, but the same year Boer Voortrekkers moved to the area, during their Great Trek away from British rule in the Cape. These new arrivals soon toppled Mzilikazi's domination of the Transvaal, compelling him to lead another migration north in 1838. Crossing the Limpopo River, the Matabele settled in the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed's south-west; this area has since been called Matabeleland. Matabele culture mirrored that of the Zulus in many aspects. The Matabele language, Sindebele, was largely based on\",\n \"title\": \"Rudd Concession\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4607801\",\n \"text\": \"and maintaining hospitals, schools and colleges. The councils prepare schemes that encourage community participation. Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a\",\n \"title\": \"Western Province, Zambia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17363623\",\n \"text\": \"Lower Congo Lower Congo constitutes the 'lower' parts of the great Congo River in Central Africa, that is the section of the river from the river mouth at the Atlantic coast to the twin capitals of Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo and Kinshasa in the DR Congo. In this section of the river there are two significant tributaries to the great Congo River, both on the left or south side. The Kwilu River originates in the hills near the Angolan border and enters the Congo some 100 km upstream from Matadi. The other being the Inkisi River, that\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Congo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2383173\",\n \"text\": \"during the December-to-March rainy season, making it the wettest region of Namibia. The terrain is mostly made up of swamps, floodplains, wetlands and woodland. In addition to the Zambezi River, the strip also holds the Cuando and Kwando River, which marks the border with Botswana. Tributaries of the river here go by different names, including the Linyata and the Chobe. The province's far east is where the Cuando meets the Zambezi. Katima Mulilo is the largest city, with other notable villages and settlements including Chefuzwe, Mafuta, Liselo, Musanga, Kongola, Chinchimane, Bukalo, Sibinda, and Impalila, along with Kayuo, Wenela, Mapulanga, Sambeso,\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983428\",\n \"text\": \"term \\\"Sena River\\\" (\\\"Rio de Sena\\\"), a reference to the Swahili (and later Portuguese) upriver trade station at Sena. In 1752, the Zambezi delta, under the name \\\"Rivers of Sena\\\" (\\\"Rios de Sena\\\") formed a colonial administrative district of Portuguese Mozambique. But common usage of \\\"Zambezi\\\" led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district \\\"Zambézia\\\". The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa, and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa, were given broadly accurately in early maps. These were probably constructed from\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2383179\",\n \"text\": \"with the United Kingdom. Leo von Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The German motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tanganyika (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British colonisation of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) stopped them well upstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier to navigation on the Zambezi.\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi Region\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15622542\",\n \"text\": \"countries could not come to an agreements of initial projects. Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi River System Action Plan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7903431\",\n \"text\": \"Cimbebasia Cimbebasia was the name given for a long time to the western part of Southern Africa. Its borders in the north were the Kunene River, the lower Kasai River and the western reaches of the Zambezi River. \\\"Cimbebasia\\\" was also a journal published by the State Museum of Windhoek, Namibia. Originally Cimbebasia was included in the immense vicariate apostolic made up of Senegambia, French Guinea and Portuguese Guinea, which had been erected in 1842 and of which Bishop Barron was appointed first vicar Apostolic. The Congregation of Propaganda separated Cimbebasia on 3 July 1879 from this vicariate and made\",\n \"title\": \"Cimbebasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"255233\",\n \"text\": \"in size to Turkey. Mozambique is located on the southeast coast of Africa. It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mozambique lies between latitudes 10° and 27°S, and longitudes 30° and 41°E. The country is divided into two topographical regions by the Zambezi River. To the north of the Zambezi River, the narrow coastal strip gives way to inland hills and low plateaus. Rugged highlands are further west; they include the Niassa highlands,\",\n \"title\": \"Mozambique\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3428382\",\n \"text\": \"chapters in Bulawayo, Lupane and other districts of Matabeleland. Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an\",\n \"title\": \"Matabeleland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983404\",\n \"text\": \"Zambia's best known festivals, the Kuomboka. After Lealui, the river turns to south-south-east. From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km. Before this, the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's Caprivi Strip. The strip projects from the main body of Namibia, and results from the colonial era: it was added to German South-West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi. Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2335912\",\n \"text\": \"image of Robert the Bruce, whilst the contemporaneous £20 notes had an image of Lord Kelvin. The £10 notes issued from 1971 bore an image of Scottish explorer David Livingstone with palm tree leaves and an illustration of African tribesmen on the back. A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of his Zambezi expedition, showing the River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa and Blantyre, Malawi; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in Blantyre. Occasionally the Clydesdale Bank issues special commemorative banknotes to mark particular occasions or to\",\n \"title\": \"Clydesdale Bank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1448175\",\n \"text\": \"peoples—separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, the BSAC defeated them in the First Matabele War and Second Matabele War. Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, \\\"Mlimo\\\", by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills. He persuaded the \\\"Impi\\\" to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called \\\"Zambesia\\\" after the Zambezi River flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km² between the\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Rhodes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"36882\",\n \"text\": \"the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia). Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National Park,\",\n \"title\": \"Botswana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17165643\",\n \"text\": \"for freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers but the opening of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 ended these discussions, which could have led to British recognition of Portuguese sovereignty stretching across the continent. Portugal's efforts to establish this corridor of influence between Angola and Mozambique were hampered by one of the articles in the General Act of the Berlin Conference requiring effective occupation of areas claimed rather than historical claims based on discovery or claims based on exploration as used by Portugal. To establish further Portuguese claims, Serpa Pinto was appointed as its consul in Zanzibar in\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"983409\",\n \"text\": \"km from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River. On approaching the Indian Ocean, the river splits up into a delta. Each of the four primary distributaries, Kongone, Luabo and Timbwe, is obstructed by a sand bar. A more northerly branch, called the Chinde mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in, and is the branch used for navigation. 100 km further north is a river called the Quelimane, after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives\",\n \"title\": \"Zambezi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5256895\",\n \"text\": \"southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance if their territorial claims, but the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884) ended these discussions. In 1884, Serpa Pinto was appointed as Portuguese consul in Zanzibar, and given the mission of exploring and re-mapping the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance if the chiefs in that area. In 1885, Serpa Pinto undertook an expedition in 1885 with Lieutenant Augusto Cardoso as his\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandre de Serpa Pinto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8729235\",\n \"text\": \"actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The British Ultimatum of 1890 is a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over some territories which Portugal had claimed\",\n \"title\": \"Pink Map\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13399082\",\n \"text\": \"Congo which encompasses the vast majority of the river's watershed. (The one exception to this is the brief sequence of Livingstone Falls.) The reason for this is that the Second Congo War (1998–2003) was underway during filming (1999–2000). The series forms part of the Natural History Unit's \\\"Continents\\\" strand and was preceded by \\\"Andes to Amazon\\\" in 2000 and succeeded by \\\"Wild Africa\\\" later that year in 2001. Formerly called the “Zaire” (Kongo \\\"nzere\\\", \\\"the river that swallows all rivers\\\"), the Congo's origin is traced to the Chambeshi (discovered by Livingstone) in Zambia. The Kalambo River has one of Africa’s\",\n \"title\": \"Congo (TV series)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Company rule in Rhodesia context: banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly\\n\\nThe Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Zambezi Riverity context: Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.\\n\\ntitle: Zambezi context United. Leo von Capriv arranged for Capriv strip to be annexed German West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tangany (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean Unfortunately for the Germans, the Britishisation of RhodesZimbab and Zambia) stopped them wellstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier navigation on the Zambezi.\\n\\ntitle:: of front M-e of theet AreaGR border by thebezi River (orth Zambe National Park (E)anda-u Reserve of the Zimbabphantsery ().si: 7 concess this the Zamzi River in the to Hwange National Park in the. area was theetsi, flows through the southern section of the Safari Area.etsi: in Matabeleland North,imbab 5 west ofwange\\n\\n Company inia followed suit.It not the been,\\\" the Robert custom the.\\\" Mat, both were officially to collectively as \\\"Southern Rhodesia\\\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.\\n\\nThe Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 492,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14974,\n \"ratio\": \"30.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":177,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":177,"string":"177"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which mountains are Camp David?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Appalachian","Appalachian (disambiguation)"],"string":"[\n \"Appalachian\",\n \"Appalachian (disambiguation)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Appalachian"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4869201","text":"and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \"Catoctin\" means \"place of many deer\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \"Shangri-La\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its","title":"Catoctin Mountain"},{"id":"79160","text":"Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a camp for federal government agents and their families by the Works Progress Administration. Construction started","title":"Camp David"},{"id":"79163","text":"in the residence; a total of three planes were intercepted over that July 9 weekend. Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a","title":"Camp David"},{"id":"79161","text":"in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \"Shangri-La\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \"Lost Horizon\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen","title":"Camp David"},{"id":"4974987","text":"America, and former Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower. His father would go on to be a brigadier general in the U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (1969–1971), and a renowned military historian. His grandfather would become president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and later the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961). After assuming the presidency in 1953, President Eisenhower named the presidential mountain retreat, formerly Camp Shangri-La, Camp David, after his grandson. Eisenhower graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1966. He received his B.A. degree in history","title":"David Eisenhower"},{"id":"4869202","text":"proximity to Washington, D.C., and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \"getaway\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Mountain Catoctin Mountain, along with the geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms the easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian Mountains range. The ridge runs northeast/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, and running south past Leesburg, Virginia, where it disappears into the Piedmont in a","title":"Catoctin Mountain"},{"id":"322380","text":"Palace,\" the \"President’s House,\" and the \"Executive Mansion.\" Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food. Camp David, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland, is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host","title":"President of the United States"},{"id":"6280219","text":"the Interior Harold L. Ickes reported, \"President Roosevelt is not able to make such use of the camp as President Hoover undoubtedly had in mind. Whether it is to continue to be a Presidential camp must, therefore, be left for future determination.\" FDR went on to establish his retreat in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland at Camp Shangri-La, later renamed Camp David. While the Park Service pledged to maintain Rapidan Camp, in 1936, \"The New York Times\" described rust and dry rot at the camp, which was still protected by seven Marines. The \"historic log\" Hoover and MacDonald had conferred","title":"Rapidan Camp"},{"id":"5240281","text":"site on the Catoctin Mountain, which today is known as Camp David. Strong set up a trust fund in 1947 that maintains a trail system and other tourist facilities at Sugarloaf Mountain. The mountain and its immediate environs continue to be open to the public, but they are privately owned by Stronghold, Incorporated. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example of a monadnock — an isolated hill or small mountain rising abruptly from gently sloping or level surrounding land. It appears to be either an outlier to the east of the main mass of Catoctin Mountain, or a root remnant of the","title":"Sugarloaf Mountain (Maryland)"},{"id":"560720","text":"Frederick County, Maryland Frederick County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 240,336. The county seat is Frederick. Frederick County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia. The county is home to Catoctin Mountain Park (encompassing the presidential retreat Camp David) and to the U.S. Army's Fort Detrick. It has also","title":"Frederick County, Maryland"},{"id":"1090393","text":"Thurmont, Maryland Thurmont is a town in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,170 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the northern part of Frederick County (north of Frederick, Maryland, the county seat), approximately ten miles from the Pennsylvania border, along U.S. Highway 15. It is very close to Cunningham Falls State Park and Catoctin Mountain Park, which contains the presidential retreat of Camp David. Thurmont is also home to Catoctin Colorfest, an arts and crafts festival that draws in about 125,000 people each autumn. In 2005, Thurmont was designated as a \"Main Street Maryland","title":"Thurmont, Maryland"},{"id":"4869049","text":"but were not taken up by the House, and therefore did not become law. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Originally planned to provide recreational camps for federal employees, one of the camps eventually became the home of the Presidential retreat, Camp David. The Presidential retreat is not open or accessible to the public; however, the eastern hardwood forest of Catoctin Mountain Park does have many other attractions for visitors, some of which include camping, picnicking, fishing, of hiking trails, and scenic mountain vistas. Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park, located in north-central","title":"Catoctin Mountain Park"},{"id":"616838","text":"and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest. While Gettysburg National Battlefield of 1863 lies approximately to the north-northeast. The reconstructed home of Barbara Fritchie stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's Mount Olivet Cemetery. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill quoted Whittier's poem to President Franklin D. Roosevelt when they stopped here in 1941 on a car trip to the presidential retreat, then called \"Shangra-La\" (now \"Camp David\") within the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley (1839–1911) was born at","title":"Frederick, Maryland"},{"id":"727577","text":"the occasional Tibetan monks in saffron robes. The name \"Shangri-La\" has become a byword for a mythical utopia, a permanently happy land, isolated from the world. After the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, when the fact that the bombers had flown from an aircraft carrier remained highly classified, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt told the press facetiously that they had taken off from Shangri-La. The Navy subsequently gave that name to an aircraft carrier, and Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat \"Shangri-La\". (Later, President Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed the retreat Camp David after his grandson, and that name has been used","title":"James Hilton (novelist)"},{"id":"11363831","text":"the President and dictating the tenor of his daily schedule. Watson lived with his wife, professional pianist Frances Nash Watson, on a Virginia estate called Kenwood. The land, just beyond Monticello, was once owned by Thomas Jefferson, and the estate house was designed by FDR's cousin, celebrated architect William A. Delano. Watson and FDR were personally close above and beyond their close professional ties, and FDR adopted Kenwood as his \"Camp David\" during his presidency and retreated there on several occasions for vacation. The guest cottage was built in 1940-41 for Roosevelt, though he stayed there on only one occasion,","title":"Edwin \"Pa\" Watson"},{"id":"1953808","text":"of July. Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \"Hörnli\", \"Furggen\", \"Leone\"/\"Lion\", and \"Zmutt\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and","title":"Matterhorn"},{"id":"1953724","text":"Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \"Hörnli\", \"Furggen\", \"Leone\"/\"Lion\", and \"Zmutt\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and the Italian","title":"Matterhorn"},{"id":"3086122","text":"Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of the range. The park was established in 1934, and, with over 11 million visits per year, it is the most visited national park in","title":"Great Smoky Mountains"},{"id":"3086172","text":"a small farm in the Smokies. She writes many songs concerning her Tennessee upbringing, and starred in the 1986 film, \"A Smoky Mountain Christmas\". Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of","title":"Great Smoky Mountains"},{"id":"18799819","text":"Trout Run (retreat) Trout Run is a property in the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont, Maryland, that was visited on several occasions by Presidents Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower. Originally called Catoctin Lodge, it is located about away from the presidential retreat at Camp David and was established by one of Hoover's senior aides. It subsequently became the property of the family of a senior State Department official, who owned it for nearly 70 years, before it was acquired in 2013 by an arm of the Church of Scientology. It became the focus of controversy in 2015 when","title":"Trout Run (retreat)"},{"id":"3342228","text":"Jews regarding Masada as a place of reverence, commemorating ancestors who fell heroically against oppression, and others regarding it as a testament to extremism and a refusal to compromise. Masada has been described as \"a lozenge-shaped table-mountain\" that is \"lofty, isolated, and to all appearance impregnable\". Historically, the fortress could be reached only by a single pathway that was too narrow for men to walk abreast. This pathway was named \"the Snake\" for the way it twists and zig-zags to the summit. Masada was named as the place where David rested after fleeing from his father-in-law, King Saul. Flavius Josephus,","title":"Siege of Masada"},{"id":"6433401","text":"located in the Cairngorms, a mountain range in the eastern Highlands which is the highest upland area in Britain. In the south of Scotland lie the Southern Uplands, a vast, rolling mountain chain that is less rugged and more forested than the Highlands. Shorter than the Highlands, the tallest mountain in the range is Merrick, at 843 m (2,766 ft). There are ranges of gentler, rolling hills even in the central lowlands of Scotland. Such ranges include the Ochil Hills, near Stirling, the Campsie Fells outside Glasgow, and the Lomond Hills in Fife. Mountains in Scotland are categorised by their","title":"Geography of Scotland"},{"id":"1953727","text":"since the first climb in 1865, making it one of the deadliest peaks in the world. The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses (originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny) from the Dent Blanche nappe, lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes. The mountain's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak, such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face. Sometimes referred to as the \"Mountain of Mountains\" (), the Matterhorn has become an iconic emblem of the Swiss Alps and of","title":"Matterhorn"},{"id":"12430768","text":"features, the National Industrial Recovery Act authorized federal purchases of land considered submarginal for farming but valuable for recreation purposes. By 1936, 46 projects containing had been set up in 24 different states, mostly near metropolitan centers, to provide outdoor recreation for people from crowded cities. It was intended from the beginning that most of these projects would be turned over to states and cities for operation and in 1942 Congress provided the necessary authority. By 1946 most of the conveyances had been completed. The National Park Service retained Catoctin Mountain Park, site of Camp David, but 4,500 of its","title":"History of the National Park Service"},{"id":"19665631","text":"hut has an electricity generator and a solar panel which charges 24 and 12 volt batteries. Inside is a wooden stove, its fireplace made from a fly wheel, and a conventional wood burning fuel stove. Similar to other huts in the area, any internal divisions are made of insubstantial materials, of hessian, scrap timber and iron. An A-frame building, known as \"Camp David \" on Crystal Hill, on lot 8, was built off-site and re-erected in Easter 1984. It measures approximately in length, in width and is high at its apex. A Trimdeck roof is supported by steel struts. It","title":"Tomahawk Creek Huts"},{"id":"7902656","text":"significant risks associated with climbing into the \"death zone\" of Everest, which has claimed many lives, as well as many limbs. One survivor of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, Beck Weathers, was left on the mountain exposed at a high altitude on the south side of Everest because he was overcome by the elements and initially could not walk any further or be rescued after descending to about during a storm following an unsuccessful summit attempt. He miraculously woke up later and was able to stumble into a nearby camp. Although it was a monumental effort to bring him further","title":"David Sharp (mountaineer)"},{"id":"6288086","text":"located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps, derives its name from Raetia. Only about 30% of Graubünden is commonly regarded as productive land, of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area. The canton is entirely mountainous, comprising the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona,","title":"Eastern Alps"},{"id":"2108156","text":"Mount Hermon Mount Hermon ( / ALA-LC: \"Jabal al-Shaykh\" (\"Mountain of the Sheikh\") or \"Jabal Haramun\"; , \"Har Hermon\") is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon and, at 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in Syria. On the top, in the United Nations buffer zone between Syrian and Israeli-occupied territories, is the highest permanently manned UN position in the world, known as \"Hermon Hotel\". The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend to the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, where","title":"Mount Hermon"},{"id":"10849939","text":"that Ben can attend a special school, meaning David has to leave his friends and girlfriend, Gail, behind. Ben makes friends and finds a girl friend. David has difficulty fitting into his new school, suffering at the hands of bullies. David discovers that Gail has moved on from him only five weeks after their break up, which leads him to self-harm. David decides to kill his brother. He takes Ben hitchhiking without telling his parents, and they camp in Snowdonia. Climbing the mountain, David plans to murder Ben by pushing him off a high ridge. At the top, David changes","title":"Coming Down the Mountain"},{"id":"12311649","text":"design modifications at Greentop to accommodate handicapped children reduced capacity to 98. Greentop is also known as Camp 2: Camp 1 is Camp Misty Mount and Camp 3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Greentop Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Greentop Camp Greentop is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area, and comprises 22 rustic","title":"Camp Greentop"},{"id":"277584","text":"Elias Mountains. There has been a long tradition of climbers going on expeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generally used for the Andes (e.g. the Cordillera Blanca in Peru) and the high peaks of Asia including the Himalayas (e.g. the Mount Everest of Nepal/Tibet/ India), Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Pamir Mountains, Tien Shan and Kunlun Mountains. In the past this was often on exploratory trips or to make first ascents. With the advent of cheaper, long-haul air travel, mountaineering holidays in the Greater Ranges are now undertaken much more frequently and ascents of even Everest and Vinson Massif (the highest","title":"Mountaineering"},{"id":"719234","text":"popular novels of the 20th Century. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt named the Presidential hideaway in Maryland after Shangri-La. (It has since been renamed Camp David.) Likewise Roosevelt initially claimed the Doolittle Raid came from Shangri-La; this inspired the name of the aircraft carrier USS \"Shangri-La\". A one-hour adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:30 on 1 August 1935, with a cast that included Esme Percy as the High Lama, Ben Welden as Barnard, Barbara Couper as Miss Brinklow, Jon Swinley as Conway and Cathleen Cordell as Lo Tsen. It was","title":"Lost Horizon"},{"id":"7528955","text":"Dyatlov Pass incident The Dyatlov Pass incident () refers to the unsolved deaths of nine ski hikers in the northern Ural Mountains in the Soviet Union (now Russia) between 1 and 2 February 1959. The experienced trekking group, who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl in an area now named in honor of the group's leader, Igor Dyatlov. During the night, something caused them to tear their way out of their tents and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures. After the group's bodies","title":"Dyatlov Pass incident"},{"id":"6280199","text":"Rapidan Camp Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County, Virginia, was built by U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, and served as their rustic retreat throughout Hoover's administration from 1929 to 1933. The first family's residential cabin was known as the \"Brown House\" in contrast to their more famous residence, the White House. Rapidan Camp was precursor of the current presidential retreat, Camp David. In November 1928, Herbert Hoover was overwhelmingly elected as 31st President of the United States. While all preceding Presidents came from the Eastern","title":"Rapidan Camp"},{"id":"15162580","text":"55 peaks lie entirely within one country, over 27 straddle a border but none is located at a tripoint. By the UIAA's definition, Switzerland has 48 four-thousanders, Italy has 35 and France 26. The four-thousanders are found mainly in the Western Alps, in the ranges of the Bernese Alps (9), Dauphiné Alps (2) Graian Alps (29) and Pennine Alps (41). The only four-thousander in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m) in the Bernina Group. In Africa mountain ranges there are four-thousanders in the High Atlas (Toubkal: 4,167 m), in the Ethiopian Highlands (Ras Daschan: 4,620 m), in the","title":"Four-thousander"},{"id":"514913","text":"At the age of just 21, Alex became the youngest person to have completed a continuous round without the use of any motorised transport. The SMC recognises six peaks in England, fifteen in Wales and thirteen in Ireland that would be Munros or Munro Tops if they were in Scotland. These are referred to as Furth Munros, i.e. the Munros furth of Scotland. The first recorded Furthist is James Parker, who completed on Tryfan (Snowdonia) on 19 April 1929. Munro A Munro () is a mountain in Scotland with a height over , the best known being Ben Nevis, the","title":"Munro"},{"id":"12311674","text":"3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Misty Mount Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Misty Mount Historic District Camp Misty Mount is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Development Area, and comprises 35 rustic log buildings including sleeping cabins, administrative buildings and lodges. All were built between 1935 and 1938. The buildings are a simplified version","title":"Camp Misty Mount Historic District"},{"id":"4974986","text":"David Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower II (born March 31, 1948) is an American author, public policy fellow, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and eponym of the U.S. Presidential retreat, Camp David. He is the only grandson of the 34th President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the son-in-law of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon. David Eisenhower was born on March 31, 1948, in West Point, Orange County, New York, to Barbara (Thompson) and John Eisenhower. His father was a U.S. Army officer, and his grandfather was future President of the United States of","title":"David Eisenhower"},{"id":"6057843","text":"Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it has been considered by some to represent a deliberate changing of an indigenous name. The name Aonach Mòr implies that the mountain is bigger than its close neighbour to the south, Aonach Beag (\"small ridge\"), to","title":"Aonach Mòr"},{"id":"4385978","text":"Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the precipitation reaches the mountain range. A good example is during the month","title":"Sierra Estrella"},{"id":"4386908","text":"has left tiers of rock representing some 30 lava flows which date from the Carboniferous period. The headwaters of the River Carron rise in the Campsies. The Campsie Fells have cemented their place in history as the birthplace of Scottish skiing, when W.W. Naismith of Glasgow skied the area, becoming the first ever man to ski in Scotland in March 1892. Campsie Fells The Campsie Fells (also known as the Campsies; Scottish Gaelic: Monadh Chamaisidh) are a range of hills in central Scotland, stretching east to west from Denny Muir to Dumgoyne, in Stirlingshire and overlooking Strathkelvin to the south.","title":"Campsie Fells"},{"id":"17290768","text":"words of one newspaper report) \"the appearance of a city under siege on this Mother's Day.\" U.S. President John F. Kennedy ended a vacation at Camp David (near Thurmont, Maryland) early in order to respond to the situation. Conflicted about whether to deploy federal troops, Kennedy wanted to save face after the violence in Birmingham became covered as international news, and he wanted to protect the truce that had just been established. At the same time, he did not want to set a precedent that might compel routine military interventions, and he feared a backlash among southern white Democrats who","title":"Birmingham riot of 1963"},{"id":"2782872","text":"on board. The cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error in heavy fog. Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees","title":"Mourne Mountains"},{"id":"15068186","text":"Matterhorn (Antarctica) The Matterhorn () is a peak on Roa Ridge in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It stands high, surmounting the north wall of Taylor Valley between Lacroix Glacier and Matterhorn Glacier. It was so named by Griffith Taylor of the British Antarctic Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott, 1910–13, because of its resemblance to the Matterhorn, the famous Swiss mountain. On the mountain's south side is Campbell Terrace, a relatively horizontal ice-free area with a median elevation of . It is bounded by the lower margins of Matterhorn Glacier, Lacroix Glacier, and the northern wall of Taylor","title":"Matterhorn (Antarctica)"},{"id":"664595","text":"Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \"Central Alps\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other","title":"Swiss Alps"},{"id":"17797039","text":"girl with an extraordinary genius. Now, only by working with his embattled partner, Michelle Maxwell, can he catch a killer…and solve a stunning mystery that threatens the entire nation. \"Publication Date\": April 24, 2007 \"Pages\": 420 (Hardcover) A daring kidnapping turns a children’s birthday party at Camp David, the presidential retreat, into a national security nightmare. Former Secret Service agents turned private investigators Sean King and Michelle Maxwell don’t want to get involved. But years ago Sean saved the First Lady’s husband, then a senator, from political disaster. Now the president’s wife presses Sean and Michelle into a desperate search","title":"King and Maxwell (book series)"},{"id":"2619578","text":"Finsteraarhorn The Finsteraarhorn () is the highest mountain in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland and the most prominent peak of Switzerland. The Finsteraarhorn is the ninth-highest mountain and third-most prominent peak in the Alps. In 2001 the whole massif and surrounding glaciers were designated as part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch World Heritage Site. Despite being the most elevated, prominent and isolated mountain of both the Bernese Alps and the canton of Berne, the Finsteraarhorn is less known and frequented than the nearby Jungfrau and Eiger. This is due to its location in one of the most remote areas in the Alps,","title":"Finsteraarhorn"},{"id":"664633","text":"Pennine Alps The Pennine Alps (, , , ), also known as the \"Valais Alps\", are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Switzerland (Valais) and Italy (Piedmont and the Aosta Valley). The Italian side is drained by the rivers Dora Baltea, Sesia and Toce, tributaries of the Po. The Swiss side is drained by the Rhône. The Great St Bernard Tunnel, under the Great St Bernard Pass, leads from Martigny, Switzerland to Aosta. The main chain (watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea) runs from west to east on the border","title":"Pennine Alps"},{"id":"5016641","text":"40 alpine lakes in the range, 15 of which are named. The Crazy Mountains sit in both Gallatin National Forest and Lewis and Clark National Forest. The Crazies support a healthy herd of mountain goats and the occasional elusive wolverine. The Crazies are almost completely surrounded by private lands making access into the mountains somewhat difficult, especially in the southern section where the highest peaks are located. The name Crazy Mountains is said to be a shortened form of the name \"Crazy Woman Mountains\" given them, in compliment to their original Crow name, after a woman who went insane and","title":"Crazy Mountains"},{"id":"1661749","text":"Denali Denali () (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of above sea level. With a topographic prominence of and a topographic isolation of , Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak on Earth, after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska, Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve. The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as \"Denali\" for centuries.","title":"Denali"},{"id":"16572278","text":"Piotruś Piotruś (also Petrus, Petros) is a tall mountain in the Beskid Dukielski range, Poland. Beskid Dukielski forms the middle of the Low Beskids in the Western Carpathian Mountains. Piotruś is the highest mountain of the Beskid Dukielski. A tourist trail passes through the mountain. Its most prominent characteristic is a stream and pond related to the Saint John of Dukla. The Beskid Dukielski Range is located within the outer part of the Carpathians, which is part of the Alpine orogenic belt. The Outer Carpathians fold and thrust belt, is subdivided into several nappes bounded by thrust faults. The mountain","title":"Piotruś"},{"id":"15354034","text":"areas. The High Plains receive very little rainfall, and sit at high elevations, usually about . Many people view the High Plains as the point where one begins to enter the greater Mountain West region. The Mountain West has some of the highest mountain peaks in America. Some of the more famous mountains in the Mountain West are Mount Elbert, Pikes Peak, Blanca Peak, Longs Peak, Kings Peak, Wind River Peak, Cloud Peak, Wheeler Peak, Truchas Peak, Granite Peak, Borah Peak, and Humphreys Peak. The climate of the Mountain West is one of the more diverse climates in the United","title":"Mountain states"},{"id":"9453582","text":"Ian Woodall Ian Woodall (born 17 August 1956) is a British mountain climber who has climbed Mount Everest several times. In 1996 Woodall was the leader of the controversial first South African Mount Everest expedition, during which one member of the party died. The expedition reached Camp IV – the last camp before the summit, and 923m below it – on 10 May, but were not directly involved in the disaster that unfolded that day. Following the tragedy the expedition returned to base camp and made a second attempt after a few days rest, achieving the summit on 28 May.","title":"Ian Woodall"},{"id":"20037213","text":"Orange One Orange One is a U.S. Navy-operated facility located in the Appalachian Mountains, extending underneath Camp David, the U.S. President’s country retreat. Described in one account as a \"fortress\", it was designed for use by the president as a military headquarters during an emergency. According to the diary of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who toured the facility in 1959, Orange One can house a staff of 200 persons in two separate wings and is a \"fortress ... hewn out of the rock\". Bill Gulley has said Orange One can be accessed by an elevator from Aspen Lodge, the","title":"Orange One"},{"id":"8046652","text":"not be considered peaks or mountains under UIAA definitions. With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District, the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing. , 302 people are known to have completed the list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit. They have also announced that Tinside Rigg and Long Fell (added to the list in 2016) need not be climbed as they are in a restricted area of Warcop Artillery Range. The Wainwrights are mountains or hills","title":"Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles"},{"id":"4676512","text":"High Atlas High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains (; ; ) is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range","title":"High Atlas"},{"id":"2782864","text":"Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees a large number of visitors every year. The name \"Mourne\" (historically spelt \"Morne\") is derived from","title":"Mourne Mountains"},{"id":"1396222","text":"by a narrow strip of land about 21 kilometre (13 mi) wide, called the Chicken's Neck. Efforts are underway to make this area a free-trade zone. Situated in the Great Himalayan Range in Northern part of Nepal, Mount Everest has the highest altitude of any mountain in the world. Technically, the south-east ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb, so most climbers travel to Everest through Nepal. The Annapurna mountain range also lies in Nepal. Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped into 5 development regions. Each district was headed by a","title":"Kingdom of Nepal"},{"id":"11023980","text":"she would often have to wait for male co-workers to catch up with her. During a religious holiday, she spent two weeks cycling with friends some 1400 km from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet to Kathmandu, crossing mountain passes over 5000 m, enduring sandstorms and blizzards, and reaching Base Camp on the northern (Tibetan) side of Mount Everest at 5208 m (17090 ft). Her coach, Brett Sutton, believes this experience to have been very useful altitude training for her later professional career, while Wellington herself regards it as having given her lasting mental strength. Her friends in Nepal remarked on","title":"Chrissie Wellington"},{"id":"1954112","text":"Jungfrau The Jungfrau (\"maiden, virgin\") at is one of the main summits of the Bernese Alps, located between the northern canton of Bern and the southern canton of Valais, halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch. Together with the Eiger and Mönch, the Jungfrau forms a massive wall overlooking the Bernese Oberland and the Swiss Plateau, one of the most distinctive sights of the Swiss Alps. The summit was first reached on August 3, 1811 by the Meyer brothers of Aarau and two chamois hunters from Valais. The ascent followed a long expedition over the glaciers and high passes of the Bernese","title":"Jungfrau"},{"id":"6948586","text":"then-president Nelson Mandela proclaimed the Cape Peninsula National Park. The park was later renamed to the Table Mountain National Park. The park runs approximately north-south along the range of mountains that make up the mountainous spine of the Cape Peninsula, from Signal Hill in the north, through Lion's Head, Table Mountain, Constantiaberg, Silvermine, the mountains of the southern Peninsula, terminating at Cape Point. The park is not a single contiguous area; the undeveloped mountainous areas which make up most of the park are separated by developed urban areas on the shallower terrain. Thus the park is divided into three separate","title":"Table Mountain National Park"},{"id":"3837194","text":"as well as a high pass. Even during the trekking seasons, it is not uncommon for overnight temperatures at base camp to be in excess of twenty degrees below freezing. Pokalde Pokalde Peak (or Dolma Ri) is a mountain peak of Nepal situated 12 km southwest of Mount Everest. Pokalde Peak is one of the shortest and easiest trekking peaks in the Everest Region. The majority of the 650m climb from base camp requires little more than walking with short sections of scrambling up rock. During the trekking seasons this rocky peak is scarcely covered by snow. Despite its lack","title":"Pokalde"},{"id":"8370866","text":"in Italy for seven more years. After exhibiting in Rome, Milan, and at the Venice Bienniale, she found herself drawn to the Himalayas. The Himalayas are a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and smaller ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot. Together, the Himalayan mountain system is home to the world's highest peaks, which include Mount Everest and K2, which is part of the Karakoram Range. The mountains have profoundly shaped the cultures","title":"Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal"},{"id":"3100673","text":"Cederberg The Cederberg mountains () and nature reserve are located near Clanwilliam, approximately 300 km north of Cape Town, South Africa at about . The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar (\"Widdringtonia cedarbergensis\"), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art. The Cederberg Wilderness Area is administered by CapeNature. \"Cederberg\" is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English (Cedarberg) and Afrikaans (Sederberg) variants. The Cederberg mountains extend about 50 km north-south by 20 km east-west. They are bordered on the","title":"Cederberg"},{"id":"12532917","text":"Black Hills The Black Hills (; ; ) are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black Elk Peak (formerly known as Harney Peak), which rises to , is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name \"Black Hills\" is a translation of the Lakota \". The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees. Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering","title":"Black Hills"},{"id":"11941169","text":"maintenance augmentation units) as part of the Carrier Air Wings deployed aboard aircraft carriers. The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides infantry-based security battalions and Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team companies to guard and defend high-priority and overseas Navy bases. Security for the Presidential Retreat located aboard the Naval Support Activity Thurmont, viz., \"Camp David\" is provided by the Marine infantry battalion stationed as part of the garrison aboard Marine Barracks Washington. Cooperation between the two services includes the training and instruction of some future Marine Corps officers (most are trained and commissioned through Marine Corps OCS), all Marine Corps Naval","title":"United States Marine Corps"},{"id":"4015995","text":"of the original positioning by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907–09). Morris Heights () is a relatively smooth ice-covered heights, forming a peninsula-like divide between Beaver and King Glaciers at the north end of Queen Alexandra Range. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Clarence T. Morris, U.S. Navy, aerology officer on the staff of the Commander, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1962 and 1963. Queen Alexandra Range The Queen Alexandra Range is a major mountain range of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. It is about 160 km (100 mi) long,","title":"Queen Alexandra Range"},{"id":"382604","text":"about 4.4% of the water into the Black Sea. The Swiss Alps also contain many of Central Europe's glaciers. There are about 1,800 glaciers which cover of the total glaciated area of the Alps. The Alps are a popular tourist destination and are one of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland. The tallest point in Switzerland, Monte Rosa () in Canton Valais, is located in the Alps as is tallest mountain wholly in Switzerland, the Dom (). One of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland, the Matterhorn, is also located in the Alps. The Matterhorn () is the seventh highest","title":"Geography of Switzerland"},{"id":"11564612","text":"Baden-Powell Peak Baden-Powell Scout Peak, formerly known as Urkema Peak, in Nepal is part of the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. It is on the border with China about a hundred miles west of Mount Everest. As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, the government of Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Scout Peak, to commemorate 100 years of Scouting in honor of British soldier Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the World Scouting movement. The first ascent of Baden-Powell Peak was completed by an international team of Scouting members, including members from Australia, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Taipei, Hong","title":"Baden-Powell Peak"},{"id":"4752220","text":"Klein Matterhorn The Klein Matterhorn (sometimes translated as \"Little Matterhorn\") is a peak of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais. At above sea level, it is the highest place in Europe that can be reached by aerial tramway, as well as by any other means of transport. The Klein Matterhorn is part of the Breithorn massif and overlooks on its south side the almost equally high flat glacier named \"Breithorn Plateau\", just north of the international border with Italy. The name \"Klein Matterhorn\" is a reference to its much larger neighbour, the Matterhorn, which lies","title":"Klein Matterhorn"},{"id":"664617","text":"European explorers. Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \"Central Alps\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared","title":"Swiss Alps"},{"id":"4229147","text":"the Allegheny and Cumberland Plateau, which in some areas are popularly called mountains, but are actually simply uplifted and eroded plateaus. A portion of the Alleghanian mountain system departed with Africa when Pangaea broke up and the Atlantic Ocean began to form. Today, this forms the Anti-Atlas mountains of Morocco. The Anti-Atlas have been geologically uplifted in relatively recent times, and are today much more rugged than their Alleghanian relatives. Alleghanian orogeny The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain-forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains. The term and spelling Alleghany orogeny was","title":"Alleghanian orogeny"},{"id":"6080999","text":"mountain.\" Matterhorn Peak Matterhorn Peak is located in the Sierra Nevada, in the western U.S. state of California, at the northern boundary of Yosemite National Park. At elevation, it is the tallest peak in the craggy Alps-like Sawtooth Ridge and the northernmost peak in the Sierra Nevada. The peak also supports the Sierra's northernmost glacier system. It was named after the Matterhorn in the Alps. The peak can be ascended without climbing gear. Jack Kerouac, in \"The Dharma Bums\" (1958), describes a hike up and a run down the mountain. This led to the classic observation, \"You can't fall off","title":"Matterhorn Peak"},{"id":"11188","text":"Alps The Alps (; ; ; ; ; ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in","title":"Alps"},{"id":"492695","text":"as the \"circum-Himalayan rivers\". The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around . In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have","title":"Himalayas"},{"id":"10813379","text":"(\"Grasberge\"), made from rocks of the Black Jurassic, whose mountainsides have gradients of up to 70°. They are the distinguishing feature of the Allgäu Alps and are not found in any other mountain group as prominently as they are here (listed in alphabetical order). Allgäu Alps The Allgäu Alps () are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps, located in Bavaria in Germany and Tyrol and Vorarlberg in Austria. The range lies directly east of Lake Constance. The mountain range is characterised by an unusual variety of rock formations and consequently a rich tapestry of landscapes, in particular, the","title":"Allgäu Alps"},{"id":"6057846","text":"Mor's Coire an Lochain holds one of Scotland's longest-lasting snow-patches (grid reference NN193736), which sits at an altitude of 1120m. During Cyclone Bodil, Aonach Mòr was hit by the highest gust of 142mph during the storm. Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it","title":"Aonach Mòr"},{"id":"4385984","text":"as Sierra Estrella High Point and does not name any other peak. Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the","title":"Sierra Estrella"},{"id":"12222270","text":"Camp Muir Camp Muir, named for the naturalist John Muir, is a high-altitude refuge for climbers in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, accessed through the Paradise Entrance. The shelters comprising the camp are situated at a elevation between the Muir Snowfield and the Cowlitz Glacier on Mount Rainier. Camp Muir is the most-used base camp for those attempting to climb to the mountain's summit. Camp Muir is between the Nisqually and Paradise Glaciers. The larger \"public\" shelter hut was built in 1921 to plans supervised by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service. The by single-story one-room shelter","title":"Camp Muir"},{"id":"6251373","text":"Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \"Eagle's Nest.\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\" museum which opened in","title":"Obersalzberg"},{"id":"5662994","text":"a billion years old, formed during the Grenville Orogeny. It represents the very core of the Appalachian range, which has been formed by successive mountain-building events (orogenies). The present mountains have been exposed by the process of isostasy through the late Cenozoic Era. The hills were given their rounded form when glaciers cut through the Appalachian Mountains here, the Highlands are among the lowest summits in that range (indeed, the Appalachian Trail reaches its lowest elevation in the Trailside Zoo between Bear Mountain State Park and Bear Mountain Bridge). Conversely, the river becomes narrower and deeper through the Highlands, reaching","title":"Hudson Highlands"},{"id":"19113114","text":"David T. Griggs David Tressel Griggs (6 October 1911 – 31 December 1974) was an American geophysicist. He served as the second Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1952. David Griggs was born in Columbus, Ohio. His father was Robert Fiske Griggs, who discovered the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near Mount Katmai in Alaska. The highest area in this area was officially named Mount Griggs in his honor. David accompanied his father on an expedition to that area in 1930. At age 24, Griggs had an accident while mountain climbing in the Caucasus Mountains, located","title":"David T. Griggs"},{"id":"6251388","text":"Reich buildings. Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \"Eagle's Nest.\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\" museum which","title":"Obersalzberg"},{"id":"2803983","text":"
The Kunlun mountains (spelled \"Kuen-Lun\" in the book) are described as the location of the Shangri-La monastery in the 1933 novel \"Lost Horizon\" by English writer James Hilton. The mountains are the site of the fictional city of K'un Lun in the Marvel Comics Iron Fist series and the TV show of the same name. Kunlun Mountains The Kunlun Mountains (, ; , \"Khöndlön Uuls\"; ) are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than . In the broadest sense, the chain forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin. The","title":"Kunlun Mountains"},{"id":"3158407","text":"Alpine orogeny The Alpine orogeny or Alpide orogeny is an orogenic phase in the Late Mesozoic (Eoalpine) and the current Cenozoic that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Hellenides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas. Sometimes other names occur to describe the formation of separate mountain ranges: for example","title":"Alpine orogeny"},{"id":"10929184","text":"north. Catoctin Mountain Park contains three historic camps: Camp Greentop, Camp Misty Mount, and the Presidential retreat Camp David. MD 77 follows a curvaceous route along the narrow valley of Hunting Creek to descend Catoctin Mountain. The state highway emerges from the mountain valley just west of the town of Thurmont, where the highway becomes Main Street and meets U.S. Route 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway) at a folded diamond interchange. MD 77 intersects Church Street and Water Street in the center of town; Church Street heads north as MD 550. The two state highways run concurrently through the eastern part","title":"Maryland Route 77"},{"id":"13192967","text":"Berchtesgaden, known for the former Berghof residence of Adolf Hitler. The picturesque heart is formed by the glacial Königssee lake with the famous St. Bartholomew's pilgrimage church and the smaller Obersee, both part of the Berchtesgaden National Park established in 1978. The range also comprises glaciers like the Blaueis as well as the Steinernes Meer high karst plateau. The most important summits of the Berchtesgaden Alps are (groups in order of height): The Berchtesgaden Alps border on the following other mountain groups of the Alps: The \"Berchtesgaden Alps\" are included under this name in the generally accepted Alpine Club classification","title":"Berchtesgaden Alps"},{"id":"2325006","text":"Mountain pass A mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge. Since many of the world's mountain ranges have presented formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout Earth's history. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass. The highest vehicle-accessible pass in the world appears to be Mana Pass, located in the Himalayas on the border between India and Tibet, China. Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, or col (also sometimes a notch, the low point in","title":"Mountain pass"},{"id":"14644109","text":"Saint-Gotthard Massif The Saint-Gotthard Massif (German: \"Gotthardmassiv\" or \"Sankt-Gotthard-Massiv\") is a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of four cantons: Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The homonymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is the main route from north to south (excluding tunnels). The highest peaks of the massif are Pizzo Rotondo (3,192 m) in the southwest, Pizzo Centrale (2,999 m) near the","title":"Saint-Gotthard Massif"},{"id":"664634","text":"between Italy (south) and Switzerland (north). From Mont Vélan, the first high summit east of St Bernard Pass, the chain rarely goes below 3000 metres and contains many four-thousanders such as Matterhorn or Monte Rosa. The valleys are quite similar on both side of the border, being generally oriented perpendicular to the main chain and descending progressively into the Rhône Valley on the north and the Aosta Valley on the south. Unlike many other mountain ranges, the higher peaks are often located outside the main chain and found themselves between the northern valleys (Grand Combin, Weisshorn, Mischabel, Weissmies). The chief","title":"Pennine Alps"},{"id":"14104845","text":"Obama. Johnson was born in Detroit in 1958. He is of African-American and Native American ancestry. While living in Germany, where his father was stationed in the Army, Shelton, at five years of age, went on a family vacation to the Berchtesgaden area in Germany's Bavarian Alps, which later became the Berchtesgaden National Park. He describes this visit as influential in developing his awe for mountains and the sky. His family also visited the Black Forest. Johnson graduated from Cass Technical High School in 1976. He attended college at the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a B.A. degree","title":"Shelton Johnson"},{"id":"10794375","text":"and can be viewed by prior arrangement only. Rhodes has a subtropical highland climate (\"Cwb\", according to the Köppen climate classification), with mild summers and chilly, dry winters, with occasional snowfalls. The average annual precipitation is , with most rainfall occurring mainly during summer. Rhodes, Eastern Cape Rhodes is a hamlet or small village alongside the wild trout rich Bell River, near Ben Macdhui (at 2561 m the highest mountain in the Cape region) in the Drakensberg mountains of the north Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rhodes is located in the Eastern Cape Highlands, near the escarpment in the southernmost end","title":"Rhodes, Eastern Cape"},{"id":"58946","text":"colonial maps. Ben Nevis Ben Nevis (, ; ) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. Standing at above sea level, it is at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William. The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 100,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which use the Pony Track from Glen Nevis. The cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers. They are also the","title":"Ben Nevis"},{"id":"7834921","text":"Ghent Kangri Ghent Kangri (or Mount Ghent, Ghaint I) is a high peak near the north end of the Saltoro Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It is located west of the Siachen Glacier in an area under Pakistan control, but very close to the Actual Ground Position Line with India. Ghent Kangri was first climbed on 4 June 1961, by Wolfgang Axt, a member of an Austrian expedition led by Erich Waschak, via the West Ridge. He climbed solo above the high camp. According to the Himalayan Index, there have been three subsequent ascents of the peak, in","title":"Ghent Kangri"},{"id":"4529718","text":"Càrn Mòr Dearg Càrn Mòr Dearg () is the eighth-highest mountain in Scotland. It is situated in the west of Scotland, close to the town of Fort William, in Lochaber, Highland. It lies just to the north-west of its much more famous neighbour, Ben Nevis, to which it is linked by the spectacular Càrn Mòr Dearg Arête. The ascent of Càrn Mòr Dearg from the north (start from the North Face Car Park), the traverse of the arête, and the scramble up the north side of Ben Nevis make one of the best horse-shoe routes in Scotland. Càrn Mòr Dearg","title":"Càrn Mòr Dearg"},{"id":"525446","text":"Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both of them reached the summit 29 years before the confirmed ascent and safe descent of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. In 1933, Lady Houston, a British millionairess, funded the \"Houston Everest Flight of 1933\", which saw a formation of aircraft led by","title":"Mount Everest"},{"id":"7902630","text":"Gasherbrum II, an mountain located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan, and Xinjiang, China. The expedition, led by Henry Todd, did not summit due to bad weather. In 2002, Sharp went on an expedition to Cho Oyu, an peak in the Himalayas, with a group led by Richard Dougan and Jamie McGuinness of the Himalayan Project. They did make it to the summit, but one member died from falling into a crevasse; this opened up a slot on the group's trip to Everest the next year. Dougan regarded Sharp as a strong climber, but noted that","title":"David Sharp (mountaineer)"},{"id":"14223364","text":"Alpine Club huts at all. Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \"Ammergebirge\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the","title":"Ammergau Alps"},{"id":"12040476","text":"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne) Ben Bhuidhe (Gaelic: A' Bheinn Bhuidhe) is a Scottish mountain at the head of Loch Fyne, Argyll and Bute. Beinn Bhuidhe is a Munro that lies separately from the main body of the Arrochar Alps. It is an isolated mountain which, particularly when climbed in winter conditions, has a \"real feeling of expedition about it\". It is a remote and unfrequented hill, situated to the north of the head of Loch Fyne between the upper reaches of Glen Fyne and Glen Shira. It is the only high hill in an extensive tract of featureless moorland between","title":"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne)"},{"id":"14223351","text":"Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \"Ammergebirge\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the perimeter of the mountains. The","title":"Ammergau Alps"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4869201\",\n \"text\": \"and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \\\"Catoctin\\\" means \\\"place of many deer\\\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \\\"Shangri-La\\\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its\",\n \"title\": \"Catoctin Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79160\",\n \"text\": \"Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a camp for federal government agents and their families by the Works Progress Administration. Construction started\",\n \"title\": \"Camp David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79163\",\n \"text\": \"in the residence; a total of three planes were intercepted over that July 9 weekend. Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a\",\n \"title\": \"Camp David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79161\",\n \"text\": \"in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \\\"Shangri-La\\\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \\\"Lost Horizon\\\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen\",\n \"title\": \"Camp David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4974987\",\n \"text\": \"America, and former Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower. His father would go on to be a brigadier general in the U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (1969–1971), and a renowned military historian. His grandfather would become president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and later the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961). After assuming the presidency in 1953, President Eisenhower named the presidential mountain retreat, formerly Camp Shangri-La, Camp David, after his grandson. Eisenhower graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1966. He received his B.A. degree in history\",\n \"title\": \"David Eisenhower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4869202\",\n \"text\": \"proximity to Washington, D.C., and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \\\"getaway\\\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Mountain Catoctin Mountain, along with the geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms the easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian Mountains range. The ridge runs northeast/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, and running south past Leesburg, Virginia, where it disappears into the Piedmont in a\",\n \"title\": \"Catoctin Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"322380\",\n \"text\": \"Palace,\\\" the \\\"President’s House,\\\" and the \\\"Executive Mansion.\\\" Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food. Camp David, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland, is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host\",\n \"title\": \"President of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6280219\",\n \"text\": \"the Interior Harold L. Ickes reported, \\\"President Roosevelt is not able to make such use of the camp as President Hoover undoubtedly had in mind. Whether it is to continue to be a Presidential camp must, therefore, be left for future determination.\\\" FDR went on to establish his retreat in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland at Camp Shangri-La, later renamed Camp David. While the Park Service pledged to maintain Rapidan Camp, in 1936, \\\"The New York Times\\\" described rust and dry rot at the camp, which was still protected by seven Marines. The \\\"historic log\\\" Hoover and MacDonald had conferred\",\n \"title\": \"Rapidan Camp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5240281\",\n \"text\": \"site on the Catoctin Mountain, which today is known as Camp David. Strong set up a trust fund in 1947 that maintains a trail system and other tourist facilities at Sugarloaf Mountain. The mountain and its immediate environs continue to be open to the public, but they are privately owned by Stronghold, Incorporated. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example of a monadnock — an isolated hill or small mountain rising abruptly from gently sloping or level surrounding land. It appears to be either an outlier to the east of the main mass of Catoctin Mountain, or a root remnant of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sugarloaf Mountain (Maryland)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"560720\",\n \"text\": \"Frederick County, Maryland Frederick County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 240,336. The county seat is Frederick. Frederick County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia. The county is home to Catoctin Mountain Park (encompassing the presidential retreat Camp David) and to the U.S. Army's Fort Detrick. It has also\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick County, Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1090393\",\n \"text\": \"Thurmont, Maryland Thurmont is a town in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,170 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the northern part of Frederick County (north of Frederick, Maryland, the county seat), approximately ten miles from the Pennsylvania border, along U.S. Highway 15. It is very close to Cunningham Falls State Park and Catoctin Mountain Park, which contains the presidential retreat of Camp David. Thurmont is also home to Catoctin Colorfest, an arts and crafts festival that draws in about 125,000 people each autumn. In 2005, Thurmont was designated as a \\\"Main Street Maryland\",\n \"title\": \"Thurmont, Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4869049\",\n \"text\": \"but were not taken up by the House, and therefore did not become law. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Originally planned to provide recreational camps for federal employees, one of the camps eventually became the home of the Presidential retreat, Camp David. The Presidential retreat is not open or accessible to the public; however, the eastern hardwood forest of Catoctin Mountain Park does have many other attractions for visitors, some of which include camping, picnicking, fishing, of hiking trails, and scenic mountain vistas. Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park, located in north-central\",\n \"title\": \"Catoctin Mountain Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"616838\",\n \"text\": \"and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest. While Gettysburg National Battlefield of 1863 lies approximately to the north-northeast. The reconstructed home of Barbara Fritchie stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's Mount Olivet Cemetery. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill quoted Whittier's poem to President Franklin D. Roosevelt when they stopped here in 1941 on a car trip to the presidential retreat, then called \\\"Shangra-La\\\" (now \\\"Camp David\\\") within the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley (1839–1911) was born at\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick, Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"727577\",\n \"text\": \"the occasional Tibetan monks in saffron robes. The name \\\"Shangri-La\\\" has become a byword for a mythical utopia, a permanently happy land, isolated from the world. After the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, when the fact that the bombers had flown from an aircraft carrier remained highly classified, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt told the press facetiously that they had taken off from Shangri-La. The Navy subsequently gave that name to an aircraft carrier, and Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat \\\"Shangri-La\\\". (Later, President Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed the retreat Camp David after his grandson, and that name has been used\",\n \"title\": \"James Hilton (novelist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11363831\",\n \"text\": \"the President and dictating the tenor of his daily schedule. Watson lived with his wife, professional pianist Frances Nash Watson, on a Virginia estate called Kenwood. The land, just beyond Monticello, was once owned by Thomas Jefferson, and the estate house was designed by FDR's cousin, celebrated architect William A. Delano. Watson and FDR were personally close above and beyond their close professional ties, and FDR adopted Kenwood as his \\\"Camp David\\\" during his presidency and retreated there on several occasions for vacation. The guest cottage was built in 1940-41 for Roosevelt, though he stayed there on only one occasion,\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin \\\"Pa\\\" Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1953808\",\n \"text\": \"of July. Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \\\"Hörnli\\\", \\\"Furggen\\\", \\\"Leone\\\"/\\\"Lion\\\", and \\\"Zmutt\\\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1953724\",\n \"text\": \"Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \\\"Hörnli\\\", \\\"Furggen\\\", \\\"Leone\\\"/\\\"Lion\\\", and \\\"Zmutt\\\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and the Italian\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3086122\",\n \"text\": \"Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of the range. The park was established in 1934, and, with over 11 million visits per year, it is the most visited national park in\",\n \"title\": \"Great Smoky Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3086172\",\n \"text\": \"a small farm in the Smokies. She writes many songs concerning her Tennessee upbringing, and starred in the 1986 film, \\\"A Smoky Mountain Christmas\\\". Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of\",\n \"title\": \"Great Smoky Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18799819\",\n \"text\": \"Trout Run (retreat) Trout Run is a property in the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont, Maryland, that was visited on several occasions by Presidents Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower. Originally called Catoctin Lodge, it is located about away from the presidential retreat at Camp David and was established by one of Hoover's senior aides. It subsequently became the property of the family of a senior State Department official, who owned it for nearly 70 years, before it was acquired in 2013 by an arm of the Church of Scientology. It became the focus of controversy in 2015 when\",\n \"title\": \"Trout Run (retreat)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3342228\",\n \"text\": \"Jews regarding Masada as a place of reverence, commemorating ancestors who fell heroically against oppression, and others regarding it as a testament to extremism and a refusal to compromise. Masada has been described as \\\"a lozenge-shaped table-mountain\\\" that is \\\"lofty, isolated, and to all appearance impregnable\\\". Historically, the fortress could be reached only by a single pathway that was too narrow for men to walk abreast. This pathway was named \\\"the Snake\\\" for the way it twists and zig-zags to the summit. Masada was named as the place where David rested after fleeing from his father-in-law, King Saul. Flavius Josephus,\",\n \"title\": \"Siege of Masada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6433401\",\n \"text\": \"located in the Cairngorms, a mountain range in the eastern Highlands which is the highest upland area in Britain. In the south of Scotland lie the Southern Uplands, a vast, rolling mountain chain that is less rugged and more forested than the Highlands. Shorter than the Highlands, the tallest mountain in the range is Merrick, at 843 m (2,766 ft). There are ranges of gentler, rolling hills even in the central lowlands of Scotland. Such ranges include the Ochil Hills, near Stirling, the Campsie Fells outside Glasgow, and the Lomond Hills in Fife. Mountains in Scotland are categorised by their\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Scotland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1953727\",\n \"text\": \"since the first climb in 1865, making it one of the deadliest peaks in the world. The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses (originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny) from the Dent Blanche nappe, lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes. The mountain's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak, such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face. Sometimes referred to as the \\\"Mountain of Mountains\\\" (), the Matterhorn has become an iconic emblem of the Swiss Alps and of\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12430768\",\n \"text\": \"features, the National Industrial Recovery Act authorized federal purchases of land considered submarginal for farming but valuable for recreation purposes. By 1936, 46 projects containing had been set up in 24 different states, mostly near metropolitan centers, to provide outdoor recreation for people from crowded cities. It was intended from the beginning that most of these projects would be turned over to states and cities for operation and in 1942 Congress provided the necessary authority. By 1946 most of the conveyances had been completed. The National Park Service retained Catoctin Mountain Park, site of Camp David, but 4,500 of its\",\n \"title\": \"History of the National Park Service\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19665631\",\n \"text\": \"hut has an electricity generator and a solar panel which charges 24 and 12 volt batteries. Inside is a wooden stove, its fireplace made from a fly wheel, and a conventional wood burning fuel stove. Similar to other huts in the area, any internal divisions are made of insubstantial materials, of hessian, scrap timber and iron. An A-frame building, known as \\\"Camp David \\\" on Crystal Hill, on lot 8, was built off-site and re-erected in Easter 1984. It measures approximately in length, in width and is high at its apex. A Trimdeck roof is supported by steel struts. It\",\n \"title\": \"Tomahawk Creek Huts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7902656\",\n \"text\": \"significant risks associated with climbing into the \\\"death zone\\\" of Everest, which has claimed many lives, as well as many limbs. One survivor of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, Beck Weathers, was left on the mountain exposed at a high altitude on the south side of Everest because he was overcome by the elements and initially could not walk any further or be rescued after descending to about during a storm following an unsuccessful summit attempt. He miraculously woke up later and was able to stumble into a nearby camp. Although it was a monumental effort to bring him further\",\n \"title\": \"David Sharp (mountaineer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6288086\",\n \"text\": \"located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps, derives its name from Raetia. Only about 30% of Graubünden is commonly regarded as productive land, of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area. The canton is entirely mountainous, comprising the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona,\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2108156\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Hermon Mount Hermon ( / ALA-LC: \\\"Jabal al-Shaykh\\\" (\\\"Mountain of the Sheikh\\\") or \\\"Jabal Haramun\\\"; , \\\"Har Hermon\\\") is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon and, at 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in Syria. On the top, in the United Nations buffer zone between Syrian and Israeli-occupied territories, is the highest permanently manned UN position in the world, known as \\\"Hermon Hotel\\\". The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend to the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, where\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Hermon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10849939\",\n \"text\": \"that Ben can attend a special school, meaning David has to leave his friends and girlfriend, Gail, behind. Ben makes friends and finds a girl friend. David has difficulty fitting into his new school, suffering at the hands of bullies. David discovers that Gail has moved on from him only five weeks after their break up, which leads him to self-harm. David decides to kill his brother. He takes Ben hitchhiking without telling his parents, and they camp in Snowdonia. Climbing the mountain, David plans to murder Ben by pushing him off a high ridge. At the top, David changes\",\n \"title\": \"Coming Down the Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311649\",\n \"text\": \"design modifications at Greentop to accommodate handicapped children reduced capacity to 98. Greentop is also known as Camp 2: Camp 1 is Camp Misty Mount and Camp 3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Greentop Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Greentop Camp Greentop is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area, and comprises 22 rustic\",\n \"title\": \"Camp Greentop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"277584\",\n \"text\": \"Elias Mountains. There has been a long tradition of climbers going on expeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generally used for the Andes (e.g. the Cordillera Blanca in Peru) and the high peaks of Asia including the Himalayas (e.g. the Mount Everest of Nepal/Tibet/ India), Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Pamir Mountains, Tien Shan and Kunlun Mountains. In the past this was often on exploratory trips or to make first ascents. With the advent of cheaper, long-haul air travel, mountaineering holidays in the Greater Ranges are now undertaken much more frequently and ascents of even Everest and Vinson Massif (the highest\",\n \"title\": \"Mountaineering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"719234\",\n \"text\": \"popular novels of the 20th Century. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt named the Presidential hideaway in Maryland after Shangri-La. (It has since been renamed Camp David.) Likewise Roosevelt initially claimed the Doolittle Raid came from Shangri-La; this inspired the name of the aircraft carrier USS \\\"Shangri-La\\\". A one-hour adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:30 on 1 August 1935, with a cast that included Esme Percy as the High Lama, Ben Welden as Barnard, Barbara Couper as Miss Brinklow, Jon Swinley as Conway and Cathleen Cordell as Lo Tsen. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Lost Horizon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7528955\",\n \"text\": \"Dyatlov Pass incident The Dyatlov Pass incident () refers to the unsolved deaths of nine ski hikers in the northern Ural Mountains in the Soviet Union (now Russia) between 1 and 2 February 1959. The experienced trekking group, who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl in an area now named in honor of the group's leader, Igor Dyatlov. During the night, something caused them to tear their way out of their tents and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures. After the group's bodies\",\n \"title\": \"Dyatlov Pass incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6280199\",\n \"text\": \"Rapidan Camp Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County, Virginia, was built by U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, and served as their rustic retreat throughout Hoover's administration from 1929 to 1933. The first family's residential cabin was known as the \\\"Brown House\\\" in contrast to their more famous residence, the White House. Rapidan Camp was precursor of the current presidential retreat, Camp David. In November 1928, Herbert Hoover was overwhelmingly elected as 31st President of the United States. While all preceding Presidents came from the Eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Rapidan Camp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15162580\",\n \"text\": \"55 peaks lie entirely within one country, over 27 straddle a border but none is located at a tripoint. By the UIAA's definition, Switzerland has 48 four-thousanders, Italy has 35 and France 26. The four-thousanders are found mainly in the Western Alps, in the ranges of the Bernese Alps (9), Dauphiné Alps (2) Graian Alps (29) and Pennine Alps (41). The only four-thousander in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m) in the Bernina Group. In Africa mountain ranges there are four-thousanders in the High Atlas (Toubkal: 4,167 m), in the Ethiopian Highlands (Ras Daschan: 4,620 m), in the\",\n \"title\": \"Four-thousander\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"514913\",\n \"text\": \"At the age of just 21, Alex became the youngest person to have completed a continuous round without the use of any motorised transport. The SMC recognises six peaks in England, fifteen in Wales and thirteen in Ireland that would be Munros or Munro Tops if they were in Scotland. These are referred to as Furth Munros, i.e. the Munros furth of Scotland. The first recorded Furthist is James Parker, who completed on Tryfan (Snowdonia) on 19 April 1929. Munro A Munro () is a mountain in Scotland with a height over , the best known being Ben Nevis, the\",\n \"title\": \"Munro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12311674\",\n \"text\": \"3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Misty Mount Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Misty Mount Historic District Camp Misty Mount is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Development Area, and comprises 35 rustic log buildings including sleeping cabins, administrative buildings and lodges. All were built between 1935 and 1938. The buildings are a simplified version\",\n \"title\": \"Camp Misty Mount Historic District\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4974986\",\n \"text\": \"David Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower II (born March 31, 1948) is an American author, public policy fellow, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and eponym of the U.S. Presidential retreat, Camp David. He is the only grandson of the 34th President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the son-in-law of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon. David Eisenhower was born on March 31, 1948, in West Point, Orange County, New York, to Barbara (Thompson) and John Eisenhower. His father was a U.S. Army officer, and his grandfather was future President of the United States of\",\n \"title\": \"David Eisenhower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6057843\",\n \"text\": \"Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it has been considered by some to represent a deliberate changing of an indigenous name. The name Aonach Mòr implies that the mountain is bigger than its close neighbour to the south, Aonach Beag (\\\"small ridge\\\"), to\",\n \"title\": \"Aonach Mòr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4385978\",\n \"text\": \"Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the precipitation reaches the mountain range. A good example is during the month\",\n \"title\": \"Sierra Estrella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4386908\",\n \"text\": \"has left tiers of rock representing some 30 lava flows which date from the Carboniferous period. The headwaters of the River Carron rise in the Campsies. The Campsie Fells have cemented their place in history as the birthplace of Scottish skiing, when W.W. Naismith of Glasgow skied the area, becoming the first ever man to ski in Scotland in March 1892. Campsie Fells The Campsie Fells (also known as the Campsies; Scottish Gaelic: Monadh Chamaisidh) are a range of hills in central Scotland, stretching east to west from Denny Muir to Dumgoyne, in Stirlingshire and overlooking Strathkelvin to the south.\",\n \"title\": \"Campsie Fells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17290768\",\n \"text\": \"words of one newspaper report) \\\"the appearance of a city under siege on this Mother's Day.\\\" U.S. President John F. Kennedy ended a vacation at Camp David (near Thurmont, Maryland) early in order to respond to the situation. Conflicted about whether to deploy federal troops, Kennedy wanted to save face after the violence in Birmingham became covered as international news, and he wanted to protect the truce that had just been established. At the same time, he did not want to set a precedent that might compel routine military interventions, and he feared a backlash among southern white Democrats who\",\n \"title\": \"Birmingham riot of 1963\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2782872\",\n \"text\": \"on board. The cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error in heavy fog. Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees\",\n \"title\": \"Mourne Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15068186\",\n \"text\": \"Matterhorn (Antarctica) The Matterhorn () is a peak on Roa Ridge in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It stands high, surmounting the north wall of Taylor Valley between Lacroix Glacier and Matterhorn Glacier. It was so named by Griffith Taylor of the British Antarctic Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott, 1910–13, because of its resemblance to the Matterhorn, the famous Swiss mountain. On the mountain's south side is Campbell Terrace, a relatively horizontal ice-free area with a median elevation of . It is bounded by the lower margins of Matterhorn Glacier, Lacroix Glacier, and the northern wall of Taylor\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn (Antarctica)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664595\",\n \"text\": \"Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \\\"Central Alps\\\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other\",\n \"title\": \"Swiss Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17797039\",\n \"text\": \"girl with an extraordinary genius. Now, only by working with his embattled partner, Michelle Maxwell, can he catch a killer…and solve a stunning mystery that threatens the entire nation. \\\"Publication Date\\\": April 24, 2007 \\\"Pages\\\": 420 (Hardcover) A daring kidnapping turns a children’s birthday party at Camp David, the presidential retreat, into a national security nightmare. Former Secret Service agents turned private investigators Sean King and Michelle Maxwell don’t want to get involved. But years ago Sean saved the First Lady’s husband, then a senator, from political disaster. Now the president’s wife presses Sean and Michelle into a desperate search\",\n \"title\": \"King and Maxwell (book series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2619578\",\n \"text\": \"Finsteraarhorn The Finsteraarhorn () is the highest mountain in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland and the most prominent peak of Switzerland. The Finsteraarhorn is the ninth-highest mountain and third-most prominent peak in the Alps. In 2001 the whole massif and surrounding glaciers were designated as part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch World Heritage Site. Despite being the most elevated, prominent and isolated mountain of both the Bernese Alps and the canton of Berne, the Finsteraarhorn is less known and frequented than the nearby Jungfrau and Eiger. This is due to its location in one of the most remote areas in the Alps,\",\n \"title\": \"Finsteraarhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664633\",\n \"text\": \"Pennine Alps The Pennine Alps (, , , ), also known as the \\\"Valais Alps\\\", are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Switzerland (Valais) and Italy (Piedmont and the Aosta Valley). The Italian side is drained by the rivers Dora Baltea, Sesia and Toce, tributaries of the Po. The Swiss side is drained by the Rhône. The Great St Bernard Tunnel, under the Great St Bernard Pass, leads from Martigny, Switzerland to Aosta. The main chain (watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea) runs from west to east on the border\",\n \"title\": \"Pennine Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5016641\",\n \"text\": \"40 alpine lakes in the range, 15 of which are named. The Crazy Mountains sit in both Gallatin National Forest and Lewis and Clark National Forest. The Crazies support a healthy herd of mountain goats and the occasional elusive wolverine. The Crazies are almost completely surrounded by private lands making access into the mountains somewhat difficult, especially in the southern section where the highest peaks are located. The name Crazy Mountains is said to be a shortened form of the name \\\"Crazy Woman Mountains\\\" given them, in compliment to their original Crow name, after a woman who went insane and\",\n \"title\": \"Crazy Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1661749\",\n \"text\": \"Denali Denali () (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of above sea level. With a topographic prominence of and a topographic isolation of , Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak on Earth, after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska, Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve. The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as \\\"Denali\\\" for centuries.\",\n \"title\": \"Denali\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16572278\",\n \"text\": \"Piotruś Piotruś (also Petrus, Petros) is a tall mountain in the Beskid Dukielski range, Poland. Beskid Dukielski forms the middle of the Low Beskids in the Western Carpathian Mountains. Piotruś is the highest mountain of the Beskid Dukielski. A tourist trail passes through the mountain. Its most prominent characteristic is a stream and pond related to the Saint John of Dukla. The Beskid Dukielski Range is located within the outer part of the Carpathians, which is part of the Alpine orogenic belt. The Outer Carpathians fold and thrust belt, is subdivided into several nappes bounded by thrust faults. The mountain\",\n \"title\": \"Piotruś\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15354034\",\n \"text\": \"areas. The High Plains receive very little rainfall, and sit at high elevations, usually about . Many people view the High Plains as the point where one begins to enter the greater Mountain West region. The Mountain West has some of the highest mountain peaks in America. Some of the more famous mountains in the Mountain West are Mount Elbert, Pikes Peak, Blanca Peak, Longs Peak, Kings Peak, Wind River Peak, Cloud Peak, Wheeler Peak, Truchas Peak, Granite Peak, Borah Peak, and Humphreys Peak. The climate of the Mountain West is one of the more diverse climates in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Mountain states\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453582\",\n \"text\": \"Ian Woodall Ian Woodall (born 17 August 1956) is a British mountain climber who has climbed Mount Everest several times. In 1996 Woodall was the leader of the controversial first South African Mount Everest expedition, during which one member of the party died. The expedition reached Camp IV – the last camp before the summit, and 923m below it – on 10 May, but were not directly involved in the disaster that unfolded that day. Following the tragedy the expedition returned to base camp and made a second attempt after a few days rest, achieving the summit on 28 May.\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Woodall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20037213\",\n \"text\": \"Orange One Orange One is a U.S. Navy-operated facility located in the Appalachian Mountains, extending underneath Camp David, the U.S. President’s country retreat. Described in one account as a \\\"fortress\\\", it was designed for use by the president as a military headquarters during an emergency. According to the diary of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who toured the facility in 1959, Orange One can house a staff of 200 persons in two separate wings and is a \\\"fortress ... hewn out of the rock\\\". Bill Gulley has said Orange One can be accessed by an elevator from Aspen Lodge, the\",\n \"title\": \"Orange One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8046652\",\n \"text\": \"not be considered peaks or mountains under UIAA definitions. With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District, the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing. , 302 people are known to have completed the list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit. They have also announced that Tinside Rigg and Long Fell (added to the list in 2016) need not be climbed as they are in a restricted area of Warcop Artillery Range. The Wainwrights are mountains or hills\",\n \"title\": \"Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4676512\",\n \"text\": \"High Atlas High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains (; ; ) is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range\",\n \"title\": \"High Atlas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2782864\",\n \"text\": \"Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees a large number of visitors every year. The name \\\"Mourne\\\" (historically spelt \\\"Morne\\\") is derived from\",\n \"title\": \"Mourne Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1396222\",\n \"text\": \"by a narrow strip of land about 21 kilometre (13 mi) wide, called the Chicken's Neck. Efforts are underway to make this area a free-trade zone. Situated in the Great Himalayan Range in Northern part of Nepal, Mount Everest has the highest altitude of any mountain in the world. Technically, the south-east ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb, so most climbers travel to Everest through Nepal. The Annapurna mountain range also lies in Nepal. Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped into 5 development regions. Each district was headed by a\",\n \"title\": \"Kingdom of Nepal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11023980\",\n \"text\": \"she would often have to wait for male co-workers to catch up with her. During a religious holiday, she spent two weeks cycling with friends some 1400 km from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet to Kathmandu, crossing mountain passes over 5000 m, enduring sandstorms and blizzards, and reaching Base Camp on the northern (Tibetan) side of Mount Everest at 5208 m (17090 ft). Her coach, Brett Sutton, believes this experience to have been very useful altitude training for her later professional career, while Wellington herself regards it as having given her lasting mental strength. Her friends in Nepal remarked on\",\n \"title\": \"Chrissie Wellington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1954112\",\n \"text\": \"Jungfrau The Jungfrau (\\\"maiden, virgin\\\") at is one of the main summits of the Bernese Alps, located between the northern canton of Bern and the southern canton of Valais, halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch. Together with the Eiger and Mönch, the Jungfrau forms a massive wall overlooking the Bernese Oberland and the Swiss Plateau, one of the most distinctive sights of the Swiss Alps. The summit was first reached on August 3, 1811 by the Meyer brothers of Aarau and two chamois hunters from Valais. The ascent followed a long expedition over the glaciers and high passes of the Bernese\",\n \"title\": \"Jungfrau\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6948586\",\n \"text\": \"then-president Nelson Mandela proclaimed the Cape Peninsula National Park. The park was later renamed to the Table Mountain National Park. The park runs approximately north-south along the range of mountains that make up the mountainous spine of the Cape Peninsula, from Signal Hill in the north, through Lion's Head, Table Mountain, Constantiaberg, Silvermine, the mountains of the southern Peninsula, terminating at Cape Point. The park is not a single contiguous area; the undeveloped mountainous areas which make up most of the park are separated by developed urban areas on the shallower terrain. Thus the park is divided into three separate\",\n \"title\": \"Table Mountain National Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3837194\",\n \"text\": \"as well as a high pass. Even during the trekking seasons, it is not uncommon for overnight temperatures at base camp to be in excess of twenty degrees below freezing. Pokalde Pokalde Peak (or Dolma Ri) is a mountain peak of Nepal situated 12 km southwest of Mount Everest. Pokalde Peak is one of the shortest and easiest trekking peaks in the Everest Region. The majority of the 650m climb from base camp requires little more than walking with short sections of scrambling up rock. During the trekking seasons this rocky peak is scarcely covered by snow. Despite its lack\",\n \"title\": \"Pokalde\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8370866\",\n \"text\": \"in Italy for seven more years. After exhibiting in Rome, Milan, and at the Venice Bienniale, she found herself drawn to the Himalayas. The Himalayas are a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and smaller ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot. Together, the Himalayan mountain system is home to the world's highest peaks, which include Mount Everest and K2, which is part of the Karakoram Range. The mountains have profoundly shaped the cultures\",\n \"title\": \"Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3100673\",\n \"text\": \"Cederberg The Cederberg mountains () and nature reserve are located near Clanwilliam, approximately 300 km north of Cape Town, South Africa at about . The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar (\\\"Widdringtonia cedarbergensis\\\"), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art. The Cederberg Wilderness Area is administered by CapeNature. \\\"Cederberg\\\" is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English (Cedarberg) and Afrikaans (Sederberg) variants. The Cederberg mountains extend about 50 km north-south by 20 km east-west. They are bordered on the\",\n \"title\": \"Cederberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12532917\",\n \"text\": \"Black Hills The Black Hills (; ; ) are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black Elk Peak (formerly known as Harney Peak), which rises to , is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name \\\"Black Hills\\\" is a translation of the Lakota \\\". The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees. Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering\",\n \"title\": \"Black Hills\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11941169\",\n \"text\": \"maintenance augmentation units) as part of the Carrier Air Wings deployed aboard aircraft carriers. The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides infantry-based security battalions and Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team companies to guard and defend high-priority and overseas Navy bases. Security for the Presidential Retreat located aboard the Naval Support Activity Thurmont, viz., \\\"Camp David\\\" is provided by the Marine infantry battalion stationed as part of the garrison aboard Marine Barracks Washington. Cooperation between the two services includes the training and instruction of some future Marine Corps officers (most are trained and commissioned through Marine Corps OCS), all Marine Corps Naval\",\n \"title\": \"United States Marine Corps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4015995\",\n \"text\": \"of the original positioning by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907–09). Morris Heights () is a relatively smooth ice-covered heights, forming a peninsula-like divide between Beaver and King Glaciers at the north end of Queen Alexandra Range. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Clarence T. Morris, U.S. Navy, aerology officer on the staff of the Commander, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1962 and 1963. Queen Alexandra Range The Queen Alexandra Range is a major mountain range of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. It is about 160 km (100 mi) long,\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Alexandra Range\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"382604\",\n \"text\": \"about 4.4% of the water into the Black Sea. The Swiss Alps also contain many of Central Europe's glaciers. There are about 1,800 glaciers which cover of the total glaciated area of the Alps. The Alps are a popular tourist destination and are one of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland. The tallest point in Switzerland, Monte Rosa () in Canton Valais, is located in the Alps as is tallest mountain wholly in Switzerland, the Dom (). One of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland, the Matterhorn, is also located in the Alps. The Matterhorn () is the seventh highest\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Switzerland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11564612\",\n \"text\": \"Baden-Powell Peak Baden-Powell Scout Peak, formerly known as Urkema Peak, in Nepal is part of the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. It is on the border with China about a hundred miles west of Mount Everest. As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, the government of Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Scout Peak, to commemorate 100 years of Scouting in honor of British soldier Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the World Scouting movement. The first ascent of Baden-Powell Peak was completed by an international team of Scouting members, including members from Australia, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Taipei, Hong\",\n \"title\": \"Baden-Powell Peak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4752220\",\n \"text\": \"Klein Matterhorn The Klein Matterhorn (sometimes translated as \\\"Little Matterhorn\\\") is a peak of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais. At above sea level, it is the highest place in Europe that can be reached by aerial tramway, as well as by any other means of transport. The Klein Matterhorn is part of the Breithorn massif and overlooks on its south side the almost equally high flat glacier named \\\"Breithorn Plateau\\\", just north of the international border with Italy. The name \\\"Klein Matterhorn\\\" is a reference to its much larger neighbour, the Matterhorn, which lies\",\n \"title\": \"Klein Matterhorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664617\",\n \"text\": \"European explorers. Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \\\"Central Alps\\\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared\",\n \"title\": \"Swiss Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4229147\",\n \"text\": \"the Allegheny and Cumberland Plateau, which in some areas are popularly called mountains, but are actually simply uplifted and eroded plateaus. A portion of the Alleghanian mountain system departed with Africa when Pangaea broke up and the Atlantic Ocean began to form. Today, this forms the Anti-Atlas mountains of Morocco. The Anti-Atlas have been geologically uplifted in relatively recent times, and are today much more rugged than their Alleghanian relatives. Alleghanian orogeny The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain-forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains. The term and spelling Alleghany orogeny was\",\n \"title\": \"Alleghanian orogeny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6080999\",\n \"text\": \"mountain.\\\" Matterhorn Peak Matterhorn Peak is located in the Sierra Nevada, in the western U.S. state of California, at the northern boundary of Yosemite National Park. At elevation, it is the tallest peak in the craggy Alps-like Sawtooth Ridge and the northernmost peak in the Sierra Nevada. The peak also supports the Sierra's northernmost glacier system. It was named after the Matterhorn in the Alps. The peak can be ascended without climbing gear. Jack Kerouac, in \\\"The Dharma Bums\\\" (1958), describes a hike up and a run down the mountain. This led to the classic observation, \\\"You can't fall off\",\n \"title\": \"Matterhorn Peak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11188\",\n \"text\": \"Alps The Alps (; ; ; ; ; ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in\",\n \"title\": \"Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"492695\",\n \"text\": \"as the \\\"circum-Himalayan rivers\\\". The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around . In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have\",\n \"title\": \"Himalayas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10813379\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"Grasberge\\\"), made from rocks of the Black Jurassic, whose mountainsides have gradients of up to 70°. They are the distinguishing feature of the Allgäu Alps and are not found in any other mountain group as prominently as they are here (listed in alphabetical order). Allgäu Alps The Allgäu Alps () are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps, located in Bavaria in Germany and Tyrol and Vorarlberg in Austria. The range lies directly east of Lake Constance. The mountain range is characterised by an unusual variety of rock formations and consequently a rich tapestry of landscapes, in particular, the\",\n \"title\": \"Allgäu Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6057846\",\n \"text\": \"Mor's Coire an Lochain holds one of Scotland's longest-lasting snow-patches (grid reference NN193736), which sits at an altitude of 1120m. During Cyclone Bodil, Aonach Mòr was hit by the highest gust of 142mph during the storm. Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it\",\n \"title\": \"Aonach Mòr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4385984\",\n \"text\": \"as Sierra Estrella High Point and does not name any other peak. Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the\",\n \"title\": \"Sierra Estrella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12222270\",\n \"text\": \"Camp Muir Camp Muir, named for the naturalist John Muir, is a high-altitude refuge for climbers in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, accessed through the Paradise Entrance. The shelters comprising the camp are situated at a elevation between the Muir Snowfield and the Cowlitz Glacier on Mount Rainier. Camp Muir is the most-used base camp for those attempting to climb to the mountain's summit. Camp Muir is between the Nisqually and Paradise Glaciers. The larger \\\"public\\\" shelter hut was built in 1921 to plans supervised by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service. The by single-story one-room shelter\",\n \"title\": \"Camp Muir\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6251373\",\n \"text\": \"Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \\\"Eagle's Nest.\\\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \\\"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\\\" museum which opened in\",\n \"title\": \"Obersalzberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5662994\",\n \"text\": \"a billion years old, formed during the Grenville Orogeny. It represents the very core of the Appalachian range, which has been formed by successive mountain-building events (orogenies). The present mountains have been exposed by the process of isostasy through the late Cenozoic Era. The hills were given their rounded form when glaciers cut through the Appalachian Mountains here, the Highlands are among the lowest summits in that range (indeed, the Appalachian Trail reaches its lowest elevation in the Trailside Zoo between Bear Mountain State Park and Bear Mountain Bridge). Conversely, the river becomes narrower and deeper through the Highlands, reaching\",\n \"title\": \"Hudson Highlands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19113114\",\n \"text\": \"David T. Griggs David Tressel Griggs (6 October 1911 – 31 December 1974) was an American geophysicist. He served as the second Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1952. David Griggs was born in Columbus, Ohio. His father was Robert Fiske Griggs, who discovered the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near Mount Katmai in Alaska. The highest area in this area was officially named Mount Griggs in his honor. David accompanied his father on an expedition to that area in 1930. At age 24, Griggs had an accident while mountain climbing in the Caucasus Mountains, located\",\n \"title\": \"David T. Griggs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6251388\",\n \"text\": \"Reich buildings. Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \\\"Eagle's Nest.\\\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \\\"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\\\" museum which\",\n \"title\": \"Obersalzberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2803983\",\n \"text\": \"
The Kunlun mountains (spelled \\\"Kuen-Lun\\\" in the book) are described as the location of the Shangri-La monastery in the 1933 novel \\\"Lost Horizon\\\" by English writer James Hilton. The mountains are the site of the fictional city of K'un Lun in the Marvel Comics Iron Fist series and the TV show of the same name. Kunlun Mountains The Kunlun Mountains (, ; , \\\"Khöndlön Uuls\\\"; ) are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than . In the broadest sense, the chain forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin. The\",\n \"title\": \"Kunlun Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3158407\",\n \"text\": \"Alpine orogeny The Alpine orogeny or Alpide orogeny is an orogenic phase in the Late Mesozoic (Eoalpine) and the current Cenozoic that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Hellenides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas. Sometimes other names occur to describe the formation of separate mountain ranges: for example\",\n \"title\": \"Alpine orogeny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10929184\",\n \"text\": \"north. Catoctin Mountain Park contains three historic camps: Camp Greentop, Camp Misty Mount, and the Presidential retreat Camp David. MD 77 follows a curvaceous route along the narrow valley of Hunting Creek to descend Catoctin Mountain. The state highway emerges from the mountain valley just west of the town of Thurmont, where the highway becomes Main Street and meets U.S. Route 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway) at a folded diamond interchange. MD 77 intersects Church Street and Water Street in the center of town; Church Street heads north as MD 550. The two state highways run concurrently through the eastern part\",\n \"title\": \"Maryland Route 77\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13192967\",\n \"text\": \"Berchtesgaden, known for the former Berghof residence of Adolf Hitler. The picturesque heart is formed by the glacial Königssee lake with the famous St. Bartholomew's pilgrimage church and the smaller Obersee, both part of the Berchtesgaden National Park established in 1978. The range also comprises glaciers like the Blaueis as well as the Steinernes Meer high karst plateau. The most important summits of the Berchtesgaden Alps are (groups in order of height): The Berchtesgaden Alps border on the following other mountain groups of the Alps: The \\\"Berchtesgaden Alps\\\" are included under this name in the generally accepted Alpine Club classification\",\n \"title\": \"Berchtesgaden Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2325006\",\n \"text\": \"Mountain pass A mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge. Since many of the world's mountain ranges have presented formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout Earth's history. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass. The highest vehicle-accessible pass in the world appears to be Mana Pass, located in the Himalayas on the border between India and Tibet, China. Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, or col (also sometimes a notch, the low point in\",\n \"title\": \"Mountain pass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14644109\",\n \"text\": \"Saint-Gotthard Massif The Saint-Gotthard Massif (German: \\\"Gotthardmassiv\\\" or \\\"Sankt-Gotthard-Massiv\\\") is a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of four cantons: Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The homonymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is the main route from north to south (excluding tunnels). The highest peaks of the massif are Pizzo Rotondo (3,192 m) in the southwest, Pizzo Centrale (2,999 m) near the\",\n \"title\": \"Saint-Gotthard Massif\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664634\",\n \"text\": \"between Italy (south) and Switzerland (north). From Mont Vélan, the first high summit east of St Bernard Pass, the chain rarely goes below 3000 metres and contains many four-thousanders such as Matterhorn or Monte Rosa. The valleys are quite similar on both side of the border, being generally oriented perpendicular to the main chain and descending progressively into the Rhône Valley on the north and the Aosta Valley on the south. Unlike many other mountain ranges, the higher peaks are often located outside the main chain and found themselves between the northern valleys (Grand Combin, Weisshorn, Mischabel, Weissmies). The chief\",\n \"title\": \"Pennine Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14104845\",\n \"text\": \"Obama. Johnson was born in Detroit in 1958. He is of African-American and Native American ancestry. While living in Germany, where his father was stationed in the Army, Shelton, at five years of age, went on a family vacation to the Berchtesgaden area in Germany's Bavarian Alps, which later became the Berchtesgaden National Park. He describes this visit as influential in developing his awe for mountains and the sky. His family also visited the Black Forest. Johnson graduated from Cass Technical High School in 1976. He attended college at the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a B.A. degree\",\n \"title\": \"Shelton Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10794375\",\n \"text\": \"and can be viewed by prior arrangement only. Rhodes has a subtropical highland climate (\\\"Cwb\\\", according to the Köppen climate classification), with mild summers and chilly, dry winters, with occasional snowfalls. The average annual precipitation is , with most rainfall occurring mainly during summer. Rhodes, Eastern Cape Rhodes is a hamlet or small village alongside the wild trout rich Bell River, near Ben Macdhui (at 2561 m the highest mountain in the Cape region) in the Drakensberg mountains of the north Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rhodes is located in the Eastern Cape Highlands, near the escarpment in the southernmost end\",\n \"title\": \"Rhodes, Eastern Cape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"58946\",\n \"text\": \"colonial maps. Ben Nevis Ben Nevis (, ; ) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. Standing at above sea level, it is at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William. The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 100,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which use the Pony Track from Glen Nevis. The cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers. They are also the\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Nevis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7834921\",\n \"text\": \"Ghent Kangri Ghent Kangri (or Mount Ghent, Ghaint I) is a high peak near the north end of the Saltoro Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It is located west of the Siachen Glacier in an area under Pakistan control, but very close to the Actual Ground Position Line with India. Ghent Kangri was first climbed on 4 June 1961, by Wolfgang Axt, a member of an Austrian expedition led by Erich Waschak, via the West Ridge. He climbed solo above the high camp. According to the Himalayan Index, there have been three subsequent ascents of the peak, in\",\n \"title\": \"Ghent Kangri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4529718\",\n \"text\": \"Càrn Mòr Dearg Càrn Mòr Dearg () is the eighth-highest mountain in Scotland. It is situated in the west of Scotland, close to the town of Fort William, in Lochaber, Highland. It lies just to the north-west of its much more famous neighbour, Ben Nevis, to which it is linked by the spectacular Càrn Mòr Dearg Arête. The ascent of Càrn Mòr Dearg from the north (start from the North Face Car Park), the traverse of the arête, and the scramble up the north side of Ben Nevis make one of the best horse-shoe routes in Scotland. Càrn Mòr Dearg\",\n \"title\": \"Càrn Mòr Dearg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525446\",\n \"text\": \"Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both of them reached the summit 29 years before the confirmed ascent and safe descent of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. In 1933, Lady Houston, a British millionairess, funded the \\\"Houston Everest Flight of 1933\\\", which saw a formation of aircraft led by\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Everest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7902630\",\n \"text\": \"Gasherbrum II, an mountain located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan, and Xinjiang, China. The expedition, led by Henry Todd, did not summit due to bad weather. In 2002, Sharp went on an expedition to Cho Oyu, an peak in the Himalayas, with a group led by Richard Dougan and Jamie McGuinness of the Himalayan Project. They did make it to the summit, but one member died from falling into a crevasse; this opened up a slot on the group's trip to Everest the next year. Dougan regarded Sharp as a strong climber, but noted that\",\n \"title\": \"David Sharp (mountaineer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223364\",\n \"text\": \"Alpine Club huts at all. Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \\\"Ammergebirge\\\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the\",\n \"title\": \"Ammergau Alps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12040476\",\n \"text\": \"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne) Ben Bhuidhe (Gaelic: A' Bheinn Bhuidhe) is a Scottish mountain at the head of Loch Fyne, Argyll and Bute. Beinn Bhuidhe is a Munro that lies separately from the main body of the Arrochar Alps. It is an isolated mountain which, particularly when climbed in winter conditions, has a \\\"real feeling of expedition about it\\\". It is a remote and unfrequented hill, situated to the north of the head of Loch Fyne between the upper reaches of Glen Fyne and Glen Shira. It is the only high hill in an extensive tract of featureless moorland between\",\n \"title\": \"Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223351\",\n \"text\": \"Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \\\"Ammergebirge\\\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the perimeter of the mountains. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ammergau Alps\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Catoctin Mountain context: and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \\\"Catoctin\\\" means \\\"place of many deer\\\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \\\"Shangri-La\\\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its\\n\\nIn which mountains are Camp David?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 188,\n \"origin_tokens\": 188,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Camp David context: in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \\\"Shangri-La\\\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \\\"Lost Horizon\\\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen\\n\\ntitle: Catoctin Mountain context proximity to Washington, D.C and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \\\"getaway\\\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Catoctin Mountain along with geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian range. The ridge runs n/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, running Leesburg, Virginia, where disappears into Piedmont a\\n Catoctin: andomacNote local asserts that \\\"Cin\\\" means \\\"er\\\" in Indian Cato Mountain perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat presidents of the United States It first by Roosevel in1s who called it \\\"Shri\\\". In195 President Dw Eisenhower after his Eisenh resort is extremely well guard by the States only of are allowed retre.\\n: Camp: in; total of threeesed July end.at wood of Maryland,) north.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a\\n\\nIn which mountains are Camp David?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 475,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14482,\n \"ratio\": \"30.5x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":178,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":178,"string":"178"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"\"Which song say, \"\"The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?\"\"\""},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Sounds of Silence (song)","The Sound Of Silence","Sound of Silence","The Sound of Silence","En ton av tystnad","The Sounds of Silence","Hello Darkness My old Friend"],"string":"[\n \"The Sounds of Silence (song)\",\n \"The Sound Of Silence\",\n \"Sound of Silence\",\n \"The Sound of Silence\",\n \"En ton av tystnad\",\n \"The Sounds of Silence\",\n \"Hello Darkness My old Friend\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Sound of Silence"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1825378","text":"he released a single, \"New York Is My Home,\" with Paul Simon. Dion had previously worked with Simon on his 1989 hit \"Written on the Subway Wall.\" The single was followed by the album \"New York Is My Home,\" released February 12, 2016. Dion is planning four concerts in the U.S. during spring 2016. Dion was invited as a keynote speaker for the 2016 SXSW in Texas. He spoke on the topic \"A Conversation with Dion: Rock's Enduring Voice\" on March 17, 2016. In May 2017, Dion released \"Kickin' Child: The Lost Album 1965\", songs recorded in 1965 when he","title":"Dion DiMucci"},{"id":"10158980","text":"Dangling Conversation\" – 2:39 8. \"Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall\" – 2:12 9. \"A Simple Desultory Philippic (Or How I Was Robert McNamara'd Into Submission)\" – 2:11 10. \"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\" – 2:04 11. \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" – 1:55 12. \"7 O'Clock News/Silent Night\" – 1:58 \"Bookends\" 13. \"Bookends Theme\" – 0:32 14. \"Save the Life of My Child\" – 2:49 15. \"America\" – 3:41 16. \"Overs\" – 2:11 17. \"Voices of Old People\" – 2:06 18. \"Old Friends\" - 2:35 19. \"Bookends Theme\" (Reprise) – 1:22 20. \"Fakin' It\" – 3:17","title":"Collected Works (Simon and Garfunkel album)"},{"id":"571318","text":"Her\" has sometimes been thought to be named after poet Emily Dickinson. Simon later explained that \"For Emily\" is not about an imaginary girl Emily, but about a belief, while the song \"Overs\" (from the album \"Bookends\") is about the loss of that belief. While other songs, such as \"The Sound of Silence\", had taken months for Simon to complete writing, others, such as \"For Emily\", were written in a single night. \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" largely revolves around a man creating graffiti on a sign in a subway station, with Simon also bringing into play \"a variety","title":"Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme"},{"id":"1293952","text":"archival clips. Paul was also a prolific composer. Some of the songs he wrote were \"Song in Blue\", \"Cryin'\", \"Hip-Billy Boogie\", \"Suspicion\", \"Mandolino\", \"Magic Melody\", \"Don'cha Hear Them Bells\", \"The Kangaroo\", \"Big-Eyed Gal\", \"Deep in the Blues\", \"All I Need is You\", \"Take a Warning\", \"Mammy's Boogie\", \"Up And At 'Em\", \"Pacific Breeze\", \"Golden Sands\", \"Hawaiian Charms\", \"Mountain Railroad\", \"Move Along, Baby (Don't Waste My Time)\", \"Dry My Tears\", \"I Don't Want You No More\", \"Doing the Town\", \"Les' Blues\", \"No Strings Attached\", \"Subterfuge\", \"Lament For Strings\", \"Five Alarm Fire\", \"You Can't Be Fit as a Fiddle (When You're Tight","title":"Les Paul"},{"id":"403952","text":"song is arranged for two voices with cello and sparse guitar accompaniment. The album's cover photo was shot at the Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street subway station in New York City. In several concerts, Art Garfunkel related that during the photo session, several hundred pictures were taken that were unusable due to the \"old familiar suggestion\" on the wall in the background, which inspired Paul Simon to write the song \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" for the duo's later \"Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme\" album. The album was initially unsuccessful, having been released in the shadow of the British","title":"Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M."},{"id":"5750174","text":"\"Tini\" Varga, the band recorded \"Sva čuda svijeta\" (\"All the wonders of the world\"), featuring the hit songs \"Kada budu gorijeli gradovi\" (\"When the cities would burn\"), \"Istina piše na zidu\" (\"The truth is written on the wall\"), \"Mi nismo sami\" (\"We are not alone\"), \"Boje su u nama\" (\"The colors are inside us\"), and the title track. Due to the Pelajić departure to the army, Jurčić recorded the bass parts, and after the album release, Jurčić went to the army being temporarily replaced by the former Drugi Način member Robert Krkač on the promotional tour. The song \"Mi nismo","title":"Film (band)"},{"id":"6242808","text":"the Southern Gospel Charts in February 2009 and was nominated Gospel Music Song Of The Year and Album Of The Year. Other top Benny Hester songs include \"Nobody Knows Me Like You\", \"Christ The Solid Rock\", \"Rubber Canoe\", \"Come Back\", \"Goodbye Salty\", \"Legacy\", \"Whoever Touches You\", \"Streets Of Las Vegas\", \"Can I Get To You From Here\", \"No Man's Land\", \"Step By Step\", \"To Fill Our Empty Hearts\", \"Real Change\", \"Melody Man\", \"Hold Me\", \"Jesus Came Into My Life\", \"Be A Receiver\", \"Sure Of Your Call\", \"The Door\", \"Squeeze You\", \"We All Know He's Comin'\", \"Out Of The Natural\", \"Underground","title":"Benny Hester"},{"id":"12198927","text":"\"I Just Have to Breathe,\" \"I Say a Little Prayer for You,\" \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again,\" \"Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself,\" \"Knowing When to Leave,\" \"Let Me Be Lonely,\" \"Let Me Go to Him,\" \"The Look of Love,\" \"Message to Michael\", \"My Little Red Book,\" \"Nikki,\" \"One Less Bell to Answer,\" \"Promises, Promises,\" \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head,\" \"Reach Out for Me,\" \"This Empty Place,\" \"This Guy's in Love With You,\" \"Trains and Boats and Planes,\" \"24 Hours from Tulsa,\" \"Walk on By,\" \"What the World Needs Now Is Love,\" \"Whoever You Are I","title":"Back to Bacharach and David"},{"id":"12219448","text":"Anthems
Heavenly Dance
\"Here, O My Lord\"
\"How Can I Keep from Singing\"
\"How Clear Is Our Vocation, Lord\"
\"I Am Resurrection\"
\"I Heard the Voice of Jesus Say\"
\"I Saw Three Ships\"
\"In Remembrance\" (1990)
\"In the Bleak Mid-winter\"
\"Infant Holy\"
\"Jerusalem, Jerusalem\"
\"Jerusalem, My Happy Home\"
\"Jesus, Jesus, Rest Your Head\"
Joseph's Lullaby
\"Lord, Enthroned in Heavenly Splendor\"
Lullaby
\"Mary Said Yes\"
\"Midnight Clear\"
Miriam Dances at the Red Sea
A Neo-gothic Carol: \"Ave Mary\"
A Neo-gothic Carol: \"To Us this Morn\"
\"O God of Gentle Strength\"
\"O Gracious Light\" (after Arnatt)
\"O Gracious Light\"
\"The Peace","title":"Russell Schulz-Widmar"},{"id":"18522374","text":"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne \"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne\" is a 1973 song written and composed by Elliot Lurie and recorded by Lurie's band, Looking Glass. It was the first track on their second and final album, \"Subway Serenade.\" The single reached number 33 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, remaining in that position for two weeks. It spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart, just one week less than their number-one hit, \"Brandy.\" On the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100, it peaked at number 31. It was a bigger hit in Canada, reaching number 21. The lyrics speak of hard-knock","title":"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne"},{"id":"19147361","text":"releasing the first-ever Patch the Pirate animated movie based on Ron Hamilton's beloved characters. Popular songs written by Ron Hamilton include \"Rejoice in the Lord\", \"Bow the Knee\", \"Wings as Eagles\", \"It Is Finished\", \"My Hope Is Jesus\", \"Wiggle Worm\", \"Beautiful Hands\", \"Always the Same\", \"Here Am I, Lord\", \"Born to Die\", \"Little by Little\", \"The Poochie Lip Disease\", \"How Can I Fear\", \"Lord, I Need You\", \"Servant's Heart\", \"Clean It Up\", \"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\", \"Christ Is Coming\", \"Jonah\", \"Call the Wambulance\", \"That's Where Wisdom Begins\", \"I Saw Jesus in You\", \"A Secret Place\", \"Cherish the","title":"Ron \"Patch\" Hamilton"},{"id":"7481312","text":"their new album, \"Brixton Hill\", \"Jam Tomorrow\", \"Madelaine\", \"Man in the Subway\" and \"The Winter Wind\". On 31 January 2007 more song titles were announced on their site \"Cocaine Housewife\", \"Love Tomorrow\", \"Pair of Shoes\", \"Lead Me to the Gallows\", \"Whisky & Wine\", \"Snow Is Falling\" and \"Call Me Darling\". Although these were originally identified primarily as songs that would appear on the next TMTCH album this was not to be the case. All except \"Jam Tomorrow\" and \"Man in the Subway\" subsequently appeared on Paul Simmonds solo country album titled \"The Rising Road\" which was released in June 2008.","title":"The Men They Couldn't Hang"},{"id":"9960368","text":"the prophet when he arrives for interpreting the text. Daniel rejects any monetary inducement however (Air:\"No, to thyself thy trifles be\") and offers his interpretation of the writing on the wall for free (Accompanied recitative:\"Yet, to obey His dread command\"). Daniel says the words on the wall are \"Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin\", which he interprets to mean \"You have been tried in the balance and found wanting\". Queen Nitocris is greatly distressed and begs her son to abandon his profligate ways (Air:\"Regard, O son, my flowing tears\"). \"Cyrus, Gobrias and Chorus of Persians and Medes, within the City\" Cyrus is","title":"Belshazzar (Handel)"},{"id":"16284017","text":"sexually-charged \"racey\" character in the show, always hooking up with men and throwing innuendos around. Finally, the Red girl is the youngest and most hopeful character; she is a bit hopeless in the beginning, stating she is not good-looking like other girls, until the man of her dreams comes along. Songs in the show include \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\", \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\", \"To Sir, With Love\", \"Downtown\", and several other hits from the 1960s. Original Cast: Shout! The Mod Musical SHOUT! The Mod Musical is an Off-Broadway musical by Phillip George and David Lowenstein featuring songs","title":"Shout! The Mod Musical"},{"id":"3572608","text":"Cried\" / \"And The Clock on the Steeple Struck 13\" / \"You Can Live on Love\" / \"My Baby Left Me\" / \"Baby’s Gone\" / \"Dying Daffodil Incident\" / \"Suspicions\" / \"Since You’ve Gone\" / \"Stick To It Ivity\" / \"I Got The Feeling\" \"Searchlight\" / \"Love from Johnny\" / \"Heart of Stone\" / \"Love is a Killer\" / \"Bring my Cadillac Back\" / \"God Bless the Child\" / \"Mountains of the Moon\" / \"On the Waterfront\" / \"My Baby Left Me\" / \"For a Knight to Win His Spurs\" / \"Boppin' the Blues\" / \"Tracks of My Tears\" \"Mercury","title":"Dave Berry (musician)"},{"id":"17765588","text":"of Universal Music. MacDonald is a longtime member of ASCAP. Called \"a brilliant contrast of rich and poor, of the powerful and the powerless in Manhattan\", the song also presages some of the September 11, 2001 events with such lines as “in the ashes of American Jerusalem/the prophets live their deaths out on the corner/the pretty people say there should have been a warning/but nobody heard it” and “then shadows lick the sun/the streets are paved with footsteps on the run.” When Smithsonian Folkways re-released \"Fast Folk: A Community of Singers & Songwriters\" from the vaults of Fast Folk's seminal","title":"American Jerusalem"},{"id":"652647","text":"George\", \"Make Way for Ducklings\", \"Stone Soup\", \"Caps for Sale\", and \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975","title":"Captain Kangaroo"},{"id":"8871760","text":"\"Thought I Knew,\" \"Happiness,\" \"Amy Magazine,\" \"3rd Gnossiennes,\" \"In Love with Love,\" \"Are You Gonna Be?,\" \"Hand to Hold,\" \"Will I Ever See Her Again?,\" \"Mother Night,\" \"Ugly Things,\" \"Mow the Lawn,\" \"Young Temptations,\" \"Mistake Maker,\" \"Sweet on You,\" \"Oh Allen,\" and \"Clown Song.\" Two versions of \"Are You Gonna Be?, \"Hand To Hold\", \"Mother Night, \"Please Help Me, \"Something More, \"Thought I Knew\", \"Together Tomorrow,\" and \"Will I Ever See Her Again?\" were posted. \"Hand to Hold\" is a reworked version of the Weezer song \"Private Message,\" co-written by Rivers Cuomo. Bell asked Cuomo if he could take a","title":"The Relationship"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"18805685","text":"Mene (Brand New song) \"Mene\" ( ) is a single by American rock band Brand New, first released as a free download on April 13, 2015, before being made available through online retailers on April 15, 2015. This was the band's first release in six years, the last being their 2009 studio album \"Daisy\". The track is a stand-alone single. It was followed by the release of I Am a Nightmare. The title \"Mene\" along with many of the song's lyrics are thought to reference the idiom \"The writing on the wall\" which originates from the Chapter 5 of the","title":"Mene (Brand New song)"},{"id":"9420630","text":"all through the eyes of one ever-changing man. Author's Note \"Let the Trials Begin\" / \"Electricity\" / \"Last Train from Camelot\" / \"Note from Ralph Steadman\" The Fifties: Last Rumble in Fat City \"Tarred and Feathered at the Jersey Shore\" / \"Saturday Night at the Riviera\" / \"Prince Jellyfish\" / \"Fleeing New York\" The Sixties: What the Hell? It's Only Rock and Roll... \"Letter to Angus Cameron\" / \"The Rum Diary\" / \"Revisited: The Puerto Rican Problem\" / \"The Kennedy Assassination\" / \"Back to the U.S.A.\" / \"Hell's Angels: Long Nights, Ugly Days, Orgy of the Doomed\" / \"Midnight on","title":"Songs of the Doomed"},{"id":"5065450","text":"Didn't He Ramble?\", \"He was a Sailor\", \"Strike Out McCracken\", \"Closing Time at the Country Grocery\", \"Trouble\" \"What Would the Neighbors Say?\", \"Barney\", \"Under the Anheuser Bush\", \"Goodbye, Fedora\", \"Possum Pie\", \"Down on the Brandywine\", \"Gone, Gone, Gone\", \"Village Maid\", \"Heinie\" \"Tammany\", \"Leader of the German Band\", \"Mule Song\", \"Down Where the Sweet Potatoes Grow\", \"Coax Me\", \"Oh, Oh, Sallie\", \"Jaspar, Don't You Hear Me Calling You?\", \"Murphy\", \"Farewell Mister Abner Hemingway\", \"Peter Piper\", \"Take a Car\", \"Come on, Little Girl, Come Along\", \"Hey! Mister Joshua\" \"Camp Meeting Time\", \"Nigger Loves His Possum\", \"I'm A-Dreaming of You\", \"Out in an","title":"Collins & Harlan"},{"id":"4575737","text":"The Subways The Subways are an English rock band from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Their debut album, \"Young for Eternity\", was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, \"All or Nothing\", was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album \"Money and Celebrity\" debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on the 9 February 2015. The Subways name comes from a time when Lunn, Morgan and Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout.","title":"The Subways"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"7591322","text":"on Decca. This single featured future Moody Blues keyboardist Patrick Moraz. Since 1981, Lodge has co-written songs for the band with Justin Hayward, such as: \"Meet Me Halfway\", \"Talkin' Talkin'\", \"Running Out of Love\", \"Slings and Arrows\", \"Want to Be with You\", \"River of Endless Love\", \"Breaking Point\", \"Miracle\", \"Once Is Enough\", \"Highway\", \"Is This Heaven?\", \"Sooner or Later (Walking on Air)\", \"Strange Times\", and \"The One\", and from \"December\", \"In the Quiet of Christmas Morning (Bach 147)\" amongst others. In 1985, the Moody Blues picked up the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Lodge participated in the","title":"John Lodge (musician)"},{"id":"4536507","text":"the country who was forbidden to return to the United States. Civil rights figures Medgar Evers and Emmett Till were lionized in \"Too Many Martyrs\" (alternatively known as \"The Ballad of Medgar Evers\".) Two \"talking blues\" using the melody to the old folk song \"John Hardy\" jabbed sarcastic at Vietnam and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Even a poem by Edgar Allan Poe, \"The Bells\", was set to music. \"The Thresher\" was an ode to the sinking of the nuclear-powered American submarine, the USS \"Thresher\": \"And she'll always run silent/And she'll always run deep.\" The song \"Celia\" is about the long","title":"All the News That's Fit to Sing"},{"id":"3799276","text":"Hits\". The album is scheduled to be released on November 9, 2018. The album will feature 16 of their songs: \"Meet Virginia\", \"Drops of Jupiter\", \"Calling All Angels\", \"Get to Me\", \"When I Look to the Sky\", \"Cab\", \"Hey, Soul Sister\", \"If It's Love\", \"Marry Me\", \"Save Me, San Francisco\", \"Drive By\", \"50 Ways to Say Goodbye\", \"Bruises\", \"Angel in Blue Jeans\", \"Play That Song\", and \"Call Me Sir\". The album will also feature a bonus song, a cover of the hit song \"Careless Whisper\". This is a list of major performances by Train at various events and television shows.","title":"Train (band)"},{"id":"8171811","text":"an argument due to his \"foolish pride\". If he does, he will \"sleep in the subway\" or \"stand in the pouring rain\" merely to prove his point. Although in Scotland there has long existed the Glasgow Subway metro line, in England the term \"subway\" refers to a pedestrian underpass rather than to an underground transit system. Hatch employed the term in the North American sense. According to the song's co-writer Jackie Trent the title lyric was suggested by the 1961-62 Broadway musical \"Subways Are for Sleeping\". 'Don't Sleep in the Subway' peaked at #5 on the US charts in July","title":"Don't Sleep in the Subway"},{"id":"5463812","text":"Immortal Cimoli\", \"Through A Glass, Darkly\", \"Double Jeopardy\", \"Till Death\", \"Judgement Day\", \"One Minute to Midnight\", \"Prophecy\", \"The End of Innocence\", \"Manhunt\", \"Glory Days\", \"Dramatic License\", \"Money No Object\", \"Haunted\", \"Little Tin God\", \"The Messenger\", \"The Valkyrie\", \"Comes a Horseman\", \"\", \"The Ransom of Richard Redstone\", \"Duende\", \"The Stone of Scone\", \"Forgive Us Our Trespasses\", \"The Modern Prometheus\", \"Archangel\", \"Avatar\", \"Armageddon\", \"Sins of the Father\", \"Diplomatic Immunity\", \"Patient Number 7\", \"Black Tower\", \"Unusual Suspects\", \"Justice\", \"Deadly Exposure\", \"To Be\", \"Not To Be\" Books – \"\", \", , , , , , , , , \", \"\", \"\", \"\" Comics –","title":"Duncan MacLeod"},{"id":"15380905","text":"Runaway Train\" was based on the Dennis Dunaway Project's \"Subway\" from their 2006 album \"Bones From the Yard\". Cooper decided to rework the song so it had no chorus; the track consists of only verse. The song also took inspiration from the classic song \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\". The way Alice Cooper sings it is very similar to how he sings in \"Dance Yourself to Death\", from the album \"Flush the Fashion\". Country music star Vince Gill plays lead guitar on this song. This is one of three songs that the original Alice Cooper band performed on. \"Last Man on Earth\"","title":"Welcome 2 My Nightmare"},{"id":"16502969","text":"Robbers\", \"The Heartbreak Kid\", \"Mikey and Nicky\", \"The King of Marvin Gardens\", \"Pumping Iron\", \"Harry & Tonto\", \"Holocaust\", \"Justice For All\", \"Taxi Driver\", \"Wiseblood\", \"The First Deadly Sin\", \"Slow Dancing in the Big City\", \"Desperate Characters\", \"Godspell\", \"Hercules N.Y.\", \"The Other Cuba\", \"The Pan Alley\", \"Putney Swope\", \"Killing at Kent State\", \"D.A.R.L.\", \"Death Wish II\", \"Death Wish 3\", \"The Gambler\", \"Heart of Midnight\", \"Sister\", \"Revenge of the Pink Panther\", \"Runaway Train\", \"Someone Will Watch Over Me\", \"Toxic Avenger\", \"10 Midnight\", \"Across 110th Street\", \"Brian's Song\", \"American Ninja Part 2\", \"Author! Author!\", \"Barfly\", \"Basket Case\", \"Best Boy\", \"Between the Lines\", \"Exterminator","title":"Dan Sandberg"},{"id":"16732982","text":"on their EP \"Wohnzimmer\" (Living Room). The song was also included on the band's 2008 live album \"Kanonen auf Spatzen\" (Shoot at sparrows with cannons) and released as single. The accompanying video was nominated in the category \"Best National Video\" at the Echo Music Prize. In 2009, Berlin rapper Sido also released a single with the title \"Hey du!\", which included the first verse of \"Marias Lied\". Linie 1 Linie 1 is the second-most successful German musical after Bertolt Brecht’s Threepenny Opera. The title refers to Berlin's subway line U1. The musical was first performed by the ensemble of the","title":"Linie 1"},{"id":"17350357","text":"no need to be an asshole/ You're not in Brooklyn anymore\", but the lyrical heart of the song comes later: \"You think it's over, oh you think it's over / To be someone who smokes pot in the subway with me\", a semi-desperate diss from an old friend who can't see how things really are in part because they can't let go of how they were. Awkward nostalgia is a good subject for a band whose music sounds like it traveled decades to get here and got roughed up every step of the way.\" No Destruction \"No Destruction\" is a","title":"No Destruction"},{"id":"14632137","text":"called \"Monster\" \"a potential single\", praising its musical composition, but criticizing the lyrics. Evan Sawdey from \"PopMatters\" also criticized the metaphors contained in the lyrics of the song, but ultimately called it \"one surprisingly effective pop cocktail\". Ben Patashnik from \"NME\" felt that it was \"slightly too disposable\". Scott Plagenhoef of \"Pitchfork\" saw similarities between Gaga's voice on \"Monster\" and the work of Kylie Minogue. Brian Linder from IGN felt that the track was lighter compared to the other songs on \"The Fame Monster\", and complimented the line \"We French kissed on a subway train / He tore my clothes","title":"Monster (Lady Gaga song)"},{"id":"10110755","text":"were reevaluated and re-recorded in the \"Fables From a Mayfly\" sessions :\"Dance of the Manatee,\" \"Vice/Versa,\" \"A Seafarer's Knot,\" \"The Walls of Jericho,\" \"Kyla Cries Cologne,\" \"When the Bough Breaks\" and \"Upgrade^Brigade\". The track \"Orphan Anthem 86\" was originally to be re-recorded for the album as well, but the sessions were deemed \"too experimental\", and the idea was dropped. The band demoed early versions of the tracks \"Musical Chairs\" and \"Pour the Coal to'er\" during the \"Fables From a Mayfly\" sessions, but ultimately left them off the album to fully develop later into songs for their next album, \"Arrows and","title":"Fables from a Mayfly: What I Tell You Three Times Is True"},{"id":"8157692","text":"other #1's include, \"Just Preach Jesus\", \"Tell Me Why\" and \"He Locked The Gates\". Over the past years they have had 26 songs nominated for Song Of The Year, including songs like - \"Just Beyond The Sunset\" \"Just Preach Jesus\", \"The Joys of Heaven\", \"That's Why I Love To Call His Name,\" \"I Know I'm Going There,\" \"Forever Changed,\" \"What We Needed\"- which reached #1 on the Singing News magazine charts. The Kingdom Heirs have been nominated many times for industry awards such as The SGMA Awards, Dove Awards and The Singing News Fan Awards. Winning \"Newcomer Group Of The","title":"Kingdom Heirs"},{"id":"6893404","text":"is a willingness to throw caution to the wind and take risks (\"I'm ready to let go of the steering wheel\"). Some of the lyrics, particularly those in the bridge before the final chorus, use the eponymous subway station as a metaphor for time: \"Time is a train / Makes the future the past / Leaves you standing in the station / Your face pressed up against the glass\". Bono cites the enjoyment of his first child born in 1989 as a major influence on \"Achtung Baby\", as was his wife's second pregnancy during the album's 1991 recording. Bono says","title":"Zoo Station (song)"},{"id":"7165094","text":"to many disasters), \"Two brothers\" (many things come in pairs), and \"the great leader will succumb\" are so ambiguous as to be meaningless. The fifth line was added by an anonymous Internet user, completely ignoring the fact that Nostradamus wrote his \"Propheties\" in rhymed four-line decasyllables called quatrains. Nostradamus also never referred to a \"third big war\". Towards mid-December 2012, an internet hoax related to South Korean singer and rapper Psy being one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was widely circulated around social media platforms. The hoax text, purportedly written by Nostradamus in 1503, is as follows: \"Calm","title":"Nostradamus in popular culture"},{"id":"19145114","text":"recordings as members of Patch's crew. After losing his eye, Ron Hamilton wrote a song entitled \"Rejoice in the Lord\", which became one of his most widely popular songs. Other famous songs written by Ron Hamilton include \"Wings as Eagles\", \"My Hope Is Jesus\", \"Wiggle Worm\", \"Bow the Knee\", \"Beautiful Hands\", \"Always the Same\", \"Here Am I, Lord\", \"Born to Die\", \"Little by Little\", \"The Poochie Lip Disease\", \"How Can I Fear\", \"Lord, I Need You\", \"Servant's Heart\", \"Clean It Up\", \"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\", Christ Is Coming, \"Jonah\", \"Call the Wambulance\", \"That's Where Wisdom Begins\", \"I","title":"Patch the Pirate"},{"id":"1276389","text":"by \"Star Crossed Lovers\". In the episode \"The Treehouse\", Doris Day's \"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)\" was replaced with \"Call the Whole Thing Off\". In the episode \"Little Debbie\", \"Tammy\" by Liberace was replaced with a song called \"Sammy\". \"Clip Show\" contains the scene from \"Heart of Darkness\" in which \"Here Comes the Sun\" is replaced with \"Train to Nowhere\". The episode \"Kevin Delivers\" dropped Blood, Sweat & Tears' \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\" with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas. In the episode \"Alice in Autoland\", Al Green's \"Let's Stay Together\" was replaced with a","title":"The Wonder Years"},{"id":"8848841","text":"exhibits many traits which later became synonymous with his work. For example, the line \"A lot of people don't have much food on their table/But they got a lot of forks n' knives/And they gotta cut somethin'.\" has been cited by many as an early example of Dylan's lyrical wit. The lines \"Now, a very great man once said/That some people rob you with a fountain pen.\" make specific reference to Woody Guthrie's \"Pretty Boy Floyd\". The song's structure and theme also bear similarities to Guthrie's \"Talkin' Columbia\", which Dylan had covered at least once in 1961, and \"Talkin' Subway\",","title":"Talkin' New York"},{"id":"12742438","text":"of the release where one cassette has a label (covering the \"All or Nothing\" title typography) and the other cassette does not. Disc one and disc two also contain exactly the same \"NY Subway Version\" of \"Girl You Know It's True\" (lifted from the 12\" single) despite the first disc version not being labeled so. Although it was not marketed as a package of two albums in the U.K., another tell-tale sign is the inclusion of two mixes of a non-single track \"Dreams to Remember\" and only one version of \"Blame It on the Rain\". 2×2 (album) 2×2 is a","title":"2×2 (album)"},{"id":"13121772","text":"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture is the film soundtrack album for the 2009 film \"Watchmen\". The soundtrack features three songs written by Bob Dylan: \"Desolation Row\", \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", and \"All Along The Watchtower\". The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic, including \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", Jimi Hendrix's cover of \"All Along the Watchtower\"; Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sounds of Silence\"; Nena's \"99 Luftballons\"; a muzak version of Tears For Fears' \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\"; and Nat King Cole's \"Unforgettable\". Many of the period","title":"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture"},{"id":"9730346","text":"\"The Sum of All Fears\", \"Transformers\", \"Pirates of the Caribbean\", \"Hulk\", \"\", \"A Christmas Carol\", \"Lady in the Water\", \"The Happening\" and \"WALL-E\". His solo trumpet can be heard on such soundtracks as: \"Dances with Wolves\", \"The Gambler\", \"Avalon\", \"Crimson Tide\", \"City Hall\", \"In Country\", \"Twister\", \"Executive Decision\", \"Independence Day\", \"Con Air\", \"Rudy\", \"The Last Castle\", \"Air Force One\", \"The Postman\", \"Cars\", \"I Am Legend\", \"U.S. Marshals\", \"The Interpreter\", \"Renaissance Man\", \"Toys\", \"Darkman\", \"Maverick\", \"Night at the Museum\", \"L.A. Confidential\" and \"The Rock (film)\". Malcolm has also found time to teach music at various schools, including UCLA, Pomona College, and","title":"Malcolm McNab"},{"id":"8707815","text":"though some were remixed. The internet releases were: \"Scum of the Earth\", \"MoonGirl\", \"MoonBoy\", \"See Me Thru\", \"Those Wonderful Things\", \"And as for Love\", \"Upside Down\", \"Parallel Girlz (Cloud Nine)\", \"Shadows She Said (Omerta)\", \"First Monday (in the year 3000)\", \"(Waiting for the) New Light\", \"Miracle Healing\", \"Zoo\" and \"On the Beach\". All tracks by Rainer Bloss and Marian Gold except where noted. CD 9 – The Terrible Truth About Paradise CD 10 – Last Summer on Earth CD 11 – Stranger Than Dreams CD 12 – WebSiteStory The song \"Scum of the Earth\" is also referred to as \"The","title":"CrazyShow"},{"id":"15956278","text":"the Big Muddy\" by Seeger (1967), \"Suppose They Give a War and No One Comes\" by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band (1967), \"The \"Fish\" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\" by Country Joe and the Fish (1968), \"The Unknown Soldier\" by The Doors (1968), \"One Tin Soldier\" by Original Caste (1969), \"Volunteers\" by Jefferson Airplane (1969), \"Fortunate Son\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969), and the album \"Back to the World\" by Curtis Mayfield. Woody Guthrie's son Arlo Guthrie also wrote one of the decade's most famous protest songs in the form of the 18-minute long-talking blues song \"Alice's Restaurant Massacree\",","title":"Protest songs in the United States"},{"id":"20836323","text":"and the ensuing apocalyptic events and “Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning” about the Parable of the Ten Virgins from the Gospel of Matthew, . It includes traditional biblical songs like “If I Had My Way, I'd Tear the Building Down” that relates the story of Samson and Delilah. It contains songs about twentieth century events like the sinking of HMS Titanic in “God Moves on the Water”, songs based on hymns like “Church, I’m Fully Saved To-Day”, autobiographical songs like “Mother's Children Have a Hard Time” which deals with Johnson’s mother dying when he was very young and traditional","title":"American Epic: The Best of Blind Willie Johnson"},{"id":"20707492","text":"(with Pigpen): First set: \"Truckin'\", \"Sugaree\", \"Mr. Charlie\", \"Beat It On Down the Line\", \"Loser\", \"Jack Straw\", \"Next Time You See Me\", \"Tennessee Jed\", \"El Paso\", \"Big Railroad Blues\", \"Me and My Uncle\", \"Run Rudolph Run\", \"Black Peter\", \"Playing in the Band\", \"Casey Jones\" Second set: \"Ramble On Rose\", \"Mexicali Blues\", \"Big Boss Man\", \"Cryptical Envelopment\", \"Drums\", \"The Other One\", \"Wharf Rat\", \"Sugar Magnolia\", \"You Win Again\", \"Not Fade Away\", \"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad\", \"Not Fade Away\" Grateful Dead Production Dave's Picks Volume 26 Dave's Picks Volume 26 is a three-CD live album by the rock band the","title":"Dave's Picks Volume 26"},{"id":"8424975","text":"at Pembroke Pines, Florida was: 1: \"Funiculì, Funiculà\" tuning*, \"The Music Never Stopped\"*, \"Sugaree\"*, \"El Paso\", \"Peggy-O\", \"New Minglewood Blues\", \"Friend of the Devil\", \"Lazy Lightning\"* > \"Supplication\"*, \"Ramble On Rose\", \"Dancing in the Street\"* 2: \"Help on the Way\"* > \"Slipknot!\"* > \"Franklin's Tower\"*, \"Samson and Delilah\"*, \"Brown Eyed Women\", \"Good Lovin'\", \"Sunrise\"*, \"Estimated Prophet\"* > \"Eyes of the World\"* > \"Wharf Rat\"* > \"Terrapin Station\"* > \"Morning Dew\"* E: \"Sugar Magnolia\" > \"Sunshine Daydream\"
Heavenly Dance
\\\"Here, O My Lord\\\"
\\\"How Can I Keep from Singing\\\"
\\\"How Clear Is Our Vocation, Lord\\\"
\\\"I Am Resurrection\\\"
\\\"I Heard the Voice of Jesus Say\\\"
\\\"I Saw Three Ships\\\"
\\\"In Remembrance\\\" (1990)
\\\"In the Bleak Mid-winter\\\"
\\\"Infant Holy\\\"
\\\"Jerusalem, Jerusalem\\\"
\\\"Jerusalem, My Happy Home\\\"
\\\"Jesus, Jesus, Rest Your Head\\\"
Joseph's Lullaby
\\\"Lord, Enthroned in Heavenly Splendor\\\"
Lullaby
\\\"Mary Said Yes\\\"
\\\"Midnight Clear\\\"
Miriam Dances at the Red Sea
A Neo-gothic Carol: \\\"Ave Mary\\\"
A Neo-gothic Carol: \\\"To Us this Morn\\\"
\\\"O God of Gentle Strength\\\"
\\\"O Gracious Light\\\" (after Arnatt)
\\\"O Gracious Light\\\"
\\\"The Peace\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Schulz-Widmar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18522374\",\n \"text\": \"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne \\\"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne\\\" is a 1973 song written and composed by Elliot Lurie and recorded by Lurie's band, Looking Glass. It was the first track on their second and final album, \\\"Subway Serenade.\\\" The single reached number 33 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, remaining in that position for two weeks. It spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart, just one week less than their number-one hit, \\\"Brandy.\\\" On the U.S. \\\"Cash Box\\\" Top 100, it peaked at number 31. It was a bigger hit in Canada, reaching number 21. The lyrics speak of hard-knock\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19147361\",\n \"text\": \"releasing the first-ever Patch the Pirate animated movie based on Ron Hamilton's beloved characters. Popular songs written by Ron Hamilton include \\\"Rejoice in the Lord\\\", \\\"Bow the Knee\\\", \\\"Wings as Eagles\\\", \\\"It Is Finished\\\", \\\"My Hope Is Jesus\\\", \\\"Wiggle Worm\\\", \\\"Beautiful Hands\\\", \\\"Always the Same\\\", \\\"Here Am I, Lord\\\", \\\"Born to Die\\\", \\\"Little by Little\\\", \\\"The Poochie Lip Disease\\\", \\\"How Can I Fear\\\", \\\"Lord, I Need You\\\", \\\"Servant's Heart\\\", \\\"Clean It Up\\\", \\\"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\\\", \\\"Christ Is Coming\\\", \\\"Jonah\\\", \\\"Call the Wambulance\\\", \\\"That's Where Wisdom Begins\\\", \\\"I Saw Jesus in You\\\", \\\"A Secret Place\\\", \\\"Cherish the\",\n \"title\": \"Ron \\\"Patch\\\" Hamilton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7481312\",\n \"text\": \"their new album, \\\"Brixton Hill\\\", \\\"Jam Tomorrow\\\", \\\"Madelaine\\\", \\\"Man in the Subway\\\" and \\\"The Winter Wind\\\". On 31 January 2007 more song titles were announced on their site \\\"Cocaine Housewife\\\", \\\"Love Tomorrow\\\", \\\"Pair of Shoes\\\", \\\"Lead Me to the Gallows\\\", \\\"Whisky & Wine\\\", \\\"Snow Is Falling\\\" and \\\"Call Me Darling\\\". Although these were originally identified primarily as songs that would appear on the next TMTCH album this was not to be the case. All except \\\"Jam Tomorrow\\\" and \\\"Man in the Subway\\\" subsequently appeared on Paul Simmonds solo country album titled \\\"The Rising Road\\\" which was released in June 2008.\",\n \"title\": \"The Men They Couldn't Hang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9960368\",\n \"text\": \"the prophet when he arrives for interpreting the text. Daniel rejects any monetary inducement however (Air:\\\"No, to thyself thy trifles be\\\") and offers his interpretation of the writing on the wall for free (Accompanied recitative:\\\"Yet, to obey His dread command\\\"). Daniel says the words on the wall are \\\"Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin\\\", which he interprets to mean \\\"You have been tried in the balance and found wanting\\\". Queen Nitocris is greatly distressed and begs her son to abandon his profligate ways (Air:\\\"Regard, O son, my flowing tears\\\"). \\\"Cyrus, Gobrias and Chorus of Persians and Medes, within the City\\\" Cyrus is\",\n \"title\": \"Belshazzar (Handel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16284017\",\n \"text\": \"sexually-charged \\\"racey\\\" character in the show, always hooking up with men and throwing innuendos around. Finally, the Red girl is the youngest and most hopeful character; she is a bit hopeless in the beginning, stating she is not good-looking like other girls, until the man of her dreams comes along. Songs in the show include \\\"Don't Sleep in the Subway\\\", \\\"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\\\", \\\"To Sir, With Love\\\", \\\"Downtown\\\", and several other hits from the 1960s. Original Cast: Shout! The Mod Musical SHOUT! The Mod Musical is an Off-Broadway musical by Phillip George and David Lowenstein featuring songs\",\n \"title\": \"Shout! The Mod Musical\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3572608\",\n \"text\": \"Cried\\\" / \\\"And The Clock on the Steeple Struck 13\\\" / \\\"You Can Live on Love\\\" / \\\"My Baby Left Me\\\" / \\\"Baby’s Gone\\\" / \\\"Dying Daffodil Incident\\\" / \\\"Suspicions\\\" / \\\"Since You’ve Gone\\\" / \\\"Stick To It Ivity\\\" / \\\"I Got The Feeling\\\" \\\"Searchlight\\\" / \\\"Love from Johnny\\\" / \\\"Heart of Stone\\\" / \\\"Love is a Killer\\\" / \\\"Bring my Cadillac Back\\\" / \\\"God Bless the Child\\\" / \\\"Mountains of the Moon\\\" / \\\"On the Waterfront\\\" / \\\"My Baby Left Me\\\" / \\\"For a Knight to Win His Spurs\\\" / \\\"Boppin' the Blues\\\" / \\\"Tracks of My Tears\\\" \\\"Mercury\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Berry (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17765588\",\n \"text\": \"of Universal Music. MacDonald is a longtime member of ASCAP. Called \\\"a brilliant contrast of rich and poor, of the powerful and the powerless in Manhattan\\\", the song also presages some of the September 11, 2001 events with such lines as “in the ashes of American Jerusalem/the prophets live their deaths out on the corner/the pretty people say there should have been a warning/but nobody heard it” and “then shadows lick the sun/the streets are paved with footsteps on the run.” When Smithsonian Folkways re-released \\\"Fast Folk: A Community of Singers & Songwriters\\\" from the vaults of Fast Folk's seminal\",\n \"title\": \"American Jerusalem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652647\",\n \"text\": \"George\\\", \\\"Make Way for Ducklings\\\", \\\"Stone Soup\\\", \\\"Caps for Sale\\\", and \\\"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\\\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \\\"Captain Kangaroo\\\", \\\"The Captain's Place\\\", \\\"Little Mary Make Believe\\\", \\\"Dennis Anyone\\\", \\\"Guess Who I Am\\\", \\\"Little Black Frog\\\", \\\"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\\\", \\\"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\\\", \\\"Erie Canal\\\", \\\"Horse in Striped Pajamas\\\", \\\"The Littlest Snowman\\\", \\\"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\\\", \\\"You Can Grow Up to Be President\\\", \\\"Spend Some Time With Your Child\\\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975\",\n \"title\": \"Captain Kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8871760\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Thought I Knew,\\\" \\\"Happiness,\\\" \\\"Amy Magazine,\\\" \\\"3rd Gnossiennes,\\\" \\\"In Love with Love,\\\" \\\"Are You Gonna Be?,\\\" \\\"Hand to Hold,\\\" \\\"Will I Ever See Her Again?,\\\" \\\"Mother Night,\\\" \\\"Ugly Things,\\\" \\\"Mow the Lawn,\\\" \\\"Young Temptations,\\\" \\\"Mistake Maker,\\\" \\\"Sweet on You,\\\" \\\"Oh Allen,\\\" and \\\"Clown Song.\\\" Two versions of \\\"Are You Gonna Be?, \\\"Hand To Hold\\\", \\\"Mother Night, \\\"Please Help Me, \\\"Something More, \\\"Thought I Knew\\\", \\\"Together Tomorrow,\\\" and \\\"Will I Ever See Her Again?\\\" were posted. \\\"Hand to Hold\\\" is a reworked version of the Weezer song \\\"Private Message,\\\" co-written by Rivers Cuomo. Bell asked Cuomo if he could take a\",\n \"title\": \"The Relationship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18805685\",\n \"text\": \"Mene (Brand New song) \\\"Mene\\\" ( ) is a single by American rock band Brand New, first released as a free download on April 13, 2015, before being made available through online retailers on April 15, 2015. This was the band's first release in six years, the last being their 2009 studio album \\\"Daisy\\\". The track is a stand-alone single. It was followed by the release of I Am a Nightmare. The title \\\"Mene\\\" along with many of the song's lyrics are thought to reference the idiom \\\"The writing on the wall\\\" which originates from the Chapter 5 of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mene (Brand New song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9420630\",\n \"text\": \"all through the eyes of one ever-changing man. Author's Note \\\"Let the Trials Begin\\\" / \\\"Electricity\\\" / \\\"Last Train from Camelot\\\" / \\\"Note from Ralph Steadman\\\" The Fifties: Last Rumble in Fat City \\\"Tarred and Feathered at the Jersey Shore\\\" / \\\"Saturday Night at the Riviera\\\" / \\\"Prince Jellyfish\\\" / \\\"Fleeing New York\\\" The Sixties: What the Hell? It's Only Rock and Roll... \\\"Letter to Angus Cameron\\\" / \\\"The Rum Diary\\\" / \\\"Revisited: The Puerto Rican Problem\\\" / \\\"The Kennedy Assassination\\\" / \\\"Back to the U.S.A.\\\" / \\\"Hell's Angels: Long Nights, Ugly Days, Orgy of the Doomed\\\" / \\\"Midnight on\",\n \"title\": \"Songs of the Doomed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5065450\",\n \"text\": \"Didn't He Ramble?\\\", \\\"He was a Sailor\\\", \\\"Strike Out McCracken\\\", \\\"Closing Time at the Country Grocery\\\", \\\"Trouble\\\" \\\"What Would the Neighbors Say?\\\", \\\"Barney\\\", \\\"Under the Anheuser Bush\\\", \\\"Goodbye, Fedora\\\", \\\"Possum Pie\\\", \\\"Down on the Brandywine\\\", \\\"Gone, Gone, Gone\\\", \\\"Village Maid\\\", \\\"Heinie\\\" \\\"Tammany\\\", \\\"Leader of the German Band\\\", \\\"Mule Song\\\", \\\"Down Where the Sweet Potatoes Grow\\\", \\\"Coax Me\\\", \\\"Oh, Oh, Sallie\\\", \\\"Jaspar, Don't You Hear Me Calling You?\\\", \\\"Murphy\\\", \\\"Farewell Mister Abner Hemingway\\\", \\\"Peter Piper\\\", \\\"Take a Car\\\", \\\"Come on, Little Girl, Come Along\\\", \\\"Hey! Mister Joshua\\\" \\\"Camp Meeting Time\\\", \\\"Nigger Loves His Possum\\\", \\\"I'm A-Dreaming of You\\\", \\\"Out in an\",\n \"title\": \"Collins & Harlan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4575737\",\n \"text\": \"The Subways The Subways are an English rock band from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Their debut album, \\\"Young for Eternity\\\", was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, \\\"All or Nothing\\\", was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album \\\"Money and Celebrity\\\" debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on the 9 February 2015. The Subways name comes from a time when Lunn, Morgan and Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout.\",\n \"title\": \"The Subways\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7591322\",\n \"text\": \"on Decca. This single featured future Moody Blues keyboardist Patrick Moraz. Since 1981, Lodge has co-written songs for the band with Justin Hayward, such as: \\\"Meet Me Halfway\\\", \\\"Talkin' Talkin'\\\", \\\"Running Out of Love\\\", \\\"Slings and Arrows\\\", \\\"Want to Be with You\\\", \\\"River of Endless Love\\\", \\\"Breaking Point\\\", \\\"Miracle\\\", \\\"Once Is Enough\\\", \\\"Highway\\\", \\\"Is This Heaven?\\\", \\\"Sooner or Later (Walking on Air)\\\", \\\"Strange Times\\\", and \\\"The One\\\", and from \\\"December\\\", \\\"In the Quiet of Christmas Morning (Bach 147)\\\" amongst others. In 1985, the Moody Blues picked up the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Lodge participated in the\",\n \"title\": \"John Lodge (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4536507\",\n \"text\": \"the country who was forbidden to return to the United States. Civil rights figures Medgar Evers and Emmett Till were lionized in \\\"Too Many Martyrs\\\" (alternatively known as \\\"The Ballad of Medgar Evers\\\".) Two \\\"talking blues\\\" using the melody to the old folk song \\\"John Hardy\\\" jabbed sarcastic at Vietnam and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Even a poem by Edgar Allan Poe, \\\"The Bells\\\", was set to music. \\\"The Thresher\\\" was an ode to the sinking of the nuclear-powered American submarine, the USS \\\"Thresher\\\": \\\"And she'll always run silent/And she'll always run deep.\\\" The song \\\"Celia\\\" is about the long\",\n \"title\": \"All the News That's Fit to Sing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3799276\",\n \"text\": \"Hits\\\". The album is scheduled to be released on November 9, 2018. The album will feature 16 of their songs: \\\"Meet Virginia\\\", \\\"Drops of Jupiter\\\", \\\"Calling All Angels\\\", \\\"Get to Me\\\", \\\"When I Look to the Sky\\\", \\\"Cab\\\", \\\"Hey, Soul Sister\\\", \\\"If It's Love\\\", \\\"Marry Me\\\", \\\"Save Me, San Francisco\\\", \\\"Drive By\\\", \\\"50 Ways to Say Goodbye\\\", \\\"Bruises\\\", \\\"Angel in Blue Jeans\\\", \\\"Play That Song\\\", and \\\"Call Me Sir\\\". The album will also feature a bonus song, a cover of the hit song \\\"Careless Whisper\\\". This is a list of major performances by Train at various events and television shows.\",\n \"title\": \"Train (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8171811\",\n \"text\": \"an argument due to his \\\"foolish pride\\\". If he does, he will \\\"sleep in the subway\\\" or \\\"stand in the pouring rain\\\" merely to prove his point. Although in Scotland there has long existed the Glasgow Subway metro line, in England the term \\\"subway\\\" refers to a pedestrian underpass rather than to an underground transit system. Hatch employed the term in the North American sense. According to the song's co-writer Jackie Trent the title lyric was suggested by the 1961-62 Broadway musical \\\"Subways Are for Sleeping\\\". 'Don't Sleep in the Subway' peaked at #5 on the US charts in July\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5463812\",\n \"text\": \"Immortal Cimoli\\\", \\\"Through A Glass, Darkly\\\", \\\"Double Jeopardy\\\", \\\"Till Death\\\", \\\"Judgement Day\\\", \\\"One Minute to Midnight\\\", \\\"Prophecy\\\", \\\"The End of Innocence\\\", \\\"Manhunt\\\", \\\"Glory Days\\\", \\\"Dramatic License\\\", \\\"Money No Object\\\", \\\"Haunted\\\", \\\"Little Tin God\\\", \\\"The Messenger\\\", \\\"The Valkyrie\\\", \\\"Comes a Horseman\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"The Ransom of Richard Redstone\\\", \\\"Duende\\\", \\\"The Stone of Scone\\\", \\\"Forgive Us Our Trespasses\\\", \\\"The Modern Prometheus\\\", \\\"Archangel\\\", \\\"Avatar\\\", \\\"Armageddon\\\", \\\"Sins of the Father\\\", \\\"Diplomatic Immunity\\\", \\\"Patient Number 7\\\", \\\"Black Tower\\\", \\\"Unusual Suspects\\\", \\\"Justice\\\", \\\"Deadly Exposure\\\", \\\"To Be\\\", \\\"Not To Be\\\" Books – \\\"\\\", \\\", , , , , , , , , \\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\" Comics –\",\n \"title\": \"Duncan MacLeod\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15380905\",\n \"text\": \"Runaway Train\\\" was based on the Dennis Dunaway Project's \\\"Subway\\\" from their 2006 album \\\"Bones From the Yard\\\". Cooper decided to rework the song so it had no chorus; the track consists of only verse. The song also took inspiration from the classic song \\\"Train Kept A-Rollin'\\\". The way Alice Cooper sings it is very similar to how he sings in \\\"Dance Yourself to Death\\\", from the album \\\"Flush the Fashion\\\". Country music star Vince Gill plays lead guitar on this song. This is one of three songs that the original Alice Cooper band performed on. \\\"Last Man on Earth\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Welcome 2 My Nightmare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16502969\",\n \"text\": \"Robbers\\\", \\\"The Heartbreak Kid\\\", \\\"Mikey and Nicky\\\", \\\"The King of Marvin Gardens\\\", \\\"Pumping Iron\\\", \\\"Harry & Tonto\\\", \\\"Holocaust\\\", \\\"Justice For All\\\", \\\"Taxi Driver\\\", \\\"Wiseblood\\\", \\\"The First Deadly Sin\\\", \\\"Slow Dancing in the Big City\\\", \\\"Desperate Characters\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"Hercules N.Y.\\\", \\\"The Other Cuba\\\", \\\"The Pan Alley\\\", \\\"Putney Swope\\\", \\\"Killing at Kent State\\\", \\\"D.A.R.L.\\\", \\\"Death Wish II\\\", \\\"Death Wish 3\\\", \\\"The Gambler\\\", \\\"Heart of Midnight\\\", \\\"Sister\\\", \\\"Revenge of the Pink Panther\\\", \\\"Runaway Train\\\", \\\"Someone Will Watch Over Me\\\", \\\"Toxic Avenger\\\", \\\"10 Midnight\\\", \\\"Across 110th Street\\\", \\\"Brian's Song\\\", \\\"American Ninja Part 2\\\", \\\"Author! Author!\\\", \\\"Barfly\\\", \\\"Basket Case\\\", \\\"Best Boy\\\", \\\"Between the Lines\\\", \\\"Exterminator\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Sandberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16732982\",\n \"text\": \"on their EP \\\"Wohnzimmer\\\" (Living Room). The song was also included on the band's 2008 live album \\\"Kanonen auf Spatzen\\\" (Shoot at sparrows with cannons) and released as single. The accompanying video was nominated in the category \\\"Best National Video\\\" at the Echo Music Prize. In 2009, Berlin rapper Sido also released a single with the title \\\"Hey du!\\\", which included the first verse of \\\"Marias Lied\\\". Linie 1 Linie 1 is the second-most successful German musical after Bertolt Brecht’s Threepenny Opera. The title refers to Berlin's subway line U1. The musical was first performed by the ensemble of the\",\n \"title\": \"Linie 1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17350357\",\n \"text\": \"no need to be an asshole/ You're not in Brooklyn anymore\\\", but the lyrical heart of the song comes later: \\\"You think it's over, oh you think it's over / To be someone who smokes pot in the subway with me\\\", a semi-desperate diss from an old friend who can't see how things really are in part because they can't let go of how they were. Awkward nostalgia is a good subject for a band whose music sounds like it traveled decades to get here and got roughed up every step of the way.\\\" No Destruction \\\"No Destruction\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"No Destruction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14632137\",\n \"text\": \"called \\\"Monster\\\" \\\"a potential single\\\", praising its musical composition, but criticizing the lyrics. Evan Sawdey from \\\"PopMatters\\\" also criticized the metaphors contained in the lyrics of the song, but ultimately called it \\\"one surprisingly effective pop cocktail\\\". Ben Patashnik from \\\"NME\\\" felt that it was \\\"slightly too disposable\\\". Scott Plagenhoef of \\\"Pitchfork\\\" saw similarities between Gaga's voice on \\\"Monster\\\" and the work of Kylie Minogue. Brian Linder from IGN felt that the track was lighter compared to the other songs on \\\"The Fame Monster\\\", and complimented the line \\\"We French kissed on a subway train / He tore my clothes\",\n \"title\": \"Monster (Lady Gaga song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10110755\",\n \"text\": \"were reevaluated and re-recorded in the \\\"Fables From a Mayfly\\\" sessions :\\\"Dance of the Manatee,\\\" \\\"Vice/Versa,\\\" \\\"A Seafarer's Knot,\\\" \\\"The Walls of Jericho,\\\" \\\"Kyla Cries Cologne,\\\" \\\"When the Bough Breaks\\\" and \\\"Upgrade^Brigade\\\". The track \\\"Orphan Anthem 86\\\" was originally to be re-recorded for the album as well, but the sessions were deemed \\\"too experimental\\\", and the idea was dropped. The band demoed early versions of the tracks \\\"Musical Chairs\\\" and \\\"Pour the Coal to'er\\\" during the \\\"Fables From a Mayfly\\\" sessions, but ultimately left them off the album to fully develop later into songs for their next album, \\\"Arrows and\",\n \"title\": \"Fables from a Mayfly: What I Tell You Three Times Is True\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8157692\",\n \"text\": \"other #1's include, \\\"Just Preach Jesus\\\", \\\"Tell Me Why\\\" and \\\"He Locked The Gates\\\". Over the past years they have had 26 songs nominated for Song Of The Year, including songs like - \\\"Just Beyond The Sunset\\\" \\\"Just Preach Jesus\\\", \\\"The Joys of Heaven\\\", \\\"That's Why I Love To Call His Name,\\\" \\\"I Know I'm Going There,\\\" \\\"Forever Changed,\\\" \\\"What We Needed\\\"- which reached #1 on the Singing News magazine charts. The Kingdom Heirs have been nominated many times for industry awards such as The SGMA Awards, Dove Awards and The Singing News Fan Awards. Winning \\\"Newcomer Group Of The\",\n \"title\": \"Kingdom Heirs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6893404\",\n \"text\": \"is a willingness to throw caution to the wind and take risks (\\\"I'm ready to let go of the steering wheel\\\"). Some of the lyrics, particularly those in the bridge before the final chorus, use the eponymous subway station as a metaphor for time: \\\"Time is a train / Makes the future the past / Leaves you standing in the station / Your face pressed up against the glass\\\". Bono cites the enjoyment of his first child born in 1989 as a major influence on \\\"Achtung Baby\\\", as was his wife's second pregnancy during the album's 1991 recording. Bono says\",\n \"title\": \"Zoo Station (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7165094\",\n \"text\": \"to many disasters), \\\"Two brothers\\\" (many things come in pairs), and \\\"the great leader will succumb\\\" are so ambiguous as to be meaningless. The fifth line was added by an anonymous Internet user, completely ignoring the fact that Nostradamus wrote his \\\"Propheties\\\" in rhymed four-line decasyllables called quatrains. Nostradamus also never referred to a \\\"third big war\\\". Towards mid-December 2012, an internet hoax related to South Korean singer and rapper Psy being one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was widely circulated around social media platforms. The hoax text, purportedly written by Nostradamus in 1503, is as follows: \\\"Calm\",\n \"title\": \"Nostradamus in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19145114\",\n \"text\": \"recordings as members of Patch's crew. After losing his eye, Ron Hamilton wrote a song entitled \\\"Rejoice in the Lord\\\", which became one of his most widely popular songs. Other famous songs written by Ron Hamilton include \\\"Wings as Eagles\\\", \\\"My Hope Is Jesus\\\", \\\"Wiggle Worm\\\", \\\"Bow the Knee\\\", \\\"Beautiful Hands\\\", \\\"Always the Same\\\", \\\"Here Am I, Lord\\\", \\\"Born to Die\\\", \\\"Little by Little\\\", \\\"The Poochie Lip Disease\\\", \\\"How Can I Fear\\\", \\\"Lord, I Need You\\\", \\\"Servant's Heart\\\", \\\"Clean It Up\\\", \\\"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\\\", Christ Is Coming, \\\"Jonah\\\", \\\"Call the Wambulance\\\", \\\"That's Where Wisdom Begins\\\", \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"Patch the Pirate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1276389\",\n \"text\": \"by \\\"Star Crossed Lovers\\\". In the episode \\\"The Treehouse\\\", Doris Day's \\\"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)\\\" was replaced with \\\"Call the Whole Thing Off\\\". In the episode \\\"Little Debbie\\\", \\\"Tammy\\\" by Liberace was replaced with a song called \\\"Sammy\\\". \\\"Clip Show\\\" contains the scene from \\\"Heart of Darkness\\\" in which \\\"Here Comes the Sun\\\" is replaced with \\\"Train to Nowhere\\\". The episode \\\"Kevin Delivers\\\" dropped Blood, Sweat & Tears' \\\"You've Made Me So Very Happy\\\" with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas. In the episode \\\"Alice in Autoland\\\", Al Green's \\\"Let's Stay Together\\\" was replaced with a\",\n \"title\": \"The Wonder Years\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8848841\",\n \"text\": \"exhibits many traits which later became synonymous with his work. For example, the line \\\"A lot of people don't have much food on their table/But they got a lot of forks n' knives/And they gotta cut somethin'.\\\" has been cited by many as an early example of Dylan's lyrical wit. The lines \\\"Now, a very great man once said/That some people rob you with a fountain pen.\\\" make specific reference to Woody Guthrie's \\\"Pretty Boy Floyd\\\". The song's structure and theme also bear similarities to Guthrie's \\\"Talkin' Columbia\\\", which Dylan had covered at least once in 1961, and \\\"Talkin' Subway\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Talkin' New York\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12742438\",\n \"text\": \"of the release where one cassette has a label (covering the \\\"All or Nothing\\\" title typography) and the other cassette does not. Disc one and disc two also contain exactly the same \\\"NY Subway Version\\\" of \\\"Girl You Know It's True\\\" (lifted from the 12\\\" single) despite the first disc version not being labeled so. Although it was not marketed as a package of two albums in the U.K., another tell-tale sign is the inclusion of two mixes of a non-single track \\\"Dreams to Remember\\\" and only one version of \\\"Blame It on the Rain\\\". 2×2 (album) 2×2 is a\",\n \"title\": \"2×2 (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13121772\",\n \"text\": \"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture is the film soundtrack album for the 2009 film \\\"Watchmen\\\". The soundtrack features three songs written by Bob Dylan: \\\"Desolation Row\\\", \\\"The Times They Are a-Changin'\\\", and \\\"All Along The Watchtower\\\". The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic, including \\\"The Times They Are a-Changin'\\\", Jimi Hendrix's cover of \\\"All Along the Watchtower\\\"; Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"The Sounds of Silence\\\"; Nena's \\\"99 Luftballons\\\"; a muzak version of Tears For Fears' \\\"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\\\"; and Nat King Cole's \\\"Unforgettable\\\". Many of the period\",\n \"title\": \"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9730346\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Sum of All Fears\\\", \\\"Transformers\\\", \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\", \\\"Hulk\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\", \\\"Lady in the Water\\\", \\\"The Happening\\\" and \\\"WALL-E\\\". His solo trumpet can be heard on such soundtracks as: \\\"Dances with Wolves\\\", \\\"The Gambler\\\", \\\"Avalon\\\", \\\"Crimson Tide\\\", \\\"City Hall\\\", \\\"In Country\\\", \\\"Twister\\\", \\\"Executive Decision\\\", \\\"Independence Day\\\", \\\"Con Air\\\", \\\"Rudy\\\", \\\"The Last Castle\\\", \\\"Air Force One\\\", \\\"The Postman\\\", \\\"Cars\\\", \\\"I Am Legend\\\", \\\"U.S. Marshals\\\", \\\"The Interpreter\\\", \\\"Renaissance Man\\\", \\\"Toys\\\", \\\"Darkman\\\", \\\"Maverick\\\", \\\"Night at the Museum\\\", \\\"L.A. Confidential\\\" and \\\"The Rock (film)\\\". Malcolm has also found time to teach music at various schools, including UCLA, Pomona College, and\",\n \"title\": \"Malcolm McNab\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8707815\",\n \"text\": \"though some were remixed. The internet releases were: \\\"Scum of the Earth\\\", \\\"MoonGirl\\\", \\\"MoonBoy\\\", \\\"See Me Thru\\\", \\\"Those Wonderful Things\\\", \\\"And as for Love\\\", \\\"Upside Down\\\", \\\"Parallel Girlz (Cloud Nine)\\\", \\\"Shadows She Said (Omerta)\\\", \\\"First Monday (in the year 3000)\\\", \\\"(Waiting for the) New Light\\\", \\\"Miracle Healing\\\", \\\"Zoo\\\" and \\\"On the Beach\\\". All tracks by Rainer Bloss and Marian Gold except where noted. CD 9 – The Terrible Truth About Paradise CD 10 – Last Summer on Earth CD 11 – Stranger Than Dreams CD 12 – WebSiteStory The song \\\"Scum of the Earth\\\" is also referred to as \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"CrazyShow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15956278\",\n \"text\": \"the Big Muddy\\\" by Seeger (1967), \\\"Suppose They Give a War and No One Comes\\\" by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band (1967), \\\"The \\\"Fish\\\" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\\\" by Country Joe and the Fish (1968), \\\"The Unknown Soldier\\\" by The Doors (1968), \\\"One Tin Soldier\\\" by Original Caste (1969), \\\"Volunteers\\\" by Jefferson Airplane (1969), \\\"Fortunate Son\\\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969), and the album \\\"Back to the World\\\" by Curtis Mayfield. Woody Guthrie's son Arlo Guthrie also wrote one of the decade's most famous protest songs in the form of the 18-minute long-talking blues song \\\"Alice's Restaurant Massacree\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Protest songs in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20836323\",\n \"text\": \"and the ensuing apocalyptic events and “Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning” about the Parable of the Ten Virgins from the Gospel of Matthew, . It includes traditional biblical songs like “If I Had My Way, I'd Tear the Building Down” that relates the story of Samson and Delilah. It contains songs about twentieth century events like the sinking of HMS Titanic in “God Moves on the Water”, songs based on hymns like “Church, I’m Fully Saved To-Day”, autobiographical songs like “Mother's Children Have a Hard Time” which deals with Johnson’s mother dying when he was very young and traditional\",\n \"title\": \"American Epic: The Best of Blind Willie Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20707492\",\n \"text\": \"(with Pigpen): First set: \\\"Truckin'\\\", \\\"Sugaree\\\", \\\"Mr. Charlie\\\", \\\"Beat It On Down the Line\\\", \\\"Loser\\\", \\\"Jack Straw\\\", \\\"Next Time You See Me\\\", \\\"Tennessee Jed\\\", \\\"El Paso\\\", \\\"Big Railroad Blues\\\", \\\"Me and My Uncle\\\", \\\"Run Rudolph Run\\\", \\\"Black Peter\\\", \\\"Playing in the Band\\\", \\\"Casey Jones\\\" Second set: \\\"Ramble On Rose\\\", \\\"Mexicali Blues\\\", \\\"Big Boss Man\\\", \\\"Cryptical Envelopment\\\", \\\"Drums\\\", \\\"The Other One\\\", \\\"Wharf Rat\\\", \\\"Sugar Magnolia\\\", \\\"You Win Again\\\", \\\"Not Fade Away\\\", \\\"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad\\\", \\\"Not Fade Away\\\" Grateful Dead Production Dave's Picks Volume 26 Dave's Picks Volume 26 is a three-CD live album by the rock band the\",\n \"title\": \"Dave's Picks Volume 26\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8424975\",\n \"text\": \"at Pembroke Pines, Florida was: 1: \\\"Funiculì, Funiculà\\\" tuning*, \\\"The Music Never Stopped\\\"*, \\\"Sugaree\\\"*, \\\"El Paso\\\", \\\"Peggy-O\\\", \\\"New Minglewood Blues\\\", \\\"Friend of the Devil\\\", \\\"Lazy Lightning\\\"* > \\\"Supplication\\\"*, \\\"Ramble On Rose\\\", \\\"Dancing in the Street\\\"* 2: \\\"Help on the Way\\\"* > \\\"Slipknot!\\\"* > \\\"Franklin's Tower\\\"*, \\\"Samson and Delilah\\\"*, \\\"Brown Eyed Women\\\", \\\"Good Lovin'\\\", \\\"Sunrise\\\"*, \\\"Estimated Prophet\\\"* > \\\"Eyes of the World\\\"* > \\\"Wharf Rat\\\"* > \\\"Terrapin Station\\\"* > \\\"Morning Dew\\\"* E: \\\"Sugar Magnolia\\\" > \\\"Sunshine Daydream\\\"
I appeal to all the citizens. A time of heavy trials has arrived. And we have to stand those in order to prove that we are worthy of Poland.
Before all the Polish people and the whole world I would like to repeat the immortal words:
General Jaruzelski had ordered the Polish General Staff to update plans for nationwide martial law on October 22, 1980. After the introduction of martial law, pro-democracy movements such as Solidarity and other smaller","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"14301488","text":"actions organized by 'Solidarity.' Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa visited the plant in 1981. After Jaruzelski's government imposed Martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the members of the Regional Board were arrested by the state Militia and imprisoned, and the property of the Factory Committee was confiscated. The representative of the Factory Committee on the Regional Board was forced to emigrate from Poland. In 1982 the Bydgoszcz workshop, together with other ZNTK's, \"Zaklady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego,\" 'Repair Shops for Railway Rolling Stock' was incorporated in the structure of PKP with the objective of establishing military control. In 1984 the","title":"Pesa SA"},{"id":"13665568","text":"cities. On December 13, 1981, the Communist government of Poland under general Wojciech Jaruzelski crushed the opposition, introducing martial law. The main oppositional movement, Solidarity, was delegalized, and its key members were interned. However, by April 1982, Solidarity re-emerged, creating its underground body, the Temporary Coordinating Committee (known as \"TKK\" from the Polish name \"Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna\"), with delegates who had eluded arrests – Zbigniew Bujak from Warsaw, Bogdan Lis from Gdańsk, Władysław Frasyniuk from Wrocław, and Władysław Hardek from Kraków. At the beginning, the Committee opposed street demonstrations, drawing the so-called \"Five times yes\" appeal, which stipulated negotiations with","title":"1982 demonstrations in Poland"},{"id":"7821494","text":"and co-wrote the screenplay of the popular Polish movie \"Rejs\" (\"The Cruise\"), released in 1970. The 2001 film \"Mechanical Suite\" is based on his short story \"Brothers\". Głowacki co-wrote screenplay for \"Cold War\", which was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. Głowacki emigrated in 1981 to New York City in the wake of the imposition of martial law in Poland by its Communist government. There, he was nominated for the Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding New Play for \"Antigone in New York\" (1994). He was prominent in New York City society and the","title":"Janusz Głowacki"},{"id":"20389296","text":"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist) Tadeusz (Thadée) Nowicki (1958) – industrialist, founder and President of the ERGIS Group. Having graduated from Gottwald Secondary School (currently ) in Warsaw in 1977, he began studies at the Warsaw University of Technology where he obtained a master's degree in materials science. He was one of the founders and the first Vice-President of the anti-regime students' organization, Independent Students’ Association (NZS), at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1981, after the introduction of martial law in Poland by Jaruzelski, he was interned along with other members of the opposition in Białołęka until 17 July 1982. In","title":"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist)"},{"id":"617229","text":"Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on 30 May. Wałęsa and Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both stated that judgment against Jaruzelski \"would be left to God\". Jaruzelski was then cremated and buried with full military honors at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki, the resting place of Polish soldiers killed defending their country since the early 19th century, resulted in protests. Jaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaruzelska","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"20717955","text":"Tadeusz Mazowiecki, one of the founding fathers of Solidarity -- a man who survived the dark days of December 1981 and the heavy hand of martial law, endured a year in prison, life in the underground, editor of the illegal newspaper of an outlawed trade union.\" On May 23, Bush announced the nomination of Thomas W. Simons, Jr. for United States Ambassador to Poland. In late March 1991, President of Poland Lech Walesa traveled to the US, attending a White House welcoming ceremony where Bush praised him for his favoring of a democracy and backing of American efforts in the","title":"Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration"},{"id":"4899216","text":"Czesław Kiszczak Czesław Kiszczak (19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989). In 1981 he played a key role in imposing martial law and suppression of the \"Solidarity\" movement in Poland. But eight years later he presided over the country’s transition to democracy as its last communist prime minister and a co-chairman of the Round Table conference, in which officials of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party faced the democratic opposition leaders. The conference led to the reconciliation with and reinstatement of \"Solidarity\", the 1989 elections, and the formation","title":"Czesław Kiszczak"},{"id":"16208421","text":"Marek Holynski Marek Bernard Hołyński (born 1947) – Polish computer science specialist, expert in the field of computer graphics. Graduate of the Electronics Faculty at the Warsaw's Technical University, Ph.D. at the Applied Cybernetics Institute PAN in 1975. Author of a book \"Art and Computers\". While he was at a conference in 1981, the communist government of Poland declared martial law. Hołyński was granted asylum in the United States. In the 1980s, he became a professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University. Simultaneously he started to cooperate with Silicon Graphics, the world's leading computer graphics company. He is","title":"Marek Holynski"},{"id":"13928360","text":"holy books instead of commenting on the facts, whereas this article was published in May 1981 on the pages of the Polish Catholic quarterly \"\" with death of the Primate of Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński as the main subject of the issue and on the eve of introduction of the martial law in Poland by the communist authorities to crush the political opposition. It was not the only one and episodic case when Grzegorczyk could not clearly and unambiguously decide on his intellectual position with respect to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the political ideology of the","title":"Andrzej Grzegorczyk"},{"id":"17119478","text":"\"Lire\" in 1981. When martial law was declared in Poland in December 1981, he was once again in London organising an exhibition of his drawings. As he later recalled, \"I said to myself, if I am a political cartoonist, this is my time. I only had a one-week tourist visa to begin with, but after martial law I published a lot of drawings in English, American and French newspapers, and immediately it was impossible to return [to Poland]. The borders were closed, it was very difficult to send journalists to Poland, there were no photographs coming out, and I was","title":"Andrzej Krauze"},{"id":"15093436","text":"traditional commercials in several ways. Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines. The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action. A 1982 broadcast of the United States Information Agency program \"Let Poland be Poland\" about the martial law declared in Poland in 1981 was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's \"provocative and anticommunist\" tone was intended as propaganda. In 1999 at least three public","title":"PBS"},{"id":"307613","text":"Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek, but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Soviet Bloc. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" (\"\"Solidarność\"\"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of","title":"Poland"},{"id":"10211651","text":"spiritual depth to the struggle against Communism. It also provided spiritual and material comfort to striking workers, and acted as a mediator between the solidarity movement and the government. It also held back the striking workers from excesses. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Cardinal Glemp initially seemed to justify its imposition as a lesser evil, but many in the church defended the people who were arrested. The Polish Orthodox Church hierarchy, which had had their position in society strengthened since 1945,","title":"Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc"},{"id":"2422739","text":"Event\" and \"The Divide\". Kamiński was born in Ziębice, Poland, the son of mother, Jadwiga Celner, and father, Marian Kaminski. In 1981, he emigrated to the United States at the age of 21 after Prime Minister Jaruzelski imposed martial law. He attended Columbia College in Chicago from 1982 to 1987, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree, taking up filmmaking as a profession before attending to the AFI Conservatory, where he graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree. He worked under cinematographer Phedon Papamichael, first as a gaffer, then as chief lighting technician, and eventually second unit director of","title":"Janusz Kamiński"},{"id":"604264","text":"I wouldn't either.\" In 1980 a political crisis emerged in Poland with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement. By the end of October, Solidarity had 3 million members, and by December, had 9 million. In a public opinion poll organised by the Polish government, 89% of the respondents supported Solidarity. With the Polish leadership split on what to do, the majority did not want to impose martial law, as suggested by Wojciech Jaruzelski. The Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc was unsure how to handle the situation, but Erich Honecker of East Germany pressed for military action. In a","title":"Leonid Brezhnev"},{"id":"617214","text":"Soviet leadership. Jaruzelski was elected his successor, becoming the only professional soldier to become leader of a ruling European Communist party. A fortnight after taking power, Jaruzelski met with Solidarity head Lech Wałęsa and Catholic bishop Józef Glemp, and hinted that he wanted to bring the church and the union into a sort of coalition government. However, his intention was to crush Solidarity. As early as September, while he was still merely prime minister, he met with his aides to find an excuse to impose martial law. On 13 December, citing purported recordings of Solidarity leaders planning a coup, Jaruzelski","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"13650943","text":"establishment of sovereign governments independent from Moscow therein, the breakup of the Soviet Union and separation of the USSR republics into new nation states, and the reunification of Germany within its Potsdam-imposed borders. While eventually all these things did in fact come to pass, at the time this program was seen as quite radical and unrealistic, even in dissident circles. However, Fighting Solidarity also rejected the use of violence to achieve its aims. After the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1981, Morawiecki became one of the most wanted people in Poland. In 1984, on the directive of General","title":"Kornel Morawiecki"},{"id":"15941006","text":"bases against the Soviet Union it would be suicide for Denmark. Bulganin said \"If war is opened against the U.S.S.R., the annihilating power of modern weapons is so great it would be tantamount to suicide for foreign countries the size of Denmark. [sic]\" After the Martial law in Poland in 1981, Denmark economically sanctioned Poland and the Soviet Union. In March 1983, Denmark was the first country in the European Economic Community to drop the sanctions against the Soviet Union. The Folketing voted 78–68 against a bill which would have reimposed sanctions. On 1 October 1987, Gorbachev praised Denmark for","title":"Denmark–Soviet Union relations"},{"id":"12781824","text":"crisis.\" From 1965 to 1969 and from 1980 to 1985 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm). On the night of December 12/13, 1981, martial law was proclaimed in Poland. In an effort to try to make the implementation of martial law appear legal, the Polish military ordered the Polish Council of State—a collective presidency—to approve it by a formal vote. Reiff was the only member of the Council of State to vote against the measure, and he lost his position in the Council the following year. In January 1982, he was removed from his leadership of PAX","title":"Ryszard Reiff"},{"id":"9686526","text":"of their homeland that had, in November 1939, become part of Byelorussia and Ukraine. These Poles and their families—many of whom had experienced deportation to the Soviet Union—subsequently formed the nucleus of the postwar Polish community in Britain. A much smaller wave of Polish migration to Britain occurred with the imposition of martial law in Poland (1981–83), when individuals, mainly students and intellectuals who had been visiting the UK, chose not to return to Poland. The Polish Government in Exile, though denied majority international recognition after 1945, remained at its post in London until formally dissolved in 1991, after a","title":"Poles in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"20089668","text":"Poland was particularly eventful; he was visiting Washington, D.C. on business when Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland, his return to Poland required the United States Embassy to smuggle Meehan across the now sealed border hidden in the back of a van. Meehan then took a research position at Georgetown University, and was also a senior foreign policy officer in the Office for Management Operations at the Department of State from October 1984 to April 1985. His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany, serving from 16 September 1985 to 30 November 1988. He was present","title":"Francis J. Meehan"},{"id":"9396155","text":"the Second World War the complex was again ransacked. A partial remodeling took place in 1971, and in 1980 the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs decided to rebuild it for use as a rest area for officers. This work was halted in 1981, when martial law was imposed in Poland. Even though extensive research has been carried out through the years, historians have been unable to fully explain all aspects of the complex. No documents have been preserved that have enabled determination of the either the date of commencement of the castle's construction or the date of its completion. The","title":"Krzyżtopór"},{"id":"7487575","text":"Pact, have continuing tensions with the capitalist west, bound together by NATO. The Chinese Revolution established communism in China in 1949. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a spontaneous nationwide anti-authoritarian revolt, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to assert control. Similarly, in 1968, the USSR repressed the Prague Spring by organizing the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Labour turmoil in Poland during 1980 had led to the formation of the independent trade union, Solidarity, led by Lech Wałęsa, which over time became a political force. On 13 December 1981, Polish Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crackdown on Solidarity by","title":"Revolutions of 1989"},{"id":"10000248","text":"one of the people behind the imposition of the martial law in Poland in 1981, after Poland deposed the ruling communist regime in 1989 Siwicki was forced into retirement in July 1990. Florian Siwicki Florian Siwicki (; 10 January 1925 – 11 March 2013) was a Polish career military officer, diplomat and a communist politician, as well as a General of the Polish Army. Siwicki was born in Łuck, eastern Poland, in 1925 to middle-class parents of peasant origin who worked in the civil service. He joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1942 and the Gwardia Ludowa as an ordinary","title":"Florian Siwicki"},{"id":"5051193","text":"press conferences, transmitted by the Polish television and attended by both Polish and foreign journalists. In September 1984, during the month before the murder of the priest Jerzy Popiełuszko, he wrote a column \"Seanse nienawiści\" (\"hate session\"), criticizing the priest as an anti-communist Savonarola. In 1986 Urban masterminded a media story that the United States had betrayed the Solidarity movement. On 3 June he met with a Washington Post reporter and told him that a Polish spy for the CIA, who was later identified as Ryszard Kukliński, was aware of the plan to install martial law in 1981 and had","title":"Jerzy Urban"},{"id":"5275806","text":"Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the 1956 events in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc. The introduction of martial law was enthusiastically supported by some figures on the radical right like Jędrzej Giertych, who believed Solidarity to be a disguised communist movement dominated by Jewish Trotskyites. Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of the citizenry. It also led to severe economic consequences. The ruling military dictatorship instituted major price rises (dubbed \"economic","title":"Martial law in Poland"},{"id":"392360","text":"the National Endowment for Democracy to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity. When the Polish government launched martial law in December 1981, however, Solidarity was not alerted. Potential explanations for this vary; some believe that the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policy-makers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an \"inevitable Soviet intervention.\" CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations. Henry Hyde, U.S. House intelligence committee member, stated that the USA provided \"supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda,","title":"Solidarity (Polish trade union)"},{"id":"7227283","text":"in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government's avid support. During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Carlos Humberto Romero in May 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. Between January 12 and February 19, 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew. In its effort to defeat the insurgency, the Salvadoran Armed Forces","title":"Salvadoran Civil War"},{"id":"392353","text":"to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The government attempted to destroy the union by imposing martial law in Poland, which lasted from December 1981 to July 1983 and was followed by several years of political repression from 8 October 1982, but in the end it was forced to negotiate with Solidarity. In the union's clandestine years, Pope John Paul II and the United States provided significant financial support, estimated to be as much as 50 million US dollars. The round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By","title":"Solidarity (Polish trade union)"},{"id":"11692885","text":"unions from the West to establish free press offices throughout Poland. On 13 December 1981, martial law was declared by the Communist authorities in Poland; Butkiewicz, along with other Solidarity activists, was imprisoned. Butkiewicz's cellmate, Lech Kaczyński, later became President of Poland. When Butkiewicz was released from prison in 1982, he was forced to leave Poland with his wife and two young children; his third child was born in Boston. He settled in the Boston area, working in printing, and raised his family, but never cut off his ties with Poland. Andrzej died of a heart attack at his home","title":"Andrzej Butkiewicz"},{"id":"2640081","text":"in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its \"friends\" in Solidarity. When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had","title":"Ryszard Kukliński"},{"id":"18915581","text":"1979. At USIA, Koper edited \"Ameryka\", the Polish language version of the Cold War era \"soft propaganda\" magazine, \"Amerika\". Koper was president of the Polish Veterans Association in Washington D.C. in December 1981, when martial law was declared in Poland. \"We're sitting helplessly on the sidelines. There is no communication, the post office doesn't work, the telephone doesn't work, traveling is impossible. It's unbelievable that in this time and age, the country can be padlocked completely,\" Koper told a reporter. Before martial law ended, Koper was called out of retirement to work as an editor for Voice of America. In","title":"Antoni Koper"},{"id":"16306759","text":"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń The 1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń was the longest underground protest in the postwar history of Polish mining, and the longest strike of the martial law in Poland. It began on December 14, 1981, one day after introduction of the martial law, and ended on December 28, when approximately 1,000 protesting miners emerged from the mine. They spent two weeks underground, including Christmas, and ended the protest after the government guaranteed their safety. On December 13, 1981, the government of the People's Republic of Poland introduced martial","title":"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń"},{"id":"2640078","text":"the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters. Facing imminent danger of discovery from a denunciation by a secret Communist collaborator known only by his alias \"Prorok\", Kukliński, his wife and two sons were spirited out of Poland by the CIA shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family successfully defected, his past may have followed him to the United States as both of his sons later died in separate incidents. The older,","title":"Ryszard Kukliński"},{"id":"135735","text":"indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration.\" In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, because of martial law introduced in Poland on 13 December 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress. In 1990, Edward Witten became the first physicist to win the award. In","title":"Fields Medal"},{"id":"617216","text":"in September 1997 Viktor Kulikov, former supreme commander of Warsaw Pact forces, denied that the Soviet Union had either threatened or intended to intervene. According to Politburo minutes from 10 December 1981, Yuri Andropov stated \"We do not intend to introduce troops into Poland. That is the proper position, and we must adhere to it until the end. I don't know how things will turn out in Poland, but even if Poland falls under the control of Solidarity, that's the way it will be.\" Jaruzelski also claimed in 1997 that Washington had given him a \"green light\", stating that he","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"12968935","text":"it is sometimes called the \"Constitution of the Polish Countryside\". However, Rural Solidarity was not legalized until May 12, 1981, after another farmers strike, this time in Bydgoszcz, where it resulted in a major incident, which sparked off the 1981 warning strike in Poland. Its first leader became Jan Kulaj, and the union was banned on December 13, 1981 (see: Martial Law in Poland). Among those who supported restoration of the Rural Solidarity, was Pope John Paul II, who called for it during his 1987 visit to Poland, saying: \"A Pope cannot remain quiet about this even if he were","title":"Rural Solidarity"},{"id":"4042373","text":"director told him that he preferred his old accent. Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \"The Promised Land\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism","title":"Wojciech Pszoniak"},{"id":"7779300","text":"of China, and that Taiwan is part of Chinese territory, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai pledged to stop supporting the Philippine communist rebels. The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials, revealed that, \"they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling \"guests\" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines\". President Marcos formally lifted Martial Law on 17 January 1981, several weeks before the first pastoral","title":"Proclamation No. 1081"},{"id":"386893","text":"1980, one of the four \"August Agreements\", which led to the first legalisation of the trade union Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin. The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities. Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11June 1987. Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi-free elections in Poland. Szczecin has been the capital of the","title":"Szczecin"},{"id":"9004641","text":"the spring of 1980 he received permission to travel to the United States. Shortly after arriving, he decided to settle permanently in New York, a decision officially certified by the December 1981 declaration of Martial law in Poland. During the 1980s and 1990s, Walek Dzedzej could be seen on an almost daily basis in the streets and subways of Manhattan, as well as in Polish clubs, performing his original protest songs together with the familiar Solidarność (Solidarity) anthems. The venues for his performances were usually Times Square or Tompkins Square Park. In November 1988 Lesław \"Walek Dzedzej\" Danicki became American","title":"Walek Dzedzej"},{"id":"714593","text":"prosperity in the early and mid 70s, which had promoted increased demand and consumption. The government was forced either to lower salaries and wages or to make workers redundant. This accelerated the crisis. Moreover, the demand was more diminished, as the government imposed food rationing. The martial law of 1981–83 deepened the crisis. By the early 80s inflation in Poland becoming out of control – over 100% per annum in 1982. It was reduced in the mid-80s to about 15% per annum, but again started in late-80s. Economic conditions did not allow any salary and pension increases because of the","title":"Polish złoty"},{"id":"5314661","text":"of a yes no vote he took the helm as President. On 30 May 1981 President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in the Chattogram Circuit House in a military coup. Less than a year later, the then Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussein Muhammad Ershad in 1982 March 24 took power in a silent coup at dawn, suspended the constitution and imposed martial law and remained in power through farce elections and corruption. He remained in power until 6 December 1990. The Chattogram Hill Tracts Conflict was the political and military conflict between the Government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya","title":"Bangladesh Army"},{"id":"14103638","text":"took the threat for real, vetoed the draft after consultations with Nicolae Ceauşescu, and his Hungarian counterpart Lajos Czinege was not ready to agree unless everyone else did. At the Politburo meeting of 10 December 1981, the Soviet leadership was outraged to learn that Jaruzelski was still making his crackdown on Solidarity conditional on a promise of a Soviet military intervention if anything went wrong. The Politburo firmly and unanimously rejected the demand for military backing. Andropov, one of the most influential figures in the Politburo, who would become the Soviet leader in less than a year, wary of the","title":"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"},{"id":"4042371","text":"Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \"The Promised Land\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Pszoniak has appeared in","title":"Wojciech Pszoniak"},{"id":"7693439","text":"case against Walentynowicz in the KZ disciplinary commission was led by Jerzy Borowczak, a close associate of Wałęsa. PZPR was also involved in lobbying against Walentynowicz in this affair, with Jan Łabędzki, first Secretary of PZPR inside the Lenin Shipyard announcing publicly that Walentynowicz... destroys the unity of NSZZ Solidarity. In October 1981, during a meeting with workers in Radom, two officers of the security police - in collaboration with the secret cooperant (TW) Karol - attempted to poison her. She was acknowledged as the Woman of the Year in the Netherlands. Martial law was declared in December 1981 and","title":"Anna Walentynowicz"},{"id":"8123636","text":"imports. Unlike the United States, the countries of Western Europe have not viewed trade as a tool to influence Soviet domestic and foreign policies. Western Europe rejected the trade restrictions imposed by the United States after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1980. From 1980 to 1982, the United States embargoed the supply of equipment for the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, but Western Europe ignored United States pleas to do the same. Despite the poor relations between the superpowers in the early and mid-1980s, Western Europe tried to improve international relations with","title":"Foreign trade of the Soviet Union"},{"id":"4525338","text":"Berlin International Film Festival. In 1980 Seweryn also made his stage debut in France following the staging of Wajda's interpretation of plays by Stanisław Witkiewicz at the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers. The imposition of the Martial law in Poland in 1981 found Seweryn in France. A sympathiser of the outlawed Solidarity, he decided to stay abroad and settle in France. With time he also applied for French citizenship. During his stay in France he collaborated with some of the most renowned theatre directors. Among them were Claude Régy (\"La Trilogie du revoir\" and \"Grand et Petit\" by Botho Strauss), Patrice Chéreau (\"Peer","title":"Andrzej Seweryn"},{"id":"8412836","text":"were abused by milicja, with common incidents like a prominent dissident, Jacek Kuroń, being thrown down the stairs or his apartment ransacked by milicja-supported thugs; despite such harassment the Flying University was active until the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, which, although designed to destroy the Solidarity movement, stifled the flying university's activities too. With Solidarity's peaceful victory in the Polish legislative elections, 1989, the goals of the Flying University — the freeing of Polish education from party's control and censorship — have been achieved. Flying University Flying University (, less often translated as \"Floating University\") was","title":"Flying University"},{"id":"3289485","text":"taking over society to one of 'self limiting revolution.' On 13 December 1981 the Martial Law was introduced in Poland, and his activities were curtailed. In 1982, accused of attempts to destroy the political system, Kuroń was arrested. Two years later he was pardoned and released from prison. As a member of the opposition Kuroń used pseudonyms – Maciej Gajka and Elżbieta Grażyna Borucka, or EGB. By 1988 the authorities began serious talks with the opposition. Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from 6 February to 4 April 1989. The opposition representation included Jacek Kuroń. The election","title":"Jacek Kuroń"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15404715\",\n \"text\": \"Politburo Commission pushed for martial law instead of an intervention. When Wojciech Jaruzelski became Prime Minister of Poland in February 1980, the Soviet leadership, but also Poles in general, supported his appointment. As time went by, however, Jaruzelski tried, and failed, according to Archie Brown, \\\"to walk a tightrope\\\" between the demands made by the USSR and the Poles. Martial law was initiated on 13 December 1981 by the Jaruzelski Government. During the final years of Brezhnev's rule, and in the aftermath of his death, the Soviet leadership was forced by domestic difficulties to allow the Eastern Bloc governments to\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141712\",\n \"text\": \"to his attempted assassination two years later. In December 1981, Poland's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy. Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"Cold War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818566\",\n \"text\": \"of Brezhnev, there could be no peaceful resolution to the situation that developed. The Soviets now expressed a preference for the conflict to be resolved by the Polish authorities, but Poland, according to Karol Modzelewski, was lucky to avoid a carnage of foreign intervention. Others, including the historian Antoni Dudek, feel that there was no sufficient justification for the imposition of martial law that followed. On 13 December 1981, claiming that the country was on the verge of economic and civil breakdown and alleging a danger of Soviet intervention, General Wojciech Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity. Martial law was\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16674420\",\n \"text\": \"(as underground press was known in Poland at the time). He was re-arrested but was released after the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union. Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of \\\"Solidarity\\\". In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published\",\n \"title\": \"Mirosław Chojecki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"609418\",\n \"text\": \"was condemned worldwide as the worst loss of life of media professionals in one day. On 23 May 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law throughout the main southern island of Mindanao, through Proclamation No. 216, due to the attack of Maute Group in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur. It was announced in a briefing in Moscow by Secretary Ernesto Abella, and will be in effect until December. Martial law was introduced in Communist Poland on December 13, 1981 by Generals Czesław Kiszczak and Wojciech Jaruzelski to prevent democratic opposition from gaining popularity and political power in the country. Thousands\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617217\",\n \"text\": \"had sent Eugeniusz Molczyk to confer with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Bush had agreed with Molczyk that martial law was the lesser of two evils. Whether this meeting with the American vice president occurred is disputed. While it is erroneously cited, Harvard historian Mark Kramer has pointed out that no documents support Jaruzelski's claim. Jaruzelski was chiefly responsible for the imposition of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 in an attempt to crush the pro-democracy movements, which included Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in Warsaw Pact history. Subsequent years saw his government and its\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253566\",\n \"text\": \"succeeded by Wojciech Jaruzelski, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81). The government then disallowed Solidarity on October 8, 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985\",\n \"title\": \"Polish People's Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103636\",\n \"text\": \"Kremlin was discontented with how leniently this suppression proceeded, and on 18 October 1981, it forced the Polish United Workers' Party to replace Kania with Jaruzelski. The latter promised to impose martial law but demanded backing his action by a promise of Warsaw Pact military intervention if he failed to control the situation. On 29 October, Jaruzelski's demands were discussed at a session of the Soviet Politburo, where Andropov confirmed the consensus that no Soviet troops would be sent to Poland. At the 14th annual meeting of the Committee of Ministers of Defense of the Warsaw Pact, which took place\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103632\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 The Polish crisis of 1980–1981, associated with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement in Poland, challenged the Soviet Union's control over its satellite states in the Eastern Bloc. For the first time however, the Kremlin abstained from military intervention, unlike on previous occasions such as the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and thus left the Polish leadership under General Wojciech Jaruzelski to impose martial law to deal with the opposition on their own. Contrary to the interpretations of US intelligence, no preparations were underway for even\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1834265\",\n \"text\": \"next first secretary of the PZPR, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, introduced martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981. Gierek was interned for a year from December 1981. Unlike the (also-interned) opposition activists, the internment status brought Gierek no social respect. He ended his political career as the era's main pariah. Edward Gierek died in July 2001 of the miner's lung illness in a hospital in Cieszyn, near the southern mountain resort of Ustroń where he spent his last years. From the perspective of time his rule was now seen in a more positive light and over ten thousand people attended\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Gierek\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16090294\",\n \"text\": \"a fantasy-like story of a young boy during the martial law in Poland of December 1981. Adaś, a little boy, falls ill around the time that martial law is declared. After he wakes, he witnesses the kidnapping of most of his family and the wounding of his mother by the eponymous Wroniec (\\\"Crowman\\\", a pun on the nickname of WRON and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who orchestrated the martial law). Together with an old worker, Jan Beton, Adaś sets out to look for his family. Outside his house, the town is gray, as the Graying Machine tries to sap energy from\",\n \"title\": \"Wroniec (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"512346\",\n \"text\": \"of the Polish United Workers' Party on October 18th, 1981. Before initiating the plan of suppressing the Solidarity, he presented it to Soviet Premier Nikolai Tikhonov. On 13th of December 1981, Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland. In 1982 Jaruzelski revitalized the Front of National Unity, the organization the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became chairman of the Polish Council of State, a post equivalent to that of president or a dictator, with his power centered on and firmly entrenched\",\n \"title\": \"Polish United Workers' Party\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2444491\",\n \"text\": \"chamber orchestra—commissioned by Paul Sacher—was finally finished in 1980, and the Third Symphony in 1983. In 1977 he received the Order of the Builders of People's Poland. In 1983 he received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize. During this period, Poland was undergoing yet more upheaval: in 1980, the influential movement Solidarność was created, led by Lech Wałęsa; and in 1981, martial law was declared by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. From 1981–89, Lutosławski refused all professional engagements in Poland as a gesture of solidarity with the artists' boycott. He refused to enter the Culture Ministry to meet any of the ministers,\",\n \"title\": \"Witold Lutosławski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179173\",\n \"text\": \"PZPR. The Plenum's vote was 180 to 4, and he kept his government posts. Jaruzelski asked parliament to ban strikes and allow him to exercise extraordinary powers, but when neither request was granted, he decided to proceed with his plans anyway. On 12–13 December 1981, the regime declared martial law in Poland, under which the army and ZOMO riot police were used to crush Solidarity. The Soviet leaders insisted that Jaruzelski pacify the opposition with the forces at his disposal, without direct Soviet involvement. Virtually all Solidarity leaders and many affiliated intellectuals were arrested or detained. Nine workers were killed\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228563\",\n \"text\": \"and was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who adopted a strong-arm policy. On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation (\\\"Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego\\\", or \\\"WRON\\\"). Solidarity's leaders, gathered at Gdańsk, were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service (\\\"Służba Bezpieczeństwa\\\" or \\\"SB\\\"), and some 5,000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night. Censorship was expanded, and military forces appeared on the streets. A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred, chiefly at the largest\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275809\",\n \"text\": \"martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the Sejm). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared the 1981 imposition of martial law to be unlawful and unconstitutional. The instigators of the martial law, such as Wojciech Jaruzelski, argue that the army crackdown rescued Poland from a possibly disastrous military intervention of the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other Warsaw\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275798\",\n \"text\": \"Ocalenia Narodowego\\\", WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981. Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 AM on December 13, 1981, General Jaruzelski said: Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins.\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7099534\",\n \"text\": \"union's demands, including its legalization, making Solidarity (now 10 million members strong) the first trade union in the Warsaw Pact to not be under the control of the communist government. Throughout the following year, Poland experienced growing political chaos as the Solidarity protests spread across the country, threatening the survival of the communist state. On Dec. 31, 1981, General Jaruzelski, head of the Polish military, declared a state of martial law across Poland, ordering the arrest of members of Solidarity and other opposition organizations. During the period leading up to the declaration of martial law by Poland's government, there was\",\n \"title\": \"Cold War (1979–1985)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818433\",\n \"text\": \"repression and reform and the economic-political struggle acquired new characteristics with the 1978 election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II. Wojtyła's unexpected elevation strengthened the opposition to the authoritarian and ineffective system of \\\"nomenklatura\\\"-run state socialism, especially with the pope's first visit to Poland in 1979. In early August 1980, a new wave of strikes resulted in the founding of the independent trade union \\\"Solidarity\\\" (Polish \\\"Solidarność\\\") led by electrician Lech Wałęsa. The growing strength and activity of the opposition caused the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski to declare martial law in December 1981. However, with the reforms of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18904763\",\n \"text\": \"under challenge from Solidarność, or Solidarity, a labor union under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. The union was sufficiently threatening to the government that on 13 December 1981, the head of state, Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, suspended the union, and imprisoned most of its leaders. Mikhail Gorbachev (born 1931), who took control in 1985, was the first Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution. He is remembered for three initiatives: \\\"glasnost\\\", \\\"perestroika\\\", and the \\\"Frank Sinatra doctrine\\\". \\\"Glasnost\\\", or \\\"openness\\\", was Gorbachev's term for allowing public debate in the Soviet Union to an unprecedented degree. \\\"Perestroika\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"History of socialism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253007\",\n \"text\": \"opportunity arose to finally change the system of government, after the harsh period of martial law (1981-83) imposed by General Jaruzelski. Fears that a shift of power from a centralized one-party system to a multi-party democracy might turn into a bloody revolution proved unfounded, owing to the presence on both sides — the Communist Party, and the democratic opposition — of peace-minded reformists committed to a peaceful solution. The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic decline led to waves of strikes across the country in April, May and August 1988. In an attempt to take control of the situation, the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275797\",\n \"text\": \"Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983, when the authoritarian communist government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted normal life by introducing martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition. Thousands of opposition activists were jailed without charge and as many as 91 killed. Although martial law was lifted in 1983, many of the political prisoners were not released until a general amnesty in 1986. Led by General of the Army Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Military Council of National Salvation (\\\"Wojskowa Rada\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6576897\",\n \"text\": \"the labor movement's goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-law, supporters of Solidarity, fled to the United States early in 1981 and received asylum. In October 1981, the Polish government ordered Spasowski home. He protested, and the recall order was rescinded. On December 13, 1981, Polish government leader General Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law. On the afternoon of December 19, 1981, Spasowski telephoned the U.S. State Department to announce that he was defecting and requesting asylum. The next day he told a worldwide radio audience that he had defected to show support for Solidarity and Lech Wałęsa.\",\n \"title\": \"Romuald Spasowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15090027\",\n \"text\": \"and Glemp), as well as the Pope, called on Solidarity to be more cooperative and reasonable, and even criticized the trade union for actions taken. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Many in the Church defended the people who were arrested. The government nevertheless found that it required the church as a mediator in the crisis; General Jaruzelski in his first address to the Seym in 1982 stated: In 1982 the Joint Committee of Episcopate and Church was reactivated, and began negotiations\",\n \"title\": \"Polish anti-religious campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10148059\",\n \"text\": \"member of the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute for Literary Studies. When martial law was declared in Poland on 13 December 1981, Najder was a visiting scholar at Oxford University. Choosing not to return to his native land, he took a position in Germany with Radio Free Europe (RFE), becoming chief of its Polish-language section in April 1982. In response, the Polish government under the leadership of Wojciech Jaruzelski condemned him to death \\\"in absentia\\\", accusing Najder of spying for United States intelligence services. Two years later, he was stripped of his Polish citizenship. The first citizen of the Eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Zdzisław Najder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275810\",\n \"text\": \"Pact countries (similar to the earlier interventions in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968). Public figures who supported the introduction of martial law (including some of the right-wing figures like Jędrzej Giertych) would also refer to that threat. In 2009, archive documents hinted that in a conversation Jaruzelski had with Viktor Kulikov, a Soviet military leader, Jaruzelski himself begged for Soviet intervention as his domestic control was deteriorating. Jaruzelski responded by claiming the document was 'just another falsification'. Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3993469\",\n \"text\": \"the party. He was succeeded by Prime Minister Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski. In 2012, he was tried for his role in the martial law crackdown in 1981, but acquitted. Stanisław Kania Stanisław Kania (; born 8 March 1927) is a former Polish communist politician. Kania joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1945 when the Germans were driven out by the Red Army and Polish Communists began to take control of the country. After Edward Gierek was forced to resign as General Secretary amidst much social and economic unrest, Kania was elected his successor on 6 September 1980. He admitted that the\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Kania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622700\",\n \"text\": \"Poland was swept by a wave of anti-communist strikes, and around ten million joined the anti-communist Solidarity trade union, Kopański co-founded a branch of this broad grassroots social movement at the University of Silesia. On the introduction of martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the leadership and activists of Solidarity were summarily rounded up by the military junta presided by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. Kopański was one of the interned, he became a political prisoner for the second time in his life. Between 1981 and 1982 he was detained in Strzelce Opolskie, Uherce Mineralne, and Rzeszów. Upon his release\",\n \"title\": \"Ataullah Bogdan Kopański\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13954233\",\n \"text\": \"the NKVD, the Polish soldiers mostly confined themselves to just following the partisans in their vehicles, without engaging them in direct fighting. One of the soldiers among the army units happened to be Wojciech Jaruzelski, the future communist leader of Poland, who declared martial law in 1981. Jaruzelski's official website, in the \\\"Diariusz\\\" (Diary) section, states that from the fall of 1945 until 1946, Jaruzelski took part in \\\"fighting bandits of the armed underground and Ukrainian nationalist\\\" in order to \\\"defend the Polishness of Hrubieszow Land\\\". During the fighting, one of WiN's freed prisoners was accidentally killed by friendly fire\",\n \"title\": \"Attack on Hrubieszów\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103640\",\n \"text\": \"once again, on 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski finally proclaimed martial law. To justify the emergency measures, Jaruzelski was still playing on the public fear of Soviet invasion. However, there was no significant resistance to the martial law and any foreign military backing proved unnecessary. Ever since, Jaruzelski himself has denied that he invited Soviet troops, insisting that, on the contrary, the martial law was aimed at prevention of a Soviet military intervention. In November 1997, a conference was held in Jachranka on the Soviet role in the Polish crisis of 1980–1981, where Solidarity, Polish communist, Soviet and American participants of\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17470787\",\n \"text\": \"government to resettle ethnicities immediately after the war (Operation Vistula), and to violently suppress opposition several times, during the Poznań 1956 protests, the Polish 1970 protests, and during Martial law in Poland in 1981–1982. The LWP also took part in the suppressing of the 1968 democratization process of Czechoslovakia, commonly known as the Prague Spring. That same year Marshal of Poland Marian Spychalski was asked to replace Edward Ochab as chairman of the Council of State, and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, at that time the Chief of the General Staff, was named to replace him. Michta argues that Jaruzelski, as a\",\n \"title\": \"Polish Armed Forces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656148\",\n \"text\": \"the Polish labor-union Solidarity, which was maintained and indeed increased even after protests by the USSR and Carter administration. Kahn was heavily involved in supporting the Polish labor-movement. The trade union Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed Communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. In 1980 AFL–CIO President Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. The AFL–CIO sought approval in advance from Solidarity's leadership, to avoid jeopardizing their position with unwanted or surprising American help. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers, by lobbying to\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Kahn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4861454\",\n \"text\": \"human rights. In 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, Edelman was interned by the government. In 1983, he refused to take part in the official celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising sponsored by Poland's communist government, believing that this \\\"would be an act of cynicism and contempt\\\" in a country \\\"where social life is dominated throughout by humiliation and coercion.\\\" Instead, he walked with friends to the street where Mordechai Anielewicz's bunker had been located. Edelman took part in the Round Table Talks as Solidarity's consultant on health policy. In post-communist Poland, Edelman was\",\n \"title\": \"Marek Edelman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14511292\",\n \"text\": \"of Warsaw pact from March 16 to 25, hoping Walesa could help maintain the social order and avoid anti-Soviet remarks. Jaruzelski also reminded Walesa that the Solidarity had used foreign funds. Walesa joked \\\"We don't have to take only dollars. We can take corns, fertilizers, whatever is okay. I talked with Mr. Kania before that I would take everything from the enemy. The more the better, until the enemy was weakened no more\\\". Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland. Wałęsa and many other Solidarity leaders and activists were arrested;\",\n \"title\": \"Lech Wałęsa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4899223\",\n \"text\": \"quasi-government administering Poland during the martial law (1981–83). In 1982 he became a deputy member of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party and a full member in 1986. From December 1981 until June 1989 Kiszczak was the second most important person in Poland, after General Wojciech Jaruzelski, the nation's top leader. Together they orchestrated the crackdown aimed at crushing the \\\"Solidarity\\\", the Eastern Bloc’s first non-communist labor union movement. Martial law included the mass roundup and internment of \\\"Solidarity\\\" activists, curfews and other harsh measures. Generals Kiszczak and Jaruzelski later insisted that they were imposing martial law to\",\n \"title\": \"Czesław Kiszczak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"392371\",\n \"text\": \"regional structure, comprising 38 regions (\\\"region\\\") and two districts (\\\"okręg\\\"). At its highest, the Union had over 10 million members, which became the largest union membership in the world. During the communist era the 38 regional delegates were arrested and jailed when martial law came into effect on 13 December 1981 under General Wojciech Jaruzelski. After a one-year prison term the high-ranking members of the union were offered one way trips to any country accepting them (including Canada, the United States, and nations in the Middle East). Solidarity was organized as an industrial union, or more specifically according to the\",\n \"title\": \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8267358\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet anti-Semitism was maintained as late as his 1985 book \\\"Soviet but not Russian: The Other Peoples of the Soviet Union\\\" which claimed that at most 10% of Soviet Jews would want to leave the Soviet Union. Approximately 290,000 Jews left the Soviet Union from 1970 to 1988, when emigration was restricted but over 224,000 left in 1990 alone, the first full year when emigration was liberalized. In January 1982, Mandel wrote an article in the \\\"Stanford Daily\\\" supporting the coup of Polish General W. Jaruzelski which imposed martial law as an attempt to crush the Solidarity trade union. In\",\n \"title\": \"William Mandel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103634\",\n \"text\": \"the lines of previous crackdowns. The aging Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev agreed with Honecker and Husák, leaning towards intervention. A planned joint Soviet, East German, and Czechoslovak attack, under the pretext of a Warsaw Pact military exercise called 'Soyuz-80,' was planned for December. Deeply concerned Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) leaders, who had initially been lenient, slowly began to consider suppression of the popular movement on their own. On 22 October, Polish defense minister Jaruzelski started planning for martial law. United States intelligence, by this time, had an accurate idea of the Warsaw Pact's plans. National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1843998\",\n \"text\": \"Polish labor movement. The trade union Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers by lobbying to stop further U.S. loans to Poland unless those demands were met. Materially, the AFL–CIO established the Polish Workers Aid Fund, which raised almost $300,000 by 1981. These funds purchased printing presses and office supplies. The AFL–CIO donated typewriters, duplicating machines, a minibus, an offset press and other supplies requested\",\n \"title\": \"Social Democrats, USA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"689184\",\n \"text\": \"foreign policy. He had mixed relations with the Reagan administration. On the one hand, he supported it as an alternative to the Democrats' pacifism. On the other hand, he also criticized it as seeing foreign policy in overly black-and-white terms. He remained involved in Polish affairs, critical of the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, and more so of the Western European acquiescence to its imposition in the name of stability. Brzezinski briefed U.S. vice-president George H. W. Bush before his 1987 trip to Poland that aided in the revival of the Solidarity movement. In 1985, under the\",\n \"title\": \"Zbigniew Brzezinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617219\",\n \"text\": \"Poland. In fact, Jaruzelski actually tried to persuade the Soviets to invade Poland in order to support martial law, only to be sternly turned down. This left the Solidarity \\\"problem\\\" to be sorted out by the Polish government (see also Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981). However, the exact plans of the Soviet Union at that time have never been determined. Jaruzelski, however, has justified cracking down by alleging that the threat of Soviet intervention was quite likely had he not dealt with Solidarity internally. This question, as well as many other facts about Poland in the years\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19289264\",\n \"text\": \"Bronisław Dąbrowski Bronisław Dąbrowski (2 November 1917 – 25 December 1997) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He was auxiliary bishop of Warsaw 1962–1993 and general secretary of the Polish Episcopal Conference 1968–1993. In 1982 Dąbrowski became titular archbishop \\\"pro hac vice\\\" and in 1993 senior bishop of the Warsaw Archdiocese. Because of his function in the Episcopal Conference, Dąbrowski participated in political events of communist Poland. In December 1981 he wrote a letter to General Wojciech Jaruzelski in which he condemned the proclamation of the martial law in Poland and the subsequent repressions by the regime.\",\n \"title\": \"Bronisław Dąbrowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13458078\",\n \"text\": \"and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the Communists. Late 1980s was the time of deep economic crisis of Poland. The military regime of General Wojciech Jaruzelski did not carry out any radical reform of the economy in 1982-1983 following their imposition of Martial Law in Poland. Industrial production remained below the 1979 level. Average inflation rate climbed to 60% by 1988, and Poland’s hard-currency debt to the Western countries grew\",\n \"title\": \"1988 Polish strikes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228542\",\n \"text\": \"History of Solidarity The history of Solidarity (, pronounced ), a Polish non-governmental trade union, began on August 14, 1980, at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others. In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country. Solidarity gave rise to a broad, non-violent, anti-communist social movement that, at its height, claimed some 9.4 million members. It is considered to have contributed greatly to the fall of communism. Poland's communist government attempted to destroy the union by instituting martial law in 1981, followed by several years of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16590758\",\n \"text\": \"92-metre high-rise building known as the NOT Tower in Kraków. It was intended to provide a profusion of office-space. The concrete shell was erected in 1975, but the building was never finished, because of economic constraints and political unrest leading to the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981. In time, due to the unfinished (and blackening) building's resemblance to a skeleton, it was nicknamed \\\"Szkieletor\\\" by the people of Kraków after Skeletor, the arch-villain in \\\"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe\\\", a cartoon popular in Poland at that time. The structure remains the biggest eyesore in the\",\n \"title\": \"Polish Federation of Engineering Associations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3333924\",\n \"text\": \"Military Council of National Salvation The Military Council of National Salvation (, abbreviated WRON) was a military junta administering the People's Republic of Poland during the period of the martial law in Poland (1981–1983). The Polish court ruled that WRON was an unlawful criminal armed enterprise in violation of the Polish constitution. The body was created on December 13, 1981, and was dissolved on July 22, 1983. It consisted of 21 members: 15 generals, one admiral and five colonels. Among the most notable members were generals Wojciech Jaruzelski, Florian Siwicki, Michał Janiszewski and Czesław Kiszczak. One member, Lt. Col. Mirosław\",\n \"title\": \"Military Council of National Salvation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14125823\",\n \"text\": \"involved some formalities (e.g. identity card and check-in to a hotel) and the trail was not accessible to tourists outside these two countries. In the 1970s and 1980s Polish and Czech dissidents met on the trail, including Jacek Kuroń and Václav Havel. With the implementation of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 the trail was closed. It was reinstated in 1984. Paradoxically, despite the declared friendship, the trail route was the subject to some formal issues: Czech authorities claimed that the route infringed the Czech territory by 2 metres. Trips to the peak of Sněžka were possible only\",\n \"title\": \"Polish–Czech Friendship Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"604265\",\n \"text\": \"formal letter to Brezhnev, Honecker proposed a joint military measure to control the escalating problems in Poland. A CIA report suggested the Soviet military were mobilising for an invasion. In 1980-81 representatives from the Eastern Bloc nations met at the Kremlin to discuss the Polish situation. Brezhnev eventually concluded on 10 December 1981 that it would be better to leave the domestic matters of Poland alone, reassuring the Polish delegates that the USSR would intervene only if asked to. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. With domestic matters escalating out of control in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed\",\n \"title\": \"Leonid Brezhnev\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617218\",\n \"text\": \"internal security forces censor, persecute, and jail thousands of journalists and opposition activists without charge; others lost their lives during these same events. The resulting socio-economic crisis led to the rationing of basic foods such as sugar, milk, and meat, as well as materials such as gasoline and consumer products, while the median income of the population fell by as much as 10 percent. During Jaruzelski's rule from 1981 to 1989, around 300,000 people left the country. Historical evidence released under Russian President Boris Yeltsin has been brought to light indicating that the Soviet Union did not plan to invade\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275802\",\n \"text\": \"order and discipline. This is the ultimate way to bring the country out of the crisis, to save the country from collapse./.../
I appeal to all the citizens. A time of heavy trials has arrived. And we have to stand those in order to prove that we are worthy of Poland.
Before all the Polish people and the whole world I would like to repeat the immortal words:
General Jaruzelski had ordered the Polish General Staff to update plans for nationwide martial law on October 22, 1980. After the introduction of martial law, pro-democracy movements such as Solidarity and other smaller\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14301488\",\n \"text\": \"actions organized by 'Solidarity.' Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa visited the plant in 1981. After Jaruzelski's government imposed Martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the members of the Regional Board were arrested by the state Militia and imprisoned, and the property of the Factory Committee was confiscated. The representative of the Factory Committee on the Regional Board was forced to emigrate from Poland. In 1982 the Bydgoszcz workshop, together with other ZNTK's, \\\"Zaklady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego,\\\" 'Repair Shops for Railway Rolling Stock' was incorporated in the structure of PKP with the objective of establishing military control. In 1984 the\",\n \"title\": \"Pesa SA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13665568\",\n \"text\": \"cities. On December 13, 1981, the Communist government of Poland under general Wojciech Jaruzelski crushed the opposition, introducing martial law. The main oppositional movement, Solidarity, was delegalized, and its key members were interned. However, by April 1982, Solidarity re-emerged, creating its underground body, the Temporary Coordinating Committee (known as \\\"TKK\\\" from the Polish name \\\"Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna\\\"), with delegates who had eluded arrests – Zbigniew Bujak from Warsaw, Bogdan Lis from Gdańsk, Władysław Frasyniuk from Wrocław, and Władysław Hardek from Kraków. At the beginning, the Committee opposed street demonstrations, drawing the so-called \\\"Five times yes\\\" appeal, which stipulated negotiations with\",\n \"title\": \"1982 demonstrations in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7821494\",\n \"text\": \"and co-wrote the screenplay of the popular Polish movie \\\"Rejs\\\" (\\\"The Cruise\\\"), released in 1970. The 2001 film \\\"Mechanical Suite\\\" is based on his short story \\\"Brothers\\\". Głowacki co-wrote screenplay for \\\"Cold War\\\", which was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. Głowacki emigrated in 1981 to New York City in the wake of the imposition of martial law in Poland by its Communist government. There, he was nominated for the Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding New Play for \\\"Antigone in New York\\\" (1994). He was prominent in New York City society and the\",\n \"title\": \"Janusz Głowacki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20389296\",\n \"text\": \"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist) Tadeusz (Thadée) Nowicki (1958) – industrialist, founder and President of the ERGIS Group. Having graduated from Gottwald Secondary School (currently ) in Warsaw in 1977, he began studies at the Warsaw University of Technology where he obtained a master's degree in materials science. He was one of the founders and the first Vice-President of the anti-regime students' organization, Independent Students’ Association (NZS), at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1981, after the introduction of martial law in Poland by Jaruzelski, he was interned along with other members of the opposition in Białołęka until 17 July 1982. In\",\n \"title\": \"Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617229\",\n \"text\": \"Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on 30 May. Wałęsa and Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both stated that judgment against Jaruzelski \\\"would be left to God\\\". Jaruzelski was then cremated and buried with full military honors at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki, the resting place of Polish soldiers killed defending their country since the early 19th century, resulted in protests. Jaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaruzelska\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20717955\",\n \"text\": \"Tadeusz Mazowiecki, one of the founding fathers of Solidarity -- a man who survived the dark days of December 1981 and the heavy hand of martial law, endured a year in prison, life in the underground, editor of the illegal newspaper of an outlawed trade union.\\\" On May 23, Bush announced the nomination of Thomas W. Simons, Jr. for United States Ambassador to Poland. In late March 1991, President of Poland Lech Walesa traveled to the US, attending a White House welcoming ceremony where Bush praised him for his favoring of a democracy and backing of American efforts in the\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4899216\",\n \"text\": \"Czesław Kiszczak Czesław Kiszczak (19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989). In 1981 he played a key role in imposing martial law and suppression of the \\\"Solidarity\\\" movement in Poland. But eight years later he presided over the country’s transition to democracy as its last communist prime minister and a co-chairman of the Round Table conference, in which officials of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party faced the democratic opposition leaders. The conference led to the reconciliation with and reinstatement of \\\"Solidarity\\\", the 1989 elections, and the formation\",\n \"title\": \"Czesław Kiszczak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16208421\",\n \"text\": \"Marek Holynski Marek Bernard Hołyński (born 1947) – Polish computer science specialist, expert in the field of computer graphics. Graduate of the Electronics Faculty at the Warsaw's Technical University, Ph.D. at the Applied Cybernetics Institute PAN in 1975. Author of a book \\\"Art and Computers\\\". While he was at a conference in 1981, the communist government of Poland declared martial law. Hołyński was granted asylum in the United States. In the 1980s, he became a professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University. Simultaneously he started to cooperate with Silicon Graphics, the world's leading computer graphics company. He is\",\n \"title\": \"Marek Holynski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13928360\",\n \"text\": \"holy books instead of commenting on the facts, whereas this article was published in May 1981 on the pages of the Polish Catholic quarterly \\\"\\\" with death of the Primate of Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński as the main subject of the issue and on the eve of introduction of the martial law in Poland by the communist authorities to crush the political opposition. It was not the only one and episodic case when Grzegorczyk could not clearly and unambiguously decide on his intellectual position with respect to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the political ideology of the\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Grzegorczyk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17119478\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lire\\\" in 1981. When martial law was declared in Poland in December 1981, he was once again in London organising an exhibition of his drawings. As he later recalled, \\\"I said to myself, if I am a political cartoonist, this is my time. I only had a one-week tourist visa to begin with, but after martial law I published a lot of drawings in English, American and French newspapers, and immediately it was impossible to return [to Poland]. The borders were closed, it was very difficult to send journalists to Poland, there were no photographs coming out, and I was\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Krauze\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15093436\",\n \"text\": \"traditional commercials in several ways. Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines. The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action. A 1982 broadcast of the United States Information Agency program \\\"Let Poland be Poland\\\" about the martial law declared in Poland in 1981 was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's \\\"provocative and anticommunist\\\" tone was intended as propaganda. In 1999 at least three public\",\n \"title\": \"PBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307613\",\n \"text\": \"Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek, but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Soviet Bloc. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \\\"Solidarity\\\" (\\\"\\\"Solidarność\\\"\\\"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10211651\",\n \"text\": \"spiritual depth to the struggle against Communism. It also provided spiritual and material comfort to striking workers, and acted as a mediator between the solidarity movement and the government. It also held back the striking workers from excesses. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Cardinal Glemp initially seemed to justify its imposition as a lesser evil, but many in the church defended the people who were arrested. The Polish Orthodox Church hierarchy, which had had their position in society strengthened since 1945,\",\n \"title\": \"Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2422739\",\n \"text\": \"Event\\\" and \\\"The Divide\\\". Kamiński was born in Ziębice, Poland, the son of mother, Jadwiga Celner, and father, Marian Kaminski. In 1981, he emigrated to the United States at the age of 21 after Prime Minister Jaruzelski imposed martial law. He attended Columbia College in Chicago from 1982 to 1987, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree, taking up filmmaking as a profession before attending to the AFI Conservatory, where he graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree. He worked under cinematographer Phedon Papamichael, first as a gaffer, then as chief lighting technician, and eventually second unit director of\",\n \"title\": \"Janusz Kamiński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"604264\",\n \"text\": \"I wouldn't either.\\\" In 1980 a political crisis emerged in Poland with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement. By the end of October, Solidarity had 3 million members, and by December, had 9 million. In a public opinion poll organised by the Polish government, 89% of the respondents supported Solidarity. With the Polish leadership split on what to do, the majority did not want to impose martial law, as suggested by Wojciech Jaruzelski. The Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc was unsure how to handle the situation, but Erich Honecker of East Germany pressed for military action. In a\",\n \"title\": \"Leonid Brezhnev\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617214\",\n \"text\": \"Soviet leadership. Jaruzelski was elected his successor, becoming the only professional soldier to become leader of a ruling European Communist party. A fortnight after taking power, Jaruzelski met with Solidarity head Lech Wałęsa and Catholic bishop Józef Glemp, and hinted that he wanted to bring the church and the union into a sort of coalition government. However, his intention was to crush Solidarity. As early as September, while he was still merely prime minister, he met with his aides to find an excuse to impose martial law. On 13 December, citing purported recordings of Solidarity leaders planning a coup, Jaruzelski\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13650943\",\n \"text\": \"establishment of sovereign governments independent from Moscow therein, the breakup of the Soviet Union and separation of the USSR republics into new nation states, and the reunification of Germany within its Potsdam-imposed borders. While eventually all these things did in fact come to pass, at the time this program was seen as quite radical and unrealistic, even in dissident circles. However, Fighting Solidarity also rejected the use of violence to achieve its aims. After the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1981, Morawiecki became one of the most wanted people in Poland. In 1984, on the directive of General\",\n \"title\": \"Kornel Morawiecki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15941006\",\n \"text\": \"bases against the Soviet Union it would be suicide for Denmark. Bulganin said \\\"If war is opened against the U.S.S.R., the annihilating power of modern weapons is so great it would be tantamount to suicide for foreign countries the size of Denmark. [sic]\\\" After the Martial law in Poland in 1981, Denmark economically sanctioned Poland and the Soviet Union. In March 1983, Denmark was the first country in the European Economic Community to drop the sanctions against the Soviet Union. The Folketing voted 78–68 against a bill which would have reimposed sanctions. On 1 October 1987, Gorbachev praised Denmark for\",\n \"title\": \"Denmark–Soviet Union relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12781824\",\n \"text\": \"crisis.\\\" From 1965 to 1969 and from 1980 to 1985 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm). On the night of December 12/13, 1981, martial law was proclaimed in Poland. In an effort to try to make the implementation of martial law appear legal, the Polish military ordered the Polish Council of State—a collective presidency—to approve it by a formal vote. Reiff was the only member of the Council of State to vote against the measure, and he lost his position in the Council the following year. In January 1982, he was removed from his leadership of PAX\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Reiff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9686526\",\n \"text\": \"of their homeland that had, in November 1939, become part of Byelorussia and Ukraine. These Poles and their families—many of whom had experienced deportation to the Soviet Union—subsequently formed the nucleus of the postwar Polish community in Britain. A much smaller wave of Polish migration to Britain occurred with the imposition of martial law in Poland (1981–83), when individuals, mainly students and intellectuals who had been visiting the UK, chose not to return to Poland. The Polish Government in Exile, though denied majority international recognition after 1945, remained at its post in London until formally dissolved in 1991, after a\",\n \"title\": \"Poles in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20089668\",\n \"text\": \"Poland was particularly eventful; he was visiting Washington, D.C. on business when Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland, his return to Poland required the United States Embassy to smuggle Meehan across the now sealed border hidden in the back of a van. Meehan then took a research position at Georgetown University, and was also a senior foreign policy officer in the Office for Management Operations at the Department of State from October 1984 to April 1985. His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany, serving from 16 September 1985 to 30 November 1988. He was present\",\n \"title\": \"Francis J. Meehan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9396155\",\n \"text\": \"the Second World War the complex was again ransacked. A partial remodeling took place in 1971, and in 1980 the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs decided to rebuild it for use as a rest area for officers. This work was halted in 1981, when martial law was imposed in Poland. Even though extensive research has been carried out through the years, historians have been unable to fully explain all aspects of the complex. No documents have been preserved that have enabled determination of the either the date of commencement of the castle's construction or the date of its completion. The\",\n \"title\": \"Krzyżtopór\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7487575\",\n \"text\": \"Pact, have continuing tensions with the capitalist west, bound together by NATO. The Chinese Revolution established communism in China in 1949. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a spontaneous nationwide anti-authoritarian revolt, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to assert control. Similarly, in 1968, the USSR repressed the Prague Spring by organizing the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Labour turmoil in Poland during 1980 had led to the formation of the independent trade union, Solidarity, led by Lech Wałęsa, which over time became a political force. On 13 December 1981, Polish Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crackdown on Solidarity by\",\n \"title\": \"Revolutions of 1989\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10000248\",\n \"text\": \"one of the people behind the imposition of the martial law in Poland in 1981, after Poland deposed the ruling communist regime in 1989 Siwicki was forced into retirement in July 1990. Florian Siwicki Florian Siwicki (; 10 January 1925 – 11 March 2013) was a Polish career military officer, diplomat and a communist politician, as well as a General of the Polish Army. Siwicki was born in Łuck, eastern Poland, in 1925 to middle-class parents of peasant origin who worked in the civil service. He joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1942 and the Gwardia Ludowa as an ordinary\",\n \"title\": \"Florian Siwicki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5051193\",\n \"text\": \"press conferences, transmitted by the Polish television and attended by both Polish and foreign journalists. In September 1984, during the month before the murder of the priest Jerzy Popiełuszko, he wrote a column \\\"Seanse nienawiści\\\" (\\\"hate session\\\"), criticizing the priest as an anti-communist Savonarola. In 1986 Urban masterminded a media story that the United States had betrayed the Solidarity movement. On 3 June he met with a Washington Post reporter and told him that a Polish spy for the CIA, who was later identified as Ryszard Kukliński, was aware of the plan to install martial law in 1981 and had\",\n \"title\": \"Jerzy Urban\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5275806\",\n \"text\": \"Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the 1956 events in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc. The introduction of martial law was enthusiastically supported by some figures on the radical right like Jędrzej Giertych, who believed Solidarity to be a disguised communist movement dominated by Jewish Trotskyites. Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of the citizenry. It also led to severe economic consequences. The ruling military dictatorship instituted major price rises (dubbed \\\"economic\",\n \"title\": \"Martial law in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"392360\",\n \"text\": \"the National Endowment for Democracy to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity. When the Polish government launched martial law in December 1981, however, Solidarity was not alerted. Potential explanations for this vary; some believe that the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policy-makers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an \\\"inevitable Soviet intervention.\\\" CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations. Henry Hyde, U.S. House intelligence committee member, stated that the USA provided \\\"supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda,\",\n \"title\": \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7227283\",\n \"text\": \"in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government's avid support. During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Carlos Humberto Romero in May 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. Between January 12 and February 19, 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew. In its effort to defeat the insurgency, the Salvadoran Armed Forces\",\n \"title\": \"Salvadoran Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"392353\",\n \"text\": \"to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The government attempted to destroy the union by imposing martial law in Poland, which lasted from December 1981 to July 1983 and was followed by several years of political repression from 8 October 1982, but in the end it was forced to negotiate with Solidarity. In the union's clandestine years, Pope John Paul II and the United States provided significant financial support, estimated to be as much as 50 million US dollars. The round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By\",\n \"title\": \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11692885\",\n \"text\": \"unions from the West to establish free press offices throughout Poland. On 13 December 1981, martial law was declared by the Communist authorities in Poland; Butkiewicz, along with other Solidarity activists, was imprisoned. Butkiewicz's cellmate, Lech Kaczyński, later became President of Poland. When Butkiewicz was released from prison in 1982, he was forced to leave Poland with his wife and two young children; his third child was born in Boston. He settled in the Boston area, working in printing, and raised his family, but never cut off his ties with Poland. Andrzej died of a heart attack at his home\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Butkiewicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2640081\",\n \"text\": \"in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its \\\"friends\\\" in Solidarity. When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kukliński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18915581\",\n \"text\": \"1979. At USIA, Koper edited \\\"Ameryka\\\", the Polish language version of the Cold War era \\\"soft propaganda\\\" magazine, \\\"Amerika\\\". Koper was president of the Polish Veterans Association in Washington D.C. in December 1981, when martial law was declared in Poland. \\\"We're sitting helplessly on the sidelines. There is no communication, the post office doesn't work, the telephone doesn't work, traveling is impossible. It's unbelievable that in this time and age, the country can be padlocked completely,\\\" Koper told a reporter. Before martial law ended, Koper was called out of retirement to work as an editor for Voice of America. In\",\n \"title\": \"Antoni Koper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16306759\",\n \"text\": \"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń The 1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń was the longest underground protest in the postwar history of Polish mining, and the longest strike of the martial law in Poland. It began on December 14, 1981, one day after introduction of the martial law, and ended on December 28, when approximately 1,000 protesting miners emerged from the mine. They spent two weeks underground, including Christmas, and ended the protest after the government guaranteed their safety. On December 13, 1981, the government of the People's Republic of Poland introduced martial\",\n \"title\": \"1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2640078\",\n \"text\": \"the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters. Facing imminent danger of discovery from a denunciation by a secret Communist collaborator known only by his alias \\\"Prorok\\\", Kukliński, his wife and two sons were spirited out of Poland by the CIA shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family successfully defected, his past may have followed him to the United States as both of his sons later died in separate incidents. The older,\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kukliński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135735\",\n \"text\": \"indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration.\\\" In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, because of martial law introduced in Poland on 13 December 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress. In 1990, Edward Witten became the first physicist to win the award. In\",\n \"title\": \"Fields Medal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617216\",\n \"text\": \"in September 1997 Viktor Kulikov, former supreme commander of Warsaw Pact forces, denied that the Soviet Union had either threatened or intended to intervene. According to Politburo minutes from 10 December 1981, Yuri Andropov stated \\\"We do not intend to introduce troops into Poland. That is the proper position, and we must adhere to it until the end. I don't know how things will turn out in Poland, but even if Poland falls under the control of Solidarity, that's the way it will be.\\\" Jaruzelski also claimed in 1997 that Washington had given him a \\\"green light\\\", stating that he\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12968935\",\n \"text\": \"it is sometimes called the \\\"Constitution of the Polish Countryside\\\". However, Rural Solidarity was not legalized until May 12, 1981, after another farmers strike, this time in Bydgoszcz, where it resulted in a major incident, which sparked off the 1981 warning strike in Poland. Its first leader became Jan Kulaj, and the union was banned on December 13, 1981 (see: Martial Law in Poland). Among those who supported restoration of the Rural Solidarity, was Pope John Paul II, who called for it during his 1987 visit to Poland, saying: \\\"A Pope cannot remain quiet about this even if he were\",\n \"title\": \"Rural Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042373\",\n \"text\": \"director told him that he preferred his old accent. Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \\\"The Promised Land\\\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Pszoniak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7779300\",\n \"text\": \"of China, and that Taiwan is part of Chinese territory, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai pledged to stop supporting the Philippine communist rebels. The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials, revealed that, \\\"they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling \\\"guests\\\" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines\\\". President Marcos formally lifted Martial Law on 17 January 1981, several weeks before the first pastoral\",\n \"title\": \"Proclamation No. 1081\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"386893\",\n \"text\": \"1980, one of the four \\\"August Agreements\\\", which led to the first legalisation of the trade union Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin. The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities. Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11June 1987. Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi-free elections in Poland. Szczecin has been the capital of the\",\n \"title\": \"Szczecin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9004641\",\n \"text\": \"the spring of 1980 he received permission to travel to the United States. Shortly after arriving, he decided to settle permanently in New York, a decision officially certified by the December 1981 declaration of Martial law in Poland. During the 1980s and 1990s, Walek Dzedzej could be seen on an almost daily basis in the streets and subways of Manhattan, as well as in Polish clubs, performing his original protest songs together with the familiar Solidarność (Solidarity) anthems. The venues for his performances were usually Times Square or Tompkins Square Park. In November 1988 Lesław \\\"Walek Dzedzej\\\" Danicki became American\",\n \"title\": \"Walek Dzedzej\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"714593\",\n \"text\": \"prosperity in the early and mid 70s, which had promoted increased demand and consumption. The government was forced either to lower salaries and wages or to make workers redundant. This accelerated the crisis. Moreover, the demand was more diminished, as the government imposed food rationing. The martial law of 1981–83 deepened the crisis. By the early 80s inflation in Poland becoming out of control – over 100% per annum in 1982. It was reduced in the mid-80s to about 15% per annum, but again started in late-80s. Economic conditions did not allow any salary and pension increases because of the\",\n \"title\": \"Polish złoty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5314661\",\n \"text\": \"of a yes no vote he took the helm as President. On 30 May 1981 President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in the Chattogram Circuit House in a military coup. Less than a year later, the then Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussein Muhammad Ershad in 1982 March 24 took power in a silent coup at dawn, suspended the constitution and imposed martial law and remained in power through farce elections and corruption. He remained in power until 6 December 1990. The Chattogram Hill Tracts Conflict was the political and military conflict between the Government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya\",\n \"title\": \"Bangladesh Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14103638\",\n \"text\": \"took the threat for real, vetoed the draft after consultations with Nicolae Ceauşescu, and his Hungarian counterpart Lajos Czinege was not ready to agree unless everyone else did. At the Politburo meeting of 10 December 1981, the Soviet leadership was outraged to learn that Jaruzelski was still making his crackdown on Solidarity conditional on a promise of a Soviet military intervention if anything went wrong. The Politburo firmly and unanimously rejected the demand for military backing. Andropov, one of the most influential figures in the Politburo, who would become the Soviet leader in less than a year, wary of the\",\n \"title\": \"Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042371\",\n \"text\": \"Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \\\"The Promised Land\\\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Pszoniak has appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Pszoniak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7693439\",\n \"text\": \"case against Walentynowicz in the KZ disciplinary commission was led by Jerzy Borowczak, a close associate of Wałęsa. PZPR was also involved in lobbying against Walentynowicz in this affair, with Jan Łabędzki, first Secretary of PZPR inside the Lenin Shipyard announcing publicly that Walentynowicz... destroys the unity of NSZZ Solidarity. In October 1981, during a meeting with workers in Radom, two officers of the security police - in collaboration with the secret cooperant (TW) Karol - attempted to poison her. She was acknowledged as the Woman of the Year in the Netherlands. Martial law was declared in December 1981 and\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Walentynowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8123636\",\n \"text\": \"imports. Unlike the United States, the countries of Western Europe have not viewed trade as a tool to influence Soviet domestic and foreign policies. Western Europe rejected the trade restrictions imposed by the United States after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1980. From 1980 to 1982, the United States embargoed the supply of equipment for the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, but Western Europe ignored United States pleas to do the same. Despite the poor relations between the superpowers in the early and mid-1980s, Western Europe tried to improve international relations with\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign trade of the Soviet Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4525338\",\n \"text\": \"Berlin International Film Festival. In 1980 Seweryn also made his stage debut in France following the staging of Wajda's interpretation of plays by Stanisław Witkiewicz at the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers. The imposition of the Martial law in Poland in 1981 found Seweryn in France. A sympathiser of the outlawed Solidarity, he decided to stay abroad and settle in France. With time he also applied for French citizenship. During his stay in France he collaborated with some of the most renowned theatre directors. Among them were Claude Régy (\\\"La Trilogie du revoir\\\" and \\\"Grand et Petit\\\" by Botho Strauss), Patrice Chéreau (\\\"Peer\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Seweryn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8412836\",\n \"text\": \"were abused by milicja, with common incidents like a prominent dissident, Jacek Kuroń, being thrown down the stairs or his apartment ransacked by milicja-supported thugs; despite such harassment the Flying University was active until the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, which, although designed to destroy the Solidarity movement, stifled the flying university's activities too. With Solidarity's peaceful victory in the Polish legislative elections, 1989, the goals of the Flying University — the freeing of Polish education from party's control and censorship — have been achieved. Flying University Flying University (, less often translated as \\\"Floating University\\\") was\",\n \"title\": \"Flying University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3289485\",\n \"text\": \"taking over society to one of 'self limiting revolution.' On 13 December 1981 the Martial Law was introduced in Poland, and his activities were curtailed. In 1982, accused of attempts to destroy the political system, Kuroń was arrested. Two years later he was pardoned and released from prison. As a member of the opposition Kuroń used pseudonyms – Maciej Gajka and Elżbieta Grażyna Borucka, or EGB. By 1988 the authorities began serious talks with the opposition. Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from 6 February to 4 April 1989. The opposition representation included Jacek Kuroń. The election\",\n \"title\": \"Jacek Kuroń\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of the Soviet Union (196482) context: Politburo Commission pushed for martial law instead of an intervention. When Wojciech Jaruzelski became Prime Minister of Poland in February 1980, the Soviet leadership, but also Poles in general, supported his appointment. As time went by, however, Jaruzelski tried, and failed, according to Archie Brown, \\\"to walk a tightrope\\\" between the demands made by the USSR and the Poles. Martial law was initiated on 13 December 1981 by the Jaruzelski Government. During the final years of Brezhnev's rule, and in the aftermath of his death, the Soviet leadership was forced by domestic difficulties to allow the Eastern Bloc governments to\\n\\nIn which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 209,\n \"origin_tokens\": 211,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Martial law in Poland context: Ocalenia Narod\\\", WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981. Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 AM on December 13, 1981, General Jaruzelski said: Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins.\\n\\ntitle: Romualowski context: movement' goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-, supporters Solidarity, fled to the States early in 198 asylum. October 1981, government ordered Spasowski home protested, and the recall order was rescinded. December 13, 1981, government leader General Wojciech Jaruzel started crackdown Solidar martial afternoon of December 19 1981 Spas telephon US State Department to announce that he defecting requesting asylum. The next day awide radio audience that he defected to support Solidarity and Leałęsa.\\ntitle: Bron Dąbrowski context: Bronisław Dąbrowisławski (2912 97) was a bishop of Catholic Church. bishop of –93 and of Polishcop 963. 9 D becamebishop and in bishop ofawese. of function thecop Conference, D political events of communist Poland. In 98 wrote a toski the of mart law in the\\n Miław Cho: ( press was known in Poland time). was re- but the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union. Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of \\\"Solidarity\\\". In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published\\n\\nIn which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 522,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15025,\n \"ratio\": \"28.8x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":181,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":181,"string":"181"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Frank Capra","Francesco Rosario Capra","The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra","The american film institute salute to frank capra","Capraesque","Francesco Capra","Lou Capra","Frank R. Capra"],"string":"[\n \"Frank Capra\",\n \"Francesco Rosario Capra\",\n \"The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra\",\n \"The american film institute salute to frank capra\",\n \"Capraesque\",\n \"Francesco Capra\",\n \"Lou Capra\",\n \"Frank R. Capra\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Frank Capra"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"618782","text":"failure of \"Taking Off\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \"It Happened One Night\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\"), it firmly established","title":"Miloš Forman"},{"id":"6763275","text":"His first collaboration with director Frank Capra was the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle \"The Miracle Woman\" (1931). Riskin wrote several films for Columbia, but it was his string of hits with Capra that brought him acclaim. Riskin received Academy Award nominations for his screenplays and stories for five Capra films: \"Lady for a Day\" (1933), which Riskin had adapted from a Damon Runyon short story; \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), for which he won the Oscar\"; Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\" (1936) with Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur; \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938) with Lionel Barrymore and James Stewart;","title":"Robert Riskin"},{"id":"145397","text":"the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status.\" During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin (husband of Fay Wray), and cameraman Joseph Walker. In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's \"most admired writer-director team.\" Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best","title":"Frank Capra"},{"id":"552398","text":"1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934. \"It Happened One Night\" was released just four months prior to that enforcement. \"It Happened One Night\" is the first of only three films (the other two being \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\") to win all five major Academy Awards : Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1993, \"It Happened One Night\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2013, the","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"618776","text":"for the United States, two of his films, \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975) and \"Amadeus\" (1984), acquired particular renown, and both gained him an Academy Award for Best Director. \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" became the second film to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Leading Role, Actress in Leading Role, Director, and Screenplay) after \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934—an accomplishment not repeated until 1991, by \"The Silence of the Lambs\". Forman was also nominated for a Best Director Oscar for \"The People vs. Larry Flynt\" (1996). He also won Golden Globe,","title":"Miloš Forman"},{"id":"718288","text":"Claudette Colbert Claudette Colbert (pronounced \"Coal-BEAR\"; born Émilie Claudette Chauchoin; September 13, 1903 – July 30, 1996) was an American stage and film actress and a leading lady in Hollywood for over two decades, and has been called \"The mixture of inimitable beauty, sophistication, wit, and vivacity\". Colbert began her career in Broadway productions during the late 1920s and progressed to motion pictures with the advent of sound film. Initially associated with Paramount Pictures, she gradually shifted to working as a freelance actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and received two","title":"Claudette Colbert"},{"id":"216532","text":"\"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and was looking for the right actor to suit his needs—other recent actors in Capra's films such as Clark Gable, Ronald Colman, and Gary Cooper did not quite fit. Not only was Stewart just what he was looking for, but Capra also found Stewart understood that archetype intuitively and required very little directing. Later Capra commented, \"I think he's probably the best actor who's ever hit the screen.\" \"You Can't Take It With You\", starring Capra's \"favorite actress\", comedian Jean Arthur, won the 1938 Best Picture Academy Award. The following year saw Stewart work with","title":"James Stewart"},{"id":"523817","text":"Clark Gable William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor and military officer, often referred to as \"The King of Hollywood\". He began his career appearing as an extra in silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1930. The next year, he landed his first leading Hollywood role, and over the next three decades, he was a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures. Gable won an Academy Award for Best Actor for \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and was nominated","title":"Clark Gable"},{"id":"145380","text":"from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938), and \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\" (1939); Capra was nominated as Best Director and as producer for Academy Award for Best Picture on all three films, winning both awards on the first two. During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the \"Why We Fight\" series. After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, such as \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946), performed poorly when","title":"Frank Capra"},{"id":"13134130","text":"was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director and Screenplay) following \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 with \"The Silence of the Lambs\". It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards. In 1993, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm","title":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)"},{"id":"5650259","text":"\"Big Five\" major categories for picture, directing, lead acting performances, and screenwriting. The other two films to achieve this feat were 1934's \"It Happened One Night\" and 1975's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eleventh person to win the aforementioned category twice and at the age of 28, became only the second person after Luise Rainer to win two Academy Awards before the age of 30. \"Boyz n the Hood\"'s John Singleton became the first African-American to be","title":"64th Academy Awards"},{"id":"552413","text":"Cohn sent someone to \"drag her off\" the train, which had not yet left the station, and take her to the ceremony. Colbert arrived wearing a two-piece traveling suit which she had the Paramount Pictures costume designer, Travis Banton, make for her trip. The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934: \"It Happened One Night\" was the first film to win the \"Big Five\" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Writing). , only two other films have achieved this feat: \"One","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"371527","text":"Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for \"Dangerous\" (1935) and \"Jezebel\" (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for \"It Happened One Night\" (1934). Spielberg is a major collector of the work of American illustrator and painter Norman Rockwell. A collection of 57 Rockwell paintings and drawings owned by Spielberg and fellow Rockwell collector and film director George Lucas were displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum July 2,","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"552414","text":"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975 and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1991. \"It Happened One Night\" was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975. On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500; Spielberg promptly donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy. On June 9 of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's, but no bids were made for it. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \"It Happened One","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"694712","text":"Jean Harlow, who had previously appeared in the Howard Hughes film \"Hell's Angels\", now had a big break and became one of MGM's most admired stars, as well. Despite Miss Harlow's gain, Garbo still was a big star for MGM. Shearer was still a money maker despite screen appearances becoming scarce, and Crawford continued her box-office power until 1937. MGM also received a boost through the man who would become \"King of Hollywood\", Clark Gable. Gable's career took off to new heights after he won an Oscar for the 1934 Columbia film \"It Happened One Night\". Mayer and Irving Thalberg's","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"18102973","text":"comedy \"Lucky Boy\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \"Lucky Boy\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \"wonderfully aggravated\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \"It Happened One Night\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\" (1936) and \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \"Crime on Their Hands\" (1948).","title":"Charles C. Wilson (actor)"},{"id":"8246910","text":"and \"It Happened One Night\" (1934)—receiving an Academy Award for the latter film. As an owner of race horses and a regular at tracks, Riskin was able to effectively capture the atmosphere and dynamics of horse racing and the types of characters common to that environment, such as jockeys, stable hands, and gamblers. While filming at Tanforan Race Track, Capra became dissatisfied with the happy ending of the original script, wanting instead a more bittersweet and ambivalent ending comment on the American success ethic. With Riskin on vacation in Europe and unavailable, Capra invited former Paramount screenwriter Sidney Buchman to","title":"Broadway Bill"},{"id":"719159","text":"date, describing Capra's treatment as \"a kinship with his audience, a sense of common life, a morality\". \"Variety\" noted \"a sometimes too thin structure [that] the players and director Frank Capra have contrived to convert ... into fairly sturdy substance\". This was the first Capra film to be released separately to exhibitors and not \"bundled\" with other Columbia features. On paper, it was his biggest hit, easily surpassing \"It Happened One Night.\" It was the 7th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36. Capra won his second Academy Award for Best Director in 1936 for \"Mr. Deeds","title":"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town"},{"id":"7348879","text":"Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia. The following year, the two events were again on the same night.) Miloš Forman's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" made a \"clean sweep\" of the major categories: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Adapted). It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep, following \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934 and preceding \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1991. French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year, making Adjani, 20 at the time, the youngest","title":"48th Academy Awards"},{"id":"552397","text":"It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The plot is based on the August 1933 short story \"Night Bus\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. Classified as a \"pre-Code\" production, the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPAA began rigidly enforcing the","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"9180701","text":"studio, and they tried to exclude its title from any publicity about Davis. Although her nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress was considered a sure thing by many, she was ignored in favor of Grace Moore for \"One Night of Love\", Norma Shearer for \"The Barretts of Wimpole Street\", and eventual winner Claudette Colbert for \"It Happened One Night\". Angry voters ignored the nominees on their ballots and wrote in Davis's name, and it was later announced that she had come in third after Colbert and Shearer. Price Waterhouse was hired to count the votes and initiated the","title":"Of Human Bondage (1934 film)"},{"id":"9267673","text":"worked on the film since 1930 when he assigned three different writers to come up with three different treatments. By 1931 Thalberg had decided on the one storyline and spent the next four years working on a script with two dozen writers, half a dozen directors and three supervisors. Gable had several temper tantrums on the set, which were tolerated by MGM studio chief Louis B. Mayer because the star had recently won an Academy Award for Best Actor in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) on a loan-out to Columbia Pictures, and he did not want to risk losing him.","title":"China Seas (film)"},{"id":"8115589","text":"7th Academy Awards The 7th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1934, was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. Frank Capra's influential romantic comedy \"It Happened One Night\" became the first film to perform a \"clean sweep\" of the top five award categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay. This feat would later be duplicated by \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1976 and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1992. It also was the first romantic comedy","title":"7th Academy Awards"},{"id":"8247966","text":"at the USC School of Cinema-Television. Saxon is arguably best known for the film \"The Silence of the Lambs\", which is, to date, the third and last film to sweep the five main categories of Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. (The others are \"It Happened One Night\" and \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\".) Formerly Jonathan Demme's producing partner, his films include \"Beloved\", \"Ulee's Gold\", \"That Thing You Do!\", \"The Truth About Charlie\", \"Married to the Mob\", \"Miami Blues\" and \"Philadelphia\". After parting ways with Demme, Saxon produced Charlie Kaufman","title":"Edward Saxon"},{"id":"10753888","text":"You Can't Run Away from It You Can't Run Away from It is a 1956 Technicolor and CinemaScope musical comedy starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon. Directed and produced by Dick Powell, the film is a remake of the 1934 Academy Award-winning film \"It Happened One Night\". The supporting cast features Charles Bickford, Jim Backus, Stubby Kaye, Jack Albertson and Howard McNear. \"It Happened One Night\" had also been remade as a musical comedy in 1945 as \"Eve Knew Her Apples\". Because she married an international playboy, Ellie Andrews (June Allyson) is kidnapped by her own father, Texas cattleman A.","title":"You Can't Run Away from It"},{"id":"1026584","text":"The airport was used in the filming of \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, World\" in 1963. The airport closed by 1965-66, and the land remained empty until 1991 when Shapell Industries constructed Rancho Conejo Village homes. The former site is northwest of the intersection of Lawrence Drive and Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park. Due to the temperate climate and relatively close proximity to the studios in Hollywood, a number of movies and television series have been filmed in Thousand Oaks. Thousand Oaks Boulevard can for instance be seen in the Oscar-winning film \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), while","title":"Thousand Oaks, California"},{"id":"9718331","text":"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". The film won all five top Academy Awards including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Goldman. This was the first film to win the top five awards since Frank Capra's \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934. For his work on the film Goldman also received the Writers Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award. He next wrote \"The Rose\" (1979), which was nominated for four Academy Awards. This was followed by his original screenplay \"Melvin and Howard\" (1980) which garnered Goldman his second Oscar, second Writers Guild Award, and the New York Film","title":"Bo Goldman"},{"id":"20249325","text":"Victoria Riskin Victoria Riskin (born November 18, 1945) is an American author, psychologist, television writer and producer, and human rights activist. Riskin was born in the Bel-Air suburb of Los Angeles, the daughter of Academy Award-winning screenwriter Robert Riskin, whose films include It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and Lost Horizon (1937), and actress Fay Wray, best known for her role as Ann Darrow in King Kong (1933). She is the author of a forthcoming memoir and dual biography, Fay Wray and Robert Riskin: A Hollywood Memoir, to be released by Pantheon on February 26,","title":"Victoria Riskin"},{"id":"11000103","text":"Roscoe Karns Roscoe Karns (September 7, 1891 – February 6, 1970) was an American actor who appeared in nearly 150 films between 1915 and 1964. He specialized in cynical, wise-cracking (and often tipsy) characters, and his rapid-fire delivery enlivened many comedies and crime thrillers in the 1930s and 1940s. Though he appeared in numerous silent films, such as \"Wings\" and \"Beggars of Life\", his career didn't really take off until sound arrived. Arguably his best-known film role was the annoying bus passenger Oscar Shapeley, who tries to pick up Claudette Colbert in the Oscar-winning comedy \"It Happened One Night\" (1934),","title":"Roscoe Karns"},{"id":"4312340","text":"made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with \"Daddy\", a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher. Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit \"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin\" (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic \"It Happened One Night\". Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust. Her most well-known films in the 1990s included \"Sadak\" opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), \"Junoon\", \"Jaanam\" and","title":"Pooja Bhatt"},{"id":"552416","text":"In the film, a minor character, Oscar Shapely, continually calls the Gable character \"Doc\", an imaginary character named \"Bugs Dooley\" is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely, and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full, as Bugs does. The film has inspired a number of remakes, including the musicals \"Eve Knew Her Apples\" (1945) starring Ann Miller and \"You Can't Run Away from It\" (1956) starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon, which was directed and produced by Dick Powell. \"It Happened One Night\" was adapted as a radio play","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"1756442","text":"(Worst Director). Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend: Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, and Sandra Bullock in 2010, although all three for different films. Two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco (\"Only When I Laugh\") and Amy Irving (\"Yentl\"). Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s \"The Jazz Singer\", was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role. The Aerosmith song \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", as part of the original soundtrack to the 1998 film \"Armageddon\",","title":"Golden Raspberry Awards"},{"id":"552412","text":"initial run. However, after it was released to the secondary movie houses, word-of-mouth began to spread and ticket sales became brisk, especially in smaller towns where the film's characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury. It turned out to be a major box office smash, easily Columbia's biggest hit to date. In 1935, after her Academy Award nomination, Colbert decided not to attend the presentation, feeling confident that she would not win the award, and instead, planned to take a cross-country railroad trip. After she was named the winner, studio chief Harry","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"710094","text":"Actress but lost to Katharine Hepburn in \"Morning Glory\", and Robert Riskin lost the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay to Sarah Y. Mason and Victor Heerman for \"Little Women\". Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, \"Come up and get it, Frank!\" Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \"Cavalcade\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.","title":"Lady for a Day"},{"id":"18713215","text":"Oscars, \"Spotlight\" was the first film since 1952's \"The Greatest Show on Earth\" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's \"Rocky\", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for \"Gravity\" and \"Birdman\",","title":"88th Academy Awards"},{"id":"8616530","text":"Lowell Sherman Lowell J. Sherman (October 11, 1888 – December 28, 1934) was an American actor and film director. In an unusual practice for the time, he served as both actor and director on several films in the early 1930s. He later turned exclusively to directing. Having scored huge successes directing the films \"She Done Him Wrong\" (starring Mae West) and \"Morning Glory\" (which won Katharine Hepburn her first Academy Award), he was at the height of his career when he died after a brief illness. Born in San Francisco in 1888 to John Sherman and Julia Louise Gray(1870-1956), who","title":"Lowell Sherman"},{"id":"5874113","text":"sci-fi war film \"Rogue One\", directed by Gareth Edwards. It is a prequel to the 1977 classic \"Star Wars\". Gilroy shared writing duties with fellow filmmaker Chris Weitz. Gilroy's directorial debut was in 2007, when he directed the film \"Michael Clayton\", which his brother John Gilroy edited. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. In addition to its Edgar Award, the film won one Oscar, for Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton). The film was a box-office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide. He also wrote and directed his next film, \"Duplicity\",","title":"Tony Gilroy"},{"id":"12852811","text":"Best Picture winners: \"The Broadway Melody\" (1929), \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) and \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938). Late in his career, Kane made a few appearances on television including the role of Mr. Monahan, Ralph Kramden's Gotham Bus Company boss on \"The Honeymooners\". Kane retired after the 1950s and died of a heart attack at his home in Los Angeles in 1969. List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners Eddie Kane Eddie Kane (August 12, 1889 – April 30, 1969) was an American actor who appeared in over 250 productions from","title":"Eddie Kane"},{"id":"737264","text":"in visual effects; i.e., five films produced by George Pal, five by director/producer George Lucas, five by director James Cameron (who began his career in Hollywood as an effects technician), four by directors Richard Fleischer, Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson, and three by director Robert Zemeckis. Stanley Kubrick's only Oscar win was in this category, for 1968's \"\". The film's credits list four effects contributors, including Douglas Trumbull. However, according to the rules of the Academy in effect at the time, only three persons could be nominated for their work on a single film, which would have resulted in the","title":"Academy Award for Best Visual Effects"},{"id":"9709061","text":"I said, 'Kate when you’re simple, you’re devastating.' She was adorable about it\". The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture; Hepburn won the Academy Award for Best Actress (with Barbra Streisand, the only time this has been a joint award) and Harvey was nominated for a Best Director Oscar and won Best Director at the Golden Globes, as well as several other major awards. It was the screen debuts actors Anthony Hopkins and Timothy Dalton. Harvey later fondly recalled the deep familial rapport that developed among the cast, and","title":"Anthony Harvey"},{"id":"730347","text":"a further 10 FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight. Since their invention, autogyros have appeared in many works of fiction. Appearances where the autogyro features as a significant part of the story include: In the film \"International House\" (1933), W. C. Fields's character flies around the globe in his autogyro \"The Spirit of Brooklyn\". In \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) starring Clark Gable, his love interest's husband-to-be arrives at the wedding in a Kellett K-3 Autogiro NC12691.. This was a particularly high-profile movie as it was the first to win the so-called Big Five Academy Awards.","title":"Autogyro"},{"id":"552420","text":"is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne. As he sneaks through German-occupied France, several plot points run parallel to that of \"It Happened One Night\" and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews. Notes Bibliography Streaming audio It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish","title":"It Happened One Night"},{"id":"9236444","text":"of the film, was impressed with Haller’s work on \"Jezebel\" that he replaced the former cinematographer Lee Garmes, who left the production after a month of shooting due to creative differences. Haller’s work earned him his first and only Academy Awards along with the Technicolor Associates Ray Rennahan and Wilfred M. Cline. The film was a success, also winning awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress and Supporting Actress. Working closely with Bette Davis and earning two nominations for photographing her in \"Jezebel\" and \"All This, and Heaven Too\", Haller also developed a strong relationship with Joan Crawford. He","title":"Ernest Haller"},{"id":"5650474","text":"outside the United States. Best Actor winner Michael Douglas became the second person to win Oscars for both acting and producing; he previously won a Best Picture award as co-producer of \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The award honors “creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high quality of motion picture production.” The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. In view of the 60th anniversary of the Academy Awards, the Academy hired film producer Samuel Goldwyn","title":"60th Academy Awards"},{"id":"1495132","text":"cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the second tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists and Universal. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was a horizontally integrated company. It controlled production and distribution; it did not own any theaters. Helping Columbia's climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra. Between 1927 and 1939, Capra constantly pushed Cohn for better material and bigger budgets. A string of hits he directed in the early and mid 1930s solidified Columbia's status as a major studio. In particular, \"It Happened One Night\", which nearly swept","title":"Columbia Pictures"},{"id":"696133","text":"1980, Howard made his directing debut with the 1977 low-budget comedy/action film \"Grand Theft Auto\". This came after cutting a deal with Roger Corman, wherein Corman let Howard direct a film in exchange for Howard starring in \"Eat My Dust!\", with Christopher Norris. Howard went on to direct several TV movies. His big theatrical break came in 1982, with \"Night Shift\", featuring Michael Keaton, Shelley Long, and Henry Winkler. He has since directed a number of high-visibility films, including \"Splash\", \"Cocoon\", \"Willow\", \"Parenthood\", \"Backdraft\", \"Apollo 13\", \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", \"A Beautiful Mind\" (for which he won the Academy","title":"Ron Howard"},{"id":"5401460","text":"of Life\", a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio. Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of \"A Star Is Born\". He was nominated as best director three times, for \"A Star Is Born\", \"Battleground\" and \"The High and Mighty\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.","title":"William A. Wellman"},{"id":"251696","text":"Christ\" (1988), the crime film \"Goodfellas\" (1990), the psychological thriller \"Cape Fear\" (1991) and the crime film \"Casino\" (1995), some of which he collaborated on with actor and close friend Robert De Niro. Scorsese has also been noted for his successful collaborations with actor Leonardo DiCaprio, having directed him in five films, beginning with \"Gangs of New York\" (2002) and most recently \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" (2013). Their third film together, \"The Departed\" (2006), won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the film winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous","title":"Martin Scorsese"},{"id":"18036918","text":"nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. \"Birdman\" was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since \"Ordinary People\" (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming \"Gravity\". At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on \"Gravity\"","title":"87th Academy Awards"},{"id":"1508399","text":"trois\" with Fredric March and Gary Cooper. She also had success during the remainder of the decade with the romantic comedy \"The Richest Girl in the World\" (1934), the historical drama \"Becky Sharp\" (1935), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, \"Barbary Coast\" (1935), \"These Three\" (1936) (the first of four films with director William Wyler), and \"The Old Maid\" (1939). Hopkins was one of the first actresses approached to play the role of Ellie Andrews in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934). However, she rejected the part, and Claudette Colbert was cast, instead. She did","title":"Miriam Hopkins"},{"id":"2582221","text":"Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and \"Tootsie\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known works include \"Jeremiah Johnson\" (1972), \"The Way We Were\" (1973), \"Three Days of the Condor\"","title":"Sydney Pollack"},{"id":"3060301","text":"was settled, with Warner Bros. and Fogerty changing the title and lyric to \"Vanz Kant Danz\". Zaentz lost on the copyright issue when a jury found Fogerty not liable. Fogerty in turn claimed the label misled him about investing and managing his earnings from royalties, resulting in a devastating financial loss. Years later, when Zaentz sold his interest in Fantasy, Fogerty almost immediately re-signed with the label. Zaentz received the Best Picture Oscar for three films, two of them directed by Miloš Forman—\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975) and \"Amadeus\" (1984)—as well as for \"The English Patient\" (1996), directed","title":"Saul Zaentz"},{"id":"3813017","text":"played non-speaking roles. By the 1930s, Flowers was in constant demand. Her appearances ranged from Alfred Hitchcock and John Ford thrillers to comedic roles alongside of Charley Chase, the Three Stooges, Leon Errol, Edgar Kennedy, and Laurel and Hardy. She appeared in the following five films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture: \"It Happened One Night\", \"You Can't Take it with You\", \"All About Eve\", \"The Greatest Show on Earth\", and \"Around the World in Eighty Days\". In each of these movies, Flowers was uncredited. Including these five movies, she had appeared in twenty-three Best Picture nominees in","title":"Bess Flowers"},{"id":"371470","text":"World War II film \"Saving Private Ryan\", about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's \"Armageddon\"). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"18088059","text":"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick directed 13 feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career, from \"Day of the Fight\" in 1951 to \"Eyes Wide Shut\" in 1999. Many of Kubrick's films were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globes, but his only personal win of an Academy Award was for his work as director of special effects on \"\". Two scholarly books that are comparative critical studies of Kubrick's work discuss \"A.I.\" and even list it in their filmography. A book on the making of the film with a foreword by Spielberg","title":"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick"},{"id":"360413","text":"notoriety among actors, many of Kubrick's films broke new ground in cinematography. The scientific realism and innovative special effects of \"\" (1968) were without precedent in the history of cinema, and the film earned him his only personal Oscar, for Best Visual Effects. Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation's \"big bang\", and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film \"Barry Lyndon\" (1975), Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, to film scenes under natural candlelight. With \"The Shining\" (1980), he became one of the first directors","title":"Stanley Kubrick"},{"id":"694727","text":"Fair Lady\" and \"Camelot\". \"Gigi\" was a box-office and critical success which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. From it came several hit songs, including \"Thank Heaven For Little Girls\", \"I Remember It Well\", the \"Waltz at Maxim's\", and the Oscar-winning title song. The film was the last MGM musical to win a Best Picture Oscar, an honor that had previously gone to \"The Broadway Melody\" (1929), \"The Great Ziegfeld\" (1936), and \"An American in Paris\" (1951). The very last musical film produced by the \"Freed Unit\" was an adaptation of the Broadway musical \"Bells Are Ringing\" (1960) with","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"2296704","text":"Tony awards. This collection of all four is referred to as an \"EGOT\". He is one of only two people to have won those four prizes and a Pulitzer Prize (Richard Rodgers is the other). He is one of ten people to win three or more Oscars in one night and the only one other than a director or screenwriter to do so. Hamlisch also won two Golden Globes. He earned ten Golden Globe Award nominations, winning twice for Best Original Song, with \"Life Is What You Make It\" in 1972 and \"The Way We Were\" in 1974. He also","title":"Marvin Hamlisch"},{"id":"7349311","text":"1937 (\"The Good Earth\"), and Spencer Tracy in 1937 (\"Captains Courageous\") and 1938 (\"Boys Town\"). The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\". As the special effects director and designer for \"\", Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win. Cliff Robertson's performance in \"Charly\" was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. When he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, it engendered some controversy: less than two weeks after the ceremony, \"TIME\" mentioned","title":"41st Academy Awards"},{"id":"720667","text":"director in history to receive this award, at the age of 32 for his work on \"La La Land\". Two directing teams have shared the award; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for \"West Side Story\" in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for \"No Country for Old Men\" in 2007. The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award. Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award, for 2009's \"The Hurt Locker\". As of the 2018 ceremony, Guillermo del Toro is the most recent winner in this category for his work on \"The Shape","title":"Academy Award for Best Director"},{"id":"7301519","text":"ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. \"Crash\" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's \"Rocky\" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his","title":"78th Academy Awards"},{"id":"2389873","text":"film festivals. Most notably he won the Best Director award at Cannes for \"Naked\" in 1993 and the \"Palme d'Or\" in 1996 for \"Secrets & Lies\". He won the Leone d'Oro for the best film at the International Venice Film Festival in 2004 with \"Vera Drake\". He has been nominated for the Academy Award seven times, twice each for \"Secrets & Lies\" and \"Vera Drake\" (Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing) and once for \"Topsy-Turvy\", \"Happy-Go-Lucky\", and \"Another Year\" (Best Original Screenplay only). He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. Leigh was selected","title":"Mike Leigh"},{"id":"4950076","text":"Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Anna and the King of Siam\" (1946), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"The King and I\" (1956) and \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936 he was hired by David O. Selznick to work as a set designer for Selznick's motion picture production company. Wheeler proved to be a creative genius","title":"Lyle R. Wheeler"},{"id":"1474677","text":"1934 in film The following is an overview of 1934 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths. The 7th Academy Awards was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. For the first time, the Academy standardized the practice – still in effect – that the award eligibility period for a film would be the preceding calendar year. Most nominations: \"One Night of Love\" (Columbia Pictures) - 6 Major Awards Most Awards: \"It Happened One Night\" - 5 \"It Happened","title":"1934 in film"},{"id":"898016","text":"Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, where he directed ten actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for \"Sons of Liberty\" and once as Best Director for \"Casablanca\". Curtiz introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles.","title":"Michael Curtiz"},{"id":"12358231","text":"Academy Award for Best Director. In 2013, he was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Lee next directed \"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\" based on the novel of the same name. It was his first film since winning the Oscar for Best Director for \"Life of Pi\". The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike. In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to","title":"Ang Lee"},{"id":"898085","text":"epics in Europe, called him \"Warner Brothers' greatest director.\" He directed 10 actors to Oscar nominations: Paul Muni, John Garfield, James Cagney, Walter Huston, Humphrey Bogart, Claude Raines, Joan Crawford, Ann Blyth, Eve Arden, and William Powell. Cagney and Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction, with Cagney on TV later attributing part of his success to \"the unforgettable Michael Curtiz.\" Curtiz himself was nominated five times and won as Best Director for \"Casablanca\". He earned a reputation as a harsh taskmaster to his actors, as he micromanaged every detail on the set. With his background as director","title":"Michael Curtiz"},{"id":"723433","text":"considered too long, it was nominated for an Academy Award. Movie historian James Harvey notes that in some respects \"It's a Wonderful World\" is an even more accomplished film –the comedy counterpart to the supremely assured and high-spirited work Van Dyke had accomplished with \"San Francisco\" (1936). \"Ben Hecht, another speed specialist, wrote the screenplay (from a story by Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz); it's in his \"Front Page\" vein, with admixtures of \"It Happened One Night\" and \"Bringing Up Baby\", as well as surprising adumbrations of the nineteen-forties private-eye film. \"Angels Over Broadway\" was one of only two movies he","title":"Ben Hecht"},{"id":"4769","text":"\"Ran\" for competition to a misunderstanding: because of the Academy's arcane rules, no one was sure whether \"Ran\" qualified as a \"Japanese\" film, a \"French\" film (due to its financing), or both, so it was not submitted at all. In response to what at least appeared to be a blatant snub by his own countrymen, the director Sidney Lumet led a successful campaign to have Kurosawa receive an Oscar nomination for Best Director that year (Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award for directing \"Out of Africa\"). \"Ran\"s costume designer, Emi Wada, won the movie's only Oscar. \"Kagemusha\" and \"Ran\", particularly","title":"Akira Kurosawa"},{"id":"2582232","text":"his ashes were scattered along the runway at the Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles. Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and \"Tootsie\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known","title":"Sydney Pollack"},{"id":"545660","text":"dying. Huston agreed, and the ending was rewritten. It became Huston's most successful film financially, and \"it remains one of his finest works.\" Huston was nominated for two Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Bogart, meanwhile, won his only Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Charlie Allnut. Hepburn wrote about her experiences shooting the film in her memoir, \"The Making of the African Queen: Or How I went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall, and Huston and almost lost my mind\". Clint Eastwood directed and starred in the film \"White Hunter, Black Heart\", based on Peter Viertel's novel","title":"John Huston"},{"id":"524951","text":"character traits for Raymond. Denby noted: \"Hoffman, looking suddenly older and smaller, has developed a small shuffling walk for Raymond, with shoulder bent. His eyes don't make contact with anyone else's, and he flattens his voice to a dry nasal bark.\" \"Rain Man\" won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Hoffman, and Best Director for Barry Levinson. Having worked closely with Hoffman for two years on filming, Levinson offered some opinions about his skill as an actor: After \"Rain Man\", Hoffman appeared with Sean Connery and Matthew Broderick in \"Family Business\" (1989), directed by Sidney Lumet. The","title":"Dustin Hoffman"},{"id":"4652880","text":"performances in films directed by the same person. She first won in that same category for her role in Woody Allen's 1986 film \"Hannah and Her Sisters\". \"Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life\" and \"Trevor\"s joint win in the Best Live Action Short category marked the fifth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Despite earning critical praise for","title":"67th Academy Awards"},{"id":"1687710","text":"Robert Zemeckis Robert Lee Zemeckis (; born May 14, 1952) is an American film director, film producer, and screenwriter frequently credited as an innovator in visual effects. He first came to public attention in the 1980s as the director of \"Romancing the Stone\" (1984) and the science-fiction comedy \"Back to the Future\" film trilogy, as well as the live-action/animated comedy \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\" (1988). In the 1990s he directed \"Death Becomes Her\" and then diversified into more dramatic fare, including 1994's \"Forrest Gump\", for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director. The film itself won Best Picture.","title":"Robert Zemeckis"},{"id":"371467","text":"effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \"Schindler's List\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \"Schindler's List\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg","title":"Steven Spielberg"},{"id":"539334","text":"Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in \"Unforgiven\", Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in \"Mystic River\", and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in \"Million Dollar Baby\". On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from","title":"Clint Eastwood"},{"id":"3617318","text":"was unable to shake off its stigma as a Poverty Row studio until 1934, when director Frank Capra's Columbia comedy \"It Happened One Night\" swept the Academy Awards. Exhibitors who formerly wouldn't touch Columbia product became steady customers. As a horizontally integrated company that only controlled production and distribution, Columbia had previously been at the mercy of theater owners. Columbia expanded its scope to offer moviegoers a regular program of economically made features, short subjects, serials, travelogues, sports reels, and cartoons. Columbia would release a few \"class\" productions each year (\"Lost Horizon\", \"Holiday\", \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\",\"The Jolson Story\",","title":"Harry Cohn"},{"id":"7349037","text":"nominations in a single acting category). Between the two of them, father and son Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola won four awards, with Carmine winning for Best Original Dramatic Score (with Nino Rota) and Francis for Picture, Director, and Best Screenplay Adapted from Other Material (with Mario Puzo). This was the only Oscars where all nominees in one category were released by the same studio: all five Best Costume Design nominations were for films released by Paramount Pictures. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). These films had multiple nominations: The following films","title":"47th Academy Awards"},{"id":"19313451","text":"Tony wins. At the age of thirty-two years and thirty-eight days, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was only two hundred and twenty-two days older than Chazelle when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy \"Skippy\". Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for \"Hacksaw Ridge\". \"Moonlight\"s Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for \"12 Years a Slave\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double","title":"89th Academy Awards"},{"id":"3928237","text":"Robert Stevenson (director) Robert Edward Stevenson (31 March 1905 – 30 April 1986) was an English film writer and director. After directing a number of British films, including \"King Solomon's Mines\" (1937), he was given a contract by David O. Selznick and moved to Hollywood in the 1940s. He ended up directing 19 films for the Walt Disney Company in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, becoming the most commercially successful director in the history of film. Stevenson is best remembered for directing the Julie Andrews musical \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), for which Andrews won the Academy Award for Best Actress and","title":"Robert Stevenson (director)"},{"id":"11838408","text":"it then, but I was meeting the Barry Fitzgerald character in \"Going My Way.\"\" When Msgr. Conneally died in 1949, a newspaper wrote: \"Mr. McCarey said that the monsignor was a frequent visitor at his home. The priest's many anecdotes about his work in the parish and St. Monica's School gave the director the idea it would make a good film story. It did.\" \"Going My Way\" won seven Academy Awards including best picture, director, original story, original screenplay, song (\"Swinging on a Star\"), actor (Bing Crosby) and supporting actor (Fitzgerald in the role of the older priest). In 2004,","title":"St. Monica Catholic Church (Santa Monica, California)"},{"id":"541559","text":"Sky\", was released posthumously and won a Best Actress Oscar for Jessica Lange. \"sources: Adler; Little & McLaughlin; Richardson\" Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \"Tony\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \"Tom Jones\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \"The Hotel New Hampshire\" (1984) and his final film \"Blue Sky\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville","title":"Tony Richardson"},{"id":"14924551","text":"Verne Mason Verne Rheem Mason (August 8, 1889 – November 16, 1965) was an eminent American internist and associate of Howard Hughes. Mason was chairman of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's medical advisory committee. Born at Wapello, Iowa, in 1889, Mason received a B.S. from University of California, Berkeley, in 1911, and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1915. As a medical resident at Hopkins in 1922 Mason gave the disease sickle cell anemia its name. When motion picture director Frank Capra fell ill with a mysterious fever after completing \"It Happened One Night\", Columbia Pictures chief Harry Cohn","title":"Verne Mason"},{"id":"2796400","text":"deserved his Oscars for \"The Deer Hunter\": \"It seemed in the spring of 1979, following the Oscar ceremony, there was a sense in the industry that if the Academy could have taken back their votes — which saw \"The Deer Hunter\" and director Michael Cimino winning for Best Picture and Best Director — they would have done so.\" Peter Biskind described Cimino in relation to \"The Deer Hunter\" as \"our first, home-grown fascist director, our own Leni Riefenstahl\". Cimino was known for giving exaggerated, misleading and conflicting (or simply tongue-in-cheek) stories about himself, his background and his filmmaking experiences. \"When","title":"Michael Cimino"},{"id":"2727155","text":"presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon. Bond died three days before Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon. Bond appears in more of the films on both the original and the tenth anniversary edition of the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies lists than any other actor, albeit always as a supporting player: \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), \"Bringing Up Baby\" (1938), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1940), \"The Maltese Falcon\" (1941), \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946), and \"The Searchers\" (1956). Bond is also in 13 films that were nominated for the Academy Award for Best","title":"Ward Bond"},{"id":"13275775","text":"1945 and was assigned to rebuild the Bavaria Film Studios. From 1951 he was working for United Artists and was responsible for the movie rental in Europe and South Africa. He also started to produce movies himself. In 1973 he became president of United Artists. Under his presidency United Artists won the Academy Award (\"Oscar\") for the best picture three years in a row (1975: \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", 1976: \"Rocky\", 1977: \"Annie Hall\"). In 1978, Pleskow left United Artists and built up Orion Pictures, which he directed until 1992. Their greatest successes under his management were \"Amadeus\",","title":"Eric Pleskow"},{"id":"4950080","text":"Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles. The art direction of Lyle Wheeler was often recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Anna and the King of Siam\" (1946), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"The King and I\" (1956) and \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936","title":"Lyle R. Wheeler"},{"id":"720250","text":"drama \"Brubaker\" (1980), playing a prison warden attempting to reform the system, and the baseball drama \"The Natural\" (1984). Redford continued his involvement in mainstream Hollywood movies, though with a newfound focus on directing. The first film he directed, \"Ordinary People\", which followed the disintegration of an upper-class American family after the death of a son, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, including Best Director for Redford himself, and Best Picture. His follow-up directorial project, \"The Milagro Beanfield War\" (1987), failed to generate the same level of attention. Sydney Pollack's","title":"Robert Redford"},{"id":"723260","text":"Lewis Milestone Lewis Milestone (born Leib Milstein; September 30, 1895 – September 25, 1980) was a Russian-born American motion picture director. He is known for directing \"Two Arabian Knights\" (1927) and \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" (1930), both of which received Academy Awards for Best Director. He also directed \"The Front Page\" (1931 – nomination), \"The General Died at Dawn\" (1936), \"Of Mice and Men\" (1939), \"Ocean's 11\" (1960), and received the directing credit for \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" (1962), though Marlon Brando largely appropriated his responsibilities during its production. Milestone was born in Kishinev, in the Bessarabia Governorate","title":"Lewis Milestone"},{"id":"2394632","text":"Only one person had previously achieved the dubious feat (Alan Menken in 1993), and only one other (Sandra Bullock in 2010) has achieved it since. He accepted the Razzie and became only the fourth person in its history to be personally presented with the statuette. He keeps the statues of both the Oscar and the Razzie on his mantle as \"a reminder of Hollywood's idealistic nature and unrealistic expectations.\" Helgeland wrote and directed the films \"A Knight's Tale\" (2001), \"The Order\" (2003) and \"42\" (2013). He has worked with director Clint Eastwood twice, in 2002 on\" Blood Work\", and in","title":"Brian Helgeland"},{"id":"9646545","text":"to win the award for the same film. Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise first accomplished this feat for co-directing 1961's \"West Side Story\". This was also the second time in Oscar history (the first being 1964's 37th Academy Awards) that none of the four acting winners was American. Daniel Day-Lewis became the eighth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Actress winner Marion Cotillard was the fifth person to win for a non-English speaking performance and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category, after Sophia Loren who won for 1961's \"Two Women\". Cate Blanchett became the eleventh","title":"80th Academy Awards"},{"id":"539333","text":"has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (\"Unforgiven\" and \"Million Dollar Baby\") the other being Warren Beatty (\"Heaven Can Wait\" and \"Reds\"). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with","title":"Clint Eastwood"},{"id":"730849","text":"Warren Beatty Henry Warren Beatty (\"né\" Beaty; born March 30, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for fourteen Academy Awards – four for Best Actor, four for Best Picture, two for Best Director, three for Original Screenplay, and one for Adapted Screenplay – winning Best Director for \"Reds\" (1981). Beatty is the only person to have been nominated for acting in, directing, writing, and producing the same film, and he did so twice: first for \"Heaven Can Wait\" (with Buck Henry as co-director), and again with \"Reds\". Eight of the films he has produced have","title":"Warren Beatty"},{"id":"12258012","text":"You Know\" in 2010, but does not consider himself to be retired. He has also directed three films, including \"The Two Jakes\" (1990), the sequel to \"Chinatown\". Nicholson's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice - one for the drama \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), and the other for the romantic comedy \"As Good as It Gets\" (1997). He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama \"Terms of Endearment\" (1983). Nicholson is one of three","title":"Jack Nicholson"},{"id":"541550","text":"Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \"Tony\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \"Tom Jones\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \"The Hotel New Hampshire\" (1984) and his final film \"Blue Sky\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford, where his contemporaries included Rupert Murdoch, Margaret Thatcher, Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson","title":"Tony Richardson"},{"id":"723338","text":"\"Mrs. Miniver\". He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976. Among those who thanked him for directing","title":"William Wyler"},{"id":"14293022","text":"televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron and directed by Don Mischer. Actor Seth MacFarlane hosted the show for the first time. In related events, the Academy held its 4th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on December 1, 2012. On February 9, 2013, in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Chris Pine and Zoe Saldana. \"Life of Pi\" won four awards including Best Director for Ang Lee. \"Argo\"","title":"85th Academy Awards"},{"id":"2117956","text":"Barry Levinson Barry Levinson (born April 6, 1942) is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor. Levinson's best-known works are mid-budget comedy-drama and drama films such as \"Diner\" (1982); \"The Natural\" (1984); \"Good Morning, Vietnam\" (1987); \"Bugsy\" (1991); and \"Wag the Dog\" (1997). He won the Academy Award for Best Director for \"Rain Man\" (1988) which also won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Levinson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Violet \"Vi\" (née Krichinsky) and Irvin Levinson, who worked in the furniture and appliance business. His family is of Russian Jewish descent. Levinson's first writing work was for","title":"Barry Levinson"},{"id":"11707734","text":"James Poe James Poe (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter. He is best known for his work on the movies \"Around the World in 80 Days\" for which he jointly won an Academy Award in 1956, \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\", \"Summer and Smoke\", \"Lilies of the Field\", and \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\". He also worked as a writer on the radio shows \"Escape\" and \"Suspense\", writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably \"Three Skeleton Key\", \"Blood Bath\" and \"The Present Tense\", all of which starred","title":"James Poe"},{"id":"723301","text":"William Wyler William Wyler (; born Willi Wyler (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was an American film director, producer and screenwriter. Notable works include \"Ben-Hur\" (1959), \"The Best Years of Our Lives\" (1946), and \"Mrs. Miniver\" (1942), all of which won Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture in their respective years, making him the only director of three Best Picture winners as of 2018. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing \"Dodsworth\" in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, \"sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness.\" Film historian","title":"William Wyler"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"618782\",\n \"text\": \"failure of \\\"Taking Off\\\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\"), it firmly established\",\n \"title\": \"Miloš Forman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6763275\",\n \"text\": \"His first collaboration with director Frank Capra was the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle \\\"The Miracle Woman\\\" (1931). Riskin wrote several films for Columbia, but it was his string of hits with Capra that brought him acclaim. Riskin received Academy Award nominations for his screenplays and stories for five Capra films: \\\"Lady for a Day\\\" (1933), which Riskin had adapted from a Damon Runyon short story; \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), for which he won the Oscar\\\"; Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\\\" (1936) with Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur; \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\" (1938) with Lionel Barrymore and James Stewart;\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Riskin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145397\",\n \"text\": \"the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status.\\\" During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin (husband of Fay Wray), and cameraman Joseph Walker. In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's \\\"most admired writer-director team.\\\" Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Capra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552398\",\n \"text\": \"1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was released just four months prior to that enforcement. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" is the first of only three films (the other two being \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\") to win all five major Academy Awards : Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1993, \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". In 2013, the\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"618776\",\n \"text\": \"for the United States, two of his films, \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975) and \\\"Amadeus\\\" (1984), acquired particular renown, and both gained him an Academy Award for Best Director. \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" became the second film to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Leading Role, Actress in Leading Role, Director, and Screenplay) after \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934—an accomplishment not repeated until 1991, by \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\". Forman was also nominated for a Best Director Oscar for \\\"The People vs. Larry Flynt\\\" (1996). He also won Golden Globe,\",\n \"title\": \"Miloš Forman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"718288\",\n \"text\": \"Claudette Colbert Claudette Colbert (pronounced \\\"Coal-BEAR\\\"; born Émilie Claudette Chauchoin; September 13, 1903 – July 30, 1996) was an American stage and film actress and a leading lady in Hollywood for over two decades, and has been called \\\"The mixture of inimitable beauty, sophistication, wit, and vivacity\\\". Colbert began her career in Broadway productions during the late 1920s and progressed to motion pictures with the advent of sound film. Initially associated with Paramount Pictures, she gradually shifted to working as a freelance actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), and received two\",\n \"title\": \"Claudette Colbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"216532\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), and was looking for the right actor to suit his needs—other recent actors in Capra's films such as Clark Gable, Ronald Colman, and Gary Cooper did not quite fit. Not only was Stewart just what he was looking for, but Capra also found Stewart understood that archetype intuitively and required very little directing. Later Capra commented, \\\"I think he's probably the best actor who's ever hit the screen.\\\" \\\"You Can't Take It With You\\\", starring Capra's \\\"favorite actress\\\", comedian Jean Arthur, won the 1938 Best Picture Academy Award. The following year saw Stewart work with\",\n \"title\": \"James Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"523817\",\n \"text\": \"Clark Gable William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor and military officer, often referred to as \\\"The King of Hollywood\\\". He began his career appearing as an extra in silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1930. The next year, he landed his first leading Hollywood role, and over the next three decades, he was a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures. Gable won an Academy Award for Best Actor for \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), and was nominated\",\n \"title\": \"Clark Gable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145380\",\n \"text\": \"from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\" (1938), and \\\"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\\\" (1939); Capra was nominated as Best Director and as producer for Academy Award for Best Picture on all three films, winning both awards on the first two. During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the \\\"Why We Fight\\\" series. After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, such as \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946), performed poorly when\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Capra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13134130\",\n \"text\": \"was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director and Screenplay) following \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 with \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\". It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards. In 1993, the film was deemed \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm\",\n \"title\": \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650259\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Big Five\\\" major categories for picture, directing, lead acting performances, and screenwriting. The other two films to achieve this feat were 1934's \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and 1975's \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eleventh person to win the aforementioned category twice and at the age of 28, became only the second person after Luise Rainer to win two Academy Awards before the age of 30. \\\"Boyz n the Hood\\\"'s John Singleton became the first African-American to be\",\n \"title\": \"64th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552413\",\n \"text\": \"Cohn sent someone to \\\"drag her off\\\" the train, which had not yet left the station, and take her to the ceremony. Colbert arrived wearing a two-piece traveling suit which she had the Paramount Pictures costume designer, Travis Banton, make for her trip. The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was the first film to win the \\\"Big Five\\\" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Writing). , only two other films have achieved this feat: \\\"One\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371527\",\n \"text\": \"Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for \\\"Dangerous\\\" (1935) and \\\"Jezebel\\\" (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934). Spielberg is a major collector of the work of American illustrator and painter Norman Rockwell. A collection of 57 Rockwell paintings and drawings owned by Spielberg and fellow Rockwell collector and film director George Lucas were displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum July 2,\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552414\",\n \"text\": \"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1975 and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" in 1991. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1975. On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500; Spielberg promptly donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy. On June 9 of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's, but no bids were made for it. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \\\"It Happened One\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694712\",\n \"text\": \"Jean Harlow, who had previously appeared in the Howard Hughes film \\\"Hell's Angels\\\", now had a big break and became one of MGM's most admired stars, as well. Despite Miss Harlow's gain, Garbo still was a big star for MGM. Shearer was still a money maker despite screen appearances becoming scarce, and Crawford continued her box-office power until 1937. MGM also received a boost through the man who would become \\\"King of Hollywood\\\", Clark Gable. Gable's career took off to new heights after he won an Oscar for the 1934 Columbia film \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". Mayer and Irving Thalberg's\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18102973\",\n \"text\": \"comedy \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \\\"wonderfully aggravated\\\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \\\"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\\\" (1936) and \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \\\"Crime on Their Hands\\\" (1948).\",\n \"title\": \"Charles C. Wilson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8246910\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934)—receiving an Academy Award for the latter film. As an owner of race horses and a regular at tracks, Riskin was able to effectively capture the atmosphere and dynamics of horse racing and the types of characters common to that environment, such as jockeys, stable hands, and gamblers. While filming at Tanforan Race Track, Capra became dissatisfied with the happy ending of the original script, wanting instead a more bittersweet and ambivalent ending comment on the American success ethic. With Riskin on vacation in Europe and unavailable, Capra invited former Paramount screenwriter Sidney Buchman to\",\n \"title\": \"Broadway Bill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"719159\",\n \"text\": \"date, describing Capra's treatment as \\\"a kinship with his audience, a sense of common life, a morality\\\". \\\"Variety\\\" noted \\\"a sometimes too thin structure [that] the players and director Frank Capra have contrived to convert ... into fairly sturdy substance\\\". This was the first Capra film to be released separately to exhibitors and not \\\"bundled\\\" with other Columbia features. On paper, it was his biggest hit, easily surpassing \\\"It Happened One Night.\\\" It was the 7th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36. Capra won his second Academy Award for Best Director in 1936 for \\\"Mr. Deeds\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7348879\",\n \"text\": \"Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia. The following year, the two events were again on the same night.) Miloš Forman's \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" made a \\\"clean sweep\\\" of the major categories: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Adapted). It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep, following \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934 and preceding \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" in 1991. French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year, making Adjani, 20 at the time, the youngest\",\n \"title\": \"48th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552397\",\n \"text\": \"It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The plot is based on the August 1933 short story \\\"Night Bus\\\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. Classified as a \\\"pre-Code\\\" production, the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPAA began rigidly enforcing the\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9180701\",\n \"text\": \"studio, and they tried to exclude its title from any publicity about Davis. Although her nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress was considered a sure thing by many, she was ignored in favor of Grace Moore for \\\"One Night of Love\\\", Norma Shearer for \\\"The Barretts of Wimpole Street\\\", and eventual winner Claudette Colbert for \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". Angry voters ignored the nominees on their ballots and wrote in Davis's name, and it was later announced that she had come in third after Colbert and Shearer. Price Waterhouse was hired to count the votes and initiated the\",\n \"title\": \"Of Human Bondage (1934 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9267673\",\n \"text\": \"worked on the film since 1930 when he assigned three different writers to come up with three different treatments. By 1931 Thalberg had decided on the one storyline and spent the next four years working on a script with two dozen writers, half a dozen directors and three supervisors. Gable had several temper tantrums on the set, which were tolerated by MGM studio chief Louis B. Mayer because the star had recently won an Academy Award for Best Actor in \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) on a loan-out to Columbia Pictures, and he did not want to risk losing him.\",\n \"title\": \"China Seas (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8115589\",\n \"text\": \"7th Academy Awards The 7th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1934, was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. Frank Capra's influential romantic comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" became the first film to perform a \\\"clean sweep\\\" of the top five award categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay. This feat would later be duplicated by \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" in 1976 and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\" in 1992. It also was the first romantic comedy\",\n \"title\": \"7th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8247966\",\n \"text\": \"at the USC School of Cinema-Television. Saxon is arguably best known for the film \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\", which is, to date, the third and last film to sweep the five main categories of Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. (The others are \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\".) Formerly Jonathan Demme's producing partner, his films include \\\"Beloved\\\", \\\"Ulee's Gold\\\", \\\"That Thing You Do!\\\", \\\"The Truth About Charlie\\\", \\\"Married to the Mob\\\", \\\"Miami Blues\\\" and \\\"Philadelphia\\\". After parting ways with Demme, Saxon produced Charlie Kaufman\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Saxon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10753888\",\n \"text\": \"You Can't Run Away from It You Can't Run Away from It is a 1956 Technicolor and CinemaScope musical comedy starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon. Directed and produced by Dick Powell, the film is a remake of the 1934 Academy Award-winning film \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". The supporting cast features Charles Bickford, Jim Backus, Stubby Kaye, Jack Albertson and Howard McNear. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" had also been remade as a musical comedy in 1945 as \\\"Eve Knew Her Apples\\\". Because she married an international playboy, Ellie Andrews (June Allyson) is kidnapped by her own father, Texas cattleman A.\",\n \"title\": \"You Can't Run Away from It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1026584\",\n \"text\": \"The airport was used in the filming of \\\"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, World\\\" in 1963. The airport closed by 1965-66, and the land remained empty until 1991 when Shapell Industries constructed Rancho Conejo Village homes. The former site is northwest of the intersection of Lawrence Drive and Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park. Due to the temperate climate and relatively close proximity to the studios in Hollywood, a number of movies and television series have been filmed in Thousand Oaks. Thousand Oaks Boulevard can for instance be seen in the Oscar-winning film \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), while\",\n \"title\": \"Thousand Oaks, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9718331\",\n \"text\": \"Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". The film won all five top Academy Awards including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Goldman. This was the first film to win the top five awards since Frank Capra's \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" in 1934. For his work on the film Goldman also received the Writers Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award. He next wrote \\\"The Rose\\\" (1979), which was nominated for four Academy Awards. This was followed by his original screenplay \\\"Melvin and Howard\\\" (1980) which garnered Goldman his second Oscar, second Writers Guild Award, and the New York Film\",\n \"title\": \"Bo Goldman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20249325\",\n \"text\": \"Victoria Riskin Victoria Riskin (born November 18, 1945) is an American author, psychologist, television writer and producer, and human rights activist. Riskin was born in the Bel-Air suburb of Los Angeles, the daughter of Academy Award-winning screenwriter Robert Riskin, whose films include It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and Lost Horizon (1937), and actress Fay Wray, best known for her role as Ann Darrow in King Kong (1933). She is the author of a forthcoming memoir and dual biography, Fay Wray and Robert Riskin: A Hollywood Memoir, to be released by Pantheon on February 26,\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Riskin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11000103\",\n \"text\": \"Roscoe Karns Roscoe Karns (September 7, 1891 – February 6, 1970) was an American actor who appeared in nearly 150 films between 1915 and 1964. He specialized in cynical, wise-cracking (and often tipsy) characters, and his rapid-fire delivery enlivened many comedies and crime thrillers in the 1930s and 1940s. Though he appeared in numerous silent films, such as \\\"Wings\\\" and \\\"Beggars of Life\\\", his career didn't really take off until sound arrived. Arguably his best-known film role was the annoying bus passenger Oscar Shapeley, who tries to pick up Claudette Colbert in the Oscar-winning comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934),\",\n \"title\": \"Roscoe Karns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4312340\",\n \"text\": \"made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with \\\"Daddy\\\", a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher. Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit \\\"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin\\\" (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic \\\"It Happened One Night\\\". Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust. Her most well-known films in the 1990s included \\\"Sadak\\\" opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), \\\"Junoon\\\", \\\"Jaanam\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Pooja Bhatt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552416\",\n \"text\": \"In the film, a minor character, Oscar Shapely, continually calls the Gable character \\\"Doc\\\", an imaginary character named \\\"Bugs Dooley\\\" is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely, and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full, as Bugs does. The film has inspired a number of remakes, including the musicals \\\"Eve Knew Her Apples\\\" (1945) starring Ann Miller and \\\"You Can't Run Away from It\\\" (1956) starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon, which was directed and produced by Dick Powell. \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" was adapted as a radio play\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1756442\",\n \"text\": \"(Worst Director). Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend: Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, and Sandra Bullock in 2010, although all three for different films. Two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco (\\\"Only When I Laugh\\\") and Amy Irving (\\\"Yentl\\\"). Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s \\\"The Jazz Singer\\\", was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role. The Aerosmith song \\\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\\\", as part of the original soundtrack to the 1998 film \\\"Armageddon\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Golden Raspberry Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552412\",\n \"text\": \"initial run. However, after it was released to the secondary movie houses, word-of-mouth began to spread and ticket sales became brisk, especially in smaller towns where the film's characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury. It turned out to be a major box office smash, easily Columbia's biggest hit to date. In 1935, after her Academy Award nomination, Colbert decided not to attend the presentation, feeling confident that she would not win the award, and instead, planned to take a cross-country railroad trip. After she was named the winner, studio chief Harry\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"710094\",\n \"text\": \"Actress but lost to Katharine Hepburn in \\\"Morning Glory\\\", and Robert Riskin lost the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay to Sarah Y. Mason and Victor Heerman for \\\"Little Women\\\". Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, \\\"Come up and get it, Frank!\\\" Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \\\"Cavalcade\\\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.\",\n \"title\": \"Lady for a Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18713215\",\n \"text\": \"Oscars, \\\"Spotlight\\\" was the first film since 1952's \\\"The Greatest Show on Earth\\\" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's \\\"Rocky\\\", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for \\\"Gravity\\\" and \\\"Birdman\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"88th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8616530\",\n \"text\": \"Lowell Sherman Lowell J. Sherman (October 11, 1888 – December 28, 1934) was an American actor and film director. In an unusual practice for the time, he served as both actor and director on several films in the early 1930s. He later turned exclusively to directing. Having scored huge successes directing the films \\\"She Done Him Wrong\\\" (starring Mae West) and \\\"Morning Glory\\\" (which won Katharine Hepburn her first Academy Award), he was at the height of his career when he died after a brief illness. Born in San Francisco in 1888 to John Sherman and Julia Louise Gray(1870-1956), who\",\n \"title\": \"Lowell Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5874113\",\n \"text\": \"sci-fi war film \\\"Rogue One\\\", directed by Gareth Edwards. It is a prequel to the 1977 classic \\\"Star Wars\\\". Gilroy shared writing duties with fellow filmmaker Chris Weitz. Gilroy's directorial debut was in 2007, when he directed the film \\\"Michael Clayton\\\", which his brother John Gilroy edited. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. In addition to its Edgar Award, the film won one Oscar, for Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton). The film was a box-office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide. He also wrote and directed his next film, \\\"Duplicity\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Gilroy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12852811\",\n \"text\": \"Best Picture winners: \\\"The Broadway Melody\\\" (1929), \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) and \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\" (1938). Late in his career, Kane made a few appearances on television including the role of Mr. Monahan, Ralph Kramden's Gotham Bus Company boss on \\\"The Honeymooners\\\". Kane retired after the 1950s and died of a heart attack at his home in Los Angeles in 1969. List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners Eddie Kane Eddie Kane (August 12, 1889 – April 30, 1969) was an American actor who appeared in over 250 productions from\",\n \"title\": \"Eddie Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"737264\",\n \"text\": \"in visual effects; i.e., five films produced by George Pal, five by director/producer George Lucas, five by director James Cameron (who began his career in Hollywood as an effects technician), four by directors Richard Fleischer, Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson, and three by director Robert Zemeckis. Stanley Kubrick's only Oscar win was in this category, for 1968's \\\"\\\". The film's credits list four effects contributors, including Douglas Trumbull. However, according to the rules of the Academy in effect at the time, only three persons could be nominated for their work on a single film, which would have resulted in the\",\n \"title\": \"Academy Award for Best Visual Effects\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9709061\",\n \"text\": \"I said, 'Kate when you’re simple, you’re devastating.' She was adorable about it\\\". The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture; Hepburn won the Academy Award for Best Actress (with Barbra Streisand, the only time this has been a joint award) and Harvey was nominated for a Best Director Oscar and won Best Director at the Golden Globes, as well as several other major awards. It was the screen debuts actors Anthony Hopkins and Timothy Dalton. Harvey later fondly recalled the deep familial rapport that developed among the cast, and\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Harvey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"730347\",\n \"text\": \"a further 10 FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight. Since their invention, autogyros have appeared in many works of fiction. Appearances where the autogyro features as a significant part of the story include: In the film \\\"International House\\\" (1933), W. C. Fields's character flies around the globe in his autogyro \\\"The Spirit of Brooklyn\\\". In \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934) starring Clark Gable, his love interest's husband-to-be arrives at the wedding in a Kellett K-3 Autogiro NC12691.. This was a particularly high-profile movie as it was the first to win the so-called Big Five Academy Awards.\",\n \"title\": \"Autogyro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552420\",\n \"text\": \"is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne. As he sneaks through German-occupied France, several plot points run parallel to that of \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews. Notes Bibliography Streaming audio It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish\",\n \"title\": \"It Happened One Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9236444\",\n \"text\": \"of the film, was impressed with Haller’s work on \\\"Jezebel\\\" that he replaced the former cinematographer Lee Garmes, who left the production after a month of shooting due to creative differences. Haller’s work earned him his first and only Academy Awards along with the Technicolor Associates Ray Rennahan and Wilfred M. Cline. The film was a success, also winning awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress and Supporting Actress. Working closely with Bette Davis and earning two nominations for photographing her in \\\"Jezebel\\\" and \\\"All This, and Heaven Too\\\", Haller also developed a strong relationship with Joan Crawford. He\",\n \"title\": \"Ernest Haller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650474\",\n \"text\": \"outside the United States. Best Actor winner Michael Douglas became the second person to win Oscars for both acting and producing; he previously won a Best Picture award as co-producer of \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The award honors “creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high quality of motion picture production.” The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. In view of the 60th anniversary of the Academy Awards, the Academy hired film producer Samuel Goldwyn\",\n \"title\": \"60th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1495132\",\n \"text\": \"cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the second tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists and Universal. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was a horizontally integrated company. It controlled production and distribution; it did not own any theaters. Helping Columbia's climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra. Between 1927 and 1939, Capra constantly pushed Cohn for better material and bigger budgets. A string of hits he directed in the early and mid 1930s solidified Columbia's status as a major studio. In particular, \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", which nearly swept\",\n \"title\": \"Columbia Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"696133\",\n \"text\": \"1980, Howard made his directing debut with the 1977 low-budget comedy/action film \\\"Grand Theft Auto\\\". This came after cutting a deal with Roger Corman, wherein Corman let Howard direct a film in exchange for Howard starring in \\\"Eat My Dust!\\\", with Christopher Norris. Howard went on to direct several TV movies. His big theatrical break came in 1982, with \\\"Night Shift\\\", featuring Michael Keaton, Shelley Long, and Henry Winkler. He has since directed a number of high-visibility films, including \\\"Splash\\\", \\\"Cocoon\\\", \\\"Willow\\\", \\\"Parenthood\\\", \\\"Backdraft\\\", \\\"Apollo 13\\\", \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\\\", \\\"A Beautiful Mind\\\" (for which he won the Academy\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5401460\",\n \"text\": \"of Life\\\", a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio. Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of \\\"A Star Is Born\\\". He was nominated as best director three times, for \\\"A Star Is Born\\\", \\\"Battleground\\\" and \\\"The High and Mighty\\\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.\",\n \"title\": \"William A. Wellman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"251696\",\n \"text\": \"Christ\\\" (1988), the crime film \\\"Goodfellas\\\" (1990), the psychological thriller \\\"Cape Fear\\\" (1991) and the crime film \\\"Casino\\\" (1995), some of which he collaborated on with actor and close friend Robert De Niro. Scorsese has also been noted for his successful collaborations with actor Leonardo DiCaprio, having directed him in five films, beginning with \\\"Gangs of New York\\\" (2002) and most recently \\\"The Wolf of Wall Street\\\" (2013). Their third film together, \\\"The Departed\\\" (2006), won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the film winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Scorsese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18036918\",\n \"text\": \"nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. \\\"Birdman\\\" was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since \\\"Ordinary People\\\" (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming \\\"Gravity\\\". At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on \\\"Gravity\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"87th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1508399\",\n \"text\": \"trois\\\" with Fredric March and Gary Cooper. She also had success during the remainder of the decade with the romantic comedy \\\"The Richest Girl in the World\\\" (1934), the historical drama \\\"Becky Sharp\\\" (1935), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, \\\"Barbary Coast\\\" (1935), \\\"These Three\\\" (1936) (the first of four films with director William Wyler), and \\\"The Old Maid\\\" (1939). Hopkins was one of the first actresses approached to play the role of Ellie Andrews in \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934). However, she rejected the part, and Claudette Colbert was cast, instead. She did\",\n \"title\": \"Miriam Hopkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582221\",\n \"text\": \"Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \\\"Out of Africa\\\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\" (1969) and \\\"Tootsie\\\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known works include \\\"Jeremiah Johnson\\\" (1972), \\\"The Way We Were\\\" (1973), \\\"Three Days of the Condor\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Pollack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3060301\",\n \"text\": \"was settled, with Warner Bros. and Fogerty changing the title and lyric to \\\"Vanz Kant Danz\\\". Zaentz lost on the copyright issue when a jury found Fogerty not liable. Fogerty in turn claimed the label misled him about investing and managing his earnings from royalties, resulting in a devastating financial loss. Years later, when Zaentz sold his interest in Fantasy, Fogerty almost immediately re-signed with the label. Zaentz received the Best Picture Oscar for three films, two of them directed by Miloš Forman—\\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975) and \\\"Amadeus\\\" (1984)—as well as for \\\"The English Patient\\\" (1996), directed\",\n \"title\": \"Saul Zaentz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3813017\",\n \"text\": \"played non-speaking roles. By the 1930s, Flowers was in constant demand. Her appearances ranged from Alfred Hitchcock and John Ford thrillers to comedic roles alongside of Charley Chase, the Three Stooges, Leon Errol, Edgar Kennedy, and Laurel and Hardy. She appeared in the following five films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", \\\"You Can't Take it with You\\\", \\\"All About Eve\\\", \\\"The Greatest Show on Earth\\\", and \\\"Around the World in Eighty Days\\\". In each of these movies, Flowers was uncredited. Including these five movies, she had appeared in twenty-three Best Picture nominees in\",\n \"title\": \"Bess Flowers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371470\",\n \"text\": \"World War II film \\\"Saving Private Ryan\\\", about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's \\\"Armageddon\\\"). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18088059\",\n \"text\": \"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick directed 13 feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career, from \\\"Day of the Fight\\\" in 1951 to \\\"Eyes Wide Shut\\\" in 1999. Many of Kubrick's films were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globes, but his only personal win of an Academy Award was for his work as director of special effects on \\\"\\\". Two scholarly books that are comparative critical studies of Kubrick's work discuss \\\"A.I.\\\" and even list it in their filmography. A book on the making of the film with a foreword by Spielberg\",\n \"title\": \"Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"360413\",\n \"text\": \"notoriety among actors, many of Kubrick's films broke new ground in cinematography. The scientific realism and innovative special effects of \\\"\\\" (1968) were without precedent in the history of cinema, and the film earned him his only personal Oscar, for Best Visual Effects. Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation's \\\"big bang\\\", and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film \\\"Barry Lyndon\\\" (1975), Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, to film scenes under natural candlelight. With \\\"The Shining\\\" (1980), he became one of the first directors\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Kubrick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694727\",\n \"text\": \"Fair Lady\\\" and \\\"Camelot\\\". \\\"Gigi\\\" was a box-office and critical success which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. From it came several hit songs, including \\\"Thank Heaven For Little Girls\\\", \\\"I Remember It Well\\\", the \\\"Waltz at Maxim's\\\", and the Oscar-winning title song. The film was the last MGM musical to win a Best Picture Oscar, an honor that had previously gone to \\\"The Broadway Melody\\\" (1929), \\\"The Great Ziegfeld\\\" (1936), and \\\"An American in Paris\\\" (1951). The very last musical film produced by the \\\"Freed Unit\\\" was an adaptation of the Broadway musical \\\"Bells Are Ringing\\\" (1960) with\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296704\",\n \"text\": \"Tony awards. This collection of all four is referred to as an \\\"EGOT\\\". He is one of only two people to have won those four prizes and a Pulitzer Prize (Richard Rodgers is the other). He is one of ten people to win three or more Oscars in one night and the only one other than a director or screenwriter to do so. Hamlisch also won two Golden Globes. He earned ten Golden Globe Award nominations, winning twice for Best Original Song, with \\\"Life Is What You Make It\\\" in 1972 and \\\"The Way We Were\\\" in 1974. He also\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin Hamlisch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7349311\",\n \"text\": \"1937 (\\\"The Good Earth\\\"), and Spencer Tracy in 1937 (\\\"Captains Courageous\\\") and 1938 (\\\"Boys Town\\\"). The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for \\\"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\\\". As the special effects director and designer for \\\"\\\", Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win. Cliff Robertson's performance in \\\"Charly\\\" was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. When he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, it engendered some controversy: less than two weeks after the ceremony, \\\"TIME\\\" mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"41st Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"720667\",\n \"text\": \"director in history to receive this award, at the age of 32 for his work on \\\"La La Land\\\". Two directing teams have shared the award; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for \\\"West Side Story\\\" in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for \\\"No Country for Old Men\\\" in 2007. The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award. Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award, for 2009's \\\"The Hurt Locker\\\". As of the 2018 ceremony, Guillermo del Toro is the most recent winner in this category for his work on \\\"The Shape\",\n \"title\": \"Academy Award for Best Director\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7301519\",\n \"text\": \"ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. \\\"Crash\\\" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's \\\"Rocky\\\" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his\",\n \"title\": \"78th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2389873\",\n \"text\": \"film festivals. Most notably he won the Best Director award at Cannes for \\\"Naked\\\" in 1993 and the \\\"Palme d'Or\\\" in 1996 for \\\"Secrets & Lies\\\". He won the Leone d'Oro for the best film at the International Venice Film Festival in 2004 with \\\"Vera Drake\\\". He has been nominated for the Academy Award seven times, twice each for \\\"Secrets & Lies\\\" and \\\"Vera Drake\\\" (Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing) and once for \\\"Topsy-Turvy\\\", \\\"Happy-Go-Lucky\\\", and \\\"Another Year\\\" (Best Original Screenplay only). He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. Leigh was selected\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Leigh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4950076\",\n \"text\": \"Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Anna and the King of Siam\\\" (1946), \\\"The Robe\\\" (1953), \\\"The King and I\\\" (1956) and \\\"The Diary of Anne Frank\\\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936 he was hired by David O. Selznick to work as a set designer for Selznick's motion picture production company. Wheeler proved to be a creative genius\",\n \"title\": \"Lyle R. Wheeler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1474677\",\n \"text\": \"1934 in film The following is an overview of 1934 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths. The 7th Academy Awards was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. For the first time, the Academy standardized the practice – still in effect – that the award eligibility period for a film would be the preceding calendar year. Most nominations: \\\"One Night of Love\\\" (Columbia Pictures) - 6 Major Awards Most Awards: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" - 5 \\\"It Happened\",\n \"title\": \"1934 in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"898016\",\n \"text\": \"Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, where he directed ten actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for \\\"Sons of Liberty\\\" and once as Best Director for \\\"Casablanca\\\". Curtiz introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles.\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Curtiz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12358231\",\n \"text\": \"Academy Award for Best Director. In 2013, he was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Lee next directed \\\"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\\\" based on the novel of the same name. It was his first film since winning the Oscar for Best Director for \\\"Life of Pi\\\". The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike. In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to\",\n \"title\": \"Ang Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"898085\",\n \"text\": \"epics in Europe, called him \\\"Warner Brothers' greatest director.\\\" He directed 10 actors to Oscar nominations: Paul Muni, John Garfield, James Cagney, Walter Huston, Humphrey Bogart, Claude Raines, Joan Crawford, Ann Blyth, Eve Arden, and William Powell. Cagney and Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction, with Cagney on TV later attributing part of his success to \\\"the unforgettable Michael Curtiz.\\\" Curtiz himself was nominated five times and won as Best Director for \\\"Casablanca\\\". He earned a reputation as a harsh taskmaster to his actors, as he micromanaged every detail on the set. With his background as director\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Curtiz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723433\",\n \"text\": \"considered too long, it was nominated for an Academy Award. Movie historian James Harvey notes that in some respects \\\"It's a Wonderful World\\\" is an even more accomplished film –the comedy counterpart to the supremely assured and high-spirited work Van Dyke had accomplished with \\\"San Francisco\\\" (1936). \\\"Ben Hecht, another speed specialist, wrote the screenplay (from a story by Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz); it's in his \\\"Front Page\\\" vein, with admixtures of \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"Bringing Up Baby\\\", as well as surprising adumbrations of the nineteen-forties private-eye film. \\\"Angels Over Broadway\\\" was one of only two movies he\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Hecht\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4769\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ran\\\" for competition to a misunderstanding: because of the Academy's arcane rules, no one was sure whether \\\"Ran\\\" qualified as a \\\"Japanese\\\" film, a \\\"French\\\" film (due to its financing), or both, so it was not submitted at all. In response to what at least appeared to be a blatant snub by his own countrymen, the director Sidney Lumet led a successful campaign to have Kurosawa receive an Oscar nomination for Best Director that year (Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award for directing \\\"Out of Africa\\\"). \\\"Ran\\\"s costume designer, Emi Wada, won the movie's only Oscar. \\\"Kagemusha\\\" and \\\"Ran\\\", particularly\",\n \"title\": \"Akira Kurosawa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2582232\",\n \"text\": \"his ashes were scattered along the runway at the Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles. Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \\\"Out of Africa\\\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\" (1969) and \\\"Tootsie\\\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Pollack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"545660\",\n \"text\": \"dying. Huston agreed, and the ending was rewritten. It became Huston's most successful film financially, and \\\"it remains one of his finest works.\\\" Huston was nominated for two Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Bogart, meanwhile, won his only Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Charlie Allnut. Hepburn wrote about her experiences shooting the film in her memoir, \\\"The Making of the African Queen: Or How I went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall, and Huston and almost lost my mind\\\". Clint Eastwood directed and starred in the film \\\"White Hunter, Black Heart\\\", based on Peter Viertel's novel\",\n \"title\": \"John Huston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"524951\",\n \"text\": \"character traits for Raymond. Denby noted: \\\"Hoffman, looking suddenly older and smaller, has developed a small shuffling walk for Raymond, with shoulder bent. His eyes don't make contact with anyone else's, and he flattens his voice to a dry nasal bark.\\\" \\\"Rain Man\\\" won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Hoffman, and Best Director for Barry Levinson. Having worked closely with Hoffman for two years on filming, Levinson offered some opinions about his skill as an actor: After \\\"Rain Man\\\", Hoffman appeared with Sean Connery and Matthew Broderick in \\\"Family Business\\\" (1989), directed by Sidney Lumet. The\",\n \"title\": \"Dustin Hoffman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4652880\",\n \"text\": \"performances in films directed by the same person. She first won in that same category for her role in Woody Allen's 1986 film \\\"Hannah and Her Sisters\\\". \\\"Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life\\\" and \\\"Trevor\\\"s joint win in the Best Live Action Short category marked the fifth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Despite earning critical praise for\",\n \"title\": \"67th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1687710\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Zemeckis Robert Lee Zemeckis (; born May 14, 1952) is an American film director, film producer, and screenwriter frequently credited as an innovator in visual effects. He first came to public attention in the 1980s as the director of \\\"Romancing the Stone\\\" (1984) and the science-fiction comedy \\\"Back to the Future\\\" film trilogy, as well as the live-action/animated comedy \\\"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\\\" (1988). In the 1990s he directed \\\"Death Becomes Her\\\" and then diversified into more dramatic fare, including 1994's \\\"Forrest Gump\\\", for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director. The film itself won Best Picture.\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Zemeckis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"371467\",\n \"text\": \"effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \\\"Schindler's List\\\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \\\"Schindler's List\\\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Spielberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539334\",\n \"text\": \"Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in \\\"Unforgiven\\\", Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in \\\"Mystic River\\\", and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in \\\"Million Dollar Baby\\\". On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Eastwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3617318\",\n \"text\": \"was unable to shake off its stigma as a Poverty Row studio until 1934, when director Frank Capra's Columbia comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" swept the Academy Awards. Exhibitors who formerly wouldn't touch Columbia product became steady customers. As a horizontally integrated company that only controlled production and distribution, Columbia had previously been at the mercy of theater owners. Columbia expanded its scope to offer moviegoers a regular program of economically made features, short subjects, serials, travelogues, sports reels, and cartoons. Columbia would release a few \\\"class\\\" productions each year (\\\"Lost Horizon\\\", \\\"Holiday\\\", \\\"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\\\",\\\"The Jolson Story\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Cohn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7349037\",\n \"text\": \"nominations in a single acting category). Between the two of them, father and son Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola won four awards, with Carmine winning for Best Original Dramatic Score (with Nino Rota) and Francis for Picture, Director, and Best Screenplay Adapted from Other Material (with Mario Puzo). This was the only Oscars where all nominees in one category were released by the same studio: all five Best Costume Design nominations were for films released by Paramount Pictures. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). These films had multiple nominations: The following films\",\n \"title\": \"47th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19313451\",\n \"text\": \"Tony wins. At the age of thirty-two years and thirty-eight days, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was only two hundred and twenty-two days older than Chazelle when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy \\\"Skippy\\\". Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for \\\"Hacksaw Ridge\\\". \\\"Moonlight\\\"s Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for \\\"12 Years a Slave\\\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double\",\n \"title\": \"89th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3928237\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Stevenson (director) Robert Edward Stevenson (31 March 1905 – 30 April 1986) was an English film writer and director. After directing a number of British films, including \\\"King Solomon's Mines\\\" (1937), he was given a contract by David O. Selznick and moved to Hollywood in the 1940s. He ended up directing 19 films for the Walt Disney Company in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, becoming the most commercially successful director in the history of film. Stevenson is best remembered for directing the Julie Andrews musical \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), for which Andrews won the Academy Award for Best Actress and\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Stevenson (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11838408\",\n \"text\": \"it then, but I was meeting the Barry Fitzgerald character in \\\"Going My Way.\\\"\\\" When Msgr. Conneally died in 1949, a newspaper wrote: \\\"Mr. McCarey said that the monsignor was a frequent visitor at his home. The priest's many anecdotes about his work in the parish and St. Monica's School gave the director the idea it would make a good film story. It did.\\\" \\\"Going My Way\\\" won seven Academy Awards including best picture, director, original story, original screenplay, song (\\\"Swinging on a Star\\\"), actor (Bing Crosby) and supporting actor (Fitzgerald in the role of the older priest). In 2004,\",\n \"title\": \"St. Monica Catholic Church (Santa Monica, California)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"541559\",\n \"text\": \"Sky\\\", was released posthumously and won a Best Actress Oscar for Jessica Lange. \\\"sources: Adler; Little & McLaughlin; Richardson\\\" Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \\\"Tony\\\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \\\"Tom Jones\\\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \\\"The Hotel New Hampshire\\\" (1984) and his final film \\\"Blue Sky\\\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Richardson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14924551\",\n \"text\": \"Verne Mason Verne Rheem Mason (August 8, 1889 – November 16, 1965) was an eminent American internist and associate of Howard Hughes. Mason was chairman of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's medical advisory committee. Born at Wapello, Iowa, in 1889, Mason received a B.S. from University of California, Berkeley, in 1911, and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1915. As a medical resident at Hopkins in 1922 Mason gave the disease sickle cell anemia its name. When motion picture director Frank Capra fell ill with a mysterious fever after completing \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", Columbia Pictures chief Harry Cohn\",\n \"title\": \"Verne Mason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2796400\",\n \"text\": \"deserved his Oscars for \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\": \\\"It seemed in the spring of 1979, following the Oscar ceremony, there was a sense in the industry that if the Academy could have taken back their votes — which saw \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\" and director Michael Cimino winning for Best Picture and Best Director — they would have done so.\\\" Peter Biskind described Cimino in relation to \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\" as \\\"our first, home-grown fascist director, our own Leni Riefenstahl\\\". Cimino was known for giving exaggerated, misleading and conflicting (or simply tongue-in-cheek) stories about himself, his background and his filmmaking experiences. \\\"When\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Cimino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2727155\",\n \"text\": \"presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon. Bond died three days before Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon. Bond appears in more of the films on both the original and the tenth anniversary edition of the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies lists than any other actor, albeit always as a supporting player: \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" (1934), \\\"Bringing Up Baby\\\" (1938), \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"The Grapes of Wrath\\\" (1940), \\\"The Maltese Falcon\\\" (1941), \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946), and \\\"The Searchers\\\" (1956). Bond is also in 13 films that were nominated for the Academy Award for Best\",\n \"title\": \"Ward Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13275775\",\n \"text\": \"1945 and was assigned to rebuild the Bavaria Film Studios. From 1951 he was working for United Artists and was responsible for the movie rental in Europe and South Africa. He also started to produce movies himself. In 1973 he became president of United Artists. Under his presidency United Artists won the Academy Award (\\\"Oscar\\\") for the best picture three years in a row (1975: \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\", 1976: \\\"Rocky\\\", 1977: \\\"Annie Hall\\\"). In 1978, Pleskow left United Artists and built up Orion Pictures, which he directed until 1992. Their greatest successes under his management were \\\"Amadeus\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Pleskow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4950080\",\n \"text\": \"Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles. The art direction of Lyle Wheeler was often recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Anna and the King of Siam\\\" (1946), \\\"The Robe\\\" (1953), \\\"The King and I\\\" (1956) and \\\"The Diary of Anne Frank\\\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936\",\n \"title\": \"Lyle R. Wheeler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"720250\",\n \"text\": \"drama \\\"Brubaker\\\" (1980), playing a prison warden attempting to reform the system, and the baseball drama \\\"The Natural\\\" (1984). Redford continued his involvement in mainstream Hollywood movies, though with a newfound focus on directing. The first film he directed, \\\"Ordinary People\\\", which followed the disintegration of an upper-class American family after the death of a son, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, including Best Director for Redford himself, and Best Picture. His follow-up directorial project, \\\"The Milagro Beanfield War\\\" (1987), failed to generate the same level of attention. Sydney Pollack's\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Redford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723260\",\n \"text\": \"Lewis Milestone Lewis Milestone (born Leib Milstein; September 30, 1895 – September 25, 1980) was a Russian-born American motion picture director. He is known for directing \\\"Two Arabian Knights\\\" (1927) and \\\"All Quiet on the Western Front\\\" (1930), both of which received Academy Awards for Best Director. He also directed \\\"The Front Page\\\" (1931 – nomination), \\\"The General Died at Dawn\\\" (1936), \\\"Of Mice and Men\\\" (1939), \\\"Ocean's 11\\\" (1960), and received the directing credit for \\\"Mutiny on the Bounty\\\" (1962), though Marlon Brando largely appropriated his responsibilities during its production. Milestone was born in Kishinev, in the Bessarabia Governorate\",\n \"title\": \"Lewis Milestone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2394632\",\n \"text\": \"Only one person had previously achieved the dubious feat (Alan Menken in 1993), and only one other (Sandra Bullock in 2010) has achieved it since. He accepted the Razzie and became only the fourth person in its history to be personally presented with the statuette. He keeps the statues of both the Oscar and the Razzie on his mantle as \\\"a reminder of Hollywood's idealistic nature and unrealistic expectations.\\\" Helgeland wrote and directed the films \\\"A Knight's Tale\\\" (2001), \\\"The Order\\\" (2003) and \\\"42\\\" (2013). He has worked with director Clint Eastwood twice, in 2002 on\\\" Blood Work\\\", and in\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Helgeland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9646545\",\n \"text\": \"to win the award for the same film. Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise first accomplished this feat for co-directing 1961's \\\"West Side Story\\\". This was also the second time in Oscar history (the first being 1964's 37th Academy Awards) that none of the four acting winners was American. Daniel Day-Lewis became the eighth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Actress winner Marion Cotillard was the fifth person to win for a non-English speaking performance and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category, after Sophia Loren who won for 1961's \\\"Two Women\\\". Cate Blanchett became the eleventh\",\n \"title\": \"80th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539333\",\n \"text\": \"has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (\\\"Unforgiven\\\" and \\\"Million Dollar Baby\\\") the other being Warren Beatty (\\\"Heaven Can Wait\\\" and \\\"Reds\\\"). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Eastwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"730849\",\n \"text\": \"Warren Beatty Henry Warren Beatty (\\\"né\\\" Beaty; born March 30, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for fourteen Academy Awards – four for Best Actor, four for Best Picture, two for Best Director, three for Original Screenplay, and one for Adapted Screenplay – winning Best Director for \\\"Reds\\\" (1981). Beatty is the only person to have been nominated for acting in, directing, writing, and producing the same film, and he did so twice: first for \\\"Heaven Can Wait\\\" (with Buck Henry as co-director), and again with \\\"Reds\\\". Eight of the films he has produced have\",\n \"title\": \"Warren Beatty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12258012\",\n \"text\": \"You Know\\\" in 2010, but does not consider himself to be retired. He has also directed three films, including \\\"The Two Jakes\\\" (1990), the sequel to \\\"Chinatown\\\". Nicholson's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice - one for the drama \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975), and the other for the romantic comedy \\\"As Good as It Gets\\\" (1997). He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama \\\"Terms of Endearment\\\" (1983). Nicholson is one of three\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Nicholson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"541550\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \\\"Tony\\\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \\\"Tom Jones\\\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \\\"The Hotel New Hampshire\\\" (1984) and his final film \\\"Blue Sky\\\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford, where his contemporaries included Rupert Murdoch, Margaret Thatcher, Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Richardson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723338\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mrs. Miniver\\\". He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976. Among those who thanked him for directing\",\n \"title\": \"William Wyler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14293022\",\n \"text\": \"televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron and directed by Don Mischer. Actor Seth MacFarlane hosted the show for the first time. In related events, the Academy held its 4th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on December 1, 2012. On February 9, 2013, in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Chris Pine and Zoe Saldana. \\\"Life of Pi\\\" won four awards including Best Director for Ang Lee. \\\"Argo\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"85th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2117956\",\n \"text\": \"Barry Levinson Barry Levinson (born April 6, 1942) is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor. Levinson's best-known works are mid-budget comedy-drama and drama films such as \\\"Diner\\\" (1982); \\\"The Natural\\\" (1984); \\\"Good Morning, Vietnam\\\" (1987); \\\"Bugsy\\\" (1991); and \\\"Wag the Dog\\\" (1997). He won the Academy Award for Best Director for \\\"Rain Man\\\" (1988) which also won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Levinson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Violet \\\"Vi\\\" (née Krichinsky) and Irvin Levinson, who worked in the furniture and appliance business. His family is of Russian Jewish descent. Levinson's first writing work was for\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Levinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11707734\",\n \"text\": \"James Poe James Poe (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter. He is best known for his work on the movies \\\"Around the World in 80 Days\\\" for which he jointly won an Academy Award in 1956, \\\"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\\\", \\\"Summer and Smoke\\\", \\\"Lilies of the Field\\\", and \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\". He also worked as a writer on the radio shows \\\"Escape\\\" and \\\"Suspense\\\", writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably \\\"Three Skeleton Key\\\", \\\"Blood Bath\\\" and \\\"The Present Tense\\\", all of which starred\",\n \"title\": \"James Poe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"723301\",\n \"text\": \"William Wyler William Wyler (; born Willi Wyler (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was an American film director, producer and screenwriter. Notable works include \\\"Ben-Hur\\\" (1959), \\\"The Best Years of Our Lives\\\" (1946), and \\\"Mrs. Miniver\\\" (1942), all of which won Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture in their respective years, making him the only director of three Best Picture winners as of 2018. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing \\\"Dodsworth\\\" in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, \\\"sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness.\\\" Film historian\",\n \"title\": \"William Wyler\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Miloš Forman context: failure of \\\"Taking Off\\\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \\\"It Happened One Night\\\" and \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\"), it firmly established\\n\\nWho won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 192,\n \"origin_tokens\": 192,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Charles C. Wilson (actor) context: comedy \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \\\"Lucky Boy\\\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \\\"wonderfully aggravated\\\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \\\"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\\\" (1936) and \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \\\"Crime on Their Hands\\\" (1948).\\n\\ntitle William A. Wellman context: a silent film starring Wallace Beery Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks sound was added to Beery' introductory scene at behest of Param Studio. Well reportedly hung a microphone from a broom Beery walk and within the scene, avoiding the shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, the story of \\\"A Star Is Born\\\". He was as best director three times, for Star Is Born\\\", \\\"Battleground\\\" and \\\"The High and Mighty\\\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.\\ntitle: It Happened One Night: initial. However, it was released the houses-of- began to spread and ticket became br, especially in smaller towns where the's and simple rom struck a ch with moviego who were not surrounded by lux. It turned to be major box smash, hit to date.19, Award nomination not to presentation feeling confident she win and cross-. she was named the winner Harry\\n: Act but lostburn \\\"\\\", and Robertin to\\\". Willers presented Award Best Director, and when the his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \\\"Cavalcade\\\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.\\n\\nWho won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 487,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15038,\n \"ratio\": \"30.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":182,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":182,"string":"182"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"If it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1 am","E-24 m","10 femtometres","1E-19m","1E-22 m","1E-21m","10zm","Ten attometers","100am","E-19 m","1E-16 m","10 femtometers","One femtometer","One hundred attometres","1 e-22 m","1e-23 metres","One hundred yoctometers","1e-14 m","10 yoctometres","1 E -15 m","E-14 m","One hundred zeptometers","100zm","1 e-19 m","One hundred femtometers","1e-21 m","E-23 m","Lengths between 1 E-17 m and 1 E-16 m","1E-18m","Lengths between 1 E-22 m and 1 E-21 m","1 fm","Ten attometres","1 E-15 m","1 E-21 m","Lengths between 1 E-21 m and 1 E-20 m","10 fm","One zeptometre","E-15 m","1 E-19 m","E-18 m","1 E -20 m","1e-18 metres","1e-13 metres","1 E-24 m","1e-19 metres","1E-13 m","1am","One quintillionth meter","1 zeptometer","Lengths between 1 E-23 m and 1 E-22 m","1 zm","1E-23m","1E-15 m","1 E-22 m","1 E -24 m","Femtometers","1 E -22 m","1e-13 m","One zeptometer","1e-16 metres","1 e-14 m","1 e-16 m","1e-19 m","1 E-35 m","1zm","100 ym","1 E -14 m","1e-22 m","1fm","1E-23 m","E-22 m","1 E -35 m","1e-24 m","1E-13m","1 e-13 m","100 attometres","1e-14 metres","Zeptometer","1E-20m","1 E-14 m","100 yoctometers","1 ym","100 zm","1 e-23 m","1 E-18 m","1 e-17 m","Distances shorter than 1 pm","1 E -21 m","1e-17 m","100 yoctometres","1e-35 m","Ten yoctometers","1 femtometer","Lengths between 1 E-19 m and 1 E-18 m","Lengths between 1 E-20 m and 1 E-19 m","One hundred zeptometres","100ym","1E-19 m","E-16 m","Ten zeptometers","10fm","10 am","1 attometre","1E-14 m","Ten femtometers","10 zeptometers","1 e-24 m","1 E -19 m","1 E -23 m","10 zeptometres","100 fm","1 E-13 m","1E-15m","1e-22 metres","One quadrillionth metre","E-13 m","100fm","1 e-20 m","1e-16 m","1 E -13 m","One yoctometre","One yoctometer","E-21 m","1E-20 m","10 zm","1 E-17 m","Ten yoctometres","1E-22m","10 ym","One quadrillionth meter","1e-20 metres","1e-23 m","Lengths between 1 E-15 m and 1 E-14 m","1 E -17 m","One hundred yoctometres","Lengths between 1 E-13 m and 1 E-12 m","1E-18 m","1E-14m","1 E-23 m","10 attometers","One hundred attometers","One hundred femtometres","One septillionth meter","One femtometre","1 e-18 m","One sextillionth meter","E-17 m","1 E -18 m","1ym","1E-17 m","Attometre","1 E-20 m","1 zeptometre","100 femtometres","1E-24 m","One attometre","100 attometers","One septillionth metre","1e-15 m","1 attometer","1E-21 m","E-20 m","Zeptometre","One sextillionth metre","10 a.m","1 e-21 m","1e-21 metres","1e-18 m","10 attometres","1e-15 metres","1e-17 metres","1 femtometre","Ten femtometres","100 zeptometres","100 am","1E-17m","Lengths between 1 E-24 m and 1 E-23 m","1 E -16 m","Lengths between 1 E-16 m and 1 E-15 m","1 yoctometer","10ym","1e-24 metres","Lengths less than 1 E-23 m","1e-20 m","1 yoctometre","100 zeptometers","Lengths between 1 E-14 m and 1 E-13 m","1 e-15 m","1E-16m","Lengths between 1 E-18 m and 1 E-17 m","1E-24m","10am","One quintillionth metre","Ten zeptometres","10 yoctometers","1 E-16 m","One attometer","100 femtometers"],"string":"[\n \"1 am\",\n \"E-24 m\",\n \"10 femtometres\",\n \"1E-19m\",\n \"1E-22 m\",\n \"1E-21m\",\n \"10zm\",\n \"Ten attometers\",\n \"100am\",\n \"E-19 m\",\n \"1E-16 m\",\n \"10 femtometers\",\n \"One femtometer\",\n \"One hundred attometres\",\n \"1 e-22 m\",\n \"1e-23 metres\",\n \"One hundred yoctometers\",\n \"1e-14 m\",\n \"10 yoctometres\",\n \"1 E -15 m\",\n \"E-14 m\",\n \"One hundred zeptometers\",\n \"100zm\",\n \"1 e-19 m\",\n \"One hundred femtometers\",\n \"1e-21 m\",\n \"E-23 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-17 m and 1 E-16 m\",\n \"1E-18m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-22 m and 1 E-21 m\",\n \"1 fm\",\n \"Ten attometres\",\n \"1 E-15 m\",\n \"1 E-21 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-21 m and 1 E-20 m\",\n \"10 fm\",\n \"One zeptometre\",\n \"E-15 m\",\n \"1 E-19 m\",\n \"E-18 m\",\n \"1 E -20 m\",\n \"1e-18 metres\",\n \"1e-13 metres\",\n \"1 E-24 m\",\n \"1e-19 metres\",\n \"1E-13 m\",\n \"1am\",\n \"One quintillionth meter\",\n \"1 zeptometer\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-23 m and 1 E-22 m\",\n \"1 zm\",\n \"1E-23m\",\n \"1E-15 m\",\n \"1 E-22 m\",\n \"1 E -24 m\",\n \"Femtometers\",\n \"1 E -22 m\",\n \"1e-13 m\",\n \"One zeptometer\",\n \"1e-16 metres\",\n \"1 e-14 m\",\n \"1 e-16 m\",\n \"1e-19 m\",\n \"1 E-35 m\",\n \"1zm\",\n \"100 ym\",\n \"1 E -14 m\",\n \"1e-22 m\",\n \"1fm\",\n \"1E-23 m\",\n \"E-22 m\",\n \"1 E -35 m\",\n \"1e-24 m\",\n \"1E-13m\",\n \"1 e-13 m\",\n \"100 attometres\",\n \"1e-14 metres\",\n \"Zeptometer\",\n \"1E-20m\",\n \"1 E-14 m\",\n \"100 yoctometers\",\n \"1 ym\",\n \"100 zm\",\n \"1 e-23 m\",\n \"1 E-18 m\",\n \"1 e-17 m\",\n \"Distances shorter than 1 pm\",\n \"1 E -21 m\",\n \"1e-17 m\",\n \"100 yoctometres\",\n \"1e-35 m\",\n \"Ten yoctometers\",\n \"1 femtometer\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-19 m and 1 E-18 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-20 m and 1 E-19 m\",\n \"One hundred zeptometres\",\n \"100ym\",\n \"1E-19 m\",\n \"E-16 m\",\n \"Ten zeptometers\",\n \"10fm\",\n \"10 am\",\n \"1 attometre\",\n \"1E-14 m\",\n \"Ten femtometers\",\n \"10 zeptometers\",\n \"1 e-24 m\",\n \"1 E -19 m\",\n \"1 E -23 m\",\n \"10 zeptometres\",\n \"100 fm\",\n \"1 E-13 m\",\n \"1E-15m\",\n \"1e-22 metres\",\n \"One quadrillionth metre\",\n \"E-13 m\",\n \"100fm\",\n \"1 e-20 m\",\n \"1e-16 m\",\n \"1 E -13 m\",\n \"One yoctometre\",\n \"One yoctometer\",\n \"E-21 m\",\n \"1E-20 m\",\n \"10 zm\",\n \"1 E-17 m\",\n \"Ten yoctometres\",\n \"1E-22m\",\n \"10 ym\",\n \"One quadrillionth meter\",\n \"1e-20 metres\",\n \"1e-23 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-15 m and 1 E-14 m\",\n \"1 E -17 m\",\n \"One hundred yoctometres\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-13 m and 1 E-12 m\",\n \"1E-18 m\",\n \"1E-14m\",\n \"1 E-23 m\",\n \"10 attometers\",\n \"One hundred attometers\",\n \"One hundred femtometres\",\n \"One septillionth meter\",\n \"One femtometre\",\n \"1 e-18 m\",\n \"One sextillionth meter\",\n \"E-17 m\",\n \"1 E -18 m\",\n \"1ym\",\n \"1E-17 m\",\n \"Attometre\",\n \"1 E-20 m\",\n \"1 zeptometre\",\n \"100 femtometres\",\n \"1E-24 m\",\n \"One attometre\",\n \"100 attometers\",\n \"One septillionth metre\",\n \"1e-15 m\",\n \"1 attometer\",\n \"1E-21 m\",\n \"E-20 m\",\n \"Zeptometre\",\n \"One sextillionth metre\",\n \"10 a.m\",\n \"1 e-21 m\",\n \"1e-21 metres\",\n \"1e-18 m\",\n \"10 attometres\",\n \"1e-15 metres\",\n \"1e-17 metres\",\n \"1 femtometre\",\n \"Ten femtometres\",\n \"100 zeptometres\",\n \"100 am\",\n \"1E-17m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-24 m and 1 E-23 m\",\n \"1 E -16 m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-16 m and 1 E-15 m\",\n \"1 yoctometer\",\n \"10ym\",\n \"1e-24 metres\",\n \"Lengths less than 1 E-23 m\",\n \"1e-20 m\",\n \"1 yoctometre\",\n \"100 zeptometers\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-14 m and 1 E-13 m\",\n \"1 e-15 m\",\n \"1E-16m\",\n \"Lengths between 1 E-18 m and 1 E-17 m\",\n \"1E-24m\",\n \"10am\",\n \"One quintillionth metre\",\n \"Ten zeptometres\",\n \"10 yoctometers\",\n \"1 E-16 m\",\n \"One attometer\",\n \"100 femtometers\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"10 a.m"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"14555714","text":"and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the","title":"Truman Day"},{"id":"14555712","text":"Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the holiday. For Missouri state employees, this is a paid holiday. Harry S. Truman (May","title":"Truman Day"},{"id":"18878694","text":"Missouri law also provides the death penalty for treason, and placing a bomb near a bus terminal. Statute books also provide it for aggravating kidnapping, but capital punishment for this crime is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case \"Kennedy v. Louisiana\". Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of","title":"Capital punishment in Missouri"},{"id":"6825168","text":"state legislature, failing to leave committee. Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \"Missouri\", she felt the","title":"Missouri Day"},{"id":"6825166","text":"Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \"Missouri\", she felt the state needed an entire day to","title":"Missouri Day"},{"id":"10897552","text":"1:30 a.m., even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3:00 a.m. (on-premises sales may continue until 3:00, but off-premises sales must cease by 1:30). Generally, the hours for sales of liquor by the drink (for consumption on the premises) are the same as liquor by the package: between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – again for an additional fee – between 9:00 AM and midnight on Sunday. State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on-premises sale of liquor by public referendum, although no city","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"1125618","text":"a hot air balloon race in California held on the third Saturday of July. Approximately 20 hot air ballons participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race. Christmas California Style is held the first Friday and Saturday of December. Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more. On January 19, 2018, singer-songwriter Kassi Ashton released her single \"California, Missouri\" referencing her hometown California. California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third","title":"California, Missouri"},{"id":"18878693","text":"Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of clemency belongs to the Governor of Missouri after receiving a non-binding advice from the Board of Probation and Parole. Executions are carried out by lethal injection or gas inhalation. First-degree murder is punishable by death when it involves one of the 17 following aggravating factors:","title":"Capital punishment in Missouri"},{"id":"9823085","text":"directly from Steve McQueen. Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country","title":"Adam at 6 A.M."},{"id":"9823083","text":"Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country to attend the funeral","title":"Adam at 6 A.M."},{"id":"6825167","text":"recognize significant Missourians. Korn later, after moving to Oklahoma, founded Oklahoma Day as well as the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. Though an established day, little observance is carried out in the state. State Senator Jason Glennon Crowell has acknowledged that the day does not garner as much attention as days such as Independence Day, and some in the state have become critical of its ambiguous October observance. For over a decade, activist F. Spencer Hunley has lobbied for a concrete date, May 8, President Harry S. Truman's birthday. During that time, the change has been proposed three times before the","title":"Missouri Day"},{"id":"262098","text":"populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents. Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence. St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2017 St. Louis was the 21st-largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.81 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th-largest with 2.91 million people in 2017. Some of the major cities making up the","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"534754","text":"the U.S. Post Office in 1855, used five years later here. The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington, DC, missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal, Missouri, two hours late. The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called \"Missouri\" with a one-car train to make the trek across Missouri in a record 4 hours 51 minutes, an average of . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street, a few blocks from the company's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street, St. Joseph, and the company's nearby","title":"Pony Express"},{"id":"10897550","text":"is not located within of a school or church, virtually any retail business (including a vague and undefined \"general merchandise store\") which obtains the proper licenses from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control and local authorities may sell any type of alcohol. State law even forbids a local option and prohibits cities and counties from banning the off-premises sale of alcohol. Missouri does, however, limit the hours of retail alcohol sales to between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – for an additional license fee – between 9:00 am and 12:00 midnight on Sunday. Most municipalities,","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"4959542","text":"The following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc (before all seven judges). Before that many cases were heard by panels of three judges. Cases heard en banc are cited as \"Mo. banc\"; older cases heard by a panel are cited as \"Mo.\" Brent Powell is the latest appointee to the Court, having been appointed by Missouri Governor Eric Greitens in April 2017. The","title":"Supreme Court of Missouri"},{"id":"1562316","text":"Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state into October, contributing to area rainfall. Winters in Missouri can be long with temperatures ranging from mildly to bitterly cold. Kansas City's average January low is and St. Louis's average January low is . The coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri was , set at Warsaw on 13 February 1905. Winter also tends to be the driest season, but typically yields significant amounts of winter precipitation. Snowfall averages in the state's northern region, and in the southeast. During the winter, northwest winds prevail; the air movement is largely from the south","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"681480","text":"Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson City is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into Callaway County. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds, per Rand McNally, the title of America's \"Most Beautiful Small Town.\" Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau","title":"Jefferson City, Missouri"},{"id":"1562313","text":"the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. As of late, Missouri has seen a drastic decline in annual snowfall, with some daily high winter temperatures sometimes dwindling in early summer/late spring temperatures. While the adjacent table would suggest a very mild climate, a temperature fluctuation of 20 degrees Fahrenheit on average and 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit (17 to 22 degrees Celsius) in a twenty-four-hour period is common. Although the mean temperature for June and July is only 73 °F and 76 °F (23 °C and 24 °C) it is not uncommon for the temperature to reach 100 °F (38","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"2240822","text":"Eastern bluebird The eastern bluebird (\"Sialia sialis\") is a small thrush found in open woodlands, farmlands, and orchards. It is the state bird of Missouri and New York. This species measures long, spans across the wings, and weighs . Eastern bluebirds are found east of the Rockies, southern Canada to the Gulf states, and southeastern Arizona to Nicaragua. The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated the western range expansion of the eastern bluebird as well as range expansions of many other species of birds. The bright-blue breeding","title":"Eastern bluebird"},{"id":"9761501","text":"to 2:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, except on major holidays or special events. January, February, March and Mid-May through November tours are on Tuesdays and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. Reservations are required for groups of 10 or more. You can secure reservations through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources by calling 573-751-2854, Walk-in groups of less than 10 are welcome without a reservation. Missouri Governor's Mansion The Missouri Governor's Mansion is a historic U.S. residence in Jefferson City, Missouri. It is located at 100 Madison Street. On May","title":"Missouri Governor's Mansion"},{"id":"8196708","text":"Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield. In 1970, the pageant was held for the first time in Mexico, Missouri, which","title":"Miss Missouri"},{"id":"5746436","text":"Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St. James to U.S. Route 67 (US 67) and US 67 Business in Desloge. It is two lanes for most of its length, except a small 4-lane portion on the Crawford–Phelps county line. It acts as a bypass, from I-44 in St. James, to US 67 in Desloge. Travelers on I-44 can use it to avoid the traffic problems in St. Louis, to US 67 in Desloge, & vice versa. Those who want to","title":"Missouri Route 8"},{"id":"14312361","text":"is his secretary and Neil met his daughter Martha on the train, on the way to Chicago. Drake has just received a Black Ace, with the words: “At seven tomorrow night”, the time he is to be killed. Two plainclothes cops arrive from police headquarters, having had a call, Clancy and Dugan (both incompetents). Martha suggests that they leave for Drake’s Louisiana plantation tomorrow morning and be far away from there at seven tomorrow night. Drake agrees and suggests they all go. On the flight, the lights go off for some seconds and when they come on again, Austin Winters","title":"Tomorrow at Seven"},{"id":"8473662","text":"locked its boundaries in 1876. When the population of St. Louis County is included in these figures, Missouri's ratio of major metropolitan residents to rural residents closely matches the nation as a whole. \"Slate\" columnist Chris Suellentrop has said that the state now \"isn't so much a bellwether as it is a weathervane: It doesn't swing the country, the country swings it...\" and that Missouri is a better indicator of whether a trend is mainstream than of what the next new trend will be. Missouri bellwether The Missouri bellwether is a political phenomenon that notes that the state of Missouri","title":"Missouri bellwether"},{"id":"10897556","text":"or any other state can obtain a \"wine direct shipper license\" from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control which lets that manufacturer ship up to two cases of wine per month to any person in Missouri who is at least 21 years of age. Unlike shipments under the \"reciprocal\" provision, for shipments under this provision, the wine manufacturer must use a licensed alcohol carrier. Although a driver is prohibited from consuming alcohol while driving, Missouri has no general open container law for vehicles, a characteristic which Missouri shares only with the states of Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Mississippi, Virginia, and","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"262034","text":"It is also known as the \"Cave State\" because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave. The official state motto is , which means \"Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.\" Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"15235891","text":"\"seventeen after ten\" or \"seventeen past ten\". \":15\" minutes is very commonly called \"quarter after\" or \"quarter past\" and \":30\" minutes universally \"half past\", e.g., 4:30, \"half past four\". Times of day from \":31\" to \":59\" are, by contrast, given subtractively with the words \"to\", \"of\", \"until\", or \"till\": 12:55 would be pronounced as \"five to one\" or \"five of one\". \":45\" minutes is pronounced as \"quarter to\", \"quarter of\", \"quarter until\", or \"quarter till\". For example, \"9:45 a.m.\" is often pronounced \"fifteen till ten\" or \"quarter to ten\", or sometimes \"quarter to ten in the morning\" (but rarely \"quarter","title":"Date and time notation in the United States"},{"id":"15235890","text":"as \"four a.m.\" or \"four p.m.\" Instead of \"a.m.\" and \"p.m.,\" times can also be described as \"in the morning\", \"in the afternoon,\" \"in the evening,\" or \"at night.\" The minutes (other than \":00\") may be pronounced in a variety of ways: Minutes :01 through :09 are usually pronounced as \"oh one\" through \"oh nine\". :10 through :59 are their usual number-words. For example, \"9:45 a.m.\" is usually pronounced \"nine forty-five\" or sometimes \"nine forty-five a.m.\" Times of day from \":01\" to \":29\" minutes past the hour are commonly pronounced with the words \"after\" or \"past\", for example 10:17 being","title":"Date and time notation in the United States"},{"id":"6085483","text":"By doing this, Taft amplified Truman's case against the \"Do-nothing Eightieth Congress\" and arguably contributed to his November victory. After 11 days, congress sent two bills to the president for signing. One bill was to curb inflation and the other to encourage housing starts. Truman signed both bills but called them \"inadequate.\" The challenge energized Truman's democratic supporters and put the Republican Party on the defensive. The name is taken from the old Missouri saying, \"On the twenty-fifth of July, sow your turnips, wet or dry.\" Harry Truman chose this name because he was a Missouri native. Turnip Day Session","title":"Turnip Day Session"},{"id":"15678932","text":"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 and elected the eight U.S. Representatives from the state of Missouri, a loss of one seat following the 2010 United States Census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate. A new congressional map was passed by the Missouri General Assembly on April 27, 2011. The map was vetoed by Democratic Governor Jay Nixon on April 30, but","title":"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri"},{"id":"16353604","text":"for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series at the Directors Guild of America Awards 2001. 12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m. \"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.\" is the pilot episode of the Fox television series \"24\". It was written by series creators Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and directed by Stephen Hopkins. It premiered in the United States on Fox at 9:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 6, 2001. The episode takes place between midnight and 1:00 a.m. on the day of the California Presidential Primary. It chronicles one hour in the day of Jack Bauer,","title":"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m."},{"id":"18657849","text":"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis The Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis (SLMPD) is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for serving the City of St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri. The department is accredited through the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). The current Commissioner of Police is Colonel John Hayden Jr., who was named to the position on December 28, 2017. The Metropolitan Police Department is a division of the Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis. the Metropolitan Police Department is the second largest city police agency in Missouri,","title":"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis"},{"id":"10897551","text":"including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law, which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1:30 AM and 6:00 AM Tuesday through Saturday, and between midnight on Sunday and 9:00 AM the following morning. No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off-premises and on-premises licenses. As a result, some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both \"by the drink\" (individually for consumption on premises) and \"by the package\" (by the container for consumption off premises). Effectively, these are bars which double as liquor stores. In these places, off-premises sales are allowed until","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"12979617","text":"reevaluated for possible release. In practice, most states with Civil Commitment centers rarely release anyone. Texas has not released anyone in the 15 years since the program was started. In 2015, in response to a class action lawsuit, a Federal judge ruled Minnesota's Civil Commitment program to be unconstitutional, both for not providing effective treatment and for not fully releasing anyone since the program was started in 1994. The state of Missouri now restricts the activities of registered sex offenders on Halloween, requiring them to avoid Halloween-related contact with children and remain at their registered home address from 5 p.m.","title":"Sex offender registry"},{"id":"13674646","text":"13, Kansas City circuit race - 2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages","title":"2009 Tour of Missouri"},{"id":"3675373","text":"Minor v. Happersett Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1875), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution did not grant anyone, and in this case specifically a female citizen of the state of Missouri, a right to vote even when a state law granted rights to vote to a certain class of citizens. The Supreme Court upheld state court decisions in Missouri, which had refused to register a woman as a lawful voter because that state's laws allowed only men to vote. The \"Minor v. Happersett\" ruling was based on","title":"Minor v. Happersett"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"5203457","text":"in the UK Singles Chart in January 1953. Other versions were recorded by Lita Roza (1953), Sue Thompson (1957), and Russ Morgan (1958). Walkin' to Missouri \"Walkin' to Missouri\" is a popular song written by Bob Merrill in 1952. The song is a prodigal son allegory about a young man (the story's metaphorical \"robin\") who could not fly and could only walk all the way back to his old home in Missouri, following a life of partying in the big city jazz scene - or the repercussions that happened as a result. During the course of the song, it transpired","title":"Walkin' to Missouri"},{"id":"5931461","text":"that old time song. \" \"Hush-a-bye ma baby, go to sleep on Mammy's knee,\" \"Journey back to Dixieland in dreams again with me; \" \"It seems like your Mammy was there once again, \" \"And the darkies were strummin' that same old refrain.\" \"Way down in Missouri where I learned this lullaby, \" \"When the stars were blinkin' and the moon was climbin' high,\" \"And I hear Mammy Cloe, as in days long ago, \" \"Singin' hush-a-bye. \" Missouri Waltz \"Missouri Waltz\" is the official state song of Missouri and is associated with the University of Missouri. The \"Missouri Waltz\",","title":"Missouri Waltz"},{"id":"262067","text":"over in traffic stops\". The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"6628552","text":"Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \"Billy\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by the authorities and all the children were placed into foster care except William. A deformed eye and belligerent attitude","title":"Billy Cook (criminal)"},{"id":"10538666","text":"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a major east–west route in the state of Missouri. It is also known as the Rex M. Whitton Expressway in the capital of Missouri. US 50 enters Missouri from Kansas along Interstate 435 around Kansas City and then it runs concurrently with Interstate 470 to Lee's Summit. It then runs as an expressway to Sedalia before becoming Broadway Boulevard and intersecting with U.S. Route 65 (Limit Avenue). From Sedalia to California, US 50 becomes a 2-lane undivided road, where it has a concurrency with Highway 5 from Syracuse to","title":"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri"},{"id":"10897563","text":"outside of the Liquor Control Law. Missouri's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is .08% for persons over the age of 21 and .02% for minors and adults under age 21. Ordinarily, DUI is a misdemeanor in Missouri, although the third DUI conviction becomes a felony. Refusal to take a chemical test (i.e. breathalyzer) when so requested by a law enforcement officer who has probable cause will result in a one-year suspension of the suspect's driver's license. Missouri's drinking age has been 21 since 1945. That is, Missouri law prohibits minors from possessing or purchasing alcohol. Thus, when the National","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"1125596","text":"California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third largest city in the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the largest city in Moniteau County. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and","title":"California, Missouri"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"8196710","text":"in parentheses indicates the year of the Miss America competition the award/placement was garnered. Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield.","title":"Miss Missouri"},{"id":"7823715","text":"\"Missouri\" completed her first 6-month deployment to the U.S. 6th Fleet on 20 December 2013. In March 2014 \"Missouri\" made an 11-week-long surge deployment in the Northern Atlantic, just three months after her previous deployment and possibly linked to the Ukrainian crisis, (i.e. the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which took place in March 2014). The submarine continued to operate with the U.S. 6th fleet in 2015. On 26 January 2018, \"Missouri\" sailed into her new homeport of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii from Groton, Connecticut. USS Missouri (SSN-780) USS \"Missouri\" (SSN-780) is the seventh attack submarine and the fourth","title":"USS Missouri (SSN-780)"},{"id":"1127711","text":"Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The city has an extreme continental climate. The majority of annual precipitation falls during the humid springs and summers. Typically, fall and winter are relatively dry. While snow is not rare, it","title":"Washington, Missouri"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"1331532","text":"Girardeau Regional Airport. This is a full service airport that offers flights to and from O'Hare Airport in Chicago, IL. Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \"Cape\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city","title":"Cape Girardeau, Missouri"},{"id":"20924856","text":"does not air network programming on Saturday nights. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: 2019–20 United States network television schedule The 2019–20 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States will cover the prime time hours from September 2019 to August 2020. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled","title":"2019–20 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"1562315","text":"is the hottest time of the year with a mean temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) and a mean precipitation of 300 mm (12 inches) with June having more precipitation than either July or August. The extreme highs for the year often occur in July or August. Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state during this time of the year, contributing to area rainfall. Fall, September through November, has less and less precipitation towards the end of the season. The mean temperatures for this season are 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) and the mean precipitation is 250mm (10 in).","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"10897553","text":"in Missouri ever has held such a referendum. The on-premises sale of liquor is allowed throughout the state, without any limitation except for the hours when sale is permitted. Since 1981, properly licensed establishments with certain levels of annual revenue in Kansas City, Jackson County, North Kansas City, St. Louis, and St. Louis County have been permitted to sell liquor by the drink between 6:00 AM and 3:00 AM Mondays through Saturdays, and between 9:00 AM and 3:00 AM on Sundays. Except for wine, Missouri places no limitations on the interstate shipping of alcohol into the state, as long the","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"262096","text":"smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property. No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"16142437","text":"in 2012. The bill was initially vetoed by Gov. Nixon, but the Missouri legislature overrode the veto during the September veto session. In September 2016, another Senate bill coincidentally numbered SB 656 was passed allowing permitless concealed carry by anyone 19 years of age or older who may lawfully own a gun. This bill was also vetoed by Governor Nixon, on June 27, 2016. After the Missouri legislature reconvened for the veto-override session on September 14, 2016, the Senate voted to override the veto with a 24 – 6 vote (23 required) and the House followed through shortly thereafter with","title":"Gun laws in Missouri"},{"id":"19947752","text":"two states if there is even a slight variation in their name. For example, Vic Miller registered in Kansas would not be recognized as the same as Victor Miller registered in Missouri despite the same full date of birth and last four digits of social security number. Debate about Crosscheck is part of a larger, ongoing controversy over whether or not such voter registration programs are a valid means of protecting against fraud. A landmark study by researchers at Stanford, University of Pennsylvania, Yale, and Harvard quantified the tradeoff between voter accessibility and electoral integrity when purging a likely duplicate","title":"Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program"},{"id":"262460","text":"Missouri River The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source","title":"Missouri River"},{"id":"5945030","text":"off for Sacramento. It took seventy-five ponies to make the first trip from Missouri to California. Each major city along the way celebrated as the Pony Express rider passed through. On April 14, 1860, at about 1 a.m., the Pony Express from St. Joseph arrived in San Francisco. The east-bound rider left San Francisco April 3 and made it to St. Josephs on April 13. The Pony Express was active. In the first month of existence, the Pony Express riders experienced violent weather, harsh terrain, and the physical hardship of being in a saddle for up to 100 miles a","title":"Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company"},{"id":"3106998","text":"(as of 2013), the Country Club Plaza's \"Season of Lights\" is one of the city's oldest traditions. The lights are turned on at 6:54 pm on Thanksgiving and shine from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am daily through mid-January of the following year. The one- to two-hour ceremony is broadcast live on location television station KSHB. Country Club Plaza The Country Club Plaza (often called The Plaza) is a privately owned American shopping center in the Country Club District of Kansas City, Missouri. The center consists of 18 separate buildings representing 804,000 square feet of retail space and 468,000 square feet","title":"Country Club Plaza"},{"id":"6628560","text":"L-U-C-K\" tattooed on the fingers of his left hand and for a deformed right eyelid that never closed completely. Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \"Billy\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by","title":"Billy Cook (criminal)"},{"id":"3472526","text":"Lewis noted his delusional thinking and a childhood history of severe abuse. In October 2013, Flynt called for clemency for Franklin, asserting \"that a government that forbids killing among its citizens should not be in the business of killing people itself.\" Franklin was held on death row at the Potosi Correctional Center near Mineral Point, Missouri. In August 2013, the Missouri Supreme Court announced that Franklin would be executed on November 20. Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster said in a statement that by setting execution dates, the state high court \"has taken an important step to see that justice is","title":"Joseph Paul Franklin"},{"id":"1125839","text":"with hot, humid summers and chilly, though not severe winters. Winter weather can vary from very mild and rainy when air masses from the Gulf of Mexico predominate, to very cold, dry and windy with northerly or northwesterly airflows as in the famous cold month of January 1977. On average there are 82 nights which fall to or below , whilst one night falls to or below , and the coldest temperature ever has been on January 17, 1982. The hottest has been record on August 4, 1964, whilst an average of 2.9 days exceed . Rainfall is fairly heavy","title":"New Madrid, Missouri"},{"id":"8755573","text":"Mozingo Lake Golf Course The Mozingo Lake Golf Course is a 7,137 yard long, 18-hole municipal golf course on the banks of Mozingo Lake in Nodaway County, Missouri. The course was designed by Donald Sechrest and opened in 1995. It is a par 72 course and has a rating of 73.5 and a slope rating of 134 on Rye grass. It is owned by the city of Maryville, Missouri. According to the city website, Golf Digest and USA Today call it the \"best course to play in the state of Missouri for under $50.\" The signature hole is #8, a","title":"Mozingo Lake Golf Course"},{"id":"7357073","text":"a terrible odor. Some suggest it was a rogue American Indian. Following sightings in 1972 beginning at 3:30 pm July 11, first reported by Terry, Wiley, and Doris Harrison, and lasting for about two weeks, tracks were found and submitted to Lawrence Curtis, director of the Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden. He deemed the tracks to be that of an unknown primate species. Momo the Monster Momo is the name of a local legend, similar to the Bigfoot, which is reported to live in Missouri. The name Momo is short for 'Missouri Monster' and it is reported to have","title":"Momo the Monster"},{"id":"13015266","text":"exceptions, such as \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", that are aired live in all time zones. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC 2009–10 United States network television schedule","title":"2009–10 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"12750564","text":"film \"Psycho III\". The film title is a parody of the \"Pony Express,\" a fast mail service that crossed the North American continent from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California from April 1860 to October 1861. Puny Express Puny Express is an American cartoon, and the 32nd animated cartoon short subject in the \"Woody Woodpecker\" series. Released theatrically on January 22, 1951, the film was produced by Walter Lantz Productions and distributed by Universal-International. In the Old West, Cowboy Woody comes to town and notices an ad at a western post office advertising for a new mail delivery rider. He","title":"Puny Express"},{"id":"1331510","text":"Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \"Cape\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city is named after Jean Baptiste de Girardot, who established a temporary trading post in the area around 1733. He was","title":"Cape Girardeau, Missouri"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"262080","text":"Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas). The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2017 was 3.9 percent. In 2017, Missouri became a right-to-work state, but in August 2018, Missouri voters rejected a right-to-work law with 67% to 33%. Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"19823781","text":"Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into law the Missouri Medical Marijuana Bill, allowing the use of CBD oil to treat persistent seizures. In 2015 the state issued licenses to two non-profits to grow cannabis for oil to be sold to patients. House Bill","title":"Cannabis in Missouri"},{"id":"3100876","text":"first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May. If the Governor returns a bill with his objections after adjournment sine die, the General Assembly is automatically reconvened on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten days to consider vetoed bills. The Governor may convene the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a special","title":"Missouri General Assembly"},{"id":"12719358","text":"California Admission Day California Admission Day is a legal holiday in the state of California in the United States. It is celebrated as a day of observance annually on September 9 to commemorate the anniversary of the 1850 admission of California into the Union as the thirty-first state. California was admitted to the Union as part of the Compromise of 1850 as a free state after being ceded to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848. California directly became a state, it was never required to spend a period of time as a","title":"California Admission Day"},{"id":"4077554","text":"New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: 2004–05 United States network television schedule The following is the 2004–05 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 2004 through May 2005. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series","title":"2004–05 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"1915475","text":"St. Louis Lambert International Airport St. Louis Lambert International Airport , formerly Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is an international airport serving St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton. Commonly referred to as Lambert Field or simply Lambert, it is the largest and busiest airport in Missouri with over 270 daily departures to over 80 domestic and international locations. In 2017, 14.7 million passengers traveled through the airport. The airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and serves as a hub for Air Choice One and","title":"St. Louis Lambert International Airport"},{"id":"9283423","text":"telephone with people in other time zones. For instance, business in Chicago is often conducted between 8 am and 4:30 pm, while in New York City, business hours tend to be later—for instance, from 10 am to 6 pm. On Saturdays, businesses are usually open from 8 or 9 am to noon or 1 pm. In Mexico, the standard business hours are from 7 am to 2 pm and 4 pm to 6 pm. In Finland, government agencies and other institutions follow the hours 8:00am to 4:15pm. Banks are usually open to 4:30pm. Common business is done from Monday to","title":"Business hours"},{"id":"19016610","text":"rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Note: ABC aired \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Tuesday from September 20 to October 4. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: 2016–17 United States network television schedule The 2016–17 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2016 to August 2017. The schedule is","title":"2016–17 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"12237777","text":"Wolfe's case drew nationwide attention due to United States Supreme Court ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana, which banned death penalty for child rape, and was directly cited in court opinions. Ronald Wolfe (rapist) Ronald Wolfe was the last person executed in the United States for non-homicidal rape, and second-to-last put to death for crime other than murder (the last was James Coburn, electrocuted in Alabama the same year for robbery). He was also second-to-last person executed in Missouri before the U.S. moratorium on capital punishment. Wolfe, a 34-year-old man, was put to death in Missouri's gas chamber on May 8,","title":"Ronald Wolfe (rapist)"},{"id":"13674642","text":"2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages online via the Official Tour of","title":"2009 Tour of Missouri"},{"id":"1126949","text":"Dorado Springs boasts Missouri's oldest municipal band performing in the United States at the longest continually used bandstand. The city has two newspapers: The Star and The Sun; along with local FM radio station KESM. Kamber Cain - Country Music Singer Sydney Friar - Miss Missouri 2011 El Dorado Springs, Missouri El Dorado Springs is the largest city in Cedar County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3,593 at the 2010 census. The name is commonly shortened to El Dorado or El Do. El Dorado Springs is located at (37.870872, -94.021024). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city","title":"El Dorado Springs, Missouri"},{"id":"262024","text":"Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States. With over six million residents, it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City, near the center of the state on the Missouri River. The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the eastern border of the state. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years. The Mississippian culture","title":"Missouri"},{"id":"9823084","text":"and pay his respects, and decides to spend the summer there working as a laborer. He meets Jerri Jo Hopper, and falls in love, along the way developing new friendships with the town locals. He then must decide what direction he wants his life to go, whether to stay in Missouri or return to California. Steve McQueen's film company, Solar Productions, signed a multi-picture deal with Cinema Center Films. This was its first production. Michael Douglas got his first pay check, about 3400 USD, for Adam 6 A.M. He also received the orange Porsche, which he drove in the movie","title":"Adam at 6 A.M."},{"id":"7922822","text":"Official Manual State of Missouri The Official Manual - State of Missouri (often referred to simply as The Missouri Blue Book) is a biennial publication from the Missouri Secretary of State. The Blue Book was first published in 1889. It contains historical, political, and statistical information about the state of Missouri. The book cover had traditionally been blue (with the exception of it being red, white and blue in 1976 during the United States Bicentennial) although thanks to the Irish roots of Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick it was green from 1969 until he left office in 1985. Secretary","title":"Official Manual State of Missouri"},{"id":"1598624","text":"airing immediately after their original telecast in the U.S. and the weekend edition being simulcast live. In Hong Kong, the program is broadcast live (or delayed) on TVB Pearl daily at 07:30 Hong Kong Time (corresponding to 18:30, or 6:30 p.m., in the Eastern Time Zone of the U.S.). In the Philippines, \"NBC Nightly News\" was aired Mondays through Fridays at 8:30 a.m. (after \"Daybreak\"), Saturdays at 9:00 a.m. and Sundays at 10:00 a.m. local time; it is also rebroadcast at 5:30 p.m. each weeknight, 1:30 p.m. on Saturdays, 4:30 a.m. on Tuesdays to Saturdays, 10:00 p.m. on Sundays and","title":"NBC Nightly News"},{"id":"19251363","text":"of Missouri held that the Missouri Constitution did not allow the state to place anyone on the registry who had been convicted or pleaded guilty to a registrable offense before the sex offender registration law went into effect on 1 January 1995 and remanded the case for further consideration in light of that holding. On remand, the Jackson County Circuit Court entered an injunction ordering that the applicable individuals be removed from the published sex offender list. Defendant Colonel James Keathley appealed that order to the Missouri Court of Appeals in Kansas City, which affirmed the injunction on 1 April","title":"Constitutionality of sex offender registries in the United States"},{"id":"14418320","text":"\"An American Prayer\" in 1978. It has been suggested that the inspiration for the Protagonist in the film, played by Morrison, with the script name 'Billy' was inspired by the very real Hitchhiker serial killer Billy Cook who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. In 2009, restored and re-mastered excerpts from \"HWY\" were featured in Tom DiCillos documentary \"When You're Strange\". However, the complete film was not included in the Special Features on the \"When You're Strange\" DVD, and there have been no further announcements regarding a DVD release for the film. Bootleg","title":"HWY: An American Pastoral"},{"id":"14320656","text":"at roughly 60,000. Alarmed by the increasing turbulence, Frémont declared martial law in the state of Missouri on August 30, 1861. Just before dawn on August 30, Frémont finished penning his proclamation of martial law and read it to his wife and a trusted advisor, Edward Davis of Philadelphia. Davis warned that officials in Washington would never stand for such a sweeping edict. Frémont responded that he had been given full power to put down secession in Missouri and that, as a war measure, the proclamation was entirely warranted. The most controversial passage of the proclamation, and the one with","title":"Frémont Emancipation"},{"id":"11677011","text":"of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \"spring forward, fall back\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.","title":"Daylight saving time in the United States"},{"id":"19823786","text":"voted were in favour of the implementation of legalised recreational usage of marijuana, and 70% supporting taxation upon its sale. 28% of those who supported this movement stating they had used the drug in the past week. Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into","title":"Cannabis in Missouri"},{"id":"17605801","text":"Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: 2014–15 United States network television schedule The 2014–15 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2014 to August 2015. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2013–14 season. NBC was the first to announce","title":"2014–15 United States network television schedule"},{"id":"5808036","text":"Above the shield is a helmet representing Missouri's state sovereignty. The large star above the helmet surrounded by 23 smaller stars represents Missouri's status as the 24th state. The cloud around the stars indicates the problems Missouri had in becoming a state. \"Salus populi suprema lex esto\" (Latin \"Let the good of the people be the supreme law\" or \"The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law\") is found in Cicero's \"De Legibus\" (book III, part III, sub. VIII), as \"Ollis salus populi suprema lex esto\". The phrase is the state motto of Missouri, accepted in its state","title":"Seal of Missouri"},{"id":"3100875","text":"a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district of their constituency for one year. Senators must be 30 years of age, a qualified Missouri voter for three years, and similar to House qualifications, must be a resident of their senatorial constituency for one year prior to their election. According to Article III, Section 20 of the Missouri Constitution, the General Assembly must convene on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January following the state general election. It adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6:00 p.m. on the","title":"Missouri General Assembly"},{"id":"5869906","text":"viewership of 6.79 million viewers, the largest audience the program earned since January 23, 1994. March 1, 2015: 6.63 million viewers (sixth-largest audience since the 1987 advent of people meters). CBS News Sunday Morning CBS News Sunday Morning is an American newsmagazine television program that has aired on CBS since January 28, 1979. Created by Robert Northshield and original host Charles Kuralt, the 90-minute program currently airs Sundays from 9:00 to 10:30 a.m. Eastern, Pacific Time from 7:00 to 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 to 9:30 a.m. in all other time zones (live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and","title":"CBS News Sunday Morning"},{"id":"9972099","text":"Missouri statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), the micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs), and the combined statistical areas (CSAs) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Most recently on December 1, 2009, the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States, including 3 combined statistical areas, 8 metropolitan statistical areas, and 20 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of Missouri. The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas, the 114 counties, and the 1 independent city of","title":"Missouri statistical areas"},{"id":"1127720","text":"is the local high school. Private schools: There is a public library in the town, Washington Public Library. In 1990 Marbach am Neckar (Germany) became the sister city of Washington. Student exchanges and visitations between the two cities occur occasionally. Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of","title":"Washington, Missouri"},{"id":"11416905","text":"Show-Me State Games The Show-Me STATE GAMES (SMSG) is an Olympic-style competition for amateur athletes in the U.S. state of Missouri, held in the city of Columbia. The SMSG is the largest state games in the United States. The SMSG is a member of the National Congress of State Games and the United States Olympic Committee. SMSG is a program of the Missouri Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health, . The name derives from the state's official nickname, the \"Show-Me State.\" The Show-Me STATE GAMES has expanded from 600 participants in 1985, to more than 34,000 year-round participants in","title":"Show-Me State Games"},{"id":"1562312","text":"Climate of Missouri Missouri generally has a variety of seasonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification \"Cfa\"), with cool winters and long, hot summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate borders on a more mild-type humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cfa\"), and in the northern third, the state transitions into a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfa\"). Because of its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Lacking either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and","title":"Climate of Missouri"},{"id":"10897555","text":"be generally licensed to do business by the Department of Economic Development. In practice, ordinary commercial shippers like FedEx and UPS have the necessary licenses. An alcohol retailer licensed in Missouri or in any other state which has similar, \"reciprocal\" wine-shipping laws may ship up to two cases of wine each year to any Missouri resident over the age of 21, provided that the wine is for personal use and not for resale. Such a delivery is deemed not to be a sale in Missouri. Otherwise, for direct shipments of wine from a winery, a wine manufacturer licensed in Missouri","title":"Alcohol laws of Missouri"},{"id":"11677021","text":"ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer. In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8. Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine","title":"Daylight saving time in the United States"},{"id":"5746437","text":"go to Ste. Genevieve can take US 67 Bus. through Park Hills to US 67, to Missouri, then take Route 32 to Ste. Genevieve. There have supposedly been plans to extend Route 8 to Ste. Genevieve. So far, those plans have not been put into effect. Between Steelville and Potosi, Route 8 was initially Route 62 from 1922 to 1926. The route was renumbered because US 60 had been planned as US 62. Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St.","title":"Missouri Route 8"},{"id":"262032","text":"speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners. Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as \"Missour-\"ee\"\" or \"Missour-\"uh\"\", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations. There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the \"Show Me State\", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that \"I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show","title":"Missouri"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"14555714\",\n \"text\": \"and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the\",\n \"title\": \"Truman Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14555712\",\n \"text\": \"Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the holiday. For Missouri state employees, this is a paid holiday. Harry S. Truman (May\",\n \"title\": \"Truman Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878694\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri law also provides the death penalty for treason, and placing a bomb near a bus terminal. Statute books also provide it for aggravating kidnapping, but capital punishment for this crime is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case \\\"Kennedy v. Louisiana\\\". Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6825168\",\n \"text\": \"state legislature, failing to leave committee. Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \\\"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\\\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \\\"Missouri\\\", she felt the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6825166\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \\\"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\\\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \\\"Missouri\\\", she felt the state needed an entire day to\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897552\",\n \"text\": \"1:30 a.m., even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3:00 a.m. (on-premises sales may continue until 3:00, but off-premises sales must cease by 1:30). Generally, the hours for sales of liquor by the drink (for consumption on the premises) are the same as liquor by the package: between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – again for an additional fee – between 9:00 AM and midnight on Sunday. State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on-premises sale of liquor by public referendum, although no city\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1125618\",\n \"text\": \"a hot air balloon race in California held on the third Saturday of July. Approximately 20 hot air ballons participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race. Christmas California Style is held the first Friday and Saturday of December. Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more. On January 19, 2018, singer-songwriter Kassi Ashton released her single \\\"California, Missouri\\\" referencing her hometown California. California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third\",\n \"title\": \"California, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18878693\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of clemency belongs to the Governor of Missouri after receiving a non-binding advice from the Board of Probation and Parole. Executions are carried out by lethal injection or gas inhalation. First-degree murder is punishable by death when it involves one of the 17 following aggravating factors:\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9823085\",\n \"text\": \"directly from Steve McQueen. Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country\",\n \"title\": \"Adam at 6 A.M.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9823083\",\n \"text\": \"Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country to attend the funeral\",\n \"title\": \"Adam at 6 A.M.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6825167\",\n \"text\": \"recognize significant Missourians. Korn later, after moving to Oklahoma, founded Oklahoma Day as well as the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. Though an established day, little observance is carried out in the state. State Senator Jason Glennon Crowell has acknowledged that the day does not garner as much attention as days such as Independence Day, and some in the state have become critical of its ambiguous October observance. For over a decade, activist F. Spencer Hunley has lobbied for a concrete date, May 8, President Harry S. Truman's birthday. During that time, the change has been proposed three times before the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262098\",\n \"text\": \"populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents. Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence. St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2017 St. Louis was the 21st-largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.81 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th-largest with 2.91 million people in 2017. Some of the major cities making up the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"534754\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Post Office in 1855, used five years later here. The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington, DC, missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal, Missouri, two hours late. The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called \\\"Missouri\\\" with a one-car train to make the trek across Missouri in a record 4 hours 51 minutes, an average of . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street, a few blocks from the company's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street, St. Joseph, and the company's nearby\",\n \"title\": \"Pony Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897550\",\n \"text\": \"is not located within of a school or church, virtually any retail business (including a vague and undefined \\\"general merchandise store\\\") which obtains the proper licenses from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control and local authorities may sell any type of alcohol. State law even forbids a local option and prohibits cities and counties from banning the off-premises sale of alcohol. Missouri does, however, limit the hours of retail alcohol sales to between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – for an additional license fee – between 9:00 am and 12:00 midnight on Sunday. Most municipalities,\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4959542\",\n \"text\": \"The following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc (before all seven judges). Before that many cases were heard by panels of three judges. Cases heard en banc are cited as \\\"Mo. banc\\\"; older cases heard by a panel are cited as \\\"Mo.\\\" Brent Powell is the latest appointee to the Court, having been appointed by Missouri Governor Eric Greitens in April 2017. The\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562316\",\n \"text\": \"Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state into October, contributing to area rainfall. Winters in Missouri can be long with temperatures ranging from mildly to bitterly cold. Kansas City's average January low is and St. Louis's average January low is . The coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri was , set at Warsaw on 13 February 1905. Winter also tends to be the driest season, but typically yields significant amounts of winter precipitation. Snowfall averages in the state's northern region, and in the southeast. During the winter, northwest winds prevail; the air movement is largely from the south\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"681480\",\n \"text\": \"Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson City is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into Callaway County. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds, per Rand McNally, the title of America's \\\"Most Beautiful Small Town.\\\" Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau\",\n \"title\": \"Jefferson City, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562313\",\n \"text\": \"the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. As of late, Missouri has seen a drastic decline in annual snowfall, with some daily high winter temperatures sometimes dwindling in early summer/late spring temperatures. While the adjacent table would suggest a very mild climate, a temperature fluctuation of 20 degrees Fahrenheit on average and 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit (17 to 22 degrees Celsius) in a twenty-four-hour period is common. Although the mean temperature for June and July is only 73 °F and 76 °F (23 °C and 24 °C) it is not uncommon for the temperature to reach 100 °F (38\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2240822\",\n \"text\": \"Eastern bluebird The eastern bluebird (\\\"Sialia sialis\\\") is a small thrush found in open woodlands, farmlands, and orchards. It is the state bird of Missouri and New York. This species measures long, spans across the wings, and weighs . Eastern bluebirds are found east of the Rockies, southern Canada to the Gulf states, and southeastern Arizona to Nicaragua. The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated the western range expansion of the eastern bluebird as well as range expansions of many other species of birds. The bright-blue breeding\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern bluebird\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9761501\",\n \"text\": \"to 2:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, except on major holidays or special events. January, February, March and Mid-May through November tours are on Tuesdays and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. Reservations are required for groups of 10 or more. You can secure reservations through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources by calling 573-751-2854, Walk-in groups of less than 10 are welcome without a reservation. Missouri Governor's Mansion The Missouri Governor's Mansion is a historic U.S. residence in Jefferson City, Missouri. It is located at 100 Madison Street. On May\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Governor's Mansion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8196708\",\n \"text\": \"Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield. In 1970, the pageant was held for the first time in Mexico, Missouri, which\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5746436\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St. James to U.S. Route 67 (US 67) and US 67 Business in Desloge. It is two lanes for most of its length, except a small 4-lane portion on the Crawford–Phelps county line. It acts as a bypass, from I-44 in St. James, to US 67 in Desloge. Travelers on I-44 can use it to avoid the traffic problems in St. Louis, to US 67 in Desloge, & vice versa. Those who want to\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Route 8\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14312361\",\n \"text\": \"is his secretary and Neil met his daughter Martha on the train, on the way to Chicago. Drake has just received a Black Ace, with the words: “At seven tomorrow night”, the time he is to be killed. Two plainclothes cops arrive from police headquarters, having had a call, Clancy and Dugan (both incompetents). Martha suggests that they leave for Drake’s Louisiana plantation tomorrow morning and be far away from there at seven tomorrow night. Drake agrees and suggests they all go. On the flight, the lights go off for some seconds and when they come on again, Austin Winters\",\n \"title\": \"Tomorrow at Seven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8473662\",\n \"text\": \"locked its boundaries in 1876. When the population of St. Louis County is included in these figures, Missouri's ratio of major metropolitan residents to rural residents closely matches the nation as a whole. \\\"Slate\\\" columnist Chris Suellentrop has said that the state now \\\"isn't so much a bellwether as it is a weathervane: It doesn't swing the country, the country swings it...\\\" and that Missouri is a better indicator of whether a trend is mainstream than of what the next new trend will be. Missouri bellwether The Missouri bellwether is a political phenomenon that notes that the state of Missouri\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri bellwether\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897556\",\n \"text\": \"or any other state can obtain a \\\"wine direct shipper license\\\" from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control which lets that manufacturer ship up to two cases of wine per month to any person in Missouri who is at least 21 years of age. Unlike shipments under the \\\"reciprocal\\\" provision, for shipments under this provision, the wine manufacturer must use a licensed alcohol carrier. Although a driver is prohibited from consuming alcohol while driving, Missouri has no general open container law for vehicles, a characteristic which Missouri shares only with the states of Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Mississippi, Virginia, and\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262034\",\n \"text\": \"It is also known as the \\\"Cave State\\\" because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave. The official state motto is , which means \\\"Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.\\\" Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15235891\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"seventeen after ten\\\" or \\\"seventeen past ten\\\". \\\":15\\\" minutes is very commonly called \\\"quarter after\\\" or \\\"quarter past\\\" and \\\":30\\\" minutes universally \\\"half past\\\", e.g., 4:30, \\\"half past four\\\". Times of day from \\\":31\\\" to \\\":59\\\" are, by contrast, given subtractively with the words \\\"to\\\", \\\"of\\\", \\\"until\\\", or \\\"till\\\": 12:55 would be pronounced as \\\"five to one\\\" or \\\"five of one\\\". \\\":45\\\" minutes is pronounced as \\\"quarter to\\\", \\\"quarter of\\\", \\\"quarter until\\\", or \\\"quarter till\\\". For example, \\\"9:45 a.m.\\\" is often pronounced \\\"fifteen till ten\\\" or \\\"quarter to ten\\\", or sometimes \\\"quarter to ten in the morning\\\" (but rarely \\\"quarter\",\n \"title\": \"Date and time notation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15235890\",\n \"text\": \"as \\\"four a.m.\\\" or \\\"four p.m.\\\" Instead of \\\"a.m.\\\" and \\\"p.m.,\\\" times can also be described as \\\"in the morning\\\", \\\"in the afternoon,\\\" \\\"in the evening,\\\" or \\\"at night.\\\" The minutes (other than \\\":00\\\") may be pronounced in a variety of ways: Minutes :01 through :09 are usually pronounced as \\\"oh one\\\" through \\\"oh nine\\\". :10 through :59 are their usual number-words. For example, \\\"9:45 a.m.\\\" is usually pronounced \\\"nine forty-five\\\" or sometimes \\\"nine forty-five a.m.\\\" Times of day from \\\":01\\\" to \\\":29\\\" minutes past the hour are commonly pronounced with the words \\\"after\\\" or \\\"past\\\", for example 10:17 being\",\n \"title\": \"Date and time notation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6085483\",\n \"text\": \"By doing this, Taft amplified Truman's case against the \\\"Do-nothing Eightieth Congress\\\" and arguably contributed to his November victory. After 11 days, congress sent two bills to the president for signing. One bill was to curb inflation and the other to encourage housing starts. Truman signed both bills but called them \\\"inadequate.\\\" The challenge energized Truman's democratic supporters and put the Republican Party on the defensive. The name is taken from the old Missouri saying, \\\"On the twenty-fifth of July, sow your turnips, wet or dry.\\\" Harry Truman chose this name because he was a Missouri native. Turnip Day Session\",\n \"title\": \"Turnip Day Session\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15678932\",\n \"text\": \"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 and elected the eight U.S. Representatives from the state of Missouri, a loss of one seat following the 2010 United States Census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate. A new congressional map was passed by the Missouri General Assembly on April 27, 2011. The map was vetoed by Democratic Governor Jay Nixon on April 30, but\",\n \"title\": \"2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16353604\",\n \"text\": \"for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series at the Directors Guild of America Awards 2001. 12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m. \\\"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.\\\" is the pilot episode of the Fox television series \\\"24\\\". It was written by series creators Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and directed by Stephen Hopkins. It premiered in the United States on Fox at 9:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 6, 2001. The episode takes place between midnight and 1:00 a.m. on the day of the California Presidential Primary. It chronicles one hour in the day of Jack Bauer,\",\n \"title\": \"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18657849\",\n \"text\": \"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis The Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis (SLMPD) is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for serving the City of St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri. The department is accredited through the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). The current Commissioner of Police is Colonel John Hayden Jr., who was named to the position on December 28, 2017. The Metropolitan Police Department is a division of the Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis. the Metropolitan Police Department is the second largest city police agency in Missouri,\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897551\",\n \"text\": \"including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law, which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1:30 AM and 6:00 AM Tuesday through Saturday, and between midnight on Sunday and 9:00 AM the following morning. No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off-premises and on-premises licenses. As a result, some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both \\\"by the drink\\\" (individually for consumption on premises) and \\\"by the package\\\" (by the container for consumption off premises). Effectively, these are bars which double as liquor stores. In these places, off-premises sales are allowed until\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12979617\",\n \"text\": \"reevaluated for possible release. In practice, most states with Civil Commitment centers rarely release anyone. Texas has not released anyone in the 15 years since the program was started. In 2015, in response to a class action lawsuit, a Federal judge ruled Minnesota's Civil Commitment program to be unconstitutional, both for not providing effective treatment and for not fully releasing anyone since the program was started in 1994. The state of Missouri now restricts the activities of registered sex offenders on Halloween, requiring them to avoid Halloween-related contact with children and remain at their registered home address from 5 p.m.\",\n \"title\": \"Sex offender registry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13674646\",\n \"text\": \"13, Kansas City circuit race - 2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages\",\n \"title\": \"2009 Tour of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3675373\",\n \"text\": \"Minor v. Happersett Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1875), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution did not grant anyone, and in this case specifically a female citizen of the state of Missouri, a right to vote even when a state law granted rights to vote to a certain class of citizens. The Supreme Court upheld state court decisions in Missouri, which had refused to register a woman as a lawful voter because that state's laws allowed only men to vote. The \\\"Minor v. Happersett\\\" ruling was based on\",\n \"title\": \"Minor v. Happersett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5203457\",\n \"text\": \"in the UK Singles Chart in January 1953. Other versions were recorded by Lita Roza (1953), Sue Thompson (1957), and Russ Morgan (1958). Walkin' to Missouri \\\"Walkin' to Missouri\\\" is a popular song written by Bob Merrill in 1952. The song is a prodigal son allegory about a young man (the story's metaphorical \\\"robin\\\") who could not fly and could only walk all the way back to his old home in Missouri, following a life of partying in the big city jazz scene - or the repercussions that happened as a result. During the course of the song, it transpired\",\n \"title\": \"Walkin' to Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5931461\",\n \"text\": \"that old time song. \\\" \\\"Hush-a-bye ma baby, go to sleep on Mammy's knee,\\\" \\\"Journey back to Dixieland in dreams again with me; \\\" \\\"It seems like your Mammy was there once again, \\\" \\\"And the darkies were strummin' that same old refrain.\\\" \\\"Way down in Missouri where I learned this lullaby, \\\" \\\"When the stars were blinkin' and the moon was climbin' high,\\\" \\\"And I hear Mammy Cloe, as in days long ago, \\\" \\\"Singin' hush-a-bye. \\\" Missouri Waltz \\\"Missouri Waltz\\\" is the official state song of Missouri and is associated with the University of Missouri. The \\\"Missouri Waltz\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Waltz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262067\",\n \"text\": \"over in traffic stops\\\". The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6628552\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \\\"Billy\\\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by the authorities and all the children were placed into foster care except William. A deformed eye and belligerent attitude\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Cook (criminal)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10538666\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a major east–west route in the state of Missouri. It is also known as the Rex M. Whitton Expressway in the capital of Missouri. US 50 enters Missouri from Kansas along Interstate 435 around Kansas City and then it runs concurrently with Interstate 470 to Lee's Summit. It then runs as an expressway to Sedalia before becoming Broadway Boulevard and intersecting with U.S. Route 65 (Limit Avenue). From Sedalia to California, US 50 becomes a 2-lane undivided road, where it has a concurrency with Highway 5 from Syracuse to\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. Route 50 in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897563\",\n \"text\": \"outside of the Liquor Control Law. Missouri's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is .08% for persons over the age of 21 and .02% for minors and adults under age 21. Ordinarily, DUI is a misdemeanor in Missouri, although the third DUI conviction becomes a felony. Refusal to take a chemical test (i.e. breathalyzer) when so requested by a law enforcement officer who has probable cause will result in a one-year suspension of the suspect's driver's license. Missouri's drinking age has been 21 since 1945. That is, Missouri law prohibits minors from possessing or purchasing alcohol. Thus, when the National\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1125596\",\n \"text\": \"California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third largest city in the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the largest city in Moniteau County. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and\",\n \"title\": \"California, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8196710\",\n \"text\": \"in parentheses indicates the year of the Miss America competition the award/placement was garnered. Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield.\",\n \"title\": \"Miss Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7823715\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Missouri\\\" completed her first 6-month deployment to the U.S. 6th Fleet on 20 December 2013. In March 2014 \\\"Missouri\\\" made an 11-week-long surge deployment in the Northern Atlantic, just three months after her previous deployment and possibly linked to the Ukrainian crisis, (i.e. the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which took place in March 2014). The submarine continued to operate with the U.S. 6th fleet in 2015. On 26 January 2018, \\\"Missouri\\\" sailed into her new homeport of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii from Groton, Connecticut. USS Missouri (SSN-780) USS \\\"Missouri\\\" (SSN-780) is the seventh attack submarine and the fourth\",\n \"title\": \"USS Missouri (SSN-780)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1127711\",\n \"text\": \"Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The city has an extreme continental climate. The majority of annual precipitation falls during the humid springs and summers. Typically, fall and winter are relatively dry. While snow is not rare, it\",\n \"title\": \"Washington, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1331532\",\n \"text\": \"Girardeau Regional Airport. This is a full service airport that offers flights to and from O'Hare Airport in Chicago, IL. Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \\\"Cape\\\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city\",\n \"title\": \"Cape Girardeau, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20924856\",\n \"text\": \"does not air network programming on Saturday nights. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: 2019–20 United States network television schedule The 2019–20 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States will cover the prime time hours from September 2019 to August 2020. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled\",\n \"title\": \"2019–20 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562315\",\n \"text\": \"is the hottest time of the year with a mean temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) and a mean precipitation of 300 mm (12 inches) with June having more precipitation than either July or August. The extreme highs for the year often occur in July or August. Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state during this time of the year, contributing to area rainfall. Fall, September through November, has less and less precipitation towards the end of the season. The mean temperatures for this season are 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) and the mean precipitation is 250mm (10 in).\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897553\",\n \"text\": \"in Missouri ever has held such a referendum. The on-premises sale of liquor is allowed throughout the state, without any limitation except for the hours when sale is permitted. Since 1981, properly licensed establishments with certain levels of annual revenue in Kansas City, Jackson County, North Kansas City, St. Louis, and St. Louis County have been permitted to sell liquor by the drink between 6:00 AM and 3:00 AM Mondays through Saturdays, and between 9:00 AM and 3:00 AM on Sundays. Except for wine, Missouri places no limitations on the interstate shipping of alcohol into the state, as long the\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262096\",\n \"text\": \"smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property. No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16142437\",\n \"text\": \"in 2012. The bill was initially vetoed by Gov. Nixon, but the Missouri legislature overrode the veto during the September veto session. In September 2016, another Senate bill coincidentally numbered SB 656 was passed allowing permitless concealed carry by anyone 19 years of age or older who may lawfully own a gun. This bill was also vetoed by Governor Nixon, on June 27, 2016. After the Missouri legislature reconvened for the veto-override session on September 14, 2016, the Senate voted to override the veto with a 24 – 6 vote (23 required) and the House followed through shortly thereafter with\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19947752\",\n \"text\": \"two states if there is even a slight variation in their name. For example, Vic Miller registered in Kansas would not be recognized as the same as Victor Miller registered in Missouri despite the same full date of birth and last four digits of social security number. Debate about Crosscheck is part of a larger, ongoing controversy over whether or not such voter registration programs are a valid means of protecting against fraud. A landmark study by researchers at Stanford, University of Pennsylvania, Yale, and Harvard quantified the tradeoff between voter accessibility and electoral integrity when purging a likely duplicate\",\n \"title\": \"Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262460\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri River The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5945030\",\n \"text\": \"off for Sacramento. It took seventy-five ponies to make the first trip from Missouri to California. Each major city along the way celebrated as the Pony Express rider passed through. On April 14, 1860, at about 1 a.m., the Pony Express from St. Joseph arrived in San Francisco. The east-bound rider left San Francisco April 3 and made it to St. Josephs on April 13. The Pony Express was active. In the first month of existence, the Pony Express riders experienced violent weather, harsh terrain, and the physical hardship of being in a saddle for up to 100 miles a\",\n \"title\": \"Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3106998\",\n \"text\": \"(as of 2013), the Country Club Plaza's \\\"Season of Lights\\\" is one of the city's oldest traditions. The lights are turned on at 6:54 pm on Thanksgiving and shine from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am daily through mid-January of the following year. The one- to two-hour ceremony is broadcast live on location television station KSHB. Country Club Plaza The Country Club Plaza (often called The Plaza) is a privately owned American shopping center in the Country Club District of Kansas City, Missouri. The center consists of 18 separate buildings representing 804,000 square feet of retail space and 468,000 square feet\",\n \"title\": \"Country Club Plaza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6628560\",\n \"text\": \"L-U-C-K\\\" tattooed on the fingers of his left hand and for a deformed right eyelid that never closed completely. Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \\\"Billy\\\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Cook (criminal)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3472526\",\n \"text\": \"Lewis noted his delusional thinking and a childhood history of severe abuse. In October 2013, Flynt called for clemency for Franklin, asserting \\\"that a government that forbids killing among its citizens should not be in the business of killing people itself.\\\" Franklin was held on death row at the Potosi Correctional Center near Mineral Point, Missouri. In August 2013, the Missouri Supreme Court announced that Franklin would be executed on November 20. Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster said in a statement that by setting execution dates, the state high court \\\"has taken an important step to see that justice is\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Paul Franklin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1125839\",\n \"text\": \"with hot, humid summers and chilly, though not severe winters. Winter weather can vary from very mild and rainy when air masses from the Gulf of Mexico predominate, to very cold, dry and windy with northerly or northwesterly airflows as in the famous cold month of January 1977. On average there are 82 nights which fall to or below , whilst one night falls to or below , and the coldest temperature ever has been on January 17, 1982. The hottest has been record on August 4, 1964, whilst an average of 2.9 days exceed . Rainfall is fairly heavy\",\n \"title\": \"New Madrid, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8755573\",\n \"text\": \"Mozingo Lake Golf Course The Mozingo Lake Golf Course is a 7,137 yard long, 18-hole municipal golf course on the banks of Mozingo Lake in Nodaway County, Missouri. The course was designed by Donald Sechrest and opened in 1995. It is a par 72 course and has a rating of 73.5 and a slope rating of 134 on Rye grass. It is owned by the city of Maryville, Missouri. According to the city website, Golf Digest and USA Today call it the \\\"best course to play in the state of Missouri for under $50.\\\" The signature hole is #8, a\",\n \"title\": \"Mozingo Lake Golf Course\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7357073\",\n \"text\": \"a terrible odor. Some suggest it was a rogue American Indian. Following sightings in 1972 beginning at 3:30 pm July 11, first reported by Terry, Wiley, and Doris Harrison, and lasting for about two weeks, tracks were found and submitted to Lawrence Curtis, director of the Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden. He deemed the tracks to be that of an unknown primate species. Momo the Monster Momo is the name of a local legend, similar to the Bigfoot, which is reported to live in Missouri. The name Momo is short for 'Missouri Monster' and it is reported to have\",\n \"title\": \"Momo the Monster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13015266\",\n \"text\": \"exceptions, such as \\\"NBC Sunday Night Football\\\", that are aired live in all time zones. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\\\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\\\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\\\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC 2009–10 United States network television schedule\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12750564\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"Psycho III\\\". The film title is a parody of the \\\"Pony Express,\\\" a fast mail service that crossed the North American continent from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California from April 1860 to October 1861. Puny Express Puny Express is an American cartoon, and the 32nd animated cartoon short subject in the \\\"Woody Woodpecker\\\" series. Released theatrically on January 22, 1951, the film was produced by Walter Lantz Productions and distributed by Universal-International. In the Old West, Cowboy Woody comes to town and notices an ad at a western post office advertising for a new mail delivery rider. He\",\n \"title\": \"Puny Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1331510\",\n \"text\": \"Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \\\"Cape\\\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city is named after Jean Baptiste de Girardot, who established a temporary trading post in the area around 1733. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Cape Girardeau, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262080\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas). The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2017 was 3.9 percent. In 2017, Missouri became a right-to-work state, but in August 2018, Missouri voters rejected a right-to-work law with 67% to 33%. Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19823781\",\n \"text\": \"Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into law the Missouri Medical Marijuana Bill, allowing the use of CBD oil to treat persistent seizures. In 2015 the state issued licenses to two non-profits to grow cannabis for oil to be sold to patients. House Bill\",\n \"title\": \"Cannabis in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3100876\",\n \"text\": \"first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May. If the Governor returns a bill with his objections after adjournment sine die, the General Assembly is automatically reconvened on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten days to consider vetoed bills. The Governor may convene the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a special\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri General Assembly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12719358\",\n \"text\": \"California Admission Day California Admission Day is a legal holiday in the state of California in the United States. It is celebrated as a day of observance annually on September 9 to commemorate the anniversary of the 1850 admission of California into the Union as the thirty-first state. California was admitted to the Union as part of the Compromise of 1850 as a free state after being ceded to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848. California directly became a state, it was never required to spend a period of time as a\",\n \"title\": \"California Admission Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4077554\",\n \"text\": \"New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: 2004–05 United States network television schedule The following is the 2004–05 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 2004 through May 2005. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series\",\n \"title\": \"2004–05 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1915475\",\n \"text\": \"St. Louis Lambert International Airport St. Louis Lambert International Airport , formerly Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is an international airport serving St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton. Commonly referred to as Lambert Field or simply Lambert, it is the largest and busiest airport in Missouri with over 270 daily departures to over 80 domestic and international locations. In 2017, 14.7 million passengers traveled through the airport. The airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and serves as a hub for Air Choice One and\",\n \"title\": \"St. Louis Lambert International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9283423\",\n \"text\": \"telephone with people in other time zones. For instance, business in Chicago is often conducted between 8 am and 4:30 pm, while in New York City, business hours tend to be later—for instance, from 10 am to 6 pm. On Saturdays, businesses are usually open from 8 or 9 am to noon or 1 pm. In Mexico, the standard business hours are from 7 am to 2 pm and 4 pm to 6 pm. In Finland, government agencies and other institutions follow the hours 8:00am to 4:15pm. Banks are usually open to 4:30pm. Common business is done from Monday to\",\n \"title\": \"Business hours\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19016610\",\n \"text\": \"rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Note: ABC aired \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" on Tuesday from September 20 to October 4. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: 2016–17 United States network television schedule The 2016–17 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2016 to August 2017. The schedule is\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12237777\",\n \"text\": \"Wolfe's case drew nationwide attention due to United States Supreme Court ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana, which banned death penalty for child rape, and was directly cited in court opinions. Ronald Wolfe (rapist) Ronald Wolfe was the last person executed in the United States for non-homicidal rape, and second-to-last put to death for crime other than murder (the last was James Coburn, electrocuted in Alabama the same year for robbery). He was also second-to-last person executed in Missouri before the U.S. moratorium on capital punishment. Wolfe, a 34-year-old man, was put to death in Missouri's gas chamber on May 8,\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald Wolfe (rapist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13674642\",\n \"text\": \"2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages online via the Official Tour of\",\n \"title\": \"2009 Tour of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1126949\",\n \"text\": \"Dorado Springs boasts Missouri's oldest municipal band performing in the United States at the longest continually used bandstand. The city has two newspapers: The Star and The Sun; along with local FM radio station KESM. Kamber Cain - Country Music Singer Sydney Friar - Miss Missouri 2011 El Dorado Springs, Missouri El Dorado Springs is the largest city in Cedar County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3,593 at the 2010 census. The name is commonly shortened to El Dorado or El Do. El Dorado Springs is located at (37.870872, -94.021024). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city\",\n \"title\": \"El Dorado Springs, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262024\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States. With over six million residents, it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City, near the center of the state on the Missouri River. The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the eastern border of the state. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years. The Mississippian culture\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9823084\",\n \"text\": \"and pay his respects, and decides to spend the summer there working as a laborer. He meets Jerri Jo Hopper, and falls in love, along the way developing new friendships with the town locals. He then must decide what direction he wants his life to go, whether to stay in Missouri or return to California. Steve McQueen's film company, Solar Productions, signed a multi-picture deal with Cinema Center Films. This was its first production. Michael Douglas got his first pay check, about 3400 USD, for Adam 6 A.M. He also received the orange Porsche, which he drove in the movie\",\n \"title\": \"Adam at 6 A.M.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7922822\",\n \"text\": \"Official Manual State of Missouri The Official Manual - State of Missouri (often referred to simply as The Missouri Blue Book) is a biennial publication from the Missouri Secretary of State. The Blue Book was first published in 1889. It contains historical, political, and statistical information about the state of Missouri. The book cover had traditionally been blue (with the exception of it being red, white and blue in 1976 during the United States Bicentennial) although thanks to the Irish roots of Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick it was green from 1969 until he left office in 1985. Secretary\",\n \"title\": \"Official Manual State of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598624\",\n \"text\": \"airing immediately after their original telecast in the U.S. and the weekend edition being simulcast live. In Hong Kong, the program is broadcast live (or delayed) on TVB Pearl daily at 07:30 Hong Kong Time (corresponding to 18:30, or 6:30 p.m., in the Eastern Time Zone of the U.S.). In the Philippines, \\\"NBC Nightly News\\\" was aired Mondays through Fridays at 8:30 a.m. (after \\\"Daybreak\\\"), Saturdays at 9:00 a.m. and Sundays at 10:00 a.m. local time; it is also rebroadcast at 5:30 p.m. each weeknight, 1:30 p.m. on Saturdays, 4:30 a.m. on Tuesdays to Saturdays, 10:00 p.m. on Sundays and\",\n \"title\": \"NBC Nightly News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19251363\",\n \"text\": \"of Missouri held that the Missouri Constitution did not allow the state to place anyone on the registry who had been convicted or pleaded guilty to a registrable offense before the sex offender registration law went into effect on 1 January 1995 and remanded the case for further consideration in light of that holding. On remand, the Jackson County Circuit Court entered an injunction ordering that the applicable individuals be removed from the published sex offender list. Defendant Colonel James Keathley appealed that order to the Missouri Court of Appeals in Kansas City, which affirmed the injunction on 1 April\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutionality of sex offender registries in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14418320\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"An American Prayer\\\" in 1978. It has been suggested that the inspiration for the Protagonist in the film, played by Morrison, with the script name 'Billy' was inspired by the very real Hitchhiker serial killer Billy Cook who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. In 2009, restored and re-mastered excerpts from \\\"HWY\\\" were featured in Tom DiCillos documentary \\\"When You're Strange\\\". However, the complete film was not included in the Special Features on the \\\"When You're Strange\\\" DVD, and there have been no further announcements regarding a DVD release for the film. Bootleg\",\n \"title\": \"HWY: An American Pastoral\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14320656\",\n \"text\": \"at roughly 60,000. Alarmed by the increasing turbulence, Frémont declared martial law in the state of Missouri on August 30, 1861. Just before dawn on August 30, Frémont finished penning his proclamation of martial law and read it to his wife and a trusted advisor, Edward Davis of Philadelphia. Davis warned that officials in Washington would never stand for such a sweeping edict. Frémont responded that he had been given full power to put down secession in Missouri and that, as a war measure, the proclamation was entirely warranted. The most controversial passage of the proclamation, and the one with\",\n \"title\": \"Frémont Emancipation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11677011\",\n \"text\": \"of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \\\"spring forward, fall back\\\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.\",\n \"title\": \"Daylight saving time in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19823786\",\n \"text\": \"voted were in favour of the implementation of legalised recreational usage of marijuana, and 70% supporting taxation upon its sale. 28% of those who supported this movement stating they had used the drug in the past week. Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into\",\n \"title\": \"Cannabis in Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17605801\",\n \"text\": \"Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: 2014–15 United States network television schedule The 2014–15 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2014 to August 2015. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2013–14 season. NBC was the first to announce\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 United States network television schedule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5808036\",\n \"text\": \"Above the shield is a helmet representing Missouri's state sovereignty. The large star above the helmet surrounded by 23 smaller stars represents Missouri's status as the 24th state. The cloud around the stars indicates the problems Missouri had in becoming a state. \\\"Salus populi suprema lex esto\\\" (Latin \\\"Let the good of the people be the supreme law\\\" or \\\"The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law\\\") is found in Cicero's \\\"De Legibus\\\" (book III, part III, sub. VIII), as \\\"Ollis salus populi suprema lex esto\\\". The phrase is the state motto of Missouri, accepted in its state\",\n \"title\": \"Seal of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3100875\",\n \"text\": \"a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district of their constituency for one year. Senators must be 30 years of age, a qualified Missouri voter for three years, and similar to House qualifications, must be a resident of their senatorial constituency for one year prior to their election. According to Article III, Section 20 of the Missouri Constitution, the General Assembly must convene on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January following the state general election. It adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6:00 p.m. on the\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri General Assembly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5869906\",\n \"text\": \"viewership of 6.79 million viewers, the largest audience the program earned since January 23, 1994. March 1, 2015: 6.63 million viewers (sixth-largest audience since the 1987 advent of people meters). CBS News Sunday Morning CBS News Sunday Morning is an American newsmagazine television program that has aired on CBS since January 28, 1979. Created by Robert Northshield and original host Charles Kuralt, the 90-minute program currently airs Sundays from 9:00 to 10:30 a.m. Eastern, Pacific Time from 7:00 to 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 to 9:30 a.m. in all other time zones (live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and\",\n \"title\": \"CBS News Sunday Morning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9972099\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), the micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs), and the combined statistical areas (CSAs) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Most recently on December 1, 2009, the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States, including 3 combined statistical areas, 8 metropolitan statistical areas, and 20 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of Missouri. The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas, the 114 counties, and the 1 independent city of\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri statistical areas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1127720\",\n \"text\": \"is the local high school. Private schools: There is a public library in the town, Washington Public Library. In 1990 Marbach am Neckar (Germany) became the sister city of Washington. Student exchanges and visitations between the two cities occur occasionally. Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of\",\n \"title\": \"Washington, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11416905\",\n \"text\": \"Show-Me State Games The Show-Me STATE GAMES (SMSG) is an Olympic-style competition for amateur athletes in the U.S. state of Missouri, held in the city of Columbia. The SMSG is the largest state games in the United States. The SMSG is a member of the National Congress of State Games and the United States Olympic Committee. SMSG is a program of the Missouri Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health, . The name derives from the state's official nickname, the \\\"Show-Me State.\\\" The Show-Me STATE GAMES has expanded from 600 participants in 1985, to more than 34,000 year-round participants in\",\n \"title\": \"Show-Me State Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562312\",\n \"text\": \"Climate of Missouri Missouri generally has a variety of seasonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification \\\"Cfa\\\"), with cool winters and long, hot summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate borders on a more mild-type humid subtropical climate (Köppen \\\"Cfa\\\"), and in the northern third, the state transitions into a humid continental climate (Köppen \\\"Dfa\\\"). Because of its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Lacking either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and\",\n \"title\": \"Climate of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10897555\",\n \"text\": \"be generally licensed to do business by the Department of Economic Development. In practice, ordinary commercial shippers like FedEx and UPS have the necessary licenses. An alcohol retailer licensed in Missouri or in any other state which has similar, \\\"reciprocal\\\" wine-shipping laws may ship up to two cases of wine each year to any Missouri resident over the age of 21, provided that the wine is for personal use and not for resale. Such a delivery is deemed not to be a sale in Missouri. Otherwise, for direct shipments of wine from a winery, a wine manufacturer licensed in Missouri\",\n \"title\": \"Alcohol laws of Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11677021\",\n \"text\": \"ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer. In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8. Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine\",\n \"title\": \"Daylight saving time in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5746437\",\n \"text\": \"go to Ste. Genevieve can take US 67 Bus. through Park Hills to US 67, to Missouri, then take Route 32 to Ste. Genevieve. There have supposedly been plans to extend Route 8 to Ste. Genevieve. So far, those plans have not been put into effect. Between Steelville and Potosi, Route 8 was initially Route 62 from 1922 to 1926. The route was renumbered because US 60 had been planned as US 62. Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St.\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri Route 8\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262032\",\n \"text\": \"speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners. Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as \\\"Missour-\\\"ee\\\"\\\" or \\\"Missour-\\\"uh\\\"\\\", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations. There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the \\\"Show Me State\\\", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that \\\"I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show\",\n \"title\": \"Missouri\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Truman Day context: and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the\\n\\nIf it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 187,\n \"origin_tokens\": 187,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Daylight saving time in the United States context: uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \\\"spring forward, fall back\\\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.\\n\\ntitle: California, Missouri context: air balloon California held Saturday of. Approately 20 hot air ball participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race California Style is held the Friday and Saturday of December Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more On January 19, 2018 singer-songwriter Kassi Asht her \\\"California, Missouri referencing hometown California California, Missouri California is a city Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. 2010 census has the population at ,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third\\n Climate of: isottest time of year mean 2 °7 °F) meanitation of30012 with more precip either July or August. extreme for the occur in July Tropones and this time, contributing area rainfall Fall through, precip. The temperatures for are. ° and mean precip 50 (0\\n, California Missouri California is a , the the City Area the. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and\\n\\nIf it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 474,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14997,\n \"ratio\": \"31.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":183,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":183,"string":"183"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which decade of the 20th century was Ted Danson born?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Forties","1940–1949","%6040s","1940s","Nineteen-forties","1940s literature","'40s","1940-1949","1940's","1940s (decade)"],"string":"[\n \"The Forties\",\n \"1940–1949\",\n \"%6040s\",\n \"1940s\",\n \"Nineteen-forties\",\n \"1940s literature\",\n \"'40s\",\n \"1940-1949\",\n \"1940's\",\n \"1940s (decade)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"1940s"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1709830","text":"conservation. In March 2011, he published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica (née MacMaster, 1916 – January 11, 2006) and Edward Bridge \"Ned\" Danson, Jr. (March 22, 1916 – November 30, 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1709847","text":"Hillary Clinton. Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", Jack Holden in the films \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \"Becker\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \"\" and \"\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \"Damages\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1709828","text":"Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", Jack Holden in the films \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \"Becker\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \"\" and \"\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \"Damages\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series \"Bored to","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"12260020","text":"Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three people and injured 23 others in an attempt to start a revolution by conducting a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology. In conjunction, he issued a social critique opposing industrialization and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism. In 1971 Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or","title":"Ted Kaczynski"},{"id":"1709845","text":"an axe and saw, Breed, Gaede, and Danson ended up destroying over 300 outdoor advertising signs. Danson's interest in environmentalism continued over the years, and he began to be concerned with the state of the world's oceans. In the 1980s, he was a contributing founder of the \"American Oceans Campaigns\", which merged with Oceana in 2001, where Danson is a board member. In March 2011, Danson published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans And What We Can Do To Save Them\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson is a friend of former United States President Bill Clinton, who attended","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"15332301","text":"James Van Praagh James Van Praagh (; born August 23, 1958) is an American author, producer and television personality who describes himself as a clairvoyant and spiritual medium. He has written numerous books, including \"The New York Times\" bestseller \"Talking to Heaven\". He co-executive produced the CBS primetime series \"Ghost Whisperer\", which he claims was based on his life, and was portrayed by Ted Danson in the 2002 semi-biographical miniseries \"Living with the Dead\". He hosted a short-lived paranormal talk show called \"Beyond with James Van Praagh\". Van Praagh was born in Bayside, New York and is the youngest of","title":"James Van Praagh"},{"id":"657047","text":"for Public Service. Goldberg serves on the national council advisory board of the National Museum of American Illustration. Goldberg has been married three times — in 1973 to Alvin Martin (divorced in 1979, one daughter); on September 1, 1986 to cinematographer David Claessen (divorced in 1988); and on October 1, 1994 to the union organizer Lyle Trachtenberg (divorced in 1995). She was romantically linked with actors Frank Langella, Timothy Dalton, and Ted Danson, who controversially appeared in blackface during her 1993 Friars Club roast. She has stated that she has no plans to marry again, commenting \"Some people are not","title":"Whoopi Goldberg"},{"id":"13650000","text":"Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \"Ted\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving utensils and other home furnishings, established after discovering the simple but elegant design style on a 1950s trip to Denmark. Nierenberg was born on May 20, 1923, and majored in engineering management at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Institute of Technology, earning a bachelor of science degree in 1944. After graduation, he worked in the family business that manufactured metal nameplates for appliances. On a trip to Europe in","title":"Ted Nierenberg"},{"id":"13650004","text":"\"widely considered among the finest gardens in the Hudson Valley\". \"The Beckoning Path: Lessons of a Lifelong Garden\", a book of Nierenberg's photographs of his gardens, was published by Aperture Press in 1993. Nierenberg died at age 86 on July 31, 2009, due to pancreatic cancer at his home in Armonk, New York. He was survived by his wife, two daughters, two sons and ten grandchildren. Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \"Ted\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving","title":"Ted Nierenberg"},{"id":"12260082","text":"selections in the University of Michigan's special collections. The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049. In 2012, Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni Association's directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class of 1962; he listed his occupation as \"prisoner\" and his eight life sentences as \"awards\". Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three","title":"Ted Kaczynski"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"1709831","text":"where he was a star player on the basketball team. He became interested in drama while attending Stanford University and, seeking a better acting program, transferred to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in drama in 1972. Danson began his television career as a contract player on the daytime soap opera \"Somerset\". He played the role of \"Tom Conway\" from 1975 to 1976. He then spent a few years (1977–1982) as a doctor on the daytime soap opera \"The Doctors\". He was also in a number of commercials, most recognizably as","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"1709840","text":"and \"Cousins\" with Isabella Rossellini. He also appeared in \"The Onion Field\" (his first film, as the bagpipe playing Officer Ian Campbell), \"Creepshow\", \"Body Heat\", \"Little Treasure\", \"Just Between Friends\", \"A Fine Mess\", \"Dad\", \"Made in America\", \"Getting Even with Dad\" and \"Saving Private Ryan\". Danson and his first wife, actress Randall \"Randy\" Gosch (now professionally known as Randy Danson), were married in 1970 and divorced in 1975. Danson's second wife was producer Cassandra \"Casey\" Coates; they were married in 1977. On December 24, 1979, while giving birth to their first daughter Kate, Coates suffered a stroke, and Danson spent","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"5197532","text":"Harry Weedon Harold William \"Harry\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \"taught Britain to love modern architecture\" and form \"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\". Weedon was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, the son of a commercial traveller, and educated at","title":"Harry Weedon"},{"id":"20064561","text":"Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \"New York Post\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \"Dean of Black Journalists\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had seven older brothers and sisters. His family was one of the few black families to own their","title":"Ted Poston"},{"id":"5984498","text":"Dad (film) Dad is a 1989 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Gary David Goldberg and starring Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson, Olympia Dukakis, Kathy Baker, Kevin Spacey and Ethan Hawke. It is based on William Wharton's novel of the same name. The original music score was composed by James Horner. The film was produced by Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures. John Tremont (Ted Danson) is a busy executive. He learns during a meeting that his mother has collapsed and been rushed to the hospital. Flying immediately to Los Angeles, he ends up becoming a caretaker of his","title":"Dad (film)"},{"id":"2397657","text":"Ted Healy Ted Healy (born Ernest Lea Nash, October 1, 1896 – December 21, 1937) was an American vaudeville performer, comedian, and actor. Though he is chiefly remembered as the creator of the Three Stooges and the style of slapstick comedy that they later made famous, he had a successful stage and film career of his own, and was cited as a formative influence by several later comedy stars. His sister was Marcia Healy who costarred with the Three Stooges as well in \"The Sitter Downers\". Sources conflict on Healy's precise birth name and birthplace, but according to baptism records,","title":"Ted Healy"},{"id":"1709841","text":"several years caring for her and helping her recuperate. They later adopted a second daughter, Alexis. Danson's affair with actress Whoopi Goldberg led to their divorce in 1993. It's known as one of Hollywood's costliest divorces, reportedly costing Danson $30 million. On October 7, 1995, Danson married actress Mary Steenburgen, whom he met on the set of the movie \"Pontiac Moon\" in 1993, and became the stepfather to Steenburgen's children, Lilly and Charlie, from her previous marriage to actor Malcolm McDowell. Danson has been on a vegan diet multiple times, but he currently adheres to a pescetarian diet. Danson suffers","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"8732714","text":"police drama. In 2004 Houston directed the NBC television series \"Crossing Jordan\". Dr. Jordan, played by Jill Hennessy, is a forensic pathologist who tends to be overly passionate about solving homicides and frequently extends her search for answers outside of the autopsy table. In 2005 Houston wrote the movie \"Knights of the South Bronx\" with Jamal Joseph. Inspired by a true story, the film portrays Richard Mason (Ted Danson), who is middle-aged and unemployed when he begins teaching in an inner-city school in the Bronx. Instead of following the prescribed curriculum, Mason encourages his elementary school students by teaching them","title":"Dianne Houston"},{"id":"7356634","text":"Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law lecturer at Durham University. He was the author of the book \"The Commonwealth Public Service\". He was the father of Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and of Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons in Filey, Yorkshire, England, he was the illegitimate son of two middle class travelling entertainers. His father Charles Parsons (16 July 1887 – 19 January 1970) had the stage name Jimmy Lynton while his","title":"Leo Blair"},{"id":"469572","text":"research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and","title":"20th century"},{"id":"12261943","text":"Actor, and remains the only actor to have had two posthumous acting nominations. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the 18th best male movie star of Golden Age Hollywood in AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list. James Byron Dean was born on February 8, 1931, at the Seven Gables apartment on the corner of 4th Street and McClure Street in Marion, Indiana, the only child of Winton Dean and Mildred Marie Wilson. He was primarily of English descent, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. He also claimed that his father was part Native American, while","title":"James Dean"},{"id":"2839938","text":"Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \"Double Indemnity\". The film launched Turner's career—\"Empire\" magazine cited the film in 1995 when it named her one of the \"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\". \"The New York Times\" wrote in 2005 that, propelled by her \"jaw-dropping movie debut [in] \"Body Heat\" ... she built a career on adventurousness and frank sexuality born of robust physicality.\" The","title":"Body Heat"},{"id":"469545","text":"20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts;","title":"20th century"},{"id":"2839953","text":"Edgar Ulmer's \"Detour\"\". The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Warner Bros. released a 25th anniversary Deluxe Edition DVD of \"Body Heat\", including a documentary about the film by Laurent Bouzereau, a \"number of rightfully deleted scenes\", and a trailer. Notes Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \"Double Indemnity\". The film launched Turner's career—\"Empire\" magazine cited the film in 1995","title":"Body Heat"},{"id":"1420569","text":"to his decision to continue acting: \"I didn't want to be an actor and I went back to college. But then the [film's] success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places, and it seemed silly to pursue anything else.\" While filming \"Dead Poets Society\" he auditioned for what would be his next film appearance, 1989's comedy drama \"Dad\", where he played Ted Danson's son and Jack Lemmon's grandson. Hawke's next film, 1991's \"White Fang\", brought his first leading role. The film, an adaptation of Jack London's novel","title":"Ethan Hawke"},{"id":"20064568","text":"in an anti-segregation film. He also lived next door to his friend Thurgood Marshall for many years. Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \"New York Post\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \"Dean of Black Journalists\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had","title":"Ted Poston"},{"id":"5941788","text":"Three Men and a Little Lady Three Men and a Little Lady is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Emile Ardolino. It is the sequel to the 1987 film \"Three Men and a Baby\". Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, and Ted Danson reprise the leading roles. The three men – Peter, Michael, and Jack – are living happily together with Mary, who is now five, and her mother, Sylvia. Peter and Michael continue their careers as an architect and cartoonist, while Jack has very few acting roles. Sylvia has become a famous actress and is dating her director Edward who","title":"Three Men and a Little Lady"},{"id":"7733039","text":"Para USA Para USA (Para) is an American-owned firearms manufacturer. It is the successor to Para-Ordnance, founded in Canada in 1985. It specializes in making M1911-style semi-automatic pistols and components. Para-Ordnance was founded in Canada in 1985 by two childhood friends, Ted Szabo and Thanos Polyzos. Szabo was born in Hungary and his family fled the country when the Soviets invaded during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. Polyzos was born in Greece and later emigrated to Canada. On March 28, 2007, Ted Szabo died at the age of 60. The company's first product was a plastic paintball gun, the Model","title":"Para USA"},{"id":"15332307","text":"Dead\" (also known by the alternate title, \"Talking to Heaven\"), a four-hour miniseries based on Van Praagh and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal, with the screenplay by John Pielmeier. Although the series followed Van Praagh's experiences, it included a fictional mystery around the murder of a teenage boy at the hands of a serial killer. Van Praagh was played by Ted Danson, his mother by Diane Ladd and his father by Jack Palance. Danson received praise from outlets like the \"Chicago Tribune\" and \"People\" for his portrayal of Van Praagh as a man anguished by his lifelong visions of the dead,","title":"James Van Praagh"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"20224477","text":"impossible to answer (e.g., ‘In which decade of the 20th century was Pablo Picasso born?’ The answer is impossible as he was born in the 19th century). If a contestant buzzes in and identifies it as \"impossible\", their opponents lose two lives, but they lose two lives of their own if they give an answer to an impossible question or say \"impossible\" to a question that is possible and so has a correct answer. The finalist who makes it to this round now faces a question, based on a random category, in which they have ten seconds to pick three","title":"Impossible (game show)"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"1709829","text":"Death\". In 2015 he starred as Hank Larsson in the second season of FX's black comedy-crime drama anthology \"Fargo\". Since 2016, he has played the afterlife \"architect\" Michael in the NBC sitcom \"The Good Place\". During his career, Danson has been nominated for 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations, winning three; one Screen Actors Guild Award; and one American Comedy Award and has been awarded a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was ranked second in \"TV Guide\"s list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1395961","text":"P. T. Barnum Phineas Taylor Barnum (; July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, politician, and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus (1871–2017). He was also an author, publisher, and philanthropist, though he said of himself: \"I am a showman by profession… and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me\". According to his critics, his personal aim was \"to put money in his own coffers.\" He is widely credited with coining the adage \"There's a sucker born every minute\", although no evidence can be found of","title":"P. T. Barnum"},{"id":"15131182","text":"1911) and Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford (both born in 1913). (However, Reagan, Nixon and Ford served in World War II with members of the Greatest Generation.) Living members of this generation include Richard Arvine Overton, the oldest living World War II veteran. For deceased celebrities born in this era, see G.I. Generation. Interbellum Generation Interbellum Generation is a term (derived from the Latin \"inter\" \"between\" and \"bellum\" \"war\") that is sometimes used to denote persons born in the United States during the first decade of the 20th century, often expressed specifically as the years 1901 to 1913. The","title":"Interbellum Generation"},{"id":"20252755","text":"as a consulting producer in the Discovery Channel's 2017 miniseries, \"\", which features actor Sam Worthington as James \"Fitz\" Fitzgerald, described by Fitzgerald himself as \"a composite character\" of many investigators in the Unabomber case. James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of","title":"James R. Fitzgerald"},{"id":"1709844","text":"his face. Danson and Goldberg issued statements emphasizing \"the Friars Club tradition of raucous and over the top humor\" and describing those offended as newcomers who \"were uncomfortable with what to expect\". Substantial excerpts from the performance were later printed in \"Spy\". On November 5, 1993, Danson and Goldberg issued a statement signalling the end of their relationship. Danson's interest in environmental concerns was ignited when he was twelve years old and Bill Breed, then curator of geology at the Museum of Northern Arizona, introduced Danson and friend Marc Gaede to a game he referred to as \"billboarding\". Armed with","title":"Ted Danson"},{"id":"1366188","text":"together, daughter Lilly and son Charlie McDowell. Steenburgen and McDowell separated in 1989 and divorced in 1990. On October 7, 1995, Steenburgen married actor Ted Danson, whom she had met on the set of the film \"Pontiac Moon\" in 1993, and became the stepmother to Danson's daughters Kate and Alexis from his previous marriage, to producer Cassandra Coates. Steenburgen currently resides in the Los Angeles area with her family. An alumna of Hendrix College, Steenburgen received an honorary doctorate from the institution in 1989. In 2006, Steenburgen received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Lyon College in Batesville,","title":"Mary Steenburgen"},{"id":"18668448","text":"Ted Shearer Thaddeus \"Ted\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \"Quincy\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton High School, he met African-American cartoonist E. Simms Campbell, who became his mentor. At 16, Shearer sold","title":"Ted Shearer"},{"id":"3211119","text":"Becker (TV series) Becker is an American sitcom that ran from 1998 to 2004 on CBS. Set in the New York City borough of the Bronx, the show starred Ted Danson as John Becker, a cantankerous doctor who operates a small practice and is constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, and friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. Despite everything, his patients and friends are loyal because Becker genuinely cares about them. The series was produced by Paramount Network Television. The show revolved around Becker and the things that annoyed him, although the members of the supporting","title":"Becker (TV series)"},{"id":"652051","text":"that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, where he died of a heart attack at age 64, on January 22, 1973. Johnson is ranked favorably by many historians because of his domestic policies and the passage of many major laws that affected civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation, and Social Security, although he has also drawn substantial criticism for his escalation of the Vietnam War. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River.","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"15131181","text":"the later conflict. Members of this generation came of age either during the Roaring Twenties or the initial phase of the Great Depression, prior to the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the promulgation of the New Deal. This fact contributed to the core of this generation holding lifelong left-liberal views in politics, especially on economic issues, although a few prominent dissenters (such as Barry Goldwater) do stand out. Most of their children belong to the Silent Generation. The four Presidents of the United States of the Interbellum Generation were Lyndon B. Johnson (born in 1908), Ronald Reagan (born in","title":"Interbellum Generation"},{"id":"7356639","text":"28 June 1975 of thyroid cancer. He remarried and lived in Shrewsbury, Shropshire with his second wife, Olwen, until his death. Cherie and Tony Blair named their youngest son Leo after him. Blair was a \"militant atheist\" according to his son Tony. Blair died at the age of 89 on 16 November 2012. Blair's book \"The Commonwealth Public Service\" (1958) was described by the journal \"Canadian Public Administration\" as \"an excellent primer on the Australian Federal Public Service\". Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law","title":"Leo Blair"},{"id":"3496883","text":"hair but actually turning it into a business. He was one of the first who had a product line bought out by a major corporation\". Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage.","title":"Vidal Sassoon"},{"id":"4892532","text":"the harassment. A former FBI agent Ted Gunderson, who believed in a wide range of conspiracy theories, submitted an affidavit supporting the theory two months before his death at age 82. Red Squad In the United States, Red Squads were police intelligence units that specialized in infiltrating, conducting counter-measures and gathering intelligence on political and social groups during the 20th century. Dating as far back as the Haymarket Riot in 1886, Red Squads became common in larger cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles during the First Red Scare of the 1920s. They were set up as specialized","title":"Red Squad"},{"id":"19256052","text":"Ted Stanley Theodore Richard \"Ted\" Stanley (April 26, 1931 – January 3, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He co-founded the Danbury Mint with business partner Ralph Glendinning, which was then a subsidiary of MBI Inc. Born in Reading, Pennsylvania, Stanley graduated from University of Pennsylvania. He then served in the United States Air Force and was an intelligence officer. Stanley worked for Procter & Gamble in the marketing division in Cincinnati, Ohio. Stanley became a billionaire during his lifetime, acquiring a net worth of approximately $1.3 billion. Stanley earned his wealth through the founding the Danbury Mint, which","title":"Ted Stanley"},{"id":"11485869","text":"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the","title":"Indonesia national badminton team"},{"id":"1983189","text":"he and Cooper married in July 1992. In 1994, they became involved with Equinox International, a multi-level marketing organization, and created a promotional video for the company, as did Ted Danson and Dave Parker. The couple had two children: Lukas, born in 1993, and Hana, born in 1997. After several years of marriage, they assembled material from the journals that each kept, which included poems, songs and letters. They authored a 1997 book titled \"The Unimaginable Life\" about their relationship. Its purpose was to offer an alternative to typical relationships where spouses feel that they cannot be completely honest. Later","title":"Kenny Loggins"},{"id":"3559394","text":"illegally, they have a baby, and the family gets split up. Maybe the kid stays. We don't have a workable formation. This goes to the heart of the Latino vote because it shows a real lack of sympathy. You have to come up with some kind of fix. So why avoid this one? Don't you have to take it on?\" In January 2016, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump referred to rival Ted Cruz, who was born in Canada to an American mother and a Cuban father who were both lawfully resident in Canada at the time, as an \"anchor baby.\"","title":"Anchor baby"},{"id":"3218265","text":"events that took place between c. 1964 and 1972, and to memories of the counterculture, flower power, protests of 1968 and other things happening at the time. Often, such a nominal decade will come to be known by a title, such as the \"Swinging Sixties\" (1960s), the \"Warring Forties\" (1940s) and the \"Roaring Twenties\" (1920s). This practice is occasionally also used for decades of earlier centuries, for example references to the 1890s as the \"Gay Nineties\" or \"Naughty Nineties\". Decade A decade is a period of 10 years. The word is derived (via French and Latin) from the ), which","title":"Decade"},{"id":"20519268","text":"Jersey. The settlement was for $1.9 million. He was with Heather Unruh during her November 2017 press conference when she alleged Kevin Spacey molested her son. In the Geoghan case, Garabedian was able to reach a financial settlement with the Boston Archdiocese on behalf of 86 people. At the time they reached the settlement, the Church would pay upwards of $30 million and plaintiffs would not be required to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Stanley Tucci portrayed Garabedian in the movie \"Spotlight\". Ted Danson portrayed him in \"Our Fathers\". Mitchell Garabedian Mitchell \"Mitch\" Garabedian (born July 17, 1951) is a lawyer","title":"Mitchell Garabedian"},{"id":"20252752","text":"James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania. In 1987, after eleven years of local police work culminating in his promotion to the rank of sergeant, he was recruited by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Upon graduation from the FBI","title":"James R. Fitzgerald"},{"id":"19995012","text":"7 Oct. 2011. Angels at Risk and Fred Segal Press Release. Santa Monica, California. 18. Angels at Risk: Southern California Juvenile Courts Dissolved by Susie Spain Official Website: Angels at Risk Angels at Risk Angels at Risk is a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable organization in Los Angeles, California, United States of America founded by Susie Spain, Ted Danson, Mary Steenburgen, Jesse Sisgold and Tom Nolan that focuses on the issue of drug and alcohol use and abuse in kids, teens, and families through their prevention education programs, services, trainings, and curriculum. Angels at Risk formally became their own 501 (c)(3) in","title":"Angels at Risk"},{"id":"3058931","text":"in Up Holland throughout the 20th century. The comedian Ted Ray (born Charles Olden), spent his childhood in the village, his father being the licensee of the Bull's Head public house, which used to stand in School Lane. The life peer Catherine Ashton, appointed as the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in 2009, was born in Upholland. The phonetician John C Wells, who was president of the International Phonetic Association between 2003 and 2007, was born in Upholland to the vicar of the parish, Philip Wells. He has commented on the accent of the area","title":"Upholland"},{"id":"9011192","text":"In 2000, Jones joined film actor and ocean activist Ted Danson and founded BlueVoice.org (a website dedicated to the protection of dolphins and whales and particularly stopping the hunting of dolphins in Japanese fishing villages). The organization uses television and the internet to publicize ocean issues. One of the group's main concerns is the alarming level of contamination in the oceans - bio-accumulating in the foodweb from plankton to fish, marine mammals, then humans. Jones’ book, \"The Voice of the Dolphins\", was published in 2011. It recounts more than thirty years of work with dolphins in the wild as well","title":"Hardy Jones"},{"id":"1278508","text":"Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burglar, and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution and after more than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 homicides that he committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true number of victims is unknown and possibly higher. Many of Bundy's young female victims regarded him as handsome and charismatic, which were traits that he exploited to win their trust.","title":"Ted Bundy"},{"id":"5198728","text":"Troy Donahue Troy Donahue (born Merle Johnson, Jr., January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American film and television actor and singer. He was a popular male sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s. Born in New York City, Donahue was the son of a retired stage actress and the manager of the motion-picture department of General Motors. Donahue later recalled in a 1959 interview: Acting is all I ever wanted. Ever since I can remember, I've studied and read plays. My mother would help me, but my parents didn't want me to become an actor. They preferred","title":"Troy Donahue"},{"id":"335123","text":"southern and border states. To this day, there are still counties and parishes within the US known as \"dry\", where the sale of alcohol – liquor, and sometimes wine and beer – is prohibited. Several such municipalities have adopted liquor-by-the-drink, however, in order to expand tax revenue. Some municipalities regulate when alcohol can be sold; an example is restricting or banning sales on Sunday, under the so-called \"blue laws\". Al Capone was the most notorious gangster of his generation. Born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York; Capone settled in Chicago to take over Johnny Torrio's business dealing with","title":"Prohibition"},{"id":"12261990","text":"had become friends after they first met on the set of \"Giant\", referred to Dean as gay during a speech at the GLAAD Media Awards in 2001. Biographer Darwin Porter believes that Dean was more likely omnisexual, and that his trysts were often opportunistic and designed to further his career. Publisher: Sandy Beach, A (February 26, 2018) James Dean James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American actor. He is remembered as a cultural icon of teenage disillusionment and social estrangement, as expressed in the title of his most celebrated film, \"Rebel Without a Cause\"","title":"James Dean"},{"id":"9718710","text":"but returned to graduate several years later from Columbia's School of General Studies in 1991 with a bachelor of arts, with honors, in history. Rall says his drawing style was originally influenced by Mike Peters, the editorial cartoonist at his hometown paper, the \"Dayton Daily News\". Later influences included Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau, Charles Schulz, and Matt Groening. Rall's 1990s work focused on the issues and concerns surrounding twentysomethings and Generation X, terms coined in the late 1980s to describe people born in the 1960s. While living in San Francisco Rall met Dave Eggers, who hired him as a contributing","title":"Ted Rall"},{"id":"3952071","text":"Barney Danson Barnett Jerome \"Barney\" Danson, (February 8, 1921 – October 17, 2011) was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. Barney Danson was born to a Jewish family in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood. He joined The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada in 1939 as the Second World War broke out. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant and served until he was severely wounded, losing an eye, in the Battle of Normandy. His ailment created an interest in the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and its library for the blind and visually impaired, which he maintained until his death.","title":"Barney Danson"},{"id":"11289542","text":"Jean-Charles Tacchella Jean-Charles Tacchella (born 23 September 1925) is a French screenwriter and film director. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film \"Cousin Cousine\" (1975), which was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and which was later (1989) remade in a US version starring Ted Danson and titled \"Cousins\". Jean-Charles Tacchella studied in Marseilles and, just after the Liberation, left for Paris with the aim of becoming a film director. He joined \"L'écran Français\" when he was nineteen where he worked with Renoir, Becker and Grémillon. While with","title":"Jean-Charles Tacchella"},{"id":"429829","text":"birthday by giving an invited lecture at the University of Southampton. In 2014, ACM SIGCHI honored him with a Special Recognition Award. Nelson is credited with coining several new words that have come into common usage especially in the world of computing. Among them are: Many of his books are published through his own company, Mindful Press. Ted Nelson Theodor Holm \"Ted\" Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher and sociologist. He coined the terms \"hypertext\" and \"hypermedia\" in 1963 and published them in 1965. Nelson coined the terms \"transclusion\", \"virtuality\", and \"intertwingularity\" (in","title":"Ted Nelson"},{"id":"412779","text":"He also created the environmental-themed animated series \"Captain Planet and the Planeteers.\" Turner was born on November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Florence (née Rooney) and Robert Edward Turner II, a billboard magnate. When he was nine, his family moved to Savannah, Georgia. He attended The McCallie School, a private boys' preparatory school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Turner attended Brown University and was vice-president of the Brown Debating Union and captain of the sailing team. He became a member of Kappa Sigma. Turner initially majored in Classics. Turner's father wrote saying that his choice made him \"appalled, even","title":"Ted Turner"},{"id":"18668454","text":"Northern Westchester Hospital in Mount Kisco, New York. As illustrator; children's chapter books written by John Shearer Ted Shearer Thaddeus \"Ted\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \"Quincy\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton","title":"Ted Shearer"},{"id":"2836660","text":"Marian McPartland Margaret Marian McPartland, OBE (\"née\" Turner; 20 March 1918 – 20 August 2013), was an English-American jazz pianist, composer and writer. She was the host of \"Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz\" on National Public Radio from 1978 to 2011. After her marriage to trumpeter Jimmy McPartland in February 1945, she resided in the United States when not travelling throughout the world to perform. In 1969 she founded Halcyon Records, a recording company that produced albums for 10 years. In 2000 she was named a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master. In 2004 she was given a Grammy Award","title":"Marian McPartland"},{"id":"5858184","text":"Ted Tinling Cuthbert Collingwood \"Ted\" Tinling (23 June 1910 – 23 May 1990), sometimes known as Teddy Tinling, was an English tennis player, fashion designer, spy and author. He was a firm fixture on the professional tennis tour for over sixty years and is considered the foremost designer of tennis dressed of the 20th Century. He was born in Eastbourne, on the south coast of England, the son of James Alexander Tinling, a chartered accountant. In 1923, suffering from bronchial asthma, his parents sent him to the French Riviera on doctor's orders. It was there he began playing tennis, particularly","title":"Ted Tinling"},{"id":"3496860","text":"Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage. He quit school at age 14, soon holding various jobs in London during World War II. Although he hoped to become a professional football player,","title":"Vidal Sassoon"},{"id":"7845245","text":"diagnosis in the DSM-III-R but then relegated to the appendix of DSM-IV, tentatively renamed 'Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder'. Millon devised a set of widely acknowledged subtypes for each of the DSM personality disorders: Theodore Millon Theodore Millon (August 18, 1928 – January 29, 2014) was an American psychologist known for his work on personality disorders. Millon was born in 1928, the only child of immigrant Jewish parents from Lithuania and Poland. His 19th-century ancestors came from the town of Valozhyn, then a part of the Russian Empire. Receiving degrees from both American and European universities, he was a member of","title":"Theodore Millon"},{"id":"1423819","text":"1999. Del Shannon was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005. Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \"Billboard\" hit \"Runaway\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while","title":"Del Shannon"},{"id":"1571637","text":"launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program, and instituted reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice. Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15, 2015. He suspended his campaign on February 20, 2016, shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23, 2016. Bush later made headlines by joining a group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for president, Donald Trump. Jeb Bush was born on February 11, 1953 in Midland, Texas. When he was six years old, the family relocated to the Tanglewood neighborhood of Houston,","title":"Jeb Bush"},{"id":"11121363","text":"Ted Patrick Theodore Roosevelt Patrick, Jr. (born 1930) is an American cult-deprogrammer and author. He is considered to be the \"father of deprogramming.\" Ted Patrick was born in what he calls \"a red-light district\" of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in which he was surrounded by \"thieves, prostitutes, murderers [and] pimps. From his earliest recollections, Patrick says [he] saw people being killed, shot up, cut up, beat up. The place was so bad, even the police didn't want to come there.\" Patrick had a speech impediment, which set him apart from the other children. Until he was sixteen, no one could understand what","title":"Ted Patrick"},{"id":"1423801","text":"Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \"Billboard\" hit \"Runaway\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while in Germany played guitar in a band called \"The Cool Flames\". When his service ended, he returned","title":"Del Shannon"},{"id":"11799018","text":"Florida, near Weisman's home town of Fort Lauderdale until their divorce in 2011. Robin currently works in marketing. Robin Weisman Robin Weisman (born March 14, 1984) is an American former child actress. She acted between 1990 and 1994. Born in Hollywood, Florida to parents Betsy and David Weisman, Weisman is well known as the \"little lady\" Mary Bennington in the film \"Three Men and a Little Lady\" in 1990 with Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg and Ted Danson. She also appeared in \"Thunder in Paradise\" with Hulk Hogan. Weisman gained a degree in business studies from the University of Florida. She","title":"Robin Weisman"},{"id":"479149","text":"Bruce Lee Lee Jun-fan (; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee (), was a Hong Kong and American actor, film director, martial artist, martial arts instructor, philosopher, and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do, one of the wushu or kung fu styles. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen. He is considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians","title":"Bruce Lee"},{"id":"12212435","text":"Cecil Clavering John Cecil Clavering OBE (17 April 1910 – 6 October 2001) was an English architect, best known for his work designing Odeon Cinemas as part of Harry Weedon's architectural practice in the 1930s, and his later work as the architect of the Public Record Office in Kew, London. Clavering was born and educated in Sunderland, the son of a schoolmaster. At the age of seventeen he was articled to a firm of architects in South Shields while studying architecture at Armstrong College, Newcastle, where he was introduced to the work of Le Corbusier, Willem Marinus Dudok, Erich Mendelsohn","title":"Cecil Clavering"},{"id":"10317239","text":"Them\" (2011), written with actor and activist Ted Danson. D'Orso's father was a U.S. Navy submarine officer and a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. D'Orso was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, and was raised in military base cities, including: Key West, Florida; San Diego, California; Charleston, South Carolina; and Frankfurt, Germany. He graduated with a degree in philosophy from the College of William and Mary in 1975 and earned a master's degree in English from William and Mary in 1981. D'Orso was a staff writer for \"Commonwealth Magazine\"(1981-1984), features writer for \"The Virginian-Pilot\" (1984-1993) and contributor to \"Sports Illustrated\" magazine","title":"Mike D'Orso"},{"id":"10056523","text":"theatre in the country. The Lyric theatre is where film star Liam Neeson began his career and local playwrights Martin Lynch and Marie Jones have both written plays for the theatre. Kenneth Branagh, another British film actor, was also born in Belfast. The Old Museum Arts Centre is a 19th-century building in the city centre which runs a programme of music, theatre, comedy, dance workshops, and a ground floor art gallery with regular exhibitions. Belfast has several venues for performing arts. The Grand Opera House, completed in 1895, was bombed several times during the Troubles but has been restored to","title":"Culture of Belfast"},{"id":"1627034","text":"Aleister Crowley. His works had a direct influence on the rise in popular occultism and some forms of neopaganism in the 20th century. In addition to the Britons, some notable non-British entrants were listed, including two Irish nationals, the philanthropic musicians Bono and Bob Geldof. The top 19 entries were people of English origin (though Sir Ernest Shackleton and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were both born into Anglo-Irish families when what is now the Republic of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom). The highest-placed Scottish entry was Alexander Fleming in 20th place, and the highest Welsh entry","title":"100 Greatest Britons"},{"id":"2083399","text":"a title card reading \"In memory of Brandon Tartikoff.\" A similar card appeared at the end of the ninth-season premiere of \"Seinfeld\", \"The Butter Shave\". On Friday, August 29, 1997, \"Dateline NBC\" ran an extended tribute to Tartikoff which featured many famous figures whose careers he had influenced, including Warren Littlefield, Dick Ebersol, Bill Cosby, Michael J. Fox, Ted Danson, and Jerry Seinfeld. Brandon Tartikoff Brandon Tartikoff (January 13, 1949 – August 27, 1997) was an American television executive who was the president of NBC from 1980 to 1991. He was credited with turning around NBC's low prime time reputation","title":"Brandon Tartikoff"},{"id":"2658446","text":"US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \"generational shift\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\".","title":"History of the United States (1991–2008)"},{"id":"12678075","text":"is also a licensed private investigator. He considers himself a Democrat, and has been criticized for anti-Republican statements he has made over the years. The author noted in an interview that he agreed with Robert Crumb's observation that the Thirties was the pinnacle of American culture. He also notes in the same interview that he finds truth to Art Spiegelman's statement \"that we are, for whatever reason, most nostalgic for the decade before the one we were born in\", as he was born in the Forties. As a freelance journalist, he has written criticism for publications such as the \"New","title":"Tom De Haven"},{"id":"151360","text":"describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \"X Saves the World\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \"Bust Generation\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\". On the American television program \"Survivor\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \"\", the","title":"Generation X"},{"id":"19019106","text":"the work of these two men \"endures and so does what they stood for\". Zampella also produced the 110th Anniversary Birthday Celebration of Jazz Legend Duke Ellington in conjunction with the Mayors Office of the City of NY and the MTA when Michael Bloomberg Mayor designated \"Duke Ellington Day\" to celebrate the anniversary of the jazz legend’s birth. On September 11, 2015, Zampella received an Editor's Pic from CNN for his ireport/photo essay on the 14th anniversary attack on September 11, 2001. Zampella was born in Pompton Plains, NJ, and resides in New York City . Richard Zampella began his","title":"Richard Zampella"},{"id":"5197541","text":"club and it still operates today as the Solihull Rifle and Pistol Club. Harry Weedon Harold William \"Harry\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \"taught Britain to love modern architecture\" and form \"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\". Weedon was","title":"Harry Weedon"},{"id":"3217679","text":"Tim Berne Tim Berne (born 1954) is an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist and record label owner. Berne he had no interest in playing an instrument until he attended Lewis & Clark College in Oregon. Hearing the album \"Dogon A.D.\" (1972) by Julius Hemphill turned his attention toward jazz. He was a fan of rhythm and blues, and it seemed to him that Hemphill was playing jazz with the soulfulness of R&B. In 1974 he went to New York to find Hemphill, who gave him saxophone lessons and advice on how to manage his career. Berne started the record label Empire","title":"Tim Berne"},{"id":"1727058","text":"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of","title":"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"},{"id":"5580560","text":"Merrion Street Merrion Street () is a major Georgian street on the southside of Dublin, Ireland, which runs along one side of Merrion Square. The garden entrance of Leinster House is located on the street, as is Irish Government Buildings, formerly the Royal College of Science for Ireland. Some reports suggest that Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington was born in his family's Mornington House on the street. The house is now a hotel. The street was originally lined on both sides by Georgian houses. However between 1904 and 1922 all the houses on one side of the street","title":"Merrion Street"},{"id":"7731871","text":"annual Cape May Jazz Festival Concert Series and the Tony Williams Jazz Festival Concert Series. Perkins had a five-year relationship with \"The Philadelphia Tribune\", where he wrote commentary on government, society and public sffairs. He also wrote editorials and other articles for the former \"The Philadelphia New Observer\". Perkins is most proud of his independently produced radio documentary on the life of African-American history icon, Paul Robeson, who was born in the region and spent his last years living in Philadelphia. Perkins has an independent website project under construction, and he expected it to launch by early 2010. Perkins was","title":"Bob Perkins (radio)"},{"id":"11917984","text":"Ted Danson, his daughter Kate Danson and several other actors in the upcoming short film \"The Wrights\". From 2008 to 2013, Steger played the role of Navid Shirazi on The CW's \"90210\". He directed and produced a one-woman show called \"Brandee Built on Crazee\" starring his wife Brandee Tucker. On 21 April 2016, Steger announced at Twitter that he and Brandee welcomed a baby girl named Poet Louise Steger. Bones - The Killers Just Another Girl - The Killers (cameo) Michael Steger Michael Mateus Steger (born May 27, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for his role","title":"Michael Steger"},{"id":"4494033","text":"Albert Richardson Sir Albert Edward Richardson (London, 19 May 1880 – 3 February 1964) was a leading English architect, teacher and writer about architecture during the first half of the 20th century. He was Professor of Architecture at University College London, a President of the Royal Academy, editor of \"Architects' Journal\" and founder of the Georgian Group. Richardson was born in London. He trained in the offices of Leonard Stokes and Frank T. Verity, practitioners of the Beaux-Arts style, and in 1906 he established his first architectural practice, in partnership with Charles Lovett Gill (the Richardson & Gill partnership was","title":"Albert Richardson"},{"id":"183161","text":"have not included the names of women with whom Holt allegedly had a sexual relationship because I was unable to confirm or deny that most of these relationships took place […] by their very nature they were always illicit and Holt was very discreet.\" Holt was the first Prime Minister born in the twentieth century. Holt was an enthusiastic sportsman and avid swimmer, which was a stark differentiation to that of Menzies and the majority of his predecessors and colleagues. Like later successor Bob Hawke, this resonated with positive effect within the electorate. His oratory skills were vastly superior to","title":"Harold Holt"},{"id":"11167314","text":"was born on January 8, 1957, in Brooklyn, New York. Born to a family of working-class Greek immigrant parents and grandparents who were mill workers, who worked as a waiter and a secretary. When his high school guidance counselor evaluated his skill set, the counselor concluded that young Ted was destined to work in a grocery store. Leonsis also reflects on his working-class roots that being a grocery store manager was all his dad aspired him to be. During his youth, Leonsis mowed lawns for extra money. One day when mowing, he stumbled upon mowing the lawn owned by a","title":"Ted Leonsis"},{"id":"7722560","text":"Ted Croker Edgar Alfred \"Ted\" Croker (13 February 1924 – 25 December 1992) was an English football administrator. He was Secretary of the Football Association from 1973 to 1989. Born in Kingston-upon-Thames in 1924, Croker joined the RAF as a pilot in 1942. He sustained injuries in a crash which hampered his later football career. In the late 1940s and 1950s he played as a defender for Charlton Athletic, Dartford, Headington United (later Oxford United) and Kidderminster Harriers. He lived in Cheltenham in the 1950s, where he founded the heavy machinery company Liner-Croker Ltd. The company, specializing in earth-moving equipment,","title":"Ted Croker"},{"id":"389999","text":"Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath (; October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College at the University of Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a poet and writer. She married fellow poet Ted Hughes in 1956, and they lived together in the United States and then in England. They had two children, Frieda and Nicholas, before separating in 1962. Plath was clinically depressed for most of her adult life, and was treated multiple times with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). She died by suicide in","title":"Sylvia Plath"},{"id":"2978177","text":"the 1988 People's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy Motion Picture. Architect Peter Mitchell (Tom Selleck), cartoonist Michael Kellam (Steve Guttenberg), and actor Jack Holden (Ted Danson) are happy living their lives as bachelors in their lofty New York City apartment where they have frequent parties and flings with different women. Their lives are suddenly disrupted when a baby named Mary arrives on their doorstep one day. A note with her, written by a lady named Sylvia, indicates that she is Jack's, the result of a tryst between the actor and actress when they were both in a Shakespeare in the","title":"Three Men and a Baby"},{"id":"2978176","text":"Three Men and a Baby Three Men and a Baby is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Leonard Nimoy and starring Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, Ted Danson and Nancy Travis. It follows the mishaps and adventures of three bachelors as they attempt to adapt their lives to pseudo-fatherhood with the arrival of the love child of one of them. The script was based on the 1985 French film (\"Three Men and a Cradle\"). The film was the biggest American box office hit of that year, surpassing \"Fatal Attraction\" and eventually grossing $167 million in the US. The film won","title":"Three Men and a Baby"},{"id":"13478045","text":"American bicycle component manufacturer SRAM Corporation, and has served as their technical advisor. SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of Trek Bicycle Corporation.
\"total:\" 5
\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\" 4 (Eniwetok, IATA airport code ENT; Kwajalein, KWA; and Marshall Islands International, MAJ; Rongelap).
\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 1 (2009) Airports and airstrips - with unpaved runways:
\"total:\" 30
\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 29
\"under 914 m:\" 1 (2009) Marshall Islands","title":"Transportation in the Marshall Islands"},{"id":"2161932","text":"million passengers per year. The last aircraft to depart from Ellinikon was an Olympic Airways Boeing 737 bound for Thessaloníki. The airport is bounded in the west by beaches, in the south by the Glyfada Golf Club and the Ellinikon-Glyfada municipal boundary, and by residential area. In April 2011 the Olympic Airways Museum opened in the West Terminal, including three airplanes that had been parked there since the airport's closure. The Athens radar center is still based at Ellinikon. After its closure the northwest portion of the airport was redeveloped, converting runways into a sports park that housed the 2004","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"16408629","text":"the aircraft within the available runway and overrun distance. One member of the Operations team of the Accident Investigation Committee had a different opinion from the rest of the Committee regarding the cause of the accident, stating that he believed the crew failed to realise the touchdown speed and distance, failed to follow the company's poor-braking-action landing technique, and failed to properly utilise the aircraft's brake and reverse thrust systems. Swissair Flight 316 On 7 October 1979, a Swissair DC-8 crashed while attempting to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport. Of the 154 passengers and crew on board, 14 perished in","title":"Swissair Flight 316"},{"id":"2161930","text":"in 1941, and Kalamaki Airfield (as the site was then known) was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. After World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. By agreement with Greece, the USAF operated out of the airport for well over four decades. In 1988, Greece","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"2161934","text":"the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens (ORSA). The project was further developed in 2006 and 2007 by this team through two development phases with the planning organizations of Athens. By 2012, government plans to attract investors and develop the site commercially were eclipsing the proposed park, though nearby communities remained vocal about their preference for a park. In 2017, an international consortium comprising Chinese conglomerate Fosun Group, Abu Dhabi-based developer Eagle Hills and Greek company Latsis Group will invest €8 billion in the project. A whole range of works will be performed as part of the","title":"Ellinikon International Airport"},{"id":"6374306","text":"Sweden, Bosnia, Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Poland. Named airport bases include Glasgow Prestwick Airport (Britain), Shannon & Baldonnel (Ireland), Ramstein and Frankfurt (Germany), Aviano Air Base (Italy), Palma de Mallorca Airport (Spain), Tuzla Air Base (Bosnia-Herzegovina), Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Athens (Greece), Larnaca (Cyprus), Prague (Czech Republic), Stockholm (Sweden), as well as Rabat (Morocco) and Algiers (Algeria). Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz characterized the accusation as \"libel\", while Romania similarly said there was no evidence. British Prime Minister Tony Blair said that the report \"added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we","title":"Black site"},{"id":"5794931","text":"annual traffic statistics
\\\"total:\\\" 5
\\\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\\\" 4 (Eniwetok, IATA airport code ENT; Kwajalein, KWA; and Marshall Islands International, MAJ; Rongelap).
\\\"914 to 1,523 m:\\\" 1 (2009) Airports and airstrips - with unpaved runways:
\\\"total:\\\" 30
\\\"914 to 1,523 m:\\\" 29
\\\"under 914 m:\\\" 1 (2009) Marshall Islands\",\n \"title\": \"Transportation in the Marshall Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161932\",\n \"text\": \"million passengers per year. The last aircraft to depart from Ellinikon was an Olympic Airways Boeing 737 bound for Thessaloníki. The airport is bounded in the west by beaches, in the south by the Glyfada Golf Club and the Ellinikon-Glyfada municipal boundary, and by residential area. In April 2011 the Olympic Airways Museum opened in the West Terminal, including three airplanes that had been parked there since the airport's closure. The Athens radar center is still based at Ellinikon. After its closure the northwest portion of the airport was redeveloped, converting runways into a sports park that housed the 2004\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16408629\",\n \"text\": \"the aircraft within the available runway and overrun distance. One member of the Operations team of the Accident Investigation Committee had a different opinion from the rest of the Committee regarding the cause of the accident, stating that he believed the crew failed to realise the touchdown speed and distance, failed to follow the company's poor-braking-action landing technique, and failed to properly utilise the aircraft's brake and reverse thrust systems. Swissair Flight 316 On 7 October 1979, a Swissair DC-8 crashed while attempting to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport. Of the 154 passengers and crew on board, 14 perished in\",\n \"title\": \"Swissair Flight 316\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161930\",\n \"text\": \"in 1941, and Kalamaki Airfield (as the site was then known) was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. After World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. By agreement with Greece, the USAF operated out of the airport for well over four decades. In 1988, Greece\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2161934\",\n \"text\": \"the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens (ORSA). The project was further developed in 2006 and 2007 by this team through two development phases with the planning organizations of Athens. By 2012, government plans to attract investors and develop the site commercially were eclipsing the proposed park, though nearby communities remained vocal about their preference for a park. In 2017, an international consortium comprising Chinese conglomerate Fosun Group, Abu Dhabi-based developer Eagle Hills and Greek company Latsis Group will invest €8 billion in the project. A whole range of works will be performed as part of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ellinikon International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6374306\",\n \"text\": \"Sweden, Bosnia, Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Poland. Named airport bases include Glasgow Prestwick Airport (Britain), Shannon & Baldonnel (Ireland), Ramstein and Frankfurt (Germany), Aviano Air Base (Italy), Palma de Mallorca Airport (Spain), Tuzla Air Base (Bosnia-Herzegovina), Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Athens (Greece), Larnaca (Cyprus), Prague (Czech Republic), Stockholm (Sweden), as well as Rabat (Morocco) and Algiers (Algeria). Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz characterized the accusation as \\\"libel\\\", while Romania similarly said there was no evidence. British Prime Minister Tony Blair said that the report \\\"added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we\",\n \"title\": \"Black site\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5794931\",\n \"text\": \"annual traffic statistics
Sports Illustrated Online Story
Rich Gotham interview February 2008, Biz of Basketball
Rich Gotham NECN Video Interview, \"Celtics business model all about winning Championships\" April 2010 Rich Gotham Richard Ernest \"Rich\" Gotham (born August 31, 1964) is an American business executive and the current president of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a graduate of Providence","title":"Rich Gotham"},{"id":"539470","text":"33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history. The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams, both of which are in the NBA's Atlantic division. It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams. Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence. The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season, with the Celtics winning 276 times. The two teams have also","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"4789733","text":"played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in \"Goodridge v. Department of Public Health\" by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy","title":"Massachusetts"},{"id":"14699800","text":"assists, and became the first Celtics player to do so since Antoine Walker in 2001. On December 12, he scored 38 points in a 130–125 overtime win over the Washington Wizards. In 2012, Irving was in contention for a position on the Australian team for the 2012 Olympics. However, he elected not to represent his nation of birth, instead focusing on selection for the United States national team for the 2016 Olympic Games. Irving was a member of the United States national team that competed in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. He helped lead Team USA to the gold","title":"Kyrie Irving"},{"id":"13127536","text":"any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball","title":"Indiana"},{"id":"14699768","text":"(MVP) in 2014. In the 2016 NBA Finals, he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors. After losing a rematch against the Warriors in the 2017 Finals, Irving requested a trade, and was traded to the Boston Celtics. He has also played for the United States national team, with which he won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2018, he starred in the film \"Uncle Drew\". Irving was born on March 23,","title":"Kyrie Irving"},{"id":"539481","text":"green. Then for the 1996–97 season, celebrating the club's 50th anniversary, the logo got a full-color treatment. Lucky's face and hands were both painted tan, while gold was included on the vest, bow tie and hat, as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh, and black on its pants and shoes. The Celtics also have various alternative logos, with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters \"Celtics\" above it, wrapped in a green circle, which has been used since the 1998–99 season. The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"13822603","text":"the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves. The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.","title":"Boston"},{"id":"5836002","text":"History of the Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers franchise has a long and storied history, predating the formation of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Founded in 1947, the Lakers are one of the NBA's most famous and successful franchises. As of summer 2012, the Lakers hold the all-time records for wins (3,125), winning percentage (.620), and NBA Finals appearances (31). They are second in NBA championships only to the Boston Celtics, winning 16 championships to the Celtics 17 NBA titles. Their rosters have included some of the game's greatest players, including George Mikan, Jim Pollard, Clyde Lovellette, Elgin","title":"History of the Los Angeles Lakers"},{"id":"2219970","text":"of championships, or simply a three-in-a-row. There are also terms for winning three trophies in the same season: Three-peat In American sports, a three-peat is winning three consecutive championships. The term, a portmanteau of the words \"three\" and \"repeat\", originated with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, during their unsuccessful campaign for a third consecutive championship during the 1988–89 season, having won the previous 2 NBA Finals in 1987 and 1988 against the Boston Celtics and Detroit Pistons, but were swept by the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals. The term is a registered trademark owned by","title":"Three-peat"},{"id":"539477","text":"as significant as they played on Christmas in 2017. \"List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Boston Celtics seasons.\" \"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, % = Winning Percentage\"; The Celtics have an NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row, and 11 championships in 13 years. They also have 52 playoff appearances. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics, and the franchise has retired 22 jersey numbers, more than any other American sports","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"2082757","text":"sitting on a bench. Red Auerbach Arnold Jacob \"Red\" Auerbach (September 20, 1917 – October 28, 2006) was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics. After he retired from coaching, he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death. As a coach, he won 938 games (a record at his retirement) and nine National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in ten years (a number surpassed only by Phil Jackson, who won 11 in twenty years). As general manager and team president of the Celtics, he won an additional","title":"Red Auerbach"},{"id":"10912217","text":"Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers. Both share the Staples Center. The Lakers are one of the most valuable franchises in the NBA and have gained a considerable fanbase over the years. They have the most titles of all Los Angeles franchises, having gained 11 titles in LA and 16 overall. Their title count is second only to the Boston Celtics, who have 17 titles. The LA Lakers were founded as the Minneapolis Lakers, having moved to Southern California in 1960. The LA Clippers were founded as the Buffalo Braves in 1970; in 1978, the team moved to San","title":"Sports in Los Angeles"},{"id":"12120537","text":"its nickname from the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: the club crest features the Mayflower, which carried the Pilgrims to Massachusetts and the club's mascot is named Pilgrim Pete. The city is also home to clubs in nearly all sports, notably Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1921 and are currently in the third tier of Professional English Rugby National League One. Plymouth Raiders play in the top tier of British Bastketball, the British Basketball","title":"Sport in Plymouth"},{"id":"14368571","text":"Run and gun (basketball) In basketball, run and gun is a fast, freewheeling style of play that features a high number of field goal attempts, resulting in high-scoring games. The offense typically relies on fast breaks while placing less emphasis on set plays. A run-and-gun team typically allows a large number of points on defense as well. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the run and gun was at its peak in the 1960s when teams scored an average of 115 points a game. Around 2003, the average had dropped to 95. The Boston Celtics were a run-and-gun team in","title":"Run and gun (basketball)"},{"id":"1612657","text":"the one used by the Boston Celtics of the NBA. The original floor, which was installed at the Celtics' original home of Boston Arena in 1946, was moved intact to Boston Garden in 1952 and used there until the team moved to what was then known as FleetCenter in 1995, now known as TD Garden. The floor remained intact and in use until it was cut up and sold as souvenirs in 1999, after the 1998 demolition of Boston Garden. The Celtics today play on a parquet floor inside TD Garden that combines old and new sections. Similar square-paneled parquet","title":"Parquetry"},{"id":"17893605","text":"Sports in Indiana The state of Indiana is home to a number of professional and college sports teams, as well as prominent auto racing. Indiana has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" The 1986 film \"Hoosiers\" is inspired by the story","title":"Sports in Indiana"},{"id":"4729465","text":"Springfield College (Massachusetts) Springfield College is a private, coeducational college located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The institution confers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral degrees. Known as the birthplace of basketball, the sport was invented there in 1891 by Canadian graduate student James Naismith. The college's philosophy of \"humanics\" \"calls for the education of the whole person—in spirit, mind, and body—for leadership in service to others.\" It is symbolized by a triangle. Founded in 1885, as the Young Men's Christian Association department of the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, the school originally specialized in preparing young men to become General Secretaries of","title":"Springfield College (Massachusetts)"},{"id":"3660861","text":"West Side of New York City, and defiantly called his new squad the Original Celtics. Initially they played in various struggling professional leagues, before becoming primarily a touring squad which traveled up to 150,000 miles a year while completing a 150–200 game schedule. They won about ninety percent of their games and finished 1922–23 with the unbelievable record of 193–11–1. Hoping to claim an undisputed national championship, they challenged the nationally famous Franklin Wonder Five, but the Franklin coach refused as his team \"was too tired\" after a grueling year. The team's first dominant player was \"Dutch\" Dehnert, a 6'1\"","title":"Original Celtics"},{"id":"7591244","text":"Atlantic Division (NBA) The Atlantic Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Toronto Raptors. All teams, except the Raptors, are located on the East Coast of the United States. However, Toronto sports teams have over the years enjoyed rivalries with teams in the Northeastern United States (particularly, Toronto teams also share divisions with Boston teams in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, with the former also containing","title":"Atlantic Division (NBA)"},{"id":"2082756","text":"'80s under coaches Bill Fitch (white) and K.C. Jones (black). Auerbach is prominently featured in the documentary film, \"The First Basket\", about Jewish basketball history. To honor Auerbach, the Celtics created the Arnold \"Red\" Auerbach award in 2006. It is an award given annually to the current Celtic player or coach who \"best exemplifies the spirit and meaning of a true Celtic. The NBA gives out an annual coach of the year award to honor the league's best coach as voted by a panel of sportswriters. The trophy is named the 'Red Auerbach trophy' and has a figure of Auerbach","title":"Red Auerbach"},{"id":"539478","text":"team. FIBA, the body which governs international basketball, has selected two players associated with the Celtics to the FIBA Hall of Fame for contributions to international basketball. The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"8368732","text":"finger, dribbling in complex patterns, rolling the ball over one's shoulder, or performing aerobatic maneuvers with the ball while executing a slam dunk, most notably in the context of a slam dunk contest. Nearly all basketballs have an inflatable inner rubber bladder, generally wrapped in layers of fiber and then covered with a surface made either from leather (traditional), rubber, or a synthetic composite. As in most inflatable balls, there is a small opening that allows the pressure to be increased or decreased. The surface of the ball is nearly always divided by \"ribs\" that are recessed below the surface","title":"Basketball (ball)"},{"id":"7420964","text":"rebounding and defense. Black pros did not get a chance to showcase their talents in the league until the arrival of Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain. In 1963, the 1933 version of the Rens team was collectively named to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Only their arch-rivals, the Original Celtics, and the Buffalo Germans received the same honor. The Rens' selection was well-deserved, for despite traveling and playing throughout America when the harsh effect of segregation was common and often legal, they compiled a 2318-381 record before the team folded in 1949. In 2005, the 109th United States Congress passed","title":"Black Fives"},{"id":"12706622","text":"Fordham Rams football The Fordham Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Fordham University located in the U.S. state of New York. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Patriot League. Fordham's first football team was fielded in 1882. The team plays its home games at the 7,000 seat Coffey Field in Bronx, New York. The Rams are coached by former Yale offensive coordinator Joe Conlin, distant relative to the late Ed Conlin, Fordham's all-time leading scorer in basketball who later played seven seasons in the NBA.","title":"Fordham Rams football"},{"id":"7560718","text":"\"At that time NBA teams had quotas for African American players, and the Celtics already had two on their roster.\" The team's leadership may also have been concerned that Garrett's height (six foot, three inches) was not tall enough to play center and uncertain about his ability to switch to playing a guard or forward position. After Garrett's release from the Celtics, the Harlem Globetrotters founder and owner, Abe Saperstein, who had scouted Garrett since his playing days at IU, offered him a contract to play for the team. Garrett considered the team's comic acts and jokes more show-business entertainment","title":"Bill Garrett (basketball)"},{"id":"13797732","text":"Lou Bender Louis \"Lulu\" Bender (March 8, 1910 – September 10, 2009) was an American basketball player who helped turn the sport into a popular success in New York City during the Great Depression and helped make Madison Square Garden a destination for the sport. Bender was a three-time All-Ivy League and two-time All-America in the early 1930s while attending Columbia University. After graduating from Columbia, Bender barnstormed with the Original Celtics and later played for a number of professional teams in the American Basketball League, the first true professional league and a predecessor of the National Basketball Association. While","title":"Lou Bender"},{"id":"10149101","text":"Brad Stevens Bradley Kent Stevens (born October 22, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former collegiate player. He is the head coach of the Boston Celtics. Born and raised in Zionsville, Indiana, Stevens starred on the Zionsville Community High School basketball team, setting four school records. After high school, he attended DePauw University, where he played basketball and earned a degree in economics. He made the all-conference team multiple times and was a three-time Academic All-America nominee. He transitioned into coaching after quitting his job at Eli Lilly and Company, joining the basketball program at Butler University as","title":"Brad Stevens"},{"id":"14100103","text":"the love of the game, but above all it is a way to fit in and find an identity. The NBA (National Basketball Association) is the premier basketball league in America. For a long time it was a sport dominated by white Americans and it wasn't very popular amongst Latin American countries. That all changed with the arrival of the \"Nuyoricans\". They were Puerto Ricans who had immigrated to New York in search of a better life and while there discovered the sport of basketball. They brought the sport back with them to the island and it became immensely popular.","title":"Latino athletes in American sports"},{"id":"4479456","text":"the company into a worldwide success, and sold his interest in the company for a huge profit in 1971. He then invested in several other restaurant ventures, but none matched the success of KFC. During the 1970s, he also owned, at various times, three professional basketball teams – the American Basketball Association's Kentucky Colonels, and the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics and Buffalo Braves (currently the Los Angeles Clippers). Despite having previously shown little inclination toward politics, Brown surprised political observers by declaring his candidacy for governor in 1979. With the state and nation facing difficult economic times, Brown promised","title":"John Y. Brown Jr."},{"id":"11640792","text":"age of 89. Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946. The Celtics went 2–22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Paul Pierce to injury, the result of a stress reaction in his left foot (he would later miss the latter part of March and all of April because of swelling in his left elbow). At first, the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL on a dunk attempt in a game vs. the Indiana","title":"History of the Boston Celtics"},{"id":"4048730","text":"victory. As Foreman was shaking all the players' hands, when he arrived at the then-unknown power forward, McHale displayed his comic wit: \"Nice to meet you, Mr. Foreman. What do you do for a living?\" Entering the 1980 NBA draft, the Celtics held the number one overall pick, but in a pre-draft trade, considered by many to be among the most lopsided in NBA history, Celtics president Red Auerbach dealt the pick and an additional first-round pick to the Golden State Warriors for center Robert Parish and the Warriors' first-round pick, the third overall, which the Celtics used to draft","title":"Kevin McHale (basketball)"},{"id":"8206187","text":"particularly the all-white New York Celtics (now the Boston Celtics) to play games against exclusively black teams. Philadelphia, as a city that is particularly heavily lived-in by black citizens, looked as basketball as both an opportunity for recognition and escape. Young men had \"hoop dreams\" and wanted to fight their way to the ABL, or NBA today, and having a local successful professional basketball team allowed for the observation of successful black men in a sport that they were interested in. This resulted also in a feeling of community in the city between black men, and contributed to the culture","title":"Philadelphia Warriors (ABL)"},{"id":"12004322","text":"way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth. History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became","title":"History of basketball"},{"id":"7060655","text":"Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \"Wyc\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team that claimed the Ivy League and national rowing championship. He later received a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1986 and an MBA in 1992 from the Stanford Graduate School of Business. After spending seven","title":"Wyc Grousbeck"},{"id":"4789821","text":"University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester. The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester. Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics, nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox, six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins, and five-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots. The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team. The Boston Breakers were the Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts. Massachusetts is also the home","title":"Massachusetts"},{"id":"16458224","text":"role in the first-ever automobile accident. Today, the city of Springfield is known worldwide as the birthplace of the sport of basketball. In 1891, James Naismith, a theology graduate, invented the sport of basketball at the YMCA International Training School – now known as Springfield College – to fill-in the gap between the football and baseball seasons. The first game of basketball ever played took place in the Mason Square district of Springfield. (The game's score was 1 – 0). As of 2011, the exact spot where the first game took place is memorialized by an illuminated monument. The first","title":"History of Springfield, Massachusetts"},{"id":"8486945","text":"Wizards, but also to participate in the show. The Wizards get the crowd involved, often bringing children out onto the floor to be part of a basketball trick or a comedy act. Their antics are similar to those of the Harlem Globetrotters, who were created in 1926. The Wizards, Flight Squad Basketball and the Globetrotters are comedy basketball teams that tour the country. The theme for the Wizards' 2010-2011 campaign was the \"Basketball and Beyond Tour.\" They hold the second longest known winning streak in all of professional sports - over 2,800 games after the Harlem Globetrotters 24-year, 8,829 game","title":"Harlem Wizards"},{"id":"169993","text":"Greek letter fraternities and sororities are not permitted. One of the earliest college basketball games in the United States occurred at Geneva College on April 8, 1893, when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA. Geneva commemorates this event through the athletic slogan of \"The Birthplace of College Basketball\". Geneva also has one of the oldest basketball courts in collegiate sports in the Johnson Gymnasium. Geneva was founded by Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants. Many names of campus buildings and areas bear Scottish names: Geneva sports teams were nicknamed the \"Covenanters\" until the 1950s. Members of the RPCNA are","title":"Geneva College"},{"id":"802342","text":"All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team The New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics are two of the three remaining teams from the original 1946 NBA (the other is the Golden State Warriors). The rivalry stems from the old rivalry between the cities of New York City and Boston, as well as the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. The fact that Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart contributes to it, which is also seen in the Jets–Patriots rivalry. The teams have met nine times in the postseason. The last time was in the 2012–13 season, when Carmelo","title":"New York Knicks"},{"id":"189568","text":"the state of Indiana. Indiana's passion for basketball was observed and written about by basketball's inventor, James Naismith. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote, that while it was invented in Massachusetts, \"basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" Hoosiers have a traditional love for basketball similar to that of Southerners or Ohioans for football, Pennsylvanians for wrestling, and Minnesotans for ice hockey. Indiana high schools boast a tradition of producing top caliber basketball players. Through the 2009-2010 NBA season, 152 Hoosier","title":"Hoosier Hysteria"},{"id":"11082399","text":"compete in teams of one hundred, first demonstrated on the Boston Common in 1917. Brown lived in Hopkinton, Massachusetts throughout his life, married Elizabeth Gallagher, and had four sons and three daughters, who continued their father’s pursuits. His son, Walter A. Brown, assumed the General Manager position at the Boston Garden upon his father’s death. Walter A. Brown went on to become General Manager of the Boston Bruins ice hockey team, and founding Owner and General Manager of the Boston Celtics men’s professional basketball team. Like his father, Walter A. Brown was inducted into the hockey halls of fame, and","title":"George V. Brown"},{"id":"802231","text":"New York Knicks The New York Knickerbockers, more commonly referred to as the Knicks, are an American professional basketball team based in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden. They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City; the other is the Brooklyn Nets. The team, established by Ned Irish in 1946, was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), which","title":"New York Knicks"},{"id":"5571985","text":"those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and","title":"Sports in the United States"},{"id":"539498","text":"Bruins and certain \"Sports Byline USA\" and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts. However, WEEI was sold off in 1994, and would later reemerge as the name of an ESPN-radio affiliate, Sportsradio 850 WEEI. WFXT continued to carry the Fox network programming; however, during the team's ownership of the station, they broadcast the team's games and they also had a news share agreement with regional cable news channel New England Cable News in 1993. WFXT meanwhile was reacquired by Fox Television Stations group, and once again was Fox owned-and-operated from 1995. Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team","title":"Boston Celtics"},{"id":"10470669","text":"Ireland match at Celtic Park were donated by host club Celtic to the grieving Battles family in tribute to their former player. Battles junior was raised in the Edinburgh area, where he attended the city's Holy Cross RC Academy, and developed his footballing skills in the city's inter-school competitions. While he was still a teenager his mother decided to emigrate to the United States of America and Battles and an elder sister accompanied her across the Atlantic. On his arrival in the U.S., Battles began playing for the Boston Celtics, a Sullivan Square team. While playing for the Celtics, he","title":"Barney Battles Jr."},{"id":"16234281","text":"being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on Saint Patricks Day. The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw, who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17, 1981. Along with the Phillies, many other teams have since started wearing Saint Patrick's day themed jerseys, including the Boston Red Sox in 2004, who were also the second team to wear Saint Patrick's Day hats in 1990; the green uniforms have also been worn twice during the regular season, in 2007 and 2008, as a tribute to the NBA's Boston Celtics, whose primary color is green. Since","title":"Saint Patrick's Day in the United States"},{"id":"437269","text":"Uruguay by English sailors and labourers in the late 19th century. Less successfully, they introduced rugby and cricket. There are two Montevideo-based football clubs, Nacional and Peñarol, who are successful in domestic and South American tournaments and have won three Intercontinental Cups each. Besides football, the most popular sport in Uruguay is basketball. Its national team qualified for the Basketball World Cup 7 times, more often than other countries in South America, except Brazil and Argentina. Uruguay hosted the official Basketball World Cup for the 1967 FIBA World Championship and the official Americas Basketball Championship in 1988, 1997 and is","title":"Uruguay"},{"id":"19636536","text":"of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League who moved in from Harvard University's Bright-Landry Hockey Center, and Ristuccia Ice Arena in Wilmington, Massachusetts respectively. Public transit to the facility is via the MBTA Boston Landing station, a station on the MBTA Commuter Rail system's Framingham/Worcester Line. Groundbreaking took place in December 2014, with the completed facility hosting its grand opening on September 8th, 2016. The Bruins' fellow tenants at the TD Garden when both are in their respective wintertime league seasons, the Boston Celtics NBA basketball team, now have their own, brand new professional basketball training facility named","title":"Warrior Ice Arena"},{"id":"12004298","text":"History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball as it is","title":"History of basketball"},{"id":"7060656","text":"years as a partner at the venture capital firm, Highland Capital Partners, Grousbeck, along with his father H. Irving Grousbeck founded the group Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. that bought the Boston Celtics for $360 million in 2002. In 2008, they led the organization to their seventeenth NBA Championship. While continuing his duties with the Celtics, in 2010 Grousbeck became Chairman of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, the world's largest research and clinical hospital specializing in blindness and deafness research. In 2013, Grousbeck co-founded Causeway Media Partners, LP, a growth equity partnership managing over $330 million, investing in sports technology","title":"Wyc Grousbeck"},{"id":"7126431","text":"for guard Frank Ramsey, who played behind the Hall-of-Fame duo of Bob Cousy and Bill Sharman during the early part of the Celtics' dynasty years. Though Ramsey was one of the Celtics' best players, he felt more comfortable coming off the bench and Auerbach wanted his best players fresh and in the lineup at the end of close games. The most famous sixth man, however, was teammate John Havlicek, who revolutionized the role during his 16-year career. Sixth man The sixth man in basketball is a player who is not a starter but comes off the bench much more often","title":"Sixth man"},{"id":"13782331","text":"Tournament, by defeating the Italian League club Virtus Bologna, by a score of 67–37. Nisiotis is credited by most as being mainly responsible for the development of the sport in Greece in the 1930s and 1940s. Panellinios also featured the great scorer Antonis Christeas. The Spanoudakis brothers, Ioannis and Alekos, who were players of Olympiacos, were among the first early important pioneers of the modern style sport in the country. Boston Celtics players Bob Cousy, and the Greek American player Lou Tsioropoulos, came to Greece in the 1950s, and gave teaching clinics on what the Celtics were doing, and how","title":"Basketball in Greece"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"539391\",\n \"text\": \"Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league's first decade, the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins. The franchise has won the most championships in NBA history with 17, accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004305\",\n \"text\": \"1922 until 1928, when the team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance). The Rens were the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1. They took part in some official championships and won\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640734\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA merged with the National Basketball League. Currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference, the Celtics have the most NBA titles with 17 championships. Eleven of those occurred between 1957 and 1969, with a dynasty led by center Bill Russell and coach/general manager Red Auerbach.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004304\",\n \"text\": \"the Trenton Nationals, followed by the New York Wanderers, the Bristol Pile Drivers and the Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in 1904. Then, many small championships were organized, but most of them were not as important as some teams who played for money against challengers. The Original Celtics, for instance, are considered the \\\"fathers of basketball\\\" and were presented as \\\"World’s Basketball Champions\\\"; the players had to sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus, moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest team, and their successes lasted from\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11270184\",\n \"text\": \"keeping with the way the letter ⟨c⟩ was inherited by Middle English from Old French. From the mid-19th century, academic publications advocated the variant with on the basis of a new understanding of the origins of the word. The pronunciation with remained standard throughout the 19th to early 20th century, but gained ground during the later 20th century. A notable exception is that the pronunciation remains the most recognised form when it occurs in the names of sports teams, most notably Celtic Football Club in Scotland, and the Boston Celtics basketball team in the United States. The Cavan newspaper \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Names of the Celts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660873\",\n \"text\": \"Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \\\"original\\\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660860\",\n \"text\": \"Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \\\"original\\\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13822604\",\n \"text\": \"The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen. While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after\",\n \"title\": \"Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17843862\",\n \"text\": \"the 1860s, many Irish immigrants fought for the Union in the American Civil War, and that display of patriotism helped to dispel much of the prejudice against them. With an expanding population, group loyalty, and block-by-block political organization, the Irish took political control of the city, leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business, and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the iconic Irish-American political family, the Kennedys;\",\n \"title\": \"History of Irish Americans in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539392\",\n \"text\": \"championships since the league's founding. The Celtics have a notable rivalry with the Los Angeles Lakers, and have played the Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA Finals (including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010), of which the Celtics have won nine. Four Celtics players (Bob Cousy, Bill Russell, Dave Cowens and Larry Bird) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards. Both the nickname \\\"Celtics\\\" and their mascot \\\"Lucky the Leprechaun\\\" are a nod to Boston's historically large Irish population. After winning 16 championships throughout the 20th\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7093682\",\n \"text\": \"Walter A. Brown Walter A. Brown (February 10, 1905 – September 7, 1964) was the founder and original owner of the Boston Celtics as well as an important figure in the development of ice hockey in the United States. He was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts and attended Boston Latin from 1922 to 1923 and Phillips Exeter Academy from 1923 to 1926. After succeeding his father, George V. Brown, as manager of the Boston Garden, he stated his belief that, \\\"Boston should have a basketball team.\\\" Taking a mortgage out on his home, he founded the Celtics in 1945. He then\",\n \"title\": \"Walter A. Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660865\",\n \"text\": \"of owner Jim Furry for embezzling $190,000 from a New York business. Then, in early October, just a month before the ABL season was to get underway, the Celtics bolted to the newly organized National Basketball League. The new league operated solely in and around the metropolitan New York City, but despite its geographical limitations was stocked with some of the best players in the country. After pulling off a coup by signing the Original Celtics, the NBL brashly raided ABL rosters for additional players. The Brooklyn Arcadians were particularly hard hit, losing stars Red Conaty and Rody Cooney, while\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539395\",\n \"text\": \"and managed to reach the Eastern Conference Finals where they lost to the Cavaliers in seven games, eliminating them from the NBA Finals. The Boston Celtics were formed on June 6, 1946 by Boston Garden-Arena Corporation president Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper, becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player. The Celtics struggled during their early years, until the hiring\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5219290\",\n \"text\": \"leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the dominant Irish-American political family, the Kennedys; in a large number of prominent local politicians, such as James Michael Curley; in the establishment of Catholic Boston College as a rival to Harvard; and in underworld figures such as James \\\"Whitey\\\" Bulger. The Great Boston Fire of 1872 started at the corner of Summer\",\n \"title\": \"History of Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378096\",\n \"text\": \"Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics. Sports are a major part of the city's culture (as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area). Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11952448\",\n \"text\": \"1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering several team names, including Whirlwinds, Unicorns and Olympics, Brown opted for Celtics. He hoped to grab the attention of Boston's large Irish American\",\n \"title\": \"1946–47 Boston Celtics season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640735\",\n \"text\": \"The Celtics won two more titles in the 1970s under coach Tom Heinsohn, and three more in the 1980s under the leadership of forward Larry Bird. After a 22-year drought, the Celtics got their latest title in 2008. The Celtics were formed in 1946 as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the merger of the BAA and the National Basketball League to form the NBA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics became the first franchise to draft an African American player, signing Chuck Cooper. The Celtics\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14992559\",\n \"text\": \"Celtics–Knicks rivalry The Celtics–Knicks rivalry is a National Basketball Association (NBA) rivalry between the Boston Celtics and the New York Knicks. The Celtics and Knicks are two of only three remaining charter franchises (the other being the Golden State Warriors) from the inaugural Basketball Association of America, which began operations in 1946. The rivalry mirrors the fierce competition between the Boston and New York City sports teams, as evidenced by the Red Sox–Yankees rivalry and the Jets–Patriots rivalry. Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart, and both cities' professional sports teams are among the most historic in\",\n \"title\": \"Celtics–Knicks rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13127537\",\n \"text\": \"state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \\\"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\\\" The 1986 film \\\"Hoosiers\\\" is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986. Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have\",\n \"title\": \"Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17738218\",\n \"text\": \"no matter how good they were, the Rens would not be given the opportunity to prove it by playing against a white team for a professional title. The best they could do was to finally arrange an exhibition game with a white powerhouse known as the Original Celtics. This pivotal game would have no official status but would show the world that the Rens – and African Americans in general – would no longer be ignored. And indeed, all of Harlem expected a win. The Celtics might be world champs, but the Rens – with jazz in their blood, and\",\n \"title\": \"On the Shoulders of Giants (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378136\",\n \"text\": \"the Celtics as the best team in the NBA Eastern Conference. 9 World Series titles 1 World Series title 5 Super Bowl titles 17 NBA titles 6 Stanley Cup titles Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7060657\",\n \"text\": \"and media companies. In 2013, Grousbeck was named to the board of Formula E Holdings, a new fully electric powered auto racing championship to be held in the major cities of the world beginning in September, 2014. Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \\\"Wyc\\\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team\",\n \"title\": \"Wyc Grousbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378134\",\n \"text\": \"due to the franchise having formerly been known as the Hartford Whalers and located in Hartford, Connecticut. The Bruins have also been longtime rivals with the New York Rangers also due to the fact that both teams are members of the NHL's Original Six franchises, a group that also includes the Maple Leafs. The Patriots are rivals with frequent playoff opponents Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts. The Red Sox have a rivalry with the Baltimore Orioles and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The NBA's biggest rivalry, is also the Celtics'. The rivalry between the Celtics\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4463588\",\n \"text\": \"as a member of the American Mideast Conference. The Carlow Celtics volleyball team play their home games in St. Joseph Hall. Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh,\",\n \"title\": \"Carlow University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"42557\",\n \"text\": \"The basis for the champion dwindled after 1954 when \\\"Brown v. Board of Education\\\" began an integration of schools. The last tournaments were held at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967. Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States, and little organization of the professional game. Players jumped from team to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads such as the Original Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance Five (\\\"Rens\\\") and the\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660870\",\n \"text\": \"fourth place, while first-half winner Cleveland slumped badly to fifth place. Cleveland’s fall was precipitated by the hasty mid-season departure of star Honey Russell, who was exiled to Chicago after a disagreement with team owner Max Rosenblum. The Celtics easily disposed of the weakened Cleveland team in three straight games to take the ABL championship. In 1926, the American Basketball League, developed by sports entrepreneur George Preston Marshall, effectively railroaded the team into joining its ranks by prohibiting member teams from playing against them. The Original Celtics responded by winning the next two ABL titles. During their first full season\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1877046\",\n \"text\": \"Harlem Globetrotters The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team. They combine athleticism, theater, and comedy in their style of play. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 123 countries and territories. The team's signature song is Brother Bones' whistled version of \\\"Sweet Georgia Brown\\\". Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie. The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment. The executive offices for the team are located in suburban Atlanta. The Globetrotters originated on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Harlem Globetrotters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660868\",\n \"text\": \"Celtics to jump to the ABL. As anticipated, the Celtics’ departure triggered an immediate collapse of the rival league. Next, Carr expelled the Detroit and Brooklyn clubs from the ABL, and then awarded the latter franchise to the incoming Celtics. Finally, he bolstered the Baltimore franchise with players from the suddenly defunct NBL. In a single stroke, Carr had signed basketball’s most famous team, thwarted the upstart NBL, and provided his league with an additional pool of dozens of top players. The Original Celtics quickly waded into the race for first-half honors of the ABL, winning 13 of 16 games,\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2082720\",\n \"text\": \"taunting him as a \\\"local yokel\\\". Second, he drafted African-American Chuck Cooper, the first black player to be drafted by an NBA club. With that, Auerbach effectively broke down the color barrier in professional basketball. In that year, the core of the Celtics consisted of Hall-of-Fame center Ed Macauley, Auerbach's old favorite McKinney, and an unlikely addition, Cousy. Cousy had refused to report to the club that had drafted him (which happened to be the Blackhawks, Auerbach's old club), and because his next team (the Chicago Stags) folded, he ended up with the Celtics. With Auerbach's fast-break tactics, the Celtics\",\n \"title\": \"Red Auerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9378106\",\n \"text\": \"members of the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cy Young, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, Carl Yastrzemski, Carlton Fisk, Wade Boggs, Jim Rice, Pedro Martínez, manager Joe Cronin and owner Tom Yawkey. The Boston Celtics basketball team, who play at the TD Garden, were a founding member of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the National Basketball Association. The Celtics have the distinction of having more Championships than any other NBA team with 17 championships from 1957 to 2008. They had a remarkable run of titles from the 1956–57 until the 1968–69 seasons,\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17738219\",\n \"text\": \"the moves to prove it – had an impressive win record. Harlem expected a swift victory against their white opponents, and they got one: in reverse. The final score was not even close and the Rens, considered the pride and the hope of Harlem, had lost. It was the Depression that began to turn things around, putting many basketball teams, black and white, on the road. The Rens, with their jazz-inspired moves, played the Original Celtics and other white teams, winning many more games than they lost. Even though constant contact turned former enemies, the Harlem Rens and the Original\",\n \"title\": \"On the Shoulders of Giants (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3070196\",\n \"text\": \"part of the Garden. The parquet floor was built and installed in the aforementioned Boston Arena (first home of the Bruins hockey team) and moved to the Garden in 1952. It is said the Celtics knew which way the basketball would bounce off any section of the floor; this was one contributing factor to the Celtics' many NBA championships. The floor became as much a part of Boston sports lore as the Green Monster of Fenway Park. The parquet floor was used at the FleetCenter until December 22, 1999. Portions of the original floor are integrated with new parquet. The\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Garden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11952450\",\n \"text\": \"damaged after a practice dunk during warm-ups. After the backboard was repaired, the Celtics lost to the Chicago Stags by a score 57–55. 1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering\",\n \"title\": \"1946–47 Boston Celtics season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20705747\",\n \"text\": \"The Auerbach Center The Auerbach Center is the practice facility for the Boston Celtics in Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts. Designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects, the 160,000-square-foot building is part of a larger mixed-use development being constructed by New Balance at Boston Landing that includes the headquarters of New Balance and that will also include shops, a hotel and the practice facility of the Boston Bruins. Named for the Celtics former president and general manager Arnold \\\"Red\\\" Auerbach, the basketball practice facility is spread across the top two floors of The Auerbach Center and will include two parquet floor basketball courts. There\",\n \"title\": \"The Auerbach Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3130584\",\n \"text\": \"the league, and, although never a major offensive contributor, won two NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards while helping transform the lowly Utah Jazz into a playoff contender. Of all these players, none enjoyed the success of Robert Parish, who, with forwards Larry Bird and Kevin McHale, formed the legendary frontcourt of the Boston Celtics team that won three titles (1981, 1984 and 1986). The Celtics' fierce rivalry with the Lakers dominated the NBA during the decade and helped basketball reach an unprecedented level of popularity. Nicknamed \\\"Chief\\\" after a character in the film \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's\",\n \"title\": \"Center (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2917388\",\n \"text\": \"to the newly built Shawmut Center, a sports arena that was to replace the old Boston Garden. The arena therefore opened as the FleetCenter in 1995. After FleetBoston's sale to Bank of America in 2004, the bank chose to give up its naming rights and an announcement was made on March 3, 2005 that the arena would be renamed TD Banknorth Garden (now simply the TD Garden). It is home to the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association and the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. In 1996, Fleet acquired the US branch network (in New York and\",\n \"title\": \"FleetBoston Financial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4463570\",\n \"text\": \"Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh, where they purchased within the Diocese of Pittsburgh. This land became the location of a new motherhouse and Our Lady of\",\n \"title\": \"Carlow University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640826\",\n \"text\": \"to Thomas being even more dominant, and Boston took the series in six after losing the first two games. That series win was the first since 2012. In the second round, Boston faced the Washington Wizards. Thomas dropped 33 and 53 points on them in Games 1 and 2, respectively. Boston took the series in 7. In the Eastern Conference Finals, Boston faced the Cleveland Cavaliers. Thomas got a hip injury and was ruled out for the season, and the Cavs won the series in five. History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2393853\",\n \"text\": \"Abe Saperstein Abraham Michael Saperstein (July 4, 1902 – March 15, 1966) was the founder, owner and earliest coach of the Harlem Globetrotters. Saperstein was a leading figure in black basketball and baseball in the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, primarily before those sports were racially integrated. Saperstein revolutionized the game of basketball and took the Globetrotters from an unknown team touring small farm towns in the Midwestern United States during the height of the Great Depression to a powerhouse that went on to beat the best team in the all-white National Basketball Association. He also introduced the three-point shot,\",\n \"title\": \"Abe Saperstein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13986671\",\n \"text\": \"leads into this by covering several key matters in NBA history. These involve Simmons' recounting of his father (Bill Sr.) purchasing a season ticket for only $4 a game as the Celtics rose and fell and rose (and critically rose when Larry Bird arrived in Boston); a meeting with Simmons' non-fan Isiah Thomas that turned into a surprisingly friendly discussion about \\\"The Secret of basketball\\\"; an overview of how Bill Russell was the greatest center of all-time (and NOT Wilt Chamberlain); a history of how the NBA evolved between 1949 and 1984 into what it is today; dozens of what-if\",\n \"title\": \"The Book of Basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6830920\",\n \"text\": \"hiatus, the rivalry was renewed in 2013 as a part of the Coaches vs. Cancer Boston Tip-Off. UMass won the 2013 game by a score 86-73 and the 2014 game by a score of 71-62. Commonwealth Classic The Commonwealth Classic, also known as Commonwealth Cup or Governor's Cup (for the trophy awarded to the victor of the game), is the title of a basketball rivalry between Boston College and the University of Massachusetts. The name refers to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the New England state in which both universities are located. The game has been played a total of 19\",\n \"title\": \"Commonwealth Classic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7420783\",\n \"text\": \"World V2 in Meghan Plummer, who also plays her Rock-It-Ball with the Falkirk Cannons. It is a relatively new sport, having been created in the 21st century. Basketball itself was originally invented by James Naismith, a Canadian of recent Scottish family origins, when he was in the USA. basketballscotland is the governing body of basketball in Scotland. Until the late 50s, Scotland was one of Europe's main teams as it twice qualified for the EuroBasket. Since then, the team declined. Scotland had some success at the FIBA European Championship for Small Countries where it has five bronze medals most recently\",\n \"title\": \"Sport in Scotland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11467457\",\n \"text\": \"awards as well as the first player to win the award with multiple teams. The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight. Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States. Both Duncan and Irving are American citizens, but are considered \\\"international\\\" players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C. No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two, and Duncan played\",\n \"title\": \"NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14992560\",\n \"text\": \"professional sports history. The Celtics and Knicks were both established in 1946 as charter franchises of the Basketball Association of America, and are the two oldest teams still playing in their original city today. The first playoff meeting was in the Division Semifinals of the 1950–51 season. This was the first round of the playoffs and a best-of-three series. The Knicks swept the Celtics and got to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Rochester Royals. The clubs squared off in the Division Semifinals once again in the following season. This time, the Celtics were able to win Game 1\",\n \"title\": \"Celtics–Knicks rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1739716\",\n \"text\": \"in Roxbury. The popular local teams in the area consist of the Boston Red Sox (baseball), Boston Bruins (hockey), Boston Celtics (basketball), the New England Revolution (soccer), and the New England Patriots (football). Less well known local teams also include the Boston Breakers (women's soccer) and Boston Cannons (lacrosse). Other notable sporting annual events include the Boston Marathon on the third Monday of every April, also known in Massachusetts and Maine as Patriot's Day. Boston is also home to the Charles Regatta. The Charles Regatta has been the world's largest rowing competition for the last 46 years. Boston Children's Museum\",\n \"title\": \"Roxbury, Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4463583\",\n \"text\": \"Masses are celebrated in the Center on special occasions, such as the opening of a new academic year. The space is also used for presentations and receptions throughout the year. In 2010, the basement was reopened as a new gym for students and athletes. Carlow University teams, nicknamed athletically as the Celtics, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the River States Conference (RSC). The Celtics also compete as a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA); and formerly competed as a member of the American Mideast Conference until its dissolution on\",\n \"title\": \"Carlow University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4872746\",\n \"text\": \"K. C. Jones K. C. Jones (born May 25, 1932) is an American retired professional basketball player and coach. He is best known for his association with the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA), with whom he won eleven of his twelve NBA Championships (eight as a player, one as an assistant coach, and two as a head coach). As a player, he is tied for third for most NBA championships in a career, and is one of three NBA players with an 8-0 record in NBA Finals series. He is the only African-American non-player head coach to\",\n \"title\": \"K. C. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10088091\",\n \"text\": \"Development. He was promoted to Chief Operating Officer in June 2006. On April 18, 2007 Gotham was named President of the Celtics. The position had been vacant since team patriarch Red Auerbach died in October 2006. Official BostonCeltics.com story
Sports Illustrated Online Story
Rich Gotham interview February 2008, Biz of Basketball
Rich Gotham NECN Video Interview, \\\"Celtics business model all about winning Championships\\\" April 2010 Rich Gotham Richard Ernest \\\"Rich\\\" Gotham (born August 31, 1964) is an American business executive and the current president of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a graduate of Providence\",\n \"title\": \"Rich Gotham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539470\",\n \"text\": \"33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history. The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams, both of which are in the NBA's Atlantic division. It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams. Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence. The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season, with the Celtics winning 276 times. The two teams have also\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4789733\",\n \"text\": \"played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in \\\"Goodridge v. Department of Public Health\\\" by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Massachusetts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14699800\",\n \"text\": \"assists, and became the first Celtics player to do so since Antoine Walker in 2001. On December 12, he scored 38 points in a 130–125 overtime win over the Washington Wizards. In 2012, Irving was in contention for a position on the Australian team for the 2012 Olympics. However, he elected not to represent his nation of birth, instead focusing on selection for the United States national team for the 2016 Olympic Games. Irving was a member of the United States national team that competed in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. He helped lead Team USA to the gold\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrie Irving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13127536\",\n \"text\": \"any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball\",\n \"title\": \"Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14699768\",\n \"text\": \"(MVP) in 2014. In the 2016 NBA Finals, he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors. After losing a rematch against the Warriors in the 2017 Finals, Irving requested a trade, and was traded to the Boston Celtics. He has also played for the United States national team, with which he won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2018, he starred in the film \\\"Uncle Drew\\\". Irving was born on March 23,\",\n \"title\": \"Kyrie Irving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539481\",\n \"text\": \"green. Then for the 1996–97 season, celebrating the club's 50th anniversary, the logo got a full-color treatment. Lucky's face and hands were both painted tan, while gold was included on the vest, bow tie and hat, as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh, and black on its pants and shoes. The Celtics also have various alternative logos, with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters \\\"Celtics\\\" above it, wrapped in a green circle, which has been used since the 1998–99 season. The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13822603\",\n \"text\": \"the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves. The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.\",\n \"title\": \"Boston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5836002\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers franchise has a long and storied history, predating the formation of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Founded in 1947, the Lakers are one of the NBA's most famous and successful franchises. As of summer 2012, the Lakers hold the all-time records for wins (3,125), winning percentage (.620), and NBA Finals appearances (31). They are second in NBA championships only to the Boston Celtics, winning 16 championships to the Celtics 17 NBA titles. Their rosters have included some of the game's greatest players, including George Mikan, Jim Pollard, Clyde Lovellette, Elgin\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Los Angeles Lakers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219970\",\n \"text\": \"of championships, or simply a three-in-a-row. There are also terms for winning three trophies in the same season: Three-peat In American sports, a three-peat is winning three consecutive championships. The term, a portmanteau of the words \\\"three\\\" and \\\"repeat\\\", originated with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, during their unsuccessful campaign for a third consecutive championship during the 1988–89 season, having won the previous 2 NBA Finals in 1987 and 1988 against the Boston Celtics and Detroit Pistons, but were swept by the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals. The term is a registered trademark owned by\",\n \"title\": \"Three-peat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539477\",\n \"text\": \"as significant as they played on Christmas in 2017. \\\"List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Boston Celtics seasons.\\\" \\\"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, % = Winning Percentage\\\"; The Celtics have an NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row, and 11 championships in 13 years. They also have 52 playoff appearances. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics, and the franchise has retired 22 jersey numbers, more than any other American sports\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2082757\",\n \"text\": \"sitting on a bench. Red Auerbach Arnold Jacob \\\"Red\\\" Auerbach (September 20, 1917 – October 28, 2006) was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics. After he retired from coaching, he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death. As a coach, he won 938 games (a record at his retirement) and nine National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in ten years (a number surpassed only by Phil Jackson, who won 11 in twenty years). As general manager and team president of the Celtics, he won an additional\",\n \"title\": \"Red Auerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10912217\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers. Both share the Staples Center. The Lakers are one of the most valuable franchises in the NBA and have gained a considerable fanbase over the years. They have the most titles of all Los Angeles franchises, having gained 11 titles in LA and 16 overall. Their title count is second only to the Boston Celtics, who have 17 titles. The LA Lakers were founded as the Minneapolis Lakers, having moved to Southern California in 1960. The LA Clippers were founded as the Buffalo Braves in 1970; in 1978, the team moved to San\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Los Angeles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12120537\",\n \"text\": \"its nickname from the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: the club crest features the Mayflower, which carried the Pilgrims to Massachusetts and the club's mascot is named Pilgrim Pete. The city is also home to clubs in nearly all sports, notably Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1921 and are currently in the third tier of Professional English Rugby National League One. Plymouth Raiders play in the top tier of British Bastketball, the British Basketball\",\n \"title\": \"Sport in Plymouth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14368571\",\n \"text\": \"Run and gun (basketball) In basketball, run and gun is a fast, freewheeling style of play that features a high number of field goal attempts, resulting in high-scoring games. The offense typically relies on fast breaks while placing less emphasis on set plays. A run-and-gun team typically allows a large number of points on defense as well. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the run and gun was at its peak in the 1960s when teams scored an average of 115 points a game. Around 2003, the average had dropped to 95. The Boston Celtics were a run-and-gun team in\",\n \"title\": \"Run and gun (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1612657\",\n \"text\": \"the one used by the Boston Celtics of the NBA. The original floor, which was installed at the Celtics' original home of Boston Arena in 1946, was moved intact to Boston Garden in 1952 and used there until the team moved to what was then known as FleetCenter in 1995, now known as TD Garden. The floor remained intact and in use until it was cut up and sold as souvenirs in 1999, after the 1998 demolition of Boston Garden. The Celtics today play on a parquet floor inside TD Garden that combines old and new sections. Similar square-paneled parquet\",\n \"title\": \"Parquetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17893605\",\n \"text\": \"Sports in Indiana The state of Indiana is home to a number of professional and college sports teams, as well as prominent auto racing. Indiana has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \\\"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\\\" The 1986 film \\\"Hoosiers\\\" is inspired by the story\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4729465\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield College (Massachusetts) Springfield College is a private, coeducational college located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The institution confers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral degrees. Known as the birthplace of basketball, the sport was invented there in 1891 by Canadian graduate student James Naismith. The college's philosophy of \\\"humanics\\\" \\\"calls for the education of the whole person—in spirit, mind, and body—for leadership in service to others.\\\" It is symbolized by a triangle. Founded in 1885, as the Young Men's Christian Association department of the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, the school originally specialized in preparing young men to become General Secretaries of\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield College (Massachusetts)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660861\",\n \"text\": \"West Side of New York City, and defiantly called his new squad the Original Celtics. Initially they played in various struggling professional leagues, before becoming primarily a touring squad which traveled up to 150,000 miles a year while completing a 150–200 game schedule. They won about ninety percent of their games and finished 1922–23 with the unbelievable record of 193–11–1. Hoping to claim an undisputed national championship, they challenged the nationally famous Franklin Wonder Five, but the Franklin coach refused as his team \\\"was too tired\\\" after a grueling year. The team's first dominant player was \\\"Dutch\\\" Dehnert, a 6'1\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Original Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7591244\",\n \"text\": \"Atlantic Division (NBA) The Atlantic Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Toronto Raptors. All teams, except the Raptors, are located on the East Coast of the United States. However, Toronto sports teams have over the years enjoyed rivalries with teams in the Northeastern United States (particularly, Toronto teams also share divisions with Boston teams in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, with the former also containing\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic Division (NBA)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2082756\",\n \"text\": \"'80s under coaches Bill Fitch (white) and K.C. Jones (black). Auerbach is prominently featured in the documentary film, \\\"The First Basket\\\", about Jewish basketball history. To honor Auerbach, the Celtics created the Arnold \\\"Red\\\" Auerbach award in 2006. It is an award given annually to the current Celtic player or coach who \\\"best exemplifies the spirit and meaning of a true Celtic. The NBA gives out an annual coach of the year award to honor the league's best coach as voted by a panel of sportswriters. The trophy is named the 'Red Auerbach trophy' and has a figure of Auerbach\",\n \"title\": \"Red Auerbach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539478\",\n \"text\": \"team. FIBA, the body which governs international basketball, has selected two players associated with the Celtics to the FIBA Hall of Fame for contributions to international basketball. The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8368732\",\n \"text\": \"finger, dribbling in complex patterns, rolling the ball over one's shoulder, or performing aerobatic maneuvers with the ball while executing a slam dunk, most notably in the context of a slam dunk contest. Nearly all basketballs have an inflatable inner rubber bladder, generally wrapped in layers of fiber and then covered with a surface made either from leather (traditional), rubber, or a synthetic composite. As in most inflatable balls, there is a small opening that allows the pressure to be increased or decreased. The surface of the ball is nearly always divided by \\\"ribs\\\" that are recessed below the surface\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball (ball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7420964\",\n \"text\": \"rebounding and defense. Black pros did not get a chance to showcase their talents in the league until the arrival of Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain. In 1963, the 1933 version of the Rens team was collectively named to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Only their arch-rivals, the Original Celtics, and the Buffalo Germans received the same honor. The Rens' selection was well-deserved, for despite traveling and playing throughout America when the harsh effect of segregation was common and often legal, they compiled a 2318-381 record before the team folded in 1949. In 2005, the 109th United States Congress passed\",\n \"title\": \"Black Fives\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12706622\",\n \"text\": \"Fordham Rams football The Fordham Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Fordham University located in the U.S. state of New York. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Patriot League. Fordham's first football team was fielded in 1882. The team plays its home games at the 7,000 seat Coffey Field in Bronx, New York. The Rams are coached by former Yale offensive coordinator Joe Conlin, distant relative to the late Ed Conlin, Fordham's all-time leading scorer in basketball who later played seven seasons in the NBA.\",\n \"title\": \"Fordham Rams football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7560718\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"At that time NBA teams had quotas for African American players, and the Celtics already had two on their roster.\\\" The team's leadership may also have been concerned that Garrett's height (six foot, three inches) was not tall enough to play center and uncertain about his ability to switch to playing a guard or forward position. After Garrett's release from the Celtics, the Harlem Globetrotters founder and owner, Abe Saperstein, who had scouted Garrett since his playing days at IU, offered him a contract to play for the team. Garrett considered the team's comic acts and jokes more show-business entertainment\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Garrett (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13797732\",\n \"text\": \"Lou Bender Louis \\\"Lulu\\\" Bender (March 8, 1910 – September 10, 2009) was an American basketball player who helped turn the sport into a popular success in New York City during the Great Depression and helped make Madison Square Garden a destination for the sport. Bender was a three-time All-Ivy League and two-time All-America in the early 1930s while attending Columbia University. After graduating from Columbia, Bender barnstormed with the Original Celtics and later played for a number of professional teams in the American Basketball League, the first true professional league and a predecessor of the National Basketball Association. While\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Bender\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10149101\",\n \"text\": \"Brad Stevens Bradley Kent Stevens (born October 22, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former collegiate player. He is the head coach of the Boston Celtics. Born and raised in Zionsville, Indiana, Stevens starred on the Zionsville Community High School basketball team, setting four school records. After high school, he attended DePauw University, where he played basketball and earned a degree in economics. He made the all-conference team multiple times and was a three-time Academic All-America nominee. He transitioned into coaching after quitting his job at Eli Lilly and Company, joining the basketball program at Butler University as\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14100103\",\n \"text\": \"the love of the game, but above all it is a way to fit in and find an identity. The NBA (National Basketball Association) is the premier basketball league in America. For a long time it was a sport dominated by white Americans and it wasn't very popular amongst Latin American countries. That all changed with the arrival of the \\\"Nuyoricans\\\". They were Puerto Ricans who had immigrated to New York in search of a better life and while there discovered the sport of basketball. They brought the sport back with them to the island and it became immensely popular.\",\n \"title\": \"Latino athletes in American sports\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4479456\",\n \"text\": \"the company into a worldwide success, and sold his interest in the company for a huge profit in 1971. He then invested in several other restaurant ventures, but none matched the success of KFC. During the 1970s, he also owned, at various times, three professional basketball teams – the American Basketball Association's Kentucky Colonels, and the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics and Buffalo Braves (currently the Los Angeles Clippers). Despite having previously shown little inclination toward politics, Brown surprised political observers by declaring his candidacy for governor in 1979. With the state and nation facing difficult economic times, Brown promised\",\n \"title\": \"John Y. Brown Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11640792\",\n \"text\": \"age of 89. Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946. The Celtics went 2–22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Paul Pierce to injury, the result of a stress reaction in his left foot (he would later miss the latter part of March and all of April because of swelling in his left elbow). At first, the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL on a dunk attempt in a game vs. the Indiana\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4048730\",\n \"text\": \"victory. As Foreman was shaking all the players' hands, when he arrived at the then-unknown power forward, McHale displayed his comic wit: \\\"Nice to meet you, Mr. Foreman. What do you do for a living?\\\" Entering the 1980 NBA draft, the Celtics held the number one overall pick, but in a pre-draft trade, considered by many to be among the most lopsided in NBA history, Celtics president Red Auerbach dealt the pick and an additional first-round pick to the Golden State Warriors for center Robert Parish and the Warriors' first-round pick, the third overall, which the Celtics used to draft\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin McHale (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8206187\",\n \"text\": \"particularly the all-white New York Celtics (now the Boston Celtics) to play games against exclusively black teams. Philadelphia, as a city that is particularly heavily lived-in by black citizens, looked as basketball as both an opportunity for recognition and escape. Young men had \\\"hoop dreams\\\" and wanted to fight their way to the ABL, or NBA today, and having a local successful professional basketball team allowed for the observation of successful black men in a sport that they were interested in. This resulted also in a feeling of community in the city between black men, and contributed to the culture\",\n \"title\": \"Philadelphia Warriors (ABL)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004322\",\n \"text\": \"way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth. History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7060655\",\n \"text\": \"Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \\\"Wyc\\\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team that claimed the Ivy League and national rowing championship. He later received a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1986 and an MBA in 1992 from the Stanford Graduate School of Business. After spending seven\",\n \"title\": \"Wyc Grousbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4789821\",\n \"text\": \"University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester. The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester. Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics, nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox, six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins, and five-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots. The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team. The Boston Breakers were the Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts. Massachusetts is also the home\",\n \"title\": \"Massachusetts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16458224\",\n \"text\": \"role in the first-ever automobile accident. Today, the city of Springfield is known worldwide as the birthplace of the sport of basketball. In 1891, James Naismith, a theology graduate, invented the sport of basketball at the YMCA International Training School – now known as Springfield College – to fill-in the gap between the football and baseball seasons. The first game of basketball ever played took place in the Mason Square district of Springfield. (The game's score was 1 – 0). As of 2011, the exact spot where the first game took place is memorialized by an illuminated monument. The first\",\n \"title\": \"History of Springfield, Massachusetts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8486945\",\n \"text\": \"Wizards, but also to participate in the show. The Wizards get the crowd involved, often bringing children out onto the floor to be part of a basketball trick or a comedy act. Their antics are similar to those of the Harlem Globetrotters, who were created in 1926. The Wizards, Flight Squad Basketball and the Globetrotters are comedy basketball teams that tour the country. The theme for the Wizards' 2010-2011 campaign was the \\\"Basketball and Beyond Tour.\\\" They hold the second longest known winning streak in all of professional sports - over 2,800 games after the Harlem Globetrotters 24-year, 8,829 game\",\n \"title\": \"Harlem Wizards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"169993\",\n \"text\": \"Greek letter fraternities and sororities are not permitted. One of the earliest college basketball games in the United States occurred at Geneva College on April 8, 1893, when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA. Geneva commemorates this event through the athletic slogan of \\\"The Birthplace of College Basketball\\\". Geneva also has one of the oldest basketball courts in collegiate sports in the Johnson Gymnasium. Geneva was founded by Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants. Many names of campus buildings and areas bear Scottish names: Geneva sports teams were nicknamed the \\\"Covenanters\\\" until the 1950s. Members of the RPCNA are\",\n \"title\": \"Geneva College\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"802342\",\n \"text\": \"All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team The New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics are two of the three remaining teams from the original 1946 NBA (the other is the Golden State Warriors). The rivalry stems from the old rivalry between the cities of New York City and Boston, as well as the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. The fact that Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart contributes to it, which is also seen in the Jets–Patriots rivalry. The teams have met nine times in the postseason. The last time was in the 2012–13 season, when Carmelo\",\n \"title\": \"New York Knicks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"189568\",\n \"text\": \"the state of Indiana. Indiana's passion for basketball was observed and written about by basketball's inventor, James Naismith. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote, that while it was invented in Massachusetts, \\\"basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\\\" Hoosiers have a traditional love for basketball similar to that of Southerners or Ohioans for football, Pennsylvanians for wrestling, and Minnesotans for ice hockey. Indiana high schools boast a tradition of producing top caliber basketball players. Through the 2009-2010 NBA season, 152 Hoosier\",\n \"title\": \"Hoosier Hysteria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11082399\",\n \"text\": \"compete in teams of one hundred, first demonstrated on the Boston Common in 1917. Brown lived in Hopkinton, Massachusetts throughout his life, married Elizabeth Gallagher, and had four sons and three daughters, who continued their father’s pursuits. His son, Walter A. Brown, assumed the General Manager position at the Boston Garden upon his father’s death. Walter A. Brown went on to become General Manager of the Boston Bruins ice hockey team, and founding Owner and General Manager of the Boston Celtics men’s professional basketball team. Like his father, Walter A. Brown was inducted into the hockey halls of fame, and\",\n \"title\": \"George V. Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"802231\",\n \"text\": \"New York Knicks The New York Knickerbockers, more commonly referred to as the Knicks, are an American professional basketball team based in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden. They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City; the other is the Brooklyn Nets. The team, established by Ned Irish in 1946, was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), which\",\n \"title\": \"New York Knicks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5571985\",\n \"text\": \"those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"539498\",\n \"text\": \"Bruins and certain \\\"Sports Byline USA\\\" and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts. However, WEEI was sold off in 1994, and would later reemerge as the name of an ESPN-radio affiliate, Sportsradio 850 WEEI. WFXT continued to carry the Fox network programming; however, during the team's ownership of the station, they broadcast the team's games and they also had a news share agreement with regional cable news channel New England Cable News in 1993. WFXT meanwhile was reacquired by Fox Television Stations group, and once again was Fox owned-and-operated from 1995. Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team\",\n \"title\": \"Boston Celtics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10470669\",\n \"text\": \"Ireland match at Celtic Park were donated by host club Celtic to the grieving Battles family in tribute to their former player. Battles junior was raised in the Edinburgh area, where he attended the city's Holy Cross RC Academy, and developed his footballing skills in the city's inter-school competitions. While he was still a teenager his mother decided to emigrate to the United States of America and Battles and an elder sister accompanied her across the Atlantic. On his arrival in the U.S., Battles began playing for the Boston Celtics, a Sullivan Square team. While playing for the Celtics, he\",\n \"title\": \"Barney Battles Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16234281\",\n \"text\": \"being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on Saint Patricks Day. The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw, who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17, 1981. Along with the Phillies, many other teams have since started wearing Saint Patrick's day themed jerseys, including the Boston Red Sox in 2004, who were also the second team to wear Saint Patrick's Day hats in 1990; the green uniforms have also been worn twice during the regular season, in 2007 and 2008, as a tribute to the NBA's Boston Celtics, whose primary color is green. Since\",\n \"title\": \"Saint Patrick's Day in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437269\",\n \"text\": \"Uruguay by English sailors and labourers in the late 19th century. Less successfully, they introduced rugby and cricket. There are two Montevideo-based football clubs, Nacional and Peñarol, who are successful in domestic and South American tournaments and have won three Intercontinental Cups each. Besides football, the most popular sport in Uruguay is basketball. Its national team qualified for the Basketball World Cup 7 times, more often than other countries in South America, except Brazil and Argentina. Uruguay hosted the official Basketball World Cup for the 1967 FIBA World Championship and the official Americas Basketball Championship in 1988, 1997 and is\",\n \"title\": \"Uruguay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19636536\",\n \"text\": \"of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League who moved in from Harvard University's Bright-Landry Hockey Center, and Ristuccia Ice Arena in Wilmington, Massachusetts respectively. Public transit to the facility is via the MBTA Boston Landing station, a station on the MBTA Commuter Rail system's Framingham/Worcester Line. Groundbreaking took place in December 2014, with the completed facility hosting its grand opening on September 8th, 2016. The Bruins' fellow tenants at the TD Garden when both are in their respective wintertime league seasons, the Boston Celtics NBA basketball team, now have their own, brand new professional basketball training facility named\",\n \"title\": \"Warrior Ice Arena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004298\",\n \"text\": \"History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball as it is\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7060656\",\n \"text\": \"years as a partner at the venture capital firm, Highland Capital Partners, Grousbeck, along with his father H. Irving Grousbeck founded the group Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. that bought the Boston Celtics for $360 million in 2002. In 2008, they led the organization to their seventeenth NBA Championship. While continuing his duties with the Celtics, in 2010 Grousbeck became Chairman of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, the world's largest research and clinical hospital specializing in blindness and deafness research. In 2013, Grousbeck co-founded Causeway Media Partners, LP, a growth equity partnership managing over $330 million, investing in sports technology\",\n \"title\": \"Wyc Grousbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7126431\",\n \"text\": \"for guard Frank Ramsey, who played behind the Hall-of-Fame duo of Bob Cousy and Bill Sharman during the early part of the Celtics' dynasty years. Though Ramsey was one of the Celtics' best players, he felt more comfortable coming off the bench and Auerbach wanted his best players fresh and in the lineup at the end of close games. The most famous sixth man, however, was teammate John Havlicek, who revolutionized the role during his 16-year career. Sixth man The sixth man in basketball is a player who is not a starter but comes off the bench much more often\",\n \"title\": \"Sixth man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13782331\",\n \"text\": \"Tournament, by defeating the Italian League club Virtus Bologna, by a score of 67–37. Nisiotis is credited by most as being mainly responsible for the development of the sport in Greece in the 1930s and 1940s. Panellinios also featured the great scorer Antonis Christeas. The Spanoudakis brothers, Ioannis and Alekos, who were players of Olympiacos, were among the first early important pioneers of the modern style sport in the country. Boston Celtics players Bob Cousy, and the Greek American player Lou Tsioropoulos, came to Greece in the 1950s, and gave teaching clinics on what the Celtics were doing, and how\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball in Greece\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Boston Celtics context: Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league's first decade, the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins. The franchise has won the most championships in NBA history with 17, accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA\\n\\nIn basketball where do the Celtics come from?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 176,\n \"origin_tokens\": 176,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of the Boston Celtics context: History of the Boston Celt The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA merged with the National Basketball League. Currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference, the Celtics have the most NBA titles with 17 championships. Eleven of those occurred between 1957 and 1969, with a dynasty led by center Bill Russell and coach/general manager Red Auerbach.\\n\\ntitle: Boston context: the in 171 and the National League in 187 team played under that name until 88, under theaneaters until 191 and under the name Bra from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season Since 16 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves The TD Garden formerly called the FleCenter and to replace the,-demolished Boston Garden, isjoined to North Station and is home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.\\ntitle: Original Celt: Original Celtics Celt barnstorming American basketball team At various times existence, the team in American Basketball Eastern Basketball and The team has relation to Boston Celt. The franchise whole inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of in 195.'s roots lay in New York Celt disbanded during World. 1,ure assemble team nucle of those trulyoriginal\\\" Cics, players mostly\\n: Originalelticseltics The Originalics were baring American basketball team. At times their existence played in Basketball, Eastern Metropolitan Basketball has theeltics Theise as 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \\\"original\\\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the\\n\\nIn basketball where do the Celtics come from?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 442,\n \"origin_tokens\": 13824,\n \"ratio\": \"31.3x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":189,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":189,"string":"189"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["'Ala' ad Din","'Ala' ad-Din","Alad-Din","Aladdin","'Ala' addin","アラジン","Aladdin's lamp","Alladdin","Ali ibn ad-Din","Ala addin","Alaad Din","Alad Din","علاء الدين","ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn","Ala ad-Din","Alaaddin","Aladdin and the magic lamp","Arajin","Alaad-Din","Aladdin and the Magic Lamp","'Ala addin"],"string":"[\n \"'Ala' ad Din\",\n \"'Ala' ad-Din\",\n \"Alad-Din\",\n \"Aladdin\",\n \"'Ala' addin\",\n \"アラジン\",\n \"Aladdin's lamp\",\n \"Alladdin\",\n \"Ali ibn ad-Din\",\n \"Ala addin\",\n \"Alaad Din\",\n \"Alad Din\",\n \"علاء الدين\",\n \"ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn\",\n \"Ala ad-Din\",\n \"Alaaddin\",\n \"Aladdin and the magic lamp\",\n \"Arajin\",\n \"Alaad-Din\",\n \"Aladdin and the Magic Lamp\",\n \"'Ala addin\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Aladdin"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"5020256","text":"A Whole New World \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \"Aladdin\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"A Whole New World\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"5020259","text":"studio album \"Passion\" (1993) and on Bryson's studio album \"Through the Fire\" (1994). A Whole New World \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \"Aladdin\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"A Whole New World\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"5020258","text":"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \"\"Aladdin\"'s Theme\". The version peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"9492915","text":"Rice demos Alan Menken's score for \"Aladdin\" follows the compositional method also used in \"The Little Mermaid\" and \"Beauty and the Beast\", with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies. When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, they are usually accompanied by an instrumental cue of \"A Whole New World\". Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, \"Aladdin\"\". \"The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as","title":"Aladdin (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6249989","text":"Regina Belle Regina Belle (born July 17, 1963) is an American singer–songwriter and actress who first started her career in the mid–1980s. Known for her singles, \"Baby Come to Me\" (1989) and \"Make It Like It Was\" (1990), Belle's most notable for two hit duets, both with Peabo Bryson: \"Without You\", the love theme from the comedy film \"Leonard Part 6\", recorded in 1987 and \"A Whole New World\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \"Aladdin\", recorded in 1992, with which Belle and Bryson won the Grammy award. The theme song \"Far Longer than Forever\" from the","title":"Regina Belle"},{"id":"7013487","text":"Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \"Fantasy in the Sky\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \"A Whole New World\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \"Disney in the Stars\" was replaced by \"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\", a Halloween-themed fireworks performance. In celebration","title":"Disney in the Stars"},{"id":"7013489","text":"2018 as a \"Magical Finale\". Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \"Fantasy in the Sky\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \"A Whole New World\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \"Disney in the Stars\" was replaced by \"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\", a","title":"Disney in the Stars"},{"id":"2880076","text":"the comedy film \"Leonard Part 6\", recorded in 1987 and \"A Whole New World\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \"Aladdin\", recorded in 1992. Bryson and Belle recorded four duets over the years: \"Without You\" (in 1987), \"I Can't Imagine\" (in 1991), \"A Whole New World\" (in 1992) and \"Total Praise\" (in 2009). Among his romantic love songs and duets are: Bryson won two Grammy Awards: in 1992 for his performance of the song \"Beauty and the Beast\" with Celine Dion and in 1993 for \"A Whole New World\" with Regina Belle. In Spring 1998, Bryson contributed","title":"Peabo Bryson"},{"id":"15352889","text":"Ariel is singing \"Part of Your World\" from Disney's \"The Little Mermaid\". At the end of the song, an electric eel shocks Donald while trying to kiss Ariel. Guests are now in \"The Lion King\", where Simba is singing \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" from Disney's'\"The Lion King\". After that, guests go to \"Peter Pan\", where the chorus is singing \"You Can Fly\" from Peter Pan. Peter sprinkles pixie dust on Donald, which gives him the ability to fly. Finally, guests go to \"Aladdin\", where Aladdin and Jasmine are singing \"A Whole New World.\" This time, Donald retrieves","title":"Mickey's PhilharMagic"},{"id":"15409519","text":"and lyrical content, several comparisons have been drawn between both the song and its corresponding scene and various romantic musical sequences from a number of preceding Disney animated feature films, the most frequently referenced of which are \"Kiss the Girl\" from \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" (1992), both romantic ballads also composed by Menken. One particular reviewer, Steven D. Greydanus of \"Decent Films Guide\", drew comparisons between the scene and the musical \"Nutcracker Suite\" sequence from Disney's animated feature film \"Fantasia\" (1940), describing it as \"a moment of visual transcendence.\" Throughout the filmmaking process,","title":"I See the Light"},{"id":"15409509","text":"song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \"lantern sequence\" during which \"I See the Light\" is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \"Kiss the Girl\" from \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \"I See the Light\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.","title":"I See the Light"},{"id":"16241440","text":"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \"When You Wish Upon a Star\", from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", from \"Song of the South\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from the eponymous film, \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\", \"If I Didn't Have You\" from \"Monsters, Inc.\", and \"We Belong","title":"Man or Muppet"},{"id":"6249993","text":"Continuing her tradition of duets, Belle teamed up with Peabo Bryson for four songs: \"Without You\" (in 1987), \"I Can't Imagine\" (in 1991), \"A Whole New World\" (in 1992) and \"Total Praise\" (in 2009). Later in 1993, she released her Platinum selling third album, \"Passion\". The album featured the Disney hit, \"A Whole New World\". The theme song \"Far Longer than Forever\" from the animated movie \"The Swan Princess\", performed with Jeffrey Osborne was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1995 for Best Original Song. She released \"Reachin' Back\" in 1995 followed by \"Believe in Me\" in 1998. In 2001,","title":"Regina Belle"},{"id":"17785482","text":"Disney's theme parks: \"The Magic Carpets of Aladdin\", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris; and the show \"\" at Disney California Adventure Park. In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is \"A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale\", written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does. Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media","title":"Aladdin (franchise)"},{"id":"9517777","text":"had become so popular that fans made numerous requests to be able to purchase the song. On August 19, it was announced on the LFG Forum that a mp3 download version of the Slaughter Your World would be available for a small fee. A second teaser trailer called LFG: This is War was released in December 2008, and features Richard and Cale in battle while singing a parodied version of the song \"A Whole New World\" from Disney's Aladdin, which when paired with the previous \"Slaughter your World\" trailer suggests that Disney parodies might be a frequent occurrence in the","title":"Looking for Group"},{"id":"815129","text":"– hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips – but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers.\" \"Aladdin\" also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Original Score and Best Original Song for \"A Whole New World\" and receiving nominations for Best Song (\"Friend Like Me\"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), and Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \"Aladdin\" won Best Original Song (\"A Whole New World\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"10073401","text":"with his Entourage (\"Prince Ali\"), but his demeanor offends Jasmine, who storms off. Frustrated, Aladdin lashes out at his friends, who in turn abandon him and leave the palace. Later, on the Princess's balcony, Prince Ali gains Jasmine's trust and invites her on a magic carpet ride (\"A Whole New World\"). After bidding her farewell, Aladdin is arrested by Jafar for trespassing in the Princess's private chambers. Omar, returning to help Aladdin, witnesses his arrest and runs to tell his pals, who pledge to help him (\"High Adventure\"), but they too are detained as they storm the palace. Aladdin uses","title":"Aladdin Jr."},{"id":"6915995","text":"returned to Disney as a special guest to host various segments for certain \"Beauty and the Beast\" re-releases. In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist, the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of \"A Whole New World\" and \"As Long as There's Christmas\", the theme songs of the animated films \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"\" (1997), respectively, both of which are duets. Although \"A Whole New World\" was very successful, \"Beauty and the Beast\" remains a larger hit for the singer. Bryson also included \"Beauty and the Beast\" on some","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"4289479","text":"Ship Columbia, portraying the \"Black Pearl\" from the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" films. Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and other pirates participate in a stunt sequence. The scene ends with fountains that look like explosions and a cannon fired from the Sailing Ship Columbia. As the scene concludes, Mickey's sorcerer hat is painted on the mist screen and the hat turns to clouds as Aladdin and Jasmine are on a physical magic carpet flying through the clouds while a rendition of A Whole New World plays. Then the carpet fades away and three small barges arrive carrying Belle and the Beast,","title":"Fantasmic!"},{"id":"16315141","text":"until 1994. It was then that he moved to Sarasota, Florida. Pitera received his BFA in Computer Animation from Ringling College of Art and Design. Pitera gained his popularity for his extensive vocal range and his unusual feminine falsetto, as he first demonstrated in his most popular video, a cover of \"A Whole New World\", from the movie \"Aladdin\" where he sings both Aladdin and Jasmine's parts. In 2011, Pitera released \"One Man Disney Movie\" using a \"'Brady Bunch'-style grid\" to perform \"an eight-minute-plus mashup of songs from various big-screen musical fairy tales, from \"Beauty and the Beast\" to \"Enchanted,\"","title":"Nick Pitera"},{"id":"6040237","text":"or dress. According to \"Vanity Fair\", Jasmine was the first feminist Disney Princess, although author Alex Beggs admitted that this claim has been exaggerated to some degree. Jasmine's song \"A Whole New World\", which she performs as a duet with Aladdin, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards in 1993. Six years after \"Aladdin\", Lea Salonga would be cast as the singing voice of Mulan in 1998. Salonga joked about being required to audition for the role despite having already voiced a Disney Princess: \"Why do I have to audition? ... I was already","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"16767818","text":"Princess and the Frog\". The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Dumbo\", \"Wreck-it Ralph\", \"The Lion King\", \"Tarzan\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Tangled\", \"Toy Story\", \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" and \"Frozen\". The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Bambi\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"Pocahontas\", \"Up\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Finding Nemo\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", and \"Tangled\". During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous","title":"Celebrate the Magic"},{"id":"6040171","text":"and Scott Weinger, voice of Aladdin. Apart from some rough, unfinished storyboards and drawings, Larkin did not see much of her character until the film was finally screened at the Museum of Modern Art. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \"strong actors\" instead. When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \"A Whole New World\", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; she admitted, \"there's no way I would have even auditioned","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"2130079","text":"Disney's animated film \"Aladdin\". In 1993, Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of \"Les Misérables\". She performed the song \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles, where the song won an Oscar, having already won a Golden Globe Award. That same year, she released her self-titled international debut album with Atlantic Records, which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide. In 1994, Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore,","title":"Lea Salonga"},{"id":"17991780","text":"Jake discover that the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) has been stealing princesses' body parts to build a bride, Princess Monster Wife. She is so horribly deformed that Finn and Jake cannot view her directly without fainting; eventually, Princess Monster Wife realizes that she is a monster and returns the stolen body parts. Ward explained that \"Princess Monster Wife\" was conceptualized to be both a sad and funny story at the same time. The episode featured a song, \"Something Special\", written by McHale, that was inspired by the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film","title":"Princess Monster Wife"},{"id":"17919087","text":"was either to be the first Asian-woman President of the United States or a singer. The event that changed her life was when Disney released \"Aladdin\". It was the renowned song \"\"A Whole New World\"\" that made her choose the latter. She would sing the song and watch the movie everyday for the entire school year. Manting entered the Metropolitan Opera Children's Choir at the age of 10 and was chosen by then music director, Elena Doria, to be one of the children singing in Puccini's \"La Boheme\" and later \"Khovanshchina\", a Russian opera. It was then, Manting realized that","title":"Manting Chan"},{"id":"1478496","text":"Cliff Richard. Rice has collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber, with whom he wrote \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Evita\", \"Cricket\", and \"The Likes of Us\". For The Walt Disney Company, Rice has collaborated individually with Alan Menken and Elton John, creating productions including \"Aladdin\" (winning an Academy Award, Golden Globe and Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World\") and \"The Lion King\" (winning the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\"). In 1996, his collaboration with Lloyd Webber for the","title":"Tim Rice"},{"id":"5020257","text":"Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards. \"A Whole New World\" performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle also won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards, the first and so far only Disney song to win in the category. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation. A single version of the song was released that same year and was performed by American recording artists Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. This version is played over the film's","title":"A Whole New World"},{"id":"2039845","text":"final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane (the singing voice of the title character of \"Aladdin\") and Susan Egan (who played Belle in the stage adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\"), who sang songs from their respective films, and a duet of \"A Whole New World\". On May 16, 2017, ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film, \"The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live\", on October 3, 2017. The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians, in a","title":"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)"},{"id":"17192562","text":"pleases. Babkak, Omar and Kassim are made royal advisors, while Iago is arrested. Aladdin and Jasmine are married, and Genie prepares for a long-awaited vacation. All ends well as Aladdin and Jasmine board the magic carpet and take flight (Finale Ultimo: \"Arabian Nights\"/\"A Whole New World\" (Reprises)). \"Aladdin\" takes pride in showcasing a glimpse of the Middle Eastern Culture. The animated version was celebrated as Disney’s first to feature non-white protagonists. How a play or musical is cast impacts how the show is portrayed. According to actor Kyle Scatliffe, who played Enjolras in \"Les Misérables\": “It changes things whenever you","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"20095543","text":"castle as Rapunzel and Flynn Rider duet and send their own lanterns to the top of the castle. Songs featured are \"Love is an Open Door\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\", \"A Whole New World\", and \"I See the Light\". Introduced by the Emperor of China from \"Mulan\", the show becomes aggressive and loud, highlighting the climactic battles and challenges the characters face including epic scenes from \"The Incredibles\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Aladdin\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", and \"Pirates of the Caribbean\". The castle and its surroundings are peppered with explosions as many","title":"Happily Ever After (Magic Kingdom)"},{"id":"815121","text":"Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991. Although fourteen songs were written for \"Aladdin\", only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist. The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animation tests, and a music video of one, \"Proud of Your Boy\", performed by Clay Aiken, which also appears on the album \"DisneyMania 3\". The version of the song \"A Whole New World\" sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle that plays over the end credits holds the","title":"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"},{"id":"12189011","text":"contemporary chart were \"Missing You Now\" (credited to Michael Bolton featuring Kenny G) and \"Forever in Love\", while Bryson's previous #1s were \"If Ever You're in My Arms Again\" and \"A Whole New World\", a duet with Regina Belle that was the theme for the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\". By the Time This Night Is Over \"By the Time This Night Is Over\" is a song by Kenny G, featuring Peabo Bryson, released as a single from his album \"Breathless\", in 1993. The song peaked at #25 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the summer of 1993, spending seven","title":"By the Time This Night Is Over"},{"id":"19116607","text":"notes from Bambaataa's song \"Planet Rock\" while Savage speaks out about child molestation In September, Hay released two playlist albums \"The Long Beach Crook Playlist\" with Kxng Crooked and \"The Stoned Mountain Playlist\" with Cyhi The Prynce In April 2017, Hay was a producer on the viral song \"Kylie's Daddy\" about reality television personality Kylie Jenner that debuted on \"TMZ\". In January 2018, Smith and Hay released \"Jazz (Deluxe)\" that hit #1 on the Billboard Jazz Charts. In February, Hay produced \"Jazzmine\" for Riff Raff, a remake on the classic \"A Whole New World\" from the animated Disney film \"Aladdin\".","title":"Jonathan Hay (publicist)"},{"id":"8362196","text":"Whole New World - Underscore (:20) 20. I'll Say (:42) 21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36) 22. Snake! (:41) 23. He Has More Power (:50) 24. Father, I've Decided (:59) 25. Celebration (1:36) 26. Curtain Call (1:13) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film \"Aladdin\" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the","title":"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular"},{"id":"19784719","text":"like Dolly Parton, and for Mr. Pig's part to be reminiscent of Meat Loaf. \"Let Me Show You Something Special\" is a duet between the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) and his monstrous creation, Princess Monster Wife (voiced in tandem by Ward, Hynden Walch, and Steve Little). The song, which was taken from the episode \"Princess Monster Wife\", was also written by McHale, and was inspired by the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo,","title":"The Music of Ooo"},{"id":"2550880","text":"is identical in layout to the Magic Kingdom version except for these differences: On March 1, 2017, Tokyo Disneyland's version of \"It's a Small World\" closed down for refurbishment for its first major update since the park's opening in 1983. Reopened on April 8, 2018 coinciding with Tokyo Disneyland's 35th anniversary, the attraction featured 40 characters from Disney properties including \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Aristocats\", \"Brave\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Aladdin\", \"Pinocchio\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Lion King\", \"Hercules\", \"The Three Caballeros\", \"Mulan\", \"Tangled\", \"Lilo & Stitch\", \"Frozen\", \"Finding Nemo\" and \"Moana\" similar to its counterparts in California","title":"It's a Small World"},{"id":"7597910","text":"being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,","title":"On the Record (musical)"},{"id":"16315142","text":"taking on the roles of the heroes, heroines, villains, sidekicks and their furry choirs.\" In 2012, Pitera released a medley cover of Andrew Lloyd Webber songs entitled \"One Man Phantom of the Opera.\" This was followed in August of the same year by \"One Man Les Miserables\". Pitera has also appeared on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" as one of the audience acts. He sang \"A Whole New World\" from Disney, with himself singing both Jasmine's and Aladdin's parts. He released his first self-written original single \"Better Days\" on iTunes and Amazon on December 4, 2012. He released an EP of","title":"Nick Pitera"},{"id":"8389131","text":"Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \"Oliver & Company\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Rescuers Down Under\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Tarzan\", \"\", \"Home on the Range\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", and \"Winnie the Pooh\". He studied at the Program in Character Animation at the California Institute of the Arts. Along with his wife, Angela, Edmonds owns and directs the Edmonds Studios, an independent animation production studio in Red","title":"Russ Edmonds"},{"id":"6040174","text":"voices. Describing Salonga as \"an incredible singer\", Larkin herself was pleasantly surprised by how much Salonga's voice resembled her own when she first heard \"A Whole New World\", joking, \"the filmmakers almost had me convinced that I sang it\". The character's blurb on the official Disney website reads, \"Jasmine is an independent, fiery beauty capable of taking care of herself\" who \"longs to experience life outside the palace.\" The writers had originally conceived Jasmine as a spoiled and materialistic princess whose interests were limited to clothing and jewelry, but eventually developed her into a stronger, more mature character. Larkin described","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"5823509","text":"the Public Theater's production of \"Titus Andronicus\", and two roles in James Lapine's Lincoln Center production of \"The Winter's Tale\". He provided the singing voice of the character Aladdin, opposite Lea Salonga (Jasmine), in the 1992 film of the same name, as well as its sequels. In 1993, Kane teamed up again with Salonga to do a live version of \"A Whole New World\", the hit song from \"Aladdin\", at the 65th Academy Awards. In 1993, he played Arpad Laszlo in the Broadway revival of \"She Loves Me\". He also played Tucker Wells in the season three episode \"The Prom\"","title":"Brad Kane"},{"id":"16694704","text":"again.”\" A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Beauty and The Beast\", and \"Aladdin\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for","title":"A Whole New World EP"},{"id":"7474693","text":"her second album to chart at #1 on Oricon and became her second longest-charting album. It contained every song from her \"12 Singles Collection,\" causing there to be little room for new material. The two new songs on the album were \"Love goes like...\" and the bonus track \"A Whole New World\" featuring famed singer Peabo Bryson. This was a cover of the song from the Disney film \"Aladdin.\" The first DVD portion of the album carried all of the music videos released for the singles. Limited editions also included the \"\"...and \"Wish your happiness and love\"\"\", which was the","title":"Best: Second Session"},{"id":"17375169","text":"R&B chart, #85 on the UK Singles, and #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, between 1987/1988. \"Without You\" was the first duet recorded by Bryson and Belle, who recorded four songs together, and was also the first successful duet of the two. Another success the duo came in 1992 with \"A Whole New World\", the theme of the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". In addition to its original English version by Bryson and Belle, \"Without You\" also received two adaptations in different languages. The first was in Portuguese and the second was in Spanish, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Both adaptations","title":"Without You (Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle song)"},{"id":"16694700","text":"A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Beauty and The Beast\", and \"Aladdin\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for me,","title":"A Whole New World EP"},{"id":"17991786","text":"During the episode's DVD commentary, fellow storyboard artist Jesse Moynihan argued that Youn employed \"visual vocabulary [borrowed] from anime\", which informed how he drew the characters. The song that the Ice King sings to Princess Monster Wife is called \"Something Special\". According to McHale, the song's writer, the main inspiration for it was the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo, however, his cat kept meowing loudly. The crew found this funny, and so, in the","title":"Princess Monster Wife"},{"id":"12543443","text":"Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \"Aladdin\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \"Ce Rêve bleu\" (the French adaptation of \"A Whole New World\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \"Tombé du ciel\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has also recorded the song \"C'est la vie\" for the film \"Bambi 2\". She had a hit with her own version of Burt Bacharach's song,","title":"Karine Costa"},{"id":"12543444","text":"\"I Say a Little Prayer\" (made famous by Dionne Warwick) that is currently used in France in the TV advert for the Crédit mutuel. Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \"Aladdin\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \"Ce Rêve bleu\" (the French adaptation of \"A Whole New World\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \"Tombé du ciel\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has","title":"Karine Costa"},{"id":"17192557","text":"Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of \"Prince Ali of Ababwa\" (\"Prince Ali\"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses to the Sultan his desire to marry Jasmine. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie (\"A Whole New World\"). Once they return, Jasmine","title":"Aladdin (2011 musical)"},{"id":"5823510","text":"of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", and provided Jonathan Levinson's singing voice in the episode \"Superstar\". On September 11, 2005, Kane was invited to a ceremony at Hong Kong Disneyland, the night before the theme park's opening. He performed the song \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" with Cantopop star Joey Yung. As Caleb Kane, he released the song \"This Close\", which was played on the movie \"Devil's Pond\". Then in 2004, he released his website with a message board to promote his album \"This Day In History\" with the first single \"Go Mad\" released in March 2006. Caleb has two","title":"Brad Kane"},{"id":"7763329","text":"\"Mary Poppins\", but that 15 other animated movies would never be aired. These 15 animated feature films – \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\", \"Bambi\", \"Cinderella\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"101 Dalmatians\", \"The Sword in the Stone\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Aristocats\", \"Robin Hood\", \"The Rescuers\", and \"The Fox and the Hound\" – had only been shown at theaters, not television or any other format. These 15 movies laid the foundation upon which the Disney company was built. During each re-release to theaters (on a roughly seven-year cycle), they earned money comparable to new","title":"Walt Disney Classics"},{"id":"6040173","text":"the interest of casting director Albert Tavares, who proceeded to leave a note for the singer on the stage door before leaving a show he had attended. Salonga's agent then scheduled her audition, at which she performed \"Part of Your World\" from \"The Little Mermaid\". Salonga finally began recording a demo of \"A Whole New World\" a few days later. With the casting of Salonga, Larkin became one of Disney's first voice actors to not provide the singing voice of the character she voices, and thus Jasmine marked the first time Disney decided to separate a Princess's speaking and singing","title":"Princess Jasmine"},{"id":"4010630","text":"and arranged other successful motion picture soundtracks, including Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\" (the Celine Dion/Peabo Bryson title-track duet), \"Aladdin\" (\"A Whole New World\") and \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (\"Someday\"). Afanasieff was also the producer and arranger for \"Go the Distance\", the Oscar-nominated Michael Bolton song from the animated film \"Hercules\". Afanasieff performs on most of his recordings (mainly keyboards, synthesizers and drum programming). Afanasieff spent a significant part of his career creating music with Mariah Carey: 1988-1998. He had a role in some of Carey's most successful songs, including \"Hero\", which he co-produced, co-wrote, and on which he","title":"Walter Afanasieff"},{"id":"9492912","text":"was released in 2004. The music on the album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album also as received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World\" performed by Regina Belle. The album","title":"Aladdin (soundtrack)"},{"id":"13427749","text":"aired on 22 September 2016 on the ABC channel in the United States. Yuna's version of \"A Whole New World\" from the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\", which was also sung by Peabo Bryson and Celine Dion, featured in the Deluxe Edition (bonus track) for the album \"We Love Disney (2015 compilation album)\". Beside Yuna, big names such as Ariana Grande, Ne-Yo, Jessie J, Jason Derulo, Gwen Stefani, Fall Out Boy, and Tori Kelly are also involved in the album published by David Foster. A remix version of her song \"Live Your Life\" by MeLo-X appeared on the in-game radio station","title":"Yuna (singer)"},{"id":"18192973","text":"Pocahontas (franchise) Pocahontas is a Disney media franchise that commenced in 1995 with the theatrical release of \"Pocahontas\". \"Pocahontas\" is a 1995 American animated musical romance-drama film and is the 33rd Disney animated feature film. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and had a limited release to theaters on June 23, 1995 by Walt Disney Pictures. It belongs to the era known as the Disney Renaissance, from 1989 to 1999 \"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World\" is a 1998 straight-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney film \"Pocahontas\". The sequel focuses on Pocahontas' journey to London, England with","title":"Pocahontas (franchise)"},{"id":"5084910","text":"Jones, Sir John Mills, Hayley Mills and Peter Ustinov are amongst the celebrities who introduced scenes from their films including Darby O'Gill and the Little People, Mary Poppins, Candleshoe, Thomasina, Herbie goes to Monte Carlo, The Swiss Family Robinson, In Search of the Castaways, Robin Hood, Cinderella, The Rescuers and Pete's Dragon This Easter edition was introduced by Cliff Richard on 27 March. Films included The Rescuers, Alice in Wonderland, Candleshoe, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Mary Poppins, That Darn Cat, Pinocchio and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Penelope Keith presented the Whitsun show from Brighton with clips from Alice","title":"Disney Time"},{"id":"482037","text":"commercial and critical successes with such films as \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"The Lion King\" (1994). In addition, the company successfully entered the field of television animation with a number of lavishly budgeted and acclaimed series such as \"Adventures of the Gummi Bears\", \"DuckTales\", \"\", \"Darkwing Duck\", \"TaleSpin\" and \"Gargoyles\". Disney moved to first place in box office receipts by 1988 and had increased revenues by 20% every year. In 1989, Disney signed an agreement-in-principle to acquire The Jim Henson Company from its founder, Muppet creator Jim Henson. The deal included Henson's","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"2550859","text":"It's a Small World It's a Small World (officially styled as \"it's a small world\") is a water-based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide; these include: Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland, with its inaugural version having originally premiered at the 1964 New York World's Fair before permanently moving to Disneyland. The ride features over 300 audio-animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world, frolicking in a spirit","title":"It's a Small World"},{"id":"12337231","text":"\"The Circle of Poo\" that shows the endless circle of food and defecation in the episode \"A Very Crappy Christmas\". It is currently the main theme song for Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort. Disney's Epcot park currently features a cinema-type film called \"\" from 1995 with Timon, Pumbaa, and Simba discussing environmental topics at the Walt Disney World Resort as well. At the 2011 White House Correspondents' Dinner, President Barack Obama jokingly claimed he was going to show his long-form birth video, spoofing an earlier controversy about refusing to show his long-form birth certificate to prove","title":"Circle of Life"},{"id":"7013488","text":"of Hong Kong Disneyland's 10th anniversary, the show features Projection mapping onto Sleeping Beauty Castle in September 7, 2015 as the preview. The projections in each area are different in order to evenly distribute crowds and to encourage people to view the show multiple times from different locations. The show then progresses all-new scenes from Disney films, including; \"Frozen\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", \"Tangled\", \"Big Hero 6\", \"Finding Nemo\", \"Cars\", \"Brave\" and \"Inside Out\". During the Magical Castle Transformation, the last show appearance on January 1,","title":"Disney in the Stars"},{"id":"9127984","text":"of the entertainment quarterly \"R&B Showcase Magazine.\" In the summer of 2002, LMNT toured the United States as part of the Pop 'Til You Drop! Tour, a 30-date tour headlined by A*Teens with other supporting acts, including Baha Men and Play. LMNT also performed in front of crowds in support of the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, 2002 A Time for Heroes Carnival, in Los Angeles, California. They are also well known for re-recording their own version of \"A Whole New World\" from Disney's \"Aladdin\", for the \"DisneyMania 2\" CD, and \"Open Your Eyes (To Love)\", for \"The Lizzie McGuire","title":"LMNT"},{"id":"827284","text":"California) version of It's a Small World, installed during major refurbishments between January and November 2008. José and Panchito's costumes were extinct at the Disneyland Resort by 2011, but were re-Imagineered for Mickey's Soundsational Parade in May 2011. They now appear with Donald Duck and dancers with a float where Donald is trying to hit a Piñata. The 2011 animated film \"Rio\" draws on José Carioca and Panchito Pistoles for several of its characters. José Carioca José \"Zé\" Carioca (; ) is a Disney cartoon character drawn as an anthropomorphic parrot from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (thus \"Carioca\", a term","title":"José Carioca"},{"id":"12198442","text":"Down Under\" (1990), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992), \"The Lion King\" (1994), \"Pocahontas\" (1995), \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (1996), \"Hercules\" (1997), \"Mulan\" (1998) and \"Tarzan\" (1999). After the deaths of Walt and Roy O. Disney (in 1966 and 1971, respectively), The Walt Disney Studios were left in the hands of Donn Tatum, Card Walker, and Ron Miller. The films released over an eighteen-year period following this change of management did not perform as well commercially as their prior counterparts. An especially hard blow was dealt during production of \"The Fox and the Hound\" when long-time animator Don","title":"Disney Renaissance"},{"id":"18154823","text":"in which the player can collect gems; the bonus stage ends when the melody to \"A Whole New World\" ends. Only stages 1, 6 and 7 have a boss to defeat (stage 7 being the final stage), while stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 require reaching the end to complete. \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" four reviewers scored the Super NES version 8, 8, 9 and 8 out of 10, adding up to 33 out of 40 (average 8.25 out of 10). They commented that the graphics, animation, music and gameplay are all outstanding. \"GameFan\"s four reviewers scored it 90%, 89%, 87%","title":"Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game)"},{"id":"1987078","text":"scene in March 2018 and Disneyland's version received it in June 2018 after a scheduled refurbishment. In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow, the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24. In June 2017, Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version. In June 2018 the Disneyland version of the attraction reopened after a refurb which saw the replacement of the Davy Jones mist waterfall with a new scene of a skeleton who transforms into a live pirate as the boat passes","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)"},{"id":"16694701","text":"but when I found out about it, I thought I'd give it a shot. I do like cover songs, and Disney movies, but it had been years since I enjoyed anything Stellar Kart had done. \"A Whole New World\" exceeded my expectations, and it's a very enjoyable EP. Obviously, you'll get the most out of it if you're a fellow Disney fan and if you've grown up watching these four movies. But even if you've never seen a Disney movie, you can probably get something out of this as well.\" Jeremiah Holdsworth concurred by going on to say: \"Stellar Kart","title":"A Whole New World EP"},{"id":"12198453","text":"from its ten-year exile to Glendale. A 240,000-square-foot building designed by Robert A. M. Stern opened across the street from the main Disney lot in Burbank on December 16, 1994. In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create \"Toy Story\", Disney's first fully computer-animated film. The next Disney animated film, 1995's \"Pocahontas\", opened to mixed reviews, though it still earned $346 million worldwide and garnered two Academy Awards for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and Best Original Song for \"Colors of the Wind.\" The following year, \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", Disney's first animated film produced at a budget","title":"Disney Renaissance"},{"id":"10756415","text":"into \"Aladdin\". With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform \"A Whole New World\" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing \"Friend Like Me\". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from \"Fantasia 2000\" transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing \"Just Around the Riverbend\". The \"Pocahontas\" segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to \"Colors of the Wind\". After a brief pause, Heimlich from \"A Bug's Life\" arrives, informing the audience of an approaching thunderstorm. The storm rapidly intensifies into the thunderstorm","title":"World of Color"},{"id":"1478947","text":"Best Picture nomination: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Up\" (2009), and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \"\" (2006), \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), \"\" (2011), and \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \"Toy Story 3\" (2010), \"Frozen\" (2013), \"Zootopia\", \"Finding Dory\" (both 2016), and \"Incredibles 2\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of","title":"Walt Disney Pictures"},{"id":"10073395","text":"Like Me,\" \"Prince Ali,\" and \"A Whole New World,\" and until 2018 included the song \"Why Me\" which is sung by Jafar and Iago. It was originally written for the Disney film, but it was cut. The songs are somewhat different in \"Aladdin Jr.\" For example, the \"One Jump Ahead\" reprise is sung by Jasmine, not Aladdin. There are additional changes in the musical. For instance, three princes come try for Jasmine's hand in marriage. The additional narrators reprise \"Arabian Nights\" several times throughout the musical in order to more quickly further the plot as well as have \"red carpet","title":"Aladdin Jr."},{"id":"4310797","text":"and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical-comedy format such as \"Thumbelina\" (1994), \"The Swan Princess\" (1994), \"A Troll in Central Park\" (1994), \"Cats Don't Dance\" (1997), \"Anastasia\" (1997), \"Quest for Camelot\" (1998) and \"The King and I\" (1999). Concerns arose internally at Disney, particularly from Roy E. Disney, about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney's early 1990s releases. Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994, and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position. Instead, tensions between Katzenberg, Eisner, and","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios"},{"id":"13152476","text":"Heart Makes\" [Cinderella], \"Be Our Guest\" [Beauty and the Beast], \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" [Pirates of the Caribbean], \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" [Pinocchio] \"Do you want to build a Snowman?\" [Frozen] and \"It's a Small World\" [It's a Small World]. In addition to these music horns, during the \"Star Wars Day At Sea\" the ship can sound other horns, including: \"Imperial March (Darth Vader's Theme)\" and a segment of the \"Star Wars Main Title Theme\". In total, the \"Disney Fantasy\" can play 11 horns. Disney Fantasy Disney Fantasy is a cruise ship owned and operated","title":"Disney Fantasy"},{"id":"13152324","text":"\"Disney Dream\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" \"(Cinderella)\", \"Be Our Guest\" \"(Beauty and the Beast)\", \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" \"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\", \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\" \"(Frozen)\", and \"It's a Small World\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in","title":"Disney Dream"},{"id":"7898830","text":"the Magic Kingdom, and as a tagline for promoting the 2017 film. The song has been parodied in an episode of \"The Simpsons\" and the film \"\". Originally, \"Beauty and the Beast\", under the direction of Richard Purdum, was not intended to be a musical. Then-studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg made the decision to turn the film into a Broadway-style musical similar to \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), Disney's previous animated film, after he, displeased with the film's initial story reel, ordered the film scrapped and restarted from scratch. As a result, Purdum resigned, and first-time feature film directors Kirk Wise and","title":"Be Our Guest"},{"id":"17442867","text":"\"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"Mulan\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\", \"The Sword in the Stone\", \"The Black Cauldron\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,\" \"Lady and the Tramp\", and \"Lilo & Stitch\". The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of \"Peter Pan\", \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\" and \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" along with a live-action prequel to \"Aladdin\". Cinderella (2015 Disney film) Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Kinberg Genre, Allison Shearmur Productions, and Beagle Pug","title":"Cinderella (2015 Disney film)"},{"id":"4310792","text":"of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters, which had been explored to some degree with \"The Jungle Book\" and \"Oliver & Company\", but now became standard practice. In June 1994, Disney released \"The Lion King\", directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. An all-animal adventure set in Africa, \"The Lion King\" featured an all-star voice cast which included James Earl Jones, Matthew Broderick, and Jeremy Irons, with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John. \"The Lion King\" earned $768 million at the worldwide box office, to this date a record for","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios"},{"id":"2421417","text":"Best Music, Original Song for \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\". Decades later, it was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, \"\" and \"\", and a 2015 live-action adaptation directed by Kenneth Branagh. The castle is duplicated at Magic Kingdom park in Disney World and with Sleeping Beauty Castle at the center of Disneyland is the basis for one of Walt Disney's logo. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Cinderella Castle, the signature landmark at the in Florida, is designed to look like the palace","title":"Cinderella (1950 film)"},{"id":"5586985","text":"contradicted a rule-of-thumb that Disney attractions are supposed to be based on either G or PG. (However, Disney has since developed attractions from franchises that host at least one PG-13 rated film, such as \"Pirates of the Caribbean\", \"Star Wars\", \"Indiana Jones\", \"Marvel\", and \"Avatar\".) As a result, the name Nostromo was taken out entirely and an original monster was created for the ride and the fictional company was changed to \"X-S Tech\". Nevertheless, Disney had acquired the rights to use \"Alien\", and thusly used it in The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios, which featured a scene aboard","title":"ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter"},{"id":"12604364","text":"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (stylized The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure) is a dark ride attraction based on the 1989 Disney animated film \"The Little Mermaid\", located in Paradise Gardens Park at Disney California Adventure and in Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, where it is titled Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid (stylized Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid). The ride opened on June 3, 2011 at Disney California Adventure, and on December 6, 2012 at Magic Kingdom. In the early-to-mid-1990s, Walt Disney Imagineering","title":"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure"},{"id":"13900554","text":"top of each other as a (expletive) \"pile\" and whilst casting \"Song of the South\" he used the term pickaninny. The supposed insensitivity Disney and some of his employees showed in many cartoons including the short \"Mickey's Mellerdrammer\" where Mickey Mouse dresses in blackface, the stereotypical \"Black\" Bird in the short \"Who Killed Cock Robin\", Sunflower the half donkey-half black servant centaurette in \"Fantasia\", the film \"Song of the South\" which depicts an idealized version of slavery, the depiction of Native American 'Indians' as savage in \"Peter Pan\", the cunning and manipulative Siamese Cats in \"Lady and the Tramp\" and","title":"Criticism of The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"4976500","text":"Manager to oversee the startup of the studio and run day-to-day operations of the division. The company was designed to compete with Walt Disney Feature Animation, which had phenomenal success during the late 1980s and early 1990s with the releases of films such as \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"The Lion King\" (1994). Disney veterans Bluth and Goldman came in 1994 to Fox from Sullivan Bluth Studios, which had produced \"An American Tail\", \"The Land Before Time\" and both \"All Dogs Go To Heaven\" and \"Rock-a-Doodle\", among other films. Before Bluth came to","title":"Fox Animation Studios"},{"id":"8232375","text":"a part of the park's grand opening on October 1, 1971. A Southern live oak tree found growing on the Walt Disney World property (originally six miles from the Magic Kingdom) was transplanted by Disney engineers and now serves as the square's Liberty Tree. Adorning it are 13 lanterns, representing the original 13 American colonies. Johnny Tremain (film) Johnny Tremain is a 1957 film made by Walt Disney Productions, based on the 1944 Newbery Medal-winning children's novel of the same name by Esther Forbes, retelling the story of the years in Boston, Massachusetts prior to the outbreak of the American","title":"Johnny Tremain (film)"},{"id":"5084896","text":"One Dalmatians, The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes and In Search of the Castaways Cliff Richard introduced this Whitsun programme of Walt Disney films - The Living Desert, Pinocchio, Lady and the Tramp, The Love Bug, King of the Grizzlies, Alice in Wonderland, In Search of the Castaways, Hang your hat on the wind, and Jungle Book Ken Dodd hosted the August Bank Holiday edition from Scarborough where he was appearing at the Futurist Theatre with excerpts from Cinderella, Dumbo, Pinocchio, In Search of the Castaways, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, The Boatniks, Smoke, Treasure Island and The Aristocats Harry Worth","title":"Disney Time"},{"id":"454646","text":"\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\" (both 1940), \"Dumbo\" (1941), and \"Bambi\" (1942), furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful \"Cinderella\" (1950) and \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards. In the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. To fund the project he diversified into television programs, such as \"Walt Disney's Disneyland\" and \"The Mickey Mouse Club\"; he was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair, the 1960 Winter Olympics, and","title":"Walt Disney"},{"id":"11610353","text":"traveling down the park's central Main Street – Fantasyland corridor. There have been daytime and nighttime parades that celebrated Disney films or seasonal holidays with characters, music, and large floats. One of the most popular parades was the Main Street Electrical Parade, which recently ended a limited-time return engagement after an extended run at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. From May 5, 2005 through November 7, 2008, as part of Disneyland's 50th anniversary, \"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams\" was presented, celebrating several Disney films including \"The Lion King\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Alice in","title":"Disneyland"},{"id":"2475898","text":"Goes to Washington\", \"Wuthering Heights\", \"Only Angels Have Wings\", \"Ninotchka\" and \"Midnight\". Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: \"Casablanca\", \"It's a Wonderful Life\", \"It Happened One Night\", the original \"King Kong\", \"Mutiny on the Bounty\", \"Top Hat\", \"City Lights\", \"Red River\", \"The Lady from Shanghai\", \"Rear Window\", \"On the Waterfront\", \"Rebel Without a Cause\", \"Some Like It Hot,\" and \"The Manchurian Candidate\". The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s: In 1938, Walt Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"12198455","text":"Menken. Disney's next film, \"Mulan\", with a score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel, came out in 1998 and earned $304 million at the worldwide box office, restoring the commercial and critical standing of Disney's output. The release of \"Tarzan\" is retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era. With songs by Phil Collins, Tarzan won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"You'll Be in My Heart,\" and became Disney's most commercially successful film since \"The Lion King\", earning $448 million at the box office and widespread positive reviews. \"Tarzan\" was also","title":"Disney Renaissance"},{"id":"17891382","text":"studio's own \"\"), the fourth animated film (after \"Toy Story 3\", \"Frozen\", and \"Minions\"), the eleventh Disney film (third Disney animated film), and the twenty-sixth film overall to break the milestone. Worldwide, it was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind \"Civil War\", \"Rogue One\", and \"Finding Dory\"), the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2016, the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film (second-highest overall) of all time in its original release (after \"Frozen\"), the second-highest-grossing original film (behind \"Avatar\"), the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 30th-highest-grossing film of all time. \"Deadline Hollywood\" calculated the net profit of the film","title":"Zootopia"},{"id":"17572989","text":"never done a sitcom before. I’ve always infused comedic stuff into any dramatic roles I’ve done, but this is a whole — to quote Disney’s \"Aladdin\" — a whole new world.\" This is also the first episode of the series to not feature Angus T. Jones as Jake Harper as a main cast star. CBS announced in April 2013 that he would be downgraded to recurring status for season 11, but he never made an appearance. However, he does return in season 12 as a guest star for the series finale. On October 2, 2013, Tamblyn was officially promoted to","title":"Nangnangnangnang"},{"id":"8389132","text":"Bluff, California. Earlier career opportunities include development of isometric for Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant. (1st hand) Edmonds was nominated for the 1996 Annie Award for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement for Animation\" as the supervising animator of Phoebus in Disney's \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\". Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \"Oliver & Company\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Rescuers Down Under\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Tarzan\", \"\", \"Home on","title":"Russ Edmonds"},{"id":"6580647","text":"were gift sets, containing supplements such as original animation sketches, a film frame, and a companion's book. The current list of Platinum Editions includes: \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Lion King\", \"Aladdin\", \"Bambi\", \"Cinderella\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Jungle Book\", and \"101 Dalmatians\". The original plan for the Platinum Editions was that they would be released ten years after they are put in the Disney Vault. Since then, this time has been shortened to four to seven years. Beginning with \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" in October","title":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment"},{"id":"14559733","text":"the best entries out of a 177 entries world over. She has also sung the Tamil and Telugu versions of the Walt Disney musical animation \"Aladdin\" called \"A Whole New World\". As a composer she has composed several radio spots and jingles for various brands and companies like TVS, RMKV, VIVEL,INDIAN OIL etc.. The latest project she has worked on is for an NGO \"We for WE\" based in Jalandhar who work for women empowerment and present globally in 18 countries besides India. She has composed and sung an anthem in Hindi On women empowerment called SHAAN SE JEE. The","title":"Annupamaa"},{"id":"6076732","text":"Crichton book and film \"Jurassic Park\". Other parts of the episode, such as the park's claim to be the \"theme park of the future\" and the phrase \"where nothing can possibly go wrong,\" as well as the plot of the robots at the park rebelling, are based on another Crichton story, \"Westworld\". \"Scratchtasia\" is a reference to the \"Sorcerer's Apprentice\" segment of the Disney film \"Fantasia\", with several shots and the music parodying it exactly. In addition, the area where the cartoon \"Scratchtasia\" is being shown and the documentary it is a part of is reminiscent of the Great Movie","title":"Itchy & Scratchy Land"},{"id":"2753465","text":"make up Aslan's army in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch \"with a great bellowing voice\". In the film \"Alexander\" (2004), \"lamassu\" are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney movie \"Aladdin\" (1992), a gold \"lamassu\" can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp. Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the \"Lamassu\" that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from","title":"Lamassu"},{"id":"5964471","text":"went around over the years, saying that a proposed attraction based on the 2001 Disney animated film \"\" was going to replace Submarine Voyage. Another rumor was that the lagoon was going to be destroyed in a similar fashion to the submarine lagoon of Walt Disney World's . In 2005, the lagoon was drained and construction began on a new attraction: Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, which opened on June 11, 2007. The successor of this attraction was the Jules Verne themed at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. The attraction was given a Nautilus theme and a narration by Peter Renaday,","title":"Submarine Voyage"},{"id":"6426466","text":"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams premiered on May 5, 2005 as part of the Happiest Homecoming on Earth, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Disneyland in California. Conceived by VP Parades and Spectaculars, Steve Davison, the parade celebrates the dreams of Disney characters and includes Disney characters such as Mickey, Minnie, Tinker Bell, Cinderella, Snow White, Simba, Alice and Mad Hatter, Pinocchio, Belle and Beast, Ariel, Donald, Goofy and Pluto. The parade includes eight floats which include Getaway to Dreams, Dream of Enchantment, Dream of Laughter, Dream of Another World, Dream of Imagination, Dream of Adventure,","title":"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams"},{"id":"5084895","text":"Holiday, Alice in Wonderland, The Love Bug and Dumbo Julie Andrews introduces scenes and characters from some of her favourite Walt Disney films including Fantasia, Jungle Book, Swiss Family Robinson, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, King of the Grizzlies, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, A Hundred and One Dalmatians, Pluto's Christmas Tree, Mary Poppins which starred Julie Andrews and Alice in Wonderland The Easter edition on 30 March introduced by Jimmy Tarbuck with scenes from Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Treasure Island, King of the Grizzlies, My Dog, the Thief (1969), A Hundred and","title":"Disney Time"},{"id":"3742859","text":"2013 after several pilot productions. This was Disney's first \"Peter Pan\" film. In the early 2000s, a \"Peter Pan\" franchise was spawned, involving a number of other animation projects: Following the studio's success of live-action adaptations of Disney cartoon films including \"Maleficent, Cinderella, The Jungle Book and Beauty and the Beast\", Disney announced that a live action \"Peter Pan\" movie is in development, with David Lowery directing and co-writing with Toby Halbrooks. On July 31, 2018, it was announced that it may air on the Disney+ instead. Peter Pan (1953 film) Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy adventure","title":"Peter Pan (1953 film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"5020256\",\n \"text\": \"A Whole New World \\\"A Whole New World\\\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020259\",\n \"text\": \"studio album \\\"Passion\\\" (1993) and on Bryson's studio album \\\"Through the Fire\\\" (1994). A Whole New World \\\"A Whole New World\\\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020258\",\n \"text\": \"end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \\\"\\\"Aladdin\\\"'s Theme\\\". The version peaked at number one on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9492915\",\n \"text\": \"Rice demos Alan Menken's score for \\\"Aladdin\\\" follows the compositional method also used in \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" and \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies. When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, they are usually accompanied by an instrumental cue of \\\"A Whole New World\\\". Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, \\\"Aladdin\\\"\\\". \\\"The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6249989\",\n \"text\": \"Regina Belle Regina Belle (born July 17, 1963) is an American singer–songwriter and actress who first started her career in the mid–1980s. Known for her singles, \\\"Baby Come to Me\\\" (1989) and \\\"Make It Like It Was\\\" (1990), Belle's most notable for two hit duets, both with Peabo Bryson: \\\"Without You\\\", the love theme from the comedy film \\\"Leonard Part 6\\\", recorded in 1987 and \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", recorded in 1992, with which Belle and Bryson won the Grammy award. The theme song \\\"Far Longer than Forever\\\" from the\",\n \"title\": \"Regina Belle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7013487\",\n \"text\": \"Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \\\"Fantasy in the Sky\\\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \\\"A Whole New World\\\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \\\"Disney in the Stars\\\" was replaced by \\\"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\\\", a Halloween-themed fireworks performance. In celebration\",\n \"title\": \"Disney in the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7013489\",\n \"text\": \"2018 as a \\\"Magical Finale\\\". Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \\\"Fantasy in the Sky\\\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \\\"A Whole New World\\\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \\\"Disney in the Stars\\\" was replaced by \\\"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Disney in the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2880076\",\n \"text\": \"the comedy film \\\"Leonard Part 6\\\", recorded in 1987 and \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", recorded in 1992. Bryson and Belle recorded four duets over the years: \\\"Without You\\\" (in 1987), \\\"I Can't Imagine\\\" (in 1991), \\\"A Whole New World\\\" (in 1992) and \\\"Total Praise\\\" (in 2009). Among his romantic love songs and duets are: Bryson won two Grammy Awards: in 1992 for his performance of the song \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" with Celine Dion and in 1993 for \\\"A Whole New World\\\" with Regina Belle. In Spring 1998, Bryson contributed\",\n \"title\": \"Peabo Bryson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15352889\",\n \"text\": \"Ariel is singing \\\"Part of Your World\\\" from Disney's \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\". At the end of the song, an electric eel shocks Donald while trying to kiss Ariel. Guests are now in \\\"The Lion King\\\", where Simba is singing \\\"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\\\" from Disney's'\\\"The Lion King\\\". After that, guests go to \\\"Peter Pan\\\", where the chorus is singing \\\"You Can Fly\\\" from Peter Pan. Peter sprinkles pixie dust on Donald, which gives him the ability to fly. Finally, guests go to \\\"Aladdin\\\", where Aladdin and Jasmine are singing \\\"A Whole New World.\\\" This time, Donald retrieves\",\n \"title\": \"Mickey's PhilharMagic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15409519\",\n \"text\": \"and lyrical content, several comparisons have been drawn between both the song and its corresponding scene and various romantic musical sequences from a number of preceding Disney animated feature films, the most frequently referenced of which are \\\"Kiss the Girl\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989) and \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), both romantic ballads also composed by Menken. One particular reviewer, Steven D. Greydanus of \\\"Decent Films Guide\\\", drew comparisons between the scene and the musical \\\"Nutcracker Suite\\\" sequence from Disney's animated feature film \\\"Fantasia\\\" (1940), describing it as \\\"a moment of visual transcendence.\\\" Throughout the filmmaking process,\",\n \"title\": \"I See the Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15409509\",\n \"text\": \"song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \\\"lantern sequence\\\" during which \\\"I See the Light\\\" is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \\\"Kiss the Girl\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989) and \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \\\"I See the Light\\\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.\",\n \"title\": \"I See the Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16241440\",\n \"text\": \"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\", from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\", from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from the eponymous film, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"If I Didn't Have You\\\" from \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\", and \\\"We Belong\",\n \"title\": \"Man or Muppet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6249993\",\n \"text\": \"Continuing her tradition of duets, Belle teamed up with Peabo Bryson for four songs: \\\"Without You\\\" (in 1987), \\\"I Can't Imagine\\\" (in 1991), \\\"A Whole New World\\\" (in 1992) and \\\"Total Praise\\\" (in 2009). Later in 1993, she released her Platinum selling third album, \\\"Passion\\\". The album featured the Disney hit, \\\"A Whole New World\\\". The theme song \\\"Far Longer than Forever\\\" from the animated movie \\\"The Swan Princess\\\", performed with Jeffrey Osborne was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1995 for Best Original Song. She released \\\"Reachin' Back\\\" in 1995 followed by \\\"Believe in Me\\\" in 1998. In 2001,\",\n \"title\": \"Regina Belle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785482\",\n \"text\": \"Disney's theme parks: \\\"The Magic Carpets of Aladdin\\\", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris; and the show \\\"\\\" at Disney California Adventure Park. In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is \\\"A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale\\\", written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does. Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9517777\",\n \"text\": \"had become so popular that fans made numerous requests to be able to purchase the song. On August 19, it was announced on the LFG Forum that a mp3 download version of the Slaughter Your World would be available for a small fee. A second teaser trailer called LFG: This is War was released in December 2008, and features Richard and Cale in battle while singing a parodied version of the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from Disney's Aladdin, which when paired with the previous \\\"Slaughter your World\\\" trailer suggests that Disney parodies might be a frequent occurrence in the\",\n \"title\": \"Looking for Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815129\",\n \"text\": \"– hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips – but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers.\\\" \\\"Aladdin\\\" also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Original Score and Best Original Song for \\\"A Whole New World\\\" and receiving nominations for Best Song (\\\"Friend Like Me\\\"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), and Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \\\"Aladdin\\\" won Best Original Song (\\\"A Whole New World\\\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10073401\",\n \"text\": \"with his Entourage (\\\"Prince Ali\\\"), but his demeanor offends Jasmine, who storms off. Frustrated, Aladdin lashes out at his friends, who in turn abandon him and leave the palace. Later, on the Princess's balcony, Prince Ali gains Jasmine's trust and invites her on a magic carpet ride (\\\"A Whole New World\\\"). After bidding her farewell, Aladdin is arrested by Jafar for trespassing in the Princess's private chambers. Omar, returning to help Aladdin, witnesses his arrest and runs to tell his pals, who pledge to help him (\\\"High Adventure\\\"), but they too are detained as they storm the palace. Aladdin uses\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915995\",\n \"text\": \"returned to Disney as a special guest to host various segments for certain \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" re-releases. In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist, the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" and \\\"As Long as There's Christmas\\\", the theme songs of the animated films \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) and \\\"\\\" (1997), respectively, both of which are duets. Although \\\"A Whole New World\\\" was very successful, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" remains a larger hit for the singer. Bryson also included \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" on some\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4289479\",\n \"text\": \"Ship Columbia, portraying the \\\"Black Pearl\\\" from the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" films. Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and other pirates participate in a stunt sequence. The scene ends with fountains that look like explosions and a cannon fired from the Sailing Ship Columbia. As the scene concludes, Mickey's sorcerer hat is painted on the mist screen and the hat turns to clouds as Aladdin and Jasmine are on a physical magic carpet flying through the clouds while a rendition of A Whole New World plays. Then the carpet fades away and three small barges arrive carrying Belle and the Beast,\",\n \"title\": \"Fantasmic!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16315141\",\n \"text\": \"until 1994. It was then that he moved to Sarasota, Florida. Pitera received his BFA in Computer Animation from Ringling College of Art and Design. Pitera gained his popularity for his extensive vocal range and his unusual feminine falsetto, as he first demonstrated in his most popular video, a cover of \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the movie \\\"Aladdin\\\" where he sings both Aladdin and Jasmine's parts. In 2011, Pitera released \\\"One Man Disney Movie\\\" using a \\\"'Brady Bunch'-style grid\\\" to perform \\\"an eight-minute-plus mashup of songs from various big-screen musical fairy tales, from \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" to \\\"Enchanted,\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Nick Pitera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040237\",\n \"text\": \"or dress. According to \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", Jasmine was the first feminist Disney Princess, although author Alex Beggs admitted that this claim has been exaggerated to some degree. Jasmine's song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", which she performs as a duet with Aladdin, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards in 1993. Six years after \\\"Aladdin\\\", Lea Salonga would be cast as the singing voice of Mulan in 1998. Salonga joked about being required to audition for the role despite having already voiced a Disney Princess: \\\"Why do I have to audition? ... I was already\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16767818\",\n \"text\": \"Princess and the Frog\\\". The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Dumbo\\\", \\\"Wreck-it Ralph\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Toy Story\\\", \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" and \\\"Frozen\\\". The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Bambi\\\", \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\", \\\"Pocahontas\\\", \\\"Up\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Finding Nemo\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", and \\\"Tangled\\\". During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous\",\n \"title\": \"Celebrate the Magic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040171\",\n \"text\": \"and Scott Weinger, voice of Aladdin. Apart from some rough, unfinished storyboards and drawings, Larkin did not see much of her character until the film was finally screened at the Museum of Modern Art. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \\\"strong actors\\\" instead. When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \\\"A Whole New World\\\", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; she admitted, \\\"there's no way I would have even auditioned\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2130079\",\n \"text\": \"Disney's animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\". In 1993, Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of \\\"Les Misérables\\\". She performed the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles, where the song won an Oscar, having already won a Golden Globe Award. That same year, she released her self-titled international debut album with Atlantic Records, which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide. In 1994, Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore,\",\n \"title\": \"Lea Salonga\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17991780\",\n \"text\": \"Jake discover that the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) has been stealing princesses' body parts to build a bride, Princess Monster Wife. She is so horribly deformed that Finn and Jake cannot view her directly without fainting; eventually, Princess Monster Wife realizes that she is a monster and returns the stolen body parts. Ward explained that \\\"Princess Monster Wife\\\" was conceptualized to be both a sad and funny story at the same time. The episode featured a song, \\\"Something Special\\\", written by McHale, that was inspired by the 1992 song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the animated feature film\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Monster Wife\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17919087\",\n \"text\": \"was either to be the first Asian-woman President of the United States or a singer. The event that changed her life was when Disney released \\\"Aladdin\\\". It was the renowned song \\\"\\\"A Whole New World\\\"\\\" that made her choose the latter. She would sing the song and watch the movie everyday for the entire school year. Manting entered the Metropolitan Opera Children's Choir at the age of 10 and was chosen by then music director, Elena Doria, to be one of the children singing in Puccini's \\\"La Boheme\\\" and later \\\"Khovanshchina\\\", a Russian opera. It was then, Manting realized that\",\n \"title\": \"Manting Chan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1478496\",\n \"text\": \"Cliff Richard. Rice has collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber, with whom he wrote \\\"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\\\", \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\", \\\"Evita\\\", \\\"Cricket\\\", and \\\"The Likes of Us\\\". For The Walt Disney Company, Rice has collaborated individually with Alan Menken and Elton John, creating productions including \\\"Aladdin\\\" (winning an Academy Award, Golden Globe and Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\") and \\\"The Lion King\\\" (winning the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song for \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\"). In 1996, his collaboration with Lloyd Webber for the\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Rice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5020257\",\n \"text\": \"Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards. \\\"A Whole New World\\\" performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle also won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards, the first and so far only Disney song to win in the category. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation. A single version of the song was released that same year and was performed by American recording artists Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. This version is played over the film's\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2039845\",\n \"text\": \"final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane (the singing voice of the title character of \\\"Aladdin\\\") and Susan Egan (who played Belle in the stage adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\"), who sang songs from their respective films, and a duet of \\\"A Whole New World\\\". On May 16, 2017, ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film, \\\"The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live\\\", on October 3, 2017. The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians, in a\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Mermaid (1989 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192562\",\n \"text\": \"pleases. Babkak, Omar and Kassim are made royal advisors, while Iago is arrested. Aladdin and Jasmine are married, and Genie prepares for a long-awaited vacation. All ends well as Aladdin and Jasmine board the magic carpet and take flight (Finale Ultimo: \\\"Arabian Nights\\\"/\\\"A Whole New World\\\" (Reprises)). \\\"Aladdin\\\" takes pride in showcasing a glimpse of the Middle Eastern Culture. The animated version was celebrated as Disney’s first to feature non-white protagonists. How a play or musical is cast impacts how the show is portrayed. According to actor Kyle Scatliffe, who played Enjolras in \\\"Les Misérables\\\": “It changes things whenever you\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20095543\",\n \"text\": \"castle as Rapunzel and Flynn Rider duet and send their own lanterns to the top of the castle. Songs featured are \\\"Love is an Open Door\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\", \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\", \\\"A Whole New World\\\", and \\\"I See the Light\\\". Introduced by the Emperor of China from \\\"Mulan\\\", the show becomes aggressive and loud, highlighting the climactic battles and challenges the characters face including epic scenes from \\\"The Incredibles\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\", and \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\". The castle and its surroundings are peppered with explosions as many\",\n \"title\": \"Happily Ever After (Magic Kingdom)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"815121\",\n \"text\": \"Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991. Although fourteen songs were written for \\\"Aladdin\\\", only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist. The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animation tests, and a music video of one, \\\"Proud of Your Boy\\\", performed by Clay Aiken, which also appears on the album \\\"DisneyMania 3\\\". The version of the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle that plays over the end credits holds the\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (1992 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12189011\",\n \"text\": \"contemporary chart were \\\"Missing You Now\\\" (credited to Michael Bolton featuring Kenny G) and \\\"Forever in Love\\\", while Bryson's previous #1s were \\\"If Ever You're in My Arms Again\\\" and \\\"A Whole New World\\\", a duet with Regina Belle that was the theme for the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\". By the Time This Night Is Over \\\"By the Time This Night Is Over\\\" is a song by Kenny G, featuring Peabo Bryson, released as a single from his album \\\"Breathless\\\", in 1993. The song peaked at #25 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the summer of 1993, spending seven\",\n \"title\": \"By the Time This Night Is Over\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19116607\",\n \"text\": \"notes from Bambaataa's song \\\"Planet Rock\\\" while Savage speaks out about child molestation In September, Hay released two playlist albums \\\"The Long Beach Crook Playlist\\\" with Kxng Crooked and \\\"The Stoned Mountain Playlist\\\" with Cyhi The Prynce In April 2017, Hay was a producer on the viral song \\\"Kylie's Daddy\\\" about reality television personality Kylie Jenner that debuted on \\\"TMZ\\\". In January 2018, Smith and Hay released \\\"Jazz (Deluxe)\\\" that hit #1 on the Billboard Jazz Charts. In February, Hay produced \\\"Jazzmine\\\" for Riff Raff, a remake on the classic \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from the animated Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Hay (publicist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8362196\",\n \"text\": \"Whole New World - Underscore (:20) 20. I'll Say (:42) 21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36) 22. Snake! (:41) 23. He Has More Power (:50) 24. Father, I've Decided (:59) 25. Celebration (1:36) 26. Curtain Call (1:13) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19784719\",\n \"text\": \"like Dolly Parton, and for Mr. Pig's part to be reminiscent of Meat Loaf. \\\"Let Me Show You Something Special\\\" is a duet between the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) and his monstrous creation, Princess Monster Wife (voiced in tandem by Ward, Hynden Walch, and Steve Little). The song, which was taken from the episode \\\"Princess Monster Wife\\\", was also written by McHale, and was inspired by the 1992 song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo,\",\n \"title\": \"The Music of Ooo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2550880\",\n \"text\": \"is identical in layout to the Magic Kingdom version except for these differences: On March 1, 2017, Tokyo Disneyland's version of \\\"It's a Small World\\\" closed down for refurbishment for its first major update since the park's opening in 1983. Reopened on April 8, 2018 coinciding with Tokyo Disneyland's 35th anniversary, the attraction featured 40 characters from Disney properties including \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Aristocats\\\", \\\"Brave\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Hercules\\\", \\\"The Three Caballeros\\\", \\\"Mulan\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Lilo & Stitch\\\", \\\"Frozen\\\", \\\"Finding Nemo\\\" and \\\"Moana\\\" similar to its counterparts in California\",\n \"title\": \"It's a Small World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7597910\",\n \"text\": \"being \\\"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\\\" from the 2004 film \\\"Home on the Range\\\". \\\"On the Record\\\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", and \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,\",\n \"title\": \"On the Record (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16315142\",\n \"text\": \"taking on the roles of the heroes, heroines, villains, sidekicks and their furry choirs.\\\" In 2012, Pitera released a medley cover of Andrew Lloyd Webber songs entitled \\\"One Man Phantom of the Opera.\\\" This was followed in August of the same year by \\\"One Man Les Miserables\\\". Pitera has also appeared on \\\"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\\\" as one of the audience acts. He sang \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from Disney, with himself singing both Jasmine's and Aladdin's parts. He released his first self-written original single \\\"Better Days\\\" on iTunes and Amazon on December 4, 2012. He released an EP of\",\n \"title\": \"Nick Pitera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8389131\",\n \"text\": \"Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \\\"Oliver & Company\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Rescuers Down Under\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Home on the Range\\\", \\\"The Princess and the Frog\\\", and \\\"Winnie the Pooh\\\". He studied at the Program in Character Animation at the California Institute of the Arts. Along with his wife, Angela, Edmonds owns and directs the Edmonds Studios, an independent animation production studio in Red\",\n \"title\": \"Russ Edmonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040174\",\n \"text\": \"voices. Describing Salonga as \\\"an incredible singer\\\", Larkin herself was pleasantly surprised by how much Salonga's voice resembled her own when she first heard \\\"A Whole New World\\\", joking, \\\"the filmmakers almost had me convinced that I sang it\\\". The character's blurb on the official Disney website reads, \\\"Jasmine is an independent, fiery beauty capable of taking care of herself\\\" who \\\"longs to experience life outside the palace.\\\" The writers had originally conceived Jasmine as a spoiled and materialistic princess whose interests were limited to clothing and jewelry, but eventually developed her into a stronger, more mature character. Larkin described\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5823509\",\n \"text\": \"the Public Theater's production of \\\"Titus Andronicus\\\", and two roles in James Lapine's Lincoln Center production of \\\"The Winter's Tale\\\". He provided the singing voice of the character Aladdin, opposite Lea Salonga (Jasmine), in the 1992 film of the same name, as well as its sequels. In 1993, Kane teamed up again with Salonga to do a live version of \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the hit song from \\\"Aladdin\\\", at the 65th Academy Awards. In 1993, he played Arpad Laszlo in the Broadway revival of \\\"She Loves Me\\\". He also played Tucker Wells in the season three episode \\\"The Prom\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694704\",\n \"text\": \"again.”\\\" A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Beauty and The Beast\\\", and \\\"Aladdin\\\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \\\"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7474693\",\n \"text\": \"her second album to chart at #1 on Oricon and became her second longest-charting album. It contained every song from her \\\"12 Singles Collection,\\\" causing there to be little room for new material. The two new songs on the album were \\\"Love goes like...\\\" and the bonus track \\\"A Whole New World\\\" featuring famed singer Peabo Bryson. This was a cover of the song from the Disney film \\\"Aladdin.\\\" The first DVD portion of the album carried all of the music videos released for the singles. Limited editions also included the \\\"\\\"...and \\\"Wish your happiness and love\\\"\\\"\\\", which was the\",\n \"title\": \"Best: Second Session\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17375169\",\n \"text\": \"R&B chart, #85 on the UK Singles, and #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, between 1987/1988. \\\"Without You\\\" was the first duet recorded by Bryson and Belle, who recorded four songs together, and was also the first successful duet of the two. Another success the duo came in 1992 with \\\"A Whole New World\\\", the theme of the animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\". In addition to its original English version by Bryson and Belle, \\\"Without You\\\" also received two adaptations in different languages. The first was in Portuguese and the second was in Spanish, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Both adaptations\",\n \"title\": \"Without You (Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694700\",\n \"text\": \"A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Beauty and The Beast\\\", and \\\"Aladdin\\\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \\\"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for me,\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17991786\",\n \"text\": \"During the episode's DVD commentary, fellow storyboard artist Jesse Moynihan argued that Youn employed \\\"visual vocabulary [borrowed] from anime\\\", which informed how he drew the characters. The song that the Ice King sings to Princess Monster Wife is called \\\"Something Special\\\". According to McHale, the song's writer, the main inspiration for it was the 1992 song \\\"A Whole New World\\\", from the animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo, however, his cat kept meowing loudly. The crew found this funny, and so, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Monster Wife\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12543443\",\n \"text\": \"Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \\\"Ce Rêve bleu\\\" (the French adaptation of \\\"A Whole New World\\\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \\\"Tombé du ciel\\\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has also recorded the song \\\"C'est la vie\\\" for the film \\\"Bambi 2\\\". She had a hit with her own version of Burt Bacharach's song,\",\n \"title\": \"Karine Costa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12543444\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Say a Little Prayer\\\" (made famous by Dionne Warwick) that is currently used in France in the TV advert for the Crédit mutuel. Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \\\"Aladdin\\\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \\\"Ce Rêve bleu\\\" (the French adaptation of \\\"A Whole New World\\\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \\\"Tombé du ciel\\\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has\",\n \"title\": \"Karine Costa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17192557\",\n \"text\": \"Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of \\\"Prince Ali of Ababwa\\\" (\\\"Prince Ali\\\"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses to the Sultan his desire to marry Jasmine. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie (\\\"A Whole New World\\\"). Once they return, Jasmine\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5823510\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\\\", and provided Jonathan Levinson's singing voice in the episode \\\"Superstar\\\". On September 11, 2005, Kane was invited to a ceremony at Hong Kong Disneyland, the night before the theme park's opening. He performed the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" with Cantopop star Joey Yung. As Caleb Kane, he released the song \\\"This Close\\\", which was played on the movie \\\"Devil's Pond\\\". Then in 2004, he released his website with a message board to promote his album \\\"This Day In History\\\" with the first single \\\"Go Mad\\\" released in March 2006. Caleb has two\",\n \"title\": \"Brad Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7763329\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mary Poppins\\\", but that 15 other animated movies would never be aired. These 15 animated feature films – \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Fantasia\\\", \\\"Bambi\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\", \\\"101 Dalmatians\\\", \\\"The Sword in the Stone\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Aristocats\\\", \\\"Robin Hood\\\", \\\"The Rescuers\\\", and \\\"The Fox and the Hound\\\" – had only been shown at theaters, not television or any other format. These 15 movies laid the foundation upon which the Disney company was built. During each re-release to theaters (on a roughly seven-year cycle), they earned money comparable to new\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Classics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6040173\",\n \"text\": \"the interest of casting director Albert Tavares, who proceeded to leave a note for the singer on the stage door before leaving a show he had attended. Salonga's agent then scheduled her audition, at which she performed \\\"Part of Your World\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\". Salonga finally began recording a demo of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" a few days later. With the casting of Salonga, Larkin became one of Disney's first voice actors to not provide the singing voice of the character she voices, and thus Jasmine marked the first time Disney decided to separate a Princess's speaking and singing\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Jasmine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4010630\",\n \"text\": \"and arranged other successful motion picture soundtracks, including Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (the Celine Dion/Peabo Bryson title-track duet), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (\\\"A Whole New World\\\") and \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\" (\\\"Someday\\\"). Afanasieff was also the producer and arranger for \\\"Go the Distance\\\", the Oscar-nominated Michael Bolton song from the animated film \\\"Hercules\\\". Afanasieff performs on most of his recordings (mainly keyboards, synthesizers and drum programming). Afanasieff spent a significant part of his career creating music with Mariah Carey: 1988-1998. He had a role in some of Carey's most successful songs, including \\\"Hero\\\", which he co-produced, co-wrote, and on which he\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Afanasieff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9492912\",\n \"text\": \"was released in 2004. The music on the album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album also as received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \\\"A Whole New World\\\" performed by Regina Belle. The album\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13427749\",\n \"text\": \"aired on 22 September 2016 on the ABC channel in the United States. Yuna's version of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from the 1992 Disney film \\\"Aladdin\\\", which was also sung by Peabo Bryson and Celine Dion, featured in the Deluxe Edition (bonus track) for the album \\\"We Love Disney (2015 compilation album)\\\". Beside Yuna, big names such as Ariana Grande, Ne-Yo, Jessie J, Jason Derulo, Gwen Stefani, Fall Out Boy, and Tori Kelly are also involved in the album published by David Foster. A remix version of her song \\\"Live Your Life\\\" by MeLo-X appeared on the in-game radio station\",\n \"title\": \"Yuna (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18192973\",\n \"text\": \"Pocahontas (franchise) Pocahontas is a Disney media franchise that commenced in 1995 with the theatrical release of \\\"Pocahontas\\\". \\\"Pocahontas\\\" is a 1995 American animated musical romance-drama film and is the 33rd Disney animated feature film. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and had a limited release to theaters on June 23, 1995 by Walt Disney Pictures. It belongs to the era known as the Disney Renaissance, from 1989 to 1999 \\\"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World\\\" is a 1998 straight-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney film \\\"Pocahontas\\\". The sequel focuses on Pocahontas' journey to London, England with\",\n \"title\": \"Pocahontas (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5084910\",\n \"text\": \"Jones, Sir John Mills, Hayley Mills and Peter Ustinov are amongst the celebrities who introduced scenes from their films including Darby O'Gill and the Little People, Mary Poppins, Candleshoe, Thomasina, Herbie goes to Monte Carlo, The Swiss Family Robinson, In Search of the Castaways, Robin Hood, Cinderella, The Rescuers and Pete's Dragon This Easter edition was introduced by Cliff Richard on 27 March. Films included The Rescuers, Alice in Wonderland, Candleshoe, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Mary Poppins, That Darn Cat, Pinocchio and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Penelope Keith presented the Whitsun show from Brighton with clips from Alice\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482037\",\n \"text\": \"commercial and critical successes with such films as \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) and \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1994). In addition, the company successfully entered the field of television animation with a number of lavishly budgeted and acclaimed series such as \\\"Adventures of the Gummi Bears\\\", \\\"DuckTales\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\", \\\"TaleSpin\\\" and \\\"Gargoyles\\\". Disney moved to first place in box office receipts by 1988 and had increased revenues by 20% every year. In 1989, Disney signed an agreement-in-principle to acquire The Jim Henson Company from its founder, Muppet creator Jim Henson. The deal included Henson's\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2550859\",\n \"text\": \"It's a Small World It's a Small World (officially styled as \\\"it's a small world\\\") is a water-based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide; these include: Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland, with its inaugural version having originally premiered at the 1964 New York World's Fair before permanently moving to Disneyland. The ride features over 300 audio-animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world, frolicking in a spirit\",\n \"title\": \"It's a Small World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12337231\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Circle of Poo\\\" that shows the endless circle of food and defecation in the episode \\\"A Very Crappy Christmas\\\". It is currently the main theme song for Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort. Disney's Epcot park currently features a cinema-type film called \\\"\\\" from 1995 with Timon, Pumbaa, and Simba discussing environmental topics at the Walt Disney World Resort as well. At the 2011 White House Correspondents' Dinner, President Barack Obama jokingly claimed he was going to show his long-form birth video, spoofing an earlier controversy about refusing to show his long-form birth certificate to prove\",\n \"title\": \"Circle of Life\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7013488\",\n \"text\": \"of Hong Kong Disneyland's 10th anniversary, the show features Projection mapping onto Sleeping Beauty Castle in September 7, 2015 as the preview. The projections in each area are different in order to evenly distribute crowds and to encourage people to view the show multiple times from different locations. The show then progresses all-new scenes from Disney films, including; \\\"Frozen\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Princess and the Frog\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Big Hero 6\\\", \\\"Finding Nemo\\\", \\\"Cars\\\", \\\"Brave\\\" and \\\"Inside Out\\\". During the Magical Castle Transformation, the last show appearance on January 1,\",\n \"title\": \"Disney in the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9127984\",\n \"text\": \"of the entertainment quarterly \\\"R&B Showcase Magazine.\\\" In the summer of 2002, LMNT toured the United States as part of the Pop 'Til You Drop! Tour, a 30-date tour headlined by A*Teens with other supporting acts, including Baha Men and Play. LMNT also performed in front of crowds in support of the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, 2002 A Time for Heroes Carnival, in Los Angeles, California. They are also well known for re-recording their own version of \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from Disney's \\\"Aladdin\\\", for the \\\"DisneyMania 2\\\" CD, and \\\"Open Your Eyes (To Love)\\\", for \\\"The Lizzie McGuire\",\n \"title\": \"LMNT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"827284\",\n \"text\": \"California) version of It's a Small World, installed during major refurbishments between January and November 2008. José and Panchito's costumes were extinct at the Disneyland Resort by 2011, but were re-Imagineered for Mickey's Soundsational Parade in May 2011. They now appear with Donald Duck and dancers with a float where Donald is trying to hit a Piñata. The 2011 animated film \\\"Rio\\\" draws on José Carioca and Panchito Pistoles for several of its characters. José Carioca José \\\"Zé\\\" Carioca (; ) is a Disney cartoon character drawn as an anthropomorphic parrot from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (thus \\\"Carioca\\\", a term\",\n \"title\": \"José Carioca\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198442\",\n \"text\": \"Down Under\\\" (1990), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1994), \\\"Pocahontas\\\" (1995), \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\" (1996), \\\"Hercules\\\" (1997), \\\"Mulan\\\" (1998) and \\\"Tarzan\\\" (1999). After the deaths of Walt and Roy O. Disney (in 1966 and 1971, respectively), The Walt Disney Studios were left in the hands of Donn Tatum, Card Walker, and Ron Miller. The films released over an eighteen-year period following this change of management did not perform as well commercially as their prior counterparts. An especially hard blow was dealt during production of \\\"The Fox and the Hound\\\" when long-time animator Don\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Renaissance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18154823\",\n \"text\": \"in which the player can collect gems; the bonus stage ends when the melody to \\\"A Whole New World\\\" ends. Only stages 1, 6 and 7 have a boss to defeat (stage 7 being the final stage), while stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 require reaching the end to complete. \\\"Electronic Gaming Monthly\\\" four reviewers scored the Super NES version 8, 8, 9 and 8 out of 10, adding up to 33 out of 40 (average 8.25 out of 10). They commented that the graphics, animation, music and gameplay are all outstanding. \\\"GameFan\\\"s four reviewers scored it 90%, 89%, 87%\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1987078\",\n \"text\": \"scene in March 2018 and Disneyland's version received it in June 2018 after a scheduled refurbishment. In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow, the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24. In June 2017, Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version. In June 2018 the Disneyland version of the attraction reopened after a refurb which saw the replacement of the Davy Jones mist waterfall with a new scene of a skeleton who transforms into a live pirate as the boat passes\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694701\",\n \"text\": \"but when I found out about it, I thought I'd give it a shot. I do like cover songs, and Disney movies, but it had been years since I enjoyed anything Stellar Kart had done. \\\"A Whole New World\\\" exceeded my expectations, and it's a very enjoyable EP. Obviously, you'll get the most out of it if you're a fellow Disney fan and if you've grown up watching these four movies. But even if you've never seen a Disney movie, you can probably get something out of this as well.\\\" Jeremiah Holdsworth concurred by going on to say: \\\"Stellar Kart\",\n \"title\": \"A Whole New World EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198453\",\n \"text\": \"from its ten-year exile to Glendale. A 240,000-square-foot building designed by Robert A. M. Stern opened across the street from the main Disney lot in Burbank on December 16, 1994. In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create \\\"Toy Story\\\", Disney's first fully computer-animated film. The next Disney animated film, 1995's \\\"Pocahontas\\\", opened to mixed reviews, though it still earned $346 million worldwide and garnered two Academy Awards for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and Best Original Song for \\\"Colors of the Wind.\\\" The following year, \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", Disney's first animated film produced at a budget\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Renaissance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10756415\",\n \"text\": \"into \\\"Aladdin\\\". With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform \\\"A Whole New World\\\" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing \\\"Friend Like Me\\\". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from \\\"Fantasia 2000\\\" transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing \\\"Just Around the Riverbend\\\". The \\\"Pocahontas\\\" segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\". After a brief pause, Heimlich from \\\"A Bug's Life\\\" arrives, informing the audience of an approaching thunderstorm. The storm rapidly intensifies into the thunderstorm\",\n \"title\": \"World of Color\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1478947\",\n \"text\": \"Best Picture nomination: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Up\\\" (2009), and \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \\\"\\\" (2006), \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\" (2010), \\\"\\\" (2011), and \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010), \\\"Frozen\\\" (2013), \\\"Zootopia\\\", \\\"Finding Dory\\\" (both 2016), and \\\"Incredibles 2\\\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10073395\",\n \"text\": \"Like Me,\\\" \\\"Prince Ali,\\\" and \\\"A Whole New World,\\\" and until 2018 included the song \\\"Why Me\\\" which is sung by Jafar and Iago. It was originally written for the Disney film, but it was cut. The songs are somewhat different in \\\"Aladdin Jr.\\\" For example, the \\\"One Jump Ahead\\\" reprise is sung by Jasmine, not Aladdin. There are additional changes in the musical. For instance, three princes come try for Jasmine's hand in marriage. The additional narrators reprise \\\"Arabian Nights\\\" several times throughout the musical in order to more quickly further the plot as well as have \\\"red carpet\",\n \"title\": \"Aladdin Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4310797\",\n \"text\": \"and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical-comedy format such as \\\"Thumbelina\\\" (1994), \\\"The Swan Princess\\\" (1994), \\\"A Troll in Central Park\\\" (1994), \\\"Cats Don't Dance\\\" (1997), \\\"Anastasia\\\" (1997), \\\"Quest for Camelot\\\" (1998) and \\\"The King and I\\\" (1999). Concerns arose internally at Disney, particularly from Roy E. Disney, about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney's early 1990s releases. Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994, and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position. Instead, tensions between Katzenberg, Eisner, and\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152476\",\n \"text\": \"Heart Makes\\\" [Cinderella], \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" [Beauty and the Beast], \\\"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\\\" [Pirates of the Caribbean], \\\"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\\\" [Pinocchio] \\\"Do you want to build a Snowman?\\\" [Frozen] and \\\"It's a Small World\\\" [It's a Small World]. In addition to these music horns, during the \\\"Star Wars Day At Sea\\\" the ship can sound other horns, including: \\\"Imperial March (Darth Vader's Theme)\\\" and a segment of the \\\"Star Wars Main Title Theme\\\". In total, the \\\"Disney Fantasy\\\" can play 11 horns. Disney Fantasy Disney Fantasy is a cruise ship owned and operated\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Fantasy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152324\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Disney Dream\\\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\\\" \\\"(Cinderella)\\\", \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" \\\"(Beauty and the Beast)\\\", \\\"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\\\", \\\"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\\\" \\\"(Frozen)\\\", and \\\"It's a Small World\\\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7898830\",\n \"text\": \"the Magic Kingdom, and as a tagline for promoting the 2017 film. The song has been parodied in an episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" and the film \\\"\\\". Originally, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", under the direction of Richard Purdum, was not intended to be a musical. Then-studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg made the decision to turn the film into a Broadway-style musical similar to \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989), Disney's previous animated film, after he, displeased with the film's initial story reel, ordered the film scrapped and restarted from scratch. As a result, Purdum resigned, and first-time feature film directors Kirk Wise and\",\n \"title\": \"Be Our Guest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17442867\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Mulan\\\", \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Fantasia\\\", \\\"The Sword in the Stone\\\", \\\"The Black Cauldron\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,\\\" \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", and \\\"Lilo & Stitch\\\". The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\\\" and \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" along with a live-action prequel to \\\"Aladdin\\\". Cinderella (2015 Disney film) Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Kinberg Genre, Allison Shearmur Productions, and Beagle Pug\",\n \"title\": \"Cinderella (2015 Disney film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4310792\",\n \"text\": \"of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters, which had been explored to some degree with \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" and \\\"Oliver & Company\\\", but now became standard practice. In June 1994, Disney released \\\"The Lion King\\\", directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. An all-animal adventure set in Africa, \\\"The Lion King\\\" featured an all-star voice cast which included James Earl Jones, Matthew Broderick, and Jeremy Irons, with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John. \\\"The Lion King\\\" earned $768 million at the worldwide box office, to this date a record for\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2421417\",\n \"text\": \"Best Music, Original Song for \\\"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\\\". Decades later, it was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", and a 2015 live-action adaptation directed by Kenneth Branagh. The castle is duplicated at Magic Kingdom park in Disney World and with Sleeping Beauty Castle at the center of Disneyland is the basis for one of Walt Disney's logo. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\\\". Cinderella Castle, the signature landmark at the in Florida, is designed to look like the palace\",\n \"title\": \"Cinderella (1950 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5586985\",\n \"text\": \"contradicted a rule-of-thumb that Disney attractions are supposed to be based on either G or PG. (However, Disney has since developed attractions from franchises that host at least one PG-13 rated film, such as \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\", \\\"Star Wars\\\", \\\"Indiana Jones\\\", \\\"Marvel\\\", and \\\"Avatar\\\".) As a result, the name Nostromo was taken out entirely and an original monster was created for the ride and the fictional company was changed to \\\"X-S Tech\\\". Nevertheless, Disney had acquired the rights to use \\\"Alien\\\", and thusly used it in The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios, which featured a scene aboard\",\n \"title\": \"ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12604364\",\n \"text\": \"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (stylized The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure) is a dark ride attraction based on the 1989 Disney animated film \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", located in Paradise Gardens Park at Disney California Adventure and in Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, where it is titled Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid (stylized Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid). The ride opened on June 3, 2011 at Disney California Adventure, and on December 6, 2012 at Magic Kingdom. In the early-to-mid-1990s, Walt Disney Imagineering\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13900554\",\n \"text\": \"top of each other as a (expletive) \\\"pile\\\" and whilst casting \\\"Song of the South\\\" he used the term pickaninny. The supposed insensitivity Disney and some of his employees showed in many cartoons including the short \\\"Mickey's Mellerdrammer\\\" where Mickey Mouse dresses in blackface, the stereotypical \\\"Black\\\" Bird in the short \\\"Who Killed Cock Robin\\\", Sunflower the half donkey-half black servant centaurette in \\\"Fantasia\\\", the film \\\"Song of the South\\\" which depicts an idealized version of slavery, the depiction of Native American 'Indians' as savage in \\\"Peter Pan\\\", the cunning and manipulative Siamese Cats in \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4976500\",\n \"text\": \"Manager to oversee the startup of the studio and run day-to-day operations of the division. The company was designed to compete with Walt Disney Feature Animation, which had phenomenal success during the late 1980s and early 1990s with the releases of films such as \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992) and \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1994). Disney veterans Bluth and Goldman came in 1994 to Fox from Sullivan Bluth Studios, which had produced \\\"An American Tail\\\", \\\"The Land Before Time\\\" and both \\\"All Dogs Go To Heaven\\\" and \\\"Rock-a-Doodle\\\", among other films. Before Bluth came to\",\n \"title\": \"Fox Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8232375\",\n \"text\": \"a part of the park's grand opening on October 1, 1971. A Southern live oak tree found growing on the Walt Disney World property (originally six miles from the Magic Kingdom) was transplanted by Disney engineers and now serves as the square's Liberty Tree. Adorning it are 13 lanterns, representing the original 13 American colonies. Johnny Tremain (film) Johnny Tremain is a 1957 film made by Walt Disney Productions, based on the 1944 Newbery Medal-winning children's novel of the same name by Esther Forbes, retelling the story of the years in Boston, Massachusetts prior to the outbreak of the American\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Tremain (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5084896\",\n \"text\": \"One Dalmatians, The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes and In Search of the Castaways Cliff Richard introduced this Whitsun programme of Walt Disney films - The Living Desert, Pinocchio, Lady and the Tramp, The Love Bug, King of the Grizzlies, Alice in Wonderland, In Search of the Castaways, Hang your hat on the wind, and Jungle Book Ken Dodd hosted the August Bank Holiday edition from Scarborough where he was appearing at the Futurist Theatre with excerpts from Cinderella, Dumbo, Pinocchio, In Search of the Castaways, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, The Boatniks, Smoke, Treasure Island and The Aristocats Harry Worth\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454646\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937), \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Fantasia\\\" (both 1940), \\\"Dumbo\\\" (1941), and \\\"Bambi\\\" (1942), furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful \\\"Cinderella\\\" (1950) and \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards. In the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. To fund the project he diversified into television programs, such as \\\"Walt Disney's Disneyland\\\" and \\\"The Mickey Mouse Club\\\"; he was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair, the 1960 Winter Olympics, and\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11610353\",\n \"text\": \"traveling down the park's central Main Street – Fantasyland corridor. There have been daytime and nighttime parades that celebrated Disney films or seasonal holidays with characters, music, and large floats. One of the most popular parades was the Main Street Electrical Parade, which recently ended a limited-time return engagement after an extended run at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. From May 5, 2005 through November 7, 2008, as part of Disneyland's 50th anniversary, \\\"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams\\\" was presented, celebrating several Disney films including \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Alice in\",\n \"title\": \"Disneyland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475898\",\n \"text\": \"Goes to Washington\\\", \\\"Wuthering Heights\\\", \\\"Only Angels Have Wings\\\", \\\"Ninotchka\\\" and \\\"Midnight\\\". Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: \\\"Casablanca\\\", \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\", \\\"It Happened One Night\\\", the original \\\"King Kong\\\", \\\"Mutiny on the Bounty\\\", \\\"Top Hat\\\", \\\"City Lights\\\", \\\"Red River\\\", \\\"The Lady from Shanghai\\\", \\\"Rear Window\\\", \\\"On the Waterfront\\\", \\\"Rebel Without a Cause\\\", \\\"Some Like It Hot,\\\" and \\\"The Manchurian Candidate\\\". The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s: In 1938, Walt Disney's \\\"Snow White and the Seven\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198455\",\n \"text\": \"Menken. Disney's next film, \\\"Mulan\\\", with a score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel, came out in 1998 and earned $304 million at the worldwide box office, restoring the commercial and critical standing of Disney's output. The release of \\\"Tarzan\\\" is retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era. With songs by Phil Collins, Tarzan won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \\\"You'll Be in My Heart,\\\" and became Disney's most commercially successful film since \\\"The Lion King\\\", earning $448 million at the box office and widespread positive reviews. \\\"Tarzan\\\" was also\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Renaissance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17891382\",\n \"text\": \"studio's own \\\"\\\"), the fourth animated film (after \\\"Toy Story 3\\\", \\\"Frozen\\\", and \\\"Minions\\\"), the eleventh Disney film (third Disney animated film), and the twenty-sixth film overall to break the milestone. Worldwide, it was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind \\\"Civil War\\\", \\\"Rogue One\\\", and \\\"Finding Dory\\\"), the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2016, the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film (second-highest overall) of all time in its original release (after \\\"Frozen\\\"), the second-highest-grossing original film (behind \\\"Avatar\\\"), the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 30th-highest-grossing film of all time. \\\"Deadline Hollywood\\\" calculated the net profit of the film\",\n \"title\": \"Zootopia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17572989\",\n \"text\": \"never done a sitcom before. I’ve always infused comedic stuff into any dramatic roles I’ve done, but this is a whole — to quote Disney’s \\\"Aladdin\\\" — a whole new world.\\\" This is also the first episode of the series to not feature Angus T. Jones as Jake Harper as a main cast star. CBS announced in April 2013 that he would be downgraded to recurring status for season 11, but he never made an appearance. However, he does return in season 12 as a guest star for the series finale. On October 2, 2013, Tamblyn was officially promoted to\",\n \"title\": \"Nangnangnangnang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8389132\",\n \"text\": \"Bluff, California. Earlier career opportunities include development of isometric for Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant. (1st hand) Edmonds was nominated for the 1996 Annie Award for \\\"Outstanding Individual Achievement for Animation\\\" as the supervising animator of Phoebus in Disney's \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\". Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \\\"Oliver & Company\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"The Rescuers Down Under\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Home on\",\n \"title\": \"Russ Edmonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6580647\",\n \"text\": \"were gift sets, containing supplements such as original animation sketches, a film frame, and a companion's book. The current list of Platinum Editions includes: \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Bambi\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", and \\\"101 Dalmatians\\\". The original plan for the Platinum Editions was that they would be released ten years after they are put in the Disney Vault. Since then, this time has been shortened to four to seven years. Beginning with \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" in October\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14559733\",\n \"text\": \"the best entries out of a 177 entries world over. She has also sung the Tamil and Telugu versions of the Walt Disney musical animation \\\"Aladdin\\\" called \\\"A Whole New World\\\". As a composer she has composed several radio spots and jingles for various brands and companies like TVS, RMKV, VIVEL,INDIAN OIL etc.. The latest project she has worked on is for an NGO \\\"We for WE\\\" based in Jalandhar who work for women empowerment and present globally in 18 countries besides India. She has composed and sung an anthem in Hindi On women empowerment called SHAAN SE JEE. The\",\n \"title\": \"Annupamaa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6076732\",\n \"text\": \"Crichton book and film \\\"Jurassic Park\\\". Other parts of the episode, such as the park's claim to be the \\\"theme park of the future\\\" and the phrase \\\"where nothing can possibly go wrong,\\\" as well as the plot of the robots at the park rebelling, are based on another Crichton story, \\\"Westworld\\\". \\\"Scratchtasia\\\" is a reference to the \\\"Sorcerer's Apprentice\\\" segment of the Disney film \\\"Fantasia\\\", with several shots and the music parodying it exactly. In addition, the area where the cartoon \\\"Scratchtasia\\\" is being shown and the documentary it is a part of is reminiscent of the Great Movie\",\n \"title\": \"Itchy & Scratchy Land\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753465\",\n \"text\": \"make up Aslan's army in \\\"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\\\" by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch \\\"with a great bellowing voice\\\". In the film \\\"Alexander\\\" (2004), \\\"lamassu\\\" are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney movie \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), a gold \\\"lamassu\\\" can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp. Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the \\\"Lamassu\\\" that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from\",\n \"title\": \"Lamassu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5964471\",\n \"text\": \"went around over the years, saying that a proposed attraction based on the 2001 Disney animated film \\\"\\\" was going to replace Submarine Voyage. Another rumor was that the lagoon was going to be destroyed in a similar fashion to the submarine lagoon of Walt Disney World's . In 2005, the lagoon was drained and construction began on a new attraction: Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, which opened on June 11, 2007. The successor of this attraction was the Jules Verne themed at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. The attraction was given a Nautilus theme and a narration by Peter Renaday,\",\n \"title\": \"Submarine Voyage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6426466\",\n \"text\": \"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams premiered on May 5, 2005 as part of the Happiest Homecoming on Earth, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Disneyland in California. Conceived by VP Parades and Spectaculars, Steve Davison, the parade celebrates the dreams of Disney characters and includes Disney characters such as Mickey, Minnie, Tinker Bell, Cinderella, Snow White, Simba, Alice and Mad Hatter, Pinocchio, Belle and Beast, Ariel, Donald, Goofy and Pluto. The parade includes eight floats which include Getaway to Dreams, Dream of Enchantment, Dream of Laughter, Dream of Another World, Dream of Imagination, Dream of Adventure,\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5084895\",\n \"text\": \"Holiday, Alice in Wonderland, The Love Bug and Dumbo Julie Andrews introduces scenes and characters from some of her favourite Walt Disney films including Fantasia, Jungle Book, Swiss Family Robinson, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, King of the Grizzlies, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, A Hundred and One Dalmatians, Pluto's Christmas Tree, Mary Poppins which starred Julie Andrews and Alice in Wonderland The Easter edition on 30 March introduced by Jimmy Tarbuck with scenes from Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Treasure Island, King of the Grizzlies, My Dog, the Thief (1969), A Hundred and\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3742859\",\n \"text\": \"2013 after several pilot productions. This was Disney's first \\\"Peter Pan\\\" film. In the early 2000s, a \\\"Peter Pan\\\" franchise was spawned, involving a number of other animation projects: Following the studio's success of live-action adaptations of Disney cartoon films including \\\"Maleficent, Cinderella, The Jungle Book and Beauty and the Beast\\\", Disney announced that a live action \\\"Peter Pan\\\" movie is in development, with David Lowery directing and co-writing with Toby Halbrooks. On July 31, 2018, it was announced that it may air on the Disney+ instead. Peter Pan (1953 film) Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy adventure\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Pan (1953 film)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: A Whole New World context: A Whole New World \\\"A Whole New World\\\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \\\"Aladdin\\\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an\\n\\nWhich Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 184,\n \"origin_tokens\": 184,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: I See the Light context: song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \\\"lantern sequence\\\" during which \\\"I See the Light\\\" is performed Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \\\"Kiss the Girl\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989) and \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \\\"I See the Light\\\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.\\n\\ntitle: Aladd (soundtrack context: was in204. on album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Score and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album received nomination for BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \\\"A Whole New World performed Regina Belle. The album\\n: A Whole New context cred is referred as \\\"\\\"addin\\\"s Th The version peakedillboard\\\" Hot 100 chart March 19, Whitney's \\\" Will Always Love You then- 4 weeks at the the. went000 domest track pe number2 in the UK Chart 19 The and so far from a animated film to top theboard\\\" Hot 10 The version was later included on\\n:add (92 Disney film: hook noses, g lips – but look American te.\\\" received many awardations, its music, World Best (Mark Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \\\"Aladdin\\\" won Best Original Song (\\\"A Whole New World\\\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,\\n\\nWhich Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 472,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15443,\n \"ratio\": \"32.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":190,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":190,"string":"190"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Memphis style","Memphis design","Memphis Style","Memphis movement","Memphis Group","Memphis (design group)"],"string":"[\n \"Memphis style\",\n \"Memphis design\",\n \"Memphis Style\",\n \"Memphis movement\",\n \"Memphis Group\",\n \"Memphis (design group)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Memphis Group"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1427118","text":"the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \"Memphis Group\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \"M.G.\" stood for \"Memphis Group\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"2141872","text":"Stax Records Stax Records is an American record label, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. Founded in 1957 as Satellite Records, the label changed its name to Stax Records in 1961. It was a major factor in the creation of Southern soul and Memphis soul music. Stax also released gospel, funk, and blues recordings. Renowned for its output of blues music, the label was founded by two siblings and business partners, Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton (STewart/AXton = Stax). It featured several popular ethnically integrated bands (including the label's house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s) and a racially","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"3923758","text":"Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \"The Human Timekeeper\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2015. Jackson's father, Al Jackson Sr., led a jazz/swing dance band in Memphis, Tennessee. The young Jackson started drumming at an early age and began playing on stage with his father's","title":"Al Jackson Jr."},{"id":"730834","text":"with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds. Memphis, Tennessee label Stax Records nurtured a distinctive sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by house bands Booker T and the MGs (with Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section of the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love). \"Memphis soul\" is a","title":"Soul music"},{"id":"1994336","text":"stepchildren from their prior relationships. On March 1, 1995, Booker T. & the MGs won their first Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the song \"Cruisin'\". Jones still plays with the MGs and his own small combo called the Booker T. Jones Band. His current touring group includes Vernon \"Ice\" Black (guitar), Darian Gray (drums), and Melvin Brannon (bass). Jones was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and was honored with a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement on February 11, 2007. In 2007, Jones was also inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"5602576","text":"to Albert King, who sang and played lead guitar, were the Stax in-house recording session band, Booker T. and the MGs, featuring the Memphis Horns. The release of \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" in 1967 \"would change the face of American music, modernizing the blues\". \"'It was the great divide of modern blues, the point at which the music was rescued from slipping into derivative obscurity'\". Part of the album's success has been attributed to Booker T. and the MGs who \"gave his blues a sleek, soulful sound [which] gave King crossover appeal\". Four of the album's songs became modern","title":"Born Under a Bad Sign"},{"id":"1427091","text":"Steve Potts. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. Having two white members (Cropper and Dunn), Booker T. & the M.G.'s was one of the first racially integrated rock groups, at a time when soul music and the Memphis music scene in particular were generally considered the preserve of black culture. Booker T. & the M.G.'s formed as the house band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427108","text":"the change of studios and cities between MG's gigs. Like Jones, Cropper had also become unhappy with business affairs at Stax and soon left to open his own studio in Memphis. However, the rhythm section of Dunn and Jackson remained on at Stax and did session and production work. Jackson (who had been in Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell's band) played on and wrote many of Al Green's biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \"final\" single, \"Jamaica This Morning\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"11424345","text":"the Memphis and northern Mississippi, and performed there regularly. These included such musical greats as Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, B.B. King, and Howlin' Wolf. Stax Records, which opened in Memphis in 1957, produced almost exclusively African-American music. Stax was a major factor in the creation of the Southern soul and Memphis soul music styles, also releasing gospel, funk, jazz, and blues recordings. Stax recordings and artists included Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, William Bell, The Bar-Kays and their house band, Booker T. & the MG's. Several Stax hits were written and produced by the team of","title":"History of Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"1427111","text":"to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \"Theme from \"Shaft\"\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \"Universal Language\" for","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1282131","text":"often influenced by the music of the Middle East, and frequently using exotic scales. Around the time of the British Invasion, rock changed appreciably, and instrumental hits came mostly from the R&B world. Notable artists include Booker T. & the MG's and saxophonist Junior Walker. The early incarnation of Fleetwood Mac with bandleader Peter Green achieved number one chart positions with the guitar-based instrumental Albatross in February 1969. Steve Cropper of the MG's asserts: Just before the British Invasion, Lonnie Mack's version of Chuck Berry's \"Memphis\" reached #5 on the Billboard Pop chart in June 1963. Employing both the blues","title":"Instrumental rock"},{"id":"3923767","text":"Records in the Stax Museum. According to Steve Cropper, as quoted in 'Give the Drummer Some!' by Jim Payne, a grey pearl Rogers floor tom was used in the mix 'n' match kit at Stax. Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \"The Human Timekeeper\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music","title":"Al Jackson Jr."},{"id":"1427119","text":"in an earlier Stax backing group called the Triumphs, which was also named after his car. Jones, in a 2007 interview on National Public Radio's \"Fresh Air with Terry Gross\", confirmed Moman's account of the origin of the group's name. Jones has re-confirmed this story on several occasions since, most recently as a guest on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\" on May 9, 2012. Stax historian Rob Bowman has averred that the reason the label obscured the story of the meaning of name \"M.G.'s\" (and concocted the \"Memphis Group\" explanation) was to avoid claims of trademark infringement from the","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"2141903","text":"1967 Stax was at the height of its fame. Alongside Otis Redding were soul singers Sam and Dave, Carla Thomas and writer Isaac Hayes, who would have a deep impact on funk music in the 1970s. Also signed to the record label was the house band, Booker T. and the M.G.’s, who were breaking boundaries in integration. Two of the band members were black and two were white, which at the time was unheard of, because of racial turmoil in the United States. In contrast to Stax's rapidly rising fortunes at this time, most of the house band were struggling","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"2711420","text":"equal partner. The following year, Axton and Stewart turned the Capitol Theatre, in a black Memphis neighborhood, into a recording studio and record shop, and began making hit records with predominantly black artists. Satellite was forced to change its name after it was discovered that a Los Angeles label already owned the title, and it changed its name to Stax, taking its name from Axton and Stewart's surnames. Axton was actively involved with selecting and developing the artists on the label, who included Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, Booker T & the MGs, and Isaac Hayes. She sold her interest in","title":"Estelle Axton"},{"id":"1427109","text":"the time being. In 1973, Dunn and Stax session guitarist Bobby Manuel recruited Hammond B-3 organist Carson Whitsett to be part of a band that was to back Stefan Anderson, a promising new Stax artist. Al Jackson was later brought in. The project did not ultimately yield any results, but the rehearsals were promising, prompting Jackson and Dunn to reform the M.G.'s. This version of the band featured Whitsett in place of Jones, so it was billed as simply \"the MG's\". The 1973 album entitled \"The MG's\", with Manuel and Whitsett replacing Cropper and Jones, was not commercially successful, though","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"34025","text":"and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \"king of the blues\". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and","title":"Blues"},{"id":"11708621","text":"The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and Carson Whitsett to replace Cropper and Jones respectively. Billed as \"The MG's\" since Jones was not involved with the project, the group released two singles, \"Sugar Cane\" and \"Neck Bone\". The singles and the album were not commercially successful, but were critically well received. By 1975, Jones and","title":"The MG's (album)"},{"id":"3281635","text":"Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor. He also acted as the producer of many of these records. He was later a member of the Blues Brothers band. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranked him 39th on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Born on a farm near Dora, Missouri, Cropper moved with his family to","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"3953069","text":"under their new name, the \"Mar-Keys\". Booker T. and the M.G.'s was founded by Cropper and Booker T. Jones in 1962, with the drummer Al Jackson, Jr.. The original bassist, on early hits such as \"Green Onions\", was Lewie Steinberg; Dunn replaced him in 1964. Stax became known for Jackson's drum sound, the sound of the Memphis Horns, and Dunn's grooves. The MG's and Dunn's bass lines on songs like Otis Redding's \"Respect\" and \"I Can't Turn You Loose\", Sam & Dave's \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\", and Albert King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" influenced musicians everywhere. As an instrumental","title":"Donald \"Duck\" Dunn"},{"id":"2141886","text":"drummer Al Jackson, Jr. to form Booker T. & the M.G.'s, an instrumental combo that would record numerous hit singles in their own right and served as the \"de facto\" house band for virtually every recording made at Stax from 1962 through about 1970. Dunn eventually became the band's primary bassist, replacing Steinberg in 1964. Jones was frequently absent from Stax over several years in the mid-1960s, while he pursued his musical studies at Indiana University, so during this period Isaac Hayes usually replaced him as the house band's regular pianist, although the two occasionally performed on recordings together when","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"2167378","text":"lead singer and guitarist with the Small Faces in the mid to late 1960s. Marriott was influenced from an early age by his heroes including Buddy Holly, Booker T & the MG's, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Muddy Waters and Bobby Bland. In later life Marriott became disillusioned with the music industry and turned his back on the big record companies, remaining in relative obscurity. He returned to his music roots playing the pubs and clubs around London and Essex. Marriott died on 20 April 1991 when a fire, which was thought to have been caused by a cigarette, swept through","title":"Steve Marriott"},{"id":"10243533","text":"stints in L.A., Lake Tahoe, New York, and a home away from home in Erie, Pennsylvania. With the addition of future southern soul cult figure Tommy Tate on vocals (and later drums as well), they became Tim Whitsett & The Imperial Show Band featuring Tommy Tate. This was significant because other than Memphis's renowned Booker T. & the MGs (who were a house band first, usually regulated to working days and nights in the Stax studio), this made Whitsett's band one of the first, if not the only, integrated bands in the entire Southeastern United States at the time. Like","title":"The Imperial Show Band"},{"id":"2141917","text":"from Deutsche Grammaphon, the European record company owned at the time by the giant Philips corporation. By the fall of 1970, both Steve Cropper and Booker T. Jones were frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs, and left the company and stopped playing sessions for Stax. Even though Jones was given the title of Vice President at Stax before leaving, as he put it, \"There were titles given (to us) but we didn't actually make the decisions.\" A final Booker T. and the MGs album was issued in 1971. The two remaining MGs (Duck Dunn and Al Jackson) stayed on","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"1994341","text":"Moore, William Bell and British artists Beverley Knight, Ruby Turner, James Morrison and Tom Jones. \"See also Booker T. & the M.G.'s\". Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T.","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"4581762","text":"This use of house bands, first popularized in the 1920s, was revived during the 1960s, most notably at Motown and at Stax Records. Some of these house bands, such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s (Stax), had parallel careers as main artists in their own right. House band A house band is a group of musicians, often centrally organized by a band leader, who regularly play at an establishment. It is widely used to refer both to the bands who work on entertainment programs on television or radio, and to bands which are the regular performers at a nightclub, especially","title":"House band"},{"id":"1994329","text":"Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T. Jones, Sr., who was named in honor of Booker T. Washington, the educator. Booker T. Jones, Sr. was a science teacher at","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"591225","text":"an awards banquet including a night of performance and celebration. Memphis is the home of founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including Memphis soul, Memphis blues, gospel, rock n' roll, Memphis rap, Buck, crunk, and \"sharecropper\" country music (in contrast to the \"rhinestone\" country sound of Nashville). Many musicians, including Aretha Franklin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Shawn Lane, Al Green, Rance Allen, Percy Sledge, Solomon Burke, William Bell, Sam & Dave and B.B. King, got their start in Memphis in the 1950s","title":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"7306909","text":"sang \"message\" songs like \"Long Walk to D.C.\" and \"When Will We Be Paid?,\" bringing their moving and articulate music to a huge number of young people. The group signed to Stax Records in 1968, joining their gospel harmonies and deep faith with musical accompaniment from members of Booker T. and the MGs. The Staple Singers hit the Top 40 eight times between 1971 and 1975, including two No. 1 singles, \"I'll Take You There\" produced by Al Bell and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning, \"Let's Do It Again,\" and a No. 2 single \"Who Took the Merry Out","title":"Mavis Staples"},{"id":"3889980","text":"next signed with jazz artist Leo Gooden's Coun-Tree label and cut two records for them; these also failed to chart. With no apparent career prospects other than touring the club circuit in the South and Midwest, King moved to Memphis, where he signed with the Stax record label. Produced by Al Jackson Jr., King with Booker T. & the MGs recorded dozens of influential sides, such as \"Crosscut Saw\" and \"As the Years Go Passing By\". In 1967, Stax released the album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\", a collection of the singles King recorded at Stax. The title track of","title":"Albert King"},{"id":"1427114","text":"Letterman\") went so well that the group decided to play some dates together. Over the next few years, they played together occasionally. In 1992, Bob Dylan asked Jones, Cropper, and Dunn to serve as the house band (with Jim Keltner on drums) for his \"30th Anniversary Concert\", commemorating his thirty years in the music business, at which they backed Dylan, Stevie Wonder, Johnny Cash, Eric Clapton, and George Harrison, among others. At the concert, Neil Young asked the group to back him on his 1993 world tour. Also in 1992, Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"11957717","text":"not follow the typical twelve-bar blues I-IV-V progression. Rather, it is dominated by an R&B-style bass/rhythm guitar line, which Bell claimed that he came up with \"while fooling around on the guitar\". Albert King provided his signature guitar fills around his vocals and solos during the break and outro, with backing by Booker T. & the M.G.'s and the Memphis Horns. \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" became a Billboard R&B chart hit for King, reaching number 49. It was later included on his first album for Stax, also titled \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". The album's cover depicts images of","title":"Born Under a Bad Sign (song)"},{"id":"1947124","text":"to Greenwood, he began playing bass out of necessity, teaching himself by playing along to New Order, Joy Division and Otis Redding. Among his musical influences are Booker T and the MGs, Bill Withers and Curtis Mayfield. He said: \"We were people who picked up their respective instruments because we wanted to play music together, rather than just because we wanted to play that particular instrument. So it was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument, then that was really cool. I don’t think of myself as a bass player","title":"Colin Greenwood"},{"id":"2141904","text":"to make a living: the musicians often worked long hours in the studio during the day, developing songs and arrangements, but they were paid for recordings only when the actual sessions took place, so most had to play at local venues in the evenings to earn enough to support themselves and their families. To remedy this, in 1966 Al Bell appointed the members of the so-called Big Six (Hayes, Porter and Booker T. & the M.G.'s) as full-time salaried employees of Stax, on a fixed salary of $125 a week (US$ in dollars). This allowed them to quit their night","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"5872574","text":"Whitsett's musicians had now scattered, joining other bands in other parts of the country. Davis then signed Whitsett and Tommy Tate as producer/songwriters. But within days of arriving at Stax, Whitsett was asked to take charge of the company’s music publishing division, East/Memphis Music Corp., which included works written or recorded by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Al Green, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas and Booker T. & the MGs. During his years with Stax, Whitsett was the motivating force behind the releases of million sellers, such as \"I've Been Lonely For So Long\" (Frederick Knight), \"I'll Play the Blues For","title":"Tim Whitsett"},{"id":"6957744","text":"replaced by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn. Steinberg was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007. He lived in Memphis. Steinberg died on July 21, 2016, in Memphis, at the age of 82. \"Green Onions\" (Stax 701) \"Soul Dressing\" (Stax 705) Lewie Steinberg Lewie Polk Steinberg (September 13, 1933 – July 21, 2016) was an American musician best known as the original bass guitar player for the soul music group Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. Steinberg was in the group from 1962 to","title":"Lewie Steinberg"},{"id":"1427098","text":"& the M.G.'s were meeting with greater commercial success than those credited to the Mar-Keys, the decision was made to credit \"Boot-Leg\" to Booker T. & the M.G.'s, even though Jones did not participate in the recording. Individual session credits notwithstanding, the Stax house band—Cropper, Jackson, Jones, and Steinberg, along with bassist Dunn (Cropper's bandmate in the Mar-Keys); keyboardist Isaac Hayes; and various horn players, most frequently Floyd Newman, Wayne Jackson and Andrew Love (the latter two later formed the Memphis Horns)—set a standard for soul music. Whereas the sign outside Detroit's pop-oriented Motown Records aptly read \"Hitsville U.S.A.\", the","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"3207194","text":"in on the Memphis sessions that became Jerry Lee Lewis's \"Southern Roots\" album. By all accounts, these sessions were a three-day, around-the-clock party, which not only reunited the original MGs (Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. of Booker T. and the MGs fame) for the first time in three years, but also featured Carl Perkins, Mark Lindsay (of Paul Revere & the Raiders), and Wayne Jackson plus The Memphis Horns. From 1976 to 1983, White released three more albums, each on a different label. Trying to combine his own swamp-rock sound with the popular disco music at","title":"Tony Joe White"},{"id":"10626430","text":"McLemore Avenue McLemore Avenue is a 1970 album by Booker T. & the M.G.s, consisting entirely of mostly instrumental covers of songs from the Beatles' album \"Abbey Road\" (released only months earlier, in September 1969). The title and cover are an homage to the Beatles album, 926 East McLemore Avenue being the address of the Stax Studios in Memphis, as Abbey Road was for EMI Studios in London, which was soon renamed Abbey Road Studios. Booker T. Jones said, \"I was in California when I heard \"Abbey Road\", and I thought it was incredibly courageous of The Beatles to drop","title":"McLemore Avenue"},{"id":"14818951","text":"were replaced by guitar solos. However, King uses a different arrangement based on an Afro-Cuban rhythm pattern, similar to that of his 1962 song \"I Get Evil\". Backing King is the Stax Records' house band, Booker T. & the MG's. The song was a success, reaching number 34 in the Billboard R&B chart. It was included on King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" album, which \"became one of the most popular and influential blues albums of the late '60s\". The song remained in his repertoire throughout his career and several live versions were issued. King recorded another studio version of","title":"Crosscut Saw (song)"},{"id":"1994331","text":"\"Cause I Love You,\" by Carla and Rufus (Thomas). Willie Mitchell hired Jones for his band, in which Jones started on sax and later moved to bass. It was here that he met Al Jackson Jr., who he brought to Stax. Simultaneously, Jones formed a combo with White and Porter, in which he played guitar. While hanging around the Satellite Record Shop run by Estelle Axton, co-owner of Satellite Records with her brother Jim Stewart, Jones met record clerk Steve Cropper, who would become one of the MGs when the group formed in 1962. Besides Jones on organ and Cropper","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"1427116","text":"Neil Young on his 2002 album \"Are You Passionate?\". Cropper, along with Isaac Hayes and Sam Moore, welcomed Stax president Jim Stewart into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002. Cropper and Hayes were later inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Booker T. & the M.G.'s, usually with Steve Potts on drums, still play select dates. They have been called the most influential stylists in modern American music. In early 2008 they backed singer Guy Sebastian on a sold-out tour of in Australia. In 2004, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the group #93 on their list of the 100","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"7700535","text":"stints with various teenage bands performing at talent shows and dances around the Island. In the late 1960s he formed his own quartet called Voltage Four, patterned on American group Booker T and the MGs or The Meters, and mainly toured the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In 1970, Henderson moved to Guadeloupe to become the lead singer of \"Les Vikings\" of Guadeloupe, a group that toured the French Departments of Guiana, Martinique, St. Martin and Metropolitan France. He wrote and recorded a song titled “Love” with the Vikings which became a huge hit across the Caribbean and particularly","title":"Exile One"},{"id":"1427090","text":"of which the best known is the 1962 hit single \"Green Onions\". As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, and imitated of its era. By the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 1965, Steinberg was replaced by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, who played with the group until his death in 2012. Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, after which Dunn, Cropper and Jones reunited on numerous occasions using various drummers, including Willie Hall, Anton Fig, Steve Jordan and","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"2141895","text":"R&B and the pop charts. Though the label had enjoyed some early hits with the Mar-Keys and Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Redding became the first Stax/Volt artist to consistently hit the charts with each release—in fact, each of Redding's 17 singles issued during his lifetime charted. (Carla Thomas also charted with some consistency, but her pre-1965 releases were on Atlantic, not Stax or Volt.) Between January 1962 and December 1964, Stax and Volt released several chart hits each by Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, and Booker T. and the M.G.'s. However, despite dozens of other releases, only three other Stax/Volt","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"421324","text":"Tonne The tonne () (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms; or one megagram (Mg); it is equivalent to approximately pounds, or 0.984 long tons (UK). Although not part of the SI, the tonne is accepted for use with SI units and prefixes by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The tonne is derived from the weight of pure water; there are 1,000 litres in one tonne. The SI symbol for the tonne is \"t\", adopted at the same time","title":"Tonne"},{"id":"2641524","text":"and lyrics to him, before he finally gave up the job in 1963, to focus on his role as a singer and entertainer. He recorded a series of novelty dance tracks, including \"Can Your Monkey Do the Dog'\" and '\"Somebody Stole My Dog\" for Stax, where he was often backed by Booker T. & the MGs or the Bar-Kays. He also became a mentor to younger Stax stars, giving advice on stage moves to performers like Otis Redding, who partnered daughter Carla on record. After \"Jump Back\" in 1964, the hits dried up for several years, as Stax gave more","title":"Rufus Thomas"},{"id":"12982045","text":"Who's Making Love \"Who's Making Love\" is a song written by Stax Records staffers Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis and Raymond Jackson and recorded by singer Johnnie Taylor. Released on the Stax label in the late summer of 1968, it became Taylor's breakthrough single, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot R&B singles chart and number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It became one of the few singles Taylor would become primarily known for in the mainstream. The song featured the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Isaac Hayes (on keyboards). It was Taylor's best-selling","title":"Who's Making Love"},{"id":"10244905","text":"Marvell Thomas Ronald Marvell Thomas (August 22, 1941 – January 23, 2017) was an American keyboardist, record producer and arranger known for his work in Memphis Soul. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Thomas's studio career started at the age of 17. He was the first piano player to punch the clock at Stax Records. He played on the label's earliest national hits, including \"Burnt Biscuits\" (by the short-lived group The Triumphs, later covered by Booker T. & the MGs), childhood friend William Bell's \"You Don't Miss Your Water\", and the company's first hit \"Cause I Love You\" (featuring a sixteen-year-old Booker","title":"Marvell Thomas"},{"id":"2641521","text":"Phillips, as he oriented his label more toward white audiences and signed Elvis Presley, who later recorded Thomas's song \"Tiger Man\". Thomas did not record again until 1956, when he made a single, \"I'm Steady Holdin' On\", for the Bihari brothers' Meteor label; musicians on the record included Lewie Steinberg, later a founding member of Booker T and the MGs. In 1960 he made his first recordings with his 17-year-old daughter Carla, for the Satellite label in Memphis, which changed its name to Stax the following year. The song, \"Cause I Love You\", featuring a rhythm borrowed from Jesse Hill's","title":"Rufus Thomas"},{"id":"11101747","text":"and destructive. When you're on tape, it's on tape, and it's really hard to go in and fix a bunch of stuff like you can with computer these days.\" Sebastian wrote about his time recording in Memphis in a series of blogs in Australian newspapers. \"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. [...] I would show them which song I wanted to record. After listening to any changes I had, we","title":"The Memphis Album"},{"id":"18507381","text":"leaving him, his two brothers and mother, Joan Patterson. As a result, Patterson devoted himself completely to music and his guitar playing. He was soon exposed to rock bands such as Van Halen, AC/DC, Queen and The Who. With the release of the \"Blues Brothers\" film in 1980, Patterson was heavily drawn to the influences of the film’s soundtrack and band: Elmore James, Sam and Dave, and Booker T and the MG’s. For the next four years, he was consumed by practicing and began writing songs. He played in and out of local bands until he graduated from Athol High","title":"Shawn Patterson (composer)"},{"id":"2356700","text":"co-produced the album with Sebastian, which was recorded on analogue tape live in the studio. Sebastian wrote about his time in Memphis in a series of blogs for Australian newspapers, \"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. I mean, they are mostly in their late 60s and have such a wealth of experience.\" Cropper later spoke on AllMemphisMusic, an online Memphis radio station, \"This kid came into Memphis, and just blew","title":"Guy Sebastian"},{"id":"2141905","text":"jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and from this point on Booker T. and the M.G.'s regularly backed virtually all of the artists who recorded at Stax. Bell also persuaded Jim Stewart to set up a \"production pool\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving from Atlantic was split equally between the Big Six to pay them for their production duties with the artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which was still a segregated city, where Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.","title":"Stax Records"},{"id":"4088651","text":"Mar-Keys were no longer routinely issuing singles, the name still had a certain amount of marketability, and in the late 1960s the Mar-Keys name was used whenever horn players Andrew Love and Wayne Jackson (later known as the Memphis Horns) teamed with Booker T. & the M.G.'s in live performances. The two groups shared billing on a live album in 1967, \"Back to Back\", from a concert in Paris. For the 1969 album \"Damifiknow!\", the Mar-Keys were back in the studio, and were explicitly identified in the album credits as the sextet of Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, Booker T. Jones,","title":"The Mar-Keys"},{"id":"2284851","text":"Columbia Records signed Big Brother and the Holding Company on the basis of their performance at Monterey. Eric Burdon changed gears with his performance at Monterey. After three years of playing with the original Animals as part of the British Invasion, and the breakup of that band, Eric assembled a new band, a \"New Animals\", and at the festival, they performed the Rolling Stones' song \"Paint It Black\" which showcased Burdon's new style: anti-war, hard rock. Monterey affected his career intensely, as later captured in the song he wrote about it. Redding, backed by Booker T. & the MG's, was","title":"Monterey Pop Festival"},{"id":"2599167","text":"purchase brought in Atlantic's lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. In the mid 1960s, Atlantic/Stax had released a string of landmark soul music recordings by artists including Booker T & the MGs, Sam & Dave, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Ben E. King, and Aretha Franklin. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings. However, Atlantic also moved decisively into rock and pop in the late 1960s and 1970s, signing major British and American acts including","title":"Warner Music Group"},{"id":"2948773","text":"integration. Composed of Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr., Booker T. and the MGs provided the instrumental backing for Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, and many other artists, The group also recorded under its own name, including the instrumental hit \"Green Onions\". In later years, members of the group pursued their own individual careers. Jones worked with the singer and producer William Bell and co-wrote the blues classic \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". Cropper supervised the recordings of Otis Redding and co-wrote hits with Wilson Pickett and Eddie Floyd. Stax gave back","title":"Memphis soul"},{"id":"1427115","text":"and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1993, Booker T. & the M.G.'s toured with Neil Young, backing him on his own compositions. In 1994, the group recorded its first album in 17 years, \"That's the Way It Should Be\". Steve Jordan was the drummer on most tracks. In 1995, when the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened its museum in Cleveland, Ohio, the M.G.'s served as the house band for the opening ceremonies, playing behind Aretha Franklin, Sam Moore, John Fogerty, and Al Green, as well as performing themselves. Jones, Dunn, and Al Jackson's cousin, drummer Steve Potts, backed","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427099","text":"marquee outside of the converted movie theater where Stax was based proclaimed \"Soulsville U.S.A.\" Booker T. & the M.G.'s consistently issued singles from 1963 to 1965, but only a few made the charts, and none was as successful as \"Green Onions\". Their second album, \"Soul Dressing\", was released in 1965. Whereas the \"Green Onions\" album contained mostly covers, every composition but one on \"Soul Dressing\" was an original. After contributing to that album, Steinberg left the group, and Dunn (who had played on previous Stax sessions) became the group's full-time bassist. During a tour when the band was in Los","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"10993607","text":"formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" and \"We've Only Just Begun\". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three number-one singles and five number-two singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and fifteen number-one","title":"The Carpenters"},{"id":"12286958","text":"bought WCW\". Booker is a six-time world champion, having won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship five times (four times in WCW, and once in the WWF) and WWE's World Heavyweight Championship once. He is the first non-mixed race African American to become a world champion in WWE, and was voted the greatest World Heavyweight Champion in a WWE viewer poll. Booker is a 15-time world tag team champion between WCW (10 times), WWF/E (four times), and TNA (once). Additionally, he was the winner of the King of the Ring tournament in 2006, the sixteenth Triple Crown Champion, and the ninth","title":"Booker T (wrestler)"},{"id":"3198306","text":"Test (wrestler) Andrew James Robert Patrick Martin (March 17, 1975 – March 13, 2009) was a Canadian-American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE) under the ring name Test. During his nine-year tenure with the WWF/WWE, he found his greatest success as a singles performer, winning the Intercontinental and European Championships once each, and the Hardcore Championship twice. Martin found additional success in the tag team division, twice becoming a World Tag Team Champion with Booker T by winning the WWF and WCW World Tag Team Championships once each. Martin","title":"Test (wrestler)"},{"id":"3281642","text":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Cropper appeared with a new line-up of the group for the Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary concert, on October 1992 at Madison Square Garden, performing songs by and backing Dylan, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, Chrissie Hynde, Sinéad O'Connor, Stevie Wonder and Neil Young. The concert was recorded and later released as \"The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration\" (1993). Young later recruited this line up of Booker T. and the M.G's to tour with him and record as his studio band. In 1996,","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"12286957","text":"Television Championships (along with being the first African American titleholder), and a record eleven WCW World Tag Team Championships: ten as one half of Harlem Heat with his brother, Lash \"Stevie Ray\" Huffman in WCW (most reigns within that company), and one in the WWF with Test. Harlem Heat were recognized by WWE as being – along with The Steiner Brothers – WCW's greatest ever tag team. Booker was the final WCW World Heavyweight Champion and WCW United States Heavyweight Champion under the WCW banner; industry veteran John Layfield described him as \"the best acquisition that WWE got when they","title":"Booker T (wrestler)"},{"id":"3281646","text":"4th Crossroads Guitar Festival at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Cropper married his first wife, Betty, in 1961. They have two children named Stephen and Ashley. They lived in Memphis, TN, until divorcing in 1976. Cropper married his second wife, Angel, in the late 1980s. They have two children named Andrea and Cameron. The Croppers currently live in Tennessee. Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding,","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"1427104","text":"fondly called the group \"Book a Table and the Maitre d's\" (in 1974, Lennon facetiously credited himself and his studio band as \"Dr. Winston and Booker Table and the Maitre d's\" on his original R&B-inspired instrumental, \"Beef Jerky\"). Paul McCartney, like Dunn, played bass melodically, without straying from the rhythm or the groove. In 1970, Lennon's wish was granted, in a sense, when Booker T. and the M.G.'s recorded \"McLemore Avenue\" (named for the street where Stax Records was located), on which they performed instrumental cover versions of thirteen of the songs on \"Abbey Road\", condensing twelve of them into","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427096","text":"played tuba over Donald \"Duck\" Dunn's bass line), \"Soul Man\", \"Who's Making Love\", \"I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)\", and \"Try a Little Tenderness\", among others. Along with their counterparts in Detroit, Motown's Funk Brothers, as a backing band to numerous hits, they are considered to have originated much of the sound of soul music—particularly, in the case of the M.G.'s, Southern soul—in which \"the groove\" is paramount. In the mid-1960s Jones was often away from Memphis while studying music full-time at Indiana University. Stax writer and producer Isaac Hayes usually stepped in when Jones was unavailable","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"3281640","text":"produced various musicians including Tower of Power, Rod Stewart, John Prine, José Feliciano, The Jeff Beck Group, Ringo Starr and John Lennon. It's little-known that Cropper also played guitar on the cover of The Velvet Underground's \"Femme Fatale\" that appears on fellow Memphians Big Star's \"Third/Sister Lovers\". By 1975, Cropper had moved to Los Angeles and along with Jones, Jackson and Dunn, reformed Booker T. & the M.G's. Jackson, whom Cropper called \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth,\" was murdered in his Memphis home before the group could make their comeback. In 1978, Cropper and Dunn became members","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"3281637","text":"guitarist's playing, Stax Records president Jim Stewart saw professionalism and maturity beyond Cropper's years. When American Records founder Chips Moman left Stax, Cropper became the company's A&R man. He became a founding member of the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, along with Hammond organ player Booker T. Jones, bassist Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and drummer Al Jackson Jr.. As a house guitarist he played on many recordings such as \"(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay,\" co-written with and performed by Otis Redding and Sam & Dave's \"Soul Man\" on which he was mentioned by name. When Cropper","title":"Steve Cropper"},{"id":"9364263","text":"changed to the Bar-Kays in the mid-1960s. Cauley started attending LeMoyne College in 1965, before becoming a professional musician. The Bar-Kays joined the Stax studio by 1966, and were signed on to Stax's subsidiary Volt Records in the beginning of 1967. According to James Alexander, Cauley was the best dressed of the group, always known to wear a suit, no matter the occasion. Al Jackson, Jr. the drummer with Booker T & the MGs, took a particular interest in the young members of the Bar-Kays and groomed them to become the second house band for Stax after Booker T and","title":"Ben Cauley"},{"id":"8668585","text":"Major's contribution was truly phenomenal and unforgettable... [He] was to become legendary as a UK club act, known to deliver 110% at every performance.\" In 1972, while in England, he recorded an album, \"Major Lance's Greatest Hits Recorded Live at the Torch\", at the Torch, a club in Stoke on Trent, which has been described as \"perhaps the best Northern Soul album ever made.\" Lance returned to Atlanta in 1974 and recorded an updated disco version of \"Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um\" for Playboy Records. He set up a new label, Osiris, with former Booker T and the MG's","title":"Major Lance"},{"id":"11990682","text":"soul in all its unpretentious, down-home glory\". According to Steve Cropper, lead guitarist for Booker T and the MG's, the Stax Recording Studio played a key role in the creation of the title track, \"Hold on, I'm Comin\"'. Stax Records was an old Movie Theater located at 926 East McLemore Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. The men's restroom in the theater-turned studio had tile walls and tile floors. To produce reverb and echo a speaker from the studio was placed in the men's room to pipe the sound into the men's room; and a microphone was placed in the men's room","title":"Hold On, I'm Comin'"},{"id":"10626453","text":"studio in Memphis, spending less and less time at the Stax studio. \"Melting Pot\" was recorded in New York City, between M.G.'s gigs, as Jones refused to record in Memphis and wanted the band to create a different sound for the new album. The album's title track was edited for length and issued by Stax as a single in spring 1971. \"Melting Pot\" peaked at number 45 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States and at number 21 on the \"Billboard\" R&B singles chart. The review in \"Rolling Stone\" magazine was very positive, concluding in its final paragraph:","title":"Melting Pot (Booker T album)"},{"id":"11680134","text":"Al Bell Al Bell (born Alvertis Isbell, March 15, 1940) is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive. He is best known as having been an executive and co-owner of Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, during the latter half of the label's 19-year existence. A former disc jockey in his hometown of Little Rock, Arkansas, Bell was vital to the careers of Stax's soul stars such as the Staple SIngers and Isaac Hayes, the Emotions, the Dramatics, and Mel and Tim. Bell's promotional efforts drove the “Memphis sound” internationally and made Stax the second-largest African-American–owned business in the","title":"Al Bell"},{"id":"1427100","text":"Angeles playing in a Stax Revue, an informal jam session with three of the M.G.'s was recorded in Hollywood in 1965, initiated by DJ Magnificent Montague who played congas. The resulting track, \"Hole in the Wall\", was issued by Pure Soul Music in October 1965 credited to the Packers with writing shared by Montague, Cropper, Jackson and Jones. The track reached number 43 on Billboard, and made the Top 30 on Cash Box. All other songs released by the Packers had no involvement from Booker T. & the M.G.'s. After a period of commercial decline, Booker T. & the M.G.'s","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"11708622","text":"Cropper agreed to reform the original lineup with Jackson and Dunn, but just days before their scheduled reunion, Jackson was murdered at his home in Memphis, Tennessee. All tracks composed by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson, Jr., Bobby Manuel, Carson Whitsett; except where indicated Side One Side Two The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and","title":"The MG's (album)"},{"id":"1427120","text":"manufacturers of the car. Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"591227","text":"Motown. Booker T. and the M.G.s were the label's backing band for most of the classic hits that came out of Stax, by Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and many more. The sound still lives on in the \"Blues Brothers\" movie, in which many of the musicians starred as themselves. Memphis is noted for its influence on the power pop musical genre in the 1970s. Notable bands and musicians include Big Star, Chris Bell, Alex Chilton, Tommy Hoehn, The Scruffs, and Prix. Several notable singers are from the Memphis area, including Justin Timberlake, Kirk Whalum, Three 6 Mafia,","title":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"210461","text":"(such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle.\" It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \"Soul Brother No. 1\", after failing to win the title \"King of Soul\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin","title":"James Brown"},{"id":"13280668","text":"The Packers The Packers were an American soul group formed by tenor saxophonist Charles \"Packy\" Axton, who was the son of Stax Records part-owner Estelle Axton. Axton was a former member of the Mar-Keys, as was Steve Cropper, who played on the group's first recording and hit, ostensibly recorded as a 'demo'. Cropper, a member of Booker T. Jones & The MGs and the Stax Records' session band, was also joined by Booker T. on piano and drummer Al Jackson for the recording, while Leon Haywood (on organ) was among those who also played on the group's records. The Packers'","title":"The Packers"},{"id":"3840979","text":"time of release, this was the only record that featured the cover of the \"Time Is Tight\" instrumental by Booker T & the MGs. \"Capital Radio\" was extremely rare in the UK. Rather than re-issue the original the group recorded a new version for \"The Cost of Living\" as \"Capital Radio Two.\" \"Cheat\" is from their UK debut album but had been left off the US version. \"Bankrobber\" had been a UK A-side. \"Robber Dub\" was originally intended for the b-side of an unreleased \"Bankrobber\" 12\" dance club single. The two tracks appear here in a combined edit that is","title":"Super Black Market Clash"},{"id":"3889984","text":"King wanted to retain his popular appeal and remain on the charts, and so he eagerly embraced the new sound of funk. King was teamed with members of the Bar-Kays and the Movement (Isaac Hayes's backing group), including the bassist James Alexander and the drummer Willie Hall, adding strong funk elements to his music. Adding strings and multiple rhythm guitarists, producers Allen Jones and Henry Bush created a wall of sound that contrasted with the sparse, punchy records King made with Booker T. & the MGs. Among these was another of King's signature songs, \"I'll Play the Blues for You\",","title":"Albert King"},{"id":"1427089","text":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records under their own name,","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"14867988","text":"and Gov't Mule (\"Live... With a Little Help from Our Friends\" 1999), and Schenker – Pattison Summit (\"The Endless Jam Continues\" 2005). The Hunter (Albert King song) \"The Hunter\" is a blues song first recorded by Albert King in 1967 for his landmark album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". It was written by Stax Records' house band, Booker T. and the MGs, and Carl Wells. Along with \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" and \"Crosscut Saw\", \"The Hunter\" is one of King's best-known and most recorded songs. In 1969, Ike and Tina Turner had hit with the tune in the R&B","title":"The Hunter (Albert King song)"},{"id":"172015","text":"Emerson limited the use of Leslie because he felt that was Preston's domain at the time, whereas he himself was approaching the instrument with an aesthetic combining \"a white European attitude\", classical music, and rock. Booker T. Jones is cited as being the bridge from rhythm and blues to rock. British organist James Taylor said the Hammond \"became popular [in the UK] when people such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s and artists on the Stax Records label came over to London and played gigs.\" Matthew Fisher first encountered the Hammond in 1966, having heard the Small Faces' Ian McLagan","title":"Hammond organ"},{"id":"1427106","text":"a Hammond B-3 on the album \"Pendulum\" was an acknowledgement of Jones and the admiration the two bands had for each other. Booker T. and the M.G.'s released what would be their last Stax single, \"Melting Pot\", and their last Stax album, also called \"Melting Pot\", in 1971. \"Melting Pot\"'s repetitive groove-oriented drumming, loping bass line, and tight rhythm guitar made it an underground hit popular in New York City block parties. The song has often been sampled by rappers and techno DJs. The full-length album version of the track is over eight minutes long and contains a passage (not","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"12286956","text":"Booker T (wrestler) Robert Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965), better known by his ring name Booker T, is an American professional wrestling promoter, color commentator, and professional wrestler, signed with WWE. He is also the owner and founder of the independent promotion Reality of Wrestling (ROW) in Texas City, Texas. Booker is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), holding 35 championships between those organizations. He is the most decorated wrestler in WCW history, having held 21 titles including a record six WCW World","title":"Booker T (wrestler)"},{"id":"3839204","text":"saxophone for the Mar-Keys, which also featured Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn and others. The hit instrumental single \"Last Night\" (composed by the band as a whole) was the first of many successful hits to Nix's credit. Without Nix, the Mar-Keys evolved into Booker T. & the M.G.'s. As a producer, Nix worked with other artists and producers, such as Leon Russell of Shelter Records; Gary Lewis and the Playboys in Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars; George Harrison, of the Beatles; and John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers. One notable achievement was his collaboration with Harrison, Russell, and many others in the","title":"Don Nix"},{"id":"4088649","text":"through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar-Keys or Booker T. & the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar-Keys both live and in the studio for several years. The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time","title":"The Mar-Keys"},{"id":"3953082","text":"Jr., were given a Lifetime Achievement Grammy award for their contributions to popular music. In 2017 Dunn was posthumously awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Bass Player Magazine for his contributions to \"the art, craft, and profession of bass playing.\" Donald \"Duck\" Dunn Donald \"Duck\" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam &","title":"Donald \"Duck\" Dunn"},{"id":"11283548","text":"Presenting Isaac Hayes Presenting Isaac Hayes is the debut studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. The album was released in 1968, by Enterprise and Atlantic Records. The LP was the first release on Stax Records' Enterprise label; Hayes had for several years served as one of Stax's key songwriters, producers, and studio musicians. Recorded to appease Stax vice president Alvertis Isbell (Al Bell), \"Presenting\" features Hayes recording with Booker T. & the MGs members Al Jackson, Jr. and Donald \"Duck\" Dunn as a jazz trio. No material was prepared for the sessions, so the three musicians improvised an","title":"Presenting Isaac Hayes"},{"id":"8182847","text":"2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The Neptunes production discography The Neptunes are a two-member producing group consisting of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo. This discography lists the recorded performances as a duo and individuals. It also lists the writing and production credits as The Neptunes, as Williams or Hugo, or both. Song names that are bold are singles, album names/releases are in \"italics\". S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) – \"S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) (Studio Session) (Unreleased)\" (With Larry Live, DJ Timmy Tim aka \"Timbaland\", Mr. Magoo & Magnum The Verb Lord","title":"The Neptunes production discography"},{"id":"1427174","text":"produced the duo's biggest hits (although they did not receive production credits until the \"Soul Men\" LP and singles). According to Moore and Prater, they also greatly influenced the duo's singing style, and shifted their recording style from the style of their Roulette records to a more live, more energetic gospel, call-and-response feel and beat driven soul style the group is known for today. Sam & Dave's Stax records also benefited from the musicians and engineering at Stax. The Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and the Stax horn section, the Mar-Keys, were world-class musicians who co-wrote (often","title":"Sam & Dave"},{"id":"1427103","text":"(later used by the BBC as their theme for cricket coverage on both TV and, latterly, radio's \"Test Match Special\"), as was their version of \"Hang 'Em High\". In 1969, the band scored their second biggest hit with \"Time Is Tight\", from the soundtrack to the movie \"Up Tight!\", scored by Jones, which reached #6 on the Billboard pop charts. In 1969, Dunn and Jones, in particular, had become admirers of the Beatles, especially their work on \"Abbey Road\". The appreciation was mutual, as the Beatles had been musically influenced by the M.G.'s. John Lennon was a Stax fan, who","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1427110","text":"it was critically well received. Whitsett would go on to back Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, Little Milton, and Kathy Mattea, and his songs were recorded by Johnnie Taylor, Solomon Burke, B. B. King, Etta James, Conway Twitty, and Lorrie Morgan. Manuel would become a staple of the Memphis music scene, playing with everybody from Al Green to Albert King, and later founded HighStacks Records (the name being a tribute to both Stax and Hi Records). After a promising meeting in late September 1975, Jones and Cropper (who were now living in Los Angeles) and Jackson and Dunn (still in Memphis), decided","title":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s"},{"id":"1472536","text":"and started recording mostly rock 'n' roll. Booker T. & the M.G.'s carried the electric blues style into the 1960s. Detroit-based John Lee Hooker pursued a unique brand of electric blues based on his deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie woogie, his \"groovy\" style is sometimes called \"guitar boogie\". His first hit, \"Boogie Chillen\", reached #1 on the R&B charts in 1949. He continued to play and record until his death in 2001. The New Orleans blues musician Guitar Slim recorded \"The Things That I Used to Do\" (1953), which featured","title":"Electric blues"},{"id":"8780658","text":"23 The Coasters - Poison Ivy 24 Charles Mingus - Pithecanthropus Erectus 25 The Drifters - Save The Last Dance For Me 26 Ben E. King - Stand By Me 27 Bobby Darin - Mack The Knife 28 Booker T. And The MG's - Hip Hug-Her 29 Booker T. And The MG's - Green Onions 30 Rufus Thomas - Walking The Dog 31 Otis Redding - Try A Little Tenderness 32 Aretha Franklyn - Baby, Baby, Baby 33 Aretha Franklyn - Ain't No Way 34 Aretha Franklyn - Respect 35 Cream - Strange Brew 36 Cream - Sunshine Of Your","title":"Tom Dowd and the Language of Music"},{"id":"1994333","text":"a session musician with other Stax acts, and writing songs that became widely regarded as classics. He wrote, with Eddie Floyd, \"I've Never Found a Girl (To Love Me Like You Do),\" Otis Redding's \"I Love You More Than Words Can Say,\" and, with William Bell, bluesman Albert King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" (later popularized by the cover version recorded by the British power trio Cream). In 1970, Jones moved to California and stopped playing sessions for Stax after becoming frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs as employees rather than musicians. Even though Jones was given the title","title":"Booker T. Jones"},{"id":"4329500","text":"others.\" He joined Radio Caroline, a pirate radio station broadcasting from a ship off the coast of Britain, in 1964. There, his American-influenced quick presentation style soon made him one of the station's best-loved DJs. He was often joined on air by his mynah bird Alfie. After his time at Radio Caroline, speaking fluent French, he presented for French-language stations Radio Monte Carlo and Radio Luxembourg as \"Le Président Rosko\". Rosko compered the Stax/Volt Tour of Europe in 1967 and can be heard introducing Booker T. & the M.G.'s, the Bar-Kays, Carla Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Sam & Dave, and Otis","title":"Emperor Rosko"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1427118\",\n \"text\": \"the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \\\"M.G.\\\" stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141872\",\n \"text\": \"Stax Records Stax Records is an American record label, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. Founded in 1957 as Satellite Records, the label changed its name to Stax Records in 1961. It was a major factor in the creation of Southern soul and Memphis soul music. Stax also released gospel, funk, and blues recordings. Renowned for its output of blues music, the label was founded by two siblings and business partners, Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton (STewart/AXton = Stax). It featured several popular ethnically integrated bands (including the label's house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s) and a racially\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3923758\",\n \"text\": \"Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \\\"The Human Timekeeper\\\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2015. Jackson's father, Al Jackson Sr., led a jazz/swing dance band in Memphis, Tennessee. The young Jackson started drumming at an early age and began playing on stage with his father's\",\n \"title\": \"Al Jackson Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"730834\",\n \"text\": \"with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds. Memphis, Tennessee label Stax Records nurtured a distinctive sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by house bands Booker T and the MGs (with Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section of the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love). \\\"Memphis soul\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Soul music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994336\",\n \"text\": \"stepchildren from their prior relationships. On March 1, 1995, Booker T. & the MGs won their first Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the song \\\"Cruisin'\\\". Jones still plays with the MGs and his own small combo called the Booker T. Jones Band. His current touring group includes Vernon \\\"Ice\\\" Black (guitar), Darian Gray (drums), and Melvin Brannon (bass). Jones was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and was honored with a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement on February 11, 2007. In 2007, Jones was also inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5602576\",\n \"text\": \"to Albert King, who sang and played lead guitar, were the Stax in-house recording session band, Booker T. and the MGs, featuring the Memphis Horns. The release of \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" in 1967 \\\"would change the face of American music, modernizing the blues\\\". \\\"'It was the great divide of modern blues, the point at which the music was rescued from slipping into derivative obscurity'\\\". Part of the album's success has been attributed to Booker T. and the MGs who \\\"gave his blues a sleek, soulful sound [which] gave King crossover appeal\\\". Four of the album's songs became modern\",\n \"title\": \"Born Under a Bad Sign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427091\",\n \"text\": \"Steve Potts. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. Having two white members (Cropper and Dunn), Booker T. & the M.G.'s was one of the first racially integrated rock groups, at a time when soul music and the Memphis music scene in particular were generally considered the preserve of black culture. Booker T. & the M.G.'s formed as the house band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427108\",\n \"text\": \"the change of studios and cities between MG's gigs. Like Jones, Cropper had also become unhappy with business affairs at Stax and soon left to open his own studio in Memphis. However, the rhythm section of Dunn and Jackson remained on at Stax and did session and production work. Jackson (who had been in Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell's band) played on and wrote many of Al Green's biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \\\"final\\\" single, \\\"Jamaica This Morning\\\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11424345\",\n \"text\": \"the Memphis and northern Mississippi, and performed there regularly. These included such musical greats as Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, B.B. King, and Howlin' Wolf. Stax Records, which opened in Memphis in 1957, produced almost exclusively African-American music. Stax was a major factor in the creation of the Southern soul and Memphis soul music styles, also releasing gospel, funk, jazz, and blues recordings. Stax recordings and artists included Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, William Bell, The Bar-Kays and their house band, Booker T. & the MG's. Several Stax hits were written and produced by the team of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427111\",\n \"text\": \"to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \\\"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\\\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \\\"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\\\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \\\"Theme from \\\"Shaft\\\"\\\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \\\"Universal Language\\\" for\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1282131\",\n \"text\": \"often influenced by the music of the Middle East, and frequently using exotic scales. Around the time of the British Invasion, rock changed appreciably, and instrumental hits came mostly from the R&B world. Notable artists include Booker T. & the MG's and saxophonist Junior Walker. The early incarnation of Fleetwood Mac with bandleader Peter Green achieved number one chart positions with the guitar-based instrumental Albatross in February 1969. Steve Cropper of the MG's asserts: Just before the British Invasion, Lonnie Mack's version of Chuck Berry's \\\"Memphis\\\" reached #5 on the Billboard Pop chart in June 1963. Employing both the blues\",\n \"title\": \"Instrumental rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3923767\",\n \"text\": \"Records in the Stax Museum. According to Steve Cropper, as quoted in 'Give the Drummer Some!' by Jim Payne, a grey pearl Rogers floor tom was used in the mix 'n' match kit at Stax. Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \\\"The Human Timekeeper\\\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music\",\n \"title\": \"Al Jackson Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427119\",\n \"text\": \"in an earlier Stax backing group called the Triumphs, which was also named after his car. Jones, in a 2007 interview on National Public Radio's \\\"Fresh Air with Terry Gross\\\", confirmed Moman's account of the origin of the group's name. Jones has re-confirmed this story on several occasions since, most recently as a guest on the \\\"Late Show with David Letterman\\\" on May 9, 2012. Stax historian Rob Bowman has averred that the reason the label obscured the story of the meaning of name \\\"M.G.'s\\\" (and concocted the \\\"Memphis Group\\\" explanation) was to avoid claims of trademark infringement from the\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141903\",\n \"text\": \"1967 Stax was at the height of its fame. Alongside Otis Redding were soul singers Sam and Dave, Carla Thomas and writer Isaac Hayes, who would have a deep impact on funk music in the 1970s. Also signed to the record label was the house band, Booker T. and the M.G.’s, who were breaking boundaries in integration. Two of the band members were black and two were white, which at the time was unheard of, because of racial turmoil in the United States. In contrast to Stax's rapidly rising fortunes at this time, most of the house band were struggling\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2711420\",\n \"text\": \"equal partner. The following year, Axton and Stewart turned the Capitol Theatre, in a black Memphis neighborhood, into a recording studio and record shop, and began making hit records with predominantly black artists. Satellite was forced to change its name after it was discovered that a Los Angeles label already owned the title, and it changed its name to Stax, taking its name from Axton and Stewart's surnames. Axton was actively involved with selecting and developing the artists on the label, who included Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, Booker T & the MGs, and Isaac Hayes. She sold her interest in\",\n \"title\": \"Estelle Axton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427109\",\n \"text\": \"the time being. In 1973, Dunn and Stax session guitarist Bobby Manuel recruited Hammond B-3 organist Carson Whitsett to be part of a band that was to back Stefan Anderson, a promising new Stax artist. Al Jackson was later brought in. The project did not ultimately yield any results, but the rehearsals were promising, prompting Jackson and Dunn to reform the M.G.'s. This version of the band featured Whitsett in place of Jones, so it was billed as simply \\\"the MG's\\\". The 1973 album entitled \\\"The MG's\\\", with Manuel and Whitsett replacing Cropper and Jones, was not commercially successful, though\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34025\",\n \"text\": \"and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \\\"king of the blues\\\". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \\\"Blue\\\" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and\",\n \"title\": \"Blues\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11708621\",\n \"text\": \"The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and Carson Whitsett to replace Cropper and Jones respectively. Billed as \\\"The MG's\\\" since Jones was not involved with the project, the group released two singles, \\\"Sugar Cane\\\" and \\\"Neck Bone\\\". The singles and the album were not commercially successful, but were critically well received. By 1975, Jones and\",\n \"title\": \"The MG's (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281635\",\n \"text\": \"Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor. He also acted as the producer of many of these records. He was later a member of the Blues Brothers band. \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine ranked him 39th on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Born on a farm near Dora, Missouri, Cropper moved with his family to\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3953069\",\n \"text\": \"under their new name, the \\\"Mar-Keys\\\". Booker T. and the M.G.'s was founded by Cropper and Booker T. Jones in 1962, with the drummer Al Jackson, Jr.. The original bassist, on early hits such as \\\"Green Onions\\\", was Lewie Steinberg; Dunn replaced him in 1964. Stax became known for Jackson's drum sound, the sound of the Memphis Horns, and Dunn's grooves. The MG's and Dunn's bass lines on songs like Otis Redding's \\\"Respect\\\" and \\\"I Can't Turn You Loose\\\", Sam & Dave's \\\"Hold On, I'm Comin'\\\", and Albert King's \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" influenced musicians everywhere. As an instrumental\",\n \"title\": \"Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141886\",\n \"text\": \"drummer Al Jackson, Jr. to form Booker T. & the M.G.'s, an instrumental combo that would record numerous hit singles in their own right and served as the \\\"de facto\\\" house band for virtually every recording made at Stax from 1962 through about 1970. Dunn eventually became the band's primary bassist, replacing Steinberg in 1964. Jones was frequently absent from Stax over several years in the mid-1960s, while he pursued his musical studies at Indiana University, so during this period Isaac Hayes usually replaced him as the house band's regular pianist, although the two occasionally performed on recordings together when\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2167378\",\n \"text\": \"lead singer and guitarist with the Small Faces in the mid to late 1960s. Marriott was influenced from an early age by his heroes including Buddy Holly, Booker T & the MG's, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Muddy Waters and Bobby Bland. In later life Marriott became disillusioned with the music industry and turned his back on the big record companies, remaining in relative obscurity. He returned to his music roots playing the pubs and clubs around London and Essex. Marriott died on 20 April 1991 when a fire, which was thought to have been caused by a cigarette, swept through\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Marriott\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10243533\",\n \"text\": \"stints in L.A., Lake Tahoe, New York, and a home away from home in Erie, Pennsylvania. With the addition of future southern soul cult figure Tommy Tate on vocals (and later drums as well), they became Tim Whitsett & The Imperial Show Band featuring Tommy Tate. This was significant because other than Memphis's renowned Booker T. & the MGs (who were a house band first, usually regulated to working days and nights in the Stax studio), this made Whitsett's band one of the first, if not the only, integrated bands in the entire Southeastern United States at the time. Like\",\n \"title\": \"The Imperial Show Band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141917\",\n \"text\": \"from Deutsche Grammaphon, the European record company owned at the time by the giant Philips corporation. By the fall of 1970, both Steve Cropper and Booker T. Jones were frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs, and left the company and stopped playing sessions for Stax. Even though Jones was given the title of Vice President at Stax before leaving, as he put it, \\\"There were titles given (to us) but we didn't actually make the decisions.\\\" A final Booker T. and the MGs album was issued in 1971. The two remaining MGs (Duck Dunn and Al Jackson) stayed on\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994341\",\n \"text\": \"Moore, William Bell and British artists Beverley Knight, Ruby Turner, James Morrison and Tom Jones. \\\"See also Booker T. & the M.G.'s\\\". Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T.\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4581762\",\n \"text\": \"This use of house bands, first popularized in the 1920s, was revived during the 1960s, most notably at Motown and at Stax Records. Some of these house bands, such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s (Stax), had parallel careers as main artists in their own right. House band A house band is a group of musicians, often centrally organized by a band leader, who regularly play at an establishment. It is widely used to refer both to the bands who work on entertainment programs on television or radio, and to bands which are the regular performers at a nightclub, especially\",\n \"title\": \"House band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994329\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T. Jones, Sr., who was named in honor of Booker T. Washington, the educator. Booker T. Jones, Sr. was a science teacher at\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591225\",\n \"text\": \"an awards banquet including a night of performance and celebration. Memphis is the home of founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including Memphis soul, Memphis blues, gospel, rock n' roll, Memphis rap, Buck, crunk, and \\\"sharecropper\\\" country music (in contrast to the \\\"rhinestone\\\" country sound of Nashville). Many musicians, including Aretha Franklin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Shawn Lane, Al Green, Rance Allen, Percy Sledge, Solomon Burke, William Bell, Sam & Dave and B.B. King, got their start in Memphis in the 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7306909\",\n \"text\": \"sang \\\"message\\\" songs like \\\"Long Walk to D.C.\\\" and \\\"When Will We Be Paid?,\\\" bringing their moving and articulate music to a huge number of young people. The group signed to Stax Records in 1968, joining their gospel harmonies and deep faith with musical accompaniment from members of Booker T. and the MGs. The Staple Singers hit the Top 40 eight times between 1971 and 1975, including two No. 1 singles, \\\"I'll Take You There\\\" produced by Al Bell and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning, \\\"Let's Do It Again,\\\" and a No. 2 single \\\"Who Took the Merry Out\",\n \"title\": \"Mavis Staples\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3889980\",\n \"text\": \"next signed with jazz artist Leo Gooden's Coun-Tree label and cut two records for them; these also failed to chart. With no apparent career prospects other than touring the club circuit in the South and Midwest, King moved to Memphis, where he signed with the Stax record label. Produced by Al Jackson Jr., King with Booker T. & the MGs recorded dozens of influential sides, such as \\\"Crosscut Saw\\\" and \\\"As the Years Go Passing By\\\". In 1967, Stax released the album \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\", a collection of the singles King recorded at Stax. The title track of\",\n \"title\": \"Albert King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427114\",\n \"text\": \"Letterman\\\") went so well that the group decided to play some dates together. Over the next few years, they played together occasionally. In 1992, Bob Dylan asked Jones, Cropper, and Dunn to serve as the house band (with Jim Keltner on drums) for his \\\"30th Anniversary Concert\\\", commemorating his thirty years in the music business, at which they backed Dylan, Stevie Wonder, Johnny Cash, Eric Clapton, and George Harrison, among others. At the concert, Neil Young asked the group to back him on his 1993 world tour. Also in 1992, Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11957717\",\n \"text\": \"not follow the typical twelve-bar blues I-IV-V progression. Rather, it is dominated by an R&B-style bass/rhythm guitar line, which Bell claimed that he came up with \\\"while fooling around on the guitar\\\". Albert King provided his signature guitar fills around his vocals and solos during the break and outro, with backing by Booker T. & the M.G.'s and the Memphis Horns. \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" became a Billboard R&B chart hit for King, reaching number 49. It was later included on his first album for Stax, also titled \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\". The album's cover depicts images of\",\n \"title\": \"Born Under a Bad Sign (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1947124\",\n \"text\": \"to Greenwood, he began playing bass out of necessity, teaching himself by playing along to New Order, Joy Division and Otis Redding. Among his musical influences are Booker T and the MGs, Bill Withers and Curtis Mayfield. He said: \\\"We were people who picked up their respective instruments because we wanted to play music together, rather than just because we wanted to play that particular instrument. So it was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument, then that was really cool. I don’t think of myself as a bass player\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Greenwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141904\",\n \"text\": \"to make a living: the musicians often worked long hours in the studio during the day, developing songs and arrangements, but they were paid for recordings only when the actual sessions took place, so most had to play at local venues in the evenings to earn enough to support themselves and their families. To remedy this, in 1966 Al Bell appointed the members of the so-called Big Six (Hayes, Porter and Booker T. & the M.G.'s) as full-time salaried employees of Stax, on a fixed salary of $125 a week (US$ in dollars). This allowed them to quit their night\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5872574\",\n \"text\": \"Whitsett's musicians had now scattered, joining other bands in other parts of the country. Davis then signed Whitsett and Tommy Tate as producer/songwriters. But within days of arriving at Stax, Whitsett was asked to take charge of the company’s music publishing division, East/Memphis Music Corp., which included works written or recorded by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Al Green, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas and Booker T. & the MGs. During his years with Stax, Whitsett was the motivating force behind the releases of million sellers, such as \\\"I've Been Lonely For So Long\\\" (Frederick Knight), \\\"I'll Play the Blues For\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Whitsett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6957744\",\n \"text\": \"replaced by Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn. Steinberg was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007. He lived in Memphis. Steinberg died on July 21, 2016, in Memphis, at the age of 82. \\\"Green Onions\\\" (Stax 701) \\\"Soul Dressing\\\" (Stax 705) Lewie Steinberg Lewie Polk Steinberg (September 13, 1933 – July 21, 2016) was an American musician best known as the original bass guitar player for the soul music group Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. Steinberg was in the group from 1962 to\",\n \"title\": \"Lewie Steinberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427098\",\n \"text\": \"& the M.G.'s were meeting with greater commercial success than those credited to the Mar-Keys, the decision was made to credit \\\"Boot-Leg\\\" to Booker T. & the M.G.'s, even though Jones did not participate in the recording. Individual session credits notwithstanding, the Stax house band—Cropper, Jackson, Jones, and Steinberg, along with bassist Dunn (Cropper's bandmate in the Mar-Keys); keyboardist Isaac Hayes; and various horn players, most frequently Floyd Newman, Wayne Jackson and Andrew Love (the latter two later formed the Memphis Horns)—set a standard for soul music. Whereas the sign outside Detroit's pop-oriented Motown Records aptly read \\\"Hitsville U.S.A.\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3207194\",\n \"text\": \"in on the Memphis sessions that became Jerry Lee Lewis's \\\"Southern Roots\\\" album. By all accounts, these sessions were a three-day, around-the-clock party, which not only reunited the original MGs (Steve Cropper, Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. of Booker T. and the MGs fame) for the first time in three years, but also featured Carl Perkins, Mark Lindsay (of Paul Revere & the Raiders), and Wayne Jackson plus The Memphis Horns. From 1976 to 1983, White released three more albums, each on a different label. Trying to combine his own swamp-rock sound with the popular disco music at\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Joe White\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10626430\",\n \"text\": \"McLemore Avenue McLemore Avenue is a 1970 album by Booker T. & the M.G.s, consisting entirely of mostly instrumental covers of songs from the Beatles' album \\\"Abbey Road\\\" (released only months earlier, in September 1969). The title and cover are an homage to the Beatles album, 926 East McLemore Avenue being the address of the Stax Studios in Memphis, as Abbey Road was for EMI Studios in London, which was soon renamed Abbey Road Studios. Booker T. Jones said, \\\"I was in California when I heard \\\"Abbey Road\\\", and I thought it was incredibly courageous of The Beatles to drop\",\n \"title\": \"McLemore Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14818951\",\n \"text\": \"were replaced by guitar solos. However, King uses a different arrangement based on an Afro-Cuban rhythm pattern, similar to that of his 1962 song \\\"I Get Evil\\\". Backing King is the Stax Records' house band, Booker T. & the MG's. The song was a success, reaching number 34 in the Billboard R&B chart. It was included on King's \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" album, which \\\"became one of the most popular and influential blues albums of the late '60s\\\". The song remained in his repertoire throughout his career and several live versions were issued. King recorded another studio version of\",\n \"title\": \"Crosscut Saw (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994331\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Cause I Love You,\\\" by Carla and Rufus (Thomas). Willie Mitchell hired Jones for his band, in which Jones started on sax and later moved to bass. It was here that he met Al Jackson Jr., who he brought to Stax. Simultaneously, Jones formed a combo with White and Porter, in which he played guitar. While hanging around the Satellite Record Shop run by Estelle Axton, co-owner of Satellite Records with her brother Jim Stewart, Jones met record clerk Steve Cropper, who would become one of the MGs when the group formed in 1962. Besides Jones on organ and Cropper\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427116\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Young on his 2002 album \\\"Are You Passionate?\\\". Cropper, along with Isaac Hayes and Sam Moore, welcomed Stax president Jim Stewart into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002. Cropper and Hayes were later inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Booker T. & the M.G.'s, usually with Steve Potts on drums, still play select dates. They have been called the most influential stylists in modern American music. In early 2008 they backed singer Guy Sebastian on a sold-out tour of in Australia. In 2004, \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" ranked the group #93 on their list of the 100\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7700535\",\n \"text\": \"stints with various teenage bands performing at talent shows and dances around the Island. In the late 1960s he formed his own quartet called Voltage Four, patterned on American group Booker T and the MGs or The Meters, and mainly toured the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In 1970, Henderson moved to Guadeloupe to become the lead singer of \\\"Les Vikings\\\" of Guadeloupe, a group that toured the French Departments of Guiana, Martinique, St. Martin and Metropolitan France. He wrote and recorded a song titled “Love” with the Vikings which became a huge hit across the Caribbean and particularly\",\n \"title\": \"Exile One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427090\",\n \"text\": \"of which the best known is the 1962 hit single \\\"Green Onions\\\". As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, and imitated of its era. By the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 1965, Steinberg was replaced by Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn, who played with the group until his death in 2012. Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, after which Dunn, Cropper and Jones reunited on numerous occasions using various drummers, including Willie Hall, Anton Fig, Steve Jordan and\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141895\",\n \"text\": \"R&B and the pop charts. Though the label had enjoyed some early hits with the Mar-Keys and Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Redding became the first Stax/Volt artist to consistently hit the charts with each release—in fact, each of Redding's 17 singles issued during his lifetime charted. (Carla Thomas also charted with some consistency, but her pre-1965 releases were on Atlantic, not Stax or Volt.) Between January 1962 and December 1964, Stax and Volt released several chart hits each by Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, and Booker T. and the M.G.'s. However, despite dozens of other releases, only three other Stax/Volt\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"421324\",\n \"text\": \"Tonne The tonne () (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms; or one megagram (Mg); it is equivalent to approximately pounds, or 0.984 long tons (UK). Although not part of the SI, the tonne is accepted for use with SI units and prefixes by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The tonne is derived from the weight of pure water; there are 1,000 litres in one tonne. The SI symbol for the tonne is \\\"t\\\", adopted at the same time\",\n \"title\": \"Tonne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2641524\",\n \"text\": \"and lyrics to him, before he finally gave up the job in 1963, to focus on his role as a singer and entertainer. He recorded a series of novelty dance tracks, including \\\"Can Your Monkey Do the Dog'\\\" and '\\\"Somebody Stole My Dog\\\" for Stax, where he was often backed by Booker T. & the MGs or the Bar-Kays. He also became a mentor to younger Stax stars, giving advice on stage moves to performers like Otis Redding, who partnered daughter Carla on record. After \\\"Jump Back\\\" in 1964, the hits dried up for several years, as Stax gave more\",\n \"title\": \"Rufus Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12982045\",\n \"text\": \"Who's Making Love \\\"Who's Making Love\\\" is a song written by Stax Records staffers Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis and Raymond Jackson and recorded by singer Johnnie Taylor. Released on the Stax label in the late summer of 1968, it became Taylor's breakthrough single, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot R&B singles chart and number five on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. It became one of the few singles Taylor would become primarily known for in the mainstream. The song featured the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Isaac Hayes (on keyboards). It was Taylor's best-selling\",\n \"title\": \"Who's Making Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10244905\",\n \"text\": \"Marvell Thomas Ronald Marvell Thomas (August 22, 1941 – January 23, 2017) was an American keyboardist, record producer and arranger known for his work in Memphis Soul. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Thomas's studio career started at the age of 17. He was the first piano player to punch the clock at Stax Records. He played on the label's earliest national hits, including \\\"Burnt Biscuits\\\" (by the short-lived group The Triumphs, later covered by Booker T. & the MGs), childhood friend William Bell's \\\"You Don't Miss Your Water\\\", and the company's first hit \\\"Cause I Love You\\\" (featuring a sixteen-year-old Booker\",\n \"title\": \"Marvell Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2641521\",\n \"text\": \"Phillips, as he oriented his label more toward white audiences and signed Elvis Presley, who later recorded Thomas's song \\\"Tiger Man\\\". Thomas did not record again until 1956, when he made a single, \\\"I'm Steady Holdin' On\\\", for the Bihari brothers' Meteor label; musicians on the record included Lewie Steinberg, later a founding member of Booker T and the MGs. In 1960 he made his first recordings with his 17-year-old daughter Carla, for the Satellite label in Memphis, which changed its name to Stax the following year. The song, \\\"Cause I Love You\\\", featuring a rhythm borrowed from Jesse Hill's\",\n \"title\": \"Rufus Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11101747\",\n \"text\": \"and destructive. When you're on tape, it's on tape, and it's really hard to go in and fix a bunch of stuff like you can with computer these days.\\\" Sebastian wrote about his time recording in Memphis in a series of blogs in Australian newspapers. \\\"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. [...] I would show them which song I wanted to record. After listening to any changes I had, we\",\n \"title\": \"The Memphis Album\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18507381\",\n \"text\": \"leaving him, his two brothers and mother, Joan Patterson. As a result, Patterson devoted himself completely to music and his guitar playing. He was soon exposed to rock bands such as Van Halen, AC/DC, Queen and The Who. With the release of the \\\"Blues Brothers\\\" film in 1980, Patterson was heavily drawn to the influences of the film’s soundtrack and band: Elmore James, Sam and Dave, and Booker T and the MG’s. For the next four years, he was consumed by practicing and began writing songs. He played in and out of local bands until he graduated from Athol High\",\n \"title\": \"Shawn Patterson (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2356700\",\n \"text\": \"co-produced the album with Sebastian, which was recorded on analogue tape live in the studio. Sebastian wrote about his time in Memphis in a series of blogs for Australian newspapers, \\\"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. I mean, they are mostly in their late 60s and have such a wealth of experience.\\\" Cropper later spoke on AllMemphisMusic, an online Memphis radio station, \\\"This kid came into Memphis, and just blew\",\n \"title\": \"Guy Sebastian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2141905\",\n \"text\": \"jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and from this point on Booker T. and the M.G.'s regularly backed virtually all of the artists who recorded at Stax. Bell also persuaded Jim Stewart to set up a \\\"production pool\\\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving from Atlantic was split equally between the Big Six to pay them for their production duties with the artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which was still a segregated city, where Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.\",\n \"title\": \"Stax Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4088651\",\n \"text\": \"Mar-Keys were no longer routinely issuing singles, the name still had a certain amount of marketability, and in the late 1960s the Mar-Keys name was used whenever horn players Andrew Love and Wayne Jackson (later known as the Memphis Horns) teamed with Booker T. & the M.G.'s in live performances. The two groups shared billing on a live album in 1967, \\\"Back to Back\\\", from a concert in Paris. For the 1969 album \\\"Damifiknow!\\\", the Mar-Keys were back in the studio, and were explicitly identified in the album credits as the sextet of Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, Booker T. Jones,\",\n \"title\": \"The Mar-Keys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2284851\",\n \"text\": \"Columbia Records signed Big Brother and the Holding Company on the basis of their performance at Monterey. Eric Burdon changed gears with his performance at Monterey. After three years of playing with the original Animals as part of the British Invasion, and the breakup of that band, Eric assembled a new band, a \\\"New Animals\\\", and at the festival, they performed the Rolling Stones' song \\\"Paint It Black\\\" which showcased Burdon's new style: anti-war, hard rock. Monterey affected his career intensely, as later captured in the song he wrote about it. Redding, backed by Booker T. & the MG's, was\",\n \"title\": \"Monterey Pop Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599167\",\n \"text\": \"purchase brought in Atlantic's lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. In the mid 1960s, Atlantic/Stax had released a string of landmark soul music recordings by artists including Booker T & the MGs, Sam & Dave, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Ben E. King, and Aretha Franklin. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings. However, Atlantic also moved decisively into rock and pop in the late 1960s and 1970s, signing major British and American acts including\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Music Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2948773\",\n \"text\": \"integration. Composed of Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr., Booker T. and the MGs provided the instrumental backing for Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, and many other artists, The group also recorded under its own name, including the instrumental hit \\\"Green Onions\\\". In later years, members of the group pursued their own individual careers. Jones worked with the singer and producer William Bell and co-wrote the blues classic \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\". Cropper supervised the recordings of Otis Redding and co-wrote hits with Wilson Pickett and Eddie Floyd. Stax gave back\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis soul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427115\",\n \"text\": \"and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1993, Booker T. & the M.G.'s toured with Neil Young, backing him on his own compositions. In 1994, the group recorded its first album in 17 years, \\\"That's the Way It Should Be\\\". Steve Jordan was the drummer on most tracks. In 1995, when the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened its museum in Cleveland, Ohio, the M.G.'s served as the house band for the opening ceremonies, playing behind Aretha Franklin, Sam Moore, John Fogerty, and Al Green, as well as performing themselves. Jones, Dunn, and Al Jackson's cousin, drummer Steve Potts, backed\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427099\",\n \"text\": \"marquee outside of the converted movie theater where Stax was based proclaimed \\\"Soulsville U.S.A.\\\" Booker T. & the M.G.'s consistently issued singles from 1963 to 1965, but only a few made the charts, and none was as successful as \\\"Green Onions\\\". Their second album, \\\"Soul Dressing\\\", was released in 1965. Whereas the \\\"Green Onions\\\" album contained mostly covers, every composition but one on \\\"Soul Dressing\\\" was an original. After contributing to that album, Steinberg left the group, and Dunn (who had played on previous Stax sessions) became the group's full-time bassist. During a tour when the band was in Los\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10993607\",\n \"text\": \"formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles \\\"(They Long to Be) Close to You\\\" and \\\"We've Only Just Begun\\\". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three number-one singles and five number-two singles on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and fifteen number-one\",\n \"title\": \"The Carpenters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12286958\",\n \"text\": \"bought WCW\\\". Booker is a six-time world champion, having won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship five times (four times in WCW, and once in the WWF) and WWE's World Heavyweight Championship once. He is the first non-mixed race African American to become a world champion in WWE, and was voted the greatest World Heavyweight Champion in a WWE viewer poll. Booker is a 15-time world tag team champion between WCW (10 times), WWF/E (four times), and TNA (once). Additionally, he was the winner of the King of the Ring tournament in 2006, the sixteenth Triple Crown Champion, and the ninth\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3198306\",\n \"text\": \"Test (wrestler) Andrew James Robert Patrick Martin (March 17, 1975 – March 13, 2009) was a Canadian-American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE) under the ring name Test. During his nine-year tenure with the WWF/WWE, he found his greatest success as a singles performer, winning the Intercontinental and European Championships once each, and the Hardcore Championship twice. Martin found additional success in the tag team division, twice becoming a World Tag Team Champion with Booker T by winning the WWF and WCW World Tag Team Championships once each. Martin\",\n \"title\": \"Test (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281642\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Cropper appeared with a new line-up of the group for the Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary concert, on October 1992 at Madison Square Garden, performing songs by and backing Dylan, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, Chrissie Hynde, Sinéad O'Connor, Stevie Wonder and Neil Young. The concert was recorded and later released as \\\"The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration\\\" (1993). Young later recruited this line up of Booker T. and the M.G's to tour with him and record as his studio band. In 1996,\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12286957\",\n \"text\": \"Television Championships (along with being the first African American titleholder), and a record eleven WCW World Tag Team Championships: ten as one half of Harlem Heat with his brother, Lash \\\"Stevie Ray\\\" Huffman in WCW (most reigns within that company), and one in the WWF with Test. Harlem Heat were recognized by WWE as being – along with The Steiner Brothers – WCW's greatest ever tag team. Booker was the final WCW World Heavyweight Champion and WCW United States Heavyweight Champion under the WCW banner; industry veteran John Layfield described him as \\\"the best acquisition that WWE got when they\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281646\",\n \"text\": \"4th Crossroads Guitar Festival at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Cropper married his first wife, Betty, in 1961. They have two children named Stephen and Ashley. They lived in Memphis, TN, until divorcing in 1976. Cropper married his second wife, Angel, in the late 1980s. They have two children named Andrea and Cameron. The Croppers currently live in Tennessee. Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding,\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427104\",\n \"text\": \"fondly called the group \\\"Book a Table and the Maitre d's\\\" (in 1974, Lennon facetiously credited himself and his studio band as \\\"Dr. Winston and Booker Table and the Maitre d's\\\" on his original R&B-inspired instrumental, \\\"Beef Jerky\\\"). Paul McCartney, like Dunn, played bass melodically, without straying from the rhythm or the groove. In 1970, Lennon's wish was granted, in a sense, when Booker T. and the M.G.'s recorded \\\"McLemore Avenue\\\" (named for the street where Stax Records was located), on which they performed instrumental cover versions of thirteen of the songs on \\\"Abbey Road\\\", condensing twelve of them into\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427096\",\n \"text\": \"played tuba over Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn's bass line), \\\"Soul Man\\\", \\\"Who's Making Love\\\", \\\"I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)\\\", and \\\"Try a Little Tenderness\\\", among others. Along with their counterparts in Detroit, Motown's Funk Brothers, as a backing band to numerous hits, they are considered to have originated much of the sound of soul music—particularly, in the case of the M.G.'s, Southern soul—in which \\\"the groove\\\" is paramount. In the mid-1960s Jones was often away from Memphis while studying music full-time at Indiana University. Stax writer and producer Isaac Hayes usually stepped in when Jones was unavailable\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281640\",\n \"text\": \"produced various musicians including Tower of Power, Rod Stewart, John Prine, José Feliciano, The Jeff Beck Group, Ringo Starr and John Lennon. It's little-known that Cropper also played guitar on the cover of The Velvet Underground's \\\"Femme Fatale\\\" that appears on fellow Memphians Big Star's \\\"Third/Sister Lovers\\\". By 1975, Cropper had moved to Los Angeles and along with Jones, Jackson and Dunn, reformed Booker T. & the M.G's. Jackson, whom Cropper called \\\"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth,\\\" was murdered in his Memphis home before the group could make their comeback. In 1978, Cropper and Dunn became members\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3281637\",\n \"text\": \"guitarist's playing, Stax Records president Jim Stewart saw professionalism and maturity beyond Cropper's years. When American Records founder Chips Moman left Stax, Cropper became the company's A&R man. He became a founding member of the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, along with Hammond organ player Booker T. Jones, bassist Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and drummer Al Jackson Jr.. As a house guitarist he played on many recordings such as \\\"(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay,\\\" co-written with and performed by Otis Redding and Sam & Dave's \\\"Soul Man\\\" on which he was mentioned by name. When Cropper\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Cropper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9364263\",\n \"text\": \"changed to the Bar-Kays in the mid-1960s. Cauley started attending LeMoyne College in 1965, before becoming a professional musician. The Bar-Kays joined the Stax studio by 1966, and were signed on to Stax's subsidiary Volt Records in the beginning of 1967. According to James Alexander, Cauley was the best dressed of the group, always known to wear a suit, no matter the occasion. Al Jackson, Jr. the drummer with Booker T & the MGs, took a particular interest in the young members of the Bar-Kays and groomed them to become the second house band for Stax after Booker T and\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Cauley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8668585\",\n \"text\": \"Major's contribution was truly phenomenal and unforgettable... [He] was to become legendary as a UK club act, known to deliver 110% at every performance.\\\" In 1972, while in England, he recorded an album, \\\"Major Lance's Greatest Hits Recorded Live at the Torch\\\", at the Torch, a club in Stoke on Trent, which has been described as \\\"perhaps the best Northern Soul album ever made.\\\" Lance returned to Atlanta in 1974 and recorded an updated disco version of \\\"Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um\\\" for Playboy Records. He set up a new label, Osiris, with former Booker T and the MG's\",\n \"title\": \"Major Lance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11990682\",\n \"text\": \"soul in all its unpretentious, down-home glory\\\". According to Steve Cropper, lead guitarist for Booker T and the MG's, the Stax Recording Studio played a key role in the creation of the title track, \\\"Hold on, I'm Comin\\\"'. Stax Records was an old Movie Theater located at 926 East McLemore Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. The men's restroom in the theater-turned studio had tile walls and tile floors. To produce reverb and echo a speaker from the studio was placed in the men's room to pipe the sound into the men's room; and a microphone was placed in the men's room\",\n \"title\": \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10626453\",\n \"text\": \"studio in Memphis, spending less and less time at the Stax studio. \\\"Melting Pot\\\" was recorded in New York City, between M.G.'s gigs, as Jones refused to record in Memphis and wanted the band to create a different sound for the new album. The album's title track was edited for length and issued by Stax as a single in spring 1971. \\\"Melting Pot\\\" peaked at number 45 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the United States and at number 21 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B singles chart. The review in \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine was very positive, concluding in its final paragraph:\",\n \"title\": \"Melting Pot (Booker T album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11680134\",\n \"text\": \"Al Bell Al Bell (born Alvertis Isbell, March 15, 1940) is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive. He is best known as having been an executive and co-owner of Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, during the latter half of the label's 19-year existence. A former disc jockey in his hometown of Little Rock, Arkansas, Bell was vital to the careers of Stax's soul stars such as the Staple SIngers and Isaac Hayes, the Emotions, the Dramatics, and Mel and Tim. Bell's promotional efforts drove the “Memphis sound” internationally and made Stax the second-largest African-American–owned business in the\",\n \"title\": \"Al Bell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427100\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles playing in a Stax Revue, an informal jam session with three of the M.G.'s was recorded in Hollywood in 1965, initiated by DJ Magnificent Montague who played congas. The resulting track, \\\"Hole in the Wall\\\", was issued by Pure Soul Music in October 1965 credited to the Packers with writing shared by Montague, Cropper, Jackson and Jones. The track reached number 43 on Billboard, and made the Top 30 on Cash Box. All other songs released by the Packers had no involvement from Booker T. & the M.G.'s. After a period of commercial decline, Booker T. & the M.G.'s\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11708622\",\n \"text\": \"Cropper agreed to reform the original lineup with Jackson and Dunn, but just days before their scheduled reunion, Jackson was murdered at his home in Memphis, Tennessee. All tracks composed by Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn, Al Jackson, Jr., Bobby Manuel, Carson Whitsett; except where indicated Side One Side Two The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and\",\n \"title\": \"The MG's (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427120\",\n \"text\": \"manufacturers of the car. Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591227\",\n \"text\": \"Motown. Booker T. and the M.G.s were the label's backing band for most of the classic hits that came out of Stax, by Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and many more. The sound still lives on in the \\\"Blues Brothers\\\" movie, in which many of the musicians starred as themselves. Memphis is noted for its influence on the power pop musical genre in the 1970s. Notable bands and musicians include Big Star, Chris Bell, Alex Chilton, Tommy Hoehn, The Scruffs, and Prix. Several notable singers are from the Memphis area, including Justin Timberlake, Kirk Whalum, Three 6 Mafia,\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"210461\",\n \"text\": \"(such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle.\\\" It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \\\"Soul Brother No. 1\\\", after failing to win the title \\\"King of Soul\\\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin\",\n \"title\": \"James Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13280668\",\n \"text\": \"The Packers The Packers were an American soul group formed by tenor saxophonist Charles \\\"Packy\\\" Axton, who was the son of Stax Records part-owner Estelle Axton. Axton was a former member of the Mar-Keys, as was Steve Cropper, who played on the group's first recording and hit, ostensibly recorded as a 'demo'. Cropper, a member of Booker T. Jones & The MGs and the Stax Records' session band, was also joined by Booker T. on piano and drummer Al Jackson for the recording, while Leon Haywood (on organ) was among those who also played on the group's records. The Packers'\",\n \"title\": \"The Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3840979\",\n \"text\": \"time of release, this was the only record that featured the cover of the \\\"Time Is Tight\\\" instrumental by Booker T & the MGs. \\\"Capital Radio\\\" was extremely rare in the UK. Rather than re-issue the original the group recorded a new version for \\\"The Cost of Living\\\" as \\\"Capital Radio Two.\\\" \\\"Cheat\\\" is from their UK debut album but had been left off the US version. \\\"Bankrobber\\\" had been a UK A-side. \\\"Robber Dub\\\" was originally intended for the b-side of an unreleased \\\"Bankrobber\\\" 12\\\" dance club single. The two tracks appear here in a combined edit that is\",\n \"title\": \"Super Black Market Clash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3889984\",\n \"text\": \"King wanted to retain his popular appeal and remain on the charts, and so he eagerly embraced the new sound of funk. King was teamed with members of the Bar-Kays and the Movement (Isaac Hayes's backing group), including the bassist James Alexander and the drummer Willie Hall, adding strong funk elements to his music. Adding strings and multiple rhythm guitarists, producers Allen Jones and Henry Bush created a wall of sound that contrasted with the sparse, punchy records King made with Booker T. & the MGs. Among these was another of King's signature songs, \\\"I'll Play the Blues for You\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Albert King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427089\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records under their own name,\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14867988\",\n \"text\": \"and Gov't Mule (\\\"Live... With a Little Help from Our Friends\\\" 1999), and Schenker – Pattison Summit (\\\"The Endless Jam Continues\\\" 2005). The Hunter (Albert King song) \\\"The Hunter\\\" is a blues song first recorded by Albert King in 1967 for his landmark album \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\". It was written by Stax Records' house band, Booker T. and the MGs, and Carl Wells. Along with \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" and \\\"Crosscut Saw\\\", \\\"The Hunter\\\" is one of King's best-known and most recorded songs. In 1969, Ike and Tina Turner had hit with the tune in the R&B\",\n \"title\": \"The Hunter (Albert King song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"172015\",\n \"text\": \"Emerson limited the use of Leslie because he felt that was Preston's domain at the time, whereas he himself was approaching the instrument with an aesthetic combining \\\"a white European attitude\\\", classical music, and rock. Booker T. Jones is cited as being the bridge from rhythm and blues to rock. British organist James Taylor said the Hammond \\\"became popular [in the UK] when people such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s and artists on the Stax Records label came over to London and played gigs.\\\" Matthew Fisher first encountered the Hammond in 1966, having heard the Small Faces' Ian McLagan\",\n \"title\": \"Hammond organ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427106\",\n \"text\": \"a Hammond B-3 on the album \\\"Pendulum\\\" was an acknowledgement of Jones and the admiration the two bands had for each other. Booker T. and the M.G.'s released what would be their last Stax single, \\\"Melting Pot\\\", and their last Stax album, also called \\\"Melting Pot\\\", in 1971. \\\"Melting Pot\\\"'s repetitive groove-oriented drumming, loping bass line, and tight rhythm guitar made it an underground hit popular in New York City block parties. The song has often been sampled by rappers and techno DJs. The full-length album version of the track is over eight minutes long and contains a passage (not\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12286956\",\n \"text\": \"Booker T (wrestler) Robert Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965), better known by his ring name Booker T, is an American professional wrestling promoter, color commentator, and professional wrestler, signed with WWE. He is also the owner and founder of the independent promotion Reality of Wrestling (ROW) in Texas City, Texas. Booker is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), holding 35 championships between those organizations. He is the most decorated wrestler in WCW history, having held 21 titles including a record six WCW World\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3839204\",\n \"text\": \"saxophone for the Mar-Keys, which also featured Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn and others. The hit instrumental single \\\"Last Night\\\" (composed by the band as a whole) was the first of many successful hits to Nix's credit. Without Nix, the Mar-Keys evolved into Booker T. & the M.G.'s. As a producer, Nix worked with other artists and producers, such as Leon Russell of Shelter Records; Gary Lewis and the Playboys in Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars; George Harrison, of the Beatles; and John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers. One notable achievement was his collaboration with Harrison, Russell, and many others in the\",\n \"title\": \"Don Nix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4088649\",\n \"text\": \"through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar-Keys or Booker T. & the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar-Keys both live and in the studio for several years. The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time\",\n \"title\": \"The Mar-Keys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3953082\",\n \"text\": \"Jr., were given a Lifetime Achievement Grammy award for their contributions to popular music. In 2017 Dunn was posthumously awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Bass Player Magazine for his contributions to \\\"the art, craft, and profession of bass playing.\\\" Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam &\",\n \"title\": \"Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11283548\",\n \"text\": \"Presenting Isaac Hayes Presenting Isaac Hayes is the debut studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. The album was released in 1968, by Enterprise and Atlantic Records. The LP was the first release on Stax Records' Enterprise label; Hayes had for several years served as one of Stax's key songwriters, producers, and studio musicians. Recorded to appease Stax vice president Alvertis Isbell (Al Bell), \\\"Presenting\\\" features Hayes recording with Booker T. & the MGs members Al Jackson, Jr. and Donald \\\"Duck\\\" Dunn as a jazz trio. No material was prepared for the sessions, so the three musicians improvised an\",\n \"title\": \"Presenting Isaac Hayes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8182847\",\n \"text\": \"2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The Neptunes production discography The Neptunes are a two-member producing group consisting of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo. This discography lists the recorded performances as a duo and individuals. It also lists the writing and production credits as The Neptunes, as Williams or Hugo, or both. Song names that are bold are singles, album names/releases are in \\\"italics\\\". S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) – \\\"S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) (Studio Session) (Unreleased)\\\" (With Larry Live, DJ Timmy Tim aka \\\"Timbaland\\\", Mr. Magoo & Magnum The Verb Lord\",\n \"title\": \"The Neptunes production discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427174\",\n \"text\": \"produced the duo's biggest hits (although they did not receive production credits until the \\\"Soul Men\\\" LP and singles). According to Moore and Prater, they also greatly influenced the duo's singing style, and shifted their recording style from the style of their Roulette records to a more live, more energetic gospel, call-and-response feel and beat driven soul style the group is known for today. Sam & Dave's Stax records also benefited from the musicians and engineering at Stax. The Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and the Stax horn section, the Mar-Keys, were world-class musicians who co-wrote (often\",\n \"title\": \"Sam & Dave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427103\",\n \"text\": \"(later used by the BBC as their theme for cricket coverage on both TV and, latterly, radio's \\\"Test Match Special\\\"), as was their version of \\\"Hang 'Em High\\\". In 1969, the band scored their second biggest hit with \\\"Time Is Tight\\\", from the soundtrack to the movie \\\"Up Tight!\\\", scored by Jones, which reached #6 on the Billboard pop charts. In 1969, Dunn and Jones, in particular, had become admirers of the Beatles, especially their work on \\\"Abbey Road\\\". The appreciation was mutual, as the Beatles had been musically influenced by the M.G.'s. John Lennon was a Stax fan, who\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1427110\",\n \"text\": \"it was critically well received. Whitsett would go on to back Bobby \\\"Blue\\\" Bland, Little Milton, and Kathy Mattea, and his songs were recorded by Johnnie Taylor, Solomon Burke, B. B. King, Etta James, Conway Twitty, and Lorrie Morgan. Manuel would become a staple of the Memphis music scene, playing with everybody from Al Green to Albert King, and later founded HighStacks Records (the name being a tribute to both Stax and Hi Records). After a promising meeting in late September 1975, Jones and Cropper (who were now living in Los Angeles) and Jackson and Dunn (still in Memphis), decided\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. & the M.G.'s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1472536\",\n \"text\": \"and started recording mostly rock 'n' roll. Booker T. & the M.G.'s carried the electric blues style into the 1960s. Detroit-based John Lee Hooker pursued a unique brand of electric blues based on his deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie woogie, his \\\"groovy\\\" style is sometimes called \\\"guitar boogie\\\". His first hit, \\\"Boogie Chillen\\\", reached #1 on the R&B charts in 1949. He continued to play and record until his death in 2001. The New Orleans blues musician Guitar Slim recorded \\\"The Things That I Used to Do\\\" (1953), which featured\",\n \"title\": \"Electric blues\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8780658\",\n \"text\": \"23 The Coasters - Poison Ivy 24 Charles Mingus - Pithecanthropus Erectus 25 The Drifters - Save The Last Dance For Me 26 Ben E. King - Stand By Me 27 Bobby Darin - Mack The Knife 28 Booker T. And The MG's - Hip Hug-Her 29 Booker T. And The MG's - Green Onions 30 Rufus Thomas - Walking The Dog 31 Otis Redding - Try A Little Tenderness 32 Aretha Franklyn - Baby, Baby, Baby 33 Aretha Franklyn - Ain't No Way 34 Aretha Franklyn - Respect 35 Cream - Strange Brew 36 Cream - Sunshine Of Your\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Dowd and the Language of Music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994333\",\n \"text\": \"a session musician with other Stax acts, and writing songs that became widely regarded as classics. He wrote, with Eddie Floyd, \\\"I've Never Found a Girl (To Love Me Like You Do),\\\" Otis Redding's \\\"I Love You More Than Words Can Say,\\\" and, with William Bell, bluesman Albert King's \\\"Born Under a Bad Sign\\\" (later popularized by the cover version recorded by the British power trio Cream). In 1970, Jones moved to California and stopped playing sessions for Stax after becoming frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs as employees rather than musicians. Even though Jones was given the title\",\n \"title\": \"Booker T. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4329500\",\n \"text\": \"others.\\\" He joined Radio Caroline, a pirate radio station broadcasting from a ship off the coast of Britain, in 1964. There, his American-influenced quick presentation style soon made him one of the station's best-loved DJs. He was often joined on air by his mynah bird Alfie. After his time at Radio Caroline, speaking fluent French, he presented for French-language stations Radio Monte Carlo and Radio Luxembourg as \\\"Le Président Rosko\\\". Rosko compered the Stax/Volt Tour of Europe in 1967 and can be heard introducing Booker T. & the M.G.'s, the Bar-Kays, Carla Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Sam & Dave, and Otis\",\n \"title\": \"Emperor Rosko\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Booker T. & the M.G.'s context: the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \\\"M.G.\\\" stood for \\\"Memphis Group\\\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg\\n\\nWhat does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 196,\n \"origin_tokens\": 196,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Booker T. & the M.G.'s context: to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \\\"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\\\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \\\"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\\\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \\\"Theme from \\\"Shaft\\\"\\\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \\\"Universal Language\\\" for\\n\\ntitle: Stax context: jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and this point on Booker T. and the..'s backed virt all of the artists who recorded at Stax Bell also persu Jim Stewart set up a \\\"production\\\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving Atlantic split equally between the Six to pay them for production duties with artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which still a segregated city Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.\\ntitle: Booker the.G.'s context an earlier Stax backing groupumphs, was also named after his car. Jones,207 interview National Public' \\\"Fresh with Terry Gross\\\", confirmedoman's of the origin of the's. has reconfir on several occasions since, most as a guest \\\"Late with David Letter on May 21 St Bowman that reason label obscured of the meaning \\\"G.'and conco \\\"emphis Group\\\") to avoid claims of trademark infring\\n:er. & the the change Ms, also become with business at to studiois., section of onax and did work been band and ofs biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \\\"final\\\" single, \\\"Jamaica This Morning\\\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for\\n\\nWhat does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 484,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14825,\n \"ratio\": \"30.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":191,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":191,"string":"191"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Florence Ballard was a member of which girl group?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Diana Ross and the Supremes","Diana Ross & The Supremes","Diana Ross and The Supremes","The Supremes Sing Disney Classics","The Supremes at the Copa '67","The Supremes","Diana Ross And The Supremes","Supremes","The Primettes","Diana ross and the supremes","Primettes","The supremes","Diana Ross & the Supremes"],"string":"[\n \"Diana Ross and the Supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross & The Supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross and The Supremes\",\n \"The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\",\n \"The Supremes at the Copa '67\",\n \"The Supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross And The Supremes\",\n \"Supremes\",\n \"The Primettes\",\n \"Diana ross and the supremes\",\n \"Primettes\",\n \"The supremes\",\n \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Supremes"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1425946","text":"Ballard's 1969 album \"You Can't Keep a Good Man Down\". A 1972 single, \"From the Love Side\", credited to Hank Ballard and the Midnight Lighters, went to number 43 on the R&B chart. Ballard also appeared on Brown's 1972 album \"Get on the Good Foot\", in a track (\"Recitation By Hank Ballard\") that features Ballard describing Brown and the album. During the 1960s, Ballard's cousin, Florence Ballard, was a member of the Detroit girl group the Supremes. In the mid-1980s, Ballard re-formed The Midnighters and the group performed until 2002. On March 2, 2003, he died at age 75 of","title":"Hank Ballard"},{"id":"5916701","text":"Betty McGlown Betty McGlown-Travis (June 30, 1941 – January 12, 2008) was an American singer, a member of The Primettes, later better known known as The Supremes. In 1959, McGlown started dating future Temptations member Paul Williams, who was then singing with the Primes. Around the same time, the Primes' booking agent and manager Milton Jenkins was scouting the Detroit neighborhoods looking for girls to become part of the Primes' sister act. After he discovered Florence Ballard, Ballard set about recruiting other girls she knew, quickly asking Mary Wilson. Primes member Paul Williams asked Diana Ross to join. Due to","title":"Betty McGlown"},{"id":"1656453","text":"Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the end of the decade. Ballard struggled with alcoholism, depression, and poverty for three years. She was making an attempt for a musical comeback when she died of a","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1656474","text":"late 1975, prior to her death. Besides her three daughters, Ballard's family included her cousin Hank Ballard and his grandnephew, NFL player Christian Ballard. Notes Bibliography Further reading Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1308324","text":"of 1966, but changed his mind and instead kept Ross in the group for several more years. Gordy's caution may have been sparked by an incident in early 1966 as the group prepared to make their second appearance at the Copacabana. Angered by erratic behavior from Florence Ballard, Gordy intended to replace her with Marlene Barrow, a member of the Motown in-house singing group the Andantes. However, when club management heard of this change, they threatened to cancel the group's appearance if Ballard was replaced, as they saw Ballard's banter with her group mates as a major part of their","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"1656464","text":"sometimes replaced Ballard on stage with the Andantes' Marlene Barrow. In April 1967, Cindy Birdsong, member of Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles, became a stand-in for Ballard. A month later, Ballard returned to the group from what she thought was a temporary leave of absence. In June, Gordy changed the group's name to \"The Supremes with Diana Ross\", which was how they were billed on the marquee of Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel. On July 1, the day after her 24th birthday, Ballard showed up inebriated during the group's third performance at the Flamingo and stuck her stomach out from","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1656457","text":"Diana Ross, then going by \"Diane\". Betty McGlown completed the original lineup and Jenkins named them as \"The Primettes\". The group performed at talent showcases and at school parties before auditioning for Motown Records in 1960. Berry Gordy, head of Motown, advised the group to graduate from high school before auditioning again. Ballard eventually dropped out of high school though her groupmates graduated. In 1960, Ballard was raped at knifepoint by local high-school basketball player Reggie Harding after leaving a sock hop at Detroit's Graystone Ballroom (she had attended with her brother, but they accidentally lost track of each other).","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"4720304","text":"To A Go-Go\". Stevie Wonder, accompanied by his band and his girl group \"Wonderlove\" sang several of his greatest hits, including \"I Wish,\" \"Uptight (Everything's Alright),\" \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours,\" \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life,\" \"My Cherie Amour,\" \"Sir Duke,\" and also preceded by a vintage clip of Wonder singing his first hit \"Fingertips.\" Motown 25 was a showcase for the highly anticipated reunion of the Supremes: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson and Supremes replacement Cindy Birdsong (original member Florence Ballard had died in 1976). Four of their greatest hits were to be sung that night, including \"Someday","title":"Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever"},{"id":"5922721","text":"Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as the Supremes, a name that Ballard had chosen (as she was the only group member in the studio at","title":"Barbara Martin (singer)"},{"id":"2519305","text":"the Bluebelles. Hendryx's husky alto differed from Dash's sharp soprano, LaBelle's mezzo-soprano and Birdsong's second soprano. During this tenure, the group became known for their emotional live performances and their renditions of classic standards such as \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", \"Over The Rainbow\"and \"Danny Boy\". The group often found themselves competing against girl groups such as The Chantels, Shirelles and The Supremes. In 1967, Hendryx, LaBelle and Dash were shocked to discover that Birdsong had secretly joined the Supremes after Florence Ballard was ousted from the group by Motown. Different members of the group were in touch with Birdsong over","title":"Nona Hendryx"},{"id":"8628750","text":"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart\" was halved","title":"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart"},{"id":"14872583","text":"group, and they were reduced to a trio. In 1958 they left Birmingham to break out into the music business. They settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where Milton Jenkins would become their manager. They later moved to Detroit, Michigan, not too long after that Jenkins changed the group's name to The Primes, and they got a spin-off group known as The Primettes, members of that group included Diane (later Diana) Ross, Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. In 1960 Kell left the group and moved to Los Angeles, California to start a solo career, and as a result the group","title":"Kell Osborne"},{"id":"1656463","text":"three girls.\" All in all, Ballard contributed vocals to ten number-one pop hits and 16 top forty hit singles between 1963 and 1967. Ballard expressed dissatisfaction with the group's direction throughout its successful period. She would also claim that their schedule had forced the group members to drift apart. Ballard blamed Motown Records for destroying the group dynamic by making Diana Ross the star. Struggling to cope with label demands and her own bout with depression, Ballard turned to alcohol for comfort, leading to arguments with her group members. Ballard's alcoholism led to her missing performances and recording sessions. Gordy","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"12135434","text":"song failed to chart forcing Berry Gordy to find other options for the teenage quartet - its full lineup included Barbara Martin alongside Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson. Three members of the group (Ross, Wilson and Ballard), in fact, had already recorded a single, \"Tears of Sorrow\"/\"Pretty Baby\", in their previous quartet, \"The Primettes\". In between the two singles the teenaged girls would replace Betty McGlown with Martin, and the new quartet would be recording under a new name (and under a new record deal). This song would be issued as a b-side of a Marvelettes hit (\"Twistin' Postman\")","title":"I Want a Guy"},{"id":"8017790","text":"Meet The Supremes Meet the Supremes is the debut studio album by The Supremes, released in late 1962 on Motown. The LP includes the group's earliest singles: \"I Want a Guy\", \"Buttered Popcorn\", \"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" and \"Let Me Go the Right Way\". The earliest recordings on this album, done between fall 1960 and fall 1961, feature the Supremes as a quartet composed of teenagers Diane Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin. Martin left the group in early 1962 to start a family, and the other three girls continued as a trio. Martin is not pictured","title":"Meet The Supremes"},{"id":"1656460","text":"Ballard chose \"Supremes\". When the other members heard of the new name, they were not pleased. Diana Ross feared they would be mistaken for a male vocal group. Eventually Gordy agreed to sign them under that name on January 15, 1961. The group struggled in their early years with the label, releasing eight singles that failed to crack the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, giving them the nickname \"no-hit Supremes\". One track, \"Buttered Popcorn\", led by Ballard, was a regional hit in the Midwest, but still failed to chart. During a 1962 Motortown Revue tour, Ballard briefly replaced the Marvelettes' Wanda Young","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1361277","text":"member Paul Williams. Along with Ross, the other members included Florence Ballard the first group member hired by Jenkins, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. Following a talent competition win in Windsor, Ontario, in 1960, the Primettes were invited to audition for Motown records. Ballard, allegedly, declined the offer, due to unsavory rumors of the unscrupulous business practices of Motown's founder, Berry Gordy. Later, following local success via live performances at sock hops, etc., Ross approached former neighbor (and rumored childhood former boyfriend), William \"Smokey\" Robinson, who insisted that the group audition for him first. Robinson agreed to bring the Primettes","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"3073379","text":"who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the \"Floy Joy\" album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in November 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence and remaining with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson's then-husband Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager; coincidentally, a few days before Birdsong's official departure, Florence Ballard died of cardiac arrest at the age of 32 while experiencing a financial and personal recovery. During that period, Birdsong","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"7715781","text":"helped the group to distinguish themselves from the other girl groups in the label including the pop-oriented Marvelettes and the doo-wop-influenced Supremes with a rougher, brassier gospel-influenced sound. Reeves was a brassy alto while Annette was a deep contralto, and Rosalind was a high soprano. Like the Supremes' Florence Ballard, the Marvelettes' Wanda Rogers and The Four Tops' Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Ashford registered as the high background vocal in Vandellas records. After \"Quicksand\" gave the group a third top forty pop hit, Beard left to start a family with her new spouse. Reeves recruited a former member of The Velvelettes,","title":"Rosalind Ashford"},{"id":"8823400","text":"love bug). Lead singer Diana Ross' bandmates Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson accompany Ross, as she sings about her lover's grasp on her heart. The girl group performed the hit live on CBS variety program \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" on Sunday, May 1, 1966. Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart \"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\" is a 1966 song recorded by the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song was recorded in June 1965 and not released until April 1966. It was one of the","title":"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart"},{"id":"10379199","text":"in the Dutch Pop Chart. Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier, and written by Holland–Dozier–Holland and Frank De Vol (\"The Happening's\" musical director), \"The Happening\" was the final single issued by The Supremes under that name. Between the release of \"The Happening\" and the next Supremes single, \"Reflections,\" the group's billing changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", and Florence Ballard was replaced with Cindy Birdsong of Patti LaBelle & the Blue Belles. Ballard's final of the 17 appearances The Supremes made on the hit CBS variety television program \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" was on an episode where she","title":"The Happening (song)"},{"id":"1656472","text":"of plot components parallel events in the Supremes' career. The central character of Effie White, like Florence Ballard, is criticized for being overweight, and is fired from the group. The film version of \"Dreamgirls\" released in 2006 features more overt references to Ballard's life and the Supremes' story, including gowns and album covers that are direct copies of Supremes originals. Jennifer Hudson won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for her portrayal of Effie White in the \"Dreamgirls\" film. In her Golden Globe acceptance speech, Hudson dedicated her win to Florence Ballard. The music video for the Diana Ross","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"9442244","text":"and was rumored to carry a pistol in his gym bag. During a television interview, Harding threatened to shoot the Indiana Pacers' general manager, Mike Storen. Harding also reportedly threatened to shoot teammate Jimmy Rayl while the two were rooming together. According to Peter Benjaminson's \"The Lost Supreme: The Life of Dreamgirl Florence Ballard\", Harding raped Florence Ballard, a member of The Supremes, at knifepoint in 1960. Harding was shot dead at a Detroit intersection in 1972, aged 30. Reggie Harding Reginald \"Reggie\" Harding (May 4, 1942 – September 2, 1972) was an American professional basketball player. Drafted in 1962","title":"Reggie Harding"},{"id":"1308306","text":"Ross as lead singer and Holland-Dozier-Holland as its songwriting and production team. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy renamed the group Diana Ross & the Supremes, and replaced Ballard with Cindy Birdsong. Ross left to pursue a solo career in 1970 and was replaced by Jean Terrell, so the group's name reverted to The Supremes. During the mid-1970s, the lineup changed with Lynda Laurence, Scherrie Payne and Susaye Greene joining the group until, after 18 years, The Supremes disbanded in 1977. In Detroit in 1958, Florence Ballard, a junior high school student living in the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects, met Paul","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"5922723","text":"of the tracks on the group's first album, \"Meet The Supremes\", she is not pictured on the album's cover. Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as","title":"Barbara Martin (singer)"},{"id":"1361280","text":"studio, many written by \"Smokey\" Robinson, who, by then, was vice president of Motown (\"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" and \"A Breathtaking Guy\"). Gordy, too, composed songs for the trio, including \"Buttered Popcorn\"(featuring Ballard on lead) and \"Let Me Go the Right Way\". While these songs were regional hits, they were not nationwide successes. In January 1961, Gordy agreed to sign the group on the condition they change their name. Eventually, Janie Bradford approached Florence Ballard, the only group member at the studio at the time, to pick out a new name for the group. Ballard chose \"Supremes\", reportedly, because","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"3073384","text":"man at Birdsong's apartment, contacted police and turned himself in. \"(All singles with the Temptations)\" Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"1656458","text":"The rape occurred in an empty parking lot off Woodward Avenue. Ballard responded by secluding herself in her house refusing to come outside, which worried her groupmates. Weeks later, Ballard told Wilson and Ross what had happened. Though Ross and Wilson were sympathetic, they were also confused because Ballard was considered to be strong-willed and unflappable. Both Wilson and Jesse Green, an early boyfriend of Florence's, had described her as a \"generally happy if somewhat mischievous and sassy teenager.\" Wilson believes that the incident heavily contributed to the more self-destructive aspects of Ballard's adult personality, like cynicism, pessimism, and fear","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"10867850","text":"and Kelly helped the group become international stars gaining popularity from performances from \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"Shindig!\" and \"American Bandstand\". Kelly was often mistaken for being an original member of the group despite the fact that Beard had sung on the group's earlier singles, often lip-synched by Kelly when the group performed on TV. Kelly's vocals contrasted from original member Beard's. Kelly was fired from the group in the summer of 1967—about the same time that Florence Ballard was fired from The Supremes—and was replaced by Martha's younger sister Lois Reeves with the group's name changed to \"Martha Reeves","title":"Betty Kelly"},{"id":"12588882","text":"\"Our Day Will Come\" and \"The Ballad Of Davy Crockett\". Florence Ballard is featured lead on \"Save Me A Star\" and \"Silent Night\". The Never-Before-Released Masters The Never-Before-Released Masters is 1987 compilation album containing unreleased recordings recorded by Motown girl-group The Supremes from 1961 to 1969. It was the second CD release of unreleased recordings by The Supremes, the first being disc two of the 2 disc \"25th Anniversary\" compilation. Several other unreleased tracks appeared on earlier various artists compilations. A majority of the recordings for the unreleased album \"Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\" are featured on","title":"The Never-Before-Released Masters"},{"id":"8628754","text":"on the \"Billboard\" R&B Album chart. The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes","title":"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart"},{"id":"1361283","text":"weight, and alcoholism, Florence Ballard was fired from the Supremes by Gordy in July 1967, hiring Cindy Birdsong from Patti LaBelle and the Blue-Bells as Ballard's replacement. Gordy renamed the group \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", making it easier to charge a larger performance fee for a solo star and a backing group, as it did for other renamed Motown groups. Gordy initially considered Ross leaving the Supremes for a solo career in 1966 but changed his mind because the group's success was still too significant for Ross to pursue solo obligations. Ross remained with the Supremes until early 1970.","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"1656468","text":"sister Maxine's house. In 1974 Mary Wilson invited Ballard to join the Supremes, which now included Cindy Birdsong and Scherrie Payne (Ross had left for her successful solo career in 1970). Though Ballard played tambourine, she didn't sing and told Wilson she had no ambition to sing any more. Later that year Ballard's plight started to be reported in newspapers as word got around that the singer had applied for welfare. Around that time, Ballard entered Henry Ford Hospital for rehab treatment. Following six weeks of treatment, Ballard slowly started to recover. In early 1975, Ballard received an insurance settlement","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"13950688","text":"wanna buy a ring\". \"Wear My Kiss\" is reminiscent of songs performed by British girl group Girls Aloud and American recording artist Lady Gaga. In September 2009, speculation arose that group member Amelle Berrabah had left the Sugababes following reports of tension with band member Keisha Buchanan. However, it was announced on 21 September 2009 that Buchanan, the sole original member of the group, had officially left the Sugababes. Buchanan clarified the departure on her official Twitter account, writing: \"I'm sad to say that I am no longer a part of the Sugababes ... Although it was not my choice","title":"Wear My Kiss"},{"id":"11714657","text":"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song) \"In and Out of Love\" is a 1967 song recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label. It was the second single issued with the group's new billing of \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", the penultimate Supremes single written and produced by Motown production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, and the last single to feature the vocals of original member Florence Ballard. By the time of the recording of \"In and Out of Love,\" The Supremes had become the most successful American music group of all time, with ten number-one pop singles on the \"Billboard\"","title":"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)"},{"id":"1361350","text":"one of the 21 recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. (* = made directly for television) Headlining Co-headlining tours Residency shows Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"1656473","text":"song \"Missing You\" pays tribute to Marvin Gaye, Ballard, and Paul Williams, all former Motown artists who had died. In 1988, Ballard was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes alongside Diana Ross and Mary Wilson. Ballard began dating Thomas Chapman, a Motown Records associate, in 1967; they married in a private celebration in Hawaii on February 29, 1968, and had three daughters: Michelle Denise and Nichole Rene and Lisa Sabrina (b. 1971). Ballard reportedly had several domestic disputes with her husband and filed for divorce in 1973, but they reconciled in","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"15557865","text":"Lauren Bennett Lauren Bennett (born 23 June 1989) is an English singer, dancer, and model. She is best known as a member of the girl group G.R.L.. She is also known for her work with the Paradiso Girls, CeeLo Green, Robin Antin of the Pussycat Dolls, and most notably with LMFAO, where she was featured on the 2011 summer hit \"Party Rock Anthem,\" achieving her first number one single in the United Kingdom and United States. Bennett was part of a girl group called the Paradiso Girls. The group consisted of seven members at their formation in 2007, but had","title":"Lauren Bennett"},{"id":"14124683","text":"the Bluebelles was a US 1960s girl group whose image Vicki Wickham, their manager, helped remake in the early 1970s, renaming the group Labelle and pushing them in the direction of glam rock. Labelle were the first girl group to eschew matching outfits and identical choreography, instead wearing extravagant spacesuits and feathered headdresses. Later, during the disco craze and beyond, female acts included First Choice, Silver Convention, Hot, the Emotions, High Inergy, Odyssey, Sister Sledge, Mary Jane Girls, Belle Epoque, Frantique, Luv', and Baccara. Extending into the 1980s were groups like the Pointer Sisters, Exposé, and Bananarama. In Latin America,","title":"Girl group"},{"id":"6004736","text":"are songs Florence took the lead on as a Supreme. Due to legal agreements between Motown and Ballard when she separated from The Supremes in 1967, Motown stated that Ballard was not allowed to mention that she had been a former member of the Supremes. As a result, her press release stated that \"Florence has been a part of an entertainment trio for many years,\" which hindered her releases from garnering attention from the public. Although there was only one album by Ballard released, she was supposedly about to sign a contract just before her death. Ballard had also recorded","title":"The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard"},{"id":"9929707","text":"period it was released a third single from the album: \"Good Enough\". Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \"Baby (Off the Wall)\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make","title":"Sirens (British band)"},{"id":"15605615","text":"\"Beat of My Drum\" is a dance-pop song which incorporates elements of indie pop, and has been compared to the work of artists including M.I.A. and Major Lazer. Lyrically, the song discusses Roberts' time in the girl band she was a part of, Girls Aloud; while part of the group, she felt undervalued in comparison to other members. \"Beat of My Drum\" garnered universal acclaim from music critics, with some describing it as more original than solo releases by other members of Girls Aloud; it was also compared to the work of artists such as Kelis and Robyn. Commercially, \"Beat","title":"Beat of My Drum"},{"id":"1457478","text":"Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \"The Writing's on the Wall\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \"Bills, Bills,","title":"Destiny's Child"},{"id":"1457533","text":"Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \"The Writing's on the Wall\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \"Bills, Bills,","title":"Destiny's Child"},{"id":"4570740","text":"Together that covers Wilson's life since 1970. Both books and a new afterword were included in a combined volume titled Dreamgirl & Supreme Faith: My Life as a Supreme in 2000. The book covers the story of Wilson's life from her childhood, to meeting Florence Ballard and Diana Ross and forming the Primettes (later \"The Supremes\"), to the group's later international success and personal conflicts in the 1960s, Ballard's replacement with Cindy Birdsong in 1967, the development of Ross as a solo act, and Ross' split from the group in 1969-1970. \"Dreamgirl\" was dedicated to Wilson's family and \"to the","title":"Dreamgirl: My Life as a Supreme"},{"id":"12966210","text":"Gail Kendall. Her paternal grandmother was an amateur opera singer. In 1978, she was a member of the dance troupe Hot Gossip who performed on British television's \"The Kenny Everett Video Show\". They were noted for their sexually-suggestive costumes and risqué dance routines. Lister was one of the original Blitz Kids, a group of young, flamboyantly-dressed people who patronised the elitist Covent Garden club night 'Blitz' in the early 1980s, among whom were Boy George, Steve Strange, Spandau Ballet, and singer Marilyn. She appeared as a dancer in the 1980 film \"Can't Stop the Music\". Lister began a relationship with","title":"Perri Lister"},{"id":"3073370","text":"Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set her sights on becoming a nurse and attending college in Pennsylvania. When Cindy returned to","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"14124688","text":"group since the Beatles. The cultural movement started by the Spice Girls produced other similar acts, which include the British-Canadian outfit All Saints, Irish girl group B*Witched, Atomic Kitten and Eternal, who all achieved varying levels of success during the decade. Throughout the 2000s, girl groups from the UK remained popular, with Girls Aloud's \"Sound of the Underground\" and Sugababes' \"Round Round\" having been called \"two huge groundbreaking hits\" credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s. The success of Sugababes and Girls Aloud inspired other UK girl group acts, including Mis-Teeq, the Saturdays, StooShe and Little Mix, who","title":"Girl group"},{"id":"2212117","text":"John L. Pippin in Detroit. Wilson reunited with her mother and siblings at the age of 9. To make ends meet, Wilson's mother worked as a domestic worker. Before reaching her teenage years, Wilson and her family had settled at Detroit's upstart housing project, the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects. Mary Wilson first met Florence Ballard at an elementary school in Detroit. The duo became friends while singing in the school's talent show. In 1959, Ballard asked Wilson to audition for Milton Jenkins, who was forming a sister group to his male vocal trio, the Primes. Wilson was soon accepted in the","title":"Mary Wilson (singer)"},{"id":"1882316","text":"Geri Halliwell Geraldine Estelle Horner (; born 6 August 1972) is an English pop singer-songwriter, clothes designer, author, and actress. Halliwell came to international prominence in the 1990s as Ginger Spice, a member of the successful girl group the Spice Girls, the best-selling girl group of all time with over 85 million records sold, of which more than 75 million copies sold with the quintet lineup with Halliwell. In 1998, Halliwell left the Spice Girls to pursue a solo career but later returned to the group when they reunited in 2007. Halliwell reportedly amassed a $40 million fortune during her","title":"Geri Halliwell"},{"id":"3073375","text":"in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966's \"Over the Rainbow\" and 1967's \"Dreamer\" scoring modest charted singles such as \"All or Nothing\", \"Take Me a Little While\" and \"I'm Still Waiting\". Starting in mid and late 1967, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard's bout with alcoholism caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard's official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused","title":"Cindy Birdsong"},{"id":"8628980","text":"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released, she had been fired from the group and replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It would rank as","title":"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)"},{"id":"3825155","text":"Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \"The Hookers\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics about sex and fantasy. Prince had been wanting to mentor a girl singer or group since the late–1970s when he saw the film \"A Star is Born\" with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.","title":"Vanity 6"},{"id":"14498303","text":"Tiffany Young Stephanie Young Hwang (born August 1, 1989), known professionally as Tiffany or Tiffany Young, is an American singer. Born and raised in California, she was discovered by South Korean entertainment agency SM Entertainment at the age of fifteen and subsequently moved to South Korea. After two years of training, Tiffany debuted as a member of girl group Girls' Generation (and later its subgroup TTS) in August 2007, who went on to be one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most popular girl groups worldwide. In 2016, following her contribution to several side","title":"Tiffany Young"},{"id":"8628984","text":"All songs written by Holland–Dozier–Holland unless otherwise noted. Superscripts denote original album sources, referenced below. Notes Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released,","title":"Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)"},{"id":"8493140","text":"to which she agreed, and called on former Supremes Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong. Wilson declined, instead opting to forge a solo career, while Birdsong agreed and coaxed former Supreme Jean Terrell to join the new Supremes group (By early 1976, was stated that Terrell and Birdsong would try to create a new group alongside original supreme Florence Ballard, but Ballard's sudden death cancelled their plans). The three of them set about forming a new incarnation of The Supremes, although due to contractual difficulties over the ownership of the name (Mary Wilson was involved in lengthy lawsuits with Motown over","title":"Former Ladies of the Supremes"},{"id":"3687997","text":"The Bobbettes The Bobbettes were an American R&B girl group who had a 1957 top 10 hit song called \"Mr. Lee.\" The group existed from 1955 to 1974 and included Jannie Pought (1945-1980), Emma Pought (born 1942), Reather Dixon (1945-2014), Laura Webb (1941-2001), and Helen Gathers (1942-2011). The group, which originally formed in East Harlem, New York, in 1955, was first known as \"The Harlem Queens\". The girls first met while singing at the Glee Club at P.S. 109 in Spanish Harlem. They were soon discovered by James Dailey, a record producer, who also became their manager, while playing a","title":"The Bobbettes"},{"id":"6468155","text":"Girl Thing Girl Thing were an English-Dutch girl group, consisting of members Jodi Albert, Anika Bostelaar, Linzi Martin, Michelle Barber and Nikki Stuart. They were formed in 1998 by Simon Cowell and were originally intended to rival the Spice Girls, but their success was minor and short-lived. They sold 2 million records worldwide before disbanding in 2001. The group reformed in 2013 for the second series of \"The Big Reunion\" to perform a one-off gig at the Hammersmith Apollo in 2014. In 1998, Simon Cowell, having previously turned down the Spice Girls, decided to form his own girl group. Girl","title":"Girl Thing"},{"id":"9929703","text":"Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \"Baby (Off the Wall)\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make money by doing a variety of jobs before running her own stableyard.","title":"Sirens (British band)"},{"id":"1656454","text":"heart attack in February 1976 at the age of 32. Ballard's death was considered by one critic as \"one of rock's greatest tragedies\". Ballard was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes in 1988. Florence Glenda Ballard was born in Detroit, Michigan on June 30, 1943 to Lurlee (née Wilson) and Jesse Ballard, as the ninth of fifteen children. Her siblings were Bertie, Cornell, Jesse, Jr., Gilbert, Geraldine, Barbara, Maxine, Billy, Calvin, Pat, Linda and Roy. Her mother was a resident of Rosetta, Mississippi. Her father was born Jesse Lambert in","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1322698","text":"Labelle Labelle is an American all-female singing group who were a popular vocal group of the 1960s and 1970s. The group was formed after the disbanding of two rival girl groups in the Philadelphia/Trenton areas, the Ordettes and the Del-Capris, forming as a new version of the former group, later changing their name to The Blue Belles (later Bluebelles). The founding members were Patti LaBelle (formerly Patricia Holt), Cindy Birdsong, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash. As The Bluebelles, and later Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, the group found success with ballads in the doo-wop genre, most notably \"Down the Aisle","title":"Labelle"},{"id":"1308305","text":"African American R&B and soul musicians to find mainstream success. Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diana Ross, and Betty McGlown, the original group, are all from the Brewster-Douglass public housing project in Detroit. They formed the Primettes as the sister act to the Primes (with Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks, who went on to form the Temptations). Barbara Martin replaced McGlown in 1960, and the group signed with Motown the following year as the Supremes. Martin left the act in early 1962, and Ross, Ballard, and Wilson carried on as a trio. During the mid-1960s, the Supremes achieved mainstream success with","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"18086179","text":"Love Ain't Love \"Love Ain't Love\" is the second solo single released by singer Florence Ballard of the Supremes after her departure from the group. In 1967, Florence Ballard was fired by Motown Records founder Berry Gordy Jr.. As part of her release from Motown, no mention could be made that Ballard had been a part of the best-selling trio. Eventually, Ballard signed with ABC Records on March 6, 1968, and quickly started work on her solo album. \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\" b/w \"Goin' Out Of My Head\" (ABC Records #45-11074A/B)","title":"Love Ain't Love"},{"id":"3825162","text":"complex form of a kidney disease. A number of songs were in fact intended for the Vanity 6 follow up album, but due to Vanity's departure, these songs ended up performed by others. Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \"The Hookers\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics","title":"Vanity 6"},{"id":"1308311","text":"hand claps and background vocals for the songs of other Motown artists including Marvin Gaye and Mary Wells. In January 1961, Gordy finally relented and agreed to sign the girls to his label – but under the condition that they change the name of their group. The Primes had by this time combined with Otis Williams & the Distants and would soon sign to Motown as the Temptations. Gordy gave Ballard a list of names to choose from that included suggestions such as \"the Darleens\", \"the Sweet Ps\", \"the Melodees\", \"the Royaltones\" and \"the Jewelettes\". Ballard chose \"the Supremes\", a","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"14478723","text":"\"Guinness Book of World Records\" as the all-female group that have the most UK chart entries in history, a record they still hold. Dallin is of English, French and Irish ancestry. She studied journalism at the London College of Fashion (University of Arts) in 1980-81. She formed the group Bananarama with her childhood friend Keren Woodward and Siobhan Fahey who she met at college. In 1980, Dallin and Woodward met Paul Cook, ex-member of the Sex Pistols, in a club and they became fast friends. They sang backing vocals for his and Steve Jones' new band, TheProfessionals, and had their","title":"Sara Dallin"},{"id":"16115794","text":"Stacy Francis Stacy Francis is an American singer and actress. She is best known for being a part of the girl group Ex Girlfriend and as a contestant in the first season of \"The X Factor USA\". Francis has also made several television appearances on various shows. She also performed for Tom Cruise at his 40th birthday. Stacy participated in the nineteenth series of the UK television show \"Celebrity Big Brother\" as a \"new star\" housemate. Francis was a part of an all female group called Ex Girlfriend. Besides Francis, the members consisted of Monica Boyd, Julia Robertson, and Tisha","title":"Stacy Francis"},{"id":"1308348","text":"they have had on black girl groups who have succeeded them in popular music, such as The Three Degrees, The Emotions, The Pointer Sisters, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child and Cleopatra. \"The Beatles were there,\" said Madonna of her childhood, \"but I was more eager about The Supremes. I was really into girl groups.\" Fan interest made the idea of a Supremes reunion tour a very profitable one during the 1980s. In 1982, around the time that Motown reunited all of the Temptations, it was rumored that Motown would reunite the Supremes. The 1974 line-up of the Supremes (Wilson, Birdsong","title":"The Supremes"},{"id":"1656471","text":"contains the line \"Remember the sadness in Florence Ballard's eyes\". On his 2006 album \"Hip Hop is Dead\", hip-hop artist Nas mentions the Ballard/Ross rivalry in his song \"Blunt Ashes\": \"\"When Flo from the Supremes died/Diana Ross cried/Many people said that she was laughing inside.\"\" In his short story \"You Know They Got a Hell of a Band\", Stephen King, through the late disc jockey Alan Freed, includes Ballard as one of the deceased artists who performs in a town called \"Rock and Roll Heaven\". \"Dreamgirls\", a 1981 Broadway musical, chronicles a fictional group called \"The Dreams,\" and a number","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"2970180","text":"edition. The group was also named the United Kingdom's biggest selling girl group of the 21st century, with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone. In March 2013, after the , the group announced their split. The group Girls Aloud was formed on 30 November 2002, in front of millions of viewers on ITV's \"\". The concept of the programme, hosted by \"Big Brother\" presenter Davina McCall was to produce a boyband and a girlgroup who would be \"rivals\" and compete for the 2002 Christmas number one single. Following the initial success of","title":"Girls Aloud"},{"id":"10867643","text":"Gloria Williams Gloria Williams (August 1, 1942 - July 5, 2000) was an American singer notable for being the original lead singer of an early incarnation of Martha and the Vandellas under the name, The Del-Phis. Born Gloria Jean Williamson in Detroit, Michigan in 1942, Williams auditioned for a spot in a girl group in 1957, and found herself accompanying Annette Beard, Rosalind Ashford and Martha Reeves in the christened Del-Phis. The group performed in benefits and high school parties before being signed to the Chess Records subsidiary Checkmate (later bought by Motown Records), where the group recorded a single,","title":"Gloria Williams"},{"id":"1656456","text":"next year Jesse Lambert Ballard died of cancer. Named \"Blondie\" and \"Flo\" by family and friends, Ballard attended Northeastern High School and was coached vocally by Abraham Silver. Ballard met future singing partner Mary Wilson during a middle-school talent show and they became friends while attending Northeastern High. From an early age, Ballard aspired to be a singer and agreed to audition for a spot on a sister group of the local Detroit attraction, the Primes, who were managed by Milton Jenkins. After she was accepted, Ballard recruited Mary Wilson to join Jenkins' group. Wilson, in turn, enlisted another neighbor,","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"11714658","text":"Hot 100 to their credit. In the midst of their success, conflicts between Supremes members Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson arose. Ballard was uneasy about the group's direction and felt her role was being reduced in the group she first found. Motown's premier production team Holland–Dozier–Holland (H–D–H) recorded the track for \"In and Out of Love\" originally in Detroit with The Funk Brothers on March 2, 1967 during the same session for \"The Happening\" and \"Reflections,\" but subsequently rerecorded the track six weeks later in Los Angeles. Ross added her lead vocals on June 12, 1967 with Wilson","title":"In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)"},{"id":"1361267","text":"Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"19061221","text":"and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion, many of whom were influenced by doo-wop style. All-female bands are sometimes also called girl groups. In the Jazz Age and during the 1930s, all-female bands such as The Blue Belles, the Parisian Redheads (later the Bricktops), Lil-Hardin's All-Girl Band, The Ingenues, The Harlem Playgirls, Phil Spitalny's Musical Sweethearts and \"Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators\" were popular.Ina Ray Hutton led an all-girl band, the Melodears, from 1934 to 1939. Eunice Westmoreland, under the name Rita Rio, led an all-female band appearing on NBC","title":"Women in music"},{"id":"387019","text":"Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \"Spice\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \"Spiceworld\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls","title":"Spice Girls"},{"id":"15036172","text":"good at singing and it was her \"thing\". In 2003, aged 15, she won \"Best Pop Singer\" in the TV show \"Britain's Brilliant Prodigies\", performing as Jessica Cornish. At the age of 16 she began studying at the BRIT School and at 17 she joined a girl group named Soul Deep. She graduated in the class of 2006 along with singers Adele and Leona Lewis. At 18, she claims she suffered a 'minor stroke.' Regarding her choice of the stage name \"Jessie J\", in an interview with the Daily Mail, she is quoted as having said \"to be honest, there's","title":"Jessie J"},{"id":"1656465","text":"her suit. Angered, Gordy ordered her to return to Detroit, and Birdsong officially replaced her, abruptly ending her tenure with the Supremes. It had been decided as early as May that Birdsong would be Ballard's official replacement once Birdsong's contract with the Bluebelles was bought out. In August 1967, the \"Detroit Free Press\" reported that Ballard had taken a temporary leave of absence from the group due to \"exhaustion\". Ballard eventually married her boyfriend, Thomas Chapman, on February 29, 1968. A week earlier, on February 22, Ballard and Motown negotiated to have Ballard released from the label. Her attorney in","title":"Florence Ballard"},{"id":"1910400","text":"Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album \"Hot\". The album's lead single, \"I Want You Back\" charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on the soundtrack for","title":"Mel B"},{"id":"4049920","text":"The Marvelettes The Marvelettes was an American girl group that achieved popularity in the early- to mid-1960s. They consisted of schoolmates Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson (now Schaffner), Georgeanna Tillman (later Gordon), Juanita Cowart (now Cowart Motley), and Georgia Dobbins, who was replaced by Wanda Young (now Rogers) prior to the group signing their first deal. They were the first major successful act of Motown Records after the Miracles and its first significantly successful girl group after the release of the 1961 number-one single, \"Please Mr. Postman\", one of the first number-one singles recorded by an all-female vocal group and the","title":"The Marvelettes"},{"id":"4439289","text":"the departure of Florence Ballard in 1967 and lead singer Diana Ross in 1970, was about to lose another member of the group, Cindy Birdsong, who was expecting a baby. Birdsong originally replaced Tucker in the group The Ordettes, later to be named Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles, so it was ironic that Tucker's sister, Laurence took Birdsong's place as a backing vocalist. At this time, Jean Terrell was the lead singer of The Supremes. Laurence joined the group around the time the group issued their \"Floy Joy\" album, and appeared on the cover with Terrell and Wilson, though Birdsong","title":"Lynda Laurence"},{"id":"15358179","text":"Wilson would later write that the song had been originally given to The Marvelettes, Holland would deny this claim, as would the Marvelettes themselves. Marvelettes member Katherine Anderson-Schnaffer later said that the song didn't quite fit her group's repertoire because the song was produced under a slower beat and their music was more uptempo. When the Supremes were eventually given the song, the group members weren't pleased with the record, with member Florence Ballard later stating that they had wanted a stronger single similar to the Marvelettes' \"Please Mr. Postman\". Although the group felt the song didn't have the hook","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"id":"2500206","text":"whose foray into Blue-eyed soul R&B/Pop spawned a successful solo career. A new strain of boy bands, such as V Factory, Varsity Fanclub, Click Five, NLT, and the Jonas Brothers, emerged at the end of the decade, but this new generation of boy bands did not reach the glamor and success of those of the 1990s and early 2000s. Girl groups maintained a steady popularity through the 2000s, with groups such as Destiny's Child (which disbanded in 2005) setting the fuel for the most successful girl group of the decade, the Pussycat Dolls (2003–10). Other girl groups included Danity Kane","title":"2000s in music"},{"id":"2212119","text":"1 on the pop charts for the first time with the hit, \"Where Did Our Love Go\", becoming their first of 12 No. 1 singles. (Though Wilson sang background on all of their hits before 1967, it was later revealed that Motown used in-house background singers, The Andantes, for the hits \"Love Child\" and \"Someday We'll Be Together). By 1964, the group had become international superstars. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy changed the name of the group to \"Diana Ross & The Supremes\" and, after a period of tension, Florence Ballard was removed from the Supremes that July. Cindy","title":"Mary Wilson (singer)"},{"id":"12112761","text":"of the group. 1 line for the verse \"more butter\" is for the all girls from the group: \"Florence: When I asked him what was happenin' in the world today. He said... \" \"Florence: A more butter;\" \"Florence and Mary: More butter;\" \"Florence, Mary and Barbara: More butter;\" \"Florence, Mary, Barbara and Diane: More.\" Despite the fact that Ballard's leads were deemed \"too soulful\", Buttered Popcorn was considered by Motown's Quality Control department to be the best song to be issued as the Supremes' second Motown single. However, Berry Gordy was determined that Ross should be the group's main lead","title":"Buttered Popcorn"},{"id":"4558005","text":"Palace, which was formerly a movie theatre. They brought in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue who had never been to Vancouver before. They drew a small crowd and Melton and Chong broke even on that one. Although Little Daddy & The Bachelors built up a small following, things soured when they went with Chong's suggestion and had themselves billed as \"Four Niggers and a Chink\". (or, bowing to pressure, \"Four N's and a C\") before taking on the moniker Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers. In 1965, Supremes members Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard heard the band — whose repertoire","title":"Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers"},{"id":"15303211","text":"Baby It's You! Baby It's You! is a jukebox musical written by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, featuring the music of the 1960s pop group the Shirelles. The show \"tells the story of Florence Greenberg and Scepter Records, the label Greenberg started when she signed the Shirelles.\" After several tryouts and premieres, the show debuted on Broadway in April 2011, directed by Sheldon Epps. The Shirelles were an American girl group in the early 1960s, and the first to have a number one single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The members of the quartet were Shirley Owens (the main lead","title":"Baby It's You!"},{"id":"2317681","text":"is also frequently cited as one of his standout performances. He also took over the lead vocal for live performances of \"My Girl\" following David Ruffin's departure from the group. Williams suffered from sickle-cell anemia, which frequently wrought havoc on his physical health. In 1965, Williams began an affair with Winnie Brown, hair stylist for The Supremes and a relative of Supremes member Florence Ballard. In love with Brown but still devoted to his wife and children, Williams was also depressed because Cholly Atkins' presence now made Williams' former role as choreographer essentially, but not completely, obsolete. Life on the","title":"Paul Williams (The Temptations)"},{"id":"6004737","text":"an Aretha Franklin-esque demo around the time of her death, according to Tony Turner in \"All That Glittered: My Life With The Supremes\". Also, one of her singles, \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It\", has been featured on soul CDs. \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\" - take one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzdxmfGJ67w \"My Heart\" - take one
Barabas: \"Fornication-- but that was in another country","title":"Another Country (play)"},{"id":"805167","text":"The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it has been adapted several times for stage and screen. The book gives a critical view of society at the end of the Victorian era through the eyes of a naïve schoolboy outsider. In the book’s prologue, Leo Colston chances upon a diary from 1900, the year of his thirteenth birthday, and gradually pieces together a memory that he has suppressed. Under its influence, and from the viewpoint of what he has become by the midpoint of \"this hideous century\", Leo relives the","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805181","text":"BBC Radio 3 on 26 May 2013. In 1991, South African composer David Earl adapted the novel as a two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805173","text":"by her as his own. He had died in 1910, while Marcus and his elder brother were killed in the First World War and Marian's son in the second. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess. \"The Go-Between\" was first published in Britain by Hamish Hamilton in 1953. In the USA its publisher was Alfred A. Knopf in the summer of 1954, and the book was slow","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"902450","text":"Harold Pinter Harold Pinter (; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include \"The Birthday Party\" (1957), \"The Homecoming\" (1964), and \"Betrayal\" (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include \"The Servant\" (1963), \"The Go-Between\" (1971), \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\" (1981), \"The Trial\" (1993), and \"Sleuth\" (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and","title":"Harold Pinter"},{"id":"805178","text":"Leo's age in 1909, Hartley spent a summer with a school friend called Moxley at Bradenham Hall in Norfolk and took part in a cricket match. The names are sufficiently close to Maudsley and Brandham to give rise to such speculation. But Tóibín counsels a cautious approach to the question, quoting Hartley's own study of fiction-writing, \"The Novelist's Responsibility\". The novelist's world, he wrote, \"must, in some degree, be an extension of his own life.\" And, while it is “unsafe to assume that a novelist's work is autobiographical in any direct sense,” this does not prevent it from reflecting his","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805177","text":"past that continues to exist in and to control the subconscious … This doubling of consciousness and of narrative voice—the innocent twelve-year-old's emerging from beneath the self-protective sixty-five-year-old's—is one of Hartley's most effective techniques.” Another preoccupation in Tóibín's introduction was how far the story of “The Go-Between” is based on fact, in the wake of Adrian Wright’s biographical study, \"Foreign Country: The Life of L. P. Hartley\". Although Leo is twelve at the time of the novel – the long, hot summer of 1900 – the five-year-old Hartley remembered that time afterwards as \"a Golden Age\". When he was about","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"19042345","text":"Burgess' suicide when the heavens literally opened. This was sumptuous, involving, unforgettable drama that stayed with you. If only it hadn't been forced to compete with Downton\". As of 23 September 2015, \"The Go-Between\" had a rating of 7.3/10 (from 90 users) on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest","title":"The Go-Between (2015 film)"},{"id":"9277333","text":"The Go-Between (1971 film) The Go-Between is a 1971 British romantic drama film directed by Joseph Losey. Its screenplay, by Harold Pinter, is an adaptation of the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. The film stars Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Margaret Leighton, Michael Redgrave and Dominic Guard. It won the Grand Prix at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. The story follows a young boy named Leo Colston (Dominic Guard), who in the year 1900 is a guest of his wealthy school friend, Marcus Maudsley (Richard Gibson), to spend the summer holidays at his family's Norfolk country house. While","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"805179","text":"experience. Among other writers commenting on the book's contemporary context, Paul Binding has pointed out that its famous opening phrase, “The past is a foreign country”, had first been used by Hartley’s friend Lord David Cecil in his inaugural lecture as Goldsmith's Professor in 1949. Ali Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between the treatment of class and sexuality in \"The Go-Between\" and in \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\" (1928). D. H. Lawrence’s novel was not allowed unexpurgated circulation in Britain until after \"The Go-Between\"s appearance, but perhaps, she speculated, Hartley's novel helped prepare the climate for the overturning of the British","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"902501","text":"In its première in the National Theatre's two-part production of \"Sketches\", despite undergoing chemotherapy at the time, Pinter played the ruthless Minister willing to murder little children for the benefit of \"The State\". Pinter composed 27 screenplays and film scripts for cinema and television, many of which were filmed, or adapted as stage plays. His fame as a screenwriter began with his three screenplays written for films directed by Joseph Losey, leading to their close friendship: \"The Servant\" (1963), based on the novel by Robin Maugham; \"Accident\" (1967), adapted from the novel by Nicholas Mosley; and \"The Go-Between\" (1971), based","title":"Harold Pinter"},{"id":"1296360","text":"was removed from the project. An alternative version is that Losey was replaced due to illness. Losey was later hired by Hammer Films to direct \"The Damned\", a 1963 British science fiction film based on H.L. Lawrence's novel \"The Children of Light\". In the 1960s, Losey began working with playwright Harold Pinter, in what became a long friendship and initiated a successful screenwriting career for Pinter. Losey directed three enduring classics based on Pinter's screenplays: \"The Servant\" (1963), \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971). \"The Servant\" won three British Academy Film Awards. \"Accident\" won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury","title":"Joseph Losey"},{"id":"19498114","text":"1972 and \"Nights at the Circus\" 1984. Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who published from the 1960s into the 21st century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \"Possession\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include \"The Cement Garden\"","title":"Twentieth-century English literature"},{"id":"19042338","text":"The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest of a much wealthier school friend, Marcus Maudsley. On his journey he recalls the events surrounding his original visit, during which he had celebrated his thirteenth birthday and also become besotted with his friend’s older sister Marian, whose family strongly hoped that she would marry the local landowner,","title":"The Go-Between (2015 film)"},{"id":"9277335","text":"in a farm building. This event has a long-lasting impact on Leo after Burgess shoots himself dead in his farmhouse kitchen. More than fifty years later, Marian, now the Dowager Lady Trimingham, sends for Leo, wanting him to speak to her grandson to assure him that she had truly loved Burgess. She asks Leo whether her grandson reminds him of anyone, and he replies \"Yes. Ted Burgess\". Michael Redgrave plays Leo in old age. The rights to the novel had been in the hands of many producers, including Anthony Asquith. Then Sir Alexander Korda purchased it in 1956. He originally","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"13338538","text":"Neil Cross Neil Cross (born 9 February 1969) is a British novelist and scriptwriter, best known for as the creator of the drama series \"Luther\" and Hard Sun (TV Series) Cross was born in Bristol on 9 February 1969. He graduated from the University of Leeds in 1994 with a degree in English and Theology. His initial career was solely as a novelist, beginning with \"Mr In-Between\", which was published in 1998 (and adapted into a film in 2001). He later diversified into television, writing an episode of the BBC spy drama \"Spooks\" in 2006 before becoming lead writer on","title":"Neil Cross"},{"id":"805174","text":"to sell at first. However, it was greeted with favourable reviews. \"The New York Times\" called it \"a triumph of literary architecture\", while two articles were devoted to it in the \"Los Angeles Times\". Joseph Henry Jackson commented on its skilful presentation as “a many-leveled affair; perhaps only the author knows how much there is in it of symbol and reference.\" A month later Milton Merlin described it as \"a superbly composed and an irresistibly haunting novel” characterised by “the author's beautiful and ingenious style, his whimsy, irony and humor, and, most of all, the powerful wallop of a deceptively","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"805176","text":"reprint, the book is not really \"a drama about class or about England, or a lost world mourned by Hartley; instead it is a drama about Leo's deeply sensuous nature moving blindly, in a world of rich detail and beautiful sentences, toward a destruction that is impelled by his own intensity of feeling and, despite everything, his own innocence.\" Kevin Gardner cites the narrative technique among other complex treatments of time: \"Hartley's haunting tale of lost innocence underscores the modern experience of broken time, a paradox in which humanity is alienated from the past, yet not free from it, a","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"2540044","text":"Accident (1967 film) Accident is Harold Pinter's 1967 British dramatic film adaptation of the 1965 novel by Nicholas Mosley. Directed by Joseph Losey, it was the second of three collaborations between Pinter and Losey, the others being \"The Servant\" (1963) and \"The Go-Between\" (1970). At the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, it won the award for Grand Prix Spécial du Jury. It also won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. Stephen, a married Oxford tutor in his forties, has two students: the rich and likeable William, of whom he is fond, and a beautiful, enigmatic Austrian named","title":"Accident (1967 film)"},{"id":"805171","text":"Leo naively believes that Marian’s engagement ought to bring the correspondence between her and Ted to an end. Feeling increasingly uncomfortable about the general atmosphere of deception and risk, Leo tries to end his role as go-between but comes under great psychological pressure and is forced to continue. Ultimately, his unwilling involvement has disastrous consequences when Marian’s mother makes him accompany her as she tracks the lovers down to their hiding place and discovers them having sex. The trauma which results leads directly to Ted's suicide and Leo's nervous collapse. In the epilogue, the older Leo sums up how profoundly","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"10528179","text":"The Pacific Between The Pacific Between is a romantic coming of age novel by Raymond K. Wong. Published in 2006, \"The Pacific Between\" was the finalist for the IPPY Book Award in 2006. The novel is loosely based on the author's experience as an immigrant and young adult, but the characters and events are entirely fictional. \"The Pacific Between\" contains many themes such as betrayal, sacrifice, unconditional love, pride, prejudice, and life's lessons, set in Southern California and Hong Kong. It is Raymond K. Wong's debut novel. When Greg Lockland returns to California for his parents' funeral, he discovers letters","title":"The Pacific Between"},{"id":"1483452","text":"Machines of Doctor Hoffman\" (1972) and \"Nights at the Circus\" (1984). Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who has published from the 1960s until this century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \"Possession\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include","title":"English novel"},{"id":"9277337","text":"Losey was unable to get finance then or again in 1968. \"The company had cold feet about the story,\" said Losey. \"It was too tame for the pornographic age. As one man put it, who would be interested in a bit of Edwardian nostalgia? That's idiotic. It is certainly not a romantic or sentimental piece. It has a surface and a coating of romantic melodrama, but it has a bitter core.\" Losey said he was attracted to the novel because it was about \"the terrible sense of shortness of any human life, the sense of totality of life.\" Pinter's screenplay","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"8949763","text":"and had a regular role in the BBC series \"Ashes to Ashes\". In 2009 he worked on the ABC miniseries \"Ben-Hur\". He appeared in the 2011 film \"Season of the Witch\". In 2012 he starred as Titus in Jean Racine's \"Berenice\" alongside Anne-Marie Duff in title role at the Donmar Warehouse in London. Campbell Moore played the role of Viscount Hugh Trimingham in the BBC's 2015 adaptation of L. P. Hartley's novel \"The Go-Between\". Also in 2015, he played the role of Maurice Wilkins in Anna Ziegler's play \"Photograph 51\", with Michael Billington writing, \"The play is also anything but","title":"Stephen Campbell Moore"},{"id":"20061069","text":"colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Nunez, who grew up in Trinidad and later moved to the United States notes on how she relates with the story of Vikram Lall of being straddled in the two different worlds. When Nunez wrote her novel \"Anna In-Between\" and portrayed Anna, a character struggling in two identities, she said \"[she] just stole Vassanji's line, 'in-between'\". The novel was long-listed for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award where \"Let the Great World Spin\" by Irish author Colum McCann eventually won. It was awarded at the 2010 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for literary excellence. The novel","title":"Anna In-Between"},{"id":"121564","text":"subtle and elegantly written novel by an author in complete command of his talent\". It also won the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award in 2005. Berger had earlier won the award in 1996 for \"A Year of Lesser\" and later again won in 2009 for \"The Retreat\". Dan Zigmond of \"SFGate\" reviews the novel as \"a rich and rewarding novel\". The Time in Between The Time in Between is a novel by Canadian author David Bergen. It deals with a man, who mysteriously returns to Vietnam, where he had been a soldier earlier in his life, followed by","title":"The Time in Between"},{"id":"15729182","text":"S. J. Watson Steve \"S. J.\" Watson (born 1971) is an English writer. He debuted in 2011 with the thriller novel \"Before I Go to Sleep\". Rights to publish the book have been sold in 42 different countries around the world and it has gone on to be an international bestseller. Watson was born in Stourbridge, in the West Midlands. He studied Physics at the University of Birmingham and then moved to London, where he worked in various hospitals and specialized as an audiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing-impaired children. In the evenings and weekends he wrote fiction.","title":"S. J. Watson"},{"id":"18979083","text":"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \"Cider With Rosie\", LP Hartley's \"The Go-Between\" and J B Priestley's play \"An Inspector Calls\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\"Holliday Grainger\") enjoys a happy marriage to the dashing aristocrat Sir Clifford Chatterley (\"James","title":"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)"},{"id":"805168","text":"events of what had once seemed to him its hopeful beginning. The importance of his boarding school's social rules is another theme running through the book and complicates Leo's interaction with the adult world. \"Curses\" of his devising had routed boys who were bullying Leo at school and had given him the reputation of a magician something that he came to half-believe himself. As a result, he is invited as a guest to spend the summer at Brandham Hall, the country home of his school friend, Marcus Maudsley. There the socially clumsy Leo, with his regional accent, is a middle","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"5747462","text":"of the musical group, The Go-Betweens, grew up in The Gap and wrote about the suburb in his 2016 memoir, Grant & I. David Malouf's novel \"Johnno\" references The Gap on two occasions, as does the debut novel of journalist Trent Dalton, 'Boy Swallows Universe'. The Gap, Queensland The Gap is a leafy and hilly suburb of Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia, located approximately west of the Brisbane CBD. The Gap was named for its geographical location in the valley between Mount Coot-tha and Enoggera Hill (i.e. \" 'the gap' between hills\") which both form part of the Taylor Range. Initially","title":"The Gap, Queensland"},{"id":"805180","text":"ban on Lawrence’s work seven years later. In 1960, an adaptation for stage by Louise F. Tanner was produced in Morgantown, West Virginia. Mrs. Tanner travelled to the United Kingdom to consult Hartley in person about the work. Playwright Harold Pinter adapted the novel into a screenplay of a film of the same name (1971), directed by Joseph Losey. A television adaptation starring Jim Broadbent was broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2015. On 8 July 2012, a radio adaptation by Frances Byrnes and directed by Matt Thompson was broadcast on BBC Radio 3. The production was re-broadcast on","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"1286332","text":"Charles Sheffield Charles Sheffield (25 June 1935 – 2 November 2002) was an English-born mathematician, physicist and science fiction writer who served as a President of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and of the American Astronautical Society. His novel \"The Web Between the Worlds\", featuring the construction of a space elevator, was published almost simultaneously with Arthur C. Clarke's novel on the subject, \"The Fountains of Paradise\", a coincidence that amused them both. Excerpts from both Sheffield's \"The Web Between the Worlds\" and Clarke's \"The Fountains of Paradise\" have appeared recently in a space elevator anthology \"Towering","title":"Charles Sheffield"},{"id":"2547074","text":"James Salter James Arnold Horowitz (June 10, 1925 – June 19, 2015), better known as James Salter, his pen name and later-adopted legal name, was an American novelist and short-story writer. Originally a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, he resigned from the military in 1957 following the successful publication of his first novel, \"The Hunters\". After a brief career in film writing and film directing, in 1979 Salter published the novel \"Solo Faces\". He won numerous literary awards for his works, including belated recognition of works originally criticized at the time of their publication. His","title":"James Salter"},{"id":"1618121","text":"University College in 1963. His debut novel, \"Weep Not, Child\", was published in May 1964, becoming the first novel in English to be published by a writer from East Africa. Later that year, having won a scholarship to the University of Leeds to study for an MA, Ngũgĩ travelled to England, where he was when his second novel, \"The River Between\", came out in 1965. \"The River Between\", which has as its background the Mau Mau Uprising, and described an unhappy romance between Christians and non-Christians, is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus. He left Leeds without completing his","title":"Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o"},{"id":"9474075","text":"Nigel Farndale Nigel Farndale (born 30 September 1964) is a British author and journalist, known for his broadsheet interviews and his novel \"The Blasphemer\". He has written six books: three novels, two biographies and a collection of interviews. His latest novel is \"The Road Between Us\". \"The Blasphemer\" was shortlisted for the 2010 Costa Book Awards and selected for the WH Smith Richard and Judy Bookclub. His biography \"Haw-Haw: The Tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce\" was published in 2005 and shortlisted for that year’s Whitbread Prize and James Tait Black Memorial Prize. As a journalist he has written for","title":"Nigel Farndale"},{"id":"12388279","text":"Press in Autumn 2011. His novel about a Jewish RAF officer's return to post-war London, \"With Hope, Farewell\" (1952), and his semi-autobiographical account of a young man's political coming-of-age \"The In-Between Time\" (1971) are both scheduled for re-issue in 2016 or 2017 Novels Film screenplays Story Alexander Baron Alexander Baron ( – ) was a British author and screenwriter. He is best known for his highly acclaimed novel about D-Day entitled \"From the City from \"The Plough\" (1948) and his London novel \"The Lowlife\" (1963). Baron's father was Barnet Bernstein, a Polish-Jewish immigrant to Britain who settled in the East","title":"Alexander Baron"},{"id":"144398","text":"\"The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes\" (1970), but for a time funds became hard to come by. More relaxed censorship also brought several controversial films, including Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell's \"Performance\", Ken Russell's \"The Devils\" (1971), Sam Peckinpah's \"Straw Dogs\" (1971), and Stanley Kubrick's \"A Clockwork Orange\" (1971) starring Malcolm McDowell as the leader of a gang of thugs in a dystopian future Britain. Other films during the early 1970s included the Edwardian drama \"The Go-Between\" (1971), which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, Nicolas Roeg's Venice-set supernatural thriller \"Don't Look Now\" (1973) and Mike Hodges'","title":"Cinema of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"16856510","text":"because of the amount of leisure time and education required to write novels, most novelists have come from the upper or the educated middle classes. However, working men and women began publishing novels in the twentieth century. This includes in Britain Walter Greenwood's \"Love on the Dole\" (1933), from America B. Traven's, \"The Death Ship\" (1926) and Agnes Smedley, \"Daughter of Earth\" (1929) and from the Soviet Union Nikolay Ostrovsky's \"How the Steel Was Tempered\" (1932). Later, in 1950s Britain, came a group of writers known as the \"Angry young men,\" which included the novelists Alan Sillitoe and Kingsley Amis,","title":"Novelist"},{"id":"10977840","text":"The Years Between (play) The Years Between is a play by the English writer Daphne du Maurier, better known as a novelist and particularly as the author of \"Rebecca\" (which she had adapted for the London stage in 1940). This is one of two original plays that she wrote. The other is\" September Tide\" (1948). Set against the backdrop of the Second World War, \"The Years Between\" unfolds in the library/living room of an English country house. The man of the house, Colonel Michael Wentworth, MP, is presumed dead after his plane crashed into the sea on a flight to","title":"The Years Between (play)"},{"id":"2025861","text":"fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. Novelists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), who was also a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include \"The Forsyte Saga\" (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of \"The Old Wives' Tale\" (1908); G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936); E.M. Forster (1879–1970). The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). H. G. Wells","title":"British literature"},{"id":"5126893","text":"Richardson's \"Clarissa\", Vladimir Nabokov's \"Lolita\", Rosamond Lehmann's \"Dusty Answer\", and Shakespeare's \"The Tempest\", \"Macbeth\", \"Hamlet,\" and \"Twelfth Night\". McEwan has also said that he was directly influenced by L.P. Hartley's \"The Go-Between\". \"Atonement\" contains a (fictional) letter addressed to Briony by the literary critic and editor Cyril Connolly. Like Connolly, Elizabeth Bowen is revealed to have reviewed Briony's earlier novel. \"Atonement\" was shortlisted for the 2001 Booker Prize for fiction. It was also shortlisted for the 2001 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the 2001 Whitbread Novel Award. It won the 2002 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, the","title":"Atonement (novel)"},{"id":"18979091","text":"thou can’t say owt fairer than that\". Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \"Cider With Rosie\", LP Hartley's \"The Go-Between\" and J B Priestley's play \"An Inspector Calls\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\"Holliday Grainger\") enjoys a happy marriage to","title":"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)"},{"id":"16698992","text":"Stephen McKenna (novelist) Stephen McKenna (27 February 1888 – 26 September 1967) was an English novelist who wrote forty-seven novels, mostly focusing on English upper-class society, and six non-fiction titles. He published his first novel, \"The Reluctant Lover\", in 1912. His best-known novel, \"Sonia: Between Two Worlds\", was published in 1917. It was the tenth best-selling novel for 1918 in the United States, and also made into a British film of the same name in 1921. McKenna was the son of Leopold and Ellen McKenna. He was educated at Westminster School (Scholar), London, and at Christ Church, Oxford (Exhibitioner). He","title":"Stephen McKenna (novelist)"},{"id":"17077100","text":"2019 premiere. Kirkus Reviews calls Good Sam, \"a solid, feel-good romance sparked with mystery.\" In addition, she is the author of the sequel to \"Good Sam,\" the bestseller “Perfectly Good Crime” recently won the Living Now Book Awards for “books that change the world.” Her third bestselling novel, \"The Space Between,\" was published by Lake Union Publishing in July 2018 and was a Once Upon A Book Club August Selection. Prior to joining Wind Dancer Films, Meserve was Vice President of Classical KUSC, the University of Southern California’s radio network. She began her career as Station Manager of the National","title":"Dete Meserve"},{"id":"2312024","text":"Brian O'Nolan Brian O'Nolan (; 5 October 1911 – 1 April 1966) was an Irish novelist, playwright and satirist, considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \"At Swim-Two-Birds\" and \"The Third Policeman\", were written under the pen name Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \"The Irish Times\" and an Irish language novel \"An Béal Bocht\" were written under the name Myles na gCopaleen. O'Nolan's novels have attracted a wide following for their bizarre humour and modernist","title":"Brian O'Nolan"},{"id":"10527986","text":"Raymond K. Wong Raymond Kin Wong is an American actor and writer. He is the author of the award-winning novel, \"The Pacific Between\". He was also named as one of \"Pittsburgh Magazine\"s 25 Most Beautiful People in 2007. Raymond K. Wong began his career as an Information Technology Consultant. He later became a Screen Actors Guild actor and has worked with Peter Falk, Julianne Moore, Sarah Jessica Parker, directors Rob Marshall and Peter Yates in features and TV series such as Oscar-nominated \"Roommates\" and Emmy-winning series \"Sex and the City\". As a writer, he is the author of the novel,","title":"Raymond K. Wong"},{"id":"805170","text":"carry between them and the well-meaning, innocent boy is easily manipulated by the lovers. Although Marian and Ted are fully aware of the social taboo that must make their relationship a matter of the utmost secrecy, Leo is too naïve to understand why they can never marry. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Marian is about to become engaged to Hugh, Viscount Trimingham, the descendant of the area's nobility who formerly lived in Brandham Hall. As he begins to comprehend that the relationship between Marian and Ted is not to do with \"business\", as they have claimed,","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"9333930","text":"parts. After a prologue by a child, the first scene is a Shakespearean scene with romantic dialogue. The second scene is a parody of a restoration comedy, and the third scene is a panorama of Victorian triumph based on a policeman directing the traffic in Hyde Park. The final scene is entitled \"Ourselves\", at which point Miss La Trobe shocks the audience by turning mirrors on them. The book ends quietly with life returning to normal. Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book","title":"Between the Acts"},{"id":"805169","text":"class boy among the wealthy upper class. Though he does not fit in, his hosts do their best to make him feel welcome, treating him with kindness and indulgence, especially their daughter Marian. When Marcus falls ill, Leo is left largely to his own devices and becomes a secret \"postman\" for Marian and nearby tenant farmer Ted Burgess, with whom she is having a clandestine relationship. Leo is happy to help Marian because he has a crush on her and likes Ted. Besides, Leo is initially ignorant of the significance or content of the messages that he is asked to","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"4550166","text":"he reunited with Jimmy McGovern for the BBC television film \"Go Now\", the story of a young man who falls ill with multiple sclerosis just as he meets the love of his life. Focusing on the turmoil this causes the couple, the film was given a theatrical release in many countries, including the United States. In 1996 Winterbottom adapted his favourite novel, Thomas Hardy's bleak classic \"Jude the Obscure\", the tale of forbidden love between two cousins which had so scandalized British society on its release in 1895 that Hardy gave up novel-writing. It was not Winterbottom's first time approaching","title":"Michael Winterbottom"},{"id":"887380","text":"Amis's work centres on the excesses of late-capitalist Western society, whose perceived absurdity he often satirises through grotesque caricature; he has been portrayed as a master of what \"The New York Times\" called \"the new unpleasantness\". Inspired by Saul Bellow, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Joyce, as well as by his father Kingsley Amis, Amis himself has gone on to influence many successful British novelists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including Will Self and Zadie Smith. Amis was born in Oxford, England. His father, noted English novelist Sir Kingsley Amis, was the son of a mustard manufacturer's clerk","title":"Martin Amis"},{"id":"10310340","text":"Jack Trevor Story Memorial Cup include Fred Normandale, Steve Aylett, Nicholas Lezard and Howard Waldrop. Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \"The Trouble with Harry\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\"Live Now, Pay Later\", \"Something for Nothing\" and \"The Urban District Lover\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\", \"One Last Mad Embrace\", \"Hitler Needs You\"). He also wrote","title":"Jack Trevor Story"},{"id":"449479","text":"warn against the \"neurotic-genius\" way of looking at mental illness, which rationalises the theory that creativity is somehow born of mental illness. Stephen Trombley describes Woolf as having a confrontational relationship with her doctors, and possibly being a woman who is a \"victim of male medicine\", referring to the contemporary relative lack of understanding about mental illness. After completing the manuscript of her last novel (posthumously published), \"Between the Acts\" (1941), Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and","title":"Virginia Woolf"},{"id":"2829075","text":"Journal\" described the novel as \"a fast-paced and gripping story.\" The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska,","title":"The Two Georges"},{"id":"12486307","text":"second (or third, depending on the version) stanza of the hymn \"I Vow to Thee, My Country\", which is sung in both the play and film, as well as referring to the fact that English public school life in the 1930s was indeed very much like \"another country\". In the hymn, the other country referred to is Heaven (or the Kingdom of Heaven), although this allusion does not appear to relate to the film in any way. \"Another Country\" is also the title of a 1962 novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \"The Go-Between\" is a","title":"Another Country (film)"},{"id":"13919720","text":"Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \"The Space Between\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \"The Good Divide\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received her MFA in creative writing. She has taught creative writing and literature for Drake University and Upper Iowa University. She is currently","title":"Kali VanBaale"},{"id":"15339827","text":"Go Between Bridge The Go Between Bridge, formerly known as the Hale Street Link, is a toll bridge for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists over the Brisbane River in inner-city Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Merivale and Cordelia Streets in West End to Hale Street and the Inner City Bypass at Milton. It is Brisbane's first inner-city traffic bridge in 40 years and carries around 12,000 vehicles per day. The bridge opened to traffic in the early hours on 5 July 2010 and is now operated by Transurban. The Go Between Bridge is named after the popular Australian indie rock","title":"Go Between Bridge"},{"id":"429241","text":"classics Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne (the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton; the controversial D. H. Lawrence; the modernist Virginia Woolf; the satirist Evelyn Waugh; the prophetic novelist George Orwell; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene; the crime writer Agatha Christie (the best-selling novelist of all time); Ian Fleming (the creator of James Bond); the poets T.S. Eliot, Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes; the fantasy writers J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and J. K. Rowling; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. Scotland's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle","title":"United Kingdom"},{"id":"887379","text":"Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \"Experience\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \"Time's Arrow\" and longlisted in 2003 for \"Yellow Dog\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New Writing at the University of Manchester until 2011. In 2008, \"The Times\" named him one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.","title":"Martin Amis"},{"id":"805175","text":"simple, almost gentle story of a boy lost in a strange world of emotions.\" There have been regular editions from Penguin Books and other sources since 1958. By 1954 translations were being prepared in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Japanese, French and Italian. Others followed later in Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Romanian and German. The novel has also been set as an exam text with a study guide dedicated to it and there have been interdisciplinary studies on psychological and philosophical themes there. Later literary interpretations looked beyond the book’s immediately noticeable themes. For Colm Tóibín in his introduction to a 2002","title":"The Go-Between"},{"id":"9277338","text":"for the film was his final collaboration with Losey, following \"The Servant\" (1963) and \"Accident\" (1967). It is largely faithful to the novel, although it alludes to the novel's opening events in dialogue, in which Leo is admired by other boys at his school as they believe he used black magic to punish two bullies, and also moves events described in the novel's epilogue into the central narrative. Losey says he was glad he and Pinter did not make the film until after \"Accident\" because that film encouraged them to play around with time in storytelling. Eventually John Heyman managed","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"866737","text":"Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \"Ruman Katseb\", , \"Roman Leibovich Katsev\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood. His mother, Mina Owczyńska (1879—?), was a Jewish actress from Švenčionys","title":"Romain Gary"},{"id":"13919721","text":"a faculty member of the Lindenwood University MFA in Writing Program. She lives outside Des Moines with her husband and three children. Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \"The Space Between\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \"The Good Divide\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received","title":"Kali VanBaale"},{"id":"2829070","text":"The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska, retained under the rule of Russia. \"The Two Georges\", a","title":"The Two Georges"},{"id":"1296349","text":"Joseph Losey Joseph Walton Losey III (; January 14, 1909June 22, 1984) was an American theatre and film director. Born in Wisconsin, he studied in Germany with Bertolt Brecht and then returned to the United States. Blacklisted by Hollywood in the 1950s, he moved to Europe where he made the remainder of his films, mostly in the United Kingdom. Among the most critically and commercially successful were three films with screenplays by Harold Pinter, \"The Servant\" (1963), \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971). Joseph Walton Losey III was born on January 14, 1909 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he and","title":"Joseph Losey"},{"id":"4009386","text":"Pelecanos published \"The Cut\", introducing the character Spero Lucas, a young veteran of the Iraq war. The former Marine works part-time as a private investigator for a D.C. defense attorney as well as taking jobs finding stolen items for a 40% cut of the value of the returned item. In 2013, Pelecanos published \"The Double\", the second Spero Lucas book. Pelecanos has written and produced for HBO's \"The Wire\" and is part of a literary circle with \"The Wire\" creator David Simon and novelist Laura Lippman. Simon sought out Pelecanos after reading his work. Simon was recommended his novels several","title":"George Pelecanos"},{"id":"9333927","text":"Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book describes the mounting, performance, and audience of a play at a festival in a small English village, just before the outbreak of the Second World War. The story takes place in a country house somewhere in England, just before the Second World War. It is the day when the annual pageant is to be performed in the grounds of the house. The pageant is traditionally a celebration of English history, and is attended by the entire","title":"Between the Acts"},{"id":"20061066","text":"Anna In-Between Anna In-Between is a 2009 English novel by Trinidadian American author Elizabeth Nunez. Anna, the lead character of the novel, finds herself in a situation where she is made to ponder on the differences between her native Caribbean, where her parents live, and her adopted lifestyle in Manhattan, and how race affects it. The novel was longlisted for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award. Anna Sinclair is an established and in-demand book editor settled in Manhattan. On a vacation trip getting away from her work pressures, she visits her parents in her native Caribbean island. The Sinclairs are","title":"Anna In-Between"},{"id":"13463857","text":"Nobel Prize in Literature) and is open to novels written in all languages, was €100,000 (£85,000, US$140,000). Thomas was the third author to win with a debut novel, following Andrew Miller's \"Ingenious Pain\" (1999) and Rawi Hage's \"De Niro's Game\" (2007). The book was praised by the judges, who included James Ryan, for its \"energy and warmth\" and for being \"tuned urgently to the way we live now\". Thomas said he had been \"feeling a little desperate\" during the writing of it. \"Man Gone Down\" beat an international longlist of 147 titles from 41 countries, as well as seven other","title":"Michael Thomas (author)"},{"id":"1276727","text":"was prohibited, despite the fact that there were no swastikas on the cover of the first German edition. The Iron Dream won a Prix Tour-Apollo Award, and was nominated for an American Book Award. \"A World Between\" (1979) tells of a mildly turbulent period on the planet of Pacifica, a eutopic, democratic electronically mediated society, on which lands a ship from each of the two factions in the \"Pink and Blue War\": the patronisingly paternalistic Institute of Transcendental Science on the one side, and the rabidly man-hating lesbian Femocrats on the other. Nobody suffers a worse fate than political embarrassment,","title":"Norman Spinrad"},{"id":"3516439","text":"Forest of Dean on the borders of England and Wales. Andrew Taylor (author) Andrew Taylor (born 14 October 1951) is a British author best known for his crime novels, which include the Lydmouth series, the Roth Trilogy and historical novels such as the best-selling \"The American Boy\" and \"The Ashes of London\". His accolades include the Diamond Dagger, Britain's top crime-writing award. Andrew Taylor grew up in East Anglia. He was educated at The King's School, Ely, and Woodbridge School. He read English at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and has an MA in Library, Archive and Information Science from University College","title":"Andrew Taylor (author)"},{"id":"16025589","text":"Frank Baker (author) Francis Baker (22 May 1908 – 1982) was a British author of novels and short stories, mainly on fantastic or supernatural themes. He was also an actor, musician and television scriptwriter. His best-known works are his novels, \"The Birds\" (1936) and \"Miss Hargreaves\" (1940), and his memoir, \"I Follow But Myself\" (1968). Francis Baker was born at Hornsey in London in 1908, the son of a marine insurance salesman (who had been a chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford) and grandson of an organist at Alexandra Palace. During World War I he was a weekly boarder at schools","title":"Frank Baker (author)"},{"id":"6647778","text":"who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were Herman Wouk's \"The Caine Mutiny\", James Jones's \"From Here to Eternity\", and Hemingway's \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\", the latter a novel set in the Spanish Civil War. Among more recent European novels is \"Ukraine - In the Time of War\", by Sonia Campbell-Gillies which has seen a sudden upsurge in demand since the annexation of Crimea by Russia. Ukraine's war-torn history is mirrored in the struggle","title":"War novel"},{"id":"19566364","text":"Carey 93. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting Milan Kundera 94. Haroun and the Sea of Stories Salman Rushdie 95. LA Confidential James Ellroy 96. Wise Children Angela Carter 97. Atonement Ian McEwan 98. Northern Lights Philip Pullman 99. American Pastoral Philip Roth 100. Austerlitz W. G. Sebald 1. 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678) 2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) 3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726) 4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748) 5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749) 6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne (1759) 7. Emma by","title":"The Guardian's 100 Best Novels Written in English"},{"id":"3935688","text":"The Servant (1963 film) The Servant is Harold Pinter's 1963 film adaptation of a 1948 novelette by Robin Maugham. A British production directed by Joseph Losey, it stars Dirk Bogarde, Sarah Miles, Wendy Craig and James Fox. It opened at London's Warner Theatre on 14 November 1963. The first of Pinter's three film collaborations with Losey, which also include \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971), \"The Servant\" is a tightly-constructed psychological dramatic film about the relationships among the four central characters examining issues relating to class, servitude and the ennui of the upper classes. Tony (James Fox) a wealthy young","title":"The Servant (1963 film)"},{"id":"3438685","text":"in Winnipeg by enlisting in the Canadian army. When his service was up, he worked as a doctor in the Arctic and on the coast of British Columbia while pursuing his MFA in creative writing at the University of British Columbia. In 1999, Patterson published \"The Water in Between\", a travel memoir of his sailing expedition in the Pacific Ocean. The book was nominated for the 2000 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction. His first novel, \"Consumption\", was published in September 2006 in Canada. He co-edited \"Outside the Wire: The War in Afghanistan in the Words of its Participants\", which","title":"Kevin Patterson (writer)"},{"id":"17559716","text":"Devil's Keg\", set in Alberta, Canada, was published in 1903. After its success he settled in Britain and became a full-time writer. Several of his novels were made into films. Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British","title":"Ridgwell Cullum"},{"id":"16494974","text":"and MacNeice, they were to be adopted by Virginia Woolf and through her much of 1930s literary London. The best-known early to mid 20th century novelist associated with Birmingham was J. R. R. Tolkien, whose books \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\" are two of the world's four best-selling books of all time, with over 100 million and over 150 million copies in print respectively. Although Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein in South Africa, he later called this a \"fallacious fact\" claiming that he \"happened to be born there by accident\". Both of his parents were from Birmingham","title":"Literature of Birmingham"},{"id":"12375211","text":"the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Henry James (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late","title":"English literature"},{"id":"321386","text":"receive the prize. On the other hand, Jon Fosse, former recipient of the prize, welcomed the decision, saying that Handke was a worthy recipient and deserved the Nobel Prize in Literature. Handke collaborated with director Wim Wenders on a film version of \"The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty\", wrote the script for Wenders' \"The Wrong Move\", and co-wrote the screenplay for Wenders' \"Wings of Desire\" and \"The Beautiful Days of Aranjuez\". He has also directed films, including from his own novels, \"The Left-Handed Woman\" and \"The Absence\". Peter Handke Peter Handke (; born 6 December 1942) is an Austrian novelist,","title":"Peter Handke"},{"id":"2297319","text":"regular feature on Broadway. Among the most important novelists from Northern Ireland are Flann O'Brien (1911–66), Brian Moore (1921–1999), and Bernard MacLaverty (1942– ). Flann O'Brien, Brian O'Nolan, , was a novelist, playwright and satirist, and is considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he also is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \"At Swim-Two-Birds\", and \"The Third Policeman\", were written under the \"nom de plume\" Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \"The Irish Times\" and an Irish language novel \"An Béal Bocht\" were","title":"Irish literature"},{"id":"16962720","text":"the pale fluorescent gloom of laundromats, pockets filled with lint-covered jellybeans, the smell of crabcakes and coconut oil on a Delaware beach, grapy veins in the calves of middle-aged mothers. As a chronicler of domestic fuss, Tyler can be compared to John Updike\". Morgan's Passing Morgan's Passing is a 1980 novel by Anne Tyler. It won the 1980 Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction and was nominated for both the American Book Awards and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Morgan Gower is a middle-aged husband and father who works at Cullen's Hardware Store. Morgan's life is boring: His house","title":"Morgan's Passing"},{"id":"17559715","text":"Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British and Boer settlers; he travelled to the scene of another gold rush in Yukon in north-west Canada; he spent a few years cattle-ranching in Montana, USA. His first novel \"The","title":"Ridgwell Cullum"},{"id":"887432","text":"literature, terrorism, religion, Philip Larkin, science, Britishness, suicide, sex, ageing, his 2010 novel \"The Pregnant Widow\", violence, film, the short story, and America). Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \"Experience\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \"Time's Arrow\" and longlisted in 2003 for \"Yellow Dog\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New","title":"Martin Amis"},{"id":"4238985","text":"shows Bantam (UK) hardcover, first printings only.\" James Grant A.K.A. Lee Child has received honorary degrees from several universities. These include: Lee Child James D. \"Jim\" Grant (born 29 October 1954), primarily known by his pen name Lee Child, is a British author who writes thriller novels, and is best known for his \"Jack Reacher\" novel series. The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman, Jack Reacher, who wanders the United States. His first novel, \"Killing Floor\", won both the Anthony Award, and the Barry Award for Best First Novel. Jim Grant was born in Coventry, England.","title":"Lee Child"},{"id":"295508","text":"Neil Gaiman Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (; born Neil Richard Gaiman, 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre, and films. His works include the comic book series \"The Sandman\" and novels \"Stardust\", \"American Gods\", \"Coraline\", and \"The Graveyard Book\". He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, \"The Graveyard Book\" (2008). In 2013, \"The Ocean at the End of","title":"Neil Gaiman"},{"id":"19498136","text":"only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. G. Farrell, J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel. Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reputation, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and novelist Leonard Cohen, short story writer Alice Munro, and more recently poet Anne Carson. Another admired Canadian novelist and poet is Michael Ondaatje, who was born in Sri Lanka. From 1940 into the 21st century, American playwrights, poets and novelists have continued to be internationally prominent. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.","title":"Twentieth-century English literature"},{"id":"9287164","text":"The White Boy Shuffle The White Boy Shuffle is the 1996 first novel of poet Paul Beatty. A satiric coming-of-age tale following the life of poet, basketball star, and self-described “Negro Demagogue” Gunnar Kaufman. It has been noted for its postmodern treatment of African American gender and sexuality in addition to race. The White Boy Shuffle is the first American novel to win the Booker prize In the book's prologue, the reader meets the narrator, Gunnar Kaufman, a prolific African-American poet whose astronomically successful book, \"Watermelanin\", has sold 126 million copies, elevating him to the status of \"Negro Demagogue.\" The","title":"The White Boy Shuffle"},{"id":"866746","text":"and his ashes were scattered in the Mediterranean Sea near Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \"Ruman Katseb\", , \"Roman Leibovich Katsev\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood.","title":"Romain Gary"},{"id":"11274467","text":"number of contemporary postcolonial writers, including V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie and Zoë Wicomb. He is the editor of \"A Companion to Salman Rushdie\" (Cambridge University Press, 2007).` Gurnah has supervised research projects on the writing of Rushdie, Naipaul, G. V. Desani, Anthony Burgess, Joseph Conrad, George Lamming and Jamaica Kincaid. Novels The most famous of these are \"Paradise\", \"Desertion\" and \"By the Sea\", the first of which was shortlisted for both the Booker and the Whitbread Prize. \"By the Sea\", meanwhile, was longlisted for the Booker and shortlisted for the \"Los Angeles Times\" Book Award. Short stories Abdulrazak Gurnah","title":"Abdulrazak Gurnah"},{"id":"9621156","text":"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall The In-Between World of Vikram Lall is a novel by M. G. Vassanji, published in 2003 by Doubleday Canada. The novel won the Scotiabank Giller Prize that year and narrates a story of Vikram Lall in the colonial and post-colonial Kenya. The title for the novel also inspired the title for Elizabeth Nunez's novel \"Anna In-Between\", published in 2009. Vikram Lall is an adult living in exile in Canada and the novel plots him contemplating over his life as a teenager of Indian origin living in Kenya in the 1950s. Vikram's paternal grandfather was","title":"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall"},{"id":"4717920","text":"Donald James Donald James (born Donald James Wheal; 22 August 1931—28 April 2008) was a British television writer, novelist and non-fiction writer. Born in World's End, Chelsea, and educated at Sloane Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (where he read history), James completed his National Service in the Parachute Regiment before returning to London to work as a supply teacher. He was the author of the best-selling novels \"Vadim\", \"Monstrum\", \"The Fortune Teller\" and \"The Fall of the Russian Empire\", as well as non-fiction books such as \"The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich\". He wrote under a number of","title":"Donald James"},{"id":"7263006","text":"with the new mass of the Roman Catholic Church were the work of the Holy Spirit. From the pulpit he campaigned vigorously against the Book of Common Prayer and in favour of the Alternative Service Book. He achieved some notoriety by suggesting that a service to be said after abortion be added to the ASB. The most notable of his books were \"The Go-Between God\" (1972) and \"The Christlike God\" (1992), both of which remain in print. \"Enough is enough\" (1975) was an early book of the environmentalist movement, making the theological case for resisting consumerism and looking after our","title":"John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)"},{"id":"9277336","text":"envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \"The Servant\" and says Pinter wrote \"two thirds of a script\".","title":"The Go-Between (1971 film)"},{"id":"12154166","text":"Africa, the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o wrote \"Weep Not, Child\" (1964), the first postcolonial novel about the East African experience of colonial imperialism; in \"The River Between\" (1965), with the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–60) as political background, he addressed the postcolonial matters of native religious culture, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa; and the essay \"Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature\" (1986). In postcolonial countries of Africa, the Africans and the non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages,","title":"Postcolonialism"},{"id":"11437024","text":"Literature in the 1970s Fiction in the '70s brought a return of old-fashioned storytelling, especially with Erich Segal's \"Love Story\". The early seventies also saw the decline of previously well-respected writers, such as Saul Bellow and Peter De Vries, both of whom released poorly received novels at the start of the decade, but rebounded critically as the decade wore on. Racism remained a key literary subject. John Updike emerged as a major literary figure with his 1971 novel \"Rabbit Redux\". Reflections of the 1960s experience also found roots in the literature of the decade through the works of Joyce Carol","title":"Literature in the 1970s"},{"id":"10310333","text":"Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \"The Trouble with Harry\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\"Live Now, Pay Later\", \"Something for Nothing\" and \"The Urban District Lover\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\", \"One Last Mad Embrace\", \"Hitler Needs You\"). He also wrote under the names Alex Atwell, Bret Harding and Rex Riotti. Story was born in Hertford","title":"Jack Trevor Story"},{"id":"6871795","text":"Whyte-Butler, in the late 1990s, and she lived with him in Sydney and Tasmania, and was with him when he died in 2013. Christopher Koch Christopher John Koch AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist, known for his 1978 novel \"The Year of Living Dangerously\", which was adapted into an award-winning film. He twice won the Miles Franklin Award (for \"The Doubleman\" in 1985, and \"Highways to a War\" in 1996). In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature, and was awarded an honorary Doctor of","title":"Christopher Koch"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4535526\",\n \"text\": \"sexuality until toward the end of his life. Hartley regarded his 1971 novel \\\"The Harness Room\\\" as his \\\"homosexual novel\\\" and feared the public reaction to it. In 1947 Hartley was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel \\\"Eustace and Hilda\\\", while his 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" was joint winner of the Heinemann Award. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 New Year Honours. Hartley died in London on 13 December 1972 at the age of 76. L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December\",\n \"title\": \"L. P. Hartley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4535522\",\n \"text\": \"L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December 1972) was a British novelist and short story writer. Although his first fiction was published in 1924, his career was slow to take off. His best-known novels are the \\\"Eustace and Hilda\\\" trilogy (1944–47) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1953). The latter was made into a film in 1971, as was his 1957 novel \\\"The Hireling\\\" in 1973. Leslie Poles Hartley was born on 30 December 1895 in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, the son of Bessie and Harry Bark Hartley, a solicitor and JP. He had two sisters, Enid and Annie Norah.\",\n \"title\": \"L. P. Hartley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4935558\",\n \"text\": \"very much like \\\"another country\\\". \\\"Another Country\\\" is also the title of a novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \\\"The Go-Between\\\" is a novel by L.P. Hartley (1895–1972), published in London in 1953. The movie's framing as the narration of an old man may reference the beginning line of the novel: \\\"\\\"The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.\\\"\\\" The most direct reference is to several well-known lines from British literature, originating from Christopher Marlowe's play \\\"The Jew of Malta\\\": Friar Barnadine: \\\"Thou hast committed--\\\"
Barabas: \\\"Fornication-- but that was in another country\",\n \"title\": \"Another Country (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805167\",\n \"text\": \"The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it has been adapted several times for stage and screen. The book gives a critical view of society at the end of the Victorian era through the eyes of a naïve schoolboy outsider. In the book’s prologue, Leo Colston chances upon a diary from 1900, the year of his thirteenth birthday, and gradually pieces together a memory that he has suppressed. Under its influence, and from the viewpoint of what he has become by the midpoint of \\\"this hideous century\\\", Leo relives the\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805181\",\n \"text\": \"BBC Radio 3 on 26 May 2013. In 1991, South African composer David Earl adapted the novel as a two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805173\",\n \"text\": \"by her as his own. He had died in 1910, while Marcus and his elder brother were killed in the First World War and Marian's son in the second. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess. \\\"The Go-Between\\\" was first published in Britain by Hamish Hamilton in 1953. In the USA its publisher was Alfred A. Knopf in the summer of 1954, and the book was slow\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"902450\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Pinter Harold Pinter (; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include \\\"The Birthday Party\\\" (1957), \\\"The Homecoming\\\" (1964), and \\\"Betrayal\\\" (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), \\\"The French Lieutenant's Woman\\\" (1981), \\\"The Trial\\\" (1993), and \\\"Sleuth\\\" (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Pinter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805178\",\n \"text\": \"Leo's age in 1909, Hartley spent a summer with a school friend called Moxley at Bradenham Hall in Norfolk and took part in a cricket match. The names are sufficiently close to Maudsley and Brandham to give rise to such speculation. But Tóibín counsels a cautious approach to the question, quoting Hartley's own study of fiction-writing, \\\"The Novelist's Responsibility\\\". The novelist's world, he wrote, \\\"must, in some degree, be an extension of his own life.\\\" And, while it is “unsafe to assume that a novelist's work is autobiographical in any direct sense,” this does not prevent it from reflecting his\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805177\",\n \"text\": \"past that continues to exist in and to control the subconscious … This doubling of consciousness and of narrative voice—the innocent twelve-year-old's emerging from beneath the self-protective sixty-five-year-old's—is one of Hartley's most effective techniques.” Another preoccupation in Tóibín's introduction was how far the story of “The Go-Between” is based on fact, in the wake of Adrian Wright’s biographical study, \\\"Foreign Country: The Life of L. P. Hartley\\\". Although Leo is twelve at the time of the novel – the long, hot summer of 1900 – the five-year-old Hartley remembered that time afterwards as \\\"a Golden Age\\\". When he was about\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19042345\",\n \"text\": \"Burgess' suicide when the heavens literally opened. This was sumptuous, involving, unforgettable drama that stayed with you. If only it hadn't been forced to compete with Downton\\\". As of 23 September 2015, \\\"The Go-Between\\\" had a rating of 7.3/10 (from 90 users) on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277333\",\n \"text\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film) The Go-Between is a 1971 British romantic drama film directed by Joseph Losey. Its screenplay, by Harold Pinter, is an adaptation of the 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" by L. P. Hartley. The film stars Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Margaret Leighton, Michael Redgrave and Dominic Guard. It won the Grand Prix at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. The story follows a young boy named Leo Colston (Dominic Guard), who in the year 1900 is a guest of his wealthy school friend, Marcus Maudsley (Richard Gibson), to spend the summer holidays at his family's Norfolk country house. While\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805179\",\n \"text\": \"experience. Among other writers commenting on the book's contemporary context, Paul Binding has pointed out that its famous opening phrase, “The past is a foreign country”, had first been used by Hartley’s friend Lord David Cecil in his inaugural lecture as Goldsmith's Professor in 1949. Ali Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between the treatment of class and sexuality in \\\"The Go-Between\\\" and in \\\"Lady Chatterley's Lover\\\" (1928). D. H. Lawrence’s novel was not allowed unexpurgated circulation in Britain until after \\\"The Go-Between\\\"s appearance, but perhaps, she speculated, Hartley's novel helped prepare the climate for the overturning of the British\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"902501\",\n \"text\": \"In its première in the National Theatre's two-part production of \\\"Sketches\\\", despite undergoing chemotherapy at the time, Pinter played the ruthless Minister willing to murder little children for the benefit of \\\"The State\\\". Pinter composed 27 screenplays and film scripts for cinema and television, many of which were filmed, or adapted as stage plays. His fame as a screenwriter began with his three screenplays written for films directed by Joseph Losey, leading to their close friendship: \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), based on the novel by Robin Maugham; \\\"Accident\\\" (1967), adapted from the novel by Nicholas Mosley; and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), based\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Pinter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1296360\",\n \"text\": \"was removed from the project. An alternative version is that Losey was replaced due to illness. Losey was later hired by Hammer Films to direct \\\"The Damned\\\", a 1963 British science fiction film based on H.L. Lawrence's novel \\\"The Children of Light\\\". In the 1960s, Losey began working with playwright Harold Pinter, in what became a long friendship and initiated a successful screenwriting career for Pinter. Losey directed three enduring classics based on Pinter's screenplays: \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), \\\"Accident\\\" (1967) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971). \\\"The Servant\\\" won three British Academy Film Awards. \\\"Accident\\\" won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Losey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19498114\",\n \"text\": \"1972 and \\\"Nights at the Circus\\\" 1984. Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who published from the 1960s into the 21st century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \\\"Possession\\\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include \\\"The Cement Garden\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Twentieth-century English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19042338\",\n \"text\": \"The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest of a much wealthier school friend, Marcus Maudsley. On his journey he recalls the events surrounding his original visit, during which he had celebrated his thirteenth birthday and also become besotted with his friend’s older sister Marian, whose family strongly hoped that she would marry the local landowner,\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277335\",\n \"text\": \"in a farm building. This event has a long-lasting impact on Leo after Burgess shoots himself dead in his farmhouse kitchen. More than fifty years later, Marian, now the Dowager Lady Trimingham, sends for Leo, wanting him to speak to her grandson to assure him that she had truly loved Burgess. She asks Leo whether her grandson reminds him of anyone, and he replies \\\"Yes. Ted Burgess\\\". Michael Redgrave plays Leo in old age. The rights to the novel had been in the hands of many producers, including Anthony Asquith. Then Sir Alexander Korda purchased it in 1956. He originally\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13338538\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Cross Neil Cross (born 9 February 1969) is a British novelist and scriptwriter, best known for as the creator of the drama series \\\"Luther\\\" and Hard Sun (TV Series) Cross was born in Bristol on 9 February 1969. He graduated from the University of Leeds in 1994 with a degree in English and Theology. His initial career was solely as a novelist, beginning with \\\"Mr In-Between\\\", which was published in 1998 (and adapted into a film in 2001). He later diversified into television, writing an episode of the BBC spy drama \\\"Spooks\\\" in 2006 before becoming lead writer on\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Cross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805174\",\n \"text\": \"to sell at first. However, it was greeted with favourable reviews. \\\"The New York Times\\\" called it \\\"a triumph of literary architecture\\\", while two articles were devoted to it in the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\". Joseph Henry Jackson commented on its skilful presentation as “a many-leveled affair; perhaps only the author knows how much there is in it of symbol and reference.\\\" A month later Milton Merlin described it as \\\"a superbly composed and an irresistibly haunting novel” characterised by “the author's beautiful and ingenious style, his whimsy, irony and humor, and, most of all, the powerful wallop of a deceptively\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805176\",\n \"text\": \"reprint, the book is not really \\\"a drama about class or about England, or a lost world mourned by Hartley; instead it is a drama about Leo's deeply sensuous nature moving blindly, in a world of rich detail and beautiful sentences, toward a destruction that is impelled by his own intensity of feeling and, despite everything, his own innocence.\\\" Kevin Gardner cites the narrative technique among other complex treatments of time: \\\"Hartley's haunting tale of lost innocence underscores the modern experience of broken time, a paradox in which humanity is alienated from the past, yet not free from it, a\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2540044\",\n \"text\": \"Accident (1967 film) Accident is Harold Pinter's 1967 British dramatic film adaptation of the 1965 novel by Nicholas Mosley. Directed by Joseph Losey, it was the second of three collaborations between Pinter and Losey, the others being \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1970). At the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, it won the award for Grand Prix Spécial du Jury. It also won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. Stephen, a married Oxford tutor in his forties, has two students: the rich and likeable William, of whom he is fond, and a beautiful, enigmatic Austrian named\",\n \"title\": \"Accident (1967 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805171\",\n \"text\": \"Leo naively believes that Marian’s engagement ought to bring the correspondence between her and Ted to an end. Feeling increasingly uncomfortable about the general atmosphere of deception and risk, Leo tries to end his role as go-between but comes under great psychological pressure and is forced to continue. Ultimately, his unwilling involvement has disastrous consequences when Marian’s mother makes him accompany her as she tracks the lovers down to their hiding place and discovers them having sex. The trauma which results leads directly to Ted's suicide and Leo's nervous collapse. In the epilogue, the older Leo sums up how profoundly\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10528179\",\n \"text\": \"The Pacific Between The Pacific Between is a romantic coming of age novel by Raymond K. Wong. Published in 2006, \\\"The Pacific Between\\\" was the finalist for the IPPY Book Award in 2006. The novel is loosely based on the author's experience as an immigrant and young adult, but the characters and events are entirely fictional. \\\"The Pacific Between\\\" contains many themes such as betrayal, sacrifice, unconditional love, pride, prejudice, and life's lessons, set in Southern California and Hong Kong. It is Raymond K. Wong's debut novel. When Greg Lockland returns to California for his parents' funeral, he discovers letters\",\n \"title\": \"The Pacific Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1483452\",\n \"text\": \"Machines of Doctor Hoffman\\\" (1972) and \\\"Nights at the Circus\\\" (1984). Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who has published from the 1960s until this century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \\\"Possession\\\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include\",\n \"title\": \"English novel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277337\",\n \"text\": \"Losey was unable to get finance then or again in 1968. \\\"The company had cold feet about the story,\\\" said Losey. \\\"It was too tame for the pornographic age. As one man put it, who would be interested in a bit of Edwardian nostalgia? That's idiotic. It is certainly not a romantic or sentimental piece. It has a surface and a coating of romantic melodrama, but it has a bitter core.\\\" Losey said he was attracted to the novel because it was about \\\"the terrible sense of shortness of any human life, the sense of totality of life.\\\" Pinter's screenplay\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8949763\",\n \"text\": \"and had a regular role in the BBC series \\\"Ashes to Ashes\\\". In 2009 he worked on the ABC miniseries \\\"Ben-Hur\\\". He appeared in the 2011 film \\\"Season of the Witch\\\". In 2012 he starred as Titus in Jean Racine's \\\"Berenice\\\" alongside Anne-Marie Duff in title role at the Donmar Warehouse in London. Campbell Moore played the role of Viscount Hugh Trimingham in the BBC's 2015 adaptation of L. P. Hartley's novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\". Also in 2015, he played the role of Maurice Wilkins in Anna Ziegler's play \\\"Photograph 51\\\", with Michael Billington writing, \\\"The play is also anything but\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Campbell Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20061069\",\n \"text\": \"colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Nunez, who grew up in Trinidad and later moved to the United States notes on how she relates with the story of Vikram Lall of being straddled in the two different worlds. When Nunez wrote her novel \\\"Anna In-Between\\\" and portrayed Anna, a character struggling in two identities, she said \\\"[she] just stole Vassanji's line, 'in-between'\\\". The novel was long-listed for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award where \\\"Let the Great World Spin\\\" by Irish author Colum McCann eventually won. It was awarded at the 2010 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for literary excellence. The novel\",\n \"title\": \"Anna In-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"121564\",\n \"text\": \"subtle and elegantly written novel by an author in complete command of his talent\\\". It also won the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award in 2005. Berger had earlier won the award in 1996 for \\\"A Year of Lesser\\\" and later again won in 2009 for \\\"The Retreat\\\". Dan Zigmond of \\\"SFGate\\\" reviews the novel as \\\"a rich and rewarding novel\\\". The Time in Between The Time in Between is a novel by Canadian author David Bergen. It deals with a man, who mysteriously returns to Vietnam, where he had been a soldier earlier in his life, followed by\",\n \"title\": \"The Time in Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15729182\",\n \"text\": \"S. J. Watson Steve \\\"S. J.\\\" Watson (born 1971) is an English writer. He debuted in 2011 with the thriller novel \\\"Before I Go to Sleep\\\". Rights to publish the book have been sold in 42 different countries around the world and it has gone on to be an international bestseller. Watson was born in Stourbridge, in the West Midlands. He studied Physics at the University of Birmingham and then moved to London, where he worked in various hospitals and specialized as an audiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing-impaired children. In the evenings and weekends he wrote fiction.\",\n \"title\": \"S. J. Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18979083\",\n \"text\": \"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \\\"Lady Chatterley's Lover\\\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \\\"Cider With Rosie\\\", LP Hartley's \\\"The Go-Between\\\" and J B Priestley's play \\\"An Inspector Calls\\\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\\\"Holliday Grainger\\\") enjoys a happy marriage to the dashing aristocrat Sir Clifford Chatterley (\\\"James\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805168\",\n \"text\": \"events of what had once seemed to him its hopeful beginning. The importance of his boarding school's social rules is another theme running through the book and complicates Leo's interaction with the adult world. \\\"Curses\\\" of his devising had routed boys who were bullying Leo at school and had given him the reputation of a magician something that he came to half-believe himself. As a result, he is invited as a guest to spend the summer at Brandham Hall, the country home of his school friend, Marcus Maudsley. There the socially clumsy Leo, with his regional accent, is a middle\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747462\",\n \"text\": \"of the musical group, The Go-Betweens, grew up in The Gap and wrote about the suburb in his 2016 memoir, Grant & I. David Malouf's novel \\\"Johnno\\\" references The Gap on two occasions, as does the debut novel of journalist Trent Dalton, 'Boy Swallows Universe'. The Gap, Queensland The Gap is a leafy and hilly suburb of Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia, located approximately west of the Brisbane CBD. The Gap was named for its geographical location in the valley between Mount Coot-tha and Enoggera Hill (i.e. \\\" 'the gap' between hills\\\") which both form part of the Taylor Range. Initially\",\n \"title\": \"The Gap, Queensland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805180\",\n \"text\": \"ban on Lawrence’s work seven years later. In 1960, an adaptation for stage by Louise F. Tanner was produced in Morgantown, West Virginia. Mrs. Tanner travelled to the United Kingdom to consult Hartley in person about the work. Playwright Harold Pinter adapted the novel into a screenplay of a film of the same name (1971), directed by Joseph Losey. A television adaptation starring Jim Broadbent was broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2015. On 8 July 2012, a radio adaptation by Frances Byrnes and directed by Matt Thompson was broadcast on BBC Radio 3. The production was re-broadcast on\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286332\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Sheffield Charles Sheffield (25 June 1935 – 2 November 2002) was an English-born mathematician, physicist and science fiction writer who served as a President of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and of the American Astronautical Society. His novel \\\"The Web Between the Worlds\\\", featuring the construction of a space elevator, was published almost simultaneously with Arthur C. Clarke's novel on the subject, \\\"The Fountains of Paradise\\\", a coincidence that amused them both. Excerpts from both Sheffield's \\\"The Web Between the Worlds\\\" and Clarke's \\\"The Fountains of Paradise\\\" have appeared recently in a space elevator anthology \\\"Towering\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Sheffield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2547074\",\n \"text\": \"James Salter James Arnold Horowitz (June 10, 1925 – June 19, 2015), better known as James Salter, his pen name and later-adopted legal name, was an American novelist and short-story writer. Originally a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, he resigned from the military in 1957 following the successful publication of his first novel, \\\"The Hunters\\\". After a brief career in film writing and film directing, in 1979 Salter published the novel \\\"Solo Faces\\\". He won numerous literary awards for his works, including belated recognition of works originally criticized at the time of their publication. His\",\n \"title\": \"James Salter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1618121\",\n \"text\": \"University College in 1963. His debut novel, \\\"Weep Not, Child\\\", was published in May 1964, becoming the first novel in English to be published by a writer from East Africa. Later that year, having won a scholarship to the University of Leeds to study for an MA, Ngũgĩ travelled to England, where he was when his second novel, \\\"The River Between\\\", came out in 1965. \\\"The River Between\\\", which has as its background the Mau Mau Uprising, and described an unhappy romance between Christians and non-Christians, is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus. He left Leeds without completing his\",\n \"title\": \"Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9474075\",\n \"text\": \"Nigel Farndale Nigel Farndale (born 30 September 1964) is a British author and journalist, known for his broadsheet interviews and his novel \\\"The Blasphemer\\\". He has written six books: three novels, two biographies and a collection of interviews. His latest novel is \\\"The Road Between Us\\\". \\\"The Blasphemer\\\" was shortlisted for the 2010 Costa Book Awards and selected for the WH Smith Richard and Judy Bookclub. His biography \\\"Haw-Haw: The Tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce\\\" was published in 2005 and shortlisted for that year’s Whitbread Prize and James Tait Black Memorial Prize. As a journalist he has written for\",\n \"title\": \"Nigel Farndale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12388279\",\n \"text\": \"Press in Autumn 2011. His novel about a Jewish RAF officer's return to post-war London, \\\"With Hope, Farewell\\\" (1952), and his semi-autobiographical account of a young man's political coming-of-age \\\"The In-Between Time\\\" (1971) are both scheduled for re-issue in 2016 or 2017 Novels Film screenplays Story Alexander Baron Alexander Baron ( – ) was a British author and screenwriter. He is best known for his highly acclaimed novel about D-Day entitled \\\"From the City from \\\"The Plough\\\" (1948) and his London novel \\\"The Lowlife\\\" (1963). Baron's father was Barnet Bernstein, a Polish-Jewish immigrant to Britain who settled in the East\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Baron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"144398\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes\\\" (1970), but for a time funds became hard to come by. More relaxed censorship also brought several controversial films, including Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell's \\\"Performance\\\", Ken Russell's \\\"The Devils\\\" (1971), Sam Peckinpah's \\\"Straw Dogs\\\" (1971), and Stanley Kubrick's \\\"A Clockwork Orange\\\" (1971) starring Malcolm McDowell as the leader of a gang of thugs in a dystopian future Britain. Other films during the early 1970s included the Edwardian drama \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, Nicolas Roeg's Venice-set supernatural thriller \\\"Don't Look Now\\\" (1973) and Mike Hodges'\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16856510\",\n \"text\": \"because of the amount of leisure time and education required to write novels, most novelists have come from the upper or the educated middle classes. However, working men and women began publishing novels in the twentieth century. This includes in Britain Walter Greenwood's \\\"Love on the Dole\\\" (1933), from America B. Traven's, \\\"The Death Ship\\\" (1926) and Agnes Smedley, \\\"Daughter of Earth\\\" (1929) and from the Soviet Union Nikolay Ostrovsky's \\\"How the Steel Was Tempered\\\" (1932). Later, in 1950s Britain, came a group of writers known as the \\\"Angry young men,\\\" which included the novelists Alan Sillitoe and Kingsley Amis,\",\n \"title\": \"Novelist\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10977840\",\n \"text\": \"The Years Between (play) The Years Between is a play by the English writer Daphne du Maurier, better known as a novelist and particularly as the author of \\\"Rebecca\\\" (which she had adapted for the London stage in 1940). This is one of two original plays that she wrote. The other is\\\" September Tide\\\" (1948). Set against the backdrop of the Second World War, \\\"The Years Between\\\" unfolds in the library/living room of an English country house. The man of the house, Colonel Michael Wentworth, MP, is presumed dead after his plane crashed into the sea on a flight to\",\n \"title\": \"The Years Between (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2025861\",\n \"text\": \"fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. Novelists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), who was also a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include \\\"The Forsyte Saga\\\" (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of \\\"The Old Wives' Tale\\\" (1908); G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936); E.M. Forster (1879–1970). The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). H. G. Wells\",\n \"title\": \"British literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5126893\",\n \"text\": \"Richardson's \\\"Clarissa\\\", Vladimir Nabokov's \\\"Lolita\\\", Rosamond Lehmann's \\\"Dusty Answer\\\", and Shakespeare's \\\"The Tempest\\\", \\\"Macbeth\\\", \\\"Hamlet,\\\" and \\\"Twelfth Night\\\". McEwan has also said that he was directly influenced by L.P. Hartley's \\\"The Go-Between\\\". \\\"Atonement\\\" contains a (fictional) letter addressed to Briony by the literary critic and editor Cyril Connolly. Like Connolly, Elizabeth Bowen is revealed to have reviewed Briony's earlier novel. \\\"Atonement\\\" was shortlisted for the 2001 Booker Prize for fiction. It was also shortlisted for the 2001 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the 2001 Whitbread Novel Award. It won the 2002 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, the\",\n \"title\": \"Atonement (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18979091\",\n \"text\": \"thou can’t say owt fairer than that\\\". Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \\\"Lady Chatterley's Lover\\\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \\\"Cider With Rosie\\\", LP Hartley's \\\"The Go-Between\\\" and J B Priestley's play \\\"An Inspector Calls\\\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\\\"Holliday Grainger\\\") enjoys a happy marriage to\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16698992\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen McKenna (novelist) Stephen McKenna (27 February 1888 – 26 September 1967) was an English novelist who wrote forty-seven novels, mostly focusing on English upper-class society, and six non-fiction titles. He published his first novel, \\\"The Reluctant Lover\\\", in 1912. His best-known novel, \\\"Sonia: Between Two Worlds\\\", was published in 1917. It was the tenth best-selling novel for 1918 in the United States, and also made into a British film of the same name in 1921. McKenna was the son of Leopold and Ellen McKenna. He was educated at Westminster School (Scholar), London, and at Christ Church, Oxford (Exhibitioner). He\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen McKenna (novelist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17077100\",\n \"text\": \"2019 premiere. Kirkus Reviews calls Good Sam, \\\"a solid, feel-good romance sparked with mystery.\\\" In addition, she is the author of the sequel to \\\"Good Sam,\\\" the bestseller “Perfectly Good Crime” recently won the Living Now Book Awards for “books that change the world.” Her third bestselling novel, \\\"The Space Between,\\\" was published by Lake Union Publishing in July 2018 and was a Once Upon A Book Club August Selection. Prior to joining Wind Dancer Films, Meserve was Vice President of Classical KUSC, the University of Southern California’s radio network. She began her career as Station Manager of the National\",\n \"title\": \"Dete Meserve\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2312024\",\n \"text\": \"Brian O'Nolan Brian O'Nolan (; 5 October 1911 – 1 April 1966) was an Irish novelist, playwright and satirist, considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \\\"At Swim-Two-Birds\\\" and \\\"The Third Policeman\\\", were written under the pen name Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \\\"The Irish Times\\\" and an Irish language novel \\\"An Béal Bocht\\\" were written under the name Myles na gCopaleen. O'Nolan's novels have attracted a wide following for their bizarre humour and modernist\",\n \"title\": \"Brian O'Nolan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10527986\",\n \"text\": \"Raymond K. Wong Raymond Kin Wong is an American actor and writer. He is the author of the award-winning novel, \\\"The Pacific Between\\\". He was also named as one of \\\"Pittsburgh Magazine\\\"s 25 Most Beautiful People in 2007. Raymond K. Wong began his career as an Information Technology Consultant. He later became a Screen Actors Guild actor and has worked with Peter Falk, Julianne Moore, Sarah Jessica Parker, directors Rob Marshall and Peter Yates in features and TV series such as Oscar-nominated \\\"Roommates\\\" and Emmy-winning series \\\"Sex and the City\\\". As a writer, he is the author of the novel,\",\n \"title\": \"Raymond K. Wong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805170\",\n \"text\": \"carry between them and the well-meaning, innocent boy is easily manipulated by the lovers. Although Marian and Ted are fully aware of the social taboo that must make their relationship a matter of the utmost secrecy, Leo is too naïve to understand why they can never marry. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Marian is about to become engaged to Hugh, Viscount Trimingham, the descendant of the area's nobility who formerly lived in Brandham Hall. As he begins to comprehend that the relationship between Marian and Ted is not to do with \\\"business\\\", as they have claimed,\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9333930\",\n \"text\": \"parts. After a prologue by a child, the first scene is a Shakespearean scene with romantic dialogue. The second scene is a parody of a restoration comedy, and the third scene is a panorama of Victorian triumph based on a policeman directing the traffic in Hyde Park. The final scene is entitled \\\"Ourselves\\\", at which point Miss La Trobe shocks the audience by turning mirrors on them. The book ends quietly with life returning to normal. Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book\",\n \"title\": \"Between the Acts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805169\",\n \"text\": \"class boy among the wealthy upper class. Though he does not fit in, his hosts do their best to make him feel welcome, treating him with kindness and indulgence, especially their daughter Marian. When Marcus falls ill, Leo is left largely to his own devices and becomes a secret \\\"postman\\\" for Marian and nearby tenant farmer Ted Burgess, with whom she is having a clandestine relationship. Leo is happy to help Marian because he has a crush on her and likes Ted. Besides, Leo is initially ignorant of the significance or content of the messages that he is asked to\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4550166\",\n \"text\": \"he reunited with Jimmy McGovern for the BBC television film \\\"Go Now\\\", the story of a young man who falls ill with multiple sclerosis just as he meets the love of his life. Focusing on the turmoil this causes the couple, the film was given a theatrical release in many countries, including the United States. In 1996 Winterbottom adapted his favourite novel, Thomas Hardy's bleak classic \\\"Jude the Obscure\\\", the tale of forbidden love between two cousins which had so scandalized British society on its release in 1895 that Hardy gave up novel-writing. It was not Winterbottom's first time approaching\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Winterbottom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"887380\",\n \"text\": \"Amis's work centres on the excesses of late-capitalist Western society, whose perceived absurdity he often satirises through grotesque caricature; he has been portrayed as a master of what \\\"The New York Times\\\" called \\\"the new unpleasantness\\\". Inspired by Saul Bellow, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Joyce, as well as by his father Kingsley Amis, Amis himself has gone on to influence many successful British novelists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including Will Self and Zadie Smith. Amis was born in Oxford, England. His father, noted English novelist Sir Kingsley Amis, was the son of a mustard manufacturer's clerk\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Amis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10310340\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Trevor Story Memorial Cup include Fred Normandale, Steve Aylett, Nicholas Lezard and Howard Waldrop. Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \\\"The Trouble with Harry\\\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\\\"Live Now, Pay Later\\\", \\\"Something for Nothing\\\" and \\\"The Urban District Lover\\\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\\\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\\\", \\\"One Last Mad Embrace\\\", \\\"Hitler Needs You\\\"). He also wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Trevor Story\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"449479\",\n \"text\": \"warn against the \\\"neurotic-genius\\\" way of looking at mental illness, which rationalises the theory that creativity is somehow born of mental illness. Stephen Trombley describes Woolf as having a confrontational relationship with her doctors, and possibly being a woman who is a \\\"victim of male medicine\\\", referring to the contemporary relative lack of understanding about mental illness. After completing the manuscript of her last novel (posthumously published), \\\"Between the Acts\\\" (1941), Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and\",\n \"title\": \"Virginia Woolf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2829075\",\n \"text\": \"Journal\\\" described the novel as \\\"a fast-paced and gripping story.\\\" The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska,\",\n \"title\": \"The Two Georges\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12486307\",\n \"text\": \"second (or third, depending on the version) stanza of the hymn \\\"I Vow to Thee, My Country\\\", which is sung in both the play and film, as well as referring to the fact that English public school life in the 1930s was indeed very much like \\\"another country\\\". In the hymn, the other country referred to is Heaven (or the Kingdom of Heaven), although this allusion does not appear to relate to the film in any way. \\\"Another Country\\\" is also the title of a 1962 novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \\\"The Go-Between\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Another Country (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13919720\",\n \"text\": \"Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \\\"The Space Between\\\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \\\"The Good Divide\\\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received her MFA in creative writing. She has taught creative writing and literature for Drake University and Upper Iowa University. She is currently\",\n \"title\": \"Kali VanBaale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15339827\",\n \"text\": \"Go Between Bridge The Go Between Bridge, formerly known as the Hale Street Link, is a toll bridge for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists over the Brisbane River in inner-city Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Merivale and Cordelia Streets in West End to Hale Street and the Inner City Bypass at Milton. It is Brisbane's first inner-city traffic bridge in 40 years and carries around 12,000 vehicles per day. The bridge opened to traffic in the early hours on 5 July 2010 and is now operated by Transurban. The Go Between Bridge is named after the popular Australian indie rock\",\n \"title\": \"Go Between Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"429241\",\n \"text\": \"classics Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne (the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton; the controversial D. H. Lawrence; the modernist Virginia Woolf; the satirist Evelyn Waugh; the prophetic novelist George Orwell; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene; the crime writer Agatha Christie (the best-selling novelist of all time); Ian Fleming (the creator of James Bond); the poets T.S. Eliot, Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes; the fantasy writers J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and J. K. Rowling; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. Scotland's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"887379\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \\\"Experience\\\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \\\"Time's Arrow\\\" and longlisted in 2003 for \\\"Yellow Dog\\\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New Writing at the University of Manchester until 2011. In 2008, \\\"The Times\\\" named him one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Amis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"805175\",\n \"text\": \"simple, almost gentle story of a boy lost in a strange world of emotions.\\\" There have been regular editions from Penguin Books and other sources since 1958. By 1954 translations were being prepared in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Japanese, French and Italian. Others followed later in Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Romanian and German. The novel has also been set as an exam text with a study guide dedicated to it and there have been interdisciplinary studies on psychological and philosophical themes there. Later literary interpretations looked beyond the book’s immediately noticeable themes. For Colm Tóibín in his introduction to a 2002\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277338\",\n \"text\": \"for the film was his final collaboration with Losey, following \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963) and \\\"Accident\\\" (1967). It is largely faithful to the novel, although it alludes to the novel's opening events in dialogue, in which Leo is admired by other boys at his school as they believe he used black magic to punish two bullies, and also moves events described in the novel's epilogue into the central narrative. Losey says he was glad he and Pinter did not make the film until after \\\"Accident\\\" because that film encouraged them to play around with time in storytelling. Eventually John Heyman managed\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"866737\",\n \"text\": \"Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \\\"Ruman Katseb\\\", , \\\"Roman Leibovich Katsev\\\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood. His mother, Mina Owczyńska (1879—?), was a Jewish actress from Švenčionys\",\n \"title\": \"Romain Gary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13919721\",\n \"text\": \"a faculty member of the Lindenwood University MFA in Writing Program. She lives outside Des Moines with her husband and three children. Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \\\"The Space Between\\\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \\\"The Good Divide\\\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received\",\n \"title\": \"Kali VanBaale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2829070\",\n \"text\": \"The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska, retained under the rule of Russia. \\\"The Two Georges\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"The Two Georges\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1296349\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Losey Joseph Walton Losey III (; January 14, 1909June 22, 1984) was an American theatre and film director. Born in Wisconsin, he studied in Germany with Bertolt Brecht and then returned to the United States. Blacklisted by Hollywood in the 1950s, he moved to Europe where he made the remainder of his films, mostly in the United Kingdom. Among the most critically and commercially successful were three films with screenplays by Harold Pinter, \\\"The Servant\\\" (1963), \\\"Accident\\\" (1967) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971). Joseph Walton Losey III was born on January 14, 1909 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he and\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Losey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4009386\",\n \"text\": \"Pelecanos published \\\"The Cut\\\", introducing the character Spero Lucas, a young veteran of the Iraq war. The former Marine works part-time as a private investigator for a D.C. defense attorney as well as taking jobs finding stolen items for a 40% cut of the value of the returned item. In 2013, Pelecanos published \\\"The Double\\\", the second Spero Lucas book. Pelecanos has written and produced for HBO's \\\"The Wire\\\" and is part of a literary circle with \\\"The Wire\\\" creator David Simon and novelist Laura Lippman. Simon sought out Pelecanos after reading his work. Simon was recommended his novels several\",\n \"title\": \"George Pelecanos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9333927\",\n \"text\": \"Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book describes the mounting, performance, and audience of a play at a festival in a small English village, just before the outbreak of the Second World War. The story takes place in a country house somewhere in England, just before the Second World War. It is the day when the annual pageant is to be performed in the grounds of the house. The pageant is traditionally a celebration of English history, and is attended by the entire\",\n \"title\": \"Between the Acts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20061066\",\n \"text\": \"Anna In-Between Anna In-Between is a 2009 English novel by Trinidadian American author Elizabeth Nunez. Anna, the lead character of the novel, finds herself in a situation where she is made to ponder on the differences between her native Caribbean, where her parents live, and her adopted lifestyle in Manhattan, and how race affects it. The novel was longlisted for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award. Anna Sinclair is an established and in-demand book editor settled in Manhattan. On a vacation trip getting away from her work pressures, she visits her parents in her native Caribbean island. The Sinclairs are\",\n \"title\": \"Anna In-Between\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13463857\",\n \"text\": \"Nobel Prize in Literature) and is open to novels written in all languages, was €100,000 (£85,000, US$140,000). Thomas was the third author to win with a debut novel, following Andrew Miller's \\\"Ingenious Pain\\\" (1999) and Rawi Hage's \\\"De Niro's Game\\\" (2007). The book was praised by the judges, who included James Ryan, for its \\\"energy and warmth\\\" and for being \\\"tuned urgently to the way we live now\\\". Thomas said he had been \\\"feeling a little desperate\\\" during the writing of it. \\\"Man Gone Down\\\" beat an international longlist of 147 titles from 41 countries, as well as seven other\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Thomas (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1276727\",\n \"text\": \"was prohibited, despite the fact that there were no swastikas on the cover of the first German edition. The Iron Dream won a Prix Tour-Apollo Award, and was nominated for an American Book Award. \\\"A World Between\\\" (1979) tells of a mildly turbulent period on the planet of Pacifica, a eutopic, democratic electronically mediated society, on which lands a ship from each of the two factions in the \\\"Pink and Blue War\\\": the patronisingly paternalistic Institute of Transcendental Science on the one side, and the rabidly man-hating lesbian Femocrats on the other. Nobody suffers a worse fate than political embarrassment,\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Spinrad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3516439\",\n \"text\": \"Forest of Dean on the borders of England and Wales. Andrew Taylor (author) Andrew Taylor (born 14 October 1951) is a British author best known for his crime novels, which include the Lydmouth series, the Roth Trilogy and historical novels such as the best-selling \\\"The American Boy\\\" and \\\"The Ashes of London\\\". His accolades include the Diamond Dagger, Britain's top crime-writing award. Andrew Taylor grew up in East Anglia. He was educated at The King's School, Ely, and Woodbridge School. He read English at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and has an MA in Library, Archive and Information Science from University College\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Taylor (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16025589\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Baker (author) Francis Baker (22 May 1908 – 1982) was a British author of novels and short stories, mainly on fantastic or supernatural themes. He was also an actor, musician and television scriptwriter. His best-known works are his novels, \\\"The Birds\\\" (1936) and \\\"Miss Hargreaves\\\" (1940), and his memoir, \\\"I Follow But Myself\\\" (1968). Francis Baker was born at Hornsey in London in 1908, the son of a marine insurance salesman (who had been a chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford) and grandson of an organist at Alexandra Palace. During World War I he was a weekly boarder at schools\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Baker (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6647778\",\n \"text\": \"who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were Herman Wouk's \\\"The Caine Mutiny\\\", James Jones's \\\"From Here to Eternity\\\", and Hemingway's \\\"For Whom the Bell Tolls\\\", the latter a novel set in the Spanish Civil War. Among more recent European novels is \\\"Ukraine - In the Time of War\\\", by Sonia Campbell-Gillies which has seen a sudden upsurge in demand since the annexation of Crimea by Russia. Ukraine's war-torn history is mirrored in the struggle\",\n \"title\": \"War novel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19566364\",\n \"text\": \"Carey 93. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting Milan Kundera 94. Haroun and the Sea of Stories Salman Rushdie 95. LA Confidential James Ellroy 96. Wise Children Angela Carter 97. Atonement Ian McEwan 98. Northern Lights Philip Pullman 99. American Pastoral Philip Roth 100. Austerlitz W. G. Sebald 1. 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678) 2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) 3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726) 4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748) 5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749) 6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne (1759) 7. Emma by\",\n \"title\": \"The Guardian's 100 Best Novels Written in English\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3935688\",\n \"text\": \"The Servant (1963 film) The Servant is Harold Pinter's 1963 film adaptation of a 1948 novelette by Robin Maugham. A British production directed by Joseph Losey, it stars Dirk Bogarde, Sarah Miles, Wendy Craig and James Fox. It opened at London's Warner Theatre on 14 November 1963. The first of Pinter's three film collaborations with Losey, which also include \\\"Accident\\\" (1967) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1971), \\\"The Servant\\\" is a tightly-constructed psychological dramatic film about the relationships among the four central characters examining issues relating to class, servitude and the ennui of the upper classes. Tony (James Fox) a wealthy young\",\n \"title\": \"The Servant (1963 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3438685\",\n \"text\": \"in Winnipeg by enlisting in the Canadian army. When his service was up, he worked as a doctor in the Arctic and on the coast of British Columbia while pursuing his MFA in creative writing at the University of British Columbia. In 1999, Patterson published \\\"The Water in Between\\\", a travel memoir of his sailing expedition in the Pacific Ocean. The book was nominated for the 2000 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction. His first novel, \\\"Consumption\\\", was published in September 2006 in Canada. He co-edited \\\"Outside the Wire: The War in Afghanistan in the Words of its Participants\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Patterson (writer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17559716\",\n \"text\": \"Devil's Keg\\\", set in Alberta, Canada, was published in 1903. After its success he settled in Britain and became a full-time writer. Several of his novels were made into films. Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British\",\n \"title\": \"Ridgwell Cullum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16494974\",\n \"text\": \"and MacNeice, they were to be adopted by Virginia Woolf and through her much of 1930s literary London. The best-known early to mid 20th century novelist associated with Birmingham was J. R. R. Tolkien, whose books \\\"The Hobbit\\\" and \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" are two of the world's four best-selling books of all time, with over 100 million and over 150 million copies in print respectively. Although Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein in South Africa, he later called this a \\\"fallacious fact\\\" claiming that he \\\"happened to be born there by accident\\\". Both of his parents were from Birmingham\",\n \"title\": \"Literature of Birmingham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12375211\",\n \"text\": \"the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels \\\"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\\\" (1876) and \\\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Henry James (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late\",\n \"title\": \"English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"321386\",\n \"text\": \"receive the prize. On the other hand, Jon Fosse, former recipient of the prize, welcomed the decision, saying that Handke was a worthy recipient and deserved the Nobel Prize in Literature. Handke collaborated with director Wim Wenders on a film version of \\\"The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty\\\", wrote the script for Wenders' \\\"The Wrong Move\\\", and co-wrote the screenplay for Wenders' \\\"Wings of Desire\\\" and \\\"The Beautiful Days of Aranjuez\\\". He has also directed films, including from his own novels, \\\"The Left-Handed Woman\\\" and \\\"The Absence\\\". Peter Handke Peter Handke (; born 6 December 1942) is an Austrian novelist,\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Handke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2297319\",\n \"text\": \"regular feature on Broadway. Among the most important novelists from Northern Ireland are Flann O'Brien (1911–66), Brian Moore (1921–1999), and Bernard MacLaverty (1942– ). Flann O'Brien, Brian O'Nolan, , was a novelist, playwright and satirist, and is considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he also is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \\\"At Swim-Two-Birds\\\", and \\\"The Third Policeman\\\", were written under the \\\"nom de plume\\\" Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \\\"The Irish Times\\\" and an Irish language novel \\\"An Béal Bocht\\\" were\",\n \"title\": \"Irish literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16962720\",\n \"text\": \"the pale fluorescent gloom of laundromats, pockets filled with lint-covered jellybeans, the smell of crabcakes and coconut oil on a Delaware beach, grapy veins in the calves of middle-aged mothers. As a chronicler of domestic fuss, Tyler can be compared to John Updike\\\". Morgan's Passing Morgan's Passing is a 1980 novel by Anne Tyler. It won the 1980 Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction and was nominated for both the American Book Awards and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Morgan Gower is a middle-aged husband and father who works at Cullen's Hardware Store. Morgan's life is boring: His house\",\n \"title\": \"Morgan's Passing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17559715\",\n \"text\": \"Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British and Boer settlers; he travelled to the scene of another gold rush in Yukon in north-west Canada; he spent a few years cattle-ranching in Montana, USA. His first novel \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Ridgwell Cullum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"887432\",\n \"text\": \"literature, terrorism, religion, Philip Larkin, science, Britishness, suicide, sex, ageing, his 2010 novel \\\"The Pregnant Widow\\\", violence, film, the short story, and America). Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \\\"Money\\\" (1984) and \\\"London Fields\\\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \\\"Experience\\\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \\\"Time's Arrow\\\" and longlisted in 2003 for \\\"Yellow Dog\\\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Amis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4238985\",\n \"text\": \"shows Bantam (UK) hardcover, first printings only.\\\" James Grant A.K.A. Lee Child has received honorary degrees from several universities. These include: Lee Child James D. \\\"Jim\\\" Grant (born 29 October 1954), primarily known by his pen name Lee Child, is a British author who writes thriller novels, and is best known for his \\\"Jack Reacher\\\" novel series. The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman, Jack Reacher, who wanders the United States. His first novel, \\\"Killing Floor\\\", won both the Anthony Award, and the Barry Award for Best First Novel. Jim Grant was born in Coventry, England.\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Child\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295508\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Gaiman Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (; born Neil Richard Gaiman, 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre, and films. His works include the comic book series \\\"The Sandman\\\" and novels \\\"Stardust\\\", \\\"American Gods\\\", \\\"Coraline\\\", and \\\"The Graveyard Book\\\". He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, \\\"The Graveyard Book\\\" (2008). In 2013, \\\"The Ocean at the End of\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Gaiman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19498136\",\n \"text\": \"only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. G. Farrell, J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel. Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reputation, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and novelist Leonard Cohen, short story writer Alice Munro, and more recently poet Anne Carson. Another admired Canadian novelist and poet is Michael Ondaatje, who was born in Sri Lanka. From 1940 into the 21st century, American playwrights, poets and novelists have continued to be internationally prominent. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.\",\n \"title\": \"Twentieth-century English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9287164\",\n \"text\": \"The White Boy Shuffle The White Boy Shuffle is the 1996 first novel of poet Paul Beatty. A satiric coming-of-age tale following the life of poet, basketball star, and self-described “Negro Demagogue” Gunnar Kaufman. It has been noted for its postmodern treatment of African American gender and sexuality in addition to race. The White Boy Shuffle is the first American novel to win the Booker prize In the book's prologue, the reader meets the narrator, Gunnar Kaufman, a prolific African-American poet whose astronomically successful book, \\\"Watermelanin\\\", has sold 126 million copies, elevating him to the status of \\\"Negro Demagogue.\\\" The\",\n \"title\": \"The White Boy Shuffle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"866746\",\n \"text\": \"and his ashes were scattered in the Mediterranean Sea near Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \\\"Ruman Katseb\\\", , \\\"Roman Leibovich Katsev\\\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood.\",\n \"title\": \"Romain Gary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11274467\",\n \"text\": \"number of contemporary postcolonial writers, including V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie and Zoë Wicomb. He is the editor of \\\"A Companion to Salman Rushdie\\\" (Cambridge University Press, 2007).` Gurnah has supervised research projects on the writing of Rushdie, Naipaul, G. V. Desani, Anthony Burgess, Joseph Conrad, George Lamming and Jamaica Kincaid. Novels The most famous of these are \\\"Paradise\\\", \\\"Desertion\\\" and \\\"By the Sea\\\", the first of which was shortlisted for both the Booker and the Whitbread Prize. \\\"By the Sea\\\", meanwhile, was longlisted for the Booker and shortlisted for the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" Book Award. Short stories Abdulrazak Gurnah\",\n \"title\": \"Abdulrazak Gurnah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9621156\",\n \"text\": \"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall The In-Between World of Vikram Lall is a novel by M. G. Vassanji, published in 2003 by Doubleday Canada. The novel won the Scotiabank Giller Prize that year and narrates a story of Vikram Lall in the colonial and post-colonial Kenya. The title for the novel also inspired the title for Elizabeth Nunez's novel \\\"Anna In-Between\\\", published in 2009. Vikram Lall is an adult living in exile in Canada and the novel plots him contemplating over his life as a teenager of Indian origin living in Kenya in the 1950s. Vikram's paternal grandfather was\",\n \"title\": \"The In-Between World of Vikram Lall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717920\",\n \"text\": \"Donald James Donald James (born Donald James Wheal; 22 August 1931—28 April 2008) was a British television writer, novelist and non-fiction writer. Born in World's End, Chelsea, and educated at Sloane Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (where he read history), James completed his National Service in the Parachute Regiment before returning to London to work as a supply teacher. He was the author of the best-selling novels \\\"Vadim\\\", \\\"Monstrum\\\", \\\"The Fortune Teller\\\" and \\\"The Fall of the Russian Empire\\\", as well as non-fiction books such as \\\"The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich\\\". He wrote under a number of\",\n \"title\": \"Donald James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7263006\",\n \"text\": \"with the new mass of the Roman Catholic Church were the work of the Holy Spirit. From the pulpit he campaigned vigorously against the Book of Common Prayer and in favour of the Alternative Service Book. He achieved some notoriety by suggesting that a service to be said after abortion be added to the ASB. The most notable of his books were \\\"The Go-Between God\\\" (1972) and \\\"The Christlike God\\\" (1992), both of which remain in print. \\\"Enough is enough\\\" (1975) was an early book of the environmentalist movement, making the theological case for resisting consumerism and looking after our\",\n \"title\": \"John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9277336\",\n \"text\": \"envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \\\"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\\\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \\\"The Servant\\\" and says Pinter wrote \\\"two thirds of a script\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Go-Between (1971 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12154166\",\n \"text\": \"Africa, the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o wrote \\\"Weep Not, Child\\\" (1964), the first postcolonial novel about the East African experience of colonial imperialism; in \\\"The River Between\\\" (1965), with the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–60) as political background, he addressed the postcolonial matters of native religious culture, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa; and the essay \\\"Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature\\\" (1986). In postcolonial countries of Africa, the Africans and the non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages,\",\n \"title\": \"Postcolonialism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437024\",\n \"text\": \"Literature in the 1970s Fiction in the '70s brought a return of old-fashioned storytelling, especially with Erich Segal's \\\"Love Story\\\". The early seventies also saw the decline of previously well-respected writers, such as Saul Bellow and Peter De Vries, both of whom released poorly received novels at the start of the decade, but rebounded critically as the decade wore on. Racism remained a key literary subject. John Updike emerged as a major literary figure with his 1971 novel \\\"Rabbit Redux\\\". Reflections of the 1960s experience also found roots in the literature of the decade through the works of Joyce Carol\",\n \"title\": \"Literature in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10310333\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \\\"The Trouble with Harry\\\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\\\"Live Now, Pay Later\\\", \\\"Something for Nothing\\\" and \\\"The Urban District Lover\\\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\\\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\\\", \\\"One Last Mad Embrace\\\", \\\"Hitler Needs You\\\"). He also wrote under the names Alex Atwell, Bret Harding and Rex Riotti. Story was born in Hertford\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Trevor Story\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6871795\",\n \"text\": \"Whyte-Butler, in the late 1990s, and she lived with him in Sydney and Tasmania, and was with him when he died in 2013. Christopher Koch Christopher John Koch AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist, known for his 1978 novel \\\"The Year of Living Dangerously\\\", which was adapted into an award-winning film. He twice won the Miles Franklin Award (for \\\"The Doubleman\\\" in 1985, and \\\"Highways to a War\\\" in 1996). In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature, and was awarded an honorary Doctor of\",\n \"title\": \"Christopher Koch\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: L. P. Hartley context: sexuality until toward the end of his life. Hartley regarded his 1971 novel \\\"The Harness Room\\\" as his \\\"homosexual novel\\\" and feared the public reaction to it. In 1947 Hartley was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel \\\"Eustace and Hilda\\\", while his 1953 novel \\\"The Go-Between\\\" was joint winner of the Heinemann Award. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 New Year Honours. Hartley died in London on 13 December 1972 at the age of 76. L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December\\n\\nWho wrote the novel The Go Between?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 202,\n \"origin_tokens\": 202,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Go-Between (171 film) context: envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \\\"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\\\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \\\"The Servant\\\" and says Pinter wrote \\\"two thirds of a script\\\".\\n\\ntitle L. P. Hartley context: L. P. Hart Leslie Poles Hartley (0 December 1895 – 3 December 1972 a British novelist and short story writer Although first fiction was published in 1924 career was slow to take off His best- novelsustace and Hilda\\\" trilogy144–7) and \\\"The Go-Between\\\" (1953). The was made into in 191, as 1957 novel \\\"The Hire in 1973 Leslie Poles Hartley was born on December 1895ittlesey, Cambridgeshire the son ofessie and Harry Bark Hartley, a solicitor and JP He had two sisters, Enid andnie Norah.\\ntitle: Theet. commenting's context, Paul Binding pointed out that its opening phrase, “The past is a”, had first Hartleys friend David Cec in his inaug lectureoldsms in9 Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between treatment class and sexualityTheet\\\"ady Chatter L Lawrence’s allowedexpurgated in untilBween\\\"s appearance but,ulated, Harts novel the forturn British\\ntitle: The BBC3 on African Earl the two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it\\n\\nWho wrote the novel The Go Between?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 538,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15306,\n \"ratio\": \"28.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":194,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":194,"string":"194"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Mrs. George Banks","Winifred banks","17 Cherry Tree Lane","Bert (Mary Poppins)","Mr. George Banks","Mr George Banks","Mary popins","Mrs George Banks","Marry Poppins","Mrs Winifred Banks","Mary Poppins","Mrs. Winifred Banks","Mary poppins","Winifred Banks"],"string":"[\n \"Mrs. George Banks\",\n \"Winifred banks\",\n \"17 Cherry Tree Lane\",\n \"Bert (Mary Poppins)\",\n \"Mr. George Banks\",\n \"Mr George Banks\",\n \"Mary popins\",\n \"Mrs George Banks\",\n \"Marry Poppins\",\n \"Mrs Winifred Banks\",\n \"Mary Poppins\",\n \"Mrs. Winifred Banks\",\n \"Mary poppins\",\n \"Winifred Banks\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Mary Poppins"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1875121","text":"being in the book series \"Mary Poppins\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \"Bert\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" which won the Oscar for \"Best Song\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \"\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\"\". The novel \"Die schwarzen Brüder\" (\"The Black Brothers\"),","title":"Chimney sweep"},{"id":"8953356","text":"West Ham, Aston Villa and Burnley, who all wear claret and blue shirts. English comedian Tim Vine played on the lyrics to the song in the title of one of his stand-up DVDs, \"Tim Timinee, Tim Timinee, Tim Tim To You\" and on the cover it features Vine dressed up as a chimney sweep. In the British comedy series Peep Show Series 7 episode 1, Jeremy mentions Him Chim Cher-ee in relation to Sophie's cervical sweep. Chim Chim Cher-ee \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from \"Mary Poppins\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"8953354","text":"by one of the drawings of a chimney sweep created by Mary Poppins' screenwriter, Don DaGradi. When asked about the drawing by the Sherman Brothers, DaGradi explained the ancient British folklore attributed to \"sweeps\" and how shaking hands with one could bring a person good luck. In their 1961 treatment, the Sherman Brothers had already amalgamated many of the P.L. Travers characters in the creation of \"Bert\". His theme music became \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". In addition to the \"standard\" version of the song which Bert sings to the children, he sings short snippets of the song to himself at various","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"16241440","text":"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \"When You Wish Upon a Star\", from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", from \"Song of the South\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from the eponymous film, \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\", \"If I Didn't Have You\" from \"Monsters, Inc.\", and \"We Belong","title":"Man or Muppet"},{"id":"8953353","text":"Chim Chim Cher-ee \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from \"Mary Poppins\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van Dyke and Julie Andrews, and also is featured in the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney \"Mary Poppins\" musical. The song won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2005, Julie Andrews included this song as part of \"Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.\" The song was written by Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman (the \"Sherman Brothers\") who also won an Oscar and a Grammy Award for Mary Poppins' song score. The song was inspired","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"13566388","text":"are played. Eden then sings \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the film \"Mary Poppins\" and the voice of Mary Poppins says, \"See, children? Everything is practically perfect in every way, or my name isn't Mary Poppins!\". \"Jolly Holiday\" plays, followed by \"Step in Time\", \"Let's Go Fly a Kite\", and \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\". Eden Espinosa sings \"Baby Mine\" from \"Dumbo\". Timothy Mouse is heard saying, \"You can do it, Dumbo! You can fly! You don't need a magic feather!\" An airborne puppet of Dumbo appears above Sleeping Beauty Castle, flapping his big ears and moving his legs. (Note: Dumbo does not fly every","title":"Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations"},{"id":"2342592","text":"been used by several sets of fans. \"Lola\" by The Kinks, and \"Hi Ho Silver Lining\" by Jeff Beck have been adapted by several clubs such as Sheffield Wednesday and Wolverhampton Wanderers. \"All You Need Is Love\", \"Hey Jude\" and \"Yellow Submarine\" by The Beatles are often used. Songs from musicals have become very popular as football chants, such as \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the 1964 musical \"Mary Poppins\". The emergence of funk and disco in the 1970s also made its mark on the terraces with songs such as \"Go West\" by the Village People and \"Oops Upside Your Head\"","title":"Football chant"},{"id":"10945242","text":"Awards was the last of four times Cahn was nominated for two songs in the same year, and the second of two times for Van Heusen. It was the only time that they had two songs nominated as a team, with the other being \"Where Love Has Gone\" from \"Where Love Has Gone\" sung by Jack Jones. In addition to the winner, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", other songs nominated in 1964 were \"Dear Heart from \"Dear Heart\" and \"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" from \"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\". The Grammy Awards did not have a Best Song Written for a Motion","title":"My Kind of Town"},{"id":"3590376","text":"this song attracted the attention of Walt Disney who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most recognized song: \"It's a Small World (After All)\" for the 1964 New York World's Fair. In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for \"Mary Poppins\" – Best Original Score, which included \"Feed The Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\"; and Best Original Song, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold","title":"Robert B. Sherman"},{"id":"12713025","text":"could watch the show as it was not geo-blocked. 40,000 applications for tickets were received with only around 200 available. The show had a \"Mary Poppins\" theme, with Ryan Tubridy opening the show dressed as chimney sweep Bert and then tore off the costume to reveal his Christmas jumper. The 2013 toy show featured a record breaking 237 toys. Over 231 performers and demonstrators took to the stage, with 34 of them performing a special opening number from Mary Poppins. The opening song on the show was Chim Chim Cher-ee and featured Ryan Tubridy dancing. In advance, a week before","title":"The Late Late Toy Show"},{"id":"3138531","text":"success of some of these 1960s films helped to make up for \"London Town\", Britain's first Technicolor musical, which was a high-profile flop in 1946. \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) was a critical and popular success, winning multiple Oscars for its editing, music (including Best Song for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"), and visual effects (notably the scene combining live action and animation). Lead actress Julie Andrews won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Also in 1964, Audrey Hepburn starred in \"My Fair Lady\", the film of the musical of the George Bernard Shaw play \"Pygmalion\". George Cukor's decision to award the role of","title":"London in film"},{"id":"10945235","text":"My Kind of Town \"My Kind of Town\" or \"My Kind of Town (Chicago Is)\" is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn. The song was originally part of the musical score for \"Robin and the 7 Hoods\", a 1964 musical film starring several members of the Rat Pack. It was nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\". Although the song predated the Grammy Award Best Original Song for a Motion Picture category, the entire score was nominated for the 1964 Grammy","title":"My Kind of Town"},{"id":"6933374","text":"in how to take better care of their belongings and toys (formerly \"Temper, Temper\", now \"Playing the Game\"). Believing that Jane and Michael need personal growth, Mary decides to leave Cherry Tree Lane (\"Chim Chim Cher-ee – Rooftop Duet\"), to bring them to their senses. Her distraught charges find a note saying that perhaps they will see Mary again eventually. In a misguided attempt to please her husband, Winifred arranges for his childhood nanny, Miss Andrew, to take over from the suddenly departed Mary (\"Cherry Tree Lane (Reprise)\"). At the sight of her, a terrified George flees, exclaiming \"the Holy","title":"Mary Poppins (musical)"},{"id":"16985719","text":"- Mary Costa/Bill Shirley 26. Cruella De Vil: \"101 Dalmatians\" (1961) - Bill Lee/Lisa Davis/Ben Wright 27. Higitus Figitus: \"The Sword In The Stone\" (1963) - Karl Swenson/Ricky Sorenson 1. Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Julie Andrews/Dick Van Dyke/The Pearlie Chorus 2. A Spoonful Of Sugar: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Julie Andrews 3. Chim Chim Cher-ee: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Dick Van Dyke/Julie Andrews/Karen Dotrice/Matthew Garber 4. Winnie The Pooh: \"Winnie The Pooh And The Honey Tree\" (1966) - Disney Studio Chorus 5. The Bare Necessities: \"The Jungle Book\" (1967) - Phil Harris/Bruce Reitherman 6. I Wan'na Be Like You:","title":"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song"},{"id":"4921331","text":"throughout its run. After the group toured Europe in early 1965, McGuire left to embark on a solo career, and this spelled the end of the original New Christy Minstrels. Now under the direction of Greif and Garris the group moved towards a variety act, doing \"novelty and pop tunes\" and a little comedy, making them closer to the 19th century Christy's Minstrels from whom the group's name was derived. Reflecting this shift, they had a \"Billboard\" Top 100 hit later in 1965 with a cover of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the Disney film \"Mary Poppins\". Regular group membership changes","title":"The New Christy Minstrels"},{"id":"16158904","text":"a Motion Picture or Television. \"A Spoonful of Sugar\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", \"Step in Time, Feed the Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" and \"Let's Go Fly a Kite\" were each written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman, often credited as the Sherman Brothers. Track three, \"Beauty and the Beast\" features cellist Nicole Pinnell. Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney is the tenth studio album by American classical violinist Jenny Oaks Baker, released in 2011 through Shadow Mountain Records. Produced and arranged by Kurt","title":"Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney"},{"id":"3590361","text":"2 Academy Awards for \"Mary Poppins\" – Best Original Score, which included \"Feed The Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\"; and Best Original Song, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney until Disney's death in 1966. After leaving the company, the brothers worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme park exhibits and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccoli's motion picture production \"Chitty Chitty","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"2628256","text":"accent any better than I did\", and that no one alerted him to how bad it was during the production. Still, \"Mary Poppins\" was successful on release and its appeal has endured. \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", one of the songs that Van Dyke performed in \"Mary Poppins\", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the Sherman Brothers, the film's songwriting duo. Many of the comedy films Van Dyke starred in throughout the 1960s were relatively unsuccessful at the box office, including \"What a Way to Go!\" with Shirley MacLaine, \"Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.\", \"Fitzwilly\", \"The Art of Love\" with","title":"Dick Van Dyke"},{"id":"19103703","text":"opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Poppins through to “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot the pace is well handled both vocally and instrumentally with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is a must have CD.\" Performers Technical Swingin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway is jazz vocalist Gary Williams's third album, recorded at Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was released to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock of Big Band World gave it five stars and","title":"Swingin' on Broadway"},{"id":"2411884","text":"which includes the songs \"Feed The Birds,\" \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,\" and the Oscar-winning \"Chim Chim Cher-ee.\" Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations, and 23 gold- and platinum-certified albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney, completing the scores for the live-action musical films \"The Happiest Millionaire\" and \"The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band\" until Disney's death in 1966. Since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"838166","text":"was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California using painted London background scenes. \"Mary Poppins\" was released on August 27, 1964, to critical acclaim. It received a total of 13 Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture – a record for any other film released by Walt Disney Studios – and won five; Best Actress for Andrews, Best Film Editing, Best Original Music Score, Best Visual Effects, and Best Original Song for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally,","title":"Mary Poppins (film)"},{"id":"17820043","text":"also featured introductory passages (\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\") or completed endings (\"Sister Suffragette\", \"Fidelity Fiduciary Bank\", \"A Man Has Dreams\"). The film's music received critical acclaim, winning two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song (for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\") and two Grammy Awards for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and Best Recording for Children. Walt Disney Records reissued the soundtrack in 1997, including a 16-minute track of unreleased songs and demo versions. In 2004, as part of the film's 40th anniversary (also called Special Edition), a 28-track disc (as part of a two-disc set) was released. In","title":"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)"},{"id":"6933367","text":"by Ocesa Teatro and starring Bianca Marroquin as Mary and Mauricio Salas as Bert. In April 2015 Brazilian entertainment company Time for Fun opened auditions for the Portuguese-language premiere in São Paulo, but eventually the production was cancelled. The first Japanese language production opened on March 25, 2018 in Tokyo before moving to Osaka in May 2018. In September 2018, it was announced that a West End revival would play at the Prince Edward Theatre beginning in 2019. Bert, a man of many professions, introduces the audience to Cherry Tree Lane (\"Chim Chim Cher-ee/Cherry Tree Lane- Part 1\") in Edwardian","title":"Mary Poppins (musical)"},{"id":"482025","text":"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\"Johnny Tremain\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\"Pollyanna\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\"The Shaggy Dog\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \"Mary Poppins\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"17820045","text":"that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and the \"smoke staircase yodel\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \"Jolly Holiday\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: Mary Poppins (soundtrack) Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", with music and","title":"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)"},{"id":"10901743","text":"performed \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" on the April 5, 1965 37th Academy Awards broadcast, Page singing the song from the perspective of a third-party reassuring Charlotte that she [i.e. Charlotte] has John's constant devotion: Page had recorded the song in a February 17, 1965 session at Columbia Recording Studio in Nashville. Despite the song's being bested for the Academy Award by \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", a recording of Page's rendition of \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" was rush-released to become the singer's first Top 40 hit on Columbia Records as of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart dated May 22,","title":"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (song)"},{"id":"838185","text":"indicated that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and the \"smoke staircase yodel\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \"Jolly Holiday\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: \"Mary Poppins\" premiered on August 27, 1964, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. Travers was not extended an invitation","title":"Mary Poppins (film)"},{"id":"18941551","text":"results.\" The British publication \"The Gramophone\" commented: \"Meanwhile there is overwhelming evidence that Mr. Crosby has lost none of his charm or skill in \"Thoroughly Modern Bing\" (Stateside SL10257). He works his lasting magic on “Talk to the Animals,” “Love Is Blue,” “Chim Chim Cheree,” and other modern songs of quality plus the oldie “Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead” with the same ease and warmth that was discernible in 1928. He even transforms a blatant flag-waver like “What’s More American” into something tolerable, and is the first singer to hold my attention throughout “Puff (The Magic Dragon)” without causing","title":"Thoroughly Modern Bing"},{"id":"7344568","text":"a typical concert at this time could incorporate \"Mars\" from Gustav Holst's \"The Planets\" and \"Chim Chim Cheree\" from \"Mary Poppins\". Bowie's future manager Ken Pitt attended one of these mid-1960s concerts, where the band finished with The Rodgers and Hammerstein song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". You've Got a Habit of Leaving \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with","title":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"},{"id":"1378329","text":"(#98 in 1965). Sherman's \"The End of a Symphony\", spotlighting Arthur Fiedler's Boston Pops Orchestra, reached #113 on the \"Bubbling Under\" chart in 1964, but did not make the Hot 100. The songs on Sherman's next album \"My Name Is Allan\" (1965) were thematically connected: except for a couple of original novelty songs with music by Sherman and Busch, all the songs on the album are parodies of songs that had won, or were nominated for, the Academy Award for Best Song. They included \"That Old Black Magic\", \"Secret Love\", \"The Continental\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and \"Call Me Irresponsible\". The","title":"Allan Sherman"},{"id":"16724172","text":"back to the 'present,' when Travers and the Sherman brothers are working on the script for \"Mary Poppins\". And that was fun, but also musically challenging.” For the score's instrumentation, Newman primarily employed a string orchestra with some woodwinds and brass, as well as including piano and hammered instruments that were \"appropriate to the time period\", such as dulcimers. The film's score was recorded at the Newman Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, while the cast recorded several of the Shermans' songs at Capitol Studios for use as playback during the film's diegetic music scenes, including \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\", \"A","title":"Saving Mr. Banks"},{"id":"2703760","text":"Sundae. In November 2011, the band toured the United Kingdom to celebrate the tenth anniversary of their debut album The Optimist LP. The band played the complete debut album in the correct order, apart from hidden track \"Three Days Old\" and a second set of more recent work, including new song \"Rescue Squad\" and their re-working of \"Mary Poppins\"-song Chim Chim Cher-ee, which they released as a digital single to raise money for homeless charities. A live recording of their show at Koko in London on 11 November 2011 was released as a live album. Throughout 2012, the band wrote","title":"Turin Brakes"},{"id":"3590381","text":"four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \"The Jungle Book\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) ranked at #8, \"The Aristocats\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\" made its world premiere at the Prince Edward Theatre in December 2004 and features the Sherman Brothers classic songs. In June 2005, Robert B. Sherman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame with","title":"Robert B. Sherman"},{"id":"8953355","text":"times, with different verses specific to an unfolding plot element. The \"Mentsch\" music group notes some similarities with a Yiddish song written by Itsik Manger named \"Vaylu\". The song also shares some sonic similarities to the Yiddish folksong, Tumbalalaika. The song was parodied by song parodist Allan Sherman (no relation to the Sherman Brothers), using the song's same title. In his version, he poked fun at the American merchandise seen on TV commercials. Supporters of English football teams, Millwall, West Bromwich Albion and Blackburn Rovers, sing a version of the song which is a reference to each team's local rivals,","title":"Chim Chim Cher-ee"},{"id":"10677767","text":"many pre-Broadway productions because of Broadway In Chicago. These productions include \"The Pirate Queen\", \"The Producers\", \"Movin' Out\", \"Mamma Mia!\", \"Aida\", \"All Shook Up\", \"Sweet Smell of Success\", \"Tallulah\", \"A Thousand Clowns\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Spamalot\", \"Blast!\", \"The Addams Family\", \"Kinky Boots\", \"Big Fish\", \"The Last Ship\" and \"The SpongeBob Musical\". Broadway In Chicago was also responsible for bringing many long-run productions to the city including \"Wicked\", \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\", Disney's \"The Lion King\", \"Jersey Boys\", \"Ragtime\", \"The Book of Mormon\" and \"Hamilton\". Broadway In Chicago Broadway In Chicago is a theatrical production company. It was formed","title":"Broadway In Chicago"},{"id":"2452477","text":"the Christys in January 1965, after recording the album \"Cowboys and Indians\", although, on the 1965 album \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", he sang on the title cut. As a folk rock solo singer in the 1960s, he was best known for his hits \"Eve of Destruction\" and \"Sins of a Family\", both written by P.F. Sloan. Barry's other chart successes were \"Child of Our Times\" and \"Cloudy Summer Afternoon (Raindrops)\" (penned by Travis Edmonson of the 1960s folk-duo, Bud & Travis). \"Eve of Destruction\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The album, \"The Eve of Destruction\",","title":"Barry McGuire"},{"id":"9036733","text":"The Good-Time Girl \"The Good-Time Girl\" aka \"The V.D. Polka\" is a song from the musical \"Over Here!\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Honey Bun\" from \"South Pacific\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \"Good Time Girl\" because: The song was written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. Ten years prior to \"Over Here!\", in 1964, the Sherman Brothers wrote \"The North Pole Polka\" for Walt Disney's \"Mary Poppins\".","title":"The Good-Time Girl"},{"id":"7945053","text":"Notre Dame High School has an active performing arts department which presents three productions annually: a fall drama or comedy, a late-winter musical, and a late-spring comedy, drama, or musical. Past performances have included \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Show Boat\", \"Kiss Me, Kate\", \"Godspell\", \"Man of La Mancha\", \"Inherit the Wind\", \"Grease\", \"West Side Story\", \"The Crucible\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"You Can't Take It with You\", \"Scapino!\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Footloose\", \"Seussical\", \"Hairspray\" and \"Anything Goes\" in March 2016. The musicals annually perform for audiences from 3,500-5,000. Along with theatrical productions, a dance program entitled \"Fusion\",","title":"Notre Dame High School (New Jersey)"},{"id":"896780","text":"runs on Broadway, including such successful musicals as \"Hair\", \"Godspell\", \"Little Shop of Horrors\", \"Sunday in the Park with George\", \"Rent\", \"Grey Gardens\", \"Urinetown\", \"Avenue Q\", \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\", \"Rock of Ages\", \"In the Heights\", \"Spring Awakening\", \"Next to Normal\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"Fun Home\", \"Hamilton\" and \"Dear Evan Hansen\". In particular, two that became Broadway hits, \"Grease\" and \"A Chorus Line\", encouraged other producers to premiere their shows Off-Broadway. Plays that have moved from Off-Broadway houses to Broadway include \"Doubt\", \"I Am My Own Wife\", \"Bridge & Tunnel\", \"The Normal Heart\", and \"Coastal","title":"Off-Broadway"},{"id":"3590356","text":"Richard M. Sherman Richard Morton Sherman (born June 12, 1928) is an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Robert B. Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"Snoopy Come Home\", \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\", \"The Slipper and","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"6632101","text":"\"Starlight Express\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"Monty Python's Spamalot\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"West Side Story\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"The Rocky Horror Show\", \"Fame - The Musical\", \"Never Forget\", \"Priscilla Queen of the Desert - the Musical\", \"Cabaret\", \"Blood Brothers\", \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Carousel\", \"Footloose - The Musical\", \"Grease\", \"Anything Goes\", \"Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake\", \"Our House\", \"Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story\", \"Carousel\", \"Tap Dogs\", \"Taboo\", \"Flashdance - The Musical\", \"Annie\", \"Annie Get Your Gun\", \"\", \"Dancing in the Streets\", \"Sister Act\", \"An Inspector Calls\", \"Dirty Rotten Scoundrels\", \"Rock of Ages\", \"Chicago\",","title":"New Wimbledon Theatre"},{"id":"272889","text":"on the songs of Queen). Live-action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s, with exceptions of \"Victor/Victoria\", \"Little Shop of Horrors\" and the 1996 film of \"Evita\". In the new century, Baz Luhrmann began a revival of the film musical with \"Moulin Rouge!\" (2001). This was followed by \"Chicago\" (2002); \"Phantom of the Opera\" (2004); \"Dreamgirls\" (2006); \"Hairspray\", \"Enchanted\" and \"\" (all in 2007); \"Mamma Mia!\" (2008); \"Nine\" (2009); \"Les Misérables\" and \"Pitch Perfect\" (both in 2012), \"Into The Woods\" (2014) and \"La La Land\" (2016), among others. Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (2000)","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"3590365","text":"Broadway (New York City) at the Foxwoods Theatre (then the Hilton Theatre). The Sherman Brothers wrote an additional six songs specifically for the new stage productions. In 2003, four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \"The Jungle Book\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) ranked at #8, \"The Aristocats\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\" made its world premiere at the","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"9017158","text":"Step in Time \"Step In Time\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \"Knees Up Mother Brown\". In the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are","title":"Step in Time"},{"id":"272883","text":"\"the closest to traditional musical theatre\" and was \"one pathway to the future.\" However, most major-market 21st-century productions have taken a safe route, with revivals of familiar fare, such as \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"A Chorus Line\", \"South Pacific\", \"Gypsy\", \"Hair\", \"West Side Story\" and \"Grease\", or with adaptations of other proven material, such as literature (\"The Scarlet Pimpernel\", \"Wicked\" and \"Fun Home\"), hoping that the shows would have a built-in audience as a result. This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations, including (\"The Producers\", \"Spamalot\", \"Hairspray\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"The Color Purple\", \"Xanadu\", \"Billy Elliot\", \"Shrek\", \"Waitress\" and \"Groundhog","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"652647","text":"George\", \"Make Way for Ducklings\", \"Stone Soup\", \"Caps for Sale\", and \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975","title":"Captain Kangaroo"},{"id":"16985715","text":"Star\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\", \"Someday My Prince Will Come\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\", \"A Spoonful of Sugar\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"It's A Small World (After All)\". The wide array of singers and performers include Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, Burl Ives, Louis Prima, Maurice Chevalier, Angela Lansbury, Roger Miller, Helen Reddy, Bette Midler, Sean Connery, Kirk Douglas, Annette Funicello, Pearl Bailey and George Burns. Certified as a gold-selling record by the RIAA in January 1993, it was certified as a platinum-selling recording in March 1995. 1. Turkey In the Straw: \"Steamboat Willie\" (1928) - Traditional 2. Who's Afraid Of The Big Bad Wolf?:","title":"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song"},{"id":"252426","text":"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \"West Side Story\", \"Gypsy\", \"The Music Man\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Oliver!\", and \"Funny Girl\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\" and \"The Young Girls","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"2411890","text":"Time in a British nationwide poll reported by the BBC. Most notably, \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. In later years, with Robert's move to London, the brothers wrote new songs for the stage musical presentation of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" For their contributions to the motion picture industry, the Sherman brothers have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Blvd. and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 9, 2005. On November 16, 2006, \"Mary Poppins\" premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway. On November 17, 2008","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"252432","text":"musicals were still being made that were financially and/or critically less successful than in the musical's heyday. They include \"1776\", \"The Wiz\", \"At Long Last Love\", \"Mame\", \"Man of La Mancha\", \"Lost Horizon\",\" Godspell\", \"Phantom of the Paradise\", \"Funny Lady\" (Barbra Streisand's sequel to \"Funny Girl\"), \"A Little Night Music\", and \"Hair\" amongst others. The critical wrath against \"At Long Last Love\", in particular, was so strong that it was never released on home video. Fantasy musical films \"Scrooge\", \"The Blue Bird\", \"The Little Prince\", \"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\", \"Pete's Dragon\", and Disney's \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\" were also","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"14964897","text":"2017, Owen won several awards for the Broadway musical \"Come From Away\" including the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Craig Noel Award, as well as a Helen Hayes Award nomination. Gareth has worked on over two hundred and seventy-five commercial sound designs throughout the world including: \"42nd Street, Bat Out of Hell, Wind in the Willows,\" \"Disney's Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Spring Awakening\", \"Young Frankenstein\",\"The Bodyguard\", \"Let it Be\", \"Disney's Little Mermaid\", \"Sister Act\", \"Hairspray\", \"Disney's Beauty & The Beast\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Aspects of Love\", \"Footloose\", \"Flashdance\", \"Carousel\", \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"Fame\", \"Saturday Night Fever\" and","title":"Gareth Owen (sound designer)"},{"id":"11216765","text":"\"Oh, Kay!\"; \"Jubilee\"; \"Leave It to Me\"; \"On Your Toes\"; \"Between the Devil\"; \"Annie Get Your Gun\"; \"Miss Liberty\"; \"Call Me Madam\"; \"The Most Happy Fella\"; \"Fiddler on the Roof\"; \"The New Moon\"; \"Silk Stockings\"; \"Wish You Were Here\"; \"The Laugh Parade\"; \"Carnival\"; \"They're Playing Our Song\"; \"Oliver!\"; and \"Pippin\". Musicals represented: \"Winners are in bold \" 36th Tony Awards The 36th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast by CBS television on June 6, 1982, from the Imperial Theatre. The host was Tony Randall. Presenters: Lucie Arnaz, Milton Berle, Victor Borge, Pam Dawber, Lillian Gish, Marvin Hamlisch, Lena Horne, Beth Howland,","title":"36th Tony Awards"},{"id":"252428","text":"\"Mary Poppins\" and \"The Jungle Book\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \"The Sound of Music\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \"Camelot\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Hello Dolly!\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Doctor Dolittle\", \"Star!\", \"Darling Lili\", \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\", \"Paint Your Wagon\", \"Song of Norway\", \"On a Clear Day You","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4270977","text":"productions that originated at the Playhouse before finding success on Broadway are The Who's \"Tommy\", Matthew Broderick's revival of \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", \"Jane Eyre\", \"Dracula, the Musical\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Cry Baby\", \"Bonnie and Clyde\", The Pulitzer Prize-winning \"I Am My Own Wife\", \"700 Sundays\", \"Jersey Boys\", \"Memphis, Peter and the Starcatcher, Chaplin, Hands on a Hardbody\", Des McAnuff's revival of \"Jesus Christ Superstar\" and \"Zhivago\". La Jolla Playhouse began the Page To Stage Play Development Program in 2001 to facilitate the development of new plays and musicals, offering audiences the rare opportunity to experience","title":"La Jolla Playhouse"},{"id":"252435","text":"Other successful animated musicals included \"Aladdin\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"Pocahontas\" from Disney proper, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" from Disney division Touchstone Pictures, \"The Prince of Egypt\" from DreamWorks, \"Anastasia\" from Fox and Don Bluth, and \"\" from Paramount. (\"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"The Lion King\" were adapted for the stage after their blockbuster success.) In the 21st century, movie musicals were reborn with darker musicals, epic drama musicals and comedy-drama musicals such as \"Moulin Rouge!\", \"Chicago\", \"Dreamgirls\", \"\", \"Les Misérables\", and \"La La Land\" all of which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4883581","text":"The Words\" (\"Into the Woods\" and \"Weekend In The Country\", Sondheim) 06 \"Annie II\" (\"Tomorrow\", \"Annie\") 07 \"M. Butterfly\" (\"Poor Butterfly\") 08 \"Madonna's Brain\" (\"The Rain in Spain\", Loewe) 09 \"Never, Never Panned\" (\"Never Never Land\", Styne) 10 \"Somewhat Overindulgent\" (\"Over the Rainbow\", Arlen) 11 \"Chita-Rita\" (\"America\", Bernstein) 12 \"I Ham What I Ham\" (\"I Am What I Am\", Herman) 13 \"Hey, Bob Fosse\" (\"Hey, Big Spender\", Coleman-Fields) 14 \"Almost Like Vegas In New York\" (\"Almost Like Being in Love\", Loewe) 15 \"Teeny Todd\" (\"\", Sondheim) 16 \"Liza\" (original, Alessandrini, based on \"Johnny One Note\" by Rodgers and Hart) 17","title":"Forbidden Broadway, Vol. 2"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"3393273","text":"represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing second with the song \"One Step Out of Time\". In 1995, he reprised the role of Marius in \"\". His other West End roles include Giorgio in \"Passion\" (1997) and Caractacus Potts in \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (2002). He has twice won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He won in 2008 for his role as Edna Turnblad in \"Hairspray\", and then in 2013 for the title role in the revival of \"\". Ball was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in","title":"Michael Ball (singer)"},{"id":"9394232","text":"Ward the Musical\", Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical telling the story of the Profumo scandal. \"Party Animals\", \"The Bill\", \"Kidulthood\", \"The Fugitives\", \"Murder City\", \"Auf Wiedersehen, Pet\", \"The Last Detective\", \"Rosemary & Thyme\", \"Heartbeat\", \"Beech is Back\", \"Relic Hunters\", \"Casualty\", \"The Merchant of Venice\", \"The Escort\", \"Unfinished Business\", \"Peak Practice\", \"Doctor Finlay\", \"Poetry Readings\", \"Ffizz\", \"Fellow Traveller\", \"Museums of Madness\", \"The Black Candle\", \"Taking the Floor\", \"Boon\", \"The Chief\", \"Six Characters in Search of an Author\" as well as \"Lewis\". Alexander Hanson (actor) Alexander Harald St John Hanson-Akins (born 28 April 1961) is a Norwegian-born British stage actor who has appeared","title":"Alexander Hanson (actor)"},{"id":"18983817","text":"and its 20s-evocative feel, there are some interesting and fresh-sounding tunes here: ‘Mary Poppins’ is arguably the best of the bunch and has the penguins lament their abandonment at the hands of the most famous nanny in the world, it’s a barber-shop, doo woop number that could easily sit beside Sherman’s illustrious forebears classic output.\" Mary Poppins (song) \"Mary Poppins\" is a song from the 2015 stage musical \"Love Birds\" with music and lyrics by Robert J. Sherman. It is sung by \"The Original Quack Pack\", a penguin barbershop quartet who resemble the penguins from the 1964 Walt Disney motion","title":"Mary Poppins (song)"},{"id":"7597910","text":"being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,","title":"On the Record (musical)"},{"id":"7051330","text":"musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of \"Mary Poppins\", were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908. However, in its final 1909 race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy and Jemima Potts, have grown fond","title":"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang"},{"id":"6861384","text":"Roses (David Grant), All That Jazz (Ruthie Henshall) Week 2 Closing Cole Porter Medley: Anything Goes (Ruthie Henshall), My Heart Belongs to Daddy (Carrie Grant), Too Darn Hot (Mica Paris), Who Wants to be a Millionaire (David Grant, Carrie Grant) Week 3 Introduction—Wilkommen (John Barrowman), Hello Dolly (Ruthie Henshall), If They Could See Me Now (Carrie Grant), Matchmaker, Matchmaker (Mica Paris), Edelweiss (Jon Lee), Somewhere (David Grant & Company) Children's Medley (closing) -- Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", Jon Lee, David Grant, Ruthie Henshall, Les Dennis, Joseph McManners), Supercalifragilistic (\"Mary Poppins\", Ruthie Henshall & same), Part of","title":"The Sound of Musicals"},{"id":"11102013","text":"A Sailor\" and \"Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes,\" the only two of \"The Big 8\", a.k.a. SYKBH, missing. (Basic set list structure from the tour): (*) = Appears on Feeding Frenzy, but out of order. (**) = Doesn't appear on Feeding Frenzy at all. Songs 12 and 13 changed from show to show, such as: \"Pencil Thin Mustache\", \"Havaña Daydreamin'\", \"Son of a Son of a Sailor\", \"Coast of Marseilles\", \"The Weather is Here, Wish You Were Beautiful\", \"Migration\", \"The Captain & the Kid\", \"Lone Palm\", \"Little Miss Magic\", \"Rocky Raccoon\", \"Tin Cup Chalice\" and \"He Went to Paris\".","title":"Feeding Frenzy: Jimmy Buffett Live!"},{"id":"2411880","text":"Sherman Brothers The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928). The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include \"Mary Poppins\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"The Jungle Book\" (except “The Bare Necessities”), \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\", \"Charlotte's Web\" and \"The Aristocats\". Their most well known work, however, remains the theme park song \"It's a Small World (After All)\". According to","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"13152324","text":"\"Disney Dream\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" \"(Cinderella)\", \"Be Our Guest\" \"(Beauty and the Beast)\", \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" \"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\", \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\" \"(Frozen)\", and \"It's a Small World\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in","title":"Disney Dream"},{"id":"252437","text":"(ABBA), \"Rock of Ages\", and \"Sunshine on Leith\" (The Proclaimers). Original ones included \"Across the Universe\" (The Beatles), \"Moulin Rouge!\" (various pop hits), and \"Idlewild\" (Outkast). Disney also returned to musicals with \"Enchanted\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", \"Tangled\", \"Winnie the Pooh\", \"The Muppets\", \"Frozen\", \"Muppets Most Wanted\", \"Into the Woods\", \"Moana\", and \"Mary Poppins Returns\". Following a string of successes with live action fantasy adaptations of several of their animated features, Disney produced a live action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", the first of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical, and features new","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4128592","text":"popular musicals of the 1950s include \"Love Me Tender\" which starred Elvis Presley, \"High Society\", \"An American in Paris\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Guys and Dolls\", \"The Band Wagon\", \"Show Boat\", \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\", \"Gigi\", \"Daddy Long Legs\", \"Funny Face\", \"Calamity Jane\", \"Porgy and Bess\", \"Carmen Jones\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \"Sleeping Beauty\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \"The Sword and the Rose\", \"Davy","title":"United States in the 1950s"},{"id":"469536","text":"Playhouse\", \"Gimme a Break!\", \"Punky Brewster\", \"Taxi\", \"Happy Days\", \"St. Elsewhere\", \"MacGyver\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Magnum, P.I.\", \"M*A*S*H\", \"Barney Miller\", \"WKRP in Cincinnati\", \"Laverne & Shirley\", \"Mork & Mindy\", \"Miami Vice\", \"The Jeffersons\", \"The Facts of Life\", \"Hill Street Blues\", \"T.J. Hooker\", \"The Cosby Show\", \"Highway To Heaven\", \"Murder, She Wrote\", \"227\", \"Matlock\", \"\", \"Night Court\", \"Who's the Boss?\", \"Family Matters\", \"Charles in Charge\", \"The Hogan Family\", \"Perfect Strangers\", \"Designing Women\", \"Amen\", \"Head of the Class\", \"Murphy Brown\", \"The Wonder Years\", \"Empty Nest\", \"Coach\", \"Doogie Howser M.D.\", \"Quantum Leap\", \"Saved by the Bell\", \"Roseanne\", \"Full House\", \"The Golden Girls\",\"Three's Company\", \"Cheers\",","title":"1980s"},{"id":"9391384","text":"has more than 50 Broadway plays and musicals to his credit including , No Man's Land/Waiting for Godot in rep, Love Letters, The Country House, The Assembled Parties,\"Nice Work If You Can Get It\", \"Venus in Fur\",\"Wit\", \"Anything Goes\", \"A View From the Bridge\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Seascape\", \"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\", \"Wonderful Town\", \"Anna in the Tropics\", and revivals of \"The Music Man\" and \"Kiss Me, Kate\". His recent off-Broadway work includes Dada Woof Papa Hot (Lincoln Center Theater), Ripcord Manhattan Theater Club), \"How I Learned to Drive\" for 2nd Stage, \"Twelfth Night\", \"All's Well\", \"Measure for Measure\"","title":"Peter Kaczorowski"},{"id":"7662692","text":"Jazz ensemble Golden Raider Marching Band (GRMB) String Orchestra The Concord Players typically put on a play in the fall and a musical in the spring. Previous performances include \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"Rumors\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Charlotte's Web\", \"Mame\", \"You Could Die Laughing\", \"Once Upon a Mattress\", \"You Can't Take It with You\", \"Anything Goes\", \"Bone Chiller\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"Meet Me In St. Louis\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"Shrek The Musical\", \"Fools\", \"Into the Woods\", \"Noises Off\", \"Disney's The Little Mermaid\", \"You Can't","title":"Concord High School (Wilmington, Delaware)"},{"id":"3590364","text":"Johnny Burnette in 1960 and then with Ringo Starr fourteen years later. Other top-ten hits include, \"Pineapple Princess\", \"Let's Get Together\" and more. In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for Disney's blockbuster film: \"The Tigger Movie\" (2000). This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years. In 2002 the stage musical \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" premiered in London. It was the most successful stage show ever produced at the London Palladium, boasting the longest run in that century-old theatre's history. In early 2005 a second Chitty company premiered on","title":"Richard M. Sherman"},{"id":"9490894","text":"a week. In 1944, Grimes moved to California to work for Universal. His credits include \"Fairytale Murder\", \"Lady on a Train\", and \"Week-End at the Waldorf\". In the early 1950s, he switched to television. His credits include \"Alcoa Presents\", \"Love of Life\", \"The Aldrich Family\", \"Tom Corbett, Space Cadet\", \"Maude\", \"On the Rocks\", and \"All in the Family\". In 1962, Grimes and Peter Fernandez worked together on a series of records for MGM. Five years later, Fernandez hired him to do the voices of Sparky and Chim Chim on \"Speed Racer\". Grimes died in Queens, New York in 2009 at","title":"Jack Grimes (actor)"},{"id":"18193102","text":"Time\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas\", \"\", and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts. The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's \"Glow\", \"Carol of the Bells\", \"Let it Snow\", \"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\", \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\", \"Believe\", \"Silent Night\", the \"Nutcracker Suite\", \"Jingle Bells\", \"I Have a Little Dreidel\", \"Feliz Navidad\", \"Joy to the World\", and \"Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas\", as well as \"Frozen\" songs, such as \"Let It Go\" and \"In Summer\". In November 2014, \"World of Color: Winter Dreams\" opened with a different show than","title":"Frozen (franchise)"},{"id":"3774469","text":"They include \"Grease\", \"The King and I\", \"Oliver!\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Godspell\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Man of La Mancha\", a multi award-winning \"Sweeney Todd\", \"The Pirates of Penzance\", \"Carousel\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Billy\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Guys and Dolls\" and \"Zorba\". They also have recently presented pantomime productions of \"Treasure Island\", \"Aladdin\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Sinbad\", \"Robin Hood\", \"Little Red Riding Hood\", \"Cinderella\" and \"Sleeping Beauty\". Plays include \"Da\", \"Juno and the Paycock\", \"The Memory of Water\", \"The Plough and the Stars\", \"Allo, Allo\", \"Dancing at Lughnasa\", and \"The Beauty Queen of Leenane\". The Society","title":"Kilcock"},{"id":"10852410","text":"in classic American musical theatre, new musicals, and \"re-thought\" musicals. Broadway has long considered The Marriott Theatre a prime venue for launching shows into the regional market with premiere productions of \"A Chorus Line\", \"Chess\", \"Baby\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"They're Playing Our Song\", \"The Goodbye Girl\", \"The First\", \"Miss Saigon\", \"Cats\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"The Producers\" and \"Little Women\". A founding member of the National Alliance for Musical Theatre, The Marriott Theatre fosters artists in creating new works for the stage. The result has been a string of American and World Premieres including \"Matador\", which","title":"Marriott Theatre"},{"id":"3590369","text":"Robert B. Sherman Robert Bernard Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) was an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Richard Morton Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"The Slipper and the Rose\", and","title":"Robert B. Sherman"},{"id":"7898839","text":"by furniture and dishes.\" Film critic Roger Ebert joked that the \"Be Our Guest\" choreography resembles \"Busby Berkeley running amok.\" Additionally, Jerry Griswold, author of \"The Meanings of \"Beauty and the Beast\": A Handbook\", observed several similarities between \"Be Our Guest\" and a scene from Maurice Sendak and Carole King's musical \"Really Rosie\". Significantly, \"Beauty and the Beast \"was one of Disney's earliest feature-length animated films to fully employ computer-generated imagery and technology, utilizing it to a significant extent, as depicted throughout its signature musical numbers \"Be Our Guest\" and \"Beauty and the Beast.\" Significantly, \"Be Our Guest\" \"marks the","title":"Be Our Guest"},{"id":"14074938","text":"In the semi-final, on 15 June 2007, she performed \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" from the musical \"Mary Poppins\" and received a standing ovation and positive comments from the judges saying that she managed to improve on her audition. Cursons was automatically placed in the final after receiving the highest number of votes. In the final, on 17 June 2007, she performed \"Get Me to the Church on Time\" from \"My Fair Lady\". Judges Piers Morgan and Amanda Holden said Cursons 'deserves to be in the West End'. Simon Cowell, however, preferred her previous performances. Cursons lost in the final to opera singer Paul","title":"Bessie Cursons"},{"id":"3905549","text":"warning, followed by a \"damn good thrashing\" with a tree branch. The staff try to stall for time while waiting for Basil to return with the duck: Manuel struggles through some flamenco tunes on his guitar, Polly sings \"I Cain't Say No\", off key, from the musical \"Oklahoma!\", and Sybil drunkenly recounts an anecdote about \"Uncle Ted and his crate of brown ale.\" The guests are obviously unappreciative. Basil manages to get back to the hotel on foot and the guests are finally presented with the \"duck\" which they have so eagerly awaited, only to discover that, due to a","title":"Gourmet Night"},{"id":"13961421","text":"opening Flyby gag is a parody of the Wicked Witch of the West from \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\". The Slimu octopus is a parody of Shamu, the killer whale. The song that plays during the train station scenes is the American jazz standard \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\". Also Nelson sings a different version of \"Mary Had a Little Lamb. In its original American broadcast, \"Thursdays with Abie\" was viewed by an estimated 8.65 million households and received a rating of 4.0 rating/10% share in the 18/49 rating being the most viewed and highest rated episode on Fox's \"Animation Domination\" block,","title":"Thursdays with Abie"},{"id":"12858697","text":"that began in the 1890s, the Princess Theatre musicals of the early 20th century, and comedies in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the works of Rodgers and Hammerstein), with \"Oklahoma!\" (1943), musicals moved in a more dramatic direction. Famous musicals over the subsequent decades included \"My Fair Lady\" (1956), \"West Side Story\" (1957), \"The Fantasticks\" (1960), \"Hair\" (1967), \"A Chorus Line\" (1975), \"Les Misérables\" (1980), \"Into the Woods\" (1986), and \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1986), as well as more contemporary hits including \"Rent\" (1994), \"The Lion King\" (1997), \"Wicked\" (2003), and \"Hamilton\" (2015). Musical theatre may be produced","title":"Theatre"},{"id":"10373842","text":"studios. BBC Video was well known for its releases of \"Fawlty Towers\", \"Blackadder\", \"Only Fools and Horses\", \"One Foot in the Grave\", \"Dinnerladies\", \"Coupling\", \"Big Cat Diary\", \"2point4 Children\", \"Ballykissangel\", \"Monarch Of The Glen\", \"Hamish MacBeth\", \"Are You Being Served?\", \"Allo Allo\", \"As Time Goes By\", \"Blake's 7\", \"The Young Ones\", \"Bottom\", \"Filthy, Rich and Catflap\", \"Pride & Prejudice\", \"The Naked Chef\", \"The Chronicles of Narnia\", \"The Office\", \"House of Cards\", \"To Play the King\", \"The Final Cut\", \"Life on Earth\", \"The Living Planet\", \"The Trials of Life\", \"Life in the Freezer\", \"The Private Life of Plants\", \"The Life of","title":"2 Entertain"},{"id":"272857","text":"Bernard Shaw's \"Pygmalion\" starring Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews, which at 2,717 performances held the long-run record for many years. Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals. This surpassed the run of two hits by British creators: \"The Boy Friend\" (1954), which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews' American debut, was very briefly the third longest-running musical in West End or Broadway history (after \"Chu Chin Chow\" and \"Oklahoma!\"), until \"Salad Days\" (1954) surpassed its run and became the new long-run record holder, with 2,283 performances. Another record was set by \"The Threepenny Opera\",","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"3956455","text":"Beatles during rehearsals for a television appearance, John Lennon and Paul McCartney provided the Applejacks with a song which was to be their second single: \"Like Dreamers Do\". However, the record only reached number 20 in the UK chart, whilst their final hit, \"Three Little Words (I Love You)\" (also in 1964), made it to No. 23. The group quarrelled with Decca over their next single. Decca wanted them to record \"Chim Chim Chiree\", but the group disliked the song. Although the single had been announced (and is therefore listed in most discographies), it was never released. According to Megan","title":"The Applejacks (British band)"},{"id":"9017163","text":"need a reason, Never need a rhyme.\" The song \"Me Ol' Bamboo\" from the 1968 film \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", also written by the Sherman brothers and performed by Van Dyke, is very similar to Step in Time. Both songs are loosely based on the repetitive physical action song \"Knees Up Mother Brown\", popular in British music halls and Cockney pubs, especially during World War II. Step in Time \"Step In Time\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for","title":"Step in Time"},{"id":"20527518","text":"children of Ennui (the tiny village that surrounds the bottom of the cliff) are playing their annual games of hide and seek. However, unbeknownst to any of them, all are in danger of the Pirate Capt. Jean-Pierre Beunet, Ophelia the Queen Witch of Hubbub, and her cauldron Misty who want to take over the entire Orchard for themselves. Songs included: \"The Orchard of Hide & Seek\", \"Dip-pity Day\", \"Sailors of St. Labyrinth\", \"Believe\", \"Yo Ho Ho\", \"The Regal C'est la Vie\", \"Ophelia's Brew\", \"Ready or Not\", \"Hide & Seek\", \"Poison\", \"Come All Ye Children\", \"Doom\", \"All Around You\" Photo: Sloane","title":"St. John's Conservatory Theater"},{"id":"13350400","text":"Dumpty (Pantomime) 1978 - Good Companions (Musical) 1979 - Cinderella (Pantomime) 1979 - CanCan (Musical) 1980 - Queen of Hearts (Pantomime) 1980 - Follow the Star (Musical) 1981 - Goody Two Shoes (Pantomime) 1981 - Make Me an Offer (Musical) 1982 - Aladdin (Pantomime) 1982 - Godspell (Musical) 1983 - Sleeping Beauty (Pantomime) 1983 - Most Happy Fella (Musical) 1984 - Red Riding Hood (Pantomime) 1984 - A Funny Thing (Musical) 1985 - Robinson Crusoe (Pantomime) 1985 - Pippin (Musical) 1986 - Jack and the Beanstalk (Pantomime) 1986 - Andy Capp (Musical) Manor Operatic Society The Manor Operatic Society is","title":"Manor Operatic Society"},{"id":"12133709","text":"\"Glory Days\", \"Merrily We Roll Along\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Saving Aimee\", \"Into the Woods\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Nevermore\", \"Assassins\", \"The Highest Yellow\", \"One Red Flower\", \"Allegro\", \"Twentieth Century\", \"110 in the Shade\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"The Gospel According to Fishman\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"The Rhythm Club\", \"Over & Over\", \"The Fix\", \"Working\", \"The Rink\", \"Cabaret\", \"First Lady Suite\", \"Wings\", \"Poor Superman\", \"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\", \"Passion\", \"Company\", \"Sweeney Todd\", \"Follies\", \"Pacific Overtures\", \"Ace\", \"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in","title":"Eric D. Schaeffer"},{"id":"9036734","text":"\"The North Pole Polka\" was a much more gentle song than \"The V.D. Polka\". The former was about Polar Bears dancing in the snow. That song was eventually dropped from the \"Mary Poppins\" score, however. The Good-Time Girl \"The Good-Time Girl\" aka \"The V.D. Polka\" is a song from the musical \"Over Here!\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Honey Bun\" from \"South Pacific\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \"Good Time","title":"The Good-Time Girl"},{"id":"8604455","text":"a translation of France Gall's \"Poupée de cire, poupée de son\". \"Khi xưa ta bé\" (When We Were Young) was a translation of Cher's \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", but made in an uptempo manner. \"Giấc mơ tình yêu\" (Love Dream) received airplay on radio and television, and was one of her biggest hits. \"Hát Cho Người ở Lại\" (Singing for the One who Stayed) also charted well. In mid 2003, Mỹ Tâm released her third studio album, Yesterday&Now. It contained two of her biggest hits: \"Ước gì\" (I Wish) and \"Họa Mi Tóc Nâu\" ( Brown-Haired Nightingale","title":"Mỹ Tâm"},{"id":"18792140","text":"the \"Splish Splash\" and \"Mack the Knife\" days. In a Broadway Bag continued that success, and \"Mame\" was his biggest hit in three years. In a Broadway Bag is generally considered one of Bobby Darin's best (and certainly most cohesive) LPs.” In a Broadway Bag (Mame) In a Broadway Bag (Mame) is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1965. The album consists of songs from then-current hit Broadway musicals, including \"Funny Girl\", \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", \"Mame\", \"The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd\", and others. \"In a Broadway Bag","title":"In a Broadway Bag (Mame)"},{"id":"8892427","text":"Woods\", \"Little Women\", \"Once Upon A Mattress\", \"The Mousetrap\", \"A Christmas Story\", \"Once On This Island\", \"Fools\", \"A Christmas Carol\", \"Seussical the Musical\", \"Twelve Angry Men\", \"Taming of the Shrew\", \"West Side Story\", \"The Diviners\", \"Hamlet\", \"Alice\", \"Rent\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Winter's Tale\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"Peter and the Starcatcher\", \"Lazarus Rising\", \"1984\", \"The Addams Family\", \"Twelfth Night\", and \"Little Women\". 4th place at dimond bar high school for show choir (2016) Henry J. Kaiser High School (California) Henry J. Kaiser High School is a small to medium-sized high school located at 11155 Almond Avenue in Fontana, California. Kaiser","title":"Henry J. Kaiser High School (California)"},{"id":"6930058","text":"have previously been possible. The run of major musicals has continued with a five-week run of \"Starlight Express\", in 2005 and shows, such as \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Miss Saigon\", \"The Rocky Horror Show\" and Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", in 2006. The tour of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" visited The Mayflower, for almost 3 months, in 2007. The 2007 Christmas show was Michael Rose and Chris Moreno's production of \"The Wizard of Oz\", starring Russ Abbot, Gregor Fisher, Gary Wilmot and Matthew Kelly, as The Wicked Witch of the West. The 2008 season included Andrew Lloyd Webber's \"Aspects of Love\"","title":"Mayflower Theatre"},{"id":"2088600","text":"in 1811; Afro-Caribbeans rowing a boat in Antigua ca.1814; Black stevedores loading a steamboat in New Orleans in 1841; and a Euro-American crew hauling halyards on a clipper-brig out of New York ca.1840s. Other such multi-job songs were: \"Round the Corn(er), Sally\", \"Fire Down Below\", \"Johnny Come Down to Hilo\", \"Hilo, Boys, Hilo\", \"Tommy's Gone Away\", \"The Sailor Likes His Bottle-O\", \"Highland Laddie\", \"Mudder Dinah\", \"Bully in the Alley\", \"Hogeye Man\", \"Good Morning, Ladies, All\", \"Pay Me the Money Down\", \"Alabama, John Cherokee\", \"Yankee John, Stormalong\", and \"Heave Away (My Johnnies)\". While the non-sailor occupations noted above were mainly within","title":"Sea shanty"},{"id":"272808","text":"to such groundbreaking works as \"Show Boat\" (1927) and \"Oklahoma!\" (1943). Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include \"West Side Story\" (1957), \"The Fantasticks\" (1960), \"Hair\" (1967), \"A Chorus Line\" (1975), \"Les Misérables\" (1985), \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1986), \"Rent\" (1996), \"The Producers\" (2001), \"Wicked\" (2003) and \"Hamilton\" (2015). Musicals are performed around the world. They may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller venues, such as fringe theatre, Off-Broadway, Off-Off-Broadway, regional theatre, or community","title":"Musical theatre"},{"id":"16055423","text":"the Elephant\" and \"The Pink Panther Show\". Daytime TV consisted of repeats and daytime soaps such as \"Little House on the Prairie\", \"The New Adventures of Black Beauty\", \"CHiPs\", \"Delia Smith's Cookery Course\", \"Emmerdale\", \"Knots Landing\", \"A Country Practice\", \"Perry Mason\", \"Carson's Law\", \"The Love Boat\", \"G. P.\", \"The Sullivans\", \"Santa Barbara\", \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\", \"Take the High Road\", \"Forever Green\" and \"Highway to Heaven\". American prime time show imported at the time included \"\", \"Mancuso, F.B.I.\", \"The Cosby Show\", \"St. Elsewhere\", \"MacGyver\", \"Masquerade\", \"Father Dowling Mysteries\", \"Dallas\", \"Midnight Caller\", \"Home Improvement\", \"\", \"JAG\", \"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\", \"\",","title":"RTÉ One"},{"id":"8066016","text":"nominees: Winner: Bryan Adams Other nominees: Winner: Kim Richardson Other nominees: Winner: Billy Newton-Davis Other nominees: Winner: Honeymoon Suite Other nominees: Winner: Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Jim Vallance Other nominees: Winner: Anne Murray Other nominees: Winner: Murray McLauchlan Other nominees: Winner: Prairie Oyster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster, \"St. Elmo's Fire Soundtrack\" by various artists Other nominees: Winner: Joe and Gino Vannelli, \"Black Cars\" by Gino Vannelli Other nominees: Winner: Gordon Lightfoot Winner: Jack Richardson Winner: \"The Thin Red Line\", Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Hugh Syme and Dimo Safari, \"Power Windows\" by Rush","title":"Juno Awards of 1986"},{"id":"15288076","text":"Garnet Valley High School Garnet Valley High School is a four-year public school in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. It is part of Garnet Valley School District. Garnet Valley High School is also locally known for their musicals. Past productions include \"Annie\", \"The Wizard of Oz\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Little Mermaid, Jr.\", \"Footloose\", \"Rent\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"Gypsy\", \"In the Heights,\" \"Legally Blonde,\" \"Evita,\"\"A Chorus Line\", and others. The 2018-2019 season includes \"High School Musical\" and \"Annie\"..\" Garnet Valley is also involved in the Critics and Awards Program for","title":"Garnet Valley High School"},{"id":"11257454","text":"singing outside. Frankie's renditions of \"It Can't Be Wrong\" by Dick Haymes and \"As Time Goes By\" (from \"Casablanca\", 1942) causes all the hens to swoon. Porky rushes to investigate. Soon, he is auditioning for a new crooner; those showing up are rooster caricatures of Nelson Eddy (\"Shortnin' Bread\"), Al Jolson (\"September in the Rain\"), Jimmy Durante (\"Lullaby of Broadway\"), Cab Calloway (\"Minnie the Moocher\", \"Blues in the Night\"), and Bing Crosby (\"When My Dream Boat Comes Home\"). Porky asks the Bing Crosby rooster (who introduced himself as \"The Old Groaner\") to be the crooner, provoking a competition with Frankie.","title":"Swooner Crooner"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1875121\",\n \"text\": \"being in the book series \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \\\"Bert\\\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" which won the Oscar for \\\"Best Song\\\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \\\"\\\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\\\"\\\". The novel \\\"Die schwarzen Brüder\\\" (\\\"The Black Brothers\\\"),\",\n \"title\": \"Chimney sweep\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953356\",\n \"text\": \"West Ham, Aston Villa and Burnley, who all wear claret and blue shirts. English comedian Tim Vine played on the lyrics to the song in the title of one of his stand-up DVDs, \\\"Tim Timinee, Tim Timinee, Tim Tim To You\\\" and on the cover it features Vine dressed up as a chimney sweep. In the British comedy series Peep Show Series 7 episode 1, Jeremy mentions Him Chim Cher-ee in relation to Sophie's cervical sweep. Chim Chim Cher-ee \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" is a song from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953354\",\n \"text\": \"by one of the drawings of a chimney sweep created by Mary Poppins' screenwriter, Don DaGradi. When asked about the drawing by the Sherman Brothers, DaGradi explained the ancient British folklore attributed to \\\"sweeps\\\" and how shaking hands with one could bring a person good luck. In their 1961 treatment, the Sherman Brothers had already amalgamated many of the P.L. Travers characters in the creation of \\\"Bert\\\". His theme music became \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". In addition to the \\\"standard\\\" version of the song which Bert sings to the children, he sings short snippets of the song to himself at various\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16241440\",\n \"text\": \"Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\", from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\", from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from the eponymous film, \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\", \\\"If I Didn't Have You\\\" from \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\", and \\\"We Belong\",\n \"title\": \"Man or Muppet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953353\",\n \"text\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" is a song from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van Dyke and Julie Andrews, and also is featured in the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" musical. The song won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2005, Julie Andrews included this song as part of \\\"Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.\\\" The song was written by Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman (the \\\"Sherman Brothers\\\") who also won an Oscar and a Grammy Award for Mary Poppins' song score. The song was inspired\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13566388\",\n \"text\": \"are played. Eden then sings \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from the film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and the voice of Mary Poppins says, \\\"See, children? Everything is practically perfect in every way, or my name isn't Mary Poppins!\\\". \\\"Jolly Holiday\\\" plays, followed by \\\"Step in Time\\\", \\\"Let's Go Fly a Kite\\\", and \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\". Eden Espinosa sings \\\"Baby Mine\\\" from \\\"Dumbo\\\". Timothy Mouse is heard saying, \\\"You can do it, Dumbo! You can fly! You don't need a magic feather!\\\" An airborne puppet of Dumbo appears above Sleeping Beauty Castle, flapping his big ears and moving his legs. (Note: Dumbo does not fly every\",\n \"title\": \"Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2342592\",\n \"text\": \"been used by several sets of fans. \\\"Lola\\\" by The Kinks, and \\\"Hi Ho Silver Lining\\\" by Jeff Beck have been adapted by several clubs such as Sheffield Wednesday and Wolverhampton Wanderers. \\\"All You Need Is Love\\\", \\\"Hey Jude\\\" and \\\"Yellow Submarine\\\" by The Beatles are often used. Songs from musicals have become very popular as football chants, such as \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from the 1964 musical \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". The emergence of funk and disco in the 1970s also made its mark on the terraces with songs such as \\\"Go West\\\" by the Village People and \\\"Oops Upside Your Head\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Football chant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10945242\",\n \"text\": \"Awards was the last of four times Cahn was nominated for two songs in the same year, and the second of two times for Van Heusen. It was the only time that they had two songs nominated as a team, with the other being \\\"Where Love Has Gone\\\" from \\\"Where Love Has Gone\\\" sung by Jack Jones. In addition to the winner, \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", other songs nominated in 1964 were \\\"Dear Heart from \\\"Dear Heart\\\" and \\\"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\" from \\\"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\". The Grammy Awards did not have a Best Song Written for a Motion\",\n \"title\": \"My Kind of Town\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590376\",\n \"text\": \"this song attracted the attention of Walt Disney who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most recognized song: \\\"It's a Small World (After All)\\\" for the 1964 New York World's Fair. In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" – Best Original Score, which included \\\"Feed The Birds\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\"; and Best Original Song, \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". Since \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold\",\n \"title\": \"Robert B. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12713025\",\n \"text\": \"could watch the show as it was not geo-blocked. 40,000 applications for tickets were received with only around 200 available. The show had a \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" theme, with Ryan Tubridy opening the show dressed as chimney sweep Bert and then tore off the costume to reveal his Christmas jumper. The 2013 toy show featured a record breaking 237 toys. Over 231 performers and demonstrators took to the stage, with 34 of them performing a special opening number from Mary Poppins. The opening song on the show was Chim Chim Cher-ee and featured Ryan Tubridy dancing. In advance, a week before\",\n \"title\": \"The Late Late Toy Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3138531\",\n \"text\": \"success of some of these 1960s films helped to make up for \\\"London Town\\\", Britain's first Technicolor musical, which was a high-profile flop in 1946. \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) was a critical and popular success, winning multiple Oscars for its editing, music (including Best Song for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\"), and visual effects (notably the scene combining live action and animation). Lead actress Julie Andrews won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Also in 1964, Audrey Hepburn starred in \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", the film of the musical of the George Bernard Shaw play \\\"Pygmalion\\\". George Cukor's decision to award the role of\",\n \"title\": \"London in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10945235\",\n \"text\": \"My Kind of Town \\\"My Kind of Town\\\" or \\\"My Kind of Town (Chicago Is)\\\" is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn. The song was originally part of the musical score for \\\"Robin and the 7 Hoods\\\", a 1964 musical film starring several members of the Rat Pack. It was nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Although the song predated the Grammy Award Best Original Song for a Motion Picture category, the entire score was nominated for the 1964 Grammy\",\n \"title\": \"My Kind of Town\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6933374\",\n \"text\": \"in how to take better care of their belongings and toys (formerly \\\"Temper, Temper\\\", now \\\"Playing the Game\\\"). Believing that Jane and Michael need personal growth, Mary decides to leave Cherry Tree Lane (\\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee – Rooftop Duet\\\"), to bring them to their senses. Her distraught charges find a note saying that perhaps they will see Mary again eventually. In a misguided attempt to please her husband, Winifred arranges for his childhood nanny, Miss Andrew, to take over from the suddenly departed Mary (\\\"Cherry Tree Lane (Reprise)\\\"). At the sight of her, a terrified George flees, exclaiming \\\"the Holy\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16985719\",\n \"text\": \"- Mary Costa/Bill Shirley 26. Cruella De Vil: \\\"101 Dalmatians\\\" (1961) - Bill Lee/Lisa Davis/Ben Wright 27. Higitus Figitus: \\\"The Sword In The Stone\\\" (1963) - Karl Swenson/Ricky Sorenson 1. Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) - Julie Andrews/Dick Van Dyke/The Pearlie Chorus 2. A Spoonful Of Sugar: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) - Julie Andrews 3. Chim Chim Cher-ee: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) - Dick Van Dyke/Julie Andrews/Karen Dotrice/Matthew Garber 4. Winnie The Pooh: \\\"Winnie The Pooh And The Honey Tree\\\" (1966) - Disney Studio Chorus 5. The Bare Necessities: \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967) - Phil Harris/Bruce Reitherman 6. I Wan'na Be Like You:\",\n \"title\": \"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4921331\",\n \"text\": \"throughout its run. After the group toured Europe in early 1965, McGuire left to embark on a solo career, and this spelled the end of the original New Christy Minstrels. Now under the direction of Greif and Garris the group moved towards a variety act, doing \\\"novelty and pop tunes\\\" and a little comedy, making them closer to the 19th century Christy's Minstrels from whom the group's name was derived. Reflecting this shift, they had a \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 100 hit later in 1965 with a cover of \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from the Disney film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Regular group membership changes\",\n \"title\": \"The New Christy Minstrels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16158904\",\n \"text\": \"a Motion Picture or Television. \\\"A Spoonful of Sugar\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", \\\"Step in Time, Feed the Birds\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\" and \\\"Let's Go Fly a Kite\\\" were each written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman, often credited as the Sherman Brothers. Track three, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" features cellist Nicole Pinnell. Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney is the tenth studio album by American classical violinist Jenny Oaks Baker, released in 2011 through Shadow Mountain Records. Produced and arranged by Kurt\",\n \"title\": \"Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590361\",\n \"text\": \"2 Academy Awards for \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" – Best Original Score, which included \\\"Feed The Birds\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\"; and Best Original Song, \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". Since \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney until Disney's death in 1966. After leaving the company, the brothers worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme park exhibits and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccoli's motion picture production \\\"Chitty Chitty\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2628256\",\n \"text\": \"accent any better than I did\\\", and that no one alerted him to how bad it was during the production. Still, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" was successful on release and its appeal has endured. \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", one of the songs that Van Dyke performed in \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the Sherman Brothers, the film's songwriting duo. Many of the comedy films Van Dyke starred in throughout the 1960s were relatively unsuccessful at the box office, including \\\"What a Way to Go!\\\" with Shirley MacLaine, \\\"Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.\\\", \\\"Fitzwilly\\\", \\\"The Art of Love\\\" with\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Van Dyke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19103703\",\n \"text\": \"opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Poppins through to “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot the pace is well handled both vocally and instrumentally with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is a must have CD.\\\" Performers Technical Swingin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway is jazz vocalist Gary Williams's third album, recorded at Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was released to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock of Big Band World gave it five stars and\",\n \"title\": \"Swingin' on Broadway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411884\",\n \"text\": \"which includes the songs \\\"Feed The Birds,\\\" \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,\\\" and the Oscar-winning \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee.\\\" Since \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"' premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations, and 23 gold- and platinum-certified albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney, completing the scores for the live-action musical films \\\"The Happiest Millionaire\\\" and \\\"The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band\\\" until Disney's death in 1966. Since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"838166\",\n \"text\": \"was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California using painted London background scenes. \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" was released on August 27, 1964, to critical acclaim. It received a total of 13 Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture – a record for any other film released by Walt Disney Studios – and won five; Best Actress for Andrews, Best Film Editing, Best Original Music Score, Best Visual Effects, and Best Original Song for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally,\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17820043\",\n \"text\": \"also featured introductory passages (\\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\") or completed endings (\\\"Sister Suffragette\\\", \\\"Fidelity Fiduciary Bank\\\", \\\"A Man Has Dreams\\\"). The film's music received critical acclaim, winning two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song (for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\") and two Grammy Awards for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and Best Recording for Children. Walt Disney Records reissued the soundtrack in 1997, including a 16-minute track of unreleased songs and demo versions. In 2004, as part of the film's 40th anniversary (also called Special Edition), a 28-track disc (as part of a two-disc set) was released. In\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6933367\",\n \"text\": \"by Ocesa Teatro and starring Bianca Marroquin as Mary and Mauricio Salas as Bert. In April 2015 Brazilian entertainment company Time for Fun opened auditions for the Portuguese-language premiere in São Paulo, but eventually the production was cancelled. The first Japanese language production opened on March 25, 2018 in Tokyo before moving to Osaka in May 2018. In September 2018, it was announced that a West End revival would play at the Prince Edward Theatre beginning in 2019. Bert, a man of many professions, introduces the audience to Cherry Tree Lane (\\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee/Cherry Tree Lane- Part 1\\\") in Edwardian\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482025\",\n \"text\": \"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\\\"Johnny Tremain\\\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\\\"Pollyanna\\\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17820045\",\n \"text\": \"that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" and the \\\"smoke staircase yodel\\\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \\\"Jolly Holiday\\\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: Mary Poppins (soundtrack) Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of the 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", with music and\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10901743\",\n \"text\": \"performed \\\"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\" on the April 5, 1965 37th Academy Awards broadcast, Page singing the song from the perspective of a third-party reassuring Charlotte that she [i.e. Charlotte] has John's constant devotion: Page had recorded the song in a February 17, 1965 session at Columbia Recording Studio in Nashville. Despite the song's being bested for the Academy Award by \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", a recording of Page's rendition of \\\"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\\\" was rush-released to become the singer's first Top 40 hit on Columbia Records as of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart dated May 22,\",\n \"title\": \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"838185\",\n \"text\": \"indicated that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" and the \\\"smoke staircase yodel\\\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \\\"Jolly Holiday\\\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" premiered on August 27, 1964, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. Travers was not extended an invitation\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18941551\",\n \"text\": \"results.\\\" The British publication \\\"The Gramophone\\\" commented: \\\"Meanwhile there is overwhelming evidence that Mr. Crosby has lost none of his charm or skill in \\\"Thoroughly Modern Bing\\\" (Stateside SL10257). He works his lasting magic on “Talk to the Animals,” “Love Is Blue,” “Chim Chim Cheree,” and other modern songs of quality plus the oldie “Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead” with the same ease and warmth that was discernible in 1928. He even transforms a blatant flag-waver like “What’s More American” into something tolerable, and is the first singer to hold my attention throughout “Puff (The Magic Dragon)” without causing\",\n \"title\": \"Thoroughly Modern Bing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7344568\",\n \"text\": \"a typical concert at this time could incorporate \\\"Mars\\\" from Gustav Holst's \\\"The Planets\\\" and \\\"Chim Chim Cheree\\\" from \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Bowie's future manager Ken Pitt attended one of these mid-1960s concerts, where the band finished with The Rodgers and Hammerstein song \\\"You'll Never Walk Alone\\\". You've Got a Habit of Leaving \\\"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\\\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with\",\n \"title\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1378329\",\n \"text\": \"(#98 in 1965). Sherman's \\\"The End of a Symphony\\\", spotlighting Arthur Fiedler's Boston Pops Orchestra, reached #113 on the \\\"Bubbling Under\\\" chart in 1964, but did not make the Hot 100. The songs on Sherman's next album \\\"My Name Is Allan\\\" (1965) were thematically connected: except for a couple of original novelty songs with music by Sherman and Busch, all the songs on the album are parodies of songs that had won, or were nominated for, the Academy Award for Best Song. They included \\\"That Old Black Magic\\\", \\\"Secret Love\\\", \\\"The Continental\\\", \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" and \\\"Call Me Irresponsible\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Allan Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16724172\",\n \"text\": \"back to the 'present,' when Travers and the Sherman brothers are working on the script for \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". And that was fun, but also musically challenging.” For the score's instrumentation, Newman primarily employed a string orchestra with some woodwinds and brass, as well as including piano and hammered instruments that were \\\"appropriate to the time period\\\", such as dulcimers. The film's score was recorded at the Newman Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, while the cast recorded several of the Shermans' songs at Capitol Studios for use as playback during the film's diegetic music scenes, including \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\", \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Saving Mr. Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2703760\",\n \"text\": \"Sundae. In November 2011, the band toured the United Kingdom to celebrate the tenth anniversary of their debut album The Optimist LP. The band played the complete debut album in the correct order, apart from hidden track \\\"Three Days Old\\\" and a second set of more recent work, including new song \\\"Rescue Squad\\\" and their re-working of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\"-song Chim Chim Cher-ee, which they released as a digital single to raise money for homeless charities. A live recording of their show at Koko in London on 11 November 2011 was released as a live album. Throughout 2012, the band wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Turin Brakes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590381\",\n \"text\": \"four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \\\"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\\\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) ranked at #8, \\\"The Aristocats\\\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \\\"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\\\" made its world premiere at the Prince Edward Theatre in December 2004 and features the Sherman Brothers classic songs. In June 2005, Robert B. Sherman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame with\",\n \"title\": \"Robert B. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8953355\",\n \"text\": \"times, with different verses specific to an unfolding plot element. The \\\"Mentsch\\\" music group notes some similarities with a Yiddish song written by Itsik Manger named \\\"Vaylu\\\". The song also shares some sonic similarities to the Yiddish folksong, Tumbalalaika. The song was parodied by song parodist Allan Sherman (no relation to the Sherman Brothers), using the song's same title. In his version, he poked fun at the American merchandise seen on TV commercials. Supporters of English football teams, Millwall, West Bromwich Albion and Blackburn Rovers, sing a version of the song which is a reference to each team's local rivals,\",\n \"title\": \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10677767\",\n \"text\": \"many pre-Broadway productions because of Broadway In Chicago. These productions include \\\"The Pirate Queen\\\", \\\"The Producers\\\", \\\"Movin' Out\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\", \\\"Aida\\\", \\\"All Shook Up\\\", \\\"Sweet Smell of Success\\\", \\\"Tallulah\\\", \\\"A Thousand Clowns\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Spamalot\\\", \\\"Blast!\\\", \\\"The Addams Family\\\", \\\"Kinky Boots\\\", \\\"Big Fish\\\", \\\"The Last Ship\\\" and \\\"The SpongeBob Musical\\\". Broadway In Chicago was also responsible for bringing many long-run productions to the city including \\\"Wicked\\\", \\\"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\\\", Disney's \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Jersey Boys\\\", \\\"Ragtime\\\", \\\"The Book of Mormon\\\" and \\\"Hamilton\\\". Broadway In Chicago Broadway In Chicago is a theatrical production company. It was formed\",\n \"title\": \"Broadway In Chicago\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2452477\",\n \"text\": \"the Christys in January 1965, after recording the album \\\"Cowboys and Indians\\\", although, on the 1965 album \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\", he sang on the title cut. As a folk rock solo singer in the 1960s, he was best known for his hits \\\"Eve of Destruction\\\" and \\\"Sins of a Family\\\", both written by P.F. Sloan. Barry's other chart successes were \\\"Child of Our Times\\\" and \\\"Cloudy Summer Afternoon (Raindrops)\\\" (penned by Travis Edmonson of the 1960s folk-duo, Bud & Travis). \\\"Eve of Destruction\\\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The album, \\\"The Eve of Destruction\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Barry McGuire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9036733\",\n \"text\": \"The Good-Time Girl \\\"The Good-Time Girl\\\" aka \\\"The V.D. Polka\\\" is a song from the musical \\\"Over Here!\\\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \\\"Honey Bun\\\" from \\\"South Pacific\\\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \\\"Good Time Girl\\\" because: The song was written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. Ten years prior to \\\"Over Here!\\\", in 1964, the Sherman Brothers wrote \\\"The North Pole Polka\\\" for Walt Disney's \\\"Mary Poppins\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Good-Time Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7945053\",\n \"text\": \"Notre Dame High School has an active performing arts department which presents three productions annually: a fall drama or comedy, a late-winter musical, and a late-spring comedy, drama, or musical. Past performances have included \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Show Boat\\\", \\\"Kiss Me, Kate\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\", \\\"Inherit the Wind\\\", \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"The Crucible\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\", \\\"Scapino!\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"The Pajama Game\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Footloose\\\", \\\"Seussical\\\", \\\"Hairspray\\\" and \\\"Anything Goes\\\" in March 2016. The musicals annually perform for audiences from 3,500-5,000. Along with theatrical productions, a dance program entitled \\\"Fusion\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Notre Dame High School (New Jersey)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"896780\",\n \"text\": \"runs on Broadway, including such successful musicals as \\\"Hair\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"Little Shop of Horrors\\\", \\\"Sunday in the Park with George\\\", \\\"Rent\\\", \\\"Grey Gardens\\\", \\\"Urinetown\\\", \\\"Avenue Q\\\", \\\"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\\\", \\\"Rock of Ages\\\", \\\"In the Heights\\\", \\\"Spring Awakening\\\", \\\"Next to Normal\\\", \\\"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\\\", \\\"Fun Home\\\", \\\"Hamilton\\\" and \\\"Dear Evan Hansen\\\". In particular, two that became Broadway hits, \\\"Grease\\\" and \\\"A Chorus Line\\\", encouraged other producers to premiere their shows Off-Broadway. Plays that have moved from Off-Broadway houses to Broadway include \\\"Doubt\\\", \\\"I Am My Own Wife\\\", \\\"Bridge & Tunnel\\\", \\\"The Normal Heart\\\", and \\\"Coastal\",\n \"title\": \"Off-Broadway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590356\",\n \"text\": \"Richard M. Sherman Richard Morton Sherman (born June 12, 1928) is an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Robert B. Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \\\"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\\\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"Snoopy Come Home\\\", \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\", \\\"The Slipper and\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632101\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Starlight Express\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"Monty Python's Spamalot\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", \\\"Fame - The Musical\\\", \\\"Never Forget\\\", \\\"Priscilla Queen of the Desert - the Musical\\\", \\\"Cabaret\\\", \\\"Blood Brothers\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"Footloose - The Musical\\\", \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"Anything Goes\\\", \\\"Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake\\\", \\\"Our House\\\", \\\"Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"Tap Dogs\\\", \\\"Taboo\\\", \\\"Flashdance - The Musical\\\", \\\"Annie\\\", \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Dancing in the Streets\\\", \\\"Sister Act\\\", \\\"An Inspector Calls\\\", \\\"Dirty Rotten Scoundrels\\\", \\\"Rock of Ages\\\", \\\"Chicago\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"New Wimbledon Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272889\",\n \"text\": \"on the songs of Queen). Live-action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s, with exceptions of \\\"Victor/Victoria\\\", \\\"Little Shop of Horrors\\\" and the 1996 film of \\\"Evita\\\". In the new century, Baz Luhrmann began a revival of the film musical with \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\" (2001). This was followed by \\\"Chicago\\\" (2002); \\\"Phantom of the Opera\\\" (2004); \\\"Dreamgirls\\\" (2006); \\\"Hairspray\\\", \\\"Enchanted\\\" and \\\"\\\" (all in 2007); \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\" (2008); \\\"Nine\\\" (2009); \\\"Les Misérables\\\" and \\\"Pitch Perfect\\\" (both in 2012), \\\"Into The Woods\\\" (2014) and \\\"La La Land\\\" (2016), among others. Dr. Seuss's \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\\\" (2000)\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590365\",\n \"text\": \"Broadway (New York City) at the Foxwoods Theatre (then the Hilton Theatre). The Sherman Brothers wrote an additional six songs specifically for the new stage productions. In 2003, four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \\\"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\\\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964) ranked at #8, \\\"The Aristocats\\\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \\\"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\\\" made its world premiere at the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9017158\",\n \"text\": \"Step in Time \\\"Step In Time\\\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \\\"Knees Up Mother Brown\\\". In the 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are\",\n \"title\": \"Step in Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272883\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"the closest to traditional musical theatre\\\" and was \\\"one pathway to the future.\\\" However, most major-market 21st-century productions have taken a safe route, with revivals of familiar fare, such as \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\", \\\"A Chorus Line\\\", \\\"South Pacific\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"Hair\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\" and \\\"Grease\\\", or with adaptations of other proven material, such as literature (\\\"The Scarlet Pimpernel\\\", \\\"Wicked\\\" and \\\"Fun Home\\\"), hoping that the shows would have a built-in audience as a result. This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations, including (\\\"The Producers\\\", \\\"Spamalot\\\", \\\"Hairspray\\\", \\\"Legally Blonde\\\", \\\"The Color Purple\\\", \\\"Xanadu\\\", \\\"Billy Elliot\\\", \\\"Shrek\\\", \\\"Waitress\\\" and \\\"Groundhog\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652647\",\n \"text\": \"George\\\", \\\"Make Way for Ducklings\\\", \\\"Stone Soup\\\", \\\"Caps for Sale\\\", and \\\"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\\\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \\\"Captain Kangaroo\\\", \\\"The Captain's Place\\\", \\\"Little Mary Make Believe\\\", \\\"Dennis Anyone\\\", \\\"Guess Who I Am\\\", \\\"Little Black Frog\\\", \\\"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\\\", \\\"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\\\", \\\"Erie Canal\\\", \\\"Horse in Striped Pajamas\\\", \\\"The Littlest Snowman\\\", \\\"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\\\", \\\"You Can Grow Up to Be President\\\", \\\"Spend Some Time With Your Child\\\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975\",\n \"title\": \"Captain Kangaroo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16985715\",\n \"text\": \"Star\\\", \\\"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\", \\\"Someday My Prince Will Come\\\", \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\", \\\"A Spoonful of Sugar\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and \\\"It's A Small World (After All)\\\". The wide array of singers and performers include Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, Burl Ives, Louis Prima, Maurice Chevalier, Angela Lansbury, Roger Miller, Helen Reddy, Bette Midler, Sean Connery, Kirk Douglas, Annette Funicello, Pearl Bailey and George Burns. Certified as a gold-selling record by the RIAA in January 1993, it was certified as a platinum-selling recording in March 1995. 1. Turkey In the Straw: \\\"Steamboat Willie\\\" (1928) - Traditional 2. Who's Afraid Of The Big Bad Wolf?:\",\n \"title\": \"The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252426\",\n \"text\": \"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"The Music Man\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"Oliver!\\\", and \\\"Funny Girl\\\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \\\"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\\\" and \\\"The Young Girls\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411890\",\n \"text\": \"Time in a British nationwide poll reported by the BBC. Most notably, \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (1968) topped the list at #1. In later years, with Robert's move to London, the brothers wrote new songs for the stage musical presentation of \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" For their contributions to the motion picture industry, the Sherman brothers have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Blvd. and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 9, 2005. On November 16, 2006, \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway. On November 17, 2008\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252432\",\n \"text\": \"musicals were still being made that were financially and/or critically less successful than in the musical's heyday. They include \\\"1776\\\", \\\"The Wiz\\\", \\\"At Long Last Love\\\", \\\"Mame\\\", \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\", \\\"Lost Horizon\\\",\\\" Godspell\\\", \\\"Phantom of the Paradise\\\", \\\"Funny Lady\\\" (Barbra Streisand's sequel to \\\"Funny Girl\\\"), \\\"A Little Night Music\\\", and \\\"Hair\\\" amongst others. The critical wrath against \\\"At Long Last Love\\\", in particular, was so strong that it was never released on home video. Fantasy musical films \\\"Scrooge\\\", \\\"The Blue Bird\\\", \\\"The Little Prince\\\", \\\"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\\\", \\\"Pete's Dragon\\\", and Disney's \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\" were also\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14964897\",\n \"text\": \"2017, Owen won several awards for the Broadway musical \\\"Come From Away\\\" including the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Craig Noel Award, as well as a Helen Hayes Award nomination. Gareth has worked on over two hundred and seventy-five commercial sound designs throughout the world including: \\\"42nd Street, Bat Out of Hell, Wind in the Willows,\\\" \\\"Disney's Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", \\\"Spring Awakening\\\", \\\"Young Frankenstein\\\",\\\"The Bodyguard\\\", \\\"Let it Be\\\", \\\"Disney's Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Sister Act\\\", \\\"Hairspray\\\", \\\"Disney's Beauty & The Beast\\\", \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"Aspects of Love\\\", \\\"Footloose\\\", \\\"Flashdance\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\", \\\"Fame\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Gareth Owen (sound designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11216765\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Oh, Kay!\\\"; \\\"Jubilee\\\"; \\\"Leave It to Me\\\"; \\\"On Your Toes\\\"; \\\"Between the Devil\\\"; \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\"; \\\"Miss Liberty\\\"; \\\"Call Me Madam\\\"; \\\"The Most Happy Fella\\\"; \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\"; \\\"The New Moon\\\"; \\\"Silk Stockings\\\"; \\\"Wish You Were Here\\\"; \\\"The Laugh Parade\\\"; \\\"Carnival\\\"; \\\"They're Playing Our Song\\\"; \\\"Oliver!\\\"; and \\\"Pippin\\\". Musicals represented: \\\"Winners are in bold \\\" 36th Tony Awards The 36th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast by CBS television on June 6, 1982, from the Imperial Theatre. The host was Tony Randall. Presenters: Lucie Arnaz, Milton Berle, Victor Borge, Pam Dawber, Lillian Gish, Marvin Hamlisch, Lena Horne, Beth Howland,\",\n \"title\": \"36th Tony Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252428\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \\\"Camelot\\\", \\\"Finian's Rainbow\\\", \\\"Hello Dolly!\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Doctor Dolittle\\\", \\\"Star!\\\", \\\"Darling Lili\\\", \\\"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\\\", \\\"Paint Your Wagon\\\", \\\"Song of Norway\\\", \\\"On a Clear Day You\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4270977\",\n \"text\": \"productions that originated at the Playhouse before finding success on Broadway are The Who's \\\"Tommy\\\", Matthew Broderick's revival of \\\"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\\\", \\\"Jane Eyre\\\", \\\"Dracula, the Musical\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"Cry Baby\\\", \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\", The Pulitzer Prize-winning \\\"I Am My Own Wife\\\", \\\"700 Sundays\\\", \\\"Jersey Boys\\\", \\\"Memphis, Peter and the Starcatcher, Chaplin, Hands on a Hardbody\\\", Des McAnuff's revival of \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\" and \\\"Zhivago\\\". La Jolla Playhouse began the Page To Stage Play Development Program in 2001 to facilitate the development of new plays and musicals, offering audiences the rare opportunity to experience\",\n \"title\": \"La Jolla Playhouse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252435\",\n \"text\": \"Other successful animated musicals included \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\\\", and \\\"Pocahontas\\\" from Disney proper, \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\" from Disney division Touchstone Pictures, \\\"The Prince of Egypt\\\" from DreamWorks, \\\"Anastasia\\\" from Fox and Don Bluth, and \\\"\\\" from Paramount. (\\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and \\\"The Lion King\\\" were adapted for the stage after their blockbuster success.) In the 21st century, movie musicals were reborn with darker musicals, epic drama musicals and comedy-drama musicals such as \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\", \\\"Chicago\\\", \\\"Dreamgirls\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", and \\\"La La Land\\\" all of which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4883581\",\n \"text\": \"The Words\\\" (\\\"Into the Woods\\\" and \\\"Weekend In The Country\\\", Sondheim) 06 \\\"Annie II\\\" (\\\"Tomorrow\\\", \\\"Annie\\\") 07 \\\"M. Butterfly\\\" (\\\"Poor Butterfly\\\") 08 \\\"Madonna's Brain\\\" (\\\"The Rain in Spain\\\", Loewe) 09 \\\"Never, Never Panned\\\" (\\\"Never Never Land\\\", Styne) 10 \\\"Somewhat Overindulgent\\\" (\\\"Over the Rainbow\\\", Arlen) 11 \\\"Chita-Rita\\\" (\\\"America\\\", Bernstein) 12 \\\"I Ham What I Ham\\\" (\\\"I Am What I Am\\\", Herman) 13 \\\"Hey, Bob Fosse\\\" (\\\"Hey, Big Spender\\\", Coleman-Fields) 14 \\\"Almost Like Vegas In New York\\\" (\\\"Almost Like Being in Love\\\", Loewe) 15 \\\"Teeny Todd\\\" (\\\"\\\", Sondheim) 16 \\\"Liza\\\" (original, Alessandrini, based on \\\"Johnny One Note\\\" by Rodgers and Hart) 17\",\n \"title\": \"Forbidden Broadway, Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3393273\",\n \"text\": \"represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing second with the song \\\"One Step Out of Time\\\". In 1995, he reprised the role of Marius in \\\"\\\". His other West End roles include Giorgio in \\\"Passion\\\" (1997) and Caractacus Potts in \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" (2002). He has twice won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He won in 2008 for his role as Edna Turnblad in \\\"Hairspray\\\", and then in 2013 for the title role in the revival of \\\"\\\". Ball was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Ball (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9394232\",\n \"text\": \"Ward the Musical\\\", Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical telling the story of the Profumo scandal. \\\"Party Animals\\\", \\\"The Bill\\\", \\\"Kidulthood\\\", \\\"The Fugitives\\\", \\\"Murder City\\\", \\\"Auf Wiedersehen, Pet\\\", \\\"The Last Detective\\\", \\\"Rosemary & Thyme\\\", \\\"Heartbeat\\\", \\\"Beech is Back\\\", \\\"Relic Hunters\\\", \\\"Casualty\\\", \\\"The Merchant of Venice\\\", \\\"The Escort\\\", \\\"Unfinished Business\\\", \\\"Peak Practice\\\", \\\"Doctor Finlay\\\", \\\"Poetry Readings\\\", \\\"Ffizz\\\", \\\"Fellow Traveller\\\", \\\"Museums of Madness\\\", \\\"The Black Candle\\\", \\\"Taking the Floor\\\", \\\"Boon\\\", \\\"The Chief\\\", \\\"Six Characters in Search of an Author\\\" as well as \\\"Lewis\\\". Alexander Hanson (actor) Alexander Harald St John Hanson-Akins (born 28 April 1961) is a Norwegian-born British stage actor who has appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Hanson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18983817\",\n \"text\": \"and its 20s-evocative feel, there are some interesting and fresh-sounding tunes here: ‘Mary Poppins’ is arguably the best of the bunch and has the penguins lament their abandonment at the hands of the most famous nanny in the world, it’s a barber-shop, doo woop number that could easily sit beside Sherman’s illustrious forebears classic output.\\\" Mary Poppins (song) \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" is a song from the 2015 stage musical \\\"Love Birds\\\" with music and lyrics by Robert J. Sherman. It is sung by \\\"The Original Quack Pack\\\", a penguin barbershop quartet who resemble the penguins from the 1964 Walt Disney motion\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Poppins (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7597910\",\n \"text\": \"being \\\"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\\\" from the 2004 film \\\"Home on the Range\\\". \\\"On the Record\\\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" from \\\"Pinocchio\\\", \\\"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\\\" from \\\"Song of the South\\\", \\\"Under the Sea\\\" from \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" from \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"A Whole New World\\\" from \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\\\" from \\\"The Lion King\\\", \\\"Colors of the Wind\\\" from \\\"Pocahontas\\\", and \\\"You'll Be in My Heart\\\" from \\\"Tarzan\\\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,\",\n \"title\": \"On the Record (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7051330\",\n \"text\": \"musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908. However, in its final 1909 race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy and Jemima Potts, have grown fond\",\n \"title\": \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6861384\",\n \"text\": \"Roses (David Grant), All That Jazz (Ruthie Henshall) Week 2 Closing Cole Porter Medley: Anything Goes (Ruthie Henshall), My Heart Belongs to Daddy (Carrie Grant), Too Darn Hot (Mica Paris), Who Wants to be a Millionaire (David Grant, Carrie Grant) Week 3 Introduction—Wilkommen (John Barrowman), Hello Dolly (Ruthie Henshall), If They Could See Me Now (Carrie Grant), Matchmaker, Matchmaker (Mica Paris), Edelweiss (Jon Lee), Somewhere (David Grant & Company) Children's Medley (closing) -- Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (\\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", Jon Lee, David Grant, Ruthie Henshall, Les Dennis, Joseph McManners), Supercalifragilistic (\\\"Mary Poppins\\\", Ruthie Henshall & same), Part of\",\n \"title\": \"The Sound of Musicals\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11102013\",\n \"text\": \"A Sailor\\\" and \\\"Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes,\\\" the only two of \\\"The Big 8\\\", a.k.a. SYKBH, missing. (Basic set list structure from the tour): (*) = Appears on Feeding Frenzy, but out of order. (**) = Doesn't appear on Feeding Frenzy at all. Songs 12 and 13 changed from show to show, such as: \\\"Pencil Thin Mustache\\\", \\\"Havaña Daydreamin'\\\", \\\"Son of a Son of a Sailor\\\", \\\"Coast of Marseilles\\\", \\\"The Weather is Here, Wish You Were Beautiful\\\", \\\"Migration\\\", \\\"The Captain & the Kid\\\", \\\"Lone Palm\\\", \\\"Little Miss Magic\\\", \\\"Rocky Raccoon\\\", \\\"Tin Cup Chalice\\\" and \\\"He Went to Paris\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Feeding Frenzy: Jimmy Buffett Live!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411880\",\n \"text\": \"Sherman Brothers The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928). The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (except “The Bare Necessities”), \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\", \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\" and \\\"The Aristocats\\\". Their most well known work, however, remains the theme park song \\\"It's a Small World (After All)\\\". According to\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13152324\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Disney Dream\\\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \\\"When You Wish Upon a Star\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\\\" \\\"(Cinderella)\\\", \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" \\\"(Beauty and the Beast)\\\", \\\"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\\\", \\\"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\\\" \\\"(Pinocchio)\\\", \\\"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\\\" \\\"(Frozen)\\\", and \\\"It's a Small World\\\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Dream\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252437\",\n \"text\": \"(ABBA), \\\"Rock of Ages\\\", and \\\"Sunshine on Leith\\\" (The Proclaimers). Original ones included \\\"Across the Universe\\\" (The Beatles), \\\"Moulin Rouge!\\\" (various pop hits), and \\\"Idlewild\\\" (Outkast). Disney also returned to musicals with \\\"Enchanted\\\", \\\"The Princess and the Frog\\\", \\\"Tangled\\\", \\\"Winnie the Pooh\\\", \\\"The Muppets\\\", \\\"Frozen\\\", \\\"Muppets Most Wanted\\\", \\\"Into the Woods\\\", \\\"Moana\\\", and \\\"Mary Poppins Returns\\\". Following a string of successes with live action fantasy adaptations of several of their animated features, Disney produced a live action version of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", the first of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical, and features new\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4128592\",\n \"text\": \"popular musicals of the 1950s include \\\"Love Me Tender\\\" which starred Elvis Presley, \\\"High Society\\\", \\\"An American in Paris\\\", \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"Guys and Dolls\\\", \\\"The Band Wagon\\\", \\\"Show Boat\\\", \\\"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\\\", \\\"Gigi\\\", \\\"Daddy Long Legs\\\", \\\"Funny Face\\\", \\\"Calamity Jane\\\", \\\"Porgy and Bess\\\", \\\"Carmen Jones\\\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \\\"The Sword and the Rose\\\", \\\"Davy\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the 1950s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469536\",\n \"text\": \"Playhouse\\\", \\\"Gimme a Break!\\\", \\\"Punky Brewster\\\", \\\"Taxi\\\", \\\"Happy Days\\\", \\\"St. Elsewhere\\\", \\\"MacGyver\\\", \\\"L.A. Law\\\", \\\"Magnum, P.I.\\\", \\\"M*A*S*H\\\", \\\"Barney Miller\\\", \\\"WKRP in Cincinnati\\\", \\\"Laverne & Shirley\\\", \\\"Mork & Mindy\\\", \\\"Miami Vice\\\", \\\"The Jeffersons\\\", \\\"The Facts of Life\\\", \\\"Hill Street Blues\\\", \\\"T.J. Hooker\\\", \\\"The Cosby Show\\\", \\\"Highway To Heaven\\\", \\\"Murder, She Wrote\\\", \\\"227\\\", \\\"Matlock\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Night Court\\\", \\\"Who's the Boss?\\\", \\\"Family Matters\\\", \\\"Charles in Charge\\\", \\\"The Hogan Family\\\", \\\"Perfect Strangers\\\", \\\"Designing Women\\\", \\\"Amen\\\", \\\"Head of the Class\\\", \\\"Murphy Brown\\\", \\\"The Wonder Years\\\", \\\"Empty Nest\\\", \\\"Coach\\\", \\\"Doogie Howser M.D.\\\", \\\"Quantum Leap\\\", \\\"Saved by the Bell\\\", \\\"Roseanne\\\", \\\"Full House\\\", \\\"The Golden Girls\\\",\\\"Three's Company\\\", \\\"Cheers\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9391384\",\n \"text\": \"has more than 50 Broadway plays and musicals to his credit including , No Man's Land/Waiting for Godot in rep, Love Letters, The Country House, The Assembled Parties,\\\"Nice Work If You Can Get It\\\", \\\"Venus in Fur\\\",\\\"Wit\\\", \\\"Anything Goes\\\", \\\"A View From the Bridge\\\", \\\"The Pajama Game\\\", \\\"Seascape\\\", \\\"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\\\", \\\"Wonderful Town\\\", \\\"Anna in the Tropics\\\", and revivals of \\\"The Music Man\\\" and \\\"Kiss Me, Kate\\\". His recent off-Broadway work includes Dada Woof Papa Hot (Lincoln Center Theater), Ripcord Manhattan Theater Club), \\\"How I Learned to Drive\\\" for 2nd Stage, \\\"Twelfth Night\\\", \\\"All's Well\\\", \\\"Measure for Measure\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Kaczorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7662692\",\n \"text\": \"Jazz ensemble Golden Raider Marching Band (GRMB) String Orchestra The Concord Players typically put on a play in the fall and a musical in the spring. Previous performances include \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe\\\", \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\", \\\"Rumors\\\", \\\"The Pajama Game\\\", \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\", \\\"Mame\\\", \\\"You Could Die Laughing\\\", \\\"Once Upon a Mattress\\\", \\\"You Can't Take It with You\\\", \\\"Anything Goes\\\", \\\"Bone Chiller\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"Meet Me In St. Louis\\\", \\\"Legally Blonde\\\", \\\"Shrek The Musical\\\", \\\"Fools\\\", \\\"Into the Woods\\\", \\\"Noises Off\\\", \\\"Disney's The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"You Can't\",\n \"title\": \"Concord High School (Wilmington, Delaware)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590364\",\n \"text\": \"Johnny Burnette in 1960 and then with Ringo Starr fourteen years later. Other top-ten hits include, \\\"Pineapple Princess\\\", \\\"Let's Get Together\\\" and more. In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for Disney's blockbuster film: \\\"The Tigger Movie\\\" (2000). This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years. In 2002 the stage musical \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" premiered in London. It was the most successful stage show ever produced at the London Palladium, boasting the longest run in that century-old theatre's history. In early 2005 a second Chitty company premiered on\",\n \"title\": \"Richard M. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9490894\",\n \"text\": \"a week. In 1944, Grimes moved to California to work for Universal. His credits include \\\"Fairytale Murder\\\", \\\"Lady on a Train\\\", and \\\"Week-End at the Waldorf\\\". In the early 1950s, he switched to television. His credits include \\\"Alcoa Presents\\\", \\\"Love of Life\\\", \\\"The Aldrich Family\\\", \\\"Tom Corbett, Space Cadet\\\", \\\"Maude\\\", \\\"On the Rocks\\\", and \\\"All in the Family\\\". In 1962, Grimes and Peter Fernandez worked together on a series of records for MGM. Five years later, Fernandez hired him to do the voices of Sparky and Chim Chim on \\\"Speed Racer\\\". Grimes died in Queens, New York in 2009 at\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Grimes (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18193102\",\n \"text\": \"Time\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\", \\\"Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas\\\", \\\"\\\", and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts. The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's \\\"Glow\\\", \\\"Carol of the Bells\\\", \\\"Let it Snow\\\", \\\"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\\\", \\\"I'll Be Home for Christmas\\\", \\\"Believe\\\", \\\"Silent Night\\\", the \\\"Nutcracker Suite\\\", \\\"Jingle Bells\\\", \\\"I Have a Little Dreidel\\\", \\\"Feliz Navidad\\\", \\\"Joy to the World\\\", and \\\"Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas\\\", as well as \\\"Frozen\\\" songs, such as \\\"Let It Go\\\" and \\\"In Summer\\\". In November 2014, \\\"World of Color: Winter Dreams\\\" opened with a different show than\",\n \"title\": \"Frozen (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3774469\",\n \"text\": \"They include \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"The King and I\\\", \\\"Oliver!\\\", \\\"Finian's Rainbow\\\", \\\"Godspell\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Jesus Christ Superstar\\\", \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\", a multi award-winning \\\"Sweeney Todd\\\", \\\"The Pirates of Penzance\\\", \\\"Carousel\\\", \\\"The Witches of Eastwick\\\", \\\"Billy\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Guys and Dolls\\\" and \\\"Zorba\\\". They also have recently presented pantomime productions of \\\"Treasure Island\\\", \\\"Aladdin\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", \\\"Sinbad\\\", \\\"Robin Hood\\\", \\\"Little Red Riding Hood\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\" and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". Plays include \\\"Da\\\", \\\"Juno and the Paycock\\\", \\\"The Memory of Water\\\", \\\"The Plough and the Stars\\\", \\\"Allo, Allo\\\", \\\"Dancing at Lughnasa\\\", and \\\"The Beauty Queen of Leenane\\\". The Society\",\n \"title\": \"Kilcock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10852410\",\n \"text\": \"in classic American musical theatre, new musicals, and \\\"re-thought\\\" musicals. Broadway has long considered The Marriott Theatre a prime venue for launching shows into the regional market with premiere productions of \\\"A Chorus Line\\\", \\\"Chess\\\", \\\"Baby\\\", \\\"Grand Hotel\\\", \\\"They're Playing Our Song\\\", \\\"The Goodbye Girl\\\", \\\"The First\\\", \\\"Miss Saigon\\\", \\\"Cats\\\", \\\"Sunset Boulevard\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"The Producers\\\" and \\\"Little Women\\\". A founding member of the National Alliance for Musical Theatre, The Marriott Theatre fosters artists in creating new works for the stage. The result has been a string of American and World Premieres including \\\"Matador\\\", which\",\n \"title\": \"Marriott Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3590369\",\n \"text\": \"Robert B. Sherman Robert Bernard Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) was an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Richard Morton Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \\\"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\\\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\\\", \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", \\\"The Slipper and the Rose\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Robert B. Sherman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7898839\",\n \"text\": \"by furniture and dishes.\\\" Film critic Roger Ebert joked that the \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" choreography resembles \\\"Busby Berkeley running amok.\\\" Additionally, Jerry Griswold, author of \\\"The Meanings of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\": A Handbook\\\", observed several similarities between \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" and a scene from Maurice Sendak and Carole King's musical \\\"Really Rosie\\\". Significantly, \\\"Beauty and the Beast \\\"was one of Disney's earliest feature-length animated films to fully employ computer-generated imagery and technology, utilizing it to a significant extent, as depicted throughout its signature musical numbers \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" and \\\"Beauty and the Beast.\\\" Significantly, \\\"Be Our Guest\\\" \\\"marks the\",\n \"title\": \"Be Our Guest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14074938\",\n \"text\": \"In the semi-final, on 15 June 2007, she performed \\\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\\\" from the musical \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and received a standing ovation and positive comments from the judges saying that she managed to improve on her audition. Cursons was automatically placed in the final after receiving the highest number of votes. In the final, on 17 June 2007, she performed \\\"Get Me to the Church on Time\\\" from \\\"My Fair Lady\\\". Judges Piers Morgan and Amanda Holden said Cursons 'deserves to be in the West End'. Simon Cowell, however, preferred her previous performances. Cursons lost in the final to opera singer Paul\",\n \"title\": \"Bessie Cursons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3905549\",\n \"text\": \"warning, followed by a \\\"damn good thrashing\\\" with a tree branch. The staff try to stall for time while waiting for Basil to return with the duck: Manuel struggles through some flamenco tunes on his guitar, Polly sings \\\"I Cain't Say No\\\", off key, from the musical \\\"Oklahoma!\\\", and Sybil drunkenly recounts an anecdote about \\\"Uncle Ted and his crate of brown ale.\\\" The guests are obviously unappreciative. Basil manages to get back to the hotel on foot and the guests are finally presented with the \\\"duck\\\" which they have so eagerly awaited, only to discover that, due to a\",\n \"title\": \"Gourmet Night\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13961421\",\n \"text\": \"opening Flyby gag is a parody of the Wicked Witch of the West from \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\". The Slimu octopus is a parody of Shamu, the killer whale. The song that plays during the train station scenes is the American jazz standard \\\"Chattanooga Choo Choo\\\". Also Nelson sings a different version of \\\"Mary Had a Little Lamb. In its original American broadcast, \\\"Thursdays with Abie\\\" was viewed by an estimated 8.65 million households and received a rating of 4.0 rating/10% share in the 18/49 rating being the most viewed and highest rated episode on Fox's \\\"Animation Domination\\\" block,\",\n \"title\": \"Thursdays with Abie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12858697\",\n \"text\": \"that began in the 1890s, the Princess Theatre musicals of the early 20th century, and comedies in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the works of Rodgers and Hammerstein), with \\\"Oklahoma!\\\" (1943), musicals moved in a more dramatic direction. Famous musicals over the subsequent decades included \\\"My Fair Lady\\\" (1956), \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1957), \\\"The Fantasticks\\\" (1960), \\\"Hair\\\" (1967), \\\"A Chorus Line\\\" (1975), \\\"Les Misérables\\\" (1980), \\\"Into the Woods\\\" (1986), and \\\"The Phantom of the Opera\\\" (1986), as well as more contemporary hits including \\\"Rent\\\" (1994), \\\"The Lion King\\\" (1997), \\\"Wicked\\\" (2003), and \\\"Hamilton\\\" (2015). Musical theatre may be produced\",\n \"title\": \"Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10373842\",\n \"text\": \"studios. BBC Video was well known for its releases of \\\"Fawlty Towers\\\", \\\"Blackadder\\\", \\\"Only Fools and Horses\\\", \\\"One Foot in the Grave\\\", \\\"Dinnerladies\\\", \\\"Coupling\\\", \\\"Big Cat Diary\\\", \\\"2point4 Children\\\", \\\"Ballykissangel\\\", \\\"Monarch Of The Glen\\\", \\\"Hamish MacBeth\\\", \\\"Are You Being Served?\\\", \\\"Allo Allo\\\", \\\"As Time Goes By\\\", \\\"Blake's 7\\\", \\\"The Young Ones\\\", \\\"Bottom\\\", \\\"Filthy, Rich and Catflap\\\", \\\"Pride & Prejudice\\\", \\\"The Naked Chef\\\", \\\"The Chronicles of Narnia\\\", \\\"The Office\\\", \\\"House of Cards\\\", \\\"To Play the King\\\", \\\"The Final Cut\\\", \\\"Life on Earth\\\", \\\"The Living Planet\\\", \\\"The Trials of Life\\\", \\\"Life in the Freezer\\\", \\\"The Private Life of Plants\\\", \\\"The Life of\",\n \"title\": \"2 Entertain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272857\",\n \"text\": \"Bernard Shaw's \\\"Pygmalion\\\" starring Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews, which at 2,717 performances held the long-run record for many years. Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals. This surpassed the run of two hits by British creators: \\\"The Boy Friend\\\" (1954), which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews' American debut, was very briefly the third longest-running musical in West End or Broadway history (after \\\"Chu Chin Chow\\\" and \\\"Oklahoma!\\\"), until \\\"Salad Days\\\" (1954) surpassed its run and became the new long-run record holder, with 2,283 performances. Another record was set by \\\"The Threepenny Opera\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3956455\",\n \"text\": \"Beatles during rehearsals for a television appearance, John Lennon and Paul McCartney provided the Applejacks with a song which was to be their second single: \\\"Like Dreamers Do\\\". However, the record only reached number 20 in the UK chart, whilst their final hit, \\\"Three Little Words (I Love You)\\\" (also in 1964), made it to No. 23. The group quarrelled with Decca over their next single. Decca wanted them to record \\\"Chim Chim Chiree\\\", but the group disliked the song. Although the single had been announced (and is therefore listed in most discographies), it was never released. According to Megan\",\n \"title\": \"The Applejacks (British band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9017163\",\n \"text\": \"need a reason, Never need a rhyme.\\\" The song \\\"Me Ol' Bamboo\\\" from the 1968 film \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\", also written by the Sherman brothers and performed by Van Dyke, is very similar to Step in Time. Both songs are loosely based on the repetitive physical action song \\\"Knees Up Mother Brown\\\", popular in British music halls and Cockney pubs, especially during World War II. Step in Time \\\"Step In Time\\\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for\",\n \"title\": \"Step in Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20527518\",\n \"text\": \"children of Ennui (the tiny village that surrounds the bottom of the cliff) are playing their annual games of hide and seek. However, unbeknownst to any of them, all are in danger of the Pirate Capt. Jean-Pierre Beunet, Ophelia the Queen Witch of Hubbub, and her cauldron Misty who want to take over the entire Orchard for themselves. Songs included: \\\"The Orchard of Hide & Seek\\\", \\\"Dip-pity Day\\\", \\\"Sailors of St. Labyrinth\\\", \\\"Believe\\\", \\\"Yo Ho Ho\\\", \\\"The Regal C'est la Vie\\\", \\\"Ophelia's Brew\\\", \\\"Ready or Not\\\", \\\"Hide & Seek\\\", \\\"Poison\\\", \\\"Come All Ye Children\\\", \\\"Doom\\\", \\\"All Around You\\\" Photo: Sloane\",\n \"title\": \"St. John's Conservatory Theater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13350400\",\n \"text\": \"Dumpty (Pantomime) 1978 - Good Companions (Musical) 1979 - Cinderella (Pantomime) 1979 - CanCan (Musical) 1980 - Queen of Hearts (Pantomime) 1980 - Follow the Star (Musical) 1981 - Goody Two Shoes (Pantomime) 1981 - Make Me an Offer (Musical) 1982 - Aladdin (Pantomime) 1982 - Godspell (Musical) 1983 - Sleeping Beauty (Pantomime) 1983 - Most Happy Fella (Musical) 1984 - Red Riding Hood (Pantomime) 1984 - A Funny Thing (Musical) 1985 - Robinson Crusoe (Pantomime) 1985 - Pippin (Musical) 1986 - Jack and the Beanstalk (Pantomime) 1986 - Andy Capp (Musical) Manor Operatic Society The Manor Operatic Society is\",\n \"title\": \"Manor Operatic Society\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12133709\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Glory Days\\\", \\\"Merrily We Roll Along\\\", \\\"The Witches of Eastwick\\\", \\\"Saving Aimee\\\", \\\"Into the Woods\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Nevermore\\\", \\\"Assassins\\\", \\\"The Highest Yellow\\\", \\\"One Red Flower\\\", \\\"Allegro\\\", \\\"Twentieth Century\\\", \\\"110 in the Shade\\\", \\\"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\\\", \\\"The Gospel According to Fishman\\\", \\\"Grand Hotel\\\", \\\"The Rhythm Club\\\", \\\"Over & Over\\\", \\\"The Fix\\\", \\\"Working\\\", \\\"The Rink\\\", \\\"Cabaret\\\", \\\"First Lady Suite\\\", \\\"Wings\\\", \\\"Poor Superman\\\", \\\"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\\\", \\\"Passion\\\", \\\"Company\\\", \\\"Sweeney Todd\\\", \\\"Follies\\\", \\\"Pacific Overtures\\\", \\\"Ace\\\", \\\"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in\",\n \"title\": \"Eric D. Schaeffer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9036734\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The North Pole Polka\\\" was a much more gentle song than \\\"The V.D. Polka\\\". The former was about Polar Bears dancing in the snow. That song was eventually dropped from the \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" score, however. The Good-Time Girl \\\"The Good-Time Girl\\\" aka \\\"The V.D. Polka\\\" is a song from the musical \\\"Over Here!\\\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \\\"Honey Bun\\\" from \\\"South Pacific\\\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \\\"Good Time\",\n \"title\": \"The Good-Time Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8604455\",\n \"text\": \"a translation of France Gall's \\\"Poupée de cire, poupée de son\\\". \\\"Khi xưa ta bé\\\" (When We Were Young) was a translation of Cher's \\\"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\\\", but made in an uptempo manner. \\\"Giấc mơ tình yêu\\\" (Love Dream) received airplay on radio and television, and was one of her biggest hits. \\\"Hát Cho Người ở Lại\\\" (Singing for the One who Stayed) also charted well. In mid 2003, Mỹ Tâm released her third studio album, Yesterday&Now. It contained two of her biggest hits: \\\"Ước gì\\\" (I Wish) and \\\"Họa Mi Tóc Nâu\\\" ( Brown-Haired Nightingale\",\n \"title\": \"Mỹ Tâm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18792140\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Splish Splash\\\" and \\\"Mack the Knife\\\" days. In a Broadway Bag continued that success, and \\\"Mame\\\" was his biggest hit in three years. In a Broadway Bag is generally considered one of Bobby Darin's best (and certainly most cohesive) LPs.” In a Broadway Bag (Mame) In a Broadway Bag (Mame) is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1965. The album consists of songs from then-current hit Broadway musicals, including \\\"Funny Girl\\\", \\\"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\\\", \\\"Mame\\\", \\\"The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd\\\", and others. \\\"In a Broadway Bag\",\n \"title\": \"In a Broadway Bag (Mame)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8892427\",\n \"text\": \"Woods\\\", \\\"Little Women\\\", \\\"Once Upon A Mattress\\\", \\\"The Mousetrap\\\", \\\"A Christmas Story\\\", \\\"Once On This Island\\\", \\\"Fools\\\", \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\", \\\"Seussical the Musical\\\", \\\"Twelve Angry Men\\\", \\\"Taming of the Shrew\\\", \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"The Diviners\\\", \\\"Hamlet\\\", \\\"Alice\\\", \\\"Rent\\\", \\\"Julius Caesar\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"The Winter's Tale\\\", \\\"Legally Blonde\\\", \\\"Peter and the Starcatcher\\\", \\\"Lazarus Rising\\\", \\\"1984\\\", \\\"The Addams Family\\\", \\\"Twelfth Night\\\", and \\\"Little Women\\\". 4th place at dimond bar high school for show choir (2016) Henry J. Kaiser High School (California) Henry J. Kaiser High School is a small to medium-sized high school located at 11155 Almond Avenue in Fontana, California. Kaiser\",\n \"title\": \"Henry J. Kaiser High School (California)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6930058\",\n \"text\": \"have previously been possible. The run of major musicals has continued with a five-week run of \\\"Starlight Express\\\", in 2005 and shows, such as \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\", \\\"Miss Saigon\\\", \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\" and Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", in 2006. The tour of \\\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\\\" visited The Mayflower, for almost 3 months, in 2007. The 2007 Christmas show was Michael Rose and Chris Moreno's production of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", starring Russ Abbot, Gregor Fisher, Gary Wilmot and Matthew Kelly, as The Wicked Witch of the West. The 2008 season included Andrew Lloyd Webber's \\\"Aspects of Love\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Mayflower Theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088600\",\n \"text\": \"in 1811; Afro-Caribbeans rowing a boat in Antigua ca.1814; Black stevedores loading a steamboat in New Orleans in 1841; and a Euro-American crew hauling halyards on a clipper-brig out of New York ca.1840s. Other such multi-job songs were: \\\"Round the Corn(er), Sally\\\", \\\"Fire Down Below\\\", \\\"Johnny Come Down to Hilo\\\", \\\"Hilo, Boys, Hilo\\\", \\\"Tommy's Gone Away\\\", \\\"The Sailor Likes His Bottle-O\\\", \\\"Highland Laddie\\\", \\\"Mudder Dinah\\\", \\\"Bully in the Alley\\\", \\\"Hogeye Man\\\", \\\"Good Morning, Ladies, All\\\", \\\"Pay Me the Money Down\\\", \\\"Alabama, John Cherokee\\\", \\\"Yankee John, Stormalong\\\", and \\\"Heave Away (My Johnnies)\\\". While the non-sailor occupations noted above were mainly within\",\n \"title\": \"Sea shanty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"272808\",\n \"text\": \"to such groundbreaking works as \\\"Show Boat\\\" (1927) and \\\"Oklahoma!\\\" (1943). Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1957), \\\"The Fantasticks\\\" (1960), \\\"Hair\\\" (1967), \\\"A Chorus Line\\\" (1975), \\\"Les Misérables\\\" (1985), \\\"The Phantom of the Opera\\\" (1986), \\\"Rent\\\" (1996), \\\"The Producers\\\" (2001), \\\"Wicked\\\" (2003) and \\\"Hamilton\\\" (2015). Musicals are performed around the world. They may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller venues, such as fringe theatre, Off-Broadway, Off-Off-Broadway, regional theatre, or community\",\n \"title\": \"Musical theatre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16055423\",\n \"text\": \"the Elephant\\\" and \\\"The Pink Panther Show\\\". Daytime TV consisted of repeats and daytime soaps such as \\\"Little House on the Prairie\\\", \\\"The New Adventures of Black Beauty\\\", \\\"CHiPs\\\", \\\"Delia Smith's Cookery Course\\\", \\\"Emmerdale\\\", \\\"Knots Landing\\\", \\\"A Country Practice\\\", \\\"Perry Mason\\\", \\\"Carson's Law\\\", \\\"The Love Boat\\\", \\\"G. P.\\\", \\\"The Sullivans\\\", \\\"Santa Barbara\\\", \\\"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\\\", \\\"Take the High Road\\\", \\\"Forever Green\\\" and \\\"Highway to Heaven\\\". American prime time show imported at the time included \\\"\\\", \\\"Mancuso, F.B.I.\\\", \\\"The Cosby Show\\\", \\\"St. Elsewhere\\\", \\\"MacGyver\\\", \\\"Masquerade\\\", \\\"Father Dowling Mysteries\\\", \\\"Dallas\\\", \\\"Midnight Caller\\\", \\\"Home Improvement\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"JAG\\\", \\\"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\\\", \\\"\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"RTÉ One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8066016\",\n \"text\": \"nominees: Winner: Bryan Adams Other nominees: Winner: Kim Richardson Other nominees: Winner: Billy Newton-Davis Other nominees: Winner: Honeymoon Suite Other nominees: Winner: Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Jim Vallance Other nominees: Winner: Anne Murray Other nominees: Winner: Murray McLauchlan Other nominees: Winner: Prairie Oyster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster, \\\"St. Elmo's Fire Soundtrack\\\" by various artists Other nominees: Winner: Joe and Gino Vannelli, \\\"Black Cars\\\" by Gino Vannelli Other nominees: Winner: Gordon Lightfoot Winner: Jack Richardson Winner: \\\"The Thin Red Line\\\", Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Hugh Syme and Dimo Safari, \\\"Power Windows\\\" by Rush\",\n \"title\": \"Juno Awards of 1986\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15288076\",\n \"text\": \"Garnet Valley High School Garnet Valley High School is a four-year public school in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. It is part of Garnet Valley School District. Garnet Valley High School is also locally known for their musicals. Past productions include \\\"Annie\\\", \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\", \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Les Misérables\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid, Jr.\\\", \\\"Footloose\\\", \\\"Rent\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"In the Heights,\\\" \\\"Legally Blonde,\\\" \\\"Evita,\\\"\\\"A Chorus Line\\\", and others. The 2018-2019 season includes \\\"High School Musical\\\" and \\\"Annie\\\"..\\\" Garnet Valley is also involved in the Critics and Awards Program for\",\n \"title\": \"Garnet Valley High School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11257454\",\n \"text\": \"singing outside. Frankie's renditions of \\\"It Can't Be Wrong\\\" by Dick Haymes and \\\"As Time Goes By\\\" (from \\\"Casablanca\\\", 1942) causes all the hens to swoon. Porky rushes to investigate. Soon, he is auditioning for a new crooner; those showing up are rooster caricatures of Nelson Eddy (\\\"Shortnin' Bread\\\"), Al Jolson (\\\"September in the Rain\\\"), Jimmy Durante (\\\"Lullaby of Broadway\\\"), Cab Calloway (\\\"Minnie the Moocher\\\", \\\"Blues in the Night\\\"), and Bing Crosby (\\\"When My Dream Boat Comes Home\\\"). Porky asks the Bing Crosby rooster (who introduced himself as \\\"The Old Groaner\\\") to be the crooner, provoking a competition with Frankie.\",\n \"title\": \"Swooner Crooner\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Chimney sweep context: being in the book series \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \\\"Bert\\\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\" which won the Oscar for \\\"Best Song\\\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \\\"\\\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\\\"\\\". The novel \\\"Die schwarzen Brüder\\\" (\\\"The Black Brothers\\\"),\\n\\nIn which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 196,\n \"origin_tokens\": 196,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle Step in Time context: Step in Time \\\"Step In Time\\\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \\\"Knees Up Mother Brown\\\". In the 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are\\n\\ntitle Swin' Broadway context opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Popp to “ways Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot is handled both vocally and instrument with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is must.\\\" Perform Technicalin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway jazz vocal Williams's third album, recorded Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock Big Band World gave it five stars\\ntitle: Chim Ch Cher: byings of aney swe Mary Popp screen asked the by Sh Brothers, DaGradi British folkl attributed to \\\"sweeps hands with one could bring a person good luck. their 19, the Brothers hadalg many the P. Travers creationB\\\". His theme music became \\\"Chim Ch-\\\". addition to the \\\"standard\\\" version of the song s the children, s short sni of song to himself at\\n: Chneyep: in series. and film which an sequence in whichial workics.,,ings \\\"\\\" the Song6. ch sweeps with good luck: \\\"\\\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\\\"\\\". The novel \\\"Die schwarzen Brüder\\\" (\\\"The Black Brothers\\\"),\\n\\nIn which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 473,\n \"origin_tokens\": 17252,\n \"ratio\": \"36.5x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $1.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":195,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":195,"string":"195"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bobby Lewis"],"string":"[\n \"Bobby Lewis\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bobby Lewis"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"10425899","text":"Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \"Billboard\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". On the original hit single version, the track","title":"Tossin' and Turnin'"},{"id":"10425901","text":"\"Billboard\" magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10,","title":"Tossin' and Turnin'"},{"id":"20118624","text":"Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \"You Were Mine\", as well as on their follow-ups including \"I Can't Say Goodbye\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", a hit in the US in 1961","title":"Ritchie Adams"},{"id":"5692400","text":"James, as well as releasing singles under his own name. In May 1959 \"The Happy Organ\" by Dave \"Baby\" Cortez reached the top of the \"Billboard\" pop chart and was succeeded, the following week, by Wilbert Harrison's \"Kansas City\"; both records featured guitar solos by Spruill. Another well-known recording on which Spruill plays is \"Fannie Mae\" by Buster Brown, which hit the top of the R&B charts in early 1960. In 1961, he featured on Bobby Lewis's no.1 hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", and at the same time featured on The Shirelles' \"Dedicated to the One I Love\", which peaked at","title":"Wild Jimmy Spruill"},{"id":"5545342","text":"Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \"Dynasty\" (1979) and \"Unmasked\" (1980). Criss covered \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", which was a #1 hit for Bobby Lewis in the U.S. during the summer of 1961. The song was subsequently covered by Kiss on their 1979 tour. Much of the material on the album was originally written","title":"Peter Criss (album)"},{"id":"5545344","text":"Matter to Me\", neither of which charted. All songs written by Peter Criss and Stan Penridge, except where noted. The following musicians played on \"Peter Criss\": Album – \"Billboard\" (North America) Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \"Dynasty\" (1979) and \"Unmasked\" (1980). Criss covered \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", which was a #1 hit for","title":"Peter Criss (album)"},{"id":"13232328","text":"the time was \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" by rock and roll singer Bobby Lewis, and Benton's song was not considered rock and roll by the magazine, \"The Boll Weevil Song\" holds the distinction of being the first number-one song on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart. In the UK, the song reached a peak position of number 30 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 40 for eight weeks during the summer of 1961. The majority of the song's lyrics are spoken by Benton, as in when the farmer inquires, \"Say, why'd you pick my farm?\", to which the","title":"Boll Weevil (song)"},{"id":"12274753","text":"original 1988 release reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, which included the number one song of 1961, \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", while the 1993 re-issue only contained six chart toppers. However, the remaining four tracks reached the Hot 100's Top 10. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on February 16, 1995. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1961. Two versions of this volume in the \"\"Billboard\" Top Hits\" series were","title":"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961"},{"id":"4717038","text":"\"Tossin' and Turnin'\" went to No.1 for seven weeks on the \"Billboard\" chart. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Later that year, he had a second Top Ten song, \"One Track Mind\", his only other major hit record, at No. 9. \"Tossin' And Turnin'\", composed by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". The song was also covered by Steve Goodman, the Replacements, the Guess Who, Peter Criss, and Jimmy Sturr, among others. (The Ivy League's UK hit \"Tossin' And Turnin\", however, is a completely","title":"Bobby Lewis"},{"id":"7457245","text":"\"Dinner At Eight\". A cover version by Joe Dowell on the Smash Records label made it to number one in the US at the end of August 1961, knocking Bobby Lewis' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" off the number-one spot of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 after seven weeks. Dowell's version also spent three weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart. \"Wooden Heart\", created by Fred Wise, Ben Weisman, Kay Twomey and German bandleader Bert Kaempfert, was based on a German folk song by Friedrich Silcher, \"Muss i denn\", originating from the Rems Valley in Württemberg, southwest Germany. \"Wooden Heart\" features","title":"Wooden Heart"},{"id":"4717037","text":"Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his recording of","title":"Bobby Lewis"},{"id":"17258166","text":"Simone, Ian & Sylvia, Tim Hardin, Van Morrison and many others. Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (1961), \"My Boyfriend's Back\" by The Angels (1963), \"Under the Boardwalk\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sound of Silence\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West","title":"Bob Bushnell"},{"id":"4717039","text":"different song.) Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his","title":"Bobby Lewis"},{"id":"17258164","text":"Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (1961), \"My Boyfriend's Back\" by The Angels (1963), \"Under the Boardwalk\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sound of Silence\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West Philadelphia High School in 1945 and left for New York City","title":"Bob Bushnell"},{"id":"11371880","text":"included \"I Can't Say Goodbye\", \"Marianne\" and \"My Girl\" (all 1960); \"I Can't Say Goodbye\" was the only charter, spending three weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at #90. In 1962 the group reappeared on Taurus Records with \"You Were Mine for Awhile\" and \"Blacksmith Blues\" on Hamilton Records; three other singles followed on Taurus, but the group never returned to the charts. They lasted until 1967 before disbanding for good. Adams went on to release some solo singles and had a successful songwriting career, including the hits \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" and \"After the Lovin'\". Adams died on 6","title":"The Fireflies"},{"id":"12650279","text":"artists. The group's first hit was a raveup of Bobby \"Blue\" Bland's \"(Turn on Your) Love Light,\" recorded on May 7, 1965 and issued on Soma Records. The B side was \"Tossin' and Turnin',\" recorded at the same session. The record did well in the Twin Cities, and hit Number 1 in both Kansas City (the band performed in KC on two occasions) and Dallas during the fall of 1965, and also was beginning to do well in California and Colorado. A Top 40 chart from San Jose in September 1965 showed that the record was ranked Number 33 in","title":"The High Spirits"},{"id":"8624437","text":"in June 1961, Cline was kept in the hospital for two months, which cut into promoting \"I Fall to Pieces\". Therefore, by the time Cline had left the hospital, its popularity began to decrease. The success of the song helped get Cline an invitation to become a regular cast member on the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, one of the highest honors that could be bestowed on a Country singer in the early 1960s. In addition, the track was also ranked number two of the top 100 songs of 1961, right behind Bobby Lewis's \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". In 1980,","title":"I Fall to Pieces"},{"id":"1454178","text":"\"Mr. Tambourine Man\", along with the Animals' rock interpretation of \"The House of the Rising Sun\" (itself based on Dylan's earlier cover), helped to give Dylan the impetus to start recording with an electric backing band. As the 1970s dawned, folk rock evolved away from the jangly template pioneered by the Byrds, but their influence could still be heard in the music of bands like Fairport Convention and Pentangle. The Byrds themselves continued to enjoy commercial success with their brand of folk rock throughout 1965, most notably with their number 1 single \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\". By the start of 1966,","title":"Folk rock"},{"id":"19594375","text":"their journey to Los Angeles, lost some of their earlier members and proceeded to assemble a new lineup that would eventually settle into Dey on bass, Rich Brown on guitar, Ray Kennedy on organ, Roger Huycke on drums. They changed their name to the Wilde Knights. In 1965 the Wilde Knights teamed up with producer Paul Johnson to record two singles for his Star-Bright label. The first was \"Beaver Patrol\" b/w \"Tossin' and Turnin\". \"Beaver Patrol\", penned by Rick Dey and Rich Brown, contained sexually suggestive lyrics. Dey and Brown also wrote \"Just Like Me\", which became the","title":"The Wilde Knights"},{"id":"7803194","text":"around 1970 Sigler began working as a songwriter with Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff at Philadelphia International Records. In partnership with writer Phil Hurtt, Sigler wrote songs for the O'Jays including \"Sunshine\" and \"When the World Is at Peace\". He also wrote songs solo and with Gamble, and his compositions were recorded by many of the Philadelphia International artistes. He discovered a group, Instant Funk, and began again recording as a singer. He had his first chart success for six years in 1973 with a remake of the Bobby Lewis hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (#38 R&B, #97 pop), and had","title":"Bunny Sigler"},{"id":"5545343","text":"in 1971 for Criss's pre-Kiss band Lips. These include \"I'm Gonna Love You\", \"Don't You Let Me Down\", \"That's the Kind of Sugar Papa Likes\", and \"Hooked on Rock 'n' Roll\". The album also includes a cover of the song \"Tossin' and Turnin\" by Bobby Lewis. Reviews for \"Peter Criss\" were mostly negative. The album was the lowest charting of all the Kiss solo albums of 1978, reaching #43 on the US \"Billboard\" album chart. Of the four solo albums, \"Peter Criss\" was the only album to have two singles released from it: \"Don't You Let Me Down\" and \"You","title":"Peter Criss (album)"},{"id":"5610390","text":"1967 hit \"Cold\") failed even to \"Bubble Under.\" In 1967, only one single reached #1 on both charts \"Somethin' Stupid\" by Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra. This trend began to reverse by the end of the decade. Notable artists with multiple #1 songs on this chart during the 1960s include Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Connie Francis, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, The 5th Dimension, and Glen Campbell. \"Love Is Blue\" by Paul Mauriat held the top of the Easy Listening chart for 11 weeks in 1968, which remained the longest stay at #1 until 1993. The Hot 100 and Easy Listening","title":"Adult Contemporary (chart)"},{"id":"18225813","text":"promoted The Beatles' first tour. Between April and May 1965, a hat-trick of Manchester-based acts, all Kennedy Street artistes, enjoyed an unprecedented consecutive six week spell at No. 1 on the US Hot 100, with Freddie and the Dreamers spending two weeks at the top with \"I'm Telling You Now\" (10–24 April), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \"Game of Love\" (24 April-1 May), and then Herman's Hermits a further three weeks with \"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\" (1–22 May). Lisberg spent much of his early career globe-trotting with Herman's Hermits, who capitalized on a string","title":"Harvey Lisberg"},{"id":"13678968","text":"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \"Pop\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"8521750","text":"Terrell duetted with Webb on \"Once in the Morning\". The only US single from the album, the opening track \"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\", was not actually part of the Jimmy Webb project. Instead, it was a Stephen Schwartz song from the Motown-financed Broadway production of \"Pippin\", handled by songwriters-producers Deke Richards and Sherlie Matthews. Although once released, the song and the album failed to generate radio play and sales in the United States, it produced two singles abroad: \"Cheap Lovin'\" in Italy and \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" in the United Kingdom, both released in 1973. Besides being Jean Terrell's","title":"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb"},{"id":"9849277","text":"singer and mastermind of the acid jazz band Jamiroquai. In 1965, on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, a unique hat-trick of consecutive number 1s took place in the spring, all from Mancunian pop groups. Freddie and the Dreamers spent two weeks at the top with \"I'm Telling You Now\" (April 10–24), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \"Game of Love\" (24 April-1 May), and finally Herman's Hermits with \"Mrs Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\", a further three weeks (1–22 May), a total of six weeks, an achievement never matched even in the UK Top 50. Manchester's main","title":"Culture of Manchester"},{"id":"10225731","text":"Doyle Holly Doyle Floyd Hendricks (June 30, 1936 – January 13, 2007), known by the stage name Doyle Holly, was an American musician best known as the bass guitar player of the country music band Buck Owens and the Buckaroos and for his solo hit songs \"Queen Of The Silver Dollar\" and \"Lila\". Holly's contributions on bass guitar and rhythm guitar were a key component of the Bakersfield sound. The Buckaroos had more than 30 Top 40 singles on the country music charts in the 1960s and early 1970s, with 21 number one hits such as \"I've Got a Tiger","title":"Doyle Holly"},{"id":"5507142","text":"singles included on the album had charted in the United Kingdom, peaking at the following positions on the UK Singles Chart: \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" number 26; \"Eight Miles High\" number 24; \"All I Really Want to Do\" number 4; and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" number 1. Author Johnny Rogan has stated that, in particular, \"Eight Miles High\", \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\", and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" were widely influential during the 1960s, a time when singles, at least in pop music, were as important in their own right as albums, and generally more so. Rogan further opined that \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" summed up","title":"The Byrds' Greatest Hits"},{"id":"13845742","text":"Mr Lee In London Label: His Master's Voice – CSDM6268 Vinyl LP Stereo 1 Tabatha Twitchit 2 To Make A Big Man Cry 3 Stop In The Name Of Love 4 Walkin' With My Angel 5 Maria 6 Why Or Where Or When B Side 1 You Don't Have To Say You Love Me 2 Big Man 3 The Wanderer 4 Tossin' And Turnin' 5 Do You Mind 6 Big Boots Credits · Photography – Sal Criscillo · Recording Engineer – Peter Hitchcock · Produced by Howard Gable · Recorded at HMV Studios – Wellington, New Zealand Mr. Lee Grant","title":"Howard Gable"},{"id":"11134548","text":"It was because kids were showing up dressed in costume and make-up for their shows along with their parents. As a result, many teenage fans felt alienated and were turned off by the band. \"Radioactive\" and \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" were played at a few shows during the tour and \"Let Me Go, Rock 'n' Roll\" and \"Christine Sixteen\" were put in their places. Dynasty Tour The Dynasty Tour was a concert tour by the rock band Kiss. It was their first tour since the Alive II Tour ended on April 2, 1978 in Japan. The Dynasty Tour, also known as","title":"Dynasty Tour"},{"id":"364634","text":"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing","title":"Simon & Garfunkel"},{"id":"15348624","text":"young Doug Fieger), and blue eyed soul rockers the Rationals. In 1965 Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels had a national top 10 hit with \"Jenny Take A Ride!\" and then again the following year in 1966 with \"Devil With A Blue Dress On\"/\"Good Golly, Miss Molly\". Also in 1966, Flint's Question Mark & the Mysterians had a No. 1 hit with \"96 Tears\". Finally, in 1967, Detroit blues-rock outfit the Woolies had a regional smash hit with the Bo Diddley song \"Who Do You Love?\". In the late 1960s, two well-known high-energy rock bands emerged from Detroit - the","title":"Music of Detroit"},{"id":"8521748","text":"and covers of hits by Bobby Lewis and Mina, respectively \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" and \"La voce del silenzio\". The album sold over 100,000 copies in the USA. Besides being Jean Terrell's final Supremes album, \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\" was the first of only two Supremes' LPs to include vocals from member Lynda Laurence, the other being the live album \"In Japan!\". Laurence had replaced Cindy Birdsong earlier in 1972 and joined original Supreme Mary Wilson and Terrell for these sessions just prior to her official inclusion into the group. \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy","title":"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb"},{"id":"6987937","text":"Crispian St. Peters Crispian St. Peters (born Robin Peter Smith, 5 April 1939 – 8 June 2010) was an English pop singer-songwriter, best known for his work in the 1960s, particularly his 1966 hits, The Changin' Times' \"The Pied Piper\" and Ian & Sylvia's \"You Were on My Mind\". St. Peters was born in Swanley, Kent and attended Swanley Secondary Modern School. He learned guitar and left school in 1954 to become an assistant cinema projectionist. As a young man, he performed in several relatively unknown bands in England. In 1956, he gave his first live performance, as a member","title":"Crispian St. Peters"},{"id":"13678924","text":"next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"1361282","text":"100 pop chart. At the end of the year, Gordy assigned Ross as the group's lead singer, even though Ballard was usually the lead vocalist. The group scored their first number-one hit with \"Where Did Our Love Go\", paving the way for unprecedented success: between August 1964 and May 1967, Ross, Wilson, and Ballard sang on ten number-one hit singles, all of which also made the UK top 40. The group had also become a hit with audiences both domestically and abroad, going on to become Motown's most successful vocal act throughout the sixties. Following significant issues with her comportment,","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"13678922","text":"complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds. During 1963, the Beatles and other beat groups, such as the Searchers and the Hollies, achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"119096","text":"The number five \"She's Not You\" (1962) \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \"Elvis Is Back!\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. \"It's Now or Never\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \"’O sole mio\" and concluding with a","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"2443201","text":"Fame in 1973 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1995. Miller won 11 Grammy Awards. In Erick, Oklahoma where he grew up, a thoroughfare was renamed \"Roger Miller Boulevard\" and a museum dedicated to Miller was built on the road in 2004. Below is a list of awards won by Miller: Roger Miller Roger Dean Miller, Sr. (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits \"King of the Road\", \"Dang Me\", and \"England Swings\", all from the mid-1960s","title":"Roger Miller"},{"id":"10425900","text":"begins with Lewis singing \"I couldn't sleep at all last night,\" and it appears this way on most oldies compilations. However, on some releases the song has a prelude, where Lewis sings \"Baby...Baby...you did something to me,\" followed by a musical cue into the first verse. Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live. The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece, Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax, Paul Griffin on Piano, and Sticks Evans on drums. In 2008,","title":"Tossin' and Turnin'"},{"id":"2183931","text":"and Barry Whitwam of Herman's Hermits after the exit of Peter Noone. Although Leckenby died in 1994, Foote has continued with the Hermits through to the present. The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \"Game of Love\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and","title":"The Mindbenders"},{"id":"4380522","text":"Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \"Yeh, Yeh\" in 1964, \"Get Away\" in 1966 and \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and","title":"Georgie Fame"},{"id":"2183924","text":"The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \"Game of Love\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and Eric Stewart. The group was later joined by Grahame Foote. The name of the group was inspired by the title of a 1963 UK feature film, starring","title":"The Mindbenders"},{"id":"5050808","text":"drums. Their range covers pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence. The core members since 1958 have been Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch. Along with the Fender guitar, another cornerstone of the Shadows sound was the Vox amplifier. The Shadows, with Cliff Richard, dominated British popular music in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the years before the Beatles. The Shadows' number one hits included \"Apache\", \"Kon-Tiki\", \"Wonderful Land\", \"Foot Tapper\" and \"Dance On!\". Although they lost ground in the late '60s, the band had a second success from the late '70s. The Shadows are the","title":"The Shadows"},{"id":"19561393","text":"Pete Chester Pete Chester (born 9 September 1941) is an English drummer and songwriter. He is the son of Charlie Chester, comedian and broadcaster. Chester started his career by forming the band The Five Chesternuts with Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch in 1957, which released the unsuccessful single \"Teenage Love\" on the Columbia label and appeared on the \"Six-Five Special\" on BBC television. Marvin and Welch left in 1958 to join Cliff Richard and The Drifters, which later became Cliff Richard and The Shadows. Chester had a UK Hit Record in 1960 - \"Ten Swingin' Bottles\" which reached the Top","title":"Pete Chester"},{"id":"3063204","text":"songs for Lewis, Cash, and others. His third single for the Sun subsidiary, Phillips International Records, was the 1960 Top 30 hit, \"Lonely Weekends\", which was notable for its Presley-like vocals. It sold more than one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America. None of his seven follow-up singles was a success, however, though several of the songs became staples in his live set, including \"Who Will the Next Fool Be\", \"Sittin' and Thinkin'\", and \"No Headstone on My Grave\". These songs were often recorded by others to varying degrees of success,","title":"Charlie Rich"},{"id":"1562178","text":"charts. In the United States for the years 1964 to 1966, the group achieved 12 number-one singles and nine number-one albums on the \"Billboard\" charts; by comparison, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys each had three chart-topping singles and one number-one album. In the US, in the case of singles for the decade, the Beatles headed Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Brenda Lee, the Supremes and the Beach Boys; in albums sales, they were followed by Presley, Sinatra, Herb Alpert, the Kingston Trio and Andy Williams. The Beach Boys, along with the Four Seasons, were the only two American pop","title":"Cultural impact of the Beatles"},{"id":"3437944","text":"group LeRoy & His Rockin' Fellers and TV-stars-turned-singers like Clint Eastwood and Merv Griffin. In mid-1966, 23-year-old Neil Bogart was made the label's new head of A&R. Turning to midwestern garage bands and orchestrated soul productions (including the distribution of Curtis Mayfield's \"Windy C\" label), Bogart managed to shepherd in a brief Cameo-Parkway renaissance. The last major hits for the label were \"96 Tears\" by Question Mark and the Mysterians (picked up from independent Pa-Go-Go Records), which went to #1 in the fall of 1966; a novelty remake of \"Wild Thing\" by an impressionist imitating Robert F. Kennedy under the","title":"Cameo-Parkway Records"},{"id":"1361267","text":"Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of","title":"Diana Ross"},{"id":"285898","text":"actress in November 1957 with an appearance on her father's ABC-TV variety series, but initially achieved success only in Europe and Japan. In early 1966 she had a transatlantic number-one hit with \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". She appeared on TV in high boots, and with colorfully dressed go-go dancers, creating a popular and enduring image of the Swinging Sixties. The song was written by Lee Hazlewood, who wrote and produced most of her hits and sang with her on several duets, including \"Some Velvet Morning\". In 1966 and 1967, Sinatra charted with 13 titles, all of which featured","title":"Nancy Sinatra"},{"id":"1446271","text":"follow-ups to \"Don't Make Me Over\" — \"This Empty Place\" (with \"B\" side \"Wishin' and Hopin' \" later recorded by Dusty Springfield) and \"Make The Music Play\" — charted briefly in the top 100. Her fourth single, \"Anyone Who Had a Heart,\" released in December 1963, was Warwick's first top 10 pop hit (#8) in the U.S. and also an international million seller. This was followed by \"Walk On By\" in April 1964, a major international hit and million seller that solidified her career. For the rest of the 1960s, Warwick was a fixture on the U.S. and Canadian charts,","title":"Dionne Warwick"},{"id":"5826921","text":"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \"Make It Easy on Yourself\" and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit","title":"The Walker Brothers"},{"id":"10461155","text":"Judy Stone Judith Anne Stone AM (born 1 January 1942) is an Australian pop and country music singer. For much of the 1960s she was a regular performer on \"Bandstand\", a pop music TV show, hosted by Brian Henderson. Stone's top 20 singles on the national charts are \"I'll Step Down\" (No. 19, February 1962), \"4,003,221 Tears from Now\" (April 1964), \"Born a Woman\" (No. 3, September 1966) and \"Would You Lay with Me\" (No. 2, June 1974). On the Queen's Birthday Honours List of June 2006, Stone was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia, with the citation,","title":"Judy Stone"},{"id":"15467667","text":"of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also managed to generate four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \"Elvis' Golden Records\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. On January 20, 1960, Presley was promoted to sergeant. The army held","title":"Elvis Presley's Army career"},{"id":"9371259","text":"award from \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. Peter Green (later to become Peter Lee Stirling) started his career as the guitarist and vocalist with a band called the Beachcombers that played gigs in the Birmingham area during the period from 1958 to 1962. Their fortunes changed when they encountered Tommy Bruce, who had a number 3 hit in 1960 with \"Ain't Misbehavin\". This, and some subsequent releases, had been attributed to 'Tommy Bruce and the Bruisers', despite the fact that the instrumental backings were provided by session musicians at EMI. Bruce's account of the meeting was as follows: \"I met them up","title":"Daniel Boone (singer)"},{"id":"7520627","text":"Colin Burgess (musician) Colin John Burgess (born 16 November 1946) is an Australian musician who was a drummer in the rock group the Masters Apprentices from 1968 to 1972 and was the original drummer for hard rockers AC/DC (November 1973–February 1974). The Masters Apprentices had top 20 singles chart success with \"5:10 Man\", \"Think about Tomorrow Today\", \"Turn Up Your Radio\" and \"Because I Love You\". In 1998 The Masters Apprentices, with Burgess, were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. He has performed in various bands with his brother, Denny Burgess, on bass guitar and vocals, including His Majesty.","title":"Colin Burgess (musician)"},{"id":"11018031","text":"I'm Telling You Now \"I'm Telling You Now\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \"I'm Telling You Now\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's subsidiary, Tower Records, re-released the song, which became extremely popular and propelled Freddie and the Dreamers to pop-music","title":"I'm Telling You Now"},{"id":"15506246","text":"recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1960s"},{"id":"2072029","text":"Brunswick was a New York-based label, but under the aegis of producer and A&R man Carl Davis in Chicago, the company produced a large body of Chicago style soul, beginning in 1966, when Jackie Wilson started recording in Chicago. Wilson's biggest hit with Davis was \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher.\" Other Brunswick artists included The Chi-Lites (\"Oh Girl\"), The Artistics (\"I'm Gonna Miss You\"), Barbara Acklin (\"Love Makes A Woman\"), Tyrone Davis (\"Turn Back the Hands of Time\"), and Gene Chandler (\"The Girl Don't Care\"). Brunswick was eventually acquired by Carl Davis, and the offices moved to","title":"Chicago soul"},{"id":"4574049","text":"York, merging American R&B styles with Afro-Cuban instrumentation. Cuba was one of the key architects behind the emerging Latin Boogaloo sound, which became a popular and influential Latin style in the latter half of the 1960s. In 1966, his band scored a hit on the United States National Hit Parade List with the song \"Bang Bang\"— which helped kick off the popularity of the boogaloo. He also had a No. 1 hit that year on the \"Billboard\" charts with the song \"Sock It To Me\". On April 1999, Joe Cuba was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.","title":"Joe Cuba"},{"id":"1963434","text":"\"Billboard\" pop charts on January 16, 1961 (No. 1 pop, Cash Box), which established Motown as an independent company worthy of notice. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes' \"Please Mr. Postman\" made it to the top of both charts. Gordy's gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists' public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Over the next decade, he signed such artists as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations, Jimmy Ruffin, the Contours, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, the Commodores, the Velvelettes, Martha and","title":"Berry Gordy"},{"id":"8837614","text":"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song) \"Let's Party\" was a popular single by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers. The third single by the father and son DJ team Andy and John Pickles it reached the top of the UK Singles Chart for a single week in December 1989. They became only the third act to reach No. 1 with their first three singles, following on from Gerry and the Pacemakers in 1964 and Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984, and took the shortest time to achieve the feat. The record follows on from the formula which took their","title":"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song)"},{"id":"11449890","text":"of a repentant, aging gambler, looking back on his wasted life. The most famous such song is \"The House of the Rising Sun\". Lonnie Donegan recorded \"Gamblin' Man\" as the B-side to \"Putting on the Style\" and took \"Jack O' Diamonds\" to number 1 in the UK in 1957. Other games such as tennis, boating and croquet were middle-class pursuits and are not mentioned in folk-songs. However, a collection of Victorian and Edwardian parlour songs, \"Play the Game\" was recorded by Ian Partridge, Peter Savidge and Jennifer Partridge with The Song and Supper Club in 2001. Whaling could be considered","title":"Sporting song"},{"id":"6460439","text":"B. J. Wilson Barrie James Wilson (18 March 1947 – 8 October 1990) was an English rock drummer. He was best known as a member of Procol Harum for the majority of their original career from 1967 to 1977. Wilson was born in Edmonton, London, and grew up in Ponders End. In 1962 he joined a Southend on Sea group The Paramounts, who scored a hit with \"Poison Ivy\" in 1964. After follow up singles failed to chart, the group disbanded in 1966 and Wilson went into session drumming, playing with Cat Stevens and Lulu. While he was busy with","title":"B. J. Wilson"},{"id":"12408932","text":"Gary Loizzo Gary Alexander Loizzo (August 16, 1945 – January 16, 2016) was an American guitarist, singer, recording engineer, and record producer. He is best known for being the lead singer with The American Breed. Loizzo was the lead singer of The American Breed, formed in the mid 1960s. They had several hit records, including the million selling single \"Bend Me, Shape Me\" in 1967-1968 and two other top 40 Billboard singles \"Green Light\" and \"Step out of your Mind\" and other top 100 hits. Loizzo then went on to start his own recording studio called 'Pumpkin Studios' in the","title":"Gary Loizzo"},{"id":"2248625","text":"The Seeds' first single, \"Can't Seem to Make You Mine\", was a regional hit in Southern California in 1965. The song was also played regularly on AM rock stations in northern California (and probably elsewhere), where it was well received by listeners, and eventually went on to become, and is considered today, a 60s cult classic song. The band had a national Top 40 hit, \"Pushin' Too Hard\", in 1966 and performed the song on national television. Three subsequent singles, \"Mr. Farmer\" (also 1966), a re-release of \"Can't Seem To Make You Mine\" (1967), and \"A Thousand Shadows\" (1967) achieved","title":"The Seeds"},{"id":"6457426","text":"James Ray (singer) James Ray (1941 – c. 1964), born James Jay Raymond, was an African American R&B singer of the early 1960s best known for the hit single \"If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody\", which went to number 10 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart. and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962. He also recorded the original version of \"Got My Mind Set on You\", later a number-one hit for George Harrison. Born in Washington, D.C., Ray stood just 5' tall and first recorded as Little Jimmy Ray, releasing \"Make Her Mine\" on the","title":"James Ray (singer)"},{"id":"13367787","text":"in early 1988. This song was recorded by Little Jimmy Dickens (1965). In the 1960s it was covered in 1967 by Mel Tillis and released as a single where it went to #11, Charley Pride (1967), George Jones (1967), James Carr (1968), Sonny Strickland (Unknown year), and Ernest Tubb (1968). Many more famous country acts would cover the song such as Willie Nelson and Conway Twitty. \"Life Turned Her That Way\" reached #1 on both the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart and on The Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart. It was his first single to reach #1 on that chart.","title":"Life Turned Her That Way"},{"id":"8077795","text":"Records, \"What More Do You Want\" as the Ivy League. Their luck changed when Herman's Hermits recorded \"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\" and took it to number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States. In the UK it was a smaller hit for Goldie and the Gingerbreads. They then provided backing vocals for \"I Can't Explain\", by the Who. In 1965 and 1966, The Ivy League scored four UK chart hits, including \"Tossing and Turning\", which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and \"Funny How Love Can Be\" top 10 hit. By early 1966 Carter","title":"John Carter (musician)"},{"id":"9522607","text":"Bill Shankly had won promotion in 1962 and soon after won the league title in 1964, and again in 1966, with an FA Cup in between; their neighbours Everton meanwhile had similar success, taking two league titles in 1963 and 1970, and the FA Cup in 1966. Players who dominated the English scene during the 1960s include Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, Bobby Charlton, George Best, Denis Law, Jimmy Greaves, Francis Lee, Jeff Astle, Gordon Banks and Roger Hunt. With the exception of Best and Law, all of these players appeared for the England team, with six of them being in","title":"History of football in England"},{"id":"7224815","text":"dates. Both disc sales exceeded one million copies, resulting in R.I.A.A. gold record awards by 1969. The group had nine Billboard Hot 100 Singles hits from 1966 to 1968, including versions of \"Go Away Little Girl\" (#12) (a #1 hit for Steve Lawrence in 1962 and later for Donny Osmond in 1971) and \"My Mammy\" (#13) (popularized by Al Jolson in the 1920s). They also both achieved sales in excess of one million copies, garnering the group another couple of gold records. \"Hare Krishna,\" a version of a song from the musical \"Hair\" (1969), was the group's last Hot 100","title":"The Happenings"},{"id":"119023","text":"induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \"Elvis' Golden Records\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged three days later with the rank of sergeant. The train that carried him from","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"5172114","text":"Gordon Waller Gordon Trueman Riviere Waller (4 June 1945 – 17 July 2009) was a Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known as Gordon of the 1960s pop music duo Peter and Gordon, whose biggest hit was the No. 1 million-selling classic \"A World Without Love\". Waller was born in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of a prominent surgeon. The family later moved to Middlesex, when Waller was a child, where Waller gained entrance to Westminster School. While attending Westminster School, he met fellow student Peter Asher, also the son of a doctor, and they began playing together as a duo","title":"Gordon Waller"},{"id":"9853035","text":"climb in the UK Singles Chart. At the end of August the record reached No. 1. Outside the UK \"Have I the Right?\" was a big success too. The song became #1 in Australia, Canada and Sweden. In the US the record reached #5 and in the Netherlands #2. \"Have I the Right?\" sold worldwide about two million copies within a year. In July 1965, the British music magazine \"NME\" reported that it had been agreed in the London High Court that \"Have I the Right?\" was the work of Howard and Blaikley. Composer Geoff Goddard agreed to drop allegations","title":"Have I the Right?"},{"id":"3675691","text":"massive wave of chart success that would continue until the Beatles broke up in 1970. On 4 April 1964, the Beatles held the top 5 positions on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart, the only time to date that any act has accomplished this. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles in the US. Other acts that were part of the \"invasion\" included The Who, The Kinks,","title":"British rock music"},{"id":"3697838","text":"Byrds' first single, a jangly cover of Bob Dylan's \"Mr. Tambourine Man\", was an international hit and marked the birth of folk rock. During the mid-1960s the Byrds ranked as one of the most successful and influential American pop groups; they recorded a string of hits, including \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\", \"Eight Miles High\" and \"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\". Hillman kept a low profile on the band's first two albums, on which McGuinn and Clark shared lead vocals with Crosby adding high harmony and singing the bridge on \"All I Really Want to Do\". However,","title":"Chris Hillman"},{"id":"20069834","text":"was an American vocal group that had 40 charted singles on the Billboard \"Hot 100 Chart\" between 1955 and 1967, including four No. 1 hits, and for a period of time was the most successful vocal group in the world. From the age of 20 to the present time, Conti has performed with some of the world's greatest artists both in the studio and touring the globe, including Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Gene Simmons, Wilson Pickett, Jose Feliciano, Richie Sambora, Paul Simon, Earth, Wind & Fire, Rita Coolidge, Helen Reddy, Karen Carpenter, Laura Brannigan, Player, Raquel Welch, The Brooklyn Dreams","title":"Bob Conti"},{"id":"764030","text":"and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \"I Remember You\", \"Lovesick Blues\" (both 1962) and \"The Wayward Wind\" (1963). \"I Remember You\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.","title":"Music of Australia"},{"id":"4197831","text":"and Barclay James Harvest and 10cc in the early 1970s. \"Top of the Pops\" was also recorded by the BBC at this time in the city. In 1965, Herman's Hermits outsold The Beatles, selling over 10 million records in seven months. Manchester bands Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman's Hermits topped the American Billboard charts consecutively during mid-April – May 1965. In 1965, all three bands were numbers 1, 2 and 3 on the US Billboard top 100 for one week. Graham Nash of The Hollies moved to California to become part of the rapidly","title":"Popular music of Manchester"},{"id":"1443416","text":"Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \"Itchycoo Park\", \"Lazy Sunday\", \"All or Nothing\", and \"Tin Soldier\", as well as their concept album \"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until 1969. The","title":"Small Faces"},{"id":"6280098","text":"with familiar songs (like \"Blue Suede Shoes\" and \"Money (That's What I Want)\") that suited the mood of the program. Rock and roll revival Rock and Roll Revival was a back-to-basics musical trend of the late 1960s and early 1970s, in a sort-of backlash against the heavier and psychedelic rock sounds then in vogue. As the Sixties ended, several early rock and rollers like Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley & His Comets and Bo Diddley, who had been out of fashion since the British Invasion, experienced a resurgence in popularity, performing their old hits","title":"Rock and roll revival"},{"id":"13591880","text":"in April 1964 saw them, uniquely, hold the top 5 positions on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart simultaneously. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included The Dave Clark Five, Tom Jones, The Kinks and The Who At this point most of the British Invasion bands did not distinguish their rock 'n' roll or blues based music from","title":"British pop music"},{"id":"1755751","text":"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \"Walk Through This World With Me\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \"Love Bug\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\", \"The Race Is On\", \"My Favorite Lies\", \"I'll Share My World with You\", \"Take Me\" (a","title":"George Jones"},{"id":"4382526","text":"roster, including Gracie Fields and Joan Regan. He recorded his first solo single \"Party Pops\" in 1957, a \"medley of standard songs\" which included \"Roll the Carpet Up\" and \"The Westminster Waltz\". Between 1957 and 1963, Conway had 20 UK chart hits, and in 1959 alone he achieved a cumulative total of 83 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. This included two self-penned number one instrumentals, \"Side Saddle\" and \"Roulette\", the latter deposing Elvis Presley's \"A Fool Such As I\". He appeared frequently on light entertainment TV shows and radio for many years afterwards, performing at the London Palladium on","title":"Russ Conway"},{"id":"2544059","text":"beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones, the Kinks and the Yardbirds. The term \"British Invasion\" was mainstreamed by T.V. reporter Walter Cronkite to describe the Beatles' arrival in the United States and the outbreak of Beatlemania in 1964. Their appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" soon after led to chart success. During the next two years, the Animals, Petula Clark, the Dave Clark Five, the Rolling Stones, Donovan, Peter and Gordon, Manfred Mann, Freddie and the Dreamers, The Zombies, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, and the Troggs would have one or more number one singles","title":"Beat music"},{"id":"5988752","text":"dances, including the Mashed Potato, the Jerk, and the Freddie. The dance was also done by Ozzie Nelson and called out by name at the end of an episode titled flying down to Mexico for lunch which also featured music by Herb Alpert and his Tijuana Brass. Freddie (dance) The Freddie was a short-lived 1960s fad dance prompted by the release of the songs \"I'm Telling You Now,\" and \"Do the Freddie,\" both by the British band, Freddie and the Dreamers. \"Do the Freddie\" had been a #18 hit in the United States in 1965, and American dance craze stalwart","title":"Freddie (dance)"},{"id":"1309295","text":"Am I\", was co-written by Norma Tanega and Norma Kutzer. By late 1966, Springfield was in a domestic relationship with Tanega – a US-born singer-songwriter who had a UK Top 30 hit with the novelty song, \"Walkin' My Cat Named Dog\". Springfield's ITV series \"It Must Be Dusty\" was broadcast in May and June 1968, episode six featured a duet performance of \"Mockingbird\" with singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix fronting his band, The Experience. By 1968 Carole King, a songwriter whom Springfield had frequently tapped for material, had embarked on a solo singing career, while her relationship with the chart-peaking Bacharach-David partnership","title":"Dusty Springfield"},{"id":"7297314","text":"B. A. Robertson Brian Alexander \"B. A.\" Robertson (born 12 September 1956) is a Scottish musician, actor, composer and songwriter. He had a string of hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, characterised by catchy pop tunes and jaunty, humorous lyrics, most notably \"Bang Bang\", a tongue-in-cheek commentary on famous historical and fictional couples. He co-wrote the Grammy-nominated and Ivor Novello Award-winning \"The Living Years\". It was a number one hit in the USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland and reached #2 in his native UK. He has also written music for films and been a television presenter. Born in","title":"B. A. Robertson"},{"id":"2302073","text":"Roy Wood Roy Wood (born 8 November 1946) is an English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was particularly successful in the 1960s and 1970s as member and co-founder of the Move, Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard. As a songwriter, he contributed a number of hits to the repertoire of these bands. Collectively, hit records by the Move, Electric Light Orchestra, Wizzard, and Wood's own solo singles demonstrated an impressive chart run for an individual, both as composer and performer. Altogether he had more than 20 singles in the UK Singles Chart under various guises, including three UK No. 1 hits. The","title":"Roy Wood"},{"id":"5082484","text":"The Hollywood Argyles The Hollywood Argyles were an American musical ensemble, assembled for studio recordings by the producer and songwriter Kim Fowley and his friend and fellow musician Gary S. Paxton. They had a US number one hit record, \"Alley Oop\" (Lute Records 5905) in 1960. According to Paxton – who, at the time, was half of Skip & Flip – \"Alley Oop\" was written by Dallas Frazier as a country tune: \"As for the name, Kim Fowley and I were living in a $15-a-week room in Hollywood... Since I was still under contract (to Brent Records) as 'Flip,' I","title":"The Hollywood Argyles"},{"id":"6918119","text":"Billy Thorpe William Richard \"Billy\" Thorpe, AM (29 March 1946 – 28 February 2007) was an English-born Australian pop / rock singer-songwriter, producer,and musician. As lead singer of his band Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, he had success in the 1960s with \"Blue Day\", \"Poison Ivy\", \"Over the Rainbow\", \"Sick and Tired\", \"Baby, Hold Me Close\" and \"Mashed Potato\"; and in the 1970s with \"Most People I Know Think That I'm Crazy\". Featuring in concerts at Sunbury Pop Festivals and Myer Music Bowl in the early 1970s, the Aztecs also developed the pub rock scene and were one of the","title":"Billy Thorpe"},{"id":"5820797","text":"outside in the hundreds,\" he recalled. \"They were always yanking off my glasses and pulling out tufts of hair, which was very, very painful.\" The Mindbenders split with Fontana in late 1965. They had a UK No. 2 hit with \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in early 1966 with Stewart on vocals. They reached the top 20 later that year with \"Ashes To Ashes\". Stewart, who was devoting more time to songwriting, became disenchanted with the Mindbenders towards the end of its existence, realising the material they were playing was drifting further from the music for which they had gained","title":"Eric Stewart"},{"id":"7718892","text":"Jack Greene Jack Henry Greene (January 7, 1930 – March 14, 2013) was an American country musician. Nicknamed the \"Jolly Greene Giant\" due to his height and deep voice, Greene was a long time member of the Grand Ole Opry. A three-time Grammy Award nominee, Greene is best known for his 1966 hit, \"There Goes My Everything\". The song dominated the Country music charts for nearly two months in 1967 and earned Greene \"Male Vocalist of the Year\", \"Single of the Year\", \"Album of the Year\" and \"Song of the Year\" honors from the Country Music Association. Greene had a","title":"Jack Greene"},{"id":"12649342","text":"was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \"rock and roll\" stations. \"Billboard\" first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \"Boll Weevil Song\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \"not too far out in either direction\". Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of","title":"Adult contemporary music"},{"id":"1443447","text":"General Specific Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \"Itchycoo Park\", \"Lazy Sunday\", \"All or Nothing\", and \"Tin Soldier\", as well as their concept album \"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until","title":"Small Faces"},{"id":"11018032","text":"stardom. The dancing by Freddie and the band during this song spawned a minor dance fad, \"The Freddie\". I'm Telling You Now \"I'm Telling You Now\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \"I'm Telling You Now\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's","title":"I'm Telling You Now"},{"id":"9371263","text":"the subsequent releases, \"Your Turn To Cry\" and \"I Believe\", were unsuccessful. The first use of the full name 'Peter Lee Stirling' was in 1964 on \"Sad, Lonely and Blue\", but none of the eight records issued between 1964 and 1970 under this name entered the UK chart. However, Stirling went on to write or co-write \"I Think of You\" and \"Don't Turn Around\", both of which were hits for The Merseybeats, and co-wrote \"I Belong\" for Kathy Kirby, which came second in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1965. The Bruisers broke up in 1967 and Stirling became the co-owner,","title":"Daniel Boone (singer)"},{"id":"1428061","text":"song had been a UK No. 5 for Pitney in 1967. The duet brought him his first UK No. 1, in late January 1989. The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \"Love Decides\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.","title":"Gene Pitney"},{"id":"7331250","text":"1950s retro band, Fanis. Baker saw them perform in 1975 and became their manager, changing their name to Ol' 55 after the Tom Waits song. Baker's management was astute and presented the group as a combination of retro kitsch, rock music and clever theatrics. Baker introduced chartered accountant Peter Brian to the band, and he became their versatile front man Frankie J. Holden; in October, Baker recruited saxophone player Nick Aitken, who performed as Wilbur Wilde. Ol' 55 had hit singles with \"On the Prowl\", \"Looking for an Echo\" and the number one \"(I Want A) Rockin' Christmas\" (which Baker","title":"Glenn A. Baker"},{"id":"3015937","text":"Rick Derringer Rick Derringer (born Ricky Dean Zehringer; August 5, 1947) is an American guitarist, vocalist, Grammy Award-winning producer and entertainer. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a member of the McCoys, when he was brought in to record lead vocals for the number-one hit single with \"Hang On Sloopy\". He then turned to blues rock, scoring a 1974 hit with \"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\". He has worked extensively with brothers Edgar and Johnny Winter, and with the group Steely Dan. He also worked with \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, producing Yankovic's Grammy Award-winning songs \"Eat It\" and \"Fat\",","title":"Rick Derringer"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10425899\",\n \"text\": \"Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". On the original hit single version, the track\",\n \"title\": \"Tossin' and Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10425901\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Billboard\\\" magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10,\",\n \"title\": \"Tossin' and Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20118624\",\n \"text\": \"Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \\\"You Were Mine\\\", as well as on their follow-ups including \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye\\\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", a hit in the US in 1961\",\n \"title\": \"Ritchie Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5692400\",\n \"text\": \"James, as well as releasing singles under his own name. In May 1959 \\\"The Happy Organ\\\" by Dave \\\"Baby\\\" Cortez reached the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart and was succeeded, the following week, by Wilbert Harrison's \\\"Kansas City\\\"; both records featured guitar solos by Spruill. Another well-known recording on which Spruill plays is \\\"Fannie Mae\\\" by Buster Brown, which hit the top of the R&B charts in early 1960. In 1961, he featured on Bobby Lewis's no.1 hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", and at the same time featured on The Shirelles' \\\"Dedicated to the One I Love\\\", which peaked at\",\n \"title\": \"Wild Jimmy Spruill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5545342\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \\\"Dynasty\\\" (1979) and \\\"Unmasked\\\" (1980). Criss covered \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", which was a #1 hit for Bobby Lewis in the U.S. during the summer of 1961. The song was subsequently covered by Kiss on their 1979 tour. Much of the material on the album was originally written\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Criss (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5545344\",\n \"text\": \"Matter to Me\\\", neither of which charted. All songs written by Peter Criss and Stan Penridge, except where noted. The following musicians played on \\\"Peter Criss\\\": Album – \\\"Billboard\\\" (North America) Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \\\"Dynasty\\\" (1979) and \\\"Unmasked\\\" (1980). Criss covered \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", which was a #1 hit for\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Criss (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13232328\",\n \"text\": \"the time was \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" by rock and roll singer Bobby Lewis, and Benton's song was not considered rock and roll by the magazine, \\\"The Boll Weevil Song\\\" holds the distinction of being the first number-one song on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Easy Listening chart. In the UK, the song reached a peak position of number 30 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 40 for eight weeks during the summer of 1961. The majority of the song's lyrics are spoken by Benton, as in when the farmer inquires, \\\"Say, why'd you pick my farm?\\\", to which the\",\n \"title\": \"Boll Weevil (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12274753\",\n \"text\": \"original 1988 release reached the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, which included the number one song of 1961, \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\", while the 1993 re-issue only contained six chart toppers. However, the remaining four tracks reached the Hot 100's Top 10. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on February 16, 1995. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1961. Two versions of this volume in the \\\"\\\"Billboard\\\" Top Hits\\\" series were\",\n \"title\": \"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717038\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" went to No.1 for seven weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Later that year, he had a second Top Ten song, \\\"One Track Mind\\\", his only other major hit record, at No. 9. \\\"Tossin' And Turnin'\\\", composed by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". The song was also covered by Steve Goodman, the Replacements, the Guess Who, Peter Criss, and Jimmy Sturr, among others. (The Ivy League's UK hit \\\"Tossin' And Turnin\\\", however, is a completely\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7457245\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dinner At Eight\\\". A cover version by Joe Dowell on the Smash Records label made it to number one in the US at the end of August 1961, knocking Bobby Lewis' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" off the number-one spot of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 after seven weeks. Dowell's version also spent three weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart. \\\"Wooden Heart\\\", created by Fred Wise, Ben Weisman, Kay Twomey and German bandleader Bert Kaempfert, was based on a German folk song by Friedrich Silcher, \\\"Muss i denn\\\", originating from the Rems Valley in Württemberg, southwest Germany. \\\"Wooden Heart\\\" features\",\n \"title\": \"Wooden Heart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717037\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his recording of\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17258166\",\n \"text\": \"Simone, Ian & Sylvia, Tim Hardin, Van Morrison and many others. Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" (1961), \\\"My Boyfriend's Back\\\" by The Angels (1963), \\\"Under the Boardwalk\\\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Bushnell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4717039\",\n \"text\": \"different song.) Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17258164\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" (1961), \\\"My Boyfriend's Back\\\" by The Angels (1963), \\\"Under the Boardwalk\\\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West Philadelphia High School in 1945 and left for New York City\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Bushnell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11371880\",\n \"text\": \"included \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye\\\", \\\"Marianne\\\" and \\\"My Girl\\\" (all 1960); \\\"I Can't Say Goodbye\\\" was the only charter, spending three weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at #90. In 1962 the group reappeared on Taurus Records with \\\"You Were Mine for Awhile\\\" and \\\"Blacksmith Blues\\\" on Hamilton Records; three other singles followed on Taurus, but the group never returned to the charts. They lasted until 1967 before disbanding for good. Adams went on to release some solo singles and had a successful songwriting career, including the hits \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" and \\\"After the Lovin'\\\". Adams died on 6\",\n \"title\": \"The Fireflies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12650279\",\n \"text\": \"artists. The group's first hit was a raveup of Bobby \\\"Blue\\\" Bland's \\\"(Turn on Your) Love Light,\\\" recorded on May 7, 1965 and issued on Soma Records. The B side was \\\"Tossin' and Turnin',\\\" recorded at the same session. The record did well in the Twin Cities, and hit Number 1 in both Kansas City (the band performed in KC on two occasions) and Dallas during the fall of 1965, and also was beginning to do well in California and Colorado. A Top 40 chart from San Jose in September 1965 showed that the record was ranked Number 33 in\",\n \"title\": \"The High Spirits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8624437\",\n \"text\": \"in June 1961, Cline was kept in the hospital for two months, which cut into promoting \\\"I Fall to Pieces\\\". Therefore, by the time Cline had left the hospital, its popularity began to decrease. The success of the song helped get Cline an invitation to become a regular cast member on the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, one of the highest honors that could be bestowed on a Country singer in the early 1960s. In addition, the track was also ranked number two of the top 100 songs of 1961, right behind Bobby Lewis's \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\". In 1980,\",\n \"title\": \"I Fall to Pieces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1454178\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\", along with the Animals' rock interpretation of \\\"The House of the Rising Sun\\\" (itself based on Dylan's earlier cover), helped to give Dylan the impetus to start recording with an electric backing band. As the 1970s dawned, folk rock evolved away from the jangly template pioneered by the Byrds, but their influence could still be heard in the music of bands like Fairport Convention and Pentangle. The Byrds themselves continued to enjoy commercial success with their brand of folk rock throughout 1965, most notably with their number 1 single \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\". By the start of 1966,\",\n \"title\": \"Folk rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19594375\",\n \"text\": \"their journey to Los Angeles, lost some of their earlier members and proceeded to assemble a new lineup that would eventually settle into Dey on bass, Rich Brown on guitar, Ray Kennedy on organ, Roger Huycke on drums. They changed their name to the Wilde Knights. In 1965 the Wilde Knights teamed up with producer Paul Johnson to record two singles for his Star-Bright label. The first was \\\"Beaver Patrol\\\" b/w \\\"Tossin' and Turnin\\\". \\\"Beaver Patrol\\\", penned by Rick Dey and Rich Brown, contained sexually suggestive lyrics. Dey and Brown also wrote \\\"Just Like Me\\\", which became the\",\n \"title\": \"The Wilde Knights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7803194\",\n \"text\": \"around 1970 Sigler began working as a songwriter with Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff at Philadelphia International Records. In partnership with writer Phil Hurtt, Sigler wrote songs for the O'Jays including \\\"Sunshine\\\" and \\\"When the World Is at Peace\\\". He also wrote songs solo and with Gamble, and his compositions were recorded by many of the Philadelphia International artistes. He discovered a group, Instant Funk, and began again recording as a singer. He had his first chart success for six years in 1973 with a remake of the Bobby Lewis hit \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" (#38 R&B, #97 pop), and had\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Sigler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5545343\",\n \"text\": \"in 1971 for Criss's pre-Kiss band Lips. These include \\\"I'm Gonna Love You\\\", \\\"Don't You Let Me Down\\\", \\\"That's the Kind of Sugar Papa Likes\\\", and \\\"Hooked on Rock 'n' Roll\\\". The album also includes a cover of the song \\\"Tossin' and Turnin\\\" by Bobby Lewis. Reviews for \\\"Peter Criss\\\" were mostly negative. The album was the lowest charting of all the Kiss solo albums of 1978, reaching #43 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" album chart. Of the four solo albums, \\\"Peter Criss\\\" was the only album to have two singles released from it: \\\"Don't You Let Me Down\\\" and \\\"You\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Criss (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5610390\",\n \"text\": \"1967 hit \\\"Cold\\\") failed even to \\\"Bubble Under.\\\" In 1967, only one single reached #1 on both charts \\\"Somethin' Stupid\\\" by Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra. This trend began to reverse by the end of the decade. Notable artists with multiple #1 songs on this chart during the 1960s include Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Connie Francis, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, The 5th Dimension, and Glen Campbell. \\\"Love Is Blue\\\" by Paul Mauriat held the top of the Easy Listening chart for 11 weeks in 1968, which remained the longest stay at #1 until 1993. The Hot 100 and Easy Listening\",\n \"title\": \"Adult Contemporary (chart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18225813\",\n \"text\": \"promoted The Beatles' first tour. Between April and May 1965, a hat-trick of Manchester-based acts, all Kennedy Street artistes, enjoyed an unprecedented consecutive six week spell at No. 1 on the US Hot 100, with Freddie and the Dreamers spending two weeks at the top with \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" (10–24 April), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (24 April-1 May), and then Herman's Hermits a further three weeks with \\\"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\\\" (1–22 May). Lisberg spent much of his early career globe-trotting with Herman's Hermits, who capitalized on a string\",\n \"title\": \"Harvey Lisberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678968\",\n \"text\": \"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \\\"Pop\\\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8521750\",\n \"text\": \"Terrell duetted with Webb on \\\"Once in the Morning\\\". The only US single from the album, the opening track \\\"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\\\", was not actually part of the Jimmy Webb project. Instead, it was a Stephen Schwartz song from the Motown-financed Broadway production of \\\"Pippin\\\", handled by songwriters-producers Deke Richards and Sherlie Matthews. Although once released, the song and the album failed to generate radio play and sales in the United States, it produced two singles abroad: \\\"Cheap Lovin'\\\" in Italy and \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" in the United Kingdom, both released in 1973. Besides being Jean Terrell's\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9849277\",\n \"text\": \"singer and mastermind of the acid jazz band Jamiroquai. In 1965, on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, a unique hat-trick of consecutive number 1s took place in the spring, all from Mancunian pop groups. Freddie and the Dreamers spent two weeks at the top with \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" (April 10–24), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (24 April-1 May), and finally Herman's Hermits with \\\"Mrs Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\\\", a further three weeks (1–22 May), a total of six weeks, an achievement never matched even in the UK Top 50. Manchester's main\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Manchester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10225731\",\n \"text\": \"Doyle Holly Doyle Floyd Hendricks (June 30, 1936 – January 13, 2007), known by the stage name Doyle Holly, was an American musician best known as the bass guitar player of the country music band Buck Owens and the Buckaroos and for his solo hit songs \\\"Queen Of The Silver Dollar\\\" and \\\"Lila\\\". Holly's contributions on bass guitar and rhythm guitar were a key component of the Bakersfield sound. The Buckaroos had more than 30 Top 40 singles on the country music charts in the 1960s and early 1970s, with 21 number one hits such as \\\"I've Got a Tiger\",\n \"title\": \"Doyle Holly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5507142\",\n \"text\": \"singles included on the album had charted in the United Kingdom, peaking at the following positions on the UK Singles Chart: \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\" number 26; \\\"Eight Miles High\\\" number 24; \\\"All I Really Want to Do\\\" number 4; and \\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\" number 1. Author Johnny Rogan has stated that, in particular, \\\"Eight Miles High\\\", \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\", and \\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\" were widely influential during the 1960s, a time when singles, at least in pop music, were as important in their own right as albums, and generally more so. Rogan further opined that \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\" summed up\",\n \"title\": \"The Byrds' Greatest Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13845742\",\n \"text\": \"Mr Lee In London Label: His Master's Voice – CSDM6268 Vinyl LP Stereo 1 Tabatha Twitchit 2 To Make A Big Man Cry 3 Stop In The Name Of Love 4 Walkin' With My Angel 5 Maria 6 Why Or Where Or When B Side 1 You Don't Have To Say You Love Me 2 Big Man 3 The Wanderer 4 Tossin' And Turnin' 5 Do You Mind 6 Big Boots Credits · Photography – Sal Criscillo · Recording Engineer – Peter Hitchcock · Produced by Howard Gable · Recorded at HMV Studios – Wellington, New Zealand Mr. Lee Grant\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Gable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11134548\",\n \"text\": \"It was because kids were showing up dressed in costume and make-up for their shows along with their parents. As a result, many teenage fans felt alienated and were turned off by the band. \\\"Radioactive\\\" and \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" were played at a few shows during the tour and \\\"Let Me Go, Rock 'n' Roll\\\" and \\\"Christine Sixteen\\\" were put in their places. Dynasty Tour The Dynasty Tour was a concert tour by the rock band Kiss. It was their first tour since the Alive II Tour ended on April 2, 1978 in Japan. The Dynasty Tour, also known as\",\n \"title\": \"Dynasty Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"364634\",\n \"text\": \"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1964), \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (1968), \\\"The Boxer\\\" (1969), and \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Simon & Garfunkel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15348624\",\n \"text\": \"young Doug Fieger), and blue eyed soul rockers the Rationals. In 1965 Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels had a national top 10 hit with \\\"Jenny Take A Ride!\\\" and then again the following year in 1966 with \\\"Devil With A Blue Dress On\\\"/\\\"Good Golly, Miss Molly\\\". Also in 1966, Flint's Question Mark & the Mysterians had a No. 1 hit with \\\"96 Tears\\\". Finally, in 1967, Detroit blues-rock outfit the Woolies had a regional smash hit with the Bo Diddley song \\\"Who Do You Love?\\\". In the late 1960s, two well-known high-energy rock bands emerged from Detroit - the\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Detroit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8521748\",\n \"text\": \"and covers of hits by Bobby Lewis and Mina, respectively \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" and \\\"La voce del silenzio\\\". The album sold over 100,000 copies in the USA. Besides being Jean Terrell's final Supremes album, \\\"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\\\" was the first of only two Supremes' LPs to include vocals from member Lynda Laurence, the other being the live album \\\"In Japan!\\\". Laurence had replaced Cindy Birdsong earlier in 1972 and joined original Supreme Mary Wilson and Terrell for these sessions just prior to her official inclusion into the group. \\\"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy\",\n \"title\": \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6987937\",\n \"text\": \"Crispian St. Peters Crispian St. Peters (born Robin Peter Smith, 5 April 1939 – 8 June 2010) was an English pop singer-songwriter, best known for his work in the 1960s, particularly his 1966 hits, The Changin' Times' \\\"The Pied Piper\\\" and Ian & Sylvia's \\\"You Were on My Mind\\\". St. Peters was born in Swanley, Kent and attended Swanley Secondary Modern School. He learned guitar and left school in 1954 to become an assistant cinema projectionist. As a young man, he performed in several relatively unknown bands in England. In 1956, he gave his first live performance, as a member\",\n \"title\": \"Crispian St. Peters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678924\",\n \"text\": \"next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361282\",\n \"text\": \"100 pop chart. At the end of the year, Gordy assigned Ross as the group's lead singer, even though Ballard was usually the lead vocalist. The group scored their first number-one hit with \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", paving the way for unprecedented success: between August 1964 and May 1967, Ross, Wilson, and Ballard sang on ten number-one hit singles, all of which also made the UK top 40. The group had also become a hit with audiences both domestically and abroad, going on to become Motown's most successful vocal act throughout the sixties. Following significant issues with her comportment,\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678922\",\n \"text\": \"complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds. During 1963, the Beatles and other beat groups, such as the Searchers and the Hollies, achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119096\",\n \"text\": \"The number five \\\"She's Not You\\\" (1962) \\\"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\\\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \\\"Elvis Is Back!\\\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \\\"Down in the Alley\\\" and \\\"Hi-Heel Sneakers\\\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \\\"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\\\", a number one in 1960. \\\"It's Now or Never\\\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \\\"’O sole mio\\\" and concluding with a\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2443201\",\n \"text\": \"Fame in 1973 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1995. Miller won 11 Grammy Awards. In Erick, Oklahoma where he grew up, a thoroughfare was renamed \\\"Roger Miller Boulevard\\\" and a museum dedicated to Miller was built on the road in 2004. Below is a list of awards won by Miller: Roger Miller Roger Dean Miller, Sr. (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits \\\"King of the Road\\\", \\\"Dang Me\\\", and \\\"England Swings\\\", all from the mid-1960s\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10425900\",\n \"text\": \"begins with Lewis singing \\\"I couldn't sleep at all last night,\\\" and it appears this way on most oldies compilations. However, on some releases the song has a prelude, where Lewis sings \\\"Baby...Baby...you did something to me,\\\" followed by a musical cue into the first verse. Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live. The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece, Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax, Paul Griffin on Piano, and Sticks Evans on drums. In 2008,\",\n \"title\": \"Tossin' and Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2183931\",\n \"text\": \"and Barry Whitwam of Herman's Hermits after the exit of Peter Noone. Although Leckenby died in 1994, Foote has continued with the Hermits through to the present. The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \\\"A Groovy Kind of Love\\\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and\",\n \"title\": \"The Mindbenders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4380522\",\n \"text\": \"Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \\\"Yeh, Yeh\\\" in 1964, \\\"Get Away\\\" in 1966 and \\\"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\\\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and\",\n \"title\": \"Georgie Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2183924\",\n \"text\": \"The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \\\"Game of Love\\\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \\\"A Groovy Kind of Love\\\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and Eric Stewart. The group was later joined by Grahame Foote. The name of the group was inspired by the title of a 1963 UK feature film, starring\",\n \"title\": \"The Mindbenders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5050808\",\n \"text\": \"drums. Their range covers pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence. The core members since 1958 have been Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch. Along with the Fender guitar, another cornerstone of the Shadows sound was the Vox amplifier. The Shadows, with Cliff Richard, dominated British popular music in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the years before the Beatles. The Shadows' number one hits included \\\"Apache\\\", \\\"Kon-Tiki\\\", \\\"Wonderful Land\\\", \\\"Foot Tapper\\\" and \\\"Dance On!\\\". Although they lost ground in the late '60s, the band had a second success from the late '70s. The Shadows are the\",\n \"title\": \"The Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19561393\",\n \"text\": \"Pete Chester Pete Chester (born 9 September 1941) is an English drummer and songwriter. He is the son of Charlie Chester, comedian and broadcaster. Chester started his career by forming the band The Five Chesternuts with Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch in 1957, which released the unsuccessful single \\\"Teenage Love\\\" on the Columbia label and appeared on the \\\"Six-Five Special\\\" on BBC television. Marvin and Welch left in 1958 to join Cliff Richard and The Drifters, which later became Cliff Richard and The Shadows. Chester had a UK Hit Record in 1960 - \\\"Ten Swingin' Bottles\\\" which reached the Top\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Chester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3063204\",\n \"text\": \"songs for Lewis, Cash, and others. His third single for the Sun subsidiary, Phillips International Records, was the 1960 Top 30 hit, \\\"Lonely Weekends\\\", which was notable for its Presley-like vocals. It sold more than one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America. None of his seven follow-up singles was a success, however, though several of the songs became staples in his live set, including \\\"Who Will the Next Fool Be\\\", \\\"Sittin' and Thinkin'\\\", and \\\"No Headstone on My Grave\\\". These songs were often recorded by others to varying degrees of success,\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Rich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562178\",\n \"text\": \"charts. In the United States for the years 1964 to 1966, the group achieved 12 number-one singles and nine number-one albums on the \\\"Billboard\\\" charts; by comparison, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys each had three chart-topping singles and one number-one album. In the US, in the case of singles for the decade, the Beatles headed Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Brenda Lee, the Supremes and the Beach Boys; in albums sales, they were followed by Presley, Sinatra, Herb Alpert, the Kingston Trio and Andy Williams. The Beach Boys, along with the Four Seasons, were the only two American pop\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural impact of the Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3437944\",\n \"text\": \"group LeRoy & His Rockin' Fellers and TV-stars-turned-singers like Clint Eastwood and Merv Griffin. In mid-1966, 23-year-old Neil Bogart was made the label's new head of A&R. Turning to midwestern garage bands and orchestrated soul productions (including the distribution of Curtis Mayfield's \\\"Windy C\\\" label), Bogart managed to shepherd in a brief Cameo-Parkway renaissance. The last major hits for the label were \\\"96 Tears\\\" by Question Mark and the Mysterians (picked up from independent Pa-Go-Go Records), which went to #1 in the fall of 1966; a novelty remake of \\\"Wild Thing\\\" by an impressionist imitating Robert F. Kennedy under the\",\n \"title\": \"Cameo-Parkway Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361267\",\n \"text\": \"Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, including \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", \\\"Baby Love\\\", \\\"Come See About Me\\\", \\\"Stop! In the Name of\",\n \"title\": \"Diana Ross\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"285898\",\n \"text\": \"actress in November 1957 with an appearance on her father's ABC-TV variety series, but initially achieved success only in Europe and Japan. In early 1966 she had a transatlantic number-one hit with \\\"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\\\". She appeared on TV in high boots, and with colorfully dressed go-go dancers, creating a popular and enduring image of the Swinging Sixties. The song was written by Lee Hazlewood, who wrote and produced most of her hits and sang with her on several duets, including \\\"Some Velvet Morning\\\". In 1966 and 1967, Sinatra charted with 13 titles, all of which featured\",\n \"title\": \"Nancy Sinatra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446271\",\n \"text\": \"follow-ups to \\\"Don't Make Me Over\\\" — \\\"This Empty Place\\\" (with \\\"B\\\" side \\\"Wishin' and Hopin' \\\" later recorded by Dusty Springfield) and \\\"Make The Music Play\\\" — charted briefly in the top 100. Her fourth single, \\\"Anyone Who Had a Heart,\\\" released in December 1963, was Warwick's first top 10 pop hit (#8) in the U.S. and also an international million seller. This was followed by \\\"Walk On By\\\" in April 1964, a major international hit and million seller that solidified her career. For the rest of the 1960s, Warwick was a fixture on the U.S. and Canadian charts,\",\n \"title\": \"Dionne Warwick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5826921\",\n \"text\": \"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \\\"Make It Easy on Yourself\\\" and \\\"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\\\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit\",\n \"title\": \"The Walker Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10461155\",\n \"text\": \"Judy Stone Judith Anne Stone AM (born 1 January 1942) is an Australian pop and country music singer. For much of the 1960s she was a regular performer on \\\"Bandstand\\\", a pop music TV show, hosted by Brian Henderson. Stone's top 20 singles on the national charts are \\\"I'll Step Down\\\" (No. 19, February 1962), \\\"4,003,221 Tears from Now\\\" (April 1964), \\\"Born a Woman\\\" (No. 3, September 1966) and \\\"Would You Lay with Me\\\" (No. 2, June 1974). On the Queen's Birthday Honours List of June 2006, Stone was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia, with the citation,\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Stone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15467667\",\n \"text\": \"of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \\\"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\\\", the best-selling \\\"Hard Headed Woman\\\", and \\\"One Night\\\" in 1958, and \\\"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\\\" and the number one \\\"A Big Hunk o' Love\\\" in 1959. RCA also managed to generate four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \\\"Elvis' Golden Records\\\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. On January 20, 1960, Presley was promoted to sergeant. The army held\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley's Army career\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9371259\",\n \"text\": \"award from \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine. Peter Green (later to become Peter Lee Stirling) started his career as the guitarist and vocalist with a band called the Beachcombers that played gigs in the Birmingham area during the period from 1958 to 1962. Their fortunes changed when they encountered Tommy Bruce, who had a number 3 hit in 1960 with \\\"Ain't Misbehavin\\\". This, and some subsequent releases, had been attributed to 'Tommy Bruce and the Bruisers', despite the fact that the instrumental backings were provided by session musicians at EMI. Bruce's account of the meeting was as follows: \\\"I met them up\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel Boone (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7520627\",\n \"text\": \"Colin Burgess (musician) Colin John Burgess (born 16 November 1946) is an Australian musician who was a drummer in the rock group the Masters Apprentices from 1968 to 1972 and was the original drummer for hard rockers AC/DC (November 1973–February 1974). The Masters Apprentices had top 20 singles chart success with \\\"5:10 Man\\\", \\\"Think about Tomorrow Today\\\", \\\"Turn Up Your Radio\\\" and \\\"Because I Love You\\\". In 1998 The Masters Apprentices, with Burgess, were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. He has performed in various bands with his brother, Denny Burgess, on bass guitar and vocals, including His Majesty.\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Burgess (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11018031\",\n \"text\": \"I'm Telling You Now \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's subsidiary, Tower Records, re-released the song, which became extremely popular and propelled Freddie and the Dreamers to pop-music\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Telling You Now\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15506246\",\n \"text\": \"recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2072029\",\n \"text\": \"Brunswick was a New York-based label, but under the aegis of producer and A&R man Carl Davis in Chicago, the company produced a large body of Chicago style soul, beginning in 1966, when Jackie Wilson started recording in Chicago. Wilson's biggest hit with Davis was \\\"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher.\\\" Other Brunswick artists included The Chi-Lites (\\\"Oh Girl\\\"), The Artistics (\\\"I'm Gonna Miss You\\\"), Barbara Acklin (\\\"Love Makes A Woman\\\"), Tyrone Davis (\\\"Turn Back the Hands of Time\\\"), and Gene Chandler (\\\"The Girl Don't Care\\\"). Brunswick was eventually acquired by Carl Davis, and the offices moved to\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago soul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4574049\",\n \"text\": \"York, merging American R&B styles with Afro-Cuban instrumentation. Cuba was one of the key architects behind the emerging Latin Boogaloo sound, which became a popular and influential Latin style in the latter half of the 1960s. In 1966, his band scored a hit on the United States National Hit Parade List with the song \\\"Bang Bang\\\"— which helped kick off the popularity of the boogaloo. He also had a No. 1 hit that year on the \\\"Billboard\\\" charts with the song \\\"Sock It To Me\\\". On April 1999, Joe Cuba was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Cuba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1963434\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Billboard\\\" pop charts on January 16, 1961 (No. 1 pop, Cash Box), which established Motown as an independent company worthy of notice. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes' \\\"Please Mr. Postman\\\" made it to the top of both charts. Gordy's gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists' public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Over the next decade, he signed such artists as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations, Jimmy Ruffin, the Contours, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, the Commodores, the Velvelettes, Martha and\",\n \"title\": \"Berry Gordy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8837614\",\n \"text\": \"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song) \\\"Let's Party\\\" was a popular single by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers. The third single by the father and son DJ team Andy and John Pickles it reached the top of the UK Singles Chart for a single week in December 1989. They became only the third act to reach No. 1 with their first three singles, following on from Gerry and the Pacemakers in 1964 and Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984, and took the shortest time to achieve the feat. The record follows on from the formula which took their\",\n \"title\": \"Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11449890\",\n \"text\": \"of a repentant, aging gambler, looking back on his wasted life. The most famous such song is \\\"The House of the Rising Sun\\\". Lonnie Donegan recorded \\\"Gamblin' Man\\\" as the B-side to \\\"Putting on the Style\\\" and took \\\"Jack O' Diamonds\\\" to number 1 in the UK in 1957. Other games such as tennis, boating and croquet were middle-class pursuits and are not mentioned in folk-songs. However, a collection of Victorian and Edwardian parlour songs, \\\"Play the Game\\\" was recorded by Ian Partridge, Peter Savidge and Jennifer Partridge with The Song and Supper Club in 2001. Whaling could be considered\",\n \"title\": \"Sporting song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6460439\",\n \"text\": \"B. J. Wilson Barrie James Wilson (18 March 1947 – 8 October 1990) was an English rock drummer. He was best known as a member of Procol Harum for the majority of their original career from 1967 to 1977. Wilson was born in Edmonton, London, and grew up in Ponders End. In 1962 he joined a Southend on Sea group The Paramounts, who scored a hit with \\\"Poison Ivy\\\" in 1964. After follow up singles failed to chart, the group disbanded in 1966 and Wilson went into session drumming, playing with Cat Stevens and Lulu. While he was busy with\",\n \"title\": \"B. J. Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12408932\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Loizzo Gary Alexander Loizzo (August 16, 1945 – January 16, 2016) was an American guitarist, singer, recording engineer, and record producer. He is best known for being the lead singer with The American Breed. Loizzo was the lead singer of The American Breed, formed in the mid 1960s. They had several hit records, including the million selling single \\\"Bend Me, Shape Me\\\" in 1967-1968 and two other top 40 Billboard singles \\\"Green Light\\\" and \\\"Step out of your Mind\\\" and other top 100 hits. Loizzo then went on to start his own recording studio called 'Pumpkin Studios' in the\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Loizzo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2248625\",\n \"text\": \"The Seeds' first single, \\\"Can't Seem to Make You Mine\\\", was a regional hit in Southern California in 1965. The song was also played regularly on AM rock stations in northern California (and probably elsewhere), where it was well received by listeners, and eventually went on to become, and is considered today, a 60s cult classic song. The band had a national Top 40 hit, \\\"Pushin' Too Hard\\\", in 1966 and performed the song on national television. Three subsequent singles, \\\"Mr. Farmer\\\" (also 1966), a re-release of \\\"Can't Seem To Make You Mine\\\" (1967), and \\\"A Thousand Shadows\\\" (1967) achieved\",\n \"title\": \"The Seeds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6457426\",\n \"text\": \"James Ray (singer) James Ray (1941 – c. 1964), born James Jay Raymond, was an African American R&B singer of the early 1960s best known for the hit single \\\"If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody\\\", which went to number 10 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962. He also recorded the original version of \\\"Got My Mind Set on You\\\", later a number-one hit for George Harrison. Born in Washington, D.C., Ray stood just 5' tall and first recorded as Little Jimmy Ray, releasing \\\"Make Her Mine\\\" on the\",\n \"title\": \"James Ray (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13367787\",\n \"text\": \"in early 1988. This song was recorded by Little Jimmy Dickens (1965). In the 1960s it was covered in 1967 by Mel Tillis and released as a single where it went to #11, Charley Pride (1967), George Jones (1967), James Carr (1968), Sonny Strickland (Unknown year), and Ernest Tubb (1968). Many more famous country acts would cover the song such as Willie Nelson and Conway Twitty. \\\"Life Turned Her That Way\\\" reached #1 on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart and on The Canadian \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks chart. It was his first single to reach #1 on that chart.\",\n \"title\": \"Life Turned Her That Way\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8077795\",\n \"text\": \"Records, \\\"What More Do You Want\\\" as the Ivy League. Their luck changed when Herman's Hermits recorded \\\"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\\\" and took it to number 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the United States. In the UK it was a smaller hit for Goldie and the Gingerbreads. They then provided backing vocals for \\\"I Can't Explain\\\", by the Who. In 1965 and 1966, The Ivy League scored four UK chart hits, including \\\"Tossing and Turning\\\", which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and \\\"Funny How Love Can Be\\\" top 10 hit. By early 1966 Carter\",\n \"title\": \"John Carter (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9522607\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Shankly had won promotion in 1962 and soon after won the league title in 1964, and again in 1966, with an FA Cup in between; their neighbours Everton meanwhile had similar success, taking two league titles in 1963 and 1970, and the FA Cup in 1966. Players who dominated the English scene during the 1960s include Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, Bobby Charlton, George Best, Denis Law, Jimmy Greaves, Francis Lee, Jeff Astle, Gordon Banks and Roger Hunt. With the exception of Best and Law, all of these players appeared for the England team, with six of them being in\",\n \"title\": \"History of football in England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7224815\",\n \"text\": \"dates. Both disc sales exceeded one million copies, resulting in R.I.A.A. gold record awards by 1969. The group had nine Billboard Hot 100 Singles hits from 1966 to 1968, including versions of \\\"Go Away Little Girl\\\" (#12) (a #1 hit for Steve Lawrence in 1962 and later for Donny Osmond in 1971) and \\\"My Mammy\\\" (#13) (popularized by Al Jolson in the 1920s). They also both achieved sales in excess of one million copies, garnering the group another couple of gold records. \\\"Hare Krishna,\\\" a version of a song from the musical \\\"Hair\\\" (1969), was the group's last Hot 100\",\n \"title\": \"The Happenings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119023\",\n \"text\": \"induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \\\"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\\\", the best-selling \\\"Hard Headed Woman\\\", and \\\"One Night\\\" in 1958, and \\\"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\\\" and the number one \\\"A Big Hunk o' Love\\\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \\\"Elvis' Golden Records\\\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged three days later with the rank of sergeant. The train that carried him from\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172114\",\n \"text\": \"Gordon Waller Gordon Trueman Riviere Waller (4 June 1945 – 17 July 2009) was a Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known as Gordon of the 1960s pop music duo Peter and Gordon, whose biggest hit was the No. 1 million-selling classic \\\"A World Without Love\\\". Waller was born in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of a prominent surgeon. The family later moved to Middlesex, when Waller was a child, where Waller gained entrance to Westminster School. While attending Westminster School, he met fellow student Peter Asher, also the son of a doctor, and they began playing together as a duo\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon Waller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9853035\",\n \"text\": \"climb in the UK Singles Chart. At the end of August the record reached No. 1. Outside the UK \\\"Have I the Right?\\\" was a big success too. The song became #1 in Australia, Canada and Sweden. In the US the record reached #5 and in the Netherlands #2. \\\"Have I the Right?\\\" sold worldwide about two million copies within a year. In July 1965, the British music magazine \\\"NME\\\" reported that it had been agreed in the London High Court that \\\"Have I the Right?\\\" was the work of Howard and Blaikley. Composer Geoff Goddard agreed to drop allegations\",\n \"title\": \"Have I the Right?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3675691\",\n \"text\": \"massive wave of chart success that would continue until the Beatles broke up in 1970. On 4 April 1964, the Beatles held the top 5 positions on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart, the only time to date that any act has accomplished this. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles in the US. Other acts that were part of the \\\"invasion\\\" included The Who, The Kinks,\",\n \"title\": \"British rock music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3697838\",\n \"text\": \"Byrds' first single, a jangly cover of Bob Dylan's \\\"Mr. Tambourine Man\\\", was an international hit and marked the birth of folk rock. During the mid-1960s the Byrds ranked as one of the most successful and influential American pop groups; they recorded a string of hits, including \\\"Turn! Turn! Turn!\\\", \\\"Eight Miles High\\\" and \\\"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\\\". Hillman kept a low profile on the band's first two albums, on which McGuinn and Clark shared lead vocals with Crosby adding high harmony and singing the bridge on \\\"All I Really Want to Do\\\". However,\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Hillman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20069834\",\n \"text\": \"was an American vocal group that had 40 charted singles on the Billboard \\\"Hot 100 Chart\\\" between 1955 and 1967, including four No. 1 hits, and for a period of time was the most successful vocal group in the world. From the age of 20 to the present time, Conti has performed with some of the world's greatest artists both in the studio and touring the globe, including Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Gene Simmons, Wilson Pickett, Jose Feliciano, Richie Sambora, Paul Simon, Earth, Wind & Fire, Rita Coolidge, Helen Reddy, Karen Carpenter, Laura Brannigan, Player, Raquel Welch, The Brooklyn Dreams\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Conti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"764030\",\n \"text\": \"and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \\\"I Remember You\\\", \\\"Lovesick Blues\\\" (both 1962) and \\\"The Wayward Wind\\\" (1963). \\\"I Remember You\\\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4197831\",\n \"text\": \"and Barclay James Harvest and 10cc in the early 1970s. \\\"Top of the Pops\\\" was also recorded by the BBC at this time in the city. In 1965, Herman's Hermits outsold The Beatles, selling over 10 million records in seven months. Manchester bands Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman's Hermits topped the American Billboard charts consecutively during mid-April – May 1965. In 1965, all three bands were numbers 1, 2 and 3 on the US Billboard top 100 for one week. Graham Nash of The Hollies moved to California to become part of the rapidly\",\n \"title\": \"Popular music of Manchester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1443416\",\n \"text\": \"Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \\\"Itchycoo Park\\\", \\\"Lazy Sunday\\\", \\\"All or Nothing\\\", and \\\"Tin Soldier\\\", as well as their concept album \\\"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\\\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until 1969. The\",\n \"title\": \"Small Faces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6280098\",\n \"text\": \"with familiar songs (like \\\"Blue Suede Shoes\\\" and \\\"Money (That's What I Want)\\\") that suited the mood of the program. Rock and roll revival Rock and Roll Revival was a back-to-basics musical trend of the late 1960s and early 1970s, in a sort-of backlash against the heavier and psychedelic rock sounds then in vogue. As the Sixties ended, several early rock and rollers like Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley & His Comets and Bo Diddley, who had been out of fashion since the British Invasion, experienced a resurgence in popularity, performing their old hits\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and roll revival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13591880\",\n \"text\": \"in April 1964 saw them, uniquely, hold the top 5 positions on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart simultaneously. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included The Dave Clark Five, Tom Jones, The Kinks and The Who At this point most of the British Invasion bands did not distinguish their rock 'n' roll or blues based music from\",\n \"title\": \"British pop music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1755751\",\n \"text\": \"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \\\"Walk Through This World With Me\\\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \\\"Love Bug\\\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \\\"Things Have Gone to Pieces\\\", \\\"The Race Is On\\\", \\\"My Favorite Lies\\\", \\\"I'll Share My World with You\\\", \\\"Take Me\\\" (a\",\n \"title\": \"George Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4382526\",\n \"text\": \"roster, including Gracie Fields and Joan Regan. He recorded his first solo single \\\"Party Pops\\\" in 1957, a \\\"medley of standard songs\\\" which included \\\"Roll the Carpet Up\\\" and \\\"The Westminster Waltz\\\". Between 1957 and 1963, Conway had 20 UK chart hits, and in 1959 alone he achieved a cumulative total of 83 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. This included two self-penned number one instrumentals, \\\"Side Saddle\\\" and \\\"Roulette\\\", the latter deposing Elvis Presley's \\\"A Fool Such As I\\\". He appeared frequently on light entertainment TV shows and radio for many years afterwards, performing at the London Palladium on\",\n \"title\": \"Russ Conway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2544059\",\n \"text\": \"beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones, the Kinks and the Yardbirds. The term \\\"British Invasion\\\" was mainstreamed by T.V. reporter Walter Cronkite to describe the Beatles' arrival in the United States and the outbreak of Beatlemania in 1964. Their appearance on \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\" soon after led to chart success. During the next two years, the Animals, Petula Clark, the Dave Clark Five, the Rolling Stones, Donovan, Peter and Gordon, Manfred Mann, Freddie and the Dreamers, The Zombies, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, and the Troggs would have one or more number one singles\",\n \"title\": \"Beat music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5988752\",\n \"text\": \"dances, including the Mashed Potato, the Jerk, and the Freddie. The dance was also done by Ozzie Nelson and called out by name at the end of an episode titled flying down to Mexico for lunch which also featured music by Herb Alpert and his Tijuana Brass. Freddie (dance) The Freddie was a short-lived 1960s fad dance prompted by the release of the songs \\\"I'm Telling You Now,\\\" and \\\"Do the Freddie,\\\" both by the British band, Freddie and the Dreamers. \\\"Do the Freddie\\\" had been a #18 hit in the United States in 1965, and American dance craze stalwart\",\n \"title\": \"Freddie (dance)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1309295\",\n \"text\": \"Am I\\\", was co-written by Norma Tanega and Norma Kutzer. By late 1966, Springfield was in a domestic relationship with Tanega – a US-born singer-songwriter who had a UK Top 30 hit with the novelty song, \\\"Walkin' My Cat Named Dog\\\". Springfield's ITV series \\\"It Must Be Dusty\\\" was broadcast in May and June 1968, episode six featured a duet performance of \\\"Mockingbird\\\" with singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix fronting his band, The Experience. By 1968 Carole King, a songwriter whom Springfield had frequently tapped for material, had embarked on a solo singing career, while her relationship with the chart-peaking Bacharach-David partnership\",\n \"title\": \"Dusty Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7297314\",\n \"text\": \"B. A. Robertson Brian Alexander \\\"B. A.\\\" Robertson (born 12 September 1956) is a Scottish musician, actor, composer and songwriter. He had a string of hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, characterised by catchy pop tunes and jaunty, humorous lyrics, most notably \\\"Bang Bang\\\", a tongue-in-cheek commentary on famous historical and fictional couples. He co-wrote the Grammy-nominated and Ivor Novello Award-winning \\\"The Living Years\\\". It was a number one hit in the USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland and reached #2 in his native UK. He has also written music for films and been a television presenter. Born in\",\n \"title\": \"B. A. Robertson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2302073\",\n \"text\": \"Roy Wood Roy Wood (born 8 November 1946) is an English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was particularly successful in the 1960s and 1970s as member and co-founder of the Move, Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard. As a songwriter, he contributed a number of hits to the repertoire of these bands. Collectively, hit records by the Move, Electric Light Orchestra, Wizzard, and Wood's own solo singles demonstrated an impressive chart run for an individual, both as composer and performer. Altogether he had more than 20 singles in the UK Singles Chart under various guises, including three UK No. 1 hits. The\",\n \"title\": \"Roy Wood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5082484\",\n \"text\": \"The Hollywood Argyles The Hollywood Argyles were an American musical ensemble, assembled for studio recordings by the producer and songwriter Kim Fowley and his friend and fellow musician Gary S. Paxton. They had a US number one hit record, \\\"Alley Oop\\\" (Lute Records 5905) in 1960. According to Paxton – who, at the time, was half of Skip & Flip – \\\"Alley Oop\\\" was written by Dallas Frazier as a country tune: \\\"As for the name, Kim Fowley and I were living in a $15-a-week room in Hollywood... Since I was still under contract (to Brent Records) as 'Flip,' I\",\n \"title\": \"The Hollywood Argyles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6918119\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Thorpe William Richard \\\"Billy\\\" Thorpe, AM (29 March 1946 – 28 February 2007) was an English-born Australian pop / rock singer-songwriter, producer,and musician. As lead singer of his band Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, he had success in the 1960s with \\\"Blue Day\\\", \\\"Poison Ivy\\\", \\\"Over the Rainbow\\\", \\\"Sick and Tired\\\", \\\"Baby, Hold Me Close\\\" and \\\"Mashed Potato\\\"; and in the 1970s with \\\"Most People I Know Think That I'm Crazy\\\". Featuring in concerts at Sunbury Pop Festivals and Myer Music Bowl in the early 1970s, the Aztecs also developed the pub rock scene and were one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Thorpe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5820797\",\n \"text\": \"outside in the hundreds,\\\" he recalled. \\\"They were always yanking off my glasses and pulling out tufts of hair, which was very, very painful.\\\" The Mindbenders split with Fontana in late 1965. They had a UK No. 2 hit with \\\"A Groovy Kind of Love\\\" in early 1966 with Stewart on vocals. They reached the top 20 later that year with \\\"Ashes To Ashes\\\". Stewart, who was devoting more time to songwriting, became disenchanted with the Mindbenders towards the end of its existence, realising the material they were playing was drifting further from the music for which they had gained\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7718892\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Greene Jack Henry Greene (January 7, 1930 – March 14, 2013) was an American country musician. Nicknamed the \\\"Jolly Greene Giant\\\" due to his height and deep voice, Greene was a long time member of the Grand Ole Opry. A three-time Grammy Award nominee, Greene is best known for his 1966 hit, \\\"There Goes My Everything\\\". The song dominated the Country music charts for nearly two months in 1967 and earned Greene \\\"Male Vocalist of the Year\\\", \\\"Single of the Year\\\", \\\"Album of the Year\\\" and \\\"Song of the Year\\\" honors from the Country Music Association. Greene had a\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Greene\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12649342\",\n \"text\": \"was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \\\"rock and roll\\\" stations. \\\"Billboard\\\" first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \\\"Boll Weevil Song\\\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \\\"not too far out in either direction\\\". Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of\",\n \"title\": \"Adult contemporary music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1443447\",\n \"text\": \"General Specific Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \\\"Itchycoo Park\\\", \\\"Lazy Sunday\\\", \\\"All or Nothing\\\", and \\\"Tin Soldier\\\", as well as their concept album \\\"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\\\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until\",\n \"title\": \"Small Faces\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11018032\",\n \"text\": \"stardom. The dancing by Freddie and the band during this song spawned a minor dance fad, \\\"The Freddie\\\". I'm Telling You Now \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \\\"I'm Telling You Now\\\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Telling You Now\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9371263\",\n \"text\": \"the subsequent releases, \\\"Your Turn To Cry\\\" and \\\"I Believe\\\", were unsuccessful. The first use of the full name 'Peter Lee Stirling' was in 1964 on \\\"Sad, Lonely and Blue\\\", but none of the eight records issued between 1964 and 1970 under this name entered the UK chart. However, Stirling went on to write or co-write \\\"I Think of You\\\" and \\\"Don't Turn Around\\\", both of which were hits for The Merseybeats, and co-wrote \\\"I Belong\\\" for Kathy Kirby, which came second in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1965. The Bruisers broke up in 1967 and Stirling became the co-owner,\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel Boone (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1428061\",\n \"text\": \"song had been a UK No. 5 for Pitney in 1967. The duet brought him his first UK No. 1, in late January 1989. The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \\\"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\\\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \\\"Love Decides\\\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Pitney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7331250\",\n \"text\": \"1950s retro band, Fanis. Baker saw them perform in 1975 and became their manager, changing their name to Ol' 55 after the Tom Waits song. Baker's management was astute and presented the group as a combination of retro kitsch, rock music and clever theatrics. Baker introduced chartered accountant Peter Brian to the band, and he became their versatile front man Frankie J. Holden; in October, Baker recruited saxophone player Nick Aitken, who performed as Wilbur Wilde. Ol' 55 had hit singles with \\\"On the Prowl\\\", \\\"Looking for an Echo\\\" and the number one \\\"(I Want A) Rockin' Christmas\\\" (which Baker\",\n \"title\": \"Glenn A. Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3015937\",\n \"text\": \"Rick Derringer Rick Derringer (born Ricky Dean Zehringer; August 5, 1947) is an American guitarist, vocalist, Grammy Award-winning producer and entertainer. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a member of the McCoys, when he was brought in to record lead vocals for the number-one hit single with \\\"Hang On Sloopy\\\". He then turned to blues rock, scoring a 1974 hit with \\\"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\\\". He has worked extensively with brothers Edgar and Johnny Winter, and with the group Steely Dan. He also worked with \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic, producing Yankovic's Grammy Award-winning songs \\\"Eat It\\\" and \\\"Fat\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Derringer\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". On the original hit single version, the track\\n\\nWho had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 213,\n \"origin_tokens\": 214,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context: \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine ranked song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \\\"Tossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10,\\n\\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context Tossin' and TurninTossin' and Turnin'\\\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on July 10 196 and R&B chart has since standard on old compilations It was the number- on \\\"Billboard\\\" chart for 196 after sp seven consecutive weeks at the top It was featured the soundtrack for the 1978 film \\\"Animal House\\\". original version the track\\n: Music of United States in the196:) and strongings many years. aend al of No. onBill\\\" tochanging data methods. When90s de, four. 1 songs tofive, one counts Martyb \\\"El Paso by mid-1s, there always at songs topping chart annually.16, there than2 top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year\\n: Gene: song been a UK5 for in6 brought1,8 The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \\\"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\\\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \\\"Love Decides\\\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\\n\\nWho had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 560,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15327,\n \"ratio\": \"27.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":196,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":196,"string":"196"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Sam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Structure of the Sun","Sun","Orbit of the sun","Solar X-ray astronomy","Internal structure of the Sun","🌞","The Sun","Solarian","Solar glare","Layers of the Sun","Solar photosphere","Solar atmosphere","Solar magnetic field","Sun (astronomy)","Sun gravity","Sunlike","The sun","Atmosphere of the Sun","Exploration of the Sun","Sun (song)","Sun's orbit","Local Star","Sun characteristics","Sol (star)","Sun (star)","Solar diameter","Orbit of the Sun","Local star","Earth's sun","Heliology","Watch sun directly","Parts of the sun"],"string":"[\n \"Structure of the Sun\",\n \"Sun\",\n \"Orbit of the sun\",\n \"Solar X-ray astronomy\",\n \"Internal structure of the Sun\",\n \"🌞\",\n \"The Sun\",\n \"Solarian\",\n \"Solar glare\",\n \"Layers of the Sun\",\n \"Solar photosphere\",\n \"Solar atmosphere\",\n \"Solar magnetic field\",\n \"Sun (astronomy)\",\n \"Sun gravity\",\n \"Sunlike\",\n \"The sun\",\n \"Atmosphere of the Sun\",\n \"Exploration of the Sun\",\n \"Sun (song)\",\n \"Sun's orbit\",\n \"Local Star\",\n \"Sun characteristics\",\n \"Sol (star)\",\n \"Sun (star)\",\n \"Solar diameter\",\n \"Orbit of the Sun\",\n \"Local star\",\n \"Earth's sun\",\n \"Heliology\",\n \"Watch sun directly\",\n \"Parts of the sun\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Sun"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"905604","text":"Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"961450","text":"Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in 1950 at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. There, he discovered and first recorded such influential musicians as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison and Jerry Lee Lewis. Presley's recording contract was eventually sold to RCA Victor Records for $35,000 in 1955 to relieve Sun's financial difficulties. Before those records, Sun had concentrated mainly","title":"Sun Records"},{"id":"12296540","text":"by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Record Collector magazine valued the Beatles related disc (still owned by McCartney) at a value of UK£ 200,000 in their 2016 \"Rare Record Price Guide.\" (A similar one off acetate recording by a pre famous Elvis Presley by Sam Phillips sold at auction for a similar amount previously). Phillips' Sound Recording Services Phillips' Sound Recording Services was a studio in the house of Percy Francis Phillips (1896–1984) and his family at 38 Kensington, Kensington, Liverpool, England. Between the years of 1955 and 1969, Phillips recorded numerous","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"4145744","text":"Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella a Nashville studio, where famed CBS Records producer Billy Sherrill","title":"Phillips Recording"},{"id":"4145746","text":"Knox Phillips has overseen the studio's operations in recent years. Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella","title":"Phillips Recording"},{"id":"961455","text":"Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis grouped round Elvis Presley at the piano, the night when the four joined in an impromptu jam at Sun Records' one-room sound studio, the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" of 4 December 1956. A TV series about the label ran for eight episodes on CMT from February to April, 2017. Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in","title":"Sun Records"},{"id":"4145685","text":"Bros. and Chris Isaak & Silvertone to name a few. In 2003 it was officially recognized as a National Historic Landmark tourist attraction. Sun Studio regularly releases studio session podcasts on YouTube and on Public Television. Sun Studio have announced that PBS affiliate stations will be showing a 30-minute series of \"Sun Studio Sessions\" starting in January 2010. Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business.","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"10296369","text":"by Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Phillips released Presley's recording contract to RCA for the substantial sum, in 1955 dollars, of $35,000 (). This gave RCA the rights to all of Presley's masters recorded at Sun. The first disc presents all eighteen Sun titles from professional recording sessions during the singer's stay at the label. The opening ten tracks comprise the A and b sides of the five officially released Presley singles on the Sun label. Outtakes from sessions at Sun were used to fill in catalogue items for RCA, with five used for Presley's","title":"Sunrise (Elvis Presley album)"},{"id":"905620","text":"Fame, and in 2012 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, on July 30, 2003, only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark, and just over a month before the death of former Sun Records recording star Johnny Cash, on September 12, 2003. Phillips is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis. Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"591226","text":"and 1960s. Beale Street is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American blues, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were \"discovered\" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues. Stax Records created a classic 1960s soul music sound, much grittier and horn-based than","title":"Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"4145659","text":"Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business. Reputedly the first rock and roll single, Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats' \"Rocket 88\" was recorded there in 1951 with song composer Ike Turner on keyboards, leading the studio to claim status as the birthplace of rock & roll. Blues and R&B artists like Howlin' Wolf, Junior Parker, Little Milton, B.B. King, James Cotton, Rufus Thomas, and","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"905609","text":"inspire his work in Memphis. Beginning in 1945, he worked for four years as an announcer and sound engineer for radio station WREC, in Memphis. On January 3, 1950, Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service, at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. He let amateurs record, which drew performers such as B.B. King, Junior Parker, and Howlin' Wolf, who made their first recordings there. Phillips then sold the recordings to larger labels. In addition to musical performances, Phillips recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings. The Memphis Recording Service also served as the studio for Phillips's own label,","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"2547543","text":"called the Cimmerons to entertain his fellow soldiers. Wayne Hause, a neighbor, suggested that Jenkins could make it in the music industry. Soon after hearing Elvis Presley's song \"Mystery Train\", Jenkins began writing rock and roll material. He went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and worked with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder, to get the \"right\" sound. Allegedly, in 1957, Jenkins decided that his real name was not memorable enough and sought a better show business name. In \"The Billboard Book of Number One Hits\" Fred Bronson states that the singer was looking at a road map","title":"Conway Twitty"},{"id":"905615","text":"Got a Hole in It\"), Charlie Rich, Junior Parker, and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, and others, such as Jerry Lee Lewis, BB King, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins, became stars. Phillips's pivotal role in the early days of rock and roll was exemplified by a celebrated jam session on December 4, 1956, with what became known as the Million Dollar Quartet. Jerry Lee Lewis was playing piano for a Carl Perkins recording session at Phillips's studio. When Elvis Presley walked in unexpectedly, Johnny Cash was called into the studio by Phillips, leading to","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"4145660","text":"Rosco Gordon recorded there in the early 1950s. Rock and roll, country music, and rockabilly artists, including Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Charlie Feathers, Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded there throughout the mid-to-late 1950s until the studio outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 1959 to replace the older facility. Since Phillips had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"6017489","text":"Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \"High School Confidential\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \"Great Balls of Fire\" and \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\" The album is sometimes referred to as \"High School Confidential\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.","title":"Jerry Lee Lewis (album)"},{"id":"4145661","text":"In 1957, Bill Justis recorded his Grammy Hall of Fame song \"Raunchy\" for Sam Phillips and worked as a musical director at Sun Records. In 1969, Sam Phillips sold the label to Shelby Singleton, and there was no recording-related or label-related activity again in the building until the September 1985 \"Class of '55\" recording sessions with Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash, produced by Chips Moman. In 1987, the original building housing the Sun Records label and Memphis Recording Service was reopened by Gary Hardy as \"Sun Studio,\" a recording label and tourist attraction that has","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"9039466","text":"WLFP WLFP is a country music radio station. It is licensed to Germantown, Tennessee, and serves the Memphis area. The station broadcasts at 94.1 MHz frequency. WLFP broadcasts in HD. WLFP is a Class C2 FM station that transmits with an ERP of 50,000 watts from a tower just south of the Mississippi state line, near Olive Branch, Mississippi, and its studios are located in Southeast Memphis. The station's original owner was Sam Phillips, who founded Memphis' Sun Records in the 1950s, and is credited with discovering Elvis Presley. The station was originally WLVS-FM (named in honor of Elvis Presley)","title":"WLFP"},{"id":"12296539","text":"mine [and Harrison] on the other side that's never been released before.\" Other customers of Phillips' studio included The Swinging Blue Jeans, Brian Epstein, Freddie Starr, Willy Russell, Liverpool F.C. supporters club, and players from Everton F.C.. Denny Seyton and The Sabres recorded \"Little Latin Lupe Lu\" (Bill Medley) in the studio in 1963. Phillips closed the studio in 1969, the record shop in 1974, and died in 1984, at the Royal Liverpool Hospital. The recording of The Quarrymen acetate and the site of Phillips' Sound Recording Services was commemorated on 26 August 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"4145745","text":"got his start, and a studio in Tupelo, Mississippi for demos. The Nashville and Tupelo studios were short-lived. Sun Records' many artists recorded there until 1969, when the label was sold to Mercury Records producer Shelby Singleton of Nashville. Phillips Recording continued operating, and hosted recordings by a newer generation of rock-and-roll groups like the Cramps, starting in 1979, drawn in part by the mystique of Sam Phillips. Numerous Memphis veteran sessions musicians of several genres, from soul to country, rock and others, have worked there over the years, and the studio still records various musical styles. Sam Phillips' son","title":"Phillips Recording"},{"id":"905613","text":"already a well-known Memphis radio personality. On 18 July 1953, the eighteen-year-old Presley dropped into the studio to record an acetate for his mother's birthday; Keisker thought she heard some talent in the young truck driver's voice, and so she turned on the tape recorder. Later, she played it for Phillips, who gradually, with Keisker's encouragement, warmed to the idea of recording Elvis. Presley, who recorded his version of Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup's \"That's All Right\" at Phillips's studio, became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States. He auditioned for Phillips in 1954, but it was","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"8414251","text":"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography The Johnny Cash Sun Records discography details the music recorded by country music legend Johnny Cash and released on Sun Records. From late 1954 to July, 1958, Cash recorded for Sun Records, a label founded by Sam Phillips and located at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Despite making his final recordings for Sun in 1958 and subsequently moving to Columbia Records, Phillips amassed sufficient backlog to continue to release new material by Cash in single and album format until as late as 1964. Cash was the first Sun artist to release an LP The following","title":"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography"},{"id":"118971","text":"the record as a gift for his mother, or that he was merely interested in what he \"sounded like\", although there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argued that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, \"I sing all kinds.\" When she pressed him on who he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, \"I don't sound like nobody.\" After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"905618","text":"the first investors in Holiday Inn, a motel chain that was about to expand to a nationwide franchise; he became involved with the chain shortly after selling Elvis Presley's contract to RCA, for $35,000, which he multiplied many times over the years with Holiday Inn. He also created two subsidiary recording labels, Phillips International Records and Holiday Inn Records. He owned the Sun Studio Café in Memphis. One location was in the Mall of Memphis. Phillips and his family founded Big River Broadcasting Corporation, which owns and operates several radio stations in the Florence, Alabama, area, including WQLT-FM, WSBM, and","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"11424347","text":"B. King worked there as a disc jockey. B. B. King's moniker was derived from his WDIA nickname, \"Beale Street Blues Boy\", a reference to Memphis' Beale Street on which many nightclubs and blues venues were located. WHER, the first all-female station (\"All-Girl Radio\"), was founded in 1955 by the recording studio owner Sam Phillips and Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson. In addition to a rich musical heritage, Memphis also boasts a long culinary legacy dominated by regional barbecue. Memphis barbecue is rendered distinct by its sole usage of pork (as opposed to beef), focus on rib and shoulder cuts","title":"History of Memphis, Tennessee"},{"id":"12398843","text":"Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \"Marvin Gaye Studios\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \"I Want You\", \"Here, My Dear\", the hit single \"Got to Give It Up\", his shelved","title":"Marvin's Room (studio)"},{"id":"4145666","text":"Some biographers have suggested that it was Phillips' inventive creativeness that led to the song's unique sound, but others put it down to the fact that the amplifier used on the record was broken, leading to a \"fuzzy\" sound. The Sun Studio tour lends credence to the latter, with the tour guide saying the amplifier was stuffed with wads of newspaper. In early 1952, Phillips once again launched his own record label, this time calling it Sun Records. During his first year he recorded several artists who would go on to have successful careers. Among them were B.B. King, Joe","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"905616","text":"an impromptu session featuring the four musicians. Phillips challenged the four to achieve gold record sales, offering a free Cadillac to the first, which Carl Perkins won. The contest is commemorated in a song by the Drive-By Truckers. By the mid-1960s, Phillips rarely recorded. He built a satellite studio and opened radio stations, but the studio declined, and he sold Sun Records to Shelby Singleton in 1969. In 1977 Sam's sons, Knox and Jerry, were working with John Prine at the Phillips Recording Studio when Sam Phillips joined them to oversee recordings that were eventually included on the album \"Pink","title":"Sam Phillips"},{"id":"4145663","text":"Larry Taylor and Richard Innes for his 2010 release at the studio. In July 2009, John Mellencamp recorded nine songs for his album \"No Better Than This\" at the studio. In 2011, Chris Isaak released \"Beyond the Sun,\" a collection of songs recorded at Sun Studio, most of which are cover versions of songs originally released on Sun Records. In January 1950, WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"3454904","text":"The Sun Sessions The Sun Sessions is a compilation album of Elvis Presley recordings at Sun Studios in 1954 and 1955. It was issued by RCA Records in 1976, and had been issued and charted as The Sun Collection in the UK the previous year. It features liner notes by Roy Carr of the New Musical Express. The album features most of the tracks Elvis recorded at Sun studio and were produced by Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Studios. Elvis began his singing career with Sun Records label in Memphis. Phillips signed Presley after hearing a song that he","title":"The Sun Sessions"},{"id":"1265378","text":"Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road Studios (formerly known as EMI Recording Studios) is a recording studio at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established in November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, which owned it until Universal Music took control of part of EMI in 2013. Abbey Road Studios is most notable as being the 1960s' venue for innovative recording techniques adopted by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Hollies, as well as others. One of its earliest world-famous-artist clients was Paul Robeson, who recorded there in December","title":"Abbey Road Studios"},{"id":"961375","text":"known as Franz Douskey), an occasional Memphis musician and friend of Sam Phillips, and Gary Skala, that Lewis went back to record at Sun Records. In 1960, Phillips opened a new state-of-the-art studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, abandoning the old Union Avenue studio where Phillips had recorded B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, Lewis, Johnny Cash and others, and also opened a studio in Nashville. It was at the latter studio that Lewis recorded his only major hit during this period, a rendition of Ray Charles's \"What'd I Say\" in 1961. In Europe, other","title":"Jerry Lee Lewis"},{"id":"14986692","text":"chance meeting with Sunnyland Slim, Vinson relocated from Mississippi to Memphis, Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vinson continued to play at local juke house and rural community parties. By the early 1950s, he was working as a custodian at the Taylor Boarding Home, where artists often stayed whilst recording next door at the Sun Records studio. Sun's founder and producer, Sam Phillips, occasionally asked Vinson to accompany musicians in the studio. Vinson played there with James Cotton on \"Cotton Crop Blues\" (1954) and with Jimmy DeBerry on \"Take a Little Chance\". Phillips also allowed Vinson to record some tracks","title":"Mose Vinson"},{"id":"12398846","text":"the city. Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \"Marvin Gaye Studios\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \"I Want You\", \"Here, My Dear\", the hit single \"Got to Give It Up\",","title":"Marvin's Room (studio)"},{"id":"4711307","text":"of the Country and Western and Rhythm and blues division, Steve Sholes. At the urging of Parker, on November 21, 1955, Sholes bought Presley's contract from Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Records and Studio, for the unprecedented sum of $35,000 (approximately $318,500 in 2017 dollars). Presley and rock and roll were still untested properties for the major labels in the music business, but this album, along with the number 1 single \"Heartbreak Hotel\", proved the selling power of both: it was the first RCA Victor pop album to earn more than $1,000,000, and in 1966 it had sold over","title":"Elvis Presley (album)"},{"id":"1153606","text":"for the single. Sholes was attempting to recapture the Sun Records sound, but he was unaware that Sun founder Sam Phillips had used two tape recorders and a slight time delay to create it on previous Presley recordings. When Phillips first heard \"Heartbreak Hotel\", he remarked that it was a \"morbid mess\". Most others at RCA agreed, declaring \"Heartbreak Hotel\" a terrible choice of song, especially after hearing that the finished recording sounded nothing like Presley's Sun recordings. Internal memos from the time show that every one of RCA's executive corps disliked it so much that one of them insisted","title":"Heartbreak Hotel"},{"id":"4145664","text":"now that it was a reality he was overjoyed. However, getting the company off the ground was not an easy task. To create revenue at the beginning, Phillips would record conventions, weddings, choirs, and even funerals. He also held an open door policy, allowing anybody to walk in and, for a small fee, record their own record. Phillips' slogan for his studio was \"We Record Anything, Anywhere, Anytime.\" In June, Phillips and a friend, local DJ Dewey Phillips who was no relation, set up their own record label called Phillips Records. The purpose of the label was to record \"negro","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"12296526","text":"popular records. In 1955, Phillips set up a recording studio called Phillips' Sound Recording Services. In 1958, The Quarrymen (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John 'Duff' Lowe and Colin Hanton) recorded \"That'll Be The Day\", and \"In Spite of All the Danger\" in the studio. Other clients included Billy Fury, Ken Dodd, and Marty Wilde. Phillips died in 1984. The Quarrymen recording and the site of the studio was commemorated in 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Percy Phillips was born in March 1896,","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"1423742","text":"singles charted in the UK. The Mamas & the Papas cut their first three albums at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, while the group's subsequent releases were recorded at the eight-track studio John and Michelle Phillips built at their home in Bel Air (at a time when four-track recording was still the norm). John Phillips said, \"I got the idea to transform the attic into my own recording studio, so I could stay high all the time and never have to worry about studio time. I began assembling the state-of-the-art equipment and ran the cost up to about a hundred","title":"The Mamas & the Papas"},{"id":"3916546","text":"Cordell Jackson Cordell Jackson (July 15, 1923 – October 14, 2004) was an American guitarist thought to be the first woman to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label. She was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi, on July 15, 1923, and died in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 14, 2004. Jackson founded the Moon Records label in Memphis in 1956 after a few years of recording demos at Sam Phillips' Memphis Recording Service and Sun Records Studio. Unable to break into the Sun Records label's stable of male artists, she received the advice and assistance","title":"Cordell Jackson"},{"id":"12296531","text":"with his eight-year-old daughter, Carol, singing, \"Mr Sandman\". All the discs had \"Play with a light-weight pick-up\" on the label, as this would increase the life of the disc, which would eventually wear out. Phillips advertised the studio as Phillips' Sound Recording Services (also advertised as P. F. Phillips' Professional Tape & Disc Recording Service), and his business cards read: \"PF Phillips, 38 Kensington, Liverpool, 7. Television and Battery Service. Gramophone Record Dealer. Professional Tape and Disc Recording Studio.\" He started cutting discs for members of the public, as well as for actors from the Liverpool Playhouse, who often stayed","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"13871067","text":"Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave Davies put this and money from recent hits like \"Lola\" towards a new studio of their own in Hornsey, a mile down the road from their home territory of Muswell Hill. In the past few years the group had mainly been recording at Morgan Studios, in Willesden, London. Albums recorded there included \"Lola","title":"Konk (recording studio)"},{"id":"930312","text":"in the area around the old Highbury stadium is highly sought after, and prices for apartments within the stadium start at £300k. For 40 years from 1965, Highbury New Park was home to Wessex Studios. Created by Beatles producer Sir George Martin (who grew up on Drayton Park in Highbury), the studios saw the recording of some of the best-known albums created by bands including Queen, Genesis, the Rolling Stones, the Sex Pistols and the Clash. The building is now a block of residential apartments called \"The Recording Studio\" and located at 106, Highbury New Park. (Refs: George Martin speaking","title":"Highbury"},{"id":"1477621","text":"the other, but both sung in the same vein. Presley's unique musical style rocketed him into the spotlight, and drew masses of followers: \"But it's Presley's singing, halfway between a country western and a R&B rock 'n' roll style that has sent teenagers into a trance. Whether you like it or not, there will always be an Elvis Presley.\" Presley's first, historical recordings took place at Sun Records, a small independent label run by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee. The historical significance of these first Presley recordings and their impact on future musical artists is well exemplified by the actions","title":"Rockabilly"},{"id":"4145682","text":"seated at the piano surrounded by Lewis, Perkins and Cash (the uncropped version of the photo also includes Evans, shown seated atop the piano). This photo proves Cash was there, but the audio doesn't provide substantial proof he joined in on the session. For several years after Presley left Sun, Phillips had success with other acts. Sun Studio became known as a place that nurtured talent and then encouraged it to expand with bigger labels. In 1959, Phillips moved Sun Studio to larger premises at 639 Madison Avenue. By the mid 1960s, Phillips had lost interest in recording and had","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"13207675","text":"got five songs here last night. We asked ourselves, 'What the fuck were we doing in the 70s and 80s, spending days and days on a drum sound, when it was all right here the whole time?' \"Everything was set up exactly as Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley recorded. They had 'X' marks made with electrical tape on the floor where Elvis and his musicians stood and where the instruments were placed, because Sam Philips walked around the room and decided where everything sounded best\". Mellencamp wanted to record at the now-derelict Brunswick Records Building in Dallas, where Robert Johnson","title":"No Better Than This"},{"id":"4145669","text":"recording. A few biographers have said that this article, printed in the \"Memphis Press-Scimitar\" on July 15, influenced Elvis Presley to seek out Sun to record a demo record. In August 1953, fresh out of his high school graduation the previous June, the 18½ year old Presley walked into the offices of Sun. He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc: \"My Happiness\" and \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\". He would later claim he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or was merely interested in what he \"sounded","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"10098864","text":"summer of 1958, the Quarrymen recorded two songs at Phillips' Sound Recording Services in their hometown of Liverpool. It was the group's first recording session, for which they paid 17s 6d (87.5p or £ in ). The recordings were pressed onto a mono 10-inch 78 rpm shellac disc, then the sessions tapes were erased to be reused with new customers. Because of the low quality and age of the recordings, the songs are filled with a hiss but are still listenable. The record was not intended for release but for the Quarrymen's personal use. In 1981, Lowe sold the record","title":"The Beatles' recording sessions"},{"id":"1349293","text":"have [an electric guitar] myself. 'Had' to have one, short of stealing!\" In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. Before his RPM contract, King had debuted on Bullet Records by issuing the single, \"Miss Martha King\" (1949), which did not chart well. \"My very first recordings [in 1949] were for a company out of Nashville called Bullet, the Bullet Record Transcription company,\" King recalled. \"I had horns that very first session. I had Phineas Newborn on piano; his father","title":"B.B. King"},{"id":"11555716","text":"recording their attendant soundtracks in either Nashville or Hollywood. After the success of his Christmas special on NBC in December 1968, Presley made a decision not to continue with business as usual, but instead to return to recording in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee, to take advantage of the thriving soul music scene active at the city's studios such as Stax and Hi Records. Presley chose American Studios, run by songwriter Chips Moman, for several reasons. First, their music staff was populated by session musicians steeped in Elvis' upbringing in blues, country, gospel, and rock and roll; second, they knew","title":"Suspicious Minds (album)"},{"id":"3908037","text":"DJ and independent record producer, Hoss Allen who cut several soul and gospel records in the studio, including some of the earliest session work by a young, hotshot ex-GI guitarist named \"Jimi Hendrix\". In 1968, Pierce sold Starday to the Nashville-based LIN Broadcasting Corporation which also purchased the renowned Cincinnati-based R&B and country label, King Records. As Starday-King Records, the label became the largest independent record label in the world, and King’s biggest star, \"James Brown\", began cutting records at the Starday studio. Brown loved the studio and continued to record there for several years after leaving King to sign","title":"Starday Records"},{"id":"4145671","text":"Way\" and \"It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You\"—but again nothing came of it. Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused to a broader audience. As Keisker reported, \"Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'\" In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, \"Without You\", that he thought might suit the teenaged singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"10339761","text":"place in RCA's newly constructed studio in Nashville, where Presley would continue to record through 1971. Original recordings produced by Sam Phillips or Steve Sholes. This compilation received a 1992 Grammy nomination for Best Historical Album, only to lose that award to the boxed set \"The Complete Capitol Recordings of The Nat 'King' Cole Trio\". \"Chart positions for LPs and EPs from Billboard Top Pop Albums chart; peak positions for EPA 4114 and EPA 4325 from EP chart commenced October 1957; positions for singles from Billboard Pop Singles chart. Certain recordings derive from acetates or from primitive recording equipment, and","title":"The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters"},{"id":"3654094","text":"CD by NRC. Other Ray Smith single cuts have been released on CD by London-based Ace Records. Almost all of Ray Smith's Judd and Sun studio tracks and cuts have been released on Germany's Bear Family Records Records. NRC, Judd, and affiliated labels are owned and administered by Johnny Carter, president of National Recording Corporation. Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder","title":"Judd Records"},{"id":"1477654","text":"Roll Trio. In Memphis Sam Phillips used various techniques to create similar acoustics at his Memphis Recording Services Studio. The shape of the ceiling, corrugated tiles, and the setup of the studio were augmented by \"slap-back\" tape echo which involved feeding the original signal from one tape machine through a second machine. The echo effect had been used, less subtly, on Wilf Carter Victor records of the 1930s, and in Eddy Arnold's 1945 \"Cattle Call\". According to Cowboy Jack Clement, who took over production duties from Sam Phillips, \"There's two heads; one records, and one plays back. The sound comes","title":"Rockabilly"},{"id":"14947741","text":"The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \"My Happiness\", with \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\" on the flipside. Presley's recording was managed by Phillips' secretary, Marion Keisker, who also kept a demo recording for the","title":"The Blue Moon Boys"},{"id":"8244808","text":"IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \"International Broadcasting Company\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by Don Arden and was run by his son David Arden. In its long history,","title":"IBC Studios"},{"id":"16818129","text":"with the U.S. Air Force in Germany, and adapted it into \"Folsom Prison Blues.\" Cash said in the 1990s, \"At the time, I really had no idea I would be a professional recording artist; I wasn't trying to rip anybody off.\" Nonetheless, Jenkins was not credited on the original record from Sun Records. According to Cash's manager Lou Robin, Cash acknowledged the debt to Jenkins's song, but was reassured by Sun founder Sam Phillips that he had no reason to fear a plagiarism suit. Fifteen years later, Jenkins sued for royalties. In the early 1970s, after the song became popular,","title":"Crescent City Blues"},{"id":"16115988","text":"and CBS shot the \"Perry Mason\" television series there from 1962–1966. In 1966, Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss purchased the studio from CBS to serve as a headquarters for A&M Records. A&M Records had grown from $500,000 in revenues in 1964 to $30 million in 1967. Alpert and Moss reportedly \"astonished the big network by having their bank deliver a cashier's check for more than $1 million, the full amount.\" A&M converted two of the old soundstages and Chaplin's swimming pool into a recording studio. A 1968 profile on Alpert and Moss described their renovation of Chaplin's old studios: The","title":"Jim Henson Company Lot"},{"id":"17794881","text":"and converted to meet the demands of a recording studio. A restaurant opened on the ground floor, whereas the Meistersaal was reborn as \"Studio 2\". Over the next years, the Meistersaal became famous worldwide within the music industry as it was the recording studio of choice for many pop stars from around the globe, including U2, Iggy Pop, Depeche Mode, David Bowie, Eartha Kitt, Richard Clayderman, Marillion, Mike Batt, David Byrne, Nick Cave, Snow Patrol, Jon Bon Jovi and Supergrass to name but a few. Rubbing shoulders with the international stars were the local heroes of the time, including Peter","title":"Meistersaal"},{"id":"3654092","text":"Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder but the name was misspelled in the artwork of the label having two \"D's.\" From Judd 1016 on, the label was pressed and distributed by National Recording Corporation, and the label sported the NRC logo and/or the words \"National Recording Corporation - Atlanta, GA\". According to Jud Phillips' son, NRC acquired the Judd label originally","title":"Judd Records"},{"id":"4205316","text":"by country music legend Hank Williams. Frank Sinatra declared that Miller's choices of songs had ruined his career, and he promptly switched over to Capitol Records, where he chose his own songs and began making hit records again. However, Boyd felt a great deal of loyalty to Miller. He did not follow through with his own wish to go to Memphis and record with Sam Phillips at his Sun Records, where the dawn of rock and roll was beginning with many of the new rock artists of the time. Instead, he concentrated more on movies and television, and finishing his","title":"Jimmy Boyd"},{"id":"934395","text":"was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid VAT of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home in order to help pay the settlement. Earning enough money from his record store, Branson in 1972 launched the record label Virgin Records with Nik Powell. The name \"Virgin\" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business. Branson bought a country estate north of Oxford in which he installed a residential recording studio, The Manor Studio. He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield,","title":"Richard Branson"},{"id":"13871072","text":"mainly for mixing and editing tracks. Over time many artists have recorded at the studio. Some of these include the Stone Roses, the Kooks, Blur, Franz Ferdinand, Elvis Costello, Steve Winwood, and the Bee Gees. Bombay Bicycle Club recorded their album \"I Had the Blues But I Shook Them Loose\" at the studio. Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave","title":"Konk (recording studio)"},{"id":"14143592","text":"Records\" was produced by the Sun Record Company of Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the early 1920s. Many or all of the masters pressed were leased from the US-based Okeh Records. There were as many as eight other record companies that preceded and/or were contemporary with the Memphis label Sun Records run by Sam Phillips, the most famous of the companies by that name. The other Sun Records that preceded the Memphis company by nearly forty years in one case, and six years in the other, or even those that were contemporary with it were never as significant to the history","title":"Sun Records (other companies)"},{"id":"6694500","text":"studio is located centrally in the historic Music Row district. Currently studio B is managed by the Country Music Hall of Fame and it runs scheduled tours of the facility. Beyond the countless recordings made by legendary music artists here, Elvis Presley is known to have made more than two hundred song recordings at this location. The National Park Service subsequently listed it on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Built by Dan Maddox in 1956, it was constructed at the request of Chet Atkins and Steve Sholes to facilitate the needs of RCA Victor Records and other","title":"RCA Studio B"},{"id":"9879335","text":"Billy Lee Riley Billy Lee Riley (October 5, 1933 – August 2, 2009) was an American rockabilly musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. His most memorable recordings include \"Rock With Me Baby\", \"Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll\" and \"Red Hot\". Riley was born in Pocahontas, Arkansas, the son of a sharecropper. He learned to play the guitar from black farm workers. After four years in the Army, he first recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1955, before being persuaded by Sam Phillips to record for Sun Studios. He then recorded \"Trouble Bound\", produced by Jack Clement and Slim Wallace. Phillips obtained the","title":"Billy Lee Riley"},{"id":"7983681","text":"Angeles studio to Chrysalis Records under Sir George Martin, with Stone continuing to manage the facility. In 1989 he sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management. In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium lit by skylight, holding a jacuzzi and a billiard table. On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened the Northern California location in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going on line. Ginger Mews, ex-manager of Wally Heider Studios, was named studio manager","title":"Record Plant"},{"id":"4145684","text":"the firm to Nashville, and sold the building to a plumbing company, who eventually sold it to an auto parts store. Since, Sun Records Studio has been used as a setting for the film biopics \"Walk the Line\", \"Great Balls of Fire\", \"Mystery Train\" and \"Elvis\". In 1987, ten years after Presley died, Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue was converted back into a recording studio, and soon became a tourist attraction for Presley fans and music lovers in general. The studio was also used by several well known acts to record, including U2, Def Leppard, John Mellencamp, the Bogus","title":"Sun Studio"},{"id":"5058649","text":"with a local band. In 1956, Clement was part of one of the seminal events in rock-and-roll history when he was hired as a producer and engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Subsequently, Clement worked with future stars such as Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. Most notably, he discovered and recorded Jerry Lee Lewis while Phillips was away on a trip to Florida. One of those recordings, \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\", was selected in 2005 for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress. In 1957, Clement wrote the song \"Ballad of","title":"Jack Clement"},{"id":"14143593","text":"of 20th century music as Sam Phillips' little record company that operated out of his Memphis Recording Service. Since Sam had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artist starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson. Two Sun Records were offered on eBay.com in August and September 2006 and were pressed in Germany, probably around 1905–1912, for the Sun Record Company of Bombay, India, and referred to on the label as the Sun Disc Record to differentiate the discs from cylinder records also produced by the company. This Sun Record Company","title":"Sun Records (other companies)"},{"id":"20904803","text":"Mira Ann Smith Mira Ann Smith (a.k.a. Myra Smith) (born 1926—died August 29, 1989) was an American songwriter, music industry pioneer, record label owner, studio engineer, and multi-instrumentalist. In 1955, she founded Royal Audio Music, Inc. (a.k.a. Ram Records) and became one of the first women to own her own record company. Her success led some in the music business to dub her “the female Sam Phillips.\" Smith is most well known for the songs she wrote with singer/songwriter, Margaret Lewis (Warwick), many of which charted on the \"Billboard\" Top 10. Smith and Lewis found their greatest songwriting success with","title":"Mira Ann Smith"},{"id":"700295","text":"had its first major \"crossover\" hit on the \"Billboard\" pop chart when the \"Sh-Boom\" by The Chords reached No.5 (although The Crew-Cuts' version went to No. 1). Atlantic missed an important signing in 1955 when Sun owner Sam Phillips sold Elvis Presley's recording contract in a bidding war between labels. Atlantic offered $25,000 which, Ertegun later noted, \"was all the money we had then.\" But they were outbid by RCA's offer of $45,000. In 1990 Ertegun remarked, \"The president of RCA at the time had been extensively quoted in \"Variety\" damning R&B music as immoral. He soon stopped when RCA","title":"Atlantic Records"},{"id":"10405482","text":"Elvis at Sun Elvis at Sun is a compact disc compilation of Elvis Presley's studio recordings at Sun Studio from 1954 to 1955, released in June 2004, BMG Heritage 61205. This set features master recordings made by Presley and his accompanists, Scotty Moore and Bill Black, occasionally augmented by other musicians, prior to his arrival on RCA Records in 1956. Tapes for at least two songs have been lost, Sun versions of \"I Got A Woman\" and \"Satisfied;\" the former would be recorded for Presley during his first RCA session. All of the studio commercial recordings were produced by Sam","title":"Elvis at Sun"},{"id":"20338915","text":"An enduring myth from the fifties is that the young unknown Elvis was daunted by the performance on record of an (unknown) singer. The story is that Elvis as an undiscovered 18 year old was introduced to a demo record of \"Without You\" by Sam Phillips on 24 Jun 1954. (Elvis had already visited Sun before that to record two sessions for personal use, and Marion Keisker had taken note of his potential). Sam had a stack of demos that had been sent into him, one was a disk of an unknown ballad \"Without You\", by an unknown singer with","title":"Jimmy Sweeney"},{"id":"14518702","text":"his first songwriting successes in the late 1950s, when George Jones recorded his song \"Achin', Breakin' Heart\", Brenda Lee recorded \"She'll Never Know\", and Roy Orbison recorded \"Sweet and Innocent\". In 1960, he started a company based in Florence, Alabama, together with fellow ex-Fairlanes member Billy Sherrill, the future producer of Tammy Wynette's records. They named their company FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) and opened their first primitive studio above a drugstore. Producer Sam Phillips, originally from Florence, Alabama, was an early mentor. During a 2015 interview with \"The New York Times\", Hall recalled those early days. \"We would sit","title":"Rick Hall"},{"id":"19750742","text":"Matt Ross-Spang Matt Ross-Spang is a multiple Grammy Award winning American record producer, engineer, and mixer. His credits include such artists as Jason Isbell, Margo Price, John Prine and Elvis Presley. Matt Ross-Spang, born in Memphis, Tennessee, began working at the Legendary Sun Studio when he was just 16, working his way from an intern to the Chief Engineer. Wanting to capture what made Sun Studio great, Ross-Spang championed hard to find, install, and use the same period equipment that Sam Phillips engineered with from the 1950s. His 11 years of dedication to Sun, and its signature sound, garnered national","title":"Matt Ross-Spang"},{"id":"2986023","text":"number with him. King contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who sat in with his band. They were well received and the club owner booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. In the 50s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-Am, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour. Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm down to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise","title":"Kings of Rhythm"},{"id":"3471793","text":"\"Bear Cat\", by Rufus Thomas which reached number 3. That led to a successful copyright lawsuit for $35,000, which is said to have led Sam Phillips of Sun Records to sell Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA. Today, this practice is most common in hip hop music and filk, especially as the continuation of a feud between performers; the Roxanne Wars was a notable example that resulted in over a hundred answer songs. Answer songs also played a part in the battle over turf in The Bridge Wars. Sometimes, an answer record imitated the original very closely and occasionally, a","title":"Answer song"},{"id":"3686147","text":"Paisley Park Records Paisley Park Records was an American record label founded by musician Prince in 1985, which was distributed by and funded in part by Warner Bros. Records. It was started in 1985, following the success of the film and album \"Purple Rain\". The label shares its name with Prince's recording complex Paisley Park Studios and the song \"Paisley Park\" on his 1985 \"Around the World in a Day\" album. Paisley Park was opened to the public as a museum and memorial to Prince following his death. October 28, 2016, is officially known as Paisley Park Day in the","title":"Paisley Park Records"},{"id":"11600005","text":"Nighthawk. Soon after touring, he toured again with Sonny Boy Williamson II for several years, who helped teach him how to play the harmonica. While playing with guitarist Big Jack Johnson, Frost attracted the interest of the record producer Sam Phillips, founder of Sun Records. Some recordings of note that followed included \"Hey Boss Man\" and \"My Back Scratcher\". Frost also recorded for the Jewel label, four years later. The Sun Records and Jewel Records material was re-released on one CD by Charly Records of London, England. In the late 1970s, Frost was re-discovered by a blues enthusiast, Michael Franks,","title":"Frank Frost"},{"id":"10231038","text":"recorded at Sound Techniques in 1968. In 1970 during his early career as a session musician, Elton John recorded an album of songs written by the artists on Witchseason, as an attempt to make them more widely known through a more commercial style. The studio closed in 1976 when the lease on the building ran out and Frost and Wood were unable to purchase the property due to lack of funds. As of 2018 a documentary film about the studio is in production, directed by Neil Innes and Nick Turner and provisionally titled \"The Parts You Don't Hear\". Sound Techniques","title":"Sound Techniques"},{"id":"9054239","text":"rock n' roll record, \"Breaktime\", by The Masters, which consisted of himself, Paul Buff, and Ronnie Williams. In 1964, Zappa bought the studio and renamed it Studio Z. Zappa lived at the studio building for a few months before it was closed in 1965. The building had to be torn down in order to widen North Archibald Avenue. Zappa made many other recordings at the studio. Some were released by small Los Angeles record companies, such as Original Sound. Other recordings were kept in his vault and released on albums such as \"Lumpy Gravy\" (1968), \"Mystery Disc\" (1985), \"The Lost","title":"Pal Recording Studio"},{"id":"3673581","text":"\"Hank Snow Tour\" to book him and tour him. Although Neal remained Presley's official manager, Parker was becoming increasingly involved in the running of his career, and by the summer of 1955 he had become Presley's \"special advisor.\" As Presley was still a minor, his parents had to sign the contract with Parker on his behalf. Part of Parker's role was to secure a new recording contract with a bigger label. Presley had been at Sun Records since the beginning of his career, but Sam Phillips, the owner of Presley's current label, was aware that for Presley to have any","title":"Colonel Tom Parker"},{"id":"8244811","text":"Madonna used the system to appear as her virtual self at the Grammy Awards. IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \"International Broadcasting Company\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by","title":"IBC Studios"},{"id":"119009","text":"at the box office. Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made. On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and had an impromptu jam session, along with Johnny Cash. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure that the session was captured on tape. The results, none officially released for 25 years, became known as the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" recordings. The year ended with a front-page story in \"The Wall Street Journal\" reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22","title":"Elvis Presley"},{"id":"961385","text":"Rick Bragg notes that the songs Lewis was recording \"were of the kind they were starting to call 'hard country', not because it had a rock beat or crossed over into rock in a real way, but because it was more substantial than the cloying, overproduced mess out there on country radio\". In a remarkable turnaround, Lewis became the most bankable country star in the world. He was so huge in 1970 that his former Smash producer Shelby Singleton, who purchased Sun Records from Sam Phillips in July 1969, wasted no time in repackaging many of Lewis's old country recordings","title":"Jerry Lee Lewis"},{"id":"9110521","text":"Broadcasting Corporation on February 21, 1973. Big River Broadcasting is owned by the family of Sam Phillips, the legendary record producer and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member most notable for founding Sun Records and discovering Elvis Presley. The station's signal was boosted to 100,000 watts in 1978 and the station was assigned the current WQLT-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 1, 1978. This was the first regional top-40 station in North Alabama and forced several AM's to change format. Q-107's original line-up offered four hour shifts starting at 6 am and included J.Micheal Pruitt","title":"WQLT-FM"},{"id":"14947747","text":"in 1965 of a brain tumor. In 2007, the Blue Moon Boys were inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville. The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \"My Happiness\", with \"That's","title":"The Blue Moon Boys"},{"id":"1946577","text":"Juliet\" by The Reflections. The early, pre-Motown songs by Edwin Starr (\"War\"), such as \"Agent Double-O-Soul\", were recorded in the Golden World studio. Golden World operated from 1962 to 1968. The label and its subsidiaries were purchased by Berry Gordy in 1966, and folded into Gordy's Motown Record Corporation. The Golden World studio became Motown's \"Studio B\", working in support of the original Motown recording studio (Studio A) at Hitsville USA. Before its purchase by Gordy, the studio's recordings often included moonlighting Motown back-up musicians, including James Jamerson on bass and George McGregor, who was the studio percussionist. The famous","title":"Golden World Records"},{"id":"7308339","text":"WHER (defunct) WHER (1430 kHz AM) was the first \"All-Girl\" radio station when it went on the air in October 1955. Staffed almost exclusively by women (including broadcasting pioneer Vida Jane Butler), the station spawned a series of imitators, but later evolved into a mixed-gender staff rechristened WWEE. The radio station was the brainchild of Sam Phillips, who used a portion of the $35,000 he made from the sale of Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA Records to finance the station. A portion of the balance of the funding came from Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson, who also provided the","title":"WHER (defunct)"},{"id":"16003308","text":"Royal Studios has served a variety of artists during its operation. The list below is of notable albums which feature recordings from Royal Studios. These albums went Platinum, Gold or won a Grammy or other significant recognition. Royal Studios Royal Studios is a recording studio located in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1956, it is one of the oldest continuously operated music recording studios in the world. It is widely known for producer, recording artist and owner, Willie Mitchell, and notable productions of Al Green, Chuck Berry, John Mayer, Buddy Guy, My Morning Jacket, Robert Cray, De La Soul,","title":"Royal Studios"},{"id":"5626923","text":"Trident Studios Trident Studios was a British recording facility, located at 17 St. Anne's Court in London's Soho district between 1968 and 1981. It was constructed in 1967 by Norman Sheffield, a drummer of former 1960s group the Hunters, and his brother Barry. \"My Name is Jack\" by Manfred Mann was recorded at Trident in March 1968, and helped launch the studio's reputation. Some well-known albums and singles recorded at Trident include The Beatles' \"White Album\" (some recording was also done at Abbey Road Studios) as well as their single \"Hey Jude\", Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind\", David Bowie's","title":"Trident Studios"},{"id":"15699884","text":"it clear that no one, not even Johnny Cash, was going to dictate who did and did not get an audition on his record label. After what had happened to the careers of Presley and Cash, artists were coming to Sam Phillips in droves. Elvis, Cash, and Orbison had failed to persuade Phillips to sign Orbison. On the day that Je–Wel released The Teen Kings' single, Orbison took a copy to Cecil \"Pop\" Holifield (1905–1974) of Odessa, who owned two record stores (\"The Record Shop\"), one in Odessa and one in Midland. Holifield was also had promoted local concerts for","title":"Je–Wel"},{"id":"11629444","text":"the 1950s, Perkins invited him to sing a song and told him to talk to Sam Phillips, owner of Sun Records. The meeting came to nothing, but Trammell moved to Long Beach, California soon after in hopes of landing a recording contract. While in California, he took a job in a Ford manufacturing plant. He saw Bobby Bare play at a carnival and convinced Bare to let him come on stage for a few songs. Lefty Frizzell, who was in attendance at the fair, asked him to open for a show at the Jubilee Ballroom, a venue in Baldwin Park,","title":"Bobby Lee Trammell"},{"id":"267178","text":"of his efforts until September 1971, when as a session musician and bass guitarist for the Arthur Louis Band, he attended recording sessions at The Manor Studio near Kidlington, Oxfordshire, owned by a young Richard Branson and run by engineers Tom Newman and Simon Heyworth. Branson already had several business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records, together with Simon Draper. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfield's demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, who eventually gave Oldfield one week's worth of recording time at The Manor. During this week, he completed","title":"Mike Oldfield"},{"id":"2390484","text":"first single, \"Sally Sue Brown\", under the name of June Alexander (short for Junior), which was released in 1960 on Jud Phillips' Judd Records. (Phillips is the brother of music pioneer Sam Phillips). A year later, Alexander cut \"You Better Move On\" at a former tobacco warehouse-turned-recording studio in Muscle Shoals. Released on Nashville's Dot Records, the song became a soul/R&B chart hit, and laid the foundation for the modern recording studio FAME. \"You Better Move On\" is perhaps Alexander's best-known song, covered by the Rolling Stones, the Hollies, George Jones & Johnny Paycheck, Gene Clark (from The Byrds) and","title":"Arthur Alexander"},{"id":"9651270","text":"of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt\", Eggers first heard Van Zandt's song \"Tecumseh Valley\" when producer Jack Clement played a demo of it recorded at a Houston recording studio in 1966, with Eggers marveling, \"I thought it was an absolute classic song. When I heard it I said, 'This is a brilliant songwriter.' I told Jack right then and there that I would sign Townes and make a record with him. Townes was brilliant from day one.\" Clement, who had been an engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records and an established songwriter himself, offered to produce the album","title":"For the Sake of the Song"},{"id":"12296532","text":"in the first-floor boarding rooms above the studio, who were sometimes asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems. These included the actors John Thaw, Richard Briers, and the ventriloquist Ray Alan. For the first couple of years, Phillips made music compilation discs for local businesses such as the local ice rink or cinema, men singing songs for loved ones, children playing an instrument, or even a neighbour’s dog howling along to piano accompaniment. As the record shop and studio took over the business, he had a brass plate made which he put on the wall just outside the front","title":"Phillips' Sound Recording Services"},{"id":"6694504","text":"Unfinished Business\", Dolly Parton recounted how she was rushing to her first recording session at Studio B in September 1967 (shortly after having signed with RCA Victor) and, in her haste to make the session on time, drove her car through the side wall of the building. She noted that the spot where her car impacted the building is still visible. In 1977 the studio was made available to the Country Music Hall of Fame for tours, and in 1992 it was donated to the Country Music Hall of Fame by the late Dan Maddox. Until 2001, it was operated","title":"RCA Studio B"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"905604\",\n \"text\": \"Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961450\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in 1950 at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. There, he discovered and first recorded such influential musicians as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison and Jerry Lee Lewis. Presley's recording contract was eventually sold to RCA Victor Records for $35,000 in 1955 to relieve Sun's financial difficulties. Before those records, Sun had concentrated mainly\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296540\",\n \"text\": \"by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Record Collector magazine valued the Beatles related disc (still owned by McCartney) at a value of UK£ 200,000 in their 2016 \\\"Rare Record Price Guide.\\\" (A similar one off acetate recording by a pre famous Elvis Presley by Sam Phillips sold at auction for a similar amount previously). Phillips' Sound Recording Services Phillips' Sound Recording Services was a studio in the house of Percy Francis Phillips (1896–1984) and his family at 38 Kensington, Kensington, Liverpool, England. Between the years of 1955 and 1969, Phillips recorded numerous\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145744\",\n \"text\": \"Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella a Nashville studio, where famed CBS Records producer Billy Sherrill\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145746\",\n \"text\": \"Knox Phillips has overseen the studio's operations in recent years. Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961455\",\n \"text\": \"Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis grouped round Elvis Presley at the piano, the night when the four joined in an impromptu jam at Sun Records' one-room sound studio, the \\\"Million Dollar Quartet\\\" of 4 December 1956. A TV series about the label ran for eight episodes on CMT from February to April, 2017. Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145685\",\n \"text\": \"Bros. and Chris Isaak & Silvertone to name a few. In 2003 it was officially recognized as a National Historic Landmark tourist attraction. Sun Studio regularly releases studio session podcasts on YouTube and on Public Television. Sun Studio have announced that PBS affiliate stations will be showing a 30-minute series of \\\"Sun Studio Sessions\\\" starting in January 2010. Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business.\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10296369\",\n \"text\": \"by Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Phillips released Presley's recording contract to RCA for the substantial sum, in 1955 dollars, of $35,000 (). This gave RCA the rights to all of Presley's masters recorded at Sun. The first disc presents all eighteen Sun titles from professional recording sessions during the singer's stay at the label. The opening ten tracks comprise the A and b sides of the five officially released Presley singles on the Sun label. Outtakes from sessions at Sun were used to fill in catalogue items for RCA, with five used for Presley's\",\n \"title\": \"Sunrise (Elvis Presley album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905620\",\n \"text\": \"Fame, and in 2012 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, on July 30, 2003, only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark, and just over a month before the death of former Sun Records recording star Johnny Cash, on September 12, 2003. Phillips is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis. Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"591226\",\n \"text\": \"and 1960s. Beale Street is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American blues, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were \\\"discovered\\\" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues. Stax Records created a classic 1960s soul music sound, much grittier and horn-based than\",\n \"title\": \"Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145659\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business. Reputedly the first rock and roll single, Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats' \\\"Rocket 88\\\" was recorded there in 1951 with song composer Ike Turner on keyboards, leading the studio to claim status as the birthplace of rock & roll. Blues and R&B artists like Howlin' Wolf, Junior Parker, Little Milton, B.B. King, James Cotton, Rufus Thomas, and\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905609\",\n \"text\": \"inspire his work in Memphis. Beginning in 1945, he worked for four years as an announcer and sound engineer for radio station WREC, in Memphis. On January 3, 1950, Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service, at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. He let amateurs record, which drew performers such as B.B. King, Junior Parker, and Howlin' Wolf, who made their first recordings there. Phillips then sold the recordings to larger labels. In addition to musical performances, Phillips recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings. The Memphis Recording Service also served as the studio for Phillips's own label,\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2547543\",\n \"text\": \"called the Cimmerons to entertain his fellow soldiers. Wayne Hause, a neighbor, suggested that Jenkins could make it in the music industry. Soon after hearing Elvis Presley's song \\\"Mystery Train\\\", Jenkins began writing rock and roll material. He went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and worked with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder, to get the \\\"right\\\" sound. Allegedly, in 1957, Jenkins decided that his real name was not memorable enough and sought a better show business name. In \\\"The Billboard Book of Number One Hits\\\" Fred Bronson states that the singer was looking at a road map\",\n \"title\": \"Conway Twitty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905615\",\n \"text\": \"Got a Hole in It\\\"), Charlie Rich, Junior Parker, and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, and others, such as Jerry Lee Lewis, BB King, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins, became stars. Phillips's pivotal role in the early days of rock and roll was exemplified by a celebrated jam session on December 4, 1956, with what became known as the Million Dollar Quartet. Jerry Lee Lewis was playing piano for a Carl Perkins recording session at Phillips's studio. When Elvis Presley walked in unexpectedly, Johnny Cash was called into the studio by Phillips, leading to\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145660\",\n \"text\": \"Rosco Gordon recorded there in the early 1950s. Rock and roll, country music, and rockabilly artists, including Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Charlie Feathers, Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded there throughout the mid-to-late 1950s until the studio outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 1959 to replace the older facility. Since Phillips had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6017489\",\n \"text\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \\\"High School Confidential\\\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \\\"Great Balls of Fire\\\" and \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\\\" The album is sometimes referred to as \\\"High School Confidential\\\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145661\",\n \"text\": \"In 1957, Bill Justis recorded his Grammy Hall of Fame song \\\"Raunchy\\\" for Sam Phillips and worked as a musical director at Sun Records. In 1969, Sam Phillips sold the label to Shelby Singleton, and there was no recording-related or label-related activity again in the building until the September 1985 \\\"Class of '55\\\" recording sessions with Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash, produced by Chips Moman. In 1987, the original building housing the Sun Records label and Memphis Recording Service was reopened by Gary Hardy as \\\"Sun Studio,\\\" a recording label and tourist attraction that has\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9039466\",\n \"text\": \"WLFP WLFP is a country music radio station. It is licensed to Germantown, Tennessee, and serves the Memphis area. The station broadcasts at 94.1 MHz frequency. WLFP broadcasts in HD. WLFP is a Class C2 FM station that transmits with an ERP of 50,000 watts from a tower just south of the Mississippi state line, near Olive Branch, Mississippi, and its studios are located in Southeast Memphis. The station's original owner was Sam Phillips, who founded Memphis' Sun Records in the 1950s, and is credited with discovering Elvis Presley. The station was originally WLVS-FM (named in honor of Elvis Presley)\",\n \"title\": \"WLFP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296539\",\n \"text\": \"mine [and Harrison] on the other side that's never been released before.\\\" Other customers of Phillips' studio included The Swinging Blue Jeans, Brian Epstein, Freddie Starr, Willy Russell, Liverpool F.C. supporters club, and players from Everton F.C.. Denny Seyton and The Sabres recorded \\\"Little Latin Lupe Lu\\\" (Bill Medley) in the studio in 1963. Phillips closed the studio in 1969, the record shop in 1974, and died in 1984, at the Royal Liverpool Hospital. The recording of The Quarrymen acetate and the site of Phillips' Sound Recording Services was commemorated on 26 August 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145745\",\n \"text\": \"got his start, and a studio in Tupelo, Mississippi for demos. The Nashville and Tupelo studios were short-lived. Sun Records' many artists recorded there until 1969, when the label was sold to Mercury Records producer Shelby Singleton of Nashville. Phillips Recording continued operating, and hosted recordings by a newer generation of rock-and-roll groups like the Cramps, starting in 1979, drawn in part by the mystique of Sam Phillips. Numerous Memphis veteran sessions musicians of several genres, from soul to country, rock and others, have worked there over the years, and the studio still records various musical styles. Sam Phillips' son\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905613\",\n \"text\": \"already a well-known Memphis radio personality. On 18 July 1953, the eighteen-year-old Presley dropped into the studio to record an acetate for his mother's birthday; Keisker thought she heard some talent in the young truck driver's voice, and so she turned on the tape recorder. Later, she played it for Phillips, who gradually, with Keisker's encouragement, warmed to the idea of recording Elvis. Presley, who recorded his version of Arthur \\\"Big Boy\\\" Crudup's \\\"That's All Right\\\" at Phillips's studio, became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States. He auditioned for Phillips in 1954, but it was\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414251\",\n \"text\": \"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography The Johnny Cash Sun Records discography details the music recorded by country music legend Johnny Cash and released on Sun Records. From late 1954 to July, 1958, Cash recorded for Sun Records, a label founded by Sam Phillips and located at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Despite making his final recordings for Sun in 1958 and subsequently moving to Columbia Records, Phillips amassed sufficient backlog to continue to release new material by Cash in single and album format until as late as 1964. Cash was the first Sun artist to release an LP The following\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Cash Sun Records discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"118971\",\n \"text\": \"the record as a gift for his mother, or that he was merely interested in what he \\\"sounded like\\\", although there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argued that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, \\\"I sing all kinds.\\\" When she pressed him on who he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, \\\"I don't sound like nobody.\\\" After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905618\",\n \"text\": \"the first investors in Holiday Inn, a motel chain that was about to expand to a nationwide franchise; he became involved with the chain shortly after selling Elvis Presley's contract to RCA, for $35,000, which he multiplied many times over the years with Holiday Inn. He also created two subsidiary recording labels, Phillips International Records and Holiday Inn Records. He owned the Sun Studio Café in Memphis. One location was in the Mall of Memphis. Phillips and his family founded Big River Broadcasting Corporation, which owns and operates several radio stations in the Florence, Alabama, area, including WQLT-FM, WSBM, and\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11424347\",\n \"text\": \"B. King worked there as a disc jockey. B. B. King's moniker was derived from his WDIA nickname, \\\"Beale Street Blues Boy\\\", a reference to Memphis' Beale Street on which many nightclubs and blues venues were located. WHER, the first all-female station (\\\"All-Girl Radio\\\"), was founded in 1955 by the recording studio owner Sam Phillips and Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson. In addition to a rich musical heritage, Memphis also boasts a long culinary legacy dominated by regional barbecue. Memphis barbecue is rendered distinct by its sole usage of pork (as opposed to beef), focus on rib and shoulder cuts\",\n \"title\": \"History of Memphis, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12398843\",\n \"text\": \"Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \\\"Marvin Gaye Studios\\\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \\\"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\\\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \\\"I Want You\\\", \\\"Here, My Dear\\\", the hit single \\\"Got to Give It Up\\\", his shelved\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin's Room (studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145666\",\n \"text\": \"Some biographers have suggested that it was Phillips' inventive creativeness that led to the song's unique sound, but others put it down to the fact that the amplifier used on the record was broken, leading to a \\\"fuzzy\\\" sound. The Sun Studio tour lends credence to the latter, with the tour guide saying the amplifier was stuffed with wads of newspaper. In early 1952, Phillips once again launched his own record label, this time calling it Sun Records. During his first year he recorded several artists who would go on to have successful careers. Among them were B.B. King, Joe\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905616\",\n \"text\": \"an impromptu session featuring the four musicians. Phillips challenged the four to achieve gold record sales, offering a free Cadillac to the first, which Carl Perkins won. The contest is commemorated in a song by the Drive-By Truckers. By the mid-1960s, Phillips rarely recorded. He built a satellite studio and opened radio stations, but the studio declined, and he sold Sun Records to Shelby Singleton in 1969. In 1977 Sam's sons, Knox and Jerry, were working with John Prine at the Phillips Recording Studio when Sam Phillips joined them to oversee recordings that were eventually included on the album \\\"Pink\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145663\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Taylor and Richard Innes for his 2010 release at the studio. In July 2009, John Mellencamp recorded nine songs for his album \\\"No Better Than This\\\" at the studio. In 2011, Chris Isaak released \\\"Beyond the Sun,\\\" a collection of songs recorded at Sun Studio, most of which are cover versions of songs originally released on Sun Records. In January 1950, WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454904\",\n \"text\": \"The Sun Sessions The Sun Sessions is a compilation album of Elvis Presley recordings at Sun Studios in 1954 and 1955. It was issued by RCA Records in 1976, and had been issued and charted as The Sun Collection in the UK the previous year. It features liner notes by Roy Carr of the New Musical Express. The album features most of the tracks Elvis recorded at Sun studio and were produced by Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Studios. Elvis began his singing career with Sun Records label in Memphis. Phillips signed Presley after hearing a song that he\",\n \"title\": \"The Sun Sessions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1265378\",\n \"text\": \"Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road Studios (formerly known as EMI Recording Studios) is a recording studio at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established in November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, which owned it until Universal Music took control of part of EMI in 2013. Abbey Road Studios is most notable as being the 1960s' venue for innovative recording techniques adopted by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Hollies, as well as others. One of its earliest world-famous-artist clients was Paul Robeson, who recorded there in December\",\n \"title\": \"Abbey Road Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961375\",\n \"text\": \"known as Franz Douskey), an occasional Memphis musician and friend of Sam Phillips, and Gary Skala, that Lewis went back to record at Sun Records. In 1960, Phillips opened a new state-of-the-art studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, abandoning the old Union Avenue studio where Phillips had recorded B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, Lewis, Johnny Cash and others, and also opened a studio in Nashville. It was at the latter studio that Lewis recorded his only major hit during this period, a rendition of Ray Charles's \\\"What'd I Say\\\" in 1961. In Europe, other\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14986692\",\n \"text\": \"chance meeting with Sunnyland Slim, Vinson relocated from Mississippi to Memphis, Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vinson continued to play at local juke house and rural community parties. By the early 1950s, he was working as a custodian at the Taylor Boarding Home, where artists often stayed whilst recording next door at the Sun Records studio. Sun's founder and producer, Sam Phillips, occasionally asked Vinson to accompany musicians in the studio. Vinson played there with James Cotton on \\\"Cotton Crop Blues\\\" (1954) and with Jimmy DeBerry on \\\"Take a Little Chance\\\". Phillips also allowed Vinson to record some tracks\",\n \"title\": \"Mose Vinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12398846\",\n \"text\": \"the city. Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \\\"Marvin Gaye Studios\\\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \\\"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\\\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \\\"I Want You\\\", \\\"Here, My Dear\\\", the hit single \\\"Got to Give It Up\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin's Room (studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4711307\",\n \"text\": \"of the Country and Western and Rhythm and blues division, Steve Sholes. At the urging of Parker, on November 21, 1955, Sholes bought Presley's contract from Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Records and Studio, for the unprecedented sum of $35,000 (approximately $318,500 in 2017 dollars). Presley and rock and roll were still untested properties for the major labels in the music business, but this album, along with the number 1 single \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\", proved the selling power of both: it was the first RCA Victor pop album to earn more than $1,000,000, and in 1966 it had sold over\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1153606\",\n \"text\": \"for the single. Sholes was attempting to recapture the Sun Records sound, but he was unaware that Sun founder Sam Phillips had used two tape recorders and a slight time delay to create it on previous Presley recordings. When Phillips first heard \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\", he remarked that it was a \\\"morbid mess\\\". Most others at RCA agreed, declaring \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\" a terrible choice of song, especially after hearing that the finished recording sounded nothing like Presley's Sun recordings. Internal memos from the time show that every one of RCA's executive corps disliked it so much that one of them insisted\",\n \"title\": \"Heartbreak Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145664\",\n \"text\": \"now that it was a reality he was overjoyed. However, getting the company off the ground was not an easy task. To create revenue at the beginning, Phillips would record conventions, weddings, choirs, and even funerals. He also held an open door policy, allowing anybody to walk in and, for a small fee, record their own record. Phillips' slogan for his studio was \\\"We Record Anything, Anywhere, Anytime.\\\" In June, Phillips and a friend, local DJ Dewey Phillips who was no relation, set up their own record label called Phillips Records. The purpose of the label was to record \\\"negro\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296526\",\n \"text\": \"popular records. In 1955, Phillips set up a recording studio called Phillips' Sound Recording Services. In 1958, The Quarrymen (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John 'Duff' Lowe and Colin Hanton) recorded \\\"That'll Be The Day\\\", and \\\"In Spite of All the Danger\\\" in the studio. Other clients included Billy Fury, Ken Dodd, and Marty Wilde. Phillips died in 1984. The Quarrymen recording and the site of the studio was commemorated in 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Percy Phillips was born in March 1896,\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1423742\",\n \"text\": \"singles charted in the UK. The Mamas & the Papas cut their first three albums at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, while the group's subsequent releases were recorded at the eight-track studio John and Michelle Phillips built at their home in Bel Air (at a time when four-track recording was still the norm). John Phillips said, \\\"I got the idea to transform the attic into my own recording studio, so I could stay high all the time and never have to worry about studio time. I began assembling the state-of-the-art equipment and ran the cost up to about a hundred\",\n \"title\": \"The Mamas & the Papas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3916546\",\n \"text\": \"Cordell Jackson Cordell Jackson (July 15, 1923 – October 14, 2004) was an American guitarist thought to be the first woman to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label. She was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi, on July 15, 1923, and died in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 14, 2004. Jackson founded the Moon Records label in Memphis in 1956 after a few years of recording demos at Sam Phillips' Memphis Recording Service and Sun Records Studio. Unable to break into the Sun Records label's stable of male artists, she received the advice and assistance\",\n \"title\": \"Cordell Jackson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296531\",\n \"text\": \"with his eight-year-old daughter, Carol, singing, \\\"Mr Sandman\\\". All the discs had \\\"Play with a light-weight pick-up\\\" on the label, as this would increase the life of the disc, which would eventually wear out. Phillips advertised the studio as Phillips' Sound Recording Services (also advertised as P. F. Phillips' Professional Tape & Disc Recording Service), and his business cards read: \\\"PF Phillips, 38 Kensington, Liverpool, 7. Television and Battery Service. Gramophone Record Dealer. Professional Tape and Disc Recording Studio.\\\" He started cutting discs for members of the public, as well as for actors from the Liverpool Playhouse, who often stayed\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13871067\",\n \"text\": \"Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave Davies put this and money from recent hits like \\\"Lola\\\" towards a new studio of their own in Hornsey, a mile down the road from their home territory of Muswell Hill. In the past few years the group had mainly been recording at Morgan Studios, in Willesden, London. Albums recorded there included \\\"Lola\",\n \"title\": \"Konk (recording studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"930312\",\n \"text\": \"in the area around the old Highbury stadium is highly sought after, and prices for apartments within the stadium start at £300k. For 40 years from 1965, Highbury New Park was home to Wessex Studios. Created by Beatles producer Sir George Martin (who grew up on Drayton Park in Highbury), the studios saw the recording of some of the best-known albums created by bands including Queen, Genesis, the Rolling Stones, the Sex Pistols and the Clash. The building is now a block of residential apartments called \\\"The Recording Studio\\\" and located at 106, Highbury New Park. (Refs: George Martin speaking\",\n \"title\": \"Highbury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1477621\",\n \"text\": \"the other, but both sung in the same vein. Presley's unique musical style rocketed him into the spotlight, and drew masses of followers: \\\"But it's Presley's singing, halfway between a country western and a R&B rock 'n' roll style that has sent teenagers into a trance. Whether you like it or not, there will always be an Elvis Presley.\\\" Presley's first, historical recordings took place at Sun Records, a small independent label run by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee. The historical significance of these first Presley recordings and their impact on future musical artists is well exemplified by the actions\",\n \"title\": \"Rockabilly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145682\",\n \"text\": \"seated at the piano surrounded by Lewis, Perkins and Cash (the uncropped version of the photo also includes Evans, shown seated atop the piano). This photo proves Cash was there, but the audio doesn't provide substantial proof he joined in on the session. For several years after Presley left Sun, Phillips had success with other acts. Sun Studio became known as a place that nurtured talent and then encouraged it to expand with bigger labels. In 1959, Phillips moved Sun Studio to larger premises at 639 Madison Avenue. By the mid 1960s, Phillips had lost interest in recording and had\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13207675\",\n \"text\": \"got five songs here last night. We asked ourselves, 'What the fuck were we doing in the 70s and 80s, spending days and days on a drum sound, when it was all right here the whole time?' \\\"Everything was set up exactly as Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley recorded. They had 'X' marks made with electrical tape on the floor where Elvis and his musicians stood and where the instruments were placed, because Sam Philips walked around the room and decided where everything sounded best\\\". Mellencamp wanted to record at the now-derelict Brunswick Records Building in Dallas, where Robert Johnson\",\n \"title\": \"No Better Than This\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145669\",\n \"text\": \"recording. A few biographers have said that this article, printed in the \\\"Memphis Press-Scimitar\\\" on July 15, influenced Elvis Presley to seek out Sun to record a demo record. In August 1953, fresh out of his high school graduation the previous June, the 18½ year old Presley walked into the offices of Sun. He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc: \\\"My Happiness\\\" and \\\"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\\\". He would later claim he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or was merely interested in what he \\\"sounded\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10098864\",\n \"text\": \"summer of 1958, the Quarrymen recorded two songs at Phillips' Sound Recording Services in their hometown of Liverpool. It was the group's first recording session, for which they paid 17s 6d (87.5p or £ in ). The recordings were pressed onto a mono 10-inch 78 rpm shellac disc, then the sessions tapes were erased to be reused with new customers. Because of the low quality and age of the recordings, the songs are filled with a hiss but are still listenable. The record was not intended for release but for the Quarrymen's personal use. In 1981, Lowe sold the record\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles' recording sessions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1349293\",\n \"text\": \"have [an electric guitar] myself. 'Had' to have one, short of stealing!\\\" In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. Before his RPM contract, King had debuted on Bullet Records by issuing the single, \\\"Miss Martha King\\\" (1949), which did not chart well. \\\"My very first recordings [in 1949] were for a company out of Nashville called Bullet, the Bullet Record Transcription company,\\\" King recalled. \\\"I had horns that very first session. I had Phineas Newborn on piano; his father\",\n \"title\": \"B.B. King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11555716\",\n \"text\": \"recording their attendant soundtracks in either Nashville or Hollywood. After the success of his Christmas special on NBC in December 1968, Presley made a decision not to continue with business as usual, but instead to return to recording in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee, to take advantage of the thriving soul music scene active at the city's studios such as Stax and Hi Records. Presley chose American Studios, run by songwriter Chips Moman, for several reasons. First, their music staff was populated by session musicians steeped in Elvis' upbringing in blues, country, gospel, and rock and roll; second, they knew\",\n \"title\": \"Suspicious Minds (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3908037\",\n \"text\": \"DJ and independent record producer, Hoss Allen who cut several soul and gospel records in the studio, including some of the earliest session work by a young, hotshot ex-GI guitarist named \\\"Jimi Hendrix\\\". In 1968, Pierce sold Starday to the Nashville-based LIN Broadcasting Corporation which also purchased the renowned Cincinnati-based R&B and country label, King Records. As Starday-King Records, the label became the largest independent record label in the world, and King’s biggest star, \\\"James Brown\\\", began cutting records at the Starday studio. Brown loved the studio and continued to record there for several years after leaving King to sign\",\n \"title\": \"Starday Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145671\",\n \"text\": \"Way\\\" and \\\"It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You\\\"—but again nothing came of it. Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused to a broader audience. As Keisker reported, \\\"Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'\\\" In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, \\\"Without You\\\", that he thought might suit the teenaged singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10339761\",\n \"text\": \"place in RCA's newly constructed studio in Nashville, where Presley would continue to record through 1971. Original recordings produced by Sam Phillips or Steve Sholes. This compilation received a 1992 Grammy nomination for Best Historical Album, only to lose that award to the boxed set \\\"The Complete Capitol Recordings of The Nat 'King' Cole Trio\\\". \\\"Chart positions for LPs and EPs from Billboard Top Pop Albums chart; peak positions for EPA 4114 and EPA 4325 from EP chart commenced October 1957; positions for singles from Billboard Pop Singles chart. Certain recordings derive from acetates or from primitive recording equipment, and\",\n \"title\": \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3654094\",\n \"text\": \"CD by NRC. Other Ray Smith single cuts have been released on CD by London-based Ace Records. Almost all of Ray Smith's Judd and Sun studio tracks and cuts have been released on Germany's Bear Family Records Records. NRC, Judd, and affiliated labels are owned and administered by Johnny Carter, president of National Recording Corporation. Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder\",\n \"title\": \"Judd Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1477654\",\n \"text\": \"Roll Trio. In Memphis Sam Phillips used various techniques to create similar acoustics at his Memphis Recording Services Studio. The shape of the ceiling, corrugated tiles, and the setup of the studio were augmented by \\\"slap-back\\\" tape echo which involved feeding the original signal from one tape machine through a second machine. The echo effect had been used, less subtly, on Wilf Carter Victor records of the 1930s, and in Eddy Arnold's 1945 \\\"Cattle Call\\\". According to Cowboy Jack Clement, who took over production duties from Sam Phillips, \\\"There's two heads; one records, and one plays back. The sound comes\",\n \"title\": \"Rockabilly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14947741\",\n \"text\": \"The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \\\"My Happiness\\\", with \\\"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\\\" on the flipside. Presley's recording was managed by Phillips' secretary, Marion Keisker, who also kept a demo recording for the\",\n \"title\": \"The Blue Moon Boys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8244808\",\n \"text\": \"IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \\\"International Broadcasting Company\\\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by Don Arden and was run by his son David Arden. In its long history,\",\n \"title\": \"IBC Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16818129\",\n \"text\": \"with the U.S. Air Force in Germany, and adapted it into \\\"Folsom Prison Blues.\\\" Cash said in the 1990s, \\\"At the time, I really had no idea I would be a professional recording artist; I wasn't trying to rip anybody off.\\\" Nonetheless, Jenkins was not credited on the original record from Sun Records. According to Cash's manager Lou Robin, Cash acknowledged the debt to Jenkins's song, but was reassured by Sun founder Sam Phillips that he had no reason to fear a plagiarism suit. Fifteen years later, Jenkins sued for royalties. In the early 1970s, after the song became popular,\",\n \"title\": \"Crescent City Blues\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16115988\",\n \"text\": \"and CBS shot the \\\"Perry Mason\\\" television series there from 1962–1966. In 1966, Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss purchased the studio from CBS to serve as a headquarters for A&M Records. A&M Records had grown from $500,000 in revenues in 1964 to $30 million in 1967. Alpert and Moss reportedly \\\"astonished the big network by having their bank deliver a cashier's check for more than $1 million, the full amount.\\\" A&M converted two of the old soundstages and Chaplin's swimming pool into a recording studio. A 1968 profile on Alpert and Moss described their renovation of Chaplin's old studios: The\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson Company Lot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17794881\",\n \"text\": \"and converted to meet the demands of a recording studio. A restaurant opened on the ground floor, whereas the Meistersaal was reborn as \\\"Studio 2\\\". Over the next years, the Meistersaal became famous worldwide within the music industry as it was the recording studio of choice for many pop stars from around the globe, including U2, Iggy Pop, Depeche Mode, David Bowie, Eartha Kitt, Richard Clayderman, Marillion, Mike Batt, David Byrne, Nick Cave, Snow Patrol, Jon Bon Jovi and Supergrass to name but a few. Rubbing shoulders with the international stars were the local heroes of the time, including Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Meistersaal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3654092\",\n \"text\": \"Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder but the name was misspelled in the artwork of the label having two \\\"D's.\\\" From Judd 1016 on, the label was pressed and distributed by National Recording Corporation, and the label sported the NRC logo and/or the words \\\"National Recording Corporation - Atlanta, GA\\\". According to Jud Phillips' son, NRC acquired the Judd label originally\",\n \"title\": \"Judd Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4205316\",\n \"text\": \"by country music legend Hank Williams. Frank Sinatra declared that Miller's choices of songs had ruined his career, and he promptly switched over to Capitol Records, where he chose his own songs and began making hit records again. However, Boyd felt a great deal of loyalty to Miller. He did not follow through with his own wish to go to Memphis and record with Sam Phillips at his Sun Records, where the dawn of rock and roll was beginning with many of the new rock artists of the time. Instead, he concentrated more on movies and television, and finishing his\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Boyd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"934395\",\n \"text\": \"was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid VAT of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home in order to help pay the settlement. Earning enough money from his record store, Branson in 1972 launched the record label Virgin Records with Nik Powell. The name \\\"Virgin\\\" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business. Branson bought a country estate north of Oxford in which he installed a residential recording studio, The Manor Studio. He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield,\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Branson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13871072\",\n \"text\": \"mainly for mixing and editing tracks. Over time many artists have recorded at the studio. Some of these include the Stone Roses, the Kooks, Blur, Franz Ferdinand, Elvis Costello, Steve Winwood, and the Bee Gees. Bombay Bicycle Club recorded their album \\\"I Had the Blues But I Shook Them Loose\\\" at the studio. Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave\",\n \"title\": \"Konk (recording studio)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14143592\",\n \"text\": \"Records\\\" was produced by the Sun Record Company of Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the early 1920s. Many or all of the masters pressed were leased from the US-based Okeh Records. There were as many as eight other record companies that preceded and/or were contemporary with the Memphis label Sun Records run by Sam Phillips, the most famous of the companies by that name. The other Sun Records that preceded the Memphis company by nearly forty years in one case, and six years in the other, or even those that were contemporary with it were never as significant to the history\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records (other companies)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6694500\",\n \"text\": \"studio is located centrally in the historic Music Row district. Currently studio B is managed by the Country Music Hall of Fame and it runs scheduled tours of the facility. Beyond the countless recordings made by legendary music artists here, Elvis Presley is known to have made more than two hundred song recordings at this location. The National Park Service subsequently listed it on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Built by Dan Maddox in 1956, it was constructed at the request of Chet Atkins and Steve Sholes to facilitate the needs of RCA Victor Records and other\",\n \"title\": \"RCA Studio B\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9879335\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Lee Riley Billy Lee Riley (October 5, 1933 – August 2, 2009) was an American rockabilly musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. His most memorable recordings include \\\"Rock With Me Baby\\\", \\\"Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll\\\" and \\\"Red Hot\\\". Riley was born in Pocahontas, Arkansas, the son of a sharecropper. He learned to play the guitar from black farm workers. After four years in the Army, he first recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1955, before being persuaded by Sam Phillips to record for Sun Studios. He then recorded \\\"Trouble Bound\\\", produced by Jack Clement and Slim Wallace. Phillips obtained the\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Lee Riley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7983681\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles studio to Chrysalis Records under Sir George Martin, with Stone continuing to manage the facility. In 1989 he sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management. In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium lit by skylight, holding a jacuzzi and a billiard table. On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened the Northern California location in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going on line. Ginger Mews, ex-manager of Wally Heider Studios, was named studio manager\",\n \"title\": \"Record Plant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4145684\",\n \"text\": \"the firm to Nashville, and sold the building to a plumbing company, who eventually sold it to an auto parts store. Since, Sun Records Studio has been used as a setting for the film biopics \\\"Walk the Line\\\", \\\"Great Balls of Fire\\\", \\\"Mystery Train\\\" and \\\"Elvis\\\". In 1987, ten years after Presley died, Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue was converted back into a recording studio, and soon became a tourist attraction for Presley fans and music lovers in general. The studio was also used by several well known acts to record, including U2, Def Leppard, John Mellencamp, the Bogus\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5058649\",\n \"text\": \"with a local band. In 1956, Clement was part of one of the seminal events in rock-and-roll history when he was hired as a producer and engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Subsequently, Clement worked with future stars such as Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. Most notably, he discovered and recorded Jerry Lee Lewis while Phillips was away on a trip to Florida. One of those recordings, \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\\\", was selected in 2005 for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress. In 1957, Clement wrote the song \\\"Ballad of\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Clement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14143593\",\n \"text\": \"of 20th century music as Sam Phillips' little record company that operated out of his Memphis Recording Service. Since Sam had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artist starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson. Two Sun Records were offered on eBay.com in August and September 2006 and were pressed in Germany, probably around 1905–1912, for the Sun Record Company of Bombay, India, and referred to on the label as the Sun Disc Record to differentiate the discs from cylinder records also produced by the company. This Sun Record Company\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Records (other companies)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20904803\",\n \"text\": \"Mira Ann Smith Mira Ann Smith (a.k.a. Myra Smith) (born 1926—died August 29, 1989) was an American songwriter, music industry pioneer, record label owner, studio engineer, and multi-instrumentalist. In 1955, she founded Royal Audio Music, Inc. (a.k.a. Ram Records) and became one of the first women to own her own record company. Her success led some in the music business to dub her “the female Sam Phillips.\\\" Smith is most well known for the songs she wrote with singer/songwriter, Margaret Lewis (Warwick), many of which charted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 10. Smith and Lewis found their greatest songwriting success with\",\n \"title\": \"Mira Ann Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"700295\",\n \"text\": \"had its first major \\\"crossover\\\" hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart when the \\\"Sh-Boom\\\" by The Chords reached No.5 (although The Crew-Cuts' version went to No. 1). Atlantic missed an important signing in 1955 when Sun owner Sam Phillips sold Elvis Presley's recording contract in a bidding war between labels. Atlantic offered $25,000 which, Ertegun later noted, \\\"was all the money we had then.\\\" But they were outbid by RCA's offer of $45,000. In 1990 Ertegun remarked, \\\"The president of RCA at the time had been extensively quoted in \\\"Variety\\\" damning R&B music as immoral. He soon stopped when RCA\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10405482\",\n \"text\": \"Elvis at Sun Elvis at Sun is a compact disc compilation of Elvis Presley's studio recordings at Sun Studio from 1954 to 1955, released in June 2004, BMG Heritage 61205. This set features master recordings made by Presley and his accompanists, Scotty Moore and Bill Black, occasionally augmented by other musicians, prior to his arrival on RCA Records in 1956. Tapes for at least two songs have been lost, Sun versions of \\\"I Got A Woman\\\" and \\\"Satisfied;\\\" the former would be recorded for Presley during his first RCA session. All of the studio commercial recordings were produced by Sam\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis at Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20338915\",\n \"text\": \"An enduring myth from the fifties is that the young unknown Elvis was daunted by the performance on record of an (unknown) singer. The story is that Elvis as an undiscovered 18 year old was introduced to a demo record of \\\"Without You\\\" by Sam Phillips on 24 Jun 1954. (Elvis had already visited Sun before that to record two sessions for personal use, and Marion Keisker had taken note of his potential). Sam had a stack of demos that had been sent into him, one was a disk of an unknown ballad \\\"Without You\\\", by an unknown singer with\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Sweeney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14518702\",\n \"text\": \"his first songwriting successes in the late 1950s, when George Jones recorded his song \\\"Achin', Breakin' Heart\\\", Brenda Lee recorded \\\"She'll Never Know\\\", and Roy Orbison recorded \\\"Sweet and Innocent\\\". In 1960, he started a company based in Florence, Alabama, together with fellow ex-Fairlanes member Billy Sherrill, the future producer of Tammy Wynette's records. They named their company FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) and opened their first primitive studio above a drugstore. Producer Sam Phillips, originally from Florence, Alabama, was an early mentor. During a 2015 interview with \\\"The New York Times\\\", Hall recalled those early days. \\\"We would sit\",\n \"title\": \"Rick Hall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19750742\",\n \"text\": \"Matt Ross-Spang Matt Ross-Spang is a multiple Grammy Award winning American record producer, engineer, and mixer. His credits include such artists as Jason Isbell, Margo Price, John Prine and Elvis Presley. Matt Ross-Spang, born in Memphis, Tennessee, began working at the Legendary Sun Studio when he was just 16, working his way from an intern to the Chief Engineer. Wanting to capture what made Sun Studio great, Ross-Spang championed hard to find, install, and use the same period equipment that Sam Phillips engineered with from the 1950s. His 11 years of dedication to Sun, and its signature sound, garnered national\",\n \"title\": \"Matt Ross-Spang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2986023\",\n \"text\": \"number with him. King contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who sat in with his band. They were well received and the club owner booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. In the 50s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-Am, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour. Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm down to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise\",\n \"title\": \"Kings of Rhythm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3471793\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bear Cat\\\", by Rufus Thomas which reached number 3. That led to a successful copyright lawsuit for $35,000, which is said to have led Sam Phillips of Sun Records to sell Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA. Today, this practice is most common in hip hop music and filk, especially as the continuation of a feud between performers; the Roxanne Wars was a notable example that resulted in over a hundred answer songs. Answer songs also played a part in the battle over turf in The Bridge Wars. Sometimes, an answer record imitated the original very closely and occasionally, a\",\n \"title\": \"Answer song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3686147\",\n \"text\": \"Paisley Park Records Paisley Park Records was an American record label founded by musician Prince in 1985, which was distributed by and funded in part by Warner Bros. Records. It was started in 1985, following the success of the film and album \\\"Purple Rain\\\". The label shares its name with Prince's recording complex Paisley Park Studios and the song \\\"Paisley Park\\\" on his 1985 \\\"Around the World in a Day\\\" album. Paisley Park was opened to the public as a museum and memorial to Prince following his death. October 28, 2016, is officially known as Paisley Park Day in the\",\n \"title\": \"Paisley Park Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11600005\",\n \"text\": \"Nighthawk. Soon after touring, he toured again with Sonny Boy Williamson II for several years, who helped teach him how to play the harmonica. While playing with guitarist Big Jack Johnson, Frost attracted the interest of the record producer Sam Phillips, founder of Sun Records. Some recordings of note that followed included \\\"Hey Boss Man\\\" and \\\"My Back Scratcher\\\". Frost also recorded for the Jewel label, four years later. The Sun Records and Jewel Records material was re-released on one CD by Charly Records of London, England. In the late 1970s, Frost was re-discovered by a blues enthusiast, Michael Franks,\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10231038\",\n \"text\": \"recorded at Sound Techniques in 1968. In 1970 during his early career as a session musician, Elton John recorded an album of songs written by the artists on Witchseason, as an attempt to make them more widely known through a more commercial style. The studio closed in 1976 when the lease on the building ran out and Frost and Wood were unable to purchase the property due to lack of funds. As of 2018 a documentary film about the studio is in production, directed by Neil Innes and Nick Turner and provisionally titled \\\"The Parts You Don't Hear\\\". Sound Techniques\",\n \"title\": \"Sound Techniques\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054239\",\n \"text\": \"rock n' roll record, \\\"Breaktime\\\", by The Masters, which consisted of himself, Paul Buff, and Ronnie Williams. In 1964, Zappa bought the studio and renamed it Studio Z. Zappa lived at the studio building for a few months before it was closed in 1965. The building had to be torn down in order to widen North Archibald Avenue. Zappa made many other recordings at the studio. Some were released by small Los Angeles record companies, such as Original Sound. Other recordings were kept in his vault and released on albums such as \\\"Lumpy Gravy\\\" (1968), \\\"Mystery Disc\\\" (1985), \\\"The Lost\",\n \"title\": \"Pal Recording Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3673581\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hank Snow Tour\\\" to book him and tour him. Although Neal remained Presley's official manager, Parker was becoming increasingly involved in the running of his career, and by the summer of 1955 he had become Presley's \\\"special advisor.\\\" As Presley was still a minor, his parents had to sign the contract with Parker on his behalf. Part of Parker's role was to secure a new recording contract with a bigger label. Presley had been at Sun Records since the beginning of his career, but Sam Phillips, the owner of Presley's current label, was aware that for Presley to have any\",\n \"title\": \"Colonel Tom Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8244811\",\n \"text\": \"Madonna used the system to appear as her virtual self at the Grammy Awards. IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \\\"International Broadcasting Company\\\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by\",\n \"title\": \"IBC Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119009\",\n \"text\": \"at the box office. Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made. On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and had an impromptu jam session, along with Johnny Cash. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure that the session was captured on tape. The results, none officially released for 25 years, became known as the \\\"Million Dollar Quartet\\\" recordings. The year ended with a front-page story in \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22\",\n \"title\": \"Elvis Presley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961385\",\n \"text\": \"Rick Bragg notes that the songs Lewis was recording \\\"were of the kind they were starting to call 'hard country', not because it had a rock beat or crossed over into rock in a real way, but because it was more substantial than the cloying, overproduced mess out there on country radio\\\". In a remarkable turnaround, Lewis became the most bankable country star in the world. He was so huge in 1970 that his former Smash producer Shelby Singleton, who purchased Sun Records from Sam Phillips in July 1969, wasted no time in repackaging many of Lewis's old country recordings\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Lee Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9110521\",\n \"text\": \"Broadcasting Corporation on February 21, 1973. Big River Broadcasting is owned by the family of Sam Phillips, the legendary record producer and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member most notable for founding Sun Records and discovering Elvis Presley. The station's signal was boosted to 100,000 watts in 1978 and the station was assigned the current WQLT-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 1, 1978. This was the first regional top-40 station in North Alabama and forced several AM's to change format. Q-107's original line-up offered four hour shifts starting at 6 am and included J.Micheal Pruitt\",\n \"title\": \"WQLT-FM\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14947747\",\n \"text\": \"in 1965 of a brain tumor. In 2007, the Blue Moon Boys were inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville. The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \\\"My Happiness\\\", with \\\"That's\",\n \"title\": \"The Blue Moon Boys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1946577\",\n \"text\": \"Juliet\\\" by The Reflections. The early, pre-Motown songs by Edwin Starr (\\\"War\\\"), such as \\\"Agent Double-O-Soul\\\", were recorded in the Golden World studio. Golden World operated from 1962 to 1968. The label and its subsidiaries were purchased by Berry Gordy in 1966, and folded into Gordy's Motown Record Corporation. The Golden World studio became Motown's \\\"Studio B\\\", working in support of the original Motown recording studio (Studio A) at Hitsville USA. Before its purchase by Gordy, the studio's recordings often included moonlighting Motown back-up musicians, including James Jamerson on bass and George McGregor, who was the studio percussionist. The famous\",\n \"title\": \"Golden World Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7308339\",\n \"text\": \"WHER (defunct) WHER (1430 kHz AM) was the first \\\"All-Girl\\\" radio station when it went on the air in October 1955. Staffed almost exclusively by women (including broadcasting pioneer Vida Jane Butler), the station spawned a series of imitators, but later evolved into a mixed-gender staff rechristened WWEE. The radio station was the brainchild of Sam Phillips, who used a portion of the $35,000 he made from the sale of Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA Records to finance the station. A portion of the balance of the funding came from Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson, who also provided the\",\n \"title\": \"WHER (defunct)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16003308\",\n \"text\": \"Royal Studios has served a variety of artists during its operation. The list below is of notable albums which feature recordings from Royal Studios. These albums went Platinum, Gold or won a Grammy or other significant recognition. Royal Studios Royal Studios is a recording studio located in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1956, it is one of the oldest continuously operated music recording studios in the world. It is widely known for producer, recording artist and owner, Willie Mitchell, and notable productions of Al Green, Chuck Berry, John Mayer, Buddy Guy, My Morning Jacket, Robert Cray, De La Soul,\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5626923\",\n \"text\": \"Trident Studios Trident Studios was a British recording facility, located at 17 St. Anne's Court in London's Soho district between 1968 and 1981. It was constructed in 1967 by Norman Sheffield, a drummer of former 1960s group the Hunters, and his brother Barry. \\\"My Name is Jack\\\" by Manfred Mann was recorded at Trident in March 1968, and helped launch the studio's reputation. Some well-known albums and singles recorded at Trident include The Beatles' \\\"White Album\\\" (some recording was also done at Abbey Road Studios) as well as their single \\\"Hey Jude\\\", Elton John's \\\"Candle in the Wind\\\", David Bowie's\",\n \"title\": \"Trident Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15699884\",\n \"text\": \"it clear that no one, not even Johnny Cash, was going to dictate who did and did not get an audition on his record label. After what had happened to the careers of Presley and Cash, artists were coming to Sam Phillips in droves. Elvis, Cash, and Orbison had failed to persuade Phillips to sign Orbison. On the day that Je–Wel released The Teen Kings' single, Orbison took a copy to Cecil \\\"Pop\\\" Holifield (1905–1974) of Odessa, who owned two record stores (\\\"The Record Shop\\\"), one in Odessa and one in Midland. Holifield was also had promoted local concerts for\",\n \"title\": \"Je–Wel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11629444\",\n \"text\": \"the 1950s, Perkins invited him to sing a song and told him to talk to Sam Phillips, owner of Sun Records. The meeting came to nothing, but Trammell moved to Long Beach, California soon after in hopes of landing a recording contract. While in California, he took a job in a Ford manufacturing plant. He saw Bobby Bare play at a carnival and convinced Bare to let him come on stage for a few songs. Lefty Frizzell, who was in attendance at the fair, asked him to open for a show at the Jubilee Ballroom, a venue in Baldwin Park,\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Lee Trammell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"267178\",\n \"text\": \"of his efforts until September 1971, when as a session musician and bass guitarist for the Arthur Louis Band, he attended recording sessions at The Manor Studio near Kidlington, Oxfordshire, owned by a young Richard Branson and run by engineers Tom Newman and Simon Heyworth. Branson already had several business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records, together with Simon Draper. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfield's demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, who eventually gave Oldfield one week's worth of recording time at The Manor. During this week, he completed\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Oldfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2390484\",\n \"text\": \"first single, \\\"Sally Sue Brown\\\", under the name of June Alexander (short for Junior), which was released in 1960 on Jud Phillips' Judd Records. (Phillips is the brother of music pioneer Sam Phillips). A year later, Alexander cut \\\"You Better Move On\\\" at a former tobacco warehouse-turned-recording studio in Muscle Shoals. Released on Nashville's Dot Records, the song became a soul/R&B chart hit, and laid the foundation for the modern recording studio FAME. \\\"You Better Move On\\\" is perhaps Alexander's best-known song, covered by the Rolling Stones, the Hollies, George Jones & Johnny Paycheck, Gene Clark (from The Byrds) and\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Alexander\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651270\",\n \"text\": \"of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt\\\", Eggers first heard Van Zandt's song \\\"Tecumseh Valley\\\" when producer Jack Clement played a demo of it recorded at a Houston recording studio in 1966, with Eggers marveling, \\\"I thought it was an absolute classic song. When I heard it I said, 'This is a brilliant songwriter.' I told Jack right then and there that I would sign Townes and make a record with him. Townes was brilliant from day one.\\\" Clement, who had been an engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records and an established songwriter himself, offered to produce the album\",\n \"title\": \"For the Sake of the Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296532\",\n \"text\": \"in the first-floor boarding rooms above the studio, who were sometimes asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems. These included the actors John Thaw, Richard Briers, and the ventriloquist Ray Alan. For the first couple of years, Phillips made music compilation discs for local businesses such as the local ice rink or cinema, men singing songs for loved ones, children playing an instrument, or even a neighbour’s dog howling along to piano accompaniment. As the record shop and studio took over the business, he had a brass plate made which he put on the wall just outside the front\",\n \"title\": \"Phillips' Sound Recording Services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6694504\",\n \"text\": \"Unfinished Business\\\", Dolly Parton recounted how she was rushing to her first recording session at Studio B in September 1967 (shortly after having signed with RCA Victor) and, in her haste to make the session on time, drove her car through the side wall of the building. She noted that the spot where her car impacted the building is still visible. In 1977 the studio was made available to the Country Music Hall of Fame for tours, and in 1992 it was donated to the Country Music Hall of Fame by the late Dan Maddox. Until 2001, it was operated\",\n \"title\": \"RCA Studio B\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Sam Phillips context: Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake\\n\\nSam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 192,\n \"origin_tokens\": 192,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Jerry Lee Lewisalbum) context: Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \\\"High School Confidential\\\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \\\"Great Balls of Fire\\\" and \\\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\\\" The album is sometimes referred to as \\\"High School Confidential\\\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.\\n\\ntitle: Sun Studio context: Gordon in the early 1950s Rock and roll country music, rockabil artists, including Johnny Cash Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Feathers Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded throughout mid-to-late 1950s the outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 15 the older facility Since Phill had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.\\ntitle Studio context: B. and Chris Isaone to few. In03 it officially a National Historic Land tourraction. Sun regularly releases studio session podcast on YouTube Sun announced affili showing3-min series of \\\" Studio S Studio Sun Studio is a openedand pione Phill 0 in Memphis Tennessee 1950. was originally Memphis Rec Service, the same with\\n\\ntitle Studio: Taylor andnes for0 at the.amp his album at. In1akB Sun,\\\", released on. , WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and\\n\\nSam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 451,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14092,\n \"ratio\": \"31.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":197,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":197,"string":"197"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which actor played Maxwell Smart?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Adams, Don","Don Adams (Actor)","Don Adams","Donald James Yarmy","Donald Yarmy","Missed it by that much"],"string":"[\n \"Adams, Don\",\n \"Don Adams (Actor)\",\n \"Don Adams\",\n \"Donald James Yarmy\",\n \"Donald Yarmy\",\n \"Missed it by that much\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Don Adams"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1869329","text":"the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \"CONTROL\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"8539979","text":"famous example of a shoe phone in fiction is that of the television show \"Get Smart\". The use of a shoe phone is a gimmick of the show's main character, Maxwell Smart (played by Don Adams), a secret agent who has need to conceal a communication device in his shoe. The device had a removable sole which allowed access to a telephone handset. Like many gadgets depicted in the series, the shoe phone was a parody of communication gadgets in \"James Bond\" films which were themselves often fantastical. In the 1990s, Sports Illustrated developed and promoted a \"Sneaker Phone\", a","title":"Shoe phone"},{"id":"4336905","text":"also includes Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn, and Luke Wilson. Carell acted as the title character of \"Evan Almighty\", a sequel to \"Bruce Almighty\", reprising his role as Evan Baxter, now a U.S. Congressman. The film received mostly negative reviews. Carell starred in the 2007 film \"Dan in Real Life\", co-starring Dane Cook and Juliette Binoche. Carell played Maxwell Smart in the 2008 film \"Get Smart\", an adaptation of the TV series starring Don Adams. It was successful, grossing over $230 million worldwide. During 2007, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Carell","title":"Steve Carell"},{"id":"1814161","text":"Don Adams Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy \"Get Smart\" (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\" (1963–66) and \"Inspector Gadget\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"1869371","text":"owns international distribution rights. On August 10, 2015, the entire series was officially released on digital streaming platforms for the first time in preparation for the series 50th anniversary. Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869321","text":"Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as Thaddeus, the Chief. Henry said that they created the show at the request of Daniel Melnick to capitalize on \"the two biggest things in the entertainment world today\":","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"269758","text":"In 1965, Brooks teamed up with comedy writer Buck Henry to create a comedic TV show about a bumbling James Bond-inspired spy. Brooks explains, \"I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life... I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first.\" The show that Brooks and Henry created was \"Get Smart\", starring Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86. This series ran from 1965 until 1970,","title":"Mel Brooks"},{"id":"5051912","text":"during his appearances on panel programs such as celebrity \"roasts\" and other tributes. On a 1967 episode of \"Get Smart\", he played a KAOS agent who made a phone call to the Chief of CONTROL (played by Edward Platt), performed a perfect impression of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and told the Chief he was fired and replaced with agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams). In 1970-71, he hosted 22 episodes of \"Something Else\", a syndicated half-hour musical variety series. He then hosted his own show in 1972 called the \"John Byner Comedy Hour\", where the character Super Dave was first introduced.","title":"John Byner"},{"id":"17271938","text":"leviathan\". The 1965 Tiger Mark I gained some exposure on American television as the car of choice for Maxwell Smart in the spoof spy series \"Get Smart\". The Tiger was used for the first two seasons in the opening credits, in which Smart screeched to a halt outside his headquarters, and was used through the remainder of the series in several episodes. Some of the scenes featured unusual modifications such as a retractable James Bond-style machine gun that could not have fit under the Tiger's bonnet, so rebadged Alpine models were used instead. Don Adams, who played the protagonist Maxwell","title":"Sunbeam Tiger"},{"id":"3558643","text":"as an inebriated Turkish waiter on \"Get Smart\", the spy-spoof comedy series, in an \"I Spy\" parody episode titled \"Die Spy\". In this, secret agent Maxwell Smart played by Don Adams in effect assumes Culp's Kelly Robinson character, as he pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the \"I Spy\" theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott, with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. In 1971, Culp, Peter Falk, Robert Wagner, and Darren McGavin each stepped in to take turns with Anthony Franciosa's rotation of NBC's series \"The Name of the Game\" after","title":"Robert Culp"},{"id":"1814172","text":"Beach\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \"Check it Out!\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \"Get Smart\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"1772951","text":"but manages to survive by either his own good luck or covert help by Penny and Brain. Gadget dresses in a style similar to Inspector Clouseau from \"The Pink Panther\" movies, but also has similarities in behavior to Maxwell Smart, the protagonist of the television series \"Get Smart\" (1965–1970). The original voice actor for Gadget was Don Adams, who also portrayed Maxwell Smart. The car which Gadget drives is recognizable as a Matra Murena. Gadget's boss is Chief Quimby. Gadget is covertly assisted by his niece Penny, who is typically the person who actually solves their cases. Penny is a","title":"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"},{"id":"12000484","text":"Get Smart (1995 TV series) Get Smart is an American sitcom sequel to the original 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \"Get Smart\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. The series aired Sunday at 7:30 pm on Fox for seven episodes from January 8 to February 19, 1995. Maxwell Smart is the Chief of CONTROL, and Agent 99 is a politician. Their bungling son, Zach (Andy Dick), one of the twins introduced in the fifth season of the original show, becomes CONTROL's star agent. Zach is teamed with the reluctant Agent 66 (Elaine Hendrix)","title":"Get Smart (1995 TV series)"},{"id":"12000485","text":"as they try to stop KAOS from controlling the world's economy. Joining Zach and 66 is Trudy (Heather Morgan), an accident prone spy, and Agent 0, a master of disguise. The relative success of the 1989 reunion movie \"Get Smart, Again!\" eventually prompted the development of a weekly revival of \"Get Smart\", with Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 respectively, with Dave Ketchum also reprising his role of Agent 13 and Bernie Kopell reprising his role as Siegfried. Though Zachary Smart's name was revealed in the FOX revival, his twin sister's name remained","title":"Get Smart (1995 TV series)"},{"id":"1772967","text":"seen since its initial production. A second version of the pilot was made with the only difference being Gary Owens re-recording all of White's dialogue with a deep-toned mid-Atlantic accent. Eventually, producers decided to cast actor Don Adams in the role, re-recording all of Gadget's dialogue in the pilot to make it more reminiscent of Maxwell Smart of \"Get Smart\" (also played by Don Adams), one of the series' inspirations. A fourth version of the pilot was made for broadcast with Frank Welker re-recording one line as Gadget to explain away the mustache. Gadget's nemesis Doctor Claw – as well","title":"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"},{"id":"4706313","text":"came to the show with an established acting career. Herman's \"MADtv\" characters included Mike Lawson (Incredible Findings), Generation X anchorman Marsh (\"X News\"), and concerned father Joel Linder. Former castmate Artie Lange referred to Herman as \"a brilliant, talented actor\" and called him \"one of my best friends in show business.\" Herman lampooned celebrities and famous figures such as Don Adams (as Maxwell Smart from \"Get Smart\"), Tim Allen (as Tim \"the Tool Man\" Taylor from \"Home Improvement\"), Woody Allen, Nicolas Cage, Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, David Duchovny (as Fox Mulder from \"The X-Files\"), Larry Flynt, Tom Hanks (as Forrest","title":"David Herman"},{"id":"1869323","text":"2010, \"TV Guide\" ranked \"Get Smart\"s opening title sequence at No. 2 on its list of TV's Top 10 Credits Sequences as selected by readers. After switching networks in 1969, to CBS, the show ended its five-season run on May 15, 1970, with a production roster at both networks of 138 episodes. The Museum of Broadcast Communications finds the show notable for \"broadening the parameters for the presentation of comedy on television.\" The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart (Don Adams), also known as Agent 86, and his more sensible female partner, Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon). Agents","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1814168","text":"award three times. The show moved to CBS for its final season, with ratings declining, as spy series went out of fashion. \"Get Smart\" was canceled in 1970 after 138 episodes. Following this, Adams then wanted to move on to other projects. His efforts after \"Get Smart\" were less successful, including the comedy series \"The Partners\" (1971–72), a game show called \"Don Adams' Screen Test\" (1975–76) and three attempts to revive the \"Get Smart\" series in the 1980s. His movie \"The Nude Bomb\" (1980) was unsuccessful at the box-office. Adams had been typecast as Maxwell Smart and was unable to","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"1869360","text":"the doctor on \"Love Boat\" was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried on \"Get Smart.\" In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was \"Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart.\" In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his \"Get Smart\" character with his catch phrase \"Would you believe...?\" In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of a bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series \"Inspector Gadget.\" This later became a feature film in 1999","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"4155475","text":"while blending in alternate history and homages & cameos to other fiction (i.e. instead of becoming the President of the United States, actor Ronald Reagan portrayed Maxwell Smart in the TV series \"Get Smart\", famous film murderers like Jason Voorhees are inmates in an asylum in \"Krokodil Tears\", and actor Leonard Nimoy is viewed as a 60s astronaut in \"Comeback Tour\"). The world has undergone an intense social, environmental, and moral collapse, combined with a dramatic rise in technology; by the year 1995, violence became the main killer as well as mutating viruses ASD, CSE and PHD. In the \"Demon","title":"Dark Future"},{"id":"1772942","text":"endless amount of gadgets he can summon by saying \"Go-Go-Gadget\" then the gadget's name. Although he has all this equipment, Gadget is ultimately incompetent and clueless (in a manner similar to Maxwell Smart of \"Get Smart\" – who was also played by Don Adams – and the Inspector Clouseau character of the \"Pink Panther\" series, including his attire looking similar to Clouseau). He overcomes obstacles and survives perilous situations and malfunctioning gadgets, often by sheer good luck. His niece, Penny, and intelligent dog, Brain, secretly help him solve each case. His nemesis is Dr. Claw, the head of the criminal","title":"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"},{"id":"2542058","text":"the television game show \"I've Got a Secret\". September 2, 1962: Mosconi was a contestant on the television game show \"What's My Line?\". 1966: An episode of \"Get Smart\", \"The Dead Spy Scrawls\" {1/18}, featured actor Harry Bartell in the role of \"Willie Marconi,\" trying to teach Maxwell Smart how to play pool. While some have erroneously believed this is a cameo of Willie Mosconi playing himself, the Marconi character is a fictitious but obvious tribute to Mosconi, who is acknowledged by The Chief as \"the greatest pool player in the world.\" February 25, 1978: \"The Great Pool Shoot-Out\", a","title":"Willie Mosconi"},{"id":"1869363","text":"is customary for the actor to go to the foreign location for shooting, Adams' apparent intense dislike of long-distance flying meant that the New Zealand specification car had to be shipped to the US for filming. He also appeared in another series of Canadian commercials in the late 1990s for a dial-around long distance carrier. In the movie Back to the Beach (1987), Adams played the Harbor Master, who used several of Maxwell Smart's catch phrases (including an exchange in which Frankie Avalon's character did a vague impression of Siegfried). Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart.","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869331","text":"is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the \"Bureau of Internal Revenue\". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film. In 1999, \"TV Guide\" ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in \"Ice Station Siegfried\", as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts). Admiral Harold Harmon Hargrade or (William","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"3101404","text":"\"The Old Dark House\" (1963), \"Soldier in the Rain\" (1963), \"Cold Turkey\" (1971), \"The Happy Hooker\" (1975), \"Rabbit Test\" (1978), \"Up the Academy\" (1980) and \"Carbon Copy\" (1981). He was cast as Michael Carrington's uncle Tom Anderson in \"Grease 2\" (1982), but his scenes were deleted. However, his television career was expansive, covering the better part of five decades. When Mel Brooks submitted his idea for \"Get Smart\" to the ABC network, ABC wanted Poston for the lead role of Maxwell Smart. When ABC passed on the show, NBC picked it up and the lead went to Don Adams. Poston,","title":"Tom Poston"},{"id":"1869361","text":"starring Matthew Broderick in the title role of Inspector John Brown Gadget (in which Adams had a cameo), and its prequel series \"Gadget Boy and Heather.\" Neither were directly related to \"Get Smart.\" In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"2296322","text":"Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969. The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman in a stressful career. Feldon noted \"A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them. Because she was smart and always got the right answer.\" Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of \"Get Smart\" was a deodorant soap and she had done a","title":"Barbara Feldon"},{"id":"3097998","text":"Nanny\". He also starred as Zachary Smart, the son of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 in the \"Get Smart\" Fox television remake (a role he reportedly tried to escape in order to go into work with \"NewsRadio\"). In 2001, Dick starred along with Kieran Culkin on the short lived NBC summer television series \"Go Fish\". Dick has been a series regular on several sitcoms for their entire duration, including \"NewsRadio\" on NBC (1995–1999), portraying Matthew Brock, and on the ABC sitcom \"Less than Perfect\" as Owen Kronsky. In 2001, his colleagues and producers, including himself, developed a show on MTV","title":"Andy Dick"},{"id":"5733633","text":"The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \"Get Smart\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\" for television. Agent Maxwell Smart is called back into service in order to stop a nefarious KAOS terrorist plan from exploding a bomb that destroys only clothing, so as to leave KAOS as the only supplier of clothes to the entire world. Saint-Sauvage, the KAOS fashion designer, finds everyone","title":"The Nude Bomb"},{"id":"13257422","text":"Mr. Big (Get Smart) \"Mr. Big\" is the first episode of the first season of \"Get Smart\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) is called up during a concert by his shoe-phone, and is then","title":"Mr. Big (Get Smart)"},{"id":"4443304","text":"played judges in \"Centennial\" and \"B. J. and the Bear\". In 1980, he was cast in the role of \"Chief\" in the \"Get Smart\" feature film entitled \"The Nude Bomb\" (a.k.a. \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\") that was based on the 1960s hit TV series (the role previously played by Edward Platt, who died in 1974). He also co-starred in two episodes of \"The A-Team\" in 1984 and 1985. In 1987, he was cast on \"Matlock\". Elcar and his stunt/photography double, Don S. Davis, were often mistaken for each other. Elcar appeared in the hit series \"Knight Rider\" in the","title":"Dana Elcar"},{"id":"6251109","text":"Get Smart, Again! Get Smart, Again! is a 1989 American made-for-television comedy film based on the 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \"Get Smart!\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. It originally aired February 26, 1989 on ABC (the network that rejected the original pilot for \"Get Smart!\"). Maxwell Smart, acting as a protocol officer since CONTROL was disbanded in the early 1970s, is reactivated as a counterintelligence agent by Commander Drury, of the United States Intelligence Agency. KAOS, long considered defunct, has been revitalized by a corporate takeover. Its first scheme involves turning","title":"Get Smart, Again!"},{"id":"1869362","text":"Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier. In the late 1980s Adams portrayed Smart in a series of TV commercials for Toyota New Zealand, for the 1990 model Toyota Starlet. While it","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"5361667","text":"included Don Adams as a hopelessly inept house detective named Byron Glick; when the show was cancelled, Adams quickly used the Glick characterization as the basis for Maxwell Smart, and \"Get Smart\" premiered on NBC that fall. Before appearing in front of a television camera for the first time on \"The Steve Allen Show\" in 1959, Dana had been a prolific comedy writer, an activity he continued into the 1980s, producing material for other actors on stage and screen. Dana co-wrote the script for the \"Get Smart\" theatrical film \"The Nude Bomb\". His brother, Irving Szathmary, wrote the famous theme","title":"Bill Dana"},{"id":"1869354","text":"Hendrix as 66. Four feature-length films have been produced following the end of the NBC/CBS run of the TV series: In October 2008, it was reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Mosaic Media Group are producing a sequel. Carell and Hathaway are set to return, but the status of other cast members has not yet been announced. \"Get Smart, Again!\" eventually prompted the development of a short-lived 1995 weekly series on FOX also titled \"Get Smart\", with Adams and Feldon reprising their characters with Maxwell Smart now being the Chief of CONTROL as their bumbling son, Zach (Andy","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"5733639","text":"on broadcast television for the first time with its originally intended title, \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\". The film was released on Region 1 DVD on August 26, 2008 and Region 4 on October 30, 2009. It was released in Australia on Blu-ray on June 22, 2016. The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \"Get Smart\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\" for television.","title":"The Nude Bomb"},{"id":"1814171","text":"the two contestants would be played, with audience reaction determining the winner, who would receive a trip to Hollywood and a real screen test for a motion picture. Don Adams resurrected the Maxwell Smart character for a series of television commercials for Savemart, a retail chain that sold audio and video equipment. Don Adams also did a series of audio/radio commercials for Chief Auto Parts in the 1980's, a retail automobile parts establishment, later sold to AutoZone AutoZone. He also appeared in the film \"Jimmy the Kid\" (1982) and played a cameo role as a harbormaster in \"Back to the","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"18065344","text":"at the accounting firm, Mr. Hamble, were all unaware of Henry's secret life, with Gerald Hannahan, the regional director of the agency the lone person to know the secret. The characters of the girlfriend and mother-in-law were phased out halfway through the abbreviated run. Buttons noted that, unlike Agent Maxwell Smart in NBC's new hit \"Get Smart\", his character was shy, used no gadgets in his work, and was an impostor, not an actual agent. Phyfe's CIS boss was played by veteran character actor Fred Clark, who bore a superficial physical resemblance to Smart's \"Chief\" played by Edward Platt. The","title":"The Double Life of Henry Phyfe"},{"id":"2675277","text":"the spy-spoof television series, did a parody of the show in the 1968 episode titled \"Die Spy\". In this, agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott—with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. Robert Culp makes an uncredited cameo appearance as an inebriated Turkish waiter. A number of original novels based upon the series were published, most written in the mid-to-late 1960s by Walter Wager under the pseudonym \"John Tiger.\" The \"I Spy\" novels were published by Popular Library: The following","title":"I Spy (1965 TV series)"},{"id":"1869359","text":"Glick. His speech mannerisms, catch phrases (\"Would you believe...?\"), and other comedy bits were adapted for his \"Maxwell Smart\" role on \"Get Smart\". When WCGV-TV, a new independent station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin signed on the air in 1980, Adams did in-house promos as Agent 86 to let viewers know when the reruns of \"Get Smart\" aired on the station by using his shoephone. In one of Adams' five appearances as a guest passenger on the series \"The Love Boat\", his character, even when he thought he had been shot, makes no attempt to visit the ship's doctor. The role of","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"2296324","text":"film to date is 2006's \"Last Request\", a comedy with Danny Aiello and Joe Piscopo. Feldon reprised her role as \"Agent 99\" in the made-for-television film \"Get Smart, Again!\" (1989) and a short-lived television series also titled \"Get Smart\" in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original \"Get Smart\" series in 2006 but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 episode (S1 E20) of \"Mad About You\", as Diane \"Spy Girl\"","title":"Barbara Feldon"},{"id":"9244712","text":"analyst named Maxwell Smart (Carell) who dreams of becoming a real field agent and a better spy. The film was released in North America on June 20, 2008. \"Get Smart\" received mixed reviews from critics and it earned $230 million on a $80 million budget. Maxwell Smart, an analyst for the top secret American intelligence agency, CONTROL, yearns to become a field agent like his idol, Agent 23. Despite top scores in the acceptance tests, Max is denied the promotion due to his higher value as an analyst. When CONTROL headquarters is attacked by the terrorist organization KAOS, almost all","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"3772789","text":"minutes, akin to the technique that has become quite commonplace today. The theme music, which accompanied the closing credits and occasionally popped up during the program itself, was composed by Lalo Schifrin, best known for the theme to \"\". Unlike many other sitcoms of the 1960s and 70s, there is no family seen in the show. There are not many characters altogether. Detective Lennie Crooke: (Don Adams) Det. Lennie Crooke is a slightly inept police detective, a bit similar to Adams' previous character on \"Get Smart\", Maxwell Smart. Details on his life and family are very sparse. He has mentioned","title":"The Partners"},{"id":"1869357","text":"air new episodes (or made-for-TV films) on each of the aforementioned current four major American television networks, although several TV shows in the 1940s and 1950s aired on NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont. The different versions of \"Get Smart\" did not all feature the original lead cast. \"Get Smart\" was parodied on a sketch in the Mexican comedy show \"De Nuez en Cuando\" called [\"Super Agente 3.1486\"], making fun of the Spanish title of the series (Super Agente 86) and the way the series is dubbed. An early \"MadTV\" sketch titled \"Get Smarty\" placed the Maxwell Smart character in situations","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"10796429","text":"a retired secret agent sought by CONTROL agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) and by enemy spies. Taylor gets a chance in the plot to exchange humorous takes with Adams and perform some physical comedy. Another veteran of acting, Ellen Corby, also appears in this same \"Get Smart\" episode, which takes place in \"Spy City,\" a retirement community for former agents. In 1966 and 1968, Taylor made guest appearances on \"Petticoat Junction\". In 1966, he played Mr. Foley, episode: \"Better Never Than Late\", and in 1968, he played Mr. Clayton, in the episode \"Uncle Joe Runs the Hotel\". On April 26,","title":"Vaughn Taylor (actor)"},{"id":"3384639","text":"house detective, a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on \"Get Smart\". In similar fashion, several of Harris's tropes from the series, such as \"Oh, the pain!\", along with the character's mannerisms and delivery, became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on \"Lost in Space\". In an apparent homage to his earlier role, Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on \"Get Smart\" in 1970. His female assistant was named Zachary. Harris also guest-starred on \"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir\". Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of","title":"Jonathan Harris"},{"id":"1869327","text":"something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first. Brooks and Henry proposed the show to ABC, where network executives called it \"un-American\" and demanded a \"lovable dog to give the show more heart\", as well as scenes showing Maxwell Smart's mother. Brooks strongly objected to the second suggestion: They wanted to put a print housecoat on the show. Max was to come home to his mother and explain everything. I hate mothers on shows. Max has no mother. He never had one. The cast and crew contributed","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"13257427","text":"Dante admits that he'd originally intended to call his thermal death-ray \"Dante's Inferno.\" Mr. Big (Get Smart) \"Mr. Big\" is the first episode of the first season of \"Get Smart\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don","title":"Mr. Big (Get Smart)"},{"id":"7528634","text":"his cousin to remain close to him, Adams initially gave Karvelas several uncredited bit parts on \"Get Smart\". One such part was an assistant to the Chief, which would evolve into the character of Larrabee. Mr. Karvelas actually ended up appearing in all five seasons of the show. The character \"Larrabee\" would go on to have the distinction of being just as bumbling as Maxwell Smart, if not more so. In Episode 21, Season 5, Smart tells the Chief, \"People ask if Larrabee and I are related.\" Robert's character part, and his generally sweet, unassuming nature, enhanced the joviality of","title":"Robert Karvelas"},{"id":"1869336","text":"though the two characters share similar traits and often speak fondly of one another—even in the midst of attempting to assassinate each other. Speaking English with an exaggerated German accent, the gray-haired, mustachioed, and dueling-scarred Siegfried's catchphrase is, \"Zis is KAOS! Ve don't [some action] here!\" He was played by Terence Stamp in the 2008 film. In \"Get Smart\", telephones are concealed in over 50 objects, including a necktie, comb, watch, and a clock. A recurring gag is Max's shoe phone (an idea from Brooks). To use or answer it, he has to take off his shoe. There were a","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"3142496","text":"episodes, when both characters are in the car, Karate is the driver while Batfink rides in the back seat. In early episodes, his voice is a stereotypical Asian accent, but in later episodes, Len Maxwell adopts a clipped and nasal speech pattern. This was inspired by Don Adams, whose \"Get Smart\" character, Maxwell Smart, was popular at the time. Karate on occasion even utters the Maxwell-inspired catchphrase, \"Sorry about that, Batfink.\" Karate was usually ordered to check downstairs, while Batfink checked the upper floor. At the end of each cartoon episode, Karate would make a corny pun that was sometimes","title":"Batfink"},{"id":"1869349","text":"Second and third calls come in, each with its own alias, the last of which is his own real name of Maxwell Smart, which he initially does not answer. Smart tells the skeptical gallery owner that those are his names as well, making it obvious to any spy that he is taking calls from fellow agents and informants. Smart then makes himself even more visible by tangling the handset cords of the three phones. CONTROL has a policy of burning pertinent documents after cases are closed; the reasons were detailed in their Rules and Regulations book, but nobody can read","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869335","text":"were so busy, they forgot to have the names stand for anything. In a series episode, after making a series of demands in a recording, the speaker mentions the demands are from \"KAOS, a Delaware Corporation\". When Smart asks the chief about this, he mentions they did it for tax reasons. Ludwig Von Siegfried, Konrad Siegfried, Count Von Siegfried, simply , or Herr Siegfried in most episodes (Bernie Kopell) is a recurring villain, and the Vice President in charge of Public Relations and Terror at KAOS though his title does vary. Siegfried is Maxwell Smart's \"opposite number\" and nemesis, even","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1814166","text":"show, which cast Adams in the role because he was already under contract. When \"Get Smart\" debuted in 1965, it was an immediate hit. Barbara Feldon co-starred as Max's young and attractive partner (later wife) Agent 99, where she had a great chemistry with Adams throughout the show's run, despite a 10-year age difference, and they became best friends during and after. Adams gave the character a clipped speaking style borrowed from actor William Powell. Feldon said, \"Part of the pop fervor for Agent 86 was because Don did such an extreme portrayal of the character that it made it","title":"Don Adams"},{"id":"9244721","text":"response, Dalip throws Siegfried into a river. Back in CONTROL headquarters, a party is held in Maxwell's honor, where Agent 99 gives him a puppy. Maxwell is afterwards given honors and gets his dream of becoming a real spy. While leaving, Max attempts to fix the jammed door, much to Agent 99's dismay, and ends up jammed between the sliding doors as a humorous ending shot. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original TV series, has a cameo as a motorist driving an Opel GT, a car featured in the TV series. This film's score was composed by Trevor","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"4891586","text":"was referenced in the first part of the 1969 \"Get Smart\" episode \"To Sire, with Love\", aired February 15th., in the US. Maxwell Smart claims that after appearing in an unspecified movie involving mummies, Bey was cursed and his career never recovered. Turhan Bey Turhan Bey (30 March 192230 September 2012) was an Austrian-born actor of Turkish and Czech Jewish origin. Turhan was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed \"The Turkish Delight\" by his fans. After his return to Austria, he pursued careers as a photographer and stage director. Returning to Hollywood after a 40-year hiatus,","title":"Turhan Bey"},{"id":"4083335","text":"had a regular comic strip feature, \"Superfan\", in \"Pro Quarterback\" magazine in the early 1970s. It was written by his \"Mad\" cohort, Nick Meglin. Davis first worked with \"TV Guide\" in 1965, which hired him to illustrate an expansive eight-page advertising supplement for NBC's TV lineup, which featured icons such as Johnny Carson, Dean Martin and fictional characters such as Dr. Kildare, Napoleon Solo and Maxwell Smart. His first cover for the magazine came in 1968, when he depicted a tribute to Andy Griffith, in which the actor was hoisted on the shoulders of his costars, Don Knotts and Jim","title":"Jack Davis (cartoonist)"},{"id":"11365334","text":"Bruce Bilson Bruce Bilson (born May 19, 1928) is an American film and television director. He is the grandfather of actress Rachel Bilson. He is most notable for his work as a regular director on the popular spy spoof \"Get Smart\". He won the 1967-68 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the third season Get Smart episode \"Maxwell Smart, Private Eye\". Bilson was born in Brooklyn to Jewish parents. His mother, Hattie Bilson (née Dratwa), was an American screenwriter, and his father, George Bilson (1902-1981), was an English producer/writer/director (born Leeds, West Yorkshire) . His","title":"Bruce Bilson"},{"id":"6922105","text":"married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote \"Rag Doll\", using the pseudonym \"Maxwell Smart\", a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including \"Casualty\", \"Love Hurts\" and","title":"Catherine Johnson (playwright)"},{"id":"3591869","text":"Jürgen Prochnow Jürgen Prochnow ( ; born 10 June 1941) is a German-born actor. His best-known roles internationally have been as the good-hearted and sympathetic U-Boat captain in \"Das Boot\" (1981), Duke Leto Atreides in \"Dune\" (1984), the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in \"Air Force One\" (1997), and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in \"Beverly Hills Cop II\" (1987). Prochnow was born in Berlin and brought up in Düsseldorf, the son of an engineer. He studied acting at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. Thanks to his on-screen intensity and his fluency in English, he has","title":"Jürgen Prochnow"},{"id":"4568995","text":"designed with an eye to safety. Automotive magazine \"Road & Track\" reviewed the GT in their June 1969 issue, recording 0–96 km/h in 10.8 seconds and a top speed of 182 km/h. \"Road & Track\" also found the car to have strong understeer, suggesting the 165x13 tires to be too small, although the ride was comfortable. A gold 1969 Opel GT was Agent 86 Maxwell Smart's car in the last season of the comedy TV series \"Get Smart\". Maxwell Smart drove a GT in several episodes, and the car features prominently in the opening credits. In the 2008 movie adaptation","title":"Opel GT"},{"id":"9244711","text":"Get Smart (film) Get Smart is a 2008 American action spy comedy film directed by Peter Segal, written by Tom J. Astle and Matt Ember and produced by Leonard B. Stern, who is also the producer of the original series. The film is based on Mel Brooks and Buck Henry's television series of the same name. The film stars Steve Carell, Anne Hathaway, Dwayne Johnson, and Alan Arkin, with Terence Stamp, Terry Crews, David Koechner, and James Caan in supporting roles. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original series, also appeared in the film. The film centers on an","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"4568996","text":"\"Get Smart\", Bernie Kopell (who played Siegfried in the original \"Get Smart\" series) makes a cameo appearance in which he drives a GT. Maxwell Smart's cars in Season 1 and 2 (a Sunbeam Tiger) and in Seasons 3 and 4 (a Volkswagen Karmann Ghia) are also in the scene. In the January 20, 2016 episode of \"Criminal Minds\" seen on CBS called \"Drive\", Dr. Tara Lewis, (played by Aisha Tyler) is seen pulling up in a vintage White Opel GT. When asked by the character Special Agent David Rossi (played Joe Mantegna), \"Who's your restoration guy?\", She answers, \"Oh, um,","title":"Opel GT"},{"id":"3056406","text":"James Kirkwood. He voiced James Bond in the video game \"\" (2002). Maxwell Newby was born to Peter Newby on 23 November 1959 in Belper, Derbyshire and Oriole Rosalind (née Findlater) — although he later claimed to be a native of Glasgow, reportedly to be \"more interesting\". By 1965, his parents had divorced. Although not a child actor per se, aged around 7, he played \"Ted\" (under the name Maxwell Findlater, using his mother's maiden name) in the 1967 film, \"Accident\". The film's screenplay was written by Harold Pinter, and the film starred Stanley Baker, Dirk Bogarde and Michael York.","title":"Maxwell Caulfield"},{"id":"13191562","text":"Makes Diamonds AZ - Legendary Sheek Louch - Life On D-Block Messy Marv and Berner - Blow Messy Marv and Berner - Blow 2: Blocks and Boat Docks Trina - Amazin' Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max","title":"Max Perry"},{"id":"1869355","text":"Dick), becomes CONTROL's star agent (Zach's twin sister is never seen nor mentioned — though the new leader of KAOS, a hidden female figure, would have been revealed as the other twin if the show had continued.) And 99 is now a Congresswoman. The beginning teaser shows Maxwell Smart and Zach driving to CONTROL headquarters in a car wash separately; Smart, Zach and their secretary cram themselves into a secret elevator: a soda machine which \"disappears\". (A cleaning lady sits down in the open space when all of a sudden the machine pops up and knocks the woman into the","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869364","text":"He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, \"Don't tell me you're a double agent.\" (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, \"Don't tell me...\" and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, \"I \"asked\" you not to tell me that!\") Adams also appeared","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"7545987","text":"to be his true breakthrough role. He also considers the role to be his favorite Oscar-nominated performance. Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the","title":"Street Smart (film)"},{"id":"5964290","text":"Rupert Penry-Jones Rupert William Penry-Jones (born 22 September 1970) is an English actor, known for his roles as Adam Carter in the BBC One spy drama series \"Spooks\", Clive Reader QC in the BBC One legal drama \"Silk\", policeman DI Joseph Chandler in the ITV murder mystery series \"Whitechapel\", and Mr. Quinlan in the FX horror series \"The Strain\". Penry-Jones was born in London, the son of Welsh actor Peter Penry-Jones and English actress Angela Thorne. His brother, Laurence Penry-Jones, is an actor turned ambulance driver who is married to actress Polly Walker. On BBC One's \"Who Do You Think","title":"Rupert Penry-Jones"},{"id":"9244719","text":"him a coded message via the radio show \"American Top 40\" alerting him to Siegfried's plan. Max escapes, arrives in Los Angeles to reunite with the Chief, Agent 99, and Agent 23, and convinces them that he is not the double-agent. When his Geiger counter-equipped watch picks up traces of radiation from Agent 23, they realize Agent 23 is the real double-agent. 23 takes 99 hostage and flees in a vehicle. After a chase, Maxwell manages to rescue Agent 99, but in the struggle, the car is set on fire and forced onto railroad tracks. Maxwell kisses Agent 23 to","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"1869322","text":"James Bond and Inspector Clouseau. Brooks said: \"It's an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy.\" The show generated a number of popular catchphrases during its run, including \"Would you believe...\", \"Good thinking, 99\", \"Missed it by \"that much\"!\", \"Sorry about that, Chief\", \"The old (such-and-such) trick\", \"And \"loving\" it\", and \"I \"asked\" you not to tell me that\". The show was followed by the films \"The Nude Bomb\" (a 1980 theatrical film release) and \"Get Smart, Again!\" (a 1989 made-for-TV sequel to the series), as well as a 1995 revival series, and a 2008 film remake. In","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"1869325","text":"as KAOS agents, including William Schallert (who also had a recurring role as The Admiral, the first Chief of CONTROL). Conrad Siegfried, played by Bernie Kopell, is Smart's KAOS archenemy. King Moody (originally appearing as a generic KAOS killer) portrayed the dim-witted but burly Shtarker, Siegfried's assistant. The enemies, world-takeover plots and gadgets seen in \"Get Smart\" were a parody of the \"James Bond\" movie franchise. \"Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch\", Mel Brooks said of the methods of this TV series. Max and 99 marry in season four, and have twins in season five.","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"7545986","text":"do the film partly because Cannon promised to give \"Street Smart\" the financial backing it needed. Miles Davis and Robert Irving III recorded the complete soundtrack. The film gained positive reviews. It currently holds a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film performed poorly at the box office, which is primarily attributed to Cannon Films' failure to properly market the theatrical release. Morgan Freeman was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award (among other honors) for Best Supporting Actor for his role. Despite having appeared in \"The Electric Company\" during the 1970s, Freeman has considered Fast Black","title":"Street Smart (film)"},{"id":"1869358","text":"from the film \"Get Shorty.\" An episode of \"F Troop\" called \"Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy\" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent \"B. Wise.\" \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade\" parodies the opening of \"Get Smart\" in the couch gag. Homer goes through many futuristic doors and passageways until he reaches the phone booth, falls through the floor, and lands on the couch, with the rest of the family already seated. In the 1960s, Adams had a supporting role on the sitcom \"The Bill Dana Show\" (1963–1965) as the hopelessly inept hotel detective Byron","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"3558646","text":"rein to do the episode as he saw fit. The show lasted three years from 1981-83. He reprised the role in the spin-off pilot \"The Greatest American Heroine\" and a voice-over on the stop-motion sketch comedy \"Robot Chicken\". During that time, Culp was rumored to replace Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing in \"Dallas.\" However, Culp firmly denied this, insisting he would never leave his role as Bill Maxwell. In 1987, he reunited with Cosby on \"The Cosby Show\", playing Dr. Cliff Huxtable's old friend Scott Kelly. The name was a combination of their \"I Spy\" characters' names. Culp had","title":"Robert Culp"},{"id":"3509078","text":"Mack (Bill Nighy). In 2004, he played the role of Solanio in the Michael Radford film, \"The Merchant of Venice.\" In an interview in \"The Metro\" on 20 February 2008 he stated that he is no longer recognised as Rab C. Nesbitt, and rather is more likely to be stopped by fans for his recent role as Mr Bumble in \"Oliver Twist\". \"Empty\", a comedy series starring Fisher, began on BBC2 on 28 February 2008. On BBC2, on 23 December 2008, he reprised his role as Rab C Nesbitt in a Christmas special. Fisher's autobiography, \"The Boy from Nowhere\", was","title":"Gregor Fisher"},{"id":"15107063","text":"\"I'm absolutely thrilled to bits - I've not even been on screen yet, so it's quite flattering to be up for Sexiest Male. It's great. A few people have asked me whether it would be quite an embarrassing award to win, but considering I haven't even been on screen yet, I'd take anything! (laughs) If it was Best Haircut, I'd take that as well!\" Tommy Duckworth Tommy Duckworth is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \"Coronation Street\", played by Darryl Edwards from 1992 to 1997, Joseph Aston in 2000 and Chris Fountain from 2011 to 2013. The","title":"Tommy Duckworth"},{"id":"9244723","text":"regarded Mexican actor who was returning to the character after a 13-year hiatus, having dubbed Don Adams in the 1960s TV series and again in the short-lived 1990s \"Get Smart\" TV series starring Andy Dick. \"Get Smart\" received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 51%, based on 215 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, \"\"Get Smart\" rides Steve Carell's considerable charm for a few laughs, but in the end is a rather ordinary Summer comedy.\" Metacritic gave the film a score of 54 out of 100, based on 34 critics,","title":"Get Smart (film)"},{"id":"731140","text":"of \"Long and the Short and the Tall\" to Laurence Harvey. \"It broke my heart,\" he said later. O'Toole's major break came in November 1960 when he was chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in Sir David Lean's $12 million epic \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), after Marlon Brando proved unavailable and Albert Finney turned down the role. His performance was ranked number one in \"Premiere\" magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. The role introduced him to US audiences and earned him the first of his eight nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor. T. E.","title":"Peter O'Toole"},{"id":"9909223","text":"that White (then Sir Gordon) was written into the script of the 1987 film \"Wall Street\", as the character 'Sir Larry Wildman', in which he was played as a cold-blooded money-making machine by actor Terence Stamp. In May 2004 White's daughter Sita, aged 43, died suddenly during a Santa Monica yoga class, Gordon White, Baron White of Hull Vincent Gordon Lindsay White, Baron White of Hull, KBE (11 May 1923 – 23 August 1995), known as Gordon White, was co-founder with James Hanson of the British conglomerate Hanson plc and one of the most successful corporate raiders of the 1970s","title":"Gordon White, Baron White of Hull"},{"id":"1568527","text":"her metafictional novel \"Culture Shock\" (Duckworth 1988), Valerie Grosvenor Myer wrote of a satirically presented married couple among her characters:Let us consider my Jean and Jack ... I weighted the scales by presenting them in the rôle of parents ... fictional parents are usually set up as Aunt Sallies to be knocked down ... Mrs. Bennet, Mrs. Nickleby, Mrs. Portnoy; Old Capulet, Mr Dorrit, Dr Sloper. In the \"Get Smart\" original TV series, in the fifth-season episode \"Do I Hear a Vaults?\", aired on 8 May 1970, Maxwell Smart alludes to the book being hidden in a public library. The","title":"Portnoy's Complaint"},{"id":"331205","text":"Academy Film Awards. In 1963, Stanley Kubrick cast Sellers to appear in \"Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb\" alongside George C. Scott, Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn and Slim Pickens. Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film's production and had the greatest of respect for each other, also sharing a love of photography. The director asked Sellers to play three roles: US President Merkin Muffley, Dr. Strangelove and Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF. Sellers was initially hesitant about taking on these divergent characters, but Kubrick prevailed. According to some accounts,","title":"Peter Sellers"},{"id":"1869341","text":"of soup (Cream of Technicolor) that takes a picture (with a conspicuous flash) of the person eating the soup with each spoonful; a Mini Magnet on a belt, which turns out to be stronger than KAOS's Maxi Magnet; and a powerful miniature laser weapon in the button of a sports jacket (the \"laser blazer\"). Another of the show's recurring gags is the \"Cone of Silence\". Smart would pedantically insist on following CONTROL's security protocols; when in the chief's office he would insist on speaking under the Cone of Silence—two transparent plastic hemispheres which are electrically lowered on top of Max","title":"Get Smart"},{"id":"13191559","text":"Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max Perry has done many cowrites with his brother and partner, Gennessee, who has worked with artists such as Mac Dre, One Block Radius, Too Short, Hell Rell, Paul Wall, AZ, and","title":"Max Perry"},{"id":"12874443","text":"working at Talent Associates in New York City on the script for a new pilot, which became an enduring legacy of Talent Associates. This was the sitcom \"Get Smart\", a spoof of the then-popular secret agent genre, which premiered in 1965 on NBC and starred Don Adams and Barbara Feldon. Production took place at Sunset Bronson Studios in Hollywood, so Talent Associates had to establish a West Coast presence. \"Get Smart\" spanned 138 episodes over 5 years, and was very popular in broadcast syndication. It spawned sequels, reunion shows and even major feature films decades after its premiere. Talent Associates","title":"Talent Associates"},{"id":"7733611","text":"of serious story lines which Paul performed with some panache. These included being kicked almost to death by a gang of thugs and having to spend several weeks in hospital on a drip, falling in love with a colleague's girlfriend and having an affair with her (and marrying her after the affair became public), and then having an extramarital relationship himself with another officer. The character was eventually transferred after successfully undertaking undercover work. This tied in with Paul's decision to leave \"The Bill\" after 13 years. He briefly played Maxwell Moon in the popular BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" and","title":"Andrew Paul"},{"id":"9675307","text":"his eyesight. Maxwell Arnow is survived by two daughters and three grandchildren. Aside from the two mentioned above, other film stars he worked with included Kay Francis, Miriam Hopkins, Helen Hayes, Ruth Chatterton, Katharine Hepburn, Humphrey Bogart (who wouldn't change his first name), Jack Lemmon, Ernest Borgnine, Shelley Winters, Robert Vaughn and Tab Hunter. Maxwell Arnow Maxwell Arnow (born February 25, 1902 in New York City – died June 6, 1984 in Beverly Hills) was an American Casting director. He was noted for his discoveries of future film stars Ronald Reagan and Kim Novak. Maxwell Arnow was born in New","title":"Maxwell Arnow"},{"id":"2568610","text":"many times. For security reasons, Maxwell Smart insists upon using it to discuss his case. Despite this, its use is always counterproductive in some way: The series also employs related technology: Cone of Silence (Get Smart) The Cone of Silence is one of many recurring joke devices from \"Get Smart\", an American comedy television series of the 1960s about an inept spy. The essence of the joke is that the apparatus, designed for secret conversations, makes it impossible for those inside the device – and easy for those outside the device – to hear the conversation. The end result being","title":"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)"},{"id":"35148","text":"scene of \"\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \"Broadcast News\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\" He also won positive notices for his role in 1998's \"Out of Sight\", playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict. Brooks received positive reviews for his portrayal of a dying retail store owner who befriends disillusioned teen Leelee Sobieski","title":"Albert Brooks"},{"id":"3056407","text":"The actor's American stepfather, Peter Maclaine, a former Marine, reportedly kicked Caulfield out of the house at the age of 15. Caulfield became an exotic dancer at London's Windmill Theatre in order to obtain an Equity card enabling him to work as an actor. Later he got his green card through his stepfather. He reportedly took his stage surname, Caulfield, from the character in J.D. Salinger's novel \"Catcher in the Rye\". Caulfield made his New York City debut in \"Hot Rock Hotel\" (1978) after moving from the UK to the United States, and the following year made his stage debut","title":"Maxwell Caulfield"},{"id":"2912248","text":"Edward Platt Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his portrayal of \"The Chief\" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series \"Get Smart\". With his deep voice and mature appearance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career. Platt was born in Staten Island, New York, and studied at the Juilliard School. He attended Princeton University, but left after his freshman year. Platt served in the United States Army during World War II. A powerful, operatically trained bass-baritone, he debuted on Broadway in the Rodgers and","title":"Edward Platt"},{"id":"6774078","text":"hit—\"Marriage on the Rocks\" and \"Assault on a Queen\" having flopped in the two previous years—so he put actor and trusted aide Brad Dexter in charge of finding a suitable vehicle. After negotiations for him to star in \"Harper\" fell through, \"The Naked Runner\" was chosen instead. Sinatra had been impressed with 1965's \"The IPCRESS File\" and recruited its director Sidney J. Furie. Among the film's co-stars were Peter Vaughan, Derren Nesbitt and Edward Fox. Sinatra was paid $1 million. In Copenhagen, Sinatra left to perform at a rally for California's Democratic governor Pat Brown (running against Republican Ronald Reagan).","title":"The Naked Runner"},{"id":"14396271","text":"wave of actors born in the late 1970s and early 1980s who were garnering success in Hollywood. These actors include Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hiddleston, Henry Cavill, James McAvoy, Tom Hardy, Eddie Redmayne and Rupert Friend. Brit Pack (actors) \"Brit Pack\" is a term that has been used to refer to specific groups of young British actors who have achieved success in Hollywood, as well as more generally to the entire group of such actors. According to one article, \"every decade brings a new Brit Pack, another disparate group of actors backed by the media to achieve simultaneous Hollywood stardom.\" However,","title":"Brit Pack (actors)"},{"id":"2568607","text":"them. Neither the characters nor the audience hear what is being said. In the later sequel movie, \"Get Smart, Again!\" (1989), when Maxwell is reactivated as a secret agent, he insists on following protocol to ensure secrecy by using the Cone of Silence. However, the device is considered to be completely outdated (however Max and 99 still have one at home), and the current methods used were the following: A new version of the Cone of Silence appears in the 2008 \"Get Smart\" film. One of the early versions of the Cone used in the television series is on display","title":"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)"},{"id":"7545984","text":"Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the Police and the District Attorney think the story is of a real pimp who is wanted for","title":"Street Smart (film)"},{"id":"8650034","text":"women in the broadcast booth. This gets him into trouble eventually, as one of these women (played by Tim Reid's real-life wife Daphne Maxwell Reid) later is arrested as a conspirator in a jewelry robbery. To save her own skin, she fingers Venus, who bears a strong resemblance to the real robber. Venus is in jail for about a week until the real robber (briefly played by Reid via a split screen effect) is finally arrested. Despite the way he dresses and his occasional use of 1970s vernacular slang like \"what's happening,\" Venus is actually one of the more straitlaced","title":"Venus Flytrap (WKRP in Cincinnati)"},{"id":"771484","text":"the filmmakers had to make a choice whether to delay filming for a year or re-cast. James Mason had just finished filming \"Doctor Fischer of Geneva\" for the BBC. The \"Shooting Party\" schedule was changed to allow him to take over the part of Sir Randolph Nettleby six weeks later. His broken leg also deprived Scofield of the part of O'Brien in \"Nineteen Eighty-Four,\" in which he was replaced by Richard Burton. Scofield was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for \"A","title":"Paul Scofield"},{"id":"4271001","text":"grew further when he played the title role of Jim Hacker in the comedy series \"Yes Minister\" (first screened in 1980) and \"Yes, Prime Minister\" (1986–88) – said to have been former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's favourite TV programme. He was shortlisted four times for the BAFTA award for Best Light Entertainment Performance for the series, but he lost out to his co-star Nigel Hawthorne on each occasion. During 1987 Eddington appeared as Sir Joseph Porter in \"H.M.S. Pinafore\" in Australia. His last roles included Guy Wheeler, a corrupt property developer in the \"Minder\" episode \"The Wrong Goodbye\" (1989); as","title":"Paul Eddington"},{"id":"2655596","text":"recalling favorite moments with the actor. The comedy celebration has been noted as the most successful fundraiser in IMF history, as the first event held in 2007 raised over $550,000, while the following year over $600,000 was raised for the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the IMF's research programs. He was interred at Green River Cemetery in Springs, New York. Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and the comical monster in Mel Brooks'","title":"Peter Boyle"},{"id":"11433989","text":"a film made with a low budget funded almost entirely by financial contributions starting at £1,000 each from such individuals as Richard Burton, Noël Coward, Peter Sellers and Elizabeth Taylor, with the stars bypassing their standard fees and taking shares of the film's revenue. The movie, based on the play of the same name by Harold Pinter, was filmed in black-and-white with cinematography by Nicolas Roeg. Donner's next film, 1964's \"Nothing But the Best\", was a satire on the British class system starring Alan Bates and Denholm Elliott, based on a screenplay by Frederic Raphael. The film tells the story","title":"Clive Donner"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1869329\",\n \"text\": \"the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \\\"CONTROL\\\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8539979\",\n \"text\": \"famous example of a shoe phone in fiction is that of the television show \\\"Get Smart\\\". The use of a shoe phone is a gimmick of the show's main character, Maxwell Smart (played by Don Adams), a secret agent who has need to conceal a communication device in his shoe. The device had a removable sole which allowed access to a telephone handset. Like many gadgets depicted in the series, the shoe phone was a parody of communication gadgets in \\\"James Bond\\\" films which were themselves often fantastical. In the 1990s, Sports Illustrated developed and promoted a \\\"Sneaker Phone\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Shoe phone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4336905\",\n \"text\": \"also includes Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn, and Luke Wilson. Carell acted as the title character of \\\"Evan Almighty\\\", a sequel to \\\"Bruce Almighty\\\", reprising his role as Evan Baxter, now a U.S. Congressman. The film received mostly negative reviews. Carell starred in the 2007 film \\\"Dan in Real Life\\\", co-starring Dane Cook and Juliette Binoche. Carell played Maxwell Smart in the 2008 film \\\"Get Smart\\\", an adaptation of the TV series starring Don Adams. It was successful, grossing over $230 million worldwide. During 2007, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Carell\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Carell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814161\",\n \"text\": \"Don Adams Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy \\\"Get Smart\\\" (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \\\"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\\\" (1963–66) and \\\"Inspector Gadget\\\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869371\",\n \"text\": \"owns international distribution rights. On August 10, 2015, the entire series was officially released on digital streaming platforms for the first time in preparation for the series 50th anniversary. Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869321\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as Thaddeus, the Chief. Henry said that they created the show at the request of Daniel Melnick to capitalize on \\\"the two biggest things in the entertainment world today\\\":\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"269758\",\n \"text\": \"In 1965, Brooks teamed up with comedy writer Buck Henry to create a comedic TV show about a bumbling James Bond-inspired spy. Brooks explains, \\\"I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life... I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first.\\\" The show that Brooks and Henry created was \\\"Get Smart\\\", starring Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86. This series ran from 1965 until 1970,\",\n \"title\": \"Mel Brooks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5051912\",\n \"text\": \"during his appearances on panel programs such as celebrity \\\"roasts\\\" and other tributes. On a 1967 episode of \\\"Get Smart\\\", he played a KAOS agent who made a phone call to the Chief of CONTROL (played by Edward Platt), performed a perfect impression of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and told the Chief he was fired and replaced with agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams). In 1970-71, he hosted 22 episodes of \\\"Something Else\\\", a syndicated half-hour musical variety series. He then hosted his own show in 1972 called the \\\"John Byner Comedy Hour\\\", where the character Super Dave was first introduced.\",\n \"title\": \"John Byner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17271938\",\n \"text\": \"leviathan\\\". The 1965 Tiger Mark I gained some exposure on American television as the car of choice for Maxwell Smart in the spoof spy series \\\"Get Smart\\\". The Tiger was used for the first two seasons in the opening credits, in which Smart screeched to a halt outside his headquarters, and was used through the remainder of the series in several episodes. Some of the scenes featured unusual modifications such as a retractable James Bond-style machine gun that could not have fit under the Tiger's bonnet, so rebadged Alpine models were used instead. Don Adams, who played the protagonist Maxwell\",\n \"title\": \"Sunbeam Tiger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3558643\",\n \"text\": \"as an inebriated Turkish waiter on \\\"Get Smart\\\", the spy-spoof comedy series, in an \\\"I Spy\\\" parody episode titled \\\"Die Spy\\\". In this, secret agent Maxwell Smart played by Don Adams in effect assumes Culp's Kelly Robinson character, as he pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the \\\"I Spy\\\" theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott, with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. In 1971, Culp, Peter Falk, Robert Wagner, and Darren McGavin each stepped in to take turns with Anthony Franciosa's rotation of NBC's series \\\"The Name of the Game\\\" after\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Culp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814172\",\n \"text\": \"Beach\\\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \\\"Check it Out!\\\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \\\"Get Smart\\\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772951\",\n \"text\": \"but manages to survive by either his own good luck or covert help by Penny and Brain. Gadget dresses in a style similar to Inspector Clouseau from \\\"The Pink Panther\\\" movies, but also has similarities in behavior to Maxwell Smart, the protagonist of the television series \\\"Get Smart\\\" (1965–1970). The original voice actor for Gadget was Don Adams, who also portrayed Maxwell Smart. The car which Gadget drives is recognizable as a Matra Murena. Gadget's boss is Chief Quimby. Gadget is covertly assisted by his niece Penny, who is typically the person who actually solves their cases. Penny is a\",\n \"title\": \"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12000484\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart (1995 TV series) Get Smart is an American sitcom sequel to the original 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \\\"Get Smart\\\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. The series aired Sunday at 7:30 pm on Fox for seven episodes from January 8 to February 19, 1995. Maxwell Smart is the Chief of CONTROL, and Agent 99 is a politician. Their bungling son, Zach (Andy Dick), one of the twins introduced in the fifth season of the original show, becomes CONTROL's star agent. Zach is teamed with the reluctant Agent 66 (Elaine Hendrix)\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (1995 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12000485\",\n \"text\": \"as they try to stop KAOS from controlling the world's economy. Joining Zach and 66 is Trudy (Heather Morgan), an accident prone spy, and Agent 0, a master of disguise. The relative success of the 1989 reunion movie \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" eventually prompted the development of a weekly revival of \\\"Get Smart\\\", with Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 respectively, with Dave Ketchum also reprising his role of Agent 13 and Bernie Kopell reprising his role as Siegfried. Though Zachary Smart's name was revealed in the FOX revival, his twin sister's name remained\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (1995 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772967\",\n \"text\": \"seen since its initial production. A second version of the pilot was made with the only difference being Gary Owens re-recording all of White's dialogue with a deep-toned mid-Atlantic accent. Eventually, producers decided to cast actor Don Adams in the role, re-recording all of Gadget's dialogue in the pilot to make it more reminiscent of Maxwell Smart of \\\"Get Smart\\\" (also played by Don Adams), one of the series' inspirations. A fourth version of the pilot was made for broadcast with Frank Welker re-recording one line as Gadget to explain away the mustache. Gadget's nemesis Doctor Claw – as well\",\n \"title\": \"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4706313\",\n \"text\": \"came to the show with an established acting career. Herman's \\\"MADtv\\\" characters included Mike Lawson (Incredible Findings), Generation X anchorman Marsh (\\\"X News\\\"), and concerned father Joel Linder. Former castmate Artie Lange referred to Herman as \\\"a brilliant, talented actor\\\" and called him \\\"one of my best friends in show business.\\\" Herman lampooned celebrities and famous figures such as Don Adams (as Maxwell Smart from \\\"Get Smart\\\"), Tim Allen (as Tim \\\"the Tool Man\\\" Taylor from \\\"Home Improvement\\\"), Woody Allen, Nicolas Cage, Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, David Duchovny (as Fox Mulder from \\\"The X-Files\\\"), Larry Flynt, Tom Hanks (as Forrest\",\n \"title\": \"David Herman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869323\",\n \"text\": \"2010, \\\"TV Guide\\\" ranked \\\"Get Smart\\\"s opening title sequence at No. 2 on its list of TV's Top 10 Credits Sequences as selected by readers. After switching networks in 1969, to CBS, the show ended its five-season run on May 15, 1970, with a production roster at both networks of 138 episodes. The Museum of Broadcast Communications finds the show notable for \\\"broadening the parameters for the presentation of comedy on television.\\\" The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart (Don Adams), also known as Agent 86, and his more sensible female partner, Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon). Agents\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814168\",\n \"text\": \"award three times. The show moved to CBS for its final season, with ratings declining, as spy series went out of fashion. \\\"Get Smart\\\" was canceled in 1970 after 138 episodes. Following this, Adams then wanted to move on to other projects. His efforts after \\\"Get Smart\\\" were less successful, including the comedy series \\\"The Partners\\\" (1971–72), a game show called \\\"Don Adams' Screen Test\\\" (1975–76) and three attempts to revive the \\\"Get Smart\\\" series in the 1980s. His movie \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\" (1980) was unsuccessful at the box-office. Adams had been typecast as Maxwell Smart and was unable to\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869360\",\n \"text\": \"the doctor on \\\"Love Boat\\\" was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried on \\\"Get Smart.\\\" In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was \\\"Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart.\\\" In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his \\\"Get Smart\\\" character with his catch phrase \\\"Would you believe...?\\\" In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of a bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series \\\"Inspector Gadget.\\\" This later became a feature film in 1999\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4155475\",\n \"text\": \"while blending in alternate history and homages & cameos to other fiction (i.e. instead of becoming the President of the United States, actor Ronald Reagan portrayed Maxwell Smart in the TV series \\\"Get Smart\\\", famous film murderers like Jason Voorhees are inmates in an asylum in \\\"Krokodil Tears\\\", and actor Leonard Nimoy is viewed as a 60s astronaut in \\\"Comeback Tour\\\"). The world has undergone an intense social, environmental, and moral collapse, combined with a dramatic rise in technology; by the year 1995, violence became the main killer as well as mutating viruses ASD, CSE and PHD. In the \\\"Demon\",\n \"title\": \"Dark Future\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772942\",\n \"text\": \"endless amount of gadgets he can summon by saying \\\"Go-Go-Gadget\\\" then the gadget's name. Although he has all this equipment, Gadget is ultimately incompetent and clueless (in a manner similar to Maxwell Smart of \\\"Get Smart\\\" – who was also played by Don Adams – and the Inspector Clouseau character of the \\\"Pink Panther\\\" series, including his attire looking similar to Clouseau). He overcomes obstacles and survives perilous situations and malfunctioning gadgets, often by sheer good luck. His niece, Penny, and intelligent dog, Brain, secretly help him solve each case. His nemesis is Dr. Claw, the head of the criminal\",\n \"title\": \"Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2542058\",\n \"text\": \"the television game show \\\"I've Got a Secret\\\". September 2, 1962: Mosconi was a contestant on the television game show \\\"What's My Line?\\\". 1966: An episode of \\\"Get Smart\\\", \\\"The Dead Spy Scrawls\\\" {1/18}, featured actor Harry Bartell in the role of \\\"Willie Marconi,\\\" trying to teach Maxwell Smart how to play pool. While some have erroneously believed this is a cameo of Willie Mosconi playing himself, the Marconi character is a fictitious but obvious tribute to Mosconi, who is acknowledged by The Chief as \\\"the greatest pool player in the world.\\\" February 25, 1978: \\\"The Great Pool Shoot-Out\\\", a\",\n \"title\": \"Willie Mosconi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869363\",\n \"text\": \"is customary for the actor to go to the foreign location for shooting, Adams' apparent intense dislike of long-distance flying meant that the New Zealand specification car had to be shipped to the US for filming. He also appeared in another series of Canadian commercials in the late 1990s for a dial-around long distance carrier. In the movie Back to the Beach (1987), Adams played the Harbor Master, who used several of Maxwell Smart's catch phrases (including an exchange in which Frankie Avalon's character did a vague impression of Siegfried). Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart.\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869331\",\n \"text\": \"is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the \\\"Bureau of Internal Revenue\\\". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film. In 1999, \\\"TV Guide\\\" ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in \\\"Ice Station Siegfried\\\", as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts). Admiral Harold Harmon Hargrade or (William\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3101404\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Old Dark House\\\" (1963), \\\"Soldier in the Rain\\\" (1963), \\\"Cold Turkey\\\" (1971), \\\"The Happy Hooker\\\" (1975), \\\"Rabbit Test\\\" (1978), \\\"Up the Academy\\\" (1980) and \\\"Carbon Copy\\\" (1981). He was cast as Michael Carrington's uncle Tom Anderson in \\\"Grease 2\\\" (1982), but his scenes were deleted. However, his television career was expansive, covering the better part of five decades. When Mel Brooks submitted his idea for \\\"Get Smart\\\" to the ABC network, ABC wanted Poston for the lead role of Maxwell Smart. When ABC passed on the show, NBC picked it up and the lead went to Don Adams. Poston,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Poston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869361\",\n \"text\": \"starring Matthew Broderick in the title role of Inspector John Brown Gadget (in which Adams had a cameo), and its prequel series \\\"Gadget Boy and Heather.\\\" Neither were directly related to \\\"Get Smart.\\\" In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296322\",\n \"text\": \"Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969. The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman in a stressful career. Feldon noted \\\"A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them. Because she was smart and always got the right answer.\\\" Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of \\\"Get Smart\\\" was a deodorant soap and she had done a\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Feldon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3097998\",\n \"text\": \"Nanny\\\". He also starred as Zachary Smart, the son of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 in the \\\"Get Smart\\\" Fox television remake (a role he reportedly tried to escape in order to go into work with \\\"NewsRadio\\\"). In 2001, Dick starred along with Kieran Culkin on the short lived NBC summer television series \\\"Go Fish\\\". Dick has been a series regular on several sitcoms for their entire duration, including \\\"NewsRadio\\\" on NBC (1995–1999), portraying Matthew Brock, and on the ABC sitcom \\\"Less than Perfect\\\" as Owen Kronsky. In 2001, his colleagues and producers, including himself, developed a show on MTV\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Dick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5733633\",\n \"text\": \"The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \\\"Get Smart\\\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\" for television. Agent Maxwell Smart is called back into service in order to stop a nefarious KAOS terrorist plan from exploding a bomb that destroys only clothing, so as to leave KAOS as the only supplier of clothes to the entire world. Saint-Sauvage, the KAOS fashion designer, finds everyone\",\n \"title\": \"The Nude Bomb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13257422\",\n \"text\": \"Mr. Big (Get Smart) \\\"Mr. Big\\\" is the first episode of the first season of \\\"Get Smart\\\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) is called up during a concert by his shoe-phone, and is then\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Big (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4443304\",\n \"text\": \"played judges in \\\"Centennial\\\" and \\\"B. J. and the Bear\\\". In 1980, he was cast in the role of \\\"Chief\\\" in the \\\"Get Smart\\\" feature film entitled \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\" (a.k.a. \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\") that was based on the 1960s hit TV series (the role previously played by Edward Platt, who died in 1974). He also co-starred in two episodes of \\\"The A-Team\\\" in 1984 and 1985. In 1987, he was cast on \\\"Matlock\\\". Elcar and his stunt/photography double, Don S. Davis, were often mistaken for each other. Elcar appeared in the hit series \\\"Knight Rider\\\" in the\",\n \"title\": \"Dana Elcar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6251109\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart, Again! Get Smart, Again! is a 1989 American made-for-television comedy film based on the 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \\\"Get Smart!\\\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. It originally aired February 26, 1989 on ABC (the network that rejected the original pilot for \\\"Get Smart!\\\"). Maxwell Smart, acting as a protocol officer since CONTROL was disbanded in the early 1970s, is reactivated as a counterintelligence agent by Commander Drury, of the United States Intelligence Agency. KAOS, long considered defunct, has been revitalized by a corporate takeover. Its first scheme involves turning\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart, Again!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869362\",\n \"text\": \"Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier. In the late 1980s Adams portrayed Smart in a series of TV commercials for Toyota New Zealand, for the 1990 model Toyota Starlet. While it\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5361667\",\n \"text\": \"included Don Adams as a hopelessly inept house detective named Byron Glick; when the show was cancelled, Adams quickly used the Glick characterization as the basis for Maxwell Smart, and \\\"Get Smart\\\" premiered on NBC that fall. Before appearing in front of a television camera for the first time on \\\"The Steve Allen Show\\\" in 1959, Dana had been a prolific comedy writer, an activity he continued into the 1980s, producing material for other actors on stage and screen. Dana co-wrote the script for the \\\"Get Smart\\\" theatrical film \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\". His brother, Irving Szathmary, wrote the famous theme\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Dana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869354\",\n \"text\": \"Hendrix as 66. Four feature-length films have been produced following the end of the NBC/CBS run of the TV series: In October 2008, it was reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Mosaic Media Group are producing a sequel. Carell and Hathaway are set to return, but the status of other cast members has not yet been announced. \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" eventually prompted the development of a short-lived 1995 weekly series on FOX also titled \\\"Get Smart\\\", with Adams and Feldon reprising their characters with Maxwell Smart now being the Chief of CONTROL as their bumbling son, Zach (Andy\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5733639\",\n \"text\": \"on broadcast television for the first time with its originally intended title, \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\". The film was released on Region 1 DVD on August 26, 2008 and Region 4 on October 30, 2009. It was released in Australia on Blu-ray on June 22, 2016. The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \\\"Get Smart\\\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \\\"The Return of Maxwell Smart\\\" for television.\",\n \"title\": \"The Nude Bomb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814171\",\n \"text\": \"the two contestants would be played, with audience reaction determining the winner, who would receive a trip to Hollywood and a real screen test for a motion picture. Don Adams resurrected the Maxwell Smart character for a series of television commercials for Savemart, a retail chain that sold audio and video equipment. Don Adams also did a series of audio/radio commercials for Chief Auto Parts in the 1980's, a retail automobile parts establishment, later sold to AutoZone AutoZone. He also appeared in the film \\\"Jimmy the Kid\\\" (1982) and played a cameo role as a harbormaster in \\\"Back to the\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18065344\",\n \"text\": \"at the accounting firm, Mr. Hamble, were all unaware of Henry's secret life, with Gerald Hannahan, the regional director of the agency the lone person to know the secret. The characters of the girlfriend and mother-in-law were phased out halfway through the abbreviated run. Buttons noted that, unlike Agent Maxwell Smart in NBC's new hit \\\"Get Smart\\\", his character was shy, used no gadgets in his work, and was an impostor, not an actual agent. Phyfe's CIS boss was played by veteran character actor Fred Clark, who bore a superficial physical resemblance to Smart's \\\"Chief\\\" played by Edward Platt. The\",\n \"title\": \"The Double Life of Henry Phyfe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2675277\",\n \"text\": \"the spy-spoof television series, did a parody of the show in the 1968 episode titled \\\"Die Spy\\\". In this, agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott—with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. Robert Culp makes an uncredited cameo appearance as an inebriated Turkish waiter. A number of original novels based upon the series were published, most written in the mid-to-late 1960s by Walter Wager under the pseudonym \\\"John Tiger.\\\" The \\\"I Spy\\\" novels were published by Popular Library: The following\",\n \"title\": \"I Spy (1965 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869359\",\n \"text\": \"Glick. His speech mannerisms, catch phrases (\\\"Would you believe...?\\\"), and other comedy bits were adapted for his \\\"Maxwell Smart\\\" role on \\\"Get Smart\\\". When WCGV-TV, a new independent station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin signed on the air in 1980, Adams did in-house promos as Agent 86 to let viewers know when the reruns of \\\"Get Smart\\\" aired on the station by using his shoephone. In one of Adams' five appearances as a guest passenger on the series \\\"The Love Boat\\\", his character, even when he thought he had been shot, makes no attempt to visit the ship's doctor. The role of\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296324\",\n \"text\": \"film to date is 2006's \\\"Last Request\\\", a comedy with Danny Aiello and Joe Piscopo. Feldon reprised her role as \\\"Agent 99\\\" in the made-for-television film \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" (1989) and a short-lived television series also titled \\\"Get Smart\\\" in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original \\\"Get Smart\\\" series in 2006 but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 episode (S1 E20) of \\\"Mad About You\\\", as Diane \\\"Spy Girl\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Barbara Feldon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244712\",\n \"text\": \"analyst named Maxwell Smart (Carell) who dreams of becoming a real field agent and a better spy. The film was released in North America on June 20, 2008. \\\"Get Smart\\\" received mixed reviews from critics and it earned $230 million on a $80 million budget. Maxwell Smart, an analyst for the top secret American intelligence agency, CONTROL, yearns to become a field agent like his idol, Agent 23. Despite top scores in the acceptance tests, Max is denied the promotion due to his higher value as an analyst. When CONTROL headquarters is attacked by the terrorist organization KAOS, almost all\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3772789\",\n \"text\": \"minutes, akin to the technique that has become quite commonplace today. The theme music, which accompanied the closing credits and occasionally popped up during the program itself, was composed by Lalo Schifrin, best known for the theme to \\\"\\\". Unlike many other sitcoms of the 1960s and 70s, there is no family seen in the show. There are not many characters altogether. Detective Lennie Crooke: (Don Adams) Det. Lennie Crooke is a slightly inept police detective, a bit similar to Adams' previous character on \\\"Get Smart\\\", Maxwell Smart. Details on his life and family are very sparse. He has mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"The Partners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869357\",\n \"text\": \"air new episodes (or made-for-TV films) on each of the aforementioned current four major American television networks, although several TV shows in the 1940s and 1950s aired on NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont. The different versions of \\\"Get Smart\\\" did not all feature the original lead cast. \\\"Get Smart\\\" was parodied on a sketch in the Mexican comedy show \\\"De Nuez en Cuando\\\" called [\\\"Super Agente 3.1486\\\"], making fun of the Spanish title of the series (Super Agente 86) and the way the series is dubbed. An early \\\"MadTV\\\" sketch titled \\\"Get Smarty\\\" placed the Maxwell Smart character in situations\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10796429\",\n \"text\": \"a retired secret agent sought by CONTROL agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) and by enemy spies. Taylor gets a chance in the plot to exchange humorous takes with Adams and perform some physical comedy. Another veteran of acting, Ellen Corby, also appears in this same \\\"Get Smart\\\" episode, which takes place in \\\"Spy City,\\\" a retirement community for former agents. In 1966 and 1968, Taylor made guest appearances on \\\"Petticoat Junction\\\". In 1966, he played Mr. Foley, episode: \\\"Better Never Than Late\\\", and in 1968, he played Mr. Clayton, in the episode \\\"Uncle Joe Runs the Hotel\\\". On April 26,\",\n \"title\": \"Vaughn Taylor (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3384639\",\n \"text\": \"house detective, a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on \\\"Get Smart\\\". In similar fashion, several of Harris's tropes from the series, such as \\\"Oh, the pain!\\\", along with the character's mannerisms and delivery, became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on \\\"Lost in Space\\\". In an apparent homage to his earlier role, Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on \\\"Get Smart\\\" in 1970. His female assistant was named Zachary. Harris also guest-starred on \\\"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir\\\". Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Harris\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869327\",\n \"text\": \"something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first. Brooks and Henry proposed the show to ABC, where network executives called it \\\"un-American\\\" and demanded a \\\"lovable dog to give the show more heart\\\", as well as scenes showing Maxwell Smart's mother. Brooks strongly objected to the second suggestion: They wanted to put a print housecoat on the show. Max was to come home to his mother and explain everything. I hate mothers on shows. Max has no mother. He never had one. The cast and crew contributed\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13257427\",\n \"text\": \"Dante admits that he'd originally intended to call his thermal death-ray \\\"Dante's Inferno.\\\" Mr. Big (Get Smart) \\\"Mr. Big\\\" is the first episode of the first season of \\\"Get Smart\\\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Big (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7528634\",\n \"text\": \"his cousin to remain close to him, Adams initially gave Karvelas several uncredited bit parts on \\\"Get Smart\\\". One such part was an assistant to the Chief, which would evolve into the character of Larrabee. Mr. Karvelas actually ended up appearing in all five seasons of the show. The character \\\"Larrabee\\\" would go on to have the distinction of being just as bumbling as Maxwell Smart, if not more so. In Episode 21, Season 5, Smart tells the Chief, \\\"People ask if Larrabee and I are related.\\\" Robert's character part, and his generally sweet, unassuming nature, enhanced the joviality of\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Karvelas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869336\",\n \"text\": \"though the two characters share similar traits and often speak fondly of one another—even in the midst of attempting to assassinate each other. Speaking English with an exaggerated German accent, the gray-haired, mustachioed, and dueling-scarred Siegfried's catchphrase is, \\\"Zis is KAOS! Ve don't [some action] here!\\\" He was played by Terence Stamp in the 2008 film. In \\\"Get Smart\\\", telephones are concealed in over 50 objects, including a necktie, comb, watch, and a clock. A recurring gag is Max's shoe phone (an idea from Brooks). To use or answer it, he has to take off his shoe. There were a\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3142496\",\n \"text\": \"episodes, when both characters are in the car, Karate is the driver while Batfink rides in the back seat. In early episodes, his voice is a stereotypical Asian accent, but in later episodes, Len Maxwell adopts a clipped and nasal speech pattern. This was inspired by Don Adams, whose \\\"Get Smart\\\" character, Maxwell Smart, was popular at the time. Karate on occasion even utters the Maxwell-inspired catchphrase, \\\"Sorry about that, Batfink.\\\" Karate was usually ordered to check downstairs, while Batfink checked the upper floor. At the end of each cartoon episode, Karate would make a corny pun that was sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Batfink\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869349\",\n \"text\": \"Second and third calls come in, each with its own alias, the last of which is his own real name of Maxwell Smart, which he initially does not answer. Smart tells the skeptical gallery owner that those are his names as well, making it obvious to any spy that he is taking calls from fellow agents and informants. Smart then makes himself even more visible by tangling the handset cords of the three phones. CONTROL has a policy of burning pertinent documents after cases are closed; the reasons were detailed in their Rules and Regulations book, but nobody can read\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869335\",\n \"text\": \"were so busy, they forgot to have the names stand for anything. In a series episode, after making a series of demands in a recording, the speaker mentions the demands are from \\\"KAOS, a Delaware Corporation\\\". When Smart asks the chief about this, he mentions they did it for tax reasons. Ludwig Von Siegfried, Konrad Siegfried, Count Von Siegfried, simply , or Herr Siegfried in most episodes (Bernie Kopell) is a recurring villain, and the Vice President in charge of Public Relations and Terror at KAOS though his title does vary. Siegfried is Maxwell Smart's \\\"opposite number\\\" and nemesis, even\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1814166\",\n \"text\": \"show, which cast Adams in the role because he was already under contract. When \\\"Get Smart\\\" debuted in 1965, it was an immediate hit. Barbara Feldon co-starred as Max's young and attractive partner (later wife) Agent 99, where she had a great chemistry with Adams throughout the show's run, despite a 10-year age difference, and they became best friends during and after. Adams gave the character a clipped speaking style borrowed from actor William Powell. Feldon said, \\\"Part of the pop fervor for Agent 86 was because Don did such an extreme portrayal of the character that it made it\",\n \"title\": \"Don Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244721\",\n \"text\": \"response, Dalip throws Siegfried into a river. Back in CONTROL headquarters, a party is held in Maxwell's honor, where Agent 99 gives him a puppy. Maxwell is afterwards given honors and gets his dream of becoming a real spy. While leaving, Max attempts to fix the jammed door, much to Agent 99's dismay, and ends up jammed between the sliding doors as a humorous ending shot. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original TV series, has a cameo as a motorist driving an Opel GT, a car featured in the TV series. This film's score was composed by Trevor\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4891586\",\n \"text\": \"was referenced in the first part of the 1969 \\\"Get Smart\\\" episode \\\"To Sire, with Love\\\", aired February 15th., in the US. Maxwell Smart claims that after appearing in an unspecified movie involving mummies, Bey was cursed and his career never recovered. Turhan Bey Turhan Bey (30 March 192230 September 2012) was an Austrian-born actor of Turkish and Czech Jewish origin. Turhan was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed \\\"The Turkish Delight\\\" by his fans. After his return to Austria, he pursued careers as a photographer and stage director. Returning to Hollywood after a 40-year hiatus,\",\n \"title\": \"Turhan Bey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4083335\",\n \"text\": \"had a regular comic strip feature, \\\"Superfan\\\", in \\\"Pro Quarterback\\\" magazine in the early 1970s. It was written by his \\\"Mad\\\" cohort, Nick Meglin. Davis first worked with \\\"TV Guide\\\" in 1965, which hired him to illustrate an expansive eight-page advertising supplement for NBC's TV lineup, which featured icons such as Johnny Carson, Dean Martin and fictional characters such as Dr. Kildare, Napoleon Solo and Maxwell Smart. His first cover for the magazine came in 1968, when he depicted a tribute to Andy Griffith, in which the actor was hoisted on the shoulders of his costars, Don Knotts and Jim\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Davis (cartoonist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11365334\",\n \"text\": \"Bruce Bilson Bruce Bilson (born May 19, 1928) is an American film and television director. He is the grandfather of actress Rachel Bilson. He is most notable for his work as a regular director on the popular spy spoof \\\"Get Smart\\\". He won the 1967-68 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the third season Get Smart episode \\\"Maxwell Smart, Private Eye\\\". Bilson was born in Brooklyn to Jewish parents. His mother, Hattie Bilson (née Dratwa), was an American screenwriter, and his father, George Bilson (1902-1981), was an English producer/writer/director (born Leeds, West Yorkshire) . His\",\n \"title\": \"Bruce Bilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6922105\",\n \"text\": \"married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote \\\"Rag Doll\\\", using the pseudonym \\\"Maxwell Smart\\\", a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including \\\"Casualty\\\", \\\"Love Hurts\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine Johnson (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3591869\",\n \"text\": \"Jürgen Prochnow Jürgen Prochnow ( ; born 10 June 1941) is a German-born actor. His best-known roles internationally have been as the good-hearted and sympathetic U-Boat captain in \\\"Das Boot\\\" (1981), Duke Leto Atreides in \\\"Dune\\\" (1984), the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in \\\"Air Force One\\\" (1997), and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in \\\"Beverly Hills Cop II\\\" (1987). Prochnow was born in Berlin and brought up in Düsseldorf, the son of an engineer. He studied acting at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. Thanks to his on-screen intensity and his fluency in English, he has\",\n \"title\": \"Jürgen Prochnow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4568995\",\n \"text\": \"designed with an eye to safety. Automotive magazine \\\"Road & Track\\\" reviewed the GT in their June 1969 issue, recording 0–96 km/h in 10.8 seconds and a top speed of 182 km/h. \\\"Road & Track\\\" also found the car to have strong understeer, suggesting the 165x13 tires to be too small, although the ride was comfortable. A gold 1969 Opel GT was Agent 86 Maxwell Smart's car in the last season of the comedy TV series \\\"Get Smart\\\". Maxwell Smart drove a GT in several episodes, and the car features prominently in the opening credits. In the 2008 movie adaptation\",\n \"title\": \"Opel GT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244711\",\n \"text\": \"Get Smart (film) Get Smart is a 2008 American action spy comedy film directed by Peter Segal, written by Tom J. Astle and Matt Ember and produced by Leonard B. Stern, who is also the producer of the original series. The film is based on Mel Brooks and Buck Henry's television series of the same name. The film stars Steve Carell, Anne Hathaway, Dwayne Johnson, and Alan Arkin, with Terence Stamp, Terry Crews, David Koechner, and James Caan in supporting roles. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original series, also appeared in the film. The film centers on an\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4568996\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Get Smart\\\", Bernie Kopell (who played Siegfried in the original \\\"Get Smart\\\" series) makes a cameo appearance in which he drives a GT. Maxwell Smart's cars in Season 1 and 2 (a Sunbeam Tiger) and in Seasons 3 and 4 (a Volkswagen Karmann Ghia) are also in the scene. In the January 20, 2016 episode of \\\"Criminal Minds\\\" seen on CBS called \\\"Drive\\\", Dr. Tara Lewis, (played by Aisha Tyler) is seen pulling up in a vintage White Opel GT. When asked by the character Special Agent David Rossi (played Joe Mantegna), \\\"Who's your restoration guy?\\\", She answers, \\\"Oh, um,\",\n \"title\": \"Opel GT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3056406\",\n \"text\": \"James Kirkwood. He voiced James Bond in the video game \\\"\\\" (2002). Maxwell Newby was born to Peter Newby on 23 November 1959 in Belper, Derbyshire and Oriole Rosalind (née Findlater) — although he later claimed to be a native of Glasgow, reportedly to be \\\"more interesting\\\". By 1965, his parents had divorced. Although not a child actor per se, aged around 7, he played \\\"Ted\\\" (under the name Maxwell Findlater, using his mother's maiden name) in the 1967 film, \\\"Accident\\\". The film's screenplay was written by Harold Pinter, and the film starred Stanley Baker, Dirk Bogarde and Michael York.\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell Caulfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13191562\",\n \"text\": \"Makes Diamonds AZ - Legendary Sheek Louch - Life On D-Block Messy Marv and Berner - Blow Messy Marv and Berner - Blow 2: Blocks and Boat Docks Trina - Amazin' Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max\",\n \"title\": \"Max Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869355\",\n \"text\": \"Dick), becomes CONTROL's star agent (Zach's twin sister is never seen nor mentioned — though the new leader of KAOS, a hidden female figure, would have been revealed as the other twin if the show had continued.) And 99 is now a Congresswoman. The beginning teaser shows Maxwell Smart and Zach driving to CONTROL headquarters in a car wash separately; Smart, Zach and their secretary cram themselves into a secret elevator: a soda machine which \\\"disappears\\\". (A cleaning lady sits down in the open space when all of a sudden the machine pops up and knocks the woman into the\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869364\",\n \"text\": \"He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, \\\"Don't tell me you're a double agent.\\\" (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, \\\"Don't tell me...\\\" and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, \\\"I \\\"asked\\\" you not to tell me that!\\\") Adams also appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7545987\",\n \"text\": \"to be his true breakthrough role. He also considers the role to be his favorite Oscar-nominated performance. Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the\",\n \"title\": \"Street Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5964290\",\n \"text\": \"Rupert Penry-Jones Rupert William Penry-Jones (born 22 September 1970) is an English actor, known for his roles as Adam Carter in the BBC One spy drama series \\\"Spooks\\\", Clive Reader QC in the BBC One legal drama \\\"Silk\\\", policeman DI Joseph Chandler in the ITV murder mystery series \\\"Whitechapel\\\", and Mr. Quinlan in the FX horror series \\\"The Strain\\\". Penry-Jones was born in London, the son of Welsh actor Peter Penry-Jones and English actress Angela Thorne. His brother, Laurence Penry-Jones, is an actor turned ambulance driver who is married to actress Polly Walker. On BBC One's \\\"Who Do You Think\",\n \"title\": \"Rupert Penry-Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244719\",\n \"text\": \"him a coded message via the radio show \\\"American Top 40\\\" alerting him to Siegfried's plan. Max escapes, arrives in Los Angeles to reunite with the Chief, Agent 99, and Agent 23, and convinces them that he is not the double-agent. When his Geiger counter-equipped watch picks up traces of radiation from Agent 23, they realize Agent 23 is the real double-agent. 23 takes 99 hostage and flees in a vehicle. After a chase, Maxwell manages to rescue Agent 99, but in the struggle, the car is set on fire and forced onto railroad tracks. Maxwell kisses Agent 23 to\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869322\",\n \"text\": \"James Bond and Inspector Clouseau. Brooks said: \\\"It's an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy.\\\" The show generated a number of popular catchphrases during its run, including \\\"Would you believe...\\\", \\\"Good thinking, 99\\\", \\\"Missed it by \\\"that much\\\"!\\\", \\\"Sorry about that, Chief\\\", \\\"The old (such-and-such) trick\\\", \\\"And \\\"loving\\\" it\\\", and \\\"I \\\"asked\\\" you not to tell me that\\\". The show was followed by the films \\\"The Nude Bomb\\\" (a 1980 theatrical film release) and \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" (a 1989 made-for-TV sequel to the series), as well as a 1995 revival series, and a 2008 film remake. In\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869325\",\n \"text\": \"as KAOS agents, including William Schallert (who also had a recurring role as The Admiral, the first Chief of CONTROL). Conrad Siegfried, played by Bernie Kopell, is Smart's KAOS archenemy. King Moody (originally appearing as a generic KAOS killer) portrayed the dim-witted but burly Shtarker, Siegfried's assistant. The enemies, world-takeover plots and gadgets seen in \\\"Get Smart\\\" were a parody of the \\\"James Bond\\\" movie franchise. \\\"Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch\\\", Mel Brooks said of the methods of this TV series. Max and 99 marry in season four, and have twins in season five.\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7545986\",\n \"text\": \"do the film partly because Cannon promised to give \\\"Street Smart\\\" the financial backing it needed. Miles Davis and Robert Irving III recorded the complete soundtrack. The film gained positive reviews. It currently holds a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film performed poorly at the box office, which is primarily attributed to Cannon Films' failure to properly market the theatrical release. Morgan Freeman was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award (among other honors) for Best Supporting Actor for his role. Despite having appeared in \\\"The Electric Company\\\" during the 1970s, Freeman has considered Fast Black\",\n \"title\": \"Street Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869358\",\n \"text\": \"from the film \\\"Get Shorty.\\\" An episode of \\\"F Troop\\\" called \\\"Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy\\\" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent \\\"B. Wise.\\\" \\\"The Simpsons\\\" episode \\\"Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade\\\" parodies the opening of \\\"Get Smart\\\" in the couch gag. Homer goes through many futuristic doors and passageways until he reaches the phone booth, falls through the floor, and lands on the couch, with the rest of the family already seated. In the 1960s, Adams had a supporting role on the sitcom \\\"The Bill Dana Show\\\" (1963–1965) as the hopelessly inept hotel detective Byron\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3558646\",\n \"text\": \"rein to do the episode as he saw fit. The show lasted three years from 1981-83. He reprised the role in the spin-off pilot \\\"The Greatest American Heroine\\\" and a voice-over on the stop-motion sketch comedy \\\"Robot Chicken\\\". During that time, Culp was rumored to replace Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing in \\\"Dallas.\\\" However, Culp firmly denied this, insisting he would never leave his role as Bill Maxwell. In 1987, he reunited with Cosby on \\\"The Cosby Show\\\", playing Dr. Cliff Huxtable's old friend Scott Kelly. The name was a combination of their \\\"I Spy\\\" characters' names. Culp had\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Culp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3509078\",\n \"text\": \"Mack (Bill Nighy). In 2004, he played the role of Solanio in the Michael Radford film, \\\"The Merchant of Venice.\\\" In an interview in \\\"The Metro\\\" on 20 February 2008 he stated that he is no longer recognised as Rab C. Nesbitt, and rather is more likely to be stopped by fans for his recent role as Mr Bumble in \\\"Oliver Twist\\\". \\\"Empty\\\", a comedy series starring Fisher, began on BBC2 on 28 February 2008. On BBC2, on 23 December 2008, he reprised his role as Rab C Nesbitt in a Christmas special. Fisher's autobiography, \\\"The Boy from Nowhere\\\", was\",\n \"title\": \"Gregor Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15107063\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I'm absolutely thrilled to bits - I've not even been on screen yet, so it's quite flattering to be up for Sexiest Male. It's great. A few people have asked me whether it would be quite an embarrassing award to win, but considering I haven't even been on screen yet, I'd take anything! (laughs) If it was Best Haircut, I'd take that as well!\\\" Tommy Duckworth Tommy Duckworth is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \\\"Coronation Street\\\", played by Darryl Edwards from 1992 to 1997, Joseph Aston in 2000 and Chris Fountain from 2011 to 2013. The\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Duckworth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9244723\",\n \"text\": \"regarded Mexican actor who was returning to the character after a 13-year hiatus, having dubbed Don Adams in the 1960s TV series and again in the short-lived 1990s \\\"Get Smart\\\" TV series starring Andy Dick. \\\"Get Smart\\\" received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 51%, based on 215 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, \\\"\\\"Get Smart\\\" rides Steve Carell's considerable charm for a few laughs, but in the end is a rather ordinary Summer comedy.\\\" Metacritic gave the film a score of 54 out of 100, based on 34 critics,\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"731140\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Long and the Short and the Tall\\\" to Laurence Harvey. \\\"It broke my heart,\\\" he said later. O'Toole's major break came in November 1960 when he was chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in Sir David Lean's $12 million epic \\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\" (1962), after Marlon Brando proved unavailable and Albert Finney turned down the role. His performance was ranked number one in \\\"Premiere\\\" magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. The role introduced him to US audiences and earned him the first of his eight nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor. T. E.\",\n \"title\": \"Peter O'Toole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9909223\",\n \"text\": \"that White (then Sir Gordon) was written into the script of the 1987 film \\\"Wall Street\\\", as the character 'Sir Larry Wildman', in which he was played as a cold-blooded money-making machine by actor Terence Stamp. In May 2004 White's daughter Sita, aged 43, died suddenly during a Santa Monica yoga class, Gordon White, Baron White of Hull Vincent Gordon Lindsay White, Baron White of Hull, KBE (11 May 1923 – 23 August 1995), known as Gordon White, was co-founder with James Hanson of the British conglomerate Hanson plc and one of the most successful corporate raiders of the 1970s\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon White, Baron White of Hull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1568527\",\n \"text\": \"her metafictional novel \\\"Culture Shock\\\" (Duckworth 1988), Valerie Grosvenor Myer wrote of a satirically presented married couple among her characters:Let us consider my Jean and Jack ... I weighted the scales by presenting them in the rôle of parents ... fictional parents are usually set up as Aunt Sallies to be knocked down ... Mrs. Bennet, Mrs. Nickleby, Mrs. Portnoy; Old Capulet, Mr Dorrit, Dr Sloper. In the \\\"Get Smart\\\" original TV series, in the fifth-season episode \\\"Do I Hear a Vaults?\\\", aired on 8 May 1970, Maxwell Smart alludes to the book being hidden in a public library. The\",\n \"title\": \"Portnoy's Complaint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"331205\",\n \"text\": \"Academy Film Awards. In 1963, Stanley Kubrick cast Sellers to appear in \\\"Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb\\\" alongside George C. Scott, Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn and Slim Pickens. Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film's production and had the greatest of respect for each other, also sharing a love of photography. The director asked Sellers to play three roles: US President Merkin Muffley, Dr. Strangelove and Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF. Sellers was initially hesitant about taking on these divergent characters, but Kubrick prevailed. According to some accounts,\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Sellers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1869341\",\n \"text\": \"of soup (Cream of Technicolor) that takes a picture (with a conspicuous flash) of the person eating the soup with each spoonful; a Mini Magnet on a belt, which turns out to be stronger than KAOS's Maxi Magnet; and a powerful miniature laser weapon in the button of a sports jacket (the \\\"laser blazer\\\"). Another of the show's recurring gags is the \\\"Cone of Silence\\\". Smart would pedantically insist on following CONTROL's security protocols; when in the chief's office he would insist on speaking under the Cone of Silence—two transparent plastic hemispheres which are electrically lowered on top of Max\",\n \"title\": \"Get Smart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13191559\",\n \"text\": \"Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max Perry has done many cowrites with his brother and partner, Gennessee, who has worked with artists such as Mac Dre, One Block Radius, Too Short, Hell Rell, Paul Wall, AZ, and\",\n \"title\": \"Max Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12874443\",\n \"text\": \"working at Talent Associates in New York City on the script for a new pilot, which became an enduring legacy of Talent Associates. This was the sitcom \\\"Get Smart\\\", a spoof of the then-popular secret agent genre, which premiered in 1965 on NBC and starred Don Adams and Barbara Feldon. Production took place at Sunset Bronson Studios in Hollywood, so Talent Associates had to establish a West Coast presence. \\\"Get Smart\\\" spanned 138 episodes over 5 years, and was very popular in broadcast syndication. It spawned sequels, reunion shows and even major feature films decades after its premiere. Talent Associates\",\n \"title\": \"Talent Associates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7733611\",\n \"text\": \"of serious story lines which Paul performed with some panache. These included being kicked almost to death by a gang of thugs and having to spend several weeks in hospital on a drip, falling in love with a colleague's girlfriend and having an affair with her (and marrying her after the affair became public), and then having an extramarital relationship himself with another officer. The character was eventually transferred after successfully undertaking undercover work. This tied in with Paul's decision to leave \\\"The Bill\\\" after 13 years. He briefly played Maxwell Moon in the popular BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Andrew Paul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9675307\",\n \"text\": \"his eyesight. Maxwell Arnow is survived by two daughters and three grandchildren. Aside from the two mentioned above, other film stars he worked with included Kay Francis, Miriam Hopkins, Helen Hayes, Ruth Chatterton, Katharine Hepburn, Humphrey Bogart (who wouldn't change his first name), Jack Lemmon, Ernest Borgnine, Shelley Winters, Robert Vaughn and Tab Hunter. Maxwell Arnow Maxwell Arnow (born February 25, 1902 in New York City – died June 6, 1984 in Beverly Hills) was an American Casting director. He was noted for his discoveries of future film stars Ronald Reagan and Kim Novak. Maxwell Arnow was born in New\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell Arnow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2568610\",\n \"text\": \"many times. For security reasons, Maxwell Smart insists upon using it to discuss his case. Despite this, its use is always counterproductive in some way: The series also employs related technology: Cone of Silence (Get Smart) The Cone of Silence is one of many recurring joke devices from \\\"Get Smart\\\", an American comedy television series of the 1960s about an inept spy. The essence of the joke is that the apparatus, designed for secret conversations, makes it impossible for those inside the device – and easy for those outside the device – to hear the conversation. The end result being\",\n \"title\": \"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"35148\",\n \"text\": \"scene of \\\"\\\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \\\"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\\\" He also won positive notices for his role in 1998's \\\"Out of Sight\\\", playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict. Brooks received positive reviews for his portrayal of a dying retail store owner who befriends disillusioned teen Leelee Sobieski\",\n \"title\": \"Albert Brooks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3056407\",\n \"text\": \"The actor's American stepfather, Peter Maclaine, a former Marine, reportedly kicked Caulfield out of the house at the age of 15. Caulfield became an exotic dancer at London's Windmill Theatre in order to obtain an Equity card enabling him to work as an actor. Later he got his green card through his stepfather. He reportedly took his stage surname, Caulfield, from the character in J.D. Salinger's novel \\\"Catcher in the Rye\\\". Caulfield made his New York City debut in \\\"Hot Rock Hotel\\\" (1978) after moving from the UK to the United States, and the following year made his stage debut\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell Caulfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2912248\",\n \"text\": \"Edward Platt Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his portrayal of \\\"The Chief\\\" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series \\\"Get Smart\\\". With his deep voice and mature appearance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career. Platt was born in Staten Island, New York, and studied at the Juilliard School. He attended Princeton University, but left after his freshman year. Platt served in the United States Army during World War II. A powerful, operatically trained bass-baritone, he debuted on Broadway in the Rodgers and\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Platt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6774078\",\n \"text\": \"hit—\\\"Marriage on the Rocks\\\" and \\\"Assault on a Queen\\\" having flopped in the two previous years—so he put actor and trusted aide Brad Dexter in charge of finding a suitable vehicle. After negotiations for him to star in \\\"Harper\\\" fell through, \\\"The Naked Runner\\\" was chosen instead. Sinatra had been impressed with 1965's \\\"The IPCRESS File\\\" and recruited its director Sidney J. Furie. Among the film's co-stars were Peter Vaughan, Derren Nesbitt and Edward Fox. Sinatra was paid $1 million. In Copenhagen, Sinatra left to perform at a rally for California's Democratic governor Pat Brown (running against Republican Ronald Reagan).\",\n \"title\": \"The Naked Runner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14396271\",\n \"text\": \"wave of actors born in the late 1970s and early 1980s who were garnering success in Hollywood. These actors include Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hiddleston, Henry Cavill, James McAvoy, Tom Hardy, Eddie Redmayne and Rupert Friend. Brit Pack (actors) \\\"Brit Pack\\\" is a term that has been used to refer to specific groups of young British actors who have achieved success in Hollywood, as well as more generally to the entire group of such actors. According to one article, \\\"every decade brings a new Brit Pack, another disparate group of actors backed by the media to achieve simultaneous Hollywood stardom.\\\" However,\",\n \"title\": \"Brit Pack (actors)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2568607\",\n \"text\": \"them. Neither the characters nor the audience hear what is being said. In the later sequel movie, \\\"Get Smart, Again!\\\" (1989), when Maxwell is reactivated as a secret agent, he insists on following protocol to ensure secrecy by using the Cone of Silence. However, the device is considered to be completely outdated (however Max and 99 still have one at home), and the current methods used were the following: A new version of the Cone of Silence appears in the 2008 \\\"Get Smart\\\" film. One of the early versions of the Cone used in the television series is on display\",\n \"title\": \"Cone of Silence (Get Smart)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7545984\",\n \"text\": \"Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the Police and the District Attorney think the story is of a real pimp who is wanted for\",\n \"title\": \"Street Smart (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8650034\",\n \"text\": \"women in the broadcast booth. This gets him into trouble eventually, as one of these women (played by Tim Reid's real-life wife Daphne Maxwell Reid) later is arrested as a conspirator in a jewelry robbery. To save her own skin, she fingers Venus, who bears a strong resemblance to the real robber. Venus is in jail for about a week until the real robber (briefly played by Reid via a split screen effect) is finally arrested. Despite the way he dresses and his occasional use of 1970s vernacular slang like \\\"what's happening,\\\" Venus is actually one of the more straitlaced\",\n \"title\": \"Venus Flytrap (WKRP in Cincinnati)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"771484\",\n \"text\": \"the filmmakers had to make a choice whether to delay filming for a year or re-cast. James Mason had just finished filming \\\"Doctor Fischer of Geneva\\\" for the BBC. The \\\"Shooting Party\\\" schedule was changed to allow him to take over the part of Sir Randolph Nettleby six weeks later. His broken leg also deprived Scofield of the part of O'Brien in \\\"Nineteen Eighty-Four,\\\" in which he was replaced by Richard Burton. Scofield was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Scofield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4271001\",\n \"text\": \"grew further when he played the title role of Jim Hacker in the comedy series \\\"Yes Minister\\\" (first screened in 1980) and \\\"Yes, Prime Minister\\\" (1986–88) – said to have been former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's favourite TV programme. He was shortlisted four times for the BAFTA award for Best Light Entertainment Performance for the series, but he lost out to his co-star Nigel Hawthorne on each occasion. During 1987 Eddington appeared as Sir Joseph Porter in \\\"H.M.S. Pinafore\\\" in Australia. His last roles included Guy Wheeler, a corrupt property developer in the \\\"Minder\\\" episode \\\"The Wrong Goodbye\\\" (1989); as\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Eddington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2655596\",\n \"text\": \"recalling favorite moments with the actor. The comedy celebration has been noted as the most successful fundraiser in IMF history, as the first event held in 2007 raised over $550,000, while the following year over $600,000 was raised for the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the IMF's research programs. He was interred at Green River Cemetery in Springs, New York. Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom \\\"Everybody Loves Raymond\\\" and the comical monster in Mel Brooks'\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Boyle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11433989\",\n \"text\": \"a film made with a low budget funded almost entirely by financial contributions starting at £1,000 each from such individuals as Richard Burton, Noël Coward, Peter Sellers and Elizabeth Taylor, with the stars bypassing their standard fees and taking shares of the film's revenue. The movie, based on the play of the same name by Harold Pinter, was filmed in black-and-white with cinematography by Nicolas Roeg. Donner's next film, 1964's \\\"Nothing But the Best\\\", was a satire on the British class system starring Alan Bates and Denholm Elliott, based on a screenplay by Frederic Raphael. The film tells the story\",\n \"title\": \"Clive Donner\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Get Smart context: the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \\\"CONTROL\\\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \\\"Max\\\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly\\n\\nWhich actor played Maxwell Smart?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 188,\n \"origin_tokens\": 188,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Don Adams context Beach\\\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \\\"Check it Out!\\\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \\\"Get Smart\\\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.\\n\\ntitle Get Smart context: is customary for the go to shooting Adams intense dislike of long- flying meant Zealand car had to be shipped to US for filming. He appeared in another series commercials in the late 1990 for a dial-around distance carrier. In the Back to Beach (1987), Adams played Har Master, who used severalwell Smart's catch phr (including in Frankie Aval's character did a vague impression Siegfried). Adams played Smart 1989 commercial for K\\n\\ntitle: Get Smart: as KA, Williamallertwho had a recurr roleal, the ofTROL Conradfried, played by Kopell, is Smart' KAOS archen. King (origin appearing a generic KAOS k)rayed dim-witted bur Shtarker Siegfrieds assistant worldgets in were a par of the\\\".Do what did stretch in Mel of methods of series. and 9 in season four andins in\\ntitle: Adams Don Adams Donald Jamesmy1),ian television comedyart095), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \\\"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\\\" (1963–66) and \\\"Inspector Gadget\\\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.\\n\\nWhich actor played Maxwell Smart?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 469,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14526,\n \"ratio\": \"31.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":198,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":198,"string":"198"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"On a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["History of V","🆅","V (letter)","Ⓥ","Ｖ","⒱","ⓥ","🄥","🅥","V","🅅"],"string":"[\n \"History of V\",\n \"🆅\",\n \"V (letter)\",\n \"Ⓥ\",\n \"Ｖ\",\n \"⒱\",\n \"ⓥ\",\n \"🄥\",\n \"🅥\",\n \"V\",\n \"🅅\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"V"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1485176","text":"fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \"wolf interval\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has","title":"Wolf interval"},{"id":"9959211","text":"it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,","title":"Icelandic orthography"},{"id":"3662046","text":"across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \"key\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \"styled\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on","title":"Space bar"},{"id":"1508270","text":"short. For instance, an octave (2:1) spans from C to C', and three justly tuned major thirds (5:4) span from C to B (namely, from C, to E, to G, to B). The difference between C-C' (2:1) and C-B (125:64) is the diesis (128:125). Notice that this coincides with the interval between B and C', also called a diminished second. The diesis is a comma. The above-mentioned 128:125 comma is also known as the lesser diesis, as opposed to a wider comma (648:625) known as greater diesis. As shown in the picture, in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system (a tuning","title":"Diesis"},{"id":"15440023","text":"variation (24 unique sets of key signatures, 12 major and 12 minor each in the keys of C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, Gb, G, Ab, A, Bb, B). Each chord value can instantly change, depending on which key signature the player selects from the top keyboard in the stack of four MIDI keyboards. For example, in the Key of C, the I chord is C major, and the II chord is D minor, and so on up the scale. The chordboard allows the player to select key signature changes on the fly, and chord style, or genre changes also","title":"Chordboard"},{"id":"5775943","text":"F hexachord, and known as \"B molle\" for 'soft B') and B♮ (\"mi\" in the G hexachord, and known as \"B durum\" for 'hard B'). Over time, the soft and hard variants of 'b' were depicted as a rounded \" and a squared-off \" which gradually developed into the modern flat and natural signs (or, in Northern Europe, into the letters 'b' and 'h'). Since a single hexachord did not cover every possible note in the range of the gamut (only C–A, F–D excluding B, or G–E excluding B), singers would have to \"mutate\" between hexachords if the range of","title":"Guidonian hand"},{"id":"8389920","text":"a result, Eurolengo has never had any speakers. According to its author, there are only three pages of grammar rules. The Eurolengo alphabet is almost the same as the English alphabet, except there is no C (its phonemes being taken over by either S or K), but the Ch digraph is treated as a letter. a=ah, b= bay, ch = chay, d=day, e = eh, f=eff, g=gay, h=ash, i = ee, j = jay, k = kay, l = ell, m = em, n = en, o = oh, p = pay, q=kw, r=air, s = ess, t=tay, u =","title":"Eurolengo"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"2525937","text":"to a new hexachord. For example, the hexachord beginning on C and rising to A, named \"hexachordum naturale\", has its only semitone between the notes E and F, and stops short of the note B or B. A melody moving a semitone higher than \"la\" (namely, from A to the B above) required changing the \"la\" to \"mi\", so that the required B becomes \"fa\". Because B was named by the \"soft\" or rounded letter B, the hexachord with this note in it was called the \"hexachordum molle\" (soft hexachord). Similarly, the hexachord with \"mi\" and \"fa\" expressed by the","title":"Hexachord"},{"id":"3234324","text":"often divided into \"transposition ciphers\" and \"substitution ciphers\". In a substitution cipher, letters (or groups of letters) are systematically replaced throughout the message for other letters (or groups of letters). A well-known example of a substitution cipher is the Caesar cipher. To encrypt a message with the Caesar cipher, each letter of message is replaced by the letter three positions later in the alphabet. Hence, A is replaced by D, B by E, C by F, etc. Finally, X, Y and Z are replaced by A, B and C respectively. So, for example, \"WIKIPEDIA\" encrypts as \"ZLNLSHGLD\". Caesar rotated the","title":"Classical cipher"},{"id":"14318197","text":"are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. They differ by where a few of the letters are placed. For example, some have Cyrillic 'B' (which is pronounced 'V') on the Latin 'W' key (after the German transliteration of B), while others have it on the Latin 'V' key. The images of AATSEEL \"Student\", YaZhERT (яжерт) and YaWERT (яверт) are shown on this page. There are also variations within these variations; for example the Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout is YaShERT but differs in placement of ж and э. Windows","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"14318154","text":"or \"Control\", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows. Turkmen keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where Ä appears in place of Q above A, Ü appears in place of X below S, Ç appears in place of C, and Ý appears in place of V, with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"15476359","text":"typical example is B-2b=TG. The first letter(s) represents the piece moved: R = rook, C = reverse chariot, SW = swallow's wings, GB = go-between, B = bishop, TG = tile general, CS = cat's sword, D = dog. The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move, x for a capture, or * for a drop. Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands. This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top","title":"Nana shogi"},{"id":"14318157","text":"such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr","title":"Keyboard layout"},{"id":"2517004","text":"at right, with the added dimension of brightness. The axes in these diagrams are the responses of the short-wavelength (\"S\"), middle-wavelength (\"M\"), and long-wavelength (\"L\") cones in the human eye. The other letters indicate black (\"Blk\"), red (\"R\"), green (\"G\"), blue (\"B\"), cyan (\"C\"), magenta (\"M\"), yellow (\"Y\"), and white colors (\"W\"). (Note: These pictures are not exactly to scale.) The top left diagram shows that the shape of the RGB gamut is a triangle between red, green, and blue at lower luminosities; a triangle between cyan, magenta, and yellow at higher luminosities, and a single white point at maximum","title":"Gamut"},{"id":"17233939","text":"to have confirmed planets. The designations \"b\", \"c\" derive from the order of discovery. The designation of \"b\" is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, followed by the other lowercase letters of the alphabet. In the case of Kepler-69, all of the known planets in the system were discovered at one time, so \"b\" is applied to the closest planet to the star and \"c\" to the farthest. Kepler-69 is a G-type star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K.","title":"Kepler-69"},{"id":"6245955","text":"\"d\" correspond to \"q\" and \"p\" respectively. \"F\" transforms to a mixture between a \"J\" and a \"t\". A and C do not transform readily to recognizable letters. E transforms to 3. C transforms to an open O or right parenthesis. Upside-down A is the # sign. Using leet, additional letters can be represented by combinations of letters (11/II or 2 [\"Z\" being very rare in English] representing \"two\" or \"to\", 111/III representing \"three\", 15/SI, 935/SEa or 335/SEE for \"C\", etc.). This is generally rare and, especially in the last case (using a spelling-out of a letter) severely limits readability.","title":"Calculator spelling"},{"id":"14951961","text":"Pitch circularity Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because","title":"Pitch circularity"},{"id":"12491784","text":"and Heidi waited for Liz and Kristy to get close enough to them to tell them the solution. When she saw the safe's keypad, Liz told Heidi to key in 6642, since the number 1 on the safe had the letters A, B, and C where on a telephone it has no letters. This guess was incorrect, and they did not have time to try again. The host revealed, when the time ran out, that 6653 was indeed the correct combination. Meanwhile, Craig and John were sent to find men in the town of Rotorua who could reasonably pass for","title":"The Mole (Australia season 5)"},{"id":"61621","text":"fixed lines: total subscriptions: 14,987,520 (July 2016 est.) Telephones - mobile cellular: 30.45 million (July 2016 est.) Telephone system: (2016) ITU prefixes: Letter combinations available for use in Canada as the first two letters of a television or radio station's call sign are CF, CG, CH, CI, CJ, CK, CY, CZ, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF, VG, VO, VX, VY, XJ, XK, XL, XM, XN and XO. Only CF, CH, CI, CJ and CK are currently in common use, although four radio stations in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador retained call letters beginning with VO when Newfoundland joined Canadian","title":"Telecommunications in Canada"},{"id":"6591886","text":"B, C, D, E, F*, G, A*, B*, B, C ... The bold notes spell out an acoustic scale on C. However, in the harmonic series, the notes marked with asterisks are out of tune: F* is almost exactly halfway between F and F, A* is closer to A* than A, and B* is too flat to be generally accepted as part of an equal tempered scale. The acoustic scale may have formed from a major triad (C E G) with an added minor seventh and raised fourth (B and F, drawn from the overtone series) and major second and","title":"Acoustic scale"},{"id":"12323757","text":"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"4563402","text":"to ensure that no two items exactly match. With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 (\"first\") and D gets ranking number 4 (\"fourth\"), and either B gets ranking number 2 (\"second\") and C gets ranking number 3 (\"third\") or C gets ranking number 2 (\"second\") and B gets ranking number 3 (\"third\"). In computer data processing, ordinal ranking is also referred to as \"row numbering\". Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what","title":"Ranking"},{"id":"13425520","text":"calculations should be stopped and an error message (\"indeterminate case\") returned. (Adapted form Bowser, exercise 140, page 203). A, B and C are three objects such that \"AC\" = 435 (yards), \"CB\" = 320, and \"C\" = 255.8 degrees. From a station P it is observed that \"APC\" = 30 degrees and \"CPB\" = 15 degrees. Find the distances of \"P\" from \"A\", \"B\" and \"C\". (Note that in this case the points C and P are on the same side of the line AB, a different configuration from the one shown in the figure). Answer: \"PA\" = 790, \"PB\"","title":"Snellius–Pothenot problem"},{"id":"88826","text":"Hill system order is arranged alphabetically, as above, with single-letter elements coming before two-letter symbols when the symbols begin with the same letter (so \"B\" comes before \"Be\", which comes before \"Br\"). The following example formulae are written using the Hill system, and listed in Hill order: Chemical formula The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or","title":"Chemical formula"},{"id":"235376","text":"flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat is placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\"","title":"Key signature"},{"id":"3740043","text":"has additional ones, ranging from 1101 to 1133 (for some reason, however, omitting 1103 and 1105), Kamnik has 1240 and 1241, etc. Albeit they exist, it is not necessary to use them - usually the \"general\" postcodes are used. The abbreviations are: g. for \"gospod\" (Mr), ga. for \"gospa\" (Mrs), and gdč. for \"gospodična\" (Miss) - all always capitalized if in the beginning of the line. Numbers can have a suffix like A, B, C, etc. Common abbreviations are: c. for \"cesta\" (Street), and ul. for \"ulica\" (Road) - both always capitalised if in the beginning of the line. 5ºB","title":"Address"},{"id":"941630","text":"the readability of a line of music. For example, a sequence of notes is more easily read as \"ascending\" or \"descending\" if the noteheads are on different positions on the staff. Doing so may also reduce the number of accidentals that must be used. Thus, in the key of B major, the sequence B-B-B is more easily read using the enharmonic spelling C instead of B. For example, the intervals of a minor sixth on C, on B, and an augmented fifth on C are all enharmonic intervals . The most common enharmonic intervals are the augmented fourth and diminished","title":"Enharmonic"},{"id":"4658793","text":"uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C. In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60. The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart. However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz. Range (music) In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the","title":"Range (music)"},{"id":"111585","text":"or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in \"book and 'ck' in \"chicken\". Even with the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the \"Latin-Extended A\" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an \"h-convention\", which replaces \"ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,\" and \"ŭ\" with \"ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,\" and \"u,\" respectively. If","title":"Esperanto"},{"id":"12323773","text":"the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:","title":"Computer keyboard"},{"id":"2500784","text":"same as that of F.) This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context. Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B, E, or A (the three most common registers), never in A, and D, and B","title":"Letter notation"},{"id":"1975662","text":"the PCjr to change the home-computer market in a similar way to how the IBM PC had changed the business-microcomputer market. They predicted that the PCjr would extend IBM's dominance, with customers able to use the company's computers in the home and in the office. \"The Wall Street Journal\" observed that \"The PCjr ... has at least three invaluable assets: the letters I, B, and M\". Even rival companies like Coleco, Commodore, and Tandy hoped that a home computer from IBM with, as \"Popular Science\" wrote, \"the three initials on its nameplate, letters that, in the minds of many, represent","title":"IBM PCjr"},{"id":"3785956","text":"centre of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in \"bolour\" instead of \"colour.\" Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K? Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies, \"what, spell bolour with a K? Kolour. Oh! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt!\" The video game franchise Mortal Kombat is another example of this trend. A common satiric usage of the letters","title":"Satiric misspelling"},{"id":"5580921","text":"use the Latin alphabet letters \"A\" to \"Z\" to represent the 26 digit values one to twenty-six. (A=1, B=2, C=3, ..., Z=26) With this choice of notation, the number sequence (starting from 1) begins A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z, AA, AB, AC, ..., AX, AY, AZ, BA, BB, BC, ... Each digit position represents a power of twenty-six, so for example, the numeral ABC represents the value = 731 in base 10. Many spreadsheets including Microsoft Excel use this system to assign labels to the columns of a spreadsheet, starting A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...,","title":"Bijective numeration"},{"id":"6994734","text":"example given in the spec is: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c(d + e).foo(); with the suggestion that the preceding statement be terminated with a semicolon. Some suggest instead the use of \"leading\" semicolons on lines starting with '(' or '
The octave number increases by 1 upon an ascension from B to C. Thus, \"A\" refers to the first A \"above\" C and middle C (the small octave's C or simply \"c\") is denoted as \"C\" in SPN. Scientific pitch notation is often used to specify the range of an instrument. It provides an unambiguous means of identifying a note in terms of textual notation rather than frequency, while at the same","title":"Scientific pitch notation"},{"id":"309501","text":"gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \"notes\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \"accidentals\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and","title":"Piano"},{"id":"9294982","text":"It Might as Well Be String \"It Might as Well Be String\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \"The Goodies\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies have become Advertising Men and Graeme reads from a blackboard with the letters 'A', 'B', 'C' and 'D' written on it, and showing what is written about each letter — from 'D' to 'A'): Tim ('TBT') tells the others: \"From today 'BO', 'GG' — save time — call you 'BOGG'.\" Bill & Grahame are in charge with creative sides, Tim is horrified at","title":"It Might as Well Be String"},{"id":"92300","text":"are \"$\" = 36, \"a\" = 97, \"b\" = 98, \"C\" = 67, and \"d\" = 100). Therefore, strings beginning with \"C\", \"M\", or \"Z\" would be sorted before strings with lower-case \"a\", \"b\", etc. This is sometimes called \"ASCIIbetical order\". This deviates from the standard alphabetical order, particularly due to the ordering of capital letters before all lower-case ones (and possibly the treatment of spaces and other non-letter characters). It is therefore often applied with certain alterations, the most obvious being case conversion (often to uppercase, for historical reasons) before comparison of ASCII values. In many collation algorithms, the","title":"Collation"},{"id":"3029921","text":"modulatory space, though readers should be advised that the term \"modulatory space\" is not a standard music-theoretical term.) Chordal spaces model relationships between chords. The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency \"f\" is mapped to a real number \"p\" according to the equation This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which is the note 9 semitones","title":"Pitch space"},{"id":"47918","text":"of Dr. Martin Richards. The BBC Domesday Project made use of the language. Versions of BCPL for the Amstrad CPC and Amstrad PCW computers were also released in 1986 by UK software house Arnor Ltd. MacBCPL was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1985 by Topexpress Ltd, of Kensington, England. Both the design and philosophy of BCPL strongly influenced B, which in turn influenced C. Programmers at the time debated whether an eventual successor to C would be called \"D\" (the next letter in the alphabet) or \"P\" (the next letter in the parent language name). The language most accepted","title":"BCPL"},{"id":"16277214","text":"for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B button emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.","title":"B"},{"id":"20513434","text":"alliteration with \"b\" is very rare. However, when an alliterating word comes after a verse-break such as a caesura, the letter \"a\" is less common, coming only in 6th or 7th place. Usually a letter alliterates only with itself, but sometimes \"qu\" can alliterate with \"c\"; \"ph\" may alliterate with \"p\"; \"ae\" and \"au\" may alliterate with \"a\"; and \"sc\", \"sp\", \"st\" may alliterate with \"s\". From both studies, it is clear that when only two words in a line begin with the same letter, it is difficult or impossible to identify objectively whether the alliteration is accidental or deliberate,","title":"Alliteration (Latin)"},{"id":"3968482","text":"looks like an uncial \"a\", but with the left stroke still straight, \"b\" and \"d\" are hard to distinguish, \"e\" is a full height letter (like the \"s\"), \"p\" and \"t\" are very similar, and \"v\" is written above the baseline, resembling an inverted chevron. New Roman cursive, also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive, developed from old Roman cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern readers; \"a\", \"b\", \"d\", and \"e\" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are","title":"Roman cursive"},{"id":"19590718","text":"Phonetic keyboard layout A phonetic keyboard layout is a setup in which the letters of a language correspond to the keys in the keyboard layout for another language and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between letters in the languages that is based on their sound. Russian has two popular keyboard layouts: The Cyrillic letters are on the same keys as similarly-sounding Roman letters: A-А, Б-B, В-V, Г-G, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O and so on. There are Russian phonetic layouts based on the QWERTY layout and others based on other localized layouts. The Russian phonetic layout is especially suited for foreigners studying","title":"Phonetic keyboard layout"},{"id":"393027","text":"type A. She was the first to do so, although she did not use lettered spectral types, but rather a series of twenty-two types numbered from I to XXII. In 1901, Annie Jump Cannon returned to the lettered types, but dropped all letters except O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, used in that order, as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra. She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A, F2G for stars one-fifth of the way from F to G, and so on. Finally, by","title":"Stellar classification"},{"id":"4595113","text":"and \"C\" followed by a positional indication which is given by an Arabic number or Roman numeral. Examples: BIII, CVII, B2, C7. The two abbreviations \"B\", \"C\", represent the terms barre or bar, cejillo or capotasto, the later being Spanish and Italian terms for capo. The choice of letter adopted is an editorial decision reflecting the style adopted. The use of Roman numerals is more prevalent than Arabic numbers to avoid confusion with other fingering indications and common chord symbols (but not figured harmony). Notation of Roman numerals without including letters \"B\" or \"C\" is an indication of fingerboard position","title":"Barre chord"},{"id":"11485869","text":"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the","title":"Indonesia national badminton team"},{"id":"2086551","text":"letter for the doomsday is C except for the portion of leap years before February 29 in which it is D, we have: Note: G = 0 = Sunday, A = 1 = Monday, B = 2 = Tuesday, C = 3 = Wednesday, D = 4 = Thursday, E = 5 = Friday, and F = 6 = Saturday, i.e. in our context, C is mathematically identical to 3. Hence, for instance, the doomsday of the year 2013 is Thursday, so DL = (3 − 4) mod 7 = 6 = F. The dominical letter of the year 1913","title":"Dominical letter"},{"id":"903521","text":"in the traditional west-to-east method. Coincidentally, the NYSDOT maintained portion of I-90 is oriented geographically north–south for most of its length, so the exit numbers seem to increase from north to south. Exit and milepost numbering starts over again when the Berkshire Section of the Thruway begins, with exit and mile numbers preceded by the letter B (Exit B1, Exit B2, Mile B1, Mile B2, etc.) There once were two metric-only signs on the westbound New York State Thruway around Syracuse, which is about from Ontario. The NYS Thruway Authority decided to test metric signage, which may have briefly included","title":"Interstate 90"},{"id":"1798563","text":"G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp” is placed on the F, to make it F. The key of D, with nine sharps, has another sharp placed on the C, making it C. The same is true for key signatures with flats; The key of E (four sharps) is equivalent to the key of F (again, one fifth below the key of C, following the pattern of flat key signatures). The last flat is placed on the B, making it B. Circle of fifths In music","title":"Circle of fifths"},{"id":"14707615","text":"patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on","title":"Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"},{"id":"461177","text":"combined with the \"Control\" key, which on keyboards of the time was conveniently next to the letter A in the position now usually occupied by the Caps Lock key. For touch typists, in addition, reaching the function and cursor keys generally requires them to take their fingers off the \"home keys\" with consequent loss of typing rhythm. For example, the \"diamond\" of Ctrl-S/E/D/X (s=left, e=up, d=right, x=down) moved the cursors one character or line to the left, up, right, or down. Ctrl-A/F (to the outside of the \"diamond\") moved the cursor a full word left/right, and Ctrl-R/C (just \"past\" the","title":"WordStar"},{"id":"2520260","text":"would create a dissonant minor ninth interval with the third of the chord, including the third is a rare phenomenon, even in 20th-century classical music. Though rare, in rock and popular music, for example 52 seconds into \"Sun King\" on the Beatles' \"Abbey Road\", the third of the dominant eleventh (\"as theoretically conceived\": C, E, G, B, D, F ), for example, is usually omitted. It may be notated in charts as, C, or, more often, \"descriptively,\" as Gm/C. The fifth is also sometimes omitted, thus turning the chord into a suspended chord (C, B, D, F). As the upper","title":"Eleventh chord"},{"id":"6245954","text":"\"9\" appears as a lowercase \"b\". Other variants of calculator spelling alphabets consider \"0\" to be a capital \"D\" instead of \"O\", \"6\" (not used in the standard beghilos) as a lowercase \"g\" (as opposed to uppercase represented by 9) and \"9\" as either a reversed lowercase \"a\" or an at sign (@), both of which represent the letter A. You can spell words and names with the numbers, such as : 0.1134 when read upside down, it reads hEllO. Extending the available alphabet to hexadecimal notation (generally available on lower-end scientific calculators, though not on basic models), \"b\" and","title":"Calculator spelling"},{"id":"590514","text":"the letters A, B, and C (the Greek letters alpha, beta, and gamma in the original) as term place holders, rather than giving concrete examples. It is traditional to use \"is\" rather than \"are\" as the copula, hence \"All A is B\" rather than \"All As are Bs\". It is traditional and convenient practice to use a, e, i, o as infix operators so the categorical statements can be written succinctly. The following table shows the longer form, the succinct shorthand, and equivalent expressions in predicate logic: The letter S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate","title":"Syllogism"},{"id":"5679531","text":"\"C:\", however this is not always the case. Since personal computers now no longer include floppies, and optical disc and other removable drives typically still start at \"D:\", letters A and B are available for manual assignment by a user with administrative privileges. This assignment will be remembered by the same OS on the same PC next time a removable volume is inserted, as long as there are no conflicts, and as long as the removable drive has not been reformatted on another computer (which changes its volume serial number), and as long as the OS has not been reinstalled","title":"Volume (computing)"},{"id":"1489512","text":"by other signs. Godart (1995:99-107) describes these corrections, by word. They occur in the following words: A1 (signs 02-12-13-01), A4 (29-29-34) together with A5 (02-12-04), A8 (12), A10 (02-41-19?-35), A12 (12), A16 (12-31-26?), A17 (second 27?), A29 (second 27?), B1 (12-22), B3 (37?), B4 (22-25 imprinted over the same), B10 (07?-24?-40?), B13 (beside 29?). Question marks indicate uncertainty about that particular sign being the result of a correction. Also, the borders of word B28 has been widened to make room for sign 02. See Duhoux (1977:34-35) and Godart (1995:107). The two signs 27 (Hide) in word A29 are rotated 180","title":"Phaistos Disc"},{"id":"1798007","text":"before the 2000s. Button configurations vary depending on vendor and laptop model. ThinkPads have a prominent middle mouse button, but some models have no physical buttons. Toshiba employs concentric arcs. In the early 1990s, Zenith Data Systems shipped a number of laptop computers equipped with a device called \"J-Mouse\", which essentially used a special keyswitch under the J key to allow the J keycap to be used as a pointing stick. In addition to appearing between the G, H and B keys on a QWERTY keyboard, these devices or similar can also appear on gaming devices as an alternative to","title":"Pointing stick"},{"id":"12290078","text":"case of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, U for \"Underground\". In British buildings, LG for \"Lower Ground\" is commonly encountered. If there is more than one basement, the next level down may be marked SB for \"Sub-Basement\". The lower levels may also be numbered B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, etc.. Negative numbers are sometimes used: −1 for the first level below ground, −2 for the second one, and so on. Letters are sometimes used: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc. In Hawaii these levels are numbered I1, I2, I3,","title":"Storey"},{"id":"247241","text":"note or key of a given song. For example, a folk song in the key of C (also referred to as C major) may have a melody that uses only the notes of the C major scale (the individual notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C; these are the \"white notes\" on a piano keyboard. On the other hand, Bebop-era jazz from the 1940s and contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries may use melodies with many chromatic notes (i.e., notes in addition to the notes of the major scale; on a piano, a chromatic scale","title":"Music"},{"id":"339672","text":"more information). On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of ISO 8859-1. Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being: The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+). In other keyboards it's situated","title":"QWERTY"},{"id":"8017531","text":"diatonic and chromatic semitone. For instance, the interval from B to C is a diatonic semitone, the interval from B to B is a chromatic semitone, and their difference, the interval from B to C is a diminished second. Being diminished, it is considered a dissonant interval. In tuning systems other than twelve-tone equal temperament, the diminished second can be viewed as a comma, the minute interval between two enharmonically equivalent notes tuned in a slightly different way. This makes it a highly variable quantity between tuning systems. Hence for example C is narrower (or sometimes wider) than D by","title":"Diminished second"},{"id":"598210","text":"was intended to bear: \"F\" and \"C\" and, more rarely, \"G\". These were the most often-used 'clefs', or \"litterae clavis\" (key-letters), in Gregorian chant notation. Over time the shapes of these letters became stylised, leading to their current versions. Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, including most of the notes from the low \"Γ\" (\"gamma\", the note written today on the bottom line of the bass clef) up to the G above middle C, written with a small letter \"g\", and including two forms of lowercase \"b\" (for the note just below middle","title":"Clef"},{"id":"111586","text":"used in a database, a program in principle could not determine whether to render, for example, \"ch\" as \"c\" followed by \"h\" or as \"ĉ\", and would fail to render, for example, the word properly. A more recent \"x-convention\" has gained ground since the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with an \"x\" (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing the six digraphs \"cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,\" and \"ux.\" There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding","title":"Esperanto"},{"id":"8422191","text":"but \"B\" is also possible but not likely (\"p\" = 0.05). Doctor 2 says that the cause is very likely \"C\" (\"p\" = 0.95), but \"B\" is also possible but not likely (\"p\" = 0.05). How is one to make one's own opinion from this? Bayesian updating the first opinion with the second (or the other way round) implies certainty that the cause is \"B\". Dempster's rule of combination lead to the same result. This can be seen as paradoxical, since although the two doctors point at different causes, \"A\" and \"C\", they both agree that \"B\" is not likely.","title":"Transferable belief model"},{"id":"6494988","text":"did not change on a given system, but modifying systems could be confusing: If an Eagle booted from a File 10, File 40, or \"File 20\" (a File 10 or File 40 box with a 20-Mb hard disk inside), the drive-letter assignments of the hard-disk BIOS prevailed. The external hard disk's partitions would be A and B for a File 10; A, B, and C for a \"File 20\", and A, B, C, and D for a File 40. The top floppy would be E and I and the bottom one F and J, unless they were single-sided floppies, which","title":"Eagle Computer"},{"id":"3147630","text":"(\"buky/буки\"), meaning \"letter\". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the letter Be had no numeric value because the letter Ve inherited the Greek letter Beta's numeric value. The Russian small letter б (be) is similar (but not identical) in shape to the digit 6. Its lowercase form also somewhat resembles a lowercase letter B (\"b\"), the letter to which it corresponds in the Latin alphabet. After all, lowercase letter B (\"b\") developed from scribal alterations to the capital letter B (\"B\"), just as б did from scribal alterations to the capital letter В. In Serbian and Macedonian the italic form is","title":"Be (Cyrillic)"},{"id":"13458449","text":"with the file-modified time) is destroyed if the file is moved between the phone and the card, causing pictures to appear out of order, as if taken at the time they were moved. Like other Verizon phones, filenames are recorded as MMDDYYhhmm\"x\".jpg or .3g2, where \"x\" is the letter a, b, c, etc. Because the year is in the wrong place (the middle instead of the beginning where the most significant digits belong), the sort order appears wrong when viewed on a computer via a card reader, if there are pictures from a previous calendar year. Videos are recorded with","title":"Motorola Krave"},{"id":"8017530","text":"Diminished second In modern Western tonal music theory, a diminished second is the interval produced by narrowing a minor second by one chromatic semitone. It is enharmonically equivalent to a perfect unison. Thus, it is the interval between notes on two adjacent staff positions, or having adjacent note letters, altered in such a way that they have no pitch difference in twelve-tone equal temperament. An example is the interval from a B to the C immediately above; another is the interval from a B to the C immediately above. In particular, it may be regarded as the \"difference\" between a","title":"Diminished second"},{"id":"14407110","text":"an indicator, and connected the call by plugging a cord into the outgoing circuit and ringing the destination station. For example, if a dial customer calling from TAylor 4725 dialed a number served by a manual exchange, e.g., ADams 1383-W, the call was completed, from the subscriber’s perspective, exactly as a call to LEnnox 5813, in an automated exchange. The party line letters W, R, J, and M were only used in manual exchanges with jack-per-line party lines. In contrast to the listing format \"MAin 1234\" for an automated office with two capital letters, a manual office, having listings such","title":"Telephone exchange"},{"id":"5001643","text":"\"d\", and since \"bc\" cannot equal \"c\", it follows that \"bc\" = \"d\", and therefore \"bd\" must equal \"c\". Multiplying on the right by \"f\" this gives us \"b\" = \"cf\", which we can further manipulate into \"cb\" = \"f\" by multiplying by \"c\" on the left. By similar logic we can deduce that \"c\" = \"fb\" and that \"dc\" = \"b\". Filling these in, we have (with the latest additions in green): Since the \"d\" row is missing only \"f\", we know \"d\" = \"f\", and thus \"f\" = \"d\". As we have managed to fill in the whole","title":"Cayley table"},{"id":"10714060","text":"F♯ (musical note) F (F-sharp; also known as fa dièse or fi) is the seventh semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to \"sol bémol\" or G (G-flat). However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as G. G is a major third below B, whereas F is a major third above D (a minor third below A). When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the F above middle C (or F) is approximately","title":"F♯ (musical note)"},{"id":"9563574","text":"the west. When a street lies between two numbered streets, letters are appended as suffixes. For example, 107A Avenue lies between 107 Avenue and 108 Avenue. Occasionally the letter B will be used and more rarely C, to denote multiple streets between 2 different street numbers. For example, 17A, 17B and 17C Avenues all lie between 17 Avenue and 18 Avenue. Houses with odd numbers are on the east side of a street or the south side of an avenue. Dropping the last two digits of a house number tells what two streets or avenues the house lies between, for","title":"Transportation in Edmonton"},{"id":"17382965","text":"piece except the king. In notation, suborn is represented by the destination cell, followed by the equal symbol (=) and then the colour the suborned piece changes to, alternatively only one letter: b for black and w for white. Example: b3=b for 'the piece on b3 becomes black'. (There is no need of writing the letter D for the diplomat). The game can be played through the Zillions of Games game platform, by downloading the corresponding files from this link. Diplomat chess Diplomat chess is a chess variant invented by Carlos Martín-Fuertes in 2003 as a contribution to a Contest","title":"Diplomat chess"},{"id":"4184293","text":"discovering observatory followed by their right ascension (e.g. CP 1919). As more pulsars were discovered, the letter code became unwieldy, and so the convention then arose of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination (e.g. PSR 0531+21) and sometimes declination to a tenth of a degree (e.g. PSR 1913+16.7). Pulsars appearing very close together sometimes have letters appended (e.g. PSR 0021-72C and PSR 0021-72D). The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B (e.g. PSR B1919+21), with the B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All","title":"Pulsar"},{"id":"1434356","text":"four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is usually used for envelopes and is defined in ISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits","title":"Paper size"},{"id":"6966856","text":"to form \"Gore\" — each easily remembered by the rat armies — to make it more difficult to crack. In this code, each letter is \"shifted\" one over in the alphabet, except for the letters in the secret word, which stay the same. \"A\" becomes \"B\", \"B\" becomes \"C\", \"C\" becomes \"D\", and so on. \"G\", \"O\", \"R\", and \"E\" remain the same. This code is of great importance to the plot of \"Gregor and the Code of Claw\" because of its mention in the Prophecy of Gray and its usefulness to the human war effort. The Underland Chronicles The","title":"The Underland Chronicles"},{"id":"8230086","text":"also a ' \"closed omega\"), ' \"right-leg turned m\", ' \"turned long-leg r\" (there was once also a \"long-leg r\"), ' \"double pipe\", and the obsolete \"stretched c\". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' \"c cedilla\", ' \"eth\" (also spelled \"edh\"), ' \"engma\" or \"eng\", ' \"schwa\" (also spelled \"shwa\"), ' \"exclamation mark\", ' \"pipe\". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' \"fish-hook r\", ' \"ram's horns\", ' \"bull's eye\", ' \"esh\" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' \"ezh\" (sometimes confused with \"yogh\"), ' \"hook-top heng\". The is usually called by the","title":"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"},{"id":"691808","text":"by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a","title":"NATO phonetic alphabet"},{"id":"7797892","text":"vocals (on \"120E7\"). Alternate versions of \"120E7\" and \"Vesica Pisces\" would be later released on De Facto's second LP, \"Légende du Scorpion à Quatre Queues\". The title is a coded message using numbers and the corresponding letter of the English alphabet; it spells \"DEFACTO\" (4=D, 5=E, 6=F, 1=A, 3=C, 20=T, 15=O). The EP was to be followed by a full-length LP also recorded with Caldato Jr., tentatively titled \"Black Hot Chrome\". The album was shelved when Grand Royal went bankrupt the same year and remains unreleased to this day. Band members subsequently focused their efforts on a new project, The","title":"456132015"},{"id":"16510462","text":"order to facilitate navigation within the game and on the console itself. For standard keyboard mode and when playing guitar/bass parts, five white keys, from the middle C to G, are marked with colored dots, and are played similarly to the fret buttons found on guitar controllers. For pro mode, all the keys are used, and the keyboard is split up into 5 colored sections to aid the player: red - C-E, yellow - F-B, blue - C -E, green - F-B and orange - C. The touchpad acts as a modulation control, and in game-play terms is functionally equivalent","title":"Rhythm game accessories"},{"id":"8023801","text":"temperament, the diminished third is wider than the major second. In 19 equal temperament it is in fact enharmonically equivalent to an augmented second, both having a value of 252.6 cents. In 31 equal temperament it has a more typical value of 232.3 cents. In a twelve-note keyboard tuned in a meantone tuning from E to G, the dimininished third appears between C and E, and again between G and B. In superpythagorean tunings, the diminished third is narrower than the major second. In the special case of 17 equal temperament, the chromatic semitone and diminished third are in fact","title":"Diminished third"},{"id":"42662","text":"next ten letters, \"k–t,\" are identical to \"a–j,\" respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the table): : The next ten letters (the next \"decade\") are the same again, but with dots also at positions both 3 and 6 (green dots). Here \"w\" was left out as not being a part of the official French alphabet at the time of Braille's life; the French braille order is \"u v x y z ç é à è ù\" (). The next ten, ending in \"w\", are the same again, except that for this series","title":"Braille"},{"id":"15552327","text":"so-called ‘Big three credit rating agencies’ - Standard & Poor's, Moody's Investor Service and Fitch Ratings), CredoLine uses the same internationally recognized letter designations such as A, B, C and D. For every literal rating meaning corresponds definition, which disclose the reliability level, risk character, as well as the forecast of further business development. For instance: crBB – High creditworthiness and financial stability. The company is affected by country risk. Risk of default or delayed payment is moderate. Rating categories from “cr AAA” to “crDD” may be modified with plus or minus sign. For example: there are three rating levels","title":"CredoLine"},{"id":"8799809","text":"makes it hard to distinguish an 'F' from an 'S' for example. Also, the lack of visual cues during oral communication can cause confusion. For example, lips are closed at the start of saying the letter \"B\" but open at the beginning of the letter \"D\" making these otherwise similar-sounding letters more easily discriminated when looking at the speaker. Without these visual cues, such as during announcements of airline gate numbers \"B1\" and \"D1\" at an airport, \"B\" may be confused with \"D\" by the listener. Spelling out one's name, a password or a ticker symbol over the telephone are","title":"Spelling alphabet"},{"id":"4130307","text":"somewhat similar to Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings with the words high and low replacing the + and −. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor: AAA, AA (high), AA, AA (low), A (high), A, A (low), BBB (high), BBB, BBB (low), BB (high), BB, BB (low), B (high), B, B (low), CCC (high), CCC, CCC (low), CC (high), CC, CC (low), C (high), C, C (low) and D. The short-term ratings often map to long-term ratings though there is room for exceptions at the high or low side of each equivalent. S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS are","title":"Credit rating"},{"id":"295108","text":"The sharp sign raises a note by a semitone or half-step, and a flat lowers it by the same amount. In modern tuning a half step has a frequency ratio of , approximately 1.059. The accidentals are written after the note name: so, for example, F represents F-sharp, B is B-flat, and C is C natural (or C). Additional accidentals are the double-sharp , raising the frequency by two semitones, and double-flat , lowering it by that amount. In musical notation, accidentals are placed before the note symbols. Systematic alterations to the seven lettered pitches in the scale can be","title":"Musical note"},{"id":"3152859","text":"To create a sorted list, repeatedly use RP to select a winner, remove that winner from the list of candidates, and repeat (to find the next runner up, and so forth). To tally the votes, consider each voter's preferences. For example, if a voter states \"A > B > C\" (A is better than B, and B is better than C), the tally should add one for A in A vs. B, one for A in A vs. C, and one for B in B vs. C. Voters may also express indifference (e.g., A = B), and unstated candidates are","title":"Ranked pairs"},{"id":"68478","text":"letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in \"yoke\", the vowel in \"myth\", the vowel in \"funny\", and the diphthong in \"my\". W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in \"growth\", \"raw\", and \"how\", and in a few loanwords from Welsh, like \"crwth\" or \"cwm\". In some other languages, such as Finnish,","title":"Consonant"},{"id":"945733","text":"on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the \"h-system\", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called \"x-system\" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of \"c\" and the circumflex letters \"ĉ\" , \"ĝ\" , \"ĥ\" , \"ĵ\" , \"ŝ\" , \"ŭ\" . \"J\" transcribes two sounds, consonantal","title":"Esperanto orthography"},{"id":"8230085","text":"o\". The implosives have \"hook\" tops: ' \"hook-top b\", as does ' \"hook-top h\". Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a \"tail\". It may be specified as \"left\" or \"right\" depending on which direction it turns: ' \"right-tail n\", ' \"right-tail turned r\", ' \"left-tail n\", ' \"tail z\" (or just \"retroflex z\"), etc. But note: ' \"eng\" or \"engma\", ' \"meng\", \"heng\". When the tail loops over itself, it's called \"curly\": ' \"curly-tail j\", ' \"curly-tail c\". There are also a few unique modifications: ' \"belted l\", ' \"closed reversed epsilon\" (there was once","title":"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"},{"id":"3204815","text":"for official acceptance) is as follows: Zamanälif contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi and Íí. The other letters are the same in both alphabets, but they are pronounced differently. A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, í/i, ı/e. The symbol is used for the glottal stop (known as","title":"Tatar alphabet"},{"id":"16077238","text":"9th-largest CRM/Direct Marketing Agency in the world; the 5th-largest US search marketing agency. 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 2004: 2005: 2007: Acquired CFM Direct LLC, the Response Processing Division of AB&C Group, and CognitiveDATA 2009: Acquired CMS Direct 2010: 2011: 2012: Acquired Social Amp 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: 2008: 2009: 2011: 2013: 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2013: 2014: 2015: Merkle Inc. Merkle Group Inc. (also called \"Merkle\") is a global data-driven, technology-enabled performance marketing agency based in Columbia, Maryland and is part of Dentsu Aegis Network. Merkle Computer Systems, Inc. was founded in","title":"Merkle Inc."},{"id":"228142","text":"512 kbit/s broadband Internet connection\". The unit symbol kb (lowercase 'b') is typographically similar to the international standard unit symbol for the kilobyte, i.e. kB (upper case 'B'). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommends the symbol bit instead of b. The prefix \"kilo-\" is often used in fields of computer science and information technology with a meaning of multiplication by 1024 instead of 1000, contrary to international standards, in conjunction with the base unit byte and bit, in which case it is to be written as \"Ki-\", with a capital letter K, e.g., 1 Kibit = 1024 bits. The decimal","title":"Kilobit"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1485176\",\n \"text\": \"fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \\\"wolf interval\\\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has\",\n \"title\": \"Wolf interval\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9959211\",\n \"text\": \"it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,\",\n \"title\": \"Icelandic orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3662046\",\n \"text\": \"across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \\\"key\\\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \\\"styled\\\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on\",\n \"title\": \"Space bar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1508270\",\n \"text\": \"short. For instance, an octave (2:1) spans from C to C', and three justly tuned major thirds (5:4) span from C to B (namely, from C, to E, to G, to B). The difference between C-C' (2:1) and C-B (125:64) is the diesis (128:125). Notice that this coincides with the interval between B and C', also called a diminished second. The diesis is a comma. The above-mentioned 128:125 comma is also known as the lesser diesis, as opposed to a wider comma (648:625) known as greater diesis. As shown in the picture, in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system (a tuning\",\n \"title\": \"Diesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15440023\",\n \"text\": \"variation (24 unique sets of key signatures, 12 major and 12 minor each in the keys of C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, Gb, G, Ab, A, Bb, B). Each chord value can instantly change, depending on which key signature the player selects from the top keyboard in the stack of four MIDI keyboards. For example, in the Key of C, the I chord is C major, and the II chord is D minor, and so on up the scale. The chordboard allows the player to select key signature changes on the fly, and chord style, or genre changes also\",\n \"title\": \"Chordboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5775943\",\n \"text\": \"F hexachord, and known as \\\"B molle\\\" for 'soft B') and B♮ (\\\"mi\\\" in the G hexachord, and known as \\\"B durum\\\" for 'hard B'). Over time, the soft and hard variants of 'b' were depicted as a rounded \\\" and a squared-off \\\" which gradually developed into the modern flat and natural signs (or, in Northern Europe, into the letters 'b' and 'h'). Since a single hexachord did not cover every possible note in the range of the gamut (only C–A, F–D excluding B, or G–E excluding B), singers would have to \\\"mutate\\\" between hexachords if the range of\",\n \"title\": \"Guidonian hand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8389920\",\n \"text\": \"a result, Eurolengo has never had any speakers. According to its author, there are only three pages of grammar rules. The Eurolengo alphabet is almost the same as the English alphabet, except there is no C (its phonemes being taken over by either S or K), but the Ch digraph is treated as a letter. a=ah, b= bay, ch = chay, d=day, e = eh, f=eff, g=gay, h=ash, i = ee, j = jay, k = kay, l = ell, m = em, n = en, o = oh, p = pay, q=kw, r=air, s = ess, t=tay, u =\",\n \"title\": \"Eurolengo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2525937\",\n \"text\": \"to a new hexachord. For example, the hexachord beginning on C and rising to A, named \\\"hexachordum naturale\\\", has its only semitone between the notes E and F, and stops short of the note B or B. A melody moving a semitone higher than \\\"la\\\" (namely, from A to the B above) required changing the \\\"la\\\" to \\\"mi\\\", so that the required B becomes \\\"fa\\\". Because B was named by the \\\"soft\\\" or rounded letter B, the hexachord with this note in it was called the \\\"hexachordum molle\\\" (soft hexachord). Similarly, the hexachord with \\\"mi\\\" and \\\"fa\\\" expressed by the\",\n \"title\": \"Hexachord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3234324\",\n \"text\": \"often divided into \\\"transposition ciphers\\\" and \\\"substitution ciphers\\\". In a substitution cipher, letters (or groups of letters) are systematically replaced throughout the message for other letters (or groups of letters). A well-known example of a substitution cipher is the Caesar cipher. To encrypt a message with the Caesar cipher, each letter of message is replaced by the letter three positions later in the alphabet. Hence, A is replaced by D, B by E, C by F, etc. Finally, X, Y and Z are replaced by A, B and C respectively. So, for example, \\\"WIKIPEDIA\\\" encrypts as \\\"ZLNLSHGLD\\\". Caesar rotated the\",\n \"title\": \"Classical cipher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318197\",\n \"text\": \"are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. They differ by where a few of the letters are placed. For example, some have Cyrillic 'B' (which is pronounced 'V') on the Latin 'W' key (after the German transliteration of B), while others have it on the Latin 'V' key. The images of AATSEEL \\\"Student\\\", YaZhERT (яжерт) and YaWERT (яверт) are shown on this page. There are also variations within these variations; for example the Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout is YaShERT but differs in placement of ж and э. Windows\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318154\",\n \"text\": \"or \\\"Control\\\", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows. Turkmen keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where Ä appears in place of Q above A, Ü appears in place of X below S, Ç appears in place of C, and Ý appears in place of V, with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15476359\",\n \"text\": \"typical example is B-2b=TG. The first letter(s) represents the piece moved: R = rook, C = reverse chariot, SW = swallow's wings, GB = go-between, B = bishop, TG = tile general, CS = cat's sword, D = dog. The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move, x for a capture, or * for a drop. Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands. This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top\",\n \"title\": \"Nana shogi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14318157\",\n \"text\": \"such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr\",\n \"title\": \"Keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2517004\",\n \"text\": \"at right, with the added dimension of brightness. The axes in these diagrams are the responses of the short-wavelength (\\\"S\\\"), middle-wavelength (\\\"M\\\"), and long-wavelength (\\\"L\\\") cones in the human eye. The other letters indicate black (\\\"Blk\\\"), red (\\\"R\\\"), green (\\\"G\\\"), blue (\\\"B\\\"), cyan (\\\"C\\\"), magenta (\\\"M\\\"), yellow (\\\"Y\\\"), and white colors (\\\"W\\\"). (Note: These pictures are not exactly to scale.) The top left diagram shows that the shape of the RGB gamut is a triangle between red, green, and blue at lower luminosities; a triangle between cyan, magenta, and yellow at higher luminosities, and a single white point at maximum\",\n \"title\": \"Gamut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17233939\",\n \"text\": \"to have confirmed planets. The designations \\\"b\\\", \\\"c\\\" derive from the order of discovery. The designation of \\\"b\\\" is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, followed by the other lowercase letters of the alphabet. In the case of Kepler-69, all of the known planets in the system were discovered at one time, so \\\"b\\\" is applied to the closest planet to the star and \\\"c\\\" to the farthest. Kepler-69 is a G-type star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K.\",\n \"title\": \"Kepler-69\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6245955\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"d\\\" correspond to \\\"q\\\" and \\\"p\\\" respectively. \\\"F\\\" transforms to a mixture between a \\\"J\\\" and a \\\"t\\\". A and C do not transform readily to recognizable letters. E transforms to 3. C transforms to an open O or right parenthesis. Upside-down A is the # sign. Using leet, additional letters can be represented by combinations of letters (11/II or 2 [\\\"Z\\\" being very rare in English] representing \\\"two\\\" or \\\"to\\\", 111/III representing \\\"three\\\", 15/SI, 935/SEa or 335/SEE for \\\"C\\\", etc.). This is generally rare and, especially in the last case (using a spelling-out of a letter) severely limits readability.\",\n \"title\": \"Calculator spelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14951961\",\n \"text\": \"Pitch circularity Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because\",\n \"title\": \"Pitch circularity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12491784\",\n \"text\": \"and Heidi waited for Liz and Kristy to get close enough to them to tell them the solution. When she saw the safe's keypad, Liz told Heidi to key in 6642, since the number 1 on the safe had the letters A, B, and C where on a telephone it has no letters. This guess was incorrect, and they did not have time to try again. The host revealed, when the time ran out, that 6653 was indeed the correct combination. Meanwhile, Craig and John were sent to find men in the town of Rotorua who could reasonably pass for\",\n \"title\": \"The Mole (Australia season 5)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"61621\",\n \"text\": \"fixed lines: total subscriptions: 14,987,520 (July 2016 est.) Telephones - mobile cellular: 30.45 million (July 2016 est.) Telephone system: (2016) ITU prefixes: Letter combinations available for use in Canada as the first two letters of a television or radio station's call sign are CF, CG, CH, CI, CJ, CK, CY, CZ, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF, VG, VO, VX, VY, XJ, XK, XL, XM, XN and XO. Only CF, CH, CI, CJ and CK are currently in common use, although four radio stations in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador retained call letters beginning with VO when Newfoundland joined Canadian\",\n \"title\": \"Telecommunications in Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6591886\",\n \"text\": \"B, C, D, E, F*, G, A*, B*, B, C ... The bold notes spell out an acoustic scale on C. However, in the harmonic series, the notes marked with asterisks are out of tune: F* is almost exactly halfway between F and F, A* is closer to A* than A, and B* is too flat to be generally accepted as part of an equal tempered scale. The acoustic scale may have formed from a major triad (C E G) with an added minor seventh and raised fourth (B and F, drawn from the overtone series) and major second and\",\n \"title\": \"Acoustic scale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323757\",\n \"text\": \"pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4563402\",\n \"text\": \"to ensure that no two items exactly match. With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 (\\\"first\\\") and D gets ranking number 4 (\\\"fourth\\\"), and either B gets ranking number 2 (\\\"second\\\") and C gets ranking number 3 (\\\"third\\\") or C gets ranking number 2 (\\\"second\\\") and B gets ranking number 3 (\\\"third\\\"). In computer data processing, ordinal ranking is also referred to as \\\"row numbering\\\". Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what\",\n \"title\": \"Ranking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13425520\",\n \"text\": \"calculations should be stopped and an error message (\\\"indeterminate case\\\") returned. (Adapted form Bowser, exercise 140, page 203). A, B and C are three objects such that \\\"AC\\\" = 435 (yards), \\\"CB\\\" = 320, and \\\"C\\\" = 255.8 degrees. From a station P it is observed that \\\"APC\\\" = 30 degrees and \\\"CPB\\\" = 15 degrees. Find the distances of \\\"P\\\" from \\\"A\\\", \\\"B\\\" and \\\"C\\\". (Note that in this case the points C and P are on the same side of the line AB, a different configuration from the one shown in the figure). Answer: \\\"PA\\\" = 790, \\\"PB\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Snellius–Pothenot problem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"88826\",\n \"text\": \"Hill system order is arranged alphabetically, as above, with single-letter elements coming before two-letter symbols when the symbols begin with the same letter (so \\\"B\\\" comes before \\\"Be\\\", which comes before \\\"Br\\\"). The following example formulae are written using the Hill system, and listed in Hill order: Chemical formula The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or\",\n \"title\": \"Chemical formula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"235376\",\n \"text\": \"flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat is placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \\\"empty\\\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \\\"flat\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Key signature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3740043\",\n \"text\": \"has additional ones, ranging from 1101 to 1133 (for some reason, however, omitting 1103 and 1105), Kamnik has 1240 and 1241, etc. Albeit they exist, it is not necessary to use them - usually the \\\"general\\\" postcodes are used. The abbreviations are: g. for \\\"gospod\\\" (Mr), ga. for \\\"gospa\\\" (Mrs), and gdč. for \\\"gospodična\\\" (Miss) - all always capitalized if in the beginning of the line. Numbers can have a suffix like A, B, C, etc. Common abbreviations are: c. for \\\"cesta\\\" (Street), and ul. for \\\"ulica\\\" (Road) - both always capitalised if in the beginning of the line. 5ºB\",\n \"title\": \"Address\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"941630\",\n \"text\": \"the readability of a line of music. For example, a sequence of notes is more easily read as \\\"ascending\\\" or \\\"descending\\\" if the noteheads are on different positions on the staff. Doing so may also reduce the number of accidentals that must be used. Thus, in the key of B major, the sequence B-B-B is more easily read using the enharmonic spelling C instead of B. For example, the intervals of a minor sixth on C, on B, and an augmented fifth on C are all enharmonic intervals . The most common enharmonic intervals are the augmented fourth and diminished\",\n \"title\": \"Enharmonic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4658793\",\n \"text\": \"uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C. In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60. The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart. However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz. Range (music) In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the\",\n \"title\": \"Range (music)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111585\",\n \"text\": \"or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in \\\"book and 'ck' in \\\"chicken\\\". Even with the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the \\\"Latin-Extended A\\\" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an \\\"h-convention\\\", which replaces \\\"ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,\\\" and \\\"ŭ\\\" with \\\"ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,\\\" and \\\"u,\\\" respectively. If\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323773\",\n \"text\": \"the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \\\"é\\\" or \\\"à\\\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:\",\n \"title\": \"Computer keyboard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500784\",\n \"text\": \"same as that of F.) This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context. Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B, E, or A (the three most common registers), never in A, and D, and B\",\n \"title\": \"Letter notation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1975662\",\n \"text\": \"the PCjr to change the home-computer market in a similar way to how the IBM PC had changed the business-microcomputer market. They predicted that the PCjr would extend IBM's dominance, with customers able to use the company's computers in the home and in the office. \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" observed that \\\"The PCjr ... has at least three invaluable assets: the letters I, B, and M\\\". Even rival companies like Coleco, Commodore, and Tandy hoped that a home computer from IBM with, as \\\"Popular Science\\\" wrote, \\\"the three initials on its nameplate, letters that, in the minds of many, represent\",\n \"title\": \"IBM PCjr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785956\",\n \"text\": \"centre of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in \\\"bolour\\\" instead of \\\"colour.\\\" Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K? Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies, \\\"what, spell bolour with a K? Kolour. Oh! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt!\\\" The video game franchise Mortal Kombat is another example of this trend. A common satiric usage of the letters\",\n \"title\": \"Satiric misspelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580921\",\n \"text\": \"use the Latin alphabet letters \\\"A\\\" to \\\"Z\\\" to represent the 26 digit values one to twenty-six. (A=1, B=2, C=3, ..., Z=26) With this choice of notation, the number sequence (starting from 1) begins A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z, AA, AB, AC, ..., AX, AY, AZ, BA, BB, BC, ... Each digit position represents a power of twenty-six, so for example, the numeral ABC represents the value = 731 in base 10. Many spreadsheets including Microsoft Excel use this system to assign labels to the columns of a spreadsheet, starting A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...,\",\n \"title\": \"Bijective numeration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6994734\",\n \"text\": \"example given in the spec is: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c(d + e).foo(); with the suggestion that the preceding statement be terminated with a semicolon. Some suggest instead the use of \\\"leading\\\" semicolons on lines starting with '(' or '
The octave number increases by 1 upon an ascension from B to C. Thus, \\\"A\\\" refers to the first A \\\"above\\\" C and middle C (the small octave's C or simply \\\"c\\\") is denoted as \\\"C\\\" in SPN. Scientific pitch notation is often used to specify the range of an instrument. It provides an unambiguous means of identifying a note in terms of textual notation rather than frequency, while at the same\",\n \"title\": \"Scientific pitch notation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"309501\",\n \"text\": \"gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \\\"notes\\\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \\\"accidentals\\\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and\",\n \"title\": \"Piano\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9294982\",\n \"text\": \"It Might as Well Be String \\\"It Might as Well Be String\\\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \\\"The Goodies\\\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies have become Advertising Men and Graeme reads from a blackboard with the letters 'A', 'B', 'C' and 'D' written on it, and showing what is written about each letter — from 'D' to 'A'): Tim ('TBT') tells the others: \\\"From today 'BO', 'GG' — save time — call you 'BOGG'.\\\" Bill & Grahame are in charge with creative sides, Tim is horrified at\",\n \"title\": \"It Might as Well Be String\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"92300\",\n \"text\": \"are \\\"$\\\" = 36, \\\"a\\\" = 97, \\\"b\\\" = 98, \\\"C\\\" = 67, and \\\"d\\\" = 100). Therefore, strings beginning with \\\"C\\\", \\\"M\\\", or \\\"Z\\\" would be sorted before strings with lower-case \\\"a\\\", \\\"b\\\", etc. This is sometimes called \\\"ASCIIbetical order\\\". This deviates from the standard alphabetical order, particularly due to the ordering of capital letters before all lower-case ones (and possibly the treatment of spaces and other non-letter characters). It is therefore often applied with certain alterations, the most obvious being case conversion (often to uppercase, for historical reasons) before comparison of ASCII values. In many collation algorithms, the\",\n \"title\": \"Collation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3029921\",\n \"text\": \"modulatory space, though readers should be advised that the term \\\"modulatory space\\\" is not a standard music-theoretical term.) Chordal spaces model relationships between chords. The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency \\\"f\\\" is mapped to a real number \\\"p\\\" according to the equation This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which is the note 9 semitones\",\n \"title\": \"Pitch space\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"47918\",\n \"text\": \"of Dr. Martin Richards. The BBC Domesday Project made use of the language. Versions of BCPL for the Amstrad CPC and Amstrad PCW computers were also released in 1986 by UK software house Arnor Ltd. MacBCPL was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1985 by Topexpress Ltd, of Kensington, England. Both the design and philosophy of BCPL strongly influenced B, which in turn influenced C. Programmers at the time debated whether an eventual successor to C would be called \\\"D\\\" (the next letter in the alphabet) or \\\"P\\\" (the next letter in the parent language name). The language most accepted\",\n \"title\": \"BCPL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16277214\",\n \"text\": \"for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B button emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.\",\n \"title\": \"B\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20513434\",\n \"text\": \"alliteration with \\\"b\\\" is very rare. However, when an alliterating word comes after a verse-break such as a caesura, the letter \\\"a\\\" is less common, coming only in 6th or 7th place. Usually a letter alliterates only with itself, but sometimes \\\"qu\\\" can alliterate with \\\"c\\\"; \\\"ph\\\" may alliterate with \\\"p\\\"; \\\"ae\\\" and \\\"au\\\" may alliterate with \\\"a\\\"; and \\\"sc\\\", \\\"sp\\\", \\\"st\\\" may alliterate with \\\"s\\\". From both studies, it is clear that when only two words in a line begin with the same letter, it is difficult or impossible to identify objectively whether the alliteration is accidental or deliberate,\",\n \"title\": \"Alliteration (Latin)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3968482\",\n \"text\": \"looks like an uncial \\\"a\\\", but with the left stroke still straight, \\\"b\\\" and \\\"d\\\" are hard to distinguish, \\\"e\\\" is a full height letter (like the \\\"s\\\"), \\\"p\\\" and \\\"t\\\" are very similar, and \\\"v\\\" is written above the baseline, resembling an inverted chevron. New Roman cursive, also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive, developed from old Roman cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern readers; \\\"a\\\", \\\"b\\\", \\\"d\\\", and \\\"e\\\" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are\",\n \"title\": \"Roman cursive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19590718\",\n \"text\": \"Phonetic keyboard layout A phonetic keyboard layout is a setup in which the letters of a language correspond to the keys in the keyboard layout for another language and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between letters in the languages that is based on their sound. Russian has two popular keyboard layouts: The Cyrillic letters are on the same keys as similarly-sounding Roman letters: A-А, Б-B, В-V, Г-G, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O and so on. There are Russian phonetic layouts based on the QWERTY layout and others based on other localized layouts. The Russian phonetic layout is especially suited for foreigners studying\",\n \"title\": \"Phonetic keyboard layout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393027\",\n \"text\": \"type A. She was the first to do so, although she did not use lettered spectral types, but rather a series of twenty-two types numbered from I to XXII. In 1901, Annie Jump Cannon returned to the lettered types, but dropped all letters except O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, used in that order, as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra. She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A, F2G for stars one-fifth of the way from F to G, and so on. Finally, by\",\n \"title\": \"Stellar classification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4595113\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"C\\\" followed by a positional indication which is given by an Arabic number or Roman numeral. Examples: BIII, CVII, B2, C7. The two abbreviations \\\"B\\\", \\\"C\\\", represent the terms barre or bar, cejillo or capotasto, the later being Spanish and Italian terms for capo. The choice of letter adopted is an editorial decision reflecting the style adopted. The use of Roman numerals is more prevalent than Arabic numbers to avoid confusion with other fingering indications and common chord symbols (but not figured harmony). Notation of Roman numerals without including letters \\\"B\\\" or \\\"C\\\" is an indication of fingerboard position\",\n \"title\": \"Barre chord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11485869\",\n \"text\": \"has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesia national badminton team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2086551\",\n \"text\": \"letter for the doomsday is C except for the portion of leap years before February 29 in which it is D, we have: Note: G = 0 = Sunday, A = 1 = Monday, B = 2 = Tuesday, C = 3 = Wednesday, D = 4 = Thursday, E = 5 = Friday, and F = 6 = Saturday, i.e. in our context, C is mathematically identical to 3. Hence, for instance, the doomsday of the year 2013 is Thursday, so DL = (3 − 4) mod 7 = 6 = F. The dominical letter of the year 1913\",\n \"title\": \"Dominical letter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"903521\",\n \"text\": \"in the traditional west-to-east method. Coincidentally, the NYSDOT maintained portion of I-90 is oriented geographically north–south for most of its length, so the exit numbers seem to increase from north to south. Exit and milepost numbering starts over again when the Berkshire Section of the Thruway begins, with exit and mile numbers preceded by the letter B (Exit B1, Exit B2, Mile B1, Mile B2, etc.) There once were two metric-only signs on the westbound New York State Thruway around Syracuse, which is about from Ontario. The NYS Thruway Authority decided to test metric signage, which may have briefly included\",\n \"title\": \"Interstate 90\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1798563\",\n \"text\": \"G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp” is placed on the F, to make it F. The key of D, with nine sharps, has another sharp placed on the C, making it C. The same is true for key signatures with flats; The key of E (four sharps) is equivalent to the key of F (again, one fifth below the key of C, following the pattern of flat key signatures). The last flat is placed on the B, making it B. Circle of fifths In music\",\n \"title\": \"Circle of fifths\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14707615\",\n \"text\": \"patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"461177\",\n \"text\": \"combined with the \\\"Control\\\" key, which on keyboards of the time was conveniently next to the letter A in the position now usually occupied by the Caps Lock key. For touch typists, in addition, reaching the function and cursor keys generally requires them to take their fingers off the \\\"home keys\\\" with consequent loss of typing rhythm. For example, the \\\"diamond\\\" of Ctrl-S/E/D/X (s=left, e=up, d=right, x=down) moved the cursors one character or line to the left, up, right, or down. Ctrl-A/F (to the outside of the \\\"diamond\\\") moved the cursor a full word left/right, and Ctrl-R/C (just \\\"past\\\" the\",\n \"title\": \"WordStar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520260\",\n \"text\": \"would create a dissonant minor ninth interval with the third of the chord, including the third is a rare phenomenon, even in 20th-century classical music. Though rare, in rock and popular music, for example 52 seconds into \\\"Sun King\\\" on the Beatles' \\\"Abbey Road\\\", the third of the dominant eleventh (\\\"as theoretically conceived\\\": C, E, G, B, D, F ), for example, is usually omitted. It may be notated in charts as, C, or, more often, \\\"descriptively,\\\" as Gm/C. The fifth is also sometimes omitted, thus turning the chord into a suspended chord (C, B, D, F). As the upper\",\n \"title\": \"Eleventh chord\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6245954\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"9\\\" appears as a lowercase \\\"b\\\". Other variants of calculator spelling alphabets consider \\\"0\\\" to be a capital \\\"D\\\" instead of \\\"O\\\", \\\"6\\\" (not used in the standard beghilos) as a lowercase \\\"g\\\" (as opposed to uppercase represented by 9) and \\\"9\\\" as either a reversed lowercase \\\"a\\\" or an at sign (@), both of which represent the letter A. You can spell words and names with the numbers, such as : 0.1134 when read upside down, it reads hEllO. Extending the available alphabet to hexadecimal notation (generally available on lower-end scientific calculators, though not on basic models), \\\"b\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Calculator spelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"590514\",\n \"text\": \"the letters A, B, and C (the Greek letters alpha, beta, and gamma in the original) as term place holders, rather than giving concrete examples. It is traditional to use \\\"is\\\" rather than \\\"are\\\" as the copula, hence \\\"All A is B\\\" rather than \\\"All As are Bs\\\". It is traditional and convenient practice to use a, e, i, o as infix operators so the categorical statements can be written succinctly. The following table shows the longer form, the succinct shorthand, and equivalent expressions in predicate logic: The letter S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate\",\n \"title\": \"Syllogism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5679531\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"C:\\\", however this is not always the case. Since personal computers now no longer include floppies, and optical disc and other removable drives typically still start at \\\"D:\\\", letters A and B are available for manual assignment by a user with administrative privileges. This assignment will be remembered by the same OS on the same PC next time a removable volume is inserted, as long as there are no conflicts, and as long as the removable drive has not been reformatted on another computer (which changes its volume serial number), and as long as the OS has not been reinstalled\",\n \"title\": \"Volume (computing)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489512\",\n \"text\": \"by other signs. Godart (1995:99-107) describes these corrections, by word. They occur in the following words: A1 (signs 02-12-13-01), A4 (29-29-34) together with A5 (02-12-04), A8 (12), A10 (02-41-19?-35), A12 (12), A16 (12-31-26?), A17 (second 27?), A29 (second 27?), B1 (12-22), B3 (37?), B4 (22-25 imprinted over the same), B10 (07?-24?-40?), B13 (beside 29?). Question marks indicate uncertainty about that particular sign being the result of a correction. Also, the borders of word B28 has been widened to make room for sign 02. See Duhoux (1977:34-35) and Godart (1995:107). The two signs 27 (Hide) in word A29 are rotated 180\",\n \"title\": \"Phaistos Disc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1798007\",\n \"text\": \"before the 2000s. Button configurations vary depending on vendor and laptop model. ThinkPads have a prominent middle mouse button, but some models have no physical buttons. Toshiba employs concentric arcs. In the early 1990s, Zenith Data Systems shipped a number of laptop computers equipped with a device called \\\"J-Mouse\\\", which essentially used a special keyswitch under the J key to allow the J keycap to be used as a pointing stick. In addition to appearing between the G, H and B keys on a QWERTY keyboard, these devices or similar can also appear on gaming devices as an alternative to\",\n \"title\": \"Pointing stick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12290078\",\n \"text\": \"case of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, U for \\\"Underground\\\". In British buildings, LG for \\\"Lower Ground\\\" is commonly encountered. If there is more than one basement, the next level down may be marked SB for \\\"Sub-Basement\\\". The lower levels may also be numbered B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, etc.. Negative numbers are sometimes used: −1 for the first level below ground, −2 for the second one, and so on. Letters are sometimes used: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc. In Hawaii these levels are numbered I1, I2, I3,\",\n \"title\": \"Storey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"247241\",\n \"text\": \"note or key of a given song. For example, a folk song in the key of C (also referred to as C major) may have a melody that uses only the notes of the C major scale (the individual notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C; these are the \\\"white notes\\\" on a piano keyboard. On the other hand, Bebop-era jazz from the 1940s and contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries may use melodies with many chromatic notes (i.e., notes in addition to the notes of the major scale; on a piano, a chromatic scale\",\n \"title\": \"Music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"339672\",\n \"text\": \"more information). On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of ISO 8859-1. Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being: The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+). In other keyboards it's situated\",\n \"title\": \"QWERTY\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8017531\",\n \"text\": \"diatonic and chromatic semitone. For instance, the interval from B to C is a diatonic semitone, the interval from B to B is a chromatic semitone, and their difference, the interval from B to C is a diminished second. Being diminished, it is considered a dissonant interval. In tuning systems other than twelve-tone equal temperament, the diminished second can be viewed as a comma, the minute interval between two enharmonically equivalent notes tuned in a slightly different way. This makes it a highly variable quantity between tuning systems. Hence for example C is narrower (or sometimes wider) than D by\",\n \"title\": \"Diminished second\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"598210\",\n \"text\": \"was intended to bear: \\\"F\\\" and \\\"C\\\" and, more rarely, \\\"G\\\". These were the most often-used 'clefs', or \\\"litterae clavis\\\" (key-letters), in Gregorian chant notation. Over time the shapes of these letters became stylised, leading to their current versions. Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, including most of the notes from the low \\\"Γ\\\" (\\\"gamma\\\", the note written today on the bottom line of the bass clef) up to the G above middle C, written with a small letter \\\"g\\\", and including two forms of lowercase \\\"b\\\" (for the note just below middle\",\n \"title\": \"Clef\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111586\",\n \"text\": \"used in a database, a program in principle could not determine whether to render, for example, \\\"ch\\\" as \\\"c\\\" followed by \\\"h\\\" or as \\\"ĉ\\\", and would fail to render, for example, the word properly. A more recent \\\"x-convention\\\" has gained ground since the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with an \\\"x\\\" (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing the six digraphs \\\"cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,\\\" and \\\"ux.\\\" There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8422191\",\n \"text\": \"but \\\"B\\\" is also possible but not likely (\\\"p\\\" = 0.05). Doctor 2 says that the cause is very likely \\\"C\\\" (\\\"p\\\" = 0.95), but \\\"B\\\" is also possible but not likely (\\\"p\\\" = 0.05). How is one to make one's own opinion from this? Bayesian updating the first opinion with the second (or the other way round) implies certainty that the cause is \\\"B\\\". Dempster's rule of combination lead to the same result. This can be seen as paradoxical, since although the two doctors point at different causes, \\\"A\\\" and \\\"C\\\", they both agree that \\\"B\\\" is not likely.\",\n \"title\": \"Transferable belief model\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6494988\",\n \"text\": \"did not change on a given system, but modifying systems could be confusing: If an Eagle booted from a File 10, File 40, or \\\"File 20\\\" (a File 10 or File 40 box with a 20-Mb hard disk inside), the drive-letter assignments of the hard-disk BIOS prevailed. The external hard disk's partitions would be A and B for a File 10; A, B, and C for a \\\"File 20\\\", and A, B, C, and D for a File 40. The top floppy would be E and I and the bottom one F and J, unless they were single-sided floppies, which\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Computer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3147630\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"buky/буки\\\"), meaning \\\"letter\\\". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the letter Be had no numeric value because the letter Ve inherited the Greek letter Beta's numeric value. The Russian small letter б (be) is similar (but not identical) in shape to the digit 6. Its lowercase form also somewhat resembles a lowercase letter B (\\\"b\\\"), the letter to which it corresponds in the Latin alphabet. After all, lowercase letter B (\\\"b\\\") developed from scribal alterations to the capital letter B (\\\"B\\\"), just as б did from scribal alterations to the capital letter В. In Serbian and Macedonian the italic form is\",\n \"title\": \"Be (Cyrillic)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13458449\",\n \"text\": \"with the file-modified time) is destroyed if the file is moved between the phone and the card, causing pictures to appear out of order, as if taken at the time they were moved. Like other Verizon phones, filenames are recorded as MMDDYYhhmm\\\"x\\\".jpg or .3g2, where \\\"x\\\" is the letter a, b, c, etc. Because the year is in the wrong place (the middle instead of the beginning where the most significant digits belong), the sort order appears wrong when viewed on a computer via a card reader, if there are pictures from a previous calendar year. Videos are recorded with\",\n \"title\": \"Motorola Krave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8017530\",\n \"text\": \"Diminished second In modern Western tonal music theory, a diminished second is the interval produced by narrowing a minor second by one chromatic semitone. It is enharmonically equivalent to a perfect unison. Thus, it is the interval between notes on two adjacent staff positions, or having adjacent note letters, altered in such a way that they have no pitch difference in twelve-tone equal temperament. An example is the interval from a B to the C immediately above; another is the interval from a B to the C immediately above. In particular, it may be regarded as the \\\"difference\\\" between a\",\n \"title\": \"Diminished second\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14407110\",\n \"text\": \"an indicator, and connected the call by plugging a cord into the outgoing circuit and ringing the destination station. For example, if a dial customer calling from TAylor 4725 dialed a number served by a manual exchange, e.g., ADams 1383-W, the call was completed, from the subscriber’s perspective, exactly as a call to LEnnox 5813, in an automated exchange. The party line letters W, R, J, and M were only used in manual exchanges with jack-per-line party lines. In contrast to the listing format \\\"MAin 1234\\\" for an automated office with two capital letters, a manual office, having listings such\",\n \"title\": \"Telephone exchange\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5001643\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"d\\\", and since \\\"bc\\\" cannot equal \\\"c\\\", it follows that \\\"bc\\\" = \\\"d\\\", and therefore \\\"bd\\\" must equal \\\"c\\\". Multiplying on the right by \\\"f\\\" this gives us \\\"b\\\" = \\\"cf\\\", which we can further manipulate into \\\"cb\\\" = \\\"f\\\" by multiplying by \\\"c\\\" on the left. By similar logic we can deduce that \\\"c\\\" = \\\"fb\\\" and that \\\"dc\\\" = \\\"b\\\". Filling these in, we have (with the latest additions in green): Since the \\\"d\\\" row is missing only \\\"f\\\", we know \\\"d\\\" = \\\"f\\\", and thus \\\"f\\\" = \\\"d\\\". As we have managed to fill in the whole\",\n \"title\": \"Cayley table\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10714060\",\n \"text\": \"F♯ (musical note) F (F-sharp; also known as fa dièse or fi) is the seventh semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to \\\"sol bémol\\\" or G (G-flat). However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as G. G is a major third below B, whereas F is a major third above D (a minor third below A). When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the F above middle C (or F) is approximately\",\n \"title\": \"F♯ (musical note)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563574\",\n \"text\": \"the west. When a street lies between two numbered streets, letters are appended as suffixes. For example, 107A Avenue lies between 107 Avenue and 108 Avenue. Occasionally the letter B will be used and more rarely C, to denote multiple streets between 2 different street numbers. For example, 17A, 17B and 17C Avenues all lie between 17 Avenue and 18 Avenue. Houses with odd numbers are on the east side of a street or the south side of an avenue. Dropping the last two digits of a house number tells what two streets or avenues the house lies between, for\",\n \"title\": \"Transportation in Edmonton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17382965\",\n \"text\": \"piece except the king. In notation, suborn is represented by the destination cell, followed by the equal symbol (=) and then the colour the suborned piece changes to, alternatively only one letter: b for black and w for white. Example: b3=b for 'the piece on b3 becomes black'. (There is no need of writing the letter D for the diplomat). The game can be played through the Zillions of Games game platform, by downloading the corresponding files from this link. Diplomat chess Diplomat chess is a chess variant invented by Carlos Martín-Fuertes in 2003 as a contribution to a Contest\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomat chess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4184293\",\n \"text\": \"discovering observatory followed by their right ascension (e.g. CP 1919). As more pulsars were discovered, the letter code became unwieldy, and so the convention then arose of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination (e.g. PSR 0531+21) and sometimes declination to a tenth of a degree (e.g. PSR 1913+16.7). Pulsars appearing very close together sometimes have letters appended (e.g. PSR 0021-72C and PSR 0021-72D). The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B (e.g. PSR B1919+21), with the B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All\",\n \"title\": \"Pulsar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1434356\",\n \"text\": \"four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is usually used for envelopes and is defined in ISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits\",\n \"title\": \"Paper size\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6966856\",\n \"text\": \"to form \\\"Gore\\\" — each easily remembered by the rat armies — to make it more difficult to crack. In this code, each letter is \\\"shifted\\\" one over in the alphabet, except for the letters in the secret word, which stay the same. \\\"A\\\" becomes \\\"B\\\", \\\"B\\\" becomes \\\"C\\\", \\\"C\\\" becomes \\\"D\\\", and so on. \\\"G\\\", \\\"O\\\", \\\"R\\\", and \\\"E\\\" remain the same. This code is of great importance to the plot of \\\"Gregor and the Code of Claw\\\" because of its mention in the Prophecy of Gray and its usefulness to the human war effort. The Underland Chronicles The\",\n \"title\": \"The Underland Chronicles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8230086\",\n \"text\": \"also a ' \\\"closed omega\\\"), ' \\\"right-leg turned m\\\", ' \\\"turned long-leg r\\\" (there was once also a \\\"long-leg r\\\"), ' \\\"double pipe\\\", and the obsolete \\\"stretched c\\\". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' \\\"c cedilla\\\", ' \\\"eth\\\" (also spelled \\\"edh\\\"), ' \\\"engma\\\" or \\\"eng\\\", ' \\\"schwa\\\" (also spelled \\\"shwa\\\"), ' \\\"exclamation mark\\\", ' \\\"pipe\\\". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' \\\"fish-hook r\\\", ' \\\"ram's horns\\\", ' \\\"bull's eye\\\", ' \\\"esh\\\" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' \\\"ezh\\\" (sometimes confused with \\\"yogh\\\"), ' \\\"hook-top heng\\\". The is usually called by the\",\n \"title\": \"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"691808\",\n \"text\": \"by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a\",\n \"title\": \"NATO phonetic alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7797892\",\n \"text\": \"vocals (on \\\"120E7\\\"). Alternate versions of \\\"120E7\\\" and \\\"Vesica Pisces\\\" would be later released on De Facto's second LP, \\\"Légende du Scorpion à Quatre Queues\\\". The title is a coded message using numbers and the corresponding letter of the English alphabet; it spells \\\"DEFACTO\\\" (4=D, 5=E, 6=F, 1=A, 3=C, 20=T, 15=O). The EP was to be followed by a full-length LP also recorded with Caldato Jr., tentatively titled \\\"Black Hot Chrome\\\". The album was shelved when Grand Royal went bankrupt the same year and remains unreleased to this day. Band members subsequently focused their efforts on a new project, The\",\n \"title\": \"456132015\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16510462\",\n \"text\": \"order to facilitate navigation within the game and on the console itself. For standard keyboard mode and when playing guitar/bass parts, five white keys, from the middle C to G, are marked with colored dots, and are played similarly to the fret buttons found on guitar controllers. For pro mode, all the keys are used, and the keyboard is split up into 5 colored sections to aid the player: red - C-E, yellow - F-B, blue - C -E, green - F-B and orange - C. The touchpad acts as a modulation control, and in game-play terms is functionally equivalent\",\n \"title\": \"Rhythm game accessories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8023801\",\n \"text\": \"temperament, the diminished third is wider than the major second. In 19 equal temperament it is in fact enharmonically equivalent to an augmented second, both having a value of 252.6 cents. In 31 equal temperament it has a more typical value of 232.3 cents. In a twelve-note keyboard tuned in a meantone tuning from E to G, the dimininished third appears between C and E, and again between G and B. In superpythagorean tunings, the diminished third is narrower than the major second. In the special case of 17 equal temperament, the chromatic semitone and diminished third are in fact\",\n \"title\": \"Diminished third\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"42662\",\n \"text\": \"next ten letters, \\\"k–t,\\\" are identical to \\\"a–j,\\\" respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the table): : The next ten letters (the next \\\"decade\\\") are the same again, but with dots also at positions both 3 and 6 (green dots). Here \\\"w\\\" was left out as not being a part of the official French alphabet at the time of Braille's life; the French braille order is \\\"u v x y z ç é à è ù\\\" (). The next ten, ending in \\\"w\\\", are the same again, except that for this series\",\n \"title\": \"Braille\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15552327\",\n \"text\": \"so-called ‘Big three credit rating agencies’ - Standard & Poor's, Moody's Investor Service and Fitch Ratings), CredoLine uses the same internationally recognized letter designations such as A, B, C and D. For every literal rating meaning corresponds definition, which disclose the reliability level, risk character, as well as the forecast of further business development. For instance: crBB – High creditworthiness and financial stability. The company is affected by country risk. Risk of default or delayed payment is moderate. Rating categories from “cr AAA” to “crDD” may be modified with plus or minus sign. For example: there are three rating levels\",\n \"title\": \"CredoLine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8799809\",\n \"text\": \"makes it hard to distinguish an 'F' from an 'S' for example. Also, the lack of visual cues during oral communication can cause confusion. For example, lips are closed at the start of saying the letter \\\"B\\\" but open at the beginning of the letter \\\"D\\\" making these otherwise similar-sounding letters more easily discriminated when looking at the speaker. Without these visual cues, such as during announcements of airline gate numbers \\\"B1\\\" and \\\"D1\\\" at an airport, \\\"B\\\" may be confused with \\\"D\\\" by the listener. Spelling out one's name, a password or a ticker symbol over the telephone are\",\n \"title\": \"Spelling alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4130307\",\n \"text\": \"somewhat similar to Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings with the words high and low replacing the + and −. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor: AAA, AA (high), AA, AA (low), A (high), A, A (low), BBB (high), BBB, BBB (low), BB (high), BB, BB (low), B (high), B, B (low), CCC (high), CCC, CCC (low), CC (high), CC, CC (low), C (high), C, C (low) and D. The short-term ratings often map to long-term ratings though there is room for exceptions at the high or low side of each equivalent. S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS are\",\n \"title\": \"Credit rating\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295108\",\n \"text\": \"The sharp sign raises a note by a semitone or half-step, and a flat lowers it by the same amount. In modern tuning a half step has a frequency ratio of , approximately 1.059. The accidentals are written after the note name: so, for example, F represents F-sharp, B is B-flat, and C is C natural (or C). Additional accidentals are the double-sharp , raising the frequency by two semitones, and double-flat , lowering it by that amount. In musical notation, accidentals are placed before the note symbols. Systematic alterations to the seven lettered pitches in the scale can be\",\n \"title\": \"Musical note\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3152859\",\n \"text\": \"To create a sorted list, repeatedly use RP to select a winner, remove that winner from the list of candidates, and repeat (to find the next runner up, and so forth). To tally the votes, consider each voter's preferences. For example, if a voter states \\\"A > B > C\\\" (A is better than B, and B is better than C), the tally should add one for A in A vs. B, one for A in A vs. C, and one for B in B vs. C. Voters may also express indifference (e.g., A = B), and unstated candidates are\",\n \"title\": \"Ranked pairs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68478\",\n \"text\": \"letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in \\\"yoke\\\", the vowel in \\\"myth\\\", the vowel in \\\"funny\\\", and the diphthong in \\\"my\\\". W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in \\\"growth\\\", \\\"raw\\\", and \\\"how\\\", and in a few loanwords from Welsh, like \\\"crwth\\\" or \\\"cwm\\\". In some other languages, such as Finnish,\",\n \"title\": \"Consonant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"945733\",\n \"text\": \"on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the \\\"h-system\\\", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called \\\"x-system\\\" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of \\\"c\\\" and the circumflex letters \\\"ĉ\\\" , \\\"ĝ\\\" , \\\"ĥ\\\" , \\\"ĵ\\\" , \\\"ŝ\\\" , \\\"ŭ\\\" . \\\"J\\\" transcribes two sounds, consonantal\",\n \"title\": \"Esperanto orthography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8230085\",\n \"text\": \"o\\\". The implosives have \\\"hook\\\" tops: ' \\\"hook-top b\\\", as does ' \\\"hook-top h\\\". Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a \\\"tail\\\". It may be specified as \\\"left\\\" or \\\"right\\\" depending on which direction it turns: ' \\\"right-tail n\\\", ' \\\"right-tail turned r\\\", ' \\\"left-tail n\\\", ' \\\"tail z\\\" (or just \\\"retroflex z\\\"), etc. But note: ' \\\"eng\\\" or \\\"engma\\\", ' \\\"meng\\\", \\\"heng\\\". When the tail loops over itself, it's called \\\"curly\\\": ' \\\"curly-tail j\\\", ' \\\"curly-tail c\\\". There are also a few unique modifications: ' \\\"belted l\\\", ' \\\"closed reversed epsilon\\\" (there was once\",\n \"title\": \"Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3204815\",\n \"text\": \"for official acceptance) is as follows: Zamanälif contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi and Íí. The other letters are the same in both alphabets, but they are pronounced differently. A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, í/i, ı/e. The symbol is used for the glottal stop (known as\",\n \"title\": \"Tatar alphabet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16077238\",\n \"text\": \"9th-largest CRM/Direct Marketing Agency in the world; the 5th-largest US search marketing agency. 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 2004: 2005: 2007: Acquired CFM Direct LLC, the Response Processing Division of AB&C Group, and CognitiveDATA 2009: Acquired CMS Direct 2010: 2011: 2012: Acquired Social Amp 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: 2008: 2009: 2011: 2013: 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2013: 2014: 2015: Merkle Inc. Merkle Group Inc. (also called \\\"Merkle\\\") is a global data-driven, technology-enabled performance marketing agency based in Columbia, Maryland and is part of Dentsu Aegis Network. Merkle Computer Systems, Inc. was founded in\",\n \"title\": \"Merkle Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"228142\",\n \"text\": \"512 kbit/s broadband Internet connection\\\". The unit symbol kb (lowercase 'b') is typographically similar to the international standard unit symbol for the kilobyte, i.e. kB (upper case 'B'). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommends the symbol bit instead of b. The prefix \\\"kilo-\\\" is often used in fields of computer science and information technology with a meaning of multiplication by 1024 instead of 1000, contrary to international standards, in conjunction with the base unit byte and bit, in which case it is to be written as \\\"Ki-\\\", with a capital letter K, e.g., 1 Kibit = 1024 bits. The decimal\",\n \"title\": \"Kilobit\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Wolf interval context: fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \\\"wolf interval\\\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has\\n\\nOn a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 178,\n \"origin_tokens\": 178,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: B context: for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.\\n\\ntitle Fouragram context: diagrams on this page reflect his usage). In other words if one thinks of a standard musical keyboard and takes for middle C Do then the following six white keys, DEFGAB represent the rest of octave, and the next white key will be the higher C. There will be black keys between each of the white keys, except between E and F (the mi-fa interval) and between B and the higher C (the si-do interval) In described in terms of Law of Seven, the Mi-Fa interval and the Ti-Do interval are said to\\n\\ntitle:pler-9 context: to have planets.ations \\\"b\\\", \\\" from order. Theation of is given to the first orbiting a, followed the other lowercase of. In the case Kepler-6, all of the known planets in the at one \\\"\\\" is applied closest planet to thec to the farth. Kepler-69 is a G- that is approximately 8 the mass of93% the radius of the. has a surface temperature of 563± 8 K\\ntitle: Computer Alternatively pressing small Standard alumericboards have that are on three-arterers (.0,9 mm have key of.0). Desktopboards1boards0,ation of function.2 have smaller an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the\\n\\nOn a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 471,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15267,\n \"ratio\": \"32.4x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":199,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":199,"string":"199"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Lunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Snoopie","Snoopy dog","Daisy Hill Puppy Farm","Snoopy"],"string":"[\n \"Snoopie\",\n \"Snoopy dog\",\n \"Daisy Hill Puppy Farm\",\n \"Snoopy\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Snoopy"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1256859","text":"Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \"Peanuts\":\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a","title":"Charlie Brown"},{"id":"525803","text":"(after earlier hints). In 1960, Hallmark Cards introduced the now popular line of Charlie Brown greeting cards. Charlie Brown and Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, as they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10. As the years went by, Shermy, Patty, and Violet appeared less often and were demoted to supporting roles (eventually disappearing from the strip in 1969, 1976, and 1984 respectively, although Patty and Violet were still seen as late as November 27, 1997), while new major characters were introduced. Schroeder, Lucy van Pelt, and her brother Linus","title":"Peanuts"},{"id":"525805","text":"poor, with only Snoopy, at shortstop, showing competence. The team consistently loses, but while it is often called \"winless\", it does win several games over the course of the strip's run, mostly when Charlie Brown is not playing, a fact he finds highly dispiriting. In the late 1950s, Snoopy, previously a minor character, began to appear more often, and in the 1960s he became a major character. The naming of Apollo 10's command module and lunar module for Charlie Brown and Snoopy respectively attests to the character's prominence at that time. Many of the strips from the 1960s onward revolve","title":"Peanuts"},{"id":"1343665","text":"the \"Aquarius\" and the Command Module \"Odyssey\". The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" episode entitled \"Spider\". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named \"Spider\" after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, \"Eagle\", used by Apollo 11. Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \"Lem\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"525853","text":"Peanuts characters, in Hongdae, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The \"Peanuts\" characters have been licensed to Universal Studios Japan (while Peanuts merchandise in Japan has been licensed by Sanrio, best known for Hello Kitty). The \"Apollo 10\" lunar module was nicknamed \"Snoopy\" and the command module \"Charlie Brown\". While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a spacesuit that was hidden aboard the craft to be found by the astronauts once they were in orbit. This drawing is now on display at the","title":"Peanuts"},{"id":"12394362","text":"and intact remains unknown). Based on an idea by British amateur astronomer Nick Howes, a team of experts has been assembled to try to locate the Lunar Module of the Apollo 10 mission nicknamed \"Snoopy\", which was released during the mission and is currently thought to be in a heliocentric orbit. The Snoopy mission is encouraged by the 2002 re-sighting of the Apollo 12 third-stage rocket. Space Heritage Legal documents Space archaeology In archaeology, space archaeology is the research-based study of various human-made items found in space, their interpretation as clues to the adventures mankind has experienced in space, and","title":"Space archaeology"},{"id":"20216","text":"only two were required for a safe landing (one extra for redundancy). Upon landing in the North Pacific Ocean, the crew were recovered and taken aboard the recovery ship, after a mission lasting 12 days, 7 hours, 11 minutes, and 53 seconds. Apollo 15 used command and service module CSM-112, which was given the call sign \"Endeavour\", named after HMS \"Endeavour\" and lunar module LM-10, call sign \"Falcon\", named after the United States Air Force Academy mascot. Scott explained the choice of the name \"Endeavour\" on the grounds that its captain, James Cook had commanded the first purely scientific sea","title":"Apollo 15"},{"id":"20119","text":"American Samoa. The astronauts were recovered by , and subsequently flown to Pago Pago International Airport in Tafuna for a greeting reception, before being flown on a C-141 cargo plane to Honolulu. After Apollo 10, NASA required astronauts to choose more \"dignified\" names for their command and lunar modules. This proved unenforceable: Apollo 16 astronauts Young, Mattingly and Duke chose \"Casper\", as in Casper the Friendly Ghost, for their command module name. The idea was to give children a way to identify with the mission by using humor. The Smithsonian has been accountable for the command module \"Charlie Brown\" since","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"1343639","text":"CSM and dock for transfer of the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired to fuel depletion, sending it on a trajectory past the Moon into a heliocentric orbit. The Apollo 11 ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface. The lunar module (originally designated the lunar excursion module, known by the acronym LEM) was designed after NASA chose to reach","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"13194540","text":"party. At the party, however, West calls Jack by the wrong name, leading him to realize that he is in fact unhappy, despite his accomplishments. In an effort to reclaim his happiness, Jack attempts to find the same toy that made him so happy on his tenth birthday, a model of an Apollo Lunar Module. He buys one from a vintage toy store, but still remains unhappy. Later, Liz apologizes to Jenna for allowing her to be injured, and agrees to let Jenna tell the \"TGS\" writing staff about her role in an advertisement for a phone sex line. The","title":"Apollo, Apollo"},{"id":"20106","text":"According to the 2002 \"Guinness World Records\", Apollo 10 set the record for the highest speed attained by a manned vehicle: 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph) on May 26, 1969, during the return from the Moon. The mission's call signs were the names of the \"Peanuts\" characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy, which became Apollo 10's semi-official mascots. \"Peanuts\" creator Charles Schulz also drew some mission-related artwork for NASA. Apollo 10 and Apollo 11 were the only Apollo missions whose crew were all veterans of spaceflight. Thomas P. Stafford had flown on Gemini 6 and Gemini 9; John W.","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"525761","text":"the naming of Apollo 10 command module Charlie Brown, and lunar module Snoopy launched on May 18, 1969. The Silver Snoopy award is a special honor awarded to NASA employees and contractors for outstanding achievements related to human flight safety or mission success. The award certificate states that it is \"In Appreciation\" \"For professionalism, dedication and outstanding support that greatly enhanced space flight safety and mission success.\" On January 1, 1974, Schulz served as the Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. Schulz was a keen bridge player, and \"Peanuts\" occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to","title":"Charles M. Schulz"},{"id":"3088414","text":"Gene Cernan as the lunar module pilot. While testing the command module, they received word of the Apollo 1 fire and subsequent suspension of the Apollo program. In the spring of 1968, Deke Slayton announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo 2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10. In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a color camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before from space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission. The command module (CM) was nicknamed \"Charlie Brown\"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed \"Snoopy\". Apollo","title":"Thomas P. Stafford"},{"id":"1343628","text":"Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \"Lem\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The lander spacecraft were built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft. The lunar module, consisting of a descent stage and an ascent stage, was ferried from the Earth to the Moon attached to the Apollo spacecraft command and service module (CSM), approximately twice its mass. The ascent stage carried a crew of two who flew the spacecraft from lunar orbit to the surface and later","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"20105","text":"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"20123","text":"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"1343650","text":"The first manned lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969 with the Apollo 11 LM \"Eagle\". Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the Command Module \"Columbia\" splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing President John F. Kennedy's goal \"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\" This was followed by precision landings on Apollo 12 \"(Intrepid)\" and Apollo 14 \"(Antares)\".In April 1970, the Apollo 13 lunar module \"Aquarius\" played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the service","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"3088400","text":"Thomas P. Stafford Thomas Patten Stafford (born September 17, 1930; Lt Gen, USAF, Ret.) is an American former Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. After graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Stafford commissioned in the United States Air Force, flying the F-86 Sabre prior becoming a test pilot. He was selected to become an astronaut in 1962, and flew aboard Gemini 6A and Gemini 9. In 1969, Stafford was the Commander of Apollo 10, the second manned mission to orbit the Moon and the first to fly a Lunar Module in lunar orbit, descending to an altitude","title":"Thomas P. Stafford"},{"id":"14564033","text":"the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of","title":"U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps"},{"id":"2172893","text":"1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\", Schweickart is portrayed by Kieran Mulroney. He also appeared in the television series \"The Universe\" in the episodes \"The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet\" and \"Stopping Armageddon\". Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969","title":"Rusty Schweickart"},{"id":"20142","text":"colors. The patch has four stars on it – one each for the three astronauts who flew the mission and one for Clifton Williams, a U.S. Marine Corps aviator and astronaut who was killed on October 5, 1967, after a mechanical failure caused the controls of his T-38 trainer to stop responding, resulting in a crash. He trained with Conrad and Gordon as part of the backup crew for what would be the Apollo 9 mission, and would have been assigned as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 12. The Apollo 12 command module \"Yankee Clipper\" is on display at the","title":"Apollo 12"},{"id":"20120","text":"1970. The spacecraft was on display in several countries until it was placed on loan to the London Science Museum in 1978. \"Charlie Brown\"'s service module (SM) was jettisoned just before re-entry and burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. After translunar injection, the Saturn V's S-IVB third stage was accelerated past Earth escape velocity and became a object where , it remains in a heliocentric orbit. The ascent stage of the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" was jettisoned into a heliocentric orbit. Its current location is unknown. The shield-shaped emblem for the flight shows a large, three-dimensional Roman numeral X sitting on","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"1974892","text":"and the attractions in Disney Parks. Buzz's name was inspired by Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon. According to an interview with Pixar producers in \"Entertainment Weekly\", the character was provisionally named Lunar Larry, but it sounded \"too wacky\", so while trying to rechristen him \"we went through some space terms and the word \"light-year\" came up, and the coolest astronaut name was Buzz Aldrin.\" Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA, to rapturous cheers. A clip of this can be found","title":"Buzz Lightyear"},{"id":"9321534","text":"in Los Angeles, Sachs launched his spacecraft, landed on the moon, and explored its surface. This video made by him and the Neistat Brothers captures the event. While the Apollo program was source of precedent, much of Sachs' \"Space Program\" is historically inaccurate, often humorously. The Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) was built full scale, but had many modifications that were probably not on any Apollo mission, including a fully stocked Vodka bar and a library (with titles such as \"Woman's Almanac\"). After the astronauts' first step, they used Sachs' handmade shotguns to \"patrol the surface\", before planting a flag and","title":"Tom Sachs (artist)"},{"id":"2047495","text":"Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December","title":"Gene Cernan"},{"id":"2047501","text":"Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. Standard crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.","title":"Gene Cernan"},{"id":"2052996","text":"Moon\", Mitchell was played by Gary Cole. He was the subject of a chapter of Chris Wright's book \"No More Worlds to Conquer\", which asks how people who are famed for one moment moved on with their life. In it he talked at length about his beliefs in extraterrestrial visitation, the power of the mind, and his certainty that his cancer had been cured \"by mind means\". Edgar Mitchell Edgar Dean \"Ed\" Mitchell (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016) was a United States Navy officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, ufologist and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module","title":"Edgar Mitchell"},{"id":"469326","text":"the Apollo 8 crew (Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \"I","title":"1960s"},{"id":"753865","text":"Times\", Aldrin supported a manned mission to Mars and which viewed the Moon \"not as a destination but more a point of departure, one that places humankind on a trajectory to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species.\" In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a master plan to NASA for consideration where astronauts, with a tour of duty of ten years, establish a colony on Mars before the year 2040. Aldrin was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in 1969 for his role as lunar module pilot on Apollo 11. He was","title":"Buzz Aldrin"},{"id":"16914699","text":"and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976, a letter-writing campaign by Trekkies to then President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship \"Enterprise\", featured on the television show \"\". Although Ford did not mention the campaign, instead saying he was \"partial to the name\" \"Enterprise\", he directed NASA officials to change the name. \"Columbia\" was named for the historical poetic name for the United States of America, like the explorer ship of Captain Robert Gray and the Command Module of Apollo 11, the first manned landing on another celestial body. \"Atlantis\" was named after the","title":"Spacecraft naming"},{"id":"9081","text":"Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Representative Alan Grayson. A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"2131768","text":"Baptise Church, Mayor Tom Colten declared \"James Irwin Day\" and made Irwin an \"honorary citizen of Minden.\" In the 1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" Irwin was played by Gareth Williams. James Irwin James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and","title":"James Irwin"},{"id":"2863362","text":"would replace the Saturn I for Earth orbit testing, allowing the command and service module to be flown with a partial fuel load. It would also allow launching the lunar excursion module separately for unmanned and manned Earth orbital testing, before the Saturn V was ready to be flown. It would also give early development to the third stage. On May 12, 1966, NASA announced the vehicle would be called the \"uprated Saturn I\", at the same time the \"lunar excursion module\" was renamed the lunar module. However, the \"uprated Saturn I\" terminology was reverted to Saturn IB on December","title":"Saturn IB"},{"id":"471099","text":"not called \"American Eagle\" as its crew had planned. The practice of nicknaming spacecraft resumed in 1967, when managers realized that the Apollo flights needed a name for each of two flight elements, the Command Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module. Lobbying by the astronauts and senior NASA administrators also had an effect. Apollo 9 used the name \"Gumdrop\" for the Command Module and \"Spider\" for the Lunar Module. However, Wally Schirra was prevented from naming his Apollo 7 spacecraft \"Phoenix\" in honor of the Apollo 1 crew because some believed that its nickname as a metaphor for \"fire\" might","title":"Gus Grissom"},{"id":"852808","text":"a lunar orbit flight using just the Command/Service Module as Apollo 8 in December, making McDivitt's flight Apollo 9 in March 1969. Borman's Lunar Module Pilot (and spacecraft systems engineer) was William Anders. The Command Module Pilot and navigator, Michael Collins, had to have back surgery and was replaced by his backup, James Lovell, reuniting Borman with his Gemini 7 crewmate. Apollo 8 went into lunar orbit on December 24 and made ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours before returning to Earth. The Apollo 8 mission is also notable for the \"Earthrise\" photograph taken by William Anders of","title":"Frank Borman"},{"id":"15178189","text":"reality with his \"google n' gloves\" system. 1968 Turtle Excluder Device 1968 Zipper (ride) 1969 Lunar Module The Lunar Module was the lander portion of spacecraft built for the \"Apollo program\" by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969, to the moon surface and safely back home","title":"Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)"},{"id":"2155711","text":"In \"\" he was voiced by Scott Glenn, who had portrayed Alan Shepard in \"The Right Stuff\". In 2018, Duke joined the Back to Space organization as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars. Charles Duke Charles Moss \"Charlie\" Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935) is an American former astronaut, retired U.S. Air Force officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon. Duke has logged 4,147 hours flying time, which includes 3,632 hours","title":"Charles Duke"},{"id":"7490","text":"an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-man Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon,","title":"Apollo program"},{"id":"7910002","text":"Lunar Module \"Falcon\", with Scott and Irwin aboard, landed on the Moon on July 30, 1971, and remained there for just under 67 hours. The mission set a number of space records and was the first to use the Lunar Rover. Scott and Irwin rode it to explore the area around the landing site during three periods of extravehicular activity (EVA). On August 2, before finishing the final EVA and entering the Lunar Module, Scott used a special postmarking device to cancel a first day cover of two stamps, whose designs depicted lunar astronauts and a rover, commemorating the 10th","title":"Apollo 15 postal covers incident"},{"id":"3523541","text":"the Soviet leadership made some of its first public pronouncements about landing a man on the Moon and establishing a lunar base. Crewed exploration of the lunar surface began in 1968 when the Apollo 8 spacecraft orbited the Moon with three astronauts on board. This was mankind's first direct view of the far side. The following year, the Apollo 11 Apollo Lunar Module landed two astronauts on the Moon, proving the ability of humans to travel to the Moon, perform scientific research work there, and bring back sample materials. Additional missions to the Moon continued this exploration phase. In 1969,","title":"Colonization of the Moon"},{"id":"20115","text":"of the lunar module (LM), before separating from the S-IVB. Apollo 10 was the first mission to carry a color television camera inside the spacecraft, and made the first live color TV transmissions from space. After reaching lunar orbit three days later, Young remained in the command module (CM) \"Charlie Brown\" while Stafford and Cernan entered the LM \"Snoopy\" and flew it separately. The LM crew performed the descent orbit insertion maneuver by firing their descent engine, and tested their craft's landing radar as they approached the altitude where powered descent would begin on Apollo 11. They surveyed the landing","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"753810","text":"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and","title":"Buzz Aldrin"},{"id":"4195922","text":"when the Gulfstream project was launched, two models of a high-wing and low-wing configuration were set up outside his office. Grumman personally made the decision to go with \"the low wing\". While continuing the company tradition of aircraft production for naval aviation, Grumman pushed for a shift in priorities resulting in the Space Steering Group, a space program that culminated in the design and production of the Apollo program's Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) that landed astronauts on the moon in 1969. During that same year, the company was rebranded as Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Throughout this period, Grumman's eyesight continued to","title":"Leroy Grumman"},{"id":"954512","text":"Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Retired) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to","title":"Michael Collins (astronaut)"},{"id":"7070205","text":"Lunar Surface Access Module was retitled \"Altair\", after the 12th brightest star in the northern hemisphere's night sky, Altair in the constellation Aquila. In Latin, means \"eagle\", providing a connection to the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11's \"Eagle\"; the name \"Altair\" itself is a latinization of the Arabic , meaning \"the eagle,\" \"the bird,\" or \"the flyer.\" Prior to the announcement of the \"Altair\" name, reports had suggested other names had been considered by NASA, but Altair won in a vote by the design team over Pegasus. NASA developed only conceptual designs for Altair. No Altair spacecraft were built—plans","title":"Altair (spacecraft)"},{"id":"2155705","text":"Apollo 13; however, shortly before the mission, he caught German measles from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As Ken Mattingly had no natural immunity to the disease, Mattingly was then replaced as Command Module Pilot by Jack Swigert. Mattingly would be reassigned as Command Module Pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16. Duke served as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16 in 1972 where he and John Young landed at the Descartes Highlands and conducted three EVAs, making Duke the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon. He also served as","title":"Charles Duke"},{"id":"1343645","text":"would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it lands at any significant angle, three legs was the lightest configuration. However, it would be the least stable if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs. In June 1966, the name was changed to lunar module (LM), eliminating the word \"excursion\". According to George Low, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"1343646","text":"was because NASA was afraid that the word \"excursion\" might lend a frivolous note to Apollo. After the name change from \"LEM\" to \"LM\", the pronunciation of the abbreviation did not change, as the habit became ingrained among engineers, the astronauts, and the media to universally pronounce \"LM\" as \"lem\" which is easier than saying the letters individually. To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted Bell Aerosystems in 1964 to build the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), which used a gimbal-mounted vertical jet engine to counter 5/6 of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"7518","text":"off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the \"Lunar Excursion Module\" (LEM, later shortened to \"Lunar Module\", LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM. The command module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component","title":"Apollo program"},{"id":"15082425","text":"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys is an autobiographical book written by the Gemini 10 and Apollo 11 astronaut, Michael Collins. It was released in 1974 and has a foreword written by Charles Lindbergh. An updated version was re-released in 2009 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the first manned lunar landing. The book covers his life as a test pilot in the United States Air Force, his selection as an astronaut and his spacewalks on Gemini 10 and historic flight as the Command Module pilot on Apollo 11. Collins presents some candid","title":"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys"},{"id":"2172874","text":"Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first manned flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life support system used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon. As backup Commander of the","title":"Rusty Schweickart"},{"id":"288010","text":"in light of then-upcoming 21st century, and Hodgson thought it would set his show apart to make it \"3000\". Dr. Forrester was named after the main character of \"The War of the Worlds\". The \"Satellite of Love\" was named after the song of the same name by Lou Reed. Crow T. Robot was inspired by the song \"Crow\" from Jim Carroll's \"Catholic Boy\", while Rocket Number 9's name was inspired by the original name of Sun Ra's album \"Interstellar Low Ways\". The theater shots, the primary component of an episode, is taped in \"Shadowrama\". The \"seats\" were a black-painted foamcore","title":"Mystery Science Theater 3000"},{"id":"242361","text":"at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. The LRV appears in the TV miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\". Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \"lunar rover\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \"Moon buggy\", a play on the words \"dune buggy\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and","title":"Lunar Roving Vehicle"},{"id":"20267","text":"Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the Lunar Module cabin, Young climbed out onto the \"porch\" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon.","title":"Apollo 16"},{"id":"8998","text":"Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins piloted the command module \"Columbia\" alone","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"781594","text":"Adam and Eve. During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar. Donatello is portrayed by Ben Starr in the 2016 television series \"\". Donatello in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is named after him. The \"Donatello\" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) built by the Italian Space Agency, was one of three MPLMs operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. The others were named \"Leonardo\" and \"Raffaello\". Donatello Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (c. 1386 – 13 December 1466), better","title":"Donatello"},{"id":"3180038","text":"Worden was played by Michael Raynor. Worden wrote the poem \"Apollo Lost\" in response to the cutbacks in the US space program. It was set to music by Cynthia McQuillin. Other poems by Worden have been published, and some have been set to music by Dov Rosenschein. Worden contributed the foreword to the space history book \"To A Distant Day\" by Chris Gainor. Alfred Worden Alfred Merrill \"Al\" Worden (born February 7, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of","title":"Alfred Worden"},{"id":"13554465","text":"at the extraterrestrial endeavors of mankind. The leading hypothesis on the origin of the Moon did not gain its current status until after lunar rock samples were analyzed. The Moon is the furthest any humans have ever ventured from their home, and space architecture is what kept them alive and allowed them to function as humans. On the cruise to the Moon, Apollo astronauts had two \"rooms\" to choose from – the Command Module (CM) or the Lunar Module (LM). This can be seen in the film \"Apollo 13\" where the three astronauts were forced to use the LM as","title":"Space architecture"},{"id":"9800465","text":"with its dome on the library roof. As part of Aileen Malone's “Walk With Destiny” project, three Apollo Astronauts visited the observatory, between 2010 and 2012: •Brigadier General Charles Moss Duke Jnr., the Apollo 16 Lunar Module Pilot, and the 10th man to walk on the moon; •Colonel Al Worden, Command Module Pilot on Apollo 15 and; •Captain Richard Gordon, Command Module Pilot on the Apollo 12 mission. All three Astronauts accepted the position of Honorary President of AAA. Sir Patrick Moore was AAA’s first Honorary President, from 2009 until his death in 2012. Airdrie Astronomical Association, commonly abbreviated to","title":"Airdrie Public Observatory"},{"id":"2047515","text":"Pilot Harrison Schmitt's recollections, were used by the band Public Service Broadcasting for the song \"Tomorrow\", the final track of their 2015 album \"The Race for Space\". Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three","title":"Gene Cernan"},{"id":"290661","text":"December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon. In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong's biography in 2005, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"12688849","text":"\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: Two characters in the animation series' \"\" and \"The Legend of Korra\" were named after him. Avatar Aang's mentor (\"The Last Airbender\") and Aang's youngest son Tenzin (\"The Legend of Korra\"). The Dalai Lama was featured on the March 5, 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show \"Last Week Tonight\", in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama,","title":"14th Dalai Lama"},{"id":"13095041","text":"Kate Collins (actress) Kate Collins is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character of Natalie Marlowe on the ABC soap opera \"All My Children\", a role she originated in 1985. Born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Washington D.C., Collins is the eldest child of astronaut Michael Collins, who served as Command Module Pilot on the historic Apollo 11 mission (the first human Moon landing) in 1969. She graduated from National Cathedral School studied theater at Northwestern University and graduated in 1981. After college, she worked in a number of regional theatre groups and appeared in","title":"Kate Collins (actress)"},{"id":"242326","text":"Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \"lunar rover\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \"Moon buggy\", a play on the words \"dune buggy\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. The three LRVs remain on the Moon. The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo, with a 1952–1954 series in","title":"Lunar Roving Vehicle"},{"id":"2986161","text":"Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 12 mission. He also flew in space in 1966 as the Pilot of the Gemini 11 mission. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 5, 1929, the first of five children of Richard Francis Gordon Sr., a machinist, and his wife, Angela, an elementary school teacher. He","title":"Richard F. Gordon Jr."},{"id":"2986171","text":"League. In the 1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" Gordon was played by Tom Verica. Gordon wrote the foreword of the book \"Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon\" by fellow Apollo astronaut Al Worden, as well as the foreword to \"Footprints in the Dust\". Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the","title":"Richard F. Gordon Jr."},{"id":"7411725","text":"that a lunar lander would not sink into a thick layer of dust, as had been feared. The first artificial satellite of the Moon was the Soviet probe Luna 10, launched March 31, 1966. On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first human to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the U.S. mission Apollo 11. The first","title":"Exploration of the Moon"},{"id":"9021","text":"Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10 flew to within of Site 2, and reported that it was acceptable. The ascent stage of lunar module LM-5 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and Command and Service Module CM-107 on January, 23. There were several differences between LM-5 and Apollo 10's LM-4; LM-5 had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"1343630","text":"this, the LM eventually became the most reliable component of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle, the only component never to suffer a failure that significantly affected a mission. Ten lunar modules were launched into space. Of these, six successfully landed humans on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The first two launched were test flights in low Earth orbit—the first without a crew, the second with one. Another was used by Apollo 10 for a \"dress rehearsal\" flight in low lunar orbit, without landing. One lunar module functioned as a \"lifeboat\" for the crew of Apollo 13, providing life support and","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"16138755","text":"The Leslie Cantwell Collection Leslie Cantwell \"(born October 1946)\" is a UK Space Historian renowned for his extensive knowledge of the Apollo Space programme and space-related artifacts. He has written numerous articles on the subject and is probably best known for his extensive collection of original memorabilia including his collection of large-format images signed by most of the Apollo astronauts. For a while he acted as an advisor to the London Science Museum Space Department regarding the Apollo 10 Command Service Module better known as Charlie Brown, currently on and has written various articles on the subject of space travel","title":"The Leslie Cantwell Collection"},{"id":"2131749","text":"James Irwin James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die. Irwin was born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Scottish and Irish descent, to parents James Irwin and Elsa Mathilda Irwin (). Irwin's grandparents","title":"James Irwin"},{"id":"6503608","text":"the electrical power generation and propulsion systems for the Command Module \"Odyssey\". This necessitated the abort of the lunar landing, and placed the lives of astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in serious jeopardy. The mission became famous for the safe return of the men, made possible by the flight controllers' resourceful adaptation of the electrical, propulsion, and life support systems of the LM (Lunar Module) \"Aquarius\" as a \"lifeboat\". Lost Moon Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 (published in paperback as Apollo 13), is a non-fiction book first published in 1994 by astronaut James Lovell and","title":"Lost Moon"},{"id":"2588628","text":"announced by President John F. Kennedy on 25 May of that year. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer, a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the Lunar Excursion Module to the Moon on nine launches, six of which landed on the Moon's surface. Draper taught and conducted research at MIT until January 1970, devoting most of his energy during his final decade to completing the Apollo computers and software. Draper was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1981 for his multiple inventions and scientific contributions. Draper was a member of","title":"Charles Stark Draper"},{"id":"8346943","text":"a conceit, associating MTV with the most famous moment in world television history. MTV also pays tribute to the classic ID by handing out astronaut statuettes (or \"Moonmen\") at its annual Video Music Awards. The Apollo 11 landing site is featured in the \"Futurama\" episode \"The Series Has Landed\", with Fry and Leela sheltering from the lunar night in the Apollo 11 lunar module (which, according to a plaque, has been returned there by the \"Historical Sticklers Society\"). The Apollo 11 mission is used as part of the main story line in \"\". The movie described the mission, indeed the","title":"Apollo 11 in popular culture"},{"id":"8495552","text":"relatively minor role. Writer Charles Murray lamented the fact that Lunney was \"barely visible in the movie\", being overshadowed by the focus on Lunney's fellow flight director Gene Kranz. \"Without slighting Kranz's role\", Murray commented, \"the world should remember that it was Glynn Lunney ... who orchestrated a masterpiece of improvisation that moved the astronauts safely to the lunar module while sidestepping a dozen potential catastrophes that could have doomed them.\" Lunney has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including \"Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back\" (PBS), \"To the Moon\" (PBS), \"Failure is Not an Option\"","title":"Glynn Lunney"},{"id":"20235","text":"Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands. The second of the so-called \"J missions,\" it was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54 PM EST on April 16, 1972, the mission lasted 11 days, 1 hour, and 51 minutes, and concluded at 2:45 PM EST on April 27. Young and Duke spent 71 hours—just","title":"Apollo 16"},{"id":"1343631","text":"propulsion when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, forcing the crew to abandon their landing. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.3B in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.2B using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. The six landed descent stages remain intact where they landed and one ascent stage (Apollo 10's) is in heliocentric orbit. All the other LMs that flew either crashed into the Moon or burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. At launch, the lunar module sat directly beneath","title":"Apollo Lunar Module"},{"id":"11727578","text":"on the Moon, and the first person to walk on it, shortly followed by Buzz Aldrin, after whom the asteroid 6470 Aldrin is named. The minor planet 6471 Collins is named after the third crew member of the Apollo 11 mission. In 1966, Armstrong also conducted the first docking in space together with David Scott aboard Gemini 8. The asteroid's name was suggested by Czech astronomers Jana Tichá, Miloš Tichý and Zdeněk Moravec, who observed it during its 1995-opposition, shortly before being numbered. The lunar crater \"Armstrong\" is also named in his honor. The approved naming citation was published by","title":"6469 Armstrong"},{"id":"2217099","text":"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the","title":"Jim Lovell"},{"id":"17405339","text":"release of \"2001\", Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science and technology, especially at the time of the Apollo space program. The fame of \"2001\" was enough to get the Command Module of the Apollo 13 craft named \"Odyssey\". In 1988, Stephen Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in \"God, the Universe and Everything Else\". They discuss the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The first of Clarke's works to be adapted for television was \"All The Time In The World\" which he adapted himself as an episode of the","title":"Arthur C. Clarke in media"},{"id":"469325","text":"the first woman in space. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 3, and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the moon, Luna 9. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which became the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. The deaths of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967 put a temporary hold on the U.S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with","title":"1960s"},{"id":"7554","text":"spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24. In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The command module pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera,","title":"Apollo program"},{"id":"20116","text":"site in the Sea of Tranquility, then separated the descent stage and fired the ascent engine to return to \"Charlie Brown\". The descent stage was left in orbit, but eventually crashed onto the lunar surface because of the Moon's non-uniform gravitational field; its location was not tracked. Upon descent stage separation and ascent engine ignition, the lunar module began to roll violently because the crew accidentally duplicated commands into the flight computer which took the LM out of abort mode, the correct configuration for this maneuver. The live network broadcasts caught Cernan and Stafford uttering several expletives before regaining control","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"9007","text":"three astronauts died, and the subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit. In March 1969, Apollo 9 put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon. The Soviet Union competed with the US, but were hampered by repeated failures in development of their N1 launcher, which was comparable to the Saturn V.","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"7838960","text":"1969 in spaceflight 1969 saw humanity step onto another world for the first time. On 21 July 1969, the Apollo 11 Lunar Module, \"Eagle,\" landed on the moon's surface with two astronauts aboard. Days later the crew of three returned safely to Earth, satisfying U.S. President John F. Kennedy's 1962 challenge of 25 May 1961, that \"this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\" There were four Apollo missions in total in 1969, three of which traveled to the moon,","title":"1969 in spaceflight"},{"id":"8266382","text":"as a flight controller on Gemini 10 when he was only twenty-three. Bales is best known for having been guidance officer (or GUIDO) during the Apollo 11 lunar landing when he had the responsibility of dealing with several problems that could have ended the mission. While monitoring the lunar module's position and velocity he came close to calling an abort when it became clear a navigational error had occurred. The spacecraft was moving faster than it should have been and was halfway to its abort limits. However, Bales continued to watch the data and the situation remained stable. The last","title":"Steve Bales"},{"id":"4660376","text":"have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two US pilot-astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41-month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11, and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface. All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module. The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility. In order to go to the Moon,","title":"Moon landing"},{"id":"15256650","text":"from the early 1970s and has been replaced, although the character was absent for most of the intervening period, in the 2009 TV Series by another Teacher named Mrs Creecher. Nasty Norman was a bully often seen as Dennis's rival. Stanley Livingstone an explorer with a pet crocodile, who lived next door to Dennis. Seemingly replaced by the Colonel, though the character had disappeared a while before the Colonel first appeared. His name alludes to the explorers David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley. BBC News once called Dennis the 'definitive naughty boy'. Matthew Jarron of Dundee University, curator of a Beano","title":"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher"},{"id":"2173081","text":"Piet Hut, Ed Lu (also CEO, see Leadership, above), David Liddle (Chair, see Leadership, above), and Dan Durda, a planetary scientist. Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (b. October 25, 1935) is a co-founder of the B612 Foundation and chair emeritus of its board of directors. He is also a former U.S. Apollo astronaut, research scientist, Air Force pilot, plus business and government executive. Schweickart, chosen in NASA's third astronaut group, is best known as the lunar module pilot on the Apollo 9 mission, the spacecraft's first manned flight test on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life","title":"B612 Foundation"},{"id":"9000","text":"and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into \"Eagle\" and landed in the Sea of Tranquillity. The astronauts used \"Eagle\"s ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned \"Eagle\" before they performed the","title":"Apollo 11"},{"id":"18917877","text":"Little West (lunar crater) Little West is a small crater (30-meter diameter) in Mare Tranquillitatis on the Moon, east of the Apollo 11 landing site known as Tranquility Base. The Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the Lunar Module (LM) \"Eagle\" approximately 60 meters west of Little West Crater on July 20, 1969. This is the crater Neil Armstrong mentions during his final descent onto the lunar surface. The south-west rim of the crater marks the farthest point that either astronaut traveled from the lunar module during their time on the lunar surface for the Apollo 11","title":"Little West (lunar crater)"},{"id":"9739780","text":"Between 1972 and 1977, seismometers installed on the Moon by the Apollo missions recorded moonquakes. The Moon was described as \"ringing like a bell\" during some of those quakes, specifically the shallow ones. This phrase was brought to popular attention in March 1970, in an article in \"Popular Science\". When Apollo 12 deliberately crashed the Ascent Stage of its Lunar Module onto the Moon's surface, it was claimed that the Moon rang like a bell for an hour, leading to arguments that it must be hollow like a bell. Lunar seismology experiments since then have shown that the lunar body","title":"Hollow Moon"},{"id":"4925669","text":"the Bonzo Terrier. His attempts were a failure. The British rock group Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and \"Bonzo\" brand dog food take their name from the eponymous terrier. John Bonham, the drummer for Led Zeppelin, took his nickname \"Bonzo\" from the dog. Bonzo the dog Bonzo the Dog is a fictional cartoon character first created in 1922 by British comic strip artist George Studdy. The pup quickly rose to popularity in the 1920s. He starred in one of the world’s first cartoons, became an inspiration for mass-marketed merchandise, and became a favorite among children and adults. In 1912 George Studdy","title":"Bonzo the dog"},{"id":"15134629","text":"It is 1912 days after leaving Earth orbit, and the routine in is suddenly interrupted by a series of whoops and exclamations from the speakers. John Koenig had been out on a reconnaissance flight to investigate a localised increase in the neutron count. Now, he is behaving like a drunken adolescent out for a joyride, taking \"Eagle\" Ten through a series of dare-devil manoeuvres. Loops and barrel-rolls soon give way to death-defying dives on the Alpha complex. Soon bored with this game, Koenig takes off across the lunar surface to begin buzzing about the . Alan Carter tries to establish","title":"The Bringers of Wonder, Part One"},{"id":"2295894","text":"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr. ( ; born November 14, 1933) is an American former NASA astronaut, fighter pilot with the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Air Force and test pilot. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 13. He was to have been the sixth person to land and walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before lunar landing. He went on to fly Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests in 1977, and retired from NASA in 1979. Born","title":"Fred Haise"},{"id":"20111","text":"had a very small chance of receiving the Apollo 13 command if he did an outstanding job with the assignment, which he did not. Eisele, despite his issues with management, was always intended for future assignment to the Apollo Applications Program (which was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component) and not a lunar mission. This dress rehearsal for a Moon landing brought the Apollo lunar module to from the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent would begin on the actual landing. Practicing this approach orbit would refine knowledge of the lunar gravitational field needed to calibrate","title":"Apollo 10"},{"id":"2217126","text":"wedding anniversary in June. In 2018, actor Pablo Schreiber portrayed Lovell in the film \"First Man\". Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission","title":"Jim Lovell"},{"id":"6373336","text":"There are four defining episodes in the story, and a variety of subplots and minor threads — many of them unrelated to the main story. The story begins late in the 20th century, and tracks the life of the main protagonist, Lewis Crane. The first of four episodes opens the story. An earthquake in California in the late 20th century has left seven-year-old Lewis Crane a crippled, homeless orphan. The second major episode shows Crane as an adult, world's foremost earthquake expert, a Nobel laureate, ruthless scientist, and entrepreneur dedicated to relieving the misery of those affected by earthquakes. He","title":"Richter 10"},{"id":"179642","text":"second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface. Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from","title":"Harrison Schmitt"},{"id":"11368705","text":"Pinocchio Pinocchio (; ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the children's novel \"The Adventures of Pinocchio\" (1883) by Italian writer Carlo Collodi. Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village near Lucca, he was created as a wooden puppet but dreams of becoming a real boy. He is notably characterized for his frequent tendency to lie, which causes his nose to grow. Pinocchio is a cultural icon. As one of the most reimagined characters in children's literature, his story has been adapted into other media, notably the 1940 Disney film \"Pinocchio\". Pinocchio's characterization varies across interpretations,","title":"Pinocchio"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1256859\",\n \"text\": \"Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \\\"Peanuts\\\":\\\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \\\" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525803\",\n \"text\": \"(after earlier hints). In 1960, Hallmark Cards introduced the now popular line of Charlie Brown greeting cards. Charlie Brown and Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, as they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10. As the years went by, Shermy, Patty, and Violet appeared less often and were demoted to supporting roles (eventually disappearing from the strip in 1969, 1976, and 1984 respectively, although Patty and Violet were still seen as late as November 27, 1997), while new major characters were introduced. Schroeder, Lucy van Pelt, and her brother Linus\",\n \"title\": \"Peanuts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525805\",\n \"text\": \"poor, with only Snoopy, at shortstop, showing competence. The team consistently loses, but while it is often called \\\"winless\\\", it does win several games over the course of the strip's run, mostly when Charlie Brown is not playing, a fact he finds highly dispiriting. In the late 1950s, Snoopy, previously a minor character, began to appear more often, and in the 1960s he became a major character. The naming of Apollo 10's command module and lunar module for Charlie Brown and Snoopy respectively attests to the character's prominence at that time. Many of the strips from the 1960s onward revolve\",\n \"title\": \"Peanuts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343665\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Aquarius\\\" and the Command Module \\\"Odyssey\\\". The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\" episode entitled \\\"Spider\\\". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named \\\"Spider\\\" after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, \\\"Eagle\\\", used by Apollo 11. Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \\\"Lem\\\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525853\",\n \"text\": \"Peanuts characters, in Hongdae, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The \\\"Peanuts\\\" characters have been licensed to Universal Studios Japan (while Peanuts merchandise in Japan has been licensed by Sanrio, best known for Hello Kitty). The \\\"Apollo 10\\\" lunar module was nicknamed \\\"Snoopy\\\" and the command module \\\"Charlie Brown\\\". While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a spacesuit that was hidden aboard the craft to be found by the astronauts once they were in orbit. This drawing is now on display at the\",\n \"title\": \"Peanuts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12394362\",\n \"text\": \"and intact remains unknown). Based on an idea by British amateur astronomer Nick Howes, a team of experts has been assembled to try to locate the Lunar Module of the Apollo 10 mission nicknamed \\\"Snoopy\\\", which was released during the mission and is currently thought to be in a heliocentric orbit. The Snoopy mission is encouraged by the 2002 re-sighting of the Apollo 12 third-stage rocket. Space Heritage Legal documents Space archaeology In archaeology, space archaeology is the research-based study of various human-made items found in space, their interpretation as clues to the adventures mankind has experienced in space, and\",\n \"title\": \"Space archaeology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20216\",\n \"text\": \"only two were required for a safe landing (one extra for redundancy). Upon landing in the North Pacific Ocean, the crew were recovered and taken aboard the recovery ship, after a mission lasting 12 days, 7 hours, 11 minutes, and 53 seconds. Apollo 15 used command and service module CSM-112, which was given the call sign \\\"Endeavour\\\", named after HMS \\\"Endeavour\\\" and lunar module LM-10, call sign \\\"Falcon\\\", named after the United States Air Force Academy mascot. Scott explained the choice of the name \\\"Endeavour\\\" on the grounds that its captain, James Cook had commanded the first purely scientific sea\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 15\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20119\",\n \"text\": \"American Samoa. The astronauts were recovered by , and subsequently flown to Pago Pago International Airport in Tafuna for a greeting reception, before being flown on a C-141 cargo plane to Honolulu. After Apollo 10, NASA required astronauts to choose more \\\"dignified\\\" names for their command and lunar modules. This proved unenforceable: Apollo 16 astronauts Young, Mattingly and Duke chose \\\"Casper\\\", as in Casper the Friendly Ghost, for their command module name. The idea was to give children a way to identify with the mission by using humor. The Smithsonian has been accountable for the command module \\\"Charlie Brown\\\" since\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343639\",\n \"text\": \"CSM and dock for transfer of the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired to fuel depletion, sending it on a trajectory past the Moon into a heliocentric orbit. The Apollo 11 ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface. The lunar module (originally designated the lunar excursion module, known by the acronym LEM) was designed after NASA chose to reach\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13194540\",\n \"text\": \"party. At the party, however, West calls Jack by the wrong name, leading him to realize that he is in fact unhappy, despite his accomplishments. In an effort to reclaim his happiness, Jack attempts to find the same toy that made him so happy on his tenth birthday, a model of an Apollo Lunar Module. He buys one from a vintage toy store, but still remains unhappy. Later, Liz apologizes to Jenna for allowing her to be injured, and agrees to let Jenna tell the \\\"TGS\\\" writing staff about her role in an advertisement for a phone sex line. The\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo, Apollo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20106\",\n \"text\": \"According to the 2002 \\\"Guinness World Records\\\", Apollo 10 set the record for the highest speed attained by a manned vehicle: 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph) on May 26, 1969, during the return from the Moon. The mission's call signs were the names of the \\\"Peanuts\\\" characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy, which became Apollo 10's semi-official mascots. \\\"Peanuts\\\" creator Charles Schulz also drew some mission-related artwork for NASA. Apollo 10 and Apollo 11 were the only Apollo missions whose crew were all veterans of spaceflight. Thomas P. Stafford had flown on Gemini 6 and Gemini 9; John W.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525761\",\n \"text\": \"the naming of Apollo 10 command module Charlie Brown, and lunar module Snoopy launched on May 18, 1969. The Silver Snoopy award is a special honor awarded to NASA employees and contractors for outstanding achievements related to human flight safety or mission success. The award certificate states that it is \\\"In Appreciation\\\" \\\"For professionalism, dedication and outstanding support that greatly enhanced space flight safety and mission success.\\\" On January 1, 1974, Schulz served as the Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. Schulz was a keen bridge player, and \\\"Peanuts\\\" occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to\",\n \"title\": \"Charles M. Schulz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3088414\",\n \"text\": \"Gene Cernan as the lunar module pilot. While testing the command module, they received word of the Apollo 1 fire and subsequent suspension of the Apollo program. In the spring of 1968, Deke Slayton announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo 2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10. In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a color camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before from space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission. The command module (CM) was nicknamed \\\"Charlie Brown\\\"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed \\\"Snoopy\\\". Apollo\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas P. Stafford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343628\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \\\"Lem\\\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The lander spacecraft were built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft. The lunar module, consisting of a descent stage and an ascent stage, was ferried from the Earth to the Moon attached to the Apollo spacecraft command and service module (CSM), approximately twice its mass. The ascent stage carried a crew of two who flew the spacecraft from lunar orbit to the surface and later\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20105\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20123\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343650\",\n \"text\": \"The first manned lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969 with the Apollo 11 LM \\\"Eagle\\\". Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the Command Module \\\"Columbia\\\" splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing President John F. Kennedy's goal \\\"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\\\" This was followed by precision landings on Apollo 12 \\\"(Intrepid)\\\" and Apollo 14 \\\"(Antares)\\\".In April 1970, the Apollo 13 lunar module \\\"Aquarius\\\" played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the service\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3088400\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas P. Stafford Thomas Patten Stafford (born September 17, 1930; Lt Gen, USAF, Ret.) is an American former Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. After graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Stafford commissioned in the United States Air Force, flying the F-86 Sabre prior becoming a test pilot. He was selected to become an astronaut in 1962, and flew aboard Gemini 6A and Gemini 9. In 1969, Stafford was the Commander of Apollo 10, the second manned mission to orbit the Moon and the first to fly a Lunar Module in lunar orbit, descending to an altitude\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas P. Stafford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14564033\",\n \"text\": \"the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2172893\",\n \"text\": \"1998 HBO miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\", Schweickart is portrayed by Kieran Mulroney. He also appeared in the television series \\\"The Universe\\\" in the episodes \\\"The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet\\\" and \\\"Stopping Armageddon\\\". Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \\\"Rusty\\\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969\",\n \"title\": \"Rusty Schweickart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20142\",\n \"text\": \"colors. The patch has four stars on it – one each for the three astronauts who flew the mission and one for Clifton Williams, a U.S. Marine Corps aviator and astronaut who was killed on October 5, 1967, after a mechanical failure caused the controls of his T-38 trainer to stop responding, resulting in a crash. He trained with Conrad and Gordon as part of the backup crew for what would be the Apollo 9 mission, and would have been assigned as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 12. The Apollo 12 command module \\\"Yankee Clipper\\\" is on display at the\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 12\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20120\",\n \"text\": \"1970. The spacecraft was on display in several countries until it was placed on loan to the London Science Museum in 1978. \\\"Charlie Brown\\\"'s service module (SM) was jettisoned just before re-entry and burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. After translunar injection, the Saturn V's S-IVB third stage was accelerated past Earth escape velocity and became a object where , it remains in a heliocentric orbit. The ascent stage of the Lunar Module \\\"Snoopy\\\" was jettisoned into a heliocentric orbit. Its current location is unknown. The shield-shaped emblem for the flight shows a large, three-dimensional Roman numeral X sitting on\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974892\",\n \"text\": \"and the attractions in Disney Parks. Buzz's name was inspired by Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin \\\"Buzz\\\" Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon. According to an interview with Pixar producers in \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\", the character was provisionally named Lunar Larry, but it sounded \\\"too wacky\\\", so while trying to rechristen him \\\"we went through some space terms and the word \\\"light-year\\\" came up, and the coolest astronaut name was Buzz Aldrin.\\\" Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA, to rapturous cheers. A clip of this can be found\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Lightyear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9321534\",\n \"text\": \"in Los Angeles, Sachs launched his spacecraft, landed on the moon, and explored its surface. This video made by him and the Neistat Brothers captures the event. While the Apollo program was source of precedent, much of Sachs' \\\"Space Program\\\" is historically inaccurate, often humorously. The Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) was built full scale, but had many modifications that were probably not on any Apollo mission, including a fully stocked Vodka bar and a library (with titles such as \\\"Woman's Almanac\\\"). After the astronauts' first step, they used Sachs' handmade shotguns to \\\"patrol the surface\\\", before planting a flag and\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Sachs (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047495\",\n \"text\": \"Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Cernan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047501\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. Standard crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \\\"Snoopy\\\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Cernan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2052996\",\n \"text\": \"Moon\\\", Mitchell was played by Gary Cole. He was the subject of a chapter of Chris Wright's book \\\"No More Worlds to Conquer\\\", which asks how people who are famed for one moment moved on with their life. In it he talked at length about his beliefs in extraterrestrial visitation, the power of the mind, and his certainty that his cancer had been cured \\\"by mind means\\\". Edgar Mitchell Edgar Dean \\\"Ed\\\" Mitchell (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016) was a United States Navy officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, ufologist and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module\",\n \"title\": \"Edgar Mitchell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469326\",\n \"text\": \"the Apollo 8 crew (Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"753865\",\n \"text\": \"Times\\\", Aldrin supported a manned mission to Mars and which viewed the Moon \\\"not as a destination but more a point of departure, one that places humankind on a trajectory to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species.\\\" In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a master plan to NASA for consideration where astronauts, with a tour of duty of ten years, establish a colony on Mars before the year 2040. Aldrin was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in 1969 for his role as lunar module pilot on Apollo 11. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Aldrin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16914699\",\n \"text\": \"and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976, a letter-writing campaign by Trekkies to then President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship \\\"Enterprise\\\", featured on the television show \\\"\\\". Although Ford did not mention the campaign, instead saying he was \\\"partial to the name\\\" \\\"Enterprise\\\", he directed NASA officials to change the name. \\\"Columbia\\\" was named for the historical poetic name for the United States of America, like the explorer ship of Captain Robert Gray and the Command Module of Apollo 11, the first manned landing on another celestial body. \\\"Atlantis\\\" was named after the\",\n \"title\": \"Spacecraft naming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9081\",\n \"text\": \"Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Representative Alan Grayson. A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \\\"Eagle\\\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131768\",\n \"text\": \"Baptise Church, Mayor Tom Colten declared \\\"James Irwin Day\\\" and made Irwin an \\\"honorary citizen of Minden.\\\" In the 1998 HBO miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\" Irwin was played by Gareth Williams. James Irwin James Benson \\\"Jim\\\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and\",\n \"title\": \"James Irwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2863362\",\n \"text\": \"would replace the Saturn I for Earth orbit testing, allowing the command and service module to be flown with a partial fuel load. It would also allow launching the lunar excursion module separately for unmanned and manned Earth orbital testing, before the Saturn V was ready to be flown. It would also give early development to the third stage. On May 12, 1966, NASA announced the vehicle would be called the \\\"uprated Saturn I\\\", at the same time the \\\"lunar excursion module\\\" was renamed the lunar module. However, the \\\"uprated Saturn I\\\" terminology was reverted to Saturn IB on December\",\n \"title\": \"Saturn IB\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"471099\",\n \"text\": \"not called \\\"American Eagle\\\" as its crew had planned. The practice of nicknaming spacecraft resumed in 1967, when managers realized that the Apollo flights needed a name for each of two flight elements, the Command Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module. Lobbying by the astronauts and senior NASA administrators also had an effect. Apollo 9 used the name \\\"Gumdrop\\\" for the Command Module and \\\"Spider\\\" for the Lunar Module. However, Wally Schirra was prevented from naming his Apollo 7 spacecraft \\\"Phoenix\\\" in honor of the Apollo 1 crew because some believed that its nickname as a metaphor for \\\"fire\\\" might\",\n \"title\": \"Gus Grissom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"852808\",\n \"text\": \"a lunar orbit flight using just the Command/Service Module as Apollo 8 in December, making McDivitt's flight Apollo 9 in March 1969. Borman's Lunar Module Pilot (and spacecraft systems engineer) was William Anders. The Command Module Pilot and navigator, Michael Collins, had to have back surgery and was replaced by his backup, James Lovell, reuniting Borman with his Gemini 7 crewmate. Apollo 8 went into lunar orbit on December 24 and made ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours before returning to Earth. The Apollo 8 mission is also notable for the \\\"Earthrise\\\" photograph taken by William Anders of\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Borman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15178189\",\n \"text\": \"reality with his \\\"google n' gloves\\\" system. 1968 Turtle Excluder Device 1968 Zipper (ride) 1969 Lunar Module The Lunar Module was the lander portion of spacecraft built for the \\\"Apollo program\\\" by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969, to the moon surface and safely back home\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2155711\",\n \"text\": \"In \\\"\\\" he was voiced by Scott Glenn, who had portrayed Alan Shepard in \\\"The Right Stuff\\\". In 2018, Duke joined the Back to Space organization as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars. Charles Duke Charles Moss \\\"Charlie\\\" Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935) is an American former astronaut, retired U.S. Air Force officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon. Duke has logged 4,147 hours flying time, which includes 3,632 hours\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Duke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7490\",\n \"text\": \"an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-man Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon,\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7910002\",\n \"text\": \"Lunar Module \\\"Falcon\\\", with Scott and Irwin aboard, landed on the Moon on July 30, 1971, and remained there for just under 67 hours. The mission set a number of space records and was the first to use the Lunar Rover. Scott and Irwin rode it to explore the area around the landing site during three periods of extravehicular activity (EVA). On August 2, before finishing the final EVA and entering the Lunar Module, Scott used a special postmarking device to cancel a first day cover of two stamps, whose designs depicted lunar astronauts and a rover, commemorating the 10th\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 15 postal covers incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3523541\",\n \"text\": \"the Soviet leadership made some of its first public pronouncements about landing a man on the Moon and establishing a lunar base. Crewed exploration of the lunar surface began in 1968 when the Apollo 8 spacecraft orbited the Moon with three astronauts on board. This was mankind's first direct view of the far side. The following year, the Apollo 11 Apollo Lunar Module landed two astronauts on the Moon, proving the ability of humans to travel to the Moon, perform scientific research work there, and bring back sample materials. Additional missions to the Moon continued this exploration phase. In 1969,\",\n \"title\": \"Colonization of the Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20115\",\n \"text\": \"of the lunar module (LM), before separating from the S-IVB. Apollo 10 was the first mission to carry a color television camera inside the spacecraft, and made the first live color TV transmissions from space. After reaching lunar orbit three days later, Young remained in the command module (CM) \\\"Charlie Brown\\\" while Stafford and Cernan entered the LM \\\"Snoopy\\\" and flew it separately. The LM crew performed the descent orbit insertion maneuver by firing their descent engine, and tested their craft's landing radar as they approached the altitude where powered descent would begin on Apollo 11. They surveyed the landing\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"753810\",\n \"text\": \"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Aldrin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4195922\",\n \"text\": \"when the Gulfstream project was launched, two models of a high-wing and low-wing configuration were set up outside his office. Grumman personally made the decision to go with \\\"the low wing\\\". While continuing the company tradition of aircraft production for naval aviation, Grumman pushed for a shift in priorities resulting in the Space Steering Group, a space program that culminated in the design and production of the Apollo program's Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) that landed astronauts on the moon in 1969. During that same year, the company was rebranded as Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Throughout this period, Grumman's eyesight continued to\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Grumman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"954512\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Retired) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Collins (astronaut)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7070205\",\n \"text\": \"Lunar Surface Access Module was retitled \\\"Altair\\\", after the 12th brightest star in the northern hemisphere's night sky, Altair in the constellation Aquila. In Latin, means \\\"eagle\\\", providing a connection to the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11's \\\"Eagle\\\"; the name \\\"Altair\\\" itself is a latinization of the Arabic , meaning \\\"the eagle,\\\" \\\"the bird,\\\" or \\\"the flyer.\\\" Prior to the announcement of the \\\"Altair\\\" name, reports had suggested other names had been considered by NASA, but Altair won in a vote by the design team over Pegasus. NASA developed only conceptual designs for Altair. No Altair spacecraft were built—plans\",\n \"title\": \"Altair (spacecraft)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2155705\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 13; however, shortly before the mission, he caught German measles from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As Ken Mattingly had no natural immunity to the disease, Mattingly was then replaced as Command Module Pilot by Jack Swigert. Mattingly would be reassigned as Command Module Pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16. Duke served as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16 in 1972 where he and John Young landed at the Descartes Highlands and conducted three EVAs, making Duke the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon. He also served as\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Duke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343645\",\n \"text\": \"would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it lands at any significant angle, three legs was the lightest configuration. However, it would be the least stable if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs. In June 1966, the name was changed to lunar module (LM), eliminating the word \\\"excursion\\\". According to George Low, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343646\",\n \"text\": \"was because NASA was afraid that the word \\\"excursion\\\" might lend a frivolous note to Apollo. After the name change from \\\"LEM\\\" to \\\"LM\\\", the pronunciation of the abbreviation did not change, as the habit became ingrained among engineers, the astronauts, and the media to universally pronounce \\\"LM\\\" as \\\"lem\\\" which is easier than saying the letters individually. To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted Bell Aerosystems in 1964 to build the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), which used a gimbal-mounted vertical jet engine to counter 5/6 of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7518\",\n \"text\": \"off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the \\\"Lunar Excursion Module\\\" (LEM, later shortened to \\\"Lunar Module\\\", LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM. The command module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15082425\",\n \"text\": \"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys is an autobiographical book written by the Gemini 10 and Apollo 11 astronaut, Michael Collins. It was released in 1974 and has a foreword written by Charles Lindbergh. An updated version was re-released in 2009 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the first manned lunar landing. The book covers his life as a test pilot in the United States Air Force, his selection as an astronaut and his spacewalks on Gemini 10 and historic flight as the Command Module pilot on Apollo 11. Collins presents some candid\",\n \"title\": \"Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2172874\",\n \"text\": \"Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \\\"Rusty\\\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first manned flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life support system used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon. As backup Commander of the\",\n \"title\": \"Rusty Schweickart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"288010\",\n \"text\": \"in light of then-upcoming 21st century, and Hodgson thought it would set his show apart to make it \\\"3000\\\". Dr. Forrester was named after the main character of \\\"The War of the Worlds\\\". The \\\"Satellite of Love\\\" was named after the song of the same name by Lou Reed. Crow T. Robot was inspired by the song \\\"Crow\\\" from Jim Carroll's \\\"Catholic Boy\\\", while Rocket Number 9's name was inspired by the original name of Sun Ra's album \\\"Interstellar Low Ways\\\". The theater shots, the primary component of an episode, is taped in \\\"Shadowrama\\\". The \\\"seats\\\" were a black-painted foamcore\",\n \"title\": \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"242361\",\n \"text\": \"at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. The LRV appears in the TV miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\". Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \\\"lunar rover\\\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \\\"Moon buggy\\\", a play on the words \\\"dune buggy\\\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and\",\n \"title\": \"Lunar Roving Vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20267\",\n \"text\": \"Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the Lunar Module cabin, Young climbed out onto the \\\"porch\\\" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 16\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8998\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \\\"Eagle\\\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins piloted the command module \\\"Columbia\\\" alone\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"781594\",\n \"text\": \"Adam and Eve. During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar. Donatello is portrayed by Ben Starr in the 2016 television series \\\"\\\". Donatello in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is named after him. The \\\"Donatello\\\" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) built by the Italian Space Agency, was one of three MPLMs operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. The others were named \\\"Leonardo\\\" and \\\"Raffaello\\\". Donatello Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (c. 1386 – 13 December 1466), better\",\n \"title\": \"Donatello\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3180038\",\n \"text\": \"Worden was played by Michael Raynor. Worden wrote the poem \\\"Apollo Lost\\\" in response to the cutbacks in the US space program. It was set to music by Cynthia McQuillin. Other poems by Worden have been published, and some have been set to music by Dov Rosenschein. Worden contributed the foreword to the space history book \\\"To A Distant Day\\\" by Chris Gainor. Alfred Worden Alfred Merrill \\\"Al\\\" Worden (born February 7, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Worden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13554465\",\n \"text\": \"at the extraterrestrial endeavors of mankind. The leading hypothesis on the origin of the Moon did not gain its current status until after lunar rock samples were analyzed. The Moon is the furthest any humans have ever ventured from their home, and space architecture is what kept them alive and allowed them to function as humans. On the cruise to the Moon, Apollo astronauts had two \\\"rooms\\\" to choose from – the Command Module (CM) or the Lunar Module (LM). This can be seen in the film \\\"Apollo 13\\\" where the three astronauts were forced to use the LM as\",\n \"title\": \"Space architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9800465\",\n \"text\": \"with its dome on the library roof. As part of Aileen Malone's “Walk With Destiny” project, three Apollo Astronauts visited the observatory, between 2010 and 2012: •Brigadier General Charles Moss Duke Jnr., the Apollo 16 Lunar Module Pilot, and the 10th man to walk on the moon; •Colonel Al Worden, Command Module Pilot on Apollo 15 and; •Captain Richard Gordon, Command Module Pilot on the Apollo 12 mission. All three Astronauts accepted the position of Honorary President of AAA. Sir Patrick Moore was AAA’s first Honorary President, from 2009 until his death in 2012. Airdrie Astronomical Association, commonly abbreviated to\",\n \"title\": \"Airdrie Public Observatory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2047515\",\n \"text\": \"Pilot Harrison Schmitt's recollections, were used by the band Public Service Broadcasting for the song \\\"Tomorrow\\\", the final track of their 2015 album \\\"The Race for Space\\\". Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Cernan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290661\",\n \"text\": \"December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon. In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong's biography in 2005, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688849\",\n \"text\": \"\\\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: Two characters in the animation series' \\\"\\\" and \\\"The Legend of Korra\\\" were named after him. Avatar Aang's mentor (\\\"The Last Airbender\\\") and Aang's youngest son Tenzin (\\\"The Legend of Korra\\\"). The Dalai Lama was featured on the March 5, 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show \\\"Last Week Tonight\\\", in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama,\",\n \"title\": \"14th Dalai Lama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13095041\",\n \"text\": \"Kate Collins (actress) Kate Collins is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character of Natalie Marlowe on the ABC soap opera \\\"All My Children\\\", a role she originated in 1985. Born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Washington D.C., Collins is the eldest child of astronaut Michael Collins, who served as Command Module Pilot on the historic Apollo 11 mission (the first human Moon landing) in 1969. She graduated from National Cathedral School studied theater at Northwestern University and graduated in 1981. After college, she worked in a number of regional theatre groups and appeared in\",\n \"title\": \"Kate Collins (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"242326\",\n \"text\": \"Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \\\"lunar rover\\\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \\\"Moon buggy\\\", a play on the words \\\"dune buggy\\\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. The three LRVs remain on the Moon. The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo, with a 1952–1954 series in\",\n \"title\": \"Lunar Roving Vehicle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2986161\",\n \"text\": \"Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 12 mission. He also flew in space in 1966 as the Pilot of the Gemini 11 mission. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 5, 1929, the first of five children of Richard Francis Gordon Sr., a machinist, and his wife, Angela, an elementary school teacher. He\",\n \"title\": \"Richard F. Gordon Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2986171\",\n \"text\": \"League. In the 1998 HBO miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\" Gordon was played by Tom Verica. Gordon wrote the foreword of the book \\\"Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon\\\" by fellow Apollo astronaut Al Worden, as well as the foreword to \\\"Footprints in the Dust\\\". Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard F. Gordon Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7411725\",\n \"text\": \"that a lunar lander would not sink into a thick layer of dust, as had been feared. The first artificial satellite of the Moon was the Soviet probe Luna 10, launched March 31, 1966. On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first human to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the U.S. mission Apollo 11. The first\",\n \"title\": \"Exploration of the Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9021\",\n \"text\": \"Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10 flew to within of Site 2, and reported that it was acceptable. The ascent stage of lunar module LM-5 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and Command and Service Module CM-107 on January, 23. There were several differences between LM-5 and Apollo 10's LM-4; LM-5 had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343630\",\n \"text\": \"this, the LM eventually became the most reliable component of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle, the only component never to suffer a failure that significantly affected a mission. Ten lunar modules were launched into space. Of these, six successfully landed humans on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The first two launched were test flights in low Earth orbit—the first without a crew, the second with one. Another was used by Apollo 10 for a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" flight in low lunar orbit, without landing. One lunar module functioned as a \\\"lifeboat\\\" for the crew of Apollo 13, providing life support and\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16138755\",\n \"text\": \"The Leslie Cantwell Collection Leslie Cantwell \\\"(born October 1946)\\\" is a UK Space Historian renowned for his extensive knowledge of the Apollo Space programme and space-related artifacts. He has written numerous articles on the subject and is probably best known for his extensive collection of original memorabilia including his collection of large-format images signed by most of the Apollo astronauts. For a while he acted as an advisor to the London Science Museum Space Department regarding the Apollo 10 Command Service Module better known as Charlie Brown, currently on and has written various articles on the subject of space travel\",\n \"title\": \"The Leslie Cantwell Collection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131749\",\n \"text\": \"James Irwin James Benson \\\"Jim\\\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die. Irwin was born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Scottish and Irish descent, to parents James Irwin and Elsa Mathilda Irwin (). Irwin's grandparents\",\n \"title\": \"James Irwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6503608\",\n \"text\": \"the electrical power generation and propulsion systems for the Command Module \\\"Odyssey\\\". This necessitated the abort of the lunar landing, and placed the lives of astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in serious jeopardy. The mission became famous for the safe return of the men, made possible by the flight controllers' resourceful adaptation of the electrical, propulsion, and life support systems of the LM (Lunar Module) \\\"Aquarius\\\" as a \\\"lifeboat\\\". Lost Moon Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 (published in paperback as Apollo 13), is a non-fiction book first published in 1994 by astronaut James Lovell and\",\n \"title\": \"Lost Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2588628\",\n \"text\": \"announced by President John F. Kennedy on 25 May of that year. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer, a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the Lunar Excursion Module to the Moon on nine launches, six of which landed on the Moon's surface. Draper taught and conducted research at MIT until January 1970, devoting most of his energy during his final decade to completing the Apollo computers and software. Draper was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1981 for his multiple inventions and scientific contributions. Draper was a member of\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Stark Draper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8346943\",\n \"text\": \"a conceit, associating MTV with the most famous moment in world television history. MTV also pays tribute to the classic ID by handing out astronaut statuettes (or \\\"Moonmen\\\") at its annual Video Music Awards. The Apollo 11 landing site is featured in the \\\"Futurama\\\" episode \\\"The Series Has Landed\\\", with Fry and Leela sheltering from the lunar night in the Apollo 11 lunar module (which, according to a plaque, has been returned there by the \\\"Historical Sticklers Society\\\"). The Apollo 11 mission is used as part of the main story line in \\\"\\\". The movie described the mission, indeed the\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11 in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8495552\",\n \"text\": \"relatively minor role. Writer Charles Murray lamented the fact that Lunney was \\\"barely visible in the movie\\\", being overshadowed by the focus on Lunney's fellow flight director Gene Kranz. \\\"Without slighting Kranz's role\\\", Murray commented, \\\"the world should remember that it was Glynn Lunney ... who orchestrated a masterpiece of improvisation that moved the astronauts safely to the lunar module while sidestepping a dozen potential catastrophes that could have doomed them.\\\" Lunney has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including \\\"Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back\\\" (PBS), \\\"To the Moon\\\" (PBS), \\\"Failure is Not an Option\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Glynn Lunney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20235\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands. The second of the so-called \\\"J missions,\\\" it was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54 PM EST on April 16, 1972, the mission lasted 11 days, 1 hour, and 51 minutes, and concluded at 2:45 PM EST on April 27. Young and Duke spent 71 hours—just\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 16\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343631\",\n \"text\": \"propulsion when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, forcing the crew to abandon their landing. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.3B in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.2B using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. The six landed descent stages remain intact where they landed and one ascent stage (Apollo 10's) is in heliocentric orbit. All the other LMs that flew either crashed into the Moon or burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. At launch, the lunar module sat directly beneath\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo Lunar Module\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11727578\",\n \"text\": \"on the Moon, and the first person to walk on it, shortly followed by Buzz Aldrin, after whom the asteroid 6470 Aldrin is named. The minor planet 6471 Collins is named after the third crew member of the Apollo 11 mission. In 1966, Armstrong also conducted the first docking in space together with David Scott aboard Gemini 8. The asteroid's name was suggested by Czech astronomers Jana Tichá, Miloš Tichý and Zdeněk Moravec, who observed it during its 1995-opposition, shortly before being numbered. The lunar crater \\\"Armstrong\\\" is also named in his honor. The approved naming citation was published by\",\n \"title\": \"6469 Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2217099\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Lovell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17405339\",\n \"text\": \"release of \\\"2001\\\", Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science and technology, especially at the time of the Apollo space program. The fame of \\\"2001\\\" was enough to get the Command Module of the Apollo 13 craft named \\\"Odyssey\\\". In 1988, Stephen Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in \\\"God, the Universe and Everything Else\\\". They discuss the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The first of Clarke's works to be adapted for television was \\\"All The Time In The World\\\" which he adapted himself as an episode of the\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur C. Clarke in media\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469325\",\n \"text\": \"the first woman in space. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 3, and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the moon, Luna 9. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which became the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. The deaths of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967 put a temporary hold on the U.S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7554\",\n \"text\": \"spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24. In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \\\"Pete\\\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The command module pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera,\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20116\",\n \"text\": \"site in the Sea of Tranquility, then separated the descent stage and fired the ascent engine to return to \\\"Charlie Brown\\\". The descent stage was left in orbit, but eventually crashed onto the lunar surface because of the Moon's non-uniform gravitational field; its location was not tracked. Upon descent stage separation and ascent engine ignition, the lunar module began to roll violently because the crew accidentally duplicated commands into the flight computer which took the LM out of abort mode, the correct configuration for this maneuver. The live network broadcasts caught Cernan and Stafford uttering several expletives before regaining control\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9007\",\n \"text\": \"three astronauts died, and the subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit. In March 1969, Apollo 9 put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a \\\"dress rehearsal\\\" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon. The Soviet Union competed with the US, but were hampered by repeated failures in development of their N1 launcher, which was comparable to the Saturn V.\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7838960\",\n \"text\": \"1969 in spaceflight 1969 saw humanity step onto another world for the first time. On 21 July 1969, the Apollo 11 Lunar Module, \\\"Eagle,\\\" landed on the moon's surface with two astronauts aboard. Days later the crew of three returned safely to Earth, satisfying U.S. President John F. Kennedy's 1962 challenge of 25 May 1961, that \\\"this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\\\" There were four Apollo missions in total in 1969, three of which traveled to the moon,\",\n \"title\": \"1969 in spaceflight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8266382\",\n \"text\": \"as a flight controller on Gemini 10 when he was only twenty-three. Bales is best known for having been guidance officer (or GUIDO) during the Apollo 11 lunar landing when he had the responsibility of dealing with several problems that could have ended the mission. While monitoring the lunar module's position and velocity he came close to calling an abort when it became clear a navigational error had occurred. The spacecraft was moving faster than it should have been and was halfway to its abort limits. However, Bales continued to watch the data and the situation remained stable. The last\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Bales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4660376\",\n \"text\": \"have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two US pilot-astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41-month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11, and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface. All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module. The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility. In order to go to the Moon,\",\n \"title\": \"Moon landing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15256650\",\n \"text\": \"from the early 1970s and has been replaced, although the character was absent for most of the intervening period, in the 2009 TV Series by another Teacher named Mrs Creecher. Nasty Norman was a bully often seen as Dennis's rival. Stanley Livingstone an explorer with a pet crocodile, who lived next door to Dennis. Seemingly replaced by the Colonel, though the character had disappeared a while before the Colonel first appeared. His name alludes to the explorers David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley. BBC News once called Dennis the 'definitive naughty boy'. Matthew Jarron of Dundee University, curator of a Beano\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2173081\",\n \"text\": \"Piet Hut, Ed Lu (also CEO, see Leadership, above), David Liddle (Chair, see Leadership, above), and Dan Durda, a planetary scientist. Russell Louis \\\"Rusty\\\" Schweickart (b. October 25, 1935) is a co-founder of the B612 Foundation and chair emeritus of its board of directors. He is also a former U.S. Apollo astronaut, research scientist, Air Force pilot, plus business and government executive. Schweickart, chosen in NASA's third astronaut group, is best known as the lunar module pilot on the Apollo 9 mission, the spacecraft's first manned flight test on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life\",\n \"title\": \"B612 Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9000\",\n \"text\": \"and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into \\\"Eagle\\\" and landed in the Sea of Tranquillity. The astronauts used \\\"Eagle\\\"s ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned \\\"Eagle\\\" before they performed the\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 11\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18917877\",\n \"text\": \"Little West (lunar crater) Little West is a small crater (30-meter diameter) in Mare Tranquillitatis on the Moon, east of the Apollo 11 landing site known as Tranquility Base. The Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the Lunar Module (LM) \\\"Eagle\\\" approximately 60 meters west of Little West Crater on July 20, 1969. This is the crater Neil Armstrong mentions during his final descent onto the lunar surface. The south-west rim of the crater marks the farthest point that either astronaut traveled from the lunar module during their time on the lunar surface for the Apollo 11\",\n \"title\": \"Little West (lunar crater)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9739780\",\n \"text\": \"Between 1972 and 1977, seismometers installed on the Moon by the Apollo missions recorded moonquakes. The Moon was described as \\\"ringing like a bell\\\" during some of those quakes, specifically the shallow ones. This phrase was brought to popular attention in March 1970, in an article in \\\"Popular Science\\\". When Apollo 12 deliberately crashed the Ascent Stage of its Lunar Module onto the Moon's surface, it was claimed that the Moon rang like a bell for an hour, leading to arguments that it must be hollow like a bell. Lunar seismology experiments since then have shown that the lunar body\",\n \"title\": \"Hollow Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4925669\",\n \"text\": \"the Bonzo Terrier. His attempts were a failure. The British rock group Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and \\\"Bonzo\\\" brand dog food take their name from the eponymous terrier. John Bonham, the drummer for Led Zeppelin, took his nickname \\\"Bonzo\\\" from the dog. Bonzo the dog Bonzo the Dog is a fictional cartoon character first created in 1922 by British comic strip artist George Studdy. The pup quickly rose to popularity in the 1920s. He starred in one of the world’s first cartoons, became an inspiration for mass-marketed merchandise, and became a favorite among children and adults. In 1912 George Studdy\",\n \"title\": \"Bonzo the dog\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15134629\",\n \"text\": \"It is 1912 days after leaving Earth orbit, and the routine in is suddenly interrupted by a series of whoops and exclamations from the speakers. John Koenig had been out on a reconnaissance flight to investigate a localised increase in the neutron count. Now, he is behaving like a drunken adolescent out for a joyride, taking \\\"Eagle\\\" Ten through a series of dare-devil manoeuvres. Loops and barrel-rolls soon give way to death-defying dives on the Alpha complex. Soon bored with this game, Koenig takes off across the lunar surface to begin buzzing about the . Alan Carter tries to establish\",\n \"title\": \"The Bringers of Wonder, Part One\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2295894\",\n \"text\": \"Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr. ( ; born November 14, 1933) is an American former NASA astronaut, fighter pilot with the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Air Force and test pilot. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 13. He was to have been the sixth person to land and walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before lunar landing. He went on to fly Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests in 1977, and retired from NASA in 1979. Born\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Haise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20111\",\n \"text\": \"had a very small chance of receiving the Apollo 13 command if he did an outstanding job with the assignment, which he did not. Eisele, despite his issues with management, was always intended for future assignment to the Apollo Applications Program (which was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component) and not a lunar mission. This dress rehearsal for a Moon landing brought the Apollo lunar module to from the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent would begin on the actual landing. Practicing this approach orbit would refine knowledge of the lunar gravitational field needed to calibrate\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2217126\",\n \"text\": \"wedding anniversary in June. In 2018, actor Pablo Schreiber portrayed Lovell in the film \\\"First Man\\\". Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Lovell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6373336\",\n \"text\": \"There are four defining episodes in the story, and a variety of subplots and minor threads — many of them unrelated to the main story. The story begins late in the 20th century, and tracks the life of the main protagonist, Lewis Crane. The first of four episodes opens the story. An earthquake in California in the late 20th century has left seven-year-old Lewis Crane a crippled, homeless orphan. The second major episode shows Crane as an adult, world's foremost earthquake expert, a Nobel laureate, ruthless scientist, and entrepreneur dedicated to relieving the misery of those affected by earthquakes. He\",\n \"title\": \"Richter 10\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179642\",\n \"text\": \"second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface. Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from\",\n \"title\": \"Harrison Schmitt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11368705\",\n \"text\": \"Pinocchio Pinocchio (; ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the children's novel \\\"The Adventures of Pinocchio\\\" (1883) by Italian writer Carlo Collodi. Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village near Lucca, he was created as a wooden puppet but dreams of becoming a real boy. He is notably characterized for his frequent tendency to lie, which causes his nose to grow. Pinocchio is a cultural icon. As one of the most reimagined characters in children's literature, his story has been adapted into other media, notably the 1940 Disney film \\\"Pinocchio\\\". Pinocchio's characterization varies across interpretations,\",\n \"title\": \"Pinocchio\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Charlie Brown context: Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \\\"Peanuts\\\":\\\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \\\" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. 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During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \\\"Snoopy\\\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.\\n\\ntitle: P. Staff context: Gene Cern as the lunar module pilot While testing command module, they word of Apol fire subsequent suspension the Apollo program. 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100 | Which American nuclear submarine was the first to sail across the North Pole under the ice cap? | [
"Nautilus",
"Nautilid",
"Nautili",
"Nautilidae",
"Eutrephoceratidae",
"Nautilus (zoology)"
] | Nautilus | [
{
"id": "7468267",
"text": "few years before the US, and paralleled subsequent US development in this area. In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. The sailing of the first nuclear-powered submarine, the USN \"\"Nautilus\"\" in 1955 was soon followed by similar British, French and Russian boats. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations, together with inertial navigation systems, gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as the crossing of the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice cap by the USS \"Nautilus\" in 1958. Most of the",
"title": "History of submarines"
},
{
"id": "2658131",
"text": ", commissioned in 1954, was the first nuclear-powered ship of any kind. In August 1958, she steamed under the Arctic ice cap to make the first crossing from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the North Pole. On 3 August 1958 she became the first ship to reach the North Pole. On 17 March 1959, the nuclear submarine became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole. While at the Pole, her crew scattered the ashes of Arctic explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins. The film \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\" begins with \"Seaview\" in the Arctic on the",
"title": "USOS Seaview"
},
{
"id": "2095620",
"text": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571) USS \"Nautilus\" (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne's classic 1870 science fiction novel \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\", and named after another that served with distinction in World War II, the new atomic powered \"Nautilus\" was authorized in 1951, with laying down for construction in 1952 and launched in January 1954, attended by Mamie Eisenhower, First Lady of the United States, wife of 34th President Dwight D.",
"title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)"
},
{
"id": "1980779",
"text": "carried by the water used for cooling the damaged reactors accelerated the setting of the injected mixture. On June 3, 1958, the USS \"Nautilus\", the world's first nuclear submarine, visited Everett and Seattle. In Seattle, crewmen dressed in civilian clothing were sent in to secretly buy 140 quarts of an automotive product containing sodium silicate (originally identified as Stop Leak) to repair a leaking condenser system. The \"Nautilus\" was en route to the North Pole on a top secret mission to cross the North Pole submerged. A historical use of the adhesive properties of sodium silicates is the production of",
"title": "Sodium silicate"
},
{
"id": "2095640",
"text": "Nuclear Landmark. Visitors may tour the forward two compartments, with guidance from an automated system. Despite similar alterations to exhibit the engineering spaces, tours aft of the control room are not permitted due to safety and security concerns. USS Nautilus (SSN-571) USS \"Nautilus\" (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3 August 1958. Sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne's classic 1870 science fiction novel \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\", and named after another that served with distinction in World War",
"title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)"
},
{
"id": "4029203",
"text": "was distinguished. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and participated in a total of eleven combat submarine patrols. Anderson was selected by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover to be the second commanding officer of the first nuclear submarine to be placed into service, the USS \"Nautilus\" and was its commander from 1957 to 1959. Anderson and his crew received international notice when the \"Nautilus\" became the first submarine to sail successfully under the polar ice cap surrounding the North Pole. That transit was completed under direct orders of President Dwight Eisenhower, under extreme secrecy and was in direct response to",
"title": "William Anderson (naval officer)"
},
{
"id": "1753631",
"text": "USS Skate (SSN-578) USS \"Skate\" (SSN-578), the third submarine of the United States Navy named for the skate, a type of ray, was the lead ship of the \"Skate\" class of nuclear submarines. She was the third nuclear submarine commissioned, the first to make a completely submerged trans-Atlantic crossing, and the second submarine to reach the North Pole and the first to surface there. The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics on 18 July 1955, and her keel was laid in Groton, Connecticut on 21 July 1955. She was launched on 16",
"title": "USS Skate (SSN-578)"
},
{
"id": "9092321",
"text": "1997 the Committee decided to start planning and raising funds for a addition to the museum building. Fundraising started the next year, and construction project ran from 1998 to early 2000. The new addition was officially opened to the public on April 28, 2000 \"in conjunction with the Centennial Celebration of the United States Submarine Force\", according to the museum. The museum has 33,000 artifacts, including the first nuclear-powered submarine in the world, the . Launched in 1955 and decommissioned in 1980, the submarine had traveled under the polar ice cap and reached the North Pole during the Cold War.",
"title": "Submarine Force Library and Museum"
},
{
"id": "480884",
"text": "by the Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment in the 2000s. On January 21, 1954 the first nuclear-powered submarine, , was launched from Groton. \"Nautilus\" became the first vessel to transit the North Pole during a historic trip across the Arctic in 1958. \"Nautilus\" spent most of her career assigned to Submarine Squadron 10 located at State Pier in New London. It was retired from service in 1980. In 1982 \"Nautilus\" was designated a National Historic Landmark in Groton. It is permanently moored south of the main gate, attached to the U.S. Submarine Force Museum. Self-guided tours are available to the public",
"title": "Naval Submarine Base New London"
},
{
"id": "2674793",
"text": "30 year service life for U.S. Navy submarines. In 2004, the former captain of the \"Seadragon\", Dan Summitt, wrote a book about the exploits of boat and its crew. Summitt describes how his boat was the first nuclear sub to patrol the eastern Soviet coast for SIGINT and the third to reach the North Pole. Seadragon: Northwest Under the Ice [The story of the nuclear Submarine Seadragon’s epic discovery of an underwater Northwest Passage], by Cmdr. George P. Steele, USN (1962) USS Seadragon (SSN-584) USS \"Seadragon\" (SSN-584), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be",
"title": "USS Seadragon (SSN-584)"
},
{
"id": "2095637",
"text": "A. Riddell. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard of Vallejo, California on 26 May 1979, her last day underway. She was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 3 March 1980. Toward the end of her service, the hull and sail of \"Nautilus\" vibrated sufficiently that sonar became ineffective at more than speed. As noise generation is extremely undesirable in submarines, this made the vessel vulnerable to detection. Lessons learned from this problem were applied to later nuclear submarines. To commemorate the first submerged voyage under the North Pole, all \"Nautilus\" crewmembers who made the voyage may wear",
"title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)"
},
{
"id": "544742",
"text": "the submersible . In the 1950s, Auguste Piccard invented the bathyscaphe and used the bathyscaphe to investigate the ocean's depths. The United States nuclear submarine made the first journey under the ice to the North Pole in 1958. In 1962 the FLIP (Floating Instrument Platform), a spar buoy, was first deployed. From the 1970s, there has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction. An oceanographic buoy array was established in the Pacific to allow prediction of El Niño events.",
"title": "Oceanography"
},
{
"id": "3888937",
"text": "in spite of the threats and objections of Alvarez, \"Seaview\" launches a missile toward the belt and it explodes the burning flames outward, saving the world. The name of the film is an inversion of a phrase popular at the time, concerning the exploration of the Arctic Ocean by nuclear submarines, namely, \"a voyage to the top of the world.\" From August 1, 1958, through August 5, 1958, USS \"Nautilus\" (SSN-571) (the first nuclear-powered submarine), under the command of Commander (later Captain) William R. Anderson, steamed under the Arctic ice cap to make the first crossing from the Pacific to",
"title": "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea"
},
{
"id": "5494334",
"text": "events—the submerged voyage of USS \"Nautilus\" from the Pacific to the Atlantic, via the North Pole, in 1958, with NEL’s Dr. Waldo Lyon aboard as chief scientist and ice pilot. That same summer, the USS \"Skate\" cruised from the Atlantic to the North Pole and the central Arctic Ocean, surfacing 9 times through small holes in the ice cap. Dr. Eugene C. La Fond, head of NEL's Oceanography Branch, was chief scientist In March 1959, the \"Skate\" returned to the Arctic, under winter conditions, with Dr. Waldo Lyon as chief scientist, and for the first time, the nuclear submarine was",
"title": "Navy Electronics Laboratory"
},
{
"id": "2425385",
"text": "of the crew who made this voyage are authorized to wear the Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a golden replica of the globe. Up to that time, this was only the second time that a U.S. Navy vessel had been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for a peacetime mission, with the nuclear submarine receiving the first peacetime PUC in recognition of Operation Sunshine, the first submerged voyage under the North Pole in 1958. To commemorate the first submerged circumnavigation of the world, all \"Triton\" personnel who made that voyage were authorized to wear",
"title": "USS Triton (SSRN-586)"
},
{
"id": "14323151",
"text": "who made this voyage are authorized to wear the Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a golden replica of the globe. Up to that time, this was only the second time that a U.S. Navy vessel had been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for a peacetime mission, with the nuclear submarine receiving the first peacetime PUC in recognition of its voyage under the North Pole (Operation Sunshine) in 1958. To commemorate the first submerged circumnavigation of the world, all \"Triton\" personnel who made that voyage were authorized to wear their Presidential Unit Citation ribbon",
"title": "Operation Sandblast"
},
{
"id": "4786172",
"text": "Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage is an attraction located in the Tomorrowland area of Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, which opened on June 11, 2007. Based on the characters and settings of the 2003 Disney·Pixar film, \"Finding Nemo\", it is a re-theming of the classic Submarine Voyage attraction that operated from 1959 to 1998. The original Submarine Voyage was built in 1959 as part of the \"new\" Tomorrowland. The attraction was loosely based on the \"USS Nautilus\", the first nuclear-powered submarine, and its voyage to the North Pole in 1958. It closed on September 9, 1998. At",
"title": "Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage"
},
{
"id": "2676097",
"text": "Skate-class submarine The \"Skate\"-class submarines were the United States Navy's first production run of nuclear-powered submarines. They were an evolution of the in everything except their propulsion plants, which were based on the operational prototype . The four \"Skate\" class boats re-introduced stern torpedo tubes. Although among the smallest nuclear-powered attack submarines ever built, the \"Skate\" class served for many years, with the last being decommissioned in 1989. USS \"Skate\" was the first submarine to surface at the North Pole, on 17 March 1959. \"Skate\" and \"Sargo\" were built with the S3W reactor, \"Swordfish\" and \"Seadragon\" also had the S3W",
"title": "Skate-class submarine"
},
{
"id": "19365918",
"text": "R. Anderson in \"The Ice Diaries: The Untold Story of the Cold War’s Most Daring Mission\". “Russia was the new threat. The Arctic region was in Russia’s backyard, What better platform from which to stealthily operate and keep an eye on them than a submersible ship?\" Working with his friend Waldo Lyon, McWethy was instrumental in drawing up the Pentagon's plans for navigation of the Arctic by nuclear submarine in 1957. As chief-of-staff for Submarine Squadron 10, wrote the orders that sent USS Nautilus on its secret crossing underneath the North Pole on August 3, 1958. In 1950 the Committee",
"title": "Robert D. McWethy"
},
{
"id": "13477619",
"text": "James F. Calvert James Francis Calvert (September 8, 1920 – June 3, 2009) served in the United States Navy, where he commanded , the third nuclear submarine commissioned and the second submarine to reach the North Pole, which became the first to surface at the pole. \"Skate\" surfaced at the North Pole on 17 March 1959 to commit the ashes of the famed explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins to the Arctic waste. He later served as the 46th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. Calvert was born on September 8, 1920, in Cleveland, and grew up as an only child.",
"title": "James F. Calvert"
},
{
"id": "3888939",
"text": "named for the radio message he sent to the Chief of Naval Operations to announce that \"Nautilus\" had reached the pole. His second book about these missions, \"The Ice Diaries: The Untold Story of the Cold War's Most Daring Mission\" (with Don Keith), was completed shortly before Anderson's death. This second book includes many previously classified details. On March 17, 1959, the nuclear submarine , under the command of Commander (later Vice Admiral) James F. Calvert, became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole. While at the Pole, her crew scattered the ashes of Arctic explorer Sir Hubert",
"title": "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea"
},
{
"id": "4276688",
"text": "that was to forever change the nature of the submarine arm occurred. That revolution was . The was the first nuclear-powered submarine. \"Nautilus\" put to sea for the first time on 17 January 1955, transmitting the historic message, \"\"Under way on nuclear power.\"\" Up until that point, submarines had been torpedo boats tied to the surface by the need to charge their batteries using diesel engines relatively often. The nuclear power plant of the \"Nautilus\" meant that the boat could stay underwater for literally months at a time, the only operational limit being the amount of food that the boat",
"title": "Submarines in the United States Navy"
},
{
"id": "5546901",
"text": "for subsequent awards. In 1949, the award changed with no star for the first award and bronze stars for subsequent awards. To commemorate the first submerged voyage under the North Pole by the nuclear-powered submarine in 1958, all members of her crew who made that voyage were authorized to wear their Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a gold block letter N. As of 2014, the same device may be awarded for the Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal for those personnel who work in direct support of ICBM operations who serve 179 non-consecutive days",
"title": "Presidential Unit Citation (United States)"
},
{
"id": "17920041",
"text": "Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus) Operation Sunshine was a scientific expedition conducted by the U.S. Navy in the summer of 1958. A crew of just over 100 sailors piloted under the North Pole. \"Nautilus\" was chosen for the mission because its nuclear reactor allowed it to remain submerged longer than a conventional submarine. The mission was completed successfully on August 3, 1958 when \"Nautilus\" and her crew crossed under the North Pole. One of the \"fronts\" of the Cold War was a technology race between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union. There was tension between the two",
"title": "Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)"
},
{
"id": "17920048",
"text": "the opposite direction. Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus) Operation Sunshine was a scientific expedition conducted by the U.S. Navy in the summer of 1958. A crew of just over 100 sailors piloted under the North Pole. \"Nautilus\" was chosen for the mission because its nuclear reactor allowed it to remain submerged longer than a conventional submarine. The mission was completed successfully on August 3, 1958 when \"Nautilus\" and her crew crossed under the North Pole. One of the \"fronts\" of the Cold War was a technology race between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union. There was tension",
"title": "Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)"
},
{
"id": "11252019",
"text": "continuously, with 30 stations in the Arctic from 1950 to 1991. These stations collected data that are valuable to this day for understanding the climate of the Arctic Basin. shows the location of Arctic research facilities during the mid-1970s and the tracks of drifting stations between 1958 and 1975. Another benefit from the Cold War was the acquisition of observations from United States and Soviet naval voyages into the Arctic. In 1958 an American nuclear submarine, the \"Nautilus\" was the first ship to reach the North Pole. In the decades that followed submarines regularly roamed under the Arctic sea ice,",
"title": "Climate of the Arctic"
},
{
"id": "391592",
"text": "Soviet Union () as part of the Cold War nuclear deterrent strategy. During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games. The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: was lost in 1968 (a part of which the CIA retrieved from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship \"Glomar Explorer\"), in 1970, in 1986, and in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—). Many other Soviet subs, such as (the first Soviet nuclear submarine, and the first Soviet sub to reach the North Pole)",
"title": "Submarine"
},
{
"id": "7188783",
"text": "then Captain Hyman Rickover, well known for his great technical talents in electrical engineering and propulsion systems in addition to his skill in project management, to the AEC to start the Naval Reactors project. Rickover's work with the AEC led to the development of the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), the first naval model of which was installed in the submarine . This made the boat capable of operating under water full-time – demonstrating this ability by reaching the North Pole and surfacing through the Polar ice cap. From the successful naval reactor program, plans were quickly developed for the use",
"title": "Nuclear power in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3888938",
"text": "the Atlantic via the North Pole. On August 3, 1958, she became the first ship to reach the North Pole. For this accomplishment, \"Nautilus\" and her crew were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation, the first Presidential Unit Citation awarded in peacetime. The citation began with the words, \"For outstanding achievement in completing the first voyage in history across the top of the world, by cruising under the Arctic ice cap from the Bering Strait to the Greenland Sea.\" \"Nautilus 90 North\" (1959, with Clay Blair) was the first book Anderson wrote about the Arctic missions of USS \"Nautilus\". It was",
"title": "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea"
},
{
"id": "2740875",
"text": "under the North Pole), , and . MacLean may have been anticipating the excitement of his British readers regarding the upcoming commissioning of the , the Royal Navy's first nuclear submarine. Also, MacLean may have been influenced by press reports about the nuclear-powered submarine USS \"Skate\" visiting Ice Station \"Alpha\", located on Ice Island T-3 in the Arctic, on 14 August 1958, as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY)\". At the time that the novel was published, under-the-ice operations by US Navy nuclear-powered submarines were prohibited until SUBSAFE measures had been implemented following the loss of the . \"Ice",
"title": "Ice Station Zebra (novel)"
},
{
"id": "10477197",
"text": "also left New London for exercises from Newfoundland and Iceland to the Caribbean. She first crossed the Atlantic in the fall of 1957 for Operation Natoflex, visiting Rothesay, Scotland, and Portland, England, before returning to New London. A heightening of her responsibility came on 1 April 1958, when three nuclear submarines were assigned to her squadron. In August, she sailed to New York City for the celebration of the arrival of from her historic submerged passage under the North Pole. From August 1959-January 1960, the tender underwent a modernization overhaul at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in order to be able",
"title": "USS Fulton (AS-11)"
},
{
"id": "17920045",
"text": "\"Nautilus\" and the Skate (SSN-578) to complete a submerged lap around the Earth. It wasn't until William Anderson (Captain of \"Nautilus\") suggested the submerged trip under the North Pole that it was even considered. \"Nautilus\" departed from Groton on August 19, 1957 for her first attempt at sailing under the Pole but it was unsuccessful because of the ice being too deep. Another attempt was not made until the next summer. On July 23, 1958, \"Nautilus\" left the Pearl Harbor naval base heading north towards the Bering Straight. She and her crew crossed under the pole at 2315 on August",
"title": "Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)"
},
{
"id": "2095630",
"text": "by the technology of the North American Aviation N6A-1 Inertial Navigation System, a naval modification of the N6A used in the Navaho cruise missile; it had been installed on \"Nautilus\" and after initial sea trials on in 1957. From the North Pole, she continued on and after 96 hours and under the ice, surfaced northeast of Greenland, having completed the first successful submerged voyage around the North Pole. The technical details of this mission were planned by scientists from the Naval Electronics Laboratory including Dr. Waldo Lyon who accompanied \"Nautilus\" as chief scientist and ice pilot. Navigation beneath the arctic",
"title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)"
},
{
"id": "13477622",
"text": "on the ship. He was assigned as executive officer of the when it was commissioned in 1952 and later became commanding officer of , another \"Tang\"-class boat. After training by the Atomic Energy Commission, Calvert was assigned to , the Navy's third nuclear-powered submarine and the first to be designed for assembly line construction rather than as a one-off prototype. Although \"Skate\" first surfaced at the pole on March 17, 1959, \"Skate\" first went under the North Pole on August 11, 1958. In 1958 \"Skate\" was able to surface in the Arctic, but was unable to surface at the pole",
"title": "James F. Calvert"
},
{
"id": "7468315",
"text": "this period: \"K-129\" was lost in 1968 (which the CIA attempted to retrieve from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes-designed ship named Glomar Explorer), \"K-8\" in 1970, \"K -219\" in 1986 (subject of the film \"Hostile Waters\"), and \"Komsomolets\" (the only Mike class submarine) in 1989 (which held a depth record among the military submarines—1000 m, or 1300 m according to the article K-278). Many other Soviet subs, such as \"K-19\" (first Soviet nuclear submarine, and first Soviet sub at North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The United States lost two nuclear submarines during this",
"title": "History of submarines"
},
{
"id": "5964462",
"text": "in the hold of a Venetian galley. Nearby, deep-sea divers work to carry other treasures to the surface. Sonar detects a polar ice cap ahead, and the diving officer takes the ship deeper in order to clear the ice. The submarine travels directly beneath the North Pole. This is a recreation of the historic voyage of when it left Hawaii on July 22, 1958 and set its course for the North Pole. After passing beyond the polar region, the submarine journeys to deeper waters where sunlight has never penetrated. Strange creatures can be sighted, including a giant squid and creatures",
"title": "Submarine Voyage"
},
{
"id": "20076615",
"text": "Service, or while under a U.S. Navy Reserve contract during off-duty (civilian) hours, it may not be worn on the military uniform. Geophysicist J. Lamar Worzel received the award for his assistance in the April 1963 search and recovery of the USS \"Thresher\", the world's first nuclear submarine lost at sea, which had sunk to a depth of around 350 km east of Cape Cod in the North Atlantic. In 2011, Franklin R. Parker the 18th Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, was bestowed with the award for his work in advising the General Counsel and",
"title": "Navy Meritorious Public Service Award"
},
{
"id": "15178159",
"text": "bowel mucosa, necessary for the diagnosis of various small bowel diseases. It was invented by Dr. William Holmes Crosby, Jr. in 1955. 1955 Nuclear submarine The USS \"Nautilus\", the world's first nuclear submarine, revolutionized naval warfare. Conventional submarines need two engines: a diesel engine to travel on the surface and an electric engine to travel submerged, where oxygen for a diesel engine is not available. By relying on nuclear capability, the USS \"Nautilus\" could travel uninterrupted for thousands of miles below the surface with a single fuel charge. Beginning in 1951, Admiral Hyman Rickover can be credited for the design",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)"
},
{
"id": "1753634",
"text": "of the polar ice pack...\" While the \"Skate\" was unable to surface on its first voyage to the pole, on 17 March 1959, she became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole with Calvert describing the historic moment in his book, saying, \"Slowly we blew the tanks and the Skate moved reluctantly upward. It was apparent we were under heavier ice here than any we had experienced before.\" While at the pole, Calvert and the crew planted an American Flag in a cairn they built out of ice blocks and put a waterproof container in the cairn with",
"title": "USS Skate (SSN-578)"
},
{
"id": "4273885",
"text": "Project 42 and 50 ASW vessels). On 1 April 1961, the division was renamed the 2nd Anti-Submarine Warfare Division. On 1 July 1958, the Northern Fleet raised the Soviet Navy ensign over the first Soviet nuclear submarine, K-3 Leninsky Komsomol. Following the 1958 voyage of USS \"Nautilus\", the \"Leninsky Komsomol\" (named for Vladimir Lenin’s Komsomol) traveled under the Arctic ice and surfaced at the North Pole on 17 July 1962. Russian submarines have visited the North Pole region more than 300 times since then. Two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet made a journey under the Arctic ice cap and",
"title": "Northern Fleet"
},
{
"id": "1163693",
"text": "1988. Among this company's achievements was the propeller for the , an operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first vessel to complete a submerged transit across the North Pole. Freeport is a Long Island hot spot during the summer season in New York. A popular festival occurs on Freeport's Nautical Mile (the west side of Woodcleft Canal) the first weekend in June each year, which attracts many people from across Long Island and New York City. The Nautical Mile is a strip along the water that features well-known seafood restaurants, crab shacks, bars, eclectic little boutiques, fresh fish markets, as well",
"title": "Freeport, New York"
},
{
"id": "2095632",
"text": "there was insufficient room between the ice and the sea bottom. During the second, successful attempt to pass through the Bering passage, the submarine passed through a known channel close to Alaska (this was not the first choice, as the submarine wanted to avoid detection). The trip beneath the ice cap was an important boost to America as the Soviets had recently launched Sputnik, but had no nuclear submarine of their own. During the address announcing the journey, the president mentioned that one day nuclear cargo submarines might use that route for trade. As \"Nautilus\" proceeded south from Greenland, a",
"title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)"
},
{
"id": "1657887",
"text": "submarine onward. Captain Danenhower ordered \"Nautilus\" trimmed down by the bow, and deliberately rammed an ice floe in an attempt to force the boat under. The manoeuvre worked in that \"Nautilus\" submerged, and became the first submarine to operate under the polar ice cap. However, her unconventional method of diving caused significant damage to her upper works. She was out of radio contact for days, was presumed lost, and rescue efforts were planned. In fact, she had actually travelled only a short distance under the ice before resurfacing through a polynya, but her radios had been badly damaged, requiring days",
"title": "USS O-12 (SS-73)"
},
{
"id": "2095628",
"text": "various British and French ports where she was inspected by defense personnel of those countries. She arrived back at New London on 28 October, underwent upkeep, and then conducted coastal operations until the spring. In response to the nuclear ICBM threat posed by Sputnik, President Eisenhower ordered the U.S. Navy to attempt a submarine transit of the North Pole to gain credibility for the soon-to-come SLBM weapons system. On 25 April 1958, \"Nautilus\" was underway again for the West Coast, now commanded by Commander William R. Anderson, USN. Stopping at San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle, she began her history-making",
"title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)"
},
{
"id": "2658130",
"text": "USOS Seaview Seaview, a fictional privately owned nuclear submarine, was the setting for the 1961 motion picture \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\", starring Walter Pidgeon, and later for the 1964–1968 ABC television series of the same title. The accomplishments of America's nuclear-powered submarines were major news items in the years before the film \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\" was released. \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\" was the third American science fiction film to feature such ships. The first two were \"It Came from Beneath the Sea\" (1955) and \"The Atomic Submarine\" (1960). The submarine",
"title": "USOS Seaview"
},
{
"id": "2957754",
"text": "nuclear-powered submarine was first proposed in the United States Navy by the Naval Research Laboratory's Ross Gunn in 1939. Construction of the world's first nuclear powered submarine was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Bureau of Ships and the Atomic Energy Commission. In July 1951 the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the first nuclear-powered submarine, \"Nautilus\", under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN (sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne's \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\",",
"title": "Nuclear submarine"
},
{
"id": "5964459",
"text": "occur. The attraction ultimately reopened in June 2007 themed to Disney and Pixar's \"Finding Nemo\", and now operates as Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage. As initially conceived, the Submarine Voyage was to feature real fish and other sea creatures, though the idea proved to be unfeasible. A major portion of the ride simulated the voyage under the Arctic Ocean's polar ice cap undertaken by the nuclear submarine on August 3, 1958. The submarines followed a long guide rail through the following sections of the ride: As the guest enters the submarine, taped narrations play that help create an illusion that the",
"title": "Submarine Voyage"
},
{
"id": "284835",
"text": "became the first U.S.-registered vessel to circumnavigate North America. Shortly after her return in late 1957, she was reassigned to her new home port of Kodiak, Alaska. In 1960, completed the first submarine transit of the Northwest Passage, heading east-to-west. In 1969, SS \"Manhattan\" made the passage, accompanied by the Canadian icebreakers and . The U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers and also sailed in support of the expedition. \"Manhattan\" was a specially reinforced supertanker sent to test the viability of the passage for the transport of oil. While \"Manhattan\" succeeded, the route was deemed not to be cost-effective. The United States",
"title": "Northwest Passage"
},
{
"id": "9514334",
"text": "(interviewer). \"The Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Eugen P. Wilkinson U.S. Navy (Retired).\" Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 2006. OCLC Stillwell, Paul, ed. \"Submarine Stories: Recollections from the Diesel Boats.\" 2007. Eugene Parks Wilkinson Vice Admiral Eugene Parks \"Dennis\" Wilkinson, U.S. Navy (August 10, 1918 – July 11, 2013) was selected for three historic command assignments. The first, in 1954, was as the first Commanding Officer of the USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear submarine. The second was as the first Commanding Officer of the USS Long Beach, America's first nuclear surface ship. The third was in 1980 when he was chosen",
"title": "Eugene Parks Wilkinson"
},
{
"id": "2688198",
"text": "has a volleyball court. On 17 August 1977, NS \"Arktika\" (\"Arctic\") became the first surface ship ever to reach the North Pole. \"Arktika\" was withdrawn from service in 2008 after clocking up 175,000 hours of reactor operation time and covering more than 1 million nautical miles. Rather than be scrapped, there are calls for her to be converted to a museum ship, like her predecessor \"Lenin\". NS \"Sibir\" (\"Siberia\") ceased operation in 1992 and is awaiting scrapping. The NS \"Rossiya\" (\"Russia\") carries two helicopters. \"Rossiya\" was used to transport an expedition of around 40 West Germans to the North Pole",
"title": "Nuclear-powered icebreaker"
},
{
"id": "3713279",
"text": "to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine . On 12 November 1984 \"Gurnard\" and \"Pintado\" became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, \"Gurnard\" deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. \"Gurnard\" surfaced at the North Pole on April 18, in the company of the . \"Gurnard\" was decommissioned on 28 April 1995 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship",
"title": "USS Gurnard (SSN-662)"
},
{
"id": "2808217",
"text": "Komsomol\" was first underway under nuclear power on 4 July 1958 and became also the first Soviet submarine to reach the North Pole in July 1962, 4 years after the USS \"Nautilus\". Project 627 had much better performance specifications (for example, submerged speed and depth) than the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine USS \"Nautilus\". The first commander of \"K-3\" was Captain 1st Rank L.G. Osipenko (future admiral and Hero of the Soviet Union). All other Novembers except \"K-3\" belonged to modified project – project 627A. The main visual differences of project 627A were a bow sonar dome in the keel",
"title": "November-class submarine"
},
{
"id": "14323085",
"text": "replica of the globe in recognition of the successful completion of its mission, and Captain Beach received the Legion of Merit for his role as \"Triton\"s commanding officer. In 1961, Beach received the Magellanic Premium, the United States' oldest and most prestigious scientific award, from the American Philosophical Society in \"recognition of his navigation of the U.S. submarine \"Triton\" around the globe.\" The possibility of a submerged circumnavigation of the world by a U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarine was initially discussed between Captain Evan P. Aurand, President Eisenhower's naval aide, and Commander William R. Anderson, commanding officer of the first nuclear",
"title": "Operation Sandblast"
},
{
"id": "8199327",
"text": "Francisco International Film Festival. In 2016, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for its National Film Registry. A strange giant \"sea creature\" has been rampaging the seas. The American naval ship \"Abraham Lincoln\" is sent to investigate, but is rammed by \"the creature\" which turns out to be \"The Nautilus\", the fantastic submarine of the enigmatic Captain Nemo, and \"Rudderless, the 'Abraham Lincoln' drifts on\". Then, in \"A strange rescue\" he guides the sub to surface under those pitched overboard and his crew take them, including Professor Aronnax,",
"title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916 film)"
},
{
"id": "3888950",
"text": "novel. The cover submarine's bow is opaque, and her \"Observation Room\" is a rearward projection from the base of the conning tower. The basic shape of her hull resembles that of USS \"Skipjack\" (SSN-585), the first American nuclear-powered submarine with an \"Albacore hull\", including the cruciform stern and single propeller. A submarine design very similar to the craft on the 1961 cover, and its mission to save the world, shows up in a Dell Comics series called \"Voyage to the Deep\" in 1962 to capitalize on the movie's popularity. Its mission also took it to the Mariana Trench to stop",
"title": "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea"
},
{
"id": "3735476",
"text": "Washington, entering drydock there in late November 1984. The refueling overhaul was completed in August 1986, and later in 1986 she returned to Norfolk. In the autumn of 1989, \"Silversides\" departed Norfolk and voyaged north into the Arctic, surfaced at the North Pole for the second time, proceeded out of the Arctic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean, participated in United States Pacific Fleet exercises, made port calls in Hawaii and California, and returned to Norfolk via the Panama Canal, becoming only the second submarine to circumnavigate North America. In Jan 1994, \"Silversides\" home port was changed from Norfolk to Pearl",
"title": "USS Silversides (SSN-679)"
},
{
"id": "1657889",
"text": "submarine to surface at the North Pole and the second submarine (after USS \"Nautilus\" (SSN-571) in 1958) to reach the North Pole. Her crew conducted a tribute to Sir George Hubert Wilkins and scattered his ashes over the North Pole. USS O-12 (SS-73) USS \"O-12\" (SS-73) was an \"O\"-class submarine of the United States Navy. Her keel was laid down on 6 March 1916 by the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut. These later O-boats, \"O-11\" through \"O-16\", were designed by Lake Torpedo Boat to different specifications than the earlier Electric Boat designs. They performed poorly as compared to",
"title": "USS O-12 (SS-73)"
},
{
"id": "6988829",
"text": "INS hardware was the N6A-1 built by North American Aviation, a naval modification of the N6A designed for the Navaho cruise missile. It had also been installed on the USS \"Skate\" (SSN-578), along with the \"Nautilus\", following successful sea trials on the \"Compass Island\". USS \"Skate\" reached the North Pole the week after \"Nautilus\", and in the following year became the first vessel to surface at the North Pole. On 10 September 1958, \"Compass Island\" entered New York Naval Shipyard for overhaul and installation of additional navigational equipment to be tested. With this new equipment, she continued her east coast",
"title": "USS Compass Island (AG-153)"
},
{
"id": "2095629",
"text": "polar transit, Operation \"Sunshine\", as she departed the latter port on 9 June. On 19 June she entered the Chukchi Sea, but was turned back by deep drift ice in those shallow waters. On 28 June she arrived at Pearl Harbor to await better ice conditions. By 23 July 1958 her wait was over, and she set a course northward. She submerged in the Barrow Sea Valley on 1 August and on 3 August, at 2315 (EDT) she became the first watercraft to reach the geographic North Pole. The ability to navigate at extreme latitudes and without surfacing was enabled",
"title": "USS Nautilus (SSN-571)"
},
{
"id": "14092944",
"text": "of his sea plane, during the rescue operations. The first people to have without doubt walked on the North Pole were the Soviet party of 1948 under the command of Alexander Kuznetsov, who landed their aircraft nearby and walked to the pole. On August 3, 1958, the American submarine reached the North Pole without surfacing. It then proceeded to travel under the entire Polar ice cap. On March 17, 1959 the surfaced on the North Pole and dispersed the ashes of explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins. These journeys were part of military explorations stimulated by the Cold War context. On April",
"title": "Arctic exploration"
},
{
"id": "15669990",
"text": "was Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, who is known as the \"Father of the Nuclear Navy.” The first nuclear-powered submarine, the , was launched and commissioned in 1954. The development of the nuclear-powered submarine greatly increased capabilities; the duration a sub could remain underwater was now limited only by food supply. By using power generated from the reactor, air was able to be continually recycled and water was able to be distilled from seawater. The nuclear-powered sub could also reach and maintain much higher speeds than its predecessors. Shortly after the USS \"Nautilus\", the was commissioned. The reactor engine in the",
"title": "United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion"
},
{
"id": "2658132",
"text": "final phase of her sea trials, which include a dive under the Arctic ice cap. In the film, \"Seaview\" fires a ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead to extinguish the \"skyfire.\" Two milestones in underwater exploration were achieved in 1960, the year before the film \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\" was released. From February 16, 1960 to May 10, 1960, the submarine made the first submerged circumnavigation of the world. \"Triton\" observed and photographed Guam extensively through her periscope during this mission, without being detected by the U.S. Navy on Guam. In the film, \"Seaview's\" voyage to the",
"title": "USOS Seaview"
},
{
"id": "12004013",
"text": "Lincoln Ellsworth and partly financed by William Randolph Hearst, attempted to reach the North Pole with a leased US Navy submarine named \"Nautilus\". The \"Nautilus\" was modified for under ice operations by submarine designer Simon Lake so it could detect openings (or, if necessary, drill them) in the ice pack and surface to recharge her batteries. While the expedition was a failure, the \"Nautilus\" did reach a latitude of 82 degrees north. In accordance with the lease agreement, the \"Nautilus\" was scuttled after the expedition to prevent her reuse as a warship. On 9 May 1926, Richard Evelyn Byrd attempted",
"title": "Farthest North"
},
{
"id": "13477623",
"text": "itself due to the thickness of the ice. The ability to travel under and break through the ice was a major achievement during the Cold War as it allows the Navy's submarines to avoid detection under the ice while being able to launch their Polaris missiles from points far closer to the Soviet Union. The following year, after traveling to the pole in 12 days, \"Skate\" became the first submarine to surface through the ice when it reached the North Pole on March 17, 1959. There they released the ashes of Australian polar explorer Sir George Hubert Wilkins who died",
"title": "James F. Calvert"
},
{
"id": "7331083",
"text": "the cavern entrance simulating a surface storm, the Captain would order the submarine down into the depths as a precaution, and the guests enter the show building section of the attraction. Within minutes, the devastation such natural phenomenon can create was made clear with the ominous Graveyard Of Lost Ships, with shipwrecks from various centuries littering the sea bed, guarded by the silent, gliding figures of sharks. Leaving the destruction behind, the Nautilus would reach the North Pole, circumnavigating the Polar Ice Cap from below the surface, and narrowly avoiding large icebergs stabbing through the water. Venturing deeper, the Nautilus",
"title": "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage"
},
{
"id": "9514321",
"text": "Eugene Parks Wilkinson Vice Admiral Eugene Parks \"Dennis\" Wilkinson, U.S. Navy (August 10, 1918 – July 11, 2013) was selected for three historic command assignments. The first, in 1954, was as the first Commanding Officer of the USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear submarine. The second was as the first Commanding Officer of the USS Long Beach, America's first nuclear surface ship. The third was in 1980 when he was chosen as the first President and CEO of the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) from which he retired in 1984. Wilkinson, born in August 1918 in Long Beach, California,",
"title": "Eugene Parks Wilkinson"
},
{
"id": "12004015",
"text": "1948. On , a US Navy submarine, also named , was the first to sail under the ice pack to reach the North Pole. On , the became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole. In 1968, British explorer Sir Wally Herbert became the first person to indubitably reach the Pole on foot, having sledged from Alaska. His expedition was supported by air drops. Farthest North Farthest North describes the most northerly latitude reached by explorers before the conquest of the North Pole rendered the expression obsolete. The Arctic polar regions are much more accessible than those of",
"title": "Farthest North"
},
{
"id": "442283",
"text": "Naval Reactors Facility in Idaho. Bettis Laboratory and Naval Reactors Facility were operated initially and for many decades afterwards by Westinghouse. The first nuclear-powered vessel, the submarine , put to sea in 1955. USS \"Nautilus\" marked the beginning of the transition of submarines from relatively slow and short-ranged conventional submarines to ones capable of sustaining 20–25 knots (35–45 km/h) submerged for weeks on end. Much of the early development work on naval reactors was done at the Naval Reactor Facility on the campus of the Idaho National Laboratory (INL, previously INEL). USS \"Nautilus\" was powered by the S2W reactor, and",
"title": "United States naval reactors"
},
{
"id": "7662152",
"text": "dived of the 56 episodes made. The wreck now lies resting on her port side in a depth of on the seabed of the western approaches to the English Channel. Leigh Bishop recovered artifacts from the site, which went on display for many years to the general public in the Cornish Maritime Museum. Speculations about a shipment of zirconium, intended for use in the first nuclear submarine USS \"Nautilus\" (SSN-571), but registered as pig iron, were discussed in a 2002 Danish television documentary \"Det Skæve skib\" (English title: \"The Mystery of Flying Enterprise\"). According to this documentary, information regarding the",
"title": "SS Flying Enterprise"
},
{
"id": "1618143",
"text": "the \"Gato\" was relatively undamaged and continued her patrol. She was the first nuclear-powered submarine to completely circumnavigate South America, and the first nuclear-powered submarine to navigate the Strait of Magellan during its 1976 Unitas run under the command of Captain Partlow. It was on this voyage that it became the first nuclear submarine to travel through the Panama Canal. \"Gato\" was decommissioned and stricken on 25 April 1996 and disposed of by submarine recycling. USS Gato (SSN-615) The contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation on 9 July 1960 and her",
"title": "USS Gato (SSN-615)"
},
{
"id": "14323137",
"text": "to Washington, D.C., where news of \"Triton\"s submerged around-the-world voyage was announced by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the White House, with Vice Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, known as the \"Father of the Nuclear Navy\", in attendance. Beach flew back to his boat later that day, and \"Triton\" arrived back at Groton, Connecticut, on 11 May 1960, completing her shakedown cruise and the first submarine circumnavigation of the earth. The total mileage and duration of the first submerged circumnavigation of the earth are as follows: \"Triton\" also crossed the Equator four times during its circumnavigation on the following dates and",
"title": "Operation Sandblast"
},
{
"id": "19071676",
"text": "Rush's heroic actions, he was awarded the Navy Cross in a ceremony at Naval Station Pearl Harbor. This was the first time the honor had been bestowed upon someone other than a commanding officer. In 1961, Rush retired from the United States Navy. He attended graduate school at Caltech in aeronautical engineering in Pasadena, California. Rush developed a number of submarine-launched missiles, including a notable high-speed wake-less torpedo. Rush was involved in the UUM-44 Subroc Missile System, a submarine-launched rocket, and consulted on the polar passage of the , \"the first submarine to complete an under-ice voyage to the North",
"title": "Charles W. Rush"
},
{
"id": "4001753",
"text": "returned to Norfolk, Virginia, after a six-month deployment in support of national security interests and the War on Terrorism. \"OKC\" transited to its patrol area in the Pacific Ocean via the Arctic Ocean, the first such transit for a first-flight . After the patrol, it then completed a circumnavigation of North America by transiting back to the Atlantic Ocean through the Panama Canal and returning to its home port in Norfolk. In early 2007, \"Oklahoma City\" became the first submarine certified to exclusively use Digital Nautical Charts (DNCs), using the Voyage Management System (VMS). VMS is part of the Electronic",
"title": "USS Oklahoma City (SSN-723)"
},
{
"id": "15669991",
"text": "USS \"Seawolf\" was a liquid metal-cooled (sodium) reactor. This proved to be a more difficult reactor to maintain and was eventually replaced with a pressurized-water reactor, the same design used in the USS \"Nautilus\". The first production run of nuclear submarines was the , which was followed by the . The \"Skipjack\" was designed with a more advanced teardrop hull that provided greater hydrodynamics, which allowed the submarines to achieve higher speeds while producing less noise. Today, the United States Navy operates four different classes of submarine: the , , and es. The United States has a total of 70",
"title": "United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion"
},
{
"id": "11252020",
"text": "collecting sonar observations of the ice thickness and extent as they went. These data became available after the Cold War, and have provided evidence of thinning of the Arctic sea ice. The Soviet navy also operated in the Arctic, including a sailing of the nuclear-powered ice breaker \"Arktika\" to the North Pole in 1977, the first time a surface ship reached the pole. Scientific expeditions to the Arctic also became more common during the Cold-War decades, sometimes benefiting logistically or financially from the military interest. In 1966 the first deep ice core in Greenland was drilled at Camp Century, providing",
"title": "Climate of the Arctic"
},
{
"id": "290001",
"text": "the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, \"Gurnard\" deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. \"Gurnard\" surfaced at the North Pole on April 18, in the company of the USS \"Seahorse\" (SSN-669). On 6 May 1986 USS \"Archerfish\" (SSN 678), USS \"Ray\" (SSN 653) and USS \"Hawkbill\" (SSN-666) surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole. On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the",
"title": "North Pole"
},
{
"id": "2425388",
"text": "repairs to the supercarrier which had been extensively damaged off Vietnam. From October 1968 through May 1969, she underwent preservation and deactivation processes, and she was decommissioned on 3 May 1969. \"Triton\" became the U.S. Navy's first nuclear-powered submarine to be taken out of service, and second in the world, after the Soviet Navy's November-class submarine \"K-27\" in 1968. On 6 May 1969, \"Triton\" departed New London under tow and proceeded to Norfolk, Virginia, where she was placed in the reserve fleet. She remained berthed at Norfolk or at the St. Julien's Creek Annex of Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth,",
"title": "USS Triton (SSRN-586)"
},
{
"id": "4506645",
"text": "of the first two North American surface vessels to reach the North Pole; she sailed together with . In 1985, \"Polar Sea\" triggered a diplomatic event by navigating the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska without authorization from the Canadian government. It was the United States’ position that the Northwest Passage was an international strait open to shipping and it sought only to notify Canada rather than ask for permission. Publication of the plans enraged the Canadian public opinion as it was regarded as a breach and disregard of sovereignty and prompted the government to take preventive measures in defending",
"title": "USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11)"
},
{
"id": "15669997",
"text": "operational until they are decommissioned. When the reactors powering the ships of the Navy are decommissioned, all the nuclear waste is disposed of at once. , and since the first US nuclear-powered submarine (USS \"Nautilus\"), the United States Navy had logged over 6,200 \"reactor years\" with no radiological accidents. However, on 22 May 1978 on USS Puffer, a valve was mistakenly opened releasing up to 500 US gallons of radioactive water into a drydock at Puget Sound naval base. The leak was fully contained and there was no personnel irradiation. In order to safely operate the fleet of nuclear-powered vessels,",
"title": "United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion"
},
{
"id": "8524329",
"text": "icebreaker was in the Kara Sea when the blaze erupted, and was sent to Murmansk. After 33 years of reliable icebreaking, having become the first surface ship to reach the North Pole in 1977, and the first civilian ship to spend more than a year at sea without making port in 2000, and covering more than a million nautical miles by 2005, \"Arktika\" was retired in October 2008. She is docked at Atomflot, the nuclear base and dock in Murmansk, away from the main docks, where she will remain until policies can be drawn up to dismantle her. In the",
"title": "Arktika (1972 icebreaker)"
},
{
"id": "289995",
"text": "1949 two other Soviet scientists (Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole. They jumped from a Douglas C-47 Skytrain, registered CCCP H-369. On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict, along with scientist Albert P. Crary, landed a modified Douglas C-47 Skytrain at the North Pole. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known. The United States Navy submarine \"USS Nautilus\" (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On",
"title": "North Pole"
},
{
"id": "289998",
"text": "Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility. On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker \"Arktika\" completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole. In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season. They departed from Cape Crozier, Ellesmere Island, on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982. They travelled on foot and snowmobile. From the Pole, they travelled towards Svalbard but, due to the unstable nature of the ice, ended their crossing at the",
"title": "North Pole"
},
{
"id": "2674118",
"text": "and, on 18 January 1960, \"Sargo\", under the command of Lieutenant Commander J.H. Nicholson, cleared Pearl Harbor and headed north to make a submerged exploration of the Arctic Ocean. By 25 January, \"Sargo\" had reached the vicinity of St. Matthews Island where she found ice, block and brash and where, after rendezvousing with the United States Navy icebreaker \"USS Staten Island\" (AGB-5) she made her first stationary dive while surrounded by ice. On 29 January, she passed the Diomede Islands and crossed the Arctic Circle; and, on 9 February, she arrived under the North Pole. Making her first pass under",
"title": "USS Sargo (SSN-583)"
},
{
"id": "9026390",
"text": "which has been ordered to hunt down the mysterious underwater saucer and stop its disruption of sea commerce. A submarine is destroyed near the North Pole by a mysterious undersea light. The loss of this and several other ships in the Arctic alarms the world. Governments temporarily close the polar route and convene an emergency meeting at The Pentagon. Present is Commander Dan Wendover (Dick Foran), the captain of the atomic submarine \"Tigershark\", and Nobel Prize winning scientist Sir Ian Hunt (Tom Conway). The United States Secretary of Defense (Jack Mulhall) leads the meeting; he explains all that is known",
"title": "The Atomic Submarine"
},
{
"id": "4177391",
"text": "was taken on this platform on Wednesday, November 3, 1948, at St. Louis Union Station. The \"Ferdinand Magellan\" was also used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and, to a much lesser extent, by President Dwight Eisenhower. The \"Magellan\"’s last official trip before retirement was in 1954, when first lady Mamie Eisenhower rode it from Washington, D.C., to Groton, Connecticut, to christen the world’s first nuclear-powered submarine, the . President Ronald Reagan used the \"Magellan\" for one day, October 12, 1984, traveling 120 miles in Ohio, from Dayton to Perrysburg, making five stops to give \"whistle stop\" speeches along the way.",
"title": "Whistle stop train tour"
},
{
"id": "9026396",
"text": "the saucer rises from the ocean, \"Tigershark\" fires the missile, destroying the UFO. Holloway and the young Neilson are reconciled, with the latter realizing that his pacifism was no match for a hostile alien. A stock footage opening prologue describes how explorer Robert Peary had trouble reaching the North Pole in 1909 and speculates on how Peary would have been amazed to see in just a few decades later how this Arctic region had become a major thoroughfare for civilian and military shipping; a futuristic prediction of cargo-carrying atomic submarines follows. Principal photography for \"The Atomic Submarine\" took place from",
"title": "The Atomic Submarine"
},
{
"id": "2425403",
"text": "the same solution Admiral Rickover had suggested during \"Triton\"s sea trials. The 1960 \"The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart\" comedy album (\"pictured\") included a sketch entitled \"The Cruise of the U.S.S. Codfish\" which was a monologue involving the final address by the captain to the crew of a nuclear-powered submarine after completing a two-year-long, around-the-world underwater voyage. Bob Newhart noted in a 2006 interview that: Captain Beach reportedly played \"The Cruise of the U.S.S. Codfish\" over the ship's public address system during \"Triton\"s first overseas deployment in the Fall of 1960. Antigua-Barbuda issued a commemorative stamp of \"Triton\"s 1960 submerged",
"title": "USS Triton (SSRN-586)"
},
{
"id": "1399570",
"text": "zipped through the chamber; in 1970, they observed the neutrino in a hydrogen bubble chamber for the first time. Meanwhile, the laboratory was also helping to design the reactor for the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, the U.S.S. \"Nautilus\", which steamed for more than 513,550 nautical miles (951,090 km). The next nuclear reactor model was Experimental Boiling Water Reactor, the forerunner of many modern nuclear plants, and Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), which was sodium-cooled, and included a fuel recycling facility. EBR-II was later modified to test other reactor designs, including a fast-neutron reactor and, in 1982, the Integral Fast Reactor",
"title": "Argonne National Laboratory"
},
{
"id": "3629402",
"text": "constructed and tested at the Naval Reactor Facility at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho (now called the Idaho National Laboratory) in 1953. The first nuclear submarine, , put to sea in 1955 (SS was a traditional designation for US submarines, while SSN denoted the first \"nuclear\" submarine). The Soviet Union also developed nuclear submarines. The first types developed were the Project 627, NATO designated with two water-cooled reactors, the first of which, K-3 \"Leninskiy Komsomol\", was underway under nuclear power on July 4, 1958. Nuclear power revolutionized the submarine, finally making it a true \"underwater\" vessel, rather than",
"title": "Nuclear marine propulsion"
},
{
"id": "4479035",
"text": "with a better boat.\" Wilkins ended the first expedition to the poles in a submarine and headed for England, but was forced to take refuge in the port of Bergen, Norway, because of a fierce storm that they encountered en route. The \"Nautilus\" suffered serious damage that made further use of the vessel unfeasible. Wilkins received permission from the United States Navy to sink the vessel off shore in a Norwegian fjord on 20 November 1931. Despite the failure to meet his intended objective, he was able to prove that submarines were capable of operating beneath the polar ice cap,",
"title": "Hubert Wilkins"
},
{
"id": "8899955",
"text": "cruiser , destroyer and minesweeper . In June 1953, \"Andrew\" became the first submarine to cross the Atlantic submerged for the entire voyage, leaving Bermuda and arriving on 15 June in the English Channel. During the voyage a diesel engine was damaged and a periscope malfunctioned, however both were repaired while submerged. The submarine had been returning from its deployment with the Royal Canadian Navy. The submarine was used to portray the fictional nuclear-powered United States Navy submarine USS \"Sawfish\" in the 1959 Stanley Kramer film \"On the Beach.\" 1972- 1973. Lieutenant Commander T M Honnor, RN 1973 - 1975.",
"title": "HMS Andrew (P423)"
},
{
"id": "1753635",
"text": "a note commemorating the event. The crew also held a ceremony for the late Arctic explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins and committed his ashes at the pole. In 1931, Sir Hubert had conducted an Arctic expedition in the disarmed research submarine \"Nautilus\" (ex-). After reaching the Pole, the Skate continued its mission to pioneer arctic operations during periods of extreme cold and maximum ice thickness. When the submarine returned to port, she was awarded a bronze star in lieu of a second Navy Unit Commendation for demonstrating \"... for the first time the ability of submarines to operate in and under",
"title": "USS Skate (SSN-578)"
},
{
"id": "2687718",
"text": "to be decommissioned in 2000; however, a refit extended the decommissioning date to 2017. Russia currently operates all existing and functioning nuclear-powered icebreakers. The first one, NS \"Lenin\", was launched in 1957 and entered operation in 1959, before being officially decommissioned in 1989. It was both the world's first nuclear-powered surface ship and the first nuclear-powered civilian vessel. The second Soviet nuclear icebreaker was NS \"Arktika\", the lead ship of the Arktika class. In service since 1975, she was the first surface ship to reach the North Pole, on August 17, 1977. In May 2007, sea trials were completed for",
"title": "Icebreaker"
},
{
"id": "5108136",
"text": "to run at , which was faster than a Type VII running full out on the surface and almost as fast as the ships attacking her. After the war, tests carried out by the United States Navy on two captured Type XXIs showed they could outrun some ASW ships by going in the direction of heavy seas. (The US Navy's first nuclear-powered submarine, , used a modified Type XXI hull shape.) For most of the trip it ran silently underwater on batteries, surfacing only at night, and then only to snorkel depth. Weapons were likewise upgraded, with automated systems allowing",
"title": "Elektroboot"
},
{
"id": "13128015",
"text": "is credited with creation of the first steam engine in Russia and the first two-cylinder engine in the world. The creation of the first nuclear power plant along with the first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships was directed by Igor Kurchatov. NS \"Lenin\" was the world's first nuclear-powered surface ship as well as the first nuclear-powered civilian vessel, and NS \"Arktika\" became the first surface ship to reach the North Pole. Science and technology in Russia Science and technology in Russia developed rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment, when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences",
"title": "Science and technology in Russia"
},
{
"id": "14323165",
"text": "of the USS \"Triton\". Two films of the period, \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea\" (\"pictured\") and \"Around the World Under the Sea\", dramatized globe-circling submerged voyages similar to Operation Sandblast. \"The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart\" comedy album included a sketch entitled \"The Cruise of the U.S.S. Codfish\" which was a monologue involving the final address by the captain to the crew of a nuclear-powered submarine after completing a two-year-long, around-the-world underwater voyage. Bob Newhart noted in a 2006 interview that: Captain Beach reportedly played \"The Cruise of the U.S.S. Codfish\" over the ship's public address system during",
"title": "Operation Sandblast"
},
{
"id": "8925355",
"text": "12, 1949, the \"Cochino\", along with the USS \"Tusk\", departed from the harbor of Portsmouth, England. Both diesel submarines were reported to be on a cold-water training mission. However, according to \"\", the submarines – equipped with snorkels that allowed them to spend long periods underwater, largely invisible to an enemy, and with electronic gear designed to detect far-off radio signals – were part of an American intelligence operation. The mission of the \"Cochino\" and \"Tusk\" was to eavesdrop on communications that revealed the testing of submarine-launched Soviet missiles that might soon carry nuclear warheads. This was the first American",
"title": "Rafael Celestino Benítez"
},
{
"id": "9244882",
"text": "also while at NBC. He received the Emmy Award while at CBS in 1968 for the first interview of Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black. He also won an award at the Venice Film Festival Award for his one-hour documentary—the first such award granted to a news documentary—on \"Polaris, Journal of an Undersea Voyage,\" about a three-week undersea voyage aboard USS \"George Washington,\" one of the first U.S. nuclear submarines based out of Holy Loch, Scotland. Agronsky was also the recipient of many other journalism awards throughout his career. Agronsky married Helen Smathers, a United States Army nurse whom he met",
"title": "Martin Agronsky"
},
{
"id": "284839",
"text": "world via the Cape of Good Hope to return to England on September 24, 1990. His was the first vessel to circumnavigate the world via the Northwest Passage. On July 1, 2000, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police patrol vessel , having assumed the name \"St Roch II\", departed Vancouver on a \"Voyage of Rediscovery\". \"Nadon\"s mission was to circumnavigate North America via the Northwest Passage and the Panama Canal, recreating the epic voyage of her predecessor, \"St. Roch.\" The Voyage of Rediscovery was intended to raise awareness concerning \"St. Roch\" and kick off the fund-raising efforts necessary to ensure the",
"title": "Northwest Passage"
},
{
"id": "1991617",
"text": "Connecticut, where she became a member of Submarine Squadron 2. In 1996, the Sand Lance was sent on a patrol to the Arctic Circle. While there, the submarine surfaced through the polar ice cap at the North Pole on 12 July. \"Sand Lance\" was decommissioned on 7 August 1998 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, began on 1 April 1998 and was completed on 30 August 1999. Sand Lance's Maneuvering Room Consoles, which were used to control the",
"title": "USS Sand Lance (SSN-660)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of submarines context: few years before the US, and paralleled subsequent US development in this area. In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. The sailing of the first nuclear-powered submarine, the USN \"\"Nautilus\"\" in 1955 was soon followed by similar British, French and Russian boats. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations, together with inertial navigation systems, gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as the crossing of the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice cap by the USS \"Nautilus\" in 1958. Most of the\n\nWhich American nuclear submarine was the first to sail across the North Pole under the ice cap?",
"compressed_tokens": 195,
"origin_tokens": 195,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of submarines context: few years before the US, and paralleled subsequent development in this area. In the 1950s, nuclear power partially replaced diesel-electric propulsion. The sailing of the first nuclear-powered submarine, the USN \"\"Nautilus\"\" in 1955 was soon followed by similar British, French and Russian boats. Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water. These two innovations, together with inertial navigation systems, gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months, and enabled previously impossible voyages such as the crossing of the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice cap by the USS \"Nautilus\" in 1958. Most of the\n\ntitle: Nuclear sub context nuclear-powered submarine proposed in the United States Navy by the Naval Research Laboratory's Ross Gunn in 1939 Construction of the world's first nuclear powered submarine was possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engine at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Bureau of Ships and Atomic Energy Commission. In July 1951 the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the first nuclear-powered submarine \"Nautilus\", under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover USN (sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne' \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\",\n: Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus): the opposite direction.shineU Operation Sunsh a scientific expedition conducted by the US. Navy the summer of 1958. of just over 100 sailorsoted under the PNaut was chosen for because nuclear re allowed it remain submerged a sub. mission August 195 \"Naut\" her crew crossed under North P thefronts of Cold technology between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union. was tography theersible .9s thehe used The States nuclear submarine made the first journey the In6F Instrument Platform), a spar buoy, was first deployed. From the 1970s, there has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction. An oceanographic buoy array was established in the Pacific to allow prediction of El Niño events.\n\nWhich American nuclear submarine was the first to sail across the North Pole under the ice cap?",
"compressed_tokens": 508,
"origin_tokens": 14680,
"ratio": "28.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
101 | What was John Glenn/'s first spacecraft called? | [
"Mercury 6",
"Mercury Atlas 6",
"Mercury-Atlas 6",
"Friendship VII",
"Friendship vii",
"Mercury-Atlas (MA) 6",
"Mercury Friendship 7",
"Friendship Seven",
"Friendship 7"
] | Friendship 7 | [
{
"id": "690475",
"text": "was not popular with the other astronauts. Glenn was the backup pilot for Shepard and Grissom on the first two manned Project Mercury flights, the sub-orbital missions Mercury-Redstone 3 and Mercury-Redstone 4. Glenn was selected for Mercury-Atlas 6, NASA's first manned orbital flight, with Carpenter as his backup. Putting a man in orbit would achieve one of Project Mercury's most important goals. Shepard and Grissom had named their spacecraft \"Freedom 7\" and \"Liberty Bell 7\". The numeral 7 had originally been the production number of Shepard's spacecraft, but had come to represent the Mercury 7. Glenn named his spacecraft, number",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "13991086",
"text": "T. J. O'Malley Thomas Joseph O'Malley (October 15, 1915 – November 6, 2009), better known as T. J. O'Malley, was an Irish-American aerospace engineer who, as chief test conductor for the Convair division of General Dynamics, was responsible for pushing the button on February 20, 1962 launching the Mercury-Atlas 6 space flight carrying astronaut John Glenn, the first American in orbit. Five years later, NASA asked North American Aviation to hire him as director of launch operations to help get the Apollo program back on track after the Apollo 1 command module fire on the launch pad killed three astronauts.",
"title": "T. J. O'Malley"
},
{
"id": "6543032",
"text": "the Atlas ICBM and Titan II, were re-purposed as human launch vehicles for manned spaceflight, both were used in the civilian Project Mercury and Project Gemini programs respectively, which are regarded as stepping stones in the evolution of US manned spaceflight. The Atlas vehicle sent John Glenn, the first American into orbit. Similarly in the Soviet Union it was the R-7 ICBM/launch vehicle that placed the first artificial satellite in space, Sputnik, on 4 October 1957, and the first human spaceflight in history was accomplished on a derivative of the R-7, the Vostok, on 12 April 1961, by cosmonaut Yuri",
"title": "Nuclear weapons delivery"
},
{
"id": "690538",
"text": "airport was renamed John Glenn Columbus International Airport. Glenn and his family attended the ceremony, during which he spoke about how visiting the airport as a child had kindled his interest in flying. On September 12, 2016, Blue Origin announced the New Glenn, a rocket. Orbital ATK named the Cygnus space capsule used in the NASA CRS OA-7 mission to the international space station \"S.S. \"John Glenn\"\" in his honor. The mission successfully lifted off on April 16, 2017. Glenn's public life and legacy began when he received his first ticker tape parade for breaking the transcontinental airspeed record. As",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "885481",
"text": "on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the \"Friendship 7\" spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962,",
"title": "Space Race"
},
{
"id": "1687503",
"text": "Mercury-Atlas 6 Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) was the third human spaceflight for the U.S. and part of Project Mercury. Conducted by NASA on February 20, 1962, the mission was piloted by astronaut John Glenn, who performed three orbits of the Earth, making him the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth. The Mercury spacecraft, named Friendship 7, was carried to orbit by an Atlas LV-3B launch vehicle lifting off from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. After four hours and 56 minutes in flight the spacecraft re-entered the Earth's atmosphere, splashed down in the North Atlantic Ocean and was safely",
"title": "Mercury-Atlas 6"
},
{
"id": "1687464",
"text": "Mercury-Atlas 6 Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) was the third human spaceflight for the U.S. and part of Project Mercury. Conducted by NASA on February 20, 1962, the mission was piloted by astronaut John Glenn, who performed three orbits of the Earth, making him the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth. The Mercury spacecraft, named Friendship 7, was carried to orbit by an Atlas LV-3B launch vehicle lifting off from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. After four hours and 56 minutes in flight the spacecraft re-entered the Earth's atmosphere, splashed down in the North Atlantic Ocean and was safely",
"title": "Mercury-Atlas 6"
},
{
"id": "1599303",
"text": "full capabilities of the nuclear powered super carrier. On 20 February 1962, \"Enterprise\" was a tracking and measuring station for the flight of \"Friendship 7\", the Project Mercury space capsule in which Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn, Jr. made the first American orbital spaceflight. In August, the carrier joined the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, returning to Norfolk, Virginia in October. In October 1962, \"Enterprise\" was dispatched to her first international crisis. Following revelations that the Soviet Union was constructing nuclear missile launch sites on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy ordered the United States Department of Defense to conduct",
"title": "USS Enterprise (CVN-65)"
},
{
"id": "13991092",
"text": "Ian Brown. The record made the UK Top 5 Singles Chart in January 1998. T. J. O'Malley Thomas Joseph O'Malley (October 15, 1915 – November 6, 2009), better known as T. J. O'Malley, was an Irish-American aerospace engineer who, as chief test conductor for the Convair division of General Dynamics, was responsible for pushing the button on February 20, 1962 launching the Mercury-Atlas 6 space flight carrying astronaut John Glenn, the first American in orbit. Five years later, NASA asked North American Aviation to hire him as director of launch operations to help get the Apollo program back on track",
"title": "T. J. O'Malley"
},
{
"id": "690473",
"text": "at Cape Canaveral to watch their first rocket launch, of an SM-65D Atlas, which was similar to the one that was to carry them into orbit. A few minutes after liftoff, it exploded spectacularly, lighting up the night sky. The astronauts were stunned. Shepard turned to Glenn and said: \"Well, I'm glad they got that out of the way.\" Glenn remained an officer in the Marine Corps after his selection, and was assigned to the NASA Space Task Group at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The task force moved to Houston, Texas, in 1962, and became part of the",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "2188919",
"text": "in the Caribbean and served as the recovery ship after splashdown for astronaut Virgil Grissom on America's second manned space flight, a suborbital shot. In February 1962, \"Randolph\" was the primary recovery ship for astronaut John Glenn on his flight, the first American orbital voyage in space. After his historic three-orbit flight, he landed safely near the destroyer from which he was transferred, by helicopter, to \"Randolph\". On 1 April 1964, in an unusual accident, the Number Three deck elevator of \"Randolph\" tore loose from the ship during night operations and fell into the Atlantic off Cape Henry, Virginia, taking",
"title": "USS Randolph (CV-15)"
},
{
"id": "12213583",
"text": "Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilot programs. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space aboard \"Freedom 7\", launched by a Redstone booster on a 15-minute ballistic (suborbital) flight. John Glenn became the first American to be launched into orbit, by an Atlas launch vehicle on February 20, 1962, aboard \"Friendship 7\". Glenn completed three orbits, after which three more orbital flights were made, culminating in L. Gordon Cooper's 22-orbit flight \"Faith 7\", May 15–16, 1963. The Soviet Union (USSR) competed with its own single-pilot spacecraft, Vostok. They sent the first man in space,",
"title": "NASA"
},
{
"id": "250162",
"text": "Unlike Gagarin, Shepard manually controlled his spacecraft's attitude, and landed inside it. The first American in orbit was John Glenn aboard \"Friendship 7\", launched 20 February 1962 on a Mercury-Atlas rocket. The USSR launched five more cosmonauts in Vostok capsules, including the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963. The US launched a total of two astronauts in suborbital flight and four into orbit through 1963. US President John F. Kennedy raised the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely by",
"title": "Human spaceflight"
},
{
"id": "690446",
"text": "flight across the United States. His on-board camera took the first continuous, panoramic photograph of the United States. He was one of the Mercury Seven, military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA as the nation's first astronauts. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the \"Friendship 7\" mission, becoming the first American to orbit the Earth, and the fifth person and third American in space. He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1962 and the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990, and was the last surviving member",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "2188906",
"text": "in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Caribbean. In the early 1960s she served as the recovery ship for two Project Mercury space missions, including John Glenn's historic first orbital flight. She was decommissioned in 1969 and sold for scrap in 1975. \"Randolph\" was one of the \"long-hull\" ships. She was laid down on 10 May 1943, at Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Virginia. She was launched on 28 June 1944, sponsored by Rose Gillette (wife of Guy M. Gillette, a US Senator from Iowa). \"Randolph\" commissioned on 9 October 1944, Captain Felix Locke Baker, USN in command.",
"title": "USS Randolph (CV-15)"
},
{
"id": "975604",
"text": "is meant to make the Unisphere appear as if it is floating in space. Three large orbit rings of stainless steel encircle the Unisphere at various angles. These orbit rings are believed to represent the tracks of Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, and Telstar, the first active communications satellite. In fact, the early design was to have a ring for each of a dozen satellites in place at the time of the Fair. This proved impractical, not only in the number of satellites, but also in the height of",
"title": "Unisphere"
},
{
"id": "250181",
"text": "flights with their own private, not NASA, astronauts on board. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth on April 12, 1961. Alan Shepard became the first American to reach space on Mercury-Redstone 3 on May 5, 1961. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962. Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to orbit the Earth on June 16, 1963. Joseph A. Walker became the first human to pilot a spaceplane, the X-15 Flight 90, into space on July 19, 1963. Alexey Leonov became the first human to leave a spacecraft in",
"title": "Human spaceflight"
},
{
"id": "378211",
"text": "Mercury astronaut John Glenn, who was 77 at the time, flew with \"Discovery\" on STS-95 in 1998, making him the oldest person to go into space. Had plans to launch United States Department of Defense payloads from Vandenberg Air Force Base gone ahead, \"Discovery\" would have become the dedicated US Air Force shuttle. Its first West Coast mission, STS-62-A, was scheduled for 1986, but canceled in the aftermath of \"Challenger\". \"Discovery\" was retired after completing its final mission, STS 133 on March 9, 2011. The spacecraft is now on display in Virginia at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex",
"title": "Space Shuttle Discovery"
},
{
"id": "8733543",
"text": "public was becoming increasingly shocked and alarmed at the widening lead obtained by the USSR, so President John F. Kennedy announced on May 25 a plan to land a man on the moon by 1970, launching the three-man Apollo program. On February 20, 1962, the US succeeded in launching the third manned orbital spaceflight in history, with John Glenn, the first US orbital astronaut, making three orbits during his Friendship 7 mission. By May 16, 1963, the US launched a total of six Project Mercury astronauts, logging a cumulative 34 Earth orbits, and 51 hours in space. The first woman",
"title": "History of spaceflight"
},
{
"id": "386518",
"text": "April 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes. Gagarin's flight resonated around the world; it was a demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration: human spaceflight. The U.S. first launched a person into space within a month of \"Vostok 1\" with Alan Shepard's suborbital flight on Freedom 7. Orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenn's Friendship 7 orbited Earth on 20 February 1962. Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, orbited Earth 48 times aboard \"Vostok 6\"",
"title": "Space exploration"
},
{
"id": "8733552",
"text": "and the crews exchanged visits. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States, running from 1958 through 1963. Its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and return him safely, ideally before the Soviet Union. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the earth on February 20, 1962 aboard the Mercury-Atlas 6. Project Gemini was NASA's second manned",
"title": "History of spaceflight"
},
{
"id": "690480",
"text": "and a minimum altitude of (perigee). The flight made Glenn the first American to orbit the Earth, the third American in space, and the fifth human in space. The mission, which Glenn called \"best day of his life\", renewed U.S. confidence. His flight occurred while the U.S. and the Soviet Union were embroiled in the Cold War and competing in the Space Race. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, met President John F. Kennedy, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York reminiscent of those honoring Charles Lindbergh and other heroes. He became \"so valuable",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "265744",
"text": "5, the US launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, on a suborbital flight. Soviet Gherman Titov followed with a day-long orbital flight in August 1961. The US reached its orbital goal on February 20, 1962, when John Glenn made three orbits around the Earth. When Mercury ended in May 1963, both nations had sent six people into space, but the Soviets led the US in total time spent in space. The Mercury space capsule was produced by McDonnell Aircraft, and carried supplies of water, food and oxygen for about one day in a pressurized cabin. Mercury flights were launched from",
"title": "Project Mercury"
},
{
"id": "3560240",
"text": "\"were a big fraction of airplane flights in those early days,\" he sees space tourism playing a similar role: advancing \"space travel and rocket launches, through tourism and entertainment.\" On the other hand, there are no current plans to pursue the niche market of US military launches; Bezos has said he is unsure where Blue Origin would add any value in that market. On September 12, 2016, Blue announced that its orbital rocket would be named \"New Glenn\" in honor of the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth, John Glenn, and that the first stage will be powered by",
"title": "Blue Origin"
},
{
"id": "18829488",
"text": "Mercury astronauts carried small light-weight mementos on their missions, often in the form of US coins or banknotes. On the first sub-orbital flight (Mercury-Redstone 3), Alan Shepard carried with him four one-dollar silver certificates which were subsequently signed by him, other Mercury astronauts, and support staff becoming short snorters. John Glenn, piloting the first manned U.S. orbital spaceflight Mercury-Atlas 6 also carried several one-dollar silver certificates. Space-flown numismatic items are also known for early Gemini missions. On the first manned Gemini flight (Gemini 3), Grissom and Young brought 50 two-dollar bills. Young also made history for smuggling \"contraband\" on board",
"title": "NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions"
},
{
"id": "690477",
"text": "delays during the countdown due to equipment malfunctions and improvements and the weather. During Glenn's first orbit, a failure of the automatic-control system was detected. This forced Glenn to operate in manual mode for the second and third orbits, and for re-entry. Later in the flight, telemetry indicated that the heat shield had loosened. If this reading had been accurate, Glenn and his spacecraft would have burned up on re-entry. After a lengthy discussion on how to deal with this problem, ground controllers decided that leaving the retrorocket pack in place might help keep the loose heat shield in place.",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "2883665",
"text": "STS-95 STS-95 was a Space Shuttle mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 29 October 1998, using the orbiter \"Discovery\". It was the 25th flight of \"Discovery\" and the 92nd mission flown since the start of the Space Shuttle program in April 1981. It was a highly publicized mission due to former Project Mercury astronaut and United States Senator John H. Glenn, Jr.'s return to space for his second space flight. At age 77, Glenn became the oldest person, to date, to go into space. This mission is also noted for inaugurating ATSC HDTV broadcasting in the U.S., with",
"title": "STS-95"
},
{
"id": "690540",
"text": "the oldest human to touch the stars.\" NASA administrator Charles Bolden said: \"Senator Glenn's legacy is one of risk and accomplishment, of history created and duty to country carried out under great pressure with the whole world watching\". John Glenn Colonel John Herschel Glenn Jr. (July 18, 1921 – December 8, 2016) was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, businessman, and politician. He was the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times in 1962. Following his retirement from NASA, he served from 1974 to 1999 as a Democratic United States Senator from Ohio. Before joining",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "17429437",
"text": "May 2000. Denomination: 33¢ No of stamps in sheet: 15 The stamps: Background image: Image of currency superimposed by a graph of the rising economy. Intaglio stamp: None present. The \"Return to Space\" stamp commemorating former astronaut and then Senator John Glenn's return to space after a period of 36 years, depicted the Space Shuttle Discovery, and Glenn's Mercury Friendship 7 space craft side by side in space. Celebrate the Century Celebrate the Century is the name of a series of postage stamps made by the United States Postal Service featuring images recalling various important events in the 20th century",
"title": "Celebrate the Century"
},
{
"id": "1506488",
"text": "STS-1 STS-1 (\"Space Transportation System\"-1) was the first orbital spaceflight of NASA's Space Shuttle program. The first orbiter, \"Columbia\", launched on 12 April 1981 and returned on 14 April, 54.5 hours later, having orbited the Earth 36 times. \"Columbia\" carried a crew of two – mission commander John W. Young and pilot Robert L. Crippen. It was the first American manned space flight since the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975. STS-1 was also the only maiden test flight of a new US spacecraft to carry a crew, though it was preceded by atmospheric testing of the orbiter and ground testing",
"title": "STS-1"
},
{
"id": "18970759",
"text": "Alenia Space. The OA-7 is named the S.S. \"John Glenn\" in honor of astronaut and senator John Glenn, the first US astronaut to orbit the Earth on Mercury 6 and the oldest to go to space on STS-95. The COTS demonstration mission was successfully conducted in September 2013, and Orbital commenced operational ISS cargo missions under the Commercial Resupply Service (CRS) program with two missions in 2014. The third operational mission, Orb CRS-3, was not successful due to an Antares failure during launch. The company decided to discontinue the Antares 100 series and accelerate the introduction of a new propulsion",
"title": "Cygnus CRS OA-7"
},
{
"id": "826244",
"text": "to work on American missiles at what became the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. This work on missiles such as Juno I and Atlas enabled launch of the first US satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, John Glenn in \"Friendship 7\" on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called Saturn, which allowed the US to send the first two humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the Moon and back on Apollo 11 in July 1969. Over the same",
"title": "Spaceflight"
},
{
"id": "9866696",
"text": "Mercury missions, the first United States manned space program. On February 20, 1962 it launched \"Friendship 7\", which made three earth orbits carrying John Glenn, the first United States astronaut to orbit the Earth. Identical Atlas boosters successfully launched three more manned Mercury orbital missions from 1962 to 1963. Beginning in 1960, the Agena upper-stage, powered by hypergolic propellant, was used extensively on Atlas launch vehicles. The United States Air Force, NRO and CIA used them to launch SIGINT satellites. NASA used them in the Ranger program to obtain the first close-up images of the surface of the Moon and",
"title": "Atlas (rocket family)"
},
{
"id": "2733918",
"text": "and David Leestma (as mission specialist), were replaced by Guy Gardner and Mike Lounge respectively. 59-year-old Brand was the oldest astronaut to fly into space until Story Musgrave, 61 on STS-80 in 1996, and U.S. Senator John Glenn, 77 when he flew on STS-95 in 1998. The much-delayed ASTRO-1 had originally been manifested to fly on what would have been the next shuttle mission after \"Challenger's\" ill-fated STS-51L as STS-61E in March 1986. The mission was remanifested as STS-35 during the long stand-down after the accident with the addition of the Broad-Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT-01), and the original ASTRO-1 payload",
"title": "STS-35"
},
{
"id": "10185666",
"text": "Seven. In addition to being the first American astronauts, they set several firsts in American spaceflight, both auspicious and tragic. Alan Shepard was the first American in space and later became one of the twelve people to walk on the Moon. John Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth and after his induction went on, in 1998, to become the oldest man to fly in space, aged 77. Gus Grissom was the first American to fly in space twice and was the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 1, which resulted in the first astronaut deaths directly related to",
"title": "United States Astronaut Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "690465",
"text": "4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This damaged American confidence in its technological superiority, creating a wave of anxiety known as the Sputnik crisis. In response, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Space Race. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established on October 1, 1958, as a civilian agency to develop space technology. One of its first initiatives was announced on December 17, 1958. This was Project Mercury, which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate his capabilities in space. While Glenn was",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "690445",
"text": "John Glenn Colonel John Herschel Glenn Jr. (July 18, 1921 – December 8, 2016) was a United States Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, businessman, and politician. He was the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times in 1962. Following his retirement from NASA, he served from 1974 to 1999 as a Democratic United States Senator from Ohio. Before joining NASA, Glenn was a distinguished fighter pilot in World War II, China and Korea. He shot down three MiG-15s, and was awarded six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen Air Medals. In 1957, he made the first supersonic transcontinental",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "487769",
"text": "of which have flown in space. \"Enterprise\" was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 SCA and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was \"Columbia\", followed by \"Challenger\", \"Discovery\", \"Atlantis\", and \"Endeavour\". \"Endeavour\" was built to replace \"Challenger\" when it was lost in January 1986. \"Columbia\" broke up during reentry in February 2003. The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the \"Buran\"-class shuttle, launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This",
"title": "Spacecraft"
},
{
"id": "13658024",
"text": "also installed new debris shields and materials experiments on the exterior of the ISS. On 20 February 2012, the ISS crew commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of John Glenn's first orbital flight in the Project Mercury spacecraft \"Friendship 7\". The crew surprised the 90-year-old Glenn by speaking to him via video link while he was on-stage with NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden at Ohio State University. The European Space Agency's third Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), \"Edoardo Amaldi\", was launched on 23 March 2012, and docked successfully with the ISS on 28 March. The robotic ATV carried around of propellants, water and dry",
"title": "Expedition 30"
},
{
"id": "2883677",
"text": "his first space flight, while in orbit, Glenn was greeted again by the citizens of Perth and Rockingham in Australia. They left their private and municipal lights on while the \"Discovery\" passed overhead, just like they did during his \"Friendship 7\" flight. The crew of STS-95 was awarded the Space Foundation's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award in 1999. The award is given annually to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to public awareness of space programs. The drag chute door detached and fell from the orbiter at main engine ignition. There was some concern that the",
"title": "STS-95"
},
{
"id": "2031464",
"text": "in Arthur C. Clarke's book \"\" was named by Clarke after RRS \"Discovery\"; Clarke used to eat his lunch aboard her, as she was moored near the office where he worked in London. The Space Shuttle \"Discovery\" is named for RRS \"Discovery\". RRS Discovery RRS \"Discovery\" is a barque-rigged auxiliary steamship built for Antarctic research, and launched in 1901. She was the last traditional wooden three-masted ship to be built in the United Kingdom. Its first mission was the British National Antarctic Expedition, carrying Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton on their first, and highly successful, journey to the Antarctic,",
"title": "RRS Discovery"
},
{
"id": "2162799",
"text": "7 Elementary School, also in Boulder, was named for Carpenter's spacecraft. Scott Carpenter Middle School in Westminster, Colorado, was named in his honor, as was M. Scott Carpenter Elementary School in Old Bridge, New Jersey. The Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station was placed on the ocean floor in 1997 and 1998. It was named in honor of his SEALAB work in the 1960s. Speaking from the blockhouse at the launch of \"Friendship 7\", Carpenter, John Glenn's backup pilot, said \"Godspeed, John Glenn,\" as Glenn's vehicle rose off the launch pad to begin his first U.S. orbital mission on February 20,",
"title": "Scott Carpenter"
},
{
"id": "8733555",
"text": "board, including unprecedented solar studies. The longest manned mission of the program was Skylab 4 which lasted 84 days, from November 16, 1973 to February 8, 1974. The total mission duration was 2249 days, with Skylab finally falling from orbit over Australia on July 11, 1979. Although its pace slowed, space exploration continued after the end of the Space Race. The United States launched the first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, on the 20th anniversary of Gagarin's flight, April 12, 1981. On November 15, 1988, the Soviet Union duplicated this with an unmanned flight of the only \"Buran\"-class shuttle to",
"title": "History of spaceflight"
},
{
"id": "3272900",
"text": "Apollo 1 fire. The others all survived past retirement from service. John Glenn went on to become a U.S. senator and flew on the Shuttle 36 years later to become the oldest person to fly in space. He was the last living member of the class when he died in 2016 at the age of 95. Although NASA planned an open competition for its first astronauts, President Dwight D. Eisenhower insisted that all candidates be test pilots. Because of the small space inside the Mercury spacecraft, candidates could be no taller than 5 feet 11 inches (180 cm) and weigh",
"title": "Mercury Seven"
},
{
"id": "1515557",
"text": "primitive objects. \"Rosetta\" was the first spacecraft to fly close to Jupiter's orbit using solar cells as its main power source. \"Rosetta\" was the first spacecraft to orbit a comet nucleus, and was the first spacecraft to fly alongside a comet as it headed towards the inner Solar System. It became the first spacecraft to examine at close proximity the activity of a frozen comet as it is warmed by the Sun. Shortly after its arrival at 67P, the \"Rosetta\" orbiter dispatched the \"Philae\" lander for the first controlled touchdown on a comet nucleus. The robotic lander's instruments obtained the",
"title": "Rosetta (spacecraft)"
},
{
"id": "11239226",
"text": "SERT-1 SERT-1 (Space Electric Rocket Test) was a NASA probe used to test electrostatic ion thruster design and was built by NASA's Lewis Research Center (now NASA Glenn). SERT-1 was the first spacecraft to utilize ion engine design. It was launched on July 20, 1964 on a Scout rocket. It carried two electric propulsion engines; of the two, the first, an electron-bombardment ion engine (\"Kaufman ion thruster\") was run for a total of 31 minutes and 16 seconds. This was the first time that an ion engine of any type had been operated in space, and demonstrated that the neutralizer",
"title": "SERT-1"
},
{
"id": "12213615",
"text": "where the satellite takes advantage of the gravity and velocity of planets to reach its destination. The first successful landing on Mars was made by \"Viking 1\" in 1976. Twenty years later a rover was landed on Mars by \"Mars Pathfinder\". Outside Mars, Jupiter was first visited by \"Pioneer 10\" in 1973. More than 20 years later \"Galileo\" sent a probe into the planet's atmosphere, and became the first spacecraft to orbit the planet. \"Pioneer 11\" became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn in 1979, with \"Voyager 2\" making the first (and so far only) visits to Uranus and Neptune",
"title": "NASA"
},
{
"id": "690523",
"text": "research reason. It's got nothing to do with medicine\". In a 2012 interview, Glenn said he regretted that NASA did not continue its research on aging by sending additional elderly people into space. After STS-95 returned safely, its crew received a ticker-tape parade. On October 15, 1998, NASA Road 1 (the main route to the Johnson Space Center) was temporarily renamed John Glenn Parkway for several months. Glenn was awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal in 1998 for flying on STS-95. In 2001, Glenn opposed sending Dennis Tito, the world's first space tourist, to the International Space Station because Tito's",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "2162786",
"text": "for an additional eight months in 1957 and 1958, Carpenter was named Air Intelligence Officer for . After being chosen for Project Mercury in 1959, Carpenter, along with the other six astronauts, oversaw the development of the Mercury capsule. He served as backup pilot for John Glenn, who flew the first U.S. orbital mission aboard \"Friendship 7\" in February 1962. Carpenter, serving as capsule communicator on this flight, can be heard saying \"Godspeed, John Glenn\" on the recording of Glenn's liftoff. When Deke Slayton was withdrawn on medical grounds from Project Mercury's second manned orbital flight (which Slayton would have",
"title": "Scott Carpenter"
},
{
"id": "2820807",
"text": "by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with spacecraft components contributed by European partners from Italy, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. It was the first NASA exploratory mission to use ion propulsion, which enabled it to enter and leave the orbit of two celestial bodies. Previous multi-target missions using conventional drives, such as the \"Voyager\" program, were restricted to flybys. The first working ion thruster in US was built by Harold R. Kaufman in 1959 at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. The thruster was similar to the general design of a gridded electrostatic ion thruster with mercury as its propellant. Suborbital",
"title": "Dawn (spacecraft)"
},
{
"id": "8495530",
"text": "Flight Dynamics Officer (FIDO) in the Mercury Control Center, controlling the trajectory of the spacecraft and planning adjustments to it. His colleague Gene Kranz described him as \"the pioneer leader of trajectory operations, who turned his craft from an art practiced by a few into a pure science\". It was during these years that Lunney became the protege of flight director Chris Kraft, a relationship that would last some twenty years. Lunney worked both in the Control Center and at remote sites; during the flight of John Glenn, America's first orbital spaceflight, he was serving as the FIDO in Bermuda.",
"title": "Glynn Lunney"
},
{
"id": "3892295",
"text": "recovering him safely on April 12, 1961. The US launched its first Mercury astronaut Alan Shepard on a suborbital flight almost a month later, on May 5. The Soviets launched a second Vostok on a one-day flight on August 6, before the US finally orbited the first American, John Glenn, on February 20, 1962. The United States launched a total of two manned suborbital Mercury capsules and four manned orbital capsules, with the longest flight, Mercury-Atlas 9, making 22 orbits and lasting 32 and one-half hours. Since the Soviets had plenty of lift capability from launch vehicles derived from their",
"title": "Space capsule"
},
{
"id": "2068739",
"text": "were launched by derivatives of the Army's Redstone missile from LC-5; two such flights were made by Alan Shepard on May 5, 1961, and Gus Grissom on July 21. Orbital flights were launched by derivatives of the Air Force's larger Atlas D missile from LC-14. The first American in orbit was John Glenn on February 20, 1962. Three more orbital flights followed through May 1963. Flight control for all Mercury missions was provided at the Mercury Control Center located at Canaveral near LC-14. On November 29, 1963, following the death of President John F. Kennedy, his successor Lyndon B. Johnson",
"title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station"
},
{
"id": "10231833",
"text": "suit. All six original Mercury astronauts went to Akron to be fitted by Colley for their suits, which were two-ply silver nylon coated with neoprene. After Shepard's flight aboard \"Freedom 7\", the Akron press dubbed Colley \"First Tailor of the Space Age\" and Goodrich saluted him as \"Father of the Spacesuit\". Colley also designed special gloves worn by John Glenn, when he became the first American to orbit space in 1962. Glenn wanted the fingertips to light up so he could see his instrument panel, since lighting in the spaceship was sacrificed to keep the weight down. Colley received NASA's",
"title": "Russell Colley"
},
{
"id": "9177",
"text": "youngest person to fly in space is Gherman Titov, who was 25 years old when he flew Vostok 2. (Titov was also the first person to suffer space sickness). The oldest person who has flown in space is John Glenn, who was 77 when he flew on STS-95. 438 days is the longest time spent in space, by Russian Valeri Polyakov. As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both Jerry L. Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz. The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was , when Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert,",
"title": "Astronaut"
},
{
"id": "690447",
"text": "of the Mercury Seven. Glenn resigned from NASA in January 1964. He planned to run for a U.S. Senate seat from Ohio, but an injury in February 1964 forced his withdrawal. He retired from the Marine Corps the following year. He lost a close primary election in 1970. A member of the Democratic Party, Glenn first won election to the Senate in 1974 and served for 24 years until January 1999. In 1998, while still a sitting Senator, Glenn flew on the \"Discovery\" space shuttle's STS-95 mission, and became the oldest person to fly in space and the only person",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "2960214",
"text": "being to leave Earth's atmosphere and enter space. The United States gained some ground a month later, on May 15, 1961, when they sent Alan Shepard on a fifteen-minute flight outside of Earth's atmosphere during the Freedom 7 project. On February 20, 1962, America made further progress as John Glenn became the first American to orbit around all of Earth in one of their Mercury programs, Friendship 7. In 1960 and 1961, Khrushchev tried to impose the concept of nuclear deterrence on the military. Nuclear deterrence holds that the reason for having nuclear weapons is to discourage their use by",
"title": "Cold War (1953–1962)"
},
{
"id": "15151177",
"text": "Administration during the Apollo moon missions of the 1960s. The Trochelmann’s alleged that the rock had been brought from the moon by Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean and given to John Glenn. They claimed Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth and later a U.S. senator, had given the rock to their father in recognition of his supposed invention.\" …\" The brothers had negotiated a consignment agreement with Phillips Son & Neale, a Manhattan auction house, to sell the rock in December 1995. However, before the auction took place, the rock was confiscated by FBI agents in December 1995 prior",
"title": "Stolen and missing Moon rocks"
},
{
"id": "5187277",
"text": "an equipment failure. In early US space flights, the kit was optimised for survival at sea; the one provided for John Glenn on the first American space flight in Friendship 7 contained \"a life raft, pocket knife, signaling mirror, shark repellent, seawater desalting tablets, sunscreen, soap, first aid kit, and other items\". A survival kit was provided for the Apollo program which was \"...designed to provide a 48-hour postlanding (water or land) survival capability for three crewmen between 40 degrees North and South latitudes\". It contained \"a survival radio, a survival light assembly, desalter kits, a machete, sunglasses, water cans,",
"title": "Survival kit"
},
{
"id": "19728269",
"text": "Glenn is being funded by Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon.com, and the US Air Force. New Glenn will receive $500 million in funding under the EELV program. By September 2017, Bezos had invested into \"New Glenn\". As of 2018, Blue was aggressively hiring new talent, including 60 engineers who worked previously at SpaceX, to focus principally on New Glenn development. New Glenn The New Glenn (named for John Glenn) is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin. Design work on the vehicle began in 2012. The vehicle itself, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in",
"title": "New Glenn"
},
{
"id": "8362697",
"text": "nutrition.\" One of John Glenn's many tasks, as the first American to orbit Earth in 1962, was to experiment with eating in weightless conditions. Some experts had been concerned that weightlessness would impair swallowing. Glenn experienced no difficulties and it was determined that microgravity did not affect the natural swallowing process, which is enabled by the peristalsis of the esophagus. Astronauts in later Mercury missions (1959–1963) disliked the food that was provided. They ate bite-sized cubes, freeze-dried powders, and tubes of semiliquids. The astronauts found it unappetizing, experienced difficulties in rehydrating the freeze-dried foods, and did not like having to",
"title": "Space food"
},
{
"id": "1506492",
"text": "dangerous and, as a consequence, John Young overruled the proposal, and STS-1 went ahead as the first orbital mission. The NASA managers were swayed by Young questioning the need for the test, and the weight of his opinion was strong especially as someone who not only had been to the moon twice, but had walked on it. He would fly the Shuttle again on the STS-9 mission, a ten-day flight in 1983. The first launch of the Space Shuttle occurred on 12 April 1981, exactly 20 years after the first manned space flight, when the orbiter \"Columbia\", with two crew",
"title": "STS-1"
},
{
"id": "10560139",
"text": "Science Theater 3000\". A rocket-ship carrying astronaut John Corcoran (Michael Emmet) launches and orbits the Earth, marking the United States' first manned space launch. Shortly after taking off, the ship is struck by an unknown object, forcing Corcoran to abort the mission and land. However, the equipment cannot handle the fast descent back into the atmosphere and the ship crash lands in the woods, killing Corcoran. Dave Randall (Ed Nelson) and Donna Bixby (Georgianna Carter), two technicians from a nearby space agency tracking station, locate the crashed ship and recover Corcoran's body. They are baffled, however, by what appears to",
"title": "Night of the Blood Beast"
},
{
"id": "9172",
"text": "Vostok 6 and orbited Earth for almost three days. Alan Shepard became the first American and second person in space on May 5, 1961, on a 15-minute sub-orbital flight. The first American to orbit the Earth was John Glenn, aboard Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. The first American woman in space was Sally Ride, during Space Shuttle Challenger's mission STS-7, on June 18, 1983. In 1992 Mae Jemison became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard STS-47. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the first person to conduct an extravehicular activity (EVA), (commonly called a \"spacewalk\"), on March",
"title": "Astronaut"
},
{
"id": "5986881",
"text": "first modern SETI experiment, named \"Project Ozma\", after the Queen of Oz in L. Frank Baum's fantasy books. Russia takes the lead in the space race as Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to orbit Earth in April. NASA astronaut Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space a month later, but does not go into orbit, although he is the first person to land with himself still inside his spacecraft thus technically achieving the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions. John Glenn achieves orbit in early 1962. Mariner 2 becomes the first probe to reach another planet, flying",
"title": "Timeline of astronomy"
},
{
"id": "690531",
"text": "offer, and that Zwicharowski's actions were improper. No administrative action was taken as he had retired. President Barack Obama said that John Glenn, \"the first American to orbit the Earth, reminded us that with courage and a spirit of discovery there's no limit to the heights we can reach together\". Tributes were also paid by President-elect Donald Trump, and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. The phrase \"Godspeed, John Glenn\", which fellow Mercury astronaut Scott Carpenter used to hail Glenn's launch into space, became his social-media hashtag: #GodspeedJohnGlenn. Former and current astronauts added tributes; so did NASA Administrator and former",
"title": "John Glenn"
},
{
"id": "265776",
"text": "on the Moon. Gus Grissom, who became the second American in space, also participated in the Gemini and Apollo programs, but died in January 1967 during a pre-launch test for Apollo 1. Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth in February 1962, then quit NASA and went into politics, serving as a US Senator from 1974 to 1999, and returned to space in 1998 as a Payload Specialist aboard STS-95. Deke Slayton was grounded in 1962, but remained with NASA and was appointed Chief Astronaut at the beginning of Project Gemini. He remained in the position of senior",
"title": "Project Mercury"
},
{
"id": "8112864",
"text": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 Launch Complex 14 (LC-14) is a launch site at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. LC-14 was used for various manned and unmanned Atlas launches, including the \"Friendship 7\" flight aboard which John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. LC-14 was the first Atlas pad in operation and hosted the initial test flights in 1957–58. It was also the only one of the original four Atlas pads to never have a booster explode on it. By 1959, it was decided to convert the pad for the Atlas D",
"title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14"
},
{
"id": "13991091",
"text": "command module launch operations. In 1970, O’Malley became vice president and general manager of launch operations for North American Rockwell, where he was responsible for Rockwell's work on Skylab and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project. He subsequently worked on the Space Shuttle program, leading up to its first launch in April 1981, a few months before his retirement. O'Malley died of pneumonia in a Cocoa Beach, Florida hospital on November 6, 2009 at the age of 94. The tape recording of O'Malley and Scott Carpenter from the John Glenn launch was used on \"My Star\", a track by British rock singer",
"title": "T. J. O'Malley"
},
{
"id": "19728253",
"text": "New Glenn The New Glenn (named for John Glenn) is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin. Design work on the vehicle began in 2012. The vehicle itself, and the high-level specifications, were initially publicly unveiled in September 2016. \"New Glenn\" is described as a , two- or three-stage rocket. Its first stage will be powered by seven BE-4 engines that are also being designed and manufactured by Blue Origin. Like the \"New Shepard\" suborbital launch vehicle that preceded it, the \"New Glenn\" first stage is designed to be reusable. Blue Origin aims to launch New Glenn",
"title": "New Glenn"
},
{
"id": "12746480",
"text": "made significant contributions to the manned U.S. space program, Hurley mentioned several names such as Alan Shepard, the first American to fly in space; John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth; Neil Armstrong and Eugene Cernan, the first and last humans to set foot on the moon; John Young and Robert Crippen, the first pilots of the Space Shuttle; and Ferguson and Hurley, the commander and the pilot of the current (last) shuttle flight. Just before the crew prepared to go for sleep, CAPCOM Megan McArthur notified them that the flight controllers thought that the GPC-4 failure was",
"title": "STS-135"
},
{
"id": "712942",
"text": "of watches was tested for durability and precision under extreme temperature changes and vibrations. The Omega Speedmaster Professional was selected by NASA, the U.S space agency and it is mostly known thanks to astronaut Buzz Aldrin who wore it during the moon landing, 1969. Heuer became the first Swiss watch in space thanks to a Heuer Stopwatch, worn by John Glenn in 1962 when he piloted the Friendship 7 on the first manned U.S. orbital mission. The Breitling Navitimer Cosmonaute was designed with a 24-hour analog dial to avoid confusion between AM and PM, which are meaningless in space. It",
"title": "Watch"
},
{
"id": "859163",
"text": "Luna 1 Luna 1, also known as Mechta ( , \"lit.\": \"Dream\"), E-1 No.4 and \"First Lunar Rover \", was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Earth's Moon, and the first spacecraft to be placed in heliocentric orbit. Intended as an impactor, \"Luna 1\" was launched as part of the Soviet Luna programme in 1959, however due to an incorrectly timed upper stage burn during its launch, it missed the Moon, in the process becoming the first spacecraft to leave geocentric orbit. While traveling through the outer Van Allen radiation belt, the spacecraft's scintillator made observations indicating",
"title": "Luna 1"
},
{
"id": "2447411",
"text": "which allows them to survive the desiccation of the temporary pools in which they live. Astronaut John Glenn took Sea-Monkeys into space on October 29, 1998, aboard Space Shuttle \"Discovery\" during mission STS-95. After nine days in space, they were returned to Earth, and hatched eight weeks later apparently unaffected by their travels. However, earlier experiments on \"Apollo 16\" and \"Apollo 17\", where the eggs (along with other biological systems in a state of rest, such as spores, seeds and cysts) traveled to the Moon and back and were exposed to significant cosmic rays, observed a high sensitivity to cosmic",
"title": "Sea-Monkeys"
},
{
"id": "2241730",
"text": "by the Soviets. The mission proved to be the only one for Salyut 3 as Soyuz 15 failed to dock with the station in August and the station was de-orbited January 1975. With the American Skylab missions now complete, the flight marked the start of the monopoly of manned space activities by the Soviets until the 1981 launch of STS 1, the first space shuttle flight, save for the joint Apollo-Soyuz flight of 1975. With the Salyut 3 space station successfully launched on 24 June 1974, Soyuz 14 was sent into orbit nine days later, on 3 July. The craft",
"title": "Soyuz 14"
},
{
"id": "3723828",
"text": "flight director during all six of the manned Mercury missions. Only during the final flight—Mercury-Atlas 9, which lasted for over a day—did he share responsibility with his deputy John Hodge. Mercury-Atlas 6, the flight of John Glenn, proved to be a testing experience both for Mission Control and for Kraft. One book on the history of the Apollo program calls it \"the single event that decisively shaped Flight Operations.\" The mission, the first orbital flight by an American, unfolded normally until Glenn began his second orbit. At that point Kraft's systems controller, Don Arabian, reported that telemetry was showing a",
"title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr."
},
{
"id": "290703",
"text": "him terribly.\" NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said, \"As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own\". A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13 at Washington National Cathedral, whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained-glass panels. In attendance were Armstrong's Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins and Aldrin; Gene Cernan, the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon; and former senator and astronaut John Glenn, the first",
"title": "Neil Armstrong"
},
{
"id": "1687498",
"text": "zone. Retrofire calculations had not taken into account spacecraft weight loss due to use of onboard consumables. , a destroyer code-named \"Steelhead\", had spotted the spacecraft when it was descending on its parachute. The destroyer was about away when it radioed Glenn that it would reach him shortly. \"Noa\" came alongside \"Friendship 7\" seventeen minutes later. One crewman cleared the spacecraft antenna and another crewman attached a line to hoist \"Friendship 7\" aboard. After being pulled from the water the spacecraft bumped against the side of the destroyer. Once \"Friendship 7\" was on deck, Glenn intended to leave the capsule",
"title": "Mercury-Atlas 6"
},
{
"id": "378240",
"text": "and \"Atlantis\" were used in its assembly. NASA chose, on cost grounds, to build \"Endeavour\" from spares rather than refitting \"Enterprise\" or The orbiter is named after the British HMS \"Endeavour\", the ship which took Captain James Cook on his first voyage of discovery (1768–1771). This is why the name is spelled in the British English manner, rather than the American English (\"Endeavor\"). This has caused confusion, including when NASA itself misspelled a sign on the launch pad in 2007. The Space Shuttle carried a piece of the original wood from Cook's ship inside the cockpit. The name also honored",
"title": "Space Shuttle Endeavour"
},
{
"id": "386517",
"text": "meteoroid. \"Sputnik 1\" was launched by an R-7 rocket. It burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958. The second one was \"Sputnik 2\". Launched by the USSR on November 3, 1957, it carried the dog Laika, who became the first animal in orbit. This success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch a Vanguard satellite into orbit two months later. On 31 January 1958, the U.S. successfully orbited \"Explorer 1\" on a Juno rocket. The first successful human spaceflight was \"Vostok 1\" (\"East 1\"), carrying 27-year-old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12",
"title": "Space exploration"
},
{
"id": "1065086",
"text": "Politicians such as Senator Lyndon B. Johnson and military leaders demand that NASA help America defeat the Russians in the new Space Race. The search for the first Americans in space excludes Yeager because he lacks a college degree. Grueling physical and mental tests select the Mercury Seven astronauts, including John Glenn of the United States Marine Corps, Alan Shepard, Wally Schirra and Scott Carpenter of the United States Navy, as well as Cooper, Grissom and Slayton; they immediately become national heroes. Although many early NASA rockets explode during launch, the ambitious astronauts all hope to be the first in",
"title": "The Right Stuff (film)"
},
{
"id": "199488",
"text": "for the whole of Expedition 1. Shepherd had been advocating the use of a new name to project managers for some time. Referencing a naval tradition in a pre-launch news conference he had said: \"For thousands of years, humans have been going to sea in ships. People have designed and built these vessels, launched them with a good feeling that a name will bring good fortune to the crew and success to their voyage.\" Yuri Semenov, the President of Russian Space Corporation Energia at the time, disapproved of the name \"\"Alpha\"\"; he felt that \"Mir\" was the first space station,",
"title": "International Space Station"
},
{
"id": "14134935",
"text": "Katherine Johnson Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson (born August 26, 1918) is an African-American mathematician whose calculations of orbital mechanics as a NASA employee were critical to the success of the first and subsequent U.S. manned spaceflights. During her 35-year career at NASA and its predecessor, she earned a reputation for mastering complex manual calculations and helped the space agency pioneer the use of computers to perform the tasks. Johnson's work included calculating trajectories, launch windows and emergency return paths for Project Mercury spaceflights, including those of astronauts Alan Shepard, the first American in space, and John Glenn, the first American",
"title": "Katherine Johnson"
},
{
"id": "12347791",
"text": "coast of Africa at 5N 10W for Mercury Atlas 6, the mission in which John Glenn became the first American to orbit earth. For the Gemini Program, it served as a primary tracking station (call sign RKV) off the coast of Peru. \"Rose Knot\" operated in the intercontinental ballistic missile re-entry area near Ascension Island, and was home-ported out of Recife, Brazil. \"Rose Knot\" was acquired from the U.S. Air Force by the U.S. Navy in 1964. Operational data while on U.S. Navy service on this vessel is lacking at DANFS. \"Rose Knot\" was struck from the Navy List 9",
"title": "USNS Rose Knot (T-AGM-14)"
},
{
"id": "1687350",
"text": "missions from orbit, though the capsule did not have enough energy to remain in orbit. After re-entry, the capsule landed by parachute on the North Atlantic Ocean off the Bahamas. Shepard and the capsule were picked up by helicopter and brought to U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS \"Lake Champlain\"\". The mission was a technical success, though American pride in the accomplishment was dampened by the fact that just three weeks before, the Soviet Union had launched the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, who completed one orbit on Vostok 1. In 2017 the first National Astronaut Day was held on",
"title": "Mercury-Redstone 3"
},
{
"id": "859129",
"text": "Pioneer 0 Pioneer 0 (also known as Thor-Able 1) was a failed United States space probe that was designed to go into orbit around the Moon, carrying a television camera, a micrometeorite detector and a magnetometer, as part of the first International Geophysical Year (IGY) science payload. It was designed by the United States Air Force (USAF) as the first satellite in the Pioneer program and was one of the first attempted launches beyond Earth orbit by any country, but the rocket failed shortly after launch. The probe was intended to be called Pioneer (or Pioneer 1), but the launch",
"title": "Pioneer 0"
},
{
"id": "3605934",
"text": "stopwatches and timing equipment, based on the volume of its sales, so it was only natural that racers, their crews and event sponsors began to wear Heuer chronographs. Special versions of Heuer chronographs were produced with logos of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, as well as the names or logos of racing teams or sponsors (for example, Shelby Cobra, MG and Champion Sparkplugs). In 1962, Heuer became the first Swiss watchmaker in space. John Glenn wore a Heuer stopwatch when he piloted the Mercury Atlas 6 spacecraft on the first US manned space flight to orbit the earth. This stopwatch was",
"title": "TAG Heuer"
},
{
"id": "6451785",
"text": "USS \"Stormes\" (DD-780) in the late afternoon and Enos was immediately taken below deck by his Air Force handlers. The \"Stormes\" arrived in Bermuda the next day. Enos's flight was a full dress rehearsal for the next Mercury launch on February 20, 1962, which would make John Glenn the first American to orbit Earth, after astronauts Alan Shepard, Jr. and Gus Grissom's successful suborbital space flights. On November 4, 1962, Enos died of shigellosis-related dysentery, which was resistant to then-known antibiotics. He was constantly observed for two months before his death. Pathologists reported no symptoms that could be attributed or",
"title": "Enos (chimpanzee)"
},
{
"id": "8112871",
"text": "beginning of the concrete ramp that leads to LC-14's launch pad and two outdoor kiosks were erected to contain historical photos. Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14 Launch Complex 14 (LC-14) is a launch site at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. LC-14 was used for various manned and unmanned Atlas launches, including the \"Friendship 7\" flight aboard which John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. LC-14 was the first Atlas pad in operation and hosted the initial test flights in 1957–58. It was also the only one of the original four Atlas pads",
"title": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14"
},
{
"id": "14432758",
"text": "snorter consisting of 83 pieces of currency signed by more than 1,000 dignitaries including Irving Berlin, Ernest Hemingway, and George S. Patton. This short snorter was sold at auction for $5,200 on November 7, 2017. Numismatic souvenirs have accompanied astronauts on early spaceflights. Mercury astronauts carried small light-weight mementos on their missions, often in the form of US coins or banknotes. On the first sub-orbital flight (Mercury-Redstone 3), Alan Shepard carried with him four one-dollar silver certificates which were subsequently signed by him, other Mercury astronauts, and support staff. John Glenn, piloting the first manned U.S. orbital spaceflight Mercury-Atlas 6,",
"title": "Short snorter"
},
{
"id": "5994865",
"text": "station launch from Kazakhstan, John Glenn’s return to space (with broadcast journalist Walter Cronkite), landings on Mars, the winning of the Ansari X-Prize, and the tragic loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia and its crew, a story he told to the world in a 16-hour marathon of live coverage. After years of negotiations, NASA had signed an agreement with CNN that, if not for the disaster, would have made O’Brien the first journalist to fly on a space shuttle. O’Brien followed the investigation and successful return to flight. In 2000, O’Brien produced, shot and wrote a one-hour documentary on the",
"title": "Miles O'Brien (journalist)"
},
{
"id": "9066499",
"text": "miles WNW of San Juan. On 20 February, at precisely 14:40, five hours and 53 minutes after launch, \"Friendship 7\" reentered the atmosphere with a loud sonic boom that was clearly audible in \"Noa\". She sighted and recovered Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., USMC, Project Mercury astronaut, after he had completed three orbits of the Earth and splashed down three miles from the destroyer. Enthusiastic crewmen used white paint to draw circles around Glenn's footsteps when he stepped onto the ship's deck. Col. Glenn remained aboard \"Noa\" for three hours before a helicopter transferred him to the , the",
"title": "USS Noa (DD-841)"
},
{
"id": "5820084",
"text": "boat was taking on water, and they put into a small cove on the island of Samar. While scouting the adjacent jungle, Noa was attacked and stabbed five times by Filipino insurgents, three times in the abdomen, one in the chest, and one in his left shoulder. He was then given a blow to the head. He died after fifteen minutes, before aid could reach him. He was buried in the Chattanooga National Cemetery. USS \"Noa\" (DD-343) and USS \"Noa\" (DD-841) were named for him; DD-841 was the ship that recovered John Glenn's Friendship 7 after his historic orbital flight",
"title": "Loveman Noa"
},
{
"id": "14564021",
"text": "million. Project Mercury was the first human spaceflight program of the United States. It ran from 1959 through 1963 with the goal of putting a human in orbit around the Earth. The Mercury-Atlas 6 flight on February 20, 1962, was the first Mercury flight to achieve this goal. The Post Office Department honored this first orbital flight of a United States astronaut on February 20, 1962, when it released the Project Mercury commemorative stamp, placed on sale throughout the country at the exact hour Colonel John Glenn's historic flight officially had returned to Earth safely. The stamp features an image",
"title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps"
},
{
"id": "16458606",
"text": "Glenn. In the United States, John Glenn is held in high honors. Being the first American to orbit the Earth was seen as a great American accomplishment. It was an important step to catching up with the Soviet Union during the Space Race. John Glenn in addition to becoming a successful astronaut also became a successful politician. He successfully ran for the United States Senate. Later on, NASA honored his flight into space by launching a very detailed website that takes the viewer through John Glenn's Mission of Freedom 7. The United States Post Office issued a commemorative stamp. There",
"title": "Space propaganda"
},
{
"id": "9066016",
"text": "more than a decade the destroyer continued her already established peacetime operation pattern. Highlights of this exacting duty included participation as a recovery station ship in the 1961 and 1962 Project Mercury flights, and in the search for the lost nuclear powered submarine . In August 1961 \"Glennon\" was called away suddenly to join the task force for the Project Mercury space shot carrying Major Gus Grissom. In early 1962 she was again chosen to man an Atlantic recovery station for the historic three-orbit flight of Major John Glenn. An extensive overhaul at Boston terminated on 24 July 1963, and",
"title": "USS Glennon (DD-840)"
},
{
"id": "17054170",
"text": "and three step-children at the time of death. D. Brainerd Holmes Dyer Brainerd Holmes (May 24, 1921 – January 11, 2013), known professionally as D. Brainerd Holmes, was an American engineer and business executive. He was perhaps best known for directing NASA's manned spaceflight program from September 1961 to June 1963, when John Glenn made the pivotal first US orbital spaceflight, but Holmes was also the president of international defense contractor Raytheon. He retired from that post in 1986. Holmes studied engineering at Cornell University, receiving a degree in electrical engineering. He first worked for Bell Labs and Western Electric,",
"title": "D. Brainerd Holmes"
},
{
"id": "19728260",
"text": "in the initial 2016 announcement, and the second stage will now be powered by two upper stage versions of the BE-3 tap-off cycle liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen rocket engine. Blue explained in the 12 September 2016 announcement that the rocket would be named \"New Glenn\" in honor of the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth, John Glenn. Three weeks of wind tunnel testing of a scale model \"New Glenn\" were completed in September 2016 in order to validate the CFD design models of transonic and supersonic flight. In March 2017, Jeff Bezos showed graphics of the New Glenn which had",
"title": "New Glenn"
},
{
"id": "2901140",
"text": "Skylab 3 is currently on display at the visitor's center of the NASA Glenn Research Center at the Great Lakes Science Center in Cleveland, Ohio. The module used to be at Glenn visitor center, and was moved to the Great Lakes Science Center in June 2010. It took a year to plan and 120,000 USD to move the capsule. Skylab 3 Skylab 3 (also SL-3 and SLM-2) was the second manned mission to the first American space station, Skylab. The mission began July 28, 1973, with the launch of three astronauts on the Saturn IB rocket, and lasted 59 days,",
"title": "Skylab 3"
},
{
"id": "690520",
"text": "director Dan Goldin for the mission. Goldin said he would consider it if there was a scientific reason, and if Glenn could pass the same physical examination the younger astronauts took. Glenn performed research on the subject, and passed the physical examination. On January 16, 1998, NASA Administrator Dan Goldin announced that Glenn would be part of the STS-95 crew; this made him, at age 77, the oldest person to fly in space. NASA and the National Institute of Aging (NIA) planned to use Glenn as a test subject for research, with biometrics taken before, during and after his flight.",
"title": "John Glenn"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: John Glenn context: was not popular with the other astronauts. Glenn was the backup pilot for Shepard and Grissom on the first two manned Project Mercury flights, the sub-orbital missions Mercury-Redstone 3 and Mercury-Redstone 4. Glenn was selected for Mercury-Atlas 6, NASA's first manned orbital flight, with Carpenter as his backup. Putting a man in orbit would achieve one of Project Mercury's most important goals. Shepard and Grissom had named their spacecraft \"Freedom 7\" and \"Liberty Bell 7\". The numeral 7 had originally been the production number of Shepard's spacecraft, but had come to represent the Mercury 7. Glenn named his spacecraft, number\n\nWhat was John Glenn/'s first spacecraft called?",
"compressed_tokens": 194,
"origin_tokens": 194,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: John Glenn context:ays during the countdown due to equipment malfunctions and improvements and the weather. During Glenn's first orbit, a failure of the automatic-control system was detected. This forced Glenn to operate in manual mode for the second and third orbits, and for re-entry. Later in the flight, telemetry indicated that the heat shield had loosened. If this reading had been accurate, Glenn and his spacecraft would have burned up on re-entry. After a lengthy discussion on how to deal with this problem, ground controllers decided that leaving the retrorocket pack in place might help keep the loose heat shield in place.\n\ntitle: John Gl context:4, 1957, the Soviet Union Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. Thisaged American confidence in its technological superiority creating a wave anx known as Sputnik crisis. In response, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Space. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA was established October 1, 1958, as civilian ag to develop space technology. One of its first initiatives was announced on December 17, 1958. was Project Mercury, which aimed to launch a man into orbit, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate capabilities in space. While Glenn was\n\ntitle:ley context: T. J. O'Malley'Malley (October 5, 11 November6, 209), better known as T. J. O'Malley, was IrishAmerican aerospace engineer, as test conductor Convair division of General Dynamics was responsible pushing the February 20, 196 launching the MercuryAtlas6 flight astr John, the first American orbit Five later, NASA asked North American Aire him director of to help get Apollo back after Apollo 1 command module launch pad astronaut\n\n: Gl:in the mission. said he would it reason, the physical exam the subject, exam., NASAator the; person to fly in space. NASA and the National Institute of Aging (NIA) planned to use Glenn as a test subject for research, with biometrics taken before, during and after his flight.\n\nWhat was John Glenn/'s first spacecraft called?",
"compressed_tokens": 472,
"origin_tokens": 14473,
"ratio": "30.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
102 | Which branch of medicine is concerned with disorders of the blood? | [
"Automated hematology",
"Haematological",
"Haematology",
"Bone Marrow Disease",
"Haematologist",
"Heamatology",
"Blood disorder",
"Blood disease",
"Hemotoligists",
"Hematology",
"Hematologic",
"Blood disorders",
"Heamatologic diseases",
"Hematologic agents",
"Blood Disease",
"Pediatric hematologist",
"Hematologist",
"Hematologists",
"Cytohematology"
] | Haematology | [
{
"id": "733910",
"text": "and treat blood disorders. When applying for this career, most job openings look for first-hand practical experience in a recognized training program that provides practice in the following: Cause of abnormalities in formation of blood and other disorders, diagnosis of numerous blood related conditions or cancers using experimentation, and the proper care and treatment of patients in the best manner. Hematology Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such",
"title": "Hematology"
},
{
"id": "5024866",
"text": "diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. There also is a growing trend for medical lab scientists to perform wellness laboratory testing aimed at preventing disease. Degrees Awarded: General B.Sc.: 4 years Honor B.Sc.: 5 years M.S.c: By courses M.Sc.: By research PhD: By research Departments of the Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences: 2.1- Department of Microbiology: It is one of the biggest departments in FMLS, it includes the following disciplines: Medical Bacteriology, Medical Virology, Medical Mycology, Immunology. 2.2- Departments of Haematology and Immunohematology: Deals with all aspects related to blood, its components and related diseases such as anaemia, cancer, and",
"title": "University of Khartoum"
},
{
"id": "733907",
"text": "Hematology Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might include hemophilia, blood clots, other bleeding disorders and blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The laboratory work that goes into the study of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist. Many hematologists",
"title": "Hematology"
},
{
"id": "67258",
"text": "Congenital heart defects are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths. In 2013 they resulted in 323,000 deaths down from 366,000 deaths in 1990. Diagnostic tests in cardiology are the methods of identifying heart conditions associated with healthy vs. unhealthy, pathologic heart function. The starting point is obtaining a medical history, followed by Auscultation. Then blood tests, electrophysiological procedures, and cardiac imaging can be ordered for further analysis. Electrophysiological procedures include electrocardiogram, cardiac monitoring, cardiac stress testing, and the electrophysiology study. Cardiology Cardiology (from Greek \"kardiā\", \"heart\" and \"-logia\", \"study\") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the",
"title": "Cardiology"
},
{
"id": "14874348",
"text": "Haematologica Haematologica (Pavia, Italy) is a monthly, open access, peer reviewed, scientific journal, published by the \"Ferrata Storti Foundation\". The Editor in Chief is Jan Cools (Leuven, Belgium). The focus of \"Haematologica\" is all topics related to experimental and clinical hematology, which results in a multidisciplinary scope. The National Library of Medicine ID number (NLM ID) is 0417435. \"Hematology\" is the study of blood. According to the Wikipedia article, the study of \"Hematology\" encompasses internal medicine, physiology, pathology, clinical laboratory work and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. \" Blood diseases",
"title": "Haematologica"
},
{
"id": "10898645",
"text": "reduced demand for the natural derivative. The roots of \"Rubia cordifolia\" are also the source of a medicine used in Ayurveda; this is commonly known in Ayurvedic Sanskrit as Manjistha (or Manjista or Manjishta) and the commercial product in Hindi as Manjith. It is known as btsod () in Traditional Tibetan Medicine where it is used to treat blood disorders; spread heat (), excess heat in the lungs, kidneys, and intestines; reduce swelling; and is a component of the three reds (), a subcompound included in many Tibetan preparations in order to remove excess heat in the blood. In Traditional",
"title": "Rubia cordifolia"
},
{
"id": "67213",
"text": "Cardiology Cardiology (from Greek \"kardiā\", \"heart\" and \"-logia\", \"study\") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery. Although the cardiovascular system is inextricably linked to blood,",
"title": "Cardiology"
},
{
"id": "1289848",
"text": "the mechanisms of various diseases in another work he wrote, \"Treatise on Pulse\": \"The Canon\" defines a humour as \"that fluid, moist 'body' into which our aliment is transformed\", and lists the four primary types of fluids as sanguineous, serous, bilious, and atrabilious. The secondary fluids are separated into \"non-excrementitious\" and \"excrementitious\". Avicenna calls this humour \"the most excellent of all\" the humours. This section describes blood and compares its healthy states with its unhealthy states. Avicenna describes healthy blood as \"red in colour, has no unpleasant odour, and has a very sweet taste.\" Abnormality of the blood stems from",
"title": "The Canon of Medicine"
},
{
"id": "5710308",
"text": "Angiology Angiology (from Greek , \"angeīon\", \"vessel\"; and , \"-logia\") is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system, i.e., arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels, and its diseases. In the UK, this field is more often termed \"angiology\", and in the United States the term vascular medicine is more frequent. The field of vascular medicine (angiology) is the field that deals with preventing, diagnosing and treating vascular and blood vessel related diseases. Arterial diseases include the aorta (aneurysms/dissection) and arteries supplying the legs, hands, kidneys, brain, intestines. It also covers arterial thrombosis",
"title": "Angiology"
},
{
"id": "17635617",
"text": "Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School in 1973, and a master's degree (privatum) from Yale University and his bachelor's from Princeton University. His medical school thesis, which was done at Boston Children's Hospital, won the Soma Weiss and Leon Resnick Awards for Research. He completed training at the National Institutes of Health, Yale University School of Medicine and Brigham and Women's Hospital, in Boston, Mass. He is board certified in both hematology and internal medicine and remains clinically active. He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians and is known for his work on blood disorders. Prior",
"title": "Edward J. Benz Jr."
},
{
"id": "11337645",
"text": "development of hematology as a discipline. For more than five decades, ASH has sponsored its annual meeting. Today, ASH has more than 14,000 members, many of whom have made major advancements in understanding and treating blood diseases. The American Society of Hematology is dedicated to furthering the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders affecting the blood, bone marrow, and the immunologic, hemostatic, and vascular systems, by promoting research, clinical care, education, training, and advocacy in hematology. A hematologist is a physician or researcher who specializes in blood diseases. Hematologists work to understand, diagnose, and treat various blood diseases, including",
"title": "American Society of Hematology"
},
{
"id": "5710311",
"text": "Board of Vascular Medicine. Angiology Angiology (from Greek , \"angeīon\", \"vessel\"; and , \"-logia\") is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system, i.e., arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels, and its diseases. In the UK, this field is more often termed \"angiology\", and in the United States the term vascular medicine is more frequent. The field of vascular medicine (angiology) is the field that deals with preventing, diagnosing and treating vascular and blood vessel related diseases. Arterial diseases include the aorta (aneurysms/dissection) and arteries supplying the legs, hands, kidneys, brain, intestines. It",
"title": "Angiology"
},
{
"id": "13054007",
"text": "Cuthbert Dukes Cuthbert Esquire Dukes OBE (1890–1977) was an English physician and pathologist and author, for whom the Dukes classification for colorectal cancer is named. Born in Bridgwater, Somerset, Dukes was educated at Caterham School and graduated with an M.D. thesis entitled \"Effect of severe haemorrhage and shock on the condition of the blood\" from the University of Edinburgh in 1914. His field of choice was pathology and he would make many great contributions to the world of medicine over the course of his career. He served in the Royal Army Medical Corps that was attached to the Rifle Brigade",
"title": "Cuthbert Dukes"
},
{
"id": "6758184",
"text": "ICD-10 Chapter III: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries. Produced by the World Health Organization, it is used in several countries around the world. Some have gone on to develop their own national enhancements, building off the international version of the classification. Chapter III of ICD-10 deals with diseases of the blood, for example anaemia, blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism. Of note; blood cancers, such as leukaemia, are covered in . Also blood infections is",
"title": "ICD-10 Chapter III: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism"
},
{
"id": "817079",
"text": "Dermatology Dermatology (from ancient Greek δέρμα, \"derma\" which means skin and λογία, \"logia\") is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin, nails, hair and its diseases. It is a specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist is a doctor that treats diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails. Attested in English in 1819, the word \"dermatology\" derives from the Greek δέρματος (\"dermatos\"), genitive of δέρμα (\"derma\"), \"skin\" (itself from δέρω \"dero\", \"to flay\") and -λογία \"-logia\". Readily visible alterations of the skin surface have been recognized since the",
"title": "Dermatology"
},
{
"id": "1673801",
"text": "implanted device, suffer from epilepsy or heart condition or are pregnant. There are several forms of nerve stimulation, including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), pulsed electrical stimulation (PES), neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES), interferential current (IFC) and Noninvasive Interactive Neurostimulation (NIN). Neurostimulation therapy or spinal cord stimulation specifically targets back pain. Rheumatology Rheumatology (Greek \"ῥεῦμα\", \"rheûma\", flowing current) is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Physicians who have undergone formal training in rheumatology are called rheumatologists. Rheumatologists deal mainly with immune-mediated disorders of the musculoskeletal system, soft tissues, autoimmune diseases, vasculitides, and heritable connective tissue",
"title": "Rheumatology"
},
{
"id": "7592166",
"text": "one or two years. Professional societies of hematopathology include the Society of Hematopathology, the European Association for Haematopathology, and the San Diego Society of Hematopathology. A physician who practices hematopathology is called a hematopathologist. Hematopathology Hematopathology or hemopathology is the study of diseases and disorders affecting blood cells, their production, and any organs and tissues involved in hematopoiesis, such as bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus. Diagnoses and treatment of diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma often deal with hematopathology; techniques and technologies include flow cytometry studies and immunohistochemistry. In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty",
"title": "Hematopathology"
},
{
"id": "2969415",
"text": "there is now an option to be a podiatric assistant. The qualification is a Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance specialising in podiatry. They work as a part of a podiatric medical team in a variety of clinical and non clinical settings. There is currently developing strategies further use these skilled workers. Worldwide there are common professional accreditation pathways to be a podiatric assistant. There are many fields such as: Podiatry Podiatry () or podiatric medicine () is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower",
"title": "Podiatry"
},
{
"id": "6758185",
"text": "captured by code from . ICD-10 Chapter III: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries. Produced by the World Health Organization, it is used in several countries around the world. Some have gone on to develop their own national enhancements, building off the international version of the classification. Chapter III of ICD-10 deals with diseases of the blood, for example anaemia, blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism. Of note; blood cancers, such as leukaemia, are covered in",
"title": "ICD-10 Chapter III: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism"
},
{
"id": "14874350",
"text": "journals in the \"Hematology\" category and it is also indexed in the following databases: Haematologica Haematologica (Pavia, Italy) is a monthly, open access, peer reviewed, scientific journal, published by the \"Ferrata Storti Foundation\". The Editor in Chief is Jan Cools (Leuven, Belgium). The focus of \"Haematologica\" is all topics related to experimental and clinical hematology, which results in a multidisciplinary scope. The National Library of Medicine ID number (NLM ID) is 0417435. \"Hematology\" is the study of blood. According to the Wikipedia article, the study of \"Hematology\" encompasses internal medicine, physiology, pathology, clinical laboratory work and pediatrics that is concerned",
"title": "Haematologica"
},
{
"id": "11337647",
"text": "disorders of the hematopoietic, hemostatic, and lymphatic systems, and disorders of the interaction between blood and the blood vessel wall. An American hematologist has trained in a subspecialty program approved by the American Board of Internal Medicine or the American Board of Pediatrics, or has acquired a comparable education in the field by alternate means, and is Board Certified (or eligible) in the subspecialty of hematology. Diagnostic expertise of a hematologist A hematologist is expert in the investigation, diagnosis, and management of disorders of the aforementioned organ systems through the use of the medical history, physical findings, specialized clinical laboratory",
"title": "American Society of Hematology"
},
{
"id": "1673793",
"text": "Rheumatology Rheumatology (Greek \"ῥεῦμα\", \"rheûma\", flowing current) is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Physicians who have undergone formal training in rheumatology are called rheumatologists. Rheumatologists deal mainly with immune-mediated disorders of the musculoskeletal system, soft tissues, autoimmune diseases, vasculitides, and heritable connective tissue disorders. Many of these diseases are now known to be disorders of the immune system. Rheumatology is considered to be the study and practice of medical immunology. Beginning in the 2000s, the incorporation of drugs called the biologics (which include inhibitors of TNF-alpha, certain interleukins, and the JAK-STAT signaling",
"title": "Rheumatology"
},
{
"id": "2552360",
"text": "example, modern medicine refers to humoral immunity or humoral regulation when describing substances such as hormones and antibodies that circulate throughout the body. It also uses the term \"blood dyscrasia\" to refer to any blood disease or abnormality. The associated food classification survives in adjectives that are still used for food, as when some spices are described as \"hot\", and some wines as \"dry\". When the chili pepper was first introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century, dieticians disputed whether it was hot or cold. Theophrastus and others developed a set of characters based on the humors. Those with too",
"title": "Humorism"
},
{
"id": "251024",
"text": "help diagnose or treat the main problem or any subsequent complications/developments. Physicians have many specializations and subspecializations into certain branches of medicine, which are listed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialties certain subspecialties are in. The main branches of medicine are: In the broadest meaning of \"medicine\", there are many different specialties. In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which have its own entrance examination. These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term \"Royal\". The development of a speciality is often driven by new",
"title": "Medicine"
},
{
"id": "17518597",
"text": "Edmund von Neusser Edmund von Neusser (1 December 1852 Swoszowice – 30 July 1912, Bad Fischau) was an Austrian internist of Polish origin. He studied medicine in Kraków and Vienna, earning his medical doctorate in 1877. At the University of Vienna, he was a student of epidemiologist Anton Drasche. Beginning in 1880, he spent several years as an assistant to Heinrich von Bamberger in Vienna, afterwards being named primary physician at the \"Rudolfspital\" (1889). In 1893 he became a full professor and director of the second medical clinic in Vienna. He specialized in disorders of the blood, circulatory system, liver",
"title": "Edmund von Neusser"
},
{
"id": "3904993",
"text": "commonly by using sodium phosphate. In the \"Seinfeld\" episode \"The Fusilli Jerry\", Kramer incorrectly gets the vanity plate Assman. He hypothesizes that it belongs to a proctologist because they have a great sense of humor. Colorectal surgery Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. The word \"proctology\" is derived from the Greek words πρωκτός \"proktos\", meaning \"anus\" or \"hindparts\",",
"title": "Colorectal surgery"
},
{
"id": "18772014",
"text": "Medical Clinic in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. He is a graduate of McGill University medical school and has training in Internal Medicine from Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Quebec and Hematology and Medical Oncology from the University of Pittsburgh. He continues to practice medicine, with a special interest in blood disorders such as acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms, mast cell diseases and stem cell transplantation. In the past, Turner was the Medical Director of the Canadian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Center in Edmonton and Director of the Division of Clinical Hematology of the University of Alberta.",
"title": "Bob Turner (Canadian politician)"
},
{
"id": "119326",
"text": "Endocrinology Endocrinology (from \"endocrine\" + \"-ology\") is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology. The endocrine system consists of several glands, all in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into",
"title": "Endocrinology"
},
{
"id": "12617609",
"text": "the official journal of the Society of Geriatric Cardiology. Cardiogeriatrics Cardiogeriatrics or geriatric cardiology is the branch of cardiology and geriatric medicine that deals with the cardiovascular disorders in elderly people. Cardiac disorders such as coronary heart disease (including myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias (as atrial fibrillation) and others are common and are a major cause of mortality in elderly people. Vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease cause significant morbidity and mortality in aged people. \"Guidelines of the Cardiogeriatrics Department of the Brazilian Cardiology Society\" were published in English. A book about geriatric cardiology was published",
"title": "Cardiogeriatrics"
},
{
"id": "1516693",
"text": "improve transfusion medicine practise. The programme is reviewed each annually in January. In the UK there is a constant worry that a blood transfusion can lead to the transmission of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Transfusion medicine Transfusion medicine (or \"transfusiology\") is the branch of medicine that is concerned with transfusion of blood and blood components. It encompasses issues of blood donation, immunohematology and other laboratory testing, transfusion practices, patient blood management, therapeutic apheresis, stem cell collections, cellular therapy, and coagulation. Laboratory management and understanding of state and federal regulations related to blood products are also a large part of the field. Transfusion",
"title": "Transfusion medicine"
},
{
"id": "11337644",
"text": "American Society of Hematology The American Society of Hematology (ASH) is a professional organization representing hematologists. It was founded in 1958. Its annual meeting is held in December of every year and has attracted nearly 20,000 attendees. The society publishes the medical journal \"Blood\", one of the most cited peer-review publications in hematology. The first official ASH meeting was held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in April 1958. More than 300 hematologists met together to discuss the key research and clinical issues related to blood and blood diseases. Since the first gathering, ASH has been an important member in the",
"title": "American Society of Hematology"
},
{
"id": "5975014",
"text": "Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. It preceded the current disciplines of psychiatry and neurology, which had common training, however, psychiatry and neurology have subsequently split apart and are typically practiced separately. Nevertheless, neuropsychiatry has become a growing subspecialty of psychiatry and it is also closely related to the fields of neuropsychology and behavioral neurology. Given the considerable overlap between these subspecialities, there has been a resurgence of interest and debate relating to neuropsychiatry in academia over the last decade. Most of this work argues for a",
"title": "Neuropsychiatry"
},
{
"id": "3904990",
"text": "Colorectal surgery Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum, anus, and colon. The field is also known as proctology, but this term is now used infrequently within medicine and is most often employed to identify practices relating to the anus and rectum in particular. The word \"proctology\" is derived from the Greek words πρωκτός \"proktos\", meaning \"anus\" or \"hindparts\", and -λογία \"-logia\", meaning \"science\" or \"study\". Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists. In the United States, to become colorectal surgeons, surgical doctors have to complete a general",
"title": "Colorectal surgery"
},
{
"id": "438644",
"text": "Urology Urology (from Greek οὖρον \"ouron\" \"urine\" and \"-logia\" \"study of\"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis). The urinary and reproductive tracts are closely linked, and disorders of one often affect the other. Thus a major spectrum of the conditions managed in urology exists under the domain of",
"title": "Urology"
},
{
"id": "285183",
"text": "Neurology Neurology (from , \"string, nerve\" and the suffix -logia, \"study of\") is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous systems (and their subdivisions, the autonomic and somatic nervous systems), including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, which is the scientific study of the nervous system. A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat",
"title": "Neurology"
},
{
"id": "4693463",
"text": "its own extremity MRI and Sonography services, and is also involved in clinical and translational research. The departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Medicine, Child Health, Neonatology, Paediatric Surgery and Developmental Paediatrics are housed in the \"Ida S.Scudder Centenary Center for Women and Children\" (ISSCC) which has about 424 beds. The department of Orthopedics has 3 units and additional specialized units Pediatric Orthopedics, Hand & Micro vascular Surgery and Spinal Disorders Unit. The Hematology department is a pioneer in the treatment of all blood disorders which includes state of the art bone marrow transplantation, heamato-oncology, and Bleeding disorders. The department",
"title": "Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore"
},
{
"id": "15851303",
"text": "clinical science all over the world. It also publishes a medical journal, the \"Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis\". The mission of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis is to advance the understanding, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic and bleeding disorders. The Scientific and Standardization Committee (SSC) began in 1954 as the International Committee for the Standardization of the Nomenclature of the Blood Clotting Factors. The SSC is a permanent committee of the ISTH and is its scientific working arm. Conducted through 20 subcommittees and working groups, its activities promote cooperation among leading international scientists and direct their energies",
"title": "International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis"
},
{
"id": "2969377",
"text": "Podiatry Podiatry () or podiatric medicine () is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower extremity. The term \"podiatry\" came into use in the early 20th century in the United States and is now used worldwide, including countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia. Podiatry is practiced as a specialty in many countries, while in many English-speaking countries, the older title of chiropodist may be used by some clinicians (not to be confused with chiropractic, which is unrelated). In Australia, graduates of recognised academic",
"title": "Podiatry"
},
{
"id": "5958173",
"text": "UCB (company) UCB (\"Union Chimique Belge\") is a multinational biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. UCB is an international company with a revenue of €4.178 billion in 2016 which focuses primarily on research and development, specifically involving medications centered on epilepsy, Parkinson's, and Crohn's diseases. The Company's efforts are focused on treatments for severe diseases treated by specialists, particularly in the fields of central nervous system (CNS) disorders (including epilepsy), inflammatory disorders (including allergy), and oncology. Every three years, the company presents the UCB Award under the patronage of the Queen Elisabeth Medical Foundation to promote neuroscience research. The winner",
"title": "UCB (company)"
},
{
"id": "10315186",
"text": "big pharmaceutical company, Saeed declared it a Waqf (Islamic irrevocable trust). Hamdard Foundation, Pakistan was established in 1964 to separate the charitable and philanthropic work from the business unit. It was the first NGO of its nature that came into being in Pakistan. Hamdard Laboratories produces more than six hundred (600) Herbal Products. Hamdard has a full range of medicines for digestive disorders of stomach and intestine, abdominal cramps, hyper-acidity etc., anaemia, jaundice, purification of blood from impurities, liver ailments, female ailments like leucorrhoea, menstrual irregularities and for protection of pregnancy. Products are also available for naturally strengthening the nervous",
"title": "Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "14572617",
"text": "Sally Davies (doctor) Professor Dame Sally Claire Davies, (born 24 November 1949) is the Chief Medical Officer for England. Previously she was the Chief Scientific Adviser at the Department of Health, and worked as a clinician specialising in the treatment of diseases of the blood and bone marrow. Davies was born into an academic family in Birmingham in 1949. She failed her eleven-plus exam but was nevertheless able to study at the private Edgbaston High School for Girls in Birmingham, where she excelled on the viola. Davies studied medicine at Manchester Medical School at the University of Manchester. She qualified",
"title": "Sally Davies (doctor)"
},
{
"id": "3290987",
"text": "He later, in 1890, became physician-extraordinary to the Queen, and was created a baronet of Harley Street in the County of London and of Carrigoon in Mallow in the County of Cork, in the following year. He sat on the Royal Commission on Rinderpest (cattle plague) in 1865. Quain was the author of several memoirs, dealing for the most part with disorders of the heart, but his name will be best remembered by the \"Dictionary of Medicine\", the preparation of which occupied him from 1875 to 1882 (2nd edition, 1894; 3rd, 1902). Quain's article on fatty disease of the heart",
"title": "Richard Quain"
},
{
"id": "13010259",
"text": "Clinical electrophysiology Clinical electrophysiology is the application of electrophysiology principles to medicine. The two main branches of this discipline are electrotherapy and electrophysiologic testing (EEG, electromyography, etc.) Clinical electrophysiology can be utilized in the study and treatment of various physiological conditions, and most notably in clinical cardiac electrophysiology. Cardiac Electrophysiology (also referred to as clinical cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmia services, or electrophysiology), is a branch of the medical specialty of clinical cardiology and is concerned with the study and treatment of rhythm disorders of the heart. Through the use of electrophysiological techniques, dissections of the visual system can be made. The",
"title": "Clinical electrophysiology"
},
{
"id": "12617608",
"text": "Cardiogeriatrics Cardiogeriatrics or geriatric cardiology is the branch of cardiology and geriatric medicine that deals with the cardiovascular disorders in elderly people. Cardiac disorders such as coronary heart disease (including myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias (as atrial fibrillation) and others are common and are a major cause of mortality in elderly people. Vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease cause significant morbidity and mortality in aged people. \"Guidelines of the Cardiogeriatrics Department of the Brazilian Cardiology Society\" were published in English. A book about geriatric cardiology was published in 1981. \"The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology\" is",
"title": "Cardiogeriatrics"
},
{
"id": "11337646",
"text": "blood clots, different types of anemias, leukemia, and lymphoma. When a doctor suspects a patient is suffering from an illness related to a blood disease, he or she may refer that patient to a hematologist. Since its founding, ASH has played an important role in defining the standards of training and certifications for the American hematologist. The following is ASH's statement of the necessary elements of training and certification for American hematologists as well as the professional expertise that defines all hematologists. The American hematologist A hematologist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and/or investigation of",
"title": "American Society of Hematology"
},
{
"id": "16735898",
"text": "in Seattle, Washington in 1982. Describing himself as a \"biochemist at heart\", Kaushansky fell in love with hematology during his second year of residency. Curious about blood diseases and disorders, he chose to focus on the field during his fellowship between 1982 and 1986 at the University of Washington. His decision to pursue hematology was also influenced by the persuasive arguments of Dr. Clement Finch, the then Chief of Hematology at the University of Washington, who said \"there is no other discipline in medicine where we know more about the biochemistry of disease than in hematology\". In a Q&A session",
"title": "Kenneth Kaushansky"
},
{
"id": "8943770",
"text": "the program are immunology of dermatological diseases, cellular and molecular inflammation, skin genetics, skin structure and development of skin, and basic reactions of skin, repair, and carcinogenesis. Venereology Venereology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The name derives from Roman goddess Venus, associated with love, beauty and fertility. A physician specializing in venereology is called a \"venereologist\". In many areas of the world, the specialty is usually combined with dermatology. The venereal diseases include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Some of the important diseases are HIV infection, syphilis,",
"title": "Venereology"
},
{
"id": "8268992",
"text": "of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and holds a Commend of the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit presented by the Presidency of the Republic on August 2000. Marco Antonio Zago Marco Antonio Zago (b. January 11, 1946, Birigüi, São Paulo) is a Brazilian physician and prominent medical scientist, who is active in the fields of hereditary diseases of the blood (hemoglobins, clotting, thrombosis), molecular basis of cancer and human population genetics. Since 2007 he is also the president of the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq). Dr. Zago graduated in Medicine from the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the",
"title": "Marco Antonio Zago"
},
{
"id": "2552342",
"text": "Humorism Humorism, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers, positing that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person—known as humors or humours—directly influences their temperament and health. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black bile (, '), yellow bile (, '), phlegm (, \"\"), and blood (, \"ema\"), and each corresponds to one of the traditional four temperaments. A humor is also referred to as a \"cambium\" (pl. \"cambia\" or \"cambiums\"). Based on Hippocratic",
"title": "Humorism"
},
{
"id": "8345316",
"text": "Massachusetts Eye and Ear Massachusetts Eye and Ear (Mass. Eye and Ear, or MEE) is a specialty hospital located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, which focuses on ophthalmology (eye), otolaryngology (ear/nose/throat), and related medicine and research. Founded in 1824 as the Boston Eye Infirmary (BEI), it has also been known as the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary (MCEEI), and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI). It is a teaching partner of Harvard Medical School. Massachusetts Eye and Ear has earned an international reputation for its successful treatment of the most difficult diseases and conditions of the eye, ear, nose,",
"title": "Massachusetts Eye and Ear"
},
{
"id": "53803",
"text": "bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of \"blood poisoning\") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed in the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which",
"title": "Black Death"
},
{
"id": "2544819",
"text": "Geriatrics Geriatrics, or geriatric medicine, is a specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people. It aims to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults. There is no set age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician, or geriatric physician, a physician who specializes in the care of elderly people. Rather, this decision is determined by the individual patient's needs, and the availability of a specialist. It is important to note the difference between geriatrics, the care of aged people, and gerontology, which is the study of the aging process",
"title": "Geriatrics"
},
{
"id": "16518981",
"text": "in the \"London Medical Repository\" in 1819; his first separate publication, \"Tentamen Nosologicum\" had already appeared there, a general classification of diseases based upon their symptoms. \"The History of the Human Œconomy\" appeared in 1819, and suggests a general physiological method of inquiry in clinical medicine. \"Primary Elements of Disordered Circulation of the Blood\" was also published in 1819. \"General Elements of Pathology’\" appeared in 1820, and in 1821 \"Practical Remarks on the Disordered States of the Cerebral Structures in Infants\". This was first read before an association of physicians in Ireland on 6 December 1819; he proposed that erethism",
"title": "Whitlock Nicoll"
},
{
"id": "16249551",
"text": "method to determine if meningitis is the cause of these symptoms is lumbar puncture (LP; an examination of the cerebrospinal fluid). The most common causes of neonatal meningitis is bacterial infection of the blood, known as bacteremia (specifically Group B \"Streptococci\" (GBS; \"Streptococcus agalactiae\"), \"Escherichia coli\", and \"Listeria monocytogenes\"). Although there is a low mortality rate in developed countries, there is a 50% prevalence rate of neurodevelopmental disabilities in \"E. coli\" and GBS meningitis, while having a 79% prevalence for non-\"E. coli\" Gram-negative caused meningitis. Delayed treatment of neonatal meningitis may cause include cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, and learning deficiencies.",
"title": "Neonatal meningitis"
},
{
"id": "8268989",
"text": "Marco Antonio Zago Marco Antonio Zago (b. January 11, 1946, Birigüi, São Paulo) is a Brazilian physician and prominent medical scientist, who is active in the fields of hereditary diseases of the blood (hemoglobins, clotting, thrombosis), molecular basis of cancer and human population genetics. Since 2007 he is also the president of the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq). Dr. Zago graduated in Medicine from the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo in 1970, where he received the M.Sc. degree in medicine (1973) and the Ph.D. degree (1975), under the supervision of Professor Cássio Bottura,",
"title": "Marco Antonio Zago"
},
{
"id": "16809314",
"text": "American Osteopathic Board of Proctology The American Osteopathic Board of Proctology (AOBPR) is an organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the anus, colon, and rectum of the gastrointestinal tract (proctologists). The board is one of 18 medical specialty certifying boards of the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), and was established in 1941. As of April 2011, there were 25 osteopathic proctologists certified by the AOBPR. To become board certified in proctology, candidates must have",
"title": "American Osteopathic Board of Proctology"
},
{
"id": "67214",
"text": "cardiology is relatively unconcerned with hematology and its diseases. Some obvious exceptions that affect the function of the heart would be blood tests (electrolyte disturbances, troponins), decreased oxygen carrying capacity (anemia, hypovolemic shock), and coagulopathies. All cardiologists study the disorders of the heart, but the study of adult and child heart disorders are through different training pathways. Therefore, an adult cardiologist (often simply called \"cardiologist\") is inadequately trained to take care of children, and pediatric cardiologists are not trained to take care of adult heart disease. The surgical aspects are not included in cardiology and are in the domain of",
"title": "Cardiology"
},
{
"id": "9352151",
"text": "Endocrine disease Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology. Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups: Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone. In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema",
"title": "Endocrine disease"
},
{
"id": "15851302",
"text": "International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) is a not-for-profit global membership organization of specialists in the field of blood coagulation and its disorders, such as thrombosis and hemophilia. It was founded in 1954 as the International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ICTH). The society was reorganized in 1969 as the ISTH. It currently represents about 4000 members from 93 different countries. The society initiates and promotes education and outreach initiatives, research activities, scientific meetings, peer-reviewed publications, expert committees and the development of standards allowing a common language and approach to basic and",
"title": "International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis"
},
{
"id": "733908",
"text": "work as hematologist-oncologists, also providing medical treatment for all types of cancer. The term is from the Greek αἷμα, \"haima\" meaning \"blood,\" and -λoγία meaning study. Physicians specialized in hematology are known as hematologists or haematologists. Their routine work mainly includes the care and treatment of patients with hematological diseases, although some may also work at the hematology laboratory viewing blood films and bone marrow slides under the microscope, interpreting various hematological test results and blood clotting test results. In some institutions, hematologists also manage the hematology laboratory. Physicians who work in hematology laboratories, and most commonly manage them, are",
"title": "Hematology"
},
{
"id": "12670471",
"text": "3 strategic directions: Geriatric oncology Geriatric oncology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the elderly, usually defined as aged 65 and older. This fairly young but increasingly important subspecialty incorporates the special needs of the elderly into the treatment of cancer. In the last few years, this particular subspecialty has received a lot of attention. A large proportion of the population of developed countries are aging. In the United States, 20% of the population will be older than 65 years of age by the year 2030. Those 85 years and",
"title": "Geriatric oncology"
},
{
"id": "1535497",
"text": "Sex differences in medicine Sex differences in medicine include sex-specific diseases or conditions which occur \"only\" in people of one sex (for example, prostate cancer in males or uterine cancer in females); sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more common to one sex (for example, systemic lupus erythematosus occurs predominantly in females); and diseases which occur at similar rates in males and females but manifest differently according to sex (for example, peripheral artery disease). Sex differences in medicine should not be confused with gender differences. The Institute of Medicine recognizes sex differences as biological at the chromosomal level, whereas",
"title": "Sex differences in medicine"
},
{
"id": "6784634",
"text": "organization of society some of the logic of science and to further that understanding and to promote that democracy which are the only enduring foundations of human dignity. Thomas Addis Thomas Addis Jr. (July 27, 1881 – June 4, 1949) was a Scottish physician-scientist from Edinburgh who made important contributions to the understanding of how blood clots. He was a pioneer in the field of nephrology, the branch of internal medicine that deals with diseases of the kidney. Addis described the pathogenesis of haemophilia in 1911 and was the first to demonstrate that normal plasma could correct the defect in",
"title": "Thomas Addis"
},
{
"id": "15851304",
"text": "to projects that generate reliable and standardized clinical and basic science tools. The ISTH hosts a biennial congress as well as annual meetings of the SSC. In odd-numbered years, SSC Meetings are held jointly with the congress. The ISTH Academy is the online education platform for the society. The ISTH Academy features webinars, webcasts, online courses and access to abstracts and posters from past ISTH meetings. International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) is a not-for-profit global membership organization of specialists in the field of blood coagulation and its disorders, such as thrombosis",
"title": "International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis"
},
{
"id": "13054009",
"text": "of his former colleagues and lived quietly at his home in Wimbledon until his death at the age of 86. He was the younger brother of British playwright Ashley Dukes and MI6 agent Sir Paul Dukes. Cuthbert Dukes Cuthbert Esquire Dukes OBE (1890–1977) was an English physician and pathologist and author, for whom the Dukes classification for colorectal cancer is named. Born in Bridgwater, Somerset, Dukes was educated at Caterham School and graduated with an M.D. thesis entitled \"Effect of severe haemorrhage and shock on the condition of the blood\" from the University of Edinburgh in 1914. His field of",
"title": "Cuthbert Dukes"
},
{
"id": "44950",
"text": "system. Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior, and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system. The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry, the branch of medicine that works to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders. Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain, such as computer science (artificial intelligence and similar fields) and philosophy. The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from",
"title": "Brain"
},
{
"id": "6784628",
"text": "Thomas Addis Thomas Addis Jr. (July 27, 1881 – June 4, 1949) was a Scottish physician-scientist from Edinburgh who made important contributions to the understanding of how blood clots. He was a pioneer in the field of nephrology, the branch of internal medicine that deals with diseases of the kidney. Addis described the pathogenesis of haemophilia in 1911 and was the first to demonstrate that normal plasma could correct the defect in haemophilia. Addis was the son of Thomas Chalmers Addis, a clerk at the local branch of the Inland Revenue Service, and Cornelia Beers-Campbell, who married in Hoboken, New",
"title": "Thomas Addis"
},
{
"id": "2012390",
"text": "vasovasostomy (one of the vasectomy reversal procedures), orchidopexy and circumcision as well as intervention to deal with male genitourinary disorders such as the following: Unlike gynaecology, which has a plethora of medical board certification programs worldwide, andrology has none. Andrology has only been studied as a distinct specialty since the late 1960s: the first specialist journal on the subject was the German periodical \"Andrologie\" (now called \"Andrologia\"), published from 1969 onwards. Andrology Andrology (from , \"anēr\", genitive , \"andros\", \"man\"; and , \"-logia\") is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male",
"title": "Andrology"
},
{
"id": "2346988",
"text": "\"állos\", \"other\", \"different\" + the suffix \"πάϑος\", \"páthos\", \"suffering\") are terms coined in the early 19th century by Samuel Hahnemann, the inventor of homeopathy, as a synonym for the European heroic medicine, the mainstream medicine of the time. Heroic medicine was based on balance of the four \"humours\" (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) where disease was caused by an excess of one humour, and would thus be treated with its opposite. This description continued to be used to describe anything that was not homeopathy. The practice of medicine in both Europe and North America during the early 19th",
"title": "Allopathic medicine"
},
{
"id": "19112232",
"text": "to estimate and it is thought to be underdiagnosed. Scientists have described more than 20 cases as of 2013. ATR-16 syndrome ATR-16 syndrome, also called Alpha-Thalassemia-Intellectual disability syndrome is a rare disease characterized by monosomy on part of chromosome 16. ATR-16 syndrome affects the blood, development, and brain; symptoms vary based on the specific genes deleted on chromosome 16. Because it is so rare, it is difficult to determine the \"core\" symptoms of the disease. People with ATR-16 have alpha-thalassemia, a blood disorder where there is less normal hemoglobin in the blood than there should be, and the red blood",
"title": "ATR-16 syndrome"
},
{
"id": "19147384",
"text": "Stuart Orkin Stuart H. Orkin is an American physician, stem cell biologist and researcher in pediatric hematology-oncology. He is the David G. Nathan Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. Orkin's research has focused on the genetic basis of blood disorders. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine, and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Orkin grew up in Manhattan, where his father was a urologist. He studied biology as an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and earned a medical degree from Harvard Medical School. He did",
"title": "Stuart Orkin"
},
{
"id": "12617487",
"text": "the median age of patients starting dialysis is 64.8 years old, yet the fastest growing segment of the dialysis population is 75 years and older. Geriatric nephrology emphasizes early identification and aggressive intervention, as well as the incorporation of geriatric and palliative care principles that emphasize independence and functionality. Geriatric nephrology Geriatric nephrology is the branch of internal medicine and geriatric medicine that deals with diseases of the kidney It is a growing subspecialty of geriatrics. Patients who are living longer may acquire diseases that accelerate chronic kidney disease, which often remains undetected until patients are confronted with the sudden",
"title": "Geriatric nephrology"
},
{
"id": "251030",
"text": "generally exclude practitioners of gynecology and obstetrics, pathology, psychiatry, and especially surgery and its subspecialities. Because their patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Formerly, many internists were not subspecialized; such \"general physicians\" would see any complex nonsurgical problem; this style of practice has become much less common. In modern urban practice, most internists are subspecialists: that is, they generally limit their medical practice to problems of one organ system or to one particular area of medical knowledge. For example, gastroenterologists and nephrologists specialize respectively in diseases of the gut",
"title": "Medicine"
},
{
"id": "7592165",
"text": "Hematopathology Hematopathology or hemopathology is the study of diseases and disorders affecting blood cells, their production, and any organs and tissues involved in hematopoiesis, such as bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus. Diagnoses and treatment of diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma often deal with hematopathology; techniques and technologies include flow cytometry studies and immunohistochemistry. In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty by the American Board of Pathology. Board-eligible or board-certified hematopathologists are usually pathology residents (anatomic, clinical, or combined) who have completed a hematopathology fellowship training after their pathology residency. The hematopathology fellowship lasts either",
"title": "Hematopathology"
},
{
"id": "12746324",
"text": "or excessive. These kinds of illnesses are sometimes severe, sometimes chronic, sometimes increasing, sometimes stable, and sometimes abating. As soon as it is known to which of these diseases an illness belongs, if the body is bound, then it must be opened; if it is loose, then it must be restrained; if it is complicated, then the most urgent malady must be fought first. One type of treatment is required in acute, another in inveterate illnesses; another when diseases are increasing, another when stable, and another when decreasing. The observation of these things constitute the art of medicine, called \"method\"",
"title": "Methodic school"
},
{
"id": "295130",
"text": "certified in nephrology is called a \"nephrologist\". The term \"nephrology\" was first used in about 1960. Before then, the specialty was usually referred to as \"kidney medicine.\" Nephrology concerns the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, including electrolyte disturbances and hypertension, and the care of those requiring renal replacement therapy, including dialysis and renal transplant patients. Many diseases affecting the kidney are systemic disorders not limited to the organ itself, and may require special treatment. Examples include acquired conditions such as systemic vasculitides (e.g. ANCA vasculitis) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus), as well as congenital or genetic conditions such as",
"title": "Nephrology"
},
{
"id": "14355678",
"text": "In 2009 Ulrich Mahlknecht founded and became editor-in-chief of the Clinical Epigenetics journal. He serves also as an editor-in-chief for the Journal of Clinical Trials and the Journal of Blood disorders & Transfusion, and he is deputy editor-in-chief of Genetics and Epigenetics. In addition, he is on the editorial board of numerous other journals within the fields of genetics, epigenetics, hematology and oncology. Ulrich Mahlknecht Ulrich Rudolph Mahlknecht (born April 29, 1967) is an internationally renowned German/Italian physician scientist. Mahlknecht grew up in in South Tyrol, Italy. He studied medicine at the University of Bochum, the University of Birmingham, the",
"title": "Ulrich Mahlknecht"
},
{
"id": "17653172",
"text": "ideas, and there can never be complete certainty of meaning or context. While physical documents are scarce, texts such as the Papyrus Ebers serve to illuminate and relieve some of the conjecture surrounding ancient herbal practices. The Papyrus consists of lists of ailments and their treatments, ranging from \"disease of the limbs\" to \"diseases of the skin\" and has information on over 850 plant medicines, including garlic, juniper, cannabis, castor bean, aloe, and mandrake. Treatments were mainly aimed at ridding the patient of the most prevalent symptoms because the symptoms were largely regarded as the disease itself. Knowledge of the",
"title": "History of herbalism"
},
{
"id": "2544781",
"text": "Gerontology Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of ageing. The word was coined by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1903, from the Greek γέρων, \"geron\", \"old man\" and -λογία, \"-logia\", \"study of\". The field is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of existing disease in older adults. Gerontologists include researchers and practitioners in the fields of biology, nursing, medicine, criminology, dentistry, social work, physical and occupational therapy, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, economics, political science, architecture, geography, pharmacy, public health, housing, and anthropology. The multidisciplinary nature of gerontology",
"title": "Gerontology"
},
{
"id": "13347595",
"text": "Frank Edward Tylecote Frank Edward Tylecote CBE (23 May 1879 – 7 October 1965) was a British doctor, and one of the first physicians to draw attention to the connection between smoking and lung cancer. Born in Cannock, Staffordshire, Tylecote studied medicine at Manchester University, where he served as Professor of Medicine from 1929 to 1940, when he became Emeritus Professor. His publications included Diagnosis and Treatment in Diseases of the Lungs in 1927, and he was President of the National Smoke Abatement Society for two years. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in",
"title": "Frank Edward Tylecote"
},
{
"id": "9019655",
"text": "by the earlier ayurvedic physicians. In ancient times, it was the job of Vishavaidyas to protect members of the royal families from being poisoned, as well to poison enemies of the kings. Forensic medicine under Indian system of medicine(Ayurveda).By Dr.U.N.Prasad Agada Agada is one of the eight branches into which ayurveda medicine is traditionally divided. Literally, \"gada\" means a disease and \"agada\" means any agent which makes the body free from disease; however the term \"agada\" is used specifically for the branch of medicine dealing with toxicology, the description of the different types of poisons, and their antidotes. \"Agada Tantra\"",
"title": "Agada"
},
{
"id": "5224483",
"text": "10% of cases. Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are easily confused with those caused by other bacteria, such as \"Haemophilus influenzae\" and \"Streptococcus pneumoniae\". Suspicion of meningitis is a medical emergency and immediate medical assessment is recommended. Current guidance in the United Kingdom is that if a case of meningococcal meningitis or septicaemia (infection of the blood) is suspected intravenous antibiotics should be given and the ill person admitted to the hospital. This means that laboratory tests may be less likely to confirm the presence of \"Neisseria meningitidis\" as the antibiotics will dramatically lower the number of bacteria in the body.",
"title": "Neisseria meningitidis"
},
{
"id": "2999668",
"text": "of haematological malignancies. Haematological malignancies are malignant neoplasms (\"cancer\"), and they are generally treated by specialists in hematology and/or oncology. In some centers \"haematology/oncology\" is a single subspecialty of internal medicine while in others they are considered separate divisions (there are also surgical and radiation oncologists). Not all haematological disorders are malignant (\"cancerous\"); these other blood conditions may also be managed by a hematologist. Hematological malignancies may derive from either of the two major blood cell lineages: myeloid and lymphoid cell lines. The myeloid cell line normally produces granulocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes, macrophages and mast cells; the lymphoid cell line produces",
"title": "Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues"
},
{
"id": "12670461",
"text": "Geriatric oncology Geriatric oncology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the elderly, usually defined as aged 65 and older. This fairly young but increasingly important subspecialty incorporates the special needs of the elderly into the treatment of cancer. In the last few years, this particular subspecialty has received a lot of attention. A large proportion of the population of developed countries are aging. In the United States, 20% of the population will be older than 65 years of age by the year 2030. Those 85 years and older will be",
"title": "Geriatric oncology"
},
{
"id": "11337648",
"text": "tests, and evaluation of tissue or cytological specimens. Clinical entities considered specific to the specialty of hematology include disorders of the structure, function, and physiology of red and white blood cells and platelets, disorders of hemostatic system regulation or function, and benign and malignant disorders of the bone marrow and lymphoreticular system. Hematologists also evaluate and manage systemic disorders and other poorly understood diseases that clinically present as abnormalities of the aforementioned organ systems. Therapeutic expertise of a hematologist In addition to therapeutic measures common to all medical specialists, therapies in the following areas are considered specific to the expertise",
"title": "American Society of Hematology"
},
{
"id": "5759535",
"text": "Iatrochemistry Iatrochemistry (or chemical medicine) is a branch of both chemistry and medicine (ἰατρός (\"iatrós\") was the Greek word for \"physician\" or \"medicine\"). Having its roots in alchemy, iatrochemistry seeks to provide chemical solutions to diseases and medical ailments. This area of science has fallen out of use in Europe since the rise of modern establishment medicine. However, iatrochemistry was popular between 1525 and 1660, especially in the low countries. Its most notable leader was Paracelsus, an important Swiss alchemist of the 16th century. Iatrochemists believed that physical health was dependent on a specific balance of bodily fluids. Iatrochemical therapies",
"title": "Iatrochemistry"
},
{
"id": "7940096",
"text": "should be finished by 2022. University of Chicago Medicine consists of: In 2007, the University of Chicago Medical Center was again ranked among the best in the country by \"U.S. News & World Report\". The 2010 rankings by U.S. News & World Report included the following 11 adult medical specialties: digestive disorders (6), cancer (15), endocrinology (18), kidney disease (21), respiratory disorders (21), heart (27), urology (28), geriatrics (29), gynecology (34), neurology and neurosurgery (36) and, ear, nose, and throat (38). Until 2012, it was the only hospital in Illinois ever to be included on the magazine's \"Honor Roll\" of",
"title": "University of Chicago Medical Center"
},
{
"id": "4634583",
"text": "Bariatrics Bariatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity. The term \"bariatrics\" was coined around 1965, from the Greek root \"bar\"- (\"weight\" as in barometer), suffix -\"iatr\" (\"treatment,\" as in pediatrics), and suffix -\"ic\" (\"pertaining to\"). The field encompasses dieting, exercise and behavioral therapy approaches to weight loss, as well as pharmacotherapy and surgery. The term is also used in the medical field as somewhat of a euphemism to refer to people of larger sizes without regard to their participation in any treatment specific to weight loss, such as medical supply catalogs",
"title": "Bariatrics"
},
{
"id": "1651224",
"text": "medicine, after a period of decline, was reemphasised by the Royal College of Physicians of London report from the Future Hospital Commission (2013). Medicine is mainly focused on the art of diagnosis and treatment with medication, but many subspecialties administer procedural treatment: Internal medicine Internal medicine or general medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in Commonwealth nations. Internists are skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Internists care for",
"title": "Internal medicine"
},
{
"id": "13456165",
"text": "Pathophysiology of hypertension Pathophysiology is a branch of medicine which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions. The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which attempts to explain mechanistically the causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure. Hypertension can be classified by cause as either essential (also known as primary or idiopathic) or secondary. About 90–95% of hypertension is essential hypertension. Some authorities define essential hypertension as that which has no known explanation, while others define its cause as being due to overconsumption of sodium and underconsumption",
"title": "Pathophysiology of hypertension"
},
{
"id": "14587365",
"text": "and at a general practice. He decided to specialise in obstetrics and took the position of physician-accoucheur at the Farringdon General Dispensary. He was also a senior physician at St John's Hospital for Skin Diseases. In 1863 he published \"Skin Diseases of Parasitic Origin\", in which he was the first physician in the UK to create a thorough study of the pathology and causes of dermatophytosis (ringworm). At this time, he decided to specialise in dermatology rather than obstetrics. In 1864, Fox developed an interest in tropical dermatology with a trip to India with the Earl of Hopetoun. As a",
"title": "William Tilbury Fox"
},
{
"id": "2544831",
"text": "health of the elderly. He also wrote a book on sleep disorders and another one on forgetfulness and how to strengthen memory, and a treatise on causes of mortality. Another Arabic physician in the 9th century, Ishaq ibn Hunayn (died 910), the son of Nestorian Christian scholar Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, wrote a \"Treatise on Drugs for Forgetfulness\". George Day published the \"Diseases of Advanced Life\" in 1849, one of the first publications on the subject of geriatric medicine. The first modern geriatric hospital was founded in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1881 by doctor Laza Lazarević. The term \"geriatrics\" was proposed in",
"title": "Geriatrics"
},
{
"id": "2962944",
"text": "1815 by Crr. Anotheus Seydler in work titled \"Analecta Pharmacognostica\". Originally—during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century—\"pharmacognosy\" was used to define the branch of medicine or commodity sciences (\"Warenkunde\" in German) which deals with drugs in their crude, or unprepared, form. Crude drugs are the dried, unprepared material of plant, animal or mineral origin, used for medicine. The study of these materials under the name \"pharmakognosie\" was first developed in German-speaking areas of Europe, while other language areas often used the older term \"materia medica\" taken from the works of Galen and Dioscorides. In German the",
"title": "Pharmacognosy"
},
{
"id": "14572627",
"text": "1989, she married her third husband – the Dutch haematologist Willem Ouwehand, the leader of the UK's National Blood and Transplant research group and a professor of haematology at the University of Cambridge with whom she has two daughters. She exercises twice a week, eats plenty of fresh vegetables and doesn't smoke. She lives in North London. Sally Davies (doctor) Professor Dame Sally Claire Davies, (born 24 November 1949) is the Chief Medical Officer for England. Previously she was the Chief Scientific Adviser at the Department of Health, and worked as a clinician specialising in the treatment of diseases of",
"title": "Sally Davies (doctor)"
},
{
"id": "1384651",
"text": "and from septic shock as high as 80%. The number of cases worldwide is unknown as there is little data from the developing world. Estimates suggest sepsis affects millions of people a year. In the developed world approximately 0.2 to 3 people per 1000 are affected by sepsis yearly, resulting in about a million cases per year in the United States. Rates of disease have been increasing. Sepsis is more common among males than females. The medical condition has been described since the time of Hippocrates. The terms \"septicemia\" and \"blood poisoning\" have been used in various ways and are",
"title": "Sepsis"
},
{
"id": "12617486",
"text": "Geriatric nephrology Geriatric nephrology is the branch of internal medicine and geriatric medicine that deals with diseases of the kidney It is a growing subspecialty of geriatrics. Patients who are living longer may acquire diseases that accelerate chronic kidney disease, which often remains undetected until patients are confronted with the sudden need for dialysis. International Society for Geriatric Urology and Nephrology is dedicated to this issue and has its own journal. A book about geriatric nephrology was published in 1986 by Bernard Davis, M. Michelis. The American Society of Nephrology has a grant in Geriatric Nephrology. In the United States,",
"title": "Geriatric nephrology"
},
{
"id": "8413485",
"text": "Medical terminology Medical terminology is language used to precisely describe the human body including its components, processes, conditions affecting it, and procedures performed upon it. Medical terminology is used in the field of medicine. Medical terminology has quite regular morphology, the same prefixes and suffixes are used to add meanings to different roots. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix \"hyper-\" means \"high\" or \"over\", and the root word \"tension\" refers to pressure, so the word \"hypertension\" refers to abnormally high blood pressure. The roots, prefixes",
"title": "Medical terminology"
},
{
"id": "751058",
"text": "Idiopathic hypoglycemia Idiopathic hypoglycemia is a medical condition in which the glucose level in the blood (blood glucose) is abnormally low due to an undeterminable cause. This is considered an incomplete and unsatisfactory diagnosis by physicians and is rarely used by endocrinologists, as it implies an unfinished diagnostic evaluation. In general, the more severe the hypoglycemia and the more clearly it is proven, the less likely it is to remain \"idiopathic\". \"Idiopathic hypoglycemia\" can also be a synonym for reactive hypoglycemia or for hypoglycemia that is not diagnosed by a physician and does not fulfill the Whipple triad criteria. A",
"title": "Idiopathic hypoglycemia"
},
{
"id": "186210",
"text": "form later used by Hahnemann), often translated as \"what makes a man ill also cures him\". In the late 18th and 19th centuries, mainstream medicine used methods like bloodletting and purging, and administered complex mixtures, such as Venice treacle, which was made from 64 substances including opium, myrrh, and viper's flesh. These treatments often worsened symptoms and sometimes proved fatal. Hahnemann rejected these practices – which had been extolled for centuries – as irrational and inadvisable; instead, he advocated the use of single drugs at lower doses and promoted an immaterial, vitalistic view of how living organisms function, believing that",
"title": "Homeopathy"
},
{
"id": "8943768",
"text": "Venereology Venereology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. The name derives from Roman goddess Venus, associated with love, beauty and fertility. A physician specializing in venereology is called a \"venereologist\". In many areas of the world, the specialty is usually combined with dermatology. The venereal diseases include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Some of the important diseases are HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, candidiasis, herpes simplex, human papillomavirus infection, and genital scabies. Other sexually transmitted infections studied in the field include chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, hepatitis B, and",
"title": "Venereology"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hematology context: and treat blood disorders. When applying for this career, most job openings look for first-hand practical experience in a recognized training program that provides practice in the following: Cause of abnormalities in formation of blood and other disorders, diagnosis of numerous blood related conditions or cancers using experimentation, and the proper care and treatment of patients in the best manner. Hematology Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such\n\nWhich branch of medicine is concerned with disorders of the blood?",
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hematology context: Hematology Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might include hemophilia, blood clots, other bleeding disorders and blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The laboratory work that goes into the study of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist. Many hematologists\n\ntitle: Hematopology context or societies of hopology include Society of Hematopathology, the European for Haematopathology, and San Diego Society of Hematopathology. phys who practices hematopathology called a hematopath Hematopath Hematopath hemopathology is study of dise and dis affecting blood, production, and any organs and t involved hematopoiesis such as bone marrow, the spleen, and the thymus Dioses and treatment of dise such as leukemia and lymphoma often deal hematopath; techniques and technologies flow cyt studies immunohistochemistry In United States hematopath a cert subspecialty\n: Cardiology: card is unconced its dise Some obvious that function heart would berolytecespon),asedxygen (, hypovolemic), and coagath.iists study the disorders heart, but study and child heart disorders are path, an cardi simply calledcardologistade to care and pedric cardists not to care of disease The surg aspects are not cardi are ofology, and evaluation ofensical entities of include of, function, and physiology of red and white blood cells and platelets, disorders of hemostatic system regulation or function, and benign and malignant disorders of the bone marrow and lymphoreticular system. Hematologists also evaluate and manage systemic disorders and other poorly understood diseases that clinically present as abnormalities of the aforementioned organ systems. Therapeutic expertise of a hematologist In addition to therapeutic measures common to all medical specialists, therapies in the following areas are considered specific to the expertise\n\nWhich branch of medicine is concerned with disorders of the blood?",
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103 | Where was Lee Harvey Oswald shot dead? | [
"Underground car park"
] | Underground car park | [
{
"id": "5251881",
"text": "Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza is located on the sixth floor of the Dallas County Administration Building (formerly the Texas School Book Depository) in downtown Dallas, Texas, overlooking Dealey Plaza at the intersection of Elm and Houston Streets. The museum examines the life, times, death, and legacy of President John F. Kennedy and is located at the very spot from which Lee Harvey Oswald, according to four government investigations, shot and killed the President on November 22, 1963. The museum's exhibition area uses historic films, photographs, artifacts, and interpretive displays to document",
"title": "Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza"
},
{
"id": "232747",
"text": "Lee Harvey Oswald Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was an American Marxist and former U.S. Marine who assassinated United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Oswald was honorably discharged from the Marine Corps and defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959. He lived in the Belarusian city of Minsk until June 1962, when he returned to the United States with his Russian wife, Marina, and eventually settled in Dallas. Five government investigations concluded that Oswald shot and killed Kennedy from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository as the",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "3464742",
"text": "Texas School Book Depository The Texas School Book Depository, now known as the Dallas County Administration Building, is a seven-floor building facing Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, United States. The building is most notable as the vantage point of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. An employee, Lee Harvey Oswald, shot and killed Kennedy from a sixth floor window on the building's southeastern corner. The structure is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. It is located at 411 Elm Street on the northwest corner of Elm and North Houston Streets, at the western end of downtown Dallas.",
"title": "Texas School Book Depository"
},
{
"id": "232748",
"text": "President traveled by motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. About 45 minutes after Oswald assassinated Kennedy, he shot and killed Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit on a local street. Oswald then slipped into a movie theater, where he was arrested for Tippit's murder. Oswald was eventually charged with the murder of Kennedy; he denied the accusations and stated that he was a \"patsy\". Two days later, Oswald was fatally shot by local nightclub owner Jack Ruby on live television in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters. In September 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone when",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "4132881",
"text": "murder charge, reportedly on orders from someone in the White House.) On November 24, 1963, at 11:21 a.m. CST, before live television cameras, Lee Harvey Oswald was shot and mortally wounded in the basement of Dallas Police headquarters by a local nightclub owner with alleged mafia ties, Jack Ruby. Unconscious, Oswald was put into an ambulance and rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, the same hospital where doctors tried to save the life of John F. Kennedy two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 pm. The state funeral took place in Washington, DC during the three days that followed the assassination.",
"title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"
},
{
"id": "7796990",
"text": "taken to Parkland Hospital for emergency medical treatment, where he was pronounced dead 30 minutes later. He was 46 years old and had been in office for 1,036 days. Lee Harvey Oswald, an order filler at the Texas School Book Depository from which the shots were suspected to have been fired, was arrested for the murder of police officer J.D. Tippit, and was subsequently charged with Kennedy's assassination. He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a patsy, and was killed by Jack Ruby on November 24, before he could be prosecuted. Ruby was arrested and convicted for the murder of",
"title": "John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "3464750",
"text": "space include the works Andy Warhol. On May 4, 2010, burglars attempted to steal a safe from the Sixth Floor Museum, but fled when \"they were confronted by a security guard,\" leaving the unopened safe suspended from a winch on the back of a truck. Texas School Book Depository The Texas School Book Depository, now known as the Dallas County Administration Building, is a seven-floor building facing Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, United States. The building is most notable as the vantage point of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. An employee, Lee Harvey Oswald, shot",
"title": "Texas School Book Depository"
},
{
"id": "1981507",
"text": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was riding with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie when he was fatally shot by former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald firing in ambush from a nearby building. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack. The motorcade rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital where President Kennedy was pronounced dead about thirty minutes after the",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "4620707",
"text": "was Mr. Kennedy's game. He thrived on competition.\" No NFL games were telecast, since on the afternoon of the 22nd, just after the president had been pronounced dead, CBS President Frank Stanton ordered that all regular programming be pre-empted until after Kennedy was buried at his funeral procession. Normal programming, including the NFL, was replaced by non-stop news coverage, broadcast without commercials. Less than one hour prior to kickoff of the games in the Eastern Time Zone, Lee Harvey Oswald, who had been charged with Kennedy's assassination, was himself shot to death by Jack Ruby in the basement of the",
"title": "NFL on CBS"
},
{
"id": "3564754",
"text": "John F. Kennedy himself, his assassin Lee Harvey Oswald, and Jack Ruby, who killed Oswald. The 2013 film \"Parkland\" dramatizes the deaths of Kennedy and Oswald in the hospital. After he was shot on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was rushed to Parkland, where he was pronounced dead at 1 p.m. in Trauma Room 1. At the same time, Texas Governor John Connally, wounded in the same shooting, was treated in Trauma Room 2, and survived. Two days after the assassination, Oswald was rushed to Parkland after being shot in the abdomen by Ruby and died in operating room #5",
"title": "Parkland Memorial Hospital"
},
{
"id": "11229195",
"text": "Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. Traveling in a presidential motorcade through downtown Dallas with Jackie Kennedy, Connally, and Connally's wife, Nelly, Kennedy was shot in the head and neck. He was taken to Parkland Hospital for emergency medical treatment, but was pronounced dead at 1:00 pm. Hours after the assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald, an order filler at the Texas School Book Depository, was arrested for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, and was subsequently charged with Kennedy's assassination. Oswald denied the charges, but was killed by strip-club owner Jack Ruby on November 24. Ruby claimed to have",
"title": "Presidency of John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "4660978",
"text": "Market Center, the largest wholesale trade complex in the world. The same year, the Dallas Memorial Auditorium (now the Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center) opened near Canton and Akard Streets in what is now the Convention Center District of downtown. On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas. The upper two floors of the building from which Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy, the Texas School Book Depository, have been converted into a historical museum covering the former president's life and accomplishments. In the late 1970s",
"title": "History of Dallas"
},
{
"id": "232793",
"text": "Oswald fired three rifle shots from the sixth-floor window of the book depository, killing the President and seriously wounding Texas Governor John Connally. One shot apparently missed the presidential limousine entirely, another struck both Kennedy and Connally, and a third bullet struck Kennedy in the head, killing him. Bystander James Tague received a minor facial injury from a small piece of curbstone that had fragmented after it was struck by one of the bullets. Witness Howard Brennan was sitting across the street from the Texas School Book Depository and watching the motorcade go by. He notified police that he heard",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "5322206",
"text": "This included increasing access to groundwater, and creating lakes by damming rivers. On Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 pm Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC), Lee Harvey Oswald, an alienated loner, assassinated President John F. Kennedy. The Texas Governor, John B. Connally, was also shot but survived. The episode caused a national outrage focused on right wing elements in Dallas that had long been hostile to Kennedy. For a half-century and more the people of Dallas still struggle with being branded as having some responsibility. The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza, located where the assassin is",
"title": "History of Texas"
},
{
"id": "4289532",
"text": "Lee Harvey Oswald to shoot his wife so that \"J.F. could do one with M. Monroe\". Monroe commits suicide when Oswald hits the wrong target (in reality, Marilyn Monroe died in 1962, over a year before the assassination took place) and Oswald is later shot by his boss (implied to be Jack Ruby, who in reality killed Oswald in retaliation for Kennedy's death) for \"doing such a bad job and causing his hit-man business to go bust.\" The producer Stephen Hague has referred to the song as \"the only song about domestic violence that you can dance to.\" The original",
"title": "1963 (song)"
},
{
"id": "3464746",
"text": "Immediately before the President Kennedy's visit to Dallas, work on the west side of the sixth floor had started, \"leaving the whole scene in disarray, with stock shifted as far as the east wall, and stacks in between piled unusually high.\" On November 22, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, a 24-year-old former U.S. Marine who was working as a temporary employee at the building, fired three shots from a sixth floor window at the presidential motorcade, killing President John F. Kennedy. In addition to its building at Elm and Houston, the Texas School Book Depository Company maintained a second warehouse at",
"title": "Texas School Book Depository"
},
{
"id": "1981586",
"text": "was sold by the Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions in New York City on December 26, 1991, for $220,000. Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was riding with his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie when he was fatally shot by former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald firing in ambush from a nearby building. Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack.",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "4866437",
"text": "remote unit that was loaned to WBAP-TV by KTVT management and set up at the Dallas Police Department's downtown headquarters, awaiting the transfer of suspect Lee Harvey Oswald (who shot both men from an upper-floor window at the Texas School Book Depository overlooking Elm Street) to the Dallas County Jail, fed live images of the accused Presidential assassin being gunned down by nightclub owner Jack Ruby to the NBC network; it marked the first time that a murder had been witnessed live on U.S. network television. The station's coverage of the Kennedy assassination and his visit to Texas during which",
"title": "KXAS-TV"
},
{
"id": "232799",
"text": "km) southeast of Oswald's rooming house—a distance that the Warren Commission concluded \"Oswald could have easily walked.\" Tippit pulled alongside Oswald and \"apparently exchanged words with [him] through the right front or vent window.\" \"Shortly after 1:15 p.m.\", Tippit exited his car. Oswald immediately fired his pistol and killed the policeman with four shots. Numerous witnesses heard the shots and saw Oswald flee the scene holding a revolver; nine positively identified him as the man who shot Tippit and fled. Four cartridge cases found at the scene were identified by expert witnesses before the Warren Commission and the House Select",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "10061088",
"text": "who trains Homer Simpson at \"Leavelle's Bodyguard Academy,\" is based on Texan detective Jim Leavelle, as he appeared when escorting Lee Harvey Oswald when Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby. Leavelle trains the bodyguards by pretending to shoot their protectee from a grassy knoll on a cart. This is a reference to the grassy knoll at the site of President John F. Kennedy’s assassination, Dealey Plaza and a scene from the Kennedy assassination film \"Executive Action\" (1973). In the episode \"Diatribe of a Mad Housewife\", Homer and Marge Simpson decide to make their own novel: \"Who Really Killed JFK\", with",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "646765",
"text": "Dallas by factors including the American Dream, better living conditions, and the Mexican Revolution. On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in Downtown Dallas. The upper two floors of the building from which alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy, the Texas School Book Depository, have been converted into a historical museum covering the former president's life and accomplishments. On July 7, 2016, multiple shots were fired at a peaceful protest in Downtown Dallas, held against the police killings of two black men from other states. The",
"title": "Dallas"
},
{
"id": "8948936",
"text": "in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963. They appear at the Texas School Book Depository just as Lee Harvey Oswald is firing at U.S. President John F. Kennedy. They inadvertently knock him out the window to his death below, thereby preventing Kennedy's assassination. The crew use the time travel device, to go three years forward to 1966. The crew find Dallas deserted. Wandering the streets, they find a man who has been trampled to death, indicating people left in a hurry. Reading a nearby newspaper, Kryten finds out what has happened: The crew attempt to correct the situation by returning",
"title": "Tikka to Ride"
},
{
"id": "10061102",
"text": "ends after jury instructions, imploring viewers to debate among themselves; while the latter one has him being shot to death while being escorted from his jail cell to the courtroom just after the jury came back from deliberating. In the 1980 novel \"Timescape\" by Gregory Benford, Kennedy's assassination was averted by a high school student who interrupted Lee Harvey Oswald at the Texas School Book Depository, attacking the shooter and sending the would-be fatal third shot awry. Although seriously injured, Kennedy survived. This interference created an alternate timeline in which William Scranton was the US President in 1974, having defeated",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "216717",
"text": "Jack Ruby Jack Leon Ruby (born Jacob Leon Rubenstein; April 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967) was the Dallas, Texas nightclub owner who fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963, while Oswald was in police custody after being charged with assassinating U.S. President John F. Kennedy and the murder of Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit about an hour later. A Dallas jury found him guilty of murdering Oswald, and he was sentenced to death. Ruby's conviction was later appealed, and he was granted a new trial. However, on January 3, 1967, as the date for his new trial",
"title": "Jack Ruby"
},
{
"id": "4986251",
"text": "is based on Texan detective Jim Leavelle, as he appeared when escorting Lee Harvey Oswald when Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby. Leavelle trains the bodyguards by pretending to shoot their protectee from a grassy knoll on a cart. This is a reference to the grassy knoll at the site of President John F. Kennedy’s assassination, Dealey Plaza and a scene from the Kennedy assassination film \"Executive Action\" (1973). The plot shares elements with the film \"The Bodyguard\" (1992), particularly Homer carrying Hamill away from the crowd at the end. Leavelle sings the song \"I Will Always Love You\" by",
"title": "Mayored to the Mob"
},
{
"id": "9080570",
"text": "by one of the bullets and receiving immediate surgical treatment, McKinley died 8 days later of gangrene infection. John F. Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald with a bolt-action rifle on November 22, 1963. Andrew Jackson, Harry S. Truman, and Gerald Ford (the latter twice) survived assassination attempts involving firearms unharmed. Ronald Reagan was critically wounded in the March 30, 1981 assassination attempt by John Hinckley, Jr. with a .22-caliber revolver. He remains the only U.S. President to survive being shot while in office. Former president Theodore Roosevelt was shot and wounded right before delivering a speech during his",
"title": "Gun violence in the United States"
},
{
"id": "232811",
"text": "him once in the abdomen at close range. As the shot rang out, a police detective suddenly recognized Ruby and exclaimed: \"Jack, you son of a bitch!\" An unconscious Oswald was taken by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital—the same hospital where Kennedy was pronounced dead two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m; Dallas police chief Jesse Curry announced his death on a TV news broadcast. At 2:45 p.m. the same day, an autopsy was performed on Oswald in the Office of the County Medical Examiner. Dallas County medical examiner Earl Rose announced the results of the gross autopsy: \"The",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "2135296",
"text": "buildings. One of those buildings is the former Texas School Book Depository building, from which, both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded, Lee Harvey Oswald fired a rifle that killed President Kennedy. There is also a grassy knoll on the northwest side of the plaza. At the plaza's west perimeter is a triple underpass beneath a railroad bridge, under which the motorcade raced after the shots were fired. Today, the plaza is typically visited daily by tourists. The Sixth Floor Museum now occupies the top two floors of the seven-story former Book Depository. Since 1989,",
"title": "Dealey Plaza"
},
{
"id": "2323160",
"text": "J. D. Tippit J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was an American police officer who was an 11-year veteran with the Dallas Police Department. About 45 minutes after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Tippit was shot dead in a residential neighborhood in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of Tippit and was subsequently arrested for the killing of President Kennedy. Oswald was charged with both crimes shortly after his arrest. However, Oswald denied involvement in either of the cases. Because Oswald",
"title": "J. D. Tippit"
},
{
"id": "216728",
"text": "to take him to the nearby county jail — Ruby stepped out from a crowd of reporters and fired a single round from his .38 Colt Cobra revolver into Oswald's abdomen, fatally wounding him. Ruby was immediately subdued by agents and police. The shooting was broadcast live nationally, and millions of television viewers witnessed it. Oswald was taken by ambulance while unconscious to Parkland Memorial Hospital—the same hospital where doctors tried to save President Kennedy's life two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m. After his arrest, Ruby asked Dallas attorney Tom Howard to represent him. Howard accepted and asked",
"title": "Jack Ruby"
},
{
"id": "646816",
"text": "as well as non-Spanish highlights like sculptures by Rodin and Moore, have been so successful of a collaboration that the Prado and Meadows have agreed upon an extension of the partnership. The former Texas School Book Depository, from which, according to the Warren Commission Report, Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy in 1963, has served since the 1980s as a county government office building, except for its sixth and seventh floors, which house the Sixth Floor Museum. The American Museum of the Miniature Arts is at the Hall of State in Fair Park. The Arts District",
"title": "Dallas"
},
{
"id": "216766",
"text": "Jack Ruby was on the boat.\" Blaney Mack Johnson, an FBI informant, said Ruby was \"active in arranging illegal flights of weapons from Miami\" to pro-Castro forces in Cuba in the early 1950s. Articles of clothing that Ruby wore when he killed Oswald — including his suit, hat and shoes — are on display at the Historic Auto Attractions museum in Roscoe, Illinois. Jack Ruby Jack Leon Ruby (born Jacob Leon Rubenstein; April 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967) was the Dallas, Texas nightclub owner who fatally shot Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963, while Oswald was in police",
"title": "Jack Ruby"
},
{
"id": "8038364",
"text": "shooting President John F. Kennedy and Dallas patrolman J. D. Tippit that day, Lee Harvey Oswald sneaked into this theater without paying. After box office cashier Julie Postal received a tip on Oswald from nearby shoe store employee John Brewer, she called Dallas Police. Despite attempting to shoot the arresting officer, Oswald was arrested before the movie ended. (Coincidentally, lead actor Baynes Barron was born on May 29, 1917—the same day as the fallen president.) Oswald was fatally shot two days later by club owner Jack Ruby while being transferred to another jail. War Is Hell (film) War is Hell",
"title": "War Is Hell (film)"
},
{
"id": "1981585",
"text": "States government. The casket that was used to transport President Kennedy's body aboard Air Force One from Dallas to Washington was dropped into the sea by the Air Force, because \"its public display would be extremely offensive and contrary to public policy\". Other items such as the hat worn by Jack Ruby the day he shot Lee Harvey Oswald and the toe tag on Oswald's corpse are in the hands of private collectors and have sold for tens of thousands of dollars at auctions. The gun that Jack Ruby used to kill Oswald, which was owned by his brother Earl,",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "19205302",
"text": "to four minutes and left on foot. Shortly thereafter, Oswald was confronted by Dallas Police officer J.D. Tippit near the intersection of 10th and Patton. After exchanging a few words, Oswald fatally shot Officer Tippit and was later arrested a short time later at the Texas Theater. Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House The house at 1026 N. Beckley in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas, TX, was the temporary residence of Lee Harvey Oswald at the time of the John F. Kennedy assassination. Oswald rented a room here for $8 a week, beginning October 14, 1963, under the name O.H.",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House"
},
{
"id": "232812",
"text": "two things that we could determine were, first, that he died from a hemorrhage from a gunshot wound, and that otherwise he was a physically healthy male.\" Rose's examination found that the bullet entered Oswald's left side in the front part of the abdomen and caused damage to his spleen, stomach, aorta, vena cava, kidney, liver, diaphragm, and eleventh rib before coming to rest on his right side. A network television pool camera was broadcasting live to cover the transfer; millions of people watching on NBC witnessed the shooting as it happened and on other networks within minutes afterward. In",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "7796856",
"text": "civil rights movement, but he was largely unsuccessful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Act, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the state crime, but he was never prosecuted due to his murder by Jack Ruby two days later; Ruby was sentenced to death and died while the sentence was on appeal in 1967. Both the FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald had acted alone in the assassination,",
"title": "John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "232772",
"text": "Oswald reading a Russian-language publication. Oswald was fired almost 6 months later, on the first week of April 1963. In March 1963, Oswald used the alias \"A. Hidell\" to make a mail-order purchase of a secondhand 6.5 mm caliber Carcano rifle for $29.95. He also purchased a .38 Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver by the same method. On April 10, 1963, Oswald attempted to kill retired U.S. Major General Edwin Walker. He fired the Carcano rifle at Walker through a window from less than away as Walker sat at a desk in his Dallas home. The bullet struck the",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "8171577",
"text": "who sued the builder. After winning a court case, Belli would raise a Jolly Roger flag over his Montgomery Street office building in the Barbary Coast district of San Francisco (which Belli claimed had been a Gold Rush-era brothel) and fire a cannon, mounted on his office roof, to announce the victory and the impending party. In his best-known case, Belli represented Jack Ruby, for free, after Ruby shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald. Belli attempted to prove that Ruby was legally insane and had a history of mental illness in his family. On Saturday, March 14, 1964, Ruby was",
"title": "Melvin Belli"
},
{
"id": "10561578",
"text": "affairs correspondent until 1989, when he began a three-year stint in NBC's London office. He continued working as a correspondent until 1995, the year of his death. After President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, Pettit was dispatched to Dallas where he served, in effect, as a police reporter. In the famous footage of Lee Harvey Oswald being killed by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Pettit, standing six feet away, is heard exclaiming, \"He's been shot. He's been shot. Lee Harvey Oswald has been shot.\" NBC was the only network airing Oswald's transfer live. Pettit died after complications from surgery,",
"title": "Tom Pettit"
},
{
"id": "13594404",
"text": "his plan to cut the agency's budget by 20 percent, and the belief that he was weak on Communism. John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Various agencies and government panels have investigated the assassination at length, drawing different conclusions. Lee Harvey Oswald is accepted by official investigations as the assassin, but he was murdered by Jack Ruby before he could be tried in a court of law. The discrepancies between the official investigations and the extraordinary nature of the assassination have led to a variety of theories",
"title": "CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory"
},
{
"id": "12174636",
"text": "any person would react that way if someone pries into their personal lives. The film then ends as it began with the prisoner being led back into the courtroom. Dallas Police Detective Jim Leavelle made a brief cameo appearance playing himself in this scene. Oswald is then shot and killed by Ruby in an eerie return to reality. It flashes on the screen that the makers of the film cannot provide the role of a jury and the final verdict is ours alone. In a critical review for \"The Washington Post\", Tom Shales wrote that the film \"is beyond reprehensible",
"title": "The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald (1977 film)"
},
{
"id": "13184353",
"text": "Archduke Ferdinand was shot dead by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. On 31 October 1984 in New Delhi, Indian Prime Minister I. Gandhi was shot dead by her Sikh bodyguards. Almost 7 years later, her son R. Gandhi was killed by a Tamil suicide bomber. On 22 November 1963 in Dallas, Texas, US President Kennedy was shot dead by Lee Harvey Oswald. Infamous Assassinations Infamous Assassinations was a 2007 British documentary television series about high-profile murders and attempted murders of public figures. The series was narrated by actor Robert Powell. It is currently being shown on Yesterday. On 1 July 1934",
"title": "Infamous Assassinations"
},
{
"id": "7457603",
"text": "he was holding drops to the floor and shatters. Bobby finds a piece of glass with the Time Traveler's fingerprint on it. Lee Harvey Oswald (Jeffery Steiger) is captured, and Jack Ruby is killed before he can shoot Oswald. Clint Hill and Bobby Kennedy head to the grassy knoll and Hill takes out two gunman (indicating the film producers' belief in the conspiracy theories about the assassination). Oswald is taken to Washington, D.C. and interrogated by the Warren Commission; as a result, the CIA is disbanded. When J. Edgar Hoover threatens to blackmail the President by revealing audio tapes of",
"title": "Timequest (film)"
},
{
"id": "232828",
"text": "American Bar Association conducted two mock Oswald trials. The first trial ended in a hung jury. In the second trial the jury acquitted Oswald. Lee Harvey Oswald Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was an American Marxist and former U.S. Marine who assassinated United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Oswald was honorably discharged from the Marine Corps and defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959. He lived in the Belarusian city of Minsk until June 1962, when he returned to the United States with his Russian wife, Marina, and eventually settled",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "2457145",
"text": "executed for murder by New York state authorities. The accused assassin of John F. Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald, would presumably have been tried for murder by Texas state authorities had he not been killed two days later by Jack Ruby in the basement of the Dallas Municipal Building (then Dallas Police Department headquarters) while being transferred to the county jail. (Ruby himself was initially tried and convicted of murder in a Texas state court, but that was overturned by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and he died before he could be retried.) Only after Kennedy's death was it made",
"title": "Capital punishment by the United States federal government"
},
{
"id": "1981508",
"text": "shooting; Connally recovered from his injuries. Oswald was arrested by the Dallas Police Department 70 minutes after the initial shooting. Oswald was charged under Texas state law with the murder of Kennedy as well as that of Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit, who had been fatally shot a short time after the assassination. At 11:21 a.m. Sunday, November 24, 1963, as live television cameras covered his transfer to the Dallas County Jail, Oswald was fatally shot in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters by Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby. Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital where he soon died.",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "17108884",
"text": "Ruby and Oswald Ruby and Oswald is a 1978 American made-for-television drama film about the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. It stars Michael Lerner and Frederic Forrest. Jack Ruby (Michael Lerner) is a warm-hearted and patriotic nightclub owner, who loves President Kennedy. Lee Harvey Oswald (Frederic Forrest), a troubled loner with a speckled past is looking to merely acquire fame. On November 22, Oswald kills the president. On the 24th, Ruby kills Oswald, being motivated exclusively by his love for the president. Journalist Jeremiah O'Leary witnessed Ruby's shooting of Oswald in the basement of Dallas Police headquarters on",
"title": "Ruby and Oswald"
},
{
"id": "14387585",
"text": "local underworld when the President was assassinated on November 22. Suspicions increased two days later when accused Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald, then in the custody of the Dallas Police, was shot and mortally wounded in front of TV cameras by local nightclub owner Jack Ruby. Informant Bobby Gene Moore told the FBI what he knew about Ruby's many visits with Joseph Civello. During the Warren Commission probe into the Kennedy Assassination, further evidence surfaced of contacts between Ruby and Tampa Mob figures in Havana, Cuba. Ruby visited gambler Lewis J. McWillie in Havana in 1959, and one account suggested",
"title": "Dallas crime family"
},
{
"id": "232749",
"text": "he assassinated Kennedy by firing three shots from the Texas School Book Depository. This conclusion, though controversial, was supported by previous investigations from the FBI, the Secret Service, and the Dallas Police Department. Despite forensic, ballistic, and eyewitness evidence that supports the official findings, public opinion polls have shown that most Americans do not believe the official version of the events. The assassination has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Oswald was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on October 18, 1939, to Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. (1896–1939) and Marguerite Frances Claverie (1907–1981). Robert Oswald was a distant cousin of Confederate general",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "7210238",
"text": "car of the motorcade carrying President Kennedy, he provided security for both the president and the vice-president, Lyndon B. Johnson, at Parkland Memorial Hospital where President Kennedy died, and, later, aboard \"Air Force One\" when Johnson was sworn in as the new president. Two hours after President Kennedy was assassinated, Dallas Police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald in connection with the fatal shooting of Dallas Police officer J.D. Tippit. Oswald quickly became the prime suspect in Kennedy's death and was charged with both crimes. Curry and the Dallas Police were initially praised for apprehending the alleged assassin so quickly, but the",
"title": "Jesse Curry"
},
{
"id": "6912685",
"text": "HSCA tests proved conclusively that the claim was not accurate. In 1972 the Kennedy family chose John K. Lattimer, MD as the first nongovernmental expert to examine evidence taken at Kennedy's autopsy. Lattimer performed ballistic tests and other research to prove that Lee Harvey Oswald was likely the sniper who shot and killed President John F. Kennedy from the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas. Dr. Lattimer frequently performed a demonstration of Oswald's shooting, firing three well-aimed shots within 8.3 seconds with Carcano M91/38 and under the same firing conditions. By doing so Dr. Lattimer intended to prove that Oswald",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle"
},
{
"id": "15866829",
"text": "in the Warren Commission report. Nonetheless, a majority of Americans polled indicated a belief in some sort of conspiracy. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated by gunshot while traveling in a motorcade in an open-top limousine in Dallas, Texas at 12:30 pm CST on Friday, November 22, 1963; Texas Governor John Connally was wounded, but survived. Within two hours, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for killing Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit and arraigned that evening. Shortly after 1:30 am on Saturday, November 23, Oswald was arraigned for murdering President Kennedy as well. On Sunday, November 24, at 11:21 a.m., nightclub",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories"
},
{
"id": "9500427",
"text": "in Washington, D.C. fluent in Spanish in 1954, Rudd participated in the interrogation of the Puerto Rican nationalists involved in the attack on the US House of Representatives that year. His report impressed Director J. Edgar Hoover, who offered Rudd his next choice of assignment, which he received as U.S. legal attaché at the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City, where he served from 1960 to 1970. When assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963, Rudd was ordered by Hoover to collect from the Mexican government their law enforcement and",
"title": "Eldon Rudd"
},
{
"id": "10408751",
"text": "Julie Postal received a tip on Oswald from nearby shoe store employee John Brewer, she called Dallas police. While \"War Is Hell\" was in progress, Oswald was arrested, though not before he attempted to shoot the arresting officer. Oswald was fatally shot by club owner Jack Ruby two days later while he was being transferred to another jail. Cry of Battle Cry of Battle is a 1963 American coming of age war film based on the 1951 novel \"Fortress in the Rice\" by Benjamin Appel who was a journalist and special assistant to the U.S. Commissioner for the Philippines from",
"title": "Cry of Battle"
},
{
"id": "1981544",
"text": "and forcibly restrained by the police. He was charged with the murders of President Kennedy and Officer Tippit later that night. Oswald denied shooting anyone and claimed he was a patsy who was arrested because he had lived in the Soviet Union. Oswald's case never came to trial. Two days after the assassination, as he was being escorted to a car in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters for the transfer from the city jail to the county jail, Oswald was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby. The incident was broadcast live on American television at 11:21 a.m.",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "2178626",
"text": "would be withheld. Although he made a profit from selling the film, he asked that the amount he was paid not be publicly disclosed. He later donated $25,000 (about $ today) of the money he was paid to the widow of Officer J. D. Tippit, a Dallas police officer who was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald 45 minutes after President Kennedy was killed. In 1975, Time, Inc. (which owned \"Life\" magazine) sold the film back to the Zapruder family for $1. In 1978, the Zapruders allowed the film to be stored at the National Archives and Records Administration",
"title": "Abraham Zapruder"
},
{
"id": "6912647",
"text": "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle In March 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, using the alias \"A. Hidell\", purchased by mail order a 6.5×52mm Carcano Model 91/38 infantry rifle (described by the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy as a \"Mannlicher–Carcano\") rifle with a telescopic sight. He also purchased a revolver from a different company, by the same method. The Hidell alias was determined from multiple sources to be Oswald. Oswald fired the rifle from the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas, Texas, to assassinate U.S. President John F. Kennedy as his motorcade drove by on November 22, 1963. Photographs",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination rifle"
},
{
"id": "10061110",
"text": "between the United States and North Korea in 1987. In the 2010 book, \"TimeRiders\", a training mission involves going back to November 22, 1963, to stop Lee Harvey Oswald from killing JFK. This results in a new timeline in which a large space program sends a mission to Mars on September 10, 2001. The trainees learn that history corrects itself, and Oswald, who was originally a lone gunman, was no longer alone when he shot the President but was part of a conspiracy, thanks to their interference with the timestream. Stephen King's novel \"11/22/63\", published in 2011, tells about a",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "4132883",
"text": "report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later, saying one shot wounded President Kennedy and Governor Connally, and a subsequent shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The Commission also concluded a third shot was fired, but made no conclusion as to whether it was the first, second or third shot fired. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three shots. Inline citations Bibliography Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination This article considers the detailed timeline of events before, during, and after the assassination of John F.",
"title": "Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"
},
{
"id": "232774",
"text": "in a mental institution on orders from President Kennedy's brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, but a grand jury refused to indict him. Marina Oswald testified that her husband told her that he traveled by bus to General Walker's house and shot at Walker with his rifle. She said that Oswald considered Walker to be the leader of a \"fascist organization.\" A note Oswald left for Marina on the night of the attempt, telling her what to do if he did not return, was not found until ten days after the Kennedy assassination. Before the Kennedy assassination, Dallas police had no",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "19139105",
"text": "Ruth Paine Home The Ruth Paine Home at 2515 W. 5th Street in Irving, Texas, United States, is the location where Lee Harvey Oswald spent the night before assassinating President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. It was from the house's garage that he removed the rifle he used for the assassination, which he had previously concealed there. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 16, 2014. Located in the Dallas suburb of Irving, the Paine home was a key location in the John F. Kennedy assassination saga of 1963. The house, owned",
"title": "Ruth Paine Home"
},
{
"id": "15866911",
"text": "revolver in hand positively identified Lee Harvey Oswald as the man they saw fire the shots or flee from the scene, (2) the cartridge cases found near the scene of the shooting were fired from the revolver in the possession of Oswald at the time of his arrest, to the exclusion of all other weapons, (3) the revolver in Oswald's possession at the time of his arrest was purchased by and belonged to Oswald, and (4) Oswald's jacket was found along the path of flight taken by the gunman as he fled from the scene of the killing.\" Some researchers",
"title": "John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories"
},
{
"id": "15760323",
"text": "JFK: 3 Shots That Changed America JFK: 3 Shots That Changed America is an American historical documentary about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. It premiered on The History Channel on Sunday, October 11, 2009 and was released on DVD on January 26, 2010. The film is an unnarrated collection of archived news and home movie footage shot as events unfolded, some of it rarely seen. Part one deals with the time from President Kennedy's arrival in Dallas on November 22, 1963 through the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald less than 48 hours later. Part two deals with the",
"title": "JFK: 3 Shots That Changed America"
},
{
"id": "2323175",
"text": "the killing of Lee Harvey Oswald. In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations reported: \"Based on Oswald's possession of the murder weapon a short time after the murder and the eyewitness identifications of Oswald as the gunman, the committee concluded that Oswald shot and killed Officer Tippit.\" Some conspiracy theorists have alleged that the murder of Officer Tippit was part of a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy. Implying that two murders could not have happened so closely together by coincidence, his killing is often referred to as the \"Rosetta Stone\" to the solution of the Kennedy assassination by critics",
"title": "J. D. Tippit"
},
{
"id": "2323179",
"text": "Duchovny in 1992's \"Ruby\". He was also portrayed by Matt Micou in the 2013 television drama \"Killing Kennedy\". J. D. Tippit J. D. Tippit (September 18, 1924 – November 22, 1963) was an American police officer who was an 11-year veteran with the Dallas Police Department. About 45 minutes after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, Tippit was shot dead in a residential neighborhood in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of Tippit and was subsequently arrested for the killing of President Kennedy. Oswald was charged",
"title": "J. D. Tippit"
},
{
"id": "1981564",
"text": "was established on November 29, 1963, by President Johnson to investigate the assassination. Its 888-page final report was presented to Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of President Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally, and that Jack Ruby also acted alone in the murder of Oswald. The Commission's findings have since proven controversial and been both challenged and supported by later studies. The Commission took its unofficial name, \"The Warren Commission\", from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "7210239",
"text": "praise ended two days later when Oswald was shot by nightclub owner Jack Ruby while he was being transferred from the basement of the Dallas Police station to the county jail. Curry had allowed journalists and camera men into the area to witness the transfer in an effort to quell rumors that Oswald was being mistreated while in police custody. Curry was later criticized and sometimes blamed for compromising Oswald's safety and allowing him to be killed \"in the basement of his [Curry's] own building.\" After President Kennedy's assassination, Curry and his family received death and kidnapping threats. Curry was",
"title": "Jesse Curry"
},
{
"id": "9549841",
"text": "I believe that I could identify this man if I ever saw him again.\" A description of the suspect was broadcast to all Dallas police at 12:45 p.m., 12:48 p.m., and 12:55 p.m. At about 1:10 p.m., Patrolman J. D. Tippit was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald after Tippit spotted him walking along a sidewalk and stopped to speak to him. After the Tippit shooting, a description of Oswald came out, and it was noticed that the description of the man who shot the police officer was very similar to the description given after the president was shot.",
"title": "Howard Brennan"
},
{
"id": "2357036",
"text": "to give a check for one million dollars to \"Literacy For Life\" as part of the \"Bill Gates Foundation.\" (The filmmakers intentionally avoided mentioning Gates' family members in the film; thus, they refrain from naming the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.) Upon reaching the stage, Gates is shot dead by a sniper, first in the right shoulder, then the head. While chasing after the unknown sniper through an abandoned building, a rookie police officer fatally shoots Alek J. Hidell (a known alias of JFK killer Lee Harvey Oswald), a minor anti-establishment figure and minority, in the head. Hiddell is named",
"title": "Nothing So Strange"
},
{
"id": "9896102",
"text": "Jim Leavelle James Robert Leavelle (born August 23, 1920) is the former Dallas, Texas, homicide detective who was escorting Lee Harvey Oswald through the basement of Dallas Police headquarters when Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby. Several photographs—including one that won a Pulitzer Prize—were taken of Oswald just before and as Ruby pulled the trigger. The photos show Leavelle wearing a tan suit, in sharp contrast to the other detective (L. C. Graves), who is wearing a black suit. Leavelle was born and raised in Red River County, Texas. He served in the United States Navy during World War II,",
"title": "Jim Leavelle"
},
{
"id": "19139109",
"text": "spent an estimated $100,000. Restoration began in 2011, and the Ruth Paine Home was opened as a museum on November 6, 2013. Ruth Paine Home The Ruth Paine Home at 2515 W. 5th Street in Irving, Texas, United States, is the location where Lee Harvey Oswald spent the night before assassinating President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. It was from the house's garage that he removed the rifle he used for the assassination, which he had previously concealed there. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 16, 2014. Located in the Dallas",
"title": "Ruth Paine Home"
},
{
"id": "6819461",
"text": "Ruby (1992 film) Ruby is a feature film, released in the United States on March 27, 1992, about Jack Ruby, the Dallas, Texas nightclub owner who shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald in the basement garage of a Dallas city police station in 1963. The film was directed by John Mackenzie and stars Danny Aiello (as Ruby), Sherilyn Fenn (as Sheryl Ann DuJean a.k.a. Candy Cane), and Arliss Howard. It is based on a play written by British screenwriter Stephen Davis. \"Ruby\" was released three months after Oliver Stone's movie \"JFK\". The film begins with Jack Ruby saying, \"Lookin' back",
"title": "Ruby (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "6819483",
"text": "and ability to create a tortured and well-meaning character, but criticizing an overall lack of historical accuracy, which he felt affected the pace of the film. Vincent Canby of \"The New York Times\" wrote \"As crazy as it is, though, \"Ruby\" is almost rudely entertaining.\" Ruby (1992 film) Ruby is a feature film, released in the United States on March 27, 1992, about Jack Ruby, the Dallas, Texas nightclub owner who shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald in the basement garage of a Dallas city police station in 1963. The film was directed by John Mackenzie and stars Danny Aiello",
"title": "Ruby (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "938717",
"text": "with the responsibility for providing acute medical care for citizens who otherwise would not receive adequate medical services. The Parkland Health & Hospital System (Dallas County Hospital District) operates the Parkland Memorial Hospital and various health centers. The Commissioners Court meets the first and third Tuesday at the Commissioners Courtroom located in the Dallas County Administration Building at 411 Elm St., corner of Elm and Houston streets. The building was the headquarters of the Texas School Book Depository Company until 1970. Assassin Lee Harvey Oswald shot President John F. Kennedy from a window located on the sixth floor which today",
"title": "Dallas County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "8852056",
"text": "James Files James Earl Files (born January 24, 1942), also known as James Sutton, is a former American prisoner. In 1994, while serving a 50 year sentence for the 1991 attempted murders of two police officers, Files gave interviews stating that he was the \"grassy knoll shooter\" in the 1963 assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy and that Lee Harvey Oswald never fired a single shot. Files has subsequently been interviewed by others and discussed in various books pertaining to the assassination and related theories. In 1994, the Federal Bureau of Investigation was quoted as having investigated Files'",
"title": "James Files"
},
{
"id": "2323174",
"text": "answer questions surrounding the events. President Johnson also hoped to quell rumors that arose after Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby that the assassination and subsequent shootings were part of a conspiracy. The committee, known as the Warren Commission (named for the commission chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren), spent ten months investigating the murders and interviewing witnesses. On September 24, 1964, the Warren Commission released an 888-page report that concluded there was no evidence of a conspiracy and Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in killing President Kennedy and Officer Tippit. The report also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone in",
"title": "J. D. Tippit"
},
{
"id": "2075719",
"text": "After watching this man, Hill crossed the street and was one of many witnesses and authorities who first ran toward the grassy knoll after the shots ended. Mrs. Jean L. Hill stated that after the firing stopped she saw a white man wearing a brown overcoat and a hat running west away from the Depository Building in the direction of the railroad tracks. She has since stated when she saw a photo of Jack Ruby after his killing of Lee Harvey Oswald she now believes he was the man she saw running. You can see in the Zapruder film that",
"title": "Jean Hill"
},
{
"id": "4899678",
"text": "as an auxiliary facility until it was disassembled in 1984; the antenna on which it was installed was torn down in 1995, in order to reduce the load on the tower). KRLD-TV served as the home base for CBS' network coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, when suspect Lee Harvey Oswald (from an upper-floor window at the Texas School Book Depository) shot his rifle at sniper range at the Presidential motorcade carrying Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally as it had turned onto Elm Street. Eddie Barker, who was KRLD-TV's news director at",
"title": "KDFW"
},
{
"id": "2493464",
"text": "Dennis Rodman grew up in Oak Cliff. Omar Gonzalez was born and raised in Oak Cliff. He is an American soccer player who plays as a defender for Atlas in Liga MX and the U.S. Men's National Team. Oak Cliff is the home of the Texas Theatre, where former resident Lee Harvey Oswald, the man who killed U.S. President John F. Kennedy, was arrested. The theater has appeared in many books and movies on the Kennedy assassination including Oliver Stone's 1991 film, \"JFK\". Oak Cliff is the setting of \"City Limit\", the novel by Lantzee Miller is a coming-of-age story",
"title": "Oak Cliff"
},
{
"id": "8494776",
"text": "Hugh Aynesworth Hugh Grant Aynesworth (; born August 2, 1931) is an American journalist, investigative reporter, author, and teacher. Aynesworth has been reported to have witnessed the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dealey Plaza, the capture and arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald at the Texas Theater, and the shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby in the basement of the Dallas Police Headquarters. In a 1976 \"Texas Monthly\" article, William Broyles, Jr. described Aynesworth as \"one of the most respected authorities on the assassination of John F. Kennedy\". Aynesworth is a native of Clarksburg, West Virginia. Having grown",
"title": "Hugh Aynesworth"
},
{
"id": "19205301",
"text": "the home to the public and offers tours. Beginning October 14, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald rented a small room in the Johnson house for $8 a week. He slept there on weeknights, and went back on weekends to suburban Irving, Texas, to be with his wife. On the date of the assassination, November 22, Oswald returned to his room immediately after shooting President John F. Kennedy from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. According to housekeeper Earlene Roberts, Oswald entered the home in a \"hurry\", grabbed a light jacket and remained in the home only three",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House"
},
{
"id": "10230497",
"text": "which in 1998 became NewYork–Presbyterian, the head of the Department is known as the \"John K. Lattimer Professor of Urology\". His patients included Katharine Hepburn, Charles Lindbergh, Dmitri Shostakovich, Itzhak Perlman and Greta Garbo. The Kennedy family chose him in 1972 as the first nongovernmental expert to examine evidence taken at Kennedy's autopsy. Lattimer performed ballistic tests and other research to prove that Lee Harvey Oswald was likely the sniper who shot and killed President John F. Kennedy from the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas. Lattimer frequently performed a demonstration of Oswald's shooting, firing three well-aimed shots within 8.3",
"title": "John K. Lattimer"
},
{
"id": "7313195",
"text": "Longhorn Ballroom The Longhorn Ballroom is a music venue and country western dance hall in Dallas, Texas (USA). It was known in the early 1950s as Bob Wills' Ranch House when the large ballroom was built and operated by O.L. Nelms, an eccentric Dallas millionaire, for his close friend, western swing bandleader Bob Wills. When Wills left, O.L. Nelms leased the sprawling dance club to Jack Ruby who later killed Lee Harvey Oswald, John F. Kennedy's accused assassin. O.L. Nelms then sold the property to his close friend and business partner Dewey Groom. On January 10, 1978 it achieved brief",
"title": "Longhorn Ballroom"
},
{
"id": "4890632",
"text": "from an official at Parkland Hospital; Barker's scoop appeared live simultaneously on CBS and ABC as a result of a local press pool arrangement. Many local and national news organizations such as Dallas station WFAA-TV and CBS News provided continuous coverage of the events and aftermath for five days. The November 24, 1963 assassination of Kennedy's accused killer Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby was fed to NBC by a remote unit on loan to its Dallas affiliate WBAP-TV (now KXAS-TV) from competitor KTVT, and was the first murder to have been witnessed live on U.S. network television. The coverage",
"title": "News broadcasting"
},
{
"id": "18117336",
"text": "on November 22, 1963. On November 23 at the Texas School Book Depository where Lee Harvey Oswald had worked, Wise encountered Jack Ruby who expressed concern that Jackie Kennedy might be required to return to Dallas if Oswald were tried for Kennedy's murder. Wise was present in the Dallas Municipal Building when Oswald was shot dead. Wise testified as a witness for both the defense and the prosecution at Jack Ruby's trial for the murder of Oswald. Wise is a co-author of the 2004 memoir \"When the News Went Live: Dallas 1963\". Of Dallas during Kennedy's visit, Wise has said,",
"title": "Wes Wise"
},
{
"id": "2323167",
"text": "toward the front of the car, Oswald drew his handgun and fired four shots in rapid succession. One bullet hit Tippit in the chest, one in the stomach, another in his right temple (one bullet hit a button and did not penetrate his skin). Tippit's body was transported from the scene of the shooting by ambulance to Methodist Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 1:25 p.m. by Dr. Richard A. Liguori. A short time later, Hardy's shoe store manager Johnny Brewer observed Oswald acting suspiciously as police cars passed nearby with sirens blaring. Oswald then ducked into the Texas",
"title": "J. D. Tippit"
},
{
"id": "5434797",
"text": "Texas Theatre The Texas Theatre is a movie theater and Dallas Landmark located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas, Texas. It gained historical significance on November 22, 1963 as the location of Lee Harvey Oswald's arrest for the killing of Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit. Today, it hosts a mix of repertory cinema and special events. When first opened in 1931, the Texas Theatre was the largest suburban movie theater in Dallas and was part of a chain of theaters financed by Howard Hughes. It was the first theater in Dallas with air conditioning and featured many state-of-the-art",
"title": "Texas Theatre"
},
{
"id": "10061101",
"text": "and re-enacting the assassination of the president. The assassination has been the subject of many time travel and alternate history stories in science fiction film, television and literature, many with Kennedy and/or Oswald surviving or other people in the Presidential limousine dead. Some of these have Governor John Connally killed in place of Kennedy. A pair of alternate history films called \"The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald\" made in 1964 and 1977 have the accused assassin not being killed by Jack Ruby and standing trial for the murder of President Kennedy. Neither film ends in a verdict: the earlier movie",
"title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "5434802",
"text": "Inc. signed a lease to operate the theater as an independent and repertory cinema with hopes of presenting live theatre and concerts in the future. Texas Theatre The Texas Theatre is a movie theater and Dallas Landmark located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas, Texas. It gained historical significance on November 22, 1963 as the location of Lee Harvey Oswald's arrest for the killing of Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit. Today, it hosts a mix of repertory cinema and special events. When first opened in 1931, the Texas Theatre was the largest suburban movie theater in Dallas and",
"title": "Texas Theatre"
},
{
"id": "11598821",
"text": "Rubenstein v. State Jacob Rubinstein v. State of Texas 407 S.W.2d 793 (1966) was a decision by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the highest criminal appellate court in the State of Texas, that Jack Ruby (whose real name was Jacob Rubenstein; \"Jack Ruby\" was his nickname), accused killer of Lee Harvey Oswald had been denied a fair trial. The decision ordered his conviction reversed, but Ruby died before he could be retried. The arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald for the murder of President John F. Kennedy and Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit was widely televised in Dallas. News",
"title": "Rubenstein v. State"
},
{
"id": "2343676",
"text": "findings. Although the HSCA medical panel was critical of the thoroughness and methodology of the original autopsy, they unanimously concurred with the previous analysis of the late president's wounds: the cause of death being two, and only two bullet wounds, both of which entered from above and behind (the direction of Oswald in the Book Depository). The authenticity of several fingerprints and a palm print found on assassination-related materials was reaffirmed by a fingerprint expert. Lee Harvey Oswald's prints were found on the trigger guard and underside of the Mannlicher–Carcano rifle used to shoot the president, the brown paper container",
"title": "United States House Select Committee on Assassinations"
},
{
"id": "232810",
"text": "the weekend. Oswald also declined his brother Robert's offer on Saturday to obtain a local attorney. During an interrogation with Captain Fritz, when asked, \"Are you a communist?\", he replied, \"No, I am not a communist. I am a Marxist.\" On Sunday, November 24, detectives were escorting Oswald through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters toward an armored car that was to take him from the city jail (located on the fourth floor of police headquarters) to the nearby county jail. At 11:21 a.m. CST, Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby approached Oswald from the side of the crowd and shot",
"title": "Lee Harvey Oswald"
},
{
"id": "20465284",
"text": "is where Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, was gunned down in 1963 by Jack Ruby. Hill opened his own office in 1921 in Dallas, and designed many private residences from the 1920s through the 1940s in the Swiss Avenue, Gaston Avenue, Lakewood and Highland Park areas. He also worked on commercial properties, apartments, several churches, and the original Dallas and Lakewood Country Club buildings. Hill is especially known for his traditional, grand, Georgian-style homes, many examples of which can be seen in the Swiss Avenue Historic District in East Dallas. However, he also designed",
"title": "Bertram Charles Hill"
},
{
"id": "17845463",
"text": "fact that at that time in the United States, forensic pathology was in its infancy. Despite his conclusion that the original investigation was flawed, he agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the shooting. In 1979, Spitz consulted with the same committees on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The committee determined that King was killed by one rifle shot by James Earl Ray. In 2011, he testified for the defense in the trial of Casey Anthony for the death of her daughter, Caylee. He disagreed with the prosecution's medical examiner Jan Garavaglia",
"title": "Werner Spitz"
},
{
"id": "17715056",
"text": "\"Press-Telegram\" saying that Oswald had \"assuredly\" killed Kennedy. On April 23, 1964 at around 2 am, Hunter was fatally shot while sitting at his desk in the press room at the Long Beach police headquarters by police officer, Creighton Wiggins. Wiggins initially claimed that his gun accidentally discharged when he dropped it on the ground, hitting Hunter in the heart as he sat reading a book. Hunter was killed instantly. After investigators concluded that the trajectory of the bullet was not consistent with a gun that was at ground level, Wiggins changed his story and said he had been playing",
"title": "Bill Hunter (journalist)"
},
{
"id": "6819478",
"text": "convoy ride through the city. It is shown that Diego, with Oswald as the handler, shoots Kennedy from the sixth-floor window of the Dallas Book Depository, while the second assassin, and his handler, fire the fatal shot, killing Kennedy from the grassy knoll section near the building to the building. After watching the events on a TV set, a distraught Ruby returns to his club, where Proby is rummaging through his desk to look for the audio tape of the recording of the conversation Ruby had in Las Vegas with Santos and his associates, but the tape is gone. Ruby",
"title": "Ruby (1992 film)"
},
{
"id": "2075714",
"text": "witness for a number of reasons, other researchers investigating the assassination and the conclusions of the Warren Commission consider her a highly credible witness. Critics point to her statement that she saw Jack Ruby, the killer of assassin Lee Harvey Oswald, at the scene of the assassination in Dealey Plaza when other witnesses placed him in the offices of \"The Dallas Morning News\" at the time. Others point to significant circumstantial evidence of an apparent smear campaign to undermine the testimony and credibility of Hill, the closest civilian witness to the assassination and its immediate aftermath. Jean Hill was a",
"title": "Jean Hill"
},
{
"id": "3403851",
"text": "high school student in Dallas is sent by his physics teacher to the Texas School Book Depository to get a copy of Bernstein's findings. There he interrupts Lee Harvey Oswald's assassination attempt on President John F. Kennedy, attacking the shooter and sending the would-be fatal third shot awry. Though seriously injured, Kennedy survives. This paradox creates an alternate universe and forever ends the contact with the original 1998. The concluding chapters portray the 1998 of the original timeline as a bleak, failing world, the intensified ecological disaster taking a noticeable toll on the human way of life. Peterson retreats to",
"title": "Timescape"
},
{
"id": "1367042",
"text": "boxing. He wrote an autobiography titled \"No Man Stands Alone\". He also remained loyal to his friend Jack Ruby and testified as a character witness on Ruby's behalf at his trial for killing Lee Harvey Oswald, who was under arrest for the shooting death of Dallas patrolman, J.D. Tippit. Ross died in his hometown Chicago of throat cancer at the age of 57. His relatives include Yuri Rasovsky, Solomon Rosowsky, Baruch Leib Rosowsky and Dana Sandra Wile. Ross was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, the World Boxing Hall of Fame, the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame, the",
"title": "Barney Ross"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza context: Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza is located on the sixth floor of the Dallas County Administration Building (formerly the Texas School Book Depository) in downtown Dallas, Texas, overlooking Dealey Plaza at the intersection of Elm and Houston Streets. The museum examines the life, times, death, and legacy of President John F. Kennedy and is located at the very spot from which Lee Harvey Oswald, according to four government investigations, shot and killed the President on November 22, 1963. The museum's exhibition area uses historic films, photographs, artifacts, and interpretive displays to document\n\nWhere was Lee Harvey Oswald shot dead?",
"compressed_tokens": 182,
"origin_tokens": 182,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Assassination of John F. Kennedy context: shooting; Connally recovered from his injuries. Oswald was arrested by the Dallas Police Department 70 minutes after the initial shooting. Oswald was charged under Texas state law with the murder of Kennedy as well as that of Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit, who had been fatally shot a short time after the assassination. At 11:21 a.m. Sunday, November 24, 1963, as live television cameras covered his transfer to the Dallas County Jail, Oswald was fatally shot in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters by Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby. Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital where he soon died.\n\ntitle: Lee Harvey Oswald context: two things that we could determine were, first, that he died from hemorrhage from a gunshot wound, and otherwise he was a physically health male.\" Rose's examination found that the bullet entered Oswald's left side in the front part the abdomen and caused damage to his spleen, stomach, aorta, vena cava kidney, liver, diaphragm, and eleventh rib before coming to rest on his right side. television pool camera was broadcasting live to cover the transfer; millions of people watching on NBC witnessed the shooting as it happened and other networks within minutes afterward. In\ntitle Timeline of the John F murder charge, reportedly on orders in the.) On 24,13, 1.m C before cam Lee Harswald shot mortallyement Dallas Police local nightclubed Jack Rubyconscious Osw was put ambulance toland Memorial Hospital, where do tried to save the F dayssw died :07. state place in Washington DC the three days that followed the assass\ntitle F: forrained the He with the that. denied shooting anyone claimed wasy arrested case to basement of Dallas Police Headquarters for the transfer from the city jail to the county jail, Oswald was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby. The incident was broadcast live on American television at 11:21 a.m.\n\nWhere was Lee Harvey Oswald shot dead?",
"compressed_tokens": 450,
"origin_tokens": 13822,
"ratio": "30.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
104 | Where was The Iron Triangle? | [
"Độc lập - tự do - hạnh phúc",
"Cộng Hòa Xã Hội Chủ Nghĩa Việt Nam",
"越南社會主義共和國",
"ISO 3166-1:VN",
"SRVN",
"VIETNAM",
"CHXHCN Vietnam",
"Viet Nam Socialist Repub",
"SRoV",
"S.R. Vietnam",
"Languages of Viet Nam",
"Communist Vietnam",
"Red Vietnam (modern)",
"Doc lap, tu do, hanh phuc",
"People's Republic of Vietnam",
"VietNam",
"Việtnam",
"Socialist Republic of Viet Nam",
"Yue Nan",
"Viêtnam",
"Độc lập, tự do, hạnh phúc",
"SR Vietnam",
"Yuenan",
"Vietman",
"Vietnarm",
"Viet nam",
"Veitnam",
"Languages of Vietnam",
"Viêt Nam",
"Vietnam",
"The Socialist Republic of Vietnam",
"Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam",
"Etymology of Vietnam",
"Socialist Republic of Vietnam",
"Doc lap - tu do - hanh phuc",
"Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam",
"Viet-Nam",
"Viet Nam",
"Vjet-Namo",
"Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam",
"Vietnamese Republic",
"Việt Nam"
] | Vietnam | [
{
"id": "14246010",
"text": "Iron Triangle (Korea) The Iron Triangle was a key communist Chinese and North Korean concentration area and communications junction during the Korean War, located in the central sector between Cheorwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south and Pyonggang in the north. The area was located 20 to 30 miles (30 to 50 kilometres) above the 38th parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and contained the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the northeast and Seoul in the southwest. During the war the area was the scene of heavy",
"title": "Iron Triangle (Korea)"
},
{
"id": "14246011",
"text": "fighting between the Chinese People's Volunteer Army and the US Eighth Army during the Battle of White Horse and the Battle of Triangle Hill in October–November 1952. The Battle of Pork Chop Hill in March–July 1953 took place to the west of the Iron Triangle. This complex was eventually named the \"Iron Triangle\" by newsmen searching for a dramatic term. Today, the region straddles the Demilitarized Zone. Iron Triangle (Korea) The Iron Triangle was a key communist Chinese and North Korean concentration area and communications junction during the Korean War, located in the central sector between Cheorwon and Gimhwa-eup in",
"title": "Iron Triangle (Korea)"
},
{
"id": "8637499",
"text": "began planning for an operation code named Operation Junction City aimed at disrupting VC control of War Zone C. When the strength of Gen. Seaman's troops built up, however, he suggested to additionally target another major VC stronghold: the so-called \"Iron Triangle\". This was the nickname for an area of approximately 155 square kilometers located some 20 kilometers north of Saigon which, being bounded by the Saigon River to the southwest, Than Dien Forest to the north, and the Thi Tinh River to the east, had a roughly triangular shape. Virtually since the beginning of the Second Indochinese War, this",
"title": "Operation Cedar Falls"
},
{
"id": "5411178",
"text": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam) The Iron Triangle (Vietnamese:\"Tam Giác Sắt\") was a area in the Bình Dương Province of Vietnam, so named due to it being a stronghold of Viet Minh activity during the war. The region was under control of the Viet Minh throughout the French war in Vietnam and continued to be so throughout the phase of American involvement in the Vietnam War, despite concerted efforts on the part of US and South Vietnamese forces to destabilize the region as a power base for their enemy, the communist North Vietnamese–sponsored and–directed South Vietnamese insurgent movement, the National Liberation Front",
"title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)"
},
{
"id": "7887758",
"text": "Battle of the Iron Triangle The Battle of the Iron Triangle took place from 16 May to 20 November 1974, when the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 9th Division captured Rach Bap and An Dien The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) regained the lost towns in a series of costly counterattacks. The Iron Triangle was an important strategic location, bounded on the north by the jungle and overgrown rubber plantations of the Long Nguyen Secret Zone, on the west by the Saigon River and on the east by the smaller but unfordable obstacle of the Thi Thinh River.",
"title": "Battle of the Iron Triangle"
},
{
"id": "20824878",
"text": "Operation Dauntless Operation Dauntless was a military operation performed by the United Nations (U.N.) during the Korean War designed to advance the U.N. lines to positions to north of the 38th Parallel designated Line Wyoming which would threaten the Chinese and North Korean logistics hub marked out by the towns of Pyonggang, Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup named the Iron Triangle. The operation immediately succeeded Operation Rugged which took the U.N. forces to Line Kansas north of the 38th Parallel. The operation was initially successful, reaching its initial objectives, but was brought to a halt by the Chinese Spring Offensive on 22",
"title": "Operation Dauntless"
},
{
"id": "5411179",
"text": "or Viet Cong (NLF). The Location of the Iron Triangle was between the Saigon River on the west and the Tinh River on the east and bordering Route 13 about 25 miles (40 km) north of Saigon. The southern apex of the \"triangle\" was seven miles (11 km) from Phú Cường, the capital of Bình Dương Province. Its proximity to Saigon was both a reason for American and South Vietnamese efforts to eradicate it, as well as why it remained a crucial area for Communist forces to control. During the French war in Indochina, from 1946 to 1954, the Viet",
"title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)"
},
{
"id": "7887809",
"text": "had achieved combat parity and were pushing against the ARVN's outer line of defense around Saigon. Battle of the Iron Triangle The Battle of the Iron Triangle took place from 16 May to 20 November 1974, when the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 9th Division captured Rach Bap and An Dien The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) regained the lost towns in a series of costly counterattacks. The Iron Triangle was an important strategic location, bounded on the north by the jungle and overgrown rubber plantations of the Long Nguyen Secret Zone, on the west by the Saigon",
"title": "Battle of the Iron Triangle"
},
{
"id": "5411183",
"text": "bureau members Phạm Hùng and Lê Đức Thọ, and southern military commander Trần Văn Trà all joined together in the Iron Triangle region to orchestrate the final, decisive attack on Saigon. The area had remained allied with the nationalist communist forces from the beginning of the French war in 1946 to the fall of Saigon in 1975: an exception in a country often torn region by region between control by American forces and control by the Viet Cong. Iron Triangle (Vietnam) The Iron Triangle (Vietnamese:\"Tam Giác Sắt\") was a area in the Bình Dương Province of Vietnam, so named due",
"title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)"
},
{
"id": "1681828",
"text": "on January 17, 1961. In 2011, the United States spent more (in absolute numbers) on its military than the next 13 nations combined. In the context of the United States, the appellation given to it sometimes is extended to military–industrial–congressional complex (MICC), adding the U.S. Congress to form a three-sided relationship termed an iron triangle. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; or more broadly to include the entire network of contracts and flows of money and resources among individuals as well as corporations and institutions of the",
"title": "Military–industrial complex"
},
{
"id": "14427027",
"text": "of South Vietnam which began on 13 December 1974. 1974 in the Vietnam War The Battle of the Paracel Islands was an engagement fought between the naval forces of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in the Paracel Islands on January 19, 1974. The Battle of Svay Rieng was the last major operation of the Vietnam War to be mounted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) against the Communist People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces. The Battle of the Iron Triangle took place on May 16, 1974, when the 9th Division",
"title": "1974 in the Vietnam War"
},
{
"id": "14427024",
"text": "1974 in the Vietnam War The Battle of the Paracel Islands was an engagement fought between the naval forces of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in the Paracel Islands on January 19, 1974. The Battle of Svay Rieng was the last major operation of the Vietnam War to be mounted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) against the Communist People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces. The Battle of the Iron Triangle took place on May 16, 1974, when the 9th Division of the PAVN backed by a small contingent of",
"title": "1974 in the Vietnam War"
},
{
"id": "20824513",
"text": "He planned to point his main attack toward the centrally located road and rail complex marked out by the towns of Pyonggang in the north and Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south. This complex, eventually named the Iron Triangle, lay above the 38th Parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and containing the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the north-east and Seoul in the south-west. Other routes emanating from the triangle of towns connected with Pyongyang to the northwest and with the western and eastern halves of",
"title": "Operation Rugged"
},
{
"id": "20824882",
"text": "before this occurred, could not be accurately assessed at that time. Ridgway had revised his concept for advancing above the parallel since meeting with MacArthur on March 24. He planned to point his main attack toward the centrally located road and rail complex marked out by the towns of Pyonggang in the north and Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south. This complex, eventually named the Iron Triangle, lay above the 38th Parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and containing the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the",
"title": "Operation Dauntless"
},
{
"id": "8079907",
"text": "anti-aircraft artillery battalion and decimated it with air strikes and artillery, claiming 127 PAVN killed in the battle. On 18 February, two platoons of Americans came across a heavily defended area in the eastern part of the Kim Son Valley. They called the area the \"Iron Triangle\" (not to be confused with the better-known Iron Triangle near Saigon). The area was assaulted by 1st Cavalry units, artillery, and B-52 air strikes. On February 22, the area was secured at a cost of 23 American deaths and an estimated minimum death toll of 313 PAVN/VC killed. Illustrating, however, that the VC",
"title": "Operation Masher"
},
{
"id": "12916218",
"text": "in China today. Battle of Triangle Hill The Battle of Triangle Hill, also known as Operation Showdown or the Shangganling Campaign (), was a protracted military engagement during the Korean War. The main combatants were two United Nations infantry divisions, with additional support from the United States Air Force, against elements of the 15th and 12th Corps of the People's Republic of China. The battle was part of American attempts to gain control of \"The Iron Triangle\", and took place from October 14 – November 25, 1952. The immediate American objective was Triangle Hill (), a forested ridge of high",
"title": "Battle of Triangle Hill"
},
{
"id": "14286642",
"text": "manoeuvre in the areas around Saigon, the US 1st Engineer Battalion—under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Howard Sargent—had been engaged in constructing an all-weather road between Route 13 and Route 15 in central Binh Duong Province, west of Ben Cat, on the northern apex of the Viet Cong base area known as the Iron Triangle. This road was planned to cut the communist supply routes between War Zone C, the Mekong Delta, the Iron Triangle and War Zone D, while it would also link the two forward brigades of the US 1st Infantry Division between Phuoc Vinh and Lai Khe",
"title": "Battle of Suoi Bong Trang"
},
{
"id": "12916185",
"text": "Battle of Triangle Hill The Battle of Triangle Hill, also known as Operation Showdown or the Shangganling Campaign (), was a protracted military engagement during the Korean War. The main combatants were two United Nations infantry divisions, with additional support from the United States Air Force, against elements of the 15th and 12th Corps of the People's Republic of China. The battle was part of American attempts to gain control of \"The Iron Triangle\", and took place from October 14 – November 25, 1952. The immediate American objective was Triangle Hill (), a forested ridge of high ground north of",
"title": "Battle of Triangle Hill"
},
{
"id": "14380089",
"text": "1967 in the Vietnam War Operation Deckhouse Five was conducted by the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and South Vietnamese Marine Corps forces along the Mekong River Delta. The operation was notable in that it was a sizable, combined USMC and Vietnamese Marine amphibious operation and it was the last Special Landing Force (SLF) amphibious landing to take place beyond the boundaries of I Corps. The operation occurred January 6–15, 1967. Operation \"Cedar Falls\" was a military operation conducted primarily by US forces. The aim of this massive search and destroy operation was to eradicate the so-called \"Iron Triangle\", an",
"title": "1967 in the Vietnam War"
},
{
"id": "8637493",
"text": "Operation Cedar Falls Operation Cedar Falls was a military operation of the Vietnam War conducted primarily by US forces that took place from 8 to 26 January 1967. The aim of the massive search and destroy operation was to eradicate the so-called \"Iron Triangle\", an area northwest Saigon that had become a major stronghold of the Viet Cong (VC). It was the largest American ground operation of the Vietnam war: Two Army divisions, one infantry and one paratrooper brigade, and one armored cavalry regiment participated in the operation. Altogether, it involved 30,000 US and South Vietnamese troops. The VC, however,",
"title": "Operation Cedar Falls"
},
{
"id": "2595202",
"text": "Iron triangle (US politics) In United States politics, the iron triangle comprises the policy-making relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups. The earlier known mention of ‘iron triangle’ was in a 1956 Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report as “Iron triangle: Clout, background, and outlook” and as “Chinks in the Iron Triangle?” Central to the concept of an iron triangle is the assumption that bureaucratic agencies, as political entities, seek to create and consolidate their own power base. In this view an agency's power is determined by its constituency, not by its consumers. (For these purposes, \"constituents\" are politically",
"title": "Iron triangle (US politics)"
},
{
"id": "16688006",
"text": "of the North Vietnamese, trapping the two combatants in a perpetuating cycle of escalation. A key region wherein this escalation strategy was employed was the Iron Triangle, a 120 square mile area located roughly twenty-five miles north of Saigon, precisely the region that Hollingsworth describes to Tomalin at the outset of the article. Route 13 is a major thoroughfare running from Saigon, through the Iron Triangle, to the Cambodian border. It is a landmark that General Hollingsworth refers to specifically early in Tomalin’s article. The divisional office at Ki-Na (where Tomalin begins the narrative) is situated twenty miles north of",
"title": "The General Goes Zapping Charlie Cong"
},
{
"id": "8637896",
"text": "Iron Triangle, Richmond, California The Iron Triangle, sometimes known as Central Richmond, is a neighborhood in Richmond, California. It is a largely residential area but includes the downtown Richmond business district along Macdonald Avenue. Commercial areas on Cutting Boulevard and near Interstate 580 are also in the neighborhood if the more extensive of two possible definitions of its area is used. The neighborhood gets its name from three major railroad tracks which form a rough triangle and define its boundaries. The northeastern side of the Iron Triangle is the Union Pacific Railroad/BART tracks that run beside Carlson Boulevard, Espee Avenue,",
"title": "Iron Triangle, Richmond, California"
},
{
"id": "9934905",
"text": "Pyonggang in the north and Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south. This complex, eventually named the Iron Triangle by newsmen searching for a dramatic term, lay twenty to thirty miles (30–50 km) above the 38th Parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and containing the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the northeast and Seoul in the southwest. Other routes emanating from the triangle of towns connected with P'yongyang to the northwest and with the western and eastern halves of the present front. A unique center of communications,",
"title": "Operation Courageous"
},
{
"id": "5191109",
"text": "into Amtrak. Freight transportation continued to labor under regulations developed when rail transport had a monopoly on intercity traffic, and railroads only competed with one another. An entire generation of rail managers had been trained to operate under this regulatory regime. Labor unions and their work rules were likewise a formidable barrier to change. Overregulation, management and unions formed an \"iron triangle\" of stagnation, frustrating the efforts of leaders such as the New York Central's . In particular, the dense rail network in the Northeastern U.S. was in need of radical pruning and consolidation. A spectacularly unsuccessful beginning was the",
"title": "Rail transportation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15429131",
"text": "service under fire – Algeria-French Morocco. The four arrowheads are for four assault landings. The cloud and the radiating arrowheads simulate a burst of artillery fire. The black triangle represents the armament area in North Korea known as the “Iron Triangle” during the Korean War. It commemorates the organization’s action in that locality. The coat of arms was originally approved for the 39th Field Artillery Battalion on 25 February 1941. It was redesignated for the 39th Artillery Regiment on 26 November 1958. It was amended to add a crest on 23 June 1965. The insignia was redesignated for the 39th",
"title": "39th Field Artillery Regiment"
},
{
"id": "10692820",
"text": "Battle of White Horse The Battle of White Horse ( or Baengma-goji, ), was another in a series of bloody battles for dominant hilltop positions during the Korean War. Baengma-goji was a hill in the Iron Triangle, formed by Pyonggang at its peak and Gimhwa-eup and Cheorwon at its base, was a strategic transportation route in the central region of the Korean peninsula. White Horse was the crest of a forested hill mass that extended in a northwest-to-southeast direction for about two miles (3 km), part of the area controlled by the U.S. IX Corps, and considered an important outpost",
"title": "Battle of White Horse"
},
{
"id": "10214885",
"text": "the battalion operating far from its base camp area throughout the III Corps Tactical Zone. The sites of these missions included many areas that were to become well-known to many U.S. infantrymen during the Vietnam years: the impenetrable jungles of Tay Ninh near Cambodia; Ho Bo Woods; the \"Iron Triangle\"; the Michelin Rubber Plantation; the Trapezoid, and War Zones C and D. In all these places, the 2nd Rangers inflicted heavy losses on enemy manpower and supplies. In March, the 2nd Battalion moved to a new home at Camp Bearcat. Once settled into its new location, the battalion received a",
"title": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "8637899",
"text": "which was located on Macdonald Avenue and Gerrard Blvd. A small Mexican community started to form at the bottom of Macdonald Ave that grew during World War II, especially by Mexican-American shipyard workers who came from the South Western United States. There were several Mexican-owned businesses in the Iron Triangle during that war era: La Perla, Richmond's first Mexican grocery store; Gonzales Mexican Restaurant; and The Rio Theater which showed Mexican movies. The Iron Triangle is also known as a high-crime area and has become known as a 'warzone' in neighboring cities. (In fact, its name reflects that of the",
"title": "Iron Triangle, Richmond, California"
},
{
"id": "9341018",
"text": "companies together, four American and one Greek, would receive the prestigious Distinguished Unit Citation (now called the Presidential Unit Citation (PUC)) for the outstanding performance of their shared mission. Outpost Harry Outpost Harry was a remote Korean War station located on a tiny hilltop in what was commonly referred to as the \"Iron Triangle\" on the Korean Peninsula. This was an area approximately 60 miles (100 km) north of Seoul and was the most direct route to the South Korean capital. More than 88,000 rounds of Chinese artillery fell on Outpost Harry. Since the outpost was defended each night by",
"title": "Outpost Harry"
},
{
"id": "9922048",
"text": "Bahnsen was the only Major to command a squadron in the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment during the Vietnam War. Under Bahnsen's command, 1st Squadron was engaged in enemy contacts over a broad area of the III Corps Tactical Zone, the military region between Saigon and the Central Highlands, particularly the Iron Triangle, the K4 Woods, the Fishhook, and the Michelin Rubber Plantation. Elements of the squadron were often under the operational control of units in the 1st Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division, 25th Infantry Division, and 18th Division (South Vietnam). Bahnsen's reputation continued to grow, and it was common for",
"title": "John Bahnsen"
},
{
"id": "2595207",
"text": "the triangle are bureaucrats, who are often pressured by the same powerful interest groups their agency is designated to regulate. The result is a three-way, stable alliance that is sometimes called a sub-government because of its durability, impregnability, and power to determine policy. An iron triangle can result in the passing of very narrow, pork-barrel policies that benefit a small segment of the population. The interests of the agency's constituency (the interest groups) are met, while the needs of consumers (which may be the general public) are passed over. That public administration may result in benefiting a small segment of",
"title": "Iron triangle (US politics)"
},
{
"id": "7154171",
"text": "conducted a number of operations into War Zone D—a major communist base area at the junction of Phuoc Long, Long Khanh, Bien Hoa and Binh Duong provinces—as well as in the Iron Triangle, formed by the confluence of the Saigon and Thi Tinh rivers and Route 7, where they fought a number of significant actions including the Battle of Gang Toi on 8 November. Meanwhile, Brumfield was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Alex Preece, after an old football injury forced his evacuation to Australia in mid-November. During the period 21 November to 16 December 1 RAR was involved in Operation New",
"title": "Operation Crimp"
},
{
"id": "16688007",
"text": "Saigon, meaning that it was just to the south (or on the southern edge) of the Iron Triangle. The Iron Triangle was an insurgent stronghold during this period, where the Viet Minh maintained an elaborate tunnel system and logistic outposts. The strength of insurgent forces in this region posed a particularly palpable threat to the U.S. Forces and U.S.- backed South Vietnamese government due to the region’s close proximity to Saigon. The U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division (A.K.A. \"The Big Red One\", in which Hollingsworth was a general) carried out operations throughout this area during the period 1965-1970. These missions",
"title": "The General Goes Zapping Charlie Cong"
},
{
"id": "18362354",
"text": "Củ Chi Base Camp Củ Chi Base Camp (also known as Củ Chi Army Airfield) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base in the Củ Chi District northwest of Saigon in southern Vietnam. Củ Chi Base Camp was established in 1965 near Highway 1, 25 km northwest of Tan Son Nhut Air Base and 50 km southeast of Tây Ninh. The camp was located south of the Vietcong stronghold known as the Iron Triangle and was near and in some cases above the Cu Chi Tunnels. The 25th Infantry Division had its headquarters",
"title": "Củ Chi Base Camp"
},
{
"id": "8637900",
"text": "Iron Triangle of the Vietnam war era.) Residents are attempting to reverse this image in a number of ways. One of these is the new East Bay Center for the Performing Arts (completed in 2011) at MacDonald and 11th St, which contains the aptly-named Iron Triangle Theater. Iron Triangle, Richmond, California The Iron Triangle, sometimes known as Central Richmond, is a neighborhood in Richmond, California. It is a largely residential area but includes the downtown Richmond business district along Macdonald Avenue. Commercial areas on Cutting Boulevard and near Interstate 580 are also in the neighborhood if the more extensive of",
"title": "Iron Triangle, Richmond, California"
},
{
"id": "18073430",
"text": "Dead End (1969 film) Dead End is a 1969 Hong Kong action drama film directed by Chang Cheh and starring Ti Lung, Lee Ching, David Chiang, Chan Hung-lit and Angela Yu Chien. \"Dead End\" marks the first film that Chang directed set in modern day, Ti's first leading role and the first collaboration of director Chang with stars Ti and Chiang, dubbed \"The Iron Triangle,\" because of their successful line of films together which would last several years. Uninhibited youth Zhang Chun (Ti Lung) and his friends David (David Chiang) and Mary (Angela Yu Chien), while cruising on their car,",
"title": "Dead End (1969 film)"
},
{
"id": "3077052",
"text": "began implementation in March 1962. Operation Sunrise began on 19 March 1962 in Binh Duong province, bordering the city of Saigon on the North. The province was heavily influenced by the Viet Cong, especially in the Iron Triangle, a Viet Cong stronghold. The selection of Binh Duong was contrary to Thompson's advice to choose a more secure area for the initial phase of the Strategic Hamlet Program. The United States Agency for International Development provided $21 per family to compensate farmers for their loss of property when forced to move into a strategic hamlet. Of the first 210 families relocated,",
"title": "Strategic Hamlet Program"
},
{
"id": "13579865",
"text": "on every one of the escape routes, and they took casualties both from the ambushing companies and the prepared artillery, the latter including heavy, long-range artillery moved by road into the area. A captured VC battalion commander talked enough about his unit for Kinnard to find the 2nd Regiment headquarters. 2nd Brigade (Colonel Ray Lynch, commanding) committed to this area, and fought a two-week battle, along with Moore's 3rd Brigade. The area known as \"The Iron Triangle\" is west of Saigon in military zone III, and that area was the responsibility of the 25th Infantry Division HQ'd at Cu Chi.",
"title": "Battle of Bong Son"
},
{
"id": "15345911",
"text": "just north of Biên Hòa on the outskirts of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. They were ambushed by approximately 1,200 Viet Cong fighters, suffering 48 deaths. The unit fought in the Iron Triangle, a Viet Cong stronghold north of Saigon, seeing many engagements with enemy forces during that time. In January 1966 they launched Operation Marauder, the first U.S. military operation in the Plain of Reeds. They participated in Operation Crimp in 1966, a failed attempt to root out enemy forces from the Cu Chi tunnels. The attached helicopter unit became the Casper Aviation platoon, befitting a separate infantry",
"title": "173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team"
},
{
"id": "11219438",
"text": "for a change in policy within the government bureaucracy. An example includes the wide-ranging network of environmental groups and individuals who push for more environmental regulation in government policy. Other issue networks may revolve around such controversial issues as abortion, gun ownership rights, and drug laws. In the most extreme circumstances issue networks may seek to achieve their means through violence, such as terrorist organizations looking to overthrow existing governments all together. In the U.S, the most common tactic of effective issue networks is the role they play in what is called Iron Triangles. This is the term used to",
"title": "Issue network"
},
{
"id": "2162089",
"text": "capital in Cheorwon, a mountainous region that was easily defensible (in the Korean War, this same region would earn the name \"the Iron Triangle\"). As a former Buddhist monk, Gung Ye actively promoted the religion of Buddhism and incorporated Buddhist ceremonies into the new kingdom. Even after Gung Ye was dethroned by his own generals and replaced by Wang Geon, the man who would rule over a united Korea as the first king of Goryeo, this Buddhist influence would continue, playing a major role in shaping the culture of medieval Korea. As the ruins of Gung Ye's capital lie in",
"title": "Korean Demilitarized Zone"
},
{
"id": "9340998",
"text": "Outpost Harry Outpost Harry was a remote Korean War station located on a tiny hilltop in what was commonly referred to as the \"Iron Triangle\" on the Korean Peninsula. This was an area approximately 60 miles (100 km) north of Seoul and was the most direct route to the South Korean capital. More than 88,000 rounds of Chinese artillery fell on Outpost Harry. Since the outpost was defended each night by only a single company of American or Greek soldiers, the Chinese had anticipated an easy capture. Over a period of eight days, waves of Chinese forces moved into the",
"title": "Outpost Harry"
},
{
"id": "16688004",
"text": "was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. A decorated and battle hardened World War II veteran, Hollingsworth had reached the age of forty- eight and rank of Brigadier General by the time Tomalin covered him for the \"Sunday Times\" article. He continued to gain distinction (as well as various awards for merit and valor) throughout his term of service in Vietnam, and soon rose to be an integral combat leader in the American operations carried out in the region between Saigon and the Vietnam- Cambodia border (especially the strategically valuable \"Iron Triangle\"). In addition to his distinction",
"title": "The General Goes Zapping Charlie Cong"
},
{
"id": "8637503",
"text": "brunt of the fighting; South Vietnamese troops were planned to search villages in the region, perform logistical tasks, as well as organizing the deportation of the civilian population. As often during the Vietnam War, the terrain of the area of operations constituted a major problem for military planners. Indeed, the reason why the VC were able to establish the Iron Triangle as a major sanctuary was that its terrain made it difficult for larger military forces to access this region. Therefore, another major aim of the operation was to destroy large parts of the vegetation through defoliants and bulldozers in",
"title": "Operation Cedar Falls"
},
{
"id": "5430083",
"text": "power because of the political wing's weak control over the military wing. In a bid to unify contra factions and win aid from the US Congress, he became a member of the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO) triumvirate with Alfonso Robelo and Arturo Cruz. Calero controlled the FDN through his deputy, Aristides Sánchez, and the contras' military commander, Enrique Bermúdez, an alliance so tight that it was dubbed the \"Iron Triangle.\" However, there were tensions below the surface. After the Sapoa ceasefire, Calero exploited discontent with Bermudez among the FDN's field commanders in an effort to push him out. Heavy-handed intervention",
"title": "Adolfo Calero"
},
{
"id": "9895680",
"text": "first book in 2003. \"The Iron Triangle\" landed on several best-seller lists, with \"The New York Times\" describing it as \"one-stop shopping for anyone who wants a laundry list of accusations against Carlyle since its inception in 1987.\" \"The Iron Triangle\" put Briody in the media spotlight, commenting to audiences curious about the confluence of the military business and politics. Briody appeared in Michael Moore's movie \"Fahrenheit 9/11\", talking about how the Carlyle Group benefited from 9/11 and the Bush family's connections with the Carlyle Group and Saudi Arabia. Briody has since appeared on a number of national broadcasts including",
"title": "Dan Briody"
},
{
"id": "4649085",
"text": "is also perhaps more known for his collaborations with the most revered of Shaw Stuido directors - Chang Cheh - who turned him into a star along with fellow actor and frequent co-star David Chiang in over 20 films: Dead End (1969), Have Sword, Will Travel (1969), Vengeance (1970), The Heroic Ones (1970), The Duel (1971), Duel of Fists (1971), The Deadly Duo (1971), Angry Guest (1972), Four Riders (1972), The Blood Brothers (1973), and The Pirate (1973). Due to their successes, the trio eventually became known as \"The Iron Triangle.\" During the early 1970s, one of Ti Lung's most",
"title": "Ti Lung"
},
{
"id": "18110144",
"text": "Nerves of Steel Nerves of Steel is a First-person shooter video game Developed by Rainmaker Software and BnB Software that was published by Merit Studios in 1995 for MS-DOS computers. \"Nerves of Steel \"is set in the near future in Southeast Asia where ruler Kim Dung Moon is set on purifying the world. Moon plans to carry out this plan through a system of elaborate tunnels called the \"Iron Triangle\". The player must infiltrate this tunnel system and defeat all soldiers and monsters in their path to stop Kim Dung Moon's evil plans. The game is in a first-person perspective",
"title": "Nerves of Steel"
},
{
"id": "2386706",
"text": "Cheorwon County Cheorwon County (\"Cheorwon-gun\" ), also spelled Chorwon, is a county in Gangwon Province, South Korea. It is located right next to the border with North Korea. Following the Division of Korea in 1945, all of Cheorwon County was part of North Korea. During the Korean War the region changed hands several times during the UN invasion of North Korea and the Chinese invasion of South Korea, by 1951 the frontlines had stabilized, cutting across Cheorwon County and the area became part of the Iron Triangle battlefield. The Battle of White Horse took place north of Cheorwon town from",
"title": "Cheorwon County"
},
{
"id": "18004198",
"text": "The Iron Triangle (film) The Iron Triangle is a 1989 film about the Vietnam War shot in Sri Lanka and directed by Eric Weston. The story is based on the diary of an unknown Viet Cong Soldier. This unique fact gives the movie a different perspective than many of the other movies about the Vietnam war and makes black and white distinctions about who were the \"good guys\" and \"bad guys\" a little more complicated. The film stars Beau Bridges, Haing S. Ngor, Liem Whatley, Johnny Hallyday, Jim Ishida, and Ping Wu. Each character helps bring to life the struggle",
"title": "The Iron Triangle (film)"
},
{
"id": "7887760",
"text": "especially in the northern part, were thick with elephant grass, higher than a man's head. The surface was scarred by countless bomb and shell craters so that vehicular movement off the narrow, rough dirt roads was nearly impossible; even tracked vehicles had difficulty. A vast network of tunnels and trenches, most of them caved-in and abandoned, laced this ground that had been the scene of battles since the First Indochina War. A weak string of three ARVN outposts protected the northern edge of the Triangle, from Rach Bap () on the west, close by the Saigon River, along local Route",
"title": "Battle of the Iron Triangle"
},
{
"id": "5121495",
"text": "of auto repair shops, scrap yards, waste processing sites, and similar small businesses. It has been described as being \"post-apocalyptic\" in appearance. A Hunter College study in April 2006 found that Willets Point was a \"unique regional destination\" for auto parts and repairs, and that the 225 businesses in the area employed a combined 1,400 to 1,800 people at the time. It had a population of 10 people . The concentration of auto-repair shops resulted in the area's nickname of the \"Iron Triangle.\" The area was named after that portion of Willets Point Boulevard lying west of Flushing Creek, which",
"title": "Willets Point, Queens"
},
{
"id": "8637500",
"text": "area had become a major VC staging ground and rear area which, by 1966, South Vietnamese government officials or military forces had not dared to enter in years. Due to the Iron Triangle's location, shape, and the scope of VC activity there, it had been called a \"dagger pointed at the heart of Saigon.\" Westmoreland agreed and so it was decided that Operation Junction City was to be preceded by Operation Cedar Falls. Since earlier efforts to clear the VC from the Iron Triangle had failed, Operation Cedar Falls was intended to achieve nothing less than its complete eradication as",
"title": "Operation Cedar Falls"
},
{
"id": "18641056",
"text": "Whyalla railway station Whyalla railway station was the terminus station of the Whyalla line serving the South Australian city of Whyalla. Whyalla station was opened on 6 October 1972 by Prime Minister William McMahon at the same time as the Whyalla line. When it opened, the station was served by a daily service from Adelaide operated by CB class railcars. The service was withdrawn in 1975. On 21 April 1986, the service was reintroduced as the \"Iron Triangle Limited\". It was withdrawn on 31 December 1990 when Australian National withdrew all its South Australian passenger services. The station was demolished",
"title": "Whyalla railway station"
},
{
"id": "11724991",
"text": "and was previously called the \"Black Hat\" Brigade. The 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division was known as the Iron Brigade from its formation in 1917 through World War I, World War II and Vietnam, until some time in the early 2000s when, for reasons that are still unclear, the name was changed to Duke Brigade. The unit crest was an Iron Cross in a triangle, it appears that that was also changed. The 3rd Brigade of the 4th Infantry Division is also known as the Iron Brigade. Its unit crest is similar to the medals issued to veterans",
"title": "Iron Brigade"
},
{
"id": "8637494",
"text": "chose to evade the massive military force by fleeing across the border to Cambodia or by hiding in a complex system of underground tunnels. Still, the Allied forces uncovered and destroyed some of the tunnel complexes as well as large stockpiles of VC supplies. In the course of the operation, so-called tunnel rats were introduced to infiltrate the Viet Cong's tunnel systems. In an attempt at the permanent destruction of the Iron Triangle as a VC stronghold, Operation Cedar Falls also entailed the complete deportation of the region's civilian population to so-called New Life Villages, the destruction of their homes,",
"title": "Operation Cedar Falls"
},
{
"id": "18004199",
"text": "of what it means to fight for one's country. Whether they be a simple farmer's son (Ho), a French mercenary (Jacques), or a simple soldier (Keene) these three men bring to light a gray view of war which reflects that there are many sides to the war than just \"good\" or \"evil\". The Iron Triangle (film) The Iron Triangle is a 1989 film about the Vietnam War shot in Sri Lanka and directed by Eric Weston. The story is based on the diary of an unknown Viet Cong Soldier. This unique fact gives the movie a different perspective than many",
"title": "The Iron Triangle (film)"
},
{
"id": "5411180",
"text": "Minh elaborated on a network of hidden fortifications and tunnels throughout the region to defend themselves against the superior military power of the French. These tunnel networks had begun as early as the 1880s to resist French occupation. The network afforded communist fighters the ability to \"disappear\" into the countryside. This became especially important during the Vichy Regime, when Vietnam was dually occupied by French and Japanese forces, so as to remain undetected by not one but two occupying enemies. The tunnels were expanded further after the war with the French as a base for underground operations against the Ngo",
"title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)"
},
{
"id": "6289982",
"text": "2nd Brigade took part in Operation White Wing, where they again conducted a search and destroy mission targeting the 3rd Division. All three regiments of the 2nd Brigade deployed to the Iron Triangle, a well-fortified defensive position thought to be the regimental headquarters of the enemy in the Bình Định region. On 6 March 1967 Operation White Wing concluded as a major tactical success. 2nd Brigade maintained constant contact with the enemy over the entirety of the operation. Five of the 3rd Division's nine battalions were rendered combat ineffective and the NVA temporarily lost its grip on the Bình Định",
"title": "2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)"
},
{
"id": "10214894",
"text": "battle in War Zone C, but the enemy declined to take the bait. Operation Attleboro once again saw the regiment's two battalions operating on the same mission to find and destroy the 9th Division, this time northwest of Dầu Tiếng District. The last mission for the battalion for 1966 was Operation Healdsburg near Lai Khê in December. In January 1967, the 1st Battalion next joined in Operation Cedar Falls, a major effort conducted by the 1st and 25th Infantry Divisions, the 173rd Airborne Brigade and the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment in Military Region 4, known as the \"Iron Triangle\" and",
"title": "16th Infantry Regiment (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2595206",
"text": "policy outcomes directly in these committees and subcommittees. This is where an iron triangle may manifest itself. The picture above displays the concept. At one corner of the triangle are interest groups (constituencies). These are the powerful interest's groups that influence Congressional votes in their favor and can sufficiently influence the re-election of a member of Congress in return for supporting their programs. At another corner sit members of Congress who also seek to align themselves with a constituency for political and electoral support. These congressional members support legislation that advances the interest group's agenda. Occupying the third corner of",
"title": "Iron triangle (US politics)"
},
{
"id": "910403",
"text": "Confederate Monument lists and commemorates their names and states. After the war, the Waynesboro area became the junction of two railroad lines. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (running east to west) and the Shenandoah Valley Railroad, which soon became the Norfolk and Western Railway (running north to south). The lines met near Waynesboro, giving the town the nickname of the \"Iron Cross\". In 1890, land to the east of Waynesboro, mostly on the east side of South River, was plotted and sold. Within that year, the Town of Basic City was incorporated. A rivalry soon developed between the two towns",
"title": "Waynesboro, Virginia"
},
{
"id": "963859",
"text": "Barrier\" resulted in a complete bulkheading of the area under Soviet influence from the rest of the world, rendering the Hungarian-Austrian border next to Burgenland a deadly zone of minefields (on the Hungarian border) and barbed wire, referred to as the Iron Curtain. Even during the era of the Iron Curtain, local trains between the north and south of Burgenland operated as \"corridor trains\" (\"Korridorzüge\") – they had their doors locked as they traversed Hungarian territory. Between 1965 and 1971, the minefields were cleared because people were often harmed by them, even on the Austrian side of the border. This",
"title": "Burgenland"
},
{
"id": "9000717",
"text": "the whereabouts of the next thrust was the topic which concerned South Vietnamese and U.S. intelligence officers the most. In previous offensives, the PAVN/VC had used Tây Ninh as an invasion route, as it was surrounded by VC bases in War zone C, the Iron Triangle and the Parrot's Beak, Cambodia. South Vietnamese and U.S. military intelligence reached a consensus that Tây Ninh would be the next target for the Easter Offensive. To reinforce that perception, on 2 April, the VC 24th Independent Regiment overran Fire Support Base Lac Long, defended by elements of the ARVN 49th Infantry Regiment, 5th",
"title": "Battle of Loc Ninh"
},
{
"id": "7887759",
"text": "Phú Cường, the capital of Bình Dương Province, was an important industrial and farming center and contained the ARVN Engineer School. It was linked by a major highway with the large ARVN Phu Loi Base Camp and, farther east, with Bien Hoa Air Base. Lying as it did in the center of the Saigon River corridor, at the junction of Highways 13 and 1, and only 16km from the outskirts of Saigon, Phú Cường was vital to the defense of Saigon. The terrain within the Iron Triangle was flat, almost featureless, and covered by dense brush and undergrowth. The clearings,",
"title": "Battle of the Iron Triangle"
},
{
"id": "12367011",
"text": "memory of the division is being kept alive in many other places along the \"Grenze\". Throughout the Cold War the term \"curtain\" would become a common euphemism for boundaries – physical or ideological – between communist and capitalist states. Post Cold War: Geography: Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain was the name for the physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the",
"title": "Iron Curtain"
},
{
"id": "193163",
"text": "the proto-historical period. In Central and Western Europe, the Iron Age is taken to last from c. 800 BC to c. 1 BC, in Northern Europe from c. 500 BC to 800 AD. In China, there is no recognizable prehistoric period characterized by ironworking, as Bronze Age China transitions almost directly into the Qin dynasty of imperial China; \"Iron Age\" in the context of China is sometimes used for the transitonal period of c. 500 BC to 100 BC during which ferrous metallurgy was present even if not dominant. The following gives an overview over the different conventions delimiting the",
"title": "Iron Age"
},
{
"id": "3678246",
"text": "Energy, is one of the largest (if not the largest) scientific research systems in the world. The DOE provides more than 40% of the total national funding for physics, chemistry, materials science, and other areas of the physical sciences. Many are locally managed by private companies, while others are managed by academic universities, and as a system they form one of the overarching and far-reaching components in what is known as the \"iron triangle\" of military, academia, and industry. The United States Department of Energy currently operates seventeen national laboratories: <nowiki>*</nowiki> GOCO (Government-owned, Contractor-operated) <nowiki>**</nowiki> GOGO (Government-owned, Government-operated) United States",
"title": "United States Department of Energy national laboratories"
},
{
"id": "2914016",
"text": "or the Iron Division or Ironsides. During the Second World War, the division (now known as the 3rd Infantry Division) fought in the Battle of France including a rearguard action during the Dunkirk Evacuation, and played a prominent role in the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944. The division was to have been part of a proposed Commonwealth Corps, formed for a planned invasion of Japan in 1945–46, and later served in the British Mandate of Palestine. During the Second World War, the insignia became the \"pattern of three\" — a black triangle trisected by an inverted red triangle, created",
"title": "3rd Division (United Kingdom)"
},
{
"id": "18551820",
"text": "has not yet been disrupted like fields such as computer production. The belief is that with time and innovation, the current Iron Triangle will be disrupted, and just as the cost of computer production has fallen as quality and access to computers has increased, health care access and quality will rise, and cost will decrease. Critics argue that the Iron Triangle is not a one-size-fits-all model that can be applied to an entire population. Iron Triangle of Health Care The concept of the Iron Triangle of Health Care was first introduced in William Kissick’s book, \"Medicine’s Dilemmas: Infinite Needs Versus",
"title": "Iron Triangle of Health Care"
},
{
"id": "5539475",
"text": "Prehistory and protohistory of Poland The prehistory and protohistory of Poland can be traced from the first appearance of Homo species on the territory of modern-day Poland, to the establishment of the Polish state in the 10th century AD, a span of roughly 500,000 years. The area of present-day Poland went through the stages of socio-technical development known as the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages after experiencing the climatic shifts of the glacial periods. The best known archeological discovery from the prehistoric period is the Lusatian-culture Biskupin fortified settlement. As ancient civilizations began to appear in southern and western Europe,",
"title": "Prehistory and protohistory of Poland"
},
{
"id": "18641111",
"text": "Whyalla railway line The Whyalla railway line runs from Port Augusta to Whyalla. The Whyalla line was built primarily to serve the BHP's Whyalla Steelworks. The line was built by the Commonwealth Railways as a standard gauge line being opened on 6 October 1972 by Prime Minister William McMahon. When it opened, the line was served by a daily passenger service from Adelaide to Whyalla operated by CB class railcars. The service was withdrawn in 1975. On 21 April 1986, the service was reintroduced as the \"Iron Triangle Limited\". It was withdrawn on 31 December 1990 when Australian National withdrew",
"title": "Whyalla railway line"
},
{
"id": "20824889",
"text": "none larger than a battalion. General Ridgway set an opening date for Operation Dauntless late on 9 April, after all but the X and ROK III Corps had reached Line Kansas. While those two corps continued what had proved a battle more with terrain than with North Koreans, I and IX Corps forces were to start toward the Iron Triangle on the 11th. Utah, the initial objective line, arched above Kansas between the Imjin River and the eastern slopes of Kungmang Mountain, its trace resting on the prominent Kumhak, Kwangdok, and Paegun mountain masses. The opening phase thus would be",
"title": "Operation Dauntless"
},
{
"id": "2638512",
"text": "claimed that a second front had been opened in 1943 in Italy and were not prepared to immediately assault Nazi-occupied France. When the war ended in Europe on May 8, 1945, Soviet and Western (US, British, and French) troops were essentially facing each other along a line down the center of Europe ranging from Lübeck to Trieste. Aside from a few minor adjustments, this would be the \"Iron Curtain\" of the Cold War. In hindsight, Yalta signified the agreement of both sides that they could stay there and that neither side would use force to push the other out. This",
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)"
},
{
"id": "18641057",
"text": "in 2012. Whyalla railway station Whyalla railway station was the terminus station of the Whyalla line serving the South Australian city of Whyalla. Whyalla station was opened on 6 October 1972 by Prime Minister William McMahon at the same time as the Whyalla line. When it opened, the station was served by a daily service from Adelaide operated by CB class railcars. The service was withdrawn in 1975. On 21 April 1986, the service was reintroduced as the \"Iron Triangle Limited\". It was withdrawn on 31 December 1990 when Australian National withdrew all its South Australian passenger services. The station",
"title": "Whyalla railway station"
},
{
"id": "5411182",
"text": "plows and efforts to destroy the tunnel system with explosives, flooding, and \"tunnel rats\" (specially trained soldiers who would infiltrate the tunnels armed only with a flashlight and a handgun), the Americans failed to totally destroy the Viet Cong support system that had been built for over two decades. The area remained an active organizing center for the Viet Cong right through to the end of the war, due to both its undeniable strategic importance, as well as support from local populations who had been negatively impacted by the American bombing campaign. In April 1975, General Văn Tiến Dũng, political",
"title": "Iron Triangle (Vietnam)"
},
{
"id": "3482306",
"text": "Armored Cavalry Regiment's headquarters in Vietnam: From January until 18 May 1967, the regiment conducted three major search and destroy operations. These operations would later be known as reconnaissance in force (RIF) operations. The first of these operations commence on 8 January 1967 and was known as \"Operation Cedar Falls\". It continued until 24 January 1967. The 1st and 2nd Squadrons operated in the infamous \"Iron Triangle\" region near Ben Cat employing search and destroy tactics, screening and blocking, and security in attacks on successive objectives. Operation Junction City I and II involved the 1st and 3rd Squadrons. It began",
"title": "11th Armored Cavalry Regiment"
},
{
"id": "16424722",
"text": "Nagasaki foreign settlement The Nagasaki foreign settlement, sometimes called the Oura foreign settlement, was an area in Nagasaki, Japan, settled by foreigners as Japan opened its doors to Western trade. The area was established by treaties between the West and Japan in the mid-to-late 1850s, and remained an important center of Western life in Japan until the outbreak of World War II. This settlement saw many firsts for Japan, including the first international telegraph and also the first use of a steam locomotive, the \"Iron Duke,\" on a short track in the Oura district. Nagasaki holds a festival in mid-September",
"title": "Nagasaki foreign settlement"
},
{
"id": "4289091",
"text": "and by boring cannons with greater accuracy and range. He also constructed the first iron boat. It was in nearby locations where key events of the Industrial Revolution took place. Coalbrookdale is where modern iron smelting techniques were developed, Ironbridge is where the world's first iron bridge was constructed, to link Broseley with Madeley and the Black Country, and Ditherington is where the world's first iron framed building was built, the Ditherington Flaxmill. Other places notable for early industry are Jackfield for tiles and Coalport for china. Later, Broseley and Madeley became notable for their continuation of trade in the",
"title": "History of Shropshire"
},
{
"id": "17231133",
"text": "of a therapy's reduction or lessening of diseases identified by medical diagnosis, a decrease in the number of risk factors which people have following preventive care, or a survey of health indicators in a population who are accessing certain kinds of care. Health care quality is the degree to which health care services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes. Quality of care plays an important role in describing the iron triangle of health care, which defines the intricate relationships between quality, cost, and accessibility of health care within a community. Researchers measure health care quality",
"title": "Health care quality"
},
{
"id": "7921266",
"text": "Wellington Monument, Dublin The Wellington Monument (), or more correctly the Wellington Testimonial, is an obelisk located in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland. The testimonial is situated at the southeast end of the Park, overlooking Kilmainham and the River Liffey. The structure is tall, making it the largest obelisk in Europe. The Wellington Testimonial was built to commemorate the victories of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Wellington, the British politician and general, also known as the 'Iron Duke', was born in either counties Meath or Dublin. Originally planned to be located in Merrion Square, it was built in the",
"title": "Wellington Monument, Dublin"
},
{
"id": "10718420",
"text": "Neo-Assyrian Empire The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 609 BC, and became the largest empire of the world up till that time. The Assyrians perfected early techniques of imperial rule, many of which became standard in later empires, and was, according to many historians, the first real empire in history. The Assyrians were the first to be armed with iron weapons, and used tactics that made them unbeatable. Following the conquests of Adad-nirari II in the late 10th century BC, Assyria emerged as the most powerful state in the known world at",
"title": "Neo-Assyrian Empire"
},
{
"id": "193154",
"text": "Iron Age The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age. It is an archaeological era in the prehistory and protohistory of Europe and the Ancient Near East, and by analogy also used of other parts of the Old World. The three-age system was introduced in the first half of the 19th century for the archaeology of Europe in particular, and by the later 19th century expanded to the archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Its name harks back to the mythological \"Ages of Man\" of Hesiod. As",
"title": "Iron Age"
},
{
"id": "2573524",
"text": "Ripper, during which it drove the enemy across the Han River. Success continued with Operations Dauntless, Detonate and Piledriver in the Spring of 1951. These offensives secured part of the Iron Triangle which enhanced the United Nations' bargaining platform. With leaders of four nations now at the negotiating tables in the summer of 1951, Division activity slowed to patrol and defensive actions to maintain the line of resistance. This type of action continued into the winter of 1952. When negotiations stalled, the division assumed the responsibility of guarding the approaches of Seoul on 5 May 1953. 23 days later, a",
"title": "25th Infantry Division (United States)"
},
{
"id": "306501",
"text": "him the nickname the \"Iron Chancellor\". German unification and its rapid economic growth was the foundation to his foreign policy. He disliked colonialism but reluctantly built an overseas empire when it was demanded by both elite and mass opinion. Juggling a very complex interlocking series of conferences, negotiations and alliances, he used his diplomatic skills to maintain Germany's position and used the balance of power to keep Europe at peace in the 1870s and 1880s. A master of complex politics at home, Bismarck created the first welfare state in the modern world, with the goal of gaining working class support",
"title": "Otto von Bismarck"
},
{
"id": "9826153",
"text": "and destroy operations using the newly developed doctrine of airmobile operations, utilising helicopters to insert light infantry and artillery into an area of operations, and to support them with aerial mobility, fire support, casualty evacuation, and resupply. The battalion commenced operations in late June 1965 and initially focussed on defeating the Viet Cong's wet season offensive. During this time US 173rd Brigade, including 1 RAR, conducted a number of operations into War Zone D—a major communist base area at the junction of Phuoc Long, Long Khanh, Bien Hoa and Binh Duong provinces—as well as in the Iron Triangle in November.",
"title": "Battle of Gang Toi"
},
{
"id": "20824550",
"text": "Ridgway set an opening date for Operation Dauntless late on 9 April, after all but the X and ROK III Corps had reached Line Kansas. While those two corps continued what had proved a battle more with terrain than with North Koreans, I and IX Corps forces were to start toward the Iron Triangle on the 11th. Utah, the initial objective line, arched above Kansas between the Imjin River and the eastern slopes of Kungmang Mountain, its trace resting on the prominent Kumhak, Kwangdok, and Paegun mountain masses. The opening phase thus would be primarily a I Corps operation involving",
"title": "Operation Rugged"
},
{
"id": "18551818",
"text": "Iron Triangle of Health Care The concept of the Iron Triangle of Health Care was first introduced in William Kissick’s book, \"Medicine’s Dilemmas: Infinite Needs Versus Finite Resources\" in 1994, describing three competing health care issues: access, quality, and cost containment. Each of the vertices represents identical priorities. Increasing or decreasing one results in changes to one or both of the other two. For example, a policy that increases access to health services would lower quality of health care and/or increase cost. The desired state of the triangle, high access and quality with low cost represents value in a health",
"title": "Iron Triangle of Health Care"
},
{
"id": "8637497",
"text": "the Americans had built up their forces, COMUSMACV General William C. Westmoreland planned to go on the offensive during 1967. In particular, he planned to clear major North Vietnamese or VC strongholds and to push communist forces into South Vietnam's lightly populated border regions where US forces would be able to make more lavish use of their firepower. The town of Ben Suc was located in a central area of the Iron Triangle and politically controlled by the VC. Prior to 1964, the town was ostensibly neutral, with both ARVN and VC presence. In 1964 the ARVN outpost was overran",
"title": "Operation Cedar Falls"
},
{
"id": "488756",
"text": "1st millennium BC The 1st millennium BC is the period of time between from the year 1000 BC to 1 BC (10th to 1st centuries BC; in astronomy: JD – ). It encompasses the Iron Age in the Old World and sees the transition from the Ancient Near East to Classical Antiquity. World population roughly doubled over the course of the millennium, from about 100 million to about 200–250 million. The Neo-Assyrian Empire dominates the Near East in the early centuries of the millennium, supplanted by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century. Ancient Egypt is in decline, and falls",
"title": "1st millennium BC"
},
{
"id": "11737084",
"text": "Brigade. The 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division was known as the Iron Brigade from its formation in 1917 through World War I, World War II and Vietnam, until some time in the early 2000s when, for reasons that are still unclear, the name was changed to Duke Brigade. The unit crest was an Iron Cross in a triangle, it appears that that was also changed. The 3rd Brigade of the 4th Infantry Division is also known as the Iron Brigade. Its unit crest is similar to the medals issued to veterans of the both Western and the Eastern",
"title": "Shelby's Iron Brigade"
},
{
"id": "1583318",
"text": "the \"Million-Dollar Director\" Chang Cheh in his movies: Ti Lung and David Chiang. He is also accredited as a capable actor who reinforced his muscular glamour with strong characterization over his many films. Chiang, on the other hand, was slight and wiry and often played the sarcastic anti-hero to Lung's standard archetype. Chang Cheh with his stars Ti Lung and David Chiang were known as the cinematic \"Iron Triangle\" throughout Southeast Asia. In the middle of that decade, the duo was overshadowed by the rise of Alexander Fu Sheng, who had played supporting roles opposite them on many occasions. Fu",
"title": "Shaw Brothers Studio"
},
{
"id": "14552981",
"text": "for National Service. In 1995, Naparstek was appointed to the Urban Institute in Washington, D.C. as a senior associate directing the Institute's HOPE VI initiative. Over the course of his social work and academic career, Naparstek co-authored four books and published many articles about the importance of community-building and mental health in public policy. U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) called Naparstek \"one of our most imaginative public policy thinkers.\" He cared \"not just about programs, he put people first.\" Mikulski worked with Naparstek and Representative Louis Stokes (D-OH) on housing legislation, a collaboration she described as an \"iron triangle,\" of",
"title": "Arthur Naparstek"
},
{
"id": "193190",
"text": "Assyrians in the 7th century BC. Iron and copper working in Sub-Saharan Africa spread in conjunction with the Bantu expansion, from the Cameroon region to the African Great Lakes in the 3rd century BC, reaching the Cape around AD 400. However, iron working may have been practiced in Central Africa as early as the 3rd millennium BC. Instances of carbon steel based on complex preheating principles were found to be in production around the 1st century AD in northwest Tanzania. Iron Age The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and",
"title": "Iron Age"
},
{
"id": "200377",
"text": "\"The present-day Armenia is actually located on historical lands of Azerbaijan. Therefore, we will return to all our historical lands in the future. This should be known to young people and children. We must live, we live and we will continue to live with this idea.\" The Assyrian homeland is a geographic and cultural region situated in Northern Mesopotamia that has been traditionally inhabited by Assyrian people. The area with the greatest concentration of Assyrians on earth is located in the Assyrian homeland, or the \"Assyrian Triangle\", a region which comprises the Nineveh plains, southern Hakkari and the Barwari regions.",
"title": "Irredentism"
},
{
"id": "4757281",
"text": "to counter this attack, but were unsuccessful. It was at this point, after several successive counteroffensives that saw both sides fighting intensely over the same ground, that the two sides started serious peace negotiations. In January 1952, IX Corps was again reorganized, now containing the 7th Infantry Division and the newly arrived 45th Infantry Division. Two months later, it was reorganized with the 2nd Infantry Division, the 40th Infantry Division, and the South Korean 2nd, 3rd, and Capital Divisions. In October 1952, Chinese forces conducted a large offensive against IX Corps' sector, against the hilly countryside around the Iron Triangle",
"title": "IX Corps (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2735799",
"text": "on the Altar of Blood\". In the Napoleonic Wars the Pomeranian town of Kolberg was besieged in 1807 (inspiring a Second World War Nazi propaganda film) while the French Grande Armée was victorious at Eylau in East Prussia in the same year. The Treaties of Tilsit were separately signed in the selfsame town in July 1807 between Napoleon and the Russians and Prussians. The Iron Cross, Germany's highest military honour, was established (though not awarded) by King Frederick William III at Breslau on 17 March 1813. In World War I, Hindenburg won critical victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes,",
"title": "Former eastern territories of Germany"
},
{
"id": "11782658",
"text": "Culture of Newport News, Virginia Near the city's western end, a historic C&O railroad station, as well as American Civil War battle sites near historic Lee Hall along U.S. Route 60 and several 19th century plantations have all been protected. Many are located along the roads leading to Yorktown and Williamsburg, where many sites of the Historic Triangle are of both American Revolutionary War and Civil War significance. The first modern duel of ironclad warships, the Battle of Hampton Roads, took place not far off Newport News Point in 1862. Recovered artifacts from the USS \"Monitor are displayed at the",
"title": "Culture of Newport News, Virginia"
},
{
"id": "14727330",
"text": "losses would take two months to recover. Operation Lam Son II was then replicated in various villages in the area. Operation Lam Son II was the second such operation in Bình Dương Province north of Saigon. A week earlier, another hamlet search and festival was held on 26 May 1966 in Binh Chuan and was deemed to be very successful. The village in question, Tân Phước Khánh was located about 40 km north of the capital Saigon and 10 km east of the town of Thủ Dầu Một, and it was located in the Iron Triangle a communist stronghold. The",
"title": "Operation Lam Son II"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Iron Triangle (Korea) context: Iron Triangle (Korea) The Iron Triangle was a key communist Chinese and North Korean concentration area and communications junction during the Korean War, located in the central sector between Cheorwon and Gimhwa-eup in the south and Pyonggang in the north. The area was located 20 to 30 miles (30 to 50 kilometres) above the 38th parallel in the diagonal corridor dividing the Taebaek Mountains into northern and southern ranges and contained the major road and rail links between the port of Wonsan in the northeast and Seoul in the southwest. During the war the area was the scene of heavy\n\nWhere was The Iron Triangle?",
"compressed_tokens": 179,
"origin_tokens": 179,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Battle Bong Son context: on every one of the escape routes, and they took casualties both from the ambushing companies and the prepared artillery, the latter including heavy, long-range artillery moved by road into the area. A captured VC battalion commander talked enough about his unit for Kinnard to find the 2nd Regiment headquarters. 2nd Brigade (Colonel Ray Lynch, commanding) committed to this area, and fought a two-week battle, along with Moore's 3rd Brigade. The area known as \"The Iron Triangle\" is west of Saigon in military zone III, and that area was the responsibility of the 25th Infantry Division HQ'd at Cu Chi.\n\ntitle Battle of the Iron Triangle context: Battle of the Iron Tri The Battle of the Iron Tri took from 1 May to 20 November 1974, when the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN 9th Division Rach Bap and An Dien Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) regained the lost towns in series of costly counterattacks. The Iron Triangle was an important strategic location, bounded on the north by the jungle and overgrown rubber plantations of the Long Nguyen Secret Zone, on the west by the Saigon River and on the east by smaller but unfordable obstacle of the Th Thinh River.\ntitle:es Z Charlie Cong context: the North Vietnamese,pping the two combat in a perpetating cycle of escalation key regionin this esation employed was the Iron Triangle, 20 square mile roughly twenty-five north Saigon, the that Holl describes to Tomalin at the outset the article Route a major thorough Saig through the Iron Triangle the Cambodmark thatollingsworth refers to specifically early in Tomalin’ divis office Ki- ( Tom narr is miles north of\n\ntitle: Operation Calls:alls Operation operation US 296 the the \"\", had largest the Vietnam: Two Army divisions, one infantry and one paratrooper brigade, and one armored cavalry regiment participated in the operation. Altogether, it involved 30,000 US and South Vietnamese troops. The VC, however,\n\nWhere was The Iron Triangle?",
"compressed_tokens": 471,
"origin_tokens": 13978,
"ratio": "29.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
105 | What is Reba McEntire's best of album called? | [
"Moments and Memories"
] | Moments and Memories | [
{
"id": "1670048",
"text": "5× Multi-Platinum by the RIAA in 1998. The album has gone to sell over 10 million copies worldwide, which makes it McEntire's best selling album to date. Her eighteenth studio release was 1994's \"Read My Mind.\" The album spawned five major hit singles onto the \"Billboard\" Country chart, including the No. 1 single \"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter\". The further releases (\"Till You Love Me\", \"Why Haven't I Heard from You\", and \"And Still\") became Top 10 singles on the same chart, with \"Till You Love Me\" also reaching No. 78 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, a chart that",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "8922003",
"text": "Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire\" peaked at number 45 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums. 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire is a compilation album, released in 2007, by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It is part of the 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection series, and it chronicles several hits from McEntire's career. \"20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire\" received two-and-a-half out of five stars from",
"title": "20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "8922037",
"text": "while \"This Is My Prayer for You\" is the \"most memorable\" of the non-standards. \"20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire\" peaked at number 67 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums chart. 20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba 20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire is a compilation of songs from Reba McEntire's two Christmas albums (\"Merry Christmas to You\" and \"\") for release in 2003 on a \"20th Century Masters\" Christmas collection. No new material was recorded for the compilation. \"20th Century Masters",
"title": "20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba"
},
{
"id": "1670058",
"text": "of the album's material was \"an odd set—mostly ballads, including an English/Portuguese duet with Jose e Durval on Boz Scaggs' 'We're All Alone'\". In 2001, McEntire returned with her third greatest-hits album: \".\" The album helped McEntire receive her third gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, which made her the most certified female country artist in music history. It spawned the number-three hit \"I'm a Survivor\", which would be her last major hit for two years, as McEntire would go on a temporary hiatus to focus on her television sitcom, \"Reba.\" The album's only other single, a",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "15758321",
"text": "Loveless, and Randy Travis. McEntire's success continued into the late 1990s, especially after the release of 1996's \"What If It's You\", which yielded her first number one single in almost two years and three additional major hits. After the release of 1999's \"So Good Together\", McEntire branched out into acting and created her own television sitcom, \"Reba\" (2001–2007), and didn't record or tour for nearly three years. In 2004, she returned to music with her 24th studio album, \"Room to Breathe\". The album produced her first number one hit since 1998 and three additional major hits between 2004 and 2005.",
"title": "Reba McEntire singles discography"
},
{
"id": "1670034",
"text": "in 1987 and the second single, \"Love Will Find Its Way to You\", also reached the top spot. In late 1987, McEntire released her first Christmas collection, \"Merry Christmas to You\", which sold two million copies in the United States, certifying double Platinum. The album included cover versions of \"Away in a Manger\", \"Silent Night\", and Grandpa Jones's \"The Christmas Guest\". Her thirteenth album, \"Reba\", was issued in 1988 and was not well received by critics, who claimed she was moving farther away from her \"traditional country\" sound. \"Stereo Review\" disliked the album's contemporary style, stating, \"After years of insisting",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670018",
"text": "and released five additional studio albums under the label until 1983. Signing with MCA Nashville Records, McEntire took creative control over her second MCA album, \"My Kind of Country\" (1984), which had a more traditional country sound and produced two number one singles: \"How Blue\" and \"Somebody Should Leave\". The album brought her breakthrough success, bringing her a series of successful albums and number one singles in the 1980s and 1990s. McEntire has since released 29 studio albums, acquired 42 number one singles, 16 number one albums, and 28 albums have been certified gold, platinum or multi-platinum in sales by",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "15758299",
"text": "Reba McEntire albums discography The albums discography of Reba McEntire, an American country music singer, consists of 29 studio albums, three Christmas albums, two live albums and 16 compilation albums. Of these albums, 27 have received a certification of at least Gold from the Recording Industry Association of America. Her highest-certified album is the 1993 compilation \"Greatest Hits Volume Two\", which is certified quintuple-platinum for U.S. shipments of five million copies. McEntire has sold 65 million records in the USA alone, and over 90 million records worldwide. She has gained a total of 16 number-one albums in her career. She",
"title": "Reba McEntire albums discography"
},
{
"id": "8922002",
"text": "20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire is a compilation album, released in 2007, by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It is part of the 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection series, and it chronicles several hits from McEntire's career. \"20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire\" received two-and-a-half out of five stars from William Ruhlmann of Allmusic. In his review, Ruhlmann observes that \"despite being hits, these songs were not among McEntire's biggest hits.\" \"20th",
"title": "20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670062",
"text": "16. In 2005, McEntire released the compilation \"Reba 1's.\" The album comprised all thirty-three number-one hits in her career on all major trade charts. Two new songs were included on the album: \"You're Gonna Be\" and \"Love Needs a Holiday\". Both were released as singles, peaking at No. 33 and No. 60, respectively, with the latter becoming her first single in twenty-seven years to miss the country top 40 entirely. \"Country Standard Time\" called the tracks \"Whoever's in New England\" and \"You Lie\" the album highlights. The album reached a peak of No. 3 on the Top Country Albums chart",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "15758300",
"text": "has more number one albums than any other female country artist. She is the second best selling female country artist of all time (Shania Twain hold the #1 spot). She is the number 10 best selling female artist out of all genres. Reba McEntire albums discography The albums discography of Reba McEntire, an American country music singer, consists of 29 studio albums, three Christmas albums, two live albums and 16 compilation albums. Of these albums, 27 have received a certification of at least Gold from the Recording Industry Association of America. Her highest-certified album is the 1993 compilation \"Greatest Hits",
"title": "Reba McEntire albums discography"
},
{
"id": "8846861",
"text": "Reba Number 1's Reba #1s is a double-disc compilation album released in 2005 celebrating Reba McEntire's thirty years in the music industry. It is the first compilation of her career to include tracks from her early Mercury Records years along with her MCA recordings. The album features all of McEntire's solo number one hits spanning her career. The thirty-five-track compilation features twenty-two \"Billboard\" number-one hits, eleven non-\"Billboard\" number ones and two new tracks, \"You're Gonna Be\" (re-titled \"You're Gonna Be (Always Loved by Me)\" when released as a single) and \"Love Needs a Holiday\", which respectively reached 33 and 60",
"title": "Reba Number 1's"
},
{
"id": "1670070",
"text": "of her career, and went on to peak at No. 11. Her twenty-sixth studio album, \"Keep On Loving You\" was released August 18, 2009, and became McEntire's first solo studio album in six years. The album gained fairly positive reviews from most album critics. On August 26, \"Keep on Loving You\" became McEntire's second album to top both the \"Billboard\" Country and 200 charts, selling almost 96,000 copies within its first week. With the album, McEntire broke the record for the female country artist with the most \"Billboard\" number-one albums, which was previously held by Loretta Lynn. On August 18",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "8922036",
"text": "20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba 20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire is a compilation of songs from Reba McEntire's two Christmas albums (\"Merry Christmas to You\" and \"\") for release in 2003 on a \"20th Century Masters\" Christmas collection. No new material was recorded for the compilation. \"20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire\" received three out of five stars from William Ruhlmann of Allmusic. In his review, Ruhlmann describes McEntire's versions of \"Silent Night\" and \"Up on the Housetop\" as \"appropriately reverent,\"",
"title": "20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba"
},
{
"id": "2500129",
"text": "the Boy\". Yearwood's debut album also became the first by a female country act to sell over 1 million copies, eventually going double platinum. Among artists whose success continued from the 1980s, Reba McEntire was the most successful of the female artists, selling more than 30 million albums during the decade, gaining eight number-one hit singles on the U.S. Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and six number one albums internationally, including her best-selling album, \"Greatest Hits Vol. 2\", which was released in September 1993 and has sold over an international amount of 10 million copies to date. George Strait,",
"title": "1990s in music"
},
{
"id": "9968576",
"text": "Reba: Duets Reba: Duets is the twenty fourth studio album by American country music artist, Reba McEntire. The album was released September 18, 2007 on MCA Nashville Records and September 24, 2007 on Humphead Records in the UK, and was produced by Tony Brown, Dann Huff, McEntire, and Justin Timberlake. \"Reba: Duets\" was McEntire's second album to appear in the new millennium decade and one of her most successful crossover albums,as it is her first studio album to chart in Australia and her 3rd to chart in the UK. It was her first album to peak at #1 on the",
"title": "Reba: Duets"
},
{
"id": "15758318",
"text": "Reba McEntire singles discography The singles discography of American country music singer Reba McEntire comprises 95 singles. After being discovered by country artist Red Steagall, McEntire signed a recording contract with Polygram/Mercury Records in 1976. In 1977, she released her debut, self-titled album, which yielded four singles that failed to become major hits on the country chart. It was her next album, released in 1979, titled \"Out of a Dream\" that produced her first Top 40 hits and her first major hit, a remake of Patsy Cline's \"Sweet Dreams\". Between 1980 and 1984, McEntire had a series of Top 10",
"title": "Reba McEntire singles discography"
},
{
"id": "1670024",
"text": "album was a departure from any of McEntire's future releases, as it resembled the material of Tanya Tucker and Tammy Wynette, according to \"AllMusic\" reviewer Greg Adams. The album itself did not chart the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums chart upon its release. After releasing two singles with Jacky Ward (\"Three Sheets in the Wind\" b/w \"I'd Really Love to See You Tonight\"; and \"That Makes Two of Us\" at No. 20 and No. 26, respectively), Mercury issued her second studio album in 1979, \"Out of a Dream.\" The album's cover of Patsy Cline's \"Sweet Dreams\" became McEntire's first Top 20",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670037",
"text": "studio album, the release, \"welcomes the fiddles and steel guitars back as she returns to the neo-traditionalist fold\", according to Allmusic, which gave the release four-and-a-half out of five stars. Reviewer William Ruhlmann found \"Sweet Sixteen\" to \"double back to a formula that worked for her in the past\". The lead single was a cover of The Everly Brothers' \"Cathy's Clown\", with McEntire's version reaching No. 1 in July on the \"Billboard\" country music chart. Three more Top 10 hits followed from \"Sweet Sixteen\": \"Till Love Comes Again\", \"Little Girl\", and \"Walk On\", at No. 4, 7 and 2, respectively.",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "5393580",
"text": "content. Her pop-influenced fifth studio album, \"Loud\" (2010), proved successful producing three \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one singles, \"Only Girl (In the World)\", \"What’s My Name\", and \"S&M\". She followed this success with the follow-up albums, \"Talk That Talk\" (2011), and the Grammy Award winner \"Unapologetic\" (2012). Her eighth studio album, \"Anti\" (2016), became her second \"Billboard\" 200 number one album and was one of the most streamed albums of the year. Recognized as a pop icon, Rihanna is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with 280 million records sold worldwide. Many of her songs rank among",
"title": "Rihanna"
},
{
"id": "1670071",
"text": "the label released the album's second single, \"Consider Me Gone\", and it debuted at No. 51 on The Hot Country Single's Chart. The single became McEntire's thirty-fourth number-one on the \"Billboard\" chart in December. With a four-week stay at No. 1, this song became the longest-lasting number-one of her career, as well as the first multi-week number-one by a female country singer since Taylor Swift's \"Our Song\" in 2007. The album's third and final single was \"I Keep On Loving You\", co-written by Ronnie Dunn of Brooks & Dunn, which peaked at No. 7. McEntire's thirty-fourth studio album, \"All the",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "7013106",
"text": "McEntire made her first music video for the title track. Eventually, McEntire would become known for her 'mini-movie'-styled music videos. Whoever's in New England Whoever's in New England is the 10th studio album of American country music artist Reba McEntire, released on February 10, 1986. It is her first #1 album on the Billboard country albums chart, producing two singles that were #1 country hits: \"Whoever's in New England\", and \"Little Rock.\" The album's phenomenal success proved to be a turning point in McEntire's career. It was the singer's first platinum record, and solidified her new superstardom when she was",
"title": "Whoever's in New England"
},
{
"id": "7013105",
"text": "Whoever's in New England Whoever's in New England is the 10th studio album of American country music artist Reba McEntire, released on February 10, 1986. It is her first #1 album on the Billboard country albums chart, producing two singles that were #1 country hits: \"Whoever's in New England\", and \"Little Rock.\" The album's phenomenal success proved to be a turning point in McEntire's career. It was the singer's first platinum record, and solidified her new superstardom when she was named the 'Entertainer of the Year' by the Country Music Association in autumn 1986. The album also marked another milestone,",
"title": "Whoever's in New England"
},
{
"id": "15758319",
"text": "and 20 country hits, including \"(You Lift Me Up) To Heaven\", \"Today All Over Again\", \"Only You (And You Alone)\", and her first number one country hit, \"Can't Even Get the Blues\". However, she was not pleased with the music she was recording under the label (country pop-styled ballads) and signed with MCA Records in 1984, where McEntire had more control over what she recorded and how she recorded it. Under MCA, McEntire began to have her biggest success with the release of her 1984 album, \"My Kind of Country\", which celebrated traditional country music. The album spawned two number",
"title": "Reba McEntire singles discography"
},
{
"id": "1670091",
"text": "of Patsy Cline's version of the song, according to McEntire herself. McEntire's music has been described to not only be built upon traditional country music, but also expand into the genres of Country pop, Mainstream pop, Soul, and R&B. At times, her music has often been criticized for moving away from traditional country music. Many music critics have often called her music to be \"melodramatic\", \"formulaic\", and \"bombastic\", particularly after her 1988 album \"Reba.\" Studio releases such as \"Sweet Sixteen\", \"Rumor Has It\", \"It's Your Call\", and \"Starting Over\" have often been described by these terms. McEntire possesses a contralto",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "7009900",
"text": "Reba (album) Reba is the thirteenth studio album by American country singer Reba McEntire, released on April 18, 1988. Gone were the honky tonk stable steel guitars and fiddles of \"My Kind of Country\" and \"Have I Got a Deal for You\", to be replaced by a highly produced and orchestrated Bakersfield-like sound. This did not diminish the album's sales, as it was her third #1 country album, and two of its tracks, \"I Know How He Feels\" and \"New Fool at an Old Game,\" reached #1 on the Billboard country singles charts. A remake of an old jazz vocal",
"title": "Reba (album)"
},
{
"id": "1670031",
"text": "album, \"Whoever's in New England\" was released. For this album, McEntire and co-producer Jimmy Bowen incorporated her traditional music style into a mainstream sound that was entirely different from anything she had previously recorded. \"Country Music: The Rough Guide\" called the production of the title track, \"bigger and sentimentalism more obvious, even manipulative\". The title track peaked at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Country Chart and won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance the following year. In addition, the album became McEntire's first release to certify gold in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670025",
"text": "hit, reaching No. 19 on the \"Billboard\" country chart in November 1979. In 1980, \"You Lift Me Up (To Heaven)\" brought her to the Top 10 for the first time. Her third studio album, \"Feel the Fire\" was released in October and spawned two additional Top 20 hit singles that year. In September 1981, McEntire's fourth album, \"Heart to Heart\" was issued and became her first album to chart the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums list, peaking at No. 2. Its lead single, \"Today All Over Again\" became a top five country hit. The album received mainly negative reviews from critics.",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670063",
"text": "and No. 12 on the \"Billboard\" 200 upon its release, certifying 2× Platinum by the RIAA within two years. On August 30, 2007, McEntire received two CMA nominations: Female Vocalist of the Year and Vocal Event of the Year. With those two nominations plus another in 2008 and two more in 2009, McEntire became the female artist with the most nominations (forty-eight) in the forty-three year history of the CMA Awards, surpassing Dolly Parton, who has forty-three. In mid-2007, McEntire announced the release of her twenty-fifth studio album, \"\", on September 18. McEntire stated that out of all the albums",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "5611838",
"text": "hundreds of thousands of units in our debut week. This marks a great moment for hip-hop music, one that will go down in history.\" After years of slumping sales, the album competition between the two releases and the resulting record breaking performances both albums demonstrated was considered to be a \"fantastic day for hip-hop\". In its second week on the \"Billboard\" 200, \"Graduation\" slid to number two with the release of Reba McEntire's \"\", selling 226,000 copies while maintaining its dominance over \"Curtis\", which sold 143,000. The next week, with the releases of over 40 new albums, \"Graduation\" dropped three",
"title": "Graduation (album)"
},
{
"id": "1670032",
"text": "(and was later certified Platinum). At the end of the year, McEntire won Entertainer of the Year from the Country Music Association, the highest honor in the awards show. McEntire released a second album in 1986 (her tenth overall), \"What Am I Gonna Do About You.\" Allmusic critic William Ruhlmann was not overly pleased with album's production, saying that it lacked the features that had been set forth on \"Whoever's in New England.\" Rulhlmann criticized the title track for \"something of the feel of 'Whoever's in New England' in its portrayal of a woman trying to recover from a painfully",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "15758323",
"text": "56th Top 10 hit, \"Cowgirls Don't Cry\", a duet with Brooks & Dunn. Reba McEntire singles discography The singles discography of American country music singer Reba McEntire comprises 95 singles. After being discovered by country artist Red Steagall, McEntire signed a recording contract with Polygram/Mercury Records in 1976. In 1977, she released her debut, self-titled album, which yielded four singles that failed to become major hits on the country chart. It was her next album, released in 1979, titled \"Out of a Dream\" that produced her first Top 40 hits and her first major hit, a remake of Patsy Cline's",
"title": "Reba McEntire singles discography"
},
{
"id": "6382523",
"text": "Rihanna's fifth studio album \"Loud\" (2010) produced seven singles including the commercially successful hits, \"Only Girl (In the World)\", \"What's My Name?\" and \"S&M\". The album was certified platinum in the United States and six-times platinum in the United Kingdom. \"Talk That Talk\" (2011), Rihanna's sixth studio album, included \"We Found Love\"; it became a worldwide success, peaking at number one in 29 countries. It remained at number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for ten weeks, becoming the singer's longest-running chart topper in the country. Rihanna's seventh studio album \"Unapologetic\" (2012) became Rihanna's first number one on the \"Billboard\"",
"title": "Rihanna discography"
},
{
"id": "110150",
"text": "were lower in sales. However, in the new millennium, Parton achieved commercial success again and has released albums on various independent labels since 2000, including albums on her own label, Dolly Records. Parton's music includes 25 Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)-certified gold, platinum and multi-platinum awards. She has had 25 songs reach No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" country music charts, a record for a female artist (tied with Reba McEntire). She has 41 career top-10 country albums, a record for any artist, and she has 110 career charted singles over the past 40 years. She has garnered nine Grammy",
"title": "Dolly Parton"
},
{
"id": "1670059",
"text": "cover of Kenny Rogers' \"Sweet Music Man\", went to No. 36. McEntire's seventy-sixth chart single, \"I'm Gonna Take That Mountain\", released in mid-2003, ended her two-year break from recording. In November 2003, her twenty-third studio album, \"Room to Breathe\", marked her first release of new material in four years. Writing for \"The Boston Globe\", Steve Morse found the album's material to have a variety of musical stylings, saying the track \"Love Revival\" sounded like Tanya Tucker and calling \"If I Had Any Sense at All\" \"a mournful country ballad\". Dan MacIntosh of \"Country Standard Time\" gave \"Room to Breathe\" a",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670030",
"text": "I Got a Deal for You\", which followed the same traditional format as \"My Kind of Country.\" It was the first album produced by McEntire and was co-produced with Jimmy Bowen. Like her previous release, the album received positive feedback, including \"Rolling Stone\", which called it a \"promising debut\". The album's second single, \"Only in My Mind\" was entirely written by McEntire and reached No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" country chart. On January 17, 1986, McEntire became a member of the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, and has been a member ever since. In February 1986, McEntire's ninth studio",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670038",
"text": "In September she released \"Reba Live\", her first live album, which originally certified gold but certified platinum ten years later. Sixteen months after the release of \"Sweet Sixteen\" and after giving birth to her son, McEntire transitioned into 1990 with the release of \"Rumor Has It.\" The album's \"sound and production were almost entirely pop-oriented\", according to Kurt Wolff of \"Country Music: The Rough Guide.\" Although \"Rumor Has It\" was an attempt to receive critical praise, many reviewers found the album to be \"predictable\". \"Stereo Review\" mainly found the recording displeasing in some places, but the reviewer also believed she",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670039",
"text": "\"still leaves most of the competition in the dust\", calling the album \"glorious\". \"Rumor Has It\" eventually sold three million copies by 1999, certifying triple-platinum by that year. It was prefaced by the single \"You Lie\", which became her fifteenth number-one single on the country chart. In addition, the album's cover of Bobbie Gentry's 1969 hit \"Fancy\" and a new track, \"Fallin' Out of Love\", became Top 10 hits on the same \"Billboard\" country chart. While on tour for her 1990 album, McEntire lost eight members of her band; (Chris Austin, Kirk Cappello, Joey Cigainero, Paula Kaye Evans, Jim Hammon,",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670026",
"text": "William Ruhlmann of \"AllMusic\" gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars, stating she did not get creative control of her music. Ruhlmann called \"There Ain't No Love\" \"essentially a soft pop ballad\". Most of the album's material consisted of mainly country pop-styled ballads, which was not well liked by McEntire herself. Her fifth album, \"Unlimited\" was issued in June 1982, and spawned her first \"Billboard\" number one single in early 1983: \"Can't Even Get the Blues\" and \"You're the First Time I've Thought About Leaving\". The following year her sixth album, \"Behind the Scene\" was released and was positively received",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "9968586",
"text": "LeAnn Rimes performed their duet of \"When You Love Someone Like That\" at the 41st CMA Music Awards. Reba: Duets Reba: Duets is the twenty fourth studio album by American country music artist, Reba McEntire. The album was released September 18, 2007 on MCA Nashville Records and September 24, 2007 on Humphead Records in the UK, and was produced by Tony Brown, Dann Huff, McEntire, and Justin Timberlake. \"Reba: Duets\" was McEntire's second album to appear in the new millennium decade and one of her most successful crossover albums,as it is her first studio album to chart in Australia and",
"title": "Reba: Duets"
},
{
"id": "8846863",
"text": "Records\" or \"Gavin Report\". The compilation and the two new tracks were produced by McEntire and Buddy Cannon. The album debuted at number 3 on the Billboard country chart and number 12 on the Billboard 200 selling 110,000 copies in its first week. The album has sold 1,195,800 copies in the United States as of April 2017. The following musicians performed on \"You're Gonna Be\" and \"Love Needs a Holiday\": Reba Number 1's Reba #1s is a double-disc compilation album released in 2005 celebrating Reba McEntire's thirty years in the music industry. It is the first compilation of her career",
"title": "Reba Number 1's"
},
{
"id": "1670044",
"text": "In December 1992, McEntire's seventeenth studio album, \"It's Your Call\", was released. It became her first album to peak within the \"Billboard\" 200 Top 10, reaching No. 8. McEntire commented that the record was a \"second chapter\" to \"For My Broken Heart\", while music reviewers such as Alanna Nash of \"Entertainment Weekly\" disagreed, writing, \"In truth, it isn't nearly as pessimistic as its predecessor—and unfortunately it isn't anywhere as involving.\" Nash called the album's title track—which peaked at No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart—\"one of those moment-of-truth sagas at which McEntire excels. In the song,",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "7009901",
"text": "standard made famous by Ella Fitzgerald, \"Sunday Kind of Love\", reached the #5 spot. Also covered was \"Respect\", a song made famous by Aretha Franklin. The album debuted at #20 for the week of May 21, 1988 on the Country Albums chart, and peaked at #1 for the week of June 11, 1988. The album stayed at #1 for 6 consecutive weeks. Reba (album) Reba is the thirteenth studio album by American country singer Reba McEntire, released on April 18, 1988. Gone were the honky tonk stable steel guitars and fiddles of \"My Kind of Country\" and \"Have I Got",
"title": "Reba (album)"
},
{
"id": "1670028",
"text": "previously recorded country hits from her own record collection, which was then recorded for the album. The album's material included songs originally released as singles by Ray Price (\"Don't You Believe Her\", \"I Want to Hear It from You\"), Carl Smith (\"Before I Met You\"), Faron Young (\"He's Only Everything\") and Connie Smith (\"You've Got Me [Right Where You Want Me\"]). The album spawned two number-one singles: \"How Blue\" and \"Somebody Should Leave\". It was given positive reviews from critics, with \"Billboard\" praising McEntire as \"the finest woman country singer since Kitty Wells\" and \"Rolling Stone\" critics honoring her as",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670064",
"text": "she had previously recorded, her newest release was particularly special: \"This is an album that will go down in history as probably my favorite album to record because I got to work and sing and be with my friends. Out of everything in this whole career that I can say that I'm the most proud of, are my friends. And here's the proof.\" In promotion for the album, McEntire made appearances at radio shows and on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" September 19. The album's lead single, \"Because of You\"—a duet with Kelly Clarkson, who originally recorded the song—became her fifty-fifth",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "5810017",
"text": "being supplanted by Queen and then by ABBA's \"\". Both albums have sold in excess of 5.1 million copies. The longest running number one album, both consecutively and non-consecutively, is the soundtrack of the film \"South Pacific\". It had a consecutive run of seventy weeks from November 1958 to March 1960, and had further runs at the top in 1960 and 1961, making a non-consecutive total of 115 weeks. Eminem holds the record for the most consecutive number one albums in Official Albums Chart history With nine consecutive UK number one albums. The youngest artist to top the chart is",
"title": "UK Albums Chart"
},
{
"id": "7009913",
"text": "Sweet Sixteen (Reba McEntire album) Sweet Sixteen is the fourteenth studio album by American country singer Reba McEntire, released on May 1, 1989 by MCA Records. Four singles from the album entered the \"Billboard\" country charts: the number one hits \"Cathy's Clown\" (a cover version of The Everly Brothers' song) and \"Walk On\", and the top ten hits \"'Til Love Comes Again\" and \"Little Girl\". The album's title derives from its being McEntire's sixteenth album, counting compilation and Christmas albums. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA, for selling over 1 million copies. The album debuted at #17 on",
"title": "Sweet Sixteen (Reba McEntire album)"
},
{
"id": "1670029",
"text": "one of their Top 5 favorite country artists. Upon its release, \"My Kind of Country\" became her highest-peaking album on the Top Country Albums chart, reaching No. 13. The album also included instruments such as a fiddle and pedal steel guitar, and was aimed more towards a traditional country sound. McEntire was later praised as a \"new traditionalist\", along with Ricky Skaggs, George Strait, and Randy Travis. That year, she won the Country Music Association Awards' Female Vocalist of the Year, her first major industry award. The album was certified Gold. In 1985, McEntire released her third MCA album, \"Have",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "8787122",
"text": "Room to Breathe (Reba McEntire album) Room to Breathe is the twenty-third studio album by American country music singer Reba McEntire released November 18, 2003 on MCA Nashville Records. It was produced by Buddy Cannon, McEntire, and Norro Wilson. \"Room to Breathe\" was McEntire's first album of new recordings since 1999's \"So Good Together\" and her first studio album of the new millennium. McEntire had previously branched into theater and television, starring in a television sitcom, \"Reba,\" and had decided to temporarily leave the recording industry at the start of the new millennium. The release contained McEntire's first number one",
"title": "Room to Breathe (Reba McEntire album)"
},
{
"id": "1670054",
"text": "McEntire's release, calling the album's ten tracks \"powerful\" and concluding by stating, \"There are so many writers and so many great songs in Nashville, and Reba has collected her disproportionate share[...]She's country music's female artist of the 90's.\" \"What If It's You\" peaked at No. 1 Top Country Albums and No. 15 on the \"Billboard\" 200, while also becoming her first album in three years to certify in multi-platinum sales, selling two million copies by 1999. At the end of 1997, McEntire also charted at No. 23 the charity single \"What If\". The proceeds of sales for this single were",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "18497100",
"text": "2016, it became only the third album to be the UK's biggest-seller two years in a row, after Simon & Garfunkel's \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970 and 1971) and Simply Red's \"Stars\" (1991 and 1992). Elsewhere in Europe, \"25\" also opened atop of the German charts after selling 263,000 units, the largest weekly sale for a record since Herbert Grönemeyer's 2007 release \"12\". In France, \"25\" became the fastest-selling album of 2015 after it sold 169,693 copies, of which 26,295 were downloads. The album sold another 129,200 copies in France in its second week, bringing its two-week total to 300,000",
"title": "25 (Adele album)"
},
{
"id": "15648916",
"text": "and the following year issued her first mainstream country album in over 10 years entitled \"Backwoods Barbie\", which produced five singles, including the minor country hit, \"Better Get to Livin'\", which peaked at No. 48 on the Billboard country chart. Parton shares the record for the most No. 1 hits by a female country artist (25) with Reba McEntire. Parton also holds the record for most Top 10 country albums on the Billboard \"Top Country Albums\" chart (41). She previously held the record for the most Top 10 hits by a female country artist until McEntire surpassed her in 2009",
"title": "Dolly Parton singles discography"
},
{
"id": "14967013",
"text": "of You\", was released on April 11, 2011, peaking at #40 in six weeks. McEntire's fourth single from the album was \"Somebody's Chelsea,\" which peaked at #44. McEntire produced the album with Dann Huff. As of 2012 it is her 1st studio album since 1984's \"Just a Little Love\" not to be certified. The title of the album relates to the many roles that McEntire plays in her life. Asked once in an interview for a ranking, McEntire responded, \"Mother first, wife second, and the rest just follow.\" The album features a cover of American recording artist Beyoncé Knowles' single",
"title": "All the Women I Am"
},
{
"id": "1670036",
"text": "on the \"Billboard\" country music chart. Also in 1988, McEntire founded Starstruck Entertainment, which controlled her management, booking, publishing, promotion, publicity, accounting, ticket sales, and fan club administration. The company would eventually expand into managing a horse farm, jet charter service, trucking, construction, and book publishing. McEntire's fourteenth studio album, \"Sweet Sixteen\", was released in May 1989; it spent sixteen weeks at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums chart, while also becoming her first album to peak in the top 100 on the \"Billboard\" 200, reaching No. 78. The album was given positive reviews because unlike her previous",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670033",
"text": "ended love affair\". The title track was the lead single from the release and became a number-one single shortly after its release. This album also spawned a second number-one in \"One Promise Too Late\". The following year, her first MCA compilation, \"Greatest Hits\" was released and became her first album to be certified platinum in sales, eventually certifying triple-platinum. A twelfth studio album, \"The Last One to Know\", was released in 1987. The emotions of her divorce from husband, Charlie Battles, were put into the album's material, according to McEntire. The title track from the release was a number-one single",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "15758322",
"text": "In 2007, she released her 25th and final album for MCA, \"\", a collection of duets with other recording artists, including Kelly Clarkson, Kenny Chesney, and Justin Timberlake. In 2008, she signed with the Valory Music Group, which released her first single, \"Strange\", to radio in early April 2009. In her 35-year career, McEntire has garnered 32 number one singles, she now holds the record for the most number one singles by a female country artist. In addition, McEntire holds the record for the most Top 10 hits by a female country artist, surpassing Parton's record in 2009 with her",
"title": "Reba McEntire singles discography"
},
{
"id": "1670066",
"text": "an unmistakable femininity.\" The album contained ten tracks of duets with country and pop artists, including Kenny Chesney, LeAnn Rimes, Trisha Yearwood, Carole King, and Justin Timberlake. \"Reba: Duets\" peaked at No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart, while also becoming her first album in her thirty-year career to peak and debut at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" 200, with 300,536 copies (according to Nielsen Soundscan) sold within its first week of release. On January 17, 2008, McEntire embarked on the \"2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour\" with Clarkson, which began in Fairborn, Ohio and ended in November of the",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "13475695",
"text": "Keep On Loving You (album) Keep On Loving You is the twenty-fifth studio album by American country artist, Reba McEntire. The album was released August 18, 2009 on Starstruck/Valory and on Humphead Records in the UK, and was produced by Tony Brown, Mark Bright, and McEntire. \"Keep On Loving You\" is McEntire's first solo studio album in six years, since the release of 2003's \"Room to Breathe\" and her first for the Valory label (in conjunction with her company, Starstruck Entertainment). In 2008, she exited her label of twenty five years, MCA Nashville after the release of \"\" (2007). The",
"title": "Keep On Loving You (album)"
},
{
"id": "5751425",
"text": "of six with the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons), who were prominent performers during the 1970s. Jackson's early solo career that same decade included albums such as \"Got to Be There\" and \"Ben\". His two follow-ups, \"Music & Me\" and \"Forever, Michael\", failed to sell well. In 1979, Jackson released \"Off the Wall\", which became his first best-selling album. Three years later, Jackson issued his best-selling album to date, \"Thriller\", which topped several international charts and became the best-selling album of all time. Jackson's follow-ups, \"Bad\", \"Dangerous\", and \"\", also became international successes. Jackson's tenth and final studio",
"title": "Michael Jackson albums discography"
},
{
"id": "6140214",
"text": "Stars (Simply Red album) Stars is the fourth album by British-based pop/soul/jazz band Simply Red, released in September 1991. Five singles were released from the album, including the UK top ten hits \"Stars\" and \"For Your Babies\". The album was a worldwide success, particularly in the band's home country where it has been certified twelve times platinum and was the best-selling album of the year in the UK for both 1991 and 1992, the first album to be the best-seller in two consecutive years since Simon & Garfunkel's \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" in 1970–71. As of July 2016 it is",
"title": "Stars (Simply Red album)"
},
{
"id": "1670045",
"text": "a wife answers the phone to find her husband's girlfriend on the other end and seizes the opportunity not only to inform her mate that she knows of his affair but to give him the ultimatum of choosing between the two. \"She's not the only one who's waitin' on the line\", she sings, handing her husband the phone. \"It's your call\".\" Christopher John Farley of \"Time\" magazine wrote that the album ranged from being \"relaxing\" to \"cathartic\", and \"these vocals from one of the best country singers linger in the mind\". The album's preceding singles—\"The Heart Won't Lie\" (a duet",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670076",
"text": "chart—and No. 3 on \"Billboard\" 200, selling 62,469 copies in the U.S. The album has sold 171,600 copies in the U.S. as of October 5, 2015. In 2016, McEntire was selected as one of thirty artists to perform on \"\"Forever Country\"\", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. McEntire released her third Christmas album \"My Kind of Christmas\" on September 2, 2016. The album was exclusively sold at Cracker Barrel and online. She also announced she would soon be selling",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670051",
"text": "nineteenth studio album, \"Starting Over\" (1995) was collection of her favorite songs originally recorded by others from the 1950s through the early 1980s. The album was made to commemorate twenty years in the music industry, but many music critics gave it a less positive response than her previous release. \"Allmusic\"s Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented that although the album was considered a \"rebirth\" for McEntire, he thought that some tracks were recorded for merely \"nothing more than entertainment\". The album paid tribute to many of McEntire's favorite artists and included cover versions of \"Talking In Your Sleep\" originally sung by Crystal",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "4661760",
"text": "pull four number-one's from one album. In 2010, with the singles of her third album, \"Play On\", she achieved ten career number-one singles on the Hot Country Songs, an achievement for which she was named by the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" as the female country artist with the most number-one hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart (since accurate sales records were introduced in the US in 1991), tied with Reba McEntire. With such a feat, she became the only female artist in country music history to have eleven consecutive top two singles; at that time, she had",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "1312115",
"text": "Time\" and number 82 on their list of the \"100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time\". \"Q\" magazine ranked Gaye sixth on their list of the \"100 Greatest Singers\". Three of Gaye's albums – \"What's Going On\" (1971), \"Let's Get It On\" (1973), and \"Here, My Dear\" (1978) – were ranked by \"Rolling Stone\" on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. \"What's Going On\" remains his largest-ranked album, reaching No. 6 on the \"Rolling Stone\" list and topped the NME list of the \"Top 100 Albums of All Time\" in 1985 and was later chosen in 2003",
"title": "Marvin Gaye"
},
{
"id": "8846935",
"text": "the US, and over 1 million copies worldwide. The album was followed by a CBS made-for-television movie also called \"The Secret of Giving\". The film starred McEntire and aired on Thanksgiving night in 1999. It featured songs from the album as its soundtrack. The Secret of Giving: A Christmas Collection The Secret of Giving: A Christmas Collection is Reba McEntire's twenty-fifth album, and second Christmas album, the follow-up to her 1987 album Merry Christmas to You. The album features mostly new, original holiday tunes with only a couple of traditional favorites. The children featured on \"The Angels Sang\" are actually",
"title": "The Secret of Giving: A Christmas Collection"
},
{
"id": "1670053",
"text": "made a major comeback into the music industry the following year with her twentieth studio album, \"What If It's You.\" The album's lead single, \"The Fear of Being Alone\" reached No. two on the country charts, and its further two singles (\"How Was I to Know\" and \"I'd Rather Ride Around with You\") reached No. 1 and No. 2 respectively. The release garnered higher critical acclaim than \"Starting Over\", with Thom Owens of \"Allmusic\" calling the album \"nevertheless an excellent reminder of her deep talents as a vocalist\". MCA Nashville chairman Bruce Hinton told \"Billboard\" how pleased he was with",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670046",
"text": "with then-labelmate Vince Gill) and \"Take It Back\"—were Top 10 hits on the \"Billboard\" country chart, reaching No. 1 and No. 5 respectively. Like its preceding album, \"It's Your Call\" sold over a million copies, eventually certifying by the RIAA in sales of double-platinum. In October 1993, McEntire's third compilation album, \"Greatest Hits Volume Two\" was released, reaching No. 1 and No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums and \"Billboard\" 200 charts respectively, selling 183,000 copies during Christmas week 1993. Out of the ten tracks were two new singles: the first, \"Does He Love You\", was a duet with",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "8847034",
"text": "and #15 on the \"Billboard\" country charts. The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and #15 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart. What If It's You What If It's You is the twenty-third album by American country singer/actress Reba McEntire released on November 5, 1996 The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard country chart and #15 on the \"Billboard\" 200. It is certified 2× Multi-Platinum by the RIAA. \"What If It's You\" was the first album she did not use studio musicians, relying instead on her touring band. The album produced four singles",
"title": "What If It's You"
},
{
"id": "1670023",
"text": "she released her debut single. Upon its release that year, \"I Don't Want to Be a One Night Stand\" failed to become a major hit on the \"Billboard\" country music chart, peaking at number 88 in May. She completed her second recording session September 16, which included the production of her second single, \"(There's Nothing Like The Love) Between a Woman and Man\", which reached only number 86 in March 1977. She recorded a third single that April, \"Glad I Waited Just for You\", which reached number 88 by August. That same month, Mercury issued her self-titled debut album. The",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "8847094",
"text": "in concert interspersed with footage of her returning home to her family in Oklahoma. The special was eventually released separately on video. The album peaked at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" country albums chart and at No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" 200. It was certified Platinum by the RIAA three months after its release. The album featured only one Top 10 single, \"Ring On Her Finger, Time On Her Hands\", which had been previously a Top Ten country hit for Greenwood in the mid-1980s; McEntire's rendition was a Top Ten hit as well upon its 1996 release, reaching No. 9",
"title": "Starting Over (Reba McEntire album)"
},
{
"id": "7626265",
"text": "Shoot for the Moon (album) Shoot for the Moon is the third album by country music artist Linda Davis, It was her first to achieve placement on the Billboard Music Charts. It was the first album released following a win at the 1993 Grammy Awards for Best Country Vocal Collaboration (with country superstar Reba McEntire) for their hit \"Does He Love You.\" The album rose to the number 28 position on the Country Albums chart, and two of its tracks were relatively minor hits on the singles charts: \"Company Time\" at number 43, and \"Love Didn't Do It\" at number",
"title": "Shoot for the Moon (album)"
},
{
"id": "13475704",
"text": "100. Keep On Loving You (album) Keep On Loving You is the twenty-fifth studio album by American country artist, Reba McEntire. The album was released August 18, 2009 on Starstruck/Valory and on Humphead Records in the UK, and was produced by Tony Brown, Mark Bright, and McEntire. \"Keep On Loving You\" is McEntire's first solo studio album in six years, since the release of 2003's \"Room to Breathe\" and her first for the Valory label (in conjunction with her company, Starstruck Entertainment). In 2008, she exited her label of twenty five years, MCA Nashville after the release of \"\" (2007).",
"title": "Keep On Loving You (album)"
},
{
"id": "18363610",
"text": "at number one on the Top Country Albums charts, thus setting several records upon release. It is the biggest sales debut for a hits collection in any genre of music in more than six years, when Frank Sinatra's \"Nothing But the Best\" arrived in May 2008. It is the biggest first-week sales for a female hits album in any genre in over nine years, when Reba McEntire's \"Reba #1's\" opened in November 2005. It is also the biggest debut sales week for a country best-of title since Toby Keith's \"35 Biggest Hits\" debuted in May 2008. It also logs the",
"title": "Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1"
},
{
"id": "8321572",
"text": "Bon Jovi discography Bon Jovi is an American rock band. Its first commercial release was the single \"Runaway\" in 1983. It was taken from their 1984 eponymous debut album, which was a modest success in the US. Their second album 1985's \"7800° Fahrenheit\" achieved a bit more success than its predecessor being their first album to be certified gold in the US. Bon Jovi achieved widespread global recognition with the release of their third album \"Slippery When Wet\". Released in 1986, the album is Bon Jovi's best-selling album to date, selling over 28 million copies worldwide. It reached number one",
"title": "Bon Jovi discography"
},
{
"id": "11374985",
"text": "Awards—more than any other artist—including the \"Artist of the Century\", 13 number-one singles in the United States during his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era. \"Thriller\" is the best-selling album of all time, with estimated sales of 66 million copies worldwide. Jackson's other albums, including \"Off the Wall\" (1979), \"Bad\" (1987), \"Dangerous\" (1991), and \"\" (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling albums. Jackson became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in five different decades when \"Love Never Felt So Good\" reached number nine",
"title": "Michael Jackson"
},
{
"id": "8870196",
"text": "10 album on that chart. It is certified 3× Multi-platinum by the RIAA. McEntire referred to the album as a \"second chapter to \"For My Broken Heart\"\" (her previous album, released in 1991). As listed in liner notes. It's Your Call It's Your Call is the seventeenth album by Reba McEntire, released in December 1992. It contains the song \"The Heart Won't Lie\", which featured Vince Gill and which was later ranked at #18 on CMT's list of the 100 Greatest Country Duets. The album also includes a re-recording of the song \"Baby's Gone Blues\", which was recorded in 1987",
"title": "It's Your Call"
},
{
"id": "2500237",
"text": "duo pairings (Nelson) or as featured background vocalists (Parton). McEntire's success came with two albums hitting No. 1 on the all-genre \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart (\"Reba Duets\" and \"Keep On Loving You\" ), and at the end of the decade had her biggest hit of her career (\"Consider Me Gone\"). In addition, veteran songwriters such as Bill Anderson and Bobby Braddock also enjoyed continued success with newly written songs. Late in the decade, newcomers such as Jamey Johnson and Miranda Lambert were widely hailed for their songwriting and performance talents. The legendary group Alabama retired from touring in 2004 after",
"title": "2000s in music"
},
{
"id": "2462307",
"text": "of country artist Reba McEntire, of whom Clarkson is a close friend. Clarkson later issued an apology to Davis, citing him as \"a key advisor\" in her success. \"My December\" debuted at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart and was certified platinum by the RIAA. The album went on to sell over 2.5 million copies worldwide. It featured only one major hit single, \"Never Again\", which debuted and peaked at number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100—her highest debut on the chart ever. On July 7, 2007, Clarkson performed on the American leg of Live Earth concert. Clarkson partnered",
"title": "Kelly Clarkson"
},
{
"id": "2838381",
"text": "top five hit at both country and adult contemporary. \"How Far\" and \"God's Will\" from the same album both made top 20 at country radio, as did her guest appearance on Jimmy Buffett's single \"Trip Around the Sun\", whose chart run overlapped that of \"God's Will\". In 2004, McBride won the CMA's Female Vocalist award for the fourth time, following the wins in 2003, 2002 and 1999, which tied her for the most wins in that category with Reba McEntire. After finding success in country pop-styled music, McBride released her next studio album, \"Timeless\", in 2005, which consisted of country",
"title": "Martina McBride"
},
{
"id": "8870095",
"text": "with increased sales of over 183,000 during Christmas week. This would remain her best selling week sales until 14 years later when \"\" opened at 300,000 sales. It was taken off the charts at number 184 for the week of January 6, 1996. \"Greatest Hits Volume Two\" went on to become the best-selling album of McEntire's career, being certified five times platinum by the RIAA. It has gone to sell almost 11 million copies worldwide. Two new songs were recorded for this compilation, both were released as singles. \"Does He Love You\", a duet that McEntire recorded with Linda Davis",
"title": "Greatest Hits Volume Two (Reba McEntire album)"
},
{
"id": "8458763",
"text": "Greatest Hits Volume III: I'm a Survivor Greatest Hits Volume III: I'm a Survivor is the third greatest hits compilation released by Reba McEntire. Released in 2001, it featured 12 of her hits from the 1990s plus three new songs. The lead single, \"I'm a Survivor\", peaked at number 4 on the Hot Country Songs charts which is also the theme song for her former TV show \"Reba\". It was followed by a cover of Kenny Rogers' 1977 single \"Sweet Music Man\", which McEntire took to number 36 on the country music charts. The album debuted at number 1 on",
"title": "Greatest Hits Volume III: I'm a Survivor"
},
{
"id": "1670049",
"text": "she had not previously entered. The album itself reached No. 2 on both the \"Billboard\" 200 and Top Country Albums charts. Charlotte Dillon of Allmusic gave the album four out of five stars, calling it \"another wonderful offering of songs performed by the gifted country singer Reba McEntire\". Dillon also felt that the album's material had \"a little soul, a little swing, and some pop, too\". \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Alanna Nash also gave the album positive feedback, viewing the album to have \"enough boiling rhythms and brooding melodies to reflect the anger and disillusionment of the middle class in the '90s\",",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "4757864",
"text": "His most commercially successful period occurred between 1975's \"Born to Run\" and 1987's \"Tunnel of Love\". 1984's \"Born in the U.S.A.\" launched Springsteen into superstardom and the album went on to become one of the biggest selling albums of all-time producing seven top-10 hit singles, tied for the most ever with Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\" and Janet Jackson's \"Rhythm Nation 1814\". Springsteen has steadily maintained a loyal audience since his 80s success, and experienced a renewed commercial strength since 2002's \"The Rising\", the first in a string of consecutive successful albums following a 1999 reunion with The E Street Band with",
"title": "Bruce Springsteen discography"
},
{
"id": "1491456",
"text": "album, \"Retro Active\", contained the acoustic hit song \"Two Steps Behind\". Their greatest-hits album \"\", released in 1995, featured the UK hit \"When Love & Hate Collide\". As one of the world's best-selling music artists, Def Leppard have sold more than 100 million records worldwide, and have two albums with RIAA diamond certification, \"Pyromania\" and \"Hysteria\". They are one of only five rock bands with two original studio albums selling over 10 million copies in the U.S. The band were ranked No. 31 in VH1's \"100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock\" and ranked No. 70 in \"100 Greatest Artists of",
"title": "Def Leppard"
},
{
"id": "18591363",
"text": "Love Somebody (album) Love Somebody is the twenty-seventh studio album from American country music singer Reba McEntire. The album was released on April 14, 2015, by Nash Icon. This is McEntire's first studio album since the 2010 release of \"All the Women I Am\". \"Going Out Like That\" was released as the album's first single on January 6, 2015, and it has charted within the top 30 of Country Airplay. McEntire produced the album with Tony Brown, James Stroud, and Doug Sisemore. The album has also been released on LP. In October 2014, when it was announced that McEntire had",
"title": "Love Somebody (album)"
},
{
"id": "8870195",
"text": "It's Your Call It's Your Call is the seventeenth album by Reba McEntire, released in December 1992. It contains the song \"The Heart Won't Lie\", which featured Vince Gill and which was later ranked at #18 on CMT's list of the 100 Greatest Country Duets. The album also includes a re-recording of the song \"Baby's Gone Blues\", which was recorded in 1987 by Patty Loveless for her album \"If My Heart Had Windows\". The album peaked at #1 on the country album chart and #8 on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 104,000 copies in its first week, becoming her first top",
"title": "It's Your Call"
},
{
"id": "6664919",
"text": "and the United Kingdom. With a total of 40 million copies sold worldwide, \"Come On Over\" also became one of the best-selling albums worldwide. Furthermore, the album is the best-selling album by a female artist in any genre and the best-selling country album of all time. A total of 12 singles were released from the album. Three (\"Love Gets Me Every Time\", \"You're Still the One\" and \"Honey, I'm Home\") topped Hot Country Singles & Tracks. A total of 10 songs charted within the top 10 of the chart, marking the most top 10 appearances from one album on Hot",
"title": "Shania Twain discography"
},
{
"id": "1700142",
"text": "\"Life Goes On\" in 2002. The album peaked at No. 3 on the Top Country Albums chart and No. 24 on the \"Billboard\" 200 in November. Featured on the album was the song, \"We Can\", which was originally released as a single for the in July 2003. The album would eventually be certified \"Platinum\" in 2007. In 2004, Rimes released her second greatest hits album, \"The Best of LeAnn Rimes\", internationally in February. Rimes would also team up with country singer and idol Reba McEntire to contribute to the 2004 Dr. Pepper commercial campaign. She would also release the sequel",
"title": "LeAnn Rimes"
},
{
"id": "1670079",
"text": "features The Isaacs. Jay DeMarcus of the Rascal Flatts produced the album. The first single off the album is \"Back to God\". In January 2018, McEntire won the Grammy Award for Best Roots Gospel Album, her first nomination since 2007, and her first Grammy Award win in more than twenty years, since 1994. She also headlined the festival in the UK alongside Brad Paisley and Zac Brown Band in March. Because of its limited release in 2016, on October 13, 2017 \"My Kind of Christmas\" was re-released - this time including songs with Vince Gill, Amy Grant, Darius Rucker and",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1670035",
"text": "that she'd stick to hard-core country 'because I have tried the contemporary-type songs, and it's not Reba McEntire—it's just not honest', McEntire...has gone whole-hog pop. The album peaked at No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks. Okay, so maybe that's not so terrible.\" Although it was reviewed poorly, the album itself was certified platinum in sales and produced two number-one singles: \"I Know How He Feels\" and \"New Fool at an Old Game\". In addition, the release's cover version of Jo Stafford's \"A Sunday Kind of Love\" became a Top 5 hit",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "1413712",
"text": "in over 35 countries, achieving the record for the album debuting at the top of the most national charts ever. It became the highest-selling of 2000 and, some time later, of the entire decade. This achievement made the Beatles the first and only artist to have the best-selling albums of two different decades. They also had the best-selling album of the 1960s, \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\". No tracks from \"Sgt. Pepper\" appear on this album. With this album, the Beatles also achieved having an album hit the number 1 position in the US in four non-consecutive decades (1960s,",
"title": "1 (Beatles album)"
},
{
"id": "5810016",
"text": "solo artist (13) and most top ten albums by any artist (53). Madonna has the most number one albums (12) by a female artist in the UK, though this includes the \"Evita\" film soundtrack which was a cast recording and not strictly a Madonna album. Adele is the female solo artist with the most weeks at number one, with a total of 37 weeks. Queen's \"Greatest Hits\" is the best-selling album in UK chart history with 6 million copies sold as of February 2014. Previous first-place holder The Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" is now in third-place after",
"title": "UK Albums Chart"
},
{
"id": "11944857",
"text": "Foreigner discography The discography of Foreigner, a British-American rock band, consists of 9 studio albums, 7 live albums, 20 compilation albums, and 47 singles. The band was formed in New York City in 1976 by veteran English musicians Mick Jones and Ian McDonald, and American vocalist Lou Gramm. Since then, Foreigner has released nine studio albums, seven of which have reached the top 30 of the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. \"4\" was the band's only chart-topper in the US, while \"Agent Provocateur\" was their only album to achieve the same feat on the UK Albums Chart. Overall, Foreigner's albums have sold",
"title": "Foreigner discography"
},
{
"id": "754254",
"text": "unfettered joy at making music\". In 2012, \"Please Please Me\" was voted 39th on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". It was ranked first among the Beatles' early albums, and sixth of all of the Beatles' albums, with \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", \"Revolver\", \"Rubber Soul\", \"The Beatles\" (also known as \"The White Album\") and \"Abbey Road\" ranked higher. \"Rolling Stone\" also placed two songs from the album on its list of the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\": \"I Saw Her Standing There\" at number 140, and \"Please Please Me\" at number",
"title": "Please Please Me"
},
{
"id": "1670056",
"text": "losing ground to younger musicians\". The duet reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in June 1998 and spawned an additional three Top 10 hits during that year: \"Forever Love\", \"Wrong Night\", and \"One Honest Heart\". In addition, \"If You See Him\" peaked within the Top 10 on both the \"Billboard\" 200 and Top Country Albums chart, reaching No. 8 and No. 2, respectively. In 1999, McEntire released two albums. In September she issued her second Christmas album, \"\", which eventually sold 500,000 copies in the United States. In November, her twenty-second studio album, \"So",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "13759315",
"text": "was the last single released from the album. In addition, the song also reached #2 in on Canada's \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart, becoming her highest-charting single in Canada up to that point. With the single's success the album became McEntire's first album to certify \"Gold\" by the Recording Industry Association of America, and eventually went \"Platinum.\" Little Rock (Reba McEntire song) \"Little Rock\" is a song written by Pat McManus, Bob DiPiero and Gerry House, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It released in June 1986 as the second single from the album \"Whoever's in New England.\"",
"title": "Little Rock (Reba McEntire song)"
},
{
"id": "1670019",
"text": "the Recording Industry Association of America. She is referred to as \"The Queen of Country\". and she is one of the best-selling artists of all time, having sold more than 95 million records worldwide. In the early 1990s, McEntire branched into film starting with 1990's \"Tremors.\" She has since starred in the Broadway revival of \"Annie Get Your Gun\" and in her television sitcom, \"Reba\" (2001–07) for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series–Musical or Comedy. Reba Nell McEntire was born March 28, 1955, in McAlester, Oklahoma, to",
"title": "Reba McEntire"
},
{
"id": "6865172",
"text": "remained one of the top selling country collections for over four years, out-selling all his previous albums, and was the biggest selling country album of 1985 in the UK. In 1989, it still ranked #2 on the UK chart. In what seems a tradition with Rogers' UK releases, where artwork is oft-duplicated, this album matches the 1985 album \"Love Is What We Make It\". The Kenny Rogers Story The Kenny Rogers Story is a compilation album by country singer Kenny Rogers. As one of the many collections issued by Rogers, \"The Kenny Rogers Story: 20 Golden Hits\" was issued in",
"title": "The Kenny Rogers Story"
},
{
"id": "13475703",
"text": "to debut at #1 on both the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums and \"Billboard\" 200 charts, with 96,000 copies sold its first week. This is lower than the 300,000 first-week sales for her album \".\" With the release, McEntire currently holds the record for being the female country artist with the most \"Billboard\" #1 albums. The record had previously been held by Loretta Lynn. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. Worldwide the album was fairly successful peaking at #16 on the ARIA, #5 on the UK Country Album Charts, and #98 on the Japan Oricon Top",
"title": "Keep On Loving You (album)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Reba McEntire context: 5× Multi-Platinum by the RIAA in 1998. The album has gone to sell over 10 million copies worldwide, which makes it McEntire's best selling album to date. Her eighteenth studio release was 1994's \"Read My Mind.\" The album spawned five major hit singles onto the \"Billboard\" Country chart, including the No. 1 single \"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter\". The further releases (\"Till You Love Me\", \"Why Haven't I Heard from You\", and \"And Still\") became Top 10 singles on the same chart, with \"Till You Love Me\" also reaching No. 78 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, a chart that\n\nWhat is Reba McEntire's best of album called?",
"compressed_tokens": 210,
"origin_tokens": 210,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire context: Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire\" peaked at number 45 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums. 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire is a compilation album, released in 2007, by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It is part of the 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection series, and it chronicles several hits from McEntire's career. \"20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire\" received two-and-a-half out of five stars from\n\ntitle: Reba McEnt context: hit, reaching No 9 on \"Billboard\" country in 19. In 1980You Lift MeTo Heaven)\" brought her the Top 10 for the first. Her studio album,Feel the was released spawn Top2 that year. 1981, McEnt' fourth album, \"He to was and became her album to chart theBillboard Country Albums list peaking at No 2 lead single,Today All Over\" top five country hit The album received mainly negative reviews from.\n:ire disc Loveless, and TraEntire successs, especially after the of9 \"\", which yielded her number one almost two and three additional major hits After the of 199s Mcire branched out into acting and her sit,Reb21– didn record nearly In 20, she with2th \"Room to Breat\". The album her first number one99 major hits between24 and 205.\ntitle (R song: last single from the album. In addition, the song also reached #2 in on Canada's \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart, becoming her highest-charting single in Canada up to that point. With the single's success the album became McEntire's first album to certify \"Gold\" by the Recording Industry Association of America, and eventually went \"Platinum.\" Little Rock (Reba McEntire song) \"Little Rock\" is a song written by Pat McManus, Bob DiPiero and Gerry House, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It released in June 1986 as the second single from the album \"Whoever's in New England.\"\n\nWhat is Reba McEntire's best of album called?",
"compressed_tokens": 561,
"origin_tokens": 15476,
"ratio": "27.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
106 | In which decade was Kirstie Alley born? | [
"The Fifties",
"1950s",
"1950-1959",
"50's",
"1950’s",
"1950–1959",
"Nineteen-fifties",
"1950s (decade)",
"1950ies",
"1950's",
"'50s",
"195%3F",
"Fifties"
] | 1950s | [
{
"id": "2159282",
"text": "twelfth season of \"Dancing with the Stars\" (2011–12), finishing in second place. In 2013, she returned to acting with the title role on the sitcom \"Kirstie\", and in 2016 joined the second season of the Fox comedy horror series \"Scream Queens\". In 2018, Alley finished as runner-up on season 22 of the British reality series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". Kirstie Alley was born in Wichita, Kansas, the daughter of Lillian Mickie (\"née\" Heaton), a homemaker, and Robert Deal Alley, who owned a lumber company. She has two siblings, Colette and Craig. Alley attended Wichita Southeast High School, graduating in 1969. She",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "2159280",
"text": "Kirstie Alley Kirstie Louise Alley (born January 12, 1951) is an American actress and spokesmodel. She first achieved recognition in 1982, playing Saavik in the science fiction film \"\". Alley is best known for her portrayal of Rebecca Howe on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\" (1987–1993), for which she received an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe in 1991. From 1997–2000, she starred on the sitcom \"Veronica's Closet\", earning additional Emmy and Golden Globe nominations. Alley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1995. Alley has appeared in several movies, including \"Summer School\" (1987), \"Shoot to Kill\" (1988),",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "1078987",
"text": "born and/or raised in Wichita. Summer Olympic medal winning athletes Jim Ryun, (silver medal, 1500 meters, 1968) and Nico Hernandez, (bronze medal, boxing, 2016) are both from Wichita. A number of famous actors are from Wichita, including actress Kirstie Alley, known for her role in the TV show \"Cheers\", who was born and raised in Wichita and lives in the city part-time. Actor Don Johnson, lead actor in the TV series \"Miami Vice\" and \"Nash Bridges,\" lived in Wichita for most of his childhood. Musician Joe Walsh, founding member of the band James Gang and later member of The Eagles,",
"title": "Wichita, Kansas"
},
{
"id": "2159290",
"text": "in late 2003. Alley claimed she spent her whole life eating obsessively without gaining weight, and only noticed a change in her body after she went into early menopause in 1992. While working as a Jenny Craig spokesperson from 2004 to 2007, Alley lost , bringing her weight down to . In May 2009, she told \"People\" magazine that, after parting ways with Jenny Craig, she gained and weighed as much as . In September 2011, Alley announced that she had lost using weight loss products from Organic Liaison, a company she had founded in 2010. In 2012, she faced",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "2159289",
"text": "Alley in high school. They married in 1970. Her husband had the same name as her father. They divorced seven years later as their career paths diverged. Alley was married to her second husband, Parker Stevenson, on December 22, 1983. They divorced in 1997. Alley and Stevenson shared custody of their two children, William True and Lillie Price. In 2016, Alley became a grandmother after her son William had a son of his own. She has a house in Islesboro, Maine. Alley appeared on \"The Dr. Oz Show\" on September 17, 2012, where she admitted that she started gaining weight",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "2159294",
"text": "the Howard Stern Show in 2013, when Stern and Quivers also voiced their own opposition to spanking children. November 10, 1995 Alley received her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to Motion Picture. \"Dancing with the Stars\" references Alley's work has been honored by multiple associations throughout her career. For her role in the sitcom \"Cheers\", she earned four Golden Globe Award nominations winning one for Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1991, and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations winning one for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1991. Kirstie Alley",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "20806414",
"text": "football match with an electronic tag following his arrest for drink-driving. He entered the house on Day 1. He became the fourth housemate to be evicted on Day 19. Kirstie Alley is an American Emmy Award and Golden Globe winning Hollywood actress, known for her role as Rebecca Howe in NBC sitcom \"Cheers\" between 1987 and 1993. As well as this, she has starred in films such as \"\", \"Look Who's Talking\" and \"Drop Dead Gorgeous\". She has also taken part in the American dance television series \"Dancing with the Stars\" for its twelfth and fifteenth all-star series. She entered",
"title": "Celebrity Big Brother 22 (UK)"
},
{
"id": "2159287",
"text": "Closet\", as well as serving as executive producers on the show. She served as the spokesperson for Pier One from 2000 to 2004, and for Jenny Craig from 2005 to 2008. TV Land aired a sitcom that centered on Alley as a Broadway star and a new parent. It was titled \"Kirstie\", and reunited her with former \"Cheers\" co-star Rhea Perlman and \"Seinfeld\" star Michael Richards. The series premiered on December 4, 2013, and ran for one season before it was canceled, five months after ending its freshman run. In February 2011, Alley was announced as a contestant on \"Dancing",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "2159286",
"text": "Emmy Awards during her career. Her first two nominations for her work on \"Cheers\" did not win her the award, but her third, in 1991, did. In her speech, she thanked then-husband Parker Stevenson, calling him \"the man who has given me the big one for the last eight years\". She won her second Emmy for 1994 television film \"David's Mother\". For her contributions to the film industry, Alley received a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard in 1995. From 1997 to 2000, Alley played the title character in the NBC sitcom \"Veronica's",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "2159284",
"text": "actress, Alley was an interior designer, as she announced during her appearances as a contestant on the game shows \"Match Game\" and \"Password Plus\". She made her movie debut in 1982 in \"\", playing the Vulcan Starfleet officer Lieutenant Saavik, but chose not to reprise that role in the next two sequels, saying later that she was offered less money than for \"Star Trek II\". In the years following she starred in a number of smaller films, including \"One More Chance\", \"Blind Date\" and \"Runaway\". In 1985, she played Virgilia Hazard in the ABC miniseries \"North and South\", books I",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "2159281",
"text": "\"Look Who's Talking\" (1989) and its two sequels (1990–93), \"Madhouse\", \"Sibling Rivalry\" (both 1990), \"Village of the Damned\", \"It Takes Two\" (both 1995), \"Deconstructing Harry\", \"For Richer or Poorer\" (both 1997), and \"Drop Dead Gorgeous\" (1999). She won her second Emmy Award in 1994 for the television film \"David's Mother\". In 1997, Alley received a further Emmy nomination for her work in the crime drama series \"The Last Don\". In 2005, she played a fictionalized version of herself on Showtime's \"Fat Actress\". She later appeared on the reality show \"Kirstie Alley's Big Life\" (2010), and was a contestant on the",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "14549952",
"text": "Kirstie Alley's Big Life Kirstie Alley's Big Life is an American reality television series on A&E that debuted March 21, 2010. The series chronicles the life of Kirstie Alley as she works to lose weight, launch a weight loss program and be a single mother. The series was distributed and aired on A&E prior to the series being shifted to Lifetime. At the time of filming Alley, weighed 228 pounds (103 kg). Alley was the star of the show but not the heaviest person on the show. Jim (her handyman) weighed about 100 pounds more than Alley, he was 324",
"title": "Kirstie Alley's Big Life"
},
{
"id": "2323018",
"text": "Scientology before she was born, and the organization was part of her upbringing. The family lived in Virginia, Arizona, Michigan, and England, before settling in Los Angeles. Rogers finished her formal education at age 14, upon high school graduation. Rogers later worked in a hospital for incapacitated patients outside Palo Alto, California, and for six years she was a part-time social worker, involved in substance-abuse counseling. At the beginning of their acting careers, Rogers and Kirstie Alley lived together. After her first marriage break-up, Rogers moved to Los Angeles to embark on an acting career. She studied acting with Milton",
"title": "Mimi Rogers"
},
{
"id": "8945514",
"text": "a fifteen-year-old child star attempting to cope with heroin addiction, memories of past sexual abuse, and the impending death of his grandmother, who has been diagnosed with cancer. In 1999, \"The Mao Game\" was adapted into a film, written and directed by Miller, and co-produced by Whoopi Goldberg. The film starred Miller, Kirstie Alley, and Piper Laurie, and featured Miller's mother, Susan Bernard, in a brief, uncredited cameo. It toured the festival circuit, and garnered mixed reviews from critics. In December 2003, he completed his MFA in creative writing at the University of Iowa. He was awarded the Capote Fellowship,",
"title": "Joshua John Miller"
},
{
"id": "14549953",
"text": "pounds (147 kg). The two of them were the only overweight people on the show, together they weighed 552 pounds (250 kg). Alley ended up losing a lot of weight on the diet she created. Kirstie Alley's Big Life Kirstie Alley's Big Life is an American reality television series on A&E that debuted March 21, 2010. The series chronicles the life of Kirstie Alley as she works to lose weight, launch a weight loss program and be a single mother. The series was distributed and aired on A&E prior to the series being shifted to Lifetime. At the time of",
"title": "Kirstie Alley's Big Life"
},
{
"id": "2159292",
"text": "Alley claimed that, since starting the Jenny Craig weight-loss program again, she had lost . Alley was raised as a Methodist, but became a member of the Church of Scientology in 1979. At the time she became a Scientologist, Alley admitted to having had a cocaine addiction and went through Narconon, a Scientology-affiliated drug treatment program, to end her dependency. She has continued her Scientology training and, as of 2007, has attained the level of OT VII (Operating Thetan Level 7). In May 2000, she purchased a waterfront mansion from former Scientologist Lisa Marie Presley for $1.5 million. The house",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "2885172",
"text": "One from 2008-2015. Young was born in East Kilbride. Her media career began as a continuity announcer for BBC Radio Scotland in 1989. In 1992 she moved to Scottish Television as a presenter of \"Scotland Today\" and her short lived chat show, \"Kirsty\". She left Scottish TV and Scotland itself in 1996 to become a relief presenter for \"The Time, The Place\" and appeared on the \"Holiday\" programme. She co-hosted a consumer show \"The Street\" on BBC Two. In 1997, she joined the news team of the new terrestrial channel, Channel 5. She left Channel 5 to join ITV in",
"title": "Kirsty Young"
},
{
"id": "20241279",
"text": "a stuntman. He married actress Lindsay Wagner in May 1981, divorcing in 1984. Together they have sons Dorian (1982) and Alexander (1986). Both sons are also stuntmen. In her book, \"Art of Men (I Prefer Mine Al Dente)\", Kirstie Alley referred to him as the most gloriously cool-looking stuntman in the history of stuntmen. He is a co-founder of the BSA (Black Stuntmen's Association). Along with Ernie Robinson, Bob Minor, and Alex Brown, he makes a point of naming the names of the black stuntmen and women that most people don't know. He is also a member of Stunts Unlimited,",
"title": "Henry Kingi"
},
{
"id": "3816235",
"text": "to her father's peerage, she is entitled to use the courtesy style The Honourable Kirstie Allsopp. The designer and businesswoman Cath Kidston is her cousin. She attended ten schools as a child included St Clotilde's in Lechlade, Gloucestershire and Bedales, near Petersfield, Hampshire. After spending time in India teaching English, Allsopp returned to the UK and began a series of positions, working for \"Country Living\" and \"Food & Homes Magazine\" and her mother's business, Hindlip & Prentice Interiors, and studying at Christie's. Allsopp set up her own home search company, Kirmir, in 1996, focusing on top end purchases in Central",
"title": "Kirstie Allsopp"
},
{
"id": "2800157",
"text": "she was only making occasional appearances at \"Star Trek\" conventions. In 2004, Curtis found success as a residential real estate agent in Manlius, New York, in addition to her acting career. In the middle of the following year, she debuted her one-woman show, a work-in-progress, \"Not My Bra, You Don't! - The Sexual Odyssey of a Forty-Nine Year Old Woman\". Curtis was briefly married to the actor Kent Williams. Robin Curtis Robin Curtis (born June 15, 1956) is an American real estate broker and actress. She is best known for replacing Kirstie Alley in the role of Vulcan Lieutenant Saavik",
"title": "Robin Curtis"
},
{
"id": "14082762",
"text": "24, 2008. David's Mother David's Mother is a 1994 American made-for-television drama film directed by Robert Allan Ackerman and stars Kirstie Alley as a devoted mother trying to cope with her autistic teenage son David (Michael Goorjian). The film aired on CBS on April 10, 1994, it has also aired internationally. In the UK it can often be seen on television movie channels True Movies 1 and True Movies 2. It has also been released in home entertainment formats in countries including the United States, UK and Australia. The film has received several awards and nominations. Kirstie Alley and Michael",
"title": "David's Mother"
},
{
"id": "13128242",
"text": "Fat Actress Fat Actress is an American comedy television series starring Kirstie Alley. In the United States, it aired on Showtime from March 7 to April 18, 2005. The series was created and written by Alley and Brenda Hampton. Alley gave a glimpse of the humor and the irony in her battle to lose weight and get back on television in a tough business that prefers the svelte figures seen on the most successful actresses of today. The series was generally unscripted, with each episode emanating from a story outline and the actors largely improvising the dialogue. The storylines were",
"title": "Fat Actress"
},
{
"id": "5280713",
"text": "Spencer attended London South Bank University. Having studied as a surveyor in the early 1990s, Spencer decided that the housing market was heavily biased towards the sellers in terms of professional support available, and saw an opportunity to set himself up as a home finder. He founded property search company Garrington Home Finders Ltd in 1996. He describes himself as not the first to see this opportunity \"but I was probably second or third, and Kirstie [Allsopp] was the fourth.\" The company entered into liquidation in early 2009, a victim of the credit crunch that followed the financial crisis of",
"title": "Phil Spencer"
},
{
"id": "14082757",
"text": "David's Mother David's Mother is a 1994 American made-for-television drama film directed by Robert Allan Ackerman and stars Kirstie Alley as a devoted mother trying to cope with her autistic teenage son David (Michael Goorjian). The film aired on CBS on April 10, 1994, it has also aired internationally. In the UK it can often be seen on television movie channels True Movies 1 and True Movies 2. It has also been released in home entertainment formats in countries including the United States, UK and Australia. The film has received several awards and nominations. Kirstie Alley and Michael Goorjian both",
"title": "David's Mother"
},
{
"id": "16814410",
"text": "Marty loses the use of her legs and her sense of self-worth, and, soon after, she loses her boyfriend. Though she attempts to get on with life, her efforts are dealt a massive blow when she is mugged. Feeling utterly despondent and depressed, Marty starts to feel sorry for herself and turns to alcohol. Just when she’s at her lowest, she meets and befriends Joe Mulvey, (Beghe) a fellow paraplegic, who helps her cope with her new way of life. Suddenly (1996 film) Suddenly is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film starring Kirstie Alley and Jason Beghe. Directed by Robert",
"title": "Suddenly (1996 film)"
},
{
"id": "17138925",
"text": "Cheers (season 6) The sixth season of \"Cheers\" is an American television situation comedy set in a Boston bar called \"Cheers\". It originally aired on NBC in the United States between September 24, 1987 and May 7, 1988. The show was created by director James Burrows and writers Glen and Les Charles under their production company Charles Burrows Charles Productions, in association with Paramount Television. This season features the debut of Kirstie Alley as Rebecca Howe. \"Cheers\" survived low ratings in the first season and changes to the Thursday evening schedule of NBC's primetime block Must See TV, and retained",
"title": "Cheers (season 6)"
},
{
"id": "2159285",
"text": "and II. In 1987, Alley starred alongside Mark Harmon in the comedy film \"Summer School\". The film was a box office success, grossing over $35 million in the United States. Later that year she joined the cast of NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", replacing Shelley Long and remaining with the show until its eleventh and final season. In 1989, Alley starred with John Travolta in \"Look Who's Talking\", the film grossed over $295 million worldwide. They then went on to make two other films centered around the same theme, \"Look Who's Talking Too\" and \"Look Who's Talking Now!\" Alley has won two",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "12881170",
"text": "Lindsay Parker Lindsay Parker (born March 30, 1980 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress who got her start as Little Girl on an episode of \"MacGyver\". She appeared in the film \"Shocker\" three years later, and played Kirstie Alley's daughter Melissa in the 1987 film \"Infidelity\". She provided the voice of Corey in \"Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue\" and also played Carrie in the 1987 film \"Flowers in the Attic\". She remained active in acting up until 2007. In April 2014, Parker published her first children's book, \"Fiona Von Finnigan - Fairy Tale Fixer\", written and illustrated entirely",
"title": "Lindsay Parker"
},
{
"id": "7305861",
"text": "Ross Malinger Ross Aaron Malinger (born July 7, 1984) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie \"Sleepless in Seattle\", starring Tom Hanks, and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film \"Toothless\", starring Kirstie Alley. He and Alley both co-starred in the 1995 television film \"Peter and the Wolf\". He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's \"Shiksa appeal\", in the \"Seinfeld\" episode \"The Serenity Now\". Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and",
"title": "Ross Malinger"
},
{
"id": "527381",
"text": "Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian. She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well-known public figure for the rest of her life. In 1999, the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend. Born in London to wealthy, socially prominent American parents, Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939, and",
"title": "Elizabeth Taylor"
},
{
"id": "17138928",
"text": "not have blonde hair, and would not resemble Long. Brunette-haired actress Kirstie Alley, who appeared in the 1982 film \"\", the miniseries \"North and South\", and recent film \"Summer School\", was one of the first actresses to audition for the role of Rebecca Howe, an executive businesswoman as Diane Chambers was originally conceived. Although Alley met all the criteria, the producers continued to audition actresses. None improved on Alley's portrayal of the character, so Alley was cast as Rebecca Howe. Because of a Writers Guild of America strike in 1988, the season's cliffhanger finale that revolved around Sam's fears of",
"title": "Cheers (season 6)"
},
{
"id": "2159283",
"text": "attended college at Kansas State University, dropping out after her sophomore year. After moving to Los Angeles to pursue Scientology and work as an interior designer, Alley appeared as a contestant on the popular game show \"Match Game\" in 1979 (not during the \"\"Match Game '79\"\" season). She won both rounds, winning $500 in the first round and $5500 in the second round. She also appeared on the game show \"Password Plus\" in 1980. In 1981, a car accident caused by a drunk driver killed her mother and left her father seriously injured. Her father eventually recovered. Before becoming an",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "12881171",
"text": "by her. Her father is Andy Parker, the drummer of the English heavy rock band, UFO. Lindsay Parker Lindsay Parker (born March 30, 1980 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actress who got her start as Little Girl on an episode of \"MacGyver\". She appeared in the film \"Shocker\" three years later, and played Kirstie Alley's daughter Melissa in the 1987 film \"Infidelity\". She provided the voice of Corey in \"Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue\" and also played Carrie in the 1987 film \"Flowers in the Attic\". She remained active in acting up until 2007. In April 2014, Parker",
"title": "Lindsay Parker"
},
{
"id": "13128245",
"text": "2005, rather than the usual six-to-nine-month waiting period for most Showtime shows. The series was added to iTunes in February 2006. Fat Actress Fat Actress is an American comedy television series starring Kirstie Alley. In the United States, it aired on Showtime from March 7 to April 18, 2005. The series was created and written by Alley and Brenda Hampton. Alley gave a glimpse of the humor and the irony in her battle to lose weight and get back on television in a tough business that prefers the svelte figures seen on the most successful actresses of today. The series",
"title": "Fat Actress"
},
{
"id": "4512709",
"text": "Online Film & Television Association Awards People's Choice Awards Primetime Emmy Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards Veronica's Closet Veronica’s Closet is an American sitcom which aired on NBC for three seasons, from September 25, 1997, to December 7, 2000. The show stars Kirstie Alley as Veronica “Ronnie” Chase, the head of her own lingerie company in New York City. As the country’s leading romance expert and owner of Veronica’s Closet, purveyor of lingerie and books designed to keep romance alive, Veronica Chase seems to have it all. Her only problem has been a rocky marriage to a womanizing husband, Bryce",
"title": "Veronica's Closet"
},
{
"id": "14069842",
"text": "Sun Inn The Sun Inn is a Grade II listed, parlour pub in Leintwardine, Herefordshire, England. It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. The 200+ year old establishment, one of the UK's last remaining parlour pubs, had been owned and operated by resident Flossie Lane, who was born in the Sun Inn in 1914, and took over ownership more than 70 years ago, until her death in June 2009 aged 94. Without anyone to take her place, there had been fears that it would be sold for redevelopment, but with the help of",
"title": "Sun Inn"
},
{
"id": "17138934",
"text": "least one television. Cheers (season 6) The sixth season of \"Cheers\" is an American television situation comedy set in a Boston bar called \"Cheers\". It originally aired on NBC in the United States between September 24, 1987 and May 7, 1988. The show was created by director James Burrows and writers Glen and Les Charles under their production company Charles Burrows Charles Productions, in association with Paramount Television. This season features the debut of Kirstie Alley as Rebecca Howe. \"Cheers\" survived low ratings in the first season and changes to the Thursday evening schedule of NBC's primetime block Must See",
"title": "Cheers (season 6)"
},
{
"id": "2528797",
"text": "Gertrude Berg Gertrude Berg (October 3, 1899 – September 14, 1966) was an American actress, screenwriter and producer. A pioneer of classic radio, she was one of the first women to create, write, produce and star in a long-running hit when she premiered her serial comedy-drama \"The Rise of the Goldbergs\" (1929), later known as \"The Goldbergs\". Her career achievements included winning a Tony Award and an Emmy Award, both for Best Lead Actress. Berg was born Tillie Edelstein in 1899 in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, to Jacob and Diana Edelstein, natives of Russia and",
"title": "Gertrude Berg"
},
{
"id": "5298573",
"text": "strong one and included world class players such as Andy Flower, Grant Flower and several others. Today Zimbabwe's National Cricket Team still has several white players including Brendan Taylor and Sean Williams. Also, Zimbabwe's most successful recent Olympic athlete is swimmer Kirsty Coventry, who won three medals (including gold) at the 2004 Summer Olympics and four medals (including gold) at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Famous white Zimbabwean golfers include Nick Price, Mark McNulty and Brendon de Jonge. Although she represents South Africa, Rhodesian-born Charlene Wittstock, who was brought up in Bulawayo until moving to South Africa at the age of",
"title": "White people in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "14508100",
"text": "Baldwin\", a real-life website seeking to restore actor Stephen Baldwin's career and solicit donations to repay his $2.3 million debt. The joke compares Towelie's addiction and rehabilitation to that of Baldwin, who had a history of drug abuse before becoming a born-again Christian. A version of \"Are You Ready for the Summer?\", a camp theme song sung by children in the comedy film \"Meatballs\", is featured. The episode makes reference to actress Kirstie Alley when a counselor says Towelie is the most troubled towel he had seen since Alley's towel, who he said \"has seen some nasty stuff\". In its",
"title": "Crippled Summer"
},
{
"id": "640981",
"text": "Philip Johnson Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an American architect. He is best known for his works of Modern architecture, including the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, and his works of postmodern architecture, particularly 550 Madison Avenue which was designed for AT&T, and 190 South La Salle Street in Chicago. In 1978, he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and in 1979 the first Pritzker Architecture Prize. Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on July 8, 1906, the son of a Cleveland lawyer, Homer Hosea Johnson (1862–1960), and the former",
"title": "Philip Johnson"
},
{
"id": "11558212",
"text": "Kirsty (Hellraiser) Kirsty is a fictional character from the \"Hellraiser\" media franchise. Created by writer Clive Barker, Kirsty first appears in the 1986 novella \"The Hellbound Heart\", whose full name is identified in the sequels as Kirsty Singer, before being adapted in the 1987 film adaptation \"Hellraiser\" as Kirsty Cotton. The character served as a major focus in the original film and its sequel \"\", later playing a supporting role in \"\". In all of her appearances in the film series, she was portrayed by actress Ashley Laurence. The film describes her as being Larry Cotton's daughter while, in the",
"title": "Kirsty (Hellraiser)"
},
{
"id": "17995857",
"text": "Kirsten Hughes (actress) Kirsten Hughes (born 1963) is a former British actress best known for playing cartoon strip heroine Jane in the 1987 film \"Jane and the Lost City\". Hughes is the daughter of a BP businessman and was raised in Fleet in Hampshire before training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She first came to notice when she appeared as an air stewardess in an ad for British Airways in 1986. She played Elizabeth Robertson in an episode of the schools' series \"Starting Out\" alongside Joanna Lumley and Rebecca Lacey (1986). In 1987 she played cartoon strip heroine",
"title": "Kirsten Hughes (actress)"
},
{
"id": "3579555",
"text": "Kirsten Flagstad Kirsten Malfrid Flagstad (12 July 1895 – 7 December 1962) was a Norwegian opera singer and a highly regarded Wagnerian soprano. She ranks among the greatest singers of the 20th century, and many opera critics called hers \"the voice of the century.\" Desmond Shawe-Taylor wrote of her in the \"New Grove Dictionary of Opera\": \"No one within living memory surpassed her in sheer beauty and consistency of line and tone.\" Flagstad was born in Hamar, Norway, in her grandparents' home. Though she never actually lived in Hamar, she always considered it her home town. She was raised in",
"title": "Kirsten Flagstad"
},
{
"id": "3728179",
"text": "Vacation\". With it, Heckerling scored her second solid hit, earning $74,964,621 at the box office. The film, like many of Heckerling's films, received poor reviews from critics but proved to be very popular with audiences who just wanted to watch a funny movie. Heckerling, despite being well educated and loving the work of such intellectual writers at Franz Kafka admits that she loves \"silly things\", which has proven to make her commercially successful in the comedy genre. In 1989 Heckerling had her biggest success with \"Look Who's Talking\", starring John Travolta, Kirstie Alley and a baby voiced by Bruce Willis.",
"title": "Amy Heckerling"
},
{
"id": "3437823",
"text": "asks whether Sam means she is working at Cheers again, Sam replies, \"No, she's just back at the bar,\". When Shelley Long—who played Diane Chambers—decided to leave the show in 1987, ending the five-year Sam and Diane storyline, the creators wanted a new female lead and decided that she would not have blonde hair, would not resemble Long, and would be unknown to television viewers. Kirstie Alley, one of the first actresses to audition for the role of Rebecca Howe, seemed to be an ideal choice. Although she met all the criteria, the producers continued auditioning actresses for the part",
"title": "Rebecca Howe"
},
{
"id": "15528973",
"text": "Infidelity (film) Infidelity is a 1987 American made-for-television drama film starring Kirstie Alley and Lee Horsley, directed by David Lowell Rich (his final film project). It was originally broadcast on ABC on April 13, 1987. A happily married couple, Ellie and Nick Denato, are living in the wildlife of Africa with their young daughter, Melissa. Even though they have everything that they had ever wanted there, they return to San Francisco so Nick can focus on his career as a photographer and Ellie can give birth to their second child. Soon, life goes on a downward spiral for the high-powered,",
"title": "Infidelity (film)"
},
{
"id": "2800154",
"text": "Robin Curtis Robin Curtis (born June 15, 1956) is an American real estate broker and actress. She is best known for replacing Kirstie Alley in the role of Vulcan Lieutenant Saavik in the films \"\" and \"\". Although her first appearance as Vulcan Lieutenant Saavik in \"\" was promoted as being her film debut, in fact Curtis had already made several film and made-for-television movie appearances. Her performance in the film drew mixed reception from Trek fans and she reprised the role of Saavik for a brief appearance in \"\". She co-starred in the 1983 episode \"Short Notice\" during the",
"title": "Robin Curtis"
},
{
"id": "4367735",
"text": "Alfie Bass Alfie Bass (born Abraham Basalinsky, 10 April 1916 – 15 July 1987) was an English actor. He was born in Bethnal Green, London, the youngest in a Jewish family with ten children; his parents had left Russia many years before he was born. He appeared in a variety of stage, film, television and radio productions throughout his career. After leaving primary school in Bethnal Green at the age of 14, he worked as a tailor's apprentice, a messenger boy and a shop-window display fitter, before taking to the stage. Bass's acting career began at Unity Theatre, London in",
"title": "Alfie Bass"
},
{
"id": "2885173",
"text": "2000 and briefly hosted the quiz show \"The People Versus\". In 2001, she became a co-presenter of the \"ITV Evening News\". Young rarely spoke to her ITV colleagues and was miffed that she didn’t get a higher-ranking anchor role. Later the same year, after giving birth to her first child, she decided to return to Channel 5. In November 2003, Young presented an edition of \"Have I Got News for You\". She had since featured on the show a further eleven times. In 2004, she appeared on \"Room 101\" during which she nominated cowboy boots, Britney Spears and 'baby on",
"title": "Kirsty Young"
},
{
"id": "997868",
"text": "episodes. Richards played the role of Frank in the sitcom \"Kirstie\", costarring Kirstie Alley and Rhea Perlman, premiering on TV Land on December 4, 2013. The show was canceled after airing one season. Richards was married for 18 years to Cathleen Lyons, a family therapist. They have one daughter, Sophia (b. 1975). Richards and Lyons separated in 1992 and divorced a year later. In 2010, Richards married longtime girlfriend Beth Skipp. They have been together since 2002 and have one son. Michael Richards </div> Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American actor, writer, television producer and comedian,",
"title": "Michael Richards"
},
{
"id": "6399372",
"text": "The series debuted with a 90-minute pilot film, followed by 12 episodes before the series was cancelled. This was Kirstie Alley's first television series after her debut in \"\" the previous year. Country singer Crystal Gayle performed the theme song. Ratings were weak, and attempts to improve them by changing the time slot did not work either. Masquerade (TV series) Masquerade is an American espionage television series that aired for a few months on ABC in late 1983 and early 1984. Considered an amalgam of \"\" and \"The Love Boat\", the tongue-in-cheek series starred Rod Taylor as Mr. Lavender, the",
"title": "Masquerade (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "4512703",
"text": "Veronica's Closet Veronica’s Closet is an American sitcom which aired on NBC for three seasons, from September 25, 1997, to December 7, 2000. The show stars Kirstie Alley as Veronica “Ronnie” Chase, the head of her own lingerie company in New York City. As the country’s leading romance expert and owner of Veronica’s Closet, purveyor of lingerie and books designed to keep romance alive, Veronica Chase seems to have it all. Her only problem has been a rocky marriage to a womanizing husband, Bryce (Christopher McDonald), whom she finally gathered the strength to leave. Having written \"The Guide to a",
"title": "Veronica's Closet"
},
{
"id": "8656012",
"text": "Ashley Laurence Ashley Laurence (born May 28, 1966) is an American actress and visual artist. She made her film debut in 1987 as the lead character, Kirsty Cotton, in Clive Barker's horror film \"Hellraiser\" (1987), a role she later reprised in \"\" (1988). \"\" (1992), and \"\" (2004). The film franchise established her as a prominent actress in horror, and she subsequently starred in \"Mikey\" (1992) and \"The Lurking Fear\" (1994), gaining the title of \"scream queen\". Laurence's other notable film roles include Jenny Graves in \"Lightning Bug\" (2004) and Mrs. McCormack in \"Red\" (2008). In addition to film, Laurence",
"title": "Ashley Laurence"
},
{
"id": "2403577",
"text": "of Melbourne, Australia, is named after this town. Kirriemuir Kirriemuir, sometimes called Kirrie, is a burgh in Angus, Scotland. Its history reaches back to earliest recorded times, when it seems to have been a major ecclesiastical centre. Later it was identified with witchcraft, and some older houses still feature a \"witches stane\" to ward off evil. In the 19th century, it was an important centre of the jute trade. The playwright J.M. Barrie was born and buried here, and a statue of Peter Pan stands in the town square. The history of Kirriemuir extends to the early historical period and",
"title": "Kirriemuir"
},
{
"id": "15565215",
"text": "Cath Kidston Catherine Isabel Audrey \"Cath\" Kidston, MBE, (born 6 November 1958) is an English fashion designer, businesswoman and author whose company, Cath Kidston Limited sells home furnishings and related goods through shops, online and by mail order. She is particularly known for her nostalgic floral patterns and has also published a number of books. Kidston's grandfather Glen Kidston was a successful racing driver for Bentley in the 1920s, who was married to Nancie, Samantha Cameron's paternal grandmother. Kidston's uncle is the former chairman of Christie's, Charles Henry Allsopp, 6th Baron Hindlip and his daughters, television presenters, Kirstie Allsopp and",
"title": "Cath Kidston"
},
{
"id": "3144348",
"text": "in Surrey, and again in April 1977, when Andrews surprised him at Her Majesty's Theatre in London. He was also a castaway on \"Desert Island Discs\" on two occasions. The first was with Roy Plomley on 16 May 1960, which was also the first time a castaway was caught on film and broadcast the following evening. His second appearance was with Kirsty Young on 1 March 2009. In August 2016, Rix announced that he was terminally ill, and called for the legalisation of voluntary euthanasia for those dying in severe pain. This was a significant departure from his previous position,",
"title": "Brian Rix"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "3816239",
"text": "2014 Allsopp revealed to \"The Times\" that her mother, who died on 6 January aged 66 from breast cancer, had been buried, at her own request, in a wicker coffin, in the garden of her Dorset home. In September 2018 she quit Twitter after a backlash following her announcement that she smashed her children's iPads, after her children broke family rules around screen time. Kirstie Allsopp Kirstie Mary Allsopp (born 31 August 1971) is a British television presenter, best known as co-presenter of Channel 4 property shows including \"Location, Location, Location\"; \"Relocation, Relocation\" and \"Location Revisited\". She has also presented",
"title": "Kirstie Allsopp"
},
{
"id": "13529494",
"text": "night in November 2002, which reviewers and members of the Hymers family felt reduced American viewership. The series also screened in Australia on ABC Television in 2002, actually airing several months before its predecessor, \"The 1900 House\". The 1940s House was put on the market for £212,000 and sold to a private owner after production wrapped. The 1940s House was inhabited by the Hymers family: Father Michael; mother Lyn; daughter Kirstie (age 29 when the series was produced); and Kirstie's sons Ben (age 10) and Thomas (age 7). The family applied to be on the series after reading an ad",
"title": "The 1940s House"
},
{
"id": "3496860",
"text": "Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage. He quit school at age 14, soon holding various jobs in London during World War II. Although he hoped to become a professional football player,",
"title": "Vidal Sassoon"
},
{
"id": "3392831",
"text": "premiered in June 2010 to 4.75 million viewers, a record audience for the channel. (The success of that series led to a spin-off called \"The Soul Man\", which debuted in June 2012.) This was followed by the January 19, 2011 debut of \"Retired at 35\". 2011 saw the expansion of its original sitcoms with the June 15 debut of the Fran Drescher comedy \"Happily Divorced\" and the November 30 debut of \"The Exes\". 2013 and 2014 also saw the debuts of \"Kirstie\" (which reunited Kirstie Alley with former \"Cheers\" co-star Rhea Perlman and also stars former \"Seinfeld\" co-star Michael Richards)",
"title": "TV Land"
},
{
"id": "2159293",
"text": "is in Clearwater, Florida, the spiritual headquarters of the Church of Scientology. Alley donated $5 million to the Church in 2007. In August 2015 Alley tweeted that she would not be supporting Hillary Clinton, the Democratic nominee during the 2016 presidential elections, and on April 8, 2016, she tweeted her support for Donald Trump and Rudy Giuliani. On October 8, 2016, Alley retracted her endorsement of Trump, tweeting, \"I hate this election and I'm officially no longer endorsing either candidate.\" She has publicly voiced her opposition to spanking and other forms of corporal punishment on many occasions, most notably on",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "8216106",
"text": "Marjorie Abbatt Marjorie Abbatt, née Norah Marjorie Cobb, née Marjorie Josephine Cobb (18 March 1899 – 10 November 1991) was an English toy maker and businesswoman. After studies at Somerville College, Oxford, she married (Cyril) Paul Abbatt in December 1930. In 1932, the two set up a business of toy manufacture — Abbatt Toys. Their philosophy was that toys should be functional in design as well as educational in play. In 1932, they opened their own shop in London, designed by their friend, the architect Ernő Goldfinger, at 94 Wimpole Street. The shop was unique in the sense that children",
"title": "Marjorie Abbatt"
},
{
"id": "3437829",
"text": "with Ted Danson in the series. Columnist Faye Zuckerman praised Rebecca's \"broad range of talents\" as a character. Josh Robertson of \"Complex\" website included Rebecca and Sam at number 13 on his list of \"The 25 Most Sexual Sitcom Couples of All\", said Rebecca \"may not have been as good for the comedy on \"Cheers\", but she was way more attractive than Diane\". This role earned Kirstie Alley a Golden Globe Award in 1991 as the Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical Series. It also earned her an Emmy Award in 1991 as an Outstanding Lead Actress in a",
"title": "Rebecca Howe"
},
{
"id": "3496883",
"text": "hair but actually turning it into a business. He was one of the first who had a product line bought out by a major corporation\". Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage.",
"title": "Vidal Sassoon"
},
{
"id": "10767286",
"text": "this show was essentially a retelling of Dame Edna's life story in the form of a lavish stage musical, and Madge Allsop was portrayed as a young woman by Kerris Peeling and as a child by either (depending on the performance) Keely Fawcett, Caroline Graham or Gabrielle Hoffman. Emily Perry, by then 90 years old, also appeared briefly as the present-day Madge. According to Dame Edna's autobiography, Madge Allsop was born Marjorie Kiri McWhirter in Palmerston North, New Zealand. Her date of birth has not been confirmed, although the fact that she was reportedly orphaned in 1931 \"at a young",
"title": "Madge Allsop"
},
{
"id": "17995859",
"text": "Hughes works as a weddings co-ordinator. Kirsten Hughes (actress) Kirsten Hughes (born 1963) is a former British actress best known for playing cartoon strip heroine Jane in the 1987 film \"Jane and the Lost City\". Hughes is the daughter of a BP businessman and was raised in Fleet in Hampshire before training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She first came to notice when she appeared as an air stewardess in an ad for British Airways in 1986. She played Elizabeth Robertson in an episode of the schools' series \"Starting Out\" alongside Joanna Lumley and Rebecca Lacey (1986). In",
"title": "Kirsten Hughes (actress)"
},
{
"id": "2403567",
"text": "Kirriemuir Kirriemuir, sometimes called Kirrie, is a burgh in Angus, Scotland. Its history reaches back to earliest recorded times, when it seems to have been a major ecclesiastical centre. Later it was identified with witchcraft, and some older houses still feature a \"witches stane\" to ward off evil. In the 19th century, it was an important centre of the jute trade. The playwright J.M. Barrie was born and buried here, and a statue of Peter Pan stands in the town square. The history of Kirriemuir extends to the early historical period and it appears to have been a centre of",
"title": "Kirriemuir"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "15938147",
"text": "Levy Special Education Center, which included a vocational training center for the developmentally disabled. Several figures of national prominence in their field are alumni of the Wichita Public Schools, including former U.S. Agriculture Secretary and Kansas 4th District Congressman Dan Glickman (later Director of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government and Motion Picture Association of America president), actress Kirstie Alley and actor Don Johnson. Various Olympic medalists began their athletic careers in the Wichita Public Schools, including basketball star Lynette Woodard, track star Jim Ryun, and swimmer Jeff Farrell. Among those who publicly credit their Wichita public school education for some",
"title": "Wichita Public Schools USD 259"
},
{
"id": "19739215",
"text": "Kirstie Alley was cast in the series, playing Ingrid Hoffel. \"Scream Again\" premiered in the U.S. on September 20, 2016, on Fox, to a viewership of 2.17 million viewers and got a 1.0 rating in the 18–49 demographic, according to Nielsen Media Research. Terri Schwartz of IGN wrote a mixed review for the episode, stating: \"Scream Queens goes off the deep end with no life preserver in sight for Season 2, losing any tenuous grips on reality for the sake of turning its central characters into even bigger caricatures than they were in Season 1. While some of the stalwarts",
"title": "Scream Again (Scream Queens)"
},
{
"id": "19365448",
"text": "such purchases. Reference to these warehouses is made in the famous 1941 film Citizen Kane: In 1943/4 it was purchased by Dr Preston Pope Satterwhite of Louisville, Kentucky (a friend of Mrs J.B. Speed) who donated it to the Speed Art Museum in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. In 1943 it was reassembled in the museum as a slightly longer room, called \"The English Renaissance Room\", but reopened in March 2016 after substantial refurbishment in its original proportions. In the late 1990s, The Grange was purchased by Ben Andersen. He is the husband of television personality and property consultant Kirstie Allsopp (born",
"title": "The Grange, Broadhembury"
},
{
"id": "19786102",
"text": "Kirsten Sand Kirsten Eleonore Helena Sand (27 November 1895– 12 May 1996) was a Norwegian architect. In 1919, she became the first woman to graduate with full technical competence in architecture from the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH). Until the Second World War, she ran her own practice in Oslo where she designed private homes. After the war, she contributed to reconstruction projects, especially in Troms County in northern Norway. Born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Sand was the daughter of the lawyer August Nicolai Sand (1852–1940) and his wife Constance, née Hirsch, a schoolteacher. After matriculating from high school, she",
"title": "Kirsten Sand"
},
{
"id": "655467",
"text": "at Paramount were completely changed and the \"Phase II\" foundations no longer remained. The idea of a young male Vulcan scientist was once again proposed early in the work on \"\", which was attributed by later reviewers to the influence of Xon from \"Phase II\". The gender of this character was subsequently changed to female, and called Saavik. She was played by Kirstie Alley in that film, and later by Robin Curtis in \"The Search for Spock\" and \"\". Several minutes of test footage, including a view of a redesigned Engineering Room, costume tests with crew, screen test footage of",
"title": "Star Trek: Phase II"
},
{
"id": "9066291",
"text": "Her role on the show is to help people sell their \"unsellable\" homes. The programme has since been broadcast on the U.S. HGTV and on the BBC in the UK, where Sofie is paired with fellow property expert John Rennie. She has a degree in History. Sofie Allsopp Sophia Atherley \"Sofie\" Allsopp (born 1980) is a British television presenter. Her parents are Charles Henry Allsopp, 6th Baron Hindlip, (born 1940) and Fiona Victoria Jean Atherley (née McGowan, born 1947). Sofie has two sisters: television presenter Kirstie Allsopp (born 1971) and Natasha (born 1986) and a brother, Henry (born 1973). Designer",
"title": "Sofie Allsopp"
},
{
"id": "4448696",
"text": "had directed him in \"Star Trek II\", included a scene in \"\" (filmed after Butrick's death), in which Captain Kirk puts a photograph of his murdered son on his desk. Some sources state that Butrick was gay. Kirstie Alley, his co-star in \"Star Trek II\", identified Butrick as being bisexual. Merritt Butrick Merritt R. Butrick (September 3, 1959 – March 17, 1989) was an American actor, known for his roles on the teen sitcom \"Square Pegs\" (1982), in two \"Star Trek\" feature films, and a variety of other acting roles in the 1980s. Butrick was born in Gainesville, Florida, and",
"title": "Merritt Butrick"
},
{
"id": "1845881",
"text": "to have an influence on naming trends, at least in the United States and United Kingdom. Newly famous celebrities and public figures may influence the popularity of names. For example, in 2004, the names \"Keira\" and \"Kiera\" (anglicisation of Irish name Ciara) respectively became the 51st and 92nd most popular girls' names in the UK, following the rise in popularity of British actress Keira Knightley. In 2001, the use of Colby as a boys' name for babies in the United States jumped from 233rd place to 99th, just after Colby Donaldson was the runner-up on \"\". Also, the female name",
"title": "Given name"
},
{
"id": "7404832",
"text": "Gustafson from that website called it \"predictable\" with a \"happy ending\" that children can enjoy. It Takes Two (1995 film) It Takes Two is a 1995 film starring Kirstie Alley, Steve Guttenberg and Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen. Its title is taken from the song of the same name, by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston, which is played in the closing credits. Two unrelated young girls who happen to look identical meet by chance. Amanda Lemmon (Mary-Kate Olsen) is an orphan, and she is about to be adopted by the Butkises, a family known to \"collect\" kids. She actually wants her",
"title": "It Takes Two (1995 film)"
},
{
"id": "6357033",
"text": "flight attendant for injuries from that incident. Tory Lane Tory Lane (born Lisa Piasecki September 30, 1982) is an American fetish model, exotic dancer, pornographic actress, and pornographic film director. She was named among the top twenty pornographic actresses at the 2007 Adultcon and won two AVN Awards. She was also inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 2017. Lane was born in Schenectady, New York, and is of Polish and Italian descent. She worked as a bartender at a club called The Elbo Room on Ft. Lauderdale Beach. She also worked at a sex shop and as a",
"title": "Tory Lane"
},
{
"id": "11078595",
"text": "Jean Carlin Jean Carlin, born Harriet Jean Sollenberger (September 2, 1921 – October 23, 1998) was an American film actress from Long Beach, California. As a child she grew up devoting her time to the arts. She loved performing arts, including dancing, theater, and acting. After moving to Los Angeles, she quickly signed with a Hollywood agent. By the age of 23, and under the stage name \"Carlin\", she had appeared in her first major motion picture, \"Are These Our Parents?\". For the next two years, she made over 11 major motion pictures, and was named \"The Wild West Woman\",",
"title": "Jean Carlin"
},
{
"id": "2159291",
"text": "a class-action lawsuit alleging false advertising; the suit claimed that her weight loss was the result of exercise, including training for the TV show \"Dancing With the Stars\", not Organic Liaison products. She settled the suit in 2013, agreeing to remove the term \"Proven Products\" from packaging, issue a disclaimer on the brand's website that it is a \"calorie-based weight-loss product\", and pay a $130,000 settlement. In April 2014, she reunited as a spokesperson with Jenny Craig; the Organic Liaison product line was acquired by Jenny Craig's parent company, and subsequently integrated into Jenny Craig's product line. In January 2015,",
"title": "Kirstie Alley"
},
{
"id": "5780491",
"text": "the House during sitting times. Subsequently, the Speaker of the House set aside a room in which female MPs can feed their children without violating the Standing Orders. Marshall was born in Melbourne on 21 April 1969 and grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Black Rock with parents, Ron and Anne, older sister, Sascha and younger brother, Carey. She attended Black Rock Primary school (Prep - Yr 6), then Mentone Girls High School (now Mentone Secondary College) before transferring to Firbank Girls' Grammar School in Yr 9. She moved to Taylors College for year 12. Marshall, along with her",
"title": "Kirstie Marshall"
},
{
"id": "718784",
"text": "Michael Caine Sir Michael Caine, (; born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite, 14 March 1933) is an English actor, producer and author. He has appeared in more than 125 films in a career spanning 50 years and is considered a British film icon. Known for his cockney accent, Caine was born in South London, where during his early childhood, he and his parents lived in a rented flat on Urlwin Street, in Camberwell. He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in British films, including \"Zulu\" (1964), \"The Ipcress File\" (1965), \"Alfie\" (1966), for which he was nominated for an",
"title": "Michael Caine"
},
{
"id": "575871",
"text": "In 2018 she will release a children's record called \"These Are The Magic Days.\" Kirschner was born in Spanish Harlem, New York City, New York to a Jewish father with ancestry from Russia and Poland, and a Sicilian-American mother who converted to Judaism. Kirschner identifies herself as a spiritual Jew. Her parents were psychologists. When Kirschner was a child, the family moved to rural Pennsylvania and then to the suburbs of Philadelphia. She attended school at the Germantown Academy, a private high school, where she was a member of the Theatre Club and the Black Student Union. She moved to",
"title": "Princess Superstar"
},
{
"id": "9766959",
"text": "Scientology teachings, they learn of the story of evil alien prince Xenu. Celebrity actor characters describe their relationships with Scientology: John Travolta explains how Scientology \"fueled his cool\"; Kirstie Alley says that it helped her conquer drug addiction \"enabling me to star in the fine television series \"Fat Actress\" and to promote the quality products of weight loss expert Jenny Craig\"; and Tom Cruise interacts with sock-puppet incarnations of his new wife and daughter. The Internal Revenue Service brings a case against Hubbard, but he is able to defeat the tax charges by brainwashing his accuser. Celebrities Cruise, Alley and",
"title": "A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant"
},
{
"id": "20804286",
"text": "Kirsty Bentley Kirsty Marianne Bentley was a teenager living in Ashburton, New Zealand, who went missing while walking her family dog on the afternoon of 31 December 1998. After an extensive search lasting several weeks, her body was found in dense scrub approximately 40 km away. Police consider the case to be a homicide, and it remains one of the highest-profile unsolved murders in New Zealand. Kirsty Marianne Bentley was born on 18 January 1983 at the Christchurch Women's Hospital. She was the second child of her parents, Jill and Sidney Bentley; she had an older brother John. Bentley was",
"title": "Kirsty Bentley"
},
{
"id": "218760",
"text": "Jule Styne Jule Styne (; born Julius Kerwin Stein, December 31, 1905 – September 20, 1994) was a British-American song writer and composer known for a series of Broadway musicals, which include several famous and frequently revived shows. Styne was born to a Jewish family in London, England to immigrants from Ukraine, the Russian Empire who ran a small grocery. Even before his family left Britain, he did impressions on the stage of well-known singers, including Harry Lauder who saw him perform and advised him to take up the piano. At the age of eight, he moved with his family",
"title": "Jule Styne"
},
{
"id": "2771717",
"text": "the 2015 Red Nose Day Special. The idea for a US version of the show came about when two co-stars of the American sitcom \"Frasier\", Jane Leeves and Peri Gilpin, set up their production company Bristol Cities with an American version of \"The Vicar of Dibley\" as their first project. On 6 February 2007, Fox announced plans to adapt \"The Vicar of Dibley\" into an American sitcom, titled \"The Minister of Divine\". The series starred Kirstie Alley as a former \"Wild Child\" who returned to her hometown as its first female minister. The series was not picked up by Fox",
"title": "The Vicar of Dibley"
},
{
"id": "13851722",
"text": "of over CHF11 billion. Born in the United Kingdom, Kirsty spent her childhood in Stone in Staffordshire. Her family owns one of the world’s major manufacturers of ceramic products, Churchill China. She was crowned Miss UK in 1988, giving her the right to compete in the 1988 Miss World pageant where she placed 2nd runner-up. After moving to London, she began to write music professionally and was signed on to Warner Records. Kirsty was married to Ernesto Bertarelli in 2000. The couple and their children live in Switzerland, where she supports several charities, notably the Smiling Children Foundation, and plays",
"title": "Kirsty Bertarelli"
},
{
"id": "12563894",
"text": "A Bunny's Tale A Bunny's Tale is a 1985 American made-for-television comedy-drama film based on American feminist icon and journalist Gloria Steinem's experiences working as a Playboy Bunny in 1963, as described by her 1963 article \"A Bunny's Tale\" It stars Kirstie Alley as Steinem. Engaged by a magazine to write an investigative article on publisher Hugh Hefner's nightclub chain, Ms. Steinem poses as a young girl named \"Marie\" and enters the Bunny training program at the New York City Playboy Club. Outfitted with phony ears, fuzzy tail and revealing costume, Gloria learns the proper method of serving drinks, the",
"title": "A Bunny's Tale"
},
{
"id": "2423136",
"text": "Saavik Lieutenant JG Saavik is a fictional character in the \"Star Trek\" universe. She first appeared in the film \"\" (1982) played by Kirstie Alley. Robin Curtis took on the role for the sequel, \"\" (1984), and in the next film, \"\" (1986). Saavik's background was never explored on screen. It has, however, been fleshed out in novels and comic books, though none of these sources are considered canon. According to the novels and comics, Saavik was born on Hellguard, an abandoned Romulan colony. She is half Vulcan and half Romulan. A line of dialogue that would have revealed this",
"title": "Saavik"
},
{
"id": "5899020",
"text": "Udo Kier Udo Kier (born Udo Kierspe; 14 October 1944) is a German-English actor who has appeared in over 200 films. Kier was born in Cologne, near the end of World War II. The hospital where he was born was bombed moments after his birth. In his youth he worked as an altar boy and cantor. He moved to the United Kingdom to learn the English language. In 1966, Kier was cast in the lead role for the film \"Road to St. Tropez\". An early starring role in Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (1973) led to a string of art-house, low-budget, and",
"title": "Udo Kier"
},
{
"id": "4859138",
"text": "Ingrid Pitt Ingoushka Pitt (née Petrov; 21 November 193723 November 2010), known professionally as Ingrid Pitt, was a Polish-British actress, author, and writer best known for her work in horror films of the 1960s and 1970s. Ingoushka Petrov was born in Warsaw, Poland, to a German father of Russian descent and a Polish Jewish mother. During World War II, she and her family were imprisoned in Stutthof concentration camp in Sztutowo, Free City of Danzig (present-day Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland). She survived, and in Berlin, in the 1950s, married an American soldier, Laud Roland Pitt Jr., and",
"title": "Ingrid Pitt"
},
{
"id": "16814409",
"text": "Suddenly (1996 film) Suddenly is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film starring Kirstie Alley and Jason Beghe. Directed by Robert Allan Ackerman and written by David Kinghorn and Marilyn Kinghorn, it was first aired on ABC on December 1, 1996. It deals with some of the issues faced by paraplegic wheelchair users. Marty Doyle (Alley) is a hard working waitress. Despite her wisecracking and positive demeanour, she feels her life is pretty empty, with only one plus point; a new relationship. One day, her life is turned upside down when she is knocked down by a car. In that instant,",
"title": "Suddenly (1996 film)"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "12563895",
"text": "\"bunny dip\", and how to fend off customers who ignore Hefner's \"look but don't touch\" policy. She also concludes that being a sex object, even a chaste one, is depressingly demeaning—an \"awakening\". A Bunny's Tale A Bunny's Tale is a 1985 American made-for-television comedy-drama film based on American feminist icon and journalist Gloria Steinem's experiences working as a Playboy Bunny in 1963, as described by her 1963 article \"A Bunny's Tale\" It stars Kirstie Alley as Steinem. Engaged by a magazine to write an investigative article on publisher Hugh Hefner's nightclub chain, Ms. Steinem poses as a young girl named",
"title": "A Bunny's Tale"
},
{
"id": "16466483",
"text": "her the neurotic woman of the 1980s.\" When Long decided to leave the show, the creators knew they wanted a new female lead who was unknown to television viewers, would not have blonde hair and resemble Long. Kirstie Alley was one of the first actresses to audition for the role of Rebecca Howe. Although she met all the criteria, the producers continued to audition actresses, but none improved on Alley's portrayal of the character. Following which brunette-haired Alley debuted as Rebecca Howe. Al Rosen, Michael Tulin, Tim Cunningham, Steve Giannelli, Alan Koss are credited for their background appearances. \"Home Is",
"title": "Home Is the Sailor (Cheers)"
},
{
"id": "3437828",
"text": "praised Kirstie Alley for bringing life into Rebecca Howe and making Rebecca a sympathetic \"loser\" who is full of ideals but lacks success, and her bringing more physical comedy than Shelley Long did. Bill Carter from \"The New York Times\" said Rebecca was \"hard-on-the-outside-mush-on-the-inside\". Lance Mannion in his \"Typepad\" blog said Rebecca wanted to be \"part of a world the gang at Cheers could never join. To be part of the gang, she would have to give up her too high opinion of herself, just as Diane had to.\" Mannion praised Kirstie Alley for physical comedy and her comical scenes",
"title": "Rebecca Howe"
},
{
"id": "3816234",
"text": "Kirstie Allsopp Kirstie Mary Allsopp (born 31 August 1971) is a British television presenter, best known as co-presenter of Channel 4 property shows including \"Location, Location, Location\"; \"Relocation, Relocation\" and \"Location Revisited\". She has also presented \"The Property Chain\", \"Love It Or List It\", \"Kirstie's Homemade Home\", \"Kirstie's Handmade Britain\" and \"Kirstie's Best of Both Worlds\", also for Channel 4. Allsopp is the daughter of Charles Henry Allsopp, 6th Baron Hindlip, a former chairman of Christie's, by his marriage to Fiona Victoria Jean Atherley McGowan (1947–2014). She has a younger brother Henry, and two younger sisters, Sofie and Natasha. Due",
"title": "Kirstie Allsopp"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kirstie Alley context: twelfth season of \"Dancing with the Stars\" (2011–12 finishing in second place. In 2013, she returned to acting with the title role on the sitcom \"Kirstie\", and in 2016 joined the second season of the Fox comedy horror series \"Scream Queens\". In 2018, Alley finished as runner-up on season 22 of the British reality series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". Kirstie Alley was born in Wichita, Kansas, the daughter of Lillian Mickie (\"née\" Heaton), a homemaker, and Robert Deal Alley, who owned a lumber company. She has two siblings, Colette and Craig. Alley attended Wichita Southeast High School, graduating in 1969. She\n\nIn which decade was Kirstie Alley born?",
"compressed_tokens": 204,
"origin_tokens": 205,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kirstie Alley' Big Life context: pounds (147 kg). The two of them were the only overweight people on the show, together they weighed 552 pounds (250 kg). Alley ended up losing a lot of weight on the diet she created. Kirstie Alley's Big Life Kirstie Alley's Big Life is an American reality television series on A&E that debuted March 21, 2010. The series chronicles the life of Kirstie Alley as she works to lose weight, launch a weight loss program and be a single mother. The series was distributed and aired on A&E prior to the series being shifted to Lifetime. At the time of\n\ntitle: Kirstie Alley context: Stern Show in 2013, when Sternivers also voiced their oppositioning children November 10, 195 Alley received her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for contribution Mot. \"Dancing with the Stars\" Alley's has been honored by associations throughout her career. For her in the sitCheers\", she earned Golden Glo Award nomin winning one for Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1, and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations winning one for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 11. Kirstie Alley\n: Kirstie Al context: in high school. They married in10. husband the name as her. divor seven years as career paths diverged. Alley to secondon, on 3. They divorced in 7leyon children, Trueie Price. In016, became a after her had. a houseley appeared onThe\" September 1, she admitted that starteding weight\n1), place.1, returned to thecom and in the finished as runner-up on season 22 of the British reality series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". Kirstie Alley was born in Wichita, Kansas, the daughter of Lillian Mickie (\"née\" Heaton), a homemaker, and Robert Deal Alley, who owned a lumber company. She has two siblings, Colette and Craig. Alley attended Wichita Southeast High School, graduating in 1969. She\n\nIn which decade was Kirstie Alley born?",
"compressed_tokens": 469,
"origin_tokens": 15056,
"ratio": "32.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
107 | What is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field? | [
"60 distance",
"60 feet",
"sixty distance"
] | 60 feet | [
{
"id": "1198494",
"text": "(3-1), and in the National Championship game, beat Houston, Texas (5-4). In the World Series game, also held at Livermore, California, Collier Township lost to Osaka, Japan (1-10). The (50/70) designation represents the distance from the pitchers rubber to home plate (50 feet), and the distance between the bases (70 feet). These distances are larger than the standard little league field (46/60). On August 4, 2009, at approximately 8:15 p.m. EST, a gunman wounded nine people and killed three others before committing suicide at the LA Fitness gym in the Great Southern Shopping Center. He was identified as 48-year-old George",
"title": "Collier Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "851621",
"text": "in travel ball around age 12 and adjust to a 12-inch sized ball. The infield in softball is smaller than on an adult or high school baseball diamond but identical to that used by Little League Baseball; each base is 60 ft (18 m) from the next, as opposed to baseball's 90 ft (27 m). In fast pitch softball the entire infield is dirt, whereas the infield in baseball is grass except at the bases and on the pitcher's mound which are dirt. Softball mounds are also flat, while baseball mounds are a small hill. Softballs are pitched underhand, but",
"title": "Softball"
},
{
"id": "3721010",
"text": "the bases are 90 feet apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to . The lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the playing field between (and including) the foul lines is fair territory; the rest is \"foul territory.\" The area within the square formed by the bases is officially called the infield, though colloquially this term also includes fair territory in the vicinity of the square; fair territory outside the infield is known",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "2531363",
"text": "46 feet.\" \"The Little League Baseball Division (sometimes known as the Major Division) is for boys and girls ages 9–12. A local league may choose to limit its Major Division to 10-, 11-, and 12-year-olds, or 11–12-year-olds. The diamond used is a 60-foot diamond and the pitching distance is 46 feet. The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or 'All Stars') of 11–12-year-olds from within this division, and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament is the Little League Baseball World Series, featuring teams from around the globe. All expenses",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "18965401",
"text": "Intermediate League World Series The Intermediate League World Series is a baseball tournament for children aged 11 to 13 years old that began in 2013. It is patterned after the Little League World Series, which was named for the World Series in Major League Baseball. The tournament is held in Livermore, California. The intermediate division is the second of four Little League divisions by development. The pitching mound is 50 feet from home plate, and the base paths are 70 feet apart. This allows for a transition between the smaller field dimensions of Little League (46/60), and the standard field",
"title": "Intermediate League World Series"
},
{
"id": "3721047",
"text": "the opposing team does not object (in which case the umpire shall ensure that all coaches on both teams must abide by the boundaries of the coach's boxes). The coach's boxes are marked with chalk or paint. In the early days of baseball, the term \"coacher's box\" was used, as \"coach\" was taken to be a verb. As the term \"coach\" evolved into a noun, the name of the box also changed. The basic layout of the diamond has been little changed since the original Knickerbocker Rules of the 1840s. The distance between bases was already established as , which",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "3721032",
"text": "tool such as a piece of wood used to remove mud and dirt from cleats. These items are allowed to remain on the backside of the mound at the discretion of the umpire, thus reducing the probability that they will affect a live play. A baseline is the straight line between two adjacent bases. Baselines are not drawn on the field, although the foul lines serve to mark the baseline between home plate and first base, and between third base and home. Generally, base runners are not required to follow the baseline. A base runner seeking to advance more than",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "2531365",
"text": "of play. Little League holds a World Series in this level of play, officially called the Intermediate Little League World Series, in Livermore, California. \"The Junior League Baseball Division is a program for boys and girls ages 13–14, using a conventional diamond with a pitching distance of . (A modified diamond is available during the regular season.) The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or \"All Stars\") of 13-14-year-olds from within this division (and/or from within the Senior League Division), and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament is the",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2531364",
"text": "for the teams advancing to the World Series (travel, meals, and housing) are paid by Little League Baseball.\" In 2012, Little League announced plans to add a new division of play for the 2013 season, the Little League Intermediate Division. This Division is played on a field with a pitching distance and base paths. It is open to players ages 11–13, but may be limited to ages 11–12 or 12–13 by a local league. Players in this division are able to lead off and steal. The rules follow rules similar to those of the Junior, Senior, and Big League Divisions",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2531367",
"text": "is the Senior League Baseball World Series, featuring teams from around the globe. All expenses for the teams advancing to the World Series (travel, meals, and housing) are paid by Little League Baseball.\" \"The Big League Baseball Division is for boys and girls ages 16–18, using a conventional diamond with a pitching distance of . The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or \"All Stars\") of 16–18-year-olds from within this division (and/or from within the Senior League Division), and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament is the Big League",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2973202",
"text": "plate, closer even than in regulation softball and much closer than the baseball distance of 60 feet, 6 inches. Pitchers threw underhand windmill, like in softball, and the distance between bases was 65 feet, five feet longer than in softball but 25 feet shorter than in baseball. Major similarities between the AAGPBL and baseball included nine player teams and the use of a pitcher's mound (softball pitchers throw from flat ground). By 1948 the ball had shrunk to 10 3/8 inches, overhand pitching was allowed, and the mound was moved back to 50 feet. Over the history of the league,",
"title": "All-American Girls Professional Baseball League"
},
{
"id": "2531366",
"text": "Junior League Baseball World Series, featuring teams from around the globe. All expenses for the teams advancing to the World Series (travel, meals, and housing) are paid by Little League Baseball.\" \"The Senior League Baseball Division is for boys and girls 14–16 years old, using a conventional diamond with a pitching distance of . The local league has an option to choose a Tournament Team (or \"All Stars\") of 14- to 16-year-olds from within this division (and/or from within the Junior League or Big League divisions), and the team may enter the International Tournament. The culmination of the International Tournament",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2531362",
"text": "permitted to further divide the Minor League division based on player age and/or experience, and often consist of coach-pitch (i.e., the batter's coach lightly pitching the ball) or machine-pitch at lower levels, with defensive players pitching at higher levels. \"The 9–10 Year Old Baseball Division for boys and girls was established as a tournament program in 1994. It gives children of this age the opportunity to experience tournament competition, up to state level. Players on these teams can be chosen from among Major Division and/or Minor Division teams. The diamond used is a 60-foot diamond and the pitching distance is",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "10729751",
"text": "regions, divided into Pool A (U.S.) and Pool B (International), and (2) had a host team (South Carolina District 1), which played in the U.S. pool. The Big League had five international regions: The distance between the bases was 90 feet, the same as for regulation Major League Baseball fields. The distance between the pitcher's mound and home plate was 60.6 feet, also identical to that of MLB. The minimum outfield distance in the upper divisions was 300 feet, while the maximum for Big League was 425 feet. A game consisted of seven innings (same as in high-school baseball) and",
"title": "Junior, Senior & Big League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "698118",
"text": "\"Reggie Jackson's World of Sports\". He co-authored a book in 2010, \"Sixty-Feet Six-Inches\", with fellow Hall of Famer Bob Gibson. The book, whose title refers to the distance between the pitcher's mound and home plate, details their careers and approach to the game. The Sega Master System baseball video game \"Reggie Jackson Baseball\", endorsed by Reggie Jackson, was sold exclusively in the United States. Outside of the U.S., it was released as \"American Baseball\". Jackson has endured three fires to personal property, including a 1991 fire to his home in Oakland which destroyed his 1973 MVP Award. One of his",
"title": "Reggie Jackson"
},
{
"id": "6479619",
"text": "Mickey (2004 film) Mickey is a 2004 American baseball drama film that stars Harry Connick, Jr., directed by Hugh Wilson (his final directorial effort), and written by best-selling novelist John Grisham. \"Mickey\" was filmed in 2004, at baseball fields in Colonial Heights, Richmond, and Petersburg, Virginia, and also South Williamsport, Pennsylvania, home of baseball's Little League World Series (LLWS). Grisham played Little League in his home state of Mississippi. He wrote the first draft for \"Mickey\" in 1995, inspired by his Little League experience as a coach. Grisham and director Wilson live in the Virginia area where much of the",
"title": "Mickey (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "3171204",
"text": "venues host World Series games: Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium. Lamade Stadium has hosted games since 1959, and added lights in 1992. Volunteer Stadium opened in 2001 when the field expanded to 16 teams. Prior to 1959, the Little League World Series was held at Original Little League on West Fourth Street in Williamsport. Both fields have symmetrical fences, with a distance of 68.6 m (225 feet) from home plate to each of the outfield positions. That distance had been 62.5 m (205 feet) before 2006. Admission to all LLWS games is free for all spectators.",
"title": "Little League World Series"
},
{
"id": "2531335",
"text": "and Softball through interactive exhibits for children. Many Major League Baseball (MLB) players played in Little League. Carl Stotz, a resident of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, founded Little League Baseball in 1939. He began experimenting with his idea in the summer of 1938 when he gathered his nephews, Jimmy and Major Gehron and their neighborhood friends. They tried different field dimensions over the course of the summer and played several informal games. The following summer Stotz felt that he was ready to establish what later became Little League Baseball. The first league in Williamsport had just three teams, each sponsored by a",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "5213615",
"text": "Howard J. Lamade Stadium Howard J. Lamade Stadium (pronounced \"LAM-a-day\") is a baseball stadium in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Each year, along with Little League Volunteer Stadium, it hosts the Little League World Series. The playing field is two-thirds the size of a professional baseball field, with basepaths, a mound, and after modification in 2006, outfield fences at , forming one-fourth of a true circle. Stadium seating capacity is 8,000 to 10,000, much of which is bench seating, while large berms surrounding the stadium provide additional seating allowing over 40,000 spectators. Originally called Howard J. Lamade Memorial Field, the ballpark opened",
"title": "Howard J. Lamade Stadium"
},
{
"id": "5213612",
"text": "Howard J. Lamade Stadium Howard J. Lamade Stadium (pronounced \"LAM-a-day\") is a baseball stadium in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Each year, along with Little League Volunteer Stadium, it hosts the Little League World Series. The playing field is two-thirds the size of a professional baseball field, with basepaths, a mound, and after modification in 2006, outfield fences at , forming one-fourth of a true circle. Stadium seating capacity is 8,000 to 10,000, much of which is bench seating, while large berms surrounding the stadium provide additional seating allowing over 40,000 spectators. Originally called Howard J. Lamade Memorial Field, the ballpark opened",
"title": "Howard J. Lamade Stadium"
},
{
"id": "15187968",
"text": "competitive. The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League operated between 1943 and 1954 and started with four teams: the Racine Belles and the Kenosha Comets, both from Wisconsin; the Rockford Peaches from Illinois, and the South Bend Blue Sox from Indiana. Originally, the game was a combination of baseball and softball. Differences were only in the distances between the bases, the distance from the pitching mound to home plate, the size of the ball, and pitching styles through the 12 years of existence of the circuit. It was a neglected chapter of sports history at least until the early 1980s, when",
"title": "Thelma Eisen"
},
{
"id": "1209858",
"text": "the early 20th century, the town reached the height of its prosperity and the population has since declined by about a third from its peak of around 45,000 in 1950. Williamsport is the birthplace of Little League Baseball. South Williamsport, a town nearby, is the headquarters of Little League Baseball and annually hosts the Little League World Series in late summer. Colonial settlement in what is today Williamsport dates back to 1786 but the area was previously inhabited by the Iroquois. Williamsport was incorporated as a borough on March 1, 1806, and as a city on January 15, 1866. In",
"title": "Williamsport, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "3721038",
"text": "and left field (named in relation to the batter's position; thus left field is beyond third base and right field is beyond first base). Outfields vary in size and shape depending on the overall size and shape of the playing field. The outfield stretches from the infield to the outfield wall and it contains the warning track. Outfields especially vary from Little League to Major League fields. Little League outfields vary more in size than Major League outfields. Outfields often differ from infields in the specific type of grass used, but most Major League outfields are grass. The warning track",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "3721035",
"text": "in the immediate vicinity of first base\" to step on first base. The grass line, where the dirt of the infield ends and the grass of the outfield begins, has no special significance to the rules of the game, but it can influence the outcome of a game. Dirt running paths between the bases (and, at one time and still in some parks, between the pitcher and the catcher) have existed since the beginning of the game, although they were not mentioned in the rule books until around 1950, and their specifications are flexible. In addition to providing a running",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "851630",
"text": "solid and dry surfaces such as artificial turf or asphalt. There are four bases on the infield (first base, second base, third base, and home plate); the bases are arranged in a square and are typically apart. Near the center of this square is the pitcher's circle, and within the circle is the \"rubber\", a small flat rectangular piece of rubber about a foot and a half in length. The rubber can be 40 or 43 feet away from home plate, depending on age level and the league one is playing in. The object of the game is to score",
"title": "Softball"
},
{
"id": "41668",
"text": "the next half-inning. If the score of the game is tied after nine innings, extra innings are played to resolve the contest. Many amateur games, particularly unorganized ones, involve different numbers of players and innings. The game is played on a field whose primary boundaries, the foul lines, extend forward from home plate at 45-degree angles. The 90-degree area within the foul lines is referred to as fair territory; the 270-degree area outside them is foul territory. The part of the field enclosed by the bases and several yards beyond them is the infield; the area farther beyond the infield",
"title": "Baseball"
},
{
"id": "10160891",
"text": "sixteen. The pitching motion causes a valgus stress to be placed on the elbow joint which can cause damage to the structures of the elbow, resulting in an avulsion of the medial epiphyseal plate (growth plate). The first diagnosis of the injury in 1960 set off a firestorm of controversy regarding how much youth baseball players can and should be asked to pitch. The ailment even appeared in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" in 1963 when Charlie Brown received a diagnosis. In 2007, in order to protect against overuse injuries, Little League Baseball began limiting the number of pitches a player",
"title": "Little League elbow"
},
{
"id": "5246381",
"text": "and the pitchers mound. The space between the bases and home is normally a grass surface, save for the dirt mound in the center. Some ballparks, like Toronto's Rogers Centre, have grass or artificial turf between the bases, and dirt only around the bases and pitcher's mound. Others, such as Koshien Stadium in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, have an entirely dirt infield. Two white lines run out from the home plate area, aligned with first and third bases. These are the \"foul lines\" or \"base lines\", usually differentiated by referring to them as the first base line, or the third base",
"title": "Baseball park"
},
{
"id": "3835857",
"text": "in Major League Baseball are both in Boston's Fenway Park; the shortest fence that is nearly perpendicular to the foul line is the Green Monster. The left foul pole, renamed \"Fisk's Pole\" in honor of Carlton Fisk's famous home run in the 1975 World Series, stands 310 feet away from home plate. The right field foul pole, known as Pesky's Pole, is 302 feet down the right field line, although the wall there is nearly parallel to the foul line as it curves back to the distant right field wall at 380 feet. From 1958 through 1961, the Los Angeles",
"title": "In flight"
},
{
"id": "3721027",
"text": "by a yellow metal strip along the corner of the Western Metal Supply Co. building. In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or pitcher's rubber. It measures front-to-back and across, the front of which is exactly from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rule",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "2531368",
"text": "Baseball World Series, featuring teams from around the globe. All expenses for the teams advancing to the World Series (travel, meals, and housing) are paid by Little League Baseball.\" Little League introduced the Challenger Division in 1989 to provide opportunities for children with physical and intellectual challenges to participate in the Little League program. The Challenger Division utilizes a \"buddy system\" in which Little Leaguers assist Challenger participants in the areas of batting, running and fielding. Challenger Division games are typically non-competitive in nature. Introduced in 1989, the Little League Challenger Division is for participants ages 4–18. Games are played",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "98864",
"text": "system moving at \"U\" = occupying a spatial distance of \"L\" = , has a Rossby number of approximately 0.1. A baseball pitcher may throw the ball at U = for a distance of L = . The Rossby number in this case would be 32,000. Baseball players don't care about which hemisphere they're playing in. However, an unguided missile obeys exactly the same physics as a baseball, but can travel far enough and be in the air long enough to experience the effect of Coriolis force. Long-range shells in the Northern Hemisphere landed close to, but to the right",
"title": "Coriolis force"
},
{
"id": "2531381",
"text": "first base and force the pitcher to pitch, such as to further inflate the pitch count to force the removal of the pitcher. Local leagues have a certain amount of flexibility. For example, a league may opt to use the \"continuous batting order\" rule (4.04), under which each player on the team's roster bats, even when not in the defensive lineup. Leagues may also waive the \"ten-run rule\" (4.10(e)) which ends the game if one team is ahead by ten or more runs after four innings. The following is an incomplete list of current and former Major League Baseball players",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2531361",
"text": "based on age. The major divisions of Little League Baseball have their own World Series format as follows: Tee-ball is for boys and girls ages 4–5, with local leagues given the option to allow 6–7-year-olds to play. In Tee-ball, players hit the ball off of a tee located atop home plate; live pitching is not allowed. The purpose of the division is to teach young children the basic fundamentals of hitting and fielding. The Minor League Baseball division is generally for children ages 7–11, with local leagues given the option to allow 6-year-old children to try out. Local leagues are",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "3171211",
"text": "radio station WRAK 1400AM, which is owned by Clear Channel. The radio broadcasts are also streamed online at the LLWS page at littleleague.org. Each of the other eleven divisions of Little League Baseball has its own World Series format (including three in boys' softball). Little League World Series The Little League Baseball World Series is an annual baseball tournament in the eastern United States for children aged 10 to 12 years old. Originally called the National Little League Tournament, it was later renamed for the World Series in Major League Baseball. The Series was first held in 1947 and is",
"title": "Little League World Series"
},
{
"id": "3721028",
"text": "makers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but intentionally (further details under \"History\"). In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is in diameter, with the center from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the \"pitcher's plate\" or \"rubber\" is behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "16113977",
"text": "Adams made the baselines from one base to another, the distance seen in modern baseball. He ruled on the distance between home plate and the pitcher's mound as well, making them apart. In addition, the committee mandated that clubs have nine players per side, which became the norm. It also created the called strike rule, in an effort to reduce pitch totals and the time required to play games. Adams campaigned for a further change in the rules of baseball, involving when outs were recorded. At the time, an out was allowed when the ball was caught by a fielder",
"title": "Doc Adams"
},
{
"id": "2335187",
"text": "June 11, 1950, Spahn and pitcher Bob Rush of the Cubs each stole a base against each other; no opposing pitchers again stole a base in the same game until May 3, 2004, when Jason Marquis and Greg Maddux repeated the feat. In 1951, Spahn allowed the first career hit to Willie Mays, a home run. Mays had begun his career 0-for-12, and Spahn responded to reporters after the game, citing the distance between home plate and the pitcher's mound of 60 feet, 6 inches, \"Gentlemen, for the first 60 feet, that was a hell of a pitch.\" Spahn joked",
"title": "Warren Spahn"
},
{
"id": "2531377",
"text": "upper levels, including Intermediate Little League, the runner can leave the bag at any time while the ball is in play. If a fielder is waiting at the base with the ball, an advancing runner must attempt to avoid contact. A runner may not slide head-first except when retreating to a previously held base. In the upper levels, runners must still make an attempt to avoid contact if possible, and may not maliciously initiate contact with a fielder. The upper limit of the strike zone extends to the batter's armpits. In Tee-ball, Minor League, and Little League (if 'uncaught third",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2531334",
"text": "league operates. Several specific divisions of Little League baseball and softball are available to children ages 4 to 16. The organization holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. The organization's administrative office is located in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The first Little League Baseball World Series was played in Williamsport in 1947. The Little League International Complex hosts the annual Little League Baseball World Series at Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium, and is also the site of the Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum, which provides a history of Little League Baseball",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2531333",
"text": "Little League Baseball Little League Baseball and Softball (officially, Little League Baseball Inc) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania, United States, that organizes local youth baseball and softball leagues throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Founded by Carl Stotz in 1939 as a three-team league in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and formally incorporated on October 10, 1950, Little League Baseball encourages local volunteers to organize and operate Little League programs that are annually chartered through Little League International. Each league can structure itself to best serve the children in the area in which the",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "5852612",
"text": "attendance to 5,000 spectators, as opposed to the over 40,000 that can be accommodated at Lamade Stadium. Volunteer Stadium is used for double-elimination pool play only. All elimination games and consolation games are played at Lamade Stadium. In 2006, the home run distance was increased by , from to , to all fields; the outfield wall forms one-fourth of a true circle. Little League Volunteer Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium is a baseball stadium in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Along with Howard J. Lamade Stadium, it annually hosts the Little League World Series, one of the few sports events where children",
"title": "Little League Volunteer Stadium"
},
{
"id": "17495761",
"text": "constructed of modern artificial turf manufactured by FieldTurf, consisting of plastic grass blades submerged in recycled rubber pellets. Construction of the field began in 2004, and the field was opened in May 2005. The regulation-size baseball field is located at the southwest corner of the park, while the Little League/softball field is located at the northeast corner. Both fields feature imitation-dirt turf cut-outs, base anchors, dugouts, and synthetic turf pitching mounds. Indoor batting cages are located near the baseball field. The center of the park (east-to-west) is marked up for football, with movable goal posts and practice sleds. Several movable",
"title": "Pier 40 at Hudson River Park"
},
{
"id": "2531339",
"text": "they were not permitted to play in. According to the Little League Baseball and Softball participation statistics following the 2008 season, there were nearly 2.6 million players in Little League Baseball worldwide, including both boys and girls, including 400,000 registered in softball (also including both boys and girls). For tournament purposes, Little League Baseball is divided into 16 geographic regions; eight National and eight international. Each summer, Little League operates seven World Series tournaments at various locations throughout the U.S. (Little League softball and Junior, Senior, and Big League baseball and softball). 1939: Little League is established by Carl E.",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "16113987",
"text": "said to have avoided \"campaigning for credit\" for rules changes after he left the Knickerbockers; researcher Gary O'Maxfield said of him that he \"didn't like to brag.\" Several of the rules approved at the conventions survived to modern baseball, including the 90-foot (27 m) baseline distance. The 45-foot (14 m) distance from home plate to the pitching mound, however, did not last through the 19th century; it was pushed back in 1880. The shortstop position, which for Adams was located between the infielders and outfielders, was later played in the infield, between second and third base. Dickey Pearce was the",
"title": "Doc Adams"
},
{
"id": "3721040",
"text": "about six feet for Little League fields to about for college- or professional-level play. A warning track this wide also lets groundskeepers avoid driving maintenance vehicles on the grass. The track can be composed of finely ground rock particles such as cinders, which is why announcer Bob Wolff called it the \"cinder path\" rather than the \"warning track.\" The idea of a warning track originated in Yankee Stadium, where an actual running track was built for use in track and field events. When ballpark designers saw how the track helped fielders, it soon became a feature of every ballpark. Single-minded",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "16113975",
"text": "rules to match those passed at the convention. In May 1857, Adams presided over a player convention where nine-inning games were officially made part of the rules of baseball for participating teams. In March 1858, the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) was formed at another convention. Adams was one of the Knickerbockers' two delegates, having been selected at a February meeting attended by representatives from 25 clubs. He held the chairmanship of the association's rules and regulations committee, and drafted the new organization's initial set of rules. These included a clarification of the prescribed distance between bases, which",
"title": "Doc Adams"
},
{
"id": "3578585",
"text": "in the area near home plate (such as dropped third strikes and wild pitches) or baserunning plays, most commonly when an opposing player attempts to steal a base. Due to the exceptional difficulty of the position, catchers are universally valued for their defensive prowess as opposed to their ability to hit. The four infielders are the \"first baseman\", \"second baseman\", \"shortstop\", and \"third baseman\". Originally the first, second and third basemen played very near their respective bases, and the shortstop generally played \"in\" (hence the term), covering the area between second, third, and the pitchers box, or wherever the game",
"title": "Baseball rules"
},
{
"id": "142474",
"text": "the park had it missed. The park's official estimate placed the home run one foot short of Williams' record at . Pesky's Pole is the name for the pole on the right field foul line, which stands from home plate, the shortest outfield distance (left or right field) in Major League Baseball. Like the measurement of the left-field line at Fenway Park, this has been disputed. Aerial shots show it to be noticeably shorter than the (actual) 302 foot line in right field, and Pesky has been quoted as estimating it to be \"around 295 feet\". Despite the short wall,",
"title": "Fenway Park"
},
{
"id": "2531370",
"text": "softball divisions for girls and boys, based on age. The playing rules for the baseball divisions essentially follow the \"Official Baseball Rules\" (as defined by and used by Major League Baseball and published at Official Baseball Rules at MLB.com), especially with respect to the upper divisions (Junior, Senior, and Big League). Some major exceptions are outlined in the following sections, and these apply to Little League (Minor and Major, ages 7–12) except as otherwise noted. Unlike Major League Baseball and most other sports such as football, soccer, and basketball, the official rules of Little League Baseball are available to the",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "9807400",
"text": "team's score is ahead by a minimum of ten runs. Little League games are scheduled for six innings and may be shortened further (auto-forfeit) if a team has an overwhelming scoring lead. Ending a half-inning is referred to as \"retiring the side\". A half-inning in which all batters are put out without taking a base is referred to as a \"one-two-three inning\". The number of innings a pitcher is in a game is measured by the innings pitched statistic. In US English, baseball terminology is sometimes found in non-sports usage in a tense situation: \"it's the bottom of the ninth",
"title": "Inning"
},
{
"id": "3578568",
"text": "balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later",
"title": "Baseball rules"
},
{
"id": "3721036",
"text": "path, the grass lines act as a visual aid so that players, umpires and fans may better judge distance from the center of the diamond. Occasionally the ball may take a tricky bounce off the dirt area or the edge between the dirt and the grass. Multiple World Series championships (including 1924, 1960 and 1986) have been decided or heavily influenced by erratic hops of ground balls. In artificial turf stadiums, infield dirt was originally only placed around the bases and around the pitcher's and batting areas, which are referred to as \"sliding pits.\" In this configuration, the \"grass line\"",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "20112071",
"text": "Little League home run A Little League home run is a play in baseball during which a batter scores a run during his plate appearance with the aid of one or more errors committed by the fielding team. It is so called because the play is presumably evocative of how young children in the process of learning how to play the sport frequently commit fielding and throwing errors that allow batters (as well as runners already on base during the at bat) to take more bases than they might otherwise normally take on the batted ball put into play. The",
"title": "Little League home run"
},
{
"id": "3263887",
"text": "truth was not revealed until weeks later. In 2000, Almonte moved to the Bronx, where he began playing Little League baseball. His father, Felipe, who had moved to the United States six years earlier, had begun a youth baseball league in Moca that still bears his name. With his high leg kick and a fastball that reached a top speed of 76 miles per hour (the equivalent, for that distance, of a 102 mph major-league fastball), the 5-foot-8 Danny soon became a sensation. His imposing frame won him the nickname \"Little Unit,\" a nod to Randy \"Big Unit\" Johnson. He",
"title": "Danny Almonte"
},
{
"id": "2531378",
"text": "strike' rule is waived by the local league), the batter is out after the third strike regardless of whether the pitched ball is held by the catcher. In Little League (both standard and Intermediate), Junior, Senior, and Big League, a batter may attempt to advance to first base on a dropped third strike if first base is unoccupied with less than two outs or if first base is unoccupied or occupied with two outs. If the batter is hit by a pitch, the batter gets walked automatically. However, if the batter does not make an attempt to get out of",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "14714274",
"text": "and by arguing heatedly with the umpires. The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League operated between 1943 and 1954 and started with four teams: the Racine Belles and the Kenosha Comets, both from Wisconsin; the Rockford Peaches from Illinois, and the South Bend Blue Sox from Indiana. Originally, the game was a combination of baseball and softball. Differences were only in the distances between the bases, the distance from the pitching mound to home plate, the size of the ball, and pitching styles through the 12 years of existence of the circuit. A native of Tolleson, Arizona, Merle was the daughter",
"title": "Merle Keagle"
},
{
"id": "3721009",
"text": "mound, atop which is a white rubber slab known as the pitcher's plate, colloquially the \"rubber.\" The specifications for the pitcher's mound are described below. All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory. Thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. While the first and third base bags are placed so that they lie inside the 90-foot square formed by the bases, the second base bag is placed so that its center (unlike first, third and home) coincides exactly with the \"point\" of the ninety-foot square. Thus, although the \"points\" of",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "2531369",
"text": "on a 46/60 field and are non-competitive. Approved at the 2014 Little League International Congress the Senior League Challenger Division launched in 2015. This division is for participants ages 15 and above (no maximum age). Games are played on a 60/90 field and are non-competitive. Leagues may request permission to play games on a smaller field as well. As of 2016, nearly 1,000 Little Leagues in 10 countries around the world offered the Challenger Program providing an opportunity for more than 31,000 individuals with physical or intellectual challenges to participate in the Little League program. Little League Baseball has several",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "20596550",
"text": "Bullpen car The bullpen car, also known as a bullpen cart, is used in professional baseball to bring relief pitchers into the game from the bullpen to the pitcher's mound during a pitching change. Bullpen cars were used in Major League Baseball from 1950 through 1995, and returned to use in 2018. They have been used in Nippon Professional Baseball since the 1980s. The first bullpen car introduced in Major League Baseball (MLB) was \"a little red auto\" used by the Cleveland Indians in 1950 at the large Cleveland Municipal Stadium. The Chicago White Sox followed suit in 1951, becoming",
"title": "Bullpen car"
},
{
"id": "3721033",
"text": "one base typically \"rounds\" the base, following a more circular path. However, a base runner's left-right motion is constrained when the defense tries to tag him. At the moment the defense begins the attempt, the baserunner's running baseline is established as a direct line from his current position to the base he is trying for. A runner straying more than away from this baseline to avoid a tag may be called out. Beginning halfway between home and first base, and ending at first base, there is a second chalk line to the right of the foul line. This second line",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "3721044",
"text": "a spectator area behind the wall, or to protect a scoreboard incorporated into the wall. Many ballparks feature a yellow line denoting the top of the wall to aid umpires in judging whether the ball passed over the wall or if the ball is fair or foul. The bullpen (sometimes referred to as simply \"the 'pen\") is the area where pitchers warm up before entering a game. Depending on the ballpark, it may be situated in foul territory along the baselines or just beyond the outfield fence. Relief pitchers usually wait in the bullpen when they have yet to play",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "20112076",
"text": "1911, nearly 28 years before the actual Little League organization itself was founded and available to lend its name to such a play. Fred Blanding was the Naps pitcher who yielded the Little League home run to Cobb. The earliest known media account using the term \"Little League home run\" was a game recap written by Jeff Prugh, California Angels beat writer for Los Angeles Times, in reference to a Little League home run hit by Denny Doyle versus the Detroit Tigers on June 1, 1974. Little League home run A Little League home run is a play in baseball",
"title": "Little League home run"
},
{
"id": "2531340",
"text": "Stotz. The first season is played in a lot close to Bowman Field. Lycoming Dairy is the first season champion. 1946: Little League has expanded to 12 leagues, all in Pennsylvania. 1947: The first league outside of Pennsylvania is founded in Hammonton, New Jersey. Maynard League of Williamsport defeats a team from Lock Haven, Pennsylvania to win the first Little League World Series. Allen Yearick is the first Little League graduate to play professional baseball when he is signed by the Boston Braves. 1948: Little League has grown to include 94 leagues. Lock Haven returns to the Little League World",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "4481908",
"text": "= 4000 m (E). As used in Jules Verne's \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea,\" a league is four kilometres. In Yucatán and other parts of rural Mexico, the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance that can be covered on foot in an hour, so that a league along a good road on level ground is a greater distance than a league on a difficult path over rough terrain. In Portugal, Brazil and other parts of the former Portuguese Empire, there were several units called league (Portuguese: \"\"): The names of the several \"léguas\"",
"title": "League (unit)"
},
{
"id": "3578571",
"text": "several umpires. There are usually four umpires in major league games; up to six (and as few as one) may officiate depending on the league and the importance of the game. There are three \"bases\". Numbered counterclockwise, first, second, and third bases are cushions (sometimes informally referred to as \"bags\") shaped as 15 in (38 cm) squares which are raised a short distance above the ground; together with home plate, the fourth \"base\", they form a square with sides of 90 ft (27.4 m) called the diamond. Home plate is a pentagonal rubber slab 17 in (43.2 cm) wide. The",
"title": "Baseball rules"
},
{
"id": "10477507",
"text": "attending a revival camp meeting. The Great Fire of 1871 was far from the last fire to destroy parts of downtown Williamsport, but it was the most devastating and controversial. The fire destroyed many historical landmarks and exposed a bias towards newly arrived European migrants that was fairly common throughout the United States during the Industrial Revolution. Carl Stotz, a resident of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, founded Little League Baseball in 1939. He began experimenting with his idea in the summer of 1938 when he gathered his nephews, Jimmy and Major Gehron and their neighborhood friends. They tried different field dimensions over",
"title": "History of Williamsport, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "2531382",
"text": "who played Little League Baseball. Little League Baseball Little League Baseball and Softball (officially, Little League Baseball Inc) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania, United States, that organizes local youth baseball and softball leagues throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Founded by Carl Stotz in 1939 as a three-team league in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and formally incorporated on October 10, 1950, Little League Baseball encourages local volunteers to organize and operate Little League programs that are annually chartered through Little League International. Each league can structure itself to best serve the children in",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "3171189",
"text": "Little League World Series The Little League Baseball World Series is an annual baseball tournament in the eastern United States for children aged 10 to 12 years old. Originally called the National Little League Tournament, it was later renamed for the World Series in Major League Baseball. The Series was first held in 1947 and is held every August in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania. (Although the postal address of the organization is in Williamsport, the Series itself is played at Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Volunteer Stadium at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport.) Initially, only teams from the",
"title": "Little League World Series"
},
{
"id": "3029680",
"text": "touching a base, or by throwing the ball to first base before the batter who hit the ball can run from home plate to first base. There are nine defensive positions on a baseball field. The part of the baseball field closest to the batter (shown in the diagram as light brown) is known as the \"infield\" (as opposed to the \"outfield\", the part of the field furthest from the batter, shown in the diagram as green.) The infield is composed of four positions: first base (1B), second base (2B), third base (3B) and shortstop (SS). Generally, the first three",
"title": "Infielder"
},
{
"id": "2531343",
"text": "rule, known as the \"Tubby Rule, was created. It\" declared, \"Rule III (f) Girls are not eligible under any circumstances.\"; that rule was in force until 1974. 1951: Leagues are formed in British Columbia, Canada and near the Panama Canal making them the first leagues outside the United States. 1953: The Little League World Series is televised for the first time. Jim McKay provides the play by play for CBS. Howard Cosell provides play by play for ABC Radio. Joey Jay of Middletown, Connecticut and the Milwaukee Braves is the first Little League graduate to play in the Major Leagues.",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "3721043",
"text": "field). As a result, baseball fields can vary greatly along those lines. The wall has numbers affixed or painted on it that denote the distance from that point on the wall to home plate. In most modern major league ballparks, the wall is made of some hard material (e.g., concrete, plywood, sheet metal) with padding on the field side to protect players who may collide with the wall at high speed while trying to make a play. Chain link fencing may also be incorporated into the wall in areas where the wall needs to be transparent, e.g., an outfield bullpen,",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "3721007",
"text": "Baseball field A baseball field, also called a ball field, sandlot or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The starting point for much of the action on the field is home plate (officially \"home base\"), which is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber, square with two of the corners removed so that one edge is 17 inches long, two adjacent sides are and the remaining two sides are and set at an angle to make a point. The plate",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "2531350",
"text": "Vosberg is the first person to have played in all three world series. 1974: Girls are formally permitted to play in the Little League Baseball program as result of lawsuit brought on behalf of Frances Pescatore and Jenny Fulle, and a Little League Softball program for both boys and girls is created. Bunny Taylor becomes the first girl to pitch a no-hitter. 1975: In a controversial decision, all foreign teams are banned from the Little League World Series. International play is restored the following year. 1980: A team from Tampa, Florida, representing Belmont Heights Little League, is led by two",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "4655253",
"text": "published in the chain unit to maintain the consistency of a two-hundred-year-old database. In the Midwest of the US it is not uncommon to encounter deeds with references to chains, poles, or rod units, especially in farming country. Minor roads surveyed in Australia and New Zealand were in the 19th and early 20th centuries customarily one chain wide. The length of a cricket pitch is one chain (22 yards). A similar American system, of lesser popularity, is \"Ramsden’s\" or the \"engineer’s system\", where the chain consists also of 100 links, each one foot (0.3048 m) long. The original of such",
"title": "Gunter's chain"
},
{
"id": "5498918",
"text": "Lead off In baseball, a lead or lead off is the short distance that a player stands away from their current base. This term should not be confused with \"leadoff hitter\", which is the first batter of a game or of an inning. In baseball, to lead off, or to take a lead, refers to the position a baserunner takes just prior to a pitch, a short distance away from the base the player occupies. A \"lead\" can also refer to that distance. A typical lead is six to ten feet (two to three meters) from the base. If the",
"title": "Lead off"
},
{
"id": "7491180",
"text": "record of 28–13, a performance better than either of Young's first two major league seasons. However, Cuppy was never able to match these figures. In 1893 the distance between the pitcher's mound and home plate increased from 50 feet to 60 feet, 6 inches. Although he remained an effective pitcher throughout the rest of his career, after this rule was enacted he never recorded an ERA under 3.00. On August 9, 1895, Cuppy scored five runs against the Chicago Colts in an 18–6 victory, the most runs ever scored by a pitcher in a major league baseball game. In 3",
"title": "Nig Cuppy"
},
{
"id": "3721052",
"text": "mid-20th century, it was common for baseball fields to include a dirt pathway between the pitcher's mound and home plate. This feature is sometimes known as the \"keyhole\" due to the shape that it makes together with the mound. The keyhole was once as wide as the pitcher's box and resembled a cricket pitch. Sometimes this path extended through the batting area and all the way to the backstop. Once the rounded pitcher's mound was developed, the path became more ornamental than practical, and was gradually thinned before being largely abandoned by the 1950s. In recent years some ballparks, such",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "2531359",
"text": "advances to the Sunday final. 2012: 2013: 2014: 2018: Little League changes its age rules, moving the birthday deadline from May 1st back to August 31st. This allows 13-year-olds to play Majors level this year against 11-year-olds but those 11-year-olds born between May and August will be robbed of their ability to play next year. The national regions represented in the annual Little League Baseball World Series are: The international regions are: The best-known event on the Little League Baseball and Softball calendar is the annual Little League Baseball World Series, which is held every August in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania.",
"title": "Little League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "20112072",
"text": "term stems from Little League Baseball, founded in 1939 as an organizing body for local youth baseball and softball leagues throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Given the prevalence of such plays at the actual Little League level, the play is remarkable only when batters playing in advanced leagues, up to and including the major leagues, commit such error-prone plays, since it is presumed that baseball players at the advanced amateur and professional levels are skillful enough to avoid them on a routine basis. The first known effort to catalogue and report on incidences of Little",
"title": "Little League home run"
},
{
"id": "3732790",
"text": "stoolball, pesäpallo or Finnish baseball, punchball, kickball, and British baseball. Earlier forms include The Massachusetts Game of baseball, which was similar to rounders, and Old Cat. Baseball is played in a quadrant of fair territory between foul lines. The official minimum distance from home plate to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction is , and the recommended distances are at least along the foul lines and in centre field. This produces a recommended fair territory field area just over . Most Major League Baseball parks have fair territory areas in the range of . In contrast, Test and One",
"title": "Comparison of baseball and cricket"
},
{
"id": "9050020",
"text": "1950s and 1960s both Little League games and men's 16-inch softball games were televised from the park by WGN-TV, with Jack Brickhouse announcing. It was during a Little League telecast in the 1950s that the centerfield camera, now a staple of all baseball telecasts, was first used. According to Brickhouse, \"One of our cameramen, Chuck Seatsema, told me that the center-field scoreboard was only a couple hundred feet away. He had a feeling that if he put a camera out there, we'd get a nice shot of the little catcher giving signs and the little batter's face over the pitcher's",
"title": "Thillens Stadium"
},
{
"id": "3721024",
"text": "edge of the field of play. The outer edge of the foul lines and foul poles define foul territory. Both the lines and the poles are in fair territory, in contrast to American football and basketball, where the lines marking the playing boundaries are out of bounds. The minimum distance to hit a home run (along either foul line) is set by baseball rules, generally at . Before 1920, the foul lines extended indefinitely; a batter was awarded a home run only if a fly ball out of the field was fair where it landed, or \"when last seen\" by",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "7094998",
"text": "heads towards Lock Haven, home to the Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania. Around mile marker 191, Pennsylvania route 880 follows a parallel alignment within the median between the eastbound and westbound lanes for a half-mile, an unusual arrangement in Pennsylvania. It is common to see horse-drawn carriages from the nearby Amish communities travelling this highway-within-a-highway. At mile marker 199, I-80 approaches the Williamsport area, the venue of the Little League World Series in Lycoming County, while passing through Union County. I-80 intersects I-180 at exit 212. I-80 enters the Northeastern Pennsylvania area to include points Northumberland County and east to",
"title": "Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "2991192",
"text": "by agreeing to the unified Knickerbocker-Gotham-Eagle rules with certain revisions: rather than playing to a set number of runs, games would consist of nine innings, and force-outs could now occur at any base. The convention also defined the distance between the bases unambiguously as 90 feet, and specified nine-man teams. The following year, twenty-five clubs including one from New Jersey established an ongoing governing body with officers, constitution and by-laws, but the National Association of Base Ball Players is conventionally dated from the first meeting in 1857. It governed through 1870 but it scheduled and sanctioned no games. In 1858,",
"title": "Origins of baseball"
},
{
"id": "4036316",
"text": "on any ball thrown from the left side of the field, i.e. shortstop, third base, or foul line territory. The right fielder backs up first base when the first baseman is in a run down between 3rd base and home. The right fielder tends to be a stronger offensive player than defensive, as right-handed batters, which are more common than left-handed ones, tend to pull the ball to left field, especially in Little League. Right field has developed a reputation in Little League as being a position where less talented players can be \"hidden\" without damaging a team's defense in",
"title": "Right fielder"
},
{
"id": "10160890",
"text": "Little League elbow Little League elbow is a condition that is caused by repetitive throwing motions, especially in children who play sports that involve an overhand throw. \"Little Leaguer's elbow\" was coined by Brogdon and Crow in an eponymous 1960 article in the American Journal of Radiology. The name of the condition is derived from the game of baseball. Compared to athletes who play other sports, baseball players are at higher risk of overuse injuries and injuries caused by early sports specialization by children and teenagers. Little League elbow is most often seen in young pitchers under the age of",
"title": "Little League elbow"
},
{
"id": "2909379",
"text": "that occurs after the play ends. However, in Major League Baseball, the umpires are likely to correct their mistake if it leads to an unfair double or triple play. Baserunners should learn what options they have, both on a routine fly out and a fly out declared an infield fly. Fielders should understand that declaration of the infield fly rule removes the force play and that a runner is only out if tagged. In adult baseball, a fly ball usually reaches the fielder before the batter can run the 90 feet to first base. However, in youth baseball, the distance",
"title": "Infield fly rule"
},
{
"id": "3447871",
"text": "live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Fair ball In baseball a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. In order for a batted ball to be fair, it must be hit in such a way that it: Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines",
"title": "Fair ball"
},
{
"id": "18190073",
"text": "Little League World Series in Australia The Australia Region of Little League Baseball is a region designated for the Little League World Series. The division was founded in 2013 when Little League officially separated Australia from the Asia-Pacific region. This followed a period of explosive growth in youth baseball in the country; the first Little League-affiliated leagues in Australia were only established in 2007, but within five years, nearly 400 Little Leagues were operating, making Australia the largest country outside North America in Little League participation. In the Little League World Series in 2013, a team from Perth, Western Australia",
"title": "Little League World Series in Australia"
},
{
"id": "9554664",
"text": "games were played are between the street and a levee built to protect the town from the West Branch Susquehanna River. That levee provided most of the seating for the inaugural series' attendees. Although the Little League World Series has now moved to a stadium in South Williamsport, it's still possible to play baseball on the original field. The inaugural series was important in history in that it was integrated at a time when professional baseball was still integrating. More than 2,500 spectators enjoyed the final game, which helped to increase the League's overall publicity. Williamsport Teams Rain on August",
"title": "1947 Little League World Series"
},
{
"id": "1035835",
"text": "10 miles to Dade City. Florida State Road 50 runs across the northern part of Ridge Manor, connecting US 98 and 301. SR 50 leads east to Mascotte and west with US 98 to Brooksville. Interstate 75 is west of Ridge Manor, with access via US 98 / SR 50. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 4.55%, are water. Ridge Manor Community Park, located off Ridge Manor Boulevard, has baseball fields used for Little League. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,108",
"title": "Ridge Manor, Florida"
},
{
"id": "6153821",
"text": "before the 1893 season that intended to even the competitive balance between the pitchers and hitters. One lengthened the distance between the pitching mound and home plate from 50 feet to 60 feet 6 inches, and another required pitchers were to pitch from a rubber slab instead of being allowed to take a running start before they delivered the ball to the batter. Stivetts struggled with the new distance initially; his first four starts of the season were largely ineffective. On April 29, with the weather cold and rainy, he issued bases on balls to ten New York Giants batters,",
"title": "Jack Stivetts"
},
{
"id": "2300764",
"text": "of center fielder Curt Flood, leading to Detroit's Series win. The overall pitching statistics in MLB's 1968 season, led by Gibson's individual record-setting performance, are often cited as one of the reasons for Major League Baseball's decision to alter pitching-related rules. Sometimes known as the \"Gibson rules\", MLB lowered the pitcher's mound by five inches in 1969 from 15 inches to 10 inches and reduced the height of the strike zone from the batter's armpits to the jersey letters. Aside from the rule changes set to take effect in 1969, cultural and monetary influences increasingly began impacting baseball, as evidenced",
"title": "Bob Gibson"
},
{
"id": "18117099",
"text": "budgeted to build the ballpark. Bernard Wisehall, a prominent local architect, designed Federal Park (also called Riverbreeze Park) with a capacity of 6,000. The playing field—bounded by East 2nd Street, East 3rd Street, Madison Avenue and Scott Boulevard—was tiny, possibly the smallest ever built for any pro baseball park. Its dimensions were just 194 feet down the right-field line, 267 feet to dead center, and 218 feet down the left-field line. Modern rules dictate no pro ballpark may have a fence closer than 325 feet, even down the foul lines; for comparison, Howard J. Lamade Stadium, the site of Little",
"title": "Covington Blue Sox"
},
{
"id": "3721048",
"text": "it remains. Through trial and error, 90 feet had been settled upon as the optimal distance. 100 feet would have given too much advantage to the defense, and 80 feet too much to the offense. The original Knickerbocker Rules did not specify the pitching distance explicitly. By the time major league baseball began in the 1870s, the pitcher was compelled to pitch from within a \"box\" whose front edge was from the \"point\" of home plate. Although he had to release the ball before crossing the line, as with bowlers in cricket, he also had to start his delivery from",
"title": "Baseball field"
},
{
"id": "5246388",
"text": "playing areas, the infield is the only rigidly laid-out part of the field. Like its English relative, cricket, there is significant flexibility in the shape and size of the rest of the playing area. To prevent \"cheap\" home runs, baseball leagues may specify a minimum distance from home plate to the outfield fences. Generally, the higher the skill level, the deeper the minimum dimensions must be, to prevent an excess of home runs. In the major leagues, a rule was passed in 1958 that compelled any new fields built after that point to have a minimum distance of from home",
"title": "Baseball park"
},
{
"id": "3447870",
"text": "Fair ball In baseball a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. In order for a batted ball to be fair, it must be hit in such a way that it: Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. On a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a",
"title": "Fair ball"
},
{
"id": "10402468",
"text": "Little League International officials followed through on their threat to pull the Ypsilanti American Little League's charter, and in 1973, Carolyn and the City of Ypsilanti sued Little League, alleging discrimination. Little League won that case, but in 1974, officials in Williamsport saw the writing on the wall and decided to drop its no-girls rule. By 1975, girls were allowed to legally play Little League baseball for the first time. Carolyn's story is the subject of a documentary film produced by Stunt3 Multimedia in Detroit, called \"The Girl in Centerfield.\" Due to the controversy, the 1973 all-star game between the",
"title": "Carolyn King"
},
{
"id": "8743362",
"text": "Athletics. Pittsburgh briefly hosted a second major league team in the 20th century: the Pittsburgh Rebels played in the Federal League during the fledgling league's two seasons of existence. Altoona also had a short-lived team in the 19th century Union Association. Prior to the integration of Major League Baseball that occurred after World War II, both Philadelphia and Pittsburgh had negro league baseball teams. Pennsylvania is the original home of Little League Baseball. In 1939, Carl Stotz founded Little League Baseball in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The Little League World Series is held every year in South Williamsport. As of 2014, Pennsylvania",
"title": "Sports in Pennsylvania"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Collier Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania context: (3-1), and in the National Championship game, beat Houston, Texas (5-4). In the World Series game, also held at Livermore, California, Collier Township lost to Osaka, Japan (1-10). The (50/70) designation represents the distance from the pitchers rubber to home plate (50 feet), and the distance between the bases (70 feet). These distances are larger than the standard little league field (46/60). On August 4, 2009, at approximately 8:15 p.m. EST, a gunman wounded nine people and killed three others before committing suicide at the LA Fitness gym in the Great Southern Shopping Center. He was identified as 48-year-old George\n\nWhat is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field?",
"compressed_tokens": 211,
"origin_tokens": 212,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Little World Series context: venues host World Series games: Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium. Lamade Stadium has hosted games since 1959, and added lights in 1992. Volunteer Stadium opened in 2001 when the field expanded to 16 teams. Prior to 1959, the Little League World Series was held at Original Little League on West Fourth Street in Williamsport. Both fields have symmetrical fences, with a distance of 68.6 m (225 feet) from home plate to each of the outfield positions. That distance had been 62.5 m (205 feet) before 2006. Admission to all LLWS games is free for all spectators.\n\ntitle: Little League Baseball context adv to.01: 201: 2014: 208: Little League changes its age rules, moving the birthday deadline from May 1st back to August 31st. This allows 13-year-olds to play Maj level this year against 11-year-olds but those 11-year- born between May and August will be robbed of their ability to play next year. The regions represented in the annual Little League Baseball World Series are: The international regions are: The best-known event on the Little League Baseball and Softball calendar is the annual Little League Baseball World Series, which is held every August in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania.\ntitle: Baseball field left field in relation the's; left beyond third base and right field is beyond first Outfields vary in size depending on the overall size shape of the playing The outfield stret from the infield to the outfield wall and it contains warning track Out vary Little League to Major League fields. Little out in size than Major League outfields Out differ fromfields in specific type, but Major League outfields are grass. warning track\n Baseball field: theing teamire shall ensurees on teams the boundaries are marked. the, the term, as was takenved the. The basic layout the been little the original Knickerbocker Rules of the 1840s. The distance between bases was already established as , which\n\nWhat is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field?",
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108 | What college once had 22 members of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society on its football team? | [
"Dartmouth, in 1925"
] | Dartmouth, in 1925 | [
{
"id": "2369849",
"text": "building the Patricia and Phillip Frost Art Museum on its main campus. In athletics, FIU made inroads in becoming a powerhouse athletic university during Maidique's time as president and he championed the eventual establishment of a NCAA football program. Finally, the school earned membership into Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's oldest honor society. Maidique was the second longest-serving research university president in the nation. Now President Emeritus, he currently serves as the Alvah H. Chapman, Jr., Eminent Scholar Chair in Leadership and Executive Director of the Center for Leadership and Professor of Management at FIU. On November 14, 2008, Maidique",
"title": "Florida International University"
},
{
"id": "477747",
"text": "North Coast Athletic Conference The North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC) is an NCAA Division III athletic conference composed of colleges located in Ohio, Indiana and Pennsylvania. When founded in 1984, the league was a pioneer in gender equality, offering competition in a then-unprecedented 10 women's sports. Today it remains true to that legacy, sponsoring 23 sports, 11 for men and 12 for women. The NCAC is respected for the academic strength of its member institutions — all of which have Phi Beta Kappa chapters. In its most recent college rankings, \"U.S. News & World Report\" recognized all 10 members as",
"title": "North Coast Athletic Conference"
},
{
"id": "12327420",
"text": "season and without consideration of the postseason bowl games: Prior to the integration of sports teams, Miami Orange Bowl stadium hosted the New Year's Day game of the same name, and a December game for historically black colleges, the Orange Blossom Classic. Grambling State (9-0-0) and Florida A & M University (8-0-1) met to determine the best Negro college football team in the nation, with Grambling winning 28-21. Miami University (Ohio) finished 9-0-0, as did Southeast Missouri State University. Heidelberg College, Hillsdale College, College of Emporia, Maryland State College and Whitworth College. Northern State Teachers College* of South Dakota went",
"title": "1955 college football season"
},
{
"id": "6424800",
"text": "where he played for coach Steve Spurrier's Florida Gators football team from 1995 to 1998. Despite his versatility and demonstrated athleticism in high school, he was not highly rated by the recruiting services and he received one of the last scholarships offered by the Gators. Jackson, like his older brother, Willie Jackson, Jr., and his father, Willie Jackson, Sr., before him, wore football jersey number \"22\" for the Gators. The Gators coaching staff redshirted him when he was a true freshman in 1994, and he converted from strong safety to tailback to help meet the needs of the team in",
"title": "Terry Jackson (running back)"
},
{
"id": "11986010",
"text": "had been ranked #1 since October 19, but the 21–21 tie put Ohio State in the top spot. They were captained by Heisman Trophy winner O. J. Simpson. The 1969 Rose Bowl was also the beginning of a celebration of a century of college football. Later during the 1969 college football season, many teams would wear uniform patches or helmet stickers with \"100\" to signify the anniversary. A number of celebrities were present, including President-elect Richard Nixon, Bob Hope, and former Oklahoma football coach and then-College Football on ABC analyst First Lady Pat Nixon was a graduate of USC, but",
"title": "1969 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"id": "5862261",
"text": "Nebraska's 22-game winning streak and won its first national championship with a 31–30 victory. The Hurricanes halted top-ranked Oklahoma's 20-game streak and won their second national championship when they defeated the Sooners, 20–14, in the 1988 Orange Bowl. The Hurricanes ended top-ranked Notre Dame's 23-game winning streak with a 27–10 win on November 25, 1989. Miami also ended the 20-game winning streak of UCLA when Miami defeated the third-ranked Bruins 49–45 on December 5, 1998. The following twelve Miami players and coaches have been or will be inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame. Seven former players have been",
"title": "Miami Hurricanes football"
},
{
"id": "10731106",
"text": "Boston Transcript later characterized him, in its account of his wedding, as \"one of the best athletes that ever came out [of Harvard].\" Following his graduation, Reid was appointed student coach of the football team, a long-standing practice whereby early teams selected a graduate player from the previous season to be its coach. Reid's 1901 team went undefeated and crushed Yale 22-0 in its final game. Afterwards, Reid accepted a teaching position at his father's school in order to provide financial support for his wife and family. Ensuing losses, especially ones to Yale, convinced the team and Harvard's Athletic Committee",
"title": "Bill Reid (American football)"
},
{
"id": "10286681",
"text": "Joseph Lapira Joseph Lapira (born August 13, 1986, Rochester, New York) is a retired soccer player. Born in the United States, Lapira is a one time international for the Republic of Ireland national football team. Lapira graduated from St. Louis Catholic High School in Lake Charles, Louisiana. After high school, he continued a family tradition and attended the University of Notre Dame. He is of Maltese descent. In 2006, he was the winner of the Hermann Trophy, awarded to the top collegiate player of the year, after scoring 22 goals for Notre Dame. During his college years, Lapira also played",
"title": "Joseph Lapira"
},
{
"id": "198537",
"text": "country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in college football (last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927). Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Alabama, which has won 15, Notre Dame, which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, and USC, which has won 11. Yale, whose coach Walter Camp was the \"Father of American Football,\" held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10,",
"title": "Ivy League"
},
{
"id": "9325591",
"text": "Athletic Association. The school currently has a women's cross country, men's cross country, softball, women's bowling, men's bowling, volleyball, baseball, golf, women's basketball, men's basketball and wrestling teams. The 2009-2010 men's basketball team succeeded in winning their way to the 'sweet sixteen' of the NJCAA basketball championship tournament. Phi Theta Kappa, the honor society of the two-year college, has repeatedly recognized SC4's own chapter, Lambda Mu as being one of the best in the nation. It won the Chapter of the Year award in 2000, and has won the distinguished chapter award for 14 years consecutively. It also the oldest",
"title": "St. Clair County Community College"
},
{
"id": "14282062",
"text": "Kentucky, which Pitt won 27-10. Controversy also arose when an investigation by \"Sports Illustrated\" revealed that the university's 2010 football team had 22 players with criminal records, the most by any team ranked in the magazine's pre-season top 25 rankings. Athletic Director Steve Pederson called the number of incidents \"totally unacceptable\", stating that the athletic department was \"addressing the situation\" including having already instituted more intense \"background research\". Ousted coach Dave Wannstedt defended his past \"body of work\" but acknowledged \"an unfortunate stretch of incidents\" the previous summer stating that \"every player and each incident was evaluated on an individual",
"title": "2010 Pittsburgh Panthers football team"
},
{
"id": "13084265",
"text": "Ivy Day (United States) Ivy Day is an annual ceremony in which an ivy stone is placed on either a residential, academic or administrative building or ground to commemorate academic excellence. The ceremony is most known for being practiced among older colleges in the Northeastern United States. It is most associated with the Ivy League and a group of small liberal arts college known as the Little Ivies. Some institutions announce members of Phi Beta Kappa and specialized honor designations for students. Some classes donate to the college, in the form gates, facades, and door outlines, by inscribing or creating",
"title": "Ivy Day (United States)"
},
{
"id": "8127114",
"text": "associate degree programs and certificate programs are offered at Valley College. Los Angeles Valley College has its own honors society called Tau Alpha Epsilon (TAE). TAE was founded in 1949, the same year that Los Angeles Valley College was established. In 1960, due to the popularity of junior colleges, a two-year version of the four year honors society Phi Beta Kappa was created called Phi Theta Kappa (PTK). Because of this, PTK merged with TAE at Los Angeles Valley College. The purpose of TAE is to act as the honors society for Los Angeles Valley College, encourage academic excellence, and",
"title": "Los Angeles Valley College"
},
{
"id": "11224417",
"text": "1969 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game The 1969 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game is considered to be one of the best-known games of the series, as well as one of the biggest upsets in college football history. The Buckeyes went into the game as the top-ranked team in the country, with a 22-game winning streak under the direction of legendary head coach Woody Hayes. They were also defending national champions. The Wolverines went into the game under a new head coach, Bo Schembechler, who was trying to redefine a college football power that had fallen on hard times.",
"title": "1969 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game"
},
{
"id": "13103753",
"text": "NCAA used the Freeh Report in lieu of its own investigation to impose sanctions on the Penn State football program. On July 23, 2012, the NCAA imposed a $60 million fine, four-year postseason ban, scholarship reductions, and vacated all victories from 1998 to 2011. These sanctions were considered to be among the most severe ever imposed on an NCAA member school. NCAA President Mark Emmert stated that the sanctions were levied \"not to be just punitive, but to make sure the university establishes an athletic culture and daily mindset in which football will never again be placed ahead of educating,",
"title": "Louis Freeh"
},
{
"id": "7771773",
"text": "tight end for Penn State, where he received the 1991 Ridge Riley Award, given annually to a player who displays excellence in scholarship, sportsmanship, friendship, and leadership. As a junior in 1990, Golden played a key role in Penn State's nationally televised 24–21 upset of #1-ranked Notre Dame at South Bend. His touchdown reception late in the fourth quarter tied the score at 21 as Penn State rallied from a 21–7 deficit. Golden was named captain of the Nittany Lions his senior year and helped lead them to a 42–17 win over University of Tennessee in the 1992 Fiesta Bowl,",
"title": "Al Golden"
},
{
"id": "4216085",
"text": "later after retiring from Notre Dame. In 1989, Holtz led the Irish to a 12–1 record. The Irish began the season in the Kickoff Classic game in East Rutherford, New Jersey against Virginia. The Irish won by a score of 36–13. Next, top-ranked Notre Dame defeated #2 Michigan by a score of 24–19. That was followed by wins over Michigan State, Purdue, Stanford, #17 Air Force, #9 USC, #7 Pittsburgh, Navy, SMU and #17 Penn State. The Irish would lose to #7 Miami the following week, ending Notre Dame's 23-game winning streak. Holtz would lead the Irish to a victory",
"title": "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "1709446",
"text": "with Football being FCS. Currently, the university fields teams in men's and women's basketball, baseball, softball, golf, tennis, soccer, and bowling; women's volleyball; and men's football. The university's mascot is the Tiger, and the teams are sometimes referred to as the \"Blue Bengals.\" The Tiger men's football team has a heralded history, winning and sharing 16 SWAC titles, including 2007. Its most famous alumni includes Pro Football Hall of Famers Lem Barney, Jackie Slater and Walter Payton, and former Jacksonville Jaguars wide receiver Jimmy Smith. Former NFL wide-receiver, five-time Pro Bowler and Jackson State alumnus Harold Jackson, served as head",
"title": "Jackson State University"
},
{
"id": "15696517",
"text": "State that broke the Nittany Lions' 19-game winning streak, earning the entire school a day off to celebrate. Sportswriter Walter S. Trumbull of \"The New York Sun\" suggested that the Michigan Aggies, Washington & Jefferson, Chicago University, and Notre Dame were the new \"Big 4 of College Football\" instead of the traditional grouping of Princeton, Yale, Harvard, and Penn. The next year, Folwell's team lost at Harvard University in front of 15,000 fans by a score of 10-9. If not for an errant kick that hit the crossbar, W&J would have won the game and at least a share of",
"title": "American football in Western Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "11242845",
"text": "their common opponent (TCU, otherwise a 4-4 team). The teams ranked 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,and 9 (Arkansas, Penn State, USC, UCLA, Missouri and Notre Dame) each moved up a notch. November 22: After averaging 46 points a game in its first eight, #1 Ohio State could only manage twelve points at #12 Michigan and lost 24–12, ending its 22-game winning streak. The Wolverines (8–2) won the Big Ten championship and a spot in the Rose Bowl. #5 USC, aided by a pass interference penalty on fourth down that led to the late game-winning touchdown, closed with a 14–12 win",
"title": "1969 college football season"
},
{
"id": "6730888",
"text": "1940s, Georgetown had one of the better college football teams in America, and played in the 1941 Orange Bowl, where they lost 14–7 to Mississippi State. As the college game became more expensive after World War II, however, Georgetown's program began to lose money rapidly. The Hoyas last successful season was 1949, when they lost in the Sun Bowl against Texas Western. However the program was losing too much money, and on March 22, 1951, the university's president canceled the football program. In 1964, Georgetown allowed its students to start a football program as an exhibition-only club sport. Varsity football",
"title": "Georgetown Hoyas"
},
{
"id": "11224433",
"text": "was the only thing [they] fumbled all day.\"), and Jim Mandich was seen being carried, with tears of joy streaming down his cheeks. 1969 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game The 1969 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game is considered to be one of the best-known games of the series, as well as one of the biggest upsets in college football history. The Buckeyes went into the game as the top-ranked team in the country, with a 22-game winning streak under the direction of legendary head coach Woody Hayes. They were also defending national champions. The Wolverines went into the",
"title": "1969 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game"
},
{
"id": "10730884",
"text": "George Savitsky George Michael Savitsky (July 30, 1924 – September 4, 2012) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles. Born in New York City, Savitsky grew up in Camden, New Jersey and played football at Camden High School where he was captain of the undefeated squad in 1942. He played college football at the University of Pennsylvania where he excelled as both an offensive and defensive tackle, and became the only four-year All American of the 20th century. At Penn, he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa. During the summers of",
"title": "George Savitsky"
},
{
"id": "4537583",
"text": "on a permanent basis when he took over at Notre Dame. Previously, names had been included on jerseys only during bowl games. (The traditional navy blue & white jerseys without names returned in the 1980s under Lou Holtz.) Devine's teams won three bowl games, including consecutive Cotton Bowl Classics. In the 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic, the Irish trailed 34–12 with 7:27 remaining in the game. They rallied for 23 unanswered points behind ailing senior quarterback Joe Montana for an incredible 35–34 victory over Houston. The game became part of college football folklore, referred to as the Chicken Soup Game. Because",
"title": "Dan Devine"
},
{
"id": "20089039",
"text": "Anthony Hamlet Anthony Hamlet is the superintendent of the Pittsburgh Public Schools in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Before beginning his career in education, he was a football player at the University of Miami and briefly with the Indianapolis Colts. Hamlet attended public schools in Palm Beach County, Florida. In 1992, he earned a bachelor's degree in general studies from the University of Miami, where he was a starting defensive tackle on the Hurricanes' undefeated 1991 National Co-champion football team. The team defeated the Nebraska 22-0 in the 1992 Orange Bowl. He earned two degrees at Nova Southeastern University: a master's in education",
"title": "Anthony Hamlet"
},
{
"id": "324628",
"text": "men's and women's varsity sports. The largest varsity sport is rowing, with almost 150 athletes. Princeton's football team has a long and storied history. Princeton played against Rutgers University in the first intercollegiate football game in the U.S. on Nov 6, 1869. By a score of 6–4, Rutgers won the game, which was played by rules similar to modern rugby. Today Princeton is a member of the Football Championship Subdivision of NCAA Division I. As of the end of the 2010 season, Princeton had won 26 national football championships, more than any other school. The men's basketball program is noted",
"title": "Princeton University"
},
{
"id": "4211353",
"text": "first touchdown reception covered fifty-three yards, the second covered thirty-five yards. The fourth quarter eight yard touchdown run ended his day. Shelton-Mosley was named Ivy League Rookie of the Year. The game played November 19 in Boston ended two streaks. Yale won, 21–14, denying Harvard its fourth consecutive shared or outright Ivy League football title, and ending Yale's nine-game losing streak in The Game. Some past participants and teams have been noteworthy. Yale claims twenty seven collegiate national football season-ending number one poll rankings or championships. Harvard football claims seven such rankings or championships. Yale or Harvard athletes, cheerleaders, coaches,",
"title": "Harvard–Yale football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "16047926",
"text": "which \"empowered\" Sandusky to continue his abuse. The Freeh Report had severe outcomes for Penn State. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) used the Freeh Report in lieu of its own investigation to impose sanctions on the Penn State football program. On July 23, 2012, the NCAA imposed a $60 million fine, four-year postseason ban, scholarship reductions, and vacated all victories from 1998 to 2011. These sanctions were considered to be among the most severe ever imposed on an NCAA member school. NCAA President Mark Emmert stated that the sanctions were levied \"not to be just punitive, but to make",
"title": "Penn State child sex abuse scandal"
},
{
"id": "13951371",
"text": "fact that the College of William & Mary was not a member of the Ivy League, they were chosen to participate in 1988 and 1992 seasons' Epson Ivy Bowls. Long considered a \"public ivy\", William & Mary was the only true non-Ivy League school to send players to Japan. Ivy Bowl The Ivy Bowl (also known as the Epson Ivy Bowl) was an international college football game played between an American, 43-man all-star team (composed of only Ivy League players) versus a team of college all-stars from Japan. The first Epson Ivy Bowl occurred on January 8, 1989, and the",
"title": "Ivy Bowl"
},
{
"id": "2880759",
"text": "of the residence halls. University Courtyard offers a computer lab and an outdoor swimming pool. The Courtyard has lighted parking, an electronic room and hall lock system, gated bicycle racks and campus escorts. During the fall and spring, all halls have live-in staff available 24 hours/7 days a week. Fresno State is a member of the NCAA Division I Mountain West Conference. The university's 22 varsity sports teams are known as the Bulldogs, and the school's colors are cardinal red and blue. Fresno State has made several runs at NCAA tournaments in basketball, football, soccer, tennis, baseball, softball, and volleyball.",
"title": "California State University, Fresno"
},
{
"id": "13049670",
"text": "after retiring from Notre Dame. In 1989, Holtz led the Irish to a 12–1 record. The Irish began the season in the Kickoff Classic game in East Rutherford, New Jersey against Virginia. The Irish won by a score of 36–13. Next, top-ranked Notre Dame defeated #2 Michigan by a score of 24–19. That was followed by wins over Michigan State, Purdue, Stanford, #17 Air Force, #9 USC, #7 Pittsburgh, Navy, SMU and #17 Penn State. The Irish would lose to #7 Miami the following week, ending Notre Dame's 23-game winning streak. Holtz would lead the Irish to a victory in",
"title": "History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "1927020",
"text": "Sigma Phi Epsilon, Sigma Tau Gamma, and Tau Kappa Epsilon. There are 4 NPC sororities, Alpha Sigma Alpha, Delta Zeta, Phi Mu, and Theta Phi Alpha and there are 4 NPHC organizations, Alpha Kappa Alpha, Alpha Phi Alpha, Delta Sigma Theta, and Sigma Gamma Rho. When the school was still known as Fenn College, the sports teams' nickname was the Foxes. When the University was renamed Cleveland State, the nickname changed as well, and CSU's sports teams became the \"Vikings\". That nickname stands to this day. The school colors are forest green and white. For many years the school mascot",
"title": "Cleveland State University"
},
{
"id": "10021368",
"text": "Ohio State the national championship. Alabama vaulted the Buckeyes into the top spot in both polls, and the Crimson Tide finished the regular season 11-0 to earn the number one ranking in the UPI coaches poll, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll at that time. Notre Dame ended up as AP national champions by defeating Alabama 24-23 in the Sugar Bowl, leaving the Buckeyes second in both wire-service surveys. To this day, the aftermath of the 1973 Michigan-Ohio State contest remains one of the biggest controversies in college football history. 1973 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game The 1973",
"title": "1973 Ohio State vs. Michigan football game"
},
{
"id": "9108564",
"text": "rivalry. The idea for a school bell trophy stemmed from the two schools' common origins as teachers' colleges from the late 1800s to the 1930s. The last meeting between Troy and Jacksonville State was in 2001, with Troy (then known as Troy State) winning 21–3. Official record (including any NCAA imposed vacates and forfeits) against all current Sun Belt opponents: Larry Blakeney Field at Veterans Memorial Stadium is nicknamed \"The Vet\" and has a seating capacity of 30,000. The stadium was originally dedicated to the Troy State Teachers College students and Pike County residents who had died in World War",
"title": "Troy Trojans football"
},
{
"id": "4208464",
"text": "Ray Kemp was the team's coach for an extended period of time beginning in 1934. Joe Fourqurean played professionally for the British Columbia Lions of the Canadian Football League. There are also several intramural sports including swimming, mixed martial arts, soccer, bowling and flag football. Bluefield State College currently hosts two fraternities (Lambda Chi Omega and Delta Sigma Tau) and three sororities (Delta Chi Omega, Phi Sigma Zeta, and Alpha Kappa Alpha). Notes Further reading Bluefield State College Bluefield State College (BSC) is a historically black college located in Bluefield, West Virginia, United States. It is a part of West",
"title": "Bluefield State College"
},
{
"id": "10998526",
"text": "2007 Stanford vs. USC football game The 2007 Stanford vs. USC football game was an NCAA college football game held on October 6, 2007, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California. In a remarkable upset, the visiting Stanford Cardinal won 24–23 despite USC having been favored by 41 points entering the game. This result was the biggest point spread upset of all time in college football (since surpassed by the Howard University Bison in 2017, who were 45-point underdogs heading into a road game against the UNLV Rebels). USC entered the game with a 35-game home game",
"title": "2007 Stanford vs. USC football game"
},
{
"id": "7699511",
"text": "speed and used it on both the track and the football field. Wearing No. 22 during the 1967 and 1968 seasons, McCulloch played wide receiver on an offensive USC Trojan Football squad that featured tailback O. J. Simpson. Defensive coverages had difficulty covering McCullouch in pass routes and chasing him after pass completions due to his sprinter's speed. McCullouch also provided down-field blocking on break-away plays, often for 1968 Heisman Trophy winner Simpson. As a member of the USC Track & Field team, McCulloch was the NCAA 110 Yard High Hurdle champion in 1967 and 1968, the NCAA 55 yard",
"title": "Earl McCullouch"
},
{
"id": "4257571",
"text": "Simpson of USC in 1967 and 1968. This is a list of the schools that have had a player win the Walter Camp Award. USC has the most award winners, with six. In total, players from 22 different schools have won the Walter Camp Award. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Designates double award winner Walter Camp Award The Walter Camp Player of the Year Award is given annually to the collegiate American football player of the year, as decided by a group of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I FBS head coaches and sports information directors under the auspices of the Walter Camp Football",
"title": "Walter Camp Award"
},
{
"id": "11717959",
"text": "1948, the second-longest in NCAA FBS history. Kansas State also had losing streaks of 18 and 17 games in the 1960s. In the middle of posting a 0–10 record in the 1947 season, the Kansas State program slipped below the .500 all-time winning percentage, where it has remained since. However, there were a few shining moments during these decades. On October 28, 1939, Kansas State hosted the second televised college football game (and the first televised homecoming game), losing to Nebraska 25–9. In the mid-1950s, coach Bill Meek started to rebuild the program. In 1953, Kansas State posted a 5–3–1",
"title": "Kansas State Wildcats football"
},
{
"id": "11199021",
"text": "the magnanimous statements of Coach Crisler and Father Cavanagh, the reversed decision in the post-bowl poll only stoked the debate over which team was best. Said one columnist: \"Hottest argument of the moment is the one over which had the better football team, Michigan or Notre Dame.\" Forty years later, the debate was still ongoing. In 1988, Michigan center Dan Dworsky noted: \"Notre Dame still claims that national championship and so do we.\" On January 5, 1948, head coach Fritz Crisler announced that he had awarded varsity letters to 35 members of the 1947 football team. The 35 letter winners",
"title": "1947 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "887829",
"text": "first game played at the stadium was on October 4, 1958. Arizona State defeated West Texas State 16–13. On September 21, 1996, the playing surface was named in honor of former ASU football coaching great Frank Kush, and the name of the stadium was changed from Sun Devil Stadium to Sun Devil Stadium, Frank Kush Field. That night ASU shut out #1 Nebraska 19–0. The largest crowd ever seated for a college football game at the stadium was 80,470 for the 1999 Fiesta Bowl, where the Tennessee Volunteers beat the Florida State Seminoles, 23–16 on January 4, 1999 to win",
"title": "Sun Devil Stadium"
},
{
"id": "2369858",
"text": "a student/teacher ratio of 27:1. In 2010, FIU was listed as one of 16 universities with the toughest grading system nationally. In 2000, FIU became the youngest university to be awarded a Phi Beta Kappa chapter, the country's oldest and most distinguished academic honor society. FIU is one of only 78 universities nationwide to hold both designations. \"U.S. News & World Report\" reported that FIU students are among the least indebted college students in the nation, and recognized the university as a \"best buy\" in higher education.The organization also reported FIU for having one of the safest campus in the",
"title": "Florida International University"
},
{
"id": "10545900",
"text": "1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game The 1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame Game was a regular season college football game between the unbeaten Florida State Seminoles (ranked #1 in the nation), and the unbeaten Notre Dame Fighting Irish (ranked #2 in the nation). The game took place at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. The game is one of the 20th-century college football games to be coined a \"Game of the Century.\" Florida State entered the game as the #1 team in the country, led by quarterback",
"title": "1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game"
},
{
"id": "5862139",
"text": "Miami Hurricanes football The Miami Hurricanes football team represents the University of Miami in the sport of American football. The Hurricanes compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)'s Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The program began in 1926 and has won five AP national championships (1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001). The Miami Hurricanes are among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history. Miami is ranked fourth on the list of All-time Associated Press National Poll Championships, tied with Southern California and Ohio State and behind",
"title": "Miami Hurricanes football"
},
{
"id": "4627200",
"text": "regalia as a service or fundraiser. Many fraternities and sororities are referred to by their membership or by non-members as honor societies, and vice versa, though this is not always the case. Honor societies exist at the high school, collegiate/university, and postgraduate levels, although university honor societies are by far the most prevalent. In America, the oldest academic society, Phi Beta Kappa, was founded as a social and literary fraternity in 1776 at the College of William and Mary and later organized as an honor society in 1898, following the establishment of the honor societies Tau Beta Pi for Engineering",
"title": "Honor society"
},
{
"id": "1975141",
"text": "organizations on campus, like Alpha Kappa Psi, an internationally recognized Professional Business Fraternity and Tau Beta Sigma, a band fraternity. The university also hosts a chapter of the Alpha Phi Omega co-educational service fraternity. University of Kentucky student-athletes compete as the Wildcats under colors Kentucky blue and white. Beginning in the 1890s, students at the A&M scheduled football games with neighboring colleges. In 1902, the women's basketball program began on campus, and the men's team was added one year later. The \"Wildcats\" became associated with the university shortly after a football victory over Illinois on October 9, 1909. The then-chief",
"title": "University of Kentucky"
},
{
"id": "6649985",
"text": "Larry Kelley Lawrence Morgan Kelley (May 30, 1915 – June 27, 2000) was an American football player born in Conneaut, Ohio. He played college football as an end at Yale University. While at Yale he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones, and was the second winner of the Heisman Trophy in 1936, the year it was renamed in honor of John Heisman. His jersey number was 19. Kelley was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1969. Kelley was an All-American and the captain of the Yale football team. Following his career",
"title": "Larry Kelley"
},
{
"id": "11221029",
"text": "USC then went out and claimed the national title with a 14–3 over Indiana in the Rose Bowl. Effectively eliminated from finishing #1 after USC's win, #2 Tennessee went out and lost in the Orange Bowl to #3 Oklahoma, 26–24. The final poll was 1. USC 2. Oklahoma 3. Oregon State 4. Notre Dame 5. Indiana 6. Purdue 7. Texas A & M 8. UCLA 9. Tennessee 10. Alabama Prior to 1973, the NCAA was divided into two divisions, University and College. College Division teams (also referred to as \"small college\") were ranked in polls by the AP (a panel",
"title": "1967 college football season"
},
{
"id": "11296559",
"text": "second, Sewanee, a might good second;\" and that Aubrey Lanier \"came near winning the Vanderbilt game by his brilliant dashes after receiving punts.\" Thanksgiving Day, November 28, saw St. Louis University stun the University of Nebraska 34-0 before 20,000 at Sportsman's Park. The following is a potentially incomplete list of conference standings: The consensus All-America team included: 1907 college football season The 1907 IAAUS football season saw the increased use of the forward pass, which had been legalized the year before. Football remained a dangerous game, despite the \"debrutalization\" reforms, and an unprecedented eleven players were killed (9 high school",
"title": "1907 college football season"
},
{
"id": "16193351",
"text": "a 1-yard touchdown run. It was the fifth consecutive year that Notre Dame and Pittsburgh played a game decided by less than a touchdown – with two of those reaching overtime. Plus, of the last nine meetings between the schools, eight have been decided by eight points or fewer. In 2011, Notre Dame won 24–17 in Winston-Salem. Notre Dame is now 2–0 against Wake Forest. With this victory, Notre Dame became this season's final undefeated major bowl-eligible team in college football. For the first time since its 1988 championship season, Notre Dame came into the Los Angeles Coliseum with a",
"title": "2012 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team"
},
{
"id": "3714054",
"text": "have participated in the Olympic Games, winning twelve Olympic medals: four gold, four silver, and four bronze. Florida State has been represented at every Summer Olympics since 1972, sending a school-record 21 athletes in 2016. The athletic department emerged in January 2010 from NCAA sanctions resulting from the discovery of academic cheating by athletes in 2006–2007. This discovery involved athletes in ten sports programs who were taking an online course in music history. An NCAA investigation resulted in scholarship limits and negation of wins involving compromised athletes. Florida State appealed parts of the decision. The penalties removed fourteen football wins",
"title": "Florida State Seminoles"
},
{
"id": "9987392",
"text": "the entire school a day off to celebrate. Sportswriter Walter S. Trumbull of \"The New York Sun\" suggested that the Michigan Aggies, Washington & Jefferson, Chicago University, and Notre Dame were the new \"Big 4 of College Football\" instead of the traditional grouping of Princeton, Yale, Harvard, and Penn. Folwell's 1914 squad lost at Harvard in front of 15,000 fans by a score of 10–9. If not for an errant kick that hit the crossbar, W&J would have won the same and at least a share of the mythical national championship. That squad saved face by becoming only the seventh",
"title": "Bob Folwell"
},
{
"id": "8225572",
"text": "April 11, 1987, SMU announced its football team would stay shuttered for 1988 as well, citing the near-certainty that it would not have enough experienced players left to field a competitive team. Their concerns proved valid, as new coach Forrest Gregg was left with a severely undersized and underweight roster composed mostly of freshmen. Before the \"death penalty\" was instituted, SMU was a storied program in college football, with a Heisman Trophy winner (Doak Walker in 1949), one national championship (from the Dickinson System in 1935) and 10 Southwest Conference (SWC) titles. The Mustangs compiled a 52–19–1 record from 1980",
"title": "Death penalty (NCAA)"
},
{
"id": "8921651",
"text": "championships through June 7, 2018. Sources: In football, Mississippi State and Mississippi meet each year in the Egg Bowl. The game was first played in 1901, with the Rebels currently leading the all-time series 89–35–6. In basketball, ole miss leads the series over Mississippi 138–105. In baseball, ole miss leads the series 241–196–5. The school colors are maroon and white. The first teams representing Mississippi A&M, forerunner of Mississippi State, were called the Aggies. When the school officially became Mississippi State College in 1932, they were nicknamed the Maroons. The nickname officially became \"Bulldogs\" in 1961. However, \"Bulldogs\" had been",
"title": "Mississippi State Bulldogs"
},
{
"id": "11376887",
"text": "been selected as first-team All-Americans. Consensus All-Americans are noted below with bold typeface. Yale Bulldogs football The Yale Bulldogs football program represents Yale University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA). Yale's football program is one of the oldest in the world (i.e. North America), having begun competing in the sport in 1872. The Bulldogs have a legacy that includes 27 national championships, two of the first three Heisman Trophy winners (Larry Kelley in 1936 and Clint Frank in 1937), 100 consensus All-Americans, 28 College Football Hall of Fame inductees, including the \"Father",
"title": "Yale Bulldogs football"
},
{
"id": "8803580",
"text": "for a national championship two years earlier was snuffed out by USC, were hungry, while the Spartans had history and home-field advantage on their side. This was the first time in 20 years that a college football matchup was given the \"Game of the Century\" tag by the national media, and ABC had the nation's viewers in its grip, with equal parts Notre Dame fans and Michigan State fans. It was the tenth time in the 30-year history of the AP poll that the No. 1 team played the No. 2 team. The Spartans had defeated Notre Dame the prior",
"title": "1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game"
},
{
"id": "4216130",
"text": "after September 1st, 2018, stands at 907 wins, 323 losses, and 42 ties. The winning percentage of is 1st All-Time. Its 907 wins are second only behind Michigan, while its 324 losses are tied with Ohio State as the second lowest of any college programs that have been playing football for 100 years or more, behind Oklahoma's 323. Notre Dame has made 35 Bowl appearances, winning 17 and losing 18. After an initial appearance in a postseason contest in the 1925 Rose Bowl, the Fighting Irish refused to participate in bowl games for more than four decades; writers like Dan",
"title": "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "8606189",
"text": "Conference titles before joining the ACC. The program has participated in 33 bowl games over the years, winning 16. The 1981 squad, led by Head Coach Danny Ford, became the first athletic team in school history to win a national championship. Clemson defeated Nebraska 22–15 in the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida to win the 1981 NCAA Football National Championship. Stars of the game included Homer Jordan (QB) and Perry Tuttle (WR). Clemson finished the year 12–0 and ranked #1 in the Associated Press and Coaches polls. Some of the most notable coaching names in Clemson football history are John",
"title": "Clemson Tigers"
},
{
"id": "8087232",
"text": "victories count as a series and the series is worth 5 points, with 2.5 points awarded to each university in the case of a split.) USC won the trophy's inaugural 2001–02 season, and again in 2003–04 and 2005–06, and then seven straight years from 2007–08 to most recently 2013-14. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is one of the largest stadiums in America. USC has played football in the Coliseum ever since the grand stadium was built in 1923. In fact, the Trojans played in the first varsity football game ever held there (beating Pomona College, 23–7, on Oct. 6, 1923).",
"title": "USC Trojans"
},
{
"id": "9253544",
"text": "the National Funding Holiday Bowl (San Diego) and Foster Farms Bowl (San Francisco). A second San Diego game, the San Diego County Credit Union Poinsettia Bowl, was discontinued after the 2016 season. California has produced the most Heisman Trophy winners. Fourteen winners were both born and played high school football in the Golden State. Seven played collegiately at USC and one each at UCLA, Stanford, Army, Texas, Colorado, Notre Dame, and Miami. The following California universities are members of NCAA Division I, or have announced plans to upgrade from Division II to Division I (highlighted in green): California has hosted",
"title": "Sports in California"
},
{
"id": "6006165",
"text": "NFL history, officially announced his retirement on April 30, 2010. Feagles attended Gerard High School in Phoenix, Arizona and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball. In his 22 seasons career, Feagles never missed a game. Following a single season at Scottsdale Community College, Feagles played college football at the University of Miami. He joined the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity during his time as an undergraduate. He won a national championship with Miami's 1987 team. Feagles was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame at its 40th Annual Banquet on Wednesday, February 13, 2008 at Miami's",
"title": "Jeff Feagles"
},
{
"id": "5117339",
"text": "the outer two (both larger) are used in addition to the original pylons to hold up the new board. This new scoreboard ranks third largest college football scoreboard. A portion of the East stands' bleachers were replaced in Sping/Summer of 2017. During the 2018 season, Virginia Tech unveiled a commissioned statue of former head coach Frank Beamer in front of Lane Stadium's main entrance. The statue was erected to pay tribute to Beamer who coached at his alma mater for 29 seasons, winning 238 games and guiding the Hokies to 23 straight bowl games. The former coach is being inducted",
"title": "Lane Stadium"
},
{
"id": "3431447",
"text": "Star Conference (LSC). Men's Soccer competes in the Heartland Conference. The school mascot is the mustang. The basketball and volleyball teams play at D.L. Ligon Coliseum. The football team plays at Memorial Stadium (Wichita Falls). The soccer teams play at the MSU Soccer Field. The softball team plays at Mustangs Park. The tennis teams play at the MSU Tennis Center. The university's campus covers with over 50 buildings uniformly built of red brick with tiled roofs and arched facades. Students are members of 16 nationally affiliated fraternities and sororities. Sororities on campus include Kappa Delta Chi, Sigma Kappa, Chi Omega,",
"title": "Midwestern State University"
},
{
"id": "13049712",
"text": "USC and #14 NC State. But it all came crashing down when #3 Notre Dame visited #7 Miami in South Florida on Nov 7, 2017. An embarrassing 41-8 loss effectively ended the Irish hopes of a playoff run. They went on to struggle in final games to Navy (W 24-17) and Stanford (L 20-38). The strong start and disappointing finish made for mixed feeling among Irish fans after a horrific 2016 season. History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football Football did not have an auspicious beginning at the University of Notre Dame. In their inaugural game on November 23, 1887,",
"title": "History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football"
},
{
"id": "3376321",
"text": "Johnson raised millions of dollars for new buildings and for upgrading all of the schools. National honor societies, including Phi Beta Kappa, were established on the campus of Howard. During his administration, it was said that Howard had the greatest collection of African American scholars to be found anywhere. Notable scholars at Howard included: Johnson brought Howard university into national prominence and served as president of Howard for 34 years, since 1926 until his retirement in 1960. In this time the enrollment at Howard University increased from 2,000 in 1926 to more than 10,000 in 1960. Johnson was an annual",
"title": "Mordecai Wyatt Johnson"
},
{
"id": "18831156",
"text": "1992 All-SEC football team The 1992 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by various selectors for the 1992 college football season. The Alabama Crimson Tide won the conference, beating the Florida Gators 28 to 21 in the inaugural SEC Championship game. The Crimson Tide then won a national championship, defeating the Miami Hurricanes 34 to 13 in the Sugar Bowl. Georgia running back Garrison Hearst was voted SEC Player of the Year. AP = Associated Press Coaches = selected by the SEC coaches Bold = Consensus first-team selection by both AP",
"title": "1992 All-SEC football team"
},
{
"id": "4812120",
"text": "football stadium at Xavier High School was renamed Rocky Bleier Field on the Knights of Columbus Sports Complex on October 12, 2007. Bleier tossed the coin to start the high school football game that day. He had spoken earlier in the day to students at an assembly. The entire student body wore T-shirts with his number 23, the only number retired in the school's history. On the following day, the third day of a three-day event, mayor Tim Hanna unveiled a street named in his honor. The former Oneida Court was renamed Rocky Bleier Run. Rocky Bleier Robert Patrick \"Rocky\"",
"title": "Rocky Bleier"
},
{
"id": "9145572",
"text": "18 enshrinees, second-most among ACC programs behind Pittsburgh (25). Syracuse has had 11 players and 7 former coaches inducted into the Hall of Fame. Syracuse’s legacy in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ranks among the finest of any college football program. The Orange boast eight inductees, tied for the fourth-most of any school. Only Notre Dame (13), USC (12) and Ohio State (10) have more representatives in the Pro Football Hall of Fame than Syracuse. Upon its completion in 1907, Archbold Stadium was touted as the \"Greatest Athletic Arena in America.\" Designed to resemble the Roman Coliseum and to",
"title": "Syracuse Orange football"
},
{
"id": "9144374",
"text": "the hero, finding a wide-open Rich Gunnell for a 43-yard TD pass with 1:46 to go to give the Eagles the 20–17 lead. Clemson's 54-yard FG attempt to tie the game fell short, clinching the victory for Boston College. The Eagles eventually lost the ACC Championship Game to the Hokies. BC played in the Champs Sports Bowl against the Michigan State Spartans, winning 24–21. 2007 marked the second time in Eagle history that the team won 11 games, the other being the undefeated 1940 season. Matt Ryan won the Manning Award and the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award, becoming BC's",
"title": "Boston College Eagles football"
},
{
"id": "6776598",
"text": "\"Sporting News\" named the 1944–45 Army West Point Black Knights / Cadets / the Corps and 1946 Fighting Irish the second and fifth greatest teams of the 20th Century respectively. November 19, 1966: Notre Dame Fighting Irish vs. Michigan State Spartans, at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan. Notre Dame, which hadn't won a national championship since 1949, was ranked #1 in one poll and #2 in the other. Defending National Champion Michigan State entered the game ranked #2 in one poll and #1 in the other. This was the first time in 20 years that a college football game",
"title": "Game of the Century (college football)"
},
{
"id": "4679862",
"text": "in the highest percentile in the nation. Alabama Crimson Tide The Alabama Crimson Tide refers to the 21 men and women varsity teams that represent the University of Alabama. The Crimson Tide teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I as a member of the Southeastern Conference (with the exception of rowing, which competes in the Big 12 Conference). In 2002, \"Sports Illustrated\" named Alabama the No. 26 best collegiate sports program in America. Athletics facilities on the campus include the 101,821-seat Bryant–Denny Stadium, named after football coach Paul \"Bear\" Bryant and former University President George Denny, 15,316-seat",
"title": "Alabama Crimson Tide"
},
{
"id": "6666797",
"text": "Meridian, Mississippi, actress Sela Ward was an honoree (or \"little sister\") for the Delta Chi chapter of Phi Kappa. Phi Kappa's founding is shrouded in mystery. Though tradition records a founding date of February 3, 1900 for the fraternity, if this is accurate, Phi Kappa must have remained strictly subrosa at the institution of its birth, the Southern University Preparatory School in Greensboro, Alabama, for at least fifteen years. No names or other information are known about this supposed turn-of-the-century founding, a fact which may well be due to the secretive nature of the Alpha Chapter. On the other hand,",
"title": "Phi Kappa (secondary)"
},
{
"id": "18831157",
"text": "and Coaches 1992 All-SEC football team The 1992 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by various selectors for the 1992 college football season. The Alabama Crimson Tide won the conference, beating the Florida Gators 28 to 21 in the inaugural SEC Championship game. The Crimson Tide then won a national championship, defeating the Miami Hurricanes 34 to 13 in the Sugar Bowl. Georgia running back Garrison Hearst was voted SEC Player of the Year. AP = Associated Press Coaches = selected by the SEC coaches Bold = Consensus first-team selection by",
"title": "1992 All-SEC football team"
},
{
"id": "5858592",
"text": "their second-worst over any five-year span in history (only the mark of 29–29–2 from 1956–1961 was worse), and the period marked the first and only time USC had been out of the final top 20 teams for four straight years. In 2009, USC was named \"Team of the Decade\" by both CBSSports.com and Football.com, as well as the \"Program of the Decade\" by SI.com, plus was No. 1 in CollegeFootballNews.com's \"5-Year Program Rankings\" and was ranked No. 2 in ESPN.com's \"Prestige Rankings\" among all schools since 1936 (behind Oklahoma). Additionally, in 2009, ESPN.com ranked USC the second-best program in college",
"title": "USC Trojans football"
},
{
"id": "253183",
"text": "Year award, which had never before been bestowed upon a play outside of the NCAA's Bowl Subdivision. In 2008, Millsaps quarterback Juan Joseph was awarded the Conerly Trophy, which goes to the best football player in the state of Mississippi. The school is home to six different fraternities: Kappa Alpha Order, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Pi Kappa Alpha, Lambda Chi Alpha, Kappa Sigma, and Alpha Phi Alpha; as well as six sororities: Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Delta, Phi Mu, Chi Omega, Alpha Kappa Alpha, and Zeta Phi Beta. Nearly 53 years after founding the college, Millsaps was chosen as one of",
"title": "Millsaps College"
},
{
"id": "11230826",
"text": "USC won 29–20 at #15 Minnesota. #3 Notre Dame beat #5 Oklahoma 45–21 at South Bend, while #4 Texas was tied 20–20 at home by #11 Houston. In a proud moment for football in Indiana, Purdue remained at first, and Notre Dame rose to second, days before the annual meeting between the two schools. #10 Penn State beat Navy 31–6 and took Oklahoma's place at fourth in the poll. #6 Florida defeated Air Force 23–20 in Tampa and was fifth.<br>The poll was 1.Purdue 2.Notre Dame 3.USC 4.Penn State 5.Florida September 28 #1 Purdue traveled to #2 Notre Dame and won,",
"title": "1968 college football season"
},
{
"id": "9571332",
"text": "Cross Country Championship, UM's men and women again finished last out of 12 teams. UM has both men's and women's diving teams. In 2008, the men's team finished 11th (57 pts.) at the ACC Championships and finished 18th (40 pts.) at the NCAA Championships. Historically, the Hurricanes are one of the most predominant college football programs in the nation. They have won five Division I national football championships (1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, and 2001), and are currently tied for fourth on the list of all-time Associated Press National Poll Championships, with Ohio State and USC, behind Notre Dame, Oklahoma and",
"title": "Miami Hurricanes"
},
{
"id": "13468082",
"text": "its only Ivy title. It also marked the turning point in Penn’s Ivy football play, with the Quakers winning or sharing another 16 Ivy titles during the 35 years since then. Penn Quakers football The Penn Quakers football team is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Penn Quakers have competed in the Ivy League since its inaugural season of 1956, and are currently a Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Penn has played in 1,364 football games, the most of any school in any division.",
"title": "Penn Quakers football"
},
{
"id": "1557927",
"text": "limiting time for student recreation. Following the removal of these obligations, students became active in extracurricular activities and established many of the school's first athletic and student organizations. The first edition of the student newspaper known as the \"Athenaeum\", now \"The Daily Athenaeum\", was published in 1887, and the \"West Virginia Law Review\" became the fourth-oldest law review in the United States when it was founded in 1894. Phi Kappa Psi was the first fraternity on campus, founded May 23, 1890, while Kappa Delta, the first sorority at WVU, was established in 1899. The first football team was formed in",
"title": "West Virginia University"
},
{
"id": "12056991",
"text": "Harvard Crimson football The Harvard Crimson football program represents Harvard University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA). Harvard's football program is one of the oldest in the world, having begun competing in the sport in 1873. The Crimson has a legacy that includes thirteen national championships and 20 College Football Hall of Fame inductees, including the first African-American college football player William H. Lewis, Huntington \"Tack\" Hardwick, Barry Wood, Percy Haughton, and Eddie Mahan. Harvard is the eighth winningest team in NCAA Division I football history. The Harvard Crimson was one of",
"title": "Harvard Crimson football"
},
{
"id": "198538",
"text": "2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe (Cornell), two-time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie (Brown), Sean Morey (Brown), All-Pro selection Matt Birk (Harvard), Calvin Hill (Yale), Derrick Harmon (Cornell) and 1999 \"Mr. Irrelevant\" Jim Finn (Penn). Beginning with the 1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed in Division I-AA (renamed FCS",
"title": "Ivy League"
},
{
"id": "3311343",
"text": "one of the more scenic routes in Kentucky. It is six lanes in parts of the city of Pikeville. In 2002, it was officially named a National Scenic Byway. US 23 also gains attention during college football season as it holds a direct connection between Ann Arbor, Michigan (home of the University of Michigan) and Columbus, Ohio (site of The Ohio State University) and the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry. Each year at the end of November a convoy of fans travels either north or south depending on where that year's game is being held. Unsubstantiated rumors that the host state",
"title": "U.S. Route 23"
},
{
"id": "3980910",
"text": "St. Petersburg provides further research opportunities. Eckerd students have won more NOAA Hollings Scholarships than students at any other school (66 recipients ). Phi Beta Kappa (Eckerd is one of the youngest colleges in the country to be awarded a chapter) and Sigma Xi are among the nationally recognized academic societies at Eckerd College. Eckerd's Ethics Bowl teams have consistently captured awards in intercollegiate competition, winning the competition for seven straight years (2004-2011). Supporting the academic program is the Peter H. Armacost library, a $15 million facility opened in January 2005. The two-story library is located near the college's student",
"title": "Eckerd College"
},
{
"id": "1307519",
"text": "donate the most blood during a week before their annual rivalry football game. Since the tradition began in 1985, more than 90,000 pints of blood have been donated. The blood drive is sponsored by the Alpha Phi Omega National Service Fraternity, and donations at Clemson Benefit The Blood Connection and the AnMed Blood Center. Clemson University teams are known as the Tigers. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level (Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) sub-level for football), primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 1953-54 season. Men's",
"title": "Clemson University"
},
{
"id": "2874998",
"text": "Davidson College Davidson College is a private liberal arts college in Davidson, North Carolina with a historic 665-acre main campus and a 110-acre lake campus on Lake Norman. The college has graduated 23 Rhodes Scholars. Davidson annually enrolls about 1950 students from 47 states and 40 countries. Of those students, nearly 80 percent study abroad and about 25 percent participate in 19 NCAA Division I sports. Students may choose from 26 majors and 17 interdisciplinary minors, as well as other interdisciplinary studies. The college is governed by an honor code and the majority of students, about 93 percent, live on",
"title": "Davidson College"
},
{
"id": "9145556",
"text": "other performances throughout the year. It is one of the largest student organizations at Syracuse University, consisting of approximately 200 members. Founded in 1901, it is one of the oldest collegiate bands in the nation. Over the course of almost 120 years, the \"Pride of the Orange\" has played a huge role in University history and has been a constant source of pride for the University. The two schools first met on October 18, 1924, a 10–0 win for the Syracuse Orange. The Eagles and the Orange began playing an annual game in 1961. To date, Boston College and Syracuse",
"title": "Syracuse Orange football"
},
{
"id": "13951370",
"text": "Ivy Bowl The Ivy Bowl (also known as the Epson Ivy Bowl) was an international college football game played between an American, 43-man all-star team (composed of only Ivy League players) versus a team of college all-stars from Japan. The first Epson Ivy Bowl occurred on January 8, 1989, and the final game occurred at the conclusion of the 1996 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The United States won every match-up. The wins, because they were not between two NCAA-affiliated schools and some of the years were mixed school (all-star) teams do not count toward official win-loss records. Despite the",
"title": "Ivy Bowl"
},
{
"id": "12057001",
"text": "Football League. Since the first All-American team was selected by Caspar Whitney in 1889, more than 100 Harvard football players have been selected as first-team All-Americans. Consensus All-Americans are noted below with bold typeface. Harvard Crimson football The Harvard Crimson football program represents Harvard University in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA). Harvard's football program is one of the oldest in the world, having begun competing in the sport in 1873. The Crimson has a legacy that includes thirteen national championships and 20 College Football Hall of Fame inductees, including the first African-American",
"title": "Harvard Crimson football"
},
{
"id": "3714194",
"text": "the all-time bowl losing streak of nine straight with the loss to LSU in the 2007 Sugar Bowl before beating Hawaii in the 2008 Hawaii Bowl. Notre Dame is also the only football program in the nation, including both collegiate and professional ones, with every home game being on national broadcast television. In addition to having the oldest university marching band in the country, the school has many rivalries in football, the most famous ones being with USC, Navy, Michigan State, Army, Purdue, and Michigan. Notre Dame played in arguably the greatest, although certainly not the most-watched (due to Notre",
"title": "Notre Dame Fighting Irish"
},
{
"id": "14327926",
"text": "Michigan Aggies, Washington & Jefferson, Chicago University, and Notre Dame were the new \"Big 4 of College Football\" instead of the traditional grouping of Princeton, Yale, Harvard, and Penn. Following the 1913 season, Cruishank was selected to be the captain of the 1914 football team. The 1914 team lost at Harvard in front of 15,000 fans by a score of 10-9. If not for an errant kick that hit the crossbar, W&J would have won the Harvard game and at least a share of the mythical national championship. The 1914 team went on to defeat Yale by a score of",
"title": "Burleigh Cruikshank"
},
{
"id": "7198690",
"text": "for naming rights to the Sun Bowl expired and the game reverted to its former name. Although Nebraska, Penn State and Alabama were still ranked in the Top 10, many of college football's legendary teams finished the regular season with their lowest rankings in years. Ohio State finished the season ranked #14 in the AP poll while Michigan was #20 and USC #21. Notre Dame, which started the season ranked fourth, finished the season unranked as did preseason #16 Oklahoma. Due to several fighting incidents that occurred during the 1993 season (including one between the Miami Hurricanes and the Colorado",
"title": "1994 NCAA Division I-A football season"
},
{
"id": "342270",
"text": "grade inflation over the years, noting, for example, that only ten students graduated with a perfect 4.0 GPA in the period from 1983 to 2012. (Transcripts are accompanied by a card explaining Reed's relatively tough grading system so as not to penalize students applying to graduate schools.) Although Reed does not award Latin honors to graduates, it confers several awards for academic achievement at commencement, including naming students to Phi Beta Kappa. Reed has no fraternities or sororities and few NCAA sports teams although physical education classes (which range from kayaking to juggling) are required for graduation. Reed also has",
"title": "Reed College"
},
{
"id": "2340015",
"text": "IX related decisions decimated the program. The program was restored in 2016. After an 11-2 finish in 2012, SJSU's football team achieved its first-ever BCS ranking and first national ranking since 1990. SJSU was ranked #21 in both the 2012 post-season Associated Press Poll and the USA Today Coaches' Poll. A heated debate was held in 1925 over the effort of some students to change the school colors from gold and white to purple and white. Tradition won out, and it was decided to keep the original colors — gold and white. This same issue came before the students again",
"title": "San Jose State University"
},
{
"id": "9105347",
"text": "Edwin F. Blair Edwin Foster \"Ted\" Blair (1901-1970) was the co-founder of a New York law firm, a member of many corporate boards, a former All-American football player, and an alumni leader at Yale University. Edwin F. Blair graduated from Terrill School for Boys in Dallas (a precursor to St. Mark's School of Texas) before spending an additional year at the Hotchkiss School where he graduated 1920. He then graduated from Yale University with an AB in 1924. At Yale, he was member of Phi Beta Kappa, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Skull and Bones. He was an All American tackle",
"title": "Edwin F. Blair"
},
{
"id": "1910451",
"text": "Report's Best Colleges Rankings. Historically, the division was colloquially called the \"egghead eight\", or \"nerdy nine\" when Johns Hopkins was a member. This stems both from the academic strength of the member schools, and the fact that the conference prioritizes academic achievement over athletic prowess. All of the universities listed above are founding members except Brandeis, which joined shortly before official competition began in October 1987. Johns Hopkins University was a founding member, but no longer participates in the UAA. - Johns Hopkins had dual athletic conference membership with the Centennial Conference from 1992-93 to 2000-01, then the Blue Jays",
"title": "University Athletic Association"
},
{
"id": "8234765",
"text": "coach before assuming the job of head football coach in 1933. During his tenure as head football coach of Oregon State, Stiner compiled a 74–49–17 record, setting school records for wins, and winning percentage (.589). His best season came in 1939, when his team went 9–1–1 and a win in the Pineapple Bowl against Hawaii, 39–6. Stiner coached in one of the greatest upset ties in NCAA history. On October 21, 1933, eleven Beaver \"Iron Men\" fought USC to a scoreless tie in what many consider to be the greatest game in Oregon State football history. The Trojans, defending two-time",
"title": "Lon Stiner"
},
{
"id": "3332176",
"text": "the grounds that previous logos had been disrespectful to Native Americans. The football team was known as \"Golden Avalanche\" through its final season in 1960, and other teams were known as \"Warriors,\" \"Blue and Gold,\" and \"Hilltoppers.\" The Marquette Warriors (the nickname that preceded Golden Eagles) won the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in 1977. In 2004, Marquette began to consider changing the name back to Warriors, but instead the Board of Trustees changed the nickname to simply \"Gold.\" An intensely negative reaction by students, faculty, alumni, and fans led to yet another series of votes, which eventually pitted",
"title": "Marquette University"
},
{
"id": "13415423",
"text": "the Top Ten until the 1983 season. The 2018 Sycamores finished # 22 in the final Coaches poll & # 25 in the final STATS poll. From 1924 to 2014, the Sycamores played Ball State (Ind.) University 65 times; the series stands at 38–24–1 in favor of Ball State. In 1940, the respective Blue Key chapters sponsored a trophy presentation, the 'Victory Bell' to reward the winner of the annual game between Indiana State and Ball State. The Sycamores currently hold the Victory Bell, having won the last match 27-20 on the road in 2014. The term Homecoming was first",
"title": "Indiana State Sycamores football"
},
{
"id": "10057974",
"text": "College 12. Tennessee 13. Arizona State 14. Auburn (tie) Brigham Young 16. Florida 17. Hawaii 18. Illinois 19. Michigan 20. Cincinnati 21. Wisconsin 22. Clemson 23. Texas Tech 24. Oregon 25. Penn State 2007–08 NCAA football bowl games The 2007–08 NCAA football bowl games concluded the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS regular season in college football. A total of 32 team-competitive plus four all-star postseason games were played. While bowl games had been the purview of only the very best teams for nearly a century, this was the second consecutive year that teams with non-winning seasons participated in bowl games.",
"title": "2007–08 NCAA football bowl games"
},
{
"id": "12363143",
"text": "by Paul Rusch, a teacher and Christian missionary who helped establish football teams at three universities in Tokyo. Play was halted during World War II, but began to grow in popularity again after the war. , there are more than 400 high school football teams in Japan, with over 15,000 participants, and over 100 teams play in the Kantoh Collegiate Football Association (KCFA). The college champion plays the champion of the X-League (a semi-pro league where teams are financed by corporations) in the Rice Bowl to determine Japan's national champion. Europe is a major target for expansion of the game",
"title": "American football"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Florida International University context: building the Patricia and Phillip Frost Art Museum on its main campus. In athletics, FIU made inroads in becoming a powerhouse athletic university during Maidique's time as president and he championed the eventual establishment of a NCAA football program. Finally, the school earned membership into Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's oldest honor society. Maidique was the second longest-serving research university president in the nation. Now President Emeritus, he currently serves as the Alvah H. Chapman, Jr., Eminent Scholar Chair in Leadership and Executive Director of the Center for Leadership and Professor of Management at FIU. On November 14, 2008, Maidique\n\nWhat college once had 22 members of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society on its football team?",
"compressed_tokens": 196,
"origin_tokens": 196,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Penn Quakers football context: its only Ivy title. It marked the turning point in Penn’s Ivy football play, with the Quakers winning or sharing another 16 Ivy titles during the 35 years since then. Penn Quakers football The Penn Quakers football team is the college football team at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Penn Quakers have competed in the Ivy League since its inaugural season of 1956, and are currently a Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Penn has played in 1,364 football games, the most of any school in any division.\n\ntitle US Trojans context: as series and is worth 5 with. points awarded to each university in case of split.)C won the tro's inaugural 201–02 season, and again in 2003–04 and 2005–06 and then seven straight years from 2007–08 most recently 2013-14. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is one of largest stadiums America US played football in the Coliseum ever since stadium was built in 1923. In fact, the Trojans played in the first varsity football game ever held (beating Pomona College, 2–7, on Oct. 6, 1923).\n\ntitle 1969 Ohio vs football game: State Michigan game The 19 Ohio State Michigan football is considered to be one the best-known of, as well as the biggest ups in football history. Buckeyes went into the game as the top-ranked team the country, withgame winning streak under the of legendary Wo Hayes. They were also def national. The Wolver went into the game a new head Bobechler, who was trying to a that had fallen on hard times.\ntitle:son football: Football League first-American18, more0 football selected first Consensus noted. Harvardson football football program at the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA). Harvard's football program is one of the oldest in the world, having begun competing in the sport in 1873. The Crimson has a legacy that includes thirteen national championships and 20 College Football Hall of Fame inductees, including the first African-American\n\nWhat college once had 22 members of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society on its football team?",
"compressed_tokens": 518,
"origin_tokens": 14489,
"ratio": "28.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
109 | What was the first sport in which women were invited to compete at the Olympics? | [
"Tennis, at the 1900 games in Paris. Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain was the first gold medalist"
] | Tennis, at the 1900 games in Paris. Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain was the first gold medalist | [
{
"id": "20035940",
"text": "20% minimum presence of women on their committee. The first Olympic Games to feature female athletes was the 1900 Games in Paris. Hélène de Pourtalès of Switzerland became the first woman to compete at the Olympic Games and became the first female Olympic champion by being a part of the winning team in the first 1 to 2 ton sailing event on May 22, 1900. Briton Charlotte Cooper became the first female individual champion by winning the women's singles tennis competition on July 11, 1900. Tennis and golf were the only sports where women could compete in individual disciplines. 22",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "1923250",
"text": "else in the world.\" Susan B. Anthony said \"I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride on a wheel. It gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance.\" The modern Olympics had female competitors from 1900 onward, though women at first participated in considerably fewer events than men. Women first made their appearance in the Olympic Games in Paris in 1900. That year, 22 women competed in tennis, sailing, croquet, equestrian, and golf. As of the IOC-Congress in Paris 1914 a woman's medal had formally the same weight as a man's in the official medal table. This",
"title": "Women's sports"
},
{
"id": "20035953",
"text": "first time for both men and women. They competed in the singles and doubles disciplines. Also, a female specific sailing event debuted at these Games, the women's 470 discipline. For the first time women competed in a track cycling event, the sprint. In 1991, the IOC made it mandatory for all new sports applying for Olympic recognition to have female competitors. However, this rule only applied to new sports applying for Olympic recognition. This meant that any sports that were included in the Olympic programme prior to 1991 could continue to exclude female participants at the discretion of the sport's",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20035959",
"text": "were competing in the same event. The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the Charter. The 2012 Summer Olympics saw women's boxing make its debut. This, combined with the decision by the IOC to drop baseball from the programme for 2012 meant that women competed in all sports at the summer Games for the first time. London 2012 also marked the first time that all national Olympic committees sent a female athlete to the Games. Brunei, Saudi Arabia and Qatar all had female athletes as a part of their delegations for the first",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "11276551",
"text": "in New York City. She was a crewmember of the Swiss boat \"Lérina\", which won the gold medal in the first race of 2-3 ton class and silver medal in the second race of 2-3 ton class. She also participated in the open class but did not finish. Her husband Hermann as helmsman and her husband's nephew Bernard were also crew members. She was also one of the first women to take part in the Olympics, as that was the first time women were allowed to compete. She was very well known after her gold medal, becoming the first woman",
"title": "Hélène de Pourtalès"
},
{
"id": "19744255",
"text": "boxer to appear on the cover of Ring Magazine. In the 1990s, Women's boxing had a brief period of popularity due to likes of Christy Martin and Laila Ali. But early into 2000's, the sport fell back to relative obscurity due to lack of promotion, television exposure and poor matchmaking. Many female professional boxers in the United States struggle to make a viable living due to lack of finical opportunities and promotional opportunities. In 2012, interest in women's boxing was revived when women where allowed to compete in boxing at the Olympic games for the first time. It has since",
"title": "Boxing in the United States"
},
{
"id": "9424988",
"text": "a male dominated sport. Although rowing’s roots as a sport in the modern Olympics can be traced back to the original 1896 games in Athens, it was not until the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal that women were allowed to participate – well after their fellow athletes in similar sports such as swimming, athletics, cycling, and canoeing. Women have competed in rowing events as far back as the fifteenth century. When Beatrice d'Este visited Venice in 1493, a regatta was held in which fifty peasant women competed. There were professional women rowers, referred to as \"Roddarmadam\", managing and dominating the",
"title": "History of rowing sports"
},
{
"id": "17802527",
"text": "but this sanction excluded the original sports at the inaugural Olympic Winter Games in 1924, which included ski jumping. Women originally were not allowed to jump at the Olympics because it was thought that their bodies could not handle the sport. In 2006, the IOC turned down the International Ski Federation's (FIS) recommendation to include women's ski jumping in the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver because the sport lacked \"universality,\" even though there were more countries and elite woman participating in ski jumping than some other Winter Olympic sports for women. Women's Ski Jumping USA Women's Ski Jumping USA is a",
"title": "Women's Ski Jumping USA"
},
{
"id": "15825577",
"text": "Women's World Games The Women's World Games were the first international women's sports events in track and field. The games were held four times between 1922 and 1934. They were established by Alice Milliat and the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) to compensate for the lack of women's sports at the Olympic Games. The games were an important step towards women's equality in sports. A forerunner tournament was held in Monte Carlo in March 1921. Women were allowed to take part in the Olympic games since 1900 (II Olympiad in golf and tennis, III Olympiad in archery, IV Olympiad in",
"title": "Women's World Games"
},
{
"id": "20035943",
"text": "winning the inaugural gold. At the 1928 Winter Games in St. Moritz, no changes were made to any female events. Fifteen year old Sonja Henie won her first of three Olympic gold medals. The summer Games of the same year saw the debut of women's athletics and gymnastics. In athletics, women competed in the 100 metres, 800 metres, 4 × 100 metres relay, high jump and discus throw. The 800-metre race was controversial as many competitors were reportedly exhausted or were unable to complete the race. Consequentially, the IOC decided to drop the 800 metres from the programme, and not",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "5475637",
"text": "public enthusiasm praised particularly highly. The opening ceremony, directed by Danny Boyle, received widespread acclaim throughout the world, particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites. During the Games, Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, winning his 22nd medal. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Women's boxing was included for the first time, thus the Games became the first at which every",
"title": "2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "298736",
"text": "equestrian) to the Olympic Games for the first time. Both athletes were from Dubai's ruling family. By 2010, only three countries had never sent female athletes to the Games: Brunei, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Brunei had taken part in only three celebrations of the Games, sending a single athlete on each occasion, but Saudi Arabia and Qatar had been competing regularly with all-male teams. In 2010, the International Olympic Committee announced it would \"press\" these countries to enable and facilitate the participation of women for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Anita DeFrantz, chair of the IOC's Women and Sports Commission, suggested",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "593076",
"text": "was asked to carry a dispatch across country. The stadium jumping phase sought to prove the horse's continuing soundness and fitness after the difficult cross-country day. The Olympic eventing competition was originally open only to male military officers in active duty, mounted only on military charges. In 1924, the event was open to male civilians, although non-commissioned Army officers could not participate in the Olympics until 1956. Women were first allowed to take part in 1964; equestrian sports are one of the few Olympic sports in which men and women compete against one another. The original format, used in the",
"title": "Eventing"
},
{
"id": "9821242",
"text": "1923). She is credited with igniting the pressure on the Olympic Games to allow more female representation in a broader range of sports, a process that is still ongoing today. Her name is engraved on the pediment of a gymnasium in the 14th arrondissement in Paris, thanks to her contributions to athletics. Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a prominent Frenchman, is credited with reviving the Olympic Games and founding the IOC (International Olympics Committee) in 1894. 1900 was the first Olympics to allow women athletes, but only in the sports of golf and tennis. Eventually, the Olympics integrated women's swimming and",
"title": "Alice Milliat"
},
{
"id": "20035941",
"text": "women competed at the 1900 Games, 2.2% of all the competitors. Alongside sailing, golf and tennis, women also competed in croquet. In 1904, women's golf and tennis were removed from the programme. The only women's event was archery, with only American athletes. Six female athletes competed in St. Louis, 16 fewer than the 1900 games. London 1908 had 37 female athletes who competed in archery, tennis and figure skating. Stockholm 1912 featured 47 women and saw the addition of swimming and diving, as well as the removal of figure skating and archery. The 1916 Summer Games were due to be",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "2495970",
"text": "torso, where the vital organs are. In 1896, foil (and saber) were included as events in the first Olympic Games in Athens. Women's foil was first competed at the Olympics in 1924 in Paris, and was the only Olympic fencing event in which women competed until women's epeé was introduced at the 1996 Olympics. Nowadays, women's fencing is just as popular as men's, and consists of all weapons (foil, epee, and sabre). Ratings exist in order to separate different level fencers from each other in order to create an even-playing field. A higher ranking is earned by performing well at",
"title": "Foil (fencing)"
},
{
"id": "1751084",
"text": "B. MacDonald. The only other golf tournament Sands ever competed in was the 1900 Summer Olympics. The women's division was a stage for many firsts that occurred in the Olympic games. Not only was this the first time women were ever able to compete in the Olympic games, the women's division was won by Margaret Abbott of Chicago Golf Club. Abbott shot a 47 to win and became the first ever American female to win a gold medal in the Olympic Games, though she received a gilded porcelain bowl as a prize instead of a medal. She is also the",
"title": "Golf at the 1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "16227096",
"text": "did not start; DNF = did not finish Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres These are the official results of the Women's 1500 metres event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The competition was held on 4 of September & 9 of September. This was the first time this distance was held for women at the Olympics. Women had not been allowed to compete in any distance since the 800 metres was added in 1960. Women have been compete in the 1500 metres since the 1969 European Athletics Championships. With the event in its infancy,",
"title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres"
},
{
"id": "12318456",
"text": "and soon began winning local championships. After moving to Illinois, she joined the Chicago Golf Club and took up the game, winning local tournaments and was reported to have a two handicap. Mary and Margaret Abbott lived in Paris from 1899 to 1902. While in Paris, Mary researched a travel guide and Margaret studied art with Rodin and Degas. At the 1900 Paris Olympics, 22 women competed out of a total 997 athletes. It was the first time women were allowed to compete in the Olympic Games. The 1900 Olympics stretched over six months and were something of a sideshow",
"title": "Margaret Abbott"
},
{
"id": "368682",
"text": "The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Several new events were held, including the new discipline of BMX for both men and women. For the first time, women competed in the steeplechase. The fencing program was expanded to include all six events for both men and women. Women had not previously been able to compete in team foil or saber events, although women's team épée and men's team foil were dropped for these Games. Marathon swimming events, over the distance of , were added. In addition, the doubles events in table tennis were replaced by",
"title": "Summer Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "3133951",
"text": "from girlhood to excel at these things so as to produce strong children, by going through early training similar to that of their brothers. The ancient Olympic Games were almost entirely male-only and women were forbidden even to set foot in the main stadium at Olympia, where running events and combat sports were held. Women were allowed to enter only the equestrian events, not by running but by owning and training the horses. Cynisca employed men and entered her team at the Olympics, where it won in the four-horse chariot racing (tethrippon Greek: τέθριππον) twice, in 396 BC and again",
"title": "Cynisca"
},
{
"id": "12799028",
"text": "Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump The women's high jump event was part of the track and field athletics programme at the 1928 Summer Olympics. It was the first appearance of the event marked the debut of women's Olympic athletics. The competition was held on Sunday, August 5, 1928. Twenty high jumpers from nine nations competed. These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1928 Summer Olympics. \"(*)\" unofficial In the final Ethel Catherwood set a new official world record with 1.595 metres. Qualification The qualification started at 1.15 p.m. The",
"title": "Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump"
},
{
"id": "15825582",
"text": "5th was cancelled as women participated in the 1938 European Athletics Championships. Women's World Games The Women's World Games were the first international women's sports events in track and field. The games were held four times between 1922 and 1934. They were established by Alice Milliat and the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) to compensate for the lack of women's sports at the Olympic Games. The games were an important step towards women's equality in sports. A forerunner tournament was held in Monte Carlo in March 1921. Women were allowed to take part in the Olympic games since 1900 (II",
"title": "Women's World Games"
},
{
"id": "1523502",
"text": "team relay with the German team in second place and the Austrian team in third. Because only four countries entered the relay there were no heats; only a final was held. The United States did not send a women's swim team to the Games on the grounds that it was obscene, the first American women's swim team appeared in the 1920 Brussels Games. New Olympic Records were set in all swimming events at the 1912 Games. Tennis on covered courts was agreed initially for the 1912 Games, with competitions run for gentlemen's singles and doubles, ladies' singles, and mixed doubles.",
"title": "1912 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "875568",
"text": "was among those opposing the match, claiming \"the Legislature never imagined that such a disgraceful exhibition would have been staged in this country.\" The story was reported across the country and even internationally. Women's boxing first appeared in the Olympic Games at a demonstration bout in 1904. Its revival was pioneered by the Swedish Amateur Boxing Association, which sanctioned events for women in 1988. The British Amateur Boxing Association sanctioned its first boxing competition for women in 1997. The first event was to be between two thirteen-year-olds, but one of the boxers withdrew because of hostile media attention. Four weeks",
"title": "Women's boxing"
},
{
"id": "9920776",
"text": "she finished second at the Scandinavian championships, although she had to be helped onto her horse when she rode. Dressage at the Olympics was open only to commissioned military officers until 1952, and in that year Hartel was one of the first women to compete against men in an equestrian sport at the Olympics. Her silver medal in 1952 for Individual Dressage was the first by any woman in any individual sport when in direct competition with men at the Olympics, and she was also the Danish champion in dressage that year. She continued to be Danish champion in dressage",
"title": "Lis Hartel"
},
{
"id": "12421433",
"text": "festival, the Eleusinian Mysteries. The games started in Olympia, Greece, in a sanctuary site for the Greek deities near the towns of Elis and Pisa (both in Elis on the peninsula of Peloponnesos). The first games began as an annual foot race of young women in competition for the position of the priestess for the goddess, Hera, and a second race was instituted for a consort for the priestess who would participate in the religious traditions at the temple. The Heraean Games, the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium, were held as early as the sixth century",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "11565618",
"text": "up a rulebook for fencing in 1891,; in Britain the Amateur Gymnastic & Fencing Association drew up an official set of fencing regulations in 1896. Only Foil and Sabre events were part of the first Olympic Games in the summer of 1896. Épée was introduced in 1900 (Paris). Foil was omitted from the 1908 (London) Olympics, but since 1912, fencing events for every weapon—Foil, Épée and Sabre—have been held at every Summer Olympics. Women's foil was first competed at the Olympics in 1924 in Paris. The (so called) 'advanced weapons', Épée and Sabre deemed unsuitable or inappropriate for women, were",
"title": "History of fencing"
},
{
"id": "9381178",
"text": "Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre platform The women's 10 metre platform, also known as \"high (plain) diving for ladies\" competition, was one of four diving events on the diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first diving event for women at the Summer Olympic Games. The competition was held from Wednesday July 10, 1912, to Saturday July 13, 1912. Fourteen divers from three nations competed. The competition was actually held from both 10 metre and 5 metre platforms. Divers performed a standing plain dive and a running plain dive from the 10",
"title": "Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre platform"
},
{
"id": "9821243",
"text": "other events into the games. However, track and field events for women remained conspicuously absent from the Olympics In 1919, Milliat asked the IAAF to include women's track and field athletics events in the 1924 Olympic Games. They refused. On 31 October 1921, Milliat formed La Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) to oversee international women's sporting events. The FSFI decided to hold a Women's Olympic Games, which would include all sports, rather than the restricted number allowed to women in the official Olympics helmed by Pierre de Coubertin. The first informal iteration of the games occurred in 1921 Monte Carlo,",
"title": "Alice Milliat"
},
{
"id": "20035942",
"text": "held in Berlin but were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. In 1920, 65 women competed at the Games. Archery was re-added to the programme. Paris 1924 boasted a record 135 female athletes. Fencing was added to the programme and archery was removed. 1924 saw the inception of the Winter Olympics where women competed in the sole sport of figure skating. Herma Szabo became the first ever female Winter Olympic champion after she won the ladies' singles competition. At the summer Games held the same year in Paris, women's fencing made its debut with Dane, Ellen Osiier",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "1464223",
"text": "own writing. The croquet tournament was notable as it marked the first appearance of women at Olympic level. Madame Desprès, Madame Filleul-Brohy and Mademoiselle Ohier were eliminated in the first round of competition. All players were French. A single paying spectator attended the tournament, an elderly English gentleman who travelled from Nice for the early stages. An unofficial two-ball handicap competition was also held. The home nation won six of the nine medals available. A number of unofficial events were held for both amateurs and professionals. Equestrian sport made its debut at the Olympic Games with three jumping events being",
"title": "1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "18786398",
"text": "Olympic Committee and the holding of the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. The second games, the first Olympics held outside of Greece, were the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, from 14 May until 28 October 1900, organized in conjunction with the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900. There were 19 sports included in the event, and women competed in the Olympics for the first time. The swimming events took place in the Seine. Some of the sports were unusual by modern standards; they included automobile and motorcycle racing, cricket, croquet, underwater swimming, tug-of-war, and shooting live pigeons. Cycling",
"title": "Paris in the Belle Époque"
},
{
"id": "161270",
"text": "in the first \"modern\" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, \"gymnastics\", that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform",
"title": "Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "1413919",
"text": "three world championships. The German pair Marika Kilius and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler followed their recent European championship victory with the Olympic silver medal, and the American husband-and-wife team of Ron and Nancy Ludington took the bronze. Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic speed skating competition for the first time in 1960. The Soviet Union had requested the inclusion of women's speed skating events in the program for the 1956 Games, but the request was rejected by the IOC. The issue was revisited for the 1960 Games, and since women had been competing internationally since 1936 and there was a",
"title": "1960 Winter Olympics"
},
{
"id": "800586",
"text": "board on February 23, 1973, which were all accepted. Rowing was the only sport where the number of competitors was increased, and women were admitted for the first time in Olympic history. The 1976 Summer Olympic programme featured 196 events with 198 medal ceremonies in the following 21 sports: Four nations made their first Summer Olympic appearance in Montreal: Andorra (which had its overall Olympic debut a few months before in Innsbruck Winter Olympics), Antigua and Barbuda (as \"Antigua\"), Cayman Islands, and Papua New Guinea. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of athletes from each nation that competed at the",
"title": "1976 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "16227091",
"text": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres These are the official results of the Women's 1500 metres event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The competition was held on 4 of September & 9 of September. This was the first time this distance was held for women at the Olympics. Women had not been allowed to compete in any distance since the 800 metres was added in 1960. Women have been compete in the 1500 metres since the 1969 European Athletics Championships. With the event in its infancy, Ludmila Bragina had just set the world record",
"title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres"
},
{
"id": "4200425",
"text": "for public bathing\". The subsequent public support for Bleibtrey led to the abandonment of stockings as a conventional element in women’s swimwear. The 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden were the first Olympic Games to feature female swimming as an event and the costumes used, which became translucent when wet, caused somewhat of a scandal. The United States protested that the event was \"obscene\" and refused to send a female swim team to the Olympics. Eventually an American women's swim team participated in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. Nude swimming is fairly common in rural areas, where unexpected",
"title": "Nude swimming"
},
{
"id": "13982223",
"text": "Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee (IOC code: KSA; ) is the National Olympic Committee representing Saudi Arabia. Until the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Saudi Arabia was one of three countries that had never had a female competitor at the games. The other two countries, Qatar and Brunei, also selected women to compete for the first time. In April 2012 the head of the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee ruled against sending female participants to the Summer Olympics in London. The Olympic committee had previously released a list of potential candidates for the games which included females. Saudi",
"title": "Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee"
},
{
"id": "20035979",
"text": "would be held in Gothenburg, Sweden. The discus throw was added to the programme. These Games were also attended by 20,000 spectators and finally convinced the IOC to allow women to compete in the Olympics in some athletics events. The IOC let women compete in 100 metres, 800 metres, 4 × 100 metres relay, high jump and discus throw in 1928. There would be two more editions of the Women's World Games, 1930 in Prague and 1934 in London. The IWSF was forced to fold after the Government of France pulled funding in 1936. Participation of women in the Olympics",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20886163",
"text": "growing in popularity. For both participants and spectators, swimming was an uncomplicated, low cost event with high entertainment value. Although swimming competitions were not held at the McIver Women's Baths (due, in part, to its short and irregular shape), it was the venue where a number of significant female swimmers first learnt their craft. As young girls, Sarah \"Fanny\" Durack and Wilhelmina \"Mina\" Wylie frequented the baths and both went on to become the first women to win gold and silver medals at the 1912 Stockholm Olympic Games (the first games that allowed women to participate in swimming competition -",
"title": "McIver Women's Baths"
},
{
"id": "9381180",
"text": "the final. Ordinal placings were used to rank divers within the group, but were not used to determine qualification. Group 1 Group 2 In the final, ordinal placings were the primary ranking method with dive scores being used only to break ties. Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre platform The women's 10 metre platform, also known as \"high (plain) diving for ladies\" competition, was one of four diving events on the diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first diving event for women at the Summer Olympic Games. The competition was held from",
"title": "Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre platform"
},
{
"id": "4006686",
"text": "to market and promote women’s wrestling at the Olympic Level. Women’s wrestling made its Olympic Debut in Athens 2004. Typically the females have 7 weight classes (48 kg, 51 kg, 55 kg, 59 kg, 63 kg, 67 kg, 72 kg) that compete in a World Championships. Though, during the Olympic year, the weights are reduced to only 4 (48 kg, 55 kg, 63 kg, and 72 kg). Only one representative from each weight class is permitted to enter Olympic Competition. Freestyle wrestling Freestyle wrestling is a style of amateur wrestling that is practiced throughout the world. Along with Greco-Roman, it",
"title": "Freestyle wrestling"
},
{
"id": "1464205",
"text": "Games. Women took part in the games for the first time, and sailor Hélène de Pourtalès, born Helen Barbey in New York City, became the first female Olympic champion. The decision to hold competitions on a Sunday brought protests from many American athletes, who travelled as representatives of their colleges and were expected to withdraw rather than compete on their religious day of rest. At the Sorbonne conference of 1894, Pierre de Coubertin proposed that the Olympic Games should take place in 1900 in Paris. The delegates to the conference were unwilling to wait six years and lobbied to hold",
"title": "1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20330887",
"text": "short chiton affixed to the left shoulder leaving the right shoulder and breast bare. This is the type of athletic costume especially for the participant in Heraea Games, the earliest recorded women running competition held quadrennially in Olympic stadium. Although women in Ancient Greece (except Sparta) were not encouraged to participate in athletic activities and were excluded from the Olympic games, they could participate in the foot race at Heraea, which is an athletic event for girls of all ages. Thus, this particular piece depicts a participant in the Heraea. One speculation proposed that the costume is adapted from a",
"title": "Bronze Statuette of Athletic Spartan Girl"
},
{
"id": "20035956",
"text": "triathlon and trampoline all debuted in Australia. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, women's bobsleigh made its first appearance. Jill Bakken and Vonetta Flowers of the USA won the two-woman competition, the sole bobsleigh event for women at the 2002 Games. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, women appeared in wrestling for the first time competing in the freestyle weight classes of 48 kg, 55 kg, 63 kg and 72 kg. Women also competed in the sabre discipline of fencing for the first time, with Mariel Zagunis of the USA winning gold. In 2004, women from",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "17809124",
"text": "field. This also made her the first woman to win any Professional Bowlers Association Tour event that was also open to men. 2011 – Leena Gade became the first female race engineer to win at 24 Hours of Le Mans. 2012 – The 2012 Summer Olympics in London were the first Games in which women competed in all sports in the program, and every participating country included female athletes. The U.S. Olympic team had more women than men for the first time — 269 female athletes to 261 men. 2012 - Felicity Aston, of Britain, became the first person to",
"title": "Timeline of women's sports"
},
{
"id": "11446100",
"text": "was, along with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, one of only three countries to never have sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games, despite only having a total of four Olympians beforehand. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 announced it would \"press\" these countries to allow and facilitate women's participation, and shortly thereafter the Qatar Olympic Committee announced that it \"hoped to send up to four female athletes in shooting and fencing\" to the 2012 Summer Games in London. At the inaugural Youth Olympics in 2010, for which mixed teams were a requirement, Brunei's three-person delegation did include two girls",
"title": "Brunei at the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "8576985",
"text": "Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, 29 athletics events were contested, 23 for men and 6 for women. It was the first time the 50 kilometres race walk appeared in the men's athletics at the Games. This was only the second time women's events in athletics were included in the Olympic Games program and the first time that women competed in the javelin throw at the Olympics. There was a total of 386 participants from 34 countries competing. Paavo Nurmi from Finland was suspended one week before the Games by the IAAF",
"title": "Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "4061647",
"text": "Rowing at the Summer Olympics Rowing at the Summer Olympics has been part of the competition since its debut in the 1900 Summer Olympics. Rowing was on the program at the 1896 Summer Olympics but was cancelled due to bad weather. Only men were allowed to compete until the women's events were introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal which gave national federations the incentive to support women's events and catalysed growth in women's rowing. Lightweight rowing events (which have weight-limited crews) were introduced to the games in 1996. Qualifying for the rowing events is under the jurisdiction of",
"title": "Rowing at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "6961257",
"text": "in 1956 and in Eventing in 1964. Since then, equestrianism has been one of the very few Olympic sports in which men and women compete with and directly against one another. In team competition, teams may have any blend of male and female competitors, and are not required to have minimum numbers of either gender; countries are free to choose the best riders, irrespective of gender. Following the 1900 Olympic Games, polo would be held an additional 4 times: at the 1908 London Games, the 1920 Antwerp Games, the 1924 Paris Games, and the 1936 Berlin Games. The 1908 Olympics",
"title": "Equestrian at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "15468185",
"text": "community had not been able to access before, including the International Olympic Committee (IOC), national Olympic committees and sports organisations, and state and federal governments. According to Dyer in 1982, exclusion of netball from the Summer Olympics is part of the historical pattern of the slow growth and gradual acceptance of women's sports. Women first competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics in only three sports: tennis, croquet and golf. Women's cycling was excluded for many years despite having world championships organised by 1958. Field hockey, a sport included for men as early as 1908, was not open to competition by",
"title": "Netball and the Olympic Movement"
},
{
"id": "5573817",
"text": "the 2020 Summer Olympics. One vacancy was to be left open for a new sport. In February 2013, IOC members voted to remove wrestling from the Olympic programme; \"The New York Times\" cited several potential factors in the decision, including the lack of universally-known talent unlike other sports, and concern for the lack of women's competitions in wrestling (having only introduced women's freestyle competitions in 2004). FILA (now United World Wrestling), the governing body of Olympic wrestling, immediately criticized the decision. The organization cited wrestling's long-standing history as an Olympic event, which dates as far back as the ancient Olympic",
"title": "Wrestling at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "5078270",
"text": "approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics. Women's ice hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano, Japan had won the right to host the Olympics in June 1991, and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NAOOC). The NAOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team, which had failed to qualify for that year's World Championships, could not",
"title": "Ice hockey at the Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "3602758",
"text": "would go to the lake for the summer, we always went to trap shoots. My dad started when I was 5; we'd go to shoots, and I did everything I could do be a part of it. Then when I turned 12, he taught me how to shoot.\" In the 1976 Summer Olympics she became the first ever woman to participate in a shooting event at the Olympics, as shooting was open to both sexes until 1992. She won a silver medal at the 2001 world championships in Cairo, Egypt in the trap event. She finished 9th in the 2000",
"title": "Susan Nattrass"
},
{
"id": "20035952",
"text": "and duet events. Women also made their debut in cycling, competing in the road race. This event was also won by an American, Connie Carpenter. Also, rhythmic gymnastics appeared for the first time with only women competing. Canadian Lori Fung won the competition. The women's marathon also made its first appearance in these Games, with American Joan Benoit winning gold. These were also the first Games where women competed only against other women in shooting. There were no new events at the 1988 Winter Olympics held in Calgary. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, table tennis appeared for the",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20035977",
"text": "included at the 1924 Summer Games. After her request was refused, she organized the first \"Women's Olympiad\", hosted in Monte Carlo. This would become the precursor to the first Women's World Games. The event was seen as a protest against the IOC's refusal to include females in athletics and a message to their President Pierre de Coubertin who was opposed to women at the Olympics. Milliat went on to found the International Women's Sports Federation who organized the first Women's World Games. The first ever \"Women's Olympic Games\" were held in Paris in 1922. The athletes competed in eleven events:",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "17788514",
"text": "well as the FSFI. It was not sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Both this event and the Women's World Games led to greater inclusion of women at the Olympic Games. The number of Olympic women athletes increased over five-fold from the 1920 to the 1936 Summer Olympics (65 to 331). In addition to the track and field events, a dancing competition was held and the winner's cup was presented to a troupe of German dancers under the tutelage of Mary Wigman, one of the originators of modern expressionist dance. It is not known what other events were held",
"title": "Olympics of Grace"
},
{
"id": "1464234",
"text": "a minor tournament. On the 11th of July a landmark was reached in the history of the Olympic Games. Charlotte Cooper, already three times Wimbledon champion, took the singles championship to become the first individual female Olympic champion, also winning the mixed doubles event. A combined Sweden/Denmark team, made up of three competitors from each country, defeated the French team to win the title. One of the members of the French team was born in Colombia. They were left as the only participating teams; the United States had entered but were forced to scratch as three of their team were",
"title": "1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "18748791",
"text": "their Olympic debut in table tennis, triathlon, and women's indoor volleyball. Puerto Rico was also represented for the first time in taekwondo after 8 years, diving, equestrian, and tennis after 12 years, and road cycling after 20 years. Of the 40 participants, twenty-nine of them made their Olympic debut in Rio de Janeiro, including table tennis players Brian Afanador and 15-year-old Adriana Diaz, tennis player Monica Puig, and New York-based taekwondo fighter Crystal Weekes. On the other hand, the remaining eleven athletes on the Puerto Rican squad had past Olympic experience, including swimmer Vanessa García, who became the first woman",
"title": "Puerto Rico at the 2016 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "15825579",
"text": "events and the inclusion of women's events in the Olympics. A European version of the women's games was hosted in 1931 in Florence and was known as the Olimpiadi della Grazia (Olympics of Grace). In response to the refusal of the IAAF to include women's events in the 1924 Olympic Games the FSFI also organized the first Women's Olympic Games in Paris in 1922. The IOC objected to the FSFI using the word \"Olympic\" in the title of its events. After negotiations the IOC and the IAAF therefore agreed to include 10 athletic events in the 1928 Olympic Games and",
"title": "Women's World Games"
},
{
"id": "103584",
"text": "C F Mauritzi. They demonstrated their acrobatic techniques from the 10m diving board at Highgate Pond and stimulated the establishment of the Amateur Diving Association in 1901, the first organization devoted to diving in the world (later amalgamated with the Amateur Swimming Association). Fancy diving was formally introduced into the championship in 1903. Plain diving was first introduced into the Olympics at the 1904 event. The 1908 Olympics in London added 'fancy diving' and introduced elastic boards rather than fixed platforms. Women were first allowed to participate in the diving events for the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm. In the 1928",
"title": "Diving (sport)"
},
{
"id": "6883448",
"text": "not established until 1996. The 1932 speed skating events were held according to the rules of the American speed skating federation, meaning the skaters competed in small packs of skaters (similar to short track speed skating), instead of the common against-the-clock format. These Games in Lake Placid, New York also saw the first female speed skaters at the Olympics, although their events were only demonstration events. Women's events were also set to be held at the 1940 Winter Olympics, which were cancelled. After the war, they were withdrawn again until 1960, when the women skated 500 m, 1000 m, 1500",
"title": "Speed skating at the Winter Olympics"
},
{
"id": "368659",
"text": "runs, the latter two on the same day. The 1928 Amsterdam games were notable for being the first games which allowed females to compete at track & field athletics, and benefited greatly from the general prosperity of the times alongside the first appearance of sponsorship of the games, from the Coca-Cola Company. The 1928 games saw the introduction of a standard medal design with the IOC choosing Giuseppe Cassioli's depiction of Greek goddess Nike and a winner being carried by a crowd of people. This design was used up until 1972. The 1932 Los Angeles games were affected by the",
"title": "Summer Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "20724761",
"text": "women participated. Two women competed against men in the equestrian, the croquet competition was mixed-sex, while Hélène de Pourtalès was the sole female sailor and first mixed-sex team champion, being part of a gold medal-winning Swiss team. The sole time Olympic motorboating was held in 1908, Sophia Gorham took part in a mixed British team. Mixed doubles tennis was first contested in 1900 but fell off the programme after 1924 before being reintroduced in 2012. Mixed doubles badminton was introduced in 1996. Pair figure skating was present at the summer games in 1908 and 1920 before continuing as a founding",
"title": "Mixed-sex sports"
},
{
"id": "875569",
"text": "later, an event was held between two sixteen-year-olds. One named Susan MacGregor (Laurenckirk, Aberdeenshire) and the other Joanne Cawthorne (Peterhead, Aberdeenshire). The International Boxing Association (amateur) accepted new rules for Women's Boxing at the end of the 20th century and approved the first European Cup for Women in 1999 and the first World Championship for women in 2001. Women's boxing was not featured at the 2008 Olympics; however, on 14 August 2009, it was announced that the International Olympic Committee’s Executive Board (EB) had approved the inclusion of women’s boxing for the Games in London in the 2012 Olympics, contrary",
"title": "Women's boxing"
},
{
"id": "2403000",
"text": "skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries. However, Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact. Women's competition in sports has been frowned upon by many societies in the past. The English public-school background of organised sport in the 19th and early 20th century led to a paternalism that tended to discourage women's involvement in sports, with, for example, no women officially competing in the 1896 Olympic Games. The 20th century saw major advances in the participation of women in sports due to a growing",
"title": "History of sport"
},
{
"id": "298735",
"text": "Olympics due to the state-sponsored doping program. Women were first allowed to compete at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, but at the 1992 Summer Olympics 35 countries were still only fielding all-male delegations. This number dropped rapidly over the following years. In 2000, Bahrain sent two women competitors for the first time: Fatema Hameed Gerashi and Mariam Mohamed Hadi Al Hilli. In 2004, Robina Muqimyar and Fariba Rezayee became the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics. In 2008, the United Arab Emirates sent female athletes (Maitha Al Maktoum competed in taekwondo, and Latifa Al Maktoum in",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "20035966",
"text": "common with the Grand Slams women compete in three set matches at the Olympics as opposed to five sets for men. In Olympic soccer, there is no age restriction for women, whereas the men's teams field under 23 teams with a maximum of three over aged players. Historically, female athletes have been treated, portrayed and looked upon differently than their male counterparts. In the early days of the Olympic Games, many NOCs limited the amount of female competitors they would send because they would incur the cost of paying for a chaperone, which was not necessary for the male athletes.While",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "6833888",
"text": "in athletics for the first time. Bulgaria, Egypt, Malta, Panama, Rhodesia, and Uruguay were the only six nations not to compete in athletics. Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, 27 athletics events were contested. The competition was held on a 400-meter track and would become the standard for athletics tracks in the future. For the first time, women's events in athletics were included in the Olympic Games program. There was a total of 706 participants from 40 countries competing. During the 1928 Summer Olympic Games 9 new world records were set in the",
"title": "Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "6961256",
"text": "until the 1912 Games in Stockholm and only a polo event was held in 1908. These three disciplines would be held at every Summer Olympic Games through to the present day. Until the 1952 Summer Olympics, only commissioned military officers and \"gentlemen\" were permitted to compete in the Olympic equestrian disciplines, which had the effect of excluding all women and all men serving in the military but not holding officers' commissions. In 1952, however, all men were permitted to compete in all equestrian disciplines, and women were permitted to compete in Dressage. Women were later permitted to compete in Jumping",
"title": "Equestrian at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "15599294",
"text": "The nineteenth most popular sport that these women participated in was rowing, with 2 having played the sport. The sport was tied with cricket, mountaineering, rowing, and surfing. In 1984, there were 1250 women who were a member of the Australian Rowing Council. Women's rowing was included on the Olympic programme for the first time at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Because of internal conflicts, no Australian women competed in the event until the 1984 Summer Olympicss. At that games, the four-person boat took home a bronze medal. The first Australian female coxless pair to win a medal at a major",
"title": "Women's rowing in Australia"
},
{
"id": "20035954",
"text": "federation. At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, women competed in biathlon for the first time. The athletes competed in the individual, sprint and relay disciplines. Freestyle skiing also debuted at the 1992 Games, where women competed in the moguls discipline. Short track speed skating first appeared at these Games. Women competed in the 500 metres and the 3000 metre relay. At the Summer Games of the same year in Barcelona, badminton appeared on the programme for the first time. Women competed in the singles and doubles competition. Women also competed in the sport of judo for the first time",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20035957",
"text": "Afghanistan competed at the Olympics for the first time in their history after the nation was banned from Sydney 2000 by the IOC due to the Taliban government's opposition to women in sports. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, the programme remained unchanged. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, a few new events were added. BMX cycling was held for the first time in 2008, debuting with the men's event. Women also competed in the 3000 m steeplechase and the 10 kilometre marathon swim for the first time. Baseball and boxing remained the only sports not open to",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20035967",
"text": "inequality in participation has declined throughout history, women are still treated differently at the Games themselves. For example, in 2012, the Japan women's national soccer team travelled to the Games in economy class, while the men's team travelled in business class. Despite the fact that women compete in all sports at the summer Olympics, there are still 39 events that are not open to women. Historically, coverage and inclusion of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited. A 1991 study of coverage of women's sports in major American newspapers conducted by the LA84 Foundation found that 3.5% of",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "13982227",
"text": "she would not participate without a hijab. The next day the I.O.C. and the International Judo Federation announced that agreement had been reached on a headscarf that she could wear. Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee (IOC code: KSA; ) is the National Olympic Committee representing Saudi Arabia. Until the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Saudi Arabia was one of three countries that had never had a female competitor at the games. The other two countries, Qatar and Brunei, also selected women to compete for the first time. In April 2012 the head of the Saudi Arabian Olympic",
"title": "Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee"
},
{
"id": "17809098",
"text": "1927 – Women's Eights Head of the River Races began in London, England, one year after the first men's race. 1928 – The 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Netherlands, included women's athletics and team gymnastics for the first time. 1930 – Frenchwomen Marguerite Mareuse and Odette Siko became the first women to race at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing 7th overall. 1930 – 1930 Women's World Games, held in Prague, Czechoslovakia 1931 – Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned women from professional baseball in America. He felt that he needed to after a seventeen-year-old pitcher Virne Beatrice “Jackie” Mitchell",
"title": "Timeline of women's sports"
},
{
"id": "7614164",
"text": "Women's World Chess Championship The Women's World Chess Championship (WWCC) is played to determine the women's world champion in chess. Like the World Chess Championship, it is administered by FIDE. Unlike with most sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee, where competition is either \"mixed\" (containing everyone) or split into men and women, in chess women are both allowed to compete in the \"open\" division (including the World Chess Championship) yet also have a separate Women's Championship (only open to females). The Women's World Championship was established by FIDE in 1927 as a single tournament held alongside the Chess Olympiad.",
"title": "Women's World Chess Championship"
},
{
"id": "298739",
"text": "the Games\". At the 2012 Olympic Games in London, Great Britain, for the first time in Olympic history, every country competing included female athletes. Saudi Arabia included two female athletes in its delegation; Qatar, four; and Brunei, one (Maziah Mahusin, in the 400m hurdles). Qatar made one of its first female Olympians, Bahiya al-Hamad (shooting), its flagbearer at the 2012 Games, and runner Maryam Yusuf Jamal of Bahrain became the first Gulf female athlete to win a medal when she won a bronze for her showing in the 1500 m race. The only sport on the Olympic programme that features",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "18161373",
"text": "noted evolution in this field since the 1990s. Women's tennis Women's tennis is one of the most popular sports for women. It is one of the few sports where women command fame and popularity that equals men's sporting counterparts. Women's Tennis Association is the main organisation which runs female tennis. Women's tennis is present from the first Olympic Games in 1900 in Paris and 1908 in London, but the women's doubles only appeared in 1920 at the Antwerp Games. One of the fhe first superstars of women's tennis is Suzanne Lenglen, who after six titles won at Wimbledon and the",
"title": "Women's tennis"
},
{
"id": "525722",
"text": "to claim bronze. Eight different classifications were contested ranging from flyweight, for boxers weighing less than 51 kg, to heavyweight, for boxers over 80 kg. South Africa, Argentina and Hungary each won two gold medals. Nine events were contested, eight for men and one for women. This marked the first time that a women's canoeing event had been contested in the Olympics. Sweden won four gold medals (two by Gert Fredriksson) and Czechoslovakia three. Six events were contested – two road bicycle racing events and four track cycling events. No women's cycling events were contested. France won three gold medals",
"title": "1948 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "17802526",
"text": "in one event, the normal hill competition, even though men compete in three events. Women's Ski Jumping USA continues to advocate for equality for women in the Olympic Games. Although women have been jumping for over 100 years, they have not been allowed to compete in the Olympic games until the upcoming games in 2014. It is every young athletes dream to one day compete on the Olympic stage but this was not an option for women ski jumpers until recently. In 1991 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) ruled that all future Olympic Sports must be opened to both genders",
"title": "Women's Ski Jumping USA"
},
{
"id": "12387012",
"text": "day of Olympics gymnastics competition, if available; or the date of the Olympics opening ceremonies.\" Gymnastics all-around champions by age Prior to 1981, the minimum required age to compete in senior events sanctioned by the FIG was 14. The earliest champions in women's gymnastics tended to be in their 20s; most had studied ballet for years before entering the sport. Hungarian gymnast Ágnes Keleti won individual gold medals at the age of 35 at the 1956 Olympics. Larisa Latynina, the first great Soviet gymnast, won her first Olympic all-around medal at the age of 21, her second at 25 and",
"title": "Gymnastics all-around champions by age"
},
{
"id": "18027101",
"text": "High jump at the Olympics The high jump at the Summer Olympics is grouped among the four track and field jumping events held at the multi-sport event. The men's high jump has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since the first Summer Olympics in 1896. The women's high jump was one of five events to feature on the first women's athletics programme in 1928, and it was the only jumping event available to women until 1948, when the long jump was permitted. The Olympic records for the event are for men, set by Charles Austin in 1996, and for",
"title": "High jump at the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "16072777",
"text": "medal in the 1908 Olympics. After this time the Swedish form of gymnastics became more popular, a more artistic version developed by Pehr Henrik Ling which was for men and women, and needed little apparatus. Women first competed at the Olympics in gymnastics at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, where the British women's team took the bronze – its best performance. After the Second World War, the German and Swedish forms of gymnastics were combined. The 1960 Rome Olympics were the first to be televised, and this led to a greater interest in Britain of gymnastics. This Olympics had been",
"title": "British Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "1923252",
"text": "participation of nearly 20 countries and was held four times (1922, 1926, 1930 and 1934). In 1924 the 1924 Women's Olympiad was held at Stamford Bridge in London. The International Olympic Committee began to incorporate greater participation of women at the Olympics in response. The number of Olympic women athletes increased over five-fold in the period, going from 65 at the 1920 Summer Olympics to 331 at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Most early women's professional sports leagues foundered. This is often attributed to a lack of spectator support. Amateur competitions became the primary venue for women's sports. Throughout the mid-twentieth",
"title": "Women's sports"
},
{
"id": "13685967",
"text": "Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics The boxing tournaments at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held from 28 July to 12 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre. A total of 286 competitors took part in 13 events. For the first time at an Olympic Games, women competed in three boxing events. The first Olympic gold medal in women's boxing was awarded to Nicola Adams from Great Britain, who won the flyweight tournament on 9 August 2012. Men competed in the following ten events: Women's boxing was included in the Olympic programme for the first time, with female boxers",
"title": "Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "18653361",
"text": "women were allowed to participate (at a distance of 1000 metres) – well after their fellow athletes in similar sports such as swimming, athletics, cycling, and canoeing. This increased the growth of women's rowing because it created the incentive for national rowing federations to support women's events. Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London included six events for women compared with eight for men. Despite its male domination, women's competitive rowing can be traced back to the early 19th century, and an image of a women's double scull race made the cover of Harper's Weekly in 1870. Wellesley College",
"title": "Women's rowing"
},
{
"id": "9179744",
"text": "diving included dives from 3 metre and 1 metre springboards. A total of 57 divers (43 men and 14 women) from 10 nations (men from 9 nations - women from 3 nations) competed at the Stockholm Games: Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, four diving events were contested. For the first time, women competed in diving at the Olympic Games. The competitions were held from Saturday July 6, 1912 to Monday July 15, 1912. The events are labelled as 10 metre platform, 3 metre springboard and plain high diving by the International Olympic",
"title": "Diving at the 1912 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "17809090",
"text": "in Paris introduces women's events, offering golf, tennis, and croquet. Hélène de Pourtalès of Switzerland was the first woman to win a gold medal as part of a mixed sailing crew. Charlotte Cooper of Great Britain becomes the first individual female winner in an Olympic event. American Margaret Abbott won a gold medal in golf. 1901 – Constance M.K, at Harvard University introduced field hockey to the women of the United States. 1905 – Women from Britain and America first play an international golf match, with the British winning 6 matches to 1. 1907 – Adine Masson and Yvonne de",
"title": "Timeline of women's sports"
},
{
"id": "12430381",
"text": "organisation, met local human rights groups and consulted professional image-builders in a broad public relations campaign. Under his leadership the commission also investigated and punished some \"out-of-control\" officers for misbehaviour. In July 2012, Saudi Arabia announced that it would allow its women athletes to compete in the Olympics for the first time and that the country's Olympic Committee would \"oversee participation of women athletes who can qualify\". The decision ended speculation that the entire Saudi team might have been disqualified on grounds of gender discrimination. The public participation of women in sport was still fiercely opposed by many Saudi religious",
"title": "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia"
},
{
"id": "16116821",
"text": "the United States women's team for a good result at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, but it was announced on January 22, 2014 that Hendrickson would still be able to make the team in time for the Games. She was granted the historic honor of being the first female to ever jump in a ski jumping event at the Olympics, with women having been allowed to participate in Olympic ski jumping for the first time in history. Hendrickson re-injured her surgically repaired knee during off-season training in June 2015, ruling her out of the 2015/16 season. In 2017, in",
"title": "Sarah Hendrickson"
},
{
"id": "20728768",
"text": "and Russia, had strong national teams, and were already pushing to be recognized in international competitions. The International Rowing Federation, or FISA, began recognizing European women's teams in international competitions, which led to women's rowing becoming an Olympic sport. The International Rowing Federation introduced a women's commission in 1969, with the primary focus being the allowance of women to row at the Olympics and World Championships. As a result of the commission, six women's boat categories were added to the 1974 World Rowing Championships. This addition created more momentum towards the approval and inclusion of women's races at the Olympics,",
"title": "United States National Women's Rowing Team"
},
{
"id": "4705000",
"text": "there were no training facilities provided in those days for female divers. She had spent some time studying ballet at the Metropolitan Opera School of Ballet in New York and her ballet training enabled her to fine-tune her performance in artistic diving. Aileen Riggin was the first ever female Olympic diving champion. She was only 14 years and 120 days old when she won a gold medal in the women's 3 metre springboard diving ('fancy diving') event at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, also making her the youngest female Olympic champion (a record that was surpassed in 1936 by",
"title": "Aileen Riggin"
},
{
"id": "9825727",
"text": "Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay The women's 4×100 metre freestyle relay was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of the event, which along with the individual 100 metre freestyle marked the debut of women's Olympic swimming. Only four teams entered the event: Australasia, whose swimmers finished first and second in the individual 100m freestyle, did not have any other women present to make a relay team, and a request for their swimmers to swim two legs each",
"title": "Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay"
},
{
"id": "2055220",
"text": "of the Olympics and at the IAAF World Championships. The IAAF Combined Events Challenge determines a yearly women's heptathlon champion. The women's outdoor heptathlon consists of the following events, with the first four contested on the first day, and the remaining three on day two: The heptathlon has been contested by female athletes since the early 1980s, when it replaced the pentathlon as the primary women's combined event contest (the javelin throw and 800 m were added). It was first contested at the Olympic level in the 1984 Summer Olympics. In recent years some women's decathlon competitions have been conducted,",
"title": "Heptathlon"
},
{
"id": "9821241",
"text": "Alice Milliat Alice Milliat (1884 in Nantes – 1957) was a pioneer of women's sport in France and around the world. Her lobbying on behalf of female athletes forced the inclusion of women's events in the Olympic Games. Milliat, a translator by profession participated in the sport of rowing. She was also an avid swimmer and hockey player. A member of Femina Sport, a club founded in 1911, she helped form the Federation Francaise Sportive Feminine in 1917, becoming treasurer and later president. In 1921 she organized the first international women's sporting event in Monte Carlo (follow-ups in 1922 and",
"title": "Alice Milliat"
},
{
"id": "347825",
"text": "at the Furnivall Sculling Club in London. The first international women's races were the 1954 European Rowing Championships. The introduction of women's rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal increased the growth of women's rowing because it created the incentive for national rowing federations to support women's events. Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London included six events for women compared with eight for men. In the US, rowing is an NCAA sport for women but not for men; though it is one of the country's oldest collegiate sports, the difference is in large part due to the",
"title": "Rowing (sport)"
},
{
"id": "20035947",
"text": "At the Summer Games of the same year held in Helsinki, women were allowed to compete in equestrian for the first time. They competed in the dressage event which was co-ed with the men. Danish equestrian Lis Hartel of Denmark won the silver medal in the individual competition alongside men. At the 1956 Winter Olympics held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, the 3 × 5 kilometre relay cross country event was added to the programme. The 1956 Summer Games held in Melbourne, had a programme identical to that of the prior Olympiad. The 1960 Winter Olympics held in Squaw Valley saw the",
"title": "Participation of women in the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "835486",
"text": "épée. Two sports were open only to men, baseball and boxing, while one sport and one discipline were open only to women, softball and synchronized swimming. Equestrian and mixed badminton are the only sports in which men and women compete together, although three events in the Sailing allowed the opportunity for both males and female participants. However, only male participants took part in all three events. The following were the 302 events in 28 sports that were contested at the Games. The number of events contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses (in sports with more than one discipline,",
"title": "2008 Summer Olympics"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Participation of women in the Olympics context: 20% minimum presence of women on their committee. The first Olympic Games to feature female athletes was the 1900 Games in Paris. Hélène de Pourtalès of Switzerland became the first woman to compete at the Olympic Games and became the first female Olympic champion by being a part of the winning team in the first 1 to 2 ton sailing event on May 22, 1900. Briton Charlotte Cooper became the first female individual champion by winning the women's singles tennis competition on July 11, 1900. Tennis and golf were the only sports where women could compete in individual disciplines. 22\n\nWhat was the first sport in which women were invited to compete at the Olympics?",
"compressed_tokens": 190,
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Participation of women in the Olympics context: would held in Gothenburg, Sweden. The discus throw was added to the programme. These Games were also attended by 20,000 spectators and finally convinced the IOC to allow women to compete in the Olympics in some athletics events. The IOC let women compete in 100 metres, 800 metres, 4 × 100 metres relay, high jump and discus throw in 1928. There would be two more editions of the Women's World Games, 1930 in Prague and 1934 in London. The IWSF was forced to fold after the Government of France pulled funding in 1936. Participation of women in the Olympics\n\ntitle: Participation of women in the context 20 presence of women on their The first Olympic Games to feature female athletes was the 1900 Games in Paris Hélène de Pourtalès Switzerland became the first woman to compete at Olympic Games and became the first female Olympic champion by being a part of the winning team in the first to 2 ton sailing event on May 22, 1900 Briton Charlotte Cooper became the first female individual champion by winning the women's singles tennis competition on July 11, 1900 Tennis and golf were the only sports where women could compete in disciplines. 2\n\ntitle: Participation of women in the Berlin cancel due to the outbreak of World War. In 12065 women competed the Games. Archery was-added to the programme Paris 192 bo35 female athlet was to the programme. saw the Winter Olympics where the sole of sk.ma Szo became the Winter Olympic she ladies' singles competition. At summer held, women' f made with D Ellensiier\n: in the federation. At the 9, women inlon Theprint and relay also2, theulsating at Games metres00 metre relay. At the Summer Games of the same year in Barcelona, badminton appeared on the programme for the first time. Women competed in the singles and doubles competition. Women also competed in the sport of judo for the first time\n\nWhat was the first sport in which women were invited to compete at the Olympics?",
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110 | What sport was the first to be filmed---and who filmed it? | [
"The sport was boxing; the man who did the filming, Thomas A. Edison; the year, 1894. Edison filmed a boxing match between Jack Cushing and Mike Leonard in a studio on the grounds of his laboratory complex in West Orange, New Jersey"
] | The sport was boxing; the man who did the filming, Thomas A. Edison; the year, 1894. Edison filmed a boxing match between Jack Cushing and Mike Leonard in a studio on the grounds of his laboratory complex in West Orange, New Jersey | [
{
"id": "11778129",
"text": "his SCUBA diving career in the Bahamas where he owned and operated a diving charter business from 1954 until 1958. His big break came in 1965 when he filmed a year-long family trip to Tahiti. National Geographic purchased the rights to the work and showed it on television. He was a producer and photographer on the 1971 film \"Blue Water, White Death\" which was the first cinematic filming of the great white shark. Waterman was the subject of a Discovery Channel biographical special titled \"The Man Who Loves Sharks\". Working with his son, he won the first father and son",
"title": "Stan Waterman"
},
{
"id": "8977715",
"text": "Wales were made by film-makers from outside the country. These included the British Biograph Company's film \"Conway Castle\" (1898) and Charles Urban Company's \"Wales, England: Land of Castles and Waterfalls\" (1907). The 1906 British Home Championship encounter between Wales and Ireland at Wrexham was filmed by Blackburn firm Mitchell and Keynon, and is now the oldest surviving film of an international football match. While the oldest footage of any football match is the 1898 film by Arthur Cheetham, \"Blackburn Rovers v West Bromwich Albion\". During the first few decades of Welsh cinema Wales was at the height of an industrial",
"title": "Cinema of Wales"
},
{
"id": "11936414",
"text": "on Ice\" USA Olympic gold medal team. Other hockey films include \"Youngblood,\" \"Hockey Night\", \"\", \"H-E Double Hockey Sticks\", \"Mystery, Alaska\", \"The Rocket: The Maurice Richard Story\", \"The Sweater\" and the 1937 John Wayne film \"Idol of the Crowds\". One of the earliest commercial films that featured the sport prominently was the 1972 Canadian production \"Face-Off\", starring Art Hindle. Many other films are less hockey-oriented but nonetheless prominently involve the sport. \"Ice Angel\" involves a male ice hockey player who dies and comes back to life in the body of a female figure skater. Both \"Happy Gilmore\" and \"The Cutting",
"title": "Ice hockey in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "3982127",
"text": "match at Wrexham in 1906. For further details see Vanessa Toulmin, \"Edwardian Sport on Film\", \"International Journal of Sport in History\", Volume 26, No. 2 (2006). Rugby league and cricket matches were also featured, and when A.D. Thomas, who styled himself \"\"the picture king, the mastermind of the world\"\", heard of a cricketing scandal where the respected Lancashire bowler Arthur Mold was repeatedly no-balled by the umpire, Jim Phillips, he promptly commissioned a filmed re-enactment of Mold's bowling to prove that his technique was valid – the first action replay, which was a popular success. Other films featured rowing events,",
"title": "Mitchell and Kenyon"
},
{
"id": "3982125",
"text": "three days after Goudie's arrest. Goudie was subsequently jailed for ten years. A full detailed history of this film by Vanessa Toulmin can be found \"An Early Film Crime Rediscovered: Mitchell & Kenyon’s \"Arrest of Goudie\" (1901)\", in \"Film History\" vol 16, no 1 (2004): 37–53. The recent introduction of Saturday afternoons off work had made sporting events into popular mass entertainment. Mitchell & Kenyon filmed these events, taking care to get as many spectators in as possible as well as showing some of the action. They took the first known film of the newly renamed Manchester United, at the",
"title": "Mitchell and Kenyon"
},
{
"id": "19816054",
"text": "projection device which was beginning to be used at that time. The brothers sent different equipment all over the world in order to film a variety of scenes and images. Two of the main filming locations were France and Spain. This short non-fiction film marked the first time that someone filmed the Spanish Holy Week. The first 1,000 copies of this film were distributed by Auguste and Louis Lumière. \"Procession at Seville and bullfighting scenes\" was found later on a 16mm reel and a videocassette, along with other 46 Lumière films. After this, the Library of Congress as well as",
"title": "Procession at Seville and bullfighting scenes"
},
{
"id": "1430267",
"text": "retrace the steps of Hynson and August. It shows the growth and evolution of the surfing scene since the first film, which presented only classic longboard surfing. O'Connell rides a shortboard, which was developed in the time between the two movies, and there are scenes of windsurfing and bodyboarding. The film illustrates how far surfing had spread, with footage of surf sessions in France, South Africa, Costa Rica, Bali, Java, and even Alaska. The sequel follows a similar structure to the original, with another round the world surfing adventure reflecting on cultural differences since the first film was shot. In",
"title": "The Endless Summer"
},
{
"id": "39269",
"text": "and one-pocket; Russian pyramid; snooker; English billiards and others. In the United States pool and billiards had died out for a bit, but between 1878 and 1956 pool and billiards became very popular. Players in annual championships began to receive their own cigarette cards. This was mainly due to the fact that it was a popular pastime for troops to take their minds off from battle. However, by the end of World War II pool and billiards began to die down once again. It was not until 1961 when the film \"The Hustler\" came out that sparked a new interest",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "14903930",
"text": "one.\" The First Kangaroos The First Kangaroos is a 1988 British–Australian made for TV sports film directed by Frank Cvitanovich and starring Dennis Waterman, Chris Haywood and Dominic Sweeney. It depicts the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain, the first-ever such tour by the Australia national rugby league team. \"The First Kangaroos\" drew complaints from the Granddaughter of British rugby league legend Albert Goldthorpe for its villainous depiction of him. Some scenes featured the grandstand of \"Arlington Oval\" in the inner-western Sydney suburb Dulwich Hill which hosted women's competitions of the 1938 British Empire Games. Both Wayne Pearce (Balmain Tigers)",
"title": "The First Kangaroos"
},
{
"id": "14068265",
"text": "William George Wilson William G. Wilson (March 10, 1917 – October 28, 2007) was an American cinematographer and Director of Photography (DP) who filmed hundreds of championship sporting events during a career that spanned more than 50 years. Wilson filmed baseball, football, basketball, ice hockey, golf, boxing, horse-racing and auto racing. His pioneering work in television news-filming for WFIL-TV in Philadelphia, the first ABC affiliate station in the nation, set early standards for filming news and sports. During World War II, Wilson served as a combat cameraman and aviator with the United States Marine Corps, filming major action in the",
"title": "William George Wilson"
},
{
"id": "14903928",
"text": "The First Kangaroos The First Kangaroos is a 1988 British–Australian made for TV sports film directed by Frank Cvitanovich and starring Dennis Waterman, Chris Haywood and Dominic Sweeney. It depicts the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain, the first-ever such tour by the Australia national rugby league team. \"The First Kangaroos\" drew complaints from the Granddaughter of British rugby league legend Albert Goldthorpe for its villainous depiction of him. Some scenes featured the grandstand of \"Arlington Oval\" in the inner-western Sydney suburb Dulwich Hill which hosted women's competitions of the 1938 British Empire Games. Both Wayne Pearce (Balmain Tigers) and",
"title": "The First Kangaroos"
},
{
"id": "1747036",
"text": "Douglas Fairbanks in 1920 was the first film director to ask a fencing master to assist the production of a fencing scene in cinema. A second wave of swashbuckling films was triggered with Errol Flynn from 1935. Renewed interest in swashbuckling films arose in the 1970s, in the wake of \"The Three Musketeers\" (1973). Directors at this stage aimed for a certain amount of historical accuracy, although, as the 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica puts it, \"movie fencing remains a poor representation of actual fencing technique\". The \"Star Wars\" films, the fights for which are choreographed by Bob Anderson & Peter Diamond",
"title": "Stage combat"
},
{
"id": "8508674",
"text": "for the film were mixed. The documentary tells its story by focusing on the careers of six women—The Fabulous Moolah, Mae Young, Gladys \"Kill 'Em\" Gillem, Ida Mae Martinez, Ella Waldek and Penny Banner. It begins by describing the beginning of wrestling in the 1930s. By the 1940s, American men had to leave the country to fight in World War II, leaving females to take over the sport. At first, women's wrestling was seen as a side-show, and it was banned in several states. The film mostly focuses on these years—the 1940s—along with the 1950s and 1960s, better known as",
"title": "Lipstick and Dynamite, Piss and Vinegar: The First Ladies of Wrestling"
},
{
"id": "8670869",
"text": "For the second year running Doug Priestner, hit a 180 with his first three darts in the competition. Cliff Inglis, hit back-to-back 180s in one of his matches. In the 1976 Indoor League mens darts World Championship players were redrawn after each round. And the draw above reflects this. Reigning champion Leighton Rees was unbelievably at the time of filming the competition due to him touring Australasia doing dart exhibitions. In the 1977 Indoor League mens darts World Championship players were redrawn after each round. And the draw above reflects this. During the second semi-final Peter Chapman become the first",
"title": "The Indoor League"
},
{
"id": "6169661",
"text": "the habit of playing a round of chess against one another after a training session at their boxing club. However, no direct correlation can be made between the Robinson brothers' chess playing and chessboxing. The same goes for the Kung-Fu movie \"Mystery of Chessboxing\" (1979) as well as the Wu-Tang Clan's song \"Da Mystery of Chessboxin'\" (1993). The first chessboxing competition took place in Berlin in 2003. That same year, the first world championship fight was held in Amsterdam in cooperation with the Dutch Boxing Association as well as the Dutch Chess Federation and under the auspices of the World",
"title": "Chess boxing"
},
{
"id": "1985262",
"text": "Rudy (film) Rudy is a 1993 American biographical sports film directed by David Anspaugh. It is an account of the life of Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles. It was the first film that the Notre Dame administration allowed to be shot on campus since \"Knute Rockne, All American\" in 1940. In 2005, \"Rudy\" was named one of the best 25 sports movies of the previous 25 years in two polls by ESPN (#24 by a panel of sports experts, and #4 by ESPN.com users). It was ranked",
"title": "Rudy (film)"
},
{
"id": "5816394",
"text": "Surf film Surf movies fall into three distinct genres: The sporting documentary film was pioneered by Bud Browne (e.g. \"Hawaiian Holiday\") in the 1940s and early 1950s, and later popularized by Bruce Brown (e.g. \"The Endless Summer\") in the late 1950s and early 1960s, then later perfected by Greg MacGillivray and Jim Freeman (e.g. \"Five Summer Stories\") in the 1970s and beyond (MacGillivray and Freeman later went on to film IMAX movies such as \"To Fly!\" and \"Speed\"). The genre in itself has been defined by surfers, traveling with their friends and documenting the experience on film. In the 'heyday'",
"title": "Surf film"
},
{
"id": "12221175",
"text": "couple's own brain-damaged son in a Philadelphia clinic. The film won an International Emmy. Cvitanovich loved sport - especially the Dallas Cowboys - and his very first documentary was a study of a baseball player in decline. For Thames he made films about motorcycle champion Barry Sheene, the footballing \"Charlton Brothers\" and \"Saturday’s Heroes\" (1976) about life behind the scenes at Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. Other subjects included a day in the life of an East End park, and \"The Kilnsey Show\" about a Yorkshire wall-building competition. Yorkshire was also the setting for \"Bonny, Beauty, Daisy, Violet, Grace and Geoffrey Morton\"",
"title": "Frank Cvitanovich"
},
{
"id": "7798763",
"text": "championships for ladies in both spearfishing and scuba. The couple met while both were members of the St George Spearfishing Club in Sydney. They became champion spearfishers, but switched from killing sharks to filming them after becoming fascinated with marine life. They married in December 1963 at Hurstville, N.S.W., and had no children. They made their living in the 1960s by making wet suits and selling underwater cameras, plus doing artwork for magazines. They were credited with being pioneers in several areas — the first people to film great white sharks without the protection of a cage or anything else",
"title": "Ron and Valerie Taylor"
},
{
"id": "5209185",
"text": "The Greatest Game Ever Played The Greatest Game Ever Played is a 2005 biographical sports film based on the early life of golf champion Francis Ouimet. The film was directed by Bill Paxton, and was his last film as a director. Shia LaBeouf plays the role of Ouimet. The film's screenplay was adapted by Mark Frost from his book, \"The Greatest Game Ever Played: Harry Vardon, Francis Ouimet, and the Birth of Modern Golf\". It was shot in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with the Kanawaki Golf Club, in Kahnawake, Quebec, the site of the golf sequences. Set mainly in 1913, the",
"title": "The Greatest Game Ever Played"
},
{
"id": "5302030",
"text": "These films featured such legendary boxers as Jim Corbett, Jack Johnson (with a soundtrack by Miles Davis), Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano, Sugar Ray Robinson, Muhammad Ali, George Foreman, Wilfred Benítez, and Kid Gavilán. Cayton even acquired rights to the first boxing film ever made, a sparring session filmed by Thomas Edison in 1894. His effort in collecting, restoring, and maintaining these films, many of which were rapidly deteriorating, is credited for preserving modern boxing's heritage and history. In 1960 Cayton was joined by boxing historian and film collector Jim Jacobs, forming The Big Fights, Inc. With the guidance",
"title": "Bill Cayton"
},
{
"id": "4898016",
"text": "the movies \"American Graffiti\" and \"The Hollywood Knights\" played a key role in the expansion of street racing and the joy of owning a hot rod. This much later catapulted the highly successful film series \"The Fast and the Furious\", which is based on street racing. \"Redline\" also gives a significant overview of what street racing is. \"Torque\" also gives an insight to the world of street racing, although the movie is more about the use of high-performance motorbikes than cars. A documentary film, \"Speed and Mayhem Down Under\", shows the real street racing scene in Australia. One of the",
"title": "Street racing"
},
{
"id": "605747",
"text": "and supported nuclear energy development as a solution. Newman was an auto racing enthusiast, and first became interested in motorsports (\"the first thing that I ever found I had any grace in\") while training at the Watkins Glen Racing School for the filming of \"Winning\", a 1969 film. Because of his love and passion for racing, Newman agreed in 1971 to star in and to host his first television special, \"Once Upon a Wheel,\" on the history of auto racing. It was produced and directed by David Winters, who co-owned a number of racing cars with Newman. Newman's first professional",
"title": "Paul Newman"
},
{
"id": "3875446",
"text": "he skates faster and faster. Mr. Bartholomew exits the arena hurriedly, possibly fearing a riot as the chant of \"Jonathan! Jonathan! Jonathan!\" becomes a roar. The film ends on a freeze frame of Jonathan's face, as the beginning of the \"Toccata and Fugue in D minor\" plays over the scene. \"Rollerball\"s arena sequences were shot at the Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle in Munich. This hall was selected because it was the only sports arena in the world with a near-circular profile, which the production could take over and re-dress for shooting. The then-new BMW Headquarters and Museum buildings in Munich, Germany appear as",
"title": "Rollerball (1975 film)"
},
{
"id": "5998023",
"text": "Jean Boenish, for a Guinness World Records television special hosted by David Frost and young Kathie Lee Johnson, now Kathie Lee Gifford. Jean Boenish did another jump two days after the fatal jump. Carl Boenish Carl Ronald Boenish (April 3, 1941 – July 7, 1984), considered the father of modern BASE jumping, was an American freefall cinematographer, who in 1978 filmed the first jumps from El Capitan using ram-air parachutes. These jumps were repeated, not as a publicity exercise or as a movie stunt, but as part of the development of a recurring recreational activity. This approach defined modern BASE",
"title": "Carl Boenish"
},
{
"id": "9485766",
"text": "program in television history. Billy Packer, best known for his work on college basketball telecasts for both NBC and CBS, and Frank Glieber, longtime sportscaster for CBS, served as the announcers for the television series. 1960 - The first National Tournament Program of the PPA offered $26,000 in prize money. 1961 - The first putting match ever to be filmed for television was the PPA \"Parade of Champions\" TV Series. 1965 - The PPA expanded to worldwide tournaments. The first foreign tournaments were held in Africa, with Australia, Japan, and Canada following soon after. 1969 - The Amateur Putters Association",
"title": "Professional Putters Association"
},
{
"id": "16243512",
"text": "Colorsport Colorsport Images Ltd is a sports photographic archive and agency, containing around 10 million images covering almost 150 years of sport, serving all forms of media outlets. The Colorsport partnership was set up in the late 1960s by photographers Colin Elsey and Stewart Fraser, and they were soon joined by Andrew Cowie. The agency – as its name suggests - was among the earliest to cover sport in colour as well as black and white, especially football, rugby union and the Olympics. The business was established in the late 1960s when two sports photographers, Colin Elsey and Stewart Fraser,",
"title": "Colorsport"
},
{
"id": "6161852",
"text": "that views a wave as it is crashing over top of the surfer, creating a water tunnel. Browne was the first of many film makers that followed in similar fashions such as Jon Severson and Greg Noll. Although Bud Browne never made much money off of the films that he created, it caused no hindrance on his projects: \"It was always worthwhile for me because I got such a big hoot out of everyone enjoying the films”. Bud Browne Bud Browne (July 12, 1912 – July 25, 2008) was an American early pioneer surf film maker. He was the first",
"title": "Bud Browne"
},
{
"id": "10138014",
"text": "and therefore the setting is generally the eleventh to nineteenth century. Fencing was always a mainstay of this genre, and a dramatic duel was often a pivotal part of the storyline. Nowhere else is swordplay more apparent than in the swashbuckler film. Famous fencing instructors included Henry Uyttenhove, Fred Cavens, Jean Heremans and Ralph Faulkner. They all had additional long careers in sport fencing. Television followed the films, and the British television series \"The Adventures of Robin Hood\" had produced 143 episodes by 1959 and became an outstanding success both in United Kingdom and the United States. British television production",
"title": "Swashbuckler film"
},
{
"id": "6596093",
"text": "in the First World War. Caddock was discharged from the Army on June 1, 1919 and he returned to his career in wrestling. The World Heavyweight Championship had changed hands a few times while he was at war and was once again held by Joe Stecher. A match between the two was immediately set. On January 30, 1920 fans packed Madison Square Garden to see Stecher defeat Caddock. This match was filmed by pioneer cinematographer Freeman Harrison Owens, and is currently the oldest surviving filming of a professional wrestling match. Caddock's career continued successfully for the next few years but",
"title": "Earl Caddock"
},
{
"id": "11299894",
"text": "London club Tottenham Hotspur, which became the only non-League club to have ever won the FA Cup final after the formation of the Football League in 1888 (Tottenham were then in the Southern League). The final between Tottenham and Sheffield United held at Crystal Palace was attended by 110,820 fans, then the largest crowd ever for a football match. The game ended in a 2–2 draw, with both Spurs goals from Sandy Brown, and a disputed goal from Sheffield – the final was the first to be filmed and it would be the first referee decision demonstrated to be wrong",
"title": "History of the FA Cup"
},
{
"id": "756739",
"text": "as a broadcaster for some time, but within a few years, he was hardly seen as a public figure except perhaps as a commentator for swimming events like the 2004 Summer Olympics. Instead Spitz focused on his real estate company in Beverly Hills and hobbies such as sailing. Spitz narrated \"Freedom's Fury\", a 2006 Hungarian documentary about the Olympic water polo team's Blood in the Water match against the Soviet Union during the Revolution of 1956—considered among the most famous water polo matches. The film was executive produced by Quentin Tarantino and Lucy Liu, and made its debut at the",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "14881416",
"text": "the film survive. The known fragments were transferred in the 1980s from a print owned by Jean A. LeRoy of New York City, the transfer done on a specially built optical printer to convert the film to 35mm film. The film was also the first to be shot in widescreen, with an aspect ratio of about 1.65:1. According to Dan Streible, \"The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight\" is \"one of the earliest individual productions to sustain public commentary on the cinema.\" The film is so important to film history that Luke McKernan declared, \"it was boxing that created the cinema.\" In 2012, the",
"title": "The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight"
},
{
"id": "8907545",
"text": "increasing public exposure. Surfing's development and culture was centered primarily in three locations: Hawaii, Australia, and California, although the first footage of surfing in the UK was in 1929 by Louis Rosenberg and a number of friends after being fascinated by watching some Australian surfers. In 1959 the release of the film Gidget, based on the life of surfer Kathy Kohner-Zuckerman, boosted the sport's popularity immensely, moving surfing from an underground culture into a national fad and packing many surf breaks with sudden and previously unheard of crowds. B-movies and surf music such as the Beach Boys and Surfaris based",
"title": "History of surfing"
},
{
"id": "5053194",
"text": "races—figure into the actuality genre, fight films constitute a genre unto themselves. The first fight films, such as Edison's \"The Hornbacker-Murphy Fight\" (1894) actually precede the advent of actualities altogether and, as the genre evolved through 1916, consisted of a mixture of actual, recreated and staged bouts. The fixed camera position common in early cinema was a good match for taking in even many rounds of boxing, and interest in such subjects was further supported by the fact that boxing itself was illegal in most places, and the films provided access to such entertainment where live boxing matches were prohibited",
"title": "Actuality film"
},
{
"id": "14971099",
"text": "London's Rosemary Branch Theatre. Graham was a keen sports enthusiast, from his Gordonstoun days onwards. His sporting interests included watching boxing, Scottish rugby and English cricket. He directed a London Weekend Television documentary on squash player Jonah Barrington, with whom he had been at university. In 2000, he was a technical consultant on the movie \"Snatch\", advising on the boxing scenes, and in 2005 he co-wrote with its subject the biography of the boxer Joe Egan, titled \"Big Joe Egan, the Toughest White Man on the Planet\". Graham was \"gregarious, a lovely teller of tales\". He married (and divorced) twice.",
"title": "Ranald Graham"
},
{
"id": "1773295",
"text": "film, but it is more accurately characterized as a sports program as it included the full unedited boxing match. In 1900, the documentary film \"In the Army\" was made. It was over 1 hour in length and was about the training techniques of the British soldier. Defined by length, the first dramatic feature film was the Australian 70-minute film \"The Story of the Kelly Gang\" (1906). Similarly, the first European feature was the 90-minute film \"L'Enfant prodigue\" (France, 1907), although that was an unmodified record of a stage play; Europe's first feature adapted directly for the screen, \"Les Misérables\", came",
"title": "Feature film"
},
{
"id": "19258120",
"text": "1899, Redfern took on the role of sports photographer and travelled with his local football team. He photographed several major matches including the match at Crystal Palace when Sheffield United played Derby on 15 April 1899 in the Football Cup Final. He chose the title for the series, '’Football Events'’. Redfern was keen with other sports and found time to film local cricket matches, bicycle races and lifeboat competitions. Frank Mottershaw and Redfern made the first motion pictures filmed outdoors in Sheffield. In 1900, Mottershaw formed the Sheffield Photo Company. A studio was built at Hanover Street and it was",
"title": "Henry Jasper Redfern"
},
{
"id": "12390996",
"text": "subsequent Games, up to 1998. <br> New Zealand was fourth in the medal table in 1974. Athletics Lawn bowls Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics Boxing Swimming Weightlifting Athletics Boxing Lawn bowls Cycling Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Wrestling New Zealanders Jane and Rebecca Perrott swam for Fiji at the games, as their father was Registrar at the University of the South Pacific. At 12½ Rebecca was the youngest competitor at the games. The Games were the first major event to be televised after the introduction of colour television to New Zealand in November 1973. However, due to the NZBC's limited colour facilities,",
"title": "New Zealand at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games"
},
{
"id": "4922267",
"text": "boxing gloves fighting against men. \"Das Boxende Känguruh\", an 1895 German silent film directed by Max Skladanowsky, and an English silent film produced by Birt Acres in 1896 also both featured kangaroos boxing against men, while the American animated shorts \"The Boxing Kangaroo\" (1920), \"Mickey's Kangaroo\" (1935) and \"Pop 'Im Pop!\" (1949) helped establish the concept of a boxing kangaroo as a popular culture cliché.. The 1978 Hollywood movie \"Matilda\", which starred Elliott Gould and Robert Mitchum, featured a boxing kangaroo that was exploited for prize fighting. During World War II boxing kangaroos were stencilled on Australian fighter aircraft of",
"title": "Boxing kangaroo"
},
{
"id": "3307921",
"text": "contemporary footage (and photographs). Several documentaries on the Military Channel feature colorized war footage from the Second World War and the Korean War. The 1960 Masters Tournament, originally broadcast in black-and-white and recorded on kinescope, was colorized by Legend Films for the documentary \"Jim Nantz Remembers\". This was the first time a major sports event had been re-broadcast using colorization. In Peter Jackson's 2018 First World War well-received documentary, \"They Shall Not Grow old\", black and white footage from the trenches was colourized. The Greatest Game Ever Played, the 1958 NFL Championship between the Baltimore Colts and the New York",
"title": "Film colorization"
},
{
"id": "8182592",
"text": "Rolf de Heer's \"Ten Canoes\" became the first major feature film to be shot in an indigenous language and the film was recognised at Cannes and elsewhere. In sport Evonne Goolagong Cawley became the world number-one ranked tennis player in 1971 and won 14 Grand Slam titles during her career. In 1973 Arthur Beetson became the first Indigenous Australian to captain his country in any sport when he first led the Australian National rugby league team, the Kangaroos. In 1982, Mark Ella became Captain of the Australian National rugby union team, the Wallabies. Olympic gold medalist Cathy Freeman lit the",
"title": "History of Australia since 1945"
},
{
"id": "2453522",
"text": "left £747,098. In an interview published a few days after her death, Cooper described Albina, who \"hated\" his sport, as \"an ideal wife for a boxer\", never grumbling about his long absences before big fights and inviting journalists in for tea while they waited for Cooper to get out of bed the morning after bouts. Cooper was the first to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice (in 1967 and 1970) and one of only four two-time winners in the award's history (the others being Nigel Mansell in 1986 and 1992, Damon Hill in 1994 and 1996,",
"title": "Henry Cooper"
},
{
"id": "3411060",
"text": "Olympia (1938 film) Olympia is a 1938 German documentary sports film written, directed and produced by Leni Riefenstahl, documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany. The film was released in two parts: \"Olympia 1. Teil — Fest der Völker\" (Festival of Nations) and \"Olympia 2. Teil — Fest der Schönheit\" (Festival of Beauty). It was the first documentary feature film of the Olympic Games ever made. Many advanced motion picture techniques, which later became industry standards but which were groundbreaking at the time, were employed —including unusual camera angles, smash cuts, extreme close-ups and",
"title": "Olympia (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "3849626",
"text": "film as an \"auspicious debut\", with Fields' routines and pacing already finely honed. It was one of two short films Fields made for a company called Gaumont, distributed by Mutual. He and Ross made another short around the same time, \"His Lordship's Dilemma.\" Pool Sharks Pool Sharks (also sometimes known as The Pool Shark) is a 1915 silent short film. The film is notable for being the film acting and writing debut of W. C. Fields, and also features an early stop-motion animation scene, during a game of pool. Following a standard style of the era, the film is a",
"title": "Pool Sharks"
},
{
"id": "379152",
"text": "Red Cross under Generals Patton and Eisenhower, during which time she produced the first international aquacade in Caserta, Italy. She was the Director of Travel in post-war Europe until 1962. In 1959 the Helms Hall of Fame officially recognised Curtis (along with Annette Kellerman) – ascribing to her the primary development of synchronised swimming. In 1979 the International Swimming Hall of Fame inducted Curtis with similar accolades. Esther Williams, a national AAU champion swimmer, popularized synchronised swimming during WWII and after, through (often elaborately staged) scenes in Hollywood films such as \"Bathing Beauty\" (1944), \"Million Dollar Mermaid\" (1952), and \"Jupiter's",
"title": "Synchronised swimming"
},
{
"id": "9978356",
"text": "Boxing Kangaroo (film) Boxing Kangaroo () is an 1895 German short black-and-white silent documentary film, directed and produced by Max Skladanowsky, which features a Kangaroo boxing against a man against a white background at the Circus Busch. The film, which premiered at the first public projection of motion pictures in Germany on , was filmed on 35 mm film and is 18 feet in length. The \"groundbreaking production\", was, according to WildFilmHistory, \"a huge success\", which, \"despite being intended for entertainment rather than as a scientific behaviour study\", \"revealed animal actions in a way that had never been seen before\",",
"title": "Boxing Kangaroo (film)"
},
{
"id": "119488",
"text": "the world. Sports originating in England include association football, cricket, rugby union, rugby league, tennis, boxing, badminton, squash, rounders, hockey, snooker, billiards, darts, table tennis, bowls, netball, thoroughbred horseracing, greyhound racing and fox hunting. It has helped the development of golf, sailing and Formula One. Football is the most popular of these sports. The England national football team, whose home venue is Wembley Stadium, played Scotland in the first ever international football match in 1872. Referred to as the \"home of football\" by FIFA, England hosted the 1966 FIFA World Cup, and won the tournament by defeating West Germany 4–2",
"title": "England"
},
{
"id": "11105253",
"text": "was reduced to one team skating mainly for the entertainment of soldiers. After the war's end in 1945, Seltzer successfully resumed growing the sport, although a 1946 attempt to bring it to New York's Polo Grounds failed due to twelve straight days of rain. At 8:30 P.M. on November 29, 1948, Roller Derby debuted on New York television, beginning a 13-week run on the CBS-TV network, broadcasting at a time well before television was in widespread use. The first televised matches were between teams representing New York and Brooklyn, and took place at the 69th Regiment Armory four nights a",
"title": "History of roller derby"
},
{
"id": "20063147",
"text": "plaintiffs were refused (due to the fact that during the consideration of the case the defendant made changes in the scenario taking into account the circumstances stated in the statement of claim). Filming began in August 2016 in Moscow. The last scenes of the film - the scenes of the final match of the 1972 Olympic Games basketball tournament between the USSR and the US national teams - were filmed in the first filming days. Instead of a crowd of fans, advertising and other attributes of the Munich match, the shooting technique used the \"chromakey\" technology. According to the United",
"title": "Going Vertical"
},
{
"id": "1985280",
"text": "in.\" On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 78%, based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's consensus reads, \"Though undeniably sentimental and predictable, \"Rudy\" succeeds with an uplifting spirit and determination.\" In 2006, AFI placed the film on its 100 Years...100 Cheers list, where it was ranked #54. Rudy (film) Rudy is a 1993 American biographical sports film directed by David Anspaugh. It is an account of the life of Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles. It was the first film",
"title": "Rudy (film)"
},
{
"id": "4663972",
"text": "two motorcycle racers, and \"Making It\" (1971), about a sexually triumphant high school student who beds the gerontophobic wife of his gym teacher. In 1972, he produced \"The Godfather\" and won his first of two Oscars for Best Picture. In 1974, Ruddy produced \"The Longest Yard\", which has been described as \"the first successful modern sports movie\". The movie was very successful financially and was subsequently remade twice with Ruddy as executive producer (as \"Mean Machine\" (2001) and as \"The Longest Yard\" (2005)). The following year, Ruddy produced director and animator Ralph Bakshi's satirical film \"Coonskin\" (1975). The film was",
"title": "Albert S. Ruddy"
},
{
"id": "19466777",
"text": "the picture quality of the film's DVD release. Shark Kill Shark Kill is a 1976 made-for-television adventure film directed by William A. Graham. The film was one of the first films released to capitalize on the success of the 1975 film \"Jaws\"; both films follow the premise of men hunting a bloodthirsty great white shark. The film was first broadcast on NBC on May 20, 1976, and was released on DVD on January 17, 2007. The film has a rating of 4.6/10 on IMDb. Filmmaker and reviewer James Rolfe placed \"Shark Kill\" at the number thirty-seven spot on his list",
"title": "Shark Kill"
},
{
"id": "15742209",
"text": "it does, in fact, seem to be the case. Bobby Fischer was this self-taught Brooklyn boy who took the New York chess scene and then the national chess scene by storm. And the Russians had been dominating the sport for decades. ... So for an American to have a real chance at beating that [Soviet] machine, this was big stuff. ... The symbolism of the match was enormous.\" The documentary has an 87% rating and an average rating of 7.1/10 on Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus not yet reached. The film is dedicated to editor Karen Schmeer, who was killed",
"title": "Bobby Fischer Against the World"
},
{
"id": "2402985",
"text": "sports that originated in Persia are polo and jousting. A polished bone implement found at Eva in Tennessee, United States and dated to around 5000 BCE has been construed as a possible sporting device used in a \"ring and pin\" game. For at least one hundred years, entire villages have competed with each other in rough, and sometimes violent, ballgames in England (Shrovetide football) and Ireland (caid). In contrast, the game of calcio Fiorentino, in Florence, Italy, was originally reserved for combat sports such as fencing and jousting being popular. Horse racing, in particular, was a favourite of the upper",
"title": "History of sport"
},
{
"id": "9690629",
"text": "Film Board and Loopline Films. At the same time, a new documentary, \"The Making of Rocky Road\", was made by Paul Duane, examining the history of \"Rocky Road\", and including BBC footage of Coutard and Lennon shooting \"Rocky Road\" in 1967, and previously unseen film of the events in Cannes in 1968. Both films were released on DVD (Region 0 PAL) in 2005. Rocky Road to Dublin (film) Rocky Road to Dublin is a 1967 documentary film by Irish-born journalist Peter Lennon and French cinematographer Raoul Coutard, examining the contemporary state of the Republic of Ireland, posing the question, \"what",
"title": "Rocky Road to Dublin (film)"
},
{
"id": "5209197",
"text": "\"making of\" documentaries with cast and crew members, plus a rare 1963 interview with the real Francis Ouimet on WGBH, the Boston public television station, at Brookline, Massachusetts golf course where the 1913 U.S. Open took place. It was released on Blu-ray Disc in 2009, and again as a DVD/Blu-ray combo pack in 2011. The Greatest Game Ever Played The Greatest Game Ever Played is a 2005 biographical sports film based on the early life of golf champion Francis Ouimet. The film was directed by Bill Paxton, and was his last film as a director. Shia LaBeouf plays the role",
"title": "The Greatest Game Ever Played"
},
{
"id": "11401125",
"text": "pelvis at the age of fifteen in 1908. His stuffed and mounted head is on display at the National Horseracing Museum in Newmarket. Persimmon (horse) Persimmon (1893–1908) was a British Thoroughbred race horse and sire. In a racing career that lasted from June 1895 to July 1897 he ran nine times and won seven races. His victories included the 1896 Epsom Derby, one of the first horse races ever filmed, by Robert W. Paul. His other important victories included the St. Leger, the Ascot Gold Cup and the Eclipse Stakes. He was also notable for his rivalry with another English",
"title": "Persimmon (horse)"
},
{
"id": "3220078",
"text": "in addition to the premier GT3 Pro class. The series began in 2011 and saw increased involvement in 2012 and 2013. Endurance motor racing has proven a popular subject for depiction in videogames, and on film. The Lee H. Katzin film \"Le Mans\", starring Steve McQueen, used real race footage, and enjoys cult status. The 1986 arcade game \"WEC Le Mans\" was the first to portray endurance racing in a videogame, while \"Gran Turismo 4\" and 5 extended this to a real-time simulation of 24 hour events. In the early days of endurance racing cars and motorcycles raced side by",
"title": "Endurance racing (motorsport)"
},
{
"id": "5992308",
"text": "able to \"surf\" on land. Later came windsurfing (also known as \"sailboarding\"), bodyboarding, wakeboarding, wakesurfing, skimboarding, snowboarding, riverboarding, kiteboarding, sandboarding, mountainboarding, carveboarding all now competitive sports. Another fast growing boardsport is skurfing a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat. Pineboarding and sandboarding are recreational boardsports. The surf culture is reflected in film. Bruce Brown's classic movie \"The Endless Summer\" glorified surfing in a round-the-world search for the perfect wave. John Milius's homage to the Malibu of his youth in \"Big Wednesday\" remains a poignant metaphor for the similarities between",
"title": "Surf culture"
},
{
"id": "212781",
"text": "area, popularising trips down rivers on bamboo rafts. Jamaica has a history in the film industry dating from the early 1960s. A look at delinquent youth in Jamaica is presented in the 1970s musical crime film \"The Harder They Come\", starring Jimmy Cliff as a frustrated (and psychopathic) reggae musician who descends into a murderous crime spree. The American film \"Cocktail\" (1988), starring Tom Cruise, is one of the more popular films to depict Jamaica. Another popular Jamaican-based film is the 1993 Disney comedy \"Cool Runnings\", which is loosely based on the true story of Jamaica's first bobsled team trying",
"title": "Jamaica"
},
{
"id": "8425197",
"text": "Several films have depicted sports in Philadelphia. Most prominently, the Rocky film franchise follows the boxing career of Rocky Balboa. The film Invincible was based on Vince Papale's career as a player on the Philadelphia Eagles. The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon starred Tony Danza as the kicker of the Philadelphia Eagles. Broad Street Bullies is a documentary that chronicles the early history of the Philadelphia Flyers. The film Pride follows swim coach Jim Ellis in 1970s Philadelphia. The Mighty Macs depicts the 1970s Immaculata College women's basketball team. The main character of the film Silver Linings Playbook",
"title": "Sports in Philadelphia"
},
{
"id": "19466776",
"text": "Shark Kill Shark Kill is a 1976 made-for-television adventure film directed by William A. Graham. The film was one of the first films released to capitalize on the success of the 1975 film \"Jaws\"; both films follow the premise of men hunting a bloodthirsty great white shark. The film was first broadcast on NBC on May 20, 1976, and was released on DVD on January 17, 2007. The film has a rating of 4.6/10 on IMDb. Filmmaker and reviewer James Rolfe placed \"Shark Kill\" at the number thirty-seven spot on his list of the \"Top 40 Shitty Shark Movies\", criticising",
"title": "Shark Kill"
},
{
"id": "12929504",
"text": "create the perfect proving ground to display the brilliance of his families fighting art Ultimate Fighting Championship. The sport is now considered one of the fastest growing in the world. The film was shot, edited, produced, and directed by Gethin Aldous. He followed Renzo over a 7-year period and another student of Renzo's, Alex Shum, filmed Renzo for 4 years before that. The filmmakers chose to shun a normal distribution route and decided to self-distribute, desiring that the money for all the \"blood, sweat, and tears\" put into the film went straight to its makers. It was self-financed by the",
"title": "Renzo Gracie: Legacy"
},
{
"id": "3846006",
"text": "Against the Ropes Against the Ropes is a 2004 American sports drama film directed by Charles S. Dutton (in his directorial debut) and starring Meg Ryan and Omar Epps. The story is a fictionalized account of boxing manager Jackie Kallen, who was the first woman to become a success in the sport. Kallen has a bit part in the film playing a reporter, and a few lines in the scene where the press interviews the principal characters. The film was shot primarily at the Wolstein Center in Cleveland, Ohio, United States and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada at the Copps Coliseum. \"Against",
"title": "Against the Ropes"
},
{
"id": "12375342",
"text": "as famous steamships including the \"SS Great Britain,\" the first propeller-driven ocean-going iron ship, and \"SS Great Eastern\" which laid the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable. There are many sports which have been codified by the English, and then spread worldwide, including badminton, cricket, croquet, football, field hockey, lawn tennis, rugby league, rugby union, table tennis and thoroughbred horse racing. In the late 18th century, the English game of rounders was transported to the American Colonies, where it evolved into baseball. Association football, cricket, rugby union and rugby league are considered to be the national sports of England. The rules",
"title": "Culture of England"
},
{
"id": "8907548",
"text": "the creation and evolution of the short board in the late 60s and early 70s to the performance hotdogging of the neon-drenched 1980s and the epic professional surfing of the 1990s (typified by Kelly Slater, the \"Michael Jordan of Surfing\"). In 1975, professional contests started. That year Margo Oberg became the first female professional surfer. Surfing documentaries have been one of the main ways in which surfing culture grows and replenishes itself, not just as a sport but as an art form, the style and quality of surf films have often tracked well the evolution of the sport. Defining the",
"title": "History of surfing"
},
{
"id": "2842364",
"text": "another Swedish actress, Kristina Wayborn, who the producers first noticed playing Greta Garbo in the miniseries \"The Silent Lovers\". \"Octopussy\" is also the first film to feature Robert Brown as M, following the death of Bernard Lee in 1981. Brown came recommended by Moore, who had known him since both worked in the series \"Ivanhoe\". The first actor to be cast in the film was Vijay Amritraj, a popular professional tennis player who Broccoli met watching The Championships in Wimbledon. His character of Bond's ally in India was also named Vijay and used a tennis racket as a weapon. For",
"title": "Octopussy"
},
{
"id": "14186564",
"text": "Steep (film) Steep is a 2007 documentary about extreme skiing written and directed by Mark Obenhaus. \"Steep\" explores the history of extreme and Big Mountain Skiing, starting with its roots in 1960s and 1970s North America and Europe, with Bill Briggs' now famous first descent of the Grand Teton, and progressing through to the current day sport. \"Steep\" was shot in High Definition and on film in a number of locations including Alaska, France, Canada and Iceland. \"Steep\" made its premiere in the Spotlight Section of the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival. In North America, \"Steep\" was acquired by Sony Classics",
"title": "Steep (film)"
},
{
"id": "16746070",
"text": "Justin Pemberton Justin Pemberton is a documentary filmmaker based in Auckland, New Zealand. In 2012 he wrote and directed the docudrama feature \"The Golden Hour\", based on the story of New Zealand athletes Peter Snell and Murray Halberg at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. \"The Golden Hour\" was nominated for a 2013 International Emmy Award for best documentary. In 2016 Pemberton co-wrote and directed a film about rugby player Richie McCaw called \"Chasing Great\". The film topped the New Zealand box office with a record-breaking opening weekend and became the highest grossing New Zealand documentary of all time. At",
"title": "Justin Pemberton"
},
{
"id": "561971",
"text": "was portrayed as racist, and the script ended with Rocky throwing the fight after realizing he did not want to be part of the professional boxing world after all. During filming, both Stallone and Weathers suffered injuries during the shooting of the final fight; Stallone suffered bruised ribs and Weathers suffered a damaged nose, the opposite injuries of what their characters had. The first date between Rocky and Adrian, in which Rocky bribes a janitor to allow them to skate after closing hours in a deserted ice skating rink, was shot that way only because of budgetary pressures. This scene",
"title": "Rocky"
},
{
"id": "344069",
"text": "Niro boxing in a ring. One night when the footage was being shown to De Niro, Michael Chapman, and his friend and mentor, the British director Michael Powell, Powell pointed out that the color of the gloves at the time would have only been maroon, oxblood, or even black. Scorsese decided to use this as one of the reasons to film \"Raging Bull\" in black and white. Other reasons would be to distinguish the film from other color films around the time and to acknowledge the problem of fading color film stock—an issue Scorsese recognized. Scorsese went to two matches",
"title": "Raging Bull"
},
{
"id": "2868239",
"text": "presented challenges, such as the stopped-action table-tennis game for which Hunter and Livesey were trained by champions Alan Brooke and Viktor Barna; the scene where Carter washes up on the beach, the first scene filmed, where cinematographer Jack Cardiff fogged up the camera lens with his breath to create the look he wanted; and the long, 25-minute trial sequence, which required a set with a long by high backcloth. \"A Matter of Life and Death\" was chosen for the first ever Royal Film Performance on 1 November 1946 at the Empire Theatre, in London. The performance was in aid of",
"title": "A Matter of Life and Death (film)"
},
{
"id": "17928258",
"text": "in 1975 when she swam around Manhattan island and in 1979 from the Bahamas to Florida. In 2013, at age 64, after many long distance swimming exploits, she became the first person confirmed to swim from Cuba to Florida (180 km). She swam to raise funds for victims of Hurricane Sandy. Women have been fighting for years to be able to compete in the Winter Olympics’ ski jumping category. Women have always been banned from competing in the Ski Jumping Olympic Competitions since it became an official Olympic Sport in Chamonix Olympic Winter Games in 1924. The documentary states why",
"title": "Ready to Fly (film)"
},
{
"id": "13154432",
"text": "In 1995 Ruben Kruger was named South African Rugby Football Union's player of the year. At the end of his rugby career, he became a camera salesman. He owned a Minolta franchise in Pretoria. He was portrayed in \"Invictus\", a film about Nelson Mandela and the 1995 Springboks, by Grant Roberts. Kruger died in Pretoria on 27 January 2010 after battling brain cancer for 10 years. He was two months short of his 40th birthday. He played his first test match for the Springboks on 6 November 1993 against Argentina (won 29-26). Ruben Kruger Ruben Jacobus Kruger, (30 March 1970",
"title": "Ruben Kruger"
},
{
"id": "346785",
"text": "In 1999 Crowe paid $42,000 at auction for the brass bell used to open the inaugural rugby league match in Australia in 1908 at a fund-raiser to assist Souths' legal battle for re-inclusion in the League. In 2005, he made the Rabbitohs the first club team in Australia to be sponsored by a film, when he negotiated a deal to advertise his film \"Cinderella Man\" on their jerseys. On 19 March 2006, the voting members of the South Sydney club voted (in a 75.8% majority) to allow Crowe and businessman Peter Holmes à Court to purchase 75% of the organisation,",
"title": "Russell Crowe"
},
{
"id": "18891868",
"text": "9-Man (film) 9-Man is a 2014 American documentary film about the sport 9-man played in Chinatowns in the U.S. and Canada. \"The New York Times\" called it \"an absorbing documentary.\" The film, which had its world premiere at IFFBoston on April 27, 2014, won six film festival awards and was broadcast on the PBS World Channel series \"America ReFramed\" on May 5, 2015 and January 24, 2017. The film, which follows the all-male sport of 9-man, was produced by a largely female crew, led by first-time director Ursula Liang and editor Michelle Chang. Featured in the film are U.S. volleyball",
"title": "9-Man (film)"
},
{
"id": "2865419",
"text": "The Mighty Ducks The Mighty Ducks (also known as The Mighty Ducks: Part 1 or D1: The Mighty Ducks) is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film about a youth league hockey team, directed by Stephen Herek and starring Emilio Estevez. It was produced by The Kerner Entertainment Company and Avnet–Kerner Productions and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. It was the first film in \"The Mighty Ducks\" film series, and was filmed in several locations in Minnesota. In the UK, South Africa, and Australia, the film was retitled \"Champions\". Subsequently, UK home releases are now titled \"The Mighty Ducks Are the",
"title": "The Mighty Ducks"
},
{
"id": "9280695",
"text": "player to score in every round. He netted both goals in the final as well as one in the replay for a total of 15 in the season's competition. 1901 FA Cup Final The 1901 FA Cup Final was played at Crystal Palace between Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield United—and the first FA Cup Final to be filmed by Pathé News. As the match ended in a 2–2 tie, a new match had to be played seven days after, with the \"Spurs\" winning 3–1. The win was the first in a trend (which continued throughout much of the twentieth century) of",
"title": "1901 FA Cup Final"
},
{
"id": "3155748",
"text": "Bay National Marine Sanctuary proposed banning personal watercraft from Mavericks, which led to disputes within the sport. The following is a list of past Mavericks invitational competitions and winners. The first videos were shot by Eric W. Nelson in February 1990, catching Clark, Schmidt and Powers. Eric was shooting for his community access television show \"Powerlines Surf-Spots\". This was the origin of the Powerlines Productions company that showcases big wave surfing around the world. Nelson's first film was \"High Noon at Low Tide\" 1994/1995. In 1998 he produced another big wave documentary \"Twenty Feet Under\". Local filmmaker Curt Myers, produced",
"title": "Mavericks, California"
},
{
"id": "623974",
"text": "broadsword, and for being the only Allied soldier to kill an enemy with a longbow during the war. He became a surfing enthusiast in his later life and rode the bore on a board he designed himself. In September 2005, several hundred surfers gathered in Newnham on Severn to celebrate 50 years since the first recorded attempt at surfing the Severn bore and to view the première of \"Longwave\" by Donny Wright, a historical film documenting the evolution of the sport since its inception in 1955. In March 2006, Steve King, a railway engineer from Gloucestershire, set a world record",
"title": "Severn bore"
},
{
"id": "3411067",
"text": "song incorporated footage from Olympia. Olympia (1938 film) Olympia is a 1938 German documentary sports film written, directed and produced by Leni Riefenstahl, documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany. The film was released in two parts: \"Olympia 1. Teil — Fest der Völker\" (Festival of Nations) and \"Olympia 2. Teil — Fest der Schönheit\" (Festival of Beauty). It was the first documentary feature film of the Olympic Games ever made. Many advanced motion picture techniques, which later became industry standards but which were groundbreaking at the time, were employed —including unusual camera angles,",
"title": "Olympia (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "9241351",
"text": "artist Jon Campbell won the 2012 Basil Sellers Art Prize for his work \"Dream Team\", a composite of 22 individual paintings, each depicting a famous football nickname, among them Buddy, God, Captain Blood and Flying Doormat. Australian football was filmed as early as August 1898, when Essendon played Geelong at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground. The earliest known surviving footage of an Australian football match is Charles Cozens Spencer's film of the 1909 VFL Grand Final in which South Melbourne won their first flag against reigning premiers Carlton. In 2009, the National Film and Sound Archive celebrated the film's centenary",
"title": "Australian rules football in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "17557349",
"text": "was the first president of the Wheelchair Sports Association of South Australia. In 1988, she was President of the Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled. The Confederation was responsible for raising funds and organising the Australian team to the 1988 Seoul Paralyampics. The fundraising program raised just over $1 million. Worley and her husband Don were able to convince Hon Graham Richardson, Minister for Sport to cover the costs of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation(ABC) in filming the Games. Her husband Don began to film sport for the disabled in the early 1970s and the ABC's involvement came a few",
"title": "Barbara Worley"
},
{
"id": "50820",
"text": "Perrine Bridge in Twin Falls, Idaho. BASE jumping became known to the wider public through depictions in a number of action movies and being featured in the 2014 documentary \"Sunshine Superman\". The acronym \"B.A.S.E.\" (now more commonly \"BASE\") was coined by filmmaker Carl Boenish, his wife Jean Boenish, Phil Smith, and Phil Mayfield. Carl Boenish was the catalyst behind modern BASE jumping, and in 1978, he filmed the first BASE jumps to be made using ram-air parachutes and the freefall tracking technique (from El Capitan in Yosemite National Park). While BASE jumps had been made prior to that time, the",
"title": "BASE jumping"
},
{
"id": "12332358",
"text": "baseball trilogy \"When It Was a Game\" and the eye-opening look at the dramatic gloved-fist demonstration at the 1968 Olympics, \"Fists of Freedom.\" The footage for the series comes from Flagstaff Films library, arguably the most impressive private collection of baseball film in the U.S The series is available from Baseball Direct in a special 3-DVD Collection. Baseball's Golden Age Baseball's Golden Age is a television program that chronicles the history of baseball focusing mainly on the 1920s through the 1960s, the \"golden age of baseball\". It is broadcast on Fox Sports Net Sunday nights at 8 p.m. and is",
"title": "Baseball's Golden Age"
},
{
"id": "6401483",
"text": "year during the 1980s, the country's film industry was down to making a total of 56 new films in 2006 and around 30 in 2007. Although the industry has undergone turbulent times, the 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology, and a number of films have once again earned international recognition and prestige. On 1 January 1897, the first four movies, namely, \"Un Homme Au Chapeau (Man with a Hat)\", \"Une scène de danse japonnaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance)\", \"Les Boxers (The Boxers)\", and \"La Place de L' Opéra (The Place L'",
"title": "Cinema of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "5553899",
"text": "The Frogmen The Frogmen is a 1951 American black-and-white World War II drama film from Twentieth Century Fox, produced by Samuel G. Engel, directed by Lloyd Bacon, that stars Richard Widmark, Dana Andrews, and Gary Merrill. The film's storyline is based on operations by United States Navy Underwater Demolition Teams, popularly known as \"frogmen\", against the Japanese Army and naval forces. It was the first such film about scuba diving and became a popular cultural hit. After the opening credits, \"The Frogmen\" has an on screen written statement: \"This is a true story based on incidents which occurred in the",
"title": "The Frogmen"
},
{
"id": "9269123",
"text": "Skatetown, U.S.A. Skatetown, U.S.A. is a 1979 American comedy film produced to capitalize on the short-lived fad of roller disco. Directed by William A. Levey, the film features many television stars from the 1960s and 1970s, among them Scott Baio, Flip Wilson, Maureen McCormick, Ron Palillo and Ruth Buzzi. Patrick Swayze's leading role as the skater \"Ace\" was his first movie performance. Also in the cast are Sydney Lassick, Billy Barty and \"Playboy\" centerfold model Dorothy Stratten. One evening at a Los Angeles roller disco called \"Skatetown, U.S.A.,\" a rivalry between two skaters (Patrick Swayze and Greg Bradford) culminates in",
"title": "Skatetown, U.S.A."
},
{
"id": "2947433",
"text": "San Francisco. The Lefty O'Doul Bridge was featured in the fire engine chase scene. The horse racing scenes were shot at Ascot Racecourse. Production of the film began on 23 June 1984 in Iceland, where the second unit filmed the pre-title sequence. On 27 June 1984, several leftover canisters of petrol used during filming of Ridley Scott's \"Legend\" caused Pinewood Studios' \"007 Stage\" to burn to the ground. The stage was rebuilt, and reopened in January 1985 (renamed as \"Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage\") for filming of \"A View to a Kill\". Work had continued on other stages at Pinewood",
"title": "A View to a Kill"
},
{
"id": "16619461",
"text": "Harold Ensley Harold Edward Ensley (November 20, 1912 – August 24, 2005) was an American radio and television personality best known for his television program \"The Sportsman's Friend\". His innovative, nationally syndicated program was one of the first to feature fishing and hunting, and ran nonstop for 48 years. Harold Ensley earned the title: \"World Champion of Freshwater Sport Fishing\" by winning \"The World Series of Freshwater Sport Fishing\", the first major fishing tournament by \"Sports Illustrated\", in 1960. He has been inducted into the National Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame, the Kansas Association of Broadcaster's Hall Of Fame,",
"title": "Harold Ensley"
},
{
"id": "819721",
"text": "a team of as many as 40 effects technicians, supervised by mechanical effects supervisor Bob Mattey, best known for creating the giant squid in \"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\". After the sharks were completed, they were trucked to the shooting location. In early July, the platform used to tow the two side-view sharks capsized as it was being lowered to the ocean floor, forcing a team of divers to retrieve it. The model required 14 operators to control all of the moving parts. \"Jaws\" was the first major motion picture to be shot on the ocean, resulting in a troubled",
"title": "Jaws (film)"
},
{
"id": "3235289",
"text": "video featuring the cast was released online in June 2017, announcing a competition to raise funds for the Stiller Foundation. On August 8, 2017, ESPNU aired a marathon of programming as \"ESPN 8\". In the spirit of its lampooned portrayal in \"DodgeBall\", it consisted primarily of lesser-known and unconventional sports and competitions, including trampoline dodgeball, darts, disc golf, kabaddi, and roller derby. The stunt was reprised the following year on ESPN2, also featuring an airing of the film itself. DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story is a 2004 American sports comedy film written and directed by",
"title": "DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story"
},
{
"id": "10147023",
"text": "anthology show \"World of Sport\". The first darts tournament broadcast by the BBC was the 1975 British Open. When the World Championship began in 1978, the BBC picked up the event and also went on to cover the Bullseye Darts Championship, British Gold Cup, British Professional Championship and others in later years. The mass of coverage and amount of prize money in the game led to several players turning professional - now able to make a full-time living from the game. Darts players were allowed to drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes on the stage during matches, a reflection of the",
"title": "Split in darts"
},
{
"id": "5998021",
"text": "Carl Boenish Carl Ronald Boenish (April 3, 1941 – July 7, 1984), considered the father of modern BASE jumping, was an American freefall cinematographer, who in 1978 filmed the first jumps from El Capitan using ram-air parachutes. These jumps were repeated, not as a publicity exercise or as a movie stunt, but as part of the development of a recurring recreational activity. This approach defined modern BASE jumping. These were the jumps that popularized BASE jumping more widely among parachutists, likely because Boenish filmed them and presented the footage exceptionally well. Boenish also published \"BASE Magazine\" to promote safety in",
"title": "Carl Boenish"
},
{
"id": "3534961",
"text": "high speed motion during the speeder-bike chase. The sequence in \"Rocky\" that took the audience up the steps of the Philadelphia Art Museum for the triumphant moment at the top was first filmed during tests for the original Steadicam system. The system was used extensively on Stanley Kubrick's 1980 classic horror film \"The Shining\", starring Jack Nicholson. Brown's Steadicam work can be seen in over seventy motion pictures. Brown has also invented the SkyCam (for football games), DiveCam (following olympic divers) and MobyCam (underwater camera following olympic swimmers). Garrett Brown is the father of Jonathan Brown, also a professional cinematographer.",
"title": "Garrett Brown"
},
{
"id": "9352229",
"text": "international apathy caused an irreversible decline. In the second half of the twentieth century, immigrants to the United States from traditional cricket strongholds such as South Asia and the West Indies helped to stimulate the growth of the game. The first match televised in the United States was one between the Corinthians and Hollywood in 1958. Cricket received a boost in the United States in 1959 when President Dwight D. Eisenhower attended a cricket match at Karachi's National Cricket Ground. In 1961, an expatriate Englishman, John Marder, helped to establish the United States of America Cricket Association. He also helped",
"title": "History of United States cricket"
},
{
"id": "4128377",
"text": "film had been \"The Red Beret\", based on a real-life British commando raid in the Second World War, featuring an American star in the lead role. It was very popular; \"The Cockleshell Heroes\" followed the same formula. It was the first independent film shot in Britain to use CinemaScope. (Warwick had secured the use of the process for \"Cockleshell\" and \"A Prize of Arms\".) Alan Ladd had appeared in Warwick's first three films, and was discussed as a star. So too was Richard Widmark who ended up making \"A Prize of Gold\" for the company instead. When the British Admiralty",
"title": "The Cockleshell Heroes"
},
{
"id": "14390171",
"text": "its surrounding areas. Locations were used to represent both Australia and the Western Front in Belgium, while the tunnels were constructed as sets indoors; digging actual tunnels to film in would have proved \"logistically impossible\" and posed a high level of risk to the cast and crew. Actor Hugh Jackman gave the production team part of a set from a World War I scene in \"\", which Jackman had starred in and produced. The local Brothers Rugby Union club provided the players for the rugby game and the following thigh slapping singing scene. Despite initial plans to have the film",
"title": "Beneath Hill 60"
},
{
"id": "8508676",
"text": "professional wrestling, she was the first to develop the idea of a documentary about the beginnings of female wrestling. The objective of the film was to give back to the female professional wrestlers of the 1940s–1960s. The stars hoped the film would help \"set the record straight\" about the early days of women's wrestling, when it was taboo for girls to join the business. Penny Banner helped put the film together, as she had connections in both the Ladies International Wrestling Association and the Cauliflower Alley Club, which helped the director locate older stars to use in the filming. Kelly",
"title": "Lipstick and Dynamite, Piss and Vinegar: The First Ladies of Wrestling"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Stan Waterman context: his SCUBA diving career in the Bahamas where he owned and operated a diving charter business from 1954 until 1958. His big break came in 1965 when he filmed a year-long family trip to Tahiti. National Geographic purchased the rights to the work and showed it on television. He was a producer and photographer on the 1971 film \"Blue Water, White Death\" which was the first cinematic filming of the great white shark. Waterman was the subject of a Discovery Channel biographical special titled \"The Man Who Loves Sharks\". Working with his son, he won the first father and son\n\nWhat sport was the first to be filmed---and who filmed it?",
"compressed_tokens": 183,
"origin_tokens": 183,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Actuality film context: races— into the actuality genre, fight films constitute a genre unto themselves. The first fight films, such as Edison's \"The Hornbacker-Murphy Fight\" (1894) actually precede the advent of actualities altogether and, as the genre evolved through 1916, consisted of a mixture of actual, recreated and staged bouts. The fixed camera position common in early cinema was a good match for taking in even many rounds of boxing, and interest in such subjects was further supported by the fact that boxing itself was illegal in most places, and the films provided access to such entertainment where live boxing matches were prohibited\n\ntitle: 901 FA Cup Final context: player score every round. He nett both goals in the as as one in the replay for total of 15 in the' competition. 1901 FA Cup Final The 1901 FA Cup Final was played at Crystal Palace between Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield—and the first FA Cup Final to be fil Pathé News. As match ended in a 2–2 tie, a new match had to be played seven days after, with the \"Spurs\" winning 3–1. The win was the first in a trendwhich continued throughout much of the twentieth century) of\n\ntitle:93 film context:ia (1938 film Olymp 193 German documentary sports film, and produced Leni Riefenst, documenting the 1936 Summer, held in Stadium, Germany film was two: \"Olympia Teil Fest der V\"Festival)Olympia . — Fest der SchönFestival of Beauty). It was the first document feature of the Olympic Games made advanced picture later industry standards which groundbreaking at the, were —including unusual camera, sm cut, extreme-ups\n\n: Australian culture Campbell0D individualings a famous themdyat. wasmed as as8, whenon played at theound.ivingage of an Australian football match is Charles Cozens Spencer's film of the 1909 VFL Grand Final in which South Melbourne won their first flag against reigning premiers Carlton. In 2009, the National Film and Sound Archive celebrated the film's centenary\n\nWhat sport was the first to be filmed---and who filmed it?",
"compressed_tokens": 496,
"origin_tokens": 14548,
"ratio": "29.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
111 | How many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played? | [
"None",
"None (disambiguation)"
] | None | [
{
"id": "430386",
"text": "by Cap Anson of the old Chicago NL team in 1884. Cobb wanted to show that he could hit home runs when he wanted, but simply chose not to do so. At the end of the series, the 38-year-old veteran superstar had gone 12 for 19 with 29 total bases and then went happily back to his usual bunting and hitting-and-running. For his part, Ruth's attitude was that \"I could have had a lifetime .600 average, but I would have had to hit them singles. The people were paying to see me hit home runs.\" Even so, when asked in",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "430346",
"text": "\"Sporting News\" ranked Ty Cobb third on their list of \"Baseball's 100 Greatest Players\". Cobb is widely credited with setting 90 MLB records during his career. His combined total of 4,065 runs scored and runs batted in (after adjusting for home runs) is still the highest ever produced by any major league player. He still holds several records as of the end of the 2018 season, including the highest career batting average (.366 or .367, depending on source) and most career batting titles with 11 (or 12, depending on source). He retained many other records for almost a half century",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "4342445",
"text": "with Adams confidently holding a 2–0 lead. Pittsburgh never looked back, as Babe nailed his third six-hitter and third win of the Series for an 8–0 championship victory. Honus Wagner continued to prove his Cooperstown worthiness by hitting .333, with seven RBIs and six stolen bases. On the other side, Ty Cobb didn't fare as well. Appearing in what would be his last Series (although he would remain active through 1928), Cobb batted only .231 although he did lead the Tigers, losers of their third Series in three years, with six RBIs. No two professional sports teams from Detroit and",
"title": "1909 World Series"
},
{
"id": "634758",
"text": "Yankees outfielder Chad Curtis refused to speak with Gray after his game-winning home run in Game 3. Earlier that season, Rose had been ranked at number 25 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. In 2002, Rose again appeared during the 2002 World Series in a Master Card-sponsored event recalling \"Baseball's Most Memorable Moments.\" Fans voted Rose's record-breaking hit over Ty Cobb as the 6th most memorable moment in baseball history. While allowing him to participate in the All-Century Team, and a September 2010 celebration at Great American Ball Park of the 25th anniversary of Rose's",
"title": "Pete Rose"
},
{
"id": "3406475",
"text": "presented Cobb as little more than a \"septuagenarian crank.\" He noted that while the film had constant reminders of Cobb's records, it had little actual baseball in it, besides one flashback where Cobb is seen getting on base, then stealing third and home, and instigating a brawl with the opposing team. He explained: \"By refusing to place before our eyes Ty Cobb's haunted ferocity as a baseball player, it succeeds in making him look even worse than he was.\" Roger Ebert's review of Dec. 2, 1994 in the Chicago Sun-Times described \"Cobb\" as one of the most original biopics ever",
"title": "Cobb (film)"
},
{
"id": "3406476",
"text": "made and including \"one of Tommy Lee Jones's best performances,\" but he notes Stump (played by Wuhl) and his lack of development in the film. The film opened in limited release in December 1994. It earned a reported $1,007,583 at the U.S. box office. Cobb (film) Cobb is a 1994 biopic starring Tommy Lee Jones as the famed baseball player Ty Cobb. The picture was written and directed by Ron Shelton and based on a book by Al Stump. The original music score was composed by Elliot Goldenthal. Sportswriter Al Stump is hired in 1960 as ghostwriter of an authorized",
"title": "Cobb (film)"
},
{
"id": "3406465",
"text": "Cobb (film) Cobb is a 1994 biopic starring Tommy Lee Jones as the famed baseball player Ty Cobb. The picture was written and directed by Ron Shelton and based on a book by Al Stump. The original music score was composed by Elliot Goldenthal. Sportswriter Al Stump is hired in 1960 as ghostwriter of an authorized autobiography of baseball player Tyrus Raymond \"Ty\" Cobb. Now 73 and in failing health, Cobb wants an official biography to \"set the record straight\" before he dies. Stump arrives at Cobb's Lake Tahoe estate to write the official life story of the first baseball",
"title": "Cobb (film)"
},
{
"id": "41323",
"text": "to tag out the runner after receiving the ball from the pitcher. It is difficult for the runner to cover the distance between the bases before the ball arrives home. Ty Cobb holds the records for most steals of home in a single season (8) as well as for a career (54). Steals of home are not officially recorded statistics, and must be researched through individual game accounts. Thus Cobb's totals may be even greater than is recorded. Jackie Robinson famously stole home in Game 1 of the 1955 World Series. Thirty-five games have ended with a runner stealing home,",
"title": "Stolen base"
},
{
"id": "430356",
"text": "1928 New York Giants). He never hit below that mark again. After being moved to right field, he led the Tigers to three consecutive American League pennants in 1907, 1908 & 1909. Detroit would lose each World Series (to the Cubs twice and then the Pirates), however, with Cobb's postseason numbers far below his career standard. Cobb did not get another opportunity to play on a pennant-winning team. In 1907, Cobb reached first and then stole second, third and home. He accomplished the feat four more times during his career. He finished the 1907 season with a league-leading .350 batting",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "41842",
"text": "was continued as distinct halves starting August 9, with the playoffs reorganized to reflect this. Throughout the 1980s then, baseball seemed to prosper. The competitive balance between franchises saw fifteen different teams make the World Series, and nine different champions during the decade. Also, every season from 1978 through 1987 saw a different World Series winner, a streak unprecedented in baseball history. Turmoil was, however, just around the corner. In 1986 Pete Rose retired from playing for the Cincinnati Reds, having broken Ty Cobb's record by accumulating 4,256 hits during his career. He continued as Reds manager until, in 1989",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "430347",
"text": "or more, including most career hits until 1985 (4,189 or 4,191, depending on source), most career runs (2,245 or 2,246 depending on source) until 2001, most career games played (3,035) and at bats (11,429 or 11,434 depending on source) until 1974, and the modern record for most career stolen bases (892) until 1977. He still holds the career record for stealing home (54 times) and for stealing second base, third base, and home in succession (5 times), and as the youngest player ever to compile 4,000 hits and score 2,000 runs. Cobb ranks fifth all-time in number of games played",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "430382",
"text": "controlled environment, which was eventually responsible for Mathewson's contracting tuberculosis which led to his premature death on the eve of the 1925 World Series. On August 19, 1921, in the second game of a doubleheader against Elmer Myers of the Boston Red Sox, Cobb collected his 3,000th hit. Aged 34 at the time, he is still the youngest ballplayer to reach that milestone, and in the fewest at-bats (8,093). By 1920, Babe Ruth, newly sold to the newly named New York Yankees from the Boston Red Sox, had established himself as a power hitter, something Cobb was not considered to",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "14578032",
"text": "Texas in order in the bottom of the ninth as the Cardinals won 16–7, leading the Series by 2–1. Albert Pujols joined Babe Ruth (1926, 1928) and Reggie Jackson (1977) as the only players in baseball history up to that time to hit three home runs in a World Series game. (Pablo Sandoval would also accomplish the feat the following year.) Pujols was 5-for-6 with two singles, three HRs, four runs scored, and six RBIs. Yadier Molina added two doubles, driving in four runs. David Freese continued his postseason 13-game hitting streak getting two hits (one double), driving in two",
"title": "2011 World Series"
},
{
"id": "430364",
"text": "Wagner and the powerful Pirates in seven games. Although he performed poorly in the postseason, he won the Triple Crown by hitting .377 with 107 RBI and nine home runs, all inside the park, thus becoming the only player of the modern era to lead his league in home runs in a season without hitting a ball over the fence. In the same season, Charles M. Conlon snapped the famous photograph of a grimacing Cobb sliding into third base amid a cloud of dirt, which visually captured the grit and ferocity of his playing style. Going into the final days",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "4342459",
"text": "Ed Siever for four runs on seven hits in only four innings en route to their second win. Johnny Evers had three hits, including two doubles, as the Cubs took a 2–0 lead in the Series. Friday, October 11, 1907, at Bennett Park in Detroit, Michigan In their first World Series home game, the Tigers took a 1–0 lead on a triple by their 20-year-old batting champion Ty Cobb and an RBI single by Claude Rossman in the bottom of the fourth, shortly before a rain delay in the top of the fifth. Soon after play resumed in the same",
"title": "1907 World Series"
},
{
"id": "5901026",
"text": "authoring several books. Among his 11 books include his memoirs \"Baseball As I Have Known It;\" \"Connie Mack, Grand Old Man of Baseball;\" \"The Story of the World Series;\" \"'The Baseball Story;\" and team histories of the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles, and Philadelphia Phillies. Lieb initiated a rule change when on February 9, 1920, he suggested that a game-winning home run with men on base be counted as a home run even if its run was not needed to win the game. On May 15, 1922, Ty Cobb beat out a grounder",
"title": "Fred Lieb"
},
{
"id": "1920331",
"text": "have my picture up now.\" Wagner and the Pirates were given a chance to prove that they were not \"yellow\" in . The Pirates faced Ty Cobb's Detroit Tigers. The series was the only meeting of the two superior batsmen of the day, and the first time that the batting champions of each league faced one another (this later occurred thrice more, in the 1931, 1954 and 2012 World Series). Wagner was by this time 35 years old, Cobb just 22. This time, Wagner could not be stifled as he outhit Cobb, .333 to .231, and stole six bases, establishing",
"title": "Honus Wagner"
},
{
"id": "4342448",
"text": "one of baseball's most dominant teams in the early 1900s. This was the year of the infamous \"Merkle's Boner\" play that allowed the Chicago Cubs to reach the World Series after beating the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants) in a one-game \"playoff\", actually the makeup game for the tie that the Merkle play had caused. The Series was anti-climactic after tight pennant races in both leagues. Ty Cobb had a much better World Series than in the previous year, as did the rest of his team. The final two games, held in Detroit, were shutouts. This was",
"title": "1908 World Series"
},
{
"id": "430385",
"text": "in his career, he was going to swing for the fences. That day, he went 6 for 6, with two singles, a double and three home runs. The 16 total bases set a new AL record, which stood until May 8, 2012 when Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers hit four home runs and a double for a total of 18 bases. The next day he had three more hits, two of which were home runs. The single his first time up gave him nine consecutive hits over three games. His five homers in two games tied the record set",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "5613878",
"text": "cricket\". No soccer player was included in the rankings despite it being the world's most popular sport; Brazilian soccer player Pelé also scored further above average than did Jordan. Baseball player Ty Cobb, appearing at 20 on the list, also ranked objectively above Jordan on the same ground. SportsCentury won a Peabody Award in 1999 \"for overall excellence in sports broadcasting.\" \"Greatest Games\" was a top ten countdown of the best games/matches voted on from a wide variety of team and individual sports. \"Greatest Coaches\" was a top ten countdown of the best coaches voted on from a wide variety",
"title": "SportsCentury"
},
{
"id": "4907771",
"text": "critical and commercial flop, and acclaimed 1992 comedy \"White Men Can't Jump\", starring Woody Harrelson and Wesley Snipes as two basketball hustlers. Calling the latter film \"very smart and very funny\", and \"not simply a basketball movie,\" critic Roger Ebert wrote that Shelton \"knows how his characters talk and sound, and how they get into each other's minds with non-stop talking and boasting.\" Shelton has also written and directed two biopics: \"Cobb\", in which Tommy Lee Jones portrayed record-breaking baseballer Ty Cobb, and \"Blaze\", which starred Paul Newman as colourful Louisiana Governor Earl Long. He wrote or co-wrote other sports-themed",
"title": "Ron Shelton"
},
{
"id": "430383",
"text": "be. When his Tigers showed up in New York to play the Yankees for the first time that season, writers billed it as a showdown between two stars of competing styles of play. Ruth hit two homers and a triple during the series, compared to Cobb's one single. As Ruth's popularity grew, Cobb became increasingly hostile toward him. He saw the Babe not only as a threat to his style of play, but also to his style of life. While Cobb preached ascetic self-denial, Ruth gorged on hot dogs, beer and women. Perhaps what angered him the most about Ruth",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "430370",
"text": "at such length that the other Highlanders infielders gathered nearby to watch. Realizing that no one on the Highlanders had called time, Cobb strolled unobserved to third base, and then casually walked towards home plate as if to get a better view of the argument. He then suddenly broke into a run and slid into home plate for the eventual winning run. It was performances like this that led Branch Rickey to say later that Cobb \"had brains in his feet\". Describing his gameplay strategy in 1930, he said, \"My system was all offense. I believed in putting up a",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "5571981",
"text": "the team despite their not having won a championship from 1908 to 2016 (108 years) which stands as the longest championship drought in US sports history. The sport has also taken hold of fans on the West Coast, most notably the rivalrie between the San Francisco Giants and The Los Angeles Dodgers. Historically, the leagues were much more competitive, and cities such as Boston, Philadelphia and St. Louis had rival teams in both leagues up until the 1950s. Notable American baseball players in history include Babe Ruth (714 career home runs), Ty Cobb (career leader in batting average and batting",
"title": "Sports in the United States"
},
{
"id": "41774",
"text": "into the crowd and lost, and many clubs employed security guards expressly for the purpose of retrieving balls hit into the stands—a practice unthinkable today. As a consequence, home runs were rare, and the \"inside game\" dominated—singles, bunts, stolen bases, the hit-and-run play, and other tactics dominated the strategies of the time. Despite this, there were also several superstar hitters, the most famous being Honus Wagner, held to be one of the greatest shortstops to ever play the game, and Detroit's Ty Cobb, the \"Georgia Peach.\" His career batting average of .366 has yet to be bested. The 1908 pennant",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "430349",
"text": "abolitionists, often spoke positively about the need for baseball's integration and was a well-known philanthropist who founded a hospital and educational foundation. Cobb was born in 1886 in Narrows, Georgia, a small rural community of farmers that was unincorporated. He was the first of three children born to William Herschel Cobb (1863–1905) and Amanda Chitwood Cobb (1871–1936). Cobb's father was a state senator. When he was still an infant, his parents moved to nearby Royston, where he was raised. By most accounts, he became fascinated with baseball as a child, and decided he wanted to play professional ball one day;",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "430380",
"text": "(including his 40-game streak in 1911). He had six hitting streaks of at least 20 games in his career, second only to Pete Rose's seven. Also in 1917, Cobb starred in the motion picture \"Somewhere in Georgia\" for a sum of $25,000 plus expenses (equivalent to approximately $ today ). Based on a story by sports columnist Grantland Rice, the film casts Cobb as \"himself\", a small-town Georgian bank clerk with a talent for baseball. Broadway critic Ward Morehouse called the movie \"absolutely the worst flicker I ever saw, pure hokum\". In October 1918, Cobb enlisted in the Chemical Corps",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "533138",
"text": "with the Yankees' most consistent period of World Series participation, he established Series records for the most games (75), at bats (259), hits (71), doubles (10), singles (49), games caught (63), and catcher putouts (457). In Game 3 of the 1947 World Series, Berra hit the first pinch-hit home run in World Series history, off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca (who later gave up Bobby Thomson's famous Shot Heard 'Round the World in 1951). Berra was an All-Star for 15 seasons, and was selected to 18 All-Star Games (MLB held two All-Star Games in 1959 through 1962). He won the",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "1915414",
"text": "in Hornsby Bend Cemetery near Austin, Texas. Baseball experts and sportswriters consider Hornsby to be one of the greatest hitters of all time. His lifetime batting average of .358 is only exceeded by Ty Cobb's career mark of .367. He won seven batting titles in total, a feat tied or exceeded by only five players (Cobb (11 or 12, depending on the source), Tony Gwynn (8), Honus Wagner (8), Rod Carew (7), and Stan Musial (7)). Hornsby led the National League in slugging percentage nine times, a record that still stands. He also hit more home runs, drove in more",
"title": "Rogers Hornsby"
},
{
"id": "1425220",
"text": "for ENIAC (\"Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer\"), which was developed in the 1940s and was the first electronic general-purpose computer. The researchers furnish incorrect information about the career of baseball player \"Ty Cobb\", who played for both the \"Detroit Tigers\" and \"Philadelphia Athletics\". Bosley Crowther, film critic of \"The New York Times\", felt the film was \"out of dramatic kilter\", inasmuch as Hepburn was simply too \"formidable\" to convincingly play someone \"scared by a machine\", resulting in \"not much tension in this thoroughly lighthearted film\". Today the film is seen far more favorably, with the sharpness of the script praised",
"title": "Desk Set"
},
{
"id": "430384",
"text": "was that despite Babe's total disregard for his physical condition and traditional baseball, he was still an overwhelming success and brought fans to the ballparks in record numbers to see him challenge his own slugging records. After enduring several years of seeing his fame and notoriety usurped by Ruth, Cobb decided that he was going to show that swinging for the fences was no challenge for a top hitter. On May 5, 1925, he began a two-game hitting spree better than any even Ruth had unleashed. Sitting in the Tiger dugout, he told a reporter that, for the first time",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "2041606",
"text": "and having fast running speed to achieve singles are often called \"slap hitters\". Ty Cobb, Pete Rose, Tony Gwynn, and Ichiro Suzuki are examples of contact hitters; of these, Rose and Suzuki might be called slap hitters. There is no universally accepted symbol for a single. Most often, singles are not reported; rather, the total number of hits, doubles, triples, and home runs is reported; then, hits minus these \"extra base hits\" yields the number of singles. Sometimes, 1B is used as the symbol for singles; however, this symbol is more commonly used for the first baseman or for first",
"title": "Single (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "20112075",
"text": "of 358 Little League home runs have been discovered to have occurred during the 163,081 games that are available for play-by-play query in the Retrosheet database, or roughly one LLHR for every 455 games available. These plays are all consistent with the revised 2017 definition as described above, and have been all confirmed either through contemporary newspaper accounts, or by video or audio clips from the broadcasts of the games during which they occurred. The earliest known Little League home run discovered to date was made by Ty Cobb of the Detroit Tigers versus the Cleveland Naps on September 10,",
"title": "Little League home run"
},
{
"id": "1915370",
"text": "He remained there until his final season in 1937. From 1925 to 1937, Hornsby was intermittently his own manager. After retiring as a player, he managed the Browns in 1952 and the Cincinnati Reds from 1952 to 1953. Hornsby is regarded as one of the best hitters of all time. He had 2,930 hits and 301 home runs in his career; his career batting average of .358 is second only to Ty Cobb, at .367, in MLB history. He also won two Triple Crowns and batted .400 or more three times during his career. He is the only player to",
"title": "Rogers Hornsby"
},
{
"id": "8465512",
"text": "Lee Lacy Leondaus \"Lee\" Lacy (born April 10, 1948) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played sixteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Atlanta Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Baltimore Orioles between 1972 and 1987. Lacy appeared in four World Series with the Dodgers (1974; 1977–1978) and the Pirates (1979). On May 17, 1978, Lacy hit his third consecutive pinch-hit home run, setting a major league record, as the Dodgers beat the Pirates, 10–1. His previous home runs were on May 2 and 6. Lacy's record was matched in 1979 by Del Unser, who",
"title": "Lee Lacy"
},
{
"id": "430397",
"text": "George Gore with 346 errors. Cobb ranks 14th on the all-time list for errors committed by an outfielder. Cobb retired a very rich and successful man. He toured Europe with his family, went to Scotland for some time and then returned to his farm in Georgia. He spent his retirement pursuing his off-season avocations of hunting, golfing, polo and fishing. His other pastime was trading stocks and bonds, increasing his immense personal wealth. He was a major stockholder in the Coca-Cola Corporation, which by itself would have made him wealthy. In the winter of 1930, Cobb moved into a Spanish",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "11070152",
"text": "Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" Howie Camnitz Fred Clarke Tommy Leach Dots Miller Honus Wagner Vic Willis In the World Series, Pittsburgh faced the American League champion Detroit Tigers, led by triple crown winner Ty Cobb. The matchup was largely billed as one between the major leagues' two",
"title": "1909 Pittsburgh Pirates season"
},
{
"id": "107962",
"text": "defeat the Tigers again in the 1908 World Series, this time in five games. This would be the Cubs' last World Championship until 2016. In 1909, Detroit posted a 98–54 season, winning the AL pennant by 3.5 games over the Athletics. Ty Cobb won the batting triple crown in 1909, hitting .377 with 9 home runs (all inside-the-park) and 107 RBIs. He also led the league with 76 stolen bases. George Mullin was the pitching hero, going 29–8 with a 2.22 ERA, while fellow pitcher Ed Willett went 21–10. Mullin's 11–0 start in 1909 was a Tiger record for 104",
"title": "Detroit Tigers"
},
{
"id": "2054818",
"text": "major leagues (his .356 career batting average is the third best in history, surpassed only by his contemporaries Ty Cobb and Rogers Hornsby). Three of his six RBIs came in the losses, including the aforementioned home run, and a double in Game 8 when the Reds had a large lead and the series was all but over. Still, in that game a long foul ball was caught at the fence with runners on second and third, depriving Jackson of a chance to drive in the runners. One play in particular has been subjected to scrutiny. In the fifth inning of",
"title": "Black Sox Scandal"
},
{
"id": "2063039",
"text": "of their era. They both won multiple batting titles—Boggs's five and Gwynn's eight—and each won four straight to join Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, and Rod Carew as the only players to do so. Gwynn and Boggs each hit over .350 in four straight seasons, the only players to do so since 1931. They joined Lou Brock and Rod Carew as the only players whose careers ended after World War II who finished with 3,000 hits and fewer than 160 home runs. Boggs recorded 2.1 innings of pitching at the Major League level. His main pitch was a knuckleball, which he",
"title": "Wade Boggs"
},
{
"id": "3539632",
"text": "fielding. He was an MLB All-Star five times, and he won both the Hank Aaron Award and a Silver Slugger Award for outfielders in 2005. Jones made his MLB debut during the 1996 season with the Atlanta Braves. In the 1996 World Series, he became the youngest player ever to hit a home run in the postseason, and just the second player ever to homer in his first two World Series at bats. The following season, Jones finished fifth in voting for Rookie of the Year. From 1998 to 1999, he continued to increase his offensive production, and in 2000,",
"title": "Andruw Jones"
},
{
"id": "12305151",
"text": ".406 in 1941, though the best modern players either threaten to or actually do achieve it occasionally, if only for brief periods of time. There have been numerous attempts to explain the disappearance of the .400 hitter, with one of the more rigorous discussions of this question appearing in Stephen Jay Gould's 1996 book \"\". Ty Cobb holds the record for highest career batting average with .366, 9 points higher than Rogers Hornsby who has the second highest average in history at .358. The record for lowest career batting average for a player with more than 2,500 at-bats belongs to",
"title": "Batting average (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "49672",
"text": "Barry Bonds Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants. Bonds received seven NL MVP awards and 14 All-Star selections, and is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time. Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter: he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times, and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons. He holds many MLB hitting records, including most career home runs, most",
"title": "Barry Bonds"
},
{
"id": "10859390",
"text": "the World Series since Carl Yastrzemski in 1967, and in three fewer games. He joined Babe Ruth and Ted Kluszewski as the only players 35 or older to have a multi-home run game in the World Series. Pearce was named World Series MVP. On November 16, 2018, Pearce re-signed for one year and $6.25 million. , or Retrosheet Steve Pearce (baseball) Steven Wayne Pearce (born April 13, 1983) is an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles, Houston Astros, New",
"title": "Steve Pearce (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3539640",
"text": "World Series on October 20, 1996, Jones was able to demonstrate his talents on the national stage. He connected for two home runs to left field on his first two at bats as the Braves routed the New York Yankees 12–1. Jones became the youngest player ever to homer in the World Series at the age of 19 years, 180 days, breaking Mickey Mantle's record of 20 years, 362 days – on what would have been Mantle's 65th birthday. Jones joined Gene Tenace as the only other player to hit home runs in his first two World Series at bats.",
"title": "Andruw Jones"
},
{
"id": "7842927",
"text": "Bob Rosburg Robert Reginald \"Rossie\" Rosburg (October 21, 1926 – May 14, 2009) was an American professional golfer who later became a sports color analyst for ABC television. Rosburg was born in San Francisco, California. He played golf as a junior at the Olympic Club, and at the age of 12, he faced the then-retired baseball Hall of Famer, Ty Cobb, in the first flight of the club championship, and beat Cobb 7 and 6. Rosburg says Cobb was gracious in defeat and shook the young Rosburg's hand, but Cobb took so much kidding from the other Olympic Club members",
"title": "Bob Rosburg"
},
{
"id": "7842921",
"text": "Bob Rosburg Robert Reginald \"Rossie\" Rosburg (October 21, 1926 – May 14, 2009) was an American professional golfer who later became a sports color analyst for ABC television. Rosburg was born in San Francisco, California. He played golf as a junior at the Olympic Club, and at the age of 12, he faced the then-retired baseball Hall of Famer, Ty Cobb, in the first flight of the club championship, and beat Cobb 7 and 6. Rosburg says Cobb was gracious in defeat and shook the young Rosburg's hand, but Cobb took so much kidding from the other Olympic Club members",
"title": "Bob Rosburg"
},
{
"id": "430375",
"text": "the lack of protection of players from abusive fans, before the May 18 game in Philadelphia. For that one game, Detroit fielded a replacement team made up of hastily recruited college and sandlot players plus two Tiger coaches and lost 24–2, thereby setting some of Major League Baseball's modern-era (post-1900) negative records, notably the 26 hits in a nine-inning game allowed by Allan Travers, who pitched one of the sport's most unlikely complete games. The pre-1901 record for the most hits and runs given up in a game is held by the Cleveland Blues' Dave Rowe. Primarily an outfielder, Rowe",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "12348399",
"text": "average higher than .400 a nearly unachievable goal. The last player to do so, with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting championship, was Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox, who hit .406 in 1941, though the best modern players either threaten to or actually do achieve it occasionally, if only for brief periods of time. Ty Cobb holds the record for highest career batting average with .366, 9 points higher than Rogers Hornsby who has the second highest average in history at .358. Sabermetrics, the study of baseball statistics, considers batting average a weak measure of performance",
"title": "Batting average"
},
{
"id": "17540279",
"text": "Pedro Cepeda Pedro Cepeda, a.k.a. \"Perucho\" and \"The Bull\" (January 31, 1905 – April 16, 1955) was a Puerto Rican baseball player who was considered one of the best players of his generation. Called \"The Babe Ruth of Puerto Rico\" and \"Babe Cobb\" (referring to his dominance as a hitter and his legendary hustle evocative of both Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb), Cepeda was a Latin American baseball superstar. He was denied the chance to play in the major leagues because he was of African descent and played the bulk of his pro career (which spanned the years 1928 to",
"title": "Pedro Cepeda"
},
{
"id": "15011005",
"text": "The Winning Season (2004 film) The Winning Season is a 2004 television film with elements of a fantasy drama. It chronicles a young boy's dream in 1985 with playing with the Pittsburgh Pirates' great Honus Wagner. The film follows the dream to the point where the boy is assisting Wagner in his 1909 World Series duel with fellow hall-of-famer Ty Cobb. It is adapted from the children's novel \"Honus & Me\" by Dan Gutman. The film was made by TNT and first broadcast on April 4, 2004. Modine prepared for his role as Wagner by playing with a minor-league team,",
"title": "The Winning Season (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "749050",
"text": "nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Brett is one of four players in MLB history to accumulate 3,000 hits, 300 home runs, and a career .300 batting average (the others are Stan Musial, Willie Mays, and Hank Aaron). Most indicative of his hitting style, Brett is sixth on the career doubles list, with 665 (trailing Tris Speaker, Pete Rose, Stan Musial, Ty Cobb, and Craig Biggio). A photo in the July 1976 edition of \"National Geographic\" showing Brett signing baseballs for fans with his team's name emblazoned across his shirt was the inspiration for New",
"title": "George Brett"
},
{
"id": "1967333",
"text": "in a game for the fourth time in the season, tying a mark set by Ty Cobb in 1922. Musial finished the 1948 season leading the major leagues in batting average (.376), hits (230), doubles (46), triples (18), total bases (429), and slugging percentage (.702). Winning the NL batting title by a 43-point margin, with an on-base percentage lead of 27 points and a 138-point slugging percentage margin—the latter being the largest gap since Rogers Hornsby's 1925 season—Musial became the first player to win three NL MVP awards. If a home run he hit during a rained out game had",
"title": "Stan Musial"
},
{
"id": "272488",
"text": "Mark McGwire Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963), nicknamed Big Mac, is an American former professional baseball first baseman. His Major League Baseball (MLB) playing career spanned from 1986 to 2001 while playing for the Oakland Athletics and the St. Louis Cardinals, winning one World Series championship each with Oakland as a player in 1989 and with St. Louis as a coach in 2011. One of the most prolific home run hitters in baseball history, McGwire holds the major league career record for at bats per home run ratio (10.6), and is the former record holder for both home",
"title": "Mark McGwire"
},
{
"id": "15975519",
"text": "an 8–3 victory. Pablo Sandoval went four-for-four, driving in four runs on three home runs. He joined Babe Ruth (in 1926 and 1928), Reggie Jackson (in 1977) and Albert Pujols (in 2011) as the only players to ever hit three home runs in one World Series game. Sandoval became the first to hit three homers in Game 1 of a World Series and homer in his first three plate appearances. Tigers ace pitcher Justin Verlander lasted only four innings, giving up five Giant runs. Sandoval's first two homers came off Verlander, a two-out home run in the first and two-run",
"title": "2012 World Series"
},
{
"id": "41850",
"text": "Bonds also set single-season marks for base on balls with 177 (breaking the previous record of 170, set by Babe Ruth in 1923) and slugging percentage with .863 (breaking the mark of .847 set by Ruth in 1920). Bonds continued his torrid home run hitting in the next few seasons, hitting his 660th career home run on April 12, 2004, tying him with his godfather Willie Mays for third place on the all-time career home runs list. He hit his 661st home run the next day, April 13, to take sole possession of third place. Only three years later Bonds",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13528523",
"text": "eventually obtain the record of being the only player in MLB history to have hit in all existing baseball stadiums during his playing career. May 28, 2006 saw Bonds pass Ruth on the all time home run list as he hit his career number 715 off Colorado Rockies pitcher Byung-hyun Kim (who himself has a history with the Yankees giving up two walk off home runs to them in the 2001 World Series when he was with the Arizona Diamondbacks). Bonds would also break another record once held by Ruth, and then later by Maris, of the most home runs",
"title": "Giants–Yankees rivalry"
},
{
"id": "430352",
"text": "Court records indicate that Mr. Cobb had suspected his wife of infidelity and was sneaking past his own bedroom window to catch her in the act. She saw the silhouette of what she presumed to be an intruder and, acting in self-defense, shot and killed her husband. Mrs. Cobb was charged with murder and then released on a $7,000 recognizance bond. She was acquitted on March 31, 1906. Cobb later attributed his ferocious play to his late father, saying, \"I did it for my father. He never got to see me play ... but I knew he was watching me,",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "2041642",
"text": "scored in a single World Series, shared by two players, is 10, achieved both times in a six-game Series: Reggie Jackson of the Yankees was the first to do it, in 1977; the Toronto Blue Jays' Paul Molitor equaled him in 1993. The most runs ever scored by a player in a World Series game is 4, a record shared by ten players. Babe Ruth set the mark on October 6, 1926, while with the Yankees; it was matched most recently by Albert Pujols of the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 3 of the 2011 World Series. On October 2,",
"title": "Run (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "5607946",
"text": "all-time leaders. Klesko became the first player to hit a home run in three consecutive World Series road games when he did so against the Cleveland Indians in Games 3, 4, and 5 of the 1995 World Series. Klesko missed nearly the entire season due to major shoulder surgery. He returned on September 21, drawing a walk as a pinch-hitter in his first plate appearance. On December 19, 2006, Klesko signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco Giants. Klesko announced his retirement from baseball on April 18, . Ryan Klesko Ryan Anthony Klesko (born June 12, 1971) is a",
"title": "Ryan Klesko"
},
{
"id": "430374",
"text": "one hand and three fingers on his other hand in an industrial accident). When onlookers shouted at him to stop because the man had no hands, he reportedly retorted, \"I don't care if he got no feet!\" Though extremely rare in the 21st century, attacking fans was not so unusual an activity in the early years of baseball. Other notable baseball stars who assaulted heckling fans include Babe Ruth, Cy Young, Rube Waddell, Kid Gleason, Sherry Magee, and Fred Clarke. The league suspended him, and his teammates, though not fond of Cobb, went on strike to protest the suspension, and",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "7210763",
"text": "loaded won the game for the Tigers. Craig Monroe became the fifth player to hit a home run in each of his first two World Series games. The others were Barry Bonds for the Giants in 2002, Ted Simmons for the Brewers in 1982, Dusty Rhodes for the New York Giants in 1954, and Jimmie Foxx for the Philadelphia Athletics in 1929. After the Cardinals were shut out by Detroit pitcher Kenny Rogers for eight innings in Game 2, St. Louis starter Chris Carpenter answered with eight shutout innings of his own in a 5–0 Cardinals victory in Game 3.",
"title": "2006 World Series"
},
{
"id": "430369",
"text": "that category to Frank Baker, who hit eleven. He was awarded another Chalmers car, this time for being voted the AL MVP by the Baseball Writers' Association of America. On May 12, 1911, Cobb's play illustrated his combination of skill and cunning. Playing against the New York Highlanders, he scored from first base on a single to right field, then scored another run from second base on a wild pitch. In the seventh inning, he tied the game with a two-run double. The Highlanders catcher vehemently argued the safe call at second base with the umpire in question, going on",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "4342438",
"text": "1909 World Series In the 1909 World Series featured the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Detroit Tigers. The Pirates won the Series in seven games to capture their first championship of the modern Major League Baseball era and the second championship in the club's history. This Series is best remembered for the amazing play by the two best players at the time, Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates, and Ty Cobb of the Detroit Tigers. The Pirates had won the pennant in 1909 behind the brilliant play of Honus Wagner, who led the league with a .339 batting average and 100",
"title": "1909 World Series"
},
{
"id": "15086959",
"text": "in the 1908 World Series, this time in five games. This would be the Cubs' last World Championship until 2016. In 1909, Detroit posted a 98–54 season, winning the AL pennant by 3.5 games over the Athletics. Ty Cobb won the batting triple crown in 1909, hitting .377 with 9 home runs (all inside-the-park) and 107 RBIs. He also led the league with 76 stolen bases. George Mullin was the pitching hero, going 29–8 with a 2.22 ERA, while fellow pitcher Ed Willett went 21–10. Mullin's 11–0 start in 1909 was a Tiger record for 104 years, finally being broken",
"title": "History of the Detroit Tigers"
},
{
"id": "6100097",
"text": "run home run off Gaylord Perry to tie the score. The Pirates went on to a 9-5 victory, and faced the Baltimore Orioles in the World Series. Hebner continued his trend of hitting home runs off Hall-of-Famers, as the only scoring the Pirates did off Jim Palmer in the second game of the series was Hebner's three-run homer. The Pirates would win the World Series in seven games. Hebner clubbed nineteen home runs and batted an even .300 in 1972 to help his team cruise to the postseason for the third straight year. He hit a career high 25 home",
"title": "Richie Hebner"
},
{
"id": "3711115",
"text": "in 1969). He is furthermore the oldest pitcher to start games in the World Series (with the Philadelphia Athletics, in 1929) and on Opening Day (with the Brooklyn Dodgers, in 1931). He was the oldest to hit a home run in the majors, at age 46, until 47-year-old Julio Franco did so in 2006. He was the oldest person to ever play for the Cincinnati Reds, and at the time of his retirement, the eight teams for which he had played also constituted a record, which has since been broken. He was also the last major leaguer who had played",
"title": "Jack Quinn (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "4342440",
"text": "to win three consecutive pennants and the first team to lose three straight World Series (the New York Giants would lose three straight Series during 1911–1913). The Pirates ran at will against the weak Detroit catching corps, stealing 18 bases in seven games. Ty Cobb had a fairly quiet Series, going 6 for 26 with two stolen bases and one caught stealing. There is a long-standing legend that Cobb, standing on first base, called the German-ancestored Honus Wagner \"Krauthead\", told him he was going to steal second, and was not only thrown out but that Wagner tagged him in the",
"title": "1909 World Series"
},
{
"id": "194031",
"text": "the Milwaukee Braves won the World Series. He won the NL Player of the Month award in May 1958 and June 1967. Aaron holds the MLB records for the most career runs batted in (RBI) (2,297), extra base hits (1,477), and total bases (6,856). Aaron is also in the top five for career hits (3,771) and runs (2,174). He is one of only four players to have at least seventeen seasons with 150 or more hits. Aaron is in second place in home runs (755) and at-bats (12,364), and in third place in games played (3,298). At the time of",
"title": "Hank Aaron"
},
{
"id": "2459959",
"text": "Bill Mazeroski William Stanley Mazeroski (born September 5, 1936) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman. Nicknamed \"Maz\", he spent his entire 17-year career playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1956–72. He was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001. Mazeroski is regarded as one of the greatest defensive second basemen of all time. He was an All-Star for seven seasons and a Gold Glove Award winner for eight seasons. He was a key member of the Pirates' World Series-winning teams in 1960 and 1971, and is best known for his walk-off home run",
"title": "Bill Mazeroski"
},
{
"id": "1976491",
"text": "baseball stars, including Stan Musial, Lou Brock and Bob Gibson. References to Bell appeared in \"Hanging Curve\" by Troy Soos, a 1999 novel about the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. He was also noted in the 1994 movie \"Cobb\", in which Ty Cobb, played by Tommy Lee Jones, is chided for being a lesser player than Bell. His character makes a brief appearance in the 2009 feature film \"The Perfect Game\", encouraging and aiding the 1957 Little League World Series champion team from Monterrey, Mexico; the role is played by Lou Gossett Jr. In , Bell was ranked 66th",
"title": "Cool Papa Bell"
},
{
"id": "430407",
"text": "had made mistakes and that he would do things differently if he could. He had played hard and lived hard all his life, had no friends to show for it at the end, and regretted it. Publicly, however, he claimed to have no regrets: \"I've been lucky. I have no right to be regretful of what I did.\" He checked into Emory Hospital for the last time in June 1961. His first wife, Charlie, his son Jimmy and other family members came to be with him for his final days. He died a month later, on July 17, 1961, at",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "194028",
"text": "Hank Aaron Henry Louis Aaron (born February 5, 1934), nicknamed \"Hammer\" or \"Hammerin' Hank\", is a retired American Major League Baseball (MLB) right fielder who serves as the senior vice president of the Atlanta Braves. He played 21 seasons for the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves in the National League (NL) and two seasons for the Milwaukee Brewers in the American League (AL), from 1954 through 1976. Aaron held the MLB record for career home runs for 33 years, and he still holds several MLB offensive records. He hit 24 or more home runs every year from 1955 through 1973, and is one",
"title": "Hank Aaron"
},
{
"id": "13654516",
"text": "denoted by the abbreviation TB. The total bases divided by the number of at bats is the player's slugging average. Hank Aaron's 6,856 career total bases make him the all-time MLB record holder. Having spent the majority of his career playing in the National League, he also holds the NL record of 6,591 total bases. Aaron hit for 300 or more total bases in a record 15 different seasons. Ty Cobb's 5,854 total bases constitute the American League record. Albert Pujols is the active leader and 9th all-time, with 5,640 TB through August 11, 2018. The single season MLB and",
"title": "Total bases"
},
{
"id": "12896729",
"text": "black and white film, adding to the mystique and folklore of the game. The first baseball game broadcast in color was in 1951, and by the mid-1960s all baseball games were broadcast in color, which could be viewed as the end of the golden age. The golden age was dominated by stars such as Lou Gehrig, Ty Cobb, Ted Williams, Hank Greenberg, Rogers Hornsby and especially Babe Ruth, whose called shot was one of the defining moments of the era. Another defining moment of the golden era was Gabby Hartnett's Homer in the Gloamin'. By 1919, when Ruth hit a",
"title": "Golden age of baseball"
},
{
"id": "483126",
"text": "6, 2004, he was elected to the Hall in his first year of eligibility, with 85.2% of the votes. True to his word, he joined Robin Yount as the only Hall of Famers to be depicted on their plaques with Brewers caps. At the time of his induction, Molitor was the hitting coach for the Seattle Mariners. Molitor is one of five players in major league history with at least 3,000 hits, a .300 lifetime batting average, and 500 stolen bases. The other four are Ty Cobb, Honus Wagner, Eddie Collins and Ichiro Suzuki. Only Ichiro and Molitor played beyond",
"title": "Paul Molitor"
},
{
"id": "10825099",
"text": "Cuno Barragan Facundo Anthony \"Cuno\" Barragan (born June 20, 1932) is an American former professional baseball player. He was a catcher in Major League Baseball for the Chicago Cubs from to . Cuno Barragan's only Major League career home run came on his very first Major League at bat, on September 1, 1961 off left-hander Dick LeMay; 5,427 people witnessed this event, which came early in a 14-inning loss by the Cubs to the Giants at Wrigley Field on a Friday afternoon. His Hispanic given name and its unique nickname, combined with his cup-of-coffee career, led the authors of \"The",
"title": "Cuno Barragan"
},
{
"id": "2190551",
"text": "With the addition of Ty Cobb at the end of the 1905 season, the Tigers had two of the best hitters in baseball. Cobb and Crawford led Detroit to three straight American League pennants in 1907, 1908 and 1909, but both of them slumped in their World Series appearances, as the Tigers lost all three. Crawford hit for a .243 average in three World Series, and Cobb hit an uncharacteristic .200 in the 1907 World Series and .231 in the 1909 World Series. Although Crawford never got to play in another World Series, he remained one of the most feared",
"title": "Sam Crawford"
},
{
"id": "430358",
"text": "I happened to hit a home run that tied the score. This game went 17 innings to a tie, and a few days later, we clinched our first pennant. You can understand what it meant for a 20-year-old country boy to hit a home run off the great Rube, in a pennant-winning game with two outs in the ninth.\" Despite great success on the field, Cobb was no stranger to controversy off it. As described in Smithsonian Magazine, \"In 1907 during spring training in Augusta, Georgia, a black groundskeeper named Bungy Cummings, whom Cobb had known for years, attempted to",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "430348",
"text": "and committed 271 errors, the most by any American League (AL) outfielder. Cobb's legacy, which includes a large college scholarship fund for Georgia residents financed by his early investments in Coca-Cola and General Motors, has been somewhat tarnished by allegations of racism and violence, largely stemming from a couple of largely-discredited biographies that were released following his death. Cobb's reputation as an extremely violent man was fanned by his first biographer, sportswriter Al Stump, whose stories about Cobb have been discredited as sensationalized, and in some part proven to be entirely fictional. Cobb, who was raised in a family of",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "4171742",
"text": "amid the chants of \"REG-GIE, REG-GIE, REG-GIE!\", and drove the first Charlie Hough knuckleball he saw into the stands, becoming the first player to hit three home runs in a World Series game since Babe Ruth (in 1926 and 1928). The score was now 8–3. With his Game 5 first-pitch homer (in the eighth) and his four-pitch walk in the second inning of Game 6, Jackson homered on his last four swings of the bat in the Series, each off a different Dodger pitcher. Indeed, the last eight pitches delivered to Jackson in the Series were all productive for the",
"title": "1977 World Series"
},
{
"id": "7632869",
"text": "at bats in the majors, with a career batting average of .203. He hit one home run in his career and drove in ten runs. He did, however, steal thirteen bases. Brown has a World Series ring, when he was used almost exclusively as a pinch runner by the world champion 1991 Minnesota Twins. In the 1991 American League Championship Series, Brown had no at bats but played in one game and scored one run. During the 1991 World Series, he played in three games and was 0-for-2; he came on in the ninth inning of game seven as a",
"title": "Jarvis Brown"
},
{
"id": "12262340",
"text": "Major League Baseball's career home runs record. The book again met critical success, and was named a \"Reader's Digest\" \"Editor's Selection of the Month.\" He also wrote \"Ty and The Babe\", about the relationship between baseball icons Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth, longtime rivals who became friends in retirement. A finalist for \"Publishers Weekly’s\" Quill Awards (Sports Division) and the Great Lakes Booksellers Association’s Nonfiction Book of the Year. In 2008, Stanton was given the Michigan Author Award, awarded annually by the Michigan Library Association and Center for the Book to \"a Michigan writer for his or her contributions to",
"title": "Tom Stanton"
},
{
"id": "7604902",
"text": "fare well in the series, gathering only five singles in 25 at-bats, for a .200 average. However, his performance may have been affected by an elbow injury he had received a few days before when he was hit by a pitch in an exhibition game. Williams would never play in a World Series again. Williams served two stints in the United States Marine Corps as a pilot and saw active duty in both World War II and the Korean War, and missed at least five full seasons of baseball. In the series however, Rudy York would hit game-winning home runs",
"title": "History of the Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"id": "430423",
"text": "confronting Stump leading to a first-hand account of Stump's dishonesty. Both official sources, such as Total Baseball, and a number of independent researchers, including John Thorn, have raised questions about Cobb's exact career totals. Hits have been re-estimated at between 4,189 and 4,191, due to a possible double-counted game in 1910. At-bats estimates have ranged as high as 11,437. The numbers shown below are the figures officially recognized on MLB.com. The figures on Baseball-Reference.com are as follows. Other private research sites may have different figures. Caught Stealing is not shown comprehensively for Cobb's MLB.com totals, because the stat was not",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "1967355",
"text": "in his major league debut, Musial finished his last game with two hits, as well. Musial finished with the all-time National League hits record and second to only Ty Cobb on the all-time Major League list. Musial's last career hit was out of reach of Cincinnati Reds second baseman Pete Rose, who would go on to break Cobb's record to become baseball's all-time hit king. At the time of his retirement, Musial held or shared 17 major league records, 29 NL records, and nine All-Star Game records. Among those records, he ranked as the major league career leader in extra-base",
"title": "Stan Musial"
},
{
"id": "430363",
"text": "with a .324 average, but Detroit suffered another loss in the World Series. In August 1908, Cobb married Charlotte (\"Charlie\") Marion Lombard, the daughter of prominent Augustan Roswell Lombard. In the offseason, the couple lived on her father's Augusta estate, \"The Oaks\", until they moved into their own house on Williams Street in November 1913. The Tigers won the AL pennant again in 1909. During that World Series, Cobb's last, he stole home in the second game, igniting a three-run rally, but that was the high point for him, finishing with a lowly .231, as the Tigers lost to Honus",
"title": "Ty Cobb"
},
{
"id": "4169518",
"text": "1 with one on, rookie left fielder Andruw Jones became the youngest player, 19, in World Series history to hit a home run, surpassing Yankee great Mickey Mantle on what would have been Mantle's 65th birthday (Mantle died in 1995). Next inning, with runners on second and third and one out, Chipper Jones drove them both home with a single, moving to second on the throw home. After stealing third, Jones scored on Fred McGriff's single. After walking Javy López, Pettite was relieved by Brian Boehringer, who allowed a two-out three-run home run to Andruw Jones, who became only the",
"title": "1996 World Series"
},
{
"id": "5332144",
"text": "played in all seven games of the 1909 World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates, becoming the surprise hitting star for Detroit. With Detroit stars Ty Cobb and Sam Crawford slumping in the World Series (batting .231 and .250 respectively), Bush hit .318 with an on-base percentage of .483. He also scored five runs, collected five bases on balls, was twice hit by a pitch, and compiled nine putouts, 18 assists, and three double plays (but also committed five errors). After a brief holdout in the spring of 1910, Bush re-signed with the Tigers in mid-March. During the 1910 and 1911",
"title": "Donie Bush"
},
{
"id": "11141866",
"text": "a single game. Coughlin was also the maestro of the hidden ball trick. Although no known comprehensive list is known to exist of all times when the hidden ball trick has worked, Coughlin reportedly pulled it off seven times (and at three different positions) – more than any other player in MLB history. In Game 2 of the 1907 World Series, Coughlin caught Jimmy Slagle with a hidden ball trick, the only one in World Series history. 1907 was Ty Cobb's first season as an every-day starter. He won his first batting crown with a .350 average and led the",
"title": "1907 Detroit Tigers season"
},
{
"id": "698097",
"text": "home runs in Game Six meant that he had hit four home runs on four consecutive swings of the bat against as many Dodgers pitchers. Jackson became the first player to win the World Series MVP award for two teams. In 27 World Series games, he amassed 10 home runs, including a record five during the 1977 Series (the last three on first pitches), 24 RBI and a .357 batting average. Babe Ruth, Albert Pujols, and Pablo Sandoval are the only other players to hit three home runs in a single World Series game. Babe Ruth accomplishing the feat twice",
"title": "Reggie Jackson"
},
{
"id": "2666462",
"text": "His performance won him the World Series MVP Award presented by \"SPORT\", as well as the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year. After the 1970 World Series, Cincinnati Reds manager Sparky Anderson quipped, \"I'm beginning to see Brooks in my sleep. If I dropped this paper plate, he'd pick it up on one hop and throw me out at first.\" In his playing career, Robinson was selected for the All-Star team in 15 consecutive years (-74) and played in four World Series. He compiled a .267 career batting average with 2,848 hits, 268 home runs and 1357",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "6551691",
"text": "games with the Tigers before being sold to the Red Sox in mid-August. He was listed as a possible replacement for the injured Dave Shean, but never got a chance to play in the World Series. Coffey is the only player to play with both Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth in the same season (1918 Tigers and Red Sox). In two seasons, he played in 110 games and had 368 at bats with 33 runs, 69 hits, 5 doubles, 6 triples, 1 home run, 26 RBI, 6 stolen bases, 22 walks, a .188 batting average, .241 on-base percentage and a",
"title": "Jack Coffey (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10555337",
"text": "Harry Bullion wrote that Cobb displayed \"astonishing form\" throwing to the bases\" and was \"cool as the proverbial iceberg, ruffles at nothing, and is never caught making the wrong play.\" Bullion added that one of Cobb's strongest boosters was Ty Cobb, though the two were not relatives. On April 13, 1918, he had three hits in five at bats and scored two runs in an exhibition game against the Cincinnati Reds. Cobb appeared in only one major league game, an 8-4 loss to the Cleveland Indians on April 25, 1918. Cobb was a pinch hitter for pitcher Rudy Kallio in",
"title": "Joe Cobb (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3091274",
"text": "Bobby Thomson Robert Brown Thomson (October 25, 1923 – August 16, 2010) was a Scottish-born American professional baseball player nicknamed \"The Staten Island Scot\". He was an outfielder and right-handed batter for the New York Giants (1946–53, 1957), Milwaukee Braves (1954–57), Chicago Cubs (1958–59), Boston Red Sox (1960), and Baltimore Orioles (1960). His pennant-winning three-run home run for the Giants in 1951 is popularly known as the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\" and is one of the most famous moments in baseball history. It overshadowed his other accomplishments, including eight 20-home run seasons and three All Star selections. \"It was",
"title": "Bobby Thomson"
},
{
"id": "7744713",
"text": "a lengthy run of \"True\" back issues. A feature in \"Mad Magazine\" titled \"When Advertising Takes Over Magazines Completely\" depicted a \"True\" cover story with the headline \"A Night of Terror in the Valley of the Jolly Green Giant.\" \"The Last Days of Ty Cobb\" by sportswriter Al Stump, which appeared in an issue of \"True\" in 1961, coincided with an autobiography of baseball great Ty Cobb published that year that the two men had collaborated on during the last months of Cobb's life. Decades later, the film \"Cobb\", which starred Tommy Lee Jones, showed the conflicted Stump torn between",
"title": "True (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "41327",
"text": "stealing was not recorded regularly until the middle of the 20th century. Ty Cobb, for example, was known as a great base-stealer, with 892 steals and a success rate of over 83%. However, the data on Cobb's caught stealing is missing from 12 seasons, strongly suggesting he was unsuccessful many more times than his stats indicate. Carlos Beltrán, with 286 steals, has the highest career success rate of all players with over 300 stolen base attempts, at 88.3%. The first mention of the stolen base as a statistic was in the 1877 scoring rules adopted by the National League, which",
"title": "Stolen base"
},
{
"id": "12214981",
"text": "Boy Minstrels\". He debuted \"The Memphis Blues\" on vaudeville. Evans became a great baseball fan after moving to America as a young man. Beginning in 1908 he had a beautiful loving cup individually designed and given to the \"World's Championship Batsman\", the player having the highest batting average in all of Major League Baseball. Honus Wagner, the great Pittsburgh Pirate shortstop, won the initial award in 1908. Ty Cobb, the fabulous \"Georgia Peach\", swept the next 4 trophy's from 1909 to 1912. Evans stopped issuing the award in 1913. He died at Union Baptist Hospital in Baltimore of stomach cancer",
"title": "George \"Honey Boy\" Evans"
},
{
"id": "3504314",
"text": "bottom half of the frame on back-to-back RBI singles by Gino Cimoli and Smoky Burgess, Bobby Shantz relieved Turley and got Don Hoak to hit into the game-ending double play. This decisive Yankee victory tied the series at a game apiece. 1960's game 2 shares one peculiar record with 2002's game 5. The two games share the World Series record for most runs scored by a \"game-winning team\", 16, \"who ultimately went on to lose the series.\" For Game 3, the Series shifted to Yankee Stadium as Stengel sent Whitey Ford to the mound against Pittsburgh's Vinegar Bend Mizell. Ford",
"title": "1960 World Series"
},
{
"id": "1541938",
"text": "when he batted .362, hit 40 home runs, and had 124 RBIs, leading to a runner-up finish in voting for the NL Most Valuable Player Award. In 1998, he was traded to the Marlins and then a week later to the Mets, with whom he spent most of the remainder of his career. He helped the Mets reach the 2000 World Series, the only World Series appearance of his career. After the 2005 season, Piazza left the Mets to play one season each for the Padres and Athletics before retiring after the 2007 season. Piazza is regarded as one of",
"title": "Mike Piazza"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ty Cobb context: by Cap Anson of the old Chicago NL team in 1884. Cobb wanted to show that he could hit home runs when he wanted, but simply chose not to do so. At the end of the series, the 38-year-old veteran superstar had gone 12 for 19 with 29 total bases and then went happily back to his usual bunting and hitting-and-running. For his part, Ruth's attitude was that \"I could have had a lifetime .600 average, but I would have had to hit them singles. The people were paying to see me hit home runs.\" Even so, when asked in\n\nHow many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played?",
"compressed_tokens": 189,
"origin_tokens": 189,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ty Cobb context: at length that the other Highlanders infielders gathered nearby to watch. Realizing that no one on the Highlanders had called time, Cobb strolled unobserved to third base, and then casually walked towards home plate as if to get a better view of the argument. He then suddenly broke into a run and slid into home plate for the eventual winning run. It was performances like this that led Branch Rickey to say later that Cobb \"had brains in his feet\". Describing his gameplay strategy in 1930, he said, \"My system was all offense. I believed in putting up a\n\ntitle: Ty Cobb context confrontingump to a first-hand account of Stump's dishonesty. Both official sources, such as Total Baseball, a number of independent researchers, John Thorn, raised questions about Cobb's exact career totals. H have been re-estimated at between 4,189 and 4,191, due to a possible double-counted game in 1910. At-bats estimates have ranged as high as 11437. The numbers shown below are the figures officially recognized on MLB.com The figures on Baseball-Reference.com are as follows Other private research sites may have different figures Caught Stealing is not comprehensively for C's MLB. totals, because the stat was not\n\ntitle: Ty Cobb: I to hit a home the score game 7 innings to a tie and a few days later, we clinch our penn what meant a 0-year- country boy to a off-win out in nin.\" Despite great success on the field, Cobb no stranger to controversy describedson Magazine 1907 spring Augusta, Georgia, a black groundskeeper By Cumm, whom Cobb had known years, attempted\nobb: byson of the old ChicagoL184. C to he could hit runs, but simply. the the the anstar1129 and then went histing and.,s attitude was that \"I could have had a lifetime .600 average, but I would have had to hit them singles. The people were paying to see me hit home runs.\" Even so, when asked in\n\nHow many home runs did baseball great Ty Cobb hit in the three world series in which he played?",
"compressed_tokens": 489,
"origin_tokens": 14198,
"ratio": "29.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
112 | In cross-country bike racing, what do the initials BMX represent? | [
"Bicycle moto x (cross)"
] | Bicycle moto x (cross) | [
{
"id": "13563454",
"text": "BMX bike A BMX bike is an off-road sport bicycle used for racing and stunt riding. BMX means bicycle motocross. Though originally denoting a bicycle intended for BMX Racing, the term \"BMX bike\" is now used to encompass race bikes, as well as those used for the dirt, vert, park, street, flatland and BMX freestyle disciplines of BMX. BMX frames are made of various types of steel, and (largely in the racing category) aluminum. Cheaper, low end bikes are usually made of steel. High range bikes are mostly chromoly or high tensile steel, although the latter is noticeably heavier with",
"title": "BMX bike"
},
{
"id": "490956",
"text": "to other cycling sports like downhill, including Australian Olympian Jared Graves, Eric Carter and youth BMX racer Aaron Gwin. Multiple world and Olympic champion track sprinter Chris Hoy also began as a BMX rider. BMX BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation. BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for fun, racing and stunts, eventually evolving specialized BMX bikes and competitions. BMX began during the early 1970s in the United States when children",
"title": "BMX"
},
{
"id": "490950",
"text": "BMX BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation. BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for fun, racing and stunts, eventually evolving specialized BMX bikes and competitions. BMX began during the early 1970s in the United States when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in southern California, inspired by the motocross stars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray and other wheelie bikes made them the natural",
"title": "BMX"
},
{
"id": "3495661",
"text": "between 30 minutes and an hour long, the distance varying depending on the conditions. The sport is strongest in traditional road cycling countries such as Belgium (Flanders in particular) and France. Mountain bike races are held off-road and involve moderate to high degree of technical riding. There are several varieties; the main categories are cross-country and downhill but also 4X or four cross racing. BMX takes place off-road. BMX races are sprints on purpose-built off-road single-lap tracks typically on single-gear bicycles. Riders navigate a dirt course of jumps and banked and flat corners. Cycle speedway is bicycle racing on short",
"title": "Cycle sport"
},
{
"id": "2524671",
"text": "BMX racing BMX racing is a type of off-road bicycle racing. The format of BMX was derived from motocross racing. BMX bicycle races are sprint races on purpose-built off-road single-lap race tracks. The track usually consists of a starting gate for up to eight racers, a groomed, serpentine, dirt race course made of various jumps and rollers and a finish line. The course is usually flat, about wide and has large banked corners that help the riders maintain speed. The sport of BMX racing is facilitated by a number of regional and international sanctioning bodies. They provide rules for sanctioning",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "2524676",
"text": "lip and a landing, usually spaced 7 to 15 apart. BMX racing became a medal sport at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing under the UCI sanctioning body. Sanctioning body of the United States of America is USA BMX. USA BMX is certified under the UCI (International Cycling Union), which is recognized by the Olympic Committee. A sanctioning body is a private (in the United States and most Western Nations) governing body which controls a sport or specific discipline thereof. One or more sanctioning bodies may operate in a sport at any given time, often with subtle rule variations which",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "12277633",
"text": "Mike Day (cyclist) Mike Day is a BMX (bicycle motocross) cyclist who has competed professionally since 1994. He won the silver medal in the men's BMX at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Day's official Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) number - which was originally assigned to him by the American Bicycle Association - is #365, the number of days in a year (with the exception of leap years). As a result, his number and surname - 365 Day - relates to the common phrase \"...365 days per year\". The origin of the nickname is explained by Mike: He began cycling",
"title": "Mike Day (cyclist)"
},
{
"id": "7215171",
"text": "National Bicycle Association The National Bicycle Association (NBA), later known as the National Bicycle Motocross Association (NbmxA), was a United States-based Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sports sanctioning body originally based in Soledad, California that was created by Ernie Alexander in 1973 and ceased operations as an independent body in 1981. It was the first and for its first few years until 1980 the largest sanctioning body in the United States concerning BMX. It was known for its pioneering works in founding the organized sport of BMX. It was both the first true sanctioning body and the first nation-spanning one (as opposed",
"title": "National Bicycle Association"
},
{
"id": "12429883",
"text": "Regional, National and International titles. Only sanctioning bodies that were active during the racer's career are listed. National Bicycle League (NBL) American Bicycle Association (ABA) In 1993 while still racing BMX for Haro Bicycles, she asked that sponsor for a mountain bike and to go to a mountain bike race. She liked it and soon transitioned from BMX to MTB, with cross country Dual Slalom and after Dual Slalom was abolished by NORBA the 4-Cross Downhill events. During her mountain bike years she acquired the nickname of \"T\", the first letter of her given name. Unlike in BMX she turned",
"title": "Tara Llanes"
},
{
"id": "9463069",
"text": "(The official ABA publication under three names): Warwick Stevenson Warwick Brian Stevenson Jr. (born 13 May 1980 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian professional \"Mid/Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1995 to current. Nicknamed the \"Warlock\" as a play on his given name Warwick. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started racing: 1990 at age 10 in Australia. He used to race motorcycle motocross (MX) until it got too dangerous and expensive. Sanctioning body: First race result: First win (local): First sponsor: First national win: Turned",
"title": "Warwick Stevenson"
},
{
"id": "15818769",
"text": "\"Diamond Back\" and over time this changed to \"DiamondBack\" and then to \"Diamondback.\" Beginning in 1990, Western States Imports started selling its mountain bikes and road bicycles under the Diamondback name as well. Since 1979, many riders have successfully competed under the sponsorship of Diamondback, which began with BMX and expanded to Mountain Bikes with the creation of Diamondback Racing (DBR) in 1993. In 1999, Diamondback Bicycles was purchased by the Derby Cycle Corporation, which also owned the Raleigh Bicycle Company, and merged Raleigh and Diamondback together. In 2001, Derby Cycle Corporation sold Raleigh and Diamondback, and currently both brands",
"title": "Diamondback Bicycles"
},
{
"id": "9463065",
"text": "Warwick Stevenson Warwick Brian Stevenson Jr. (born 13 May 1980 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian professional \"Mid/Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1995 to current. Nicknamed the \"Warlock\" as a play on his given name Warwick. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started racing: 1990 at age 10 in Australia. He used to race motorcycle motocross (MX) until it got too dangerous and expensive. Sanctioning body: First race result: First win (local): First sponsor: First national win: Turned Professional: 1999 in Australia at the age",
"title": "Warwick Stevenson"
},
{
"id": "5575478",
"text": "it is particularly important in those forms of the sport where the tracks are very small, tight and difficult to pass on. This is particularly relevant in motocross where racers line up alongside each other rather than behind each other in tarmac-based sports. The term had also found its way into bicycle motocross racing (BMX) by the early 1970s because BMX is a bicycle derivative of motorcycle motocross and has inherited many terms from that sport. In BMX the holeshot is even more important since BMX races are single lap 25 to 45 second races with only a few opportunities",
"title": "Holeshot"
},
{
"id": "8012725",
"text": "Eric Carter Eric Robert Carter (born March 6, 1970 in Long Beach, California, U.S.) is a former American professional \"Old/Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1983 to 1998. He had the nickname \"The Golden Child,\" and later in his BMX career, acquired the moniker \"The Earthquake.\" More recently, he has been known simply as \"EC.\" Beginning in 1996, he converted fully to mountain bike racing (MTB) and has become one of the most respected racers in that discipline of bicycle racing. Note: Professional firsts are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Note: This",
"title": "Eric Carter"
},
{
"id": "16770237",
"text": "the Student World Championships: World University Cycling Championship The World University Cycling Championship is a competition sponsored by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) and sanctioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), which was first held in 1978 in Antwerp, Belgium. Before 1978 there were also World University Championships, but these were not sponsored by the International University Sports Federation. The next edition will be held in Jelenia Gora, Poland in 2014. The championship last five days and could contain events in five cycling sports: road cycling (road race and time trial), track cycling, mountainbike (cross-country and marathon), BMX and",
"title": "World University Cycling Championship"
},
{
"id": "7744121",
"text": "finishes a rider must upgrade to category 1. USA Cycling USA Cycling or USAC, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is the national governing body for bicycle racing in the United States. It covers the disciplines of road, track, mountain bike, cyclo-cross, and BMX across all ages and ability levels. In 2015, USAC had a membership of 61,631 individual members. USA Cycling is associated with the UCI, which governs international cycling and the United States Olympic Committee (USOC). The organization is also a member of the continental body Confederacion Panamericana de Ciclismo (COPACI). The Amateur Bicycle League of America was organized",
"title": "USA Cycling"
},
{
"id": "2524673",
"text": "bike is common with minors and is currently the most common class. The Cruiser bikes are any bikes with a 24\" wheel. However, any bikes that have a wheel larger than 24\" will still be considered Cruisers. Cruisers are more common with older racers and is rapidly growing. The cruiser style bike tends to be easier to jump and rolls better while the 20\" is seemingly more agile. While BMX racing is an individual sport, teams are often formed from racers in different classifications for camaraderie and often for business exposure of a sponsoring organization or company. BMX racing rewards",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "7744112",
"text": "USA Cycling USA Cycling or USAC, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, is the national governing body for bicycle racing in the United States. It covers the disciplines of road, track, mountain bike, cyclo-cross, and BMX across all ages and ability levels. In 2015, USAC had a membership of 61,631 individual members. USA Cycling is associated with the UCI, which governs international cycling and the United States Olympic Committee (USOC). The organization is also a member of the continental body Confederacion Panamericana de Ciclismo (COPACI). The Amateur Bicycle League of America was organized in 1920 and incorporated in New York in",
"title": "USA Cycling"
},
{
"id": "2524726",
"text": "UCI, retained the professional division. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) or in English the International Cycling Union, is a Switzerland-based international sanctioning body created in 1900 which has had its own international BMX racing program since 1982 (through FIAC) and have been holding World Championships for BMX racing since 1996. The UCI also supports Mountain Bike, Track, Road Race Cycling, and Cyclo-Cross. The UCI through its amateur division FIAC, held championships were separate and distinct from the International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) World Championships until they started to hold the World Championships jointly starting in 1991 (see above). The American",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "7229337",
"text": "in all sports in the 1990s. BMX is now part of the Olympic Summer Games and the first Olympiad for BMX was the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. Throughout its history, the NBL had a fierce independent streak. In 2002, its members foiled an attempt by USA Cycling Chief Executive Officer Gerard Bisceglia to sell the NBL its arch-rival, the ABA. This episode elevated \"the Sanction Wars\" in BMX Racing to a new level, and the bitter rivalry raged on for nearly a decade, until the NBL faltered, following a series of managerial and strategic blunders which played out",
"title": "National Bicycle League"
},
{
"id": "7105824",
"text": "American Bicycle Association The American Bicycle Association (ABA) is a US-based BMX sports governing body in Gilbert, Arizona created by Merl Mennenga and Gene Roden in 1977. It is the largest sanctioning body in the United States concerning BMX. It has tracks in Canada and Mexico as well as in the USA. It was and is known for its efficiency in running events known as Nationals, where BMX racers from around the country race in competition for points and in the case of Professionals, money, to determine who will earn the right to run a National No.\"1\" plate in the",
"title": "American Bicycle Association"
},
{
"id": "2524702",
"text": "seasons. The National Bicycle League (NBL), a nonprofit organization, was started in 1974 by George Edward Esser (September 17, 1925 – August 31, 2006). It was originally based in Pompano Beach, Florida, in the US, but ultimately moved its headquarters is located in Hilliard, Ohio. George Esser was exposed to BMX by his son Greg Esser, who was famous within the sport and one of the sport's earliest superstars and first professionals. Like Ernie Alexander and Scot Breithaupt before him, he was a promoter who created the NBL as the BMX auxiliary to the National Motorcycle League (NML), now-defunct, when",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "8414886",
"text": "racer's career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles. Series and one off Championships are also listed in block. National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) American Bicycle Association (ABA) International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) American Bicycle Association (ABA) United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA) International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) Pro Series Championships and Invitationals He still races both BMX and MX occasionally but can be found mostly racing MX as a past time.",
"title": "Clint Miller"
},
{
"id": "7229330",
"text": "East Coast of the United States as Ernie Alexander did in California and the West Coast. The organization that sanctions bicycle motocross races in the United States/Canada is now known as USA BMX (see External Links). George Esser, unlike the creators of the earlier NBA and later ABA, set up a non-profit organization with a very inclusive government including a Competition Congress meetings in which opinions of how the body was being administered would be heard. It is perhaps this input and exercise of corporate democracy kept it in touch with the grass roots and from suffering periodical lost of",
"title": "National Bicycle League"
},
{
"id": "16770236",
"text": "World University Cycling Championship The World University Cycling Championship is a competition sponsored by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) and sanctioned by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), which was first held in 1978 in Antwerp, Belgium. Before 1978 there were also World University Championships, but these were not sponsored by the International University Sports Federation. The next edition will be held in Jelenia Gora, Poland in 2014. The championship last five days and could contain events in five cycling sports: road cycling (road race and time trial), track cycling, mountainbike (cross-country and marathon), BMX and Cyclo-Cross. As part of",
"title": "World University Cycling Championship"
},
{
"id": "1602807",
"text": "only cyclocross bikes but also cross-country mountain bikes. Their rim diameter of 622 mm (~24.5 inch) is identical to most road, hybrid, and touring bicycle wheels, but they are typically reinforced for greater durability in off-road riding. The average 29-inch mountain bike tire is ISO 59-622 - corresponding to an outside diameter of about . Usually 20 inches in diameter (rim diameter of 406 mm), BMX wheels are small for several reasons: they are suitable for young and small riders; their lower cost is compatible with inexpensive bicycles; the size makes them stronger to withstand the additional loads generated by",
"title": "Bicycle wheel"
},
{
"id": "2524709",
"text": "and 272 affiliated tracks in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. It is technically an international organization, but does not bill itself as one, based on its mandate to grow BMX in the United States, unlike its predecessor, the International Bicycle Motocross Association (IBMX), and its chief early rival, the NBA, both of which had international aspirations. The ABA brand was retired at the close of the 2011 season, becoming USABMX as part of its merger with the rival National Bicycle League (NBL). Along with the majors and pioneers, there were other BMX governing bodies, both national and regional and",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "8284396",
"text": "1987, the KHS Co. and Yamaha of Japan established a joint venture operation in order to increase production capacity and explore new markets around the world. Consequently, motorcycles are now exported to Greece, Portugal, Italy, India and Japan. United Engineering Corp. was established in 1988. Formerly known as the KHS Bicycle Factory, United Engineering Corp. now manufactures KHS bicycles, as well as bicycles for other companies throughout the world. KHS Bicycles and its BMX brand Free Agent have long histories of racing victories, including numerous national and world championships. Here is a brief list of some of the brands' top",
"title": "KHS Bicycles"
},
{
"id": "10148321",
"text": "Frank Post Franklin Post (born April 20, 1962 from Watsonville, California U.S.) was an American professional \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1978-1981. Early in his career his nickname was \"CW Post\", a play on his surname of Post which happened to be the same as a famous breakfast cereal manufacturer, C. W. Post. When the BMX bicycle manufacturer, CW Racing became widely known in 1981 this nickname for Frank Post fell into disuse to avoid the implication that Frank Post was a sponsored racer for CW Racing, although he would be later in",
"title": "Frank Post"
},
{
"id": "7105874",
"text": "never mind a BMX race. It seems ironic that BMX was invented in the United States in light of the lackluster attitude of the public at large toward cycling. However, when you look at the fact that BMX wasn't so much derived from cycling but from kids imitating motocross racing then it is much more understandable why BMX was invented here. Still, it was cycling even if it was aping Motocross. In that light, despite the expensive 68 30 second TV advertisements shown on then popular programs like \"Magnum, P.I.\", \"Dynasty\" and \"Good Morning America\", it was a steep uphill",
"title": "American Bicycle Association"
},
{
"id": "8410095",
"text": "Perry Kramer Perry Kramer (born October 6, 1959 in Santa Monica, California U.S.) is a former American \"Old School\" professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1974-1981. Among his accomplishments is his co-founding with Scot Breithaupt of Scot Enterprise Racing (SE Racing). His nickname \"PK\" is a simple derivation from his first and last initials of his name and the inspiration of one of the most popular models of BMX bicycle, the \"PK Ripper\", that is still in production. Note: In the early days of professional racing, prior to 1976, many tracks offered small purse prize",
"title": "Perry Kramer"
},
{
"id": "2524703",
"text": "he became dissatisfied with how the races were run. The NBL started in Florida, and while it expanded rapidly on the East Coast of the United States and for most of its early history, it had only a few tracks west of the Mississippi River. That changed in 1982 when it inherited the membership and tracks of the defunct National Bicycle Association (NBA) which had ceased sanctioning its own races and then went into partnership with the NBL. The NBL acquired all the NBA tracks in the nation including all those west of the Mississippi. As a result, it became",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "7928981",
"text": "David Clinton David Clinton (born January 2, 1960 in Sun Valley, California) is an \"Old School\" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1973 to 1979. Nicknamed \"Dynamite\" early in his career David Clinton could be truthfully said to be the sport's first true superstar. He was the first racer to win an official National No.1 plate of any kind when the first BMX sanctioning body, the National Bicycle Association (NBA), introduced the title in 1975. During the previous year he won the junior class division of a series of what could be called proto",
"title": "David Clinton"
},
{
"id": "12530081",
"text": "American BMXer, BMXer (the official membership publication of the ABA under three different names): Robert MacPherson (BMX rider) Robert D. MacPherson (born February 9, 1971 from Norwalk, California United States) is a former professional American \"Old/Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1995 to 2001. His nicknames were \"MacFearsome\", and \"Big Mac\". Note: Professional firsts are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started racing: MacPherson started racing in 1976 at the age of four, where crashed on his first lap around the track in practice. He didn't attempt to race again until 1981, and",
"title": "Robert MacPherson (BMX rider)"
},
{
"id": "7215194",
"text": "season. The two current major BMX sanctioning body websites: National Bicycle Association The National Bicycle Association (NBA), later known as the National Bicycle Motocross Association (NbmxA), was a United States-based Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sports sanctioning body originally based in Soledad, California that was created by Ernie Alexander in 1973 and ceased operations as an independent body in 1981. It was the first and for its first few years until 1980 the largest sanctioning body in the United States concerning BMX. It was known for its pioneering works in founding the organized sport of BMX. It was both the first true",
"title": "National Bicycle Association"
},
{
"id": "7229331",
"text": "member track operators and internal rebellions, like what happened to the ABA and NBA, in the NBA's case, fatally. Mr. Esser did not start the NBL for its own sake, but for the sake of his sons Bryan and Greg Esser who were competing in local races at the time before their father knew what BMX was. The elder Esser, being a motorcycle motocross race promoter like Ernie Alexander was on the United States's west coast before him, was dissatisfied with how the sanctionless independent tracks were run and created a bicycle motocross division of his thirty-three-year-old National Motorcycle League",
"title": "National Bicycle League"
},
{
"id": "10462809",
"text": "Dale Holmes Dale Holmes (born 6 October 1971, Heanor, Derbyshire) is a British former professional \"Old/Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1983 to 2009. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started Racing: 1982, aged 10, in England. He first noticed BMX on reading a BMX mag back in 1980. First race result: Fourth place in 9 year age group at the Nottingham Outlaws BMX track in Nottingham, England. Sanctioning Body: First win (local): First sponsor: Bunny's Bike Shop (Private Company) First national win: At a 1985 United Kingdom National",
"title": "Dale Holmes"
},
{
"id": "7229359",
"text": "the ABA's Gold Cup no professionals are allowed to compete, only amateurs in the Expert, Girls, and Cruiser classes participating. National Bicycle League The National Bicycle League (NBL) was a United States–based Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sports sanctioning body originally based in Deerfield Beach, Florida, but after several moves it was based in Hilliard, Ohio. It was created by George Edward Esser (September 17, 1925 – August 31, 2006) in 1974 as first the bicycle auxiliary of the National Motorcycle League (NML) then set up as an independent non-profit organization unlike the earlier National Bicycle Association (NBA) and the later American",
"title": "National Bicycle League"
},
{
"id": "10079607",
"text": "Alice Jung Alice Jung (born April 23, 1982 in South Korea (Moved to United States before her first birthday) is a former professional \"Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1996-2005. Had the moniker of \"Feisty\". Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started racing: February 1996 at age 13. She got a BMX bicycle in lieu of a mountain bike due to lack of funds. When she was 13 years old her father gave her $250 for the mountain bike she wanted for Christmas in 1995. To her disappointment she",
"title": "Alice Jung"
},
{
"id": "7229329",
"text": "National Bicycle League The National Bicycle League (NBL) was a United States–based Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sports sanctioning body originally based in Deerfield Beach, Florida, but after several moves it was based in Hilliard, Ohio. It was created by George Edward Esser (September 17, 1925 – August 31, 2006) in 1974 as first the bicycle auxiliary of the National Motorcycle League (NML) then set up as an independent non-profit organization unlike the earlier National Bicycle Association (NBA) and the later American Bicycle Association (ABA). George Esser played a major part in establishing Bicycle Motocross racing in Florida and shortly after the",
"title": "National Bicycle League"
},
{
"id": "12277637",
"text": "Seeding Run time trials and was the overall winning of the three runnings of his Quarter Finals, sweeping all three. On August 22, Mike Day won the Silver medal in the Men's BMX Final at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, becoming the second American ever to win an Olympic medal for BMX. Mike Day (cyclist) Mike Day is a BMX (bicycle motocross) cyclist who has competed professionally since 1994. He won the silver medal in the men's BMX at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Day's official Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) number - which was originally assigned to him by",
"title": "Mike Day (cyclist)"
},
{
"id": "8095834",
"text": "Eddy King Edward King (born October 9, 1964 in the Philippines (in 1970 his family settled in Chula Vista, California)) is an \"Old School\" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1977 to 1985. Eddy King is the elder of a sibling combinations of Mike & Eddy King in BMX racing. Only the brother combinations of Ronnie & Richie Anderson and Brent & Brian Patterson were more successful. His best known nickname \"King Edward\" is an obvious play on his name feeding off of the cultural knowledge of famous British kings named Edwards. Other nicknames",
"title": "Eddy King"
},
{
"id": "16632831",
"text": "Lauren Reynolds Lauren Reynolds (born 25 June 1991) is an Australian cyclist. She represented Australia in the individual BMX event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Nicknamed Loza, Reynolds was born on 25 June 1991 in Bunbury, Western Australia. She attended Leschenault Catholic Primary School before going to Bunbury Catholic College for high school. Beyond cycling, she is also a surfer and basketball player. Lauren quit competitive basketball in 2003. , she lives in Perth, Western Australia. Reynolds is tall and weighs . Reynolds is a BMX cyclist, competing in the individual event. She started riding a BMX bike by the",
"title": "Lauren Reynolds"
},
{
"id": "2524679",
"text": "in ABA, In NBL Rookie, Novice, Expert, Super-Ex, Elite, Masters are the proficiencys). BMX Racing has had many sanctioning bodies over its 40-year history as an organized sport, the first being Scot Breithaupt's Bicycle United Motocross Society (BUMS), created in the early 1970s (see below). Since then, there have been dozens of regional, national, and international sanctioning bodies, some of them associated with or owned by another. Most are defunct or have been merged into larger, more successful organizations, but a handful still exist in their original forms and are prospering. In the US, loyalty to one sanctioning body or",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "2524710",
"text": "past and present. Among them were the Bicycle Motocross League (BMXL); the United Bicycle Racers Association (UBR) (1977–1983); the United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA) (1984–1986), which merged with the ABA at the end of the 1986 racing season after financial trouble made it unsustainable; the International Cycling Association (ICA), which was started in part by professional racer Greg Hill in 1990; and the Southeast Region-based National Pedal Sport Association (NPSA) (1975–1988). They are all gone now, but they did affect, for good or ill, the American BMX scene. The International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) was founded on April 3,",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "5068820",
"text": "Freestyle BMX Freestyle BMX is bicycle motocross stunt riding on BMX bikes. It is an extreme sport descended from BMX racing that consists of five disciplines: street, park, vert, trails, and flatland. In June 2017, the International Olympic Committee announced that it was to be added as an Olympic event to the 2020 Summer Olympics. The earliest photographic documentation of BMX freestyle shows Devin and Todd Bank in 1974 riding BMX bikes on an eight foot tall skateboard ramp they built at their childhood home in West Los Angeles, California. This was the birth of BMX ramp riding. Devin Bank",
"title": "Freestyle BMX"
},
{
"id": "490955",
"text": "new ATB or \"mountain bike\" taking off and soon to become the generic adult bicycle, again from California where it had begun in the mid 1970s. In April 1981, the International BMX Federation was founded, and the first world championships were held in 1982. Since January 1993, BMX has been integrated into the Union Cycliste Internationale. In 2003, the International Olympic Committee made BMX a full medal Olympic sport for 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China, and Māris Štrombergs (male, for Latvia) and Anne-Caroline Chausson (female, for France) became the first Olympic champions. Many talented BMX riders go on",
"title": "BMX"
},
{
"id": "17836533",
"text": "Cycling at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics Cycling at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from August 17 to August 24. The events took place at the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center and Laoshan National Forest Park in Nanjing, China. For the Youth Olympics instead of competitors competing separately they compete as a team. In the boys' and girls' team event two athletes compete together. Each of the two riders must compete in two of the following events, with only one team member competing per event; BMX, Mountain Bike Cross-country Race, Mountain Bike Cross-country Eliminator and Road Time Trial. Both",
"title": "Cycling at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics"
},
{
"id": "2524708",
"text": "to the bicycle shop and factory teams with the best race results over a season. It was also the first to install electronic gates for its starting line with \"Christmas tree\" style lights (reminiscent of drag racing), to ensure fairer starts. It also started the BMX Hall of Fame, now called the National BMX Hall of Fame, recognizing the pioneers and industry visionaries of the sport. Today it is the largest sanctioning body in the world (a position it won as early as 1979 when it surpassed the NBL and the old NBA in numbers) with an estimated 60,000 members",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "10527643",
"text": "Joey Bradford Joseph Bradford (born October 10, 1989 in Monterey, California, United States) is an American professional \"New/Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1999 to the present. His nickname is simply \"Joey\". Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous ever changing co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given. Note: Listed are District, State/Provincial/Department, Regional, National,",
"title": "Joey Bradford"
},
{
"id": "7215174",
"text": "not unheard of. It had more in common with today's Mountain Biking courses than a modern well groomed and safer (some say \"too\" safe) BMX tracks. The popularity of his races grew until it became practically a full-time job. In 1973 he decided to formalize it and create the National Bicycle Association modeled on the existing American Motorcycle Association (AMA) for motorcycle Motocross (MX). It rapidly grew in number of tracks and members spreading from Southern California. Tracks were eventually established as far as the East coast. The NBA became the first national governing body for BMX. The famous Yamaha",
"title": "National Bicycle Association"
},
{
"id": "2524711",
"text": "1981 by Gerrit Does, a former motocross racer and Dutch citizen. He introduced BMX to the Netherlands in 1974 after seeing it in the United States. He also started the first European BMX sanctioning body the Stichting Fietscross Nederland (SFN) (the Dutch Bicycle Motocross Foundation (DBMXF) in English) in the Netherlands in 1978. George Esser, the same man who founded the American-based National Bicycle League (NBL) in 1974 was the co-founder of the IBMXF, after Mr. Does approached the NBL to begin preparations for the new body in December 1980 with the representatives of sanctioning bodies from Canada, Colombia, Japan,",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "8081536",
"text": "Mike King (BMX rider) Michael Allen King (born June 30, 1969 in Washington, D.C., U.S.) is an \"Old School/Mid School\" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1984 to 1998 and is also a former Mountain Bike (MTB) racer who prime competitive years in that discipline were 1993 to 2004. Mike King is the younger sibling of one of the most respected brother combinations of BMX racing: Eddy & Mike King. Of the two King Brothers, Mike had a more dominating career in terms of national titles he won as an amateur and professional. As",
"title": "Mike King (BMX rider)"
},
{
"id": "12350530",
"text": "Liam Phillips Liam Peter Phillips (born 11 March 1989) is a BMX racing cyclist representing Great Britain. In 2013 he won the UCI BMX World Championships, his first. Having been cycling from the age of 5, he took up competitive BMX whilst a junior and won ten consecutive British titles. He won his first European title in 1999, and represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics, at the 2012 Summer Olympics (despite having broken his collarbone shortly before) and at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Born at Musgrove Park Hospital in Taunton, he was raised in Burnham-on-Sea and attended The",
"title": "Liam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "2524721",
"text": "started holding its own BMX World Championships in 1984. At the time the IBMXF and FIAC were two separate International sanctioning bodies that both held BMX World Championships. However, the IBMXF's was far more prestigious, professionally competently run and established than FIAC. This was because FIAC refused help from either the IBMXF and the American for profit American Bicycle Association (then as now only one non-profit BMX sanctioning body per nation is recognized by the UCI as representing BMX in a nation. In the United States's case it was and is the NBL), both far more experienced at the time",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "10268097",
"text": "Andy Patterson Andrew Patterson (born January 19, 1964 in San Fernando Valley, California U.S.) was an American professional \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1977 to 1985. His moniker was \"Mr. Bigfoot\" for his size 13 feet. Patterson was one of the first American racers to compete on the European BMX circuit during its formative years on a regular basis. He developed a large European following. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have",
"title": "Andy Patterson"
},
{
"id": "7788258",
"text": "Scot Breithaupt Scot Alexander Breithaupt (July 14, 1957 – July 4, 2015) was an entrepreneur, \"Old School\" professional Motorcycle MX and Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer and a founding father of BMX in 1970 whose prime competitive years were from 1970 to 1984. Many consider him, in some ways, a founder of \"Old School BMX\"—an era from roughly 1969 to 1987 or 1988, from its very beginnings to just after its first major slump in popularity from 1985 to 1988. Racing started to rise in participation again around 1988–89 and is considered the start of \"Mid School BMX\", roughly 1988–2000. He",
"title": "Scot Breithaupt"
},
{
"id": "2524672",
"text": "the conduct of the flying, specify age group and skill-level classifications among the racers, and maintain some kind of points-accumulation system over the racing season. There is a list of plates that are able to obtain the list is Gold Cup state Race of Champions roc N. A. G sport is very family oriented and largely participant-driven, with riders ranging in age from 2 to 70, and over. Professional ranks exist for both men and women, where the age ranges from 18 to 40 years old. There are two BMX racing bikes sizes. One is the 20\" wheel bike. This",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "16669237",
"text": "run every time since 2003. The individual road race has been run every time since 2011. The individual road race has been run every time since 2011. The BMX was introduced in 2007. The BMX was introduced in 2007. \"Updated until 2015 Pan American Games\" Cycling at the Pan American Games Cycling has been contested at the Pan American Games since the inaugural games in, 1951, without ever leaving the program. The next edition of the games will take place in 2019 in Lima, Peru. 22 medal events are scheduled to be contested, four in BMX, two in mountain biking",
"title": "Cycling at the Pan American Games"
},
{
"id": "11103984",
"text": "three different names): USBA Racer (The official USBA publication): Shawn Texas Shawn Patrick Texas (born September 8, 1963 in Los Angeles, California United States) was an American professional \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from (1983–1987) Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started Racing: Early August 1977 at 13 years of age. His friend took him to a local track in Lakeside, California. He didn't have his own race bike, so he raced his friends. He got his own bike for his 14th birthday on September 8, 1977. Sanctioning Body:",
"title": "Shawn Texas"
},
{
"id": "3952435",
"text": "better than competitive models made by Schwinn. Schwinn brand loyalty began to suffer as huge numbers of buyers came to retailers asking for the latest sport and racing road bikes from European or Japanese manufacturers. By 1979, even the \"Paramount\" had been passed, technologically speaking, by a new generation of American as well as foreign custom bicycle manufacturers. Schwinn also largely failed to capitalize on a new trend in Southern California: BMX racing. After first claiming it to be a dangerous sport, management changed their tune — too late — when they introduced the \"Scrambler\" in 1975, which evolved into",
"title": "Schwinn Bicycle Company"
},
{
"id": "11781017",
"text": "head office at The Old Library, Cardiff. The main cycling clubs in Cardiff are Cardiff Ajax CC, Cardiff JIF and Maindy Flyers Youth Cycling Club, all of which share the cycle track and facilities at the Maindy Centre. The clubs are administered by Welsh Cycling-Beicio Cymru and cover all the usual disciplines – BMX; cyclo-cross; mountain biking (downhill and cross-country); road racing; time trials; track racing; and leisure cycling. Cardiff Ajax CC (founded 1948), named after the Greek mythical hero (Ajax), spans almost all the cycling disciplines. The club has strong links with the Maindy Flyers. Former club riders include",
"title": "Sport in Cardiff"
},
{
"id": "9041816",
"text": "placed. In 2009, he was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame. Jason McRoy Jason McRoy (26 November 1971 – 24 August 1995) was an English professional mountain bike racer. McRoy was the first British rider to join an American professional mountain bike team – Specialized/2 Calorie Quest – and was a UK National downhill champion. Despite being born with a hole in his heart, and enduring a childhood beset by illness, McRoy developed an early love of cycling. Following childhood success in BMX racing – curtailed by a serious injury to his knee, and a consequent period off",
"title": "Jason McRoy"
},
{
"id": "17403917",
"text": "at the start of the racer's career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles. Series and one off Championships are also listed in block. National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) American Bicycle Association (ABA) National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) American Bicycle Association (ABA) United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA) International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) Pro Series Championships Rayner Matthews Rayner Matthews is a former American \"Old/Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1984",
"title": "Rayner Matthews"
},
{
"id": "6804206",
"text": "1994. MTB, a sport similar to BMX that uses bicycles with 26-inch wheels similar to the \"Cruiser class\" bicycles in BMX circa 1980, has courses that are much longer and on steep, downhill slopes, with certain events—especially snow racing—resembling downhill skiing. Races could last up to 10 minutes (compared to BMX's 30 to 40 seconds), with speeds hitting (compared to BMX's for Experts and Professionals). In her first year of racing mountain bikes, Elliott became the National Dual Slalom Champion, the first such championship of many. Over her cycling career, Elliott has won 14 major world and national titles, including",
"title": "Cheri Elliott"
},
{
"id": "7792446",
"text": "Tinker Juarez David Juarez (born March 4, 1961) is an American former professional BMX and cross-country mountain bike racer. His prime competitive years in BMX were from 1978 to 1984 and in mountain bike racing 1986 to 2005. Since late 2005, he has competed as an Marathon mountain bike racer. In all three disciplines, he has won numerous national and international competitions. Most recently, Juarez finished third in the 2006 Race Across America Endurance bicycle race. Born in Downey, California, Juarez is a highly talented cyclist who has made significant impacts in the cycling disciplines of BMX Racing, Freestyle BMX,",
"title": "Tinker Juarez"
},
{
"id": "10462813",
"text": "Sanctioning body: UCI Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous ever changing co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by MTB press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are given. Note: Listed are Regional, National and International titles. British Cycling Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) In 2009, he was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame. Dale Holmes Dale Holmes (born 6 October 1971, Heanor, Derbyshire) is a British former professional \"Old/Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from",
"title": "Dale Holmes"
},
{
"id": "11251974",
"text": "Lee Medlin Frankie Lee Medlin (born December 9, 1964 in Riverside, California United States) was a professional American \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from (1977–1982) His nickname was \"Peddlin'\", an obvious play on his surname and the motive power of a bicycle. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started Racing: January 12, 1977 at Corona Raceway at 13 years old. Sanctioning Body: Riverside School District First race result: He didn't make the main. First Race Bike: Webco. It was a Christmas 1976 present First win (local): February 12, 1977.",
"title": "Lee Medlin"
},
{
"id": "9242904",
"text": "Randy Stumpfhauser Randall Richard Stumpfhauser (born January 27, 1977 in Fresno, California U.S.) is an American professional \"Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 1998 to the present. He is sometimes called \"Stumpdog\" or \"Stumpy\", all are plays on his last name. Note: Professional firsts are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous ever changing co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates",
"title": "Randy Stumpfhauser"
},
{
"id": "8012729",
"text": "Result: Sanctioning Body: No amateur status. No amateur status. Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) National Off Road Bicycle Association (NORBA) USA Cycling Eric Carter had substantial input on the design of the Hyper Metro pro sized frame of the early 1990, which he raced when sponsored by Hyper Designs. Eric Carter Eric Robert Carter (born March 6, 1970 in Long Beach, California, U.S.) is a former American professional \"Old/Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1983 to 1998. He had the nickname \"The Golden Child,\" and later in his BMX career, acquired the moniker \"The Earthquake.\"",
"title": "Eric Carter"
},
{
"id": "19401088",
"text": "Dave van der Burg Dave van der Burg (Heesch, born ) is a Dutch male BMX rider, representing his nation at international competitions. He competed in the time trial event at the 2015 UCI BMX World Championships. He joined the Dutch national team in 2016, and managed to qualify himself for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Van der Burg started racing on a small BMX bike at the age of six years. In his first year, he competed in local races and won most of them. In the years to follow, he started to compete in national and international",
"title": "Dave van der Burg"
},
{
"id": "19842701",
"text": "two athletes compete together. Each of the two cyclists must compete in two of the following events, with only one team member competing per event; BMX, Mountain Bike Cross-country Race, Mountain Bike Cross-country Eliminator and Road Time Trial. Both members will also have to compete in the Road Race event. For the mixed team relay, two boys and two girls will form a team. The event will be composed of a Mountain Bike Cross-country Race, performed by one boy and one girl and a Road Race, performed by the other two team members. For NOCs who qualified only two boys",
"title": "Cycling at the Youth Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "6998315",
"text": "small sanctioning bodies. The UBR went out of business due to bankruptcy and ceased operations early in 1983. United Bicycle Racers Association The United Bicycle Racers (UBR) (initially and briefly known as World Bike Riders (WBR)) was a short-lived Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racing sanctioning body based in Modesto, California which was started by John Valdez, a bike shop owner, on his 18th birthday that lasted from 1977-1983. At its peak it had 34 tracks in California and Nevada. His philosophy was to cater to the local racer and deemphasized the focus on National events. Still, because of its California base,",
"title": "United Bicycle Racers Association"
},
{
"id": "15778018",
"text": "maintains five total bikes routes, which consists of both shared and bike-only lanes. Cycling in Canada Cycling in Canada is experienced in various ways across a geographically huge, economically and socially diverse country. Among the reasons for cycling in Canada are for practical reasons such as commuting to work or school, for sports such as road racing, BMX, Mountain bike racing, freestyle BMX, as well as for pure recreation. The amount and quality of bicycle infrastructure varies widely across the country as do the laws pertaining to cyclists such as bicycle helmet laws which can differ by province. Interest in",
"title": "Cycling in Canada"
},
{
"id": "13563457",
"text": "16\" to 26\", with 20\" being the most popular. Dirt jumping and freestyle bike wheel sizes include 16\" and 18\" for younger, smaller riders, 20\" for most other riders, and a few companies including Haro and Sunday offer 24\" freestyle bikes for taller or older riders who feel cramped on a standard 20\" BMX bike. BMX started in the early 1970s when children began racing their bicycles on dirt tracks in Southern California, drawing inspiration from the motocross superstars of the time. The size and availability of the Schwinn Sting-Ray made it the natural bike of choice, since they were",
"title": "BMX bike"
},
{
"id": "1602808",
"text": "BMX jumps and stunts; and to reduce rotational inertia for easier wheel acceleration. Nominally 20 x 1-1/8\" or 20 x 1-3/8\", with rim diameter 451 mm. These are intended for racing by lightweight BMX riders, and sometimes referred to as \"skinnies\". The size is also used on classic British folding or shopping bikes. Bicycle rims and tires came in many different types and sizes before efforts were made to standardize and improve wheel/tire compatibility. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) define a modern, unambiguous system of sizing designations and measurement procedures",
"title": "Bicycle wheel"
},
{
"id": "9742480",
"text": "of the Cycling Ireland Hall of Fame. The Irish International Rider of the Year, as voted by the Sports Journalists, was also introduced. Cycling Ireland governs the sport on a provincial basis, with four sub bodies affiliating to the national body. These are Cycling Ulster, Cycling Leinster, Cycling Connacht, and Cycling Munster. Cycling Ireland is the trading and operating name of the body formally known as the Irish Cycling Federation. Cycling Ireland administers road racing, track racing, off-road or MTB racing, time trialing, BMX, Cyclocross, and is involved in the promotion of leisure cycling events. Through the Coach Education Unit,",
"title": "Cycling Ireland"
},
{
"id": "10425602",
"text": "Robert de Wilde Robert de Wilde (born April 30, 1977 in Kampen) is a Dutch professional \"Mid/Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1990–2003. His nicknames are \"The Flying Dutchman\" in reference to his speed and his nationality and \"Afro-Bob\" because of his long wild, uncombed hair. He was chosen for the Dutch BMX Olympic team to participate in the 2008 Summer Olympics games in Beijing, China where he reached the Quarter Finals. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started Racing: 1982 at the age of five years. A friend",
"title": "Robert de Wilde"
},
{
"id": "7029147",
"text": "Tommy Brackens Tommy Lee Brackens (born November 20, 1960 in Los Angeles, California) is an American former professional \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer. His prime competitive years were from 1980-1988. His nickname was \"The Human Dragster\", so named for his adeptness at getting the \"Holeshot\", or getting out in front literally at the drop of the starting gate and leading the other competitors down the first straight and into the first turn. The moniker was coined by Bob Hunt, an NBL announcer at the 1982 NBL Grand Nationals that Tommy raced in. Many racers received their monikers from the",
"title": "Tommy Brackens"
},
{
"id": "10507102",
"text": "Alise Willoughby Alise Rose Willoughby (born January 17, 1991 in St. Cloud, Minnesota) is an American professional \"Current School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years are from 2002–Present. Has the moniker of \"The Beast\". \"Note:\" Professional firsts are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started racing: In 1997 at the age of six. Her brother raced and suggested that she try it. First race result: Backed out of racing at the last minute. She looked down the steep starting hill and couldn't bring herself to do it. After overcoming her sense of nerves the next week she",
"title": "Alise Willoughby"
},
{
"id": "9041814",
"text": "Jason McRoy Jason McRoy (26 November 1971 – 24 August 1995) was an English professional mountain bike racer. McRoy was the first British rider to join an American professional mountain bike team – Specialized/2 Calorie Quest – and was a UK National downhill champion. Despite being born with a hole in his heart, and enduring a childhood beset by illness, McRoy developed an early love of cycling. Following childhood success in BMX racing – curtailed by a serious injury to his knee, and a consequent period off his bike to recuperate – McRoy first tried downhill mountain bike racing at",
"title": "Jason McRoy"
},
{
"id": "10148329",
"text": "official USBA membership publication): Frank Post Franklin Post (born April 20, 1962 from Watsonville, California U.S.) was an American professional \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1978-1981. Early in his career his nickname was \"CW Post\", a play on his surname of Post which happened to be the same as a famous breakfast cereal manufacturer, C. W. Post. When the BMX bicycle manufacturer, CW Racing became widely known in 1981 this nickname for Frank Post fell into disuse to avoid the implication that Frank Post was a sponsored racer for CW Racing, although he",
"title": "Frank Post"
},
{
"id": "2524693",
"text": "modern starting gate. The first BMX proto sanctioning body was the Bicycle United Motocross Society (BUMS) founded by Scot Breithaupt in Long Beach, California on November 14, 1970, when he was fourteen years old. On that day he put on his first ad hoc BMX race. At first BUMS simply referred to the transients that congregated in the field around 7th and Bellflower Streets where the track was located, but later Scot turned it into the acronym BUMS. The first race had 35 participants, who paid Scot a quarter (US25 cents) each for the privilege. At the next race 150",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "2524685",
"text": "on March 1, 1981. On January 1, 1990, the AFdB joined the FFC. On March 4, 1993, BMX was recognized as an important sport by the French Ministry for sports. Today the official French BMX Sanctioning body is now the Fédération Française de Cyclisme (FFC), or in English the French Cycling Federation (FCF). It has almost 10,000 members. The \"Associazione Italiana BMX\", which in English translates to \"Italian BMX Association\", was founded in December 1981 by Aldo Gandolfo, an Italian journalist and sport promoter. In 1983 the A.I.BMX joined the I.BMX.F. and held the first official Italian BMX race. In",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "7928991",
"text": "publication under two names): ABA Action, American BMXer, BMXer (The ABA official membership publication under three names): David Clinton David Clinton (born January 2, 1960 in Sun Valley, California) is an \"Old School\" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1973 to 1979. Nicknamed \"Dynamite\" early in his career David Clinton could be truthfully said to be the sport's first true superstar. He was the first racer to win an official National No.1 plate of any kind when the first BMX sanctioning body, the National Bicycle Association (NBA), introduced the title in 1975. During the",
"title": "David Clinton"
},
{
"id": "11251979",
"text": "NBA/NBmx publication): Bicycles Today & BMX Today (the official NBL publication under two names): ABA Action, American BMXer, BMXer (the official ABA publication under three names): Lee Medlin Frankie Lee Medlin (born December 9, 1964 in Riverside, California United States) was a professional American \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from (1977–1982) His nickname was \"Peddlin'\", an obvious play on his surname and the motive power of a bicycle. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started Racing: January 12, 1977 at Corona Raceway at 13 years old. Sanctioning Body: Riverside",
"title": "Lee Medlin"
},
{
"id": "12429881",
"text": "Tara Llanes Tara Janelle Llanes (born November 28, 1976 in West Covina, California United States) is a Canadian \"Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1990-1993. She became a champion Mountain Bike (MTB) racer. She later played wheelchair tennis and wheelchair basketball for Canada. Her surname is pronounced \"Yaw-ness\" but for obvious reasons it is often mispronounced \"lanes\" as in the type of division of a pathway. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Retired: Originally in 1995 to focus on Mountain Bike racing full time. She restarted in late 2006",
"title": "Tara Llanes"
},
{
"id": "6217803",
"text": "Anne-Caroline Chausson Anne-Caroline Chausson (born 8 October 1977 in Dijon) is a French professional cyclist who competes in bicycle enduro, bicycle motocross (BMX), downhill time trial and cross-country mass start, dual, and four-cross mountain bicycle racing. She is best known for having won thirteen Union Cycliste Internationale senior mountain bike world championship \"rainbow jerseys\", fourteen European mountain bike championships, and five consecutive Mountain Bike World Cup downhill series (1998-2002). She was nominated for the 2003 Laureus World Sports Awards Alternative Sportsperson of the Year. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Chausson competed for France in the inaugural women's BMX",
"title": "Anne-Caroline Chausson"
},
{
"id": "13563460",
"text": "BMX Federation was founded, and their first world championships were held in 1982. Since January 1993 BMX has been integrated into the Union Cyclist International (UCI). BMX Freestyle (which, today, encompasses the Dirt, Vert, Park, Street and Flatland disciplines) was created by racers who enjoyed pushing the stylistic limits of what they could do on their bikes. Haro Bikes founder Bob Haro is popularly known as \"The Father of Freestyle\". BMX Freestyle is now one of the staple events at the annual Summer X Games Extreme Sports competition and the ETNIES backyard jam, held largely on both coasts of the",
"title": "BMX bike"
},
{
"id": "12151431",
"text": "Alan Foster (BMX rider) Alan David Foster (born January 18, 1970) was a professional American \"Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer and Dirt Jumper whose prime competitive years were from (1992–1999) his nickname was simply \"AF\", the initials of his given and surname. Note: Professional first are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Started Racing: In April 1981 in Newark, Delaware at the Lums Pond BMX track. Sanctioning Body: National Bicycle League (NBL) First race result: First place in 11 Beginner. First win (local): See above. First sponsor: JF&S Plumbing First national win: Turned Professional: September 1988 First Professional",
"title": "Alan Foster (BMX rider)"
},
{
"id": "13316817",
"text": "he completed a BSc degree in Sports Science at the University of Greenwich. Geoff Wiles Geoff Wiles (born 18 June 1944) is an English former professional racing cyclist. He won the national road championship as a professional in 1976 and competed for his country as an amateur. He organised cycling and other races, helped form BMX in Britain and ran a cycle-shop in Kent, England. He now competes for Great Britain in world masters cycling events, and coaches a regional cycle racing team (Abellio SFA Racing Team) Born in Strood, Kent, England, Wiles began cycling when his parents, Joan and",
"title": "Geoff Wiles"
},
{
"id": "11566496",
"text": "Deanna Edwards Deanna J. Jamieson (née Edwards) (June 13, 1970 - June 22, 2015 from Walled Lake, Michigan United States) was an amateur \"Old School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1981-1987. She retired in 1987 but resumed racing in 2004. Note: Professional firsts are on the national level unless otherwise indicated. Note: This listing only denotes the racer's primary sponsors. At any given time a racer could have numerous ever-changing co-sponsors. Primary sponsorships can be verified by BMX press coverage and sponsor's advertisements at the time in question. When possible exact dates are used. Note:",
"title": "Deanna Edwards"
},
{
"id": "8833622",
"text": "UCI BMX World Championships UCI BMX World Championships are the world championships for BMX racing (bicycle motorcross) held under the regulations of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the sport's international governing body. The UCI BMX World Championships are held annually and the winner of each event is crowned the \"BMX Cycling World Champion\". This three-day cycling festival should not be confused with the UCI BMX Supercross World Cup, which is the international BMX racing series held at numerous locations throughout the year. The UCI awards a gold medal and a rainbow jersey to the winner. Silver and bronze medals are",
"title": "UCI BMX World Championships"
},
{
"id": "2524704",
"text": "a nation-spanning sanctioning body like the ABA. In 1997 the NBL joined USA Cycling, a sanctioning body that has long supported road race, mountain biking and other cycling disciplines in the United States, tracing its roots back to 1920. The resulting organization is the National Federated body that represents cycling in the United States. USA Cycling is part of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) also known as UCI Cycling, the Switzerland-based international governing body that oversees virtually all aspects of cycling around the world (see International Sanctioning bodies below). The NBL had a previous association with the UCI through its",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "8246192",
"text": "Mike Poulson Michael Poulson (born January 4, 1965 in Ogden, Utah U.S., later raised in Layton, Utah) is an American \"Old School\" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1981-1987. Note: Professional first are for the national level of competition unless otherwise indicated. Started racing: Early 1978. As it often happens, a friend got him interested in racing. Sanctioning body: First race result: First place at a Layton, Utah track in 12-year-old class. He was actually 13 years old but according to the rules of that track you raced the age class of the age",
"title": "Mike Poulson"
},
{
"id": "6998314",
"text": "United Bicycle Racers Association The United Bicycle Racers (UBR) (initially and briefly known as World Bike Riders (WBR)) was a short-lived Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racing sanctioning body based in Modesto, California which was started by John Valdez, a bike shop owner, on his 18th birthday that lasted from 1977-1983. At its peak it had 34 tracks in California and Nevada. His philosophy was to cater to the local racer and deemphasized the focus on National events. Still, because of its California base, it did attract many of the national caliber pro racers who normally do not attend the events of",
"title": "United Bicycle Racers Association"
},
{
"id": "7029158",
"text": "find the race as seen on ESPN or on VHS video. He started his own BMX bicycle company Brackens Racing Products. This is ironic given the answer to a question in a \"BMX Plus!\" interview about owning his own company one day: BMXP!: \"What are your ambitions after racing? Have your own company, maybe?\"<br> Tommy: \"No! It's too much hassle having your own company!\" <br>----\"BMX Plus!\" April 1983 page 60. The company lasted two years from 1988 to 1990 sponsoring racers including Eric Carter along the way. The company went out of business due to competition from overseas. He worked",
"title": "Tommy Brackens"
},
{
"id": "7612325",
"text": "necessarily win National titles. Series and one off Championships are also listed in block. National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) United Bicycle Racers (UBR) American Bicycle Association (ABA) National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) United Bicycle Racers (UBR) American Bicycle Association (ABA) Like a lot of BMXers, Both Brian and his brother Brent returned to the Motorcycle Motocross roots. Both of them doing rather well with Brent racing Pro. They also raced occasionally BMX in large races. Bicycle Motocross News: Minicycle/BMX Action & Super BMX: Bicycle Motocross Action & Go: BMX Plus!: Total BMX: Bicycles and",
"title": "Brian Patterson"
},
{
"id": "2524700",
"text": "Bicycle Association, modeled on the existing American Motorcycle Association (AMA). It was Mr. Alexander who built a truly nation-spanning professional sanctioning body for BMX. Mismanagement irreparably damaged its reputation, including such practices as not reporting points totals in time, running races late and behind schedule, deliberately scheduling its own events opposite the events of other sanctioning bodies to weaken their attendance, and a less-than-attentive attitude to members. In its last two years it went through a name change to National BMX Association (NBmxA) in 1979. It tried to reorganize in 1981, starting new tracks and by most accounts had a",
"title": "BMX racing"
},
{
"id": "490953",
"text": "and the Etnies Backyard Jam, held primarily on the East and West coasts of the United States. The popularity of the sport has increased due to its relative ease and availability of places to ride and do tricks. In the UK, BMX was a craze which took off in the early 1980s, specifically 1982/3, when it became the \"must have\" bicycle for children and teenagers. Previously a small niche area, BMX exploded at this time into the dominant bicycle for the younger rider, with older teenagers and even adults becoming known names through publications like BMX Bi weekly, featuring big",
"title": "BMX"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: BMX bike context: BMX bike A BMX bike is an off-road sport bicycle used for racing and stunt riding. BMX means bicycle motocross. Though originally denoting a bicycle intended for BMX Racing, the term \"BMX bike\" is now used to encompass race bikes, as well as those used for the dirt, vert, park, street, flatland and BMX freestyle disciplines of BMX. BMX frames are made of various types of steel, and (largely in the racing category) aluminum. Cheaper, low end bikes are usually made of steel. High range bikes are mostly chromoly or high tensile steel, although the latter is noticeably heavier with\n\nIn cross-country bike racing, what do the initials BMX represent?",
"compressed_tokens": 195,
"origin_tokens": 195,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Clint Miller context: racer's career or at that stage of his/her career. Depending on point totals of individual racers, winners of Grand Nationals do not necessarily win National titles. Series and one off Championships are listed in block. National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) American Bicycle Association (ABA) International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) National Bicycle Association (NBA) National Bicycle League (NBL) American Bicycle Association (ABA) United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA) International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) Pro Series Championships and Invitationals He still races both BMX and MX occasionally but can be found mostly racing MX as a past time.\n\ntitle: Bicy wheel context: onlylocross b also cross- mountain bikes. Their diameter of62 (~24. inch) is identical to most road, hybrid, touringicy whe but they are typically reinfor greater durability off-road riding. The 29-inch mountain bike t is ISO 9-622 corresponding an outside diameter of about . Usually 2 in diameter (rim diameter of 406 mm), BMX wheels are small for several: they are suitable for and small rid; their is compatibleexpensive bicycles; the size makes to withstand the additional generated by\n\ntitle BX past present. them were the B Mot League (BL); BUBR) (7–3 United States BicySBA) (94–1), which merged with at end racing trouble itainable; the International CyA which started part by racer990 and Southeast Region National Pedal Association (A19–9 They are now, but orX The Bicy Federation ( was founded,\n\ntitle: Carter:ctioning: No amateur status. No UnionCI) National Off Road Bicycle Association (NORBA) USA Cycling Eric Carter had substantial input on the design of the Hyper Metro pro sized frame of the early 1990, which he raced when sponsored by Hyper Designs. Eric Carter Eric Robert Carter (born March 6, 1970 in Long Beach, California, U.S.) is a former American professional \"Old/Mid School\" Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1983 to 1998. He had the nickname \"The Golden Child,\" and later in his BMX career, acquired the moniker \"The Earthquake.\"\n\nIn cross-country bike racing, what do the initials BMX represent?",
"compressed_tokens": 537,
"origin_tokens": 14735,
"ratio": "27.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
113 | Under what name did Dr. Joshua Pim of Great Britain enter and win the Wimbledon tennis tournament in 1893? | [
"Mr. X. Because he feared that revealing his true identity would hurt his medical practice, Pim entered under the mystery name"
] | Mr. X. Because he feared that revealing his true identity would hurt his medical practice, Pim entered under the mystery name | [
{
"id": "6939209",
"text": "Joshua Pim Dr Joshua Pim F.R.C.S.I. (20 May 1869 in Bray, Wicklow – 15 April 1942 in Killiney, Dublin) was a medical doctor and world No. 1 Irish amateur tennis player. He won the Wimbledon men's singles title two years in a row, in 1893 and 1894. He won the Wimbledon men's doubles in 1890 and 1893. Joshua Pim, known as Josh, was born on 20 May 1869 at 1&2, Millward Terrace, Meath Road, Bray, County Wicklow. His parents were Joshua, a barrister who served in the Royal Tyrone Fusiliers, and Susannah Maria, née Middleton. His father died when Josh",
"title": "Joshua Pim"
},
{
"id": "6939213",
"text": "Cup squad to face America. Pim was derided for having put on excessive amounts of weight, despite the fact that he shed thirty pounds in six weeks. He lost both his matches and laid down his racket thereafter. Joshua Pim Dr Joshua Pim F.R.C.S.I. (20 May 1869 in Bray, Wicklow – 15 April 1942 in Killiney, Dublin) was a medical doctor and world No. 1 Irish amateur tennis player. He won the Wimbledon men's singles title two years in a row, in 1893 and 1894. He won the Wimbledon men's doubles in 1890 and 1893. Joshua Pim, known as Josh,",
"title": "Joshua Pim"
},
{
"id": "6939212",
"text": "round\", but he lost on both occasions to an English player, Wilfred Baddeley. In 1893, Pim returned to Wimbledon and won both the singles and (with Stoker) the doubles championships. In 1894 he won the singles again. In 1895 he competed in America rather than in England. In 1896, Harold Mahony won at Wimbledon, while Pim concentrated on his medical career, becoming a \"Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons\" that year. Pim played for Ireland against England in 1892, 1893, 1894 and 1896. In 1902, he was summoned from retirement to be the token Irishman in the British Davis",
"title": "Joshua Pim"
},
{
"id": "5524594",
"text": "Wilfred Baddeley Wilfred Baddeley (11 January 1872 – 24 January 1929) was a British male tennis player and the elder of the Baddeley twins. Wilfred, the better-known competitor, made his debut at Wimbledon in 1889 and he went on to win singles title three times in 1891, 1892 and 1895. His 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 win over Joshua Pim in 1891 at the age of 19 years and five months made him, until Boris Becker in 1985, the youngest men's singles champion at Wimbledon. He was also runner-up in 1893, 1894 and 1896. With Herbert, he won four doubles championships",
"title": "Wilfred Baddeley"
},
{
"id": "5524596",
"text": "in 1790. The brothers remained partners in the firm until 1919, when they retired leaving their cousin, Cyril Baddeley, to carry on in the family name. Wilfred Baddeley Wilfred Baddeley (11 January 1872 – 24 January 1929) was a British male tennis player and the elder of the Baddeley twins. Wilfred, the better-known competitor, made his debut at Wimbledon in 1889 and he went on to win singles title three times in 1891, 1892 and 1895. His 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 win over Joshua Pim in 1891 at the age of 19 years and five months made him, until Boris",
"title": "Wilfred Baddeley"
},
{
"id": "6939211",
"text": "Officer at St. Columcille's Hospital, Loughlinstown for 42 years. Pim was a member of Lansdowne club, then known as the \"All Ireland Lawn Tennis Club\", where he was coached by Thomas Burke His first tennis triumph was in 1890, when he won both the English and Irish doubles championships alongside the Dubliner, Frank Stoker, a cousin of the writer Bram Stoker. He reached the semifinals of the English singles championship, but lost to Willoughby Hamilton from Kildare. The following year he reached the Wimbledon men's singles final, and in 1892 (when he was suffering from typhoid) he reached the \"challenge",
"title": "Joshua Pim"
},
{
"id": "8963017",
"text": "Frank Stoker Frank Owen Stoker (29 May 1867 – 8 January 1939) was an Irish tennis and rugby union player. He is the only rugby international to have won Wimbledon. Stoker was Irish tennis champion (doubles) in 1890, 1891 and 1893 - 1895. In 1890 and 1893 he and Joshua Pim won the doubles in Wimbledon. He was ranked world No. 7 for 1892 by Karoly Mazak. He was a member of Landsdowne Lawn Tennis Club. He played five times for in rugby union between 1886-91. Stoker was a Forward, he played four matches in the Home Nations Championships, and",
"title": "Frank Stoker"
},
{
"id": "3379209",
"text": "tennis, invented in 1873, was highly fashionable for the wealthy in England, and all of the Dod children started playing the game frequently. Tennis parties were occasionally organized and among the invited guests were future Wimbledon champions Joshua Pim and the brothers Herbert and Wilfred Baddeley. When she was eleven Dod joined the Rock Ferry Tennis Club in Birkenhead. Together with Annie, who was eight years elder, Dod entered her first tennis tournament, the 1883 Northern Championships in Manchester, at age eleven. They had a bye in the first round and lost in the second round of the doubles tournament",
"title": "Lottie Dod"
},
{
"id": "7620226",
"text": "of the oldest professional matches known are those between Irish player George Kerr and American Tom Pettitt. In 1889, Kerr beat Pettitt three times in four meetings. In June 1890, Kerr won all three matches against Pettitt in Dublin. In April 1898, a professional, round-robin tournament was played in Paris on covered courts. Both Thomas Burke \"(tutor of the Tennis Club de Paris, former teacher of Joshua Pim who won Wimbledon twice)\" from Ireland and Kerr (Fitzwilliam Club) defeated Tom Fleming (Queen's Club), and Burke defeated Kerr 6–2, 4–6, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4. During the 1900 Paris Exhibition, a professional tournament",
"title": "World number 1 ranked male tennis players"
},
{
"id": "8963018",
"text": "one against the touring New Zealand Natives side. Stoker trained as a Dental Surgeon and qualified from the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland holding a LDS (Licence in Dental Surgery). He lived in Westland Row, Dublin and married Margaret(Rita) in 1900, they had daughters May, Norma, Joan and Ruth. Frank Stoker Frank Owen Stoker (29 May 1867 – 8 January 1939) was an Irish tennis and rugby union player. He is the only rugby international to have won Wimbledon. Stoker was Irish tennis champion (doubles) in 1890, 1891 and 1893 - 1895. In 1890 and 1893 he and Joshua",
"title": "Frank Stoker"
},
{
"id": "10050030",
"text": "Joshua Pim, 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 Lottie Dod defeated Blanche Hillyard, 6–2, 6–1 Herbert Baddeley / Wilfred Baddeley defeated Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker, 6–1, 6–3, 1–6, 6–2 1891 Wimbledon Championships The 1891 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 29 June until 9 July. It was the 15th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1891. There were 22 competitors for the men's singles. Wilfred Baddeley was 19 years, 5 months and 23 days old",
"title": "1891 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "10050028",
"text": "smallest entry ever for any competition at Wimbledon. The final of the women's singles competition, which started on 2 July, was played on 5 July, while the men's singles final was played on 7 July and the men's doubles were played on 21–23 July. Willoughby Hamilton defeated William Renshaw, 6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1 Lena Rice defeated May Jacks, 6–4, 6–1 Joshua Pim / Frank Stoker defeated George Hillyard / Ernest Lewis, 6–0, 7–5, 6–4 1890 Wimbledon Championships The 1890 Wimbledon Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the",
"title": "1890 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "8108682",
"text": "1993 Wimbledon Championships The 1993 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in England. It was the 107th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 21 June to 4 July 1993. The total prize money for 1993 championships was £5,048,450. The winner of the men's title earned £305,000 while the women's singles champion earned £275,000. Pete Sampras defeated Jim Courier, 7–6, 7–6, 3–6, 6–3 Steffi Graf defeated Jana Novotná, 7–6, 1–6, 6–4 Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde defeated Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith,",
"title": "1993 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "17548952",
"text": "Harry S. Barlow Harry Sibthorpe Barlow (5 April 1860 – 16 July 1917) was a British amateur lawn tennis player, active at the end of the 19th century. In 1892 he won his first and only Wimbledon title when together with Ernest Lewis they defeated another famous team of tennis brothers, Herbert Baddeley and Wilfred Baddeley, in four sets. In total Barlow would reach three doubles finals at the Wimbledon Championships during his career (1892, 1893, 1894). At the 1889 Wimbledon Championships, Barlow beat Willoughby Hamilton in five sets in the semi finals. William Renshaw defeated Barlow 3–6, 5–7, 8–6,",
"title": "Harry S. Barlow"
},
{
"id": "5914428",
"text": "Wilberforce Eaves Dr. Wilberforce Vaughan Eaves MBE (10 December 1867 – 10 February 1920) was a former co-world No. 1 male tennis player from the United Kingdom. At the 1908 London Olympics he won a bronze medal in the Men's Singles tournament. He reached the Men's Singles All-Comers' final at the Wimbledon Championships in 1895 and lost against Wilfred Baddeley despite having had a match point in the third set. In 1897 he became the first non-American to reach the final in the US National Singles Championships. He lost the final in five sets to American Robert Wrenn. Eaves won",
"title": "Wilberforce Eaves"
},
{
"id": "20367399",
"text": "Tom Chaytor Tom Chaytor (1869 – 30 January 1951) was an Irish tennis player. Two of his brothers also played tennis, including 1890 Wimbledon quarter finalist David Grainger Chaytor. Tom played at Wimbledon once in 1894, where he beat Horace Chapman, Clement Cazalet and Ernest George Meers, before handing a walkover to Wilfred Baddeley in the semi finals (he couldn't play because of badly blistered feet).. In 1894, Chaytor reached the final of the Irish Open, where he faced Joshua Pim. Chaytor hit great passing shots and his backhand was winning him a lot of points. Pim won, but only",
"title": "Tom Chaytor"
},
{
"id": "6989974",
"text": "Herbert Lawford Herbert Fortescue Lawford (15 May 1851 – 20 April 1925) was a former co-World No. 1 tennis player from Scotland who won the Men's Singles championship at Wimbledon in 1887, and was runner-up a record 5 times (shared with Arthur Gore). In the 1887 final, the native of Bayswater defeated Ernest Renshaw (also of Great Britain) in five sets: 1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4. He reached the finals of Wimbledon in 1880, 1884–86, and 1888. Lawford won the first major men's doubles tennis tournament, the Oxford University Men’s Doubles Championship, in 1879 partnering Lestocq Robert Erskine. This event",
"title": "Herbert Lawford"
},
{
"id": "16577119",
"text": "they defeated another famous team of tennis brothers, Herbert Baddeley and Wilfred Baddeley, in four sets. In total Lewis would reach seven doubles finals at the Wimbledon Championships during his career (1884,1889, 1890, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895). In the gentlemen's singles competition at Wimbledon his best result was reaching the final of the all-comers tournament on four occasions (1886, 1888, 1892 and 1894). In 1886 Lawford beat Ernest Renshaw from 2 sets to 0 down in the quarter finals before losing the all comers final to Herbert Lawford in five sets. In 1888 he lost the all comers final to",
"title": "Ernest Lewis"
},
{
"id": "5364529",
"text": "such feats considerably more difficult). In the summer months he would compete in England and Ireland, while competing on the French Riviera during the winter months and practising on a private tennis court he and his brother had built at their own cost. In singles play he played his twin brother Ernest Renshaw three times (1882, 1883 and 1889) in the Wimbledon final, triumphing on all three occasions. He was unable to defend his title in 1887 because of tennis elbow, the first time this injury received public attention, and during his absence took up golf. The other five titles",
"title": "William Renshaw"
},
{
"id": "20332825",
"text": "overcame Ernest Meers before losing to Ernest Renshaw in the quarter finals.. He last entered Wimbledon in 1893, when he lost in the opening round. Grove died aged just 33 in 1896. Harry Grove Harry Grove (1862–1896) was a British tennis player in the early years of tennis. Grove first entered the Wimbledon men's singles in 1881, when he lost in round one. Grove reached the semis in 1887, beating Herbert Wilberforce and Herbert Bowes-Lyon before losing to Herbert Lawford in four sets. In May 1887 he won the Scottish Championships defeating Patrick Bowes-Lyon in five sets. In 1888 he",
"title": "Harry Grove"
},
{
"id": "6989976",
"text": "was equipped with power, speed and uncanny accuracy.He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2006. Herbert Lawford Herbert Fortescue Lawford (15 May 1851 – 20 April 1925) was a former co-World No. 1 tennis player from Scotland who won the Men's Singles championship at Wimbledon in 1887, and was runner-up a record 5 times (shared with Arthur Gore). In the 1887 final, the native of Bayswater defeated Ernest Renshaw (also of Great Britain) in five sets: 1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4. He reached the finals of Wimbledon in 1880, 1884–86, and 1888. Lawford won the first",
"title": "Herbert Lawford"
},
{
"id": "450357",
"text": "saw tourism and even overseas travel as viable businesses. The Victorian Era saw the introduction and development of many modern sports. Often originating in the public schools, they exemplified new ideals of manliness. Cricket, cycling, croquet, horse-riding, and many water activities are examples of some of the popular sports in the Victorian Era. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, between 1859 and 1865. The world's oldest tennis tournament, the Wimbledon championships, were first played in London in 1877. Britain was an active competitor in all the Olympic Games starting in 1896. Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era",
"title": "Victorian era"
},
{
"id": "15883903",
"text": "by eventual champion Frank Hadow. The following year he won his first two matches and was eliminated in the third round, by Irishman C. D. Barry. Myers suffered from epilepsy and is believed to have taken his own life in 1894. John Hughlings Jackson published a study of his case. He was the brother of scholar Frederic William Henry Myers and poet Ernest Myers. Arthur Thomas Myers Dr Arthur Thomas Myers (16 April 1851 – 10 January 1894) was a British physician and sportsman. As a tennis player he participated in two Wimbledon Championships and also played first-class cricket. While",
"title": "Arthur Thomas Myers"
},
{
"id": "20367400",
"text": "by the score of 9-7 in the fifth set. Tom Chaytor Tom Chaytor (1869 – 30 January 1951) was an Irish tennis player. Two of his brothers also played tennis, including 1890 Wimbledon quarter finalist David Grainger Chaytor. Tom played at Wimbledon once in 1894, where he beat Horace Chapman, Clement Cazalet and Ernest George Meers, before handing a walkover to Wilfred Baddeley in the semi finals (he couldn't play because of badly blistered feet).. In 1894, Chaytor reached the final of the Irish Open, where he faced Joshua Pim. Chaytor hit great passing shots and his backhand was winning",
"title": "Tom Chaytor"
},
{
"id": "3379206",
"text": "Lottie Dod Charlotte \"Lottie\" Dod (24 September 1871 – 27 June 1960) was an English sportswoman, best known as a tennis player. She won the Wimbledon Ladies' Singles Championship five times, the first one when she was only fifteen in the summer of 1887. She remains the youngest ladies' singles champion, though Martina Hingis was three days younger when she won the women's doubles title in 1996. In addition to tennis, Dod competed in many other sports, including golf, field hockey, and archery. She also won the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship, played twice for the England women's national field",
"title": "Lottie Dod"
},
{
"id": "6939210",
"text": "was barely two years old, leaving a widow and five young children. As a child Pim lived for a while in Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown. In adulthood he moved with his wife Robin to Killiney. They had one son and three daughters. He died at Secrora, his home in Killiney, on 15 April 1942 aged 72, and was survived by his wife and four children. He was a keen swimmer and golfer, and a member of Killiney Golf Club. Pim studied medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the Royal College of Physicians in London. He was Medical",
"title": "Joshua Pim"
},
{
"id": "16577118",
"text": "Ernest Lewis Ernest Wool Lewis (5 April 1867 – 19 April 1930) was a former co-world No. 1 British amateur lawn tennis player who was active at the end of the 19th century. Ernest Lewis reached the final of the first Wimbledon Championships gentlemen's doubles competition held in 1884. Partnering E.L. Williams they lost the final to the famous tennis brothers Ernest Renshaw and William Renshaw in four sets. With partner George Hillyard he reached and lost the 1889 and 1890 gentlemen's doubles finals. In 1892 he won his first and only Wimbledon title when together with Harry S. Barlow",
"title": "Ernest Lewis"
},
{
"id": "906197",
"text": "10,000 litres of cream. The tournament is also notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledon's Centre Court was fitted with a retractable roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a private club founded on 23 July 1868, originally as \"The All England Croquet Club\". Its first ground was at Nursery Road off Worple Road, Wimbledon. In 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier as an outdoor version of court tennis and originally",
"title": "The Championships, Wimbledon"
},
{
"id": "4482167",
"text": "successful on grass during the Open era are Arthur Ashe, Ken Rosewall, Boris Becker, John McEnroe, Stefan Edberg, Virginia Wade, Rafael Nadal, Petra Kvitová and Andy Murray. Sampras is lauded by many tennis analysts as one of the greatest grass-court players of all time. He won seven Wimbledon singles titles in eight years from 1993 through 2000, with his only loss in that span coming in the 1996 quarterfinals. Roger Federer is statistically the most successful male grass court player of the Open Era; he has won an Open Era-record 18 grass court titles including an all-time record 9 Halle",
"title": "Grass court"
},
{
"id": "6989975",
"text": "was a precursor to the Wimbledon men's doubles championship, introduced in 1884, and it was played over the best of seven sets ending in a score of 4–6, 6–4, 6–5, 6–2, 3–6, 5–6, 7–5. In 1885 he won the singles title at the inaugural British Covered Court Championships. Lawford is said to be the first person to introduce \"topspin\" to the game of tennis.His formidable forehand was called 'the Lawford stroke'. Lawford made a more substantial contribution in technically advancing the game. He unveiled the “Lawford forehand,” introducing topspin into the sport with that revolutionary shot. Aggressive and unwavering, he",
"title": "Herbert Lawford"
},
{
"id": "17418307",
"text": "his family were from. Herbert Lawford (15 May 1851 – 20 April 1925) was once co-World No. 1 tennis player and won the Men's Singles championship at Wimbledon in 1887, and was runner-up five times. Harold Mahony is best known for winning the Wimbledon Championships in 1896. He was born at 21 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh to Richard John Mahony, an Irish barrister and prominent landowner. The family had a home in Scotland but spent most of their time at Dromore Castle, in County Kerry, Ireland. Harold trained on a specially built tennis court at Dromore. Mahony was also a successful",
"title": "Tennis in Scotland"
},
{
"id": "3856962",
"text": "T. W. Rolleston Thomas William Hazen Rolleston (May 1, 1857 - 1920) was an Irish writer, literary figure and translator, known as a poet but publishing over a wide range of literary and political topics. He lived at various times in Killiney in South Dublin, Germany, London and County Wicklow; settling finally in 1908 in Hampstead, London, where he died. His Killiney home, called Secrora, subsequently became the home of tennis player Joshua Pim. He was born in Glasshouse, Shinrone, County Offaly, the son of a judge. He was educated at St Columba's College, Dublin and Trinity College, Dublin. After",
"title": "T. W. Rolleston"
},
{
"id": "4723524",
"text": "are invited to become members. The patron of the club is Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, and the President is The Duke of Kent. The Club was founded by six gentlemen at the offices of \"The Field\" on 23 July 1868 at the height of a croquet craze as the \"All England Croquet Club,\" and held its first croquet competition in 1870. Its original ground was situated off Worple Road, Wimbledon. Croquet was very popular there until the then-infant sport of lawn tennis (a game introduced by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so prior, and originally called \"Sphairistikè\") was",
"title": "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club"
},
{
"id": "19805303",
"text": "1878 Men's Tennis tour The 1878 Men's tennis tour was composed of the second annual pre-open era tour. It now incorporated 6 tournaments staged in Great Britain and Ireland the Wimbledon championships was won by Patrick Francis Hadow defeating the challenger and defending champion Spencer Gore. Notes 1: Challenge Round: the final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of tennis (from 1877 through 1921), in some tournaments not all.* Indicates challenger Notes 2:\"Tournaments in",
"title": "1878 Men's Tennis tour"
},
{
"id": "14855709",
"text": "time was Nick Carr of New Zealand, later a coach of Martin Verkerk from 2001. At Wimbledon in 1993, entering as a wildcard while only ranked world No. 263, Chris beat world No. 90 Patrick McEnroe (younger brother of John McEnroe) in straight sets in the first round. In the second round Chris took the 5th seed Goran Ivanišević (the previous year's runner-up and 2001 Champion) to 5 sets over 3 hours and 34 minutes until 8.40 pm on Centre Court in front of 14,000 supporters. Chris had won the first set 7–5 and third 7–6(3), with the second set",
"title": "Chris Bailey (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "9789071",
"text": "same year is called the \"Grand Slam\" (a term borrowed from bridge). The Championships, Wimbledon, were founded by the All England Club in 1877 to raise money for the club. The first Championships were contested by 22 men and the winner received a Silver Gilt Cup proclaiming the winner to be \"\"The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World\"\". The first Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rules. The following year it was recognized as the official British Championships, although it was open to international competitors. In 1884 the Ladies Singles and",
"title": "History of tennis"
},
{
"id": "20333563",
"text": "Horace Chapman (tennis) Horace Chapman (1866–1937) was a British tennis player who was at his peak in the 1890s. At Wimbledon 1890 Chapman lost in the first round to Ernest Lewis. He lost in the quarter finals in 1891 to Harold Mahony. In 1892 he lost in the semis to Ernest Lewis. In 1893 he lost in round one to Manliffe Goodbody. In 1894 he lost in round one to Tom Chaytor. In 1895 he lost his first match to Herbert Baddeley. In 1896 he beat Charles P. Dixon before losing to Harold Nisbet. Chapman won several tournaments: the Sussex",
"title": "Horace Chapman (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "17413019",
"text": "he could not believe that he had won Wimbledon: Novak Djokovic conceded that Murray was the better player on the day, and that he deserved the title: Murray's Wimbledon victory ranked as among one of the greatest drought breakers in world sport. Murray's Wimbledon victory was met with a positive reaction around Great Britain. Tim Henman said he was delighted to finally see Murray end Britain's 77-year wait for a home-grown male Wimbledon Champion: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, the Queen, Sir Chris Hoy, Fred Perry's daughter, Penny, Mayor of London Boris Johnson, WTA players Laura Robson",
"title": "2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final"
},
{
"id": "7466446",
"text": "home matches, which means that in a typical year nearly 30 tennis teams from all over Britain are entertained for a day in Cambridge at Fenner's. Until the Second World War, after which lawn tennis became less of an amateur pursuit, Cambridge Blues won no less than 28 Wimbledon Championships in singles and doubles. Cambridge University \"versus\" Oxford University Varsity Match results: Cambridge University Lawn Tennis Club The club was founded in 1881, seven years before the Lawn Tennis Association of Great Britain was founded. Although it is called a 'club', it is actually the lawn tennis association of the",
"title": "Cambridge University Lawn Tennis Club"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "10050015",
"text": "valued at twenty guineas, and the second prize was valued at ten guineas There were thirteen female competitors. James Dwight, Arthur Rives and Dick Sears from the United States entered the men's singles event and were the first non-British and overseas players to enter the Wimbledon Championships. The South Western Railway ran special trains to the ground from Waterloo and the temporary Stand A at the Centre Court was converted into a permanent and covered stand. William Renshaw defeated Herbert Lawford 6–0, 6–4, 9–7 Maud Watson defeated Lillian Watson 6–8, 6–3, 6–3 Ernest Renshaw / William Renshaw defeated Ernest Lewis",
"title": "1884 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "19202732",
"text": "of Wimbledon, US Open and French Open. Simpson met Dr. \"Whirlwind\" Johnson. Robert Walter Johnson was known as the \"godfather of black tennis\". Dr. Johnson also mentored and coached Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe. Simpson entered the tennis circuit at age 9 with Dr. Johnson's Junior Development Team in 1957. He traveled and often roomed with Arthur Ashe on the predominantly white tennis circuit for almost a decade. He and the older Ashe became good friends. Simpson was Ranked in the top 10 nationally in every age group as a junior in singles and in doubles. In the early 60's,",
"title": "Lenny Simpson"
},
{
"id": "10733098",
"text": "home, built in 1911, includes an adjacent tennis court on the lot next door. A successful college athlete, Johnson used his athletic skill and personal funds to found the Junior Development Program of the American Tennis Association during the 1950s. Stressing sportsmanship and discipline, Johnson trained stars such as Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe, the first African-Americans to ever win at Wimbledon. The house was also offered as lodging to distinguished African-Americans passing through the city, as blacks were usually denied occupancy from hotels. Guests included the famed Duke Ellington, Jackie Robinson, Lionel Hampton, and Roy Campanella. The tennis court",
"title": "Dr. Robert Walter Johnson House and Tennis Court"
},
{
"id": "20333564",
"text": "Championships in 1889 (over Wilberforce Eaves), Dinard in 1890 (over Arthur Gore), Bournemouth in 1891 and 1892, the Kent Championships in 1894 (beating Sydney Smith, Manliffe Goodbody and Harry Barlow) and Boulogne in 1899. Horace Chapman (tennis) Horace Chapman (1866–1937) was a British tennis player who was at his peak in the 1890s. At Wimbledon 1890 Chapman lost in the first round to Ernest Lewis. He lost in the quarter finals in 1891 to Harold Mahony. In 1892 he lost in the semis to Ernest Lewis. In 1893 he lost in round one to Manliffe Goodbody. In 1894 he lost",
"title": "Horace Chapman (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "20503912",
"text": "Sean Cole Sean Seymour-Cole (born 2 June 1966) is a former professional tennis player from Great Britain. Cole competed in the men's single and doubles main draws at the 1993 Wimbledon Championships, as a wildcard in both. He lost in four sets to Arnaud Boetsch in the first round of the singles and partnered Miles Maclagan in the doubles, also for a first round exit. At Challenger level he won one title, the doubles at Kakegawa, Japan in 1991, partnering Irishman Eoin Collins. He was also runner-up in five Challenger doubles finals. He now works as a physiotherapist in London.",
"title": "Sean Cole"
},
{
"id": "20503911",
"text": "Sean Cole Sean Seymour-Cole (born 2 June 1966) is a former professional tennis player from Great Britain. Cole competed in the men's single and doubles main draws at the 1993 Wimbledon Championships, as a wildcard in both. He lost in four sets to Arnaud Boetsch in the first round of the singles and partnered Miles Maclagan in the doubles, also for a first round exit. At Challenger level he won one title, the doubles at Kakegawa, Japan in 1991, partnering Irishman Eoin Collins. He was also runner-up in five Challenger doubles finals. He now works as a physiotherapist in London.",
"title": "Sean Cole"
},
{
"id": "16997668",
"text": "Ross Matheson (tennis) Ross Matheson (born 27 May 1970) is a former professional tennis player from Scotland. Matheson played collegiate tennis in the United States, first at the University of Oklahoma and then Arizona State University. Matheson had the best win of his professional career at the 1993 Stella Artois Championships (Queen's), where he defeated 13th seed Jakob Hlasek in the opening round, despite being ranked 563rd in the world. He appeared in the main singles draw at Wimbledon twice and was beaten in the first round on each occasion, to Joao Cunha-Silva in 1993 and David Wheaton in 1995,",
"title": "Ross Matheson (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "20211423",
"text": "Schett in the women's doubles. She made the second round of Wimbledon in both 1992 and 1994. Her most famous match came against Jennifer Capriati in the first round of the 1993 Wimbledon Championships. Playing as a wildcard, Siddall took the first set off the seventh seeded Capriati, but was unable to secure the upset, as the young American came back to win in three. She was most successful in the mixed doubles draw at Wimbledon, with two appearances in the round of 16, both times with Danny Sapsford. The only other occasion she partnered Sapsford at Wimbledon was in",
"title": "Shirli-Ann Siddall"
},
{
"id": "17792434",
"text": "Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "8083553",
"text": "Dutch Open (tennis) The Dutch Open Tennis Amersfoort (or Dutch Open) originally known as the Netherlands International Championships and Netherland Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay court and held in three different locations in The Netherlands between 1898 and 2008 . From 1975 to 1974 the tournament consisted of both men's and women's events (singles, doubles, mixed doubles) but from 1975 onward only men's singles and doubles events were held. The inaugural edition began on 23 August 1898 in the Hague the first champion of the event was Irish player Joshua Pim awarded the title as a",
"title": "Dutch Open (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "19805514",
"text": "1880 Men's Tennis tour The 1880 Men's tennis tour was the 4th amateur tennis tour held that year. It now incorporated 19 tournaments staged in Australia, Great Britain and Ireland and the United States. The 1880 Wimbledon Championships was won by John Hartley against Herbert Lawford, in the Challenge Round. Notes 1: Challenge Round: the final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of tennis (from 1877 through 1921), in some tournaments not all.* Indicates",
"title": "1880 Men's Tennis tour"
},
{
"id": "10050020",
"text": "unable to play the Challenge Round due to a tennis elbow. The Ladies singles competition was won by Lottie Dod who won the title at an age of 15 years and 285 days and became the youngest ever Wimbledon singles champion. Herbert Lawford defeated Ernest Renshaw, 1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4 Lottie Dod defeated Blanche Bingley, 6–2, 6–0 Patrick Bowes-Lyon / Herbert Wilberforce defeated Edward Barratt-Smith / James Herbert Crispe, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2 1887 Wimbledon Championships The 1887 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The",
"title": "1887 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "5364527",
"text": "William Renshaw William Charles Renshaw (3 January 1861 – 12 August 1904) was a British tennis player active during the late 19th century who was ranked world No. 1. He won 12 Major titles during his career and was one of the most successful male players in the history of the Wimbledon Championships, winning the singles title seven times; this stood as a record in the Gentleman's singles along with Pete Sampras until 2017 when Roger Federer won his 8th title . He won a record six times consecutively from (1881–86). Additionally he won the doubles title five times together",
"title": "William Renshaw"
},
{
"id": "5364531",
"text": "epileptic convulsions. William Renshaw William Charles Renshaw (3 January 1861 – 12 August 1904) was a British tennis player active during the late 19th century who was ranked world No. 1. He won 12 Major titles during his career and was one of the most successful male players in the history of the Wimbledon Championships, winning the singles title seven times; this stood as a record in the Gentleman's singles along with Pete Sampras until 2017 when Roger Federer won his 8th title . He won a record six times consecutively from (1881–86). Additionally he won the doubles title five",
"title": "William Renshaw"
},
{
"id": "17548954",
"text": "West of England Championships three times South of England Championships two times, Surrey Championships two times, and the Welsh Championships, twice and the Championship of London one time. Harry S. Barlow Harry Sibthorpe Barlow (5 April 1860 – 16 July 1917) was a British amateur lawn tennis player, active at the end of the 19th century. In 1892 he won his first and only Wimbledon title when together with Ernest Lewis they defeated another famous team of tennis brothers, Herbert Baddeley and Wilfred Baddeley, in four sets. In total Barlow would reach three doubles finals at the Wimbledon Championships during",
"title": "Harry S. Barlow"
},
{
"id": "2126748",
"text": "played Arthur Ashe Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was an American professional tennis player who won three Grand Slam titles. Ashe was the first black player selected to the United States Davis Cup team and the only black man ever to win the singles title at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the Australian Open. He retired in 1980. He was ranked World No. 1 by Harry Hopman in 1968 and by Lance Tingay of \"The Daily Telegraph\" and \"World Tennis Magazine\" in 1975. In the ATP computer rankings, he peaked at No. 2 in",
"title": "Arthur Ashe"
},
{
"id": "7124767",
"text": "174 in November 1993. Andrew Foster (tennis) Andrew Foster (born 16 March 1972 in Stoke-on-Trent) is a former tennis player from Great Britain. The right-hander reached the fourth round of Wimbledon in 1993, in only his second appearance at the All England Club. There, he posted his first ever Tour wins over Thomas Enqvist, Luis Herrera and Andrei Olhovskiy. His fine run ended in the round of 16 at the tournament, losing to the eventual winner, Pete Sampras. Foster reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 184 in January 1994. In doubles, Foster won 4 Challenger events, reaching",
"title": "Andrew Foster (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "12069299",
"text": "mark, to set Great Britain on their way to victory. The last time Great Britain won back-to-back Davis Cup matches against the USA, was 80 years ago. Ward made it into the third round of Wimbledon for the first time, where he was knocked out by Vasek Pospisil 4–6 6–3 6–2 3–6 6–8. Along with Andy Murray, there were two British men in the third round for the first time since 2002. After Wimbledon, he was ranked in the top 100 players for the first time, reaching a career-high ranking of 89. He was also part of the team for",
"title": "James Ward (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "7124766",
"text": "Andrew Foster (tennis) Andrew Foster (born 16 March 1972 in Stoke-on-Trent) is a former tennis player from Great Britain. The right-hander reached the fourth round of Wimbledon in 1993, in only his second appearance at the All England Club. There, he posted his first ever Tour wins over Thomas Enqvist, Luis Herrera and Andrei Olhovskiy. His fine run ended in the round of 16 at the tournament, losing to the eventual winner, Pete Sampras. Foster reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 184 in January 1994. In doubles, Foster won 4 Challenger events, reaching as high as No.",
"title": "Andrew Foster (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "20821780",
"text": "Waterloo Tournament The Waterloo Tournament was a Mens grass court tennis tournament held in Waterloo, Liverpool, Lancashire, Great Britain from 1881 to 1897. The Waterloo Tournament was established in 1881 in Waterloo, Liverpool, Lanacashire England and was played on outdoors grass courts until 1897. Three Wimbledon finalists played this event during the course of its run Richard T. Richardson, Donald Stewart and Frank L. Riseley. The 1883 and 1897 editions were held at Aigburth Cricket Ground, Liverpool. Notes: Challenge Round: The Final round of a tournament, in which the winner of a single-elimination phase faces the previous year's champion, who",
"title": "Waterloo Tournament"
},
{
"id": "8838574",
"text": "Herbert Wilberforce Sir Herbert William Wrangham Wilberforce (8 February 1864 in Munich, Germany – 28 March 1941 in Kensington, London) was a British male tennis player. He was vice-president of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club from 1911 to 1921 and served as its president from 1921 to 1936. In 1887 he and Patrick Bowes-Lyon won the doubles in Wimbledon. In 1888 they were unable to defend their title when they were beaten in the Challenge Round by Ernest and William Renshaw. His best singles performance at Wimbledon came in 1886 when he reached the semifinal of the",
"title": "Herbert Wilberforce"
},
{
"id": "5453047",
"text": "tour. He married English table tennis international Jill Rook in 1960. Alan Mills (tennis) Alan Ronald Mills, (born 6 November 1935 in Stretford, Lancashire, England), is a former tennis player and tournament referee for the Wimbledon tennis championships from 1982 to 2005. Although each individual tennis match was controlled by an on-court umpire, Alan Mills ran the entire tournament. However, perhaps he was most well known because the decision to stop play in the event of rain was that of Mills, and so his face was familiar to millions of television viewers worldwide, in the corner of Centre Court, clutching",
"title": "Alan Mills (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "2126712",
"text": "Arthur Ashe Arthur Robert Ashe Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was an American professional tennis player who won three Grand Slam titles. Ashe was the first black player selected to the United States Davis Cup team and the only black man ever to win the singles title at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the Australian Open. He retired in 1980. He was ranked World No. 1 by Harry Hopman in 1968 and by Lance Tingay of \"The Daily Telegraph\" and \"World Tennis Magazine\" in 1975. In the ATP computer rankings, he peaked at No. 2 in May",
"title": "Arthur Ashe"
},
{
"id": "17888878",
"text": "Wimbledon Championships and achieved her best result in 1892 and 1893 when she reached the final of the all-comer's tournament. During both these years only seven women took part in the singles event and both times Shackle lost the all-comers' final in straight sets to Blanche Bingley, who on both occasions would lose the challenge round to Lottie Dod. She did not compete in the doubles or mixed doubles events at Wimbledon. In 1894 Shackle was unable to defend her titles due to a family death. Shackle was a baseline player and her game was based on accuracy and steadiness.",
"title": "Maud Shackle"
},
{
"id": "11304863",
"text": "All England Lawn Tennis Club, the club which hosts Wimbledon. Beginning in 1894, the CLTA began organizing a junior championship for boys 18 years old and under. In the first quarter century of its existence, two men served lengthy terms as president of the CLTA: Henry Gordon MacKenzie for eight years (1893–1900), and A.C. McMaster for thirteen years (1904–1916). The International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) was formed in 1913, and the CLTA was invited to be a founding member but declined. In 1915, with many players fighting in World War I, the CLTA decided to suspend Canadian participation in the",
"title": "Tennis Canada"
},
{
"id": "16577121",
"text": "he was victorious at the Queens Club Tournament, defeating Joshua Pim in the final. He won the singles title at the British Covered Court Championships seven times; in 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1895 and 1896. The first five titles were won when the tournament was played at its original location in Hyde Park, the last two titles were won at the Queen's Club in London. Ernest Lewis Ernest Wool Lewis (5 April 1867 – 19 April 1930) was a former co-world No. 1 British amateur lawn tennis player who was active at the end of the 19th century. Ernest",
"title": "Ernest Lewis"
},
{
"id": "5426076",
"text": "Jaroslav Drobný Jaroslav Drobný (; 12 October 1921 - 13 September 2001) was a World No. 1 amateur tennis champion as well as being an ice hockey player. He left Czechoslovakia in 1949 and travelled as an Egyptian citizen before becoming a citizen of Great Britain in 1959, where he died in 2001. In 1954, he became the first and, to date, only player with African citizenship to win the Wimbledon Championships (aside from dual citizen Roger Federer, who holds South African citizenship but officially represents only Switzerland in sports). Drobný began playing tennis at age five and, as a",
"title": "Jaroslav Drobný"
},
{
"id": "211245",
"text": "as Nelly O'Brien (or \"My Lady O'Brien\", as he playfully dubbed her) and Kitty Fisher, who visited his house for more sittings than were strictly necessary. Dan Cruickshank in his book \"London's Sinful Secret\" summarized Reynolds as having visited and re-visited various reputed red light districts in London after his return from Italy as a possible contributor to his medical condition and appearance due to commonly contracted disease in those areas of London. Joshua Reynolds Sir Joshua Reynolds (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits.John Russell said he was one of the major",
"title": "Joshua Reynolds"
},
{
"id": "16749007",
"text": "and the third round of the men's doubles at the 1973 Wimbledon Championships (with Stanley Matthews). Clifton played a tie for the Great Britain Davis Cup team in 1970, against Austria. He took part in singles rubbers against Peter Pokorny and Hans Kary, but was unable to win either. John Clifton (tennis) John Clifton (born 19 February 1946) is a Scottish former professional tennis player. He was born in England, but grew up in Scotland. Clifton became the first player to start a match and win a point in the open era of tennis when he played Owen Davidson in",
"title": "John Clifton (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "1400540",
"text": "Best Supporting Actress category, making her the eighth performer in history to be nominated for two Oscars in the same year. It came for her role as the lawyer Gareth Peirce in \"In the Name of the Father\" (1993), a drama about the Guildford Four starring Daniel Day-Lewis. The film was her second hit of the year, earning $65million and critical praise, and was nominated for Best Picture along with \"The Remains of the Day\". In 1994, Thompson made her Hollywood debut playing a goofy doctor alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito in the blockbuster \"Junior\". Although the male pregnancy",
"title": "Emma Thompson"
},
{
"id": "20332780",
"text": "lost in the opening round to David Chaytor. Charles Lacy Sweet Charles Lacy Sweet (1861–1892) was a British tennis player in the early years of Wimbledon. Herbert Chipp wrote the following about C. Lacy Sweet: \"Lacy Sweet, to whom I have already referred, was another fine player. His style was a commanding one, and his game was marked by all-round excellence. Possessed of a powerful and accurate overhand service, a severe ground-stroke, formidable volleying and smashing powers, and great activity, he ought to have reached the very top of the tree. But from one cause or another he was never",
"title": "Charles Lacy Sweet"
},
{
"id": "20333174",
"text": "Otway Woodhouse Otway Woodhouse (1855–1887) was a British tennis player in the early years of Wimbledon. Woodhouse worked for the Great Eastern Railway and later the London & South Western Railway. In 1881 Woodhouse and F. L. Rawson founded Woodhouse & Rawson (a well known company who specialised in engineering and electric lighting). Woodhouse first entered the Wimbledon singles in 1879 and lost in the first round. In 1880 he reached the all comer's final (beating William Renshaw and Ernest Renshaw before losing to Herbert Lawford). William Renshaw won the first of his seven titles the following year and beat",
"title": "Otway Woodhouse"
},
{
"id": "10050019",
"text": "1887 Wimbledon Championships The 1887 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 2 July until 7 July. It was the 11th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1887. From 1880 to 1887 the men's singles draw fell from 60 to 16, this was attributed to the superior expertise of the Renshaw brothers and Herbert Lawford. Lawford won the gentleman's singles title after defeating Ernest Renshaw in the All Comers final. Defending champions William Renshaw was",
"title": "1887 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "12362886",
"text": "Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer best known for his detective fiction featuring the character Sherlock Holmes. Originally a physician, in 1887 he published \"A Study in Scarlet\", the first of four novels about Holmes and Dr. Watson. In addition, Doyle wrote over fifty short stories featuring the famous detective. The Sherlock Holmes stories are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction. Doyle was a prolific writer; his non-Sherlockian works include fantasy and science fiction stories about Professor Challenger and humorous stories about the Napoleonic",
"title": "Arthur Conan Doyle"
},
{
"id": "12390660",
"text": "the Liberal defeat in the 1886 election, and a knighthood the same year suggested a retirement from politics, but Foster returned to Westminster in 1887, elected for Ilkeston after a by-election. In 1892 he was made Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board, becoming the first doctor to hold a ministerial post in Britain. He organised the sanitation campaign between 1892 and 1895, which successfully prevented the 1893 Cholera epidemic reaching Britain. When the Liberals returned to power in 1905 some had predicted a cabinet position for him, but he was passed over on grounds of his age. In 1906",
"title": "Walter Foster, 1st Baron Ilkeston"
},
{
"id": "15792980",
"text": "the \"World\" as a social \"Celebrity at Home\". Why not \"Mr. Oscar Clayton in Harley Street\"?\" In 1890 a portrait of Clayton was painted by Frederick Goodall and exhibited at the Royal Academy. Now in the Hunterian Gallery in Glasgow, this was described in the art journal \"The Academy\": In his diary for 30 November 1882, the day Clayton was knighted, Lewis Harcourt wrote \"Several people went down on the same train to be knighted, among them Oscar Clayton, who is nominally doctor, but really \"pimp\" to the Prince of Wales\". In a book of memoirs published in 1909, the",
"title": "Oscar Clayton"
},
{
"id": "2126736",
"text": "age of 35. However, after undergoing heart surgery in December 1979, Ashe officially retired in April 1980, at age 36. His career record was 818 wins, 260 losses and 51 titles. Ashe remains the only black man to win the singles title at Wimbledon, the US Open, or Australian Open. He is one of only two men of black African ancestry to win any Grand Slam singles title, the other being France's Yannick Noah, who won the French Open in 1983. He also led the United States to victory for three consecutive years (1968–70) in the Davis Cup. In his",
"title": "Arthur Ashe"
},
{
"id": "14033051",
"text": "Mirror\") to get the pram's specification changed. Inman's two books: \"Don't Tell the Patient – Behind the Drug Safety Net\", describing his 30 years in drug safety from 1964–94, and his autobiography, \"Feeling Better Doctor?\", give a full account of his life and career. Bill Inman William Howard Wallace \"Bill\" Inman, MRCP, FRCP, FFPHM (1 August 1929 – 20 October 2005), also known as WHW Inman, was a British doctor and pioneer of methods and systems to detect risks of treatment with drugs. As well as holding positions in health institutions in the UK, he was active in international efforts",
"title": "Bill Inman"
},
{
"id": "16711082",
"text": "of a Grand Slam after Jerzy Janowicz defeated countryman Łukasz Kubot in the quarterfinals. Andy Murray defeated Novak Djokovic in the final in straight sets, 6–4, 7–5, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships, becoming the first British man to win the Wimbledon singles title since Fred Perry in 1936, ending a 76-year drought, as well as the first British winner in singles since Virginia Wade won the women's event in 1977. He was also the first Scot to win the Wimbledon title since Harold Mahony in 1896. Djokovic had advanced to the final",
"title": "2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "13471266",
"text": "the Edgbaston Cricket & Lawn Tennis Club was the larger and more prestigious of the two clubs. It had more courts, its patrons were millionaire landowners and industrialists, and from 1881 it hosted one of the earliest open lawn tennis competitions, known from 1882 as the Midland Counties Championships. Amongst the winners of this event were Maud Watson, who went on to be the first Ladies' singles champion at Wimbledon in 1884, and the Lowe brothers, Gordon and Arthur, sons of the local MP Sir Francis, both amongst the world's top ten players at their peak. The Priory had a",
"title": "Edgbaston Priory Club"
},
{
"id": "5913694",
"text": "oldest player to date to hold the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles title.[3]. He played his first tournament at London Athletic Club in 1887, His first title came at a grass court tournament in Stevenage in August 1888. Gore won the singles title at the Scottish Championships in 1892 and successfully defended the title in the Challenge Round in 1893. In 1894 he won the North London Championships on grass an event that tournament winning it five times (1894, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1906). He won the singles title at the Kent Championships on two occasions; in 1900 by defeating Harold Mahony in",
"title": "Arthur Gore (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "3080495",
"text": "six-bed wards and a nurse's room. In 1893, three more sailors arrived in Cardiff from Marseille on the SS \"Blue Jacket\" and were suspected of having cholera. The first engineer, Thomas Smith, and able seaman Robert Doran, were deported to the isolation hospital on Flat Holm to prevent spread of the disease. The second mate, P. J. Morris, was also sent to the island as a precautionary measure, but quickly recovered. The Flat Holm sanatorium is unique in being the only Victorian isolation hospital sited on a British offshore island. The last patient to die in the hospital, a victim",
"title": "Flat Holm"
},
{
"id": "16577120",
"text": "Ernest Renshaw in four sets. In 1892 Lewis led 2 sets to 0 against Joshua Pim in the all comers final but lost in five sets. In 1894 he won against Herbert Baddeley in the semifinal in a close five set match but was solidly defeated in the final by Wilfred Baddeley, 0–6, 1–6, 0–6. Lewis won the singles title at the Irish Championships in 1890 after a close–fought battle in the challenge round against Willoughby Hamilton, 3–6, 3–6, 9–7, 6–4, 7–5. He defended his Irish title in 1891 in a straight sets victory over Irishman Joshua Pim. In 1892",
"title": "Ernest Lewis"
},
{
"id": "8781876",
"text": "Doctor Finlay Doctor Finlay is a British television series based on A. J. Cronin's stories about the fictional medical hero, Dr. Finlay. It was first broadcast on the 5th March 1993 on ITV. It is a follow-up to \"Dr. Finlay's Casebook\", the successful BBC series and takes place in the 1940s after John Finlay returns from war service. Early storylines include the setting up of the new National Health Service and the modernisation of the medical practice at Arden House, Tannochbrae, Scotland. The show stars David Rintoul as Dr. Finlay, Ian Bannen as his semi-retired practice partner, Dr. Cameron, and",
"title": "Doctor Finlay"
},
{
"id": "4957180",
"text": "Māori to qualify as a doctor, won the USA Inter-Varsity Tennis Championships in 1899 while he was studying there. This began a great legacy of Māori participation in tennis, with many players of high calibre emerging over the years, most recently professional players like Kelly Evernden, Rewa Hudson and Leanne Baker. But perhaps the doyenne of Māori tennis was Rua Morrison, who played with great honour in international competitions, and at Wimbledon, in the early days of the professional era. New Zealand and Australia, combined as Australasia, were founding members of the International Tennis Federation (ITF) in 1913. New Zealander",
"title": "Sport in New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "17052578",
"text": "the first British man since Fred Perry in 1936 to win the Wimbledon title, the first Scottish man since Harold Mahony in 1896 to win the title, and the first British man in the Open Era to do so. The 2014 Wimbledon Gentlemen's singles final was the championship match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. A significant part of the Djokovic–Federer rivalry, it pitted Novak Djokovic and Roger Federer against each other in a Grand Slam tournament final for the second time. After three hours and 56 minutes, top-seeded Djokovic defeated fourth-seeded Federer in five sets",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "20821781",
"text": "plays only that one match. The challenge round was used in the early history of tennis (from 1877 through 1921) in some tournaments not all. * eight of the twelve editions had a challenge round Included: Waterloo Tournament The Waterloo Tournament was a Mens grass court tennis tournament held in Waterloo, Liverpool, Lancashire, Great Britain from 1881 to 1897. The Waterloo Tournament was established in 1881 in Waterloo, Liverpool, Lanacashire England and was played on outdoors grass courts until 1897. Three Wimbledon finalists played this event during the course of its run Richard T. Richardson, Donald Stewart and Frank L.",
"title": "Waterloo Tournament"
},
{
"id": "401825",
"text": "December 8, 1874, British army officer Walter Clopton Wingfield wrote to Harry Gem, commenting that he (Wingfield) had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis “for a year and a half”. In December 1873, Wingfield designed and patented a game which he called \"sphairistikè\" (, meaning \"ball-playing\"), and was soon known simply as \"sticky\" – for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his friend's estate of Nantclwyd Hall, in Llanelidan, Wales. According to R. D. C. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, \"Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield] deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis.\"",
"title": "Tennis"
},
{
"id": "3008483",
"text": "sea captain who'd coined the term \"Old Glory\" for the US Flag. He agreed to take aboard these descendants after learning they were unable to become accustomed to their new home, and a dozen people, including Thursday October Christian, had died of disease. The islanders were now even more leaderless, as alcoholism became a problem and Nobbs was unable to gain enough support. In 1832, an adventurer named Joshua Hill, claiming to be an agent of Britain, arrived on the island and was elected leader, styling himself President of the Commonwealth of Pitcairn. He ordered Buffett, Evans and Nobbs to",
"title": "History of the Pitcairn Islands"
},
{
"id": "6414981",
"text": "that these were especially built for a one-legged ex-soldier and his two drinking companions as there are only five leg holes. On Windmill Lane is the protected and restored Berkswell Windmill, a fine example of a tower mill with its original machinery. Other local features include Marsh Lane Nature Reserve. There is a small Church of England primary school near the church on Church Lane. Notable people from Berkswell include the actor Jeremy Brett, whose roles include Sherlock Holmes in a television drama series, tennis player Maud Watson – the first Ladies Singles Champion in 1884 at The Championships, Wimbledon",
"title": "Berkswell"
},
{
"id": "20333176",
"text": "death). Otway Woodhouse Otway Woodhouse (1855–1887) was a British tennis player in the early years of Wimbledon. Woodhouse worked for the Great Eastern Railway and later the London & South Western Railway. In 1881 Woodhouse and F. L. Rawson founded Woodhouse & Rawson (a well known company who specialised in engineering and electric lighting). Woodhouse first entered the Wimbledon singles in 1879 and lost in the first round. In 1880 he reached the all comer's final (beating William Renshaw and Ernest Renshaw before losing to Herbert Lawford). William Renshaw won the first of his seven titles the following year and",
"title": "Otway Woodhouse"
},
{
"id": "432682",
"text": "1833. The government purchased the slaves for £20,000,000 (the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England), and freed the slaves, especially those in the Caribbean sugar islands. Prime Ministers of the period included: William Pitt the Younger, Lord Grenville, Duke of Portland, Spencer Perceval, Lord Liverpool, George Canning, Lord Goderich, Duke of Wellington, Lord Grey, Lord Melbourne, and Sir Robert Peel. Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power. Exciting new technologies such as steam ships, railroads, photography, and",
"title": "History of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "16997669",
"text": "both in four sets. He is the club manager at AELTC (2015) Matheson is the son of Harry Matheson, who competed in the 1963 Wimbledon Championships. His mother Carole was also a tennis player. Ross Matheson (tennis) Ross Matheson (born 27 May 1970) is a former professional tennis player from Scotland. Matheson played collegiate tennis in the United States, first at the University of Oklahoma and then Arizona State University. Matheson had the best win of his professional career at the 1993 Stella Artois Championships (Queen's), where he defeated 13th seed Jakob Hlasek in the opening round, despite being ranked",
"title": "Ross Matheson (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "2896578",
"text": "Not only would he not work on Sunday, but he would allow no one to enter his painting-room. He was afraid to go out to dinner on account of the loose and blasphemous conversation which he might hear. He was on good terms with Sir Joshua Reynolds, with whom he dined at the academy, the Dilettanti Society, and the Literary Club (now The Club), but he records that on these or other festive occasions he always left early. He was troubled by ill-health for much of his life, and in 1803 became almost deaf following a bout of cholera. He",
"title": "John Russell (English painter)"
},
{
"id": "20333255",
"text": "Archdale Palmer Archdale Palmer (1865–1950) was a British tennis player in the early years of Wimbledon. Palmer became Secretary of the All England Lawn Tennis Club in 1899 and was appointed managing director of Slazenger in 1905. His position at Slazenger was considered a conflict of interest by the A.E.L.T. C. (Slazenger manufactured the balls used at Wimbledon). Palmer resigned as Secretary in 1906. Palmer lost his opening match at Wimbledon 1892 to Harry Barlow. He reached the Wimbledon semi finals in 1893, losing to Harold Mahony.. In 1894 he lost his opening match at Wimbledon to Herbert Baddeley. In",
"title": "Archdale Palmer"
},
{
"id": "13518499",
"text": "Manliffe Goodbody Manliffe Francis Goodbody (20 November 1868 – 24 March 1916) was an Irish tennis and football player. Goodbody was born on 20 November 1868, at Dublin, the son of Marcus Goodbody and Hannah Woodcock Perry. He represented Ireland at football in 1889 and 1891. In 1894 he finished runner-up to defending champion Robert Wrenn at the U.S. National Championships in Newport, having earlier beaten Fred Hovey and William Larned. Goodbody reached the quarter-finals of Wimbledon in 1889 and 1893. Goodbody was defeated in the final of the 1895 Queen's Club Championships in London by Harry S. Barlow. In",
"title": "Manliffe Goodbody"
},
{
"id": "10049847",
"text": "Philip Brook, Chairman of the All England Club, and Cr David T Williams JP, Mayor of Merton. Spencer Gore defeated William Marshall, 6–1, 6–2, 6–4 William Marshall defeated Charles Gilbert Heathcote 6–4, 6–4 Notes References Sources 1877 Wimbledon Championship The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (AEC & LTC) in Wimbledon, London. It was the world's first official lawn tennis tournament, and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or \"Major\". The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet",
"title": "1877 Wimbledon Championship"
},
{
"id": "906214",
"text": "were placed in different quarters of the draw. This system was replaced for the 1927 Wimbledon Championships and from then on players were seeded on merit. The first players to be seeded as no. 1 were René Lacoste and Helen Wills. The Committee of Management decide which players receive wildcards. Usually, wild cards are players who have performed well during previous tournaments or would stimulate public interest in Wimbledon by participating. The only wild card to win the Gentlemen's Singles Championship was Goran Ivanišević in 2001. Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may",
"title": "The Championships, Wimbledon"
},
{
"id": "6129325",
"text": "as a prefix to a nickname was not uncommon in the 18th century and did not necessarily indicate African heritage of an individual. For instance, Admiral Richard Lord Howe (1762- 1799), one of Britain’s best known and respected seamen – and a white man – was commonly called 'Black Dick,' a nickname his brother Sir William Howe gave to him as descriptive of the Admiral’s swarthy complexion.\" She concluded: \"The issue of Samuel Fraunces’ racial identity is still a passionate topic of discussion to this very day. As debate rallies on for conclusive evidence, the actual truth is that we",
"title": "Samuel Fraunces"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Joshua Pim context: Joshua Pim Dr Joshua Pim F.R.C.SI. (20 May 1869 in Bray, Wicklow – 15 April 1942 in Killiney, Dublin) was a medical doctor and world No. 1 Irish amateur tennis player. He won the Wimbledon men's singles title two years in a row, in 1893 and 1894. He won the Wimbledon men's doubles in 1890 and 1893. Joshua Pim, known as Josh, was born on 20 May 1869 at 1&2, Millward Terrace, Meath Road, Bray, County Wicklow. His parents were Joshua, a barrister who served in the Royal Tyrone Fusiliers, and Susannah Maria, née Middleton. His father died when Josh\n\nUnder what name did Dr. Joshua Pim of Great Britain enter and win the Wimbledon tennis tournament in 1893?",
"compressed_tokens": 231,
"origin_tokens": 231,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Joshua Pim context: Cup squad to face America. Pim was derided for having put on excessive amounts of weight, despite the fact that he shed thirty pounds in six weeks. He lost both his matches and laid down his racket thereafter. Joshua Pim Dr Joshua Pim F.R.C.S.I. (20 May 1869 in Bray, Wicklow – 15 April 1942 in Killiney, Dublin) was a medical doctor and world No. 1 Irish amateur tennis player. He won the Wimbledon men's singles title two years in a row, in 1893 and 1894. He won the Wimbledon men's doubles in 1890 and 1893. Joshua Pim, known as Josh,\n\ntitle: Joshua Pim context Joshua Pim Dr Joshua Pim F.R.C.S.I. (20 May 1869 in Bray, Wicklow – 15 April 1942 in Killiney, Dublin) was a medical doctor and world No. 1 Irish amateur tennis player He won the Wimbledon men's singles title two years in a row, in 1893 and 1894. He won the Wimbledon men's doubles in 1890 and 1893 Joshua Pim, known as Josh, was on 20 May 186 &2, Millward Terrace Me Road, Bray, County Wick. parents were Josh,r who served in theyrusiliers, and Susannah Maria, née Middleton His father died when Josh\nkerker ( May17 – 8199 was Irish and rugby union. rugby international to have wondon was Irish in1890, 19 and193 - 18. In 180 and 9 and P won inbledon He ranked world No.82 byoly. He member Landne Lawn Tennis. times rugby between 186-ker Forward he Nations Tomaytor context: by the score of 9-7 in the fifth set. Tom Chaytor Tom Chaytor (1869 – 30 January 1951) was an Irish tennis player. Two of his brothers also played tennis, including 1890 Wimbledon quarter finalist David Grainger Chaytor. Tom played at Wimbledon once in 1894, where he beat Horace Chapman, Clement Cazalet and Ernest George Meers, before handing a walkover to Wilfred Baddeley in the semi finals (he couldn't play because of badly blistered feet).. In 1894, Chaytor reached the final of the Irish Open, where he faced Joshua Pim. Chaytor hit great passing shots and his backhand was winning\n\nUnder what name did Dr. Joshua Pim of Great Britain enter and win the Wimbledon tennis tournament in 1893?",
"compressed_tokens": 592,
"origin_tokens": 15628,
"ratio": "26.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
114 | In 1939, what famous American athlete starred on UCLA's undefeated football team and was the top scorer in the Pacific Coast Conference for Basketball? | [
"Jackie Robinson, who later gained national fame playing professional baseball. At UCLA, he earned letters in baseball, basketball, football and track"
] | Jackie Robinson, who later gained national fame playing professional baseball. At UCLA, he earned letters in baseball, basketball, football and track | [
{
"id": "11148886",
"text": "star (1939–1941) at UCLA just before World War II, who went on to greater fame for breaking Major League Baseball's 20th-century color line. Robinson's honors at UCLA were impressive: for two years highest scorer in basketball competition in the Pacific Coast Conference, national champion long (then \"broad\") jumper, the school's first athlete to letter in four sports, All-American football halfback and varsity baseball shortstop. He left UCLA in 1941 because of financial pressures, not many credits away from a bachelor's degree. UCLA also had Don Barksdale, the first African-American consensus all-American basketball player in 1947. Barksdale would later be the",
"title": "Black participation in college basketball"
},
{
"id": "14679989",
"text": "Ralph Vaughn Ralph Lincoln Vaughn (February 12, 1918 – June 8, 1998) was an American basketball player for the Southern California Trojans. He led the Pacific Coast Conference in scoring his senior season of 1939–40 at 15.0 points per game (180 in conference play) in which he was named a Consensus First Team All-American. That season, Vaughn led the Sam Barry–coached team to their first ever NCAA Tournament, losing in the national semifinals. Vaughn once scored 36 points in a single game against UCLA, which was a conference record that stood for 21 years. At Frankfort High School in Indiana,",
"title": "Ralph Vaughn"
},
{
"id": "7507422",
"text": "Laddie Gale Lauren \"Laddie\" Gale (April 22, 1917—July 29, 1996) was an American collegiate and professional basketball player. A native of Oakridge, Oregon, the 6'4\" Gale played forward for the University of Oregon under head coach Howard Hobson. He was the second-tallest player (behind 6'8\" Urgel \"Slim\" Wintermute) on the team, which was dubbed \"The Tall Firs.\" Gale led the Ducks in scoring in 1938 and 1939, earning All-Pacific Coast Conference honors in each season. In 1939, Gale led the Ducks to a national championship in the first-ever Division I men's basketball tournament. After graduation, Gale played professionally in 1939",
"title": "Laddie Gale"
},
{
"id": "14679990",
"text": "Vaughn led the North Central Conference in scoring during his junior and senior seasons, winning the state championship as a junior in 1935. He was also dubbed All-State and played for future Hall of Famer Everett Case. Vaughn appeared on the January 15, 1940 cover of \"Life\" magazine. He played in the National Basketball League for several years before getting into business. Ralph Vaughn Ralph Lincoln Vaughn (February 12, 1918 – June 8, 1998) was an American basketball player for the Southern California Trojans. He led the Pacific Coast Conference in scoring his senior season of 1939–40 at 15.0 points",
"title": "Ralph Vaughn"
},
{
"id": "10701675",
"text": "Edwin C. Horrell Edwin C. \"Babe\" Horrell (September 29, 1902 – June 13, 1992) was an American football player and coach. He played college football at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was an All-American in 1924 at center. Horrell served as the head football coach at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1939 to 1944, compiling a record of 24–31–6. In 1942, he led the UCLA Bruins to the Pacific Coast Conference title and an appearance in the Rose Bowl. Horrell was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1969. Horrell played",
"title": "Edwin C. Horrell"
},
{
"id": "5586828",
"text": "Hubert Stowitts's acclaimed exhibition of athletic portraits shown at the 1936 Berlin Olympics (although the inclusion of black and Jewish athletes caused the Nazis to close the exhibit). Strode, Kenny Washington, and Jackie Robinson starred on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team, in which they made up three of the four backfield players. They became famous nationally as \"the Gold Dust gang\". Along with Ray Bartlett, there were four African-Americans playing for the Bruins, when only a few dozen at all played on other college football teams. They played eventual conference and national champion USC to a 0–0 tie with",
"title": "Woody Strode"
},
{
"id": "14843635",
"text": "at UCLA. He starred as UCLA's single wing tailback in 1938 and 1939. He was celebrated for his exiting breakaway runs as well as for his passing skills. On January 1, 1939 Fenenbock was named MVP in the inaugural Pineapple Bowl played in Honolulu. Following the 1938 season he was named to several All American teams . At UCLA Fenenbock played alongside such greats as Kenny Washington, Jackie Robinson, Woody Strode and Burr Baldwin. In 1941 he starred with the San Diego Bombers in the Pacific Coast Professional Football League (PCPFL). In 1942 he was the single wing tailback for",
"title": "Chuck Fenenbock"
},
{
"id": "16387913",
"text": "university sports in honor of Jackie Robinson, a four-sport star at UCLA who went on to a Hall of Fame career in Major League Baseball and broke that sport's 20th-century color line. While Robinson wore several different numbers while at the school from 1939 to 1941, the number 42 was chosen because it was the number he wore during his Brooklyn Dodgers career. The all-sports retirement had no effect on men's basketball since that number had already been retired for Hazzard; however, Robinson's 42 will be prominently displayed within all UCLA athletic venues, including Pauley Pavilion. UCLA Bruins men's basketball",
"title": "UCLA Bruins men's basketball retired numbers"
},
{
"id": "12485196",
"text": "for 56 years and was long considered unbreakable until surpassed by Cal Ripken, Jr., in 1995. Gehrig's consecutive game streak ended on May 2, 1939, when he voluntarily took himself out of the lineup, stunning both players and fans, after his performance on the field became hampered by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, an incurable neuromuscular illness now commonly referred to in North America as \"Lou Gehrig's disease.\" The disease forced him to retire at age 36, and was the cause of his death two years later. The pathos of his farewell from baseball was capped off by his iconic 1939 \"Luckiest",
"title": "Lou Gehrig"
},
{
"id": "7507424",
"text": "and was an inaugural inductee of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1980. He is also a member of the University of Oregon Hall of Fame. Laddie Gale Lauren \"Laddie\" Gale (April 22, 1917—July 29, 1996) was an American collegiate and professional basketball player. A native of Oakridge, Oregon, the 6'4\" Gale played forward for the University of Oregon under head coach Howard Hobson. He was the second-tallest player (behind 6'8\" Urgel \"Slim\" Wintermute) on the team, which was dubbed \"The Tall Firs.\" Gale led the Ducks in scoring in 1938 and 1939, earning All-Pacific Coast Conference honors in",
"title": "Laddie Gale"
},
{
"id": "18856004",
"text": "Gaspar (UP). UCLA finished second in the PCC with a 6-0-4 record, were ranked #7 in the final AP Poll, and placed two players on either the AP or UP first teams: halfback Kenny Washington (AP, UP) and end Woodrow Strode (AP). Two players from outside the PCC received first-team honors. Both played for the Santa Clara Broncos: end Bill Anahu (AP, UP) and center John Schiechl (AP, UP). AP = Associated Press UP = United Press: \"The sports editors and writers of United Press newspapers in the Far West today present their Pacific Coast all-star football team in 1939.\"",
"title": "1939 All-Pacific Coast football team"
},
{
"id": "18856003",
"text": "1939 All-Pacific Coast football team The 1939 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1939 college football season. The organizations selecting teams in 1939 included the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press (UP). The 1939 USC Trojans football team won the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) championship, compiled an undefeated 8-0-2 record, were ranked #3 in the final AP Poll, and were represented by three players on the first teams selected by AP or UP: quarterback Grenny Lansdell (AP, UP), guard Harry Smith (AP, UP) and tackle Phil",
"title": "1939 All-Pacific Coast football team"
},
{
"id": "13750510",
"text": "Ambrose Schindler Ambrose \"Amblin' Amby\" Schindler (born April 22, 1917) is a former American collegiate football player, coach, and on-field official. He played college football for the University of Southern California. Schindler prepped at San Diego High School. A star quarterback for the USC Trojans, during the 1937 season he led the team in rushing, scoring and total offense and was named to all-conference honors. His senior year, he led the Trojans to a share of the 1939 national championship: At the 1940 Rose Bowl, capping the 1939 season, Schindler ran for a touchdown and passed for another in a",
"title": "Ambrose Schindler"
},
{
"id": "2183762",
"text": "major leagues had begun reintegrating. In 1939, UCLA had one of the greatest collegiate football players in history, Kenny Washington, a senior. Washington, an African American, was very popular, and his team had garnered national attention in the print media. After he played in the College All-Star game in August 1940, George Halas asked him not to return to Los Angeles immediately because Halas wanted to sign him to a contract with the Chicago Bears. After a week or so, Washington returned to Los Angeles without an NFL contract. Washington spent the majority of the early 1940s in the Pacific",
"title": "Black players in professional American football"
},
{
"id": "5866572",
"text": "was tailback, and he often passed as much as he rushed. Washington rushed for 9,975 yards in his college career, a school record for 56 years. He was one of four African American players on the 1939 UCLA Bruins football team, the others being Woody Strode, Robinson, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the four backfield players that year. This was a rarity to have so many African Americans when only a few dozen at all played on college football teams. The Bruins played eventual conference and national champion USC to a 0-0 tie with",
"title": "Kenny Washington (American football)"
},
{
"id": "18856005",
"text": "Bold = Consensus first-team selection of both the AP and UP 1939 All-Pacific Coast football team The 1939 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1939 college football season. The organizations selecting teams in 1939 included the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press (UP). The 1939 USC Trojans football team won the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) championship, compiled an undefeated 8-0-2 record, were ranked #3 in the final AP Poll, and were represented by three players on the first teams selected by AP or UP: quarterback Grenny",
"title": "1939 All-Pacific Coast football team"
},
{
"id": "11800031",
"text": "being denied entrance into the NFL due to their race. The Bears also had the leading scorer of the league, former New York Giant Kink Richards. Phoenix and Oakland dropped out at the end of the 1940 season; the San Francisco Bay Packers joined for 1941. The season was cut short after the attack on Pearl Harbor (the military was fearing another West Coast attack). Kenny Washington led the Bears to a perfect season, having beaten Los Angeles three times to clinch the title. Washington's UCLA teammate Jackie Robinson played briefly for the Bulldogs before moving to Honolulu. Steve Bagarus",
"title": "Pacific Coast Professional Football League"
},
{
"id": "9034637",
"text": "the bronze medal winner. George Stanich George Anthony Stanich (born November 4, 1928) was an American high jumper who won a bronze medal at 1948 Summer Olympics. He played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins, where he was a two-time all-conference player in the Pacific Coast Conference (now the Pac-12 Conference). As a basketball player at the University of California, Los Angeles, Stanich was a guard and led his team to its first NCAA tournament appearance in 50. He scored 9 points in the East-West All-Star Game and was a first-team all-American (as named by Converse), the first of 24",
"title": "George Stanich"
},
{
"id": "9034634",
"text": "George Stanich George Anthony Stanich (born November 4, 1928) was an American high jumper who won a bronze medal at 1948 Summer Olympics. He played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins, where he was a two-time all-conference player in the Pacific Coast Conference (now the Pac-12 Conference). As a basketball player at the University of California, Los Angeles, Stanich was a guard and led his team to its first NCAA tournament appearance in 50. He scored 9 points in the East-West All-Star Game and was a first-team all-American (as named by Converse), the first of 24 Bruins who would earn",
"title": "George Stanich"
},
{
"id": "14702042",
"text": "Howard Engleman Howard G. \"Rope\" Engleman (November 20, 1919 – January 12, 2011) was an American college basketball standout at the University of Kansas from 1939 to 1941. He was tall, weighed 170 pounds (82 kg). and played the forward position. As a senior in 1940–41, Engleman averaged 16.5 points per game and became just the second Jayhawk to be named a Consensus First Team All-American. Engleman led Kansas to two Big Six Conference regular season championships and as runners-up in the 1940 National Championship. The Jayhawks lost to Indiana, 60–42, but Engleman was the tournament's top scorer after scoring",
"title": "Howard Engleman"
},
{
"id": "11850530",
"text": "John H. Dick John H. Dick (November 9, 1918 – September 22, 2011) was an American former basketball player and Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. Dick was born and grew up in The Dalles, Oregon and attended the University of Oregon, where he was a forward on the Ducks basketball team from 1938 to 1940. In 1939, the Ducks won the Northern Division of the Pacific Coast Conference, and then defeated Southern Division champion California to win the conference championship and a berth in the 1939 NCAA basketball championship, the first edition of the tournament. The Ducks defeated",
"title": "John H. Dick"
},
{
"id": "15286536",
"text": "still-standing school record by scoring 34.6% of his team's points. USC enshrined him into their Athletics Hall of Fame in 2002. He died on August 29, 2004 due to kidney failure. Lee Guttero Lee A. \"Rubberlegs\" Guttero (July 1, 1913 – August 29, 2004) was an American basketball player who was the University of Southern California's first two-time NCAA All-American. Guttero, a center from California, played for the Trojans from 1932–33 to 1934–35 and led the team in scoring every season. He guided them to three consecutive Pacific Coast Conference championships, and during his tenure USC compiled an overall record",
"title": "Lee Guttero"
},
{
"id": "9935715",
"text": "now second in career receptions by a Steelers' tight end behind Heath Miller (490). In conjunction with the 2007 celebration of the 75th anniversary of the Steelers, Nickel was selected as one of 33 players on the Pittsburgh Steelers All-Time Team. Elbie Nickel Elbert Everett \"Elbie\" Nickel (December 28, 1922 – February 27, 2007) was a professional American football tight end in the National Football League. He played eleven seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1947–1957). Nickel starred in three sports at the University of Cincinnati – he was an end on the football team, a top scorer on the basketball",
"title": "Elbie Nickel"
},
{
"id": "8233828",
"text": "coach to lead a UCLA team to defeat rival USC. It was the first football victory in the UCLA–USC rivalry. The most notable player who played for Horrell at UCLA was Jackie Robinson, who went on to a Hall of Fame career in professional baseball. Horrell's 1939 team compiled a 6–0–4 and his 1941 team posted a 5–5–1 record. With the exception of the 1942 season, the combined record of the Bruins during Horrell's tenure outside the aforementioned seasons was 6–22–1. These struggles led to Horrell's firing after six seasons at the helm of UCLA football. coach Bert LaBrucherie was",
"title": "UCLA Bruins football"
},
{
"id": "10689898",
"text": "drafted by the Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) in the fourth round in 1939 but chose not to pursue a career in the NFL Vic Bottari Vic Bottari (December 21, 1916 – January 6, 2003) was an American football player. Bottari, nicknamed \"Vallejo Vic\" attended the University of California, Berkeley and starred as a halfback, leading the Golden Bears to a win in the 1938 Rose Bowl where he was voted the most valuable player of the game. He scored both of the Bears' touchdowns and rushed for 137 yards on 34 carries in their 13-0 win over Alabama in the Rose",
"title": "Vic Bottari"
},
{
"id": "5866573",
"text": "the 1940 Rose Bowl on the line. It was the first UCLA–USC rivalry football game with national implications. UCLA teammates have commented how strong Washington was when confronted with racial slurs and discrimination. Washington was the first Bruin to lead the nation in total offense and became the first consensus All-American in the history of the school's football program in 1939. Despite these achievements and the fact that he also doubled as a defensive back, he was named to second team All-America selection instead of the first and was omitted from the East–West Shrine Game that year. These slights were",
"title": "Kenny Washington (American football)"
},
{
"id": "20576182",
"text": "the end of the season, Caddy Works stepped down as head coach and was replaced by long time assistant Wilbur Johns. !colspan=9 style=|Regular Season Source 1939–40 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team The 1939–40 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1939–40 NCAA men's basketball season and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference. The Bruins were led by first year head coach Wilbur Johns. They finished the regular season with a record of 8–17 and were fourth in the southern division with a record of 3–9. The team featured future baseball hall-of-famer Jackie",
"title": "1939–40 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "1877389",
"text": "Wilt Chamberlain Wilton Norman Chamberlain (; August 21, 1936 – October 12, 1999) was an American basketball player who played center position and is considered one of the most prominent and dominant players in NBA history. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers, and the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the University of Kansas and also for the Harlem Globetrotters before playing in the NBA. Chamberlain stood tall, and weighed as a rookie before bulking up to 275 and eventually to over with the Lakers. Chamberlain holds numerous NBA records",
"title": "Wilt Chamberlain"
},
{
"id": "17134373",
"text": "18 years in LA Unified, he was a principal at Nimitz, Webster and Audubon junior high schools, retiring in 1983. Marienthal was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 1990 and in 1988, he was honored with a University Service Award by the UCLA Alumni Association. Mike Marienthal Michael Marienthal (June 19, 1923 – February 27, 2013) was a UCLA sports icon, football player and men’s basketball official scorer for 50 years. Born in Chicago, his family moved to California, where he graduated from Los Angeles High School in the winter of 1942. Marienthal served the UCLA and",
"title": "Mike Marienthal"
},
{
"id": "15652304",
"text": "Jim White (basketball) James White (born ) is a former American basketball player who is best known for winning the Haggerty Award while in college. He played for St. John's for three seasons (between 1939–40 and 1941–42) and was a proficient scorer in an era when games were much lower scoring than they are today. During his sophomore year in 1939–40, White averaged 8.7 points per game in leading the Redmen to a 15–5 overall record and a berth in the 1940 National Invitation Tournament. They lost in the quarterfinals (which was also the first round back then) to Duquesne.",
"title": "Jim White (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "14682724",
"text": "of Fame in 1984. Gus Broberg Gustave Theodore \"Gus\" Broberg, Jr. (June 16, 1920 – November 23, 2001) was a college basketball standout, World War II pilot, lawyer and judge. An American, Broberg played basketball as a forward at Dartmouth College from 1938 to 1941, where he became the first Ivy League player to lead the conference in scoring for three straight seasons; he scored 13.8 points per game (ppg) as a sophomore, 14.5 ppg as a junior and 14.9 ppg as a senior. Broberg was a Helms Foundation First Team All-American as a sophomore in 1938–39, and then a",
"title": "Gus Broberg"
},
{
"id": "6892707",
"text": "Billy Kilmer William Orland Kilmer, Jr. (born September 5, 1939) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League for the San Francisco 49ers, New Orleans Saints, and Washington Redskins. He played college football at UCLA. Born in Azusa, California, Kilmer played baseball, football, and basketball during his athletic career at Citrus Union High School in Azusa, scoring more than 1,500 points in the latter sport while earning All-American honors. His baseball exploits saw him win All-Conference accolades, while the poor fortunes of his football squad saw him relegated to Third Team All-Conference recognition. Kilmer then competed in",
"title": "Billy Kilmer"
},
{
"id": "16048606",
"text": "Denny Fitzpatrick Denny Fitzpatrick is a retired American basketball player. He was Most Valuable Player and leading scorer for the 1959 NCAA champion California Golden Bears. Fitzpatrick was a 6'0\" multi-sport star for Newport Harbor High School in Orange County, California. He played first at Orange Coast junior college, then came to the University of California, Berkeley to play for coach Pete Newell in 1958. As a senior in the 1958–59 season, Fitzpatrick had a big season, leading the Bears in scoring at 13.3 points per game and garnering first-team All-Pacific Coast Conference (now the Pac-12 Conference) honors. In the",
"title": "Denny Fitzpatrick"
},
{
"id": "9967578",
"text": "time. Bill Fisk William G. Fisk (November 5, 1916 – March 28, 2007) was an American football end and defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) and All-America Football Conference (AAFC) from 1940 to 1948. ]. Born in Los Angeles, California, Fisk prepped at Alhambra High School and played college football at the University of Southern California (USC). He was a member of the Trojans' 1938 Rose Bowl-winning team, and was voted Most Inspirational Player on the 1939 USC Trojans football team, which own a national championship. He was one of six Trojans selected for the 1940",
"title": "Bill Fisk"
},
{
"id": "15286535",
"text": "Lee Guttero Lee A. \"Rubberlegs\" Guttero (July 1, 1913 – August 29, 2004) was an American basketball player who was the University of Southern California's first two-time NCAA All-American. Guttero, a center from California, played for the Trojans from 1932–33 to 1934–35 and led the team in scoring every season. He guided them to three consecutive Pacific Coast Conference championships, and during his tenure USC compiled an overall record of 54–19. Guttero was named an All-American in 1934, then a consensus All-American in 1935. He also earned three all-conference selections, and in his senior season of 1934–35 he set a",
"title": "Lee Guttero"
},
{
"id": "11850532",
"text": "a charter member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1980, and in 1993, was inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame. Like all starters on their 1939 championship team, Dick's number (18) has been retired by the Ducks. Each year, the Ducks present the Rear Admiral John Dick Award to the team's best defender. Dick died on September 22, 2011 at the age of 92. John H. Dick John H. Dick (November 9, 1918 – September 22, 2011) was an American former basketball player and Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. Dick was born",
"title": "John H. Dick"
},
{
"id": "7232467",
"text": "Mike Novak Michael Donald Novak (April 23, 1915 – August 15, 1978) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the NBL, BAA, and NBA from 1939 to 1954. A 6'9\" center from Loyola University Chicago, he was one of the first prominent \"big men\" to play professional basketball, averaging 8.5 points per game over the course of his career as a member of the Chicago Bruins, Chicago Studebaker Flyers, Sheboygan Red Skins, Syracuse Nationals, Rochester Royals, and Philadelphia Warriors. Novak was the seventh-highest scorer in the history of the 12-season NBL. Some of his greatest seasons came during",
"title": "Mike Novak"
},
{
"id": "8233885",
"text": "the Bruins wore a 1967 throwback uniform against Washington and USC, though against USC the team's normal helmet was worn. As of the conclusion of the 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season. UCLA has played in 35 bowl games in its history, compiling a record of 16–18–1. From 1946 to 1974, no team could participate in the Rose Bowl two years in a row. This is why the 1954 team, which won the conference, did not participate in the 1955 Rose Bowl. UCLA became the first school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the",
"title": "UCLA Bruins football"
},
{
"id": "12789671",
"text": "1939 Rose Bowl The 1939 Rose Bowl was the 25th Rose Bowl college football game, held in Pasadena, California, on January 2, 1939. It concluded the 1938 college football season and featured the USC Trojans (8–2) against the Duke Blue Devils (9–0), with USC as the pre-game favorite. Scoreless after three quarters, Duke gained the lead with a 23-yard field goal by Tony Ruffa early in the fourth. However, backup quarterback Doyle Nave of the Trojans completed four straight passes to \"Antelope\" Al Krueger, who outmaneuvered Eric \"The Red\" Tipton and scored the winning touchdown with one minute remaining. Krueger's",
"title": "1939 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"id": "1811551",
"text": "LeBron James LeBron Raymone James Sr. (; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Often considered the best basketball player in the world and regarded by some as the greatest player of all time, James' accomplishments are extensive and include four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards, three NBA Finals MVP Awards, two Olympic gold medals, three All-Star Game MVP awards, and an NBA scoring title. He is the all-time NBA playoffs scoring leader and has amassed fourteen NBA All-Star Game appearances, twelve All-NBA First Team designations,",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811847",
"text": "and the emergence of the big man in basketball. The Oshkosh All-Stars appeared in the championship series for five consecutive years (1938–42). They won two titles, they were led by a rugged 6' 4\" (1.93 m) center named Leroy \"Cowboy\" Edwards. Edwards was a consensus NCAA \"All American\" and Helms Foundation \"College Player of the Year\" as a member of the 1934–35 University of Kentucky Wildcats. He left Kentucky after two years to pursue a professional basketball career, which was unheard of at the time. He led the NBL in scoring for three consecutive seasons, 1937-1940. He set numerous NBL",
"title": "National Basketball League (United States)"
},
{
"id": "11857796",
"text": "time the treatment was a success. Vallely was able to meet his donor following a two-year waiting period. John Vallely John Vallely (born October 3, 1948) is an American former professional basketball player from Balboa Island, Newport Beach, California who played for UCLA and in the NBA. Vallely attended Corona del Mar High School, where he was a guard turned forward. He was selected to the all California Interscholastic Federation team and twice captured All Irvine League honors. As a 6'2\" forward for Orange Coast College, Vallely averaged 26 points per game and broke 18 scoring records. He was selected",
"title": "John Vallely"
},
{
"id": "14682722",
"text": "Gus Broberg Gustave Theodore \"Gus\" Broberg, Jr. (June 16, 1920 – November 23, 2001) was a college basketball standout, World War II pilot, lawyer and judge. An American, Broberg played basketball as a forward at Dartmouth College from 1938 to 1941, where he became the first Ivy League player to lead the conference in scoring for three straight seasons; he scored 13.8 points per game (ppg) as a sophomore, 14.5 ppg as a junior and 14.9 ppg as a senior. Broberg was a Helms Foundation First Team All-American as a sophomore in 1938–39, and then a two-time Consensus First Team",
"title": "Gus Broberg"
},
{
"id": "18567097",
"text": "by the Cleveland Rams of the National Football League (NFL) in 1939. The team also featured future Baseball Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson, Hollywood actor Woody Strode, Football Hall of Famer Kenny Washington. and Bill Overlin. The following player was claimed in the 1939 NFL Draft. 1938 UCLA Bruins football team The 1938 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in the 1938 college football season. Coached by William H. Spaulding, the Bruins finished the season with a 7–4–1 record and made their first postseason appearance in a bowl game. The Pineapple Bowl featured the",
"title": "1938 UCLA Bruins football team"
},
{
"id": "12789672",
"text": "touchdown marked the first points scored against Duke during the season. For his performance in the game, Krueger was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in the class of 1995. Duke – Tony Ruffa 23-yard field goal USC – Al Krueger, 19-yard pass from Doyle Nave (Gaspar kick) 1939 Rose Bowl The 1939 Rose Bowl was the 25th Rose Bowl college football game, held in Pasadena, California, on January 2, 1939. It concluded the 1938 college football season and featured the USC Trojans (8–2) against the Duke Blue Devils (9–0), with USC as the pre-game favorite. Scoreless after",
"title": "1939 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"id": "20576181",
"text": "1939–40 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team The 1939–40 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1939–40 NCAA men's basketball season and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference. The Bruins were led by first year head coach Wilbur Johns. They finished the regular season with a record of 8–17 and were fourth in the southern division with a record of 3–9. The team featured future baseball hall-of-famer Jackie Robinson. The Bruins finished the regular season with a record of 7–20 and were fourth in the southern division with a record of 0–12. At",
"title": "1939–40 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "9967576",
"text": "Bill Fisk William G. Fisk (November 5, 1916 – March 28, 2007) was an American football end and defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) and All-America Football Conference (AAFC) from 1940 to 1948. ]. Born in Los Angeles, California, Fisk prepped at Alhambra High School and played college football at the University of Southern California (USC). He was a member of the Trojans' 1938 Rose Bowl-winning team, and was voted Most Inspirational Player on the 1939 USC Trojans football team, which own a national championship. He was one of six Trojans selected for the 1940 College",
"title": "Bill Fisk"
},
{
"id": "215096",
"text": "a confidant for Robinson, a Christian. Toward the end of his PJC tenure, Frank Robinson (to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers) was killed in a motorcycle accident. The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the nearby University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he could remain closer to Frank's family. After graduating from PJC in spring 1939, Robinson enrolled at UCLA, where he became the school's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports: baseball, basketball, football, and track. He was one of four black players on the Bruins' 1939 football team; the",
"title": "Jackie Robinson"
},
{
"id": "17134370",
"text": "Mike Marienthal Michael Marienthal (June 19, 1923 – February 27, 2013) was a UCLA sports icon, football player and men’s basketball official scorer for 50 years. Born in Chicago, his family moved to California, where he graduated from Los Angeles High School in the winter of 1942. Marienthal served the UCLA and Los Angeles communities throughout his life. As a UCLA football player, he was a member of the 1942 team that advanced to the Rose Bowl for the first time in the school’s history. After graduating from UCLA Naval ROTC, he joined the Marines and in May 1945 in",
"title": "Mike Marienthal"
},
{
"id": "5147556",
"text": "Bob Waterfield Robert Stanton Waterfield (July 26, 1920 – March 25, 1983) was an American football player and coach and motion picture actor and producer. He played quarterback for the UCLA Bruins and Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. His No. 7 jersey was retired by the Los Angeles Rams in 1952. Born in Elmira, New York, Waterfield moved to Los Angeles as an infant. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins in 1941, 1942, and 1944. In 1942, he led UCLA to a Pacific Coast Conference championship and was",
"title": "Bob Waterfield"
},
{
"id": "14843639",
"text": "Mouse\". In 2000 Fenenbock's son, Michael, published a book about him. \"Fireworks Every Time He Touches The Ball: A Chronicle of Chuck Fenenbock's Football Career\". Maxfilms Publishing 2000. Following his playing days, Fenenbock became a successful coach. Most notably at: Chuck Fenenbock Charles Bernard Fenenbock (August 28, 1917 – August 10, 1998) was an American football player who starred in college at UCLA, and professionally in the Pacific Coast Professional Football League (PCPFL), the National Football League (NFL), the All America Football Conference (AAFC), and the Canadian Football League (CFL). Notably he was a running back for the Detroit Lions",
"title": "Chuck Fenenbock"
},
{
"id": "10533761",
"text": "Ed Sadowski (basketball) Edward Anthony Sadowski (July 11, 1917 – September 18, 1990) was an American professional basketball player. Sadowski was born in Akron, Ohio. He was part of a large family, with at least three brothers and three sisters. He starred at Seton Hall University during the late 1930s and early 1940s. A center, he led Seton Hall to its only undefeated season (1939–1940). Sadowski later played professionally in the National Basketball League, the Basketball Association of America, and the National Basketball Association (which was formed after a merger between the first two leagues in this list). As a",
"title": "Ed Sadowski (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "7392583",
"text": "Wilbur Johns Wilbur Johns (December 8, 1903 – July 14, 1967) was an American men's college basketball coach and athletics administrator. He was the head basketball coach at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), prior to John Wooden, serving from 1939 to 1948, and guiding the UCLA Bruins to a 93–120 record in nine seasons. Johns was also the school's athletic director following from 1947 to 1963. He is a 1985 inductee to the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame. He died at his home at age 63 on July 14, 1967. Johns played four years basketball at UCLA, graduating",
"title": "Wilbur Johns"
},
{
"id": "5046730",
"text": "1946. Berry played in the National Football League starting in 1939 with the Detroit Lions. In 1940, he played for the Green Bay Packers and the Cleveland Rams. From 1942 to 1946, Berry played with the Chicago Bears. He also spent two years in the Chicago Cubs' minor league organization. Connie Mack Berry Connie Mack Berry (April 15, 1915 – June 24, 1980) was an American who played professional football, baseball, and basketball. Berry was the center for North Carolina State University's basketball team from 1936 to 1938. He led the Southern Conference in scoring in 1936 and 1937 and",
"title": "Connie Mack Berry"
},
{
"id": "19677007",
"text": "died on December 31, 1999. Bob McKeen Robert Van Sickle McKeen (November 30, 1933 – December 31, 1999) was an American basketball player, best known for his All-American college career at the University of California, Berkeley. McKeen, a 6'7 center out of Piedmont High School in Piedmont, California, played for the Cal Golden Bears under coaches Nibs Price and Pete Newell. He was a four-year starter for the Bears, earning all-Pacific Coast Conference accolades in each of his four seasons. He was also named an honorable mention All-American by the Associated Press and a second-team All-American pick by the International",
"title": "Bob McKeen"
},
{
"id": "16424137",
"text": "States Navy from 1944 to 1945. He returned to the University of Michigan for law school receiving his law degree in 1948. He was an officer of Chicago's Harris Trust and Savings Bank for many years and was promoted to senior vice president in 1971. He was a resident of Deerfield, Illinois. He died in April 2007 at age 85. James Mandler James Edward Mandler (March 24, 1922 – April 10, 2007) was an American basketball player. He played basketball for the University of Michigan from 1940 to 1943. He was the team's leading scorer for two consecutive years and",
"title": "James Mandler"
},
{
"id": "19103732",
"text": "John Polanski John B. Polanski (September 6, 1918 - March 11, 1956) as an American football player. He played college football for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team. He led all players in the NCAA major colleges with 882 rushing yards during the 1939 season. He also led the Southern Conference in scoring with 91 points in 1939. He also scored 96 points for Wake Forest in 1941. In August 1942, he signed with the Detroit Lions. He appeared in three games for the Lions in 1942, but his professional football career was cut short when he was ordered",
"title": "John Polanski"
},
{
"id": "19930524",
"text": "rushed for 884 yards and passed for another 583 yards; he was a consensus first-team All-American and finished second in the voting for both Heisman Trophy. Key<br> PPG = Average of points scored per game<br> PAG = Average of points allowed per game</small><br> MVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy On September 30, 1939, seven of the Big Ten football teams opened their seasons with non-conference games. The games resulted in three wins, two ties and two losses.",
"title": "1939 Big Ten Conference football season"
},
{
"id": "19008536",
"text": "The Cowboy Quarterback The Cowboy Quarterback is a 1939 American comedy film directed by Noel M. Smith and written by Fred Niblo, Jr.. The film stars Bert Wheeler, Marie Wilson, Gloria Dickson, William Demarest, Eddie Foy, Jr. and William Hopper. The film was released by Warner Bros. on July 29, 1939. Rusty Walker, a scout for the Chicago Packers professional football team, discovers a young fellow named Harry Lynn in remote Montana who has amazing prowess as a quarterback. He persuades Harry to come to Chicago, but because Harry is afraid to leave girlfriend Maizie alone with rival suitor \"Handsome",
"title": "The Cowboy Quarterback"
},
{
"id": "5162881",
"text": "NBA Hall of Famer George Mikan developed a devastating hook shot while playing for DePaul University in the mid-1940s. The hook shot also became a trademark of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the National Basketball Association's all-time leading scorer, who was proficient at the shot at a much greater distance from the basket than most players. The greater distance and resulting higher arc on the shot led to the name \"skyhook\", which was coined during Abdul-Jabbar's tenure with the Milwaukee Bucks by the team's radio announcer, Eddie Doucette, who felt that \"that hook was so high that it was coming out of the",
"title": "Hook shot"
},
{
"id": "6297029",
"text": "The official record book of conference champions was compiled by the then acting commissioner Bernie Hammerbeck in 1959. The Pacific Coast Conference began playing basketball in the 1915-16 season. The PCC was split into North and South Divisions for basketball beginning with the 1922-23 season. The winners of the two divisions would play a best of three series of games to determine the PCC basketball champion. If two division teams tied, they would have a one-game playoff to produce the division representative. Starting with the first NCAA Men's Basketball Championship in 1939, the winner of the PCC divisional playoff was",
"title": "Pacific Coast Conference"
},
{
"id": "7146705",
"text": "Dickie Hemric Ned Dixon \"Dickie\" Hemric (August 29, 1933 – August 3, 2017) was an American collegiate and professional basketball player for Wake Forest University (1952–1955) and the NBA's Boston Celtics (1955–1957). Hemric played the first two college years at Wake Forest when the school was a member of the Southern Conference. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Male Athlete of the Year was created at the start of the 1954 season, and he played his last two seasons in the ACC, setting conference records for scoring and rebounding that were untouched for the first 50 years of the conference's existence.",
"title": "Dickie Hemric"
},
{
"id": "19677005",
"text": "Bob McKeen Robert Van Sickle McKeen (November 30, 1933 – December 31, 1999) was an American basketball player, best known for his All-American college career at the University of California, Berkeley. McKeen, a 6'7 center out of Piedmont High School in Piedmont, California, played for the Cal Golden Bears under coaches Nibs Price and Pete Newell. He was a four-year starter for the Bears, earning all-Pacific Coast Conference accolades in each of his four seasons. He was also named an honorable mention All-American by the Associated Press and a second-team All-American pick by the International News Service. McKeen left Cal",
"title": "Bob McKeen"
},
{
"id": "8064954",
"text": "and over). Jordan died of cancer at his home in Laguna Hills, California on February 5, 2009. Jordan excelled in track, rugby and football. Jordan was a star athlete at Pasadena High School in Pasadena, California, and graduated from the University of Southern California (USC), where he was captain of the Trojans' National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championship track team in 1939. He helped the Trojans win two national collegiate team titles, in 1938 and 1939, and was a member of a world-record-setting 440-yard relay team, in a time of 40.5 seconds. Also in 1939, Jordan played on the Trojan",
"title": "Payton Jordan"
},
{
"id": "4797659",
"text": "passes for 1,396 yards and 16 touchdowns, and scored 237 points. During his career he played all 60 minutes eight times. Harmon also scored 33 touchdowns, breaking Red Grange's collegiate record of 31 touchdowns. He led the nation in scoring in both 1939 and 1940 (a feat that remains unmatched). His career average of 9.9 points per game stood as an NCAA record for ten seasons. Harmon was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954, the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame in 1962, the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1974, and the University of Michigan Athletic",
"title": "Tom Harmon"
},
{
"id": "7392584",
"text": "in 1925. Wilbur Johns Wilbur Johns (December 8, 1903 – July 14, 1967) was an American men's college basketball coach and athletics administrator. He was the head basketball coach at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), prior to John Wooden, serving from 1939 to 1948, and guiding the UCLA Bruins to a 93–120 record in nine seasons. Johns was also the school's athletic director following from 1947 to 1963. He is a 1985 inductee to the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame. He died at his home at age 63 on July 14, 1967. Johns played four years basketball at",
"title": "Wilbur Johns"
},
{
"id": "11794042",
"text": "Pyle married comedian Elvia Allman Tourtellotte in 1937. He became president of the Radio Transcription Company, a position that he held until his death of a heart attack in Los Angeles, February 3, 1939. A play based on his life, \"C.C. Pyle and the Bunion Derby\", was written by Tony Award winner Michael Cristofer and directed by Paul Newman. C. C. Pyle Charles C. Pyle (March 25, 1882 – February 3, 1939), often called Cash and Carry Pyle, was a Champaign–Urbana, Illinois theater owner and sports agent who represented American football star Red Grange and French tennis player Suzanne Lenglen.",
"title": "C. C. Pyle"
},
{
"id": "15594894",
"text": "following year, he accounted for approximately one-fifth of CCNY's total scoring (119 out of 596 points) en route to a 10–6 record. That season, Basketball Hall of Fame coach Clair Bee said that Fliegel was \"...the best player in the city. He can do it all.\" Fliegel's senior season in 1937–38 was one filled with awards, records and accolades. He was the only player on CCNY over tall, so he routinely played taller players than himself. In a game against All-American Hank Luisetti and the Stanford Cardinal (who had three players taller than Fliegel) at Madison Square Garden, he almost",
"title": "Bernie Fliegel"
},
{
"id": "1877520",
"text": "universally remembered as a symbol of the sport. His lifelong on-court rival and personal friend Bill Russell stated \"the fierceness of our competition bonded us together for eternity\", and Celtics coach Red Auerbach praised Chamberlain as vital for the success of the entire NBA. Ex-Lakers teammate Jerry West remembered him as an utterly dominant, yet friendly and humorous player, and fellow Hall-of-Famers Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Johnny Kerr, Phil Jackson and Wes Unseld called Chamberlain one of the greatest players in the history of the sport. Wilt Chamberlain Wilton Norman Chamberlain (; August 21, 1936 – October 12, 1999) was an American",
"title": "Wilt Chamberlain"
},
{
"id": "4394707",
"text": "who makes an outstanding contribution to the game of college basketball, and the Chip Hilton Player of the Year Award is awarded to a men's basketball player. In 1968, he cofounded the Kutsher's Sports Academy. One of Bee's grandfathers was Ephraim Bee, a member of the first West Virginia Legislature. Clair Bee Clair Francis Bee (March 2, 1896 – May 20, 1983) was an American basketball coach, who led the team at Long Island University in Brooklyn, New York to undefeated seasons in 1936 and 1939, as well as two National Invitation Tournament titles in 1939 and 1941. He was",
"title": "Clair Bee"
},
{
"id": "17185898",
"text": "Chuck Cabot Chuck Cabot \"(né\" Carlos Guillermo Cascales; 16 May 1915 Querétaro, Mexico – 27 December 2007) was an American saxophonist and big band leader. The Chuck Cabot Orchestra launched in 1937 after Cabot finished studies at the University of Southern California. His orchestra played to capacity crowds in the 1940s and 1950s in ballrooms such as Roseland in New York, the Palladium in Hollywood, and the Catalina Island Casino. Cascales was also a member of the legendary UCLA 1939 football team along with Jackie Robinson, Kenny Washington, and Woody Strode and, in the early 1940s, athletic coach at El",
"title": "Chuck Cabot"
},
{
"id": "11870365",
"text": "had not listed 1939 as a national championship year; but in 2004, USC once again began recognizing the 1939 team as national champions after it determined that it qualified. Ambrose \"Amblin' Amby\" Schindler went on to be the MVP in the 1940 [[College All-Star Game]]. He was inducted into the [[San Diego Hall of Champions]] Breitbard Hall of Fame in 1973. He was inducted into the USC Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997. He was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 2002. Tennessee player [[William F. Barnes|William \"Bill\" Barnes]] would eventually coach the UCLA Bruins football team",
"title": "1940 Rose Bowl"
},
{
"id": "16522788",
"text": "Gavin Smith (film studio executive) Gavin Smith (December 10, 1954 – body discovered October 26, 2014) was an American college basketball star, actor, stuntman, and film studio executive, formerly a regional manager of distribution for 20th Century Fox. Prior to his eighteen years in that position he played basketball at UCLA, where he was part of the 1975 team that won that year's NCAA championship, the last for legendary coach John Wooden. He later played at Hawaii, where he set the school's still-standing single-season scoring record of 23.4 points per game. He had a small role as a bartender in",
"title": "Gavin Smith (film studio executive)"
},
{
"id": "15337882",
"text": "Bud Palmer John Shove \"Bud\" Palmer (September 14, 1921 – March 19, 2013) was an American professional basketball player. He was a member of the New York Knicks during the team's first three seasons in the Basketball Association of America, and was the leading scorer in the team's inaugural 1946–47 season. Palmer is considered to be one of the inventors of the jump shot. Born in Hollywood, California, Palmer was the son of footballer and actor Maurice Bennett \"Lefty\" Flynn and singer Blanche Palmer. Palmer was 5'4\" when he started playing basketball at Hun School of Princeton, and started using",
"title": "Bud Palmer"
},
{
"id": "15911719",
"text": "Les Scarsella Leslie George Scarsella (November 23, 1913 – December 16, 1958) was an American professional baseball player of the 1930s and 1940s. A first baseman and left fielder, he was the two-time Most Valuable Player of the Pacific Coast League and appeared in 265 games in Major League Baseball over all or part of five seasons with the Cincinnati Reds (1935–37; 1939) and Boston Bees (1940). Scarsella was born in Santa Cruz, California, and attended Richmond High School and Saint Mary's College. He threw and batted left-handed, and was listed as tall and . He began his pro baseball",
"title": "Les Scarsella"
},
{
"id": "12504988",
"text": "with the University of Southern California registering two touchdowns and beating them 14-0. As a consequence, the Dickinson System named USC, which had been ranked No. 3 in the final AP Poll before the bowl games, the national champion. As a result, the USC Trojans now claim a share of the 1939 title. However, USC did not begin recognizing 1939 as a national championship until 2004. The first AP Poll of the season was taken after four weeks of play, starting with October 16. Each writer listed his choice for the top ten teams, and points were tallied based on",
"title": "1939 college football season"
},
{
"id": "4797635",
"text": "Tom Harmon Thomas Dudley Harmon (September 28, 1919 – March 15, 1990), sometimes known by the nickname \"Old 98\", was an American football player, military pilot, actor, and sports broadcaster. Harmon grew up in Gary, Indiana, and played college football at the halfback position for the University of Michigan from 1938 to 1940. He led the nation in scoring and was a consensus All-American in both 1939 and 1940 and won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and the Associated Press Athlete of the Year award in 1940. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954.",
"title": "Tom Harmon"
},
{
"id": "18853373",
"text": "INS, UP), guard Harry Smith (AP, INS, UP), and halfback Bob Hoffman (UP). California finished second in the PCC with a 10-1 record, were ranked #14 in the final AP Poll, and placed four players on the AP, INS or UP first teams. The UCLA honorees were halfback Vic Bottari (AP, INS, UP), fullback Dave Anderson (AP, INS, UP), end Will Dolman (INS), and tackle Dave De Varona (AP, INS, UP). Only one player from a team outside the PCC received first-team honors. Tackle Alvord Wolff of the Santa Clara Broncos won first-team honors from the AP, INS, and UP.",
"title": "1938 All-Pacific Coast football team"
},
{
"id": "837482",
"text": "the intra-conference rivalries in football are carried over into other sports. During the 1970s, UCLA and Notre Dame had an intense men's basketball rivalry. For several years, it was one of a small number of non-conference games in Division I basketball that was played twice a season (home-and-away). The most famous game in the rivalry was on January 19, 1974, when Notre Dame scored the last 12 points of the game to nip UCLA and end the Bruins' record 88-game winning streak. This rivalry is now dormant, partly because Notre Dame is no longer independent in sports other than football",
"title": "Pac-12 Conference"
},
{
"id": "6851206",
"text": "Harry Smith (American football) Harry Elliott \"Blackjack\" Smith (August 26, 1918 – July 30, 2013) anchored the line from the guard position on the University of Southern California's Rose Bowl football teams in 1938 and 1939 seasons, and earned All-America honors each year. He was born in Russellville, Missouri. The 1938 team finished 9-2-0 and defeated Duke University. The next season, the Trojans finished 8-0-2 as national champions, including a 14-0 Rose Bowl conquest of the University of Tennessee. USC also defeated Notre Dame University in each of those seasons. Smith was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame",
"title": "Harry Smith (American football)"
},
{
"id": "11133713",
"text": "Don Durdan Donald Edgar Durdan (September 21, 1920 – June 28, 1971) was a professional American football and basketball player. Durdan was born in Arcata, California and attended Eureka High School, where he played running back on the high school football team. In 1935, Durdan's team was not only undefeated, but they did not allow their opponents to score a single point. Durdan went on to Oregon State, where he started in baseball, basketball, and football, and was a member of Pacific Coast Conference championship teams in each sport. He was named an All-American in basketball in his senior year",
"title": "Don Durdan"
},
{
"id": "6847561",
"text": "goal by Tony Ruffa, but backup USC quarterback Doyle Nave completed four straight passes to \"Antelope\" Al Krueger who outmaneuvered Eric \"The Red\" Tipton, scoring the winning touchdown with one minute remaining. Krueger's touchdown marked the first points scored against Duke during the season. In the 1940 Rose Bowl, the Trojans defeated the Tennessee Volunteers 14–0, ending a 23-game Tennessee winning streak and scoring the first points scored against the Volunteers all season. Joe Shell, later an oil and natural gas producer, state legislator and Republican candidate for Governor of California in 1962, was the halfback on those teams. USC",
"title": "Howard Jones (American football coach)"
},
{
"id": "4394704",
"text": "Clair Bee Clair Francis Bee (March 2, 1896 – May 20, 1983) was an American basketball coach, who led the team at Long Island University in Brooklyn, New York to undefeated seasons in 1936 and 1939, as well as two National Invitation Tournament titles in 1939 and 1941. He was born in Grafton, West Virginia, and was a graduate of Waynesburg University (then Waynesburg College) where he played football, baseball, and tennis. He was born to James Edward Bee (1871-1933) and Margaret Ann Skinner. Bee's teams won 95 percent of their games from 1931 to 1951, including 43 in a",
"title": "Clair Bee"
},
{
"id": "211167",
"text": "decades. Another film based on the novella was made in 1992 starring Gary Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie. Steinbeck followed this wave of success with \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1939), based on newspaper articles about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco. It is commonly considered his greatest work. According to \"The New York Times\", it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that month, it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Later",
"title": "John Steinbeck"
},
{
"id": "12337147",
"text": "Hardiman Cureton Hardiman Cureton (December 8, 1933 - October 1, 2003) was an American former player of Canadian football. He played high school football for the Monrovia Wildcats. He played the tackle position. Cureton was a dominant offensive guard and also played on the defensive line for three seasons (1953-54-55) on UCLA football teams that went 26-4 and captured three Pacific Coast Conference championships and participated in two Rose Bowls. During the 1954 national championship season, Cureton was named second-team All-Coast and honorable mention All-American. As a senior in 1955, Cureton became the Bruins' fifth-ever consensus first-team All-American as well",
"title": "Hardiman Cureton"
},
{
"id": "9793465",
"text": "Hollyfield. UCLA became the first school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year with Gary Beban winning the Heisman Trophy and Lew Alcindor (now Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) winning the U.S. Basketball Writers Association player of the year award in 1968. UCLA has produced the most NBA Most Valuable Player Award winners, six of them by Abdul-Jabbar, one to Walton, who was Abdul-Jabbar's successor, and one to Russell Westbrook. , 98 former UCLA players have played in the NBA. At the 2015 NBA All-Star Game and the 2016 NBA All-Star Game, former Bruins Russell Westbrook",
"title": "UCLA Bruins men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "19223038",
"text": "Memorial Stadium in Columbia, Missouri. The team's leading scorer was Paul Christman with 42 points. Christman was also selected as a first-team All-American by the All-America Board, \"Collier's Weekly\" (chosen by Grantland Rice), Newspaper Enterprise Association, and \"The Sporting News.\" He finished third in the 1939 Heisman Trophy voting, was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1956, and had his jersey (No. 44) retired at Missouri. 1939 Missouri Tigers football team The 1939 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Six Conference (Big 6) during the",
"title": "1939 Missouri Tigers football team"
},
{
"id": "18818066",
"text": "Los Angeles in the Westwood area. His father was emotionally detached and abusive. Growing up, Hill watched the UCLA basketball team around town before Pauley Pavilion was built, and dreamed of playing for them and Coach John Wooden. He went to high school at University High in West Los Angeles. A skilled shooter, Hill was the Western League Most Valuable Player (MVP) as a senior in 1968, when he was the city's second-leading scorer at 27.2 points per game. For the second straight year, he earned first-team All-City honors. He was considered one of the top prospects in the country.",
"title": "Andy Hill (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "11837709",
"text": "was senior class president and a key football player. One of his Hoover classmates was baseball superstar Ted Williams. Shell was recruited by the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, and Stanford University in Palo Alto, but instead he chose to attend the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. In 1940, he procured his Bachelor of Science degree in business administration. A halfback, Shell was the captain of the 1939 championship USC football team, which played twice in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, having defeated the previous powerhouses Duke University in 1939 and the University of Tennessee in",
"title": "Joe Shell"
},
{
"id": "5147559",
"text": "Van Nuys in the San Fernando Valley. In 1930, when Waterfield was nine years old, his father, who had become the owner and manager of Van Nuys Transfer and Storage Company, died. Waterfield attended Van Nuys High School where he was a star football player. Waterfield enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where he played college football for UCLA Bruins football in 1941, 1942, and 1944. During the 1942 regular season, he led the Pacific Coast Conference in passing, completing 53 of 125 passes for 1,033 yards and 12 touchdowns. He also averaged 40 yards on 60",
"title": "Bob Waterfield"
},
{
"id": "13255554",
"text": "Wallen's head.\" For his performance in 1957, Wallen received numerous awards, including first-team All-American designations from the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, Newspaper Editors Association, and Walter Camp Football Foundation. He was the only junior selected to the 1957 AP All-America Team. He also received the American Legion Trophy as UCLA's most valuable player, and the W.J. Voit Memorial Trophy, awarded each year by the Helms Athletic Foundation to the outstanding football player on the Pacific Coast. Wallen was only the second junior to receive the Voit Trophy and received 60 votes in the",
"title": "Dick Wallen"
},
{
"id": "10727331",
"text": "Billy McKinney (basketball) William Mervin McKinney III (born June 5, 1955) is a retired American professional basketball player and former radio broadcaster. Due to his quickness, he was nicknamed \"The Crazed Hummingbird\". A 6'0\" guard, McKinney attended Zion-Benton High School, where he played for Mo Tharp (long time Fremd coach), and Northwestern University, earning a degree in education. He was the Wildcats' all-time leading scorer for 35 years until John Shurna surpassed him in February 2012. From 1978 to 1986 McKinney played in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Kansas City Kings, Utah Jazz, Denver Nuggets, San",
"title": "Billy McKinney (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "9595740",
"text": "Bobby Garrett Robert Driscoll \"Bobby\" Garrett (August 16, 1932 – 5 December 1987) was an American football quarterback who played one season in the National Football League. Born in Los Angeles, California, Garrett was an All-American quarterback at Stanford University, where he also starred as a defensive back. In 1953, he became the third person to receive the W.J. Voit Memorial Trophy as the outstanding football player on the Pacific Coast. After he was named most valuable player of the Hula Bowl, he was drafted by the Cleveland Browns as the first overall selection in the 1954 NFL Draft. The",
"title": "Bobby Garrett"
},
{
"id": "12485194",
"text": "Lou Gehrig Henry Louis Gehrig, (born Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig June 19, 1903June 2, 1941), nicknamed \"the Iron Horse\", was an American baseball first baseman who played his entire professional career (17 seasons) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, from 1923 until 1939. Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability, which earned him his nickname \"the Iron Horse.\" He was an All-Star seven consecutive times, a Triple Crown winner once, an American League (AL) Most Valuable Player twice, and a member of six World Series champion teams. He had a career",
"title": "Lou Gehrig"
},
{
"id": "12275772",
"text": "that defeated Canadian National team. 2007-08 — Named MVP of the Puerto Rican Championships after leading his Naranjito Changos to the Puerto Rican Professional League Championships. \"UCLA\" 2007 — UCLA, (University of California at Los Angeles). UCLA is the most storied program in US collegiate volleyball with 19 national championships, by far the most of all teams. Earned 2nd Team All-America honors from the AVCA and Volleyball Magazine. Was a 3rd Team All-America selection by Spike/Volleyball. Second team All-MPSF selection. Led the team in kills (472) and points (553.0). Finished his UCLA career ranked first on the RALLY SCORING ERA",
"title": "Steve Klosterman"
},
{
"id": "3125719",
"text": "Richard Halliburton Richard Halliburton (January 9, 1900 – presumed dead after March 24, 1939) was an American traveler, adventurer, and author. Best known today for having swum the length of the Panama Canal and paying the lowest toll in its history—36 cents—Halliburton was headline news for most of his brief career. His final and fatal adventure, an attempt to sail a Chinese junk, the \"Sea Dragon\", across the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco, made him legendary. Richard Halliburton was born in Brownsville, Tennessee, to Wesley Halliburton, a civil engineer and real",
"title": "Richard Halliburton"
},
{
"id": "18567096",
"text": "1938 UCLA Bruins football team The 1938 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in the 1938 college football season. Coached by William H. Spaulding, the Bruins finished the season with a 7–4–1 record and made their first postseason appearance in a bowl game. The Pineapple Bowl featured the Bruins playing the on January 2, 1939, in Honolulu. The Bruins season offense scored 217 points while the defense allowed 106 points. George Pfeiffer and Hal Hirshon served as Co-Captains of the team. Center John Ryland was selected to the PCC First-Team All Coast and drafted",
"title": "1938 UCLA Bruins football team"
},
{
"id": "2223218",
"text": "Bill Walton William Theodore Walton III (born November 5, 1952) is an American retired basketball player and television sportscaster. Walton became known playing for John Wooden's powerhouse UCLA Bruins in the early 1970s, winning three successive College Player of the Year Awards, while leading the Bruins to two national titles. He then went on to have a prominent career in the National Basketball Association (NBA) where he was a league Most Valuable Player (MVP) and won two NBA championships. His professional career was significantly hampered by multiple foot injuries. Walton was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame",
"title": "Bill Walton"
},
{
"id": "10759230",
"text": "Stars were crowned the World Professional Champions in Chicago in 1942, and Edwards was the all-time leading point scorer in World Championship Tournament history. On February 14, 1945, United Press International recognized him as one of the Top 5 Basketball Players of All Time. The New York Renaissance (Rens, for short) was the best black team of the era 1920–1940s. As in most sports, times were very difficult for black players. Nevertheless, the Rens were an excellent team with quality players; their record for the 1939 season was 112 wins and 7 losses. The epitome of their success came that",
"title": "Leroy Edwards"
},
{
"id": "19216038",
"text": "Smith was later the proprietor of Smith's Sporting Goods, located in Westwood, Los Angeles, California. Milton Bradley Smith, known to his family and friends by the nickname \"Milt,\" was born July 17, 1919 in Redlands, California. Smith attended Santa Ana High School in Santa Ana, California, which remains today the oldest and largest high school in Southern California's Orange County. Following his graduation from high school, Smith enrolled in the fall of 1939 at the University of California, Los Angeles. The 1939 UCLA team was one of sports legend, featuring three African-American stars: future baseball great Jackie Robinson, fellow halfback",
"title": "Milt Smith (American football)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Black participation in college basketball context: star (193–1941) at UCLA just before World War II, who went on to greater fame for breaking Major League Baseball's 20th-century color line. Robinson's honors at UCLA were impressive: for two years highest scorer in basketball competition in the Pacific Coast Conference, national champion long (then \"broad\") jumper, the school's first athlete to letter in four sports, All-American football halfback and varsity baseball shortstop. He left UCLA in 1941 because of financial pressures, not many credits away from a bachelor's degree. UCLA also had Don Barksdale, the first African-American consensus all-American basketball player in 1947. Barksdale would later be the\n\nIn 1939, what famous American athlete starred on UCLA's undefeated football team and was the top scorer in the Pacific Coast Conference for Basketball?",
"compressed_tokens": 217,
"origin_tokens": 218,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Black participation in college basketball context: star (193–1941) at UCLA just before World War II, who went on to greater fame for breaking Major League Baseball's 20th-century color line. Robinson's honors at UCLA were impressive: for two years highest scorer in basketball competition in the Pacific Coast Conference, national champion long (then \"broad\") jumper, the school's first athlete to letter in four sports, All-American football halfback and varsity baseball shortstop. He left UCLA in 1941 because of financial pressures, not many credits away from a bachelor's degree. UCLA also had Don Barksdale, the first African-American consensus all-American basketball player in 1947. Barksdale would later be the\n\ntitlebasketball) context Los Angeles in Westwood His fatherotion detached abusive Growing up watched the UCLA basketball around before Pauley Pavilion was built, and dreamed of playing for Coach John Wooden. He went high school University High West Los Angeles A sk shooter, Hill was Most Valuable Player (MVP as a senior in 198, when was's second-leading scorer at 27.2 points per game. For second straight year, he earned first-team All-City honors He was considered one of the top prospects in the country.\n\ntitle: UCLA Bru mens numbers context: honor of Jack, asport star at UCLA who went on to a Hall of Fame career in broke sport'century line. While wore several while94 the4 because was the number he wore during D. had no on mens since had been for; Robinsons 42in within allCLA athlet ven, PauilCLAins mens basketball\n\ntitle: Jack Robinson aant for Robinson a Christian. whom his in The his at the nearby Angeles (UCLA), where he could remain closer to Frank's family. After graduating from PJC in spring 1939, Robinson enrolled at UCLA, where he became the school's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports: baseball, basketball, football, and track. He was one of four black players on the Bruins' 1939 football team; the\n\nIn 1939, what famous American athlete starred on UCLA's undefeated football team and was the top scorer in the Pacific Coast Conference for Basketball?",
"compressed_tokens": 499,
"origin_tokens": 15043,
"ratio": "30.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
115 | What popular sport did Joe Sobek invent at the Greenwich, Connecticut, MCA in 1950? | [
"Racquetball. Sobek designed a strung paddle racquet and handle, and combined the rules of squash and handball, to create the game he called paddle rackets"
] | Racquetball. Sobek designed a strung paddle racquet and handle, and combined the rules of squash and handball, to create the game he called paddle rackets | [
{
"id": "887460",
"text": "the Auburn Y. Racquetball is another Y-invented sport. Joseph Sobek, a tennis, handball and squash player who worked in a rubber manufacturing factory, was dissatisfied with the options for indoor sports in Greenwich, Conn. He couldn't find squash players of his caliber and he didn't care particularly for handball, so in 1950 he designed a short, stringed racquet, used a children's toy rubber ball, and created rules for a new game using the handball courts. He called his new sport \"paddle rackets.\" The sport really took off in the 1970s and there are an estimated 15 million players worldwide today,",
"title": "YMCA"
},
{
"id": "508471",
"text": "being out-of-bounds. Racquetball is very similar to 40×20 American handball, which is played in many countries. It is also very similar to the British sport Squash 57, which was called racketball before 2016 (see below for a comparison). Joe Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in the Greenwich, Connecticut, YMCA, though not with naming it. A professional tennis and American handball player, Sobek sought a fast-paced sport that was easy to learn and play. He designed the first strung paddle, devised a set of rules, based on those of squash, handball, and paddleball, and named his game",
"title": "Racquetball"
},
{
"id": "15178187",
"text": "court. Joseph Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in the Greenwich YMCA, though not with naming it. A professional tennis player and handball player, Sobek sought a fast-paced sport that was easy to learn and play. He designed the first strung paddle, devised a set of codified rules, and named his game \"paddle rackets.\" 1968 Virtual reality Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)"
},
{
"id": "508514",
"text": "which was patterned on racquetball in 1976. The main differences are that the British ball is smaller, denser, and less bouncy; the British sport's court is a squash court, which is substantially shorter and somewhat wider; and the ceiling in the British game is out of bounds. Racquetball Racquetball is a racquet sport played with a hollow rubber ball in an indoor or outdoor court. Joseph Sobek is credited with inventing the modern sport of racquetball in 1950, adding a stringed racquet to paddleball in order to increase velocity and control. Unlike most racquet sports, such as tennis and badminton,",
"title": "Racquetball"
},
{
"id": "508470",
"text": "Racquetball Racquetball is a racquet sport played with a hollow rubber ball in an indoor or outdoor court. Joseph Sobek is credited with inventing the modern sport of racquetball in 1950, adding a stringed racquet to paddleball in order to increase velocity and control. Unlike most racquet sports, such as tennis and badminton, there is no net to hit the ball over, and, unlike squash, no tin (out of bounds area at the bottom of front wall) to hit the ball above. Also, the court's walls, floor, and ceiling are legal playing surfaces, with the exception of court-specific designated hinders",
"title": "Racquetball"
},
{
"id": "2638211",
"text": "when people took up wooden paddles to play on handball courts. Four-wall paddleball was invented in 1930 by Earl Riskey, a physical-education instructor at the University of Michigan, when he came up with the idea of using paddles to play on the school's handball courts. Racquetball was invented in 1949 by Joe Sobek in Greenwich, Connecticut, when he played handball using a strung racquet. American handball is played on a walled court, , with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall court; four-wall courts typically have a ceiling while three-wall courts may or may",
"title": "American handball"
},
{
"id": "16842046",
"text": "customizing the looks of the hot rod. As the decade progressed, hot rodding became a popular hobby for a growing number of teenagers as the sport literally came to Main Street. Drag racing has existed since the first cars, but it was not until the 1950s that it started to become mainstream, beginning with Santa Ana Drags, the first drag strip in the United States. The strip was founded by C. J. \"Pappy\" Hart, Creighton Hunter and Frank Stillwell at the Orange County Airport auxiliary runway in southern California, and was operational from 1950 until June 21, 1959. \"Hot Rod\"",
"title": "1950s American automobile culture"
},
{
"id": "508472",
"text": "\"paddle rackets\". In February 1952 Sobek founded the National Paddle Rackets Association (NPRA), codified the rules, and had them printed as a booklet. The new sport was rapidly adopted and became popular through Sobek's continual promotion of it; he was aided by the existence of some 40,000 handball courts in the country's YMCAs and Jewish Community Centers, wherein racquetball could be played. In 1969, aided by Robert W. Kendler, the president-founder of the U.S. Handball Association (USHA), the International Racquetball Association (IRA) was founded using the name coined by Bob McInerney, a professional tennis player. That same year, the IRA",
"title": "Racquetball"
},
{
"id": "16500412",
"text": "row (1993-2000). And he is the only person to hold all seven USMS national long distance records in any age group. In 1998 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. At age 69 his 1650 yd. national record was just five seconds slower than the time that won him the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 1950. Johnston won gold in the 200-meter free, 400-meter free, 800-meter free, the 400-meter IM and the 5k open water swim (in 67 degree water) at the World Masters Swimming Championship in Munich, Germany. Graham Johnston (swimmer) Graham M. Johnston",
"title": "Graham Johnston (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "12305452",
"text": "Ektelon Ektelon, Inc. is an American manufacturer of equipment for racquetball. Currently based in Bordentown, New Jersey, Ektelon was founded by Franklin W. \"Bud\" Held in 1964 as the first company to manufacture racquetball racquets and stringing machines, not long after the development of the sport of racquetball by Joe Sobek. Working from Held’s garage in San Diego, California, the company initially set out to build aluminum tennis racquets and a racquet stringing machine. With the development of metal tennis racquets, the old techniques of stringing wooden racquets no longer worked, and Held saw the need for a new machine.",
"title": "Ektelon"
},
{
"id": "9364817",
"text": "Greeks using bronze coins. It is believed that this game was used in the first Olympics but was later removed due to lack of entertainment value and this is where the idea of the Gold Medal comes from. Pitching pennies Pitching pennies, or in Britain \"Pap\", \"Penny Up\", \"Keeley (Scotland)\", \"Nippy (Wales)\", \"Pitch and Toss\" (or its corruption \"Pigeon Toss\"), Chucks, or \"Jingies\" is a game played with coins. Players take turns to throw a coin at a wall, from some distance away, and the coin which lands closest to the wall is the winner Any number of players line",
"title": "Pitching pennies"
},
{
"id": "6613268",
"text": "that his much-washed originally red hat was actually pink, resulting in dozens of players wearing pink baseball hats at the 2006 BARGE, held at the Venetian. \"To Throw Down the Pink Hat\" has subsequently come to mean \"to challenge someone to a heads-up poker match.\" Perhaps the most famous BARGE tradition is \"Presto!\" as a nickname for a hold'em hand of pocket fives. The term was originated by Frank Irwin (as slang for a blackjack) but its poker meaning is far more widespread, making appearances on multiple sets of commemorative chips, badges, etc. Other BARGE traditions include multiple poker tournaments,",
"title": "BARGE"
},
{
"id": "3039926",
"text": "future world champion John Pulman who each both won it on two occasions. He made history in 1955 by achieving the first officially recognised maximum break of 147 in snooker in an exhibition match at Leicester Square Hall. He had previously made the game's first official in 1930. In 1959 Davis attempted to popularise a new version of the game called snooker plus. This game had two extra , an orange and a purple and was used for the 1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament but it never took off. In 1962, when over 60 years of age,",
"title": "Joe Davis"
},
{
"id": "20319411",
"text": "parallel bars in 1949–50, on the horizontal bar in 1950, and on the pommel horse in 1951. He also won three AAU titles, in the vault in 1948 and on parallel bars in 1948 and 1951. While competing on rings at the 1956 U.S. Olympic Trials he crashed to the floor due to a failed support mount. He retired soon after that to become a gymnastics coach in Ohio. In 1978 he was inducted into the U.S. Gymnastics Hall of Fame. Joe Kotys Joseph \"Joe\" Kotys (October 31, 1925 – August 21, 2012) was an American artistic gymnast. He won",
"title": "Joe Kotys"
},
{
"id": "12633251",
"text": "of Emilio Comici, he was the inventor and proponent of using multi-step aid ladders, solid belays, the use of a trail/tag line, and hanging bivouacs, contributing greatly to the techniques of big wall climbing, in the late 1950s big wall climbing finally started. In Yosemite, the northwest face of Half Dome was climbed in 1957 and the southeast buttress of El Capitan in 1958. With the invention of hard iron pitons, jumars and hammocks, wall climbing exploded in the 1960s and 1970s. Following those pioneering achievements, parties began routinely setting off prepared for days and days of uninterrupted climbing on",
"title": "Big wall climbing"
},
{
"id": "4490334",
"text": "different on-base scenarios (e.g. \"Bases Empty\", \"Runners on First and Third,\" \"Bases Loaded\"), and dice to generate random numbers. Seitz's mail-order product derived from the game National Pastime, invented and patented by Clifford Van Beek in 1925, a game that Seitz played in his youth. The game can be played against another person or solitaire. Devoted fans keep track of the results and assess how players' performances compare to their real-life statistics. The game company later produced football, golf, basketball, hockey, bowling, boxing, soccer, and saddle racing games modeled after the baseball game (cards, boards, and dice). In the 1980s",
"title": "APBA"
},
{
"id": "19230778",
"text": "1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament The 1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament was a professional snooker tournament sponsored by the \"News of the World\". The event was played under the Snooker Plus rules, a variant of snooker with two additional (orange and purple). The tournament was won by Joe Davis with Fred Davis finishing in second place. It was the eleventh and final News of the World Tournament, which ran from 1949/50 to 1959. Snooker plus was a variant of snooker created by Joe Davis in 1959 with two additional , orange (8 points) and",
"title": "1959 News of the World Snooker Plus Tournament"
},
{
"id": "7777931",
"text": "climb was developed, but this was an insufficient reason to continue an activity conducted at gymnastic meets that many artistic gymnasts thought should have been relegated to the track and field arena. The world record for the 20 ft. climb was 2.8 seconds, first achieved by the American Don Perry in the 1950s. Rope climbing Rope climbing is a sport in which competitors attempt to climb up a suspended vertical rope using only their hands. Rope climbing is practiced regularly at the World Police and Fire Games, and is enjoying a resurgence in France, where competitions are held in shopping",
"title": "Rope climbing"
},
{
"id": "10050107",
"text": "1950 Wimbledon Championships The 1950 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 26 June until Saturday 8 July. It was the 64th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1950. For the first time since the 1927 introduction of seedings 16 players were seeded in the men's singles event instead of eight. Budge Patty and Louise Brough won the singles titles. Budge Patty defeated Frank Sedgman, 6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3 Louise Brough",
"title": "1950 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "19236371",
"text": "were Joe Davis, Fred Davis, Walter Donaldson, Horace Lindrum and Sidney Smith. Each match lasted six days and was the best of 70 frames. Three points were available for each match, one for winner of the match, one for leader after the first 35 frames and one for the winner over the last 35 frames. Each player was given a handicap at the start of the tournament. The handicaps were: Joe Davis, Fred Davis and Donaldson: 0, Smith: 21 and Lindrum: 23. The player with the higher handicap received a start in each frame, being the difference between the two",
"title": "1950 Sporting Record Masters' Snooker Tournament"
},
{
"id": "8934895",
"text": "marriage, two sons from his second and seven grandchildren. Both of his marriages had ended in divorce. <br> Jim Fuchs James Emanuel Fuchs (pronounced ; December 6, 1927 – October 8, 2010) was an American athlete who competed in the discus throw and shot put. He developed a new shot-putting technique to compensate for a leg injury, and then used what he called \"the sideways glide\" to set world records and dominate the sport over a two-year span in the early 1950s. He won bronze medals in shot put at both the 1948 Summer Olympics in London and the 1952",
"title": "Jim Fuchs"
},
{
"id": "6624677",
"text": "web be placed between the first finger and the thumb in order to create a pocket. This design soon became the standard for baseball gloves. Doak patented his design and sold it to Rawlings. His design became the precursor to modern gloves, and enabled Rawlings to become the preferred glove of professional players. In 1955 Spalding bought Rawlings, and began using it to manufacture baseballs. In 1957 the company introduced the Gold Glove award, which became the major award for baseball. It also sponsors the Minor League Baseball (MiLB) \"Rawlings Woman Executive of the Year\" award. 13 years after acquiring",
"title": "Rawlings (company)"
},
{
"id": "360344",
"text": "In the 1950s and 1960s, modern rules were standardized, with taekwondo becoming an official Olympic sport in 2000. Other Korean martial arts include taekkyeon, hapkido, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sool Won, kumdo and subak. Football and baseball have traditionally been regarded as the most popular sports in Korea. Recent polling indicates that a majority, 41% of South Korean sports fans continue to self-identify as football fans, with baseball ranked 2nd at 25% of respondents. However, the polling did not indicate the extent to which respondents follow both sports. The national football team became the first team in the Asian Football",
"title": "South Korea"
},
{
"id": "18425430",
"text": "The Boat Race 1950 The 96th Boat Race took place on 1 April 1950. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The Cambridge crew contained three Olympic silver medallists from the 1948 Summer Olympics; six of their crew rowed for Lady Margaret Boat Club. In a race umpired by the Olympic medallist and former Cantabrigian rower Kenneth Payne, Cambridge won by three-and-a-half lengths in a time of 20 minutes 15 seconds, taking the overall record in the event to 52–43 in their favour. The",
"title": "The Boat Race 1950"
},
{
"id": "3556970",
"text": "pageant was conceived in 1950 when Yolande Betbeze, winner of the rival Miss America pageant, refused to pose for publicity pictures while wearing a swimsuit. Pageant sponsor Catalina decided to pull their sponsorship off the pageant and create their own competition. Other owners have included a subsidiary of Gulf+Western Industries, ITT Corporation, and Donald Trump. The first Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were held concurrently in Long Beach, California in 1952; the first Miss USA winner was Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery. There were thirty delegates in the first year of competition, and many states did not compete",
"title": "Miss USA"
},
{
"id": "11929765",
"text": "who won six of his seven matches. Going into his last match Albert Brown had seemed the likely winner but he lost the match and eventually finished in third place behind Sidney Smith. The 1959 tournament was played under the snooker plus format, a variant with two additional (orange and purple), allowing a maximum break of 210. which was introduced to the public by Joe Davis on 26 October at the Burroughes Hall in London. Source: News of the World Snooker Tournament The News of the World Snooker Tournament was one of the leading professional tournaments of the 1950s and",
"title": "News of the World Snooker Tournament"
},
{
"id": "3091286",
"text": "The UK Chapter of The Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) is named the Bobby Thomson Chapter. The Curtis High School Field in Staten Island was renamed Bobby Thomson Field in 2007. Bobby Thomson Robert Brown Thomson (October 25, 1923 – August 16, 2010) was a Scottish-born American professional baseball player nicknamed \"The Staten Island Scot\". He was an outfielder and right-handed batter for the New York Giants (1946–53, 1957), Milwaukee Braves (1954–57), Chicago Cubs (1958–59), Boston Red Sox (1960), and Baltimore Orioles (1960). His pennant-winning three-run home run for the Giants in 1951 is popularly known as the \"Shot",
"title": "Bobby Thomson"
},
{
"id": "3091274",
"text": "Bobby Thomson Robert Brown Thomson (October 25, 1923 – August 16, 2010) was a Scottish-born American professional baseball player nicknamed \"The Staten Island Scot\". He was an outfielder and right-handed batter for the New York Giants (1946–53, 1957), Milwaukee Braves (1954–57), Chicago Cubs (1958–59), Boston Red Sox (1960), and Baltimore Orioles (1960). His pennant-winning three-run home run for the Giants in 1951 is popularly known as the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\" and is one of the most famous moments in baseball history. It overshadowed his other accomplishments, including eight 20-home run seasons and three All Star selections. \"It was",
"title": "Bobby Thomson"
},
{
"id": "17829792",
"text": "two of the most entertaining bodybuilders in the United States. Their influence began to wane during the 1950s though as other competitors came on the scene. The United States was one of the two founding members of the International Federation of Bodybuilders, which was created by Ben and Joe Weider in 1946. A Mr. Hawaii competition was being held in 1950. A Mr. America contest was being held by 1953. By 1955, there was a national magazine for the sport. The golden era of bodybuilding on the United States's west coast took place in the 1960s and 1970s, with much",
"title": "Bodybuilding in the United States"
},
{
"id": "69591",
"text": "9, 1950. It was the sixth transuranium element to be discovered; the team announced its discovery on March 17, 1950. To produce californium, a microgram-sized target of curium-242 () was bombarded with 35 MeV-alpha particles () in the cyclotron at Berkeley, which produced californium-245 () plus one free neutron (). Only about 5,000 atoms of californium were produced in this experiment, and these atoms had a half-life of 44 minutes. The discoverers named the new element after the university and the state. This was a break from the convention used for elements 95 to 97, which drew inspiration from how",
"title": "Californium"
},
{
"id": "368662",
"text": "became one of the dominant teams (finishing second both in the number of gold and overall medals won). Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state-sponsored \"full-time amateur athlete\". The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis, hence violating amateur rules. Finland made a legend of an amiable Czechoslovak army lieutenant named Emil Zátopek, who was intent on improving on his single gold and silver medals from 1948. Having first",
"title": "Summer Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "8425190",
"text": "one of the greatest pool players in the history of the game. The Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society is the oldest figure skating club in the United States, and was one of the clubs that founded U.S. Figure Skating. Philadelphia bid to host the 1920, 1948, 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics but lost to Antwerp, London, Helsinki, and Melbourne respectively. As part of the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, Philadelphia hosted the Liberty Bell Classic. Philadelphia has expressed interest in hosting other Olympic Games, including the 2024 Summer Olympics. Many Philadelphians have competed in the Olympics. Many high school teams",
"title": "Sports in Philadelphia"
},
{
"id": "363515",
"text": "the Billiards Association and Control Club (BA&CC) and a new, standard set of rules for snooker first became official. The game of snooker grew in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, and by 1927 the first World Snooker Championship had been organised by Joe Davis who, as a professional English billiards and snooker player, moved the game from a pastime activity into a more professional sphere. Davis won every world championship until 1946 when he retired. The game went into a decline through the 1950s and 1960s with little interest generated outside of those",
"title": "Snooker"
},
{
"id": "16674786",
"text": "Fencing Gymnastics Judo Rowing Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Athletics Badminton Cycling Fencing Gymnastics Rowing Shooting Swimming Tennis Triathlon Weightlifting Athletics Badminton Boxing Cycling Diving Fencing Gymnastics Sailing Shooting Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics Cycling Equestrian Gymnastics Sailing Shooting Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics Cycling Diving Equestrian Gymnastics Sailing Synchronized swimming Table tennis Triathlon Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics Canoeing Equestrian Sailing Table tennis Taekwondo Volleyball Wrestling Athletics Boxing Canoeing Diving Equestrian Football Swimming Taekwondo Volleyball Water polo Wrestling Athletics Cycling Field hockey Football Sailing Swimming Synchronized swimming Taekwondo Wrestling Athletics Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Field hockey Football Gymnastics Handball Modern pentathlon Sailing Taekwondo Volleyball Wrestling",
"title": "Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "4834089",
"text": "Woodchopping Woodchopping (also spelled wood-chopping or wood chopping), called woodchop for short, is a sport that has been around for hundreds of years in several cultures. In woodchopping competitions, skilled contestants attempt to be the first to cut or saw through a log or other block of wood. It is often held at state fairs and agricultural shows. Participants (especially men) are often referred to as axemen. The modern sport of woodchopping is said to have had its genesis in 1870 in Ulverstone, Tasmania, as the result of a £25 ($50) bet between two axemen as to who could first",
"title": "Woodchopping"
},
{
"id": "6806083",
"text": "George the time and solitude necessary that a great artist needs in order to perfect his craft.\" Balabushka was an avid billiards player, especially of the game of straight pool, taking part in competitions and spending time with well-known practitioners of the sport. In 1959, he purchased a Brooklyn-based pool hall with partner, Frank McGown, which was located at 50th Street and 5th Avenue. While running the room, he began repairing cues as a hobby, and soon the idea was sparked to design and manufacture his own line of pool cues. By the end of 1959, Balabushka had made a",
"title": "George Balabushka"
},
{
"id": "5336000",
"text": "for better maneuverability. High performance skis weigh and are custom made, using epoxy resin and EPS foam, which makes the waveski light and strong. The sport provides fun and exercise for beginners through to advanced riders. A waveski is not to be confused with a surf ski. Waveskis are designed for surfing ocean waves and surf skis are designed for racing in open water, as seen in Magnum P.I., the Tom Selleck TV series. Waveski Waveskis (also known as \"Sit on top surf kayaks, or SOTs) are a type of surf kayak that allows the rider to 'sit on top'",
"title": "Waveski"
},
{
"id": "14698875",
"text": "over the past 70 years. 3. \"National Cheerleaders Assocation\" Dallas NewS. Retrieved March 2018 National Cheerleaders Association The National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) was established as a way to bring cheerleaders together to learn new skills. From 1949 on the NCA held summer camps, and is credited with the invention of the herkie jump, the pom pom and being the first uniform manufacturer. The NCA was founded in 1948 by the \"Grandfather\" of cheerleading, Lawrence \"Herkie\" Herkimer, a former cheerleader at SMU. The NCA is the first organization to hold cheer camps with the purpose of bringing cheerleaders together to learn",
"title": "National Cheerleaders Association"
},
{
"id": "2062950",
"text": "rebreathers by Italian sport spearfishers during the 1930s. This practice came to the attention of the Italian Navy, which developed its frogman unit, which affected World War II. By 1940 small groups of people in California, USA had been spearfishing for less than 10 years. Most used imported gear from Europe, while innovators Charlie Sturgill, Jack Prodanovich, and Wally Potts invented and built innovative equipment for California divers. During the 1960s, attempts to have spearfishing recognised as an Olympic sport were unsuccessful. Instead, two organisations, the International Underwater Spearfishing Association (IUSA) and the International Bluewater Spearfishing Records Committee (IBSRC), list",
"title": "Spearfishing"
},
{
"id": "8902315",
"text": "Joseph Park Babcock Joseph Park Babcock (1893 – 1949), American popularizer of Mahjong, was born in Lafayette, Indiana. After graduating from Purdue University with a degree in Civil Engineering, he worked for the Standard Oil Company. In 1912 he was sent to Soochow, China, as a representative of Standard Oil. There he and his wife enjoyed playing the Chinese tile game. He created a simplified version of Mahjong with a goal of introducing the game to America. He trademarked the spelling \"Mah-Jongg\" which he apparently coined. His \"Rules of Mah-Jongg\", or the red book, (1920) was used as a rule",
"title": "Joseph Park Babcock"
},
{
"id": "3110468",
"text": "Maximum break In snooker, under normal circumstances, the maximum break is 147, also known as a maximum, a 147, or orally, a one-four-seven. This score is attained by potting all 15 with 15 for 120 points, followed by all six for a further 27 points, all in a single break i.e. without any misses. Joe Davis made the first officially recognized maximum break in a 1955 exhibition match in London. In 1982, Steve Davis achieved the first recognised maximum in professional competition, which was also the first maximum to occur during a televised match. The following year, Cliff Thorburn became",
"title": "Maximum break"
},
{
"id": "300204",
"text": "began to grow again on both sides of the Atlantic in the 1950s and 1960s. The sport entered the modern era in the 1960s, with notable names like Jim Wynn, Don Aronow, and Dick Bertram competing in events such as the Bahamas race. During that time, the 'navigator' position in the raceboat was extremely important (unlike in today's small, track-like circuits), as finding small checkpoints over a hundred-mile open ocean run was a difficult endeavor. The list of modern world champions extended into the 1980s, when the sport entered the catamaran, and then the 'superboat' era - the 1000 cubic",
"title": "Offshore powerboat racing"
},
{
"id": "2164174",
"text": "rules officially prohibited racial or ethnic discrimination, players qualified for the Nationals by accumulating points at sanctioned tournaments, most of which were held at white-only clubs. In 1950, in response to intense lobbying by ATA officials and retired champion Alice Marble—who published a scathing open letter in the magazine \"American Lawn Tennis\"—Gibson became the first Black player to receive an invitation to the Nationals, where she made her Forest Hills debut on her 23rd birthday. Although she lost narrowly in the second round in a rain-delayed, three-set match to Louise Brough, the reigning Wimbledon champion and former US National winner,",
"title": "Althea Gibson"
},
{
"id": "16874770",
"text": "Leander Paes Leander Adrian Paes ( ; born 17 June 1973) is an Indian professional tennis player who is considered to be one of the best doubles and mixed doubles players of all time, having achieved a career Grand Slam in each discipline. He has won eight doubles and ten mixed doubles Grand Slam titles. He holds a career Grand Slam in men's doubles and mixed doubles, and achieved the rare men's doubles/mixed doubles double at the 1999 Wimbledon tournament. His mixed doubles Wimbledon title in 2010 made him the second man (after Rod Laver) to win Wimbledon titles in",
"title": "Leander Paes"
},
{
"id": "16785698",
"text": "Crew cuts gradually declined in popularity by the end of the decade; by the mid-1960s, long hair for men had become fashionable. Black male entertainers chose to wear their hair in short and unstraightened styles. In southeast Asia, a variation of the quiff that was popular was the \"curry puff\", styled by a bob of wavy hair just above the forehead. \"Geek chic\" was a fashion trend for intellectual types, with a bouffant or greased-back hair and black glasses, exhibited by the likes of Buddy Holly and Bill Evans. In the 1950s, a surfing hairstyle for men was popularized by",
"title": "Hairstyles in the 1950s"
},
{
"id": "1947880",
"text": "that of playing cards. Topps owner and founder Sy Berger created the first true modern baseball card set, complete with playing record and statistics, the following year in the form of 1952 Topps Baseball. This is one of the most popular sets of all time, due in large part to the fact that it contained Mickey Mantle's rookie card. Topps purchased their chief competitor, Bowman Gum, in 1956. Topps was the leader in the trading card industry from 1956 to 1980, not only in sports cards but in entertainment cards as well. Many of the top selling non-sports cards were",
"title": "Trading card"
},
{
"id": "3680450",
"text": "athlete tried but failed to break it off the ground.\". Other notable names in this genre were Louis Cyr, Joseph Greenstein, and Louis Uni (Apollon) who was famously able to knockout a horse with a single punch - an event popular in this era. \"See also Powerlifting\" In the 20th century, strength sports began to be codified into weightlifting, powerlifting and the like. However, feats of strength akin to the circus performances continued to have their place. In 1957 the Olympic gold medal winner, Paul Anderson backlifted 6,270 pounds as a one-off feat. David Prowse was initially famous in 1964",
"title": "Strength athletics"
},
{
"id": "4871281",
"text": "membership of the World Golf Hall of Fame in the Lifetime Achievement category in June 2006 and was inducted in October 2006. In 1973 she became the first woman to work on a men's golf television broadcast. LPGA majors are shown in bold. In an 18-hole playoff, Smith 72, Wright 73 Marilynn Smith Marilynn Smith (born April 13, 1929) is an American former professional golfer. She was one of the thirteen founders of the LPGA in 1950. She won two major championships and 21 LPGA Tour events in all. She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.",
"title": "Marilynn Smith"
},
{
"id": "2976813",
"text": "darts, basketball, mixed martial arts and cage fighting have made regular appearances on the calendar. During the 1948 Summer Olympics, the venue hosted the Olympic boxing, Olympic diving, Olympic swimming, and Olympic water polo events. The Horse of the Year Show was held there from 1959–2002. It hosted the final of the Whyte and Mackay Premier League Darts 2009. Whyte and Mackay Premier League Darts also hosted the playoff finals in 2010 at Wembley Arena, when Phil Taylor hit two nine-dart-finishes in the final and became the first player to achieve two nine-darters in one match. The 888.com 2011 Premier",
"title": "Wembley Arena"
},
{
"id": "3367539",
"text": "was a 5'11\" (1.80 m) right-hander who played the serve-and-volley game that had just been popularised by Jack Kramer. He was one of a number of Australian players who used the Continental grip in which the racquet is held the same way for both the forehand and the backhand. He was particularly known for his volleying and speed at the net. When asked in 2005 who was the best player he had ever faced, Mervyn Rose replied, \"Hopman's pet, Sedgie.\" In late 1951, Sedgman was tempted to turn professional for 1952. Harry Hopman, however, led a fund-raising drive via his",
"title": "Frank Sedgman"
},
{
"id": "5796454",
"text": "a weapon themselves—was itself an immoral and unwise act. Still others, such as Oppenheimer, simply thought that the existing stockpile of fissile material was better spent in attempting to develop a large arsenal of tactical atomic weapons rather than potentially squandered on the development of a few massive \"Supers\". When the Soviet Union exploded their own atomic bomb (dubbed \"Joe 1\" by the U.S.) in 1949, it caught Western analysts off guard, and in early 1950 President Harry S. Truman ordered a program to develop a hydrogen bomb. Many scientists returned to Los Alamos to work on the \"Super\" program,",
"title": "History of the Teller–Ulam design"
},
{
"id": "11302595",
"text": "1960, such as the Salcombe yawl which was later built in plastic as the Devon yawl. Later more widespread dinghy designs became more popular, such as the \"Enterprise\" introduced in 1960. In the late 19th and early part of the 20th century great yachts such as the J-class were built, including \"Shamrock V\" constructed to attempt to win the America's Cup which originated in 1851. Cowes Week has been held since 1826 and includes a race around the Isle of Wight. The Fastnet race was first sailed in 1925. The first single-handed circumnavigation by a Briton was by John Gusswell",
"title": "Maritime history of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "636979",
"text": "is appropriate for one's skill level. The four different ball types are Intro (Blue dot, 140% of Pro bounce), Progress (Red dot, 120% of Pro bounce), Competition (single yellow dot, 110% of Pro bounce) and Pro (double yellow dot). The \"double-yellow dot\" ball, introduced in 2000, is the competition standard, replacing the earlier \"yellow-dot\" ball. There is also an \"orange dot\" ball for use at high altitudes. Players wear comfortable sports clothing. In competition, men usually wear shorts and a T-shirt, tank top or a polo shirt. Women normally wear a skirt or skort and a T-shirt or a tank",
"title": "Squash (sport)"
},
{
"id": "18132333",
"text": "Dubrovnik being first documented in 1422. The Olympiad had 84 chess players representing 16 nations who played a total of 480 games. The Yugoslav team won the gold medal, Argentina silver and West Germany bronze. In 1949 the Olympiad management requisitioned a new style of chessmen. Painter and sculptor P. Poček was contracted to design the Olympiad chessmen. The pieces were made in an unknown workshop in Subotica, Yugoslavia. The 1950 Dubrovnik chess set was designed without religious symbols. The pieces were sensibly designed for play with wide bases requiring a minimum of 55 millimetre chessboard squares. They had green",
"title": "Dubrovnik chess set"
},
{
"id": "12190739",
"text": "but instead surface for air every 30 seconds. Underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test the competitors’ competency in underwater navigation. The competition is principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The sport was developed in the USSR during the late 1950s",
"title": "Underwater sports"
},
{
"id": "411641",
"text": "Taekwondo Taekwondo (Korean , , ) is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. Taekwondo was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate, Chinese martial arts, and indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as Taekkyeon, Subak, and Gwonbeop. The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for taekwondo",
"title": "Taekwondo"
},
{
"id": "8934886",
"text": "Jim Fuchs James Emanuel Fuchs (pronounced ; December 6, 1927 – October 8, 2010) was an American athlete who competed in the discus throw and shot put. He developed a new shot-putting technique to compensate for a leg injury, and then used what he called \"the sideways glide\" to set world records and dominate the sport over a two-year span in the early 1950s. He won bronze medals in shot put at both the 1948 Summer Olympics in London and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Fuchs was born in Chicago, Illinois, where he starred in football at Hyde Park",
"title": "Jim Fuchs"
},
{
"id": "2335009",
"text": "field was the manufacture of chewing gum, selected after going into the produce business was considered and rejected. At the time, chewing gum was still a relative novelty sold in individual pieces. Topps’ most successful early product was Bazooka bubble gum, which was packaged with a small comic on the wrapper. Starting in 1950, the company decided to try increasing gum sales by packaging them together with trading cards featuring Western character Hopalong Cassidy (William Boyd); at the time Boyd, as one of the biggest stars of early television, was featured in newspaper articles and on magazine covers, along with",
"title": "Topps"
},
{
"id": "3906933",
"text": "event to be televised on British TV. Following World War II, cinders were laid on the track of what was by then known as \"Brands Hatch Stadium\" and motorcycle racing continued. That was until 1950 when the 500 Club managed to persuade Joe Francis, that the future for his stadium lay in car and motorcycle road racing. The group behind 500 c.c. single-seater racing cars was the 500 Club and it, together with the owners, invested the sum of £17,000 on a tarmac surface. Thus Brands Hatch was born as a motor racing venue, and on 16 April 1950, the",
"title": "Brands Hatch"
},
{
"id": "5992271",
"text": "Surf culture Surf culture includes the people, language, fashion, and lifestyle surrounding the sport of surfing. The history of surfing began with the ancient Polynesians. That initial culture directly influenced modern surfing, which began to flourish and evolve in the early 20th century, with its popularity spiking during the 1950s and 1960s (principally in Hawaii, Australia, and California). It has affected music, fashion, literature, film, art, and youth jargon in popular culture. The number of surfers throughout the world continues to increase as the culture spreads. Surfers' desire for the best possible waves to ride make them dependent on conditions",
"title": "Surf culture"
},
{
"id": "3110470",
"text": "are possible if there is a before any of the reds have been potted, though this situation is itself extremely unusual. Only one break of over 147 has occurred in professional competition, when Jamie Burnett made a break of 148 in the qualifying stages of the 2004 UK Championship. Joe Davis compiled the first officially recognised maximum break on 22 January 1955, in a match against Willie Smith at Leicester Square Hall, London. The Billiards Association and Control Council initially refused to accept the break since the match was not played under their rules. At the time the professionals played",
"title": "Maximum break"
},
{
"id": "8907550",
"text": "of surf competition as some form of race (commonly starting from shore, paddling to a buoy, then catching a wave back to shore). In 1961 the United States Surfing Association (USSA) was founded, arguably the first proto-professional surfing contest organization. This was also about the time when surfing switched from basic action: simply riding a good wave, to a more style oriented endeavor where turns, tricks, and artistry began to become important. Becoming even more important than catching the best wave and staying on it for the longest possible time, which had previously been the primary goal, and seemed self-evident",
"title": "History of surfing"
},
{
"id": "1280292",
"text": "annual fixture moving to other grounds (Murrayfield Stadium, Millennium Stadium and Twickenham) before returning to the new Wembley upon its completion in 2007. Wembley was the main venue for the 1948 Summer Olympics, with Fanny Blankers-Koen and Emil Zátopek among the notable winners in athletics. The Stadium also hosted the semifinals and finals of the Olympic hockey and football tournaments, the Prix des Nations event in the equestrian competition, and a demonstration match of lacrosse. Motorcycle speedway first took place at Wembley in 1929, and operated until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, a few days before the",
"title": "Wembley Stadium (1923)"
},
{
"id": "4190286",
"text": "firms in the British motor industry. At about the time the group owned the Clinton Engine Corporation of Maquoketa, Iowa, USA. Clinton were world famous for their engines used in lawnmowers and chainsaws. At this time many were supplied for use in portable generators, paint sprayers etc. During the late 1950s the British public was becoming aware of the craze sweeping teenage America – karting (or go-karting). The sport arrived in Britain with US servicemen bringing outfits over and even making their own. At first, the most popular engine was the 2.5 hp 95 cc Clinton engine – being both",
"title": "Trojan (automobile)"
},
{
"id": "9364811",
"text": "Pitching pennies Pitching pennies, or in Britain \"Pap\", \"Penny Up\", \"Keeley (Scotland)\", \"Nippy (Wales)\", \"Pitch and Toss\" (or its corruption \"Pigeon Toss\"), Chucks, or \"Jingies\" is a game played with coins. Players take turns to throw a coin at a wall, from some distance away, and the coin which lands closest to the wall is the winner Any number of players line up a fixed distance away from a wall. The players each take a coin of common denomination and take turns throwing them towards the wall. The objective is to throw the coins such that they land as close",
"title": "Pitching pennies"
},
{
"id": "7349269",
"text": "the 1956 Games, Connolly began a relationship with Czech discus thrower Olga Fikotova, a fellow gold medal winner. They married after the Olympics, the following year in Prague—in three ceremonies there, with a celebration before 40,000 well-wishers. The best man at their wedding ceremony was Czech runner Emil Zátopek. They were divorced in 1975, and the following year, he married Pat Winslow, a former coach of track star Evelyn Ashford and herself a three-time Olympian in the 800 meters and pentathlon. A son from his first marriage, Jim Connolly, was the NCAA decathlon champion for U.C.L.A. in 1987; Adam Connolly,",
"title": "Hal Connolly"
},
{
"id": "8240635",
"text": "that they are for a bowling machine. This would be very easy to get around with a competing manikin based Skee Ball or golf machine. In December 1948, H. C. Evans purchased the complete phonography inventory of Mills Novelty Company of Chicago, a manufacturer of jukeboxes - including a model named the \"Constellation\" (model number 951). Mills had become financially troubled by January 1948. In 1949, H. C. Evans launched its first jukebox, also named the \"Constellation\" (model number 135). This was followed by the \"Jubilee\" (in 1952, model numbers 245 and 278), the \"Century\" (in 1953, model number 2045),",
"title": "H. C. Evans"
},
{
"id": "1762759",
"text": "was linked with sports events as early as 1903 when the golfing tournament The News of the World Match Play Championship began (now under British PGA auspices). The News of the World Darts Championship existed from 1927 on a regional basis and became a national tournament from 1947 to 1990. There was also a News of the World Championship in snooker from 1950 to 1959 which eclipsed the official professionals' competition for a number of years. In athletics, the Emsley Carr Mile race was started in 1953 in memory of the former editor, and is still run annually. The paper's",
"title": "News of the World"
},
{
"id": "15178135",
"text": "Golden in 1947 under the brand Magna paint. 1947 Magnetic particle clutch A magnetic particle clutch is a special type of electromagnetic clutch which does not use friction plates. Instead, it uses a fine powder of magnetically susceptible material (typically stainless steel) to mechanically link an otherwise free wheeling disc attached to one shaft, to a rotor attached to the other shaft. The magnetic particle clutch was invented in 1947 by Ukrainian-American Jacob Rabinow. 1948 Windsurfing Windsurfing, or sailboarding, is a surface water sport using a windsurf board, also commonly called a sailboard, usually two to five meters long and",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)"
},
{
"id": "14698871",
"text": "National Cheerleaders Association The National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) was established as a way to bring cheerleaders together to learn new skills. From 1949 on the NCA held summer camps, and is credited with the invention of the herkie jump, the pom pom and being the first uniform manufacturer. The NCA was founded in 1948 by the \"Grandfather\" of cheerleading, Lawrence \"Herkie\" Herkimer, a former cheerleader at SMU. The NCA is the first organization to hold cheer camps with the purpose of bringing cheerleaders together to learn new skills under qualified instructors. The first camp was held in 1949 at Sam",
"title": "National Cheerleaders Association"
},
{
"id": "2402999",
"text": "influencing the rules of Canadian football. World-wide, the British influence certainly includes many different football codes, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and other sports. The major impetus for this was the patenting of the world's first lawnmower in 1830. This allowed for the preparation of modern ovals, playing fields, pitches, grass courts, etc. The 21st century has seen a move towards adventure sports as a form of individual escapism, transcending the routines of life. Examples include white water rafting, paragliding, canyoning, base jumping and more genteelly, orienteering. Most sports in the United States evolved out of European practices. However basketball, volleyball,",
"title": "History of sport"
},
{
"id": "17834415",
"text": "Paracanoe at the Summer Paralympics Paracanoe debuted at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro. A meeting of the International Paralympic Committee in Guangzhou, China in 2010 decided to add paracanoe to the roster of the Summer Paralympic Games. Paracanoe is a variant of canoeing for athletes with a variety of physical disabilities. The sport is governed by the International Canoe Federation (ICF). Competition at the Summer Paralympic Games consists of sprint races over a 200m straight line course. Eight different events are held. Only single kayaks (K1) are used by men and women. There are three different classes",
"title": "Paracanoe at the Summer Paralympics"
},
{
"id": "3724984",
"text": "400 metre hurdles from 1949 to 1952. At Cornell, Moore pioneered taking 13 steps between hurdles in the grueling 400-metre hurdle event, where 15 steps had been the practice prior to the 1950s. While its official use in a race is also attributed to Russian Yuriy Lituyev, many were experimenting with this as part of training. Today, 13 steps is considered standard. On July 21, 1952 at the XV Olympiad in Helsinki, Finland, Moore won a gold medal and set the Olympic record in the 400 metre hurdles. He also ran the third leg for the US team's 4x400 metre",
"title": "Charles Moore (athlete)"
},
{
"id": "8432192",
"text": "Sports in Brooklyn Brooklyn has an active sports scene that spans over a hundred years. The borough is home of the Barclays Center and the National Basketball Association's Brooklyn Nets as well as the National Hockey League's New York Islanders, and for many decades the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers of Major League Baseball before they moved to Los Angeles in 1957. Brooklyn has also been a breeding place for many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno (Penn State), Joe Pepitone (MLB), Joe Torre (MLB), Al \"Bummy\" Davis (boxing), Larry Brown (NBA), Michael Jordan (NBA), Mike Tyson (boxing), Paul",
"title": "Sports in Brooklyn"
},
{
"id": "5539800",
"text": "\"Outer Queens\" near Waikiki, Hawaii. One of the first commercial surfboard manufacturers, Dale Vezy is credited as being the first to get to the nose to hang five and hang ten in the early 50s. Noseriding is widely considered the origin of \"Extreme\" surfing and had become such a popular trick by the late 50s that Surfer Magazine publisher John Severson devoted a regular feature, called \"Toes on the Nose\", starting with his debut issue of Surfer in 1960. Noseriding defined the surfers of the 50’s led by Rabbit Kakai, then Matt Kivlin and Joe Quigg. Then came the champion",
"title": "Nose ride"
},
{
"id": "3965657",
"text": "1950 British Grand Prix The 1950 British Grand Prix, formally known as The Royal Automobile Club Grand Prix d'Europe Incorporating The British Grand Prix, was a Formula One motor race held on 13 May 1950 at the Silverstone Circuit in Silverstone, England. It was the first World Championship Formula One race in the modern era, as well as the fifth British Grand Prix, and the third to be held at Silverstone after motor racing resumed after World War II. It was the first race of seven in the 1950 World Championship of Drivers. The 70-lap race was won by Giuseppe",
"title": "1950 British Grand Prix"
},
{
"id": "1947879",
"text": "to put baseball cards in bubble gum. The 1933 Goudey set remains one of the most popular and affordable vintage sets to this day. Bowman Gum of Philadelphia issued its first baseball cards in 1948. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., now known as The Topps Company, Inc., started inserting trading cards into bubble gum packs in 1950 — with such topics as TV and film cowboy Hopalong Cassidy; \"Bring 'Em Back Alive\" cards featuring Frank Buck on big game hunts in Africa; and All-American football cards. Topps produced its first baseball trading card set in 1951, with the resulting design resembling",
"title": "Trading card"
},
{
"id": "3497201",
"text": "weapons was broken by the Soviet Union in 1949 when it tested its first nuclear explosive (Joe-1), and with this many in the US government and public perceived that the nation was more vulnerable than it had ever been before. Duck-and-cover exercises quickly became a part of Civil Defense drills that every American citizen, from children to the elderly, practiced to be ready in the event of nuclear war. In 1950, during the first big Civil Defense push of the Cold War and coinciding with the \"Alert America!\" initiative to educate Americans on nuclear preparedness; The adult-orientated Survival Under Atomic",
"title": "Duck and Cover (film)"
},
{
"id": "9799346",
"text": "Marion Ladewig Marion Ladewig (née Van Oosten; October 30, 1914 – April 16, 2010) was an American ten-pin bowler. She was named Female Bowler of the Year by the Bowling Writers Association of America a record nine times between 1950 and 1963 (1950–54, 57–59, 63). A Grand Rapids, MI native, Ladewig is the only woman to win WIBC City, State, and National All-Events titles in the same year (1951). In 1964 Ladewig became the first Superior Performance inductee into the Women's International Bowling Congress Hall of Fame, and in 1984 became the first woman bowler inducted into the Women’s Sports",
"title": "Marion Ladewig"
},
{
"id": "15796982",
"text": "Brazil and South Korea won their first gold medal in the discipline in the history of the Summer Olympic Games, at these games Yevgeniya Kanayeva of Russia marked history by becoming the first back-to-back Olympic champion at the individual all-around in rhythmic gymnastics. Qualification was based on the results of the 2011 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships held in Montpellier, France, from 19–25 September; the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Tokyo, Japan, from 7–16 October; the 2011 Trampoline World Championships in Birmingham, United Kingdom, from 17–20 November; and Olympic test events held in January 2012 at the North Greenwich Arena.",
"title": "Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "8934889",
"text": "Union national outdoor titles the same years and was the AAU indoor champion for three consecutive years, from 1950 through 1952. In 1949 and 1950 he won 88 consecutive meets and set four world records, reaching his peak in a period that came between Olympic games. Fuchs set his first record at in June 1949 in Oslo, Norway. He extended it to 58-5½ (17.82m) on April 29, 1950, in Los Angeles at a triangular track and field competition between Yale, Michigan State University and the University of Southern California; to 58-8¾ (17.90m) on August 20, 1950, at Visby, Sweden; and",
"title": "Jim Fuchs"
},
{
"id": "8069820",
"text": "in conjunction with Charlie O'Neil and Don Hopkins, was made from .30-06 Springfield brass necked up to take the .333\" 250 and 300-grain bullets of the .333 Jeffery. There was also a .334 OKH, based on the shortened .300 H&H Magnum case. The .333 OKH, necked up slightly to take the more common .338\" sized bullets of the older .33 Winchester, led to the creation of the popular Wildcat cartridge the .338-06, also known as the 338 OKH, and was the inspiration for the 1958 commercial introduction of the .338 Winchester Magnum based on the larger belted .458 Winchester Magnum",
"title": "Elmer Keith"
},
{
"id": "8604158",
"text": "he was a lifelong smoker who only put aside the habit for the Olympics. Wood went on to win the national single scull championship a record seven straight times, winning in 1949, 1950, 1951 and 1952. At the 1950 British Empire Games he won the single scull and with compatriot Murray Riley the double scull. As the 1948 Olympic Champion, Wood was awarded the Philadelphia Challenge Cup as the best amateur sculler in the world, which Wood defended in 1950, defeating John B. Kelly Jr. and Antony Rowe in a match race in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Wood represented Australia in the",
"title": "Mervyn Wood"
},
{
"id": "464619",
"text": "Yachting Yachting refers to the use of recreational boats and ships called \"yachts\" for sporting purposes. Yachts are distinguished from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose. Both terms originate from the Dutch word \"jacht\" (\"hunt\"). With sailboats, it is called sailing, and with motorboats, it is called powerboating. The invention of sailing is prehistoric, but the racing of sailing boats is believed to have started in the Netherlands some time in the 17th century. Soon, in England, custom-built racing \"yachts\" began to emerge. In 1851, the Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes challenged the American yacht \"America\". The race took",
"title": "Yachting"
},
{
"id": "13587112",
"text": "Ruger Blackhawk single-action revolvers, with extremely intricate engraving and the legendary \"smooth\" action on the trigger hammer, early in the 1960s. There is film circulating of Bowman and Sammy Davis, Jr. practicing fast draw against each other on a film set in Nevada during the Rat Pack era of the late 1950s. Bowman also designed and created several pivoting, reinforced competition Western fast draw holsters that created a paradigm shift in competition fast draw, resulting in faster competitive draw times in the late 1950s and early 1960s competitions. Into his 80s, Bowman still designed boots, belts and holsters for his",
"title": "Joe Bowman (marksman)"
},
{
"id": "2093895",
"text": "are unknown it dates back at least to Tudor times. The races are traditionally competed by Gravesend Skiffs, oak-built clinker-built boats. The \"Thames Navigation Service\" was first thought up between 1950 and 1952 by Cdr Peter de Neumann GM RN, when he was captain of HMRC \"Vigilant\" (HM Customs & Excise) based at Gravesend Reach. [It is possible that \"Vigilant Way\" in Gravesend is named for her.] This idea followed on from considering such incidents as the accidental ramming of HMS \"Truculent\" by the \"Divina\" in 1950, the collision with the Nore Forts by \"Baalbek\", and the disastrous flooding of",
"title": "Gravesend"
},
{
"id": "12272588",
"text": "Daniel Bukantz Daniel B. Bukantz (December 4, 1917 – July 26, 2008) was an American Olympic fencing competitor and referee and also a dentist. He won the national singles championship in the foil in 1949, 1952, 1953 and 1957. He competed in the foil in Olympic games four consecutive times beginning in 1948, and was part of nine national championship teams for the Fencers Club of New York. He won the gold medal in the foil at the 1950 Maccabiah Games in Israel. He also competed in epee at times. He was a head referee at the 1984 Los Angeles",
"title": "Daniel Bukantz"
},
{
"id": "6034865",
"text": "when a joint award was made, the accolade has been presented to one individual each season. The award has been described by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) as \"prestigious\". Although not a firm rule, once a player has won the award, they are considered ineligible to receive it in the future. Archie Ledbrooke, a sports reporter for the \"Daily Mirror\" and the first treasurer of the Cricket Writers' Club, came up with the idea for the award. It was first presented in 1950, when Roy Tattersall of Lancashire was the recipient. In 1986, the vote was tied, and",
"title": "Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year"
},
{
"id": "11967660",
"text": "Baseball (card game) Baseball (or in some early editions, \"Batter-Up Baseball\") is a card game simulating the sport of baseball, played with special cards and a diagram of a baseball diamond. The game was created by Ed-u-Cards Manufacturing Corporation, New York. The deck consists of 36 cards representing a variety of base hits, (mostly singles, but only one home run), balks, stolen bases, a hit-by-pitcher, balls, strikes, and a variety of outs. A typical deck from the late 1950s or early 1960s consists of: Earlier decks omitted the balk, stolen base, and hit-by-pitcher, in favor of an additional ball, an",
"title": "Baseball (card game)"
},
{
"id": "1662081",
"text": "over the Model A), all three versions are still in widespread use. The television age of the 1950s also helped to increase the popularity of ten-pin bowling, as images of the sport began to enter the homes of millions across the United States. Nationally televised programs like \"Jackpot Bowling\" and \"Make That Spare\" became popular on Friday nights from the late 1950s into the early 1960s. Following many years of debate over what constituted a professional bowler versus an amateur, Eddie Elias founded the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) in 1958. The PBA's \"Pro Bowlers Tour\" became a permanent part of",
"title": "Ten-pin bowling"
},
{
"id": "18132332",
"text": "Dubrovnik chess set The Dubrovnik chess set has chess pieces of a particular type influenced by the Staunton chess set and used to play the game of chess. These chessmen are considered to have significant historical importance and are a timeless design classic. Over the decades the Dubrovnik chessmen were redesigned several times. The 9th Chess Olympiad was organized by the FIDE and the government of Yugoslavia, supported by Josip Broz Tito. The Olympiad was held in Dubrovnik, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia (now in Croatia) between August 20 and September 11, 1950. Chess is a significant part of the culture in",
"title": "Dubrovnik chess set"
},
{
"id": "6066319",
"text": "Paintball marker A paintball marker, also known as a paintball gun, paint gun, or marker, is the main piece of paintball equipment in the sport of paintball. Markers use an expanding gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO) or compressed air, to propel paintballs through the barrel and quickly strike a target. The term \"marker\" is derived from its original use as a means for forestry personnel to mark trees and ranchers to mark wandering cattle. The muzzle velocity of paintball markers is approximately . While greater muzzle velocity is possible, it has been ruled unsafe for use on most commercial",
"title": "Paintball marker"
},
{
"id": "3151293",
"text": "Fosbury Flop The Fosbury Flop is a style used in the athletics event of high jump. It was popularized and perfected by American athlete Dick Fosbury, whose gold medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics brought it to the world's attention. Over the next few years, the flop became the dominant style of the event and remains so today. Before Fosbury, most elite jumpers used the straddle technique, Western Roll, Eastern cut-off or even scissors jump to clear the bar. Given that landing surfaces had previously been sandpits or low piles of matting, high jumpers of earlier years had to land",
"title": "Fosbury Flop"
},
{
"id": "6838621",
"text": "Sports in the Philippines Sports in the Philippines is an important part of the country's culture. There are seven major sports in the Philippines: basketball, badminton, tennis and baseball , football, billiards, tennis and volleyball. Despite being a tropical nation, ice skating has recently become a popular sport in the Philippines. Sports such as athletics, weightlifting, aerobics, and martial arts are also popular recreations. Among other sports are baseball, bowling, swimming, taekwondo, wrestling, underwater diving, American football, kayaking, sailing, windsurfing, cockfighting, horse racing, cricket, rugby football, motor racing, sepak takraw, and jai alai are also appreciated. With the sport of",
"title": "Sports in the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "3463693",
"text": "magazine article about hermaphrodites, Brundage felt the need to clarify \"sex ambiguities\" after observing the performance of Czechoslovak runner and jumper Zdeňka Koubková and English shotputter and javelin thrower Mary Edith Louise Weston. Both individuals later had gender reassignment surgery and legally changed their names, to Zdeněk Koubek and Mark Weston, respectively. Sex verification tests began in 1950 with the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF), using physical examinations. The Dutch athlete Foekje Dillema was banned for Life in July 1950. The International Olympic Committee followed suit in 1968. Initially, women athletes \"were asked to parade nude before a panel",
"title": "Sex verification in sports"
},
{
"id": "17309720",
"text": "Underwater orienteering Underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test the competitors competency in underwater navigation. The competition is principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The sport was developed in the Soviet Union during the late 1950s and is currently played mainly",
"title": "Underwater orienteering"
},
{
"id": "15178147",
"text": "an object code. The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program. The first compiler written for the A-0 programming language is attributed to its inventor, Grace Hopper in 1949. 1949 Aerosol paint 1950 Artificial snowmaking Snowmaking is the artificial production of snow by forcing water and pressurized air through a \"snow gun\" or \"snow cannon\", on ski slopes. Snowmaking is mainly used at ski resorts to supplement natural snow. This allows ski resorts to improve the reliability of their snow cover and to extend their ski seasons. The costly production of snowmaking",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)"
},
{
"id": "3039930",
"text": "was law\"\". Steve Davis, who holds the record for most professional tournament wins and himself is generally regarded as the beginning of the modern game, has stated that if he could play against a player from the past, it would be Joe Davis, to \"\"find out how good he really was\"\". Joe Davis Joseph Davis, (15 April 1901 – 10 July 1978) was an English professional snooker and English billiards player. He was the dominant figure in snooker from the 1920s to the 1950s. He won the first 15 World Championships from 1927 to 1946. After his 1946 victory he",
"title": "Joe Davis"
},
{
"id": "459750",
"text": "included in the programme of the Olympic Games, for example badminton, beach volleyball, trampolining, rugby sevens, taekwondo, triathlon, and women's weightlifting. Other sports have been Olympic sports in the past (like tug of war). Some of the sports that are held at The World Games are acrobatic gymnastics, ultimate, orienteering, karate, powerlifting, finswimming, squash, korfball, billiards, water skiing, and dance sport. The sports that are included in The World Games are limited by the facilities available in the host city; no new facilities may be constructed for the games. Between 25 and 30 sports have been included in the official",
"title": "World Games"
},
{
"id": "16729243",
"text": "Auto polo Automobile polo or Auto polo was a motorsport invented in the United States with rules and equipment similar to equestrian polo but using automobiles instead of horses. The sport was popular at fairs, exhibitions and sports venues across the United States and several areas in Europe from 1911 until the late 1920s; but it was dangerous and carried the risk of injury and death to the participants and spectators, and expensive damage to vehicles. The official inventor of auto polo is purported to be Ralph \"Pappy\" Hankinson, a Ford automobile dealer from Topeka who devised the sport as",
"title": "Auto polo"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: YMCA context: the Auburn Y. Racquetball is another Y-invented sport. Joseph Sobek, a tennis, handball and squash player who worked in a rubber manufacturing factory, was dissatisfied with the options for indoor sports in Greenwich, Conn. He couldn't find squash players of his caliber and he didn't care particularly for handball, so in 1950 he designed a short, stringed racquet, used a children's toy rubber ball, and created rules for a new game using the handball courts. He called his new sport \"paddle rackets.\" The sport really took off in the 1970s and there are an estimated 15 million players worldwide today,\n\nWhat popular sport did Joe Sobek invent at the Greenwich, Connecticut, MCA in 1950?",
"compressed_tokens": 201,
"origin_tokens": 201,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Racquetball context: being out-of-bounds. Racquetball is very similar to 40×20 American handball, which is played in many countries. It is also very similar to the British sport Squash 57, which was called racketball before 2016 (see below for a comparison). Joe Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in the Greenwich, Connecticut, YMCA, though not with naming it. A professional tennis and American handball player, Sobek sought a fast-paced sport that was easy to learn and play. He designed the first strung paddle, devised a set of rules, based on those of squash, handball, and paddleball, and named his game\n\ntitle: YMCA context: Auburn. Racquetball is-invented sport. Sobek, a tennis, handball and squash player who worked in a rub manufacturing factory, dissatisfied with the options for indoor sports in Greenwich, Conn. He't find squash players of his caliber and he didn't care particularly for handball, so in 1950 designed short, stringed racquet, used a children's toy rubber ball, and created rules for new game using the handball. He his newpaddle rackets.\" The really took off in the 1970s and there an estimated 15 million players worldwide,\n\ntitleeline United States invent (19491) context court. Sob cred invent sport racquet Greenwich YM not with it. A professional player and handball player,ek soughtpac was easy to learn and play. the str paddle devised a set ofified hisp 6 realityVR) a technology allows user to interact with a computersimulated environment environments primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a screen through special or stereoscop but simulations:ball Rball is a sport played with aollowoor9,ed to increase and control, and badminton, there is no net to hit the ball over, and, unlike squash, no tin (out of bounds area at the bottom of front wall) to hit the ball above. Also, the court's walls, floor, and ceiling are legal playing surfaces, with the exception of court-specific designated hinders\n\nWhat popular sport did Joe Sobek invent at the Greenwich, Connecticut, MCA in 1950?",
"compressed_tokens": 507,
"origin_tokens": 14739,
"ratio": "29.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
116 | "What sports activity was originally known in England as ""plank-gliding""?" | [
"Waterskiing. The first recorded mention of the sport in England was in 1914"
] | Waterskiing. The first recorded mention of the sport in England was in 1914 | [
{
"id": "14396669",
"text": "St Edmunds seat in the General Election, standing for the socialist Common Wealth Party, but failed to get elected. England died in February 1976. Eric Gordon England Eric Cecil Gordon England (5 April 1891 – February 1976) AFRAeS, FIMT, was a British aviator, racing driver and engineer. E.C. Gordon England was one of the early pioneers of gliding, and his glider flight in 1909 is considered to be the birth of the sport of soaring. Gordon England was born in Argentina in 1891, the son of British parents George and Amy England. He emigrated to England at age ten, and",
"title": "Eric Gordon England"
},
{
"id": "6018892",
"text": "gliding happened in the UK for several years after until reports of long flights in thunderstorms in Germany appeared in \"The Aeroplane\" magazine. Douglas Culver suggested a lunch meeting at the Comedy Restaurant in London on 4 December 1929 for anybody who was interested. Fifty-six people attended and a committee was formed. Shortly after the BGA was founded to start the sport of gliding in the UK. Clubs were soon established throughout the country, many of which disappeared just as quickly, though some still remain today. Initially the BGA had individual members and funded some clubs, but it soon changed",
"title": "British Gliding Association"
},
{
"id": "14396663",
"text": "Eric Gordon England Eric Cecil Gordon England (5 April 1891 – February 1976) AFRAeS, FIMT, was a British aviator, racing driver and engineer. E.C. Gordon England was one of the early pioneers of gliding, and his glider flight in 1909 is considered to be the birth of the sport of soaring. Gordon England was born in Argentina in 1891, the son of British parents George and Amy England. He emigrated to England at age ten, and he was first educated at New College, Eastbourne; then from 1904 to 1906 at Framlingham College in Suffolk. He then started an engineering apprenticeship",
"title": "Eric Gordon England"
},
{
"id": "10840519",
"text": "of gliding parachutes. Although their use is mainly recreational, unmanned paragliders have also been built for military applications e.g. Atair Insect. The main application today of glider aircraft is sport and recreation. Gliders were developed from the 1920s for recreational purposes. As pilots began to understand how to use rising air, gliders were developed with a high lift-to-drag ratio. These allowed longer glides to the next source of 'lift', and so increase their chances of flying long distances. This gave rise to the popular sport known as gliding although the term can also be used to refer to merely descending",
"title": "Glider (aircraft)"
},
{
"id": "6024735",
"text": "London Gliding Club The London Gliding Club (LGC) is a members' club whose airfield is located at the foot of the Dunstable Downs. Many privately owned gliders are based there. It has the facilities to train pilots in powerless flight, and in the skills necessary to fly cross country using nature's sources of energy. Aerobatics and instructor training are also available. The LGC is open 364 days a year and is one of the largest and oldest Gliding Clubs in the United Kingdom. The club provides gliding courses, one day courses and trial lessons for members of the public. The",
"title": "London Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "6018891",
"text": "British Gliding Association The British Gliding Association (BGA) is the governing body for gliding in the United Kingdom. Gliding in the United Kingdom operates through 85 gliding clubs (both civilian and service) which have 2,310 gliders and 9,462 full flying members (including service personnel), though a further 17,000 people have gliding air-experience flights each year. A gliding event first occurred in the UK on a hill at Itford in East Sussex in 1922. The meeting was largely a publicity stunt by the \"Daily Mail\" newspaper which had offered a prize of one thousand pounds for the longest flight. However little",
"title": "British Gliding Association"
},
{
"id": "13021396",
"text": "Gliding Gliding is a recreational activity and competitive air sport in which pilots fly unpowered aircraft known as gliders or sailplanes using naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to remain airborne. The word \"soaring\" is also used for the sport. Gliding as a sport began in the 1920s. Initially the objective was to increase the duration of flights but soon pilots attempted cross-country flights away from the place of launch. Improvements in aerodynamics and in the understanding of weather phenomena have allowed greater distances at higher average speeds. Long distances are now flown using any of the",
"title": "Gliding"
},
{
"id": "4723524",
"text": "are invited to become members. The patron of the club is Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, and the President is The Duke of Kent. The Club was founded by six gentlemen at the offices of \"The Field\" on 23 July 1868 at the height of a croquet craze as the \"All England Croquet Club,\" and held its first croquet competition in 1870. Its original ground was situated off Worple Road, Wimbledon. Croquet was very popular there until the then-infant sport of lawn tennis (a game introduced by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so prior, and originally called \"Sphairistikè\") was",
"title": "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club"
},
{
"id": "6024741",
"text": "Gelder Winch with six drums London Gliding Club The London Gliding Club (LGC) is a members' club whose airfield is located at the foot of the Dunstable Downs. Many privately owned gliders are based there. It has the facilities to train pilots in powerless flight, and in the skills necessary to fly cross country using nature's sources of energy. Aerobatics and instructor training are also available. The LGC is open 364 days a year and is one of the largest and oldest Gliding Clubs in the United Kingdom. The club provides gliding courses, one day courses and trial lessons for",
"title": "London Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "12024661",
"text": "Manchester Canoe Club The Manchester Canoe Club (MCC) is based on the banks of the River Goyt at Marple, in Greater Manchester, England. Since its foundation in 1933, the club has been actively involved in the development of canoe sport, particularly in the competitive disciplines of Canoe Polo and Canoe Slalom. Manchester Canoe Club was formed at an inaugural meeting in May 1933 following the publication of a letter by Hans Renold to the Times Newspaper to contact people interested in paddling on White Water. It became part of the British Canoe Association, making it one of the oldest canoe",
"title": "Manchester Canoe Club"
},
{
"id": "6018897",
"text": "Approximately 1,000 badge claims are processed every year. British Gliding Association The British Gliding Association (BGA) is the governing body for gliding in the United Kingdom. Gliding in the United Kingdom operates through 85 gliding clubs (both civilian and service) which have 2,310 gliders and 9,462 full flying members (including service personnel), though a further 17,000 people have gliding air-experience flights each year. A gliding event first occurred in the UK on a hill at Itford in East Sussex in 1922. The meeting was largely a publicity stunt by the \"Daily Mail\" newspaper which had offered a prize of one",
"title": "British Gliding Association"
},
{
"id": "16718187",
"text": "England Roller Hockey England Roller Hockey, which originated in England, is a game played on roller-skates with a ball and stick. It was first played at The Lava Rink in Denmark Hill, London, in 1885. The National Roller Hockey Association of England (NRHA) is the roller hockey governing body in England. Roller hockey, originally called \"rink hockey,\" was established in 1896, making it the oldest sports recognised association. It consisted of 10 men on each side, and the first roller hockey games were played with a tennis ball and ordinary walking sticks, or sometimes even old umbrella handles. During the",
"title": "England Roller Hockey"
},
{
"id": "13021441",
"text": "uses scale-models of gliders mainly for ridge soaring; however thermic aeromodelling craft are also used. Gliding Gliding is a recreational activity and competitive air sport in which pilots fly unpowered aircraft known as gliders or sailplanes using naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to remain airborne. The word \"soaring\" is also used for the sport. Gliding as a sport began in the 1920s. Initially the objective was to increase the duration of flights but soon pilots attempted cross-country flights away from the place of launch. Improvements in aerodynamics and in the understanding of weather phenomena have allowed",
"title": "Gliding"
},
{
"id": "5330511",
"text": "Royal Canoe Club The Royal Canoe Club (RCC), founded in 1866, is the oldest canoe club in the world and received royal patronage in the 19th century. The club promotes canoeing and kayaking, focusing on flatwater, sprint and marathon disciplines. Members of the club have represented Great Britain at World Championships and the Olympic Games. The club is based at Trowlock Island on the River Thames in Teddington near London. The premises are also used by Walbrook Rowing Club, The Skiff Club and Kingston Royals Dragon Boat Racing Club. John MacGregor, a Scottish lawyer, popularised canoeing in the late 19th",
"title": "Royal Canoe Club"
},
{
"id": "6024740",
"text": "launching from the crest of the Downs became less frequent as the aerotow became more viable, and as winch launches were able to achieve greater height. The club training fleet was modernised, and is constantly kept up to date. As increased performance by modern gliders enabled flights of long distances (up to 1000 km), the London Gliding Club gradually grew in membership throughout these years, and continues to do so. Many UK speed and distance records are held by pilots flying from Dunstable, and the London Gliding Club regularly hosts regional and national competitions. There is also a Munster Van",
"title": "London Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "15630494",
"text": "the Merriam went to the Whitely Bank School of gliding, set up by Merriam on the Isle of Wight where it was converted into a dual control two seater. In 1930 it was with the Isle of Wight Gliding Club, but there is no evidence that it was flown by this club. Merriam glider The Merriam glider was a single-seat monoplane glider, designed specifically for the first British gliding competition held at Itford Hill in 1922, an endurance event. It crashed at the start of its first competitive flight but went on to be converted into a dual control training",
"title": "Merriam glider"
},
{
"id": "2704153",
"text": "Underwater hockey Underwater Hockey (UWH), also known as Octopush (mainly in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (pusher). It originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, a founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater Hockey is now played",
"title": "Underwater hockey"
},
{
"id": "2704116",
"text": "Underwater hockey Underwater Hockey (UWH), also known as Octopush (mainly in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (pusher). It originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, a founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater Hockey is now played",
"title": "Underwater hockey"
},
{
"id": "12042365",
"text": "and airship flying is overseen by the British Balloon and Airship Club. The UK-specific National Private Pilot Licence (NPPL) is administered by the National Pilots Licensing Group Ltd., supported by the LAA, the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association UK, the British Gliding Association, and the British Microlight Aircraft Association. Separate from these devolved groups, gliding in the UK is self-regulated. The British Gliding Association was until recently responsible for glider airworthiness, now formally regulated as a result of EASA legislation, and still retains control of pilot certification. Hang gliding and paragliding activities (i.e. foot-launched gliders) are governed by the British",
"title": "General aviation in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "11633264",
"text": "clubs on the Thames. All clubs also include participation in the partner traditional river sport – skiffing. Clubs also encourage youngsters to take part in punting, which may be easier for persons with a lower centre of gravity. Some clubs incorporate dongola racing, dragon boat racing and canoeing. Thames Punting Club The Thames Punting Club (TPC) is the governing body in England for the sport of punt racing. Punting as a means of water travel has a long history in the United Kingdom and is now practiced recreationally on a number of rivers, being most obviously associated with Oxford and",
"title": "Thames Punting Club"
},
{
"id": "9424982",
"text": "1715 and is still held annually from London Bridge to Chelsea. Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the 18th century. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that the Monarch Boat Club of Eton College and the Isis Club of Westminster School were both in existence in the 1790s. The Star Club and Arrow Club in London for gentlemen amateurs were also in existence before 1800. At the University of Oxford bumping races were first organised in 1815 while at Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. The Boat Race between Oxford",
"title": "History of rowing sports"
},
{
"id": "15326761",
"text": "carried on a river bug. Bugging is done 'feet first' which helps the user push off rocks etc. whilst navigating the rapids of a river. The river bug was inspired by the desire to improve on the practice of descending a river on an inner tube. River bugging is largely done as a sport organised by whitewater rafting activity providers. The sport originated in New Zealand but is gaining popularity in the UK, and mainland Europe. River bugs are also now being used for other activities such as bugpolo a sport similar to water polo. River bugging River bugging is",
"title": "River bugging"
},
{
"id": "14396665",
"text": "is the first recorded soaring flight, and is considered to be the birth of the sport of Gliding. In 1911, Gordon England taught himself to fly at the Bristol flying school at Brooklands, and he gained Pilot Certificate No. 68 in three hours. Later in 1911, he joined the Bristol Aeroplane Company as a staff pilot, but was soon recognised as a designer. One of his first design tasks was to convert a Bristol T-type biplane into a tractor design, which was then named the Bristol Challenger-England. This conversion was followed by three biplanes (the G.E.1, G.E.2 and G.E.3), all",
"title": "Eric Gordon England"
},
{
"id": "906197",
"text": "10,000 litres of cream. The tournament is also notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledon's Centre Court was fitted with a retractable roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a private club founded on 23 July 1868, originally as \"The All England Croquet Club\". Its first ground was at Nursery Road off Worple Road, Wimbledon. In 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier as an outdoor version of court tennis and originally",
"title": "The Championships, Wimbledon"
},
{
"id": "12375342",
"text": "as famous steamships including the \"SS Great Britain,\" the first propeller-driven ocean-going iron ship, and \"SS Great Eastern\" which laid the first lasting transatlantic telegraph cable. There are many sports which have been codified by the English, and then spread worldwide, including badminton, cricket, croquet, football, field hockey, lawn tennis, rugby league, rugby union, table tennis and thoroughbred horse racing. In the late 18th century, the English game of rounders was transported to the American Colonies, where it evolved into baseball. Association football, cricket, rugby union and rugby league are considered to be the national sports of England. The rules",
"title": "Culture of England"
},
{
"id": "1306241",
"text": "by rambling about in the countryside. However, the land in England, particularly around the urban areas of Manchester and Sheffield, was privately owned and trespass was illegal. Rambling clubs soon sprang up in the north and began politically campaigning for the legal 'right to roam'. One of the first such clubs, was 'Sunday Tramps' founded by Leslie White in 1879. The first national grouping, the Federation of Rambling Clubs, was formed in London in 1905 and was heavily patronized by the peerage. Access to Mountains bills, that would have legislated the public's 'right to roam' across some private land, were",
"title": "Hiking"
},
{
"id": "14796019",
"text": "Groundhopping Groundhopping is a hobby that involves attending matches at as many different stadiums or grounds as possible. Participants are known as groundhoppers, hoppers or travellers. Largely a football-related pastime, groundhopping probably found its origin in football in the 1970s in England. From the late 1980s fans in Germany started groundhopping as well. Currently it is especially popular in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Norway. There is no universal set of rules for counting ‘hopped grounds’, although a generally accepted one is that a match must have been seen at the ground. There are some formal organisations",
"title": "Groundhopping"
},
{
"id": "20571754",
"text": "Hovercraft Club of Great Britain The Hovercraft Club of Great Britain is the voluntary-run national sports governing body for racing light hovercraft in England, Scotland and Wales. It was founded in 1966. The hovercraft was developed by Hovercraft Development in the early 1960s. In the 1970s it was affiliated to the Water Recreation Division of the Central Council of Physical Recreation (now the Sport and Recreation Alliance). The HCGB is affiliated to the World Hovercraft Federation and European Hovercraft Federation. It is recognised as the sports governing body for hovercraft in England by Sport England, and by Sportscotland, Sport Wales",
"title": "Hovercraft Club of Great Britain"
},
{
"id": "9878198",
"text": "his first aircraft, a de Havilland DH.60 Moth. On 20 January 1929 he was badly injured when his Moth (G-EBPS) crashed at Duxford Aerodrome, in which the pilot was fatally injured. He later purchased a replacement Moth (G-EBOI) He began gliding at the London Gliding Club in 1933, only shortly after the gliding movement started in the United Kingdom. He financed his activities with a shipping and export business. (He installed internal windows in all offices in case his staff were reading books in working hours.) On 18 March 1934, he set two records in a DFS Professor glider; the",
"title": "Philip Wills"
},
{
"id": "1969220",
"text": "In International Canoe Federation nomenclature used in some European countries, chiefly the United Kingdom, the term canoe can refer to a kayak too. The boats in this game are paddled with a double-bladed paddle and are called \"kayaks\". The birth of the modern sport could be considered to be the demonstration event held at the National Canoe Exhibition at the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre, London, in 1970. In response to the interest created at the Crystal Palace event, the first National Canoe Polo subcommittee of the British Canoe Union was formed, and it was this committee that developed the",
"title": "Canoe polo"
},
{
"id": "13248272",
"text": "plans for the modified Zögling made their way via the United States to the London Gliding Club and Reginald Foster Dagnall, whose RFD company put it into production as the RFD Primary. They built 27 in 1930-31. The type became known as the Dagling, a name formed by combining Dagnall and Zögling, which later became used informally to cover all types of primary gliders in the UK. Fred Slingsby took over construction in 1934 and production continued up to the outbreak of World War II. The Primary should not be confused with the similar T.38 Grasshopper which was produced for",
"title": "Slingsby Primary"
},
{
"id": "8464837",
"text": "History of water polo The history of water polo as a team sport began in mid 19th-century England and Scotland, where water sports were a feature of county fairs and festivals. The rules of water polo were originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. The game originated as a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes in England and Scotland with a ball constructed of Indian rubber, probably from the 1850s onwards. This ‘water rugby’ came to be called ‘water polo’ based on the English pronunciation of the Balti (Tibetan language of Kashmir)",
"title": "History of water polo"
},
{
"id": "1952509",
"text": "is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a pusher. It originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, the founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater Hockey is now played worldwide, with the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. The",
"title": "Freediving"
},
{
"id": "6024736",
"text": "gliding club was formed on 20 February 1930, at the same time as the formation of the British Gliding Association. LGC’s first flights were made on 16 March 1930 at Stoke Park Farm, near the Guildford works of R.F.Dagnall. They used a German \"Zӧgling\" primary glider on loan from the BGA and a modified Zӧgling donated by R.F.Dagnall that later become known as the \"Dagling\". The following weekend training began at the LGC’s first permanent site a few miles north of Aldbury near Tring. By the middle of May 1930 the club had secured the use of Ivinghoe Beacon as",
"title": "London Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "347781",
"text": "or wealthy owners of riverside houses. The oldest surviving such race, Doggett's Coat and Badge was first contested in 1715 and is still held annually from London Bridge to Chelsea. During the 19th century these races were to become numerous and popular, attracting large crowds. Prize matches amongst professionals similarly became popular on other rivers throughout Great Britain in the 19th century, notably on the Tyne. In America, the earliest known race dates back to 1756 in New York, when a pettiauger defeated a Cape Cod whaleboat in a race. Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the",
"title": "Rowing (sport)"
},
{
"id": "12318542",
"text": "by rambling about in the countryside. However, the land in England, particularly around the urban areas of Manchester and Sheffield, was privately owned and trespass was illegal. Rambling clubs soon sprang up in the north and began politically campaigning for the legal 'right to roam'. One of the first such clubs, was 'Sunday Tramps' founded by Leslie White in 1879. The first national grouping, the Federation of Rambling Clubs, was formed in London in 1905 and was heavily patronised by the peerage. Access to Mountains bills, that would have legislated the public's 'right to roam' across some private land, were",
"title": "Walking in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "14139557",
"text": "Viking Kayak Club Viking Kayak Club is an open, community-based, multi-disciplinary club and is now one of the foremost canoe and kayak clubs in the UK. The club offers a broad range of paddling opportunities from easy recreational paddling to competition in canoe slalom, canoe racing and canoe polo and is active in encouraging beginners into the sport. Viking was founded in 1961 and celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 2011. Its clubhouse is at Batts Ford on the north bank of the River Great Ouse in the centre of Bedford, England. In 2009, Viking was named the British Canoe Union",
"title": "Viking Kayak Club"
},
{
"id": "572833",
"text": "also use similar controls and instruments as powered craft. The main application today of glider aircraft is sport and recreation. Gliders were developed from the 1920s for recreational purposes. As pilots began to understand how to use rising air, sailplane gliders were developed with a high lift-to-drag ratio. These allowed longer glides to the next source of \"lift\", and so increase their chances of flying long distances. This gave rise to the popular sport of gliding. Early gliders were mainly built of wood and metal but the majority of sailplanes now use composite materials incorporating glass, carbon or aramid fibres.",
"title": "Fixed-wing aircraft"
},
{
"id": "5826534",
"text": "Gliding competition Some of the pilots in the sport of gliding take part in gliding competitions. These are usually racing competitions, but there are also aerobatic contests and on-line league tables. In the early days, the main goal was to stay airborne for as long as possible. However, flights could last for days and some pilots killed themselves by falling asleep. This type of duration contest was abandoned by 1939. From the earliest days of gliding there was also 'free distance' flying. Pilots launched themselves from a hill top, attempting to glide as far as possible. Once pilots learned to",
"title": "Gliding competition"
},
{
"id": "13021399",
"text": "pilots and the aircraft are the responsibility of governmental bodies, the clubs and sometimes national gliding associations often have delegated authority. The development of heavier-than-air flight in the half century between Sir George Cayley's coachman in 1853 and the Wright brothers in 1903 mainly involved gliders (see Aviation history). However, the sport of gliding only emerged after the First World War, as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed severe restrictions on the manufacture and use of single-seat powered aircraft in Germany's Weimar Republic. Thus, in the 1920s and 1930s, while aviators and aircraft makers in the rest",
"title": "Gliding"
},
{
"id": "13021429",
"text": "pilot can jettison the water ballast by opening the dump valves. On days with particularly strong and widespread lift pilots can attain high average speeds by alternating periods of fast flight with pull-ups, merely slowing down in areas of lift without deviating from the course. This 'dolphining' technique can result in high average speeds because the height lost can be minimised until particularly strong lift is encountered when circling would be most effective. Achievements in gliding have been marked by the awarding of badges since the 1920s. For the lower badges, such as the first solo flight, national gliding federations",
"title": "Gliding"
},
{
"id": "6246487",
"text": "the Canoe Section of the Camping Club of Great Britain. In March 1936, representatives of the Canoe Section of the Camping Club, Clyde Canoe Club, Manchester Canoe Club and the Royal Canoe Club formed the British Canoe Union. It was incorporated as a company on 30 October 1980. In 2000 British Canoeing federalised to become the umbrella organisation for the Home Nation Associations in England (Canoe England), Scotland (Scottish Canoe Association – SCA), Wales (Canoe Wales), and Northern Ireland (Canoe Association of Northern Ireland – CANI). \"Canoeing\" refers to the paddling of an open, non-decked craft (though there are decked",
"title": "British Canoeing"
},
{
"id": "2533748",
"text": "was also danced in England where they introduced their own dance type: An era of uncertainty in England, with the Napoleonic Wars, periodic riots, and the French Revolution across the Channel. Clothing tended to be light and unrestrictive, encouraging dances with lots of skipping and jumping, such as the English Country Dance, Regency dance, Polonaise, Quadrille, and Scotch Reel. Starting with the great international polka craze of 1844 anyone who was anyone was dancing. Women were in hoop skirts, and turning dances helped to keep them out of the way. Dances popular during this period included the polka, schottische, two-step,",
"title": "Historical dance"
},
{
"id": "7366767",
"text": "Gliding Competition for those under 26 years of age in the UK. Some members have also gone on to compete in both National Championships and at International level. The club's founder, Mr Brian Spreckley, has gone on to become a Gliding World Champion (see club history above), and ex-committee-member Mr David Bromley was the 2017 UK national champion in the standard class. Nottingham University Gliding Club The University of Nottingham Gliding Club (UoN Gliding) is the gliding club of the University of Nottingham. The aim of the club is to provide affordable flying in order to introduce as many members",
"title": "Nottingham University Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "581724",
"text": "By floating in an inner tube players expend less energy than traditional water polo players, not having to tread water. This allows casual players to enjoy water polo without undertaking the intense conditioning required for conventional water polo. Surf polo, another variation of water polo, is played on surfboards. First played on the beaches of Waikiki in Hawaii in the 1930s and 1940s, it is credited to Louis Kahanamoku, Duke Kahanamoku's brother. Canoe polo or kayak polo is one of the eight disciplines of canoeing pursued in the UK, known simply as \"polo\" by its aficionados. Polo combines paddling and",
"title": "Water polo"
},
{
"id": "19803817",
"text": "1877 Men's Tennis tour The inaugural 1877 Men's tennis tour composed of 3 tournaments for the first edition pre-open era tour. Before the birth of Open Era (tennis), most tournaments were reserved for amateur athletes. In 1874 the British Major Walter Clopton Wingfield he patent the House of London Crafts the invention of a new game, which consists of a shaped field hourglass, divided in the middle by a net suspended. The game was packaged in a box containing some balls, four paddles, the network and the signs to mark the field. The game was based on the rules of",
"title": "1877 Men's Tennis tour"
},
{
"id": "5416886",
"text": "XIV dining set, and an 8-man boat. The event reached its limits when the Club arrived in St. Moritz with a London double-decker bus, wanting to send it down the ski slopes, and the Swiss resort managers refused. In 1986, David Kirke was sponsored by Foster's Lager to cross the English Channel in a kangaroo-shaped balloon, suspended beneath helium balloons, leading to his prosecution for flying without a pilot's licence. Other Club activities included expedition hang gliding from active volcanoes; the launching of giant (60 ft) plastic spheres with pilots suspended in the centre (zorbing); microlight flying; and BASE jumping",
"title": "Dangerous Sports Club"
},
{
"id": "15626373",
"text": "Sayers S.C.W. The Sayers S.C.W. was a single seat monoplane glider, designed specifically for the first British gliding competition held at Itford Hill in 1922, an endurance event. Unresolved control problems stopped it from making any competitive flights, but it flew successfully later in the year. It was destroyed on the ground by a storm in December 1922. In August 1922 the \"Daily Mail\" newspaper offered a £1,000 prize for the longest duration flight by an unpowered, heavier than air aircraft. The competition was to be organized by the Royal Aero Club, who chose the site (Itford Hill, on the",
"title": "Sayers S.C.W."
},
{
"id": "6834121",
"text": "World Championship in Kössen / Tyrol. His invitation was followed by 300 hang glider pilots from all over the world who demonstrated their skills in 3-7 minute flights. The winner in the combination of time and spot landing was the American Dave Cronk with his Cumulus 5 b. The following generations follow the classification from the British Hang Gliding Museum's \"Hang Gliding History: Development in Britain of the Flexwing hang glider.\" History of hang gliding Hang gliding is an air sport employing a foot-launchable aircraft known as a hang glider. Typically, a modern hang glider is constructed of an aluminium",
"title": "History of hang gliding"
},
{
"id": "2165084",
"text": "carried out by its Aviation Council, with the Secretariat based at the Leicester premises of the British Gliding Association. Today the Royal Aero Club continues to be the national governing and coordinating body of air sport and recreational flying. The governing bodies of the various forms of sporting aviation are all members of the Royal Aero Club, which is the UK governing body for international sporting purposes. The Royal Aero Club also acts to support and protect the rights of recreational pilots in the context of national and international regulation. The following were the first ten people to gain their",
"title": "Royal Aero Club"
},
{
"id": "401825",
"text": "December 8, 1874, British army officer Walter Clopton Wingfield wrote to Harry Gem, commenting that he (Wingfield) had been experimenting with his version of lawn tennis “for a year and a half”. In December 1873, Wingfield designed and patented a game which he called \"sphairistikè\" (, meaning \"ball-playing\"), and was soon known simply as \"sticky\" – for the amusement of guests at a garden party on his friend's estate of Nantclwyd Hall, in Llanelidan, Wales. According to R. D. C. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, \"Sports historians all agree that [Wingfield] deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis.\"",
"title": "Tennis"
},
{
"id": "7505491",
"text": "host of a number of exhibitions and bazaars. On 13–25 May 1909 it was the venue of the 'Women's Exhibition', a fundraising event organised by the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in support of the suffragette movement. The ice rink closed in 1917. Prince's Club The Prince's Club was a socially exclusive gentlemen's multisports club in London, England. The original 'Prince's Club' was founded in 1853 in Chelsea by George and James Prince and its main sports were rackets and real tennis. Cricket, croquet and lawn tennis were also played. After most of its ground was lost to building",
"title": "Prince's Club"
},
{
"id": "1973943",
"text": "forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing. Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds and streams. Canoeing is an ancient mode of transportation. Modern recreational canoeing was established in the late 19th century. In 1924, canoeing associations from Austria, Germany, Denmark and Sweden founded the \"Internationalen Representation for Kanusport\", forerunner of the International Canoe Federation. Canoeing became part of the Olympic Games in the summer of 1936. The main form of competitive sport was canoe sprint using a sprint canoe. Others include canoe polo, whitewater canoeing, canoe marathon, ICF canoe marathon, and",
"title": "Canoeing"
},
{
"id": "6024737",
"text": "a launch site for its gliders, unfortunately the spectacle attracted so much public attention that the club was evicted for \"spoiling its peaceful enjoyment by the public\" The club then moved to its current home at the foot of the Dunstable Downs, within the parish boundaries of Totternhoe. This site was chosen because of its favourable position relative to the prevailing westerly winds which allowed hill soaring. Launching was initially by means of a bungee rope and later by winch and aero tow. In 1935 the clubs wooden hangars were replaced by the present building designed by the renowned architect",
"title": "London Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "429269",
"text": "oldest tennis tournament, the Wimbledon championships, first occurred in 1877, and today the event takes place over two weeks in late June and early July. Thoroughbred racing, which originated under Charles II of England as the \"sport of kings\", is popular throughout the UK with world-famous races including the Grand National, the Epsom Derby, Royal Ascot and the Cheltenham National Hunt Festival (including the Cheltenham Gold Cup). The UK has proved successful in the international sporting arena in rowing. The UK is closely associated with motorsport. Many teams and drivers in Formula One (F1) are based in the UK, and",
"title": "United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "10263709",
"text": "for carrying troops and equipment into battle. The types of aircraft that are used for sport and recreation are classified as gliders (sailplanes), hang gliders and paragliders. These two latter types are often foot-launched. The design of all three types enables them to repeatedly climb using rising air and then to glide before finding the next source of lift. When done in gliders (sailplanes), the sport is known as gliding and sometimes as soaring. For foot-launched aircraft, it is known as hang gliding and paragliding. Radio-controlled gliders with fixed wings are also soared by enthusiasts. In addition to motor gliders,",
"title": "Gliding flight"
},
{
"id": "9424992",
"text": "sculls; Kathrin Boron (Germany) in women's double sculls and quadruples. History of rowing sports The history of rowing as a sport has prevailed it as one of the oldest traditions in the world. What began as a method of transport and warfare eventually became a sport with a wide following, and a part of the cultural identity of the English speaking world. Rowing in its modern form developed in England in the 1700s. Today rowing is an amateur sport and an Olympic event. When Pierre de Coubertin created the Modern Olympics, he modelled the International Olympic Committee on the Henley",
"title": "History of rowing sports"
},
{
"id": "11302594",
"text": "Many resorts such as Blackpool became popular when they were linked by railways to the big conurbations. More recently there has been a decline in popularity of British resorts due to the advent of cheap package holidays abroad with their better weather. Offshore rowing races are popular in the southwest of England using gigs based on those originally used in the Isles of Scilly for pilotage and attending wrecks as well as smuggling. These are six oared vessels up to about 10 m long with nearly a 2 m beam. Many yacht club \"one designs\" were popular between 1920 and",
"title": "Maritime history of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "15638602",
"text": "for everyone. British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association The British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association (BHPA), based in Leicester, is the governing body in the UK for hang gliding and paragliding. The BHPA is recognised by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, the Royal Aero Club, and the Civil Aviation Authority. The association has registered schools across the country, where initial paragliding or hang gliding training must be undertaken. The BHPA was formed in 1992 by the merging of the British Hang Gliding Association and the British Association of Paragliding Clubs. Since then the sport has grown considerably, and now has over",
"title": "British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association"
},
{
"id": "14179593",
"text": "Hasler Series The Hasler Series is the British national club championship in the sport of marathon canoeing, a long distance form of canoe racing, governed by the British Canoeing (BC). Racing on flat water, canoeists and kayakers compete in nine divisions and over distances of 4, 8 or 12 miles (for beginners through to advanced paddlers respectively). Paddlers may compete solo or in doubles, in kayaks (K1s and K2s) or canoes (C1s and C2s). Points are awarded in regional races throughout the racing season and the highest ranking clubs in each region compete in the Hasler Finals for the Hasler",
"title": "Hasler Series"
},
{
"id": "19408573",
"text": "Surfing in the United Kingdom Surfing was first introduced in the United Kingdom in 1929 when four Australian teenagers brought the sport to Cribbar, Britain. Earlier recorded instance of surfing in the UK may have happened in Bridlington in the 19th Century. The sport has a small but significant following, and Cornwall is considered a hotbed of surfing in the United Kingdom. The Museum of British Surfing opened in 2012 in Braunton, Devon. English Surfing Federation is the official board in the United Kingdom for surfing. For Wales it is the Welsh Surfing Federation. Surfing in Scotland is a minor",
"title": "Surfing in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "3043048",
"text": "Pot Black Pot Black was a BBC television series of annual snooker tournaments held in the United Kingdom from 1969 to 1986, which carried no ranking points, but played a large part in the popularisation of the modern game. The event was revived in the form of several one-off tournaments throughout the 1990s and up to 2007. \"Pot Black\" helped transform snooker from a minority sport with just a handful of professionals into one of the most popular sports in the United Kingdom. Mark Williams holds the event's highest record of 119. The BBC began broadcasting in colour in 1967",
"title": "Pot Black"
},
{
"id": "8464839",
"text": "This indicates that forms of the sport we now call ‘water polo’ existed before the current name was in common use. Other names included ‘water base ball’ and (more frequently) ‘aquatic football’. For example, in the South Eastern Gazette (in Kent; now closed), on Tues 28th July 1857, it says “An aquatic foot-ball match is fixed for to-morrow, Wednesday”. One of the earliest recorded games of a sport called ‘water polo’ occurred at the Crystal Palace (London), on 15th September 1873. It was reported in the Morning Post (now closed) and The Standard (later London Evening Standard). The weather was",
"title": "History of water polo"
},
{
"id": "9764994",
"text": "Ann Welch Ann Courtenay Welch OBE, née Edmonds, (20 May 1917 – 5 December 2002) was a pilot who received the Gold Air Medal from Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) for her contributions to the development of four air sports - gliding, hang gliding, paragliding and microlight flying. She was the daughter of a railway engineer and was born in London. As a child, Ann Welch kept a diary listing every aeroplane that flew over the house. She first flew with Alan Cobham in 1930. After she had acquired a motorbike to visit the local aerodrome, she learnt to fly, earning",
"title": "Ann Welch"
},
{
"id": "20571755",
"text": "and by UK Sport. It is not recognised by Sport Northern Ireland. Hovercraft Club of Great Britain The Hovercraft Club of Great Britain is the voluntary-run national sports governing body for racing light hovercraft in England, Scotland and Wales. It was founded in 1966. The hovercraft was developed by Hovercraft Development in the early 1960s. In the 1970s it was affiliated to the Water Recreation Division of the Central Council of Physical Recreation (now the Sport and Recreation Alliance). The HCGB is affiliated to the World Hovercraft Federation and European Hovercraft Federation. It is recognised as the sports governing body",
"title": "Hovercraft Club of Great Britain"
},
{
"id": "16674787",
"text": "Athletics Basketball Boxing Closing ceremony Cycling Gymnastics Handball Modern pentathlon Volleyball Water polo Wrestling Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics This page contains a chronological summary of major events from the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. All times are in British Summer Time (). Football Football Archery Opening ceremony Archery Cycling Fencing Judo Rowing Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Archery Cycling Diving Fencing Gymnastics Judo Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Diving Fencing Gymnastics Judo Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Badminton Canoeing Diving Equestrian Fencing Gymnastics Judo Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Badminton Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Fencing Gymnastics Judo Rowing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Archery Canoeing",
"title": "Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12120696",
"text": "Centurion (racewalking) The \"Brotherhood of Centurions\" is a club for which racewalkers are eligible who have completed a distance of 100 international miles (160.9 km) in Britain within 24 hours. Its name derives from a popular title from those competitors achieving the feat in the 19th century British long-distance walking sport, called Pedestrianism. Pedestrianism was to be a popular spectator sport during the 18th and 19th centuries, as equestrianism still is, and bicycle racing became afterwards. Among the most famous professional pedestrians of that time was Robert Barclay Allardice, who completed one mile (1.6 km) in each of 1000 sequential",
"title": "Centurion (racewalking)"
},
{
"id": "1973944",
"text": "playboating. National canoe associations include the American, Canadian, British, Scottish, and Welsh. Most present-day canoeing is done as or as a part of a sport or recreational activity. In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an \"Open canoe\". A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing such as canoe sprint and canoe marathons. Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds and streams. The summer Olympics include canoeing competitions. Canoe slalom (previously known as whitewater slalom) is a competitive",
"title": "Canoeing"
},
{
"id": "15630490",
"text": "Merriam glider The Merriam glider was a single-seat monoplane glider, designed specifically for the first British gliding competition held at Itford Hill in 1922, an endurance event. It crashed at the start of its first competitive flight but went on to be converted into a dual control training glider. In August 1922 the \"Daily Mail\" newspaper offered a £1,000 prize for the longest duration flight by an unpowered, heavier than air aircraft. The competition was to be organized by the Royal Aero Club, who chose the site (Itford Hill, on the Sussex South Downs near Lewes) and the date (16–21",
"title": "Merriam glider"
},
{
"id": "15731939",
"text": "Nigel Foster (kayaker) Nigel Foster (born 17 October 1952) is an English sea kayaker, kayak designer, instructor and author. He is the first and youngest paddler to circle Iceland by kayak. Foster started paddling in Brighton, England when he was 15 in a skin-on-frame kayak. At Burwash Place Outdoor Activity Centre, Burwash, Sussex, England, Foster learned to handle whitewater, sea kayaking and surf kayaking. From 1971 to 1972 he was employed there as a \"trainee instructor\". He enjoyed the mix of Outdoor Activity instruction and Environmental Studies education and decided to pursue this as a career. He attended a three-year",
"title": "Nigel Foster (kayaker)"
},
{
"id": "11581249",
"text": "The Skiff Club The Skiff Club is the oldest skiff and punting club in existence, having been founded in 1895. It is based on the River Thames in London, on the Middlesex bank between Teddington Lock and Kingston upon Thames. The Club supports two traditional water sports - skiffing and punting. Skiffs are traditional, stable wooden boats which are sculled with a pair of blades. The Club uses skiffs for racing at regattas run under the rules of the Skiff Racing Association, and for leisure outings such as Thames meanders. Punting is also carried out competitively at the same regattas",
"title": "The Skiff Club"
},
{
"id": "7366763",
"text": "Nottingham University Gliding Club The University of Nottingham Gliding Club (UoN Gliding) is the gliding club of the University of Nottingham. The aim of the club is to provide affordable flying in order to introduce as many members as possible to unpowered flight. Affiliated with the Cranwell Gliding Club (CGC), the club is open to any full or associate member of the University of Nottingham Students' Union. The club is one of some 28 University Gliding clubs within the UK, and with over 130 members for the 2016-2017 academic year is also one of the largest. Flying takes place all",
"title": "Nottingham University Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "12106218",
"text": "Staines Amateur Regatta Staines Amateur Regatta is an English rowing regatta which takes place between Staines-upon-Thames and Silvery Sands on the River Thames on the reach above Penton Hook Lock. Staines Amateur Regatta was established in 1850 one year before Staines Boat Club. It was initially a great rowing function, but had been allowed to drop until revived by Percival Clarke, the son of Sir Edward Clarke in the 1890s. In 1897 it was noted that a Staines eight had won for the first time, in a meeting made up of \"quality not quantity\", and that a new Challenge Cup,",
"title": "Staines Amateur Regatta"
},
{
"id": "12375972",
"text": "of Parliament Sir John Astley founded a \"Long Distance Championship of the World\" in 1878, staged over six days, which became known as the \"Astley Belt Races\". While marking a peak in press coverage of such races, the Astley Belt Races allowed a wide interpretation of rules, with trotting, jogging, and even some running allowed. The competition was partly inspired by a desire to clean up the perception of the sport as corrupted by gambling interests and led to a push amongst some to codify pedestrianism as an amateur sport. The same process was happening to British track and field",
"title": "Pedestrianism"
},
{
"id": "11633259",
"text": "Thames Punting Club The Thames Punting Club (TPC) is the governing body in England for the sport of punt racing. Punting as a means of water travel has a long history in the United Kingdom and is now practiced recreationally on a number of rivers, being most obviously associated with Oxford and Cambridge universities. Punt racing, as a sport developed in the 1880s. Thames Punting Club was formed in 1885 as a racing club. It is now no longer a racing club but functions as the sport's governing body. The Thames Punting Club maintains lists of umpires and publishes a",
"title": "Thames Punting Club"
},
{
"id": "9456043",
"text": "Prince's Skating Club Prince's Skating Club was an ice rink in the Knightsbridge area of London, England. It saw a number of firsts for ice hockey in Britain and Europe. The rink was opened on Montpelier Square on 7 November 1896 by the Prince's Sporting Club. It operated on a membership-only basis and was aimed at the elite of British figure skaters who wished to practise on uncrowded ice. Prince's was the second large rectangular rink in Britain after Stockport, its ice measuring . This made it an ideal venue for the developing sport of ice hockey. The rink closed",
"title": "Prince's Skating Club"
},
{
"id": "15638595",
"text": "British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association The British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association (BHPA), based in Leicester, is the governing body in the UK for hang gliding and paragliding. The BHPA is recognised by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, the Royal Aero Club, and the Civil Aviation Authority. The association has registered schools across the country, where initial paragliding or hang gliding training must be undertaken. The BHPA was formed in 1992 by the merging of the British Hang Gliding Association and the British Association of Paragliding Clubs. Since then the sport has grown considerably, and now has over 60 affiliate",
"title": "British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association"
},
{
"id": "5992308",
"text": "able to \"surf\" on land. Later came windsurfing (also known as \"sailboarding\"), bodyboarding, wakeboarding, wakesurfing, skimboarding, snowboarding, riverboarding, kiteboarding, sandboarding, mountainboarding, carveboarding all now competitive sports. Another fast growing boardsport is skurfing a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat. Pineboarding and sandboarding are recreational boardsports. The surf culture is reflected in film. Bruce Brown's classic movie \"The Endless Summer\" glorified surfing in a round-the-world search for the perfect wave. John Milius's homage to the Malibu of his youth in \"Big Wednesday\" remains a poignant metaphor for the similarities between",
"title": "Surf culture"
},
{
"id": "17041656",
"text": "Canoe Association of Northern Ireland The Canoe Association of Northern Ireland (CANI) was formed in 1964 and is the governing body for canoeing and kayaking in Northern Ireland. CANI is the Northern Ireland Division of British Canoeing. British Canoeing is the governing body for the UK. CANI, through British Canoeing is affiliated to the International Canoe Federation. It covers all branches of the sport from recreational activities to whitewater racing, slalom racing; flatwater sprint and marathon racing; canoe polo; and surf kayaking. CANI has some 500 individual members of whom about 400 are coaches. There are also 250 affiliated members,",
"title": "Canoe Association of Northern Ireland"
},
{
"id": "11698122",
"text": "the regatta. Many former champions have been rowers in Great Britain Olympic and National teams including Penny Chuter who won 21 skiff championships and Elise Laverick. The regatta was originally the Teddington Reach Regatta held at Teddington, which was founded in 1892 as the Teddington Reach Aquatic Sports. At that time there were events for canoeing, dongola racing, tug-of-war in punts and swimming as well as the skiff racing. The Gentlemen's Double Sculls event at that regatta was nominated as the Championship of the Thames in 1897 and by 1906 the Gentlemen's Single Sculls, the Mixed Double Sculls and Ladies'",
"title": "Skiff Championships Regatta"
},
{
"id": "1874265",
"text": "Motocross Motocross is a form of off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road circuits. The sport evolved from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom. Motorcross first evolved in the U.K. from motorcycle trials competitions, such as the Auto-Cycle Clubs's first quarterly trial in 1909 and the Scottish Six Days Trial that began in 1912. When organisers dispensed with delicate balancing and strict scoring of trials in favour of a race to become the fastest rider to the finish, the activity became known as \"hare scrambles\", said to have originated in the phrase, \"a rare old scramble\" describing one",
"title": "Motocross"
},
{
"id": "10018401",
"text": "since 1972. Jurby Junk was set up in 1972 in the old armoury on the airfield site. The business was later moved into two purpose built warehouse units with one half dedicated to books. The business has been since inception by Stella Pixton who is the daughter of Howard Pixton - the first British winner of the Schneider Trophy Air race in 1914. The Manx Gliding Club formed at Jurby Airfield in the early 1990s with a single Slinsby T.53. Gliding had initially taken place by the Royal Air Force at RAF Jurby during the 1950s flying Slingsby T.31's &",
"title": "RAF Jurby"
},
{
"id": "13864656",
"text": "Chris Arrowsmith Christopher \"Chris\" James Arrowsmith born 9 November 1966 at the Royal Naval Hospital Imtarfa, Rabat, Malta is a Great Britain Slalom Canoeist who competed from the late-1970s to the early 1990s. He finished 17th in the C-2 event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Christopher currently lives in Stratford upon Avon. Christopher, along with the rest of his family, was introduced to Canoeing at a 'Try it' session in the Dorking, Surrey Swimming Pool at the age of 9. He started in competitive canoeing in June 1978, entering the Novice event at Shepperton Weir on the River",
"title": "Chris Arrowsmith"
},
{
"id": "862611",
"text": "a gentleman's club such as high-level socialising. It was called 'The Jockey Club' in reference to the late medieval word for 'horsemen', pronounced 'yachey', and spelt 'Eachaidhe' in Gaelic. The club's first meetings were held at the \"Star and Garter\" tavern in Pall Mall, London, before later moving to Newmarket; a town known in the United Kingdom as \"The Home of Racing\". It was historically the dominant organisation in British horseracing, and it remained responsible for its day-to-day regulation until April 2006. It passed its first resolution in 1758, that all riders must weigh in after a race. In the",
"title": "Jockey Club"
},
{
"id": "9589642",
"text": "Thames skiff A Thames skiff is a traditional River Thames wooden rowing boat used for the activity of skiffing. These boats evolved from Thames wherries in the Victorian era to meet a passion for river exploration and leisure outings on the water. The Thames skiff owes its origins to the clinker boat building technique, of over-lapping timber planking, that's known to have existed in the region from before the 6th century Anglo-Saxon Snape and Sutton Hoo ship burials. Many of the terms used for parts of the skiff are of Germanic origin – \"s\", \"thwarts\", and \"\". Planks on either",
"title": "Thames skiff"
},
{
"id": "16674785",
"text": "Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics This page contains a chronological summary of major events from the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. All times are in British Summer Time (). Football Football Archery Opening ceremony Archery Cycling Fencing Judo Rowing Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Archery Cycling Diving Fencing Gymnastics Judo Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Diving Fencing Gymnastics Judo Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Badminton Canoeing Diving Equestrian Fencing Gymnastics Judo Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Badminton Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Fencing Gymnastics Judo Rowing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Weightlifting Archery Canoeing Cycling Fencing Gymnastics Judo Rowing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Archery Athletics Badminton Boxing Cycling",
"title": "Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20398820",
"text": "Fred Cooper (bicyclist) Frederick Cooper (13 March 1852–21 July 1935), generally known as ‘Fred’ or ‘Freddie’, was a professional racing cyclist and subsequently partner in a bicycle manufacturing business. Cooper was born in 1852 in London. The family had moved to Birmingham by 1861 and subsequently, at some date between 1866 and 1870, they made a further move to Sheffield where his father was the landlord of the \"White Bear\", a public house in the centre of the town. Bicycle racing as a spectator sport is generally regarded as having started in France in 1868. It was introduced into England",
"title": "Fred Cooper (bicyclist)"
},
{
"id": "6177930",
"text": "Championships are held in the years between the World Championships. Since 2010, an additional event is organized in a slightly less demanding \"Advanced\" category – the World Advanced Glider Aerobatic Championships (WAGAC). WAGAC is organized yearly, usually accompanying the WGAC. World Gliding Championships The World Gliding Championships (WGC) is a gliding competition held every two years or so by the FAI Gliding Commission. The dates are not always exactly two years apart, often because the contests are sometimes held in the summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Gliding had been a demonstration sport at the 1936 Summer Olympics and was due",
"title": "World Gliding Championships"
},
{
"id": "17041657",
"text": "these are paddlers who are members of affiliated clubs. Currently 22 clubs and organisations are affiliated to CANI. Canoe Association of Northern Ireland The Canoe Association of Northern Ireland (CANI) was formed in 1964 and is the governing body for canoeing and kayaking in Northern Ireland. CANI is the Northern Ireland Division of British Canoeing. British Canoeing is the governing body for the UK. CANI, through British Canoeing is affiliated to the International Canoe Federation. It covers all branches of the sport from recreational activities to whitewater racing, slalom racing; flatwater sprint and marathon racing; canoe polo; and surf kayaking.",
"title": "Canoe Association of Northern Ireland"
},
{
"id": "6014776",
"text": "Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens is a municipal museum in Sunderland, England. It contains the only known British example of a gliding reptile, the oldest known vertebrate capable of gliding flight. The exhibit was discovered in Eppleton quarry. The museum has a Designated Collection of national importance. It was established in 1846, in the Athenaeum Building on Fawcett Street, the first municipally funded museum in the country outside London. The first recorded fine art acquisition was commissioned by the Sunderland Corporation, a painting of the opening of the new South Dock in 1850. This may",
"title": "Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens"
},
{
"id": "10049812",
"text": "1877 Wimbledon Championship The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (AEC & LTC) in Wimbledon, London. It was the world's first official lawn tennis tournament, and was later recognised as the first Grand Slam tournament or \"Major\". The AEC & LTC had been founded in July 1868, as the All England Croquet Club; lawn tennis was introduced in February 1875 to compensate for the waning interest in croquet. In June 1877 the club decided to organise a tennis tournament to pay for the repair of its pony roller,",
"title": "1877 Wimbledon Championship"
},
{
"id": "10840511",
"text": "sports of gliding, hang gliding and paragliding. However some spacecraft have been designed to descend as gliders and in the past military gliders have been used in warfare. Some simple and familiar types of glider are toys such as the paper plane and balsa wood glider. \"Glider\" is the agent noun form of the verb \"to glide\". It derives from Middle English \"gliden\", which in turn derived from Old English \"glīdan\". The oldest meaning of glide may have denoted a precipitous running or jumping, as opposed to a smooth motion. Scholars are uncertain as to its original derivation, with possible",
"title": "Glider (aircraft)"
},
{
"id": "5604723",
"text": "general type. Most hopper balloons have envelopes that range in volume from and have a maximum flight duration of 1 to 1.5 hours. The two principal commercial balloon manufacturers today offering hopper balloons for sale are Cameron Balloons and Lindstrand Balloons. Most other hopper balloons are experimental aircraft designed and built by amateur constructors. Balloon-jumping as a sport emerged in the United States as early as 1923, and in England not later than 1927. Balloon-jumping really meant \"jumping\" for many enthusiasts: with insufficient buoyancy to sustain flight, the balloonists actually had to use their muscles to start a balloon-assisted hop.",
"title": "Hopper balloon"
},
{
"id": "11271042",
"text": "2009). The excellent runway and facilities available at Aston Down make it a frequent choice for hosting regional and national gliding competitions. As early as 1962 the National Gliding Championships were held at Aston Down under the auspices of the RAF Gliding and Soaring Association, with the UK's first ever 300-km task being set. Recent competitions hosted by CGC include the following: Pilots from Cotswold Gliding Club regularly take part in regional and national competitions, as well as informal competitions such as: In 2007 Aston Down was the venue for the British Blokart Championships. In July 2008 the Cotswold Cycle",
"title": "Cotswold Gliding Club"
},
{
"id": "20933123",
"text": "Walter Fowden Walter Fowden (1878 – 21 May 1949) was a British politician and swimmer. Born in Hyde, then in Cheshire, Fowden joined the local swimming club. In 1895, he was one of four youths who the club fined for misbehaviour. They refused to pay the fine, and instead founded the rival Hyde Seal Swimming Club, with Fowden as secretary. The club proved successful, and by 1904 Fowden was competing for it in Paris. The event was regarded as an unofficial world championships, and the Seals won the 500m competition. Fowden became a hotel owner, and also joined the Independent",
"title": "Walter Fowden"
},
{
"id": "6014780",
"text": "it became his second home: \"One day I was travelling south from Tyneside and I realised this was what I had always been looking for.\" Sunderland Museum, with six works and 30 on long-term loan, have a Lowry collection surpassed only by Salford and Manchester. Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens is a municipal museum in Sunderland, England. It contains the only known British example of a gliding reptile, the oldest known vertebrate capable of gliding flight. The exhibit was discovered in Eppleton quarry. The museum has a Designated Collection of national importance. It was established",
"title": "Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens"
},
{
"id": "5330512",
"text": "century. He went on extensive tours on the rivers and canals of Central and Northern Europe and the Mid-east in a boat he designed named the 'Rob Roy'. Through a series of books and lectures he formed a group of sportsmen who met in 1866 to form the Canoe Club. The first recorded regatta was held at on 27 April 1867. This is now known as The Paddling Challenge, and runs every year as the oldest canoe race in the world. In the same year, Edward VII, Prince of Wales, later to become King Edward VII, became Commodore of the",
"title": "Royal Canoe Club"
},
{
"id": "11777878",
"text": "which was a British version of the RRG Falke, built by Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft and designed by Alexander Lippisch. In 1933, Slingsby started producing RFD Daglings, as the Type 3. The initial wave of interest in gliding in Britain tailed off and by 1932 Scarborough Gliding Club was in financial trouble. It merged with another club, and further mergers produced the Yorkshire Gliding Club, based at Sutton Bank, near Thirsk. Philip Wills and Fred Slingsby negotiated the lease of the land at Sutton Bank. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939 Slingsby changed production, initially building rudders for the",
"title": "Fred Slingsby"
},
{
"id": "9764998",
"text": "Later, she was elected as delegate to the FAI's International Gliding Commission and acted as jury member at several World Gliding Championships. For many years she and Philip Wills administered British gliding until the members felt that a change was needed. Conscious of the increasing cost of gliding and the need to involve young people, she moved away from gliding and became closely involved in the development of hang gliding and paragliding, and was founder President of the FAI's Hang Gliding Commission and its Paragliding Commission, and was a member of the FAI's Microlight Commission. She became president of the",
"title": "Ann Welch"
},
{
"id": "12943209",
"text": "record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery. The Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the 18th Century brought increased leisure time, leading to more time for citizens to attend and follow spectator sports, greater participation in athletic activities, and increased accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. The bat and ball sport of cricket was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the British Empire. A number of popular modern sports were devised",
"title": "Western culture"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Eric Gordon England context: St Edmunds seat in the General Election, standing for the socialist Common Wealth Party, but failed to get elected. England died in February 1976. Eric Gordon England Eric Cecil Gordon England (5 April 1891 – February 1976) AFRAeS, FIMT, was a British aviator, racing driver and engineer. E.C. Gordon England was one of the early pioneers of gliding, and his glider flight in 1909 is considered to be the birth of the sport of soaring. Gordon England was born in Argentina in 1891, the son of British parents George and Amy England. He emigrated to England at age ten, and\n\n\"What sports activity was originally known in England as \"\"plank-gliding\"\"?\"",
"compressed_tokens": 198,
"origin_tokens": 198,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Fixed-wing aircraft context: also use controls and instruments as powered craft. The main application today of glider aircraft is sport and recreation. Gliders were developed from the 1920s for recreational purposes. As pilots began to understand how to use rising air, sailplane gliders were developed with a high lift-to-drag ratio. These allowed longer glides to the next source of \"lift\", and so increase their chances of flying long distances. This gave rise to the popular sport of gliding. Early gliders were mainly built of wood and metal but the majority of sailplanes now use composite materials incorporating glass, carbon or aramid fibres.\n\ntitle: C Northern Ireland context: Cano Association of Northern The Canoe Association of Northern Ireland (CANI) was formed in 1964 and is the governing body for canoeing and kayaking in Northern Ireland CANI is the Northern Ireland Division of British Canoeing British Canoeing is the governing body for. CANI, British Canoeing is affiliated to the International Canoe Federation. It covers all branches of the sport from recreational activities to whitewater racing, slalom; flatwater sprint and marathon racing; canoe polo; and surf kayaking CANI has some 500 individual members of whom about 400 are coaches. There are also 250 affiliated members,\n\ntitle Cano Northern Ireland context: who are members of affili 2 and organisations affili to CANIano The Ce Association ofCAN formed in 1964 and is the governing bodyoeing and kay Northern C Ireland Division British Canoeing British Cano is governing body the UK CAN, British Cano affiliated to the International Canoe It covers all branches of the sport from recreational activities to whitewater racing, sl flatwater sprint and mar; canoe pol and surf kay.\n\n: Gl flight context for equipment into. used for sport and recreationified asiderses hang and These two types are often footed. of types enables rising tode of lift When in glsailplanes), the sport is known as gliding and sometimes as soaring. For foot-launched aircraft, it is known as hang gliding and paragliding. Radio-controlled gliders with fixed wings are also soared by enthusiasts. In addition to motor gliders,\n\n\"What sports activity was originally known in England as \"\"plank-gliding\"\"?\"",
"compressed_tokens": 512,
"origin_tokens": 14298,
"ratio": "27.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
117 | Which was the first sport to have its top players named to an All-American team? | [
"Football, in 1889. The idea originated with famed football authority Walter Camp, who picked 36 All-American teams until his death in 1925"
] | Football, in 1889. The idea originated with famed football authority Walter Camp, who picked 36 All-American teams until his death in 1925 | [
{
"id": "16446200",
"text": "1971 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1971 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16447018",
"text": "1973 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1973 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16438349",
"text": "1958 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1958 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16446134",
"text": "1970 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1970 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450855",
"text": "1975 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1975 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450835",
"text": "1974 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1974 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16446250",
"text": "1972 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1972 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16446201",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1971 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1971 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436832",
"text": "1953 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1953 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16438051",
"text": "1957 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1957 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439167",
"text": "1963 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1963 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445768",
"text": "1966 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1966 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439238",
"text": "1965 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1965 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16447019",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1973 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1973 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16451019",
"text": "1980 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1980 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450922",
"text": "1976 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1976 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436693",
"text": "the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1950 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.",
"title": "1950 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16438350",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1958 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1958 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436815",
"text": "1952 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1952 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445804",
"text": "1967 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1967 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445829",
"text": "1968 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1968 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450856",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1975 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1975 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436721",
"text": "the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1951 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.",
"title": "1951 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436692",
"text": "1950 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947-1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was",
"title": "1950 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16435136",
"text": "1981 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1981 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439126",
"text": "1960 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1960 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436677",
"text": "the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1948 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.",
"title": "1948 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436720",
"text": "1951 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947-1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was",
"title": "1951 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439215",
"text": "1964 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1964 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445918",
"text": "1969 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1969 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16446135",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1970 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1970 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439130",
"text": "1961 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1961 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436861",
"text": "1954 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1954 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16438551",
"text": "1959 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1959 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436673",
"text": "the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1947 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.",
"title": "1947 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450923",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1976 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1976 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "14561458",
"text": "1991 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. In 1950, the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) selected its",
"title": "1991 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16426682",
"text": "1990 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1990 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436676",
"text": "1948 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947-1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was",
"title": "1948 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16431004",
"text": "1987 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1987 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436691",
"text": "the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1949 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.",
"title": "1949 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16425440",
"text": "1995 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1995 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16446251",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1972 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1972 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16435474",
"text": "1983 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in United States team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors",
"title": "1983 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450991",
"text": "1979 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1979 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450966",
"text": "1978 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1978 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16432993",
"text": "1985 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1985 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445805",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1967 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1967 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "14559461",
"text": "1992 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete as a unit, the term is used in United States team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. In 1950, the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) selected",
"title": "1992 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450836",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1974 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1974 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450959",
"text": "1977 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1977 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445769",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1966 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1966 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436690",
"text": "1949 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947-1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was",
"title": "1949 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "14972017",
"text": "1994 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. In 1950, the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) selected its",
"title": "1994 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436672",
"text": "1947 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947-1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was",
"title": "1947 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16437991",
"text": "1956 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in United States team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball",
"title": "1956 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16435451",
"text": "1982 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in United States team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors",
"title": "1982 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "14633199",
"text": "1993 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. In 1950, the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) selected its",
"title": "1993 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439165",
"text": "1962 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches",
"title": "1962 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16438052",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1957 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1957 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445830",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1968 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1968 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16427189",
"text": "1989 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1989 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16430864",
"text": "1988 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1988 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439168",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1963 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1963 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16431687",
"text": "1986 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1986 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436833",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1953 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1953 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16425363",
"text": "1996 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1996 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16422404",
"text": "2005 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for",
"title": "2005 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "12272347",
"text": "majority of the different All-American teams. <br> AP Honorable Mention: 1986 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1986 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans"
},
{
"id": "16439131",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1961 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1961 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16435137",
"text": "the 1981 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and \"Baseball America\" (since 1981). 1981 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team",
"title": "1981 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439216",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1964 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1964 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16433582",
"text": "1984 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes two different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1984 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16422449",
"text": "2004 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for",
"title": "2004 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16451020",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1980 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1980 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16425319",
"text": "1998 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1998 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450992",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1979 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1979 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16427190",
"text": "the 1989 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and \"Baseball America\" (since 1981). 1989 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team",
"title": "1989 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16422514",
"text": "2003 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for",
"title": "2003 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439239",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1965 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1965 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16424590",
"text": "1999 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1999 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16432994",
"text": "the 1985 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and \"Baseball America\" (since 1981). 1985 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team",
"title": "1985 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "12272345",
"text": "1986 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The 1986 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans are honorary",
"title": "1986 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans"
},
{
"id": "16423502",
"text": "2002 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for",
"title": "2002 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16430865",
"text": "the 1988 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and \"Baseball America\" (since 1981). 1988 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team",
"title": "1988 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16438552",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1959 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1959 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16423883",
"text": "2000 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for",
"title": "2000 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16450967",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1978 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1978 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16422294",
"text": "2007 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for",
"title": "2007 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16439127",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1960 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1960 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16433583",
"text": "the 1984 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and \"Baseball America\" (since 1981). 1984 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team",
"title": "1984 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "14567379",
"text": "2006 boys high school basketball All-Americans An All-American team is an honorary sports team that is generally composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". The term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. Both the McDonald's All-American team selection and the Jordan Brand All-American team selection have associated",
"title": "2006 boys high school basketball All-Americans"
},
{
"id": "16436816",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1952 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1952 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16436862",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1954 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1954 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16425337",
"text": "1997 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes three different All-America selectors for",
"title": "1997 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16431005",
"text": "the 1987 college baseball season: the American Baseball Coaches Association (since 1947) and \"Baseball America\" (since 1981). 1987 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team",
"title": "1987 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16235799",
"text": "ESPN Rise boys' high school basketball All-Americans An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. Chuck Taylor made the first boys' high school basketball All-American",
"title": "ESPN Rise boys' high school basketball All-Americans"
},
{
"id": "15299746",
"text": "2011 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The 2011 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans are honorary",
"title": "2011 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans"
},
{
"id": "16421865",
"text": "2009 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. The NCAA recognizes four different All-America selectors for",
"title": "2009 College Baseball All-America Team"
},
{
"id": "16445919",
"text": "Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1969 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football",
"title": "1969 College Baseball All-America Team"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 1971 College Baseball All-America Team context: 1971 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches\n\nWhich was the first sport to have its top players named to an All-American team?",
"compressed_tokens": 202,
"origin_tokens": 202,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 1950 College Baseball All-America Team context: the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA. 1950 College Baseball All-America Team An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans\". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.\n\ntitle4 Baseball All-America context only All-American selector recognized by the 1947 College Baseball All-America An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific \"All-America\" and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.\ntitle9 AllAmerican team an honorary sports team composed of the best players of a specific season for each team—who in turn are given the honor \"All-America and typically referred to as \"All-American athletes\", or simply \"All-Americans Although honore generally do compete together as unit term is used in U.S. to refer players are selected members of the national media Walter Camp selected the first All-America in the early days of American 188\n\ntitleAmer comp U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.\n\nWhich was the first sport to have its top players named to an All-American team?",
"compressed_tokens": 462,
"origin_tokens": 14582,
"ratio": "31.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
118 | How many world records did swimmer Mark Spitz set when he won seven gold medals at the 1972 Olympics? | [
"Seven--one in each of the races in which he competed"
] | Seven--one in each of the races in which he competed | [
{
"id": "756725",
"text": "Mark Spitz Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10, 1950) is an American former competitive swimmer, nine-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in 7 events. He won seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, an achievement surpassed only by fellow American Michael Phelps, who won eight golds at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Spitz set new world records in all seven events in which he competed in 1972. Between 1968 and 1972, Spitz won nine Olympic golds, a silver, and a bronze; five Pan American golds; 31 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) titles; and eight",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "756733",
"text": "top amateur athlete in the United States. Spitz also set a number of world records during the U.S. Olympic Swim Trials held in Chicago's Portage Park in 1972. He was nicknamed \"Mark the Shark\" by his teammates. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich (West Germany), Spitz was back to maintain his bid for the six gold medals. He did even better, winning seven Olympic gold medals. Furthermore, Spitz set a new world record in each of the seven events – 100-meter freestyle (51.22), 200-meter freestyle (1:52.78), 100-meter butterfly (54.27), 200-meter butterfly (2:00.70), 4×100-meter freestyle relay (3:26.42), 4×200-meter freestyle relay",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "13957144",
"text": "turn, and requiring the head to break the surface every cycle. The 1956 Games in Melbourne also saw the introduction of the flip turn, a sort of tumble turn to faster change directions at the end of the lane. In 1972, another famous swimmer, Mark Spitz, was at the height of his career. During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, he won seven gold medals. Shortly thereafter in 1973, the first swimming world championship was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia by the FINA. Breaking the water surface reduces the speed in swimming. The swimmers Daichi Suzuki (Japan) and David Berkoff",
"title": "History of swimming"
},
{
"id": "12403143",
"text": "originally set by Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games. Said Phelps upon setting his seventh-straight Olympic record of the Games in as many events, \"Dream as big as you can dream, and anything is possible ... I am sort of in a dream world. Sometimes I have to pinch myself to make sure it is real.\" On August 17, Phelps won his eighth gold medal in the 4×100-meter medley relay, breaking Mark Spitz's record of seven gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, which had stood since 1972.",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "756757",
"text": "demand a good show. Television pays the IOC for the rights to that good show, and its sponsors want that too. Drug news and drug distractions are not a good show. People are not going to tune in to see athletes have their medals taken away from them.\" Mark Spitz Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10, 1950) is an American former competitive swimmer, nine-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in 7 events. He won seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, an achievement surpassed only by fellow American Michael Phelps, who won eight golds",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "7189582",
"text": "Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics The 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Munich, West Germany, 29 events in swimming were contested. There was a total of 532 participants from 52 countries competing. Perhaps the most spectacular athletic events were in swimming. Mark Spitz of the United States had a spectacular run, lining up for seven events, winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records. The seven world records in a single Olympic meet was tied by Michael Phelps in 2008. According to the official Olympic website, \"He took part in the 4×200 m one hour after his final",
"title": "Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12403122",
"text": "had raced in a preliminary heat of the medley relay, he was also awarded a gold medal along with the team members who competed in the final. In winning six gold and two bronze medals, Phelps, still a teenager, had the second-best performance ever at a single Olympics, behind Mark Spitz's seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Also, he became the second male swimmer ever to win more than two individual titles at a single Games with four, tying Spitz's four from 1972. At the 2005 World Championship Trials, Phelps decided to drop his specialty events, the 400-meter",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "7189584",
"text": "a new world record set. 532 swimmers from 52 nations competed. Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics The 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Munich, West Germany, 29 events in swimming were contested. There was a total of 532 participants from 52 countries competing. Perhaps the most spectacular athletic events were in swimming. Mark Spitz of the United States had a spectacular run, lining up for seven events, winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records. The seven world records in a single Olympic meet was tied by Michael Phelps in 2008. According to the official Olympic website, \"He",
"title": "Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "7820389",
"text": "Athletic Hall of Fame on October 28, 2016. In spite of the terrorist attacks against the Israeli athletes, some of the most spectacular events at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich were in swimming, where Mark Spitz won seven Olympic titles with seven world records. On August 29, 1972, Tyler finished 5th in finals of 200 meter freestyle, missing Indiana teammate Mark Spitz' world record time by 2.18 seconds. On August 31, 1972, the American 4 × 200 meter freestyle relay of John Kinsella, Fred Tyler, Steve Genter and Mark Spitz set a World & Olympic record at 7:35:78, eclipsing",
"title": "Fred Tyler"
},
{
"id": "12618101",
"text": "the US men's team at the 1972 Olympics, where his men swimmers won 26 of 45 medals awarded in men's events. In those Olympics, Mark Spitz of the United States had a spectacular run, lining up for seven events, winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records. Daland was also active in the swimming community via his roles/positions with FISU, the International University Sports Federation, and ASCA, the American Swimming Coaches Association. He was one of the founders of ASCA, and was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1977. The pool of USC's Uytengsu Aquatics Center",
"title": "Peter Daland"
},
{
"id": "469733",
"text": "eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972. Usain Bolt of Jamaica dominated the male sprinting events at the Beijing Olympics, in which he broke three world records, allowing him to be the first man to ever accomplish this at a single Olympic game. He holds the world record for the 100 metres (despite slowing down before the finish line to celebrate), the 200 metres and, along with his teammates, the 4 × 100 metres relay. The rise of the Ultimate Fighting Championship and the decline of the WWE started to",
"title": "2000s (decade)"
},
{
"id": "5607358",
"text": "Nedo Nadi Nedo Nadi (9 June 1894 – 29 January 1940) was one of the best Italian fencers of all time. He is the only fencer to win a gold medal in each of the three weapons at a single Olympic Games and won the most fencing gold medals ever at a single Games—five. Until Mark Spitz won seven swimming championships at the 1972 Summer Olympics, this was also the record number of gold medals won at a single Games by any competitor. Nadi won six Olympic gold medals in total. Nedo Nadi was born in Livorno, Italy, the elder",
"title": "Nedo Nadi"
},
{
"id": "10572901",
"text": "team's close victory game. The U.S. complained about errors in officiating but the victory by the Soviet Union was upheld. Among the 1972 Summer Olympic highlights was the performance of swimmer Mark Spitz, who set seven World Records to win a record seven gold medals in one Olympics, bringing his total to nine. Other notable athletes at the 1972 games were sixteen-year-old Olga Korbut, whose success in women's gymnastics earned three gold medals for the Soviet Union, and British athlete Mary Peters, who took home the gold in the women's pentathlon. The 1976 Summer games in Montreal marked the first",
"title": "1970s in sports"
},
{
"id": "3633126",
"text": "American swimmer Mark Spitz won seven events, breaking the record for most gold medals by a single athlete in a single Olympic Games. Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut delivered another memorable performance. She entered the Olympics as an alternate on the Soviet gymnastics team, and replaced an injured teammate before the start of the competition. Korbut performed well during the team competition and captured the global television audience with her personality. She helped the Soviet team win its sixth straight Olympic title and went on to win two more individual gold medals and one silver. Japanese gymnast Sawao Kato won three",
"title": "1972 Summer Olympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "8509099",
"text": "its standings as the most successful nation in swimming. A stellar performance in the pool also made an Olympic history for Michael Phelps, who captured eight gold medals to break Mark Spitz's 1972 record, a total of seven, at a single Games. Despite the male swimmers failing to attain a single gold in swimming, Australia managed to repeat a second-place effort on its third consecutive Olympics with 20 medals (six golds, six silver, and eight bronze). Meanwhile, Great Britain finished third with a total of six medals by the benefit of a sterling long-distance freestyle double from Rebecca Adlington. A",
"title": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12403142",
"text": "raised questions due to Phelps's sponsorship relationship with Omega. Čavić later wrote in his blog, \"People, this is the greatest moment of my life. If you ask me, it should be accepted and we should move on. I've accepted defeat, and there's nothing wrong with losing to the greatest swimmer there has ever been.\" Phelps's seventh gold medal of the Games tied Mark Spitz's record for gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, set in the 1972 Olympics. It was also his fifth individual gold medal in Beijing, tying the record for individual gold medals at a single Games",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "12403128",
"text": "2007 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won seven gold medals, tying the record for a global long-course championship held by Mark Spitz since the 1972 Summer Olympics, and broke five world records. Phelps first gold medal came in the 4×100-meter freestyle. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 48.42 seconds and Neil Walker, Cullen Jones and Jason Lezak each expanded the lead to win in a Championship record of 3:12.72, just missing the world record of 3:12.46 set the previous year. His lead-off time was faster than the winning time in the individual 100-meter freestyle final later in the meet. Phelps set",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "5468514",
"text": "kept him in demand as a broadcast anchor and commentator for international boxing and football matches. It also took him across the globe including to Aden (now Yemen) in 1966/67, to Cologne in Germany (1968–69 and again for part of '72) and then to Gibraltar for three years. In 1972, Don was assigned as a BFBS reporter for the Munich Olympics, where he secured a worldwide scoop – an exclusive interview with the swimmer Mark Spitz, who'd won an – unprecedented at the time – seven gold medals at the Games. Don was also press officer and matchday announcer for",
"title": "Don Durbridge"
},
{
"id": "756735",
"text": "medals: Larisa Latynina, Paavo Nurmi, and Carl Lewis also have nine; only Phelps has won more with 23. Spitz's record of seven gold medals in a single Olympics was not surpassed until Phelps broke the record at the 2008 Summer Olympics. During the Munich Massacre by Palestinian terrorists in the 1972 Olympics, Israeli racewalker Shaul Ladany awakened and alerted American track coach Bill Bowerman, who called for the U.S. Marines to come and protect American Jewish Olympians swimmer Spitz and javelin thrower Bill Schmidt. Following the Munich Olympics, Spitz retired from competition even though he was still only 22 years",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "6175221",
"text": "the event's history. This was a crucial race for Michael Phelps, because he needed it to complete the goal of winning eight gold medals in a single Olympic Games, breaking Mark Spitz's record of seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Lezak also earned his first individual Olympic medal, having tied for the bronze with Brazilian swimmer César Cielo Filho in the 100-meter freestyle with a time of 47.67. Lezak qualified for his fourth Olympics at the 2012 United States Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska. His sixth-place finish in the Olympic Trial finals was good enough to reach the",
"title": "Jason Lezak"
},
{
"id": "11366390",
"text": "highest total medal count, and won more silver and bronze medals than any other participating nation. This games also saw a gold medal record for U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps, who won 8 golds surpassing Mark Spitz's record of 7 golds in a single Olympic event in 1972. Phelps also surpassed Spitz, Larisa Latynina of the USSR, Paavo Nurmi of Finland, and U.S. sprinter Carl Lewis to become the current record holder for the most Olympic gold medals (14). The United States also saw milestones in women's swimming. Natalie Coughlin won 6 medals in Beijing, the most for a female Olympic",
"title": "United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "1307334",
"text": "the 200–400–800 treble. His performances formed the basis for Australia's gold medal win over the United States 13–9. It was also the first time since the 1956 Summer Olympics that Australia had topped the medal tally at a global meet. Thorpe's achievements led to predictions that he could match Mark Spitz's seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics, which he played down. Thorpe began competition in 2002 at the Australian Championships in Brisbane in March, which were used to select the team for the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships. After his record",
"title": "Ian Thorpe"
},
{
"id": "6579385",
"text": "Tour de France champion Lance Armstrong called the Little 500, which has raised more than $1 million in scholarship money, \"the coolest event I ever attended.\" Between the Los Angeles 1932 games and the Athens 2004 games at least one former alumnus medaled at every Summer Olympics. In world record times, Mark Spitz captured seven swimming gold medals in at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Following the Rio games, at least 223 IU athletes have competed in the Summer Olympics, of these are representatives of 25 nations. On twelve occasions, Olympic coaches have come from Indiana University. In total,",
"title": "Indiana Hoosiers"
},
{
"id": "756726",
"text": "National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) titles. During those years, he set 35 world records, but two were in trials and unofficial. He was named World Swimmer of the Year in 1969, 1971, and 1972 by \"Swimming World Magazine\". He was the third athlete to win nine Olympic gold medals. Spitz was born in 1950 in Modesto, California, the first of three children of Lenore Sylvia (Smith) and Arnold Spitz. His family is Jewish; his father's family was from Hungary and his mother's, originally surnamed \"Sklotkovick\", were from Russia. When Spitz was two years old, his family moved to Honolulu, Hawaii,",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "12403100",
"text": "Michael Phelps Michael Fred Phelps II (born June 30, 1985) is an American retired competitive swimmer and the most successful and most decorated Olympian of all time, with a total of 28 medals. Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals (23), Olympic gold medals in individual events (13), and Olympic medals in individual events (16). When he won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games, Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Phelps had already tied the record",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "12262846",
"text": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly The men's 100 metre butterfly event at the 2008 Olympic Games took place on 14–16 August at the Beijing National Aquatics Center in Beijing, China. U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps set a new Olympic record of 50.58 to defend his title in the event, edging out Serbia's Milorad Čavić (50.59) by one hundredth of a second (0.01). He also earned his seventh Olympic gold at a single Games, tying Mark Spitz's 1972 record for the most gold medals. Australia's Andrew Lauterstein earned a bronze in 51.12, finishing in a close",
"title": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly"
},
{
"id": "12211081",
"text": "split of 50.15 to maintain a leading pace and claim a historic gold for the Americans with a world-record time of 3:29.34, shaving 1.34 seconds off their standard from Athens in 2004. By capturing his eighth gold, Phelps also eclipsed Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven for the most in a single Games, raising his career total to 16 medals (14 golds and 2 bronze). The Aussie foursome of Hayden Stoeckel (53.80), Brenton Rickard (58.56), Andrew Lauterstein (51.03), and Eamon Sullivan (46.65) trailed behind their greatest rivals in the pool by exactly seven-tenths of a second (0.70), but took home",
"title": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay"
},
{
"id": "6081246",
"text": "swimmer Mark Spitz won 7 gold medals there during the 1972 Munich Games. This amounted to a remarkable comeback for Mark Spitz, who had fallen short of the 5 gold medals expected of him at the 1968 Mexico Olympics. The venue also saw significant success by the young women's team of the GDR, which was later found - albeit, the matter was essentially an open secret - to be the result of an extensive doping programme. One notable feature of the Munich \"Schwimmhalle\" is the way in which the cobbled paths leading to the venue continue under the canopy as",
"title": "Olympiapark (Munich)"
},
{
"id": "11414120",
"text": "His tally of eleven medals made him the all-time leading male medal winner for the United States at the Olympic Games. In 1972, Mark Spitz tied this record after having won four medals in 1968 and seven in 1972. Michael Phelps has since broken this record. Osburn was admitted to the U.S. Naval Academy as a midshipman on August 1, 1903, graduating in 1906, earlier than scheduled, to address a shortage of naval officers. He was assigned for his sea service as a midshipman on board from October 12, 1906 to June 1908. He was then assigned to , a",
"title": "Carl Osburn"
},
{
"id": "3602935",
"text": "Van den Hoogenband, who led the field through the first three laps under a world record pace, settled only for the silver in 1:45.23. Meanwhile, Phelps finished the race with a bronze in an American record of 1:45.32, ending his hopes of emulating Mark Spitz's 1972 record of seven gold medals. Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows: The following records were established during the competition: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle The men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Summer Olympics was contested at the Olympic Aquatic",
"title": "Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle"
},
{
"id": "337991",
"text": "in running. He also set many more unofficial ones for a total of 58. His indoor world records were all unofficial as the IAAF did not ratify indoor records until the 1980s. Nurmi's record for most Olympic gold medals was matched by gymnast Larisa Latynina in 1964, swimmer Mark Spitz in 1972 and fellow track and field athlete Carl Lewis in 1996, and broken by swimmer Michael Phelps in 2008. Nurmi's record for most medals in the Olympic Games stood until Edoardo Mangiarotti won his 13th medal in fencing in 1960. \"Time\" selected Nurmi as the greatest Olympian of all",
"title": "Paavo Nurmi"
},
{
"id": "469430",
"text": "California. In 1974, Australian TV tests color transmissions (full-time color comes in 1975). Popular Shows during the Decade include, Young Talent Time,* Number 96, The Aunty Jack Show, Class of '74, The Sullivans, The Don Lane Show, Cop Shop, The Naked Vicar Show, The Paul Hogan Show and \"Countdown\". South Africa saw nationwide television service for the first time on January 5, 1976, although limited-view, locally available television began on May 5, 1975. The 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany saw swimmer Mark Spitz set seven World Records and won a record seven gold medals. The 1976 Summer Olympics were",
"title": "1970s"
},
{
"id": "5607364",
"text": "the Buenos Aires Jockey Club. He returned to Rome some years later and was reinstated as an amateur. From 1935 to his death in January 1940 he served as president of the Italian Fencing Federation. Nedo Nadi Nedo Nadi (9 June 1894 – 29 January 1940) was one of the best Italian fencers of all time. He is the only fencer to win a gold medal in each of the three weapons at a single Olympic Games and won the most fencing gold medals ever at a single Games—five. Until Mark Spitz won seven swimming championships at the 1972 Summer",
"title": "Nedo Nadi"
},
{
"id": "17479535",
"text": "pool did he admit to commentators that he didn't know how to swim. When a reporter asked him why he tried the race, Frazier replied, \"How was I to know I couldn't unless I tried it?\" He also famously opined, \"That Mark Spitz,\" (who had won several gold medals for swimming at the 1972 Olympics) \"is a tough muthafucker!\" Spin-offs included a women's version of the show, and a \"Superteams\" version, where the two World Series and Super Bowl teams each faced off (except that the owner of the New York Yankees at the time prohibited his players from competing,",
"title": "Superstars (U.S. TV program)"
},
{
"id": "16760051",
"text": "Anita Zarnowiecki Anita Rosa Zarnowiecki (born 26 May 1954) is a Swedish swimmer who won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. She competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in four events and finished sixth and eighth in the 4 × 100 m freestyle and medley relays, respectively. Being Jewish, she participated at the ninth Maccabiah Games in 1973. She won seven gold medals, surpassing the record of five medals set by Mark Spitz in 1969. Her twin brother, Bernt Zarnowiecki, also competed in freestyle swimming at the 1972 Summer",
"title": "Anita Zarnowiecki"
},
{
"id": "16760052",
"text": "Olympics. Anita Zarnowiecki Anita Rosa Zarnowiecki (born 26 May 1954) is a Swedish swimmer who won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. She competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in four events and finished sixth and eighth in the 4 × 100 m freestyle and medley relays, respectively. Being Jewish, she participated at the ninth Maccabiah Games in 1973. She won seven gold medals, surpassing the record of five medals set by Mark Spitz in 1969. Her twin brother, Bernt Zarnowiecki, also competed in freestyle swimming at the 1972",
"title": "Anita Zarnowiecki"
},
{
"id": "756734",
"text": "(7:35.78), and 4×100-meter medley relay (3:48.16). Originally, Spitz was reluctant to swim the 100-meter freestyle, fearing a less-than-gold medal finish. Minutes before the race, he confessed on the pool deck to ABC's Donna de Varona, \"I know I say I don't want to swim before every event, but this time I'm serious. If I swim six and win six, I'll be a hero. If I swim seven and win six, I'll be a failure.\" Spitz won by half a stroke in a world-record time of 51.22 seconds. Spitz is one of five Olympians to win nine or more career gold",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "11739906",
"text": "she became the second woman in history and the fifth swimmer overall, following Mark Spitz (1972), Kornelia Ender (1975, 1976), Matt Biondi (1986, 1988) and Michael Klim (1998), to win medals in both the 100 m and 200 m freestyle and the 100 m butterfly at a single Olympic Games, or World Championships. In January 2017 Sarah Sjöström competed in the 19th Luxembourg Euro Meet and won the 50 m freestyle event with a time of 24.01, the 100 m freestyle event with a time of 53.21, the 50 m butterfly event with a time of 25.02, and the 100",
"title": "Sarah Sjöström"
},
{
"id": "2449023",
"text": "piece \"Loops and Lines\"). Both degrees are from the University of Tasmania. Gould is also a photographer with works on display with the Art of the Olympians. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Gould won three gold medals, setting a world record in each race. She also won a bronze and a silver medal. She is the only person, male or female, to hold every world freestyle record from 100 metres to 1500 metres and the 200-metre individual medley world record simultaneously, which she did from 12 December 1971 to 1 September 1972. She is the first female swimmer",
"title": "Shane Gould"
},
{
"id": "10758438",
"text": "2010 and 2012—since its inception in 2002. Tonks is currently the only person to have won the award more than once. In the 2003 New Year Honours, Tonks was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to rowing. Dick Tonks Richard William Tonks (born 21 February 1951) is a former national New Zealand rowing coach and a former rower who won a silver medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Through his coaching career he has coached crews to a total of 25 World Championship medals—including thirteen gold—and a total of seven Olympic medals—six",
"title": "Dick Tonks"
},
{
"id": "13320674",
"text": "Robin Backhaus Robin James Backhaus (born February 12, 1955) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic medalist, and former world record-holder. Backhaus represented the United States as a 17-year-old at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He won a bronze medal for his third-place performance in the men's 200-meter butterfly, finishing with a time of 2:03.23 behind Mark Spitz and Gary Hall, and completing an American sweep of the event. At the 1973 World Aquatics Championships in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, he won gold medals for his first-place finish in the 200-meter butterfly, and as a member of the winning U.S.",
"title": "Robin Backhaus"
},
{
"id": "10758431",
"text": "Dick Tonks Richard William Tonks (born 21 February 1951) is a former national New Zealand rowing coach and a former rower who won a silver medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Through his coaching career he has coached crews to a total of 25 World Championship medals—including thirteen gold—and a total of seven Olympic medals—six of which were gold. Dick Tonks' father, Alan Tonks, was an accomplished rower and coach, and it is presumed that his influence was a major factor in Dick's taking up rowing at Wanganui Boys' College at the age of thirteen. He first competed",
"title": "Dick Tonks"
},
{
"id": "11366415",
"text": "Olympic team after failing an anti-doping test at the national trials. Hardy opted to pull out instead of contesting the test results at the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The U.S. left Beijing with 31 swimming medals: 12 gold, 9 silver and 10 bronze. This surpassed the 28 medals won by the swimming team in Athens. In the process, the U.S. broke ten swimming world records and twenty-four American records. The American performance in swimming was highlighted by Michael Phelps, who won a total of eight gold medals, surpassing Mark Spitz's 36-year-old single Games record of seven gold medals. Phelps",
"title": "United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "7189583",
"text": "in the 100 m butterfly. As for the 200 m freestyle gold, it was his third medal in three days\" . On the women's side of the competition, Shane Gould of Australia won 5 medals. She won the 200 m and 400 m freestyle as well as the 200 m individual medley, each with a new world record time. In addition, she won the silver and the bronze in the 800 m and 100 m freestyle, respectively. In terms of records, the Olympic record was broken at least once in all 29 events. In 20 of those events, there was",
"title": "Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "8951270",
"text": "Karen Moe Karen Patricia Moe Humphreys (born January 22, 1953), née Karen Patricia Moe, is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, she won the gold medal in the women's 200-meter butterfly event. Moe set world records in the 200-meter butterfly in 1970, 1971 and 1973. She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an \"Honor Swimmer\" in 1992. In 1978, Moe became the head coach of the California Golden Bears women's swim team at the University of California, Berkeley, and served in that",
"title": "Karen Moe"
},
{
"id": "11553405",
"text": "floor, support pillars. The Chicago Park District has WPA photos of the structure. The park predates all of the buildings that surround it. In 1959, the park district replaced the concrete pool with an Olympic-sized pool in preparation for hosting the Pan American Games. In 1972, Portage Park hosted the U.S. Olympic swimming trials, where Gold Medalist Mark Spitz set new world's records. In 1998, the swimming pools and plaza area were rehabilitated while an interactive water play area was created for children. Portage Park (Chicago) Portage Park is a park in the Portage Park community area of Chicago, Illinois",
"title": "Portage Park (Chicago)"
},
{
"id": "8951271",
"text": "position until 1992. In 1987, she was named the NCAA Division I Women's Swimming Coach of the Year. From 1992 to 2004, she served within Cal's athletic department. <br> <br> Karen Moe Karen Patricia Moe Humphreys (born January 22, 1953), née Karen Patricia Moe, is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, she won the gold medal in the women's 200-meter butterfly event. Moe set world records in the 200-meter butterfly in 1970, 1971 and 1973. She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as",
"title": "Karen Moe"
},
{
"id": "3808551",
"text": "Aleksandr Medved Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Medved (born 16 September 1937) is a retired freestyle wrestler who competed for the Soviet Union and was named by the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) as \"one of the greatest wrestlers in history\". Between 1962 and 1972 he won three Olympic gold medals, seven world and three European titles. He served as the Olympic flag bearer for the Soviet Union in 1972 and for Belarus and recited the Judge's Oath at the Opening Ceremony of the 1980 Olympics. According to Medved, his grandparents came from Russia; his grandmother was ca. 195 cm, and",
"title": "Aleksandr Medved"
},
{
"id": "3707559",
"text": "ABC Sports as a two-hour special in 1973. Bob Seagren, an Olympic pole vault gold medalist, was the first winner. However, it was heavyweight champion boxer Joe Frazier who nearly stole the show. In the very first event, the 50 meter swimming heats, Frazier nearly drowned, and only after he was retrieved from the pool did he admit to commentators that he didn't know how to swim. When a reporter asked him why he tried the race, Frazier replied, \"How was I to know I couldn't unless I tried it?\". He also famously opined, \"That Mark Spitz,\" (who had won",
"title": "Superstars"
},
{
"id": "756737",
"text": "the 2008 Summer Games, at the same age as Spitz. After Spitz retired from competitive swimming at age 22, he was managed by the William Morris Agency, which tried to get him into show business while his name was still familiar due to his athletic success. A poster featuring Spitz wearing his swimsuit and seven gold medals made him the hottest pin-up since Betty Grable. In Spitz's TV debut, he appeared as himself in a skit as a dentist on a Bob Hope special that aired October 5, 1972. In 1973–74, Spitz appeared on TV's \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "10038269",
"text": "team ever assembled, winning 12 of 13 (92%) possible gold medals and 27 of 35 (77%) possible total medals. Furniss won Olympic gold in the 200-meter freestyle, (one of three Americans to ever win this Olympic event; Mark Spitz in 1972 and Michael Phelps in 2008 being the other two), and the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, setting world records in each event. In the 200-meter freestyle he led an American sweep finishing ahead of fellow Americans John Naber (silver) and Jim Montgomery (bronze). He teamed up with Naber, Montgomery and Mike Bruner on the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Furniss also garnered two",
"title": "Bruce Furniss"
},
{
"id": "1739122",
"text": "and Boris Mikhailov, the Soviet Union won gold at the 1970 and 1971 World Championships and the 1972 Winter Olympics. 1972 marked the first time that both the Olympics and World Championships were held in the same year as separate events. At the World Championships in Prague, the Czechoslovak team ended the Soviet team's streak and won their first gold since 1949. The Soviet team quickly returned to their winning ways, winning 1973 and 1974 World Championships. However, during the latter tournament, the Czechoslovak team defeated the Soviets 7–2. It was one of the biggest margins the Soviet team had",
"title": "Ice Hockey World Championships"
},
{
"id": "16555316",
"text": "Shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Mixed 50 metre free pistol The following are the results of the 50 metre free pistol competition at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The defending champion was Grigory Kosykh of the Soviet Union, he also holds the world record with 572. He would not be a factor at these games as he struggled and finished a distant eighth. The gold medal was won by Ragnar Skanåker who brought Sweden its first shooting gold medal in 36 years. Skanåker became a common sight at Olympics games as he competed continuously thru 1996, appearing in seven",
"title": "Shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Mixed 50 metre free pistol"
},
{
"id": "9007261",
"text": "not compression. The double curvature in the roof design is what provides support which is further stabilized through pretensioned guy wires. The Olympia Schwimmhalle is where swimmer Mark Spitz broke the record for most individual gold medals won in a single Olympics with seven gold medals. This record was not surpassed until fellow swimmer Michael Phelps won eight gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Olympia Schwimmhalle The Olympia Schwimmhalle is an aquatics centre located in the Olympiapark in Munich, Germany. It hosted the swimming, diving, water polo, and the swimming part of the modern pentathlon events at",
"title": "Olympia Schwimmhalle"
},
{
"id": "12403186",
"text": "of Baltimore was renamed The Michael Phelps Way in 2004. On April 9, 2009, Phelps was invited to appear before the Maryland House of Delegates and the Maryland Senate, to be honored for his Olympic accomplishments. Phelps has also received the following awards: r = relay lead-off Phelps has set 39 world records (29 individual, 10 relay), which is more records than any other swimmer that is recognized by FINA; this achievement surpassed Mark Spitz's previous record of 33 world records (26 individual, 7 relay). However, Johnny Weissmuller is reported to have broken 67 official world records. All but two",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "3132584",
"text": "Emiel Puttemans Emiel Adrien \"Miel\" Puttemans (born 8 October 1947) is a retired middle- and long-distance runner, who set world records for 3000 metres (7 minutes 37.6 seconds) in 1972, for 2 miles (8 minutes 17.8 seconds) in 1971, and for 5000 metres (13 minutes 13 seconds) in 1972. He won two European Indoor Championships titles in the 3000 m, in 1973 and 1974, and finished second in 1978. At the 1972 Summer Olympics, Puttemans won a silver medal in the 10,000 metres and finished in fifth place in the 5000 metres. He then set a world record in the",
"title": "Emiel Puttemans"
},
{
"id": "903135",
"text": "1963, and another Hall of Famer in Walt Bellamy. The 1972 Olympic men's basketball gold medal game, marking the first ever loss for the USA in Olympic play, is arguably the most controversial in Olympic history. The United States rode their seven consecutive gold medals and 63–0 Olympic record to Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics. The team won its first eight games in convincing fashion, setting up a final against the Soviet Union, holding a 6–0 advantage over the Soviets in Olympic play. With three seconds left in the gold medal game, American forward Doug Collins sank two free",
"title": "United States men's national basketball team"
},
{
"id": "15840618",
"text": "A joint bid among Ireland, Scotland and Wales was submitted. In addition, a bid from Azerbaijan and Georgia was also submitted. On May 23, 2012, the IOC Selected Istanbul as a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Right after being shortlisted as a candidate city, it was announced that the Vice President of the Turkish Olympic Committee Hasan Arat will serve as the head of Istanbul's bid for the 2020 Olympics. In July 2012 the bid received the endorsement of American Olympic gold-medalist Mark Spitz who won a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1968 and 1972. The",
"title": "Istanbul bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "9442011",
"text": "to be a Phys Ed teacher, which led to his selection for the 1964 international tour of New Zealand. For health reasons Lawrence moved back to Townsville and began to establish himself as a swim coach. During this time he made a study tour to see Mark Spitz's coach and learn from his training regimen. He moved to Sydney to take over as swim coach from Don Talbot at the Hurstville Club. He inherited from Talbot the responsibility for young Stephen Holland, whom he guided to a world record and world championship in 1972. Lawrence then took a hiatus from",
"title": "Laurie Lawrence"
},
{
"id": "756727",
"text": "where he swam at Waikiki beach every day. \"You should have seen that little boy dash into the ocean. He'd run like he was trying to commit suicide,\" Lenore Spitz told a reporter for \"Time\" in 1968. At age six, his family returned to Sacramento, California, and he began to compete at his local swim club. At age nine, he was training at Arden Hills Swim Club in Sacramento with swimming coach Sherm Chavoor, who mentored seven Olympic medal winners including Spitz. Spitz held one world age-group record and 17 national records at the age of 10. At age 14,",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "8294662",
"text": "years later at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, he became the only American ever to repeat as the 1,500-meter freestyle gold medalist, and he also recaptured the world record in the process. While winning gold in the 1972, Burton also set a new World Record in the 1500 Free. Burton's repeat proved a stunning win: in the spring of 1972, Burton had been diagnosed with a vitamin deficiency, and at the U.S. Olympic Trials had barely made the Olympic Team. The Olympic Trials were held in Chicago, Burton failed to make the Olympic team in the 400 freestyle",
"title": "Mike Burton (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "756754",
"text": "interview on NBC, Spitz said that he felt Phelps' performance in the 100 fly in Beijing was \"epic\". Spitz paid this compliment to Phelps just two hours after his record-tying seventh gold medal during a live joint interview with Bob Costas: In 2015, Spitz allegedly claimed that he had seen an email from Omega, the official timekeeper, that Phelps had lost the closely contested 100m butterfly final in 2008. He later claimed that his quote had been \"misconstrued\". Mark Spitz has been consistent in criticism of both swimming's world bodies, FINA and the IOC, in their incomplete attempts to keep",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "17035275",
"text": "in 1970 after a serious training accident in a swimming pool, which brought him into a coma and resulted in multiple fractures. After recovery, he prepared the Italian skating team to the 1972 Winter Olympics. In 1972 Traub joined the motorsport and has been a fitness trainer of the Ford car racing team, which included Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Jochen Mass and Hans-Joachim Stuck. In 1999, he resumed competing in speed skating and became world champion in his age group, setting a new world record. He proceeded to win world titles in 2000 and 2002, setting a total of seven",
"title": "Günter Traub"
},
{
"id": "756731",
"text": "City. However, he won only two team golds: the 4×100-meter freestyle relay in 3:31.70, and the 4×200-meter freestyle relay in 7:52.33. In addition, Spitz finished second in the 100-meter butterfly in 56.40 seconds; he was defeated by fellow American Doug Russell by a half second, despite holding the world record and having beaten Russell the previous ten times they had swum against each other that year. Russell did briefly match Spitz's world record in late August 1967, holding the record equally with Spitz for five days before Spitz regained it solely on October 2, 1967. As a result of being",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "18257952",
"text": "1972 Olympic Men's Basketball Final The 1972 Olympic men's basketball final was one of the most controversial events in Olympic history and was recorded by FIBA as the first ever loss for Team USA since the sport began Olympic play in 1936. The United States team won the previous seven gold medals and was favored to win another in Munich at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The team convincingly won its first eight games of the tournament putting its overall Olympic record at 63–0 and setting up a final against the Soviet Union. The United States and Soviet Union sporting adversary",
"title": "1972 Olympic Men's Basketball Final"
},
{
"id": "12403187",
"text": "of the records were set in a long-course (50-meter) pool. , he holds six world records (indicated in bold), not including his records for most Olympic medals and most Olympic gold medals ever won by one person. Phelps holds 26 Guinness World Records which predominantly consist of accumulative Guinness World Records (\"Guinness mosts\", records formulated starting with \"most\") for total number of accomplishments and victories in swimming such as: most medals, consecutive number of medals, most medals within one tournament, most records in swimming etc. It is the highest number of accumulative Guinness World Records held by an athlete. Michael",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "799639",
"text": "Games Champion in both the 100 and 200 metres. At the next European Championships, in 1971, she won both the 100 and 200 m and the silver in the relay. At that time, she was already competing as Renate Stecher, having married hurdler Gerd Stecher the previous year. At the 1972 Summer Olympics, Stecher repeated that performance. She won the 100 m in time of 11.07, which was only in 1976 recognised as world record, which had been measured in tenths of seconds before (the times in tenths were later corrected). She also equalled the world record in the 200",
"title": "Renate Stecher"
},
{
"id": "3622179",
"text": "Nancy Riach award every year from 1972 to 1976. At the Scottish national long course championships in 1972, Wilkie won five events. However Wilkie's world breakthrough came when he won silver in the 200-metre breaststroke at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, in a European record time of 2:23:67 in spite of being ranked only 25th in the world. He also broke the Scottish record times for the 100-metre breaststroke and the 200-metre individual medley. In 1973 Wilkie was studying and swimming in the United States. He won the World Championship for 200-metre breaststroke in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and broke",
"title": "David Wilkie (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "8949215",
"text": "set a new world record in the event twice, on successive days. She also won the bronze medal in the women's 200-meter freestyle at the 1972 Olympics. At the 1973 World Aquatics Championships, she won the 200-meter freestyle and finished second in the 400-meter freestyle. The same year, she was named North American Athlete of the Year. She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an \"Honor Swimmer\" in 1991. Keena Rothhammer Keena Ruth Rothhammer (born February 26, 1957) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in two events. Rothhammer was born",
"title": "Keena Rothhammer"
},
{
"id": "16221916",
"text": "Anatoly Roshchin Anatoly Aleksandrovich Roshchin (, 10 March 1932 – 5 January 2016) was a heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestler from Russia. Between 1962 and 1972 he won nine medals at the Summer Olympics and world championships, including four gold medals. Roshchin lost his father during World War II and had to start working as a shepherd aged 10. In 1950, seeking a better job, he moved from his village to Moscow. At the time he trained in weightlifting and basketball and changed to wrestling only in 1954, while serving in the Soviet Navy. His career was interrupted in 1957, when he",
"title": "Anatoly Roshchin"
},
{
"id": "11910412",
"text": "Soviet Galina Prozumenshchikova by 1.41 seconds. She won a gold medal swimming the breaststroke leg for the first-place U.S. team in the women's 4×100-meter medley relay, together with her teammates Melissa Belote (backstroke), Deena Deardurff (butterfly), and Sandy Neilson (freestyle). The American medley relay team set a new world record of 4:20.75 in the event final, beating the East German and West German teams by 4.16 and 5.71 seconds, respectively. She held the long course world record in the 100-meter breaststroke (set at the 1972 Olympics) from September 2, 1972, to August 22, 1974. Her world record in the 4×100-meter",
"title": "Cathy Carr (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "7729327",
"text": "John Hencken John Frederick Hencken (born May 29, 1954) is an American former competition swimmer, three-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. Hencken won five Olympic medals during his career, including three golds. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, he won a gold medal in the 200-meter breaststroke and a bronze medal in the 100-meter breaststroke. Four years later at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, Hencken won gold medals in the 100-meter breaststroke and 4×100-meter medley relay, and a silver in the 200-meter breaststroke. During his career Hencken set 21 American and 13 world records. He",
"title": "John Hencken"
},
{
"id": "13265532",
"text": "to retain only records held in 50 m pools as the official world record listings. By 1969 there were thirty-one events in which FINA recognised official world records – 16 for men, 15 for women – closely resembling the event schedule that was in use at the Olympic Games. The increase in accuracy and reliability of electronic timing equipment led to the introduction of hundredths of a second to the time records from 21 August 1972. Records in short course (25 m) pools began to be officially approved as \"short course world records\" from 3 March 1991. Prior to this",
"title": "Swimming (sport)"
},
{
"id": "12403137",
"text": "race, Phelps became the fifth Olympic athlete in modern history to win nine gold medals, joining Mark Spitz, Larisa Latynina, Paavo Nurmi, and Carl Lewis. The next day, Phelps participated in two finals. In his first event, the 200-meter butterfly, Phelps made it four gold medals and world records in four events by swimming the final in 1:52.03, defeating silver medalist László Cseh by almost seven-tenths of a second despite his goggles' having filled up with water and being unable to \"see anything for the last 100 meters. This fourth gold medal was his tenth, and made him the all-time",
"title": "Michael Phelps"
},
{
"id": "14375851",
"text": "200-meter backstroke, Franklin also became the first American female to win the event at the Olympics since Melissa Belote did in 1972, forty years earlier. In her final event, the 4×100-meter medley relay, Franklin won gold with Rebecca Soni, Dana Vollmer and Allison Schmitt. Swimming the backstroke leg, Franklin recorded a time of 58.50 seconds, and the U.S. team went on to set the world record with a time of 3:52.05, besting the Chinese-owned record of 3:52.19 set in 2009. At the end of the year, Franklin was named the World Swimmer of the Year and American Swimmer of the",
"title": "Missy Franklin"
},
{
"id": "17364867",
"text": "first woman ever to win six golds in a single World Championships. Kristin Otto of East Germany has achieved this at the 1988 Olympic Games. She won the 100-metre and 200-metre backstroke events and the 200-metre freestyle. She finished fourth in the 100-metre freestyle in personal best-time. She was also a part of all three women's relay events, which the United States swept. The previous record of five golds in a single World Championships was held by America's Tracy Caulkins and Australia's Libby Trickett. Among men, Michael Phelps and Mark Spitz of America, Ian Thorpe of Australia all won at",
"title": "Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships"
},
{
"id": "8289121",
"text": "Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) 50-yard and 100-yard freestyle national championships. Despite being ranked as the third-best American swimmer, Neilson participated in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany at the age of 16. In the 100-meter freestyle, Neilson defeated heavy favorites Shane Gould from Australia and her American teammate Shirley Babashoff in an Olympic record time of 58.59 seconds. The victory landed her a spot on the 4×100-meter freestyle relay with Babashoff as well as the 4×100-meter medley relay. Both of Neilson's relay teams won gold medals in world record times. In a twist of fate, during",
"title": "Sandy Neilson"
},
{
"id": "11361725",
"text": "Sukhumi, the next record in succession by João Carlos de Oliveira was also set at altitude in Mexico City and lasted ten more years. While he was the standing world record holder during the 1972 Olympics, he only managed a 15.72 and did not get out of the qualifying round. He improved four years later, taking the early lead in the final before eventually finishing in fourth place. Pérez was born in Pinar del Río, Cuba. He died on July 18, 2018 at the age of 66. Pedro Pérez Pedro Damián Pérez Dueñas (; February 23, 1952 – July 18,",
"title": "Pedro Pérez"
},
{
"id": "14068115",
"text": "Committee (IOC) stripped DeMont of his gold medal after his post-race urinalysis tested positive for traces of the banned substance ephedrine contained in his prescription asthma medication, Marax. The positive test following the 400-meter freestyle final also deprived him of a chance at multiple medals, as he was not permitted to swim in any other events at the 1972 Olympics, including the 1,500-meter freestyle for which he was the then-current world record-holder. Before the Olympics, DeMont had properly declared his asthma medications on his medical disclosure forms, but the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) had not cleared them with the IOC's",
"title": "Swimming at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle"
},
{
"id": "16555317",
"text": "Olympics. The format was: 50 metres. 60 shots in six series of 10; with a possible score of 600. Ties were broken by the best score in the sixth series, if still tied best score in fifth series, this continues until the tie is broken. Shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Mixed 50 metre free pistol The following are the results of the 50 metre free pistol competition at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The defending champion was Grigory Kosykh of the Soviet Union, he also holds the world record with 572. He would not be a factor at these",
"title": "Shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Mixed 50 metre free pistol"
},
{
"id": "6573477",
"text": "Seven of the eight events had new Olympic records set, with only the men's 5000 metres record remaining unbroken. Eighteen nations competed in the speed skating events at Sapporo. Sports-Reference 1972 Olympics - Speed Skating Speed skating at the 1972 Winter Olympics Speed skating at the 1972 Winter Olympics, was held from 4 to 12 February. Eight events were contested at Makomanai Open Stadium in Sapporo, Japan. This was the first Olympics at which electronic times were recorded to the hundredeth of a second. The Netherlands toppd the medal table, with four golds and nine overall, led by Ard Schenk's",
"title": "Speed skating at the 1972 Winter Olympics"
},
{
"id": "756751",
"text": "Spitz arrived to obtain his gold medal barefoot and carrying his shoes. He put them down when the American national anthem, \"The Star Spangled Banner\" was played. After the anthem played, he picked up his shoes and waved to the crowd. The Soviets saw this as product placement. When questioned by the IOC, Spitz explained that the gesture was innocent, the shoes were old and he was not paid. The IOC cleared him of any wrongdoing. Spitz felt snubbed by not being asked to attend the 2008 Summer Olympics to watch Michael Phelps attempt to break his seven gold medal",
"title": "Mark Spitz"
},
{
"id": "799642",
"text": "to step down her drug use after the 1972 Olympics, so that she could safely have children. Raelene Boyle, who had finished second to Stecher in both the 100 and 200 metres at the Olympics, stated that she felt cheated, as it is unlikely that Stecher would have beaten her without the use of performance-enhancing drugs. In 2011 Stecher was inducted into the Germany's Sports Hall of Fame. Renate Stecher Renate Stecher (née Meißner, born 12 May 1950) is a German (former East German) sprint runner and a triple Olympic champion. She held 34 world records and was the first",
"title": "Renate Stecher"
},
{
"id": "11910973",
"text": "David Edgar (swimmer) David Holmes \"Dave\" Edgar (born March 27, 1950) is an American former swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. Edgar attended the University of Tennessee, where he swam for the Tennessee Volunteers swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Southeastern Conference competition. He won seven NCAA championships while swimming for the Volunteers, and was named the \"Fastest Man Afloat\" by \"Sports Illustrated\" magazine. Edgar represented the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, where he received a gold medal in the 4×100-meter freestyle relay. He received another gold medal in",
"title": "David Edgar (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "5987958",
"text": "Ragnar Skanåker Ragnar Skanåker (born 8 June 1934) is a Swedish pistol shooter who was a world-class shooter for an extremely long period. His international breakthrough came in the 1972 Olympics, where he won the 50 m Pistol event. He is mostly associated with this event, the only one in which he has won Olympic medals (four medals distributed over his participation in seven Olympic games, plus the 1982 World Championship), but he also won the 1983 World Championship in 10 m Air Pistol and, surprisingly to most, the 1978 World Championship in 25 m Standard Pistol, with a new",
"title": "Ragnar Skanåker"
},
{
"id": "7729328",
"text": "graduated from Stanford in general engineering and product design, and completed his MBA at the University of Phoenix. 1972 graduate of Cupertino High School, Cupertino, CA <br> John Hencken John Frederick Hencken (born May 29, 1954) is an American former competition swimmer, three-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. Hencken won five Olympic medals during his career, including three golds. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, he won a gold medal in the 200-meter breaststroke and a bronze medal in the 100-meter breaststroke. Four years later at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, Hencken won gold medals",
"title": "John Hencken"
},
{
"id": "19560136",
"text": "States. The course record was set in 2006 by Turkish swimmers Alişan Alaşlı in the men's category with 39:07.11 and Beren Kayrak in the women's category with 40:50.35. Since 2010, every swimmer completing the course receives a certificate titled \"Intercontinental Swimmer\". Many notable swimmers from all over the world have entered the event during its history. In 2012, American swimmer Mark Spitz, nine-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in seven events, was a guest, and performed shows. In 2013, Australian Olympic gold medalist swimmer Ian Thorpe was also a competitor. Turkish woman Fatma Nazan Göğen has taken part every",
"title": "Bosphorus Cross Continental Swim"
},
{
"id": "9507008",
"text": "Tom Bruce (swimmer) Thomas Edwin Bruce (born April 17, 1952) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. Bruce is a graduate of Marian A. Peterson High School in Sunnyvale, California. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he swam for the UCLA Bruins swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition. He represented the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. At Munich, he won a silver medal in the men's 100-meter breaststroke, and also earned a gold medal swimming the breaststroke leg for the winning",
"title": "Tom Bruce (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "16375400",
"text": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's javelin throw The women's javelin throw field event at the 1972 Olympic Games took place on August 31 & September 1. On 11 June 1972 Ewa Gryziecka from Poland broke the javelin throw world record with a throw of 62.70m only to have Ruth Fuchs break that record on the same day with a throw of 65.06m. In 1972 Fuchs was the strong favorite heading in the Olympics. Kate Schmidt took the early lead on the first throw, but this was soon passed by the favorite on the second throw. She ended",
"title": "Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Women's javelin throw"
},
{
"id": "11596403",
"text": "ended with an overall result of 367.5 kg, which was a new world record; however, Nassiri was 300 grams lighter thus he was awarded the Olympic title. Földi eventually reached the top in 1972 when he won the Olympic gold medal – and doubled it as a World Championships title – in front of his main opponent Nassiri. In the press, both Földi and Nassiri lifted 127.5 kg for a tied Olympic record. In the snatch, Földi raised 107.5 kg and built up a slight advantage over Nassiri (105.0 kg). In his first clean & jerk attempt, Nassiri raised 142.5",
"title": "Imre Földi"
},
{
"id": "12262862",
"text": "current world record in a final, finishing eighteen one-hundredths of a second behind team-mate Crocker's 50.40-second world record from 2005; he did though set a new Olympic record. Three continental records were broken in the final, with Fujii setting a new Asian record, Čavić a new European record, and Lauterstein a new Oceanic record. Although he finished last, swimmer Ryan Pini made history as the first swimmer from Papua New Guinea to swim in an Olympic final, and even received a call from the prime minister Michael Somare congratulating him. Most notably though, Phelps won his seventh gold medal at",
"title": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly"
},
{
"id": "11910590",
"text": "Deena Deardurff Deena Diane Deardurff (born May 8, 1957), also known by her married name Deena Schmidt, is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, former world record-holder, and former college swim coach. Deardurff swam for the Cincinnati Marlins, a team funded by Charles Keating. One of the team coaches was Paul Bergen, who is reported to have said that swimmers need 12,000 miles of experience in order to compete in the Olympics. At the age of 15, Deardurff represented the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. She won a gold medal as a member of",
"title": "Deena Deardurff"
},
{
"id": "14784528",
"text": "less than a year after Covert. However, British runner Ron Hill is believed to have the longest continuous streak. Covert has also run in competition, earning seventh place with a time of 2:23:35 in the 1972 US Olympic marathon trials. During those trials, Covert (then a runner for Fullerton State College) was the only surviving member of a pack of eight lesser-known runners to try to follow the blistering pace of Kenny Moore and eventual gold-medalist Frank Shorter, all the others failed to finish the race. By virtue of that race, he also claims the distinction of being the first",
"title": "Mark Covert"
},
{
"id": "7349748",
"text": "Monika Zehrt Monika Zehrt (later Landgraf, born 29 September 1952) is a retired East German sprinter who specialized in the 400 m. At the 1972 Olympics she won gold medals in the individual 400 m and 4 × 400 m relay, setting an Olympic and a world record, respectively. Zehrt also won relay golds at the 1971 European Championships and the 1970 and 1973 European Cup. During her career she set one world record in the 400 m and four in the 4 × 400 m. After retiring in 1974, she earned a degree in external trade and a leading",
"title": "Monika Zehrt"
},
{
"id": "7972383",
"text": "Gunnar Larsson (swimmer) Karl Gunnar Larsson (born 12 May 1951) is a former swimmer from Sweden. He won the 400 metre individual medley event at the 1972 Summer Olympics by two one-thousandths (0.002) of a second over American Tim McKee, breaking the Olympic record. The controversy over the accuracy of such timing was the reason the international swimming rules were subsequently changed, and today swimming times are measured in hundredths of a second. He also won the 200 metre individual medley event at the same Olympic Games, setting the new world record. Two years earlier, Larsson received the Svenska Dagbladet",
"title": "Gunnar Larsson (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "3545983",
"text": "\"16 Days of Glory\", the documentary film of the 1984 Summer Olympics. American gold medalist swimmer John Naber remarked to \"Sports Illustrated\" in 1984 that if Michael Gross were an American, he would have won six or seven medals, and that Gross was better than Mark Spitz. Gross was named Male World Swimmer of the Year by \"Swimming World Magazine\" in 1985, and inducted to the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1995. He holds a PhD in philosophy. Michael Gross (swimmer) Michael Groß (born 17 June 1964), usually spelled Michael Gross in English, is a former competitive swimmer from",
"title": "Michael Gross (swimmer)"
},
{
"id": "8294635",
"text": "Stephen Rerych Stephen Karl \"Steve\" Rerych (born May 14, 1946) is an American former swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder. At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Rerych won two gold medals. He swam the second leg for the winning U.S. team in the men's 4×100-meter freestyle relay; with relay teammates Zac Zorn, Mark Spitz and Ken Walsh, he helped set a new world record of 3:31.7 in the event final. He received another gold medal as a member of the first-place U.S. team in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, together with teammates John Nelson, Spitz and Don Schollander.",
"title": "Stephen Rerych"
},
{
"id": "8182058",
"text": "new world record. The vault was featured on the November 1970 cover of \"Track and Field News.\" The record was later beaten by Swede Kjell Isaksson on 8 April 1972. Papanikolaou was ranked by \"Track and Field News\" among the top ten pole vaulters a total of seven times between 1966 and 1972, more than any other Greek athlete. His highest position was second in 1970. Christos Papanikolaou Christos Papanikolaou (, born 25 November 1941) is a retired Greek pole vaulter. On 25 October 1970, he set the world record at , significant to Americans as the first man to",
"title": "Christos Papanikolaou"
},
{
"id": "1307335",
"text": "six gold medals in Fukuoka, the meet was surrounded by further expectations of world records and speculation that he would match Spitz's seven gold medals. His winning time in the 400 m was the second fastest in history, but such was the expectation on him that his failure to break a world record was the talking point. He claimed the 100 m and 200 m events in times outside his best, making it the first time that he had failed to break a world record at a major meet since 1999. He also experimented by adding the 100 m backstroke",
"title": "Ian Thorpe"
},
{
"id": "8181467",
"text": "Bruce Robertson (swimmer) Bruce Richard Robertson, CM (born April 27, 1953) is a former freestyle and butterfly swimmer from Canada, who competed for his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1972 in Munich. There he won the silver medal in the 100-metre butterfly, and bronze in the 4×100-metre medley relay, alongside Erik Fish, William Mahony and Robert Kasting. A specialist in the butterfly stroke, his greatest achievement was winning the 100-metre butterfly race at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships in Belgrade – the first world championship swimming performance by a Canadian in over 60 years. Robertson also",
"title": "Bruce Robertson (swimmer)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mark Sp context: Mark Spitz Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10, 1950) is an American former competitive swimmer, nine-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in 7 events. He won seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, an achievement surpassed only by fellow American Michael Phelps, who won eight golds at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Spitz set new world records in all seven events in which he competed in 1972. Between 1968 and 1972, Spitz won nine Olympic golds, a silver, and a bronze; five Pan American golds; 31 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) titles; and eight\n\nHow many world records did swimmer Mark Spitz set when he won seven gold medals at the 1972 Olympics?",
"compressed_tokens": 213,
"origin_tokens": 214,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mark Sp context: Mark Spitz Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10, 1950) is an American former competitive swimmer, nine-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in 7 events. He won seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, an achievement surpassed only by fellow American Michael Phelps, who won eight golds at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Spitz set new world records in all seven events in which he competed in 1972. Between 1968 and 1972, Spitz won nine Olympic golds, a silver, and a bronze; five Pan American golds; 31 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) titles; and eight\n\ntitle: Mark Spitz context top athlete in the United States Spitz also set number of world records during the U.S.im Trials held in Chicago's Portage Park 1972. nicknamed \"Mark the Shark\" by his teamm At 172 Summer Olympics in Mun (West Germany), Sp to maintain bid for the six gold med He did even better winning seven Olympic gold medals Furthermore, Spitz a new world record in seven 10- freest (51.), 200-meter freestyle (1:528), 100-meter butterfly (54.7),200-meter butterfly (2:070), 4100-meter freest relay (326424×20-meter freest relay\n Michael context originally set Heiden in the 90 Winter equy Scherbo992 Summer Games. Sa setting hisight record Games in \"D as as you dream possible of world. toch make real Onelps eighth in 0- relay, Markitz' of seven goldals a Olympic, had since.: 97: Summer Olympics The 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Munich, West Germany, 29 events in swimming were contested. There was a total of 532 participants from 52 countries competing. Perhaps the most spectacular athletic events were in swimming. Mark Spitz of the United States had a spectacular run, lining up for seven events, winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records. The seven world records in a single Olympic meet was tied by Michael Phelps in 2008. According to the official Olympic website, \"He took part in the 4×200 m one hour after his final\n\nHow many world records did swimmer Mark Spitz set when he won seven gold medals at the 1972 Olympics?",
"compressed_tokens": 535,
"origin_tokens": 14885,
"ratio": "27.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
119 | After retiring as a player, with what team did baseball great Babe Ruth spend one year as a coach? | [
"The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938"
] | The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938 | [
{
"id": "2853756",
"text": "a salary if they all presented as few problems as did Earle Combs.\" Said Babe Ruth: \"Combs was more than a good ballplayer; he was always a first-class gentleman.\" American sportswriter and baseball historian Fred Lieb wrote of Combs, \"If a vote were taken of the sportswriters as to who their favorite ballplayer on the Yankees would be, Combs would have been their choice.\" After his retirement as a player, he remained in the game as a coach for almost two decades. He was offered a coaching job with the Yankees in 1936, and started his new position by instructing",
"title": "Earle Combs"
},
{
"id": "49488",
"text": "grand prize—in a pre-game distance hitting contest held at Sportsman's Park on July 24. Ruth got along well with everyone except team captain Leo Durocher, who was hired as Grimes' replacement at season's end. Ruth then left his job as a first base coach and would never again work in any capacity in the game of baseball. On July 4, 1939, Ruth spoke on Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day at Yankee Stadium as members of the 1927 Yankees and a sellout crowd turned out to honor the first baseman, who was forced into premature retirement by ALS, which would kill him",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "745937",
"text": "the president of the newly renamed American League of Professional Baseball Clubs (also simply called the American League) in 1901. George Herman (\"Babe\") Ruth (1895–1948), noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League with the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees (plus his first year with his hometown team, the Baltimore Orioles of the minor level International League). The American League has one notable difference versus the rival National League, in that in modern times since 1973 it has had the designated hitter",
"title": "American League"
},
{
"id": "49470",
"text": "selected to the AL All-Star team for the second consecutive year, even though he was in the twilight of his career. During the game, New York Giants pitcher Carl Hubbell struck out Ruth and four other future Hall-of-Famers consecutively. The Yankees finished second again, seven games behind the Tigers. Although Ruth knew he was nearly finished as a player, he desired to remain in baseball as a manager. He was often spoken of as a possible candidate as managerial jobs opened up, but in 1932, when he was mentioned as a contender for the Red Sox position, Ruth stated that",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "10584713",
"text": "the 1932 World Series, Babe gets a call from the father of a dying child, and promises the father that when he goes up to bat, he will call the third shot and the ball will land at a certain spot; all of this will be for the boy. During the game, Babe does exactly that, and the boy hears the news and starts to get better. Babe retires from the Yankees at the age of 41, and takes a management position with the Boston Braves, even though they want him to play in the games despite his age. During",
"title": "The Babe Ruth Story"
},
{
"id": "2996823",
"text": "distinguished career in MLB began as a player in 1960 with the Milwaukee Braves, as a catcher, first baseman and third baseman. He also played for the St. Louis Cardinals and New York Mets until becoming a manager in 1977, when he briefly served as the Mets' player-manager. His managerial career covered 29 seasons, including tenures with the same three clubs for which he played, and the Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers, until 2010. From 1984 to 1989, he served as a television color commentator for the California Angels and NBC. After retiring as a manager, he accepted a role",
"title": "Joe Torre"
},
{
"id": "533129",
"text": "defensive catcher. He caught Don Larsen's perfect game in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series. Berra played 18 seasons with the Yankees. He spent the next season as their manager, then joined the New York Mets in 1965 as coach (and briefly a player again). Berra remained with the Mets for the next decade, serving the last four years as their manager. He returned to the Yankees in 1976, coaching them for eight seasons and managing for two, before coaching the Houston Astros. He was one of seven managers to lead both American and National League teams to the",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "49487",
"text": "appeal contributed to the Dodgers hiring him as first base coach in 1938. When Ruth was hired, Brooklyn general manager Larry MacPhail made it clear that Ruth would not be considered for the manager's job if, as expected, Burleigh Grimes retired at the end of the season. Although much was said about what Ruth could teach the younger players, in practice, his duties were to appear on the field in uniform and encourage base runners—he was not called upon to relay signs. Indeed, his most newsworthy accomplishment during this period was hitting a 430-foot home run—and thus earning the fifty-dollar",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "49406",
"text": "games. Ruth started and won Game 2, 2–1, in 14 innings. Until another game of that length was played in 2005, this was the longest World Series game, and Ruth's pitching performance is still the longest postseason complete game victory. Carrigan retired as player and manager after 1916, returning to his native Maine to be a businessman. Ruth, who played under four managers who are in the National Baseball Hall of Fame, always maintained that Carrigan, who is not enshrined there, was the best skipper he ever played for. There were other changes in the Red Sox organization that offseason,",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "49485",
"text": "gave up control of the Braves before the end of the season; the National League took over the franchise at the end of the year. Although Fuchs had given Ruth his unconditional release, no major league team expressed an interest in hiring him in any capacity. Ruth still hoped to be hired as a manager if he could not play anymore, but only one managerial position, Cleveland, became available between Ruth's retirement and the end of the 1937 season. Asked if he had considered Ruth for the job, Indians owner Alva Bradley replied negatively. The writer Creamer believed Ruth was",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "22872",
"text": "McKechnie, but Fuchs' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression. Looking for a way to get more fans and more money, Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth, who had started his career with the Red Sox. Fuchs made Ruth team vice president, and promised him a share of the profits. He was also granted the title of assistant manager, and was to be consulted on all of the Braves' deals. Fuchs even suggested that Ruth, who had long had his heart set on managing, could take over as manager once",
"title": "Atlanta Braves"
},
{
"id": "16016183",
"text": "final batting championship. Fuchs was committed to building a winner, but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome. The Braves finally managed to compete in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie, but Fuchs' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression. Looking for a way to get more fans and more money, Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth, who had, coincidentally, started his career with the Red Sox. Fuchs named Ruth vice president and assistant manager of the Braves, and promised him a",
"title": "History of the Boston Braves"
},
{
"id": "5963031",
"text": "Manny Mota Manuel Rafael Mota Geronimo, more commonly known as Manny Mota (born February 18, 1938), is a Dominican former Major League Baseball outfielder who played for the San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates and Montreal Expos, as well as being a pinch hitting specialist with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was a coach for the Dodgers from 1980 through 2013. His 34 consecutive seasons as a Dodgers coach was the longest in team history and the second-longest such streak in MLB history behind Nick Altrock, who spent 42 straight seasons listed as a coach for the old Washington Senators. Mota",
"title": "Manny Mota"
},
{
"id": "10618327",
"text": "1913, now known as the New York Yankees. A top-level minor league version of the Baltimore Orioles replaced the departed major league club, and it would be a force to be reckoned with in the \"Triple AAA\" high minors for 50 years, winning a number of International League championships and also providing a famed local boy, George Herman \"Babe Ruth\" to the major leagues in 1914. Another Baltimore team was the rival third-party Federal League entry of 1914–1915, which called itself the Baltimore Terrapins, after the diamondback terrapin, the state reptile of Maryland now primarily associated with the University of",
"title": "History of baseball team nicknames"
},
{
"id": "7641955",
"text": "Yankees won the World Series again in 1928. In 1931, Joe McCarthy was hired as manager and brought the Yankees back to the top of the AL. They swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series, and brought the team's streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12. This series was made famous by Babe Ruth's \"Called Shot\" in game three of the series at Wrigley Field, a fitting \"swan song\" to his illustrious World Series career. In 1935, Ruth left the Yankees to join the NL's Boston Braves, and he made his last major league baseball appearance",
"title": "New York Yankees"
},
{
"id": "3091373",
"text": "Red Schoendienst Albert Fred \"Red\" Schoendienst (; February 2, 1923 – June 6, 2018) was an American professional baseball second baseman, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB), and is largely known for his coaching, managing, and playing years with the St. Louis Cardinals. He played for 19 years with the St. Louis Cardinals (1945–1956, 1961–1963), New York Giants (1956–1957) and Milwaukee Braves (1957–1960), and was named to 10 All Star teams. He then managed the Cardinals from 1965 through 1976 – the second-longest managerial tenure in the team's history (behind Tony La Russa). Under his direction, St. Louis",
"title": "Red Schoendienst"
},
{
"id": "3091388",
"text": "on June 6, 2018. Red Schoendienst Albert Fred \"Red\" Schoendienst (; February 2, 1923 – June 6, 2018) was an American professional baseball second baseman, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB), and is largely known for his coaching, managing, and playing years with the St. Louis Cardinals. He played for 19 years with the St. Louis Cardinals (1945–1956, 1961–1963), New York Giants (1956–1957) and Milwaukee Braves (1957–1960), and was named to 10 All Star teams. He then managed the Cardinals from 1965 through 1976 – the second-longest managerial tenure in the team's history (behind Tony La Russa). Under",
"title": "Red Schoendienst"
},
{
"id": "18946147",
"text": "country at Normandy\", he wrote. \"But that doesn't excuse his complicity in a moment in Yankee history more shameful than anything perpetrated by George Steinbrenner\". Berra stayed with the Mets as a coach through several other managerial changes, sharing in that team's 1969 World Series victory under manager Gil Hodges. After Hodges' death during spring training in 1972, Berra was named his successor. That year he was also inducted into the Hall of Fame. The following season, he oversaw another comeback much like the 1964 Yankees, taking the Mets from 5 games out of first place at the end of",
"title": "Harmonica Incident"
},
{
"id": "49373",
"text": "As part of the Yankees' vaunted \"Murderers' Row\" lineup of 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which extended his MLB single-season record by a single home run. Ruth's last season with the Yankees was 1934; he retired from the game the following year, after a short stint with the Boston Braves. During his career, Ruth led the AL in home runs during a season twelve times. Ruth's legendary power and charismatic personality made him a larger-than-life figure during the Roaring Twenties. During his career, he was the target of intense press and public attention for his baseball exploits and off-field",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "533146",
"text": "appearances as a catcher early in the season. His last at-bat came on May 9, 1965, just three days shy of his 40th birthday. Berra stayed with the Mets as a coach under Stengel, Wes Westrum, and Gil Hodges for the next seven seasons, including their 1969 World Series Championship season. He then became the team's manager in 1972, following Hodges' unexpected death in spring training. The following season looked like a disappointment at first. Injuries plagued the Mets throughout the season. Midway through the 1973 season, the Mets were stuck in last place but in a very tight divisional",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "49374",
"text": "penchants for drinking and womanizing. His often reckless lifestyle was tempered by his willingness to do good by visiting children at hospitals and orphanages. After his retirement as a player, he was denied the opportunity to manage a major league club, most likely due to poor behavior during parts of his playing career. In his final years, Ruth made many public appearances, especially in support of American efforts in World War II. In 1946, he became ill with esophageal cancer and died from it two years later. Ruth remains a part of American culture and in 2018, President Donald Trump",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "5963042",
"text": "Bronx until his ouster in a grade-fixing scandal in November 2016. Manny Mota Manuel Rafael Mota Geronimo, more commonly known as Manny Mota (born February 18, 1938), is a Dominican former Major League Baseball outfielder who played for the San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates and Montreal Expos, as well as being a pinch hitting specialist with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was a coach for the Dodgers from 1980 through 2013. His 34 consecutive seasons as a Dodgers coach was the longest in team history and the second-longest such streak in MLB history behind Nick Altrock, who spent 42 straight",
"title": "Manny Mota"
},
{
"id": "49729",
"text": "22, 2015, an 11-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit voted 10-1 to overturn his conviction. On March 10, 2014, Bonds began a seven-day stint as a roving spring training instructor for the Giants. On December 4, 2015, he was announced as the new hitting coach for the Miami Marlins, but was relieved of his duties on October 3, 2016, after just one season. He followed up with a public thank-you letter, acknowledging owner Jeffrey Loria, and the opportunity as \"one of the most rewarding experiences of my baseball career.\" In 2017, Bonds officially rejoined the Giants organization as a special",
"title": "Barry Bonds"
},
{
"id": "286818",
"text": "as an executive and player personnel director with the Oakland Raiders (1963–1974, 1979–1989), and later as General Manager of the Green Bay Packers (1991–2001). Favre only played one season as a member of the Jets in 2008, between most of his career with the Packers (1992–2007) and his last two NFL seasons with the Minnesota Vikings (2009–2010). The Jets established a Ring of Honor on July 20, 2010, to commemorate former players. Each season, players will be nominated by an internal committee and then inducted into the Ring. There is no specific amount of honorees to be selected each year.",
"title": "New York Jets"
},
{
"id": "49460",
"text": "51 of erysipelas, a bacterial skin infection, on September 25, only ten days after he had last directed the team. Despite their past differences, Ruth praised Huggins and described him as a \"great guy\". The Yankees finished second, 18 games behind the Athletics. Ruth hit .345 during the season, with 46 home runs and 154 RBIs. On October 17, the Yankees hired Bob Shawkey as manager; he was their fourth choice. Ruth had politicked for the job of player-manager, but Ruppert and Barrow never seriously considered him for the position. Stout deemed this the first hint Ruth would have no",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "12030885",
"text": "six played more than one season for the team. Guy Rodgers—whom the Bulls acquired in exchange for Jim King and Jeff Mullins—and Jerry Sloan were named to the 1967 All-Star Game, becoming the franchise's first All-Stars. Sloan played ten seasons with the Bulls and became the Bulls' franchise leader in games played when he retired in 1976, a record which has since been broken by Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen. He then coached the Bulls from 1979 to 1982, and in 1988, embarked upon a coaching career with the Utah Jazz that lasted 23 years. Sloan has since been inducted",
"title": "1966 NBA Expansion draft"
},
{
"id": "447886",
"text": "Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, the year after his death. Lombardi is considered by many to be the greatest coach in football history, and he is more significantly recognized as one of the greatest coaches and leaders in the history of any American sport. Lombardi began his coaching career as an assistant and later as a head coach at St. Cecilia High School in Englewood, New Jersey. He was an assistant coach at Fordham, at the United States Military Academy, and with the New York Giants before becoming a head coach for the Green Bay Packers from 1959",
"title": "Vince Lombardi"
},
{
"id": "49481",
"text": "had deceived him, and had no intention of making him manager or giving him any significant off-field duties. He later stated that his only duties as vice president consisted of making public appearances and autographing tickets. Ruth also found out that far from giving him a share of the profits, Fuchs wanted him to invest some of \"his\" money in the team in a last-ditch effort to improve its balance sheet. As it turned out, Fuchs and Ruppert had both known all along that Ruth's non-playing positions were meaningless. By the end of the first month of the season, Ruth",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "10859274",
"text": "1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season The 1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their 55th season. The team finished with a record of 69–80, finishing in seventh place in the National League. The 1938 season saw Babe Ruth hired as the first base coach, and lights installed by the team at Ebbets Field on June 15. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home",
"title": "1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season"
},
{
"id": "3403796",
"text": "and 45 losses. Gabby Street managed for a game before McKechnie returned as manager. He finished the 1929 season with a record of 34 wins and 29 losses. McKechnie was not nearly as successful in Boston as he was at his other managerial stops, but he managed to finish \"fourth or fifth with teams that should have been eighth.\" according to baseball historian Lee Allen. The only year in which the Braves did not even do moderately well during McKechnie's time as manager was in 1935, when Babe Ruth was with the team. According to Allen, McKechnie claimed that Ruth's",
"title": "Bill McKechnie"
},
{
"id": "4909604",
"text": "Cousins during a bench clearing brawl between the M's and California Angels on August 12. He resigned from his position with the Mariners following the season. In , he began a six-year stint with the Dodgers as their major league special assignment and advance scout. He was up for the Florida Marlins managerial job in , but withdrew his name from consideration. A year later, he joined the Cleveland Indians as pitching coach during the strike-shortened season. In , he received his only major league managerial stint, managing the Baltimore Orioles to a 71-73 record. After just one season at",
"title": "Phil Regan (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "6023533",
"text": "he was fired during a general housecleaning of the Chicago front office. Amalfitano's career record as a manager, over all or parts of three seasons with the Cubs, was 66–116 (.363). However, he remained active in baseball, returning to coaching with the Cincinnati Reds () and then spending 16 seasons as the third base coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1983–98). He then was a consultant with the Dodgers' baseball operations department and worked with minor league infielders in his original organization, the Giants, before assuming his current position with them. His primary role has been to instruct the Giants'",
"title": "Joey Amalfitano"
},
{
"id": "12377388",
"text": "one season, as he became a free agent after the season. A month after becoming a free agent, Schueler was signed by the Chicago White Sox to be a reliever and spot starter. He played the season and the first half of the season with the White Sox, but retired mid-season to become the team's pitching coach upon the death of veteran instructor Fred Martin. Schueler ended his active career to become pitching coach of the White Sox in the middle of the 1979 season, after the illness and death of Fred Martin. He remained with the ChiSox through the",
"title": "Ron Schueler"
},
{
"id": "18692582",
"text": "the war for the Navy, but an eventual return to civilian life did not mean a return to the diamond, at least not as a player. After he was sent back to the USA to recuperate, and Navy officials, noticing his outstanding baseball play and Northwestern University, assigned him to coaching duties with Navy football and baseball teams. The years that followed the war McKinnon began his illustrious coaching career as a football assistant to Ara Parseghian in 1961.He also coached baseball for the Wildcats. During his 20 years as head baseball coach, McKinnon led the Wildcats to five 20-win",
"title": "George McKinnon"
},
{
"id": "7879400",
"text": "his own manager, finishing in last place. The Philadelphia Phillies loaned Fuchs $35,000 to keep the Braves solvent. By 1935, he was in such dire straits that he could not afford the rent on Braves Field. When he learned that Babe Ruth's days as a New York Yankee were numbered, Fuchs bought the slugger from Jacob Ruppert. Ruth was named vice-president and assistant manager of the Braves, and promised a share of team profits. Fuchs also hinted that Ruth, who made no secret of his managerial ambitions, could become manager as early as 1936. Ruth soon realized that his titles",
"title": "Emil Fuchs (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3980595",
"text": "becoming only the third manager to attain that win level after Mack and McGraw. After the retirement of Atlanta Braves manager Bobby Cox in 2010, La Russa was the longest tenured manager in Major League Baseball, and with the resignation of longtime NBA head coach Jerry Sloan from the Utah Jazz on February 10, 2011, La Russa had been the longest tenured bench boss among all the Big Four sports leagues, until his retirement following his 2011 World Series victory with the Cardinals. La Russa became eligible as a candidate for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013 through voting",
"title": "Tony La Russa"
},
{
"id": "533149",
"text": "Machine\" in five games to capture the NL pennant. It was Berra's second as a manager, one in each league. The Mets fell to the Oakland Athletics in the 1973 World Series, but they went the distance in a close-fought seven-game series. Berra's tenure as Mets manager ended with his firing on August 5, 1975. He had a record of 298 wins and 302 losses, which included the 1973 postseason. In 1976, he rejoined the Yankees as a coach. The team won its first of three consecutive AL titles, as well as the 1977 World Series and 1978 World Series,",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "5872257",
"text": "filled the role as emergency catcher, this time for eight innings after Ramón Castro was injured. Mordecai took a job as manager with the Marlins minor league affiliate Jamestown Jammers in December 2004. A few days later, the team announced that they would give him a chance to join the team in September so he could reach ten years of Major League service; Mordecai played two games in 2005 before retiring for good. Mordecai also worked as a batting coach for MLB before turning to coaching for a private High School in Dothan, Alabama. The school is Dothan is Houston",
"title": "Mike Mordecai"
},
{
"id": "58631",
"text": "became the general manager. During the training camp of the Pittsburgh's inaugural season with the nickname Steelers, Bell was buoyant with optimism about the team's prospect, but he became crestfallen after Rooney denigrated the squad and flippantly remarked that they looked like the \"[s]ame old Steelers\" (SOS). After losing the first two games of the 1941 season, Rooney compelled Bell into resigning as head coach. Bell's coaching career ended with a 10–46–2 record, his 0.179 winning percentage is second lowest in NFL history to only Phil Handler's 0.105 for coaches with at least five seasons. And at 36 games under",
"title": "Bert Bell"
},
{
"id": "7222665",
"text": "had just one double and three singles among his hits, and had just 2 RBI. He was released by the Rangers in June, and did not play professionally for the rest of the season. In , Walling briefly attempted a comeback with his long-time team, the Houston Astros. However, he batted just three times with one hit before retiring. After his playing career ended, Walling remained in baseball as a coach. In the major leagues, he has served as the hitting coach for the Athletics from until , and for the New York Mets from until . In both positions,",
"title": "Denny Walling"
},
{
"id": "3528871",
"text": "team featured such future major leaguers as Ron Guidry, Mickey Klutts, Terry Whitfield and Juan Bernhardt. Overall, Cox had a highly successful six-year tenure as a minor league manager, compiling a record of 459 wins and 387 defeats (.543) with two league championships. He then spent the 1977 season as the first base coach on Billy Martin's staff with the World Series–winning Yankees before beginning his MLB managerial career. Cox replaced Dave Bristol as the manager of the Atlanta Braves prior to the 1978 season, inheriting a team that had finished last in the league during the previous two seasons",
"title": "Bobby Cox"
},
{
"id": "3024035",
"text": "George Bamberger George Irvin Bamberger (August 1, 1923 – April 4, 2004) was an American professional baseball player, pitching coach and manager. In Major League Baseball, the right-handed pitcher appeared in ten games, nine in relief, for the 1951–52 New York Giants and the 1959 Baltimore Orioles. He later spent ten seasons (1968–77) as the Orioles' pitching coach and managed the Milwaukee Brewers (1978–80; 1985–86) and New York Mets (1982–83). Bamberger was born and raised in Staten Island, New York City, New York. He served in the United States Army during World War II in the Mediterranean and European theaters",
"title": "George Bamberger"
},
{
"id": "6103869",
"text": "Danny Ozark Daniel Leonard Ozark, born Daniel Leonard Orzechowski (November 24, 1923 – May 7, 2009), was an American coach and manager in Major League Baseball. As manager of the Philadelphia Phillies (1973 through August 31, 1979), Ozark led the Phils to three consecutive National League East Division championships (1976–77–78), but each year his team fell in the National League Championship Series. A native of Buffalo, New York, Ozark signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers as a teenager and spent over three decades in the Dodger organization. He was a minor league first baseman who spent his entire playing career (1942;",
"title": "Danny Ozark"
},
{
"id": "4484277",
"text": "Pirates beat the Phillies 10–7 in that game. Danny Murtaugh Daniel Edward Murtaugh (October 8, 1917 – December 2, 1976) was an American second baseman, manager, front-office executive and coach in Major League Baseball best known for his 29-year association with the Pittsburgh Pirates, where he won two World Series as field manager (in and ). He also played 416 of his 767 career MLB games during four seasons with the Pirates as a second baseman. A native of Chester, Pennsylvania, Murtaugh appeared in all or parts of nine big-league seasons, initially for the Philadelphia Phillies (1941–43, 1946) and Boston",
"title": "Danny Murtaugh"
},
{
"id": "6103876",
"text": "of Fame. Danny Ozark Daniel Leonard Ozark, born Daniel Leonard Orzechowski (November 24, 1923 – May 7, 2009), was an American coach and manager in Major League Baseball. As manager of the Philadelphia Phillies (1973 through August 31, 1979), Ozark led the Phils to three consecutive National League East Division championships (1976–77–78), but each year his team fell in the National League Championship Series. A native of Buffalo, New York, Ozark signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers as a teenager and spent over three decades in the Dodger organization. He was a minor league first baseman who spent his entire playing",
"title": "Danny Ozark"
},
{
"id": "14890081",
"text": "a double in his baseball debut against Dartmouth College, earning him the nickname the “Babe Ruth of the Eastern Intercollegiates.” Simendinger is the only Crusader coach to have served for just one season, as he then became football coach at Gonzaga High School in Washington D.C. where his team went undefeated and unscored upon in 1927. He was inducted into the College of The Holy Cross Crusader Varsity Club Hall of Fame in 1958. Mr Simendinger then went on to an outstanding coaching and teaching career at Northeast Catholic High School for boys in his home town of Philadelphia. He",
"title": "Ken Simendinger"
},
{
"id": "18946142",
"text": "losing record. After the team started the next season with only 4 wins in its first 20 games, Keane was fired. Houk returned to the dugout to manage but was unable to turn the season around, and the Yankees finished 70–89, in last place for the first time since 1912. The Yankees would not win the pennant again until 1976, three years after CBS sold the team to George Steinbrenner at a loss. Berra, who had coached and managed the New York Mets to the 1973 World Series in the interim, returned to the Yankees as a coach that season",
"title": "Harmonica Incident"
},
{
"id": "3528868",
"text": "Bobby Cox Robert Joseph Cox (born May 21, 1941) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). He first led the Atlanta Braves from 1978 to 1981, and then managed the Toronto Blue Jays from 1982 to 1985. He later rejoined the Braves in 1986 as a general manager. He moved back to the manager's role during the 1990 season and stayed there until his retirement following the 2010 season. The Atlanta Braves have since retired the number 6 in commemoration of Bobby Cox. He led the Atlanta Braves to the World Series",
"title": "Bobby Cox"
},
{
"id": "8836038",
"text": "years during the 1960s Fisher coached pitchers for the farm teams of the Milwaukee Braves and the Detroit Tigers, and into his 80's Ray was still working with pitchers at the request of subsequent University of Michigan baseball coaches. After a reinvestigation into the circumstances surrounding his leaving the Cincinnati Reds, in 1980 Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn declared Fisher a \"retired player in good standing\" with professional baseball, nearly 60 years after Landis's declaration of ineligibility. In an interesting twist of fate, following the 1981 Major League Baseball strike the Cincinnati Reds came to the University of Michigan for",
"title": "Ray Fisher (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "533151",
"text": "between Berra and Steinbrenner that was not mended for almost 15 years. Berra joined the Houston Astros as bench coach in 1985, where he again made it to the NLCS in 1986. The Astros lost the series in six games to the Mets. Berra remained a coach in Houston for three more years, retiring after the 1989 season. He finished his managerial career with a regular-season record of 484–444 and a playoff record of 9–10. After George Steinbrenner ventured to Berra's home in New Jersey to apologize in person for having mishandled Berra's firing as Yankee manager, Berra ended his",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "7337540",
"text": "over the Ferraro brouhaha. Ferraro returned to New York as a coach in 1981–82, and again in 1987–88 and 1990–91. Ferraro got his first managerial job with the Cleveland Indians to replace Dave Garcia after the 1982 season, but after a 40–60 start in , he was fired. Ferraro coached with the Kansas City Royals from 1984 to 1986, working again with Howser, and when Howser stepped down to undergo treatment for a brain tumor in July 1986, Ferraro (himself a survivor of kidney cancer) finished the season. His Major League managerial record was 76–98 over parts of two seasons.",
"title": "Mike Ferraro"
},
{
"id": "12665389",
"text": "White Sox and A's. When Tanner was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Manny Sanguillén—only the second trade in MLB history to involve a manager—Lonnett followed him to Pittsburgh. He wore Sanguillen's No. 35 jersey until the Pirates traded for Sanguillen a year later, after which he then wore No. 32 and would eventually serve as the third-base coach on the Pirates' 1979 world championship team. In all, he coached eight seasons (1977–84) for the Buccos. In 1987 he was named the manager of the St. Catharines Blue Jays of the Short-Season 'A' affiliate of the Toronto Blue Jays in",
"title": "Joe Lonnett"
},
{
"id": "10356607",
"text": "to the \"Little All-American\" team, he left college to play semi-pro baseball and pro football, playing for the Boston Shamrocks in 1936. He served in the Army during World War II, and his officiating in a baseball game drew the attention of Philadelphia Athletics manager Connie Mack, who recommended him for an umpiring career. After the war, Soar coached the Providence Steamrollers in the Basketball Association of America (now the NBA) in 1947, but the team achieved only a 2-17 record before he was replaced by Nat Hickey. He then became backfield coach for the football team at Rhode Island",
"title": "Hank Soar"
},
{
"id": "5867265",
"text": "sensation. By , Houk had restored Detroit to respectability and its first winning record since 1973, bringing to the team future stars of the Sparky Anderson Tigers such as Lou Whitaker, Alan Trammell and Jack Morris. After an 86–76 season in 1978, and with the roster's average age a youthful 26.3, Houk retired. Houk's name had been linked by the media with the Boston Red Sox' managerial job since his days as a Yankees' coach. After two years of retirement, in the autumn of , Houk, now 61, was ready to get back into baseball. In late October, when the",
"title": "Ralph Houk"
},
{
"id": "12622034",
"text": "Al Monchak Alex \"Al\" Monchak (March 5, 1917 – September 12, 2015) was a shortstop who played briefly for the Philadelphia Phillies during the 1940 season. Listed at , , he batted and threw right-handed. He was primarily known as the first-base coach for all the Major League Baseball (MLB) teams managed by Chuck Tanner from 1971 to 1988, including the 1979 World Series Champion Pittsburgh Pirates. Monchak pursued his passion and childhood dream to participate in Major League Baseball. His ultimate goal was to support the growth and development of both himself and the team as they worked together",
"title": "Al Monchak"
},
{
"id": "5971287",
"text": "1975 National League Championship Series game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Gullett pitched a complete game and hit a single and home run, collecting 3 RBI. Gullett was also sometimes used as a pinch runner by the Reds. After sitting out the and seasons due to extensive shoulder and rotator cuff problems, Gullett was released by the Yankees in late 1980. In 1989, Gullett played for the St. Lucie Legends of the Senior Professional Baseball Association. In , he rejoined the Reds as pitching coach, a post he held until being ousted mid-season in . , or SABR Biography Project Don",
"title": "Don Gullett"
},
{
"id": "2983740",
"text": "Bill Dickey William Malcolm Dickey (June 6, 1907 – November 12, 1993) was an American professional baseball catcher and manager. He played in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees for 19 seasons. Dickey managed the Yankees after retiring from his playing career. Dickey played for the Yankees from 1928 through 1943. After serving in the United States Navy during World War II, Dickey returned to the Yankees in 1946 as a player and manager. He retired after the 1946 season, but returned in 1949 as a coach, where he taught Yogi Berra the finer points of catching. During",
"title": "Bill Dickey"
},
{
"id": "49473",
"text": "to become the Yankees manager. However, the Yankee job was never a serious possibility. Ruppert always supported McCarthy, who would remain in his position for another 12 seasons. The relationship between Ruth and McCarthy had been lukewarm at best and Ruth's managerial ambitions further chilled their interpersonal relations. By the end of the season, Ruth hinted that he would retire unless Ruppert named him manager of the Yankees. When the time came, Ruppert wanted his slugger to leave the team without drama or hard feelings. During the 1934–35 offseason, Ruth circled the world with his wife; the trip included a",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "8782414",
"text": "Thrift started a successful real-estate business in Fairfax, Virginia. Thrift had been out of baseball for nine years when in 1985 he was the surprise choice for general manager by a new Pirates ownership group. Thrift hired a relatively unknown Jim Leyland, then the Chicago White Sox third base coach, as manager. Together they turned the last place Pirates around and by 1988 the club finished second to the New York Mets, which was considered by some a miracle. Thrift's time in Pittsburgh ended immediately after the 1988 season when he was fired after butting heads with team ownership. Thrift's",
"title": "Syd Thrift"
},
{
"id": "460193",
"text": "Washington resident and one of America's most esteemed attorneys, was chosen to run the franchise while the majority stockholder, Jack Kent Cooke, lived on the West Coast in Los Angeles and ran his basketball team, the Los Angeles Lakers. In 1966, Otto Graham was hired as the new head coach. Graham coached the Redskins for three seasons, but whatever magic he had as an NFL player disappeared on the sidelines as the team recorded a mark of 17–22–3 during that time period. He resigned after the 1968 season in favor of Vince Lombardi, and became athletic director of the Coast",
"title": "Washington Redskins"
},
{
"id": "17883425",
"text": "Jayhawkers (film) Jayhawkers is an American sports drama/biographical film directed by Kevin Willmott, following the life of Wilt Chamberlain, Phog Allen, and the 1956 Kansas Jayhawks basketball team. The film follows Phog Allen, head coach of the Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team from 1919 to 1956, recruiting 7 foot 1 inch Wilt Chamberlain, and the trials and tribulations that Chamberlain faces during his time with the Jayhawks, as well as Lawrence, Kansas being a parallel to the Civil Rights Movement. A portion of the budget was raised through the crowd-funding site Kickstarter, with over $54,000 raised. Shot in Lawrence, Kansas,",
"title": "Jayhawkers (film)"
},
{
"id": "498990",
"text": "Yankee Stadium (1923) Yankee Stadium was a stadium located in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It was the home ballpark of the New York Yankees, one of the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises, from 1923 to 1973 and then from 1976 to 2008. The stadium hosted 6,581 Yankees regular season home games during its 85-year history. It was also the former home of the New York Giants football team from 1956 through the first part of the 1973–74 football season. The stadium's nickname, \"The House That Ruth Built\", is derived from Babe Ruth, the baseball superstar",
"title": "Yankee Stadium (1923)"
},
{
"id": "1877485",
"text": "Next Door\" than with coaching. He once skipped a game to sign autographs for the book. In his single season as a coach, the Conquistadors went a mediocre 37–47 in the regular season and lost against the Utah Stars in the Division Semifinals. However, Chamberlain was not pleased by the Qs' meager attendance: crowds averaged 1,843, just over half of the Qs' small San Diego 3,200-seat sports arena. After the season, Chamberlain retired from professional basketball. After his stint with the Conquistadors, Chamberlain successfully went into business and entertainment, made money in stocks and real estate, bought a popular Harlem",
"title": "Wilt Chamberlain"
},
{
"id": "7493646",
"text": "White Sox (1976; 1982), working as a minor league instructor for Chicago from 1977–81. He also managed the Atlanta Braves for the final three games of the season after skipper Billy Hitchcock was fired. The Braves lost all three games Silvestri managed. Silvestri died in Tallahassee, Florida at age 75. Ken Silvestri Kenneth Joseph Silvestri (May 3, 1916 – March 31, 1992) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager. During his 16-year playing career, he was a backup catcher in the Major Leagues over eight seasons scattered between through , appearing for the Chicago White Sox (1939–40), New",
"title": "Ken Silvestri"
},
{
"id": "9107720",
"text": "the Louisville Cardinals have been the most profitable college sports franchise in the nation and have been deemed to have the most equitable fanbase of any school in the country according to a few studies. Fuel was added to the fire of this rivalry when Rick Pitino, the UK coach who led the Wildcats to their 1996 National Title before leaving to become coach of the NBA's Boston Celtics, returned to the Bluegrass State to coach the Cardinals in 2001. Many in the state compared the move to the treachery of Benedict Arnold. The situation was exacerbated by the transfer",
"title": "Sports in Kentucky"
},
{
"id": "4484265",
"text": "Danny Murtaugh Daniel Edward Murtaugh (October 8, 1917 – December 2, 1976) was an American second baseman, manager, front-office executive and coach in Major League Baseball best known for his 29-year association with the Pittsburgh Pirates, where he won two World Series as field manager (in and ). He also played 416 of his 767 career MLB games during four seasons with the Pirates as a second baseman. A native of Chester, Pennsylvania, Murtaugh appeared in all or parts of nine big-league seasons, initially for the Philadelphia Phillies (1941–43, 1946) and Boston Braves (1947) before joining the Pirates (1948–51). He",
"title": "Danny Murtaugh"
},
{
"id": "2951899",
"text": "Joe Gordon Joseph Lowell Gordon (February 18, 1915 – April 14, 1978), nicknamed \"Flash\" in reference to the comic-book character \"Flash Gordon\", was an American second baseman, coach and manager in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians from 1938 to 1950. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009. Gordon was the outstanding player at his position during the 1940s, winning the American League MVP Award and being named to \"The Sporting News\" Major League All-Star Team in nine of his eleven seasons. Known for his acrobatic defense, he led",
"title": "Joe Gordon"
},
{
"id": "10214187",
"text": "1978 Los Angeles Rams season The 1978 Los Angeles Rams season was the team's 41st year with the National Football League and the 33rd season in Los Angeles. The Rams won their sixth-straight division title and appeared in the NFC Championship game. Chuck Knox, who had coached the Rams for the previous five seasons, left the team after the 1977 season to join the Buffalo Bills. In February, 1978, Rams owner Carroll Rosenbloom hired former Rams coach George Allen, with much media fanfare. Allen had coached the Rams from 1966–1970, and had recently been dismissed by the Washington Redskins, whom",
"title": "1978 Los Angeles Rams season"
},
{
"id": "8124054",
"text": "at the time). It was there that he was assigned to train Babe Ruth, who had just come out of St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys. Ball described Ruth as \"the dumbest and yet the strongest player\" he had ever coached. The two remained good friends after Ruth broke into the Majors and even played a friendly game of bowling against one another in 1923 (with Ball edging out Ruth, winning four out of the seven games played). Ruth held Ball in great respect, and because of their close friendship in baseball, he eventually became a fan of the New",
"title": "Neal Ball"
},
{
"id": "2942900",
"text": "one of the few times that Mack considered giving up even some of his duties was in the 1934-35 offseason—when the A's were still not far removed from what would be their last great era. He briefly entertained replacing himself as manager with Babe Ruth, but ruled that idea out, saying that the Babe's wife, Claire, would be running the team inside of a month. In the early 1940s, Mack gave a minority stake in the team to his three sons, Roy, Earle, and Connie, Jr. Although Roy and Earle had never gotten along with Connie, Jr., who was more",
"title": "Connie Mack"
},
{
"id": "49407",
"text": "as Lannin sold the team to a three-man group headed by New York theatrical promoter Harry Frazee. Jack Barry was hired by Frazee as manager. Ruth went 24–13 with a 2.01 ERA and six shutouts in 1917, but the Sox finished in second place in the league, nine games behind the Chicago White Sox in the standings. On June 23 at Washington, Ruth made a memorable pitching start. When home plate umpire 'Brick' Owens called the first four pitches as balls, Ruth threw a punch at him, and was ejected from the game and later suspended for ten days and",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "5353216",
"text": "Fame in 1997. His No. 1 jersey was honored at Packard Stadium and the field was named in his honor. In 1972, he jumped from the Arizona State campus to the major leagues as a coach for the California Angels of the American League. In 1973, Winkles became the Angels' manager, succeeding Del Rice. His 1973 club won 79, lost 83 and finished fourth in the American League West Division. But in 1974, the Angels lost 44 of their first 75 games and Winkles was fired on June 26 and replaced with Dick Williams. On July 8, two weeks after",
"title": "Bobby Winkles"
},
{
"id": "460194",
"text": "Guard Academy before retiring at the end of 1984. In 1969, the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi—who gained fame coaching with the Green Bay Packers—to be their new head coach. Lombardi led the team to a their best since 1955, but died of cancer on the eve of the 1970 season. Assistant coach Bill Austin was the interim head coach in 1970, and Washington finished During most of this unsuccessful period, Marshall continually refused to integrate the team, despite pressure from \"The Washington Post\" and the federal government. On March 24, 1961, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall warned Marshall to",
"title": "Washington Redskins"
},
{
"id": "20346258",
"text": "would have considered taking a college coaching job anywhere except at Georgetown where, he said, \"I was able to...spend four of the best years of my life.\" After graduating from Georgetown in 1985, Ewing had left the world of college basketball behind completely during his 32 years of playing and coaching in the NBA. The role of a college coach differed significantly from that of an NBA coach: Player acquisition was very different, requiring compliance with a myriad of National Collegiate Athletic Association recruiting and eligibility rules and a nearly constant recruiting effort. Since his college days, much had changed",
"title": "2017–18 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "6598871",
"text": "Pacific Coast League. Concurrently, he left the Dodger system for the Pirates' organization. He resumed his managerial career in the middle of the 1953 season in the Pittsburgh system, winning the 1956 and 1957 Western League championships with the Lincoln Chiefs. From 1958 through 1966, he managed at the Triple-A level for Pittsburgh with the Salt Lake City Bees and Columbus Jets, notching three first-place finishes. In 1967, Shepard reached the Major League level when he was named pitching coach of the Philadelphia Phillies. After only one season, he was appointed manager of the Pirates. In his two seasons as",
"title": "Larry Shepard"
},
{
"id": "3227658",
"text": "lineup. However, the team continued to struggle; amid rumors that he might replace Huggins, Ruppert stated that \"Miller Huggins will be manager as long as he cares to be\". The Yankees fell to seventh place in the AL that season. With Ruppert's full support, Huggins' duties with the Yankees included keeping Ruth in line. Unafraid of his star player, Huggins and Ruth often clashed. Huggins suspended Ruth indefinitely on August 29, 1925 for \"misconduct off the playing field\", while also fining him $5,000 ($ in current dollar terms). Ruth responded by claiming Ruppert would rescind the fine and suspension, and",
"title": "Miller Huggins"
},
{
"id": "11770227",
"text": "an ERA of 7.53. Connors' off-field career began in 1971 as the Mets' batting practice pitcher. He then became a minor league pitching instructor for the Mets (1972–76) and Philadelphia Phillies (1977–79) before embarking on a 17-year career as a pitching coach in Major League Baseball. He served with the Kansas City Royals (1980–81), Cubs (1982–86; 1991–93), Seattle Mariners (1987–88), and three terms with the New York Yankees (1989–90; 1994–95; 2000). His brief term in 2000 came on an interim basis during the medical leave of absence of longtime Yanks' coach Mel Stottlemyre. From 1996 to 2012, as vice president,",
"title": "Billy Connors"
},
{
"id": "597357",
"text": "of Fame in 1953 but he was not elected until 1955. The Hall of Fame rules on the post-retirement induction waiting period had been revised in the interim, extending the waiting period from one to five years, but DiMaggio and Ted Lyons were exempted from the rule. DiMaggio told \"Baseball Digest\" in 1963 that the Brooklyn Dodgers had offered him their managerial job in 1953, but he turned it down. After being out of baseball since his retirement as a player, DiMaggio became the first hitting instructor of the newly relocated Oakland Athletics from 1968 to 1970. DiMaggio's most famous",
"title": "Joe DiMaggio"
},
{
"id": "6074001",
"text": "Billy Gardner William Frederick Gardner (born July 19, 1927) is an American former professional baseball player, coach and manager. During his ten-season active career in the Major Leagues, Gardner was a scrappy, light-hitting second baseman for the New York Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins, New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox. His only significant time on any team was with Baltimore, where he spent four straight full seasons from 1956–59. He threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed . After retiring as a player, he spent over 20 years as a coach or manager, and managed the Minnesota",
"title": "Billy Gardner"
},
{
"id": "10761523",
"text": "win the MLB World Series.</nowiki> Ben Hines Benjamin Thortan Hines (born November 7, 1935 in Yeager, Oklahoma) is a former coach in Major League Baseball. Hines is best remembered as the batting coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers, a position he held from 1985-1986 and 1988-1993. Hines played infield and catcher in the Baltimore Orioles chain in 1960-1961. He then became manager of the University of La Verne team until 1980 and won NAIA coach of the year honors in 1977. He managed the independent league team Alaska Goldpanners from 1978-1982. <nowiki>One of the few coaches to win both the",
"title": "Ben Hines"
},
{
"id": "7642053",
"text": "the number 42 so that it resembled the Dodger's style, and on September 22, 2013, a plaque was dedicated to Robinson in Monument Park. Also, the number 42 dedicated to Robinson was removed entirely and replaced with one for Mariano Rivera. In 1972, the number 8 was retired for two players on the same day, in honor of catcher Bill Dickey and his protege, catcher Yogi Berra. Berra inherited Dickey's number in 1948 after Dickey ended his playing career and became a coach. Billy Martin is the only Yankee to have his number retired as a player/manager combination. He wore",
"title": "New York Yankees"
},
{
"id": "10858569",
"text": "90s (as a coach), he holds a very cordial relationship with Yankee fans despite his tenure with the Mets organization, as noted by a Subway (a pun on the restaurant's name and the Subway Series) commercial featuring him and former Yankees manager Joe Torre, who had managed the Yankees during their most recent dynastic run. Torre had also been associated with the Mets as they were the last team he ever played for and the first team he ever managed. On August 2, 2008, less than two months after his abrupt and controversial dismissal as Mets manager, Randolph was greeted",
"title": "Mets–Yankees rivalry"
},
{
"id": "8876545",
"text": "Mel Gibson (basketball) Melvin L. Gibson (born December 30, 1940) is a retired American basketball player and coach. The 6'3\" and 180 lb former Western Carolina University guard played a single season in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Los Angeles Lakers in 1963–64, in which he appeared in nine games and recorded a total of 13 points. He played for the U.S. men's team at the 1963 FIBA World Championship. Gibson served as the head men's basketball coach at Charleston Southern University from 1967 to 1971 and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNC Wilmington) from 1972",
"title": "Mel Gibson (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "2919975",
"text": "Hall of Fame as a player in 1990. After retiring as a player, Piniella joined the Yankees coaching staff as the hitting coach. He managed the Yankees from 1986 to 1987; promoted to general manager to start the 1988 season, he took over as manager after the firing of Billy Martin on June 23. His initial managerial contract for 1986 was for Combining both stints as Yankees manager, he won 224 wins and 193 losses. Hired in November 1989, Piniella managed the Cincinnati Reds from 1990 through 1992. In his first year, the Reds won the World Series in a",
"title": "Lou Piniella"
},
{
"id": "533127",
"text": "Yogi Berra Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra (May 12, 1925 – September 22, 2015) was an American professional baseball catcher, who later took on the roles of manager and coach. He played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1946–63, 1965), all but the last for the New York Yankees. He was an 18-time All-Star and won 10 World Series championships as a player—more than any other player in MLB history. Berra had a career batting average of .285, while hitting 358 home runs and 1,430 runs batted in. He is one of only five players to win the American League",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "5864931",
"text": "the staff since Broglio's trade, and McCarver, the Cardinals then defeated the New York Yankees in a seven-game World Series. Even though he had been on the sidelines since August 17, Devine again was cited as the top executive in baseball by \"The Sporting News.\" Meanwhile, Keane resigned after the World Series triumph (and became skipper of the Yankees). Instead of Durocher, Cardinal coach Red Schoendienst was named as manager for 1965. Devine's departure was a cause-celebre in St. Louis, but the damage had been done. Although he landed on his feet as the successor to George Weiss, president of",
"title": "Bing Devine"
},
{
"id": "11704686",
"text": "a basketball team since 1947, and the Seminoles are currently in their 71st season of play. Hugh Donald Loucks served as the first basketball coach for the Florida State Seminoles. He coached at the school for one year and compiled an overall record of 5–13, becoming one of only two coaches to leave the program with a losing record of 11 games. After the departure of Loucks, J.K. Kennedy became the coach. He was the first coach to find success at Florida State, holding the position for eighteen years and compiling a record of 234–208. Hugh Durham played at Florida",
"title": "Florida State Seminoles men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "18946100",
"text": "tables\". Phil Pepe, who covered the team for the \"World-Telegram and Sun\", noted that under Berra, the Yankees \"weren't doing anything differently than before—except not winning\". Berra's exercise of managerial authority did create some friction between him and his former teammates. He benched third baseman Clete Boyer when \"his\" late night antics began affecting his play. \"Our relationship at that time wasn't too good\", Boyer said later, adding that he only appreciated the move when he himself became a coach after his playing career. Berra's relationship with the pitching staff was rocky as well. He often criticized them in front",
"title": "Harmonica Incident"
},
{
"id": "5310642",
"text": "manager in October 1964, he brought the Reds home fourth in with an 89–73 mark before being fired at season's end. He then returned to the major league coaching ranks with the Cardinals (1966–70), San Diego Padres (1975–76) and New York Mets (1979–80). In his late sixties, he was still working with young players as a roving hitting instructor in the Cardinal farm system. He died November 20, 1998, at the age of 78 in Nashville, Tennessee. Dick Sisler Richard Alan Sisler (November 2, 1920 – November 20, 1998) was an American player, coach and manager in Major League Baseball.",
"title": "Dick Sisler"
},
{
"id": "1920339",
"text": "in 1947, his only season with the Pirates, and very well established) all future Hall of Famers, were notable \"pupils\" of Wagner. During this time, he wore uniform number 14, but later changed it to his more famous 33, which was later the number retired for him. (His entire playing career was in the days before uniform numbers were worn.) His appearances at National League stadiums during his coaching years were always well received and Wagner remained a beloved ambassador of baseball. Wagner also coached baseball and basketball at Carnegie Institute of Technology, which is now part of Carnegie Mellon",
"title": "Honus Wagner"
},
{
"id": "8208838",
"text": "the way for the Yankees' sale to CBS in 1964, decided to shake up the front office. Hamey retired from the general manager job and became a scout. Houk was promoted to succeed Hamey, and Yogi Berra, a player-coach in 1963, became the team's manager. The Yankees averaged 103 regular season victories during Hamey's three-year GM tenure and brought up a number of serviceable mid-level players. But neither Hamey nor Houk could adequately replace the team's aging corps of superstars—Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris, Berra and Whitey Ford—or other standout players such as Elston Howard, Bobby Richardson and Tony Kubek. After",
"title": "Roy Hamey"
},
{
"id": "12622037",
"text": "became a Minor League manager from 1949 to 1961, acting as a player/manager through 1956, and winning four championship titles. He later served as a scout and instructor in the California Angels system (1962–70) and coached (under manager Chuck Tanner) in the majors for the Chicago White Sox (1971–75), Oakland Athletics (1976), Pittsburgh Pirates (1977–84) and Atlanta Braves (1986–88). His childhood dream came true when he was the first base coach with the \"We Are Family\" Pittsburgh Pirates in 1979, who became MLB World Champions. Monchak was named the 2009 winner of the Roland Hemond Award by \"Baseball America\" in",
"title": "Al Monchak"
},
{
"id": "7641969",
"text": "was under construction in nearby Flushing, Queens. The Mets lost a record 120 games while the Yankees won the 1962 World Series, their tenth in the past sixteen years, defeating the San Francisco Giants in seven games. It was the Yankees' last championship until 1977. The Yankees reached the 1963 World Series, but were swept by the Los Angeles Dodgers and their ace pitcher Sandy Koufax. After the season, Yogi Berra, who had just retired from playing, took over managerial duties. The aging Yankees returned the next year for a fifth straight World Series, but were beaten in seven games",
"title": "New York Yankees"
},
{
"id": "13041623",
"text": "Fame manager Connie Mack, who always wore a black suit during his 50 years at the helm of the Philadelphia Athletics, and Burt Shotton, manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers in the late 1940s, who wore a Dodger 200 cap and a team jacket over street clothes in the dugout. After the widespread adoption of numbered uniforms in the early 1930s, Joe McCarthy, another Hall of Fame manager, wore a full uniform but no number on his back for the remainder of his career (with the New York Yankees, then the Boston Red Sox). Coincidentally, all three men retired during or",
"title": "Coach (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "14710118",
"text": "by Collegiate Baseball Magazine. Asked about retirement in 2006, Gillespie said, \"God will retire me. He'll tell me when it's time.\" Gillespie passed the St. Francis coaching reins to his assistant coach, Brian Michalak, for 2012. He died on February 28, 2015. Gordie Gillespie Gordie Gillespie (April 14, 1926 – February 28, 2015) was an American baseball, football and basketball coach. He was a head baseball coach for 58 years at Lewis University, Ripon College, and the University of St. Francis. With a career coaching record of 1,893–952–2, Gillespie had the most wins of any coach in college baseball history",
"title": "Gordie Gillespie"
},
{
"id": "8339770",
"text": "of \"Family Feud\" hosted by Ray Combs with other members of his family late in 1988. or Baseball Almanac Bob Geren Robert Peter Geren (born September 22, 1961) is a former Major League Baseball catcher and manager. During a 5-year MLB playing career, he played for the New York Yankees (1988–1991) and the San Diego Padres (1993). He managed the Oakland Athletics from 2007 through 2011 and also coached for the New York Mets. He is the current bench coach of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Geren was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the first round with the 24th",
"title": "Bob Geren"
},
{
"id": "49484",
"text": "completely out of Forbes Field. Ruth was urged to make this his last game, but he had given his word to Fuchs and played in Cincinnati and Philadelphia. The first game of the doubleheader in Philadelphia—the Braves lost both—was his final major league appearance. Ruth retired on June 2 after an argument with Fuchs. He finished 1935 with a .181 average—easily his worst as a full-time position player—and the final six of his 714 home runs. The Braves, 10–27 when Ruth left, finished 38–115, at .248 the worst winning percentage in modern National League history. Insolvent like his team, Fuchs",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "18946144",
"text": "had in previous years. Even Berra, he says, was not immune—on the way home from St. Louis after the Series loss, he asked Richardson and his wife if he should ask for a two-year contract, and they agreed. Berra never did the scouting his post-managerial contract called for. Within a week of his firing, he was contacted by the Mets and offered a coaching position with them, which he accepted, reuniting him and Stengel. He also returned to the lineup for four games; after performing poorly, he retired as a player for good. Linz, who appeared in a Hohner ad",
"title": "Harmonica Incident"
},
{
"id": "6134179",
"text": "returned to the Pacific Coast League and managed the Oaks and Sacramento Solons, as well as several other minor league teams, winning a pennant with Spokane in 1948. He later was a scout for the Yankees and California Angels before finishing his baseball career as a spring training instructor for the Angels. Camilli was inducted into the Dodgers Hall of Fame in , and recalled of his fans: \"All they cared about was their family, their job and the Dodgers. And I don't know which one was the most important.\" In an article in 1976 in \"Esquire\" magazine, sportswriter Harry",
"title": "Dolph Camilli"
},
{
"id": "3428634",
"text": "toes from his left foot in a mining accident, he became unable to run in the field, and switched to pitching. He played in minor league baseball in 1923 and 1924 before making his MLB debut with the Red Sox. After struggling with Boston, pitching to a 36–93 win–loss record, the Red Sox traded Ruffing to the Yankees, where he became successful, pitching as the Yankees' ace through 1946. After one season with the White Sox, Ruffing retired from pitching to work in coaching. He served as a bullpen coach for the White Sox, a pitching coach for the New",
"title": "Red Ruffing"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Earle Combs context: a salary if they all presented as few problems as did Earle Combs.\" Said Babe Ruth: \"Combs was more than a good ballplayer; he was always a first-class gentleman.\" American sportswriter and baseball historian Fred Lieb wrote of Combs, \"If a vote were taken of the sportswriters as to who their favorite ballplayer on the Yankees would be, Combs would have been their choice.\" After his retirement as a player, he remained in the game as a coach for almost two decades. He was offered a coaching job with the Yankees in 1936, and started his new position by instructing\n\nAfter retiring as a player, with what team did baseball great Babe Ruth spend one year as a coach?",
"compressed_tokens": 195,
"origin_tokens": 195,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Babe Ruth context: appeal to the Dodgers hiring him as first base coach in 1938. When Ruth was hired, Brooklyn general manager Larry MacPhail made it clear that Ruth would not be considered for the manager's job if, as expected, Burleigh Grimes retired at the end of the season. Although much was said about what Ruth could teach the younger players, in practice, his duties were to appear on the field in uniform and encourage base runners—he was not called upon to relay signs. Indeed, his most newsworthy accomplishment during this period was hitting a 430-foot home run—and thus earning the fifty-dollar\n\ntitle: Babe Ruth context control of Braves before the end of the; the National League took over the franch at the end of the year.uchs had given Ruth his uncond, major league team expressed an interest in hiring him in any capacity. hoped to be hired as a manager he could not play anymore, but only one managerial position,, became available between Ruth's retirement and the end of the 1937 season. Asked if he had considered Ruth for the job, Indians owner Alva Bradley replied negatively. Cream believed Ruth was\n\ntitle: Babe:ants for drinking and womanizing reckless lifest was temper by willingness do good visit at hospit and orphanages. retirement as a player, was denied the opportunity manage major club most likely due during parts of his playing. his years Ruth especially support of American efforts in World War. In 16, he illophageal and from it two years later Ruth and in 28, Donald Trump:aro context over the Ferraha York as a coach in 8–297–8 and909aro got job Indianscia the season a – startaroals6, and whenser for,aro a of kidney cancer) finished the season. His Major League managerial record was 76–98 over parts of two seasons.\n\nAfter retiring as a player, with what team did baseball great Babe Ruth spend one year as a coach?",
"compressed_tokens": 443,
"origin_tokens": 14255,
"ratio": "32.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
120 | What is the maximum weight permitted for calves in rodeo calf-roping competition? | [
"350 pounds. The minimum is 200 pounds"
] | 350 pounds. The minimum is 200 pounds | [
{
"id": "1528222",
"text": "breakaway roping, where the rider ropes but does not throw the calf; steer wrestling; and team roping, which uses adult cattle. In PRCA events, the calf must weigh between 220 and 280 pounds. Calves must be strong and healthy; sick or injured livestock cannot be used. According to the PRCA, \"Most calves do not compete more than a few dozen times in their lives because of weight and usage restrictions and the fact that calves grow so rapidly.\" There are concerns over the welfare of the calves used in professional rodeo, and the industry itself polices events closely, penalizing competitors",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "1528215",
"text": "Calf roping Calf roping, also known as tie-down roping, is a rodeo event that features a calf and a rider mounted on a horse. The goal of this timed event is for the rider to catch the calf by throwing a loop of rope from a lariat around its neck, dismount from the horse, run to the calf, and restrain it by tying three legs together, in as short a time as possible. A variant on the sport, with fewer animal welfare controversies, is breakaway roping, where the calf is roped, but not tied. The event derives from the duties",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "810649",
"text": "in harness, pulling a very lightweight cart known as a sulky. At the other end of the spectrum, some draft horses compete in horse pulling competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance. In horse show competition, the following general categories of competition are seen: Rodeo events include the following forms of competition: Roping includes a number of timed events that are based on the real-life tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding, medical treatment and",
"title": "Equestrianism"
},
{
"id": "1528226",
"text": "Novice calves just herded into the chutes and across the arena also demonstrated stress responses. experienced slightly higher stress than experienced ones. However, cortisol responses did not continue for long. The researchers hypothesized that professionals at the highest level were less stressful on the animals than inexperienced ropers. Calf roping Calf roping, also known as tie-down roping, is a rodeo event that features a calf and a rider mounted on a horse. The goal of this timed event is for the rider to catch the calf by throwing a loop of rope from a lariat around its neck, dismount from",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "1530126",
"text": "riders to rope a steer, one which ropes the head, the other the heels, immobilizing the animal between them. Calf roping or tie-down roping is an event, using a weanling calf that the roper manually throws to the ground after roping and then ties. A related event using calves is breakaway roping, where the calf is roped but not tied. Steer roping is considered controversial due to concerns about animal welfare. Within the United States it has been illegal in Rhode Island since 2001. Steer roping is recognized by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA), but downplayed, mentioned only in",
"title": "Steer roping"
},
{
"id": "15639272",
"text": "Stock contractor A stock contractor is an individual or business that provides animals for rodeo competition. Stock contractors supply \"rough stock\" - horses for saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding (called buckjumpers in Australia) and bulls for the bull riding event, plus steers for steer wrestling and team roping, plus calves for calf roping (also known as tie-down roping) events. Use of stock contractors who specialize in providing these animals has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which are also quieter to handle. Most bucking stock is specifically bred for use in rodeos, with horses and bulls having",
"title": "Stock contractor"
},
{
"id": "1528221",
"text": "relax the tension on the rope. The timer waits for six seconds, during which the calf must stay tied before an official time is recorded. Top professional calf ropers will rope and tie a calf in 7 seconds. The world record is just over 6 seconds. The event is recognized by most rodeo organizations, including the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and the International Professional Rodeo Association. In the United States, there are two organizations that promote calf roping alone: the United States Calf Ropers Association (USCRA) and Ultimate Calf Roping (UCR). Other timed rodeo events that use cattle include",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "18342777",
"text": "changes of direction. As the ride ends, they are given a score. 80’s are good and 90’s are exceptional for a bronc ride. Calf Roping, also known as tie-down roping, is when a mounted rider does his best at taking down a running calf. This timed event is for the rider to catch the calf by throwing a lariat around the calf’s’ neck, dismount from the horse, run to the calf, and restrain it by tying three legs together. Calf Wrestling is a team event at the rodeo. Once the calf is released from the chutes, one rider will guide",
"title": "Heart of the North Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "1520179",
"text": "saddle horn) and use his horse to turn the steer to the left. The second is the \"heeler\", who ropes the steer by its hind feet after the \"header\" has turned the steer, with a five-second penalty assessed to the end time if only one leg is caught. Team roping is the only rodeo event where men and women compete equally together in professionally sanctioned competition, in both single-gender or mixed-gender teams. Cowboys originally developed this technique on working ranches when it was necessary to capture and restrain a full-grown animal that was too large to handle by a single",
"title": "Team roping"
},
{
"id": "848725",
"text": "included at the collegiate and high school level, including breakaway roping and goat tying. Some events are based on traditional ranch practices; others are modern developments and have no counterpart in ranch practice. Rodeos may also offer western-themed entertainment at intermission, including music and novelty acts, such as trick riding. Roping competitions are based on the tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding, medical treatment and other purposes. The cowboy must throw a type of rope with a loop, known as a lariat, \"riata\" or \"reata\", or lasso, over the head",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "848757",
"text": "rodeo animals' welfare. For example, these rules require, among other things, provisions for injured animals, a veterinarian's presence at all rodeos (a similar requirement exists for other equine events), padded flank straps, horn protection for steers, and spurs with dulled, free-spinning rowels. Rodeo competitors in general value and provide excellent care to the animals with which they work. Animals must also be protected with fleece-lined flank straps for bucking stock and horn wraps for roping steers. Laws governing rodeo vary widely. In the American west, some states incorporate the regulations of the PRCA into their statutes as a standard by",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "848770",
"text": "or severely abused animals cannot perform well in a given event. Rough stock must be healthy and well fed to give the cowboy a powerful and challenging ride sufficient to obtain a high score. The bucking strap has to be an incentive to an animal that already wants to buck off a rider, not a prod, or the animal will either flee the pain, not buck, quickly sour and refuse to work, regardless of any pain that might be inflicted. Steers and roping calves will not break from the chute fast enough for ropers to achieve a fast time if",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "5007980",
"text": "Corriente Corriente cattle are a breed of Criollo cattle descended from Spanish animals brought to the Americas as early as 1493. They are primarily used today as sport cattle for rodeo events such as team roping and bulldogging (steer wrestling). Some breeders raise them for their meat, which contains approximately half the fat of the meat from most modern beef cattle. Corrientes are fairly small cattle, with cows averaging well under 1,000 pounds (450 kg). They are lean, athletic, and have long upcurving horns. They are known as \"easy keepers,\" as little human intervention is required in their calving, and",
"title": "Corriente"
},
{
"id": "848754",
"text": "on American naming patterns. The ABCRA now affiliates the sports of campdrafting, roughriding (saddle bronc and bareback riding, steer and bull riding) and timed rodeo events: barrel races (ladies and junior), rope and tie, steer undecorating (ladies), steer wrestling, junior calf riding, team roping and breakaway roping (ladies). There are strict standards for the selection, care and treatment of rodeo livestock, arenas, plus equipment requirements and specifications. In 1992 the National Rodeo Queen Quest was founded by the National Rodeo Council of Australia to promote and encourage young women into the sport of Rodeo. The carnivals and rodeos typically take",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "848745",
"text": "the plains (llanos). A coleo starts with the participants and a calf or bull (this depends on the age and stature of the competitors) locked behind a trap door. The trap door leads to a narrow earthen pathway about 100 metres long with high guard rails, open at the other end. When a judge gives a signal, the calf is set loose and starts running. A couple of seconds later, the riders are released and they race to grab the calf by its tail. The rider who accomplishes this first will increase speed, dragging the calf until it finally stumbles.",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "5007982",
"text": "Coast and Florida. Corriente Corriente cattle are a breed of Criollo cattle descended from Spanish animals brought to the Americas as early as 1493. They are primarily used today as sport cattle for rodeo events such as team roping and bulldogging (steer wrestling). Some breeders raise them for their meat, which contains approximately half the fat of the meat from most modern beef cattle. Corrientes are fairly small cattle, with cows averaging well under 1,000 pounds (450 kg). They are lean, athletic, and have long upcurving horns. They are known as \"easy keepers,\" as little human intervention is required in",
"title": "Corriente"
},
{
"id": "12139216",
"text": "Bovine sports Bovine sports are sports that involve cattle, commonly a bull, ox, steer, cow or calf. American rodeo is a sporting event that consists of different events that involve cattle and horses, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboy or cowgirl such as bull riding and team roping. In Southeast Asia, water buffalo racing or fighting is a feature during various festivals in Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia and Assam. The \"idi probak\" (Basque for \"oxen tests\") is the most popular form of the Basque dragging games. It involves oxen, usually a pair, dragging a rock from",
"title": "Bovine sports"
},
{
"id": "848724",
"text": "women organized into various associations and staged their own rodeos. Today, women's barrel racing is included as a competitive event in professional rodeo, with breakaway roping and goat tying added at collegiate and lower levels. They compete equally with men in team roping, sometimes in mixed-sex teams. Women also compete in traditional roping and rough stock events at women-only rodeos. Professional rodeos in the United States and Canada usually incorporate both timed events and \"rough stock\" events, most commonly calf roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding, bull riding, and barrel racing. Additional events may be",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "1528223",
"text": "who \"jerk down\" a calf with the rope or flip it over backwards. Dr. Eddie Taylor stated that in 16 years as an attending veterinarian at PRCA rodeos in Arizona, \"I personally have not seen a serious neck injury to a tie-down roping calf.\" Statistically, the rate of injury to the animals is relatively low. In 1994, a survey of 28 sanctioned rodeos was conducted by on-site independent veterinarians. Reviewing 33,991 animal runs, the injury rate was documented at .047%, or less than five-hundredths of one percent. A study of rodeo animals in Australia found a similar injury rate. Basic",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "13148529",
"text": "health and other care. When grilled about the possible damage to a calf's neck when he is roped and jerked to a sudden stop, Dr. Furman responded by observing that rodeo men have changed calf roping techniques; where they once roped and flipped a calf on its back they now try to spin the standing calf around. \"Charreada\" is amateur rodeo among Mexican Americans in the United States with family-owned arenas being operated for 200 teams in 12 states. Eight states have cracked down on several traditional events including horse-tripping, an event in which the front legs of a running",
"title": "Animal treatment in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "11345886",
"text": "Chute dogging Chute dogging is a rodeo event related to steer wrestling, in which the steer used weighs between . However, the competitor starts the event in a roping chute with the steer as opposed to grabbing onto the steer from horseback. The event is designed to give novices a chance to prepare for steer wrestling. When the chute opens, the competitor must bring the steer to a line ten feet from the chute and wrestle (or \"dog\") the steer to the ground. In order to count as a legal fall, all four feet of the steer must be in",
"title": "Chute dogging"
},
{
"id": "1266756",
"text": "for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals accepted the changes, stating it would not call for the sport to be banned given that Stampede officials had moved to improve animal safety, further changes were announced in 2011. Tie down roping is a particular focus of efforts to eliminate the event. The Stampede altered its policies in 2010 to enforce the rules of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association. Additionally, the Stampede was the first rodeo to introduce a no-time penalty for competitors who make a dangerous tackle in the steer wrestling event. Several more changes were made in 2011, the rule",
"title": "Calgary Stampede"
},
{
"id": "848714",
"text": "Rodeo Rodeo ( or ) is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, South America, the Philippines, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the working vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada, and northern Mexico. Today it is a sporting event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys and cowgirls. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the following events: tie-down roping,",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "15715340",
"text": "A poll conducted before the tour showed 54% of those between 18 and 34 who were polled were indifferent to the tour. Public events during the tour drew big crowds. On Canada Day at Parliament Hill, attendance was 300,000 in the morning, and a half-million in the evening. The National Capital Commission had speculated half a million would show up at the morning event. The Canadian tour become a subject of controversy, as the Royal couple planned to attend the annual Calgary Stampede, an event that features steer busting and calf roping and is condemned by animal welfare experts. The",
"title": "2011 royal tour of Canada"
},
{
"id": "5846993",
"text": "when an event was sponsored by Nancy Stockdale Cervi, a former rodeo queen. At that event, children ages five to seven who weighed less than 55 pounds could apply, and ultimately seven contestants were selected to each ride a sheep for six seconds. There are no statistics about the popularity of the sport, but anecdotal reports suggest thousands of children participate in such events every year in the U.S. Supporters consider the event both entertaining and a way to introduce young children to the adult rodeo \"rough stock\" riding events of bull riding, saddle bronc and bareback riding, and may",
"title": "Mutton busting"
},
{
"id": "7473937",
"text": "Vancouver, British Columbia animal rights group Liberation BC entered the rodeo ring to protest the death of a calf in a roping event at the previous day's show. Pamela Anderson targeted the Cloverdale Rodeo that same year by writing a letter urging corporate sponsors to end their partnership with the rodeo, stating that \"the calf roping event is particularly cruel\". Following this controversy the Cloverdale Rodeo announced that it would cut ties with the professional circuit by dropping four controversial roping events including: tie-down roping, team roping, cowboy cow milking and steer wrestling. Cloverdale Rodeo and Country Fair Cloverdale Rodeo",
"title": "Cloverdale Rodeo and Country Fair"
},
{
"id": "11099107",
"text": "platforms and rail spacing that allows riders and assistants to access the animal from above. These chutes release the animal and the rider through a side gate. A roping chute is large enough to contain a steer of the size used in steer wrestling and may have a seat above the chute for an operator. The steer or calf is released through the front of the chute. A hoof trimming crush, also called a hoof trimming chute or hoof trimming stalls, is a crush specifically designed for the task of caring for cattle hooves, specifically trimming excess hoof material and",
"title": "Livestock crush"
},
{
"id": "20093917",
"text": "Don and Joanne Moffitt. Their son Roy was seven years older than Whitfield. Despite the age difference, Roy Moffitt took Whitfield under his wing. When Whitfield was six, Moffitt taught him to rope. They often practiced on dogs, chickens, cats, and, occasionally, Whitfield's younger sister. The Moffitt family allowed Whitfield to use their horses and equipment to compete in youth rodeos, and often paid his entry fees. Whitfield specialized in calf roping. In this event, a calf is released from a chute. After a short head start, a cowboy on horseback lassos the calf. The cowboy then dismounts, throws the",
"title": "Fred Whitfield (rodeo)"
},
{
"id": "1528225",
"text": "calf roping is not permitted in the state of Rhode Island or in the city of Baltimore. Tie-down calf roping is also not allowed in some localities in Australia, Brazil and Canada and banned nationally in the United Kingdom, Germany and The Netherlands. The ASPCA notes that practice sessions are often the occasion of more severe abuses than competitions. A 2016 study indicated that the process of calf roping, including being herded in the arena and into the roping chutes, was stressful on the animals as evidenced by eye movement when roped and increases in blood cortisol, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine.",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "1510979",
"text": "on his way down, he will receive a \"no time\". Typical professional times will be in the range of 3.0 to 10 seconds from the gates opening to the waving of the flag. The steers used today are generally Corriente cattle or longhorns, which weigh between 450–650 pounds, and the human steer wrestlers typically weigh 180–300 pounds. While steer wrestlers have a lower injury rate than bull riders or bronc riders, their injury rate is higher than that of the speed events. Like all other rodeo events, steer wrestling is under fire by animal rights advocates. Modern rodeos in the",
"title": "Steer wrestling"
},
{
"id": "11099106",
"text": "or to permit surgery under sedation rather than general anesthesia. For some surgical procedures, this is reported to be efficient. These units also are used during some procedures that require a horse to stand still, but without sedation. There are two different types of specialised crushes used in rodeo arenas. Those for the \"rough stock\" events, such as bronc riding and bull riding, are known as bucking chutes or rough-riding chutes. For events such as steer roping, the crush is called a roping chute. The rough-riding chutes are notably higher in order to hold horses and adult bulls, and have",
"title": "Livestock crush"
},
{
"id": "13148516",
"text": "summary that in terms of a dictionary definition of cruelty, most rodeo events have the potential to cause injury, grief, or pain, and therefore can be considered cruel. Although the Medical Officer did not say that the legal definition of cruelty had been met, he implied that it had been \"reached, if not crossed.\" E.J. Finocchio, DVM wrote the Rhode Island legislature urging a ban on calf roping: \"As a large animal veterinarian for 20 years ... I have witnessed first hand the instant death of calves after their spinal cords were severed from the abrupt stop at the end",
"title": "Animal treatment in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "848715",
"text": "team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding and barrel racing. The events are divided into two basic categories: the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other events such as breakaway roping, goat tying, or pole bending may also be a part of some rodeos. American rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the official state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota, and Texas. The iconic silhouette image of a \"Bucking Horse and Rider\" is a federal and state-registered trademark",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "2217544",
"text": "Breakaway roping Breakaway roping is a variation of calf roping where a calf is roped, but not thrown and tied. It is a rodeo event that features a calf and one mounted rider. The calves are moved one at a time through narrow runs leading to a chute with spring-loaded doors. The horse and rider wait in a box next to the chute that has a spring-loaded rope, known as the barrier, stretched in front. A light rope is fastened from the chute to the calf's neck, releasing once the calf is well away from the chute and releasing the",
"title": "Breakaway roping"
},
{
"id": "848735",
"text": "barrel racers compete for nearly four million dollars annually. Professional cowgirls also compete in bronc and bull riding, team roping and calf roping under the auspices of the PWRA, a WPRA subsidiary. However, numbers are small, about 120 members, and these competitors go largely unnoticed, with only twenty rodeos and seventy individual contests available annually. The total purse at the PWRA National Finals is $50,000. Meanwhile, the PBR has 700 members from three continents and ten million dollars in prize money. The first rodeo in Canada was held in 1902 in Raymond, Alberta when Raymond Knight funded and promoted a",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "8008230",
"text": "cox to be light – as there is less weight for the crew to move. However, weight is generally considered of minor importance compared to steering, coaching, and motivational ability. Nevertheless, most competitive coxswains weigh in at under 110 pounds for female coxes, and 120 pounds for male coxes. USRowing regulations require that a coxswain in an event for men’s crews shall weigh at least 120 lbs and a coxswain in an event for women’s crews shall weigh at least 110 lbs. It is permissible in certain regattas to have lighter coxswains, but crews are required to sandbag their shells",
"title": "Coxswain (rowing)"
},
{
"id": "20603762",
"text": "Dally Ribbon Roping Dally Ribbon Roping, also known as ribbon roping, is a team rodeo event that features a steer and one mounted riders and one contestant on foot. It is a timed event. The roper starts in the box and the runner must start from a designated spot determined by the field judge. Some rules allow a runner to start anywhere in the arena. The event begins when the steer breaks the barrier. The roper must rope the steer. Any type of catch is legal. The roper must then \"dally\" which is to make several loops around the saddle",
"title": "Dally Ribbon Roping"
},
{
"id": "2217546",
"text": "small white flag at the end that makes the moment the rope breaks more easily seen by the timer. The fastest run wins. Breakaway roping is usually seen in junior, high school, college and semi-professional rodeos. At the collegiate level, it is a primarily a women's event, but at other levels competitors are both male and female. Some amateur rodeos also have breakaway roping as part of their event line-up. It is also used as a substitute for calf roping in some parts of Europe, where traditional calf roping, also called tie-down roping, is banned. Breakaway roping Breakaway roping is",
"title": "Breakaway roping"
},
{
"id": "11713894",
"text": "equals 4 \"Füße\". Bulls, calves, etc, are a fraction of that, e.g. a one-year old bull needs 2 \"Füße\". A \"Großvieheinheit\" (GV or GVE) is a conversion key used to compare different farm animals on the basis of their live weight. A \"Großvieheinheit\" represents 500 kilogrammes (roughly the weight of an adult bull). In the wild it excludes small animals like amphibians and insects, but is used for game in forestry and hunting. Examples are: A more precise unit is the \"fodder-consuming livestock unit\" or \"Raufutter verzehrende Großvieheinheit\" (RGV), which corrects the value above based on the demands of a",
"title": "Livestock grazing comparison"
},
{
"id": "1528218",
"text": "the calf. Timing is critical. From a standstill, a rider will put his horse into a gallop from the box shortly after the calf leaves the chute, so that the horse saves valuable seconds by being at near-full speed the moment the barrier releases. However, if the rider mistimes his cue to the horse and the horse breaks the barrier before it releases, a 10-second penalty will be added to his time. This is sometimes referred to as a \"Cowboy Speeding Ticket.\" The rider must lasso the calf from horseback by throwing a loop of the lariat around the calf's",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "10021500",
"text": "But cowboys did take up the sport with enthusiasm but without the lip-biting, and when rodeo rules were codified, steer wrestling was among the standard contests. Two halls of fame recognize Bill Pickett as the sole inventor of bulldogging, the only rodeo event which can be attributed to a single individual. Rodeo itself evolved after the Texas Revolution and the U.S.-Mexican War when Anglo cowboys learned the skills, attire, vocabulary, and sports of the \"vaqueros\". Ranch-versus-ranch contests gradually sprang up, as bronc riding, bull riding, and roping contests appeared at race tracks, fairgrounds, and festivals of all kinds. William F.",
"title": "History of rodeo"
},
{
"id": "2117095",
"text": "in North America are invited to compete as teams in a subset of rodeo events. The finals and the SuperShoot are televised on Fox Sports. After the professional rodeo concludes, children are given an opportunity to compete. Each evening, 30 high school students from across the state compete in the calf scramble. They are given the opportunity to chase down (on foot) and catch one of 15 calves, put a halter on them, and drag them back to the center of the stadium. Winners are given money to purchase their own heifer or steer to show the following year. Immediately",
"title": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "10021503",
"text": "1912, organization of these community celebrations fell to local citizen committees who selected the events, made the rules, chose officials, arranged for the stock, and handled all other aspects of the festival. Many of these early contests bore more resemblance to Buffalo Bill's Wild West than to contemporary rodeo. While today's PRCA-sanctioned rodeos must include five events: calf roping, bareback and saddle bronc riding, bull riding, and steer wrestling, with the option to also hold steer roping and team roping, their Pre-World War I counterparts often offered only two of these contests. The day-long programs included diverse activities including Pony",
"title": "History of rodeo"
},
{
"id": "1528216",
"text": "of actual working cowboys, which often required catching and restraining calves for branding or medical treatment. Ranch hands took pride in the speed with which they could rope and tie calves which soon turned their work into informal contests. The calves are lined up in a row and moved through narrow runways leading to a chute with spring-loaded doors. When a calf enters the chute, a door is closed behind it and a lightweight rope, attached to a trip lever, is fastened around the calf's neck. The lever holds a taut cord or \"barrier\" that runs across a large pen",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "1463982",
"text": "contest the maximum weight allowed is 177 pounds if it feels that the contest would still be fair, safe, and competitive. In addition, there are five weight classes specified in the Unified Rules which the UFC does not currently use: Super Lightweight (165 pounds), Super Welterweight (175 pounds), Super Middleweight (195 pounds), Cruiserweight (225 pounds), and Super Heavyweight (>265 pounds). MMA journalists and fans have criticized the UFC for putting on too many shows and thus diluting the quality of their product. Comedian, Brazilian jiu-jitsu and Taekwondo black belt Joe Rogan teams up with play-by-play announcer Jon Anik to provide",
"title": "Ultimate Fighting Championship"
},
{
"id": "8689098",
"text": "fees and prize money. Ray Knight has been called the \"Father of Canadian Professional Rodeo\" because of the 1903 Raymond Stampede. Ray Knight was the world's richest rodeo producer and rodeo contractor with ranch land of almost one million acres, pasturing 18,000 head of cattle and some 2,000 head of horses. Rodeo events held at the Raymond Stampede over the years include the rough stock events of saddle bronc, bareback bronc and bull riding but also steer riding, saddled bull riding, steer decorating, steer wrestling, calf roping, steer roping, barrel racing, wild horse racing, wild cow milking, chariot racing, Roman",
"title": "Raymond Stampede"
},
{
"id": "8689099",
"text": "standing racing, cowboy saddle horse racing, and Indian pony racing. In 1924, the Raymond Stampede replaced their shotgun style bucking chute with the safer \"Bascom bucking chutes\" which were side-delivery reverse opening bucking chutes invented by the Bascoms in 1919. Raymond Knight, who was called the \"Buffalo Bill of Canada\" by the King of England, introduced the event of calf roping to Canada at the Raymond Stampede. Knight has been called the \"Father of Canadian Calf Roping\" and won the North American Calf Roping Championship in 1924 and 1926 at the Calgary Stampede. In 1934, the world's first \"senior professional",
"title": "Raymond Stampede"
},
{
"id": "20093924",
"text": "Whitfield soon became Solomon's mentor. As of 2013, Whitfield had earned more prize money in calf roping than any previous competitor. In July 2012, his combined earnings surpassed $3 million. Whitfield began cutting down on his touring schedule, preferring to spend more time at home, where he trains other athletes. Through June 2015, he had competed in only 25 rodeos, winning about $10,000. Although he wasn't high in the PRCA standings, his reputation was enough to get him invited to some of the major non-PRCA rodeos, including the Calgary Stampede. There, he doubled his yearly earnings. In 2015, a group",
"title": "Fred Whitfield (rodeo)"
},
{
"id": "8481858",
"text": "Rodeo” candidates were prior to the election well aware of the limitations of their campaign. They were not naïve and never believed themselves to be serious election contenders. The aim of the candidates was to raise awareness of rodeo cruelty and other justice issues and to network with people who held similar concerns. This aim was achieved and the campaign to ban bucking, roping and steer wrestling rodeo events has continued and grown stronger since March 2006. It is also significant to note that 29,042 first preference lower house votes went to minor and major party candidates who during the",
"title": "No Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "18239985",
"text": "cited schedule conflicts in explaining why they were not able to attend. SLOC President Mitt Romney decided on January 4, 2002, not to cancel or disassociate the SLOC from the rodeo but imposed safety precautions that banned tail twisting and electric prodding. Hindi said he would praise Romney if Romney banned from the event calf roping, steer roping, and steer wrestling, practices Hindi called the cruelest parts of rodeo. Sixty animal rights activists protested the event, and Hindi brought a van with large projection screens that showed past instances of animal cruelty at rodeos. Singer Carrie Underwood and band Matchbox",
"title": "Steve Hindi"
},
{
"id": "13148515",
"text": "straps, sharpened sticks, spurs and other tack were used to provoke animals into reacting in such a way as to make certain events thrilling for spectators, and thus it was unlikely to be enjoyable for livestock. The Medical Officer further noted that guidelines instituted to prevent animal abuse at sanctioned rodeos were paid little heed and calves suffered damage not readily visible such as bruised tracheal cartilage in roping events. All bucking events were found by the Medical Officer to rely on the application of irritants to make the animals \"fly\" from the chutes. The Medical Officer stated in his",
"title": "Animal treatment in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "1266730",
"text": "of over 20,000 fans daily to be the highlight of the rodeo season. There are six major disciplines – bull riding, barrel racing, steer wrestling, tie down roping, saddle bronc and bareback riding – and four novice events – junior steer riding, novice bareback, novice saddle bronc and wild pony racing. Each event is organized as its own tournament, and the cowboys and girls are divided into two pools. The first pool competes each night for the first four nights, and the second each night for four nights following. The top four in each pool advance to the Sunday final,",
"title": "Calgary Stampede"
},
{
"id": "1528224",
"text": "injuries occurred at a rate of 0.072 percent, or one in 1405, with injuries requiring veterinary attention at 0.036 percent, or one injury in every 2810 times the animal was used, and transport, yarding and competition were all included in the study. A later PRCA survey of 60,971 animal performances at 198 rodeo performances and 73 sections of \"slack\" indicated 27 animals were injured, again approximately five-hundredths of 1 percent0.0004. Animal welfare proponents claim, however, that examples of injuries caused by calf roping include paralysis from spinal cord injuries, severed tracheas, as well as broken backs, necks, and legs. Tie-down",
"title": "Calf roping"
},
{
"id": "18342779",
"text": "steer, but lassoing around the neck or one horn is also legal. Once the horn is roped, the second part can occur. The second rider who ropes the rear legs of the steer is known as the heeler. Both legs need to be roped or else a five second penalty will be given if only 1 leg is roped. Barrel Racing is a timed event where the cowgirls and their horses race through a cloverleaf pattern. This event is a test of horsemanship in order to control the horse throughout the pattern. A five second penalty is added for each",
"title": "Heart of the North Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "13148519",
"text": "can best protect the interests of the animals involved by working with organizations that put on such events. Over more than a decade of work with the Calgary Stampede, Calgary Humane Society has been instrumental in significant changes that have reduced injuries (for example, changes to the chuckwagon track that reduced stress fractures to the legs of horses; penalizing of calf-roping that yanked the calf backward) and eliminated certain high risk events (like wild cow milking). CHS does its work by providing recommendations to the organizations, by following up on public complaints, and by having its Peace Officers attending these",
"title": "Animal treatment in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "7473301",
"text": "rodeo is also known for its large number of participants. All events are performed each day. The rodeo draws many of the sports top competitors due to its more than $1 million in cash and prizes available. Frontier Days delivers three types of competition: roughstock events, timed events, and racing on the track. Roughstock events include bull riding, bareback bronc riding, saddle bronc riding, and rookie saddle bronc riding. Timed events include steer wrestling, team roping, tie-down roping, and women's barrel racing. Tie-down roping includes calf roping, steer roping, and senior steer roping. Some of the timed events are shown",
"title": "Cheyenne Frontier Days"
},
{
"id": "848726",
"text": "of a calf or onto the horns and around the hind legs of adult cattle, and secure the animal in a fashion dictated by its size and age. In spite of popular myth, most modern \"broncs\" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock. Rough stock events also use at least two well-trained riding horses ridden by \"pick up men\" (or women), tasked with assisting fallen riders and helping successful riders get safely off the bucking animal. Several other events may be scheduled on a rodeo program depending",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "13177483",
"text": "was 2,000 strong with 15 sanctioned rodeos. In 1981, the GRA became the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) and worked successfully with local rodeo promoters and the PRCA to make women's barrel racing a standard event in most PRCA rodeos. WPRA events are barrel racing, bareback bronc riding, bull or steer riding, team roping, calf roping (both break-away and tie-down), goat tying, and steer un-decorating – a contest in which the mounted cowgirl grabs a ribbon from the steer's neck rather than leaping from her horse and wrestling the steer to the ground. Today, only a fraction of WPRA members",
"title": "Women in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "13148522",
"text": "equipment that cause animals to react violently, and we oppose bull riding, bronco riding, steer roping, calf roping, \"wild horse racing,\" chuck wagon racing, steer tailing, and horse tripping. The Humane Society of the United States came into being in 1954 as an offshoot of the American Humane Association (AHA), and initially tackled legislation regarding humane slaughter, the protection of laboratory animals and other issues. In the 1970s, the organization began eyeing rodeo and its \"psychologically damaging\" effect on children. \"Vancouver Humane Society is opposed to rodeo because most rodeo events involve the use of fear, stress or pain to",
"title": "Animal treatment in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "8689468",
"text": "competition. Knight was married to Isabelle Smith in 1894 and had three children from this marriage: Uarda, Raymond, and Kenneth. Knight had five other children from his second marriage to Charlotte Maud Heninger: Owen, Wayne, Jesse, Charlotte, and Mary. Knight has been inducted into the Canadian Rodeo Hall of Fame, the Raymond Sports Hall of Fame, the Lethbridge Sports Hall of Fame and the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame. Knight has been called the \"Father of Canadian Stampedes\", the \"Father of Canadian Professional Rodeo\" and the \"Father of Canadian Calf Roping.\" Ray Knight (rodeo organizer) Oscar Raymond (\"Ray\") Knight (8",
"title": "Ray Knight (rodeo organizer)"
},
{
"id": "13177482",
"text": "deflected attention from the cowgirl athlete and focused it on the pretty daughters of local boosters instead. Women's barrel racing at Madison Square Garden in 1942 led to that contest's acceptance in rodeo. A rules dispute during the first all-cowgirl rodeo, in 1948 in Amarillo, Texas, led to the formation of the first rodeo association for women. The dispute, during the calf roping event, concerned a lack of standard rules for the event and led to the formation of the Girls Rodeo Association (GRA) which boasted 74 members and produced one rodeo in its first year. In 1979 the organization",
"title": "Women in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "4652020",
"text": "owned by local graziers that lend them for the campdrafting and rodeo events. Nowadays stock contractors supply both associations with buckjumpers, bulls, dogging steers and calves for the roping events. Contract stock has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which are also quieter to handle. Chainsaw was one of Australia's most famous bucking bulls. Only nine contestants scored on him and he won the Australian national title of Bull of the Year a world record eight times during 1987 to 1994. There are strict standards for the selection, care and treatment of rodeo livestock, arenas, plus equipment requirements",
"title": "Australian rodeo"
},
{
"id": "848761",
"text": "of metal or electric cattle prods, and tail-twisting. The second set of concerns surround non-traditional rodeo events that operate outside the rules of sanctioning organizations. These are usually amateur events such as mutton busting, calf dressing, wild cow milking, calf riding, chuck wagon races, and other events designed primarily for publicity, half-time entertainment or crowd participation. Finally, some groups consider some or all rodeo events themselves to be cruel. Groups such as PETA, SHARK, and the Humane Society of the United States generally take a position of opposition to all rodeos and rodeo events. A more general position is taken",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "18784587",
"text": "Wild cow milking Wild cow milking is a rodeo event seen at mainstream and ranch rodeos. A team-based competition, the goal is to catch and milk a \"wild\" cow (a semi-feral animal that is not used to being milked by people, usually of a beef cattle breed) in as short a time as possible. The competition dates back at least to the early 20th century, with competitions at the Cheyenne Frontier Days rodeo photographed as far back as 1924. Though the specifics can vary depending on the rodeo, the general rules for wild cow milking are: The sport is known",
"title": "Wild cow milking"
},
{
"id": "16217667",
"text": "Cooper that he had \"perfected the art of roping and tying a calf about as far as it can be perfected.\" Fellow cowboy Joe Beaver praised Cooper's consistency and ability to avoid errors and said, \"At his prime, he had no competition.\" Cooper and other members of his family have founded the Cooper Rodeo Foundation, which aids children and young adults in rodeo. Roy Cooper (rodeo cowboy) Roy Cooper (born November 13, 1955) is an American former rodeo cowboy who competed in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) events for more than two decades. He won the All-Around Cowboy championship in",
"title": "Roy Cooper (rodeo cowboy)"
},
{
"id": "69783",
"text": "known as a \"poddy\" or \"poddy-calf\" in British English. \"Bobby calves\" are young calves which are to be slaughtered for human consumption. A \"vealer\" is a fat calf weighing less than about which is at about eight to nine months of age. A young female calf from birth until she has had a calf of her own is called a \"heifer\" (). In the American Old West, a motherless or small, runty calf was sometimes referred to as a \"dogie,\" (pronounced with a long \"o\"). The term \"calf\" is also used for some other species. See \"Other animals\" below. Calves",
"title": "Calf"
},
{
"id": "13634048",
"text": "14-15 months old. Cows can be kept breeding until 16-17 years with some up to 21 years old. Average per cow are from 11 to 13 births. In addition, the race of females present: Under exclusively pasture regime, the average weight of cows is around 550-650 kg with some reaching up to 750 kg. The Bulls weigh around 1,000 kg. and up to 1200 kg. At two years old heifers reach about 400 kg., with some weigh up to 500 kg. Calves at one year old reach an average of 300 kg. due to good maternal ability of cows. In",
"title": "Caracu"
},
{
"id": "13177484",
"text": "compete in the women's rodeos, preferring instead to hit the PRCA rodeos where the purses are larger. Women are governed by strict rules in WRCA events. Long pants and long-sleeved shirts are required in the arena as well as cowboy boots and hats. Chaps and spurs are usually worn except in the Wild Horse Race and Wild Cow Milking. Animal abuse, unsportsmanlike conduct, and loud, obnoxious profanity are prohibited. The number of women's rodeos decreased in the last decades of the 20th century; the cost of transporting a horse hundreds of miles to compete for the small purses the WPRA",
"title": "Women in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "2427818",
"text": "and cotton ropes are also used in the longer lengths. The lasso is used today in rodeos as part of the competitive events, such as calf roping and team roping. It is also still used on working ranches to capture cattle or other livestock when necessary. After catching the cattle, the lasso can be tied or wrapped (dallied) around the \"horn\", a typical feature on the front of a western saddle. With the lasso around the horn, the cowboy can use his horse as the equivalent of a tow truck with a winch. Part of the historical culture of both",
"title": "Lasso"
},
{
"id": "20603763",
"text": "horn with the rope. The runner must then grab the ribbon off the calf's tail. The runner then races back to the box, and the time is stopped once the runner crosses the barrier. Many organizations, like the National Little Britches Rodeo Association allow coed teams. The equipment is the same used by team ropers: There are various organizations that sanction team roping events at local, regional and national levels. Some of the rules common to most groups include: Dally Ribbon Roping Dally Ribbon Roping, also known as ribbon roping, is a team rodeo event that features a steer and",
"title": "Dally Ribbon Roping"
},
{
"id": "13576924",
"text": "ranch or farming operation. Critics counter that chuckwagon racing is simply an adrenaline sport and produces no food. Thus the practice is an unnecessary and cruel risk to force horses to take. It is unclear how broad public support for the sport actually is, although it has been a marquee event for the Calgary Stampede for many decades, perhaps in part because of the possibility of disaster and the drama it adds to the Stampede as entertainment. Chuckwagon racing Chuckwagon racing is an equestrian rodeo sport in which drivers in a chuckwagon led by a team of Thoroughbred horses race",
"title": "Chuckwagon racing"
},
{
"id": "20853683",
"text": "For bulls, the ABBI World Finals Classic takes place at the PBR World Finals. There 3- to 4-year-old bulls compete to win a $250,000 prize. Industry breeders use the ABBI registry to help bulls to retain value and prove their abilities. One example was the Rosser family, who owned the Flying U Rodeo Company. In search of DNA to document parentage, Rosser mentioned one time that a bull skeleton was dug up to recover a bone fragment. It was DNA tested and used to prove that a notable bull's calves were sired as stated, showing that the genetic data kept",
"title": "American Bucking Bull"
},
{
"id": "18342778",
"text": "the calf in a straight line while on the back of his horse. The other rider, also mounted, will run along the other side and gently jump next to the calf and begin to retrain it until the calf hits the ground. Team Roping is also known as heading and heeling at the rodeo. In this event, a steer is released from the chutes and has two mounted riders trying to rope it. The rider who ropes the front of the steer first is known as the header. The rope is technically supposed to go around both horns of the",
"title": "Heart of the North Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "1520178",
"text": "Team roping Team roping also known as heading and heeling is a rodeo event that features a steer (typically a Corriente) and two mounted riders. The first roper is referred to as the \"header\", the person who ropes the front of the steer, usually around the horns, but it is also legal for the rope to go around the neck, or go around one horn and the nose resulting in what they call a \"half head\". Once the steer is caught by one of the three legal head catches, the header must dally (wrap the rope around the rubber covered",
"title": "Team roping"
},
{
"id": "9129431",
"text": "rodeo tie-down roping champion Dean Oliver. He was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1988, rodeo's highest honor. Secretary of Commerce Baldrige died in Northern California on July 25, 1987, after sustaining internal injuries from a rodeo accident while participating in a calf-roping competition when the horse he was riding fell on him at the Jack Roddy Ranch in Brentwood in east Contra Costa County, east of San Francisco. Following the accident, Baldrige was flown by helicopter to John Muir Hospital in Walnut Creek, California, but his internal injuries were too severe. Baldrige was",
"title": "Malcolm Baldrige Jr."
},
{
"id": "13148518",
"text": "body] was the head, neck, legs, and belly. I have seen animals with six to eight ribs broken from the spine and at times puncturing the lungs.\" \"The Calgary Humane Society opposes the use of animals for any form of entertainment in which they are placed at risk of suffering undue stress, pain, injury or death.\" Given its position on animals in entertainment, CHS opposes rodeo events like chuckwagon racing, calf-roping and steer wrestling that are the most often implicated in injury to animals. While other organizations may wish to intervene through protest, or other means, CHS has found it",
"title": "Animal treatment in rodeo"
},
{
"id": "17168641",
"text": "for work and breeding due to injury deformity or any incurable disease. Anyone violating the Act can be punished with imprisonment of up to 3 years or fine up to 1,000 or both. \"The Andhra Pradesh Prohibition of Cow Slaughter and Animal Preservation Act, 1977\" governs the slaughter of cattle in Telangana. Slaughter of cows (includes heifer, or a calf, whether male or female of a cow) is prohibited. The law does not define the age of a \"calf\". Slaughter of bulls and bullocks is allowed on obtaining a \"fit-for-slaughter\" certificate, to be given only if the animal is not",
"title": "Cattle slaughter in India"
},
{
"id": "19898450",
"text": "two or three, reach their athletic prime at age five or six, and if they remain healthy, can continue bucking at least until the age of 10, sometimes longer. In some competitions between bulls, with a purse amounting to tens of thousands of dollars per event, the bulls are ridden by electronic dummies, not rodeo bull riders. Good performing bulls attain a celebrity status and can be considered a star athlete in their own right, and a valiant competitor on the field against the human rider. The first sale of breeding cows out of champion bucking bulls was in 1999.",
"title": "Bucking bull"
},
{
"id": "810650",
"text": "other purposes. A lasso or lariat is thrown over the head of a calf or the horns of adult cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age. In spite of popular myth, most modern \"broncs\" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock. There are many other forms of equestrian activity and sports seen worldwide. There are both competitive events and pleasure riding disciplines available. Handling, riding and driving horses has a number of health risks. Riding has some inherent risks,",
"title": "Equestrianism"
},
{
"id": "17726690",
"text": "from Tarleton State University. He is a farmer and rancher who breeds and trains American Quarter Horses. He is a rodeo cowboy and holds nine world championship titles from the United States Calf Roping Association, starting in 2004. Miller was first elected to the House in 2000, when he unseated the Democratic incumbent David Lengefeld (born 1945) of Hamilton County, 18,566 (54.4 percent) to 15,561 (45.6 percent). He was the only Republican in Texas that year to unseat a Democratic lawmaker. In 2003 and 2007, Miller introduced bills to legalize the export of horse meat from Texas for human consumption",
"title": "Sid Miller (politician)"
},
{
"id": "1520185",
"text": "trots off. There is a 5-second penalty for roping only one hind leg and a 10-second penalty for breaking the barrier if both occur on the same run then the penalties are added together for a total of 15 seconds added. A successful professional-level team takes between 4 and 8 seconds to stretch the steer, depending on the length of the arena. At lower levels, a team may take longer, particularly if the heeler misses the first throw and has to try again. At higher levels, the header and the heeler are allowed only one throw each, if either misses,",
"title": "Team roping"
},
{
"id": "1530123",
"text": "Steer roping Steer roping, also known as steer tripping or steer jerking, is a rodeo event that features a steer and one mounted cowboy. The steer roper starts behind a \"barrier\" - a taut rope fastened with an easily broken string which is fastened lightly to the steer. When the roper calls for the steer, the chute man trips a lever, opening the doors. The steer breaks out running. When the steer reaches the end of the tether, the string breaks, releasing the barrier for the horse and roper. Should the roper break the barrier, a 10-second penalty is added",
"title": "Steer roping"
},
{
"id": "15639279",
"text": "Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame and the Utah Sports Hall of Fame. In 1938, two other Canadian cowboys, Clark Lund and Herman Linder, came back from rodeoing in Australia and each independently became rodeo stock contractors. On their bucking stock they started using a quick-release flank strap which was made in Australia which is now the standard at all rodeos. Stock contractor A stock contractor is an individual or business that provides animals for rodeo competition. Stock contractors supply \"rough stock\" - horses for saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding (called buckjumpers in Australia) and bulls for the bull",
"title": "Stock contractor"
},
{
"id": "3192935",
"text": "\"A person who, for the purpose of practice, entertainment, or sport, intentionally fells, trips, or otherwise causes a cow to fall or lose its balance by means of roping, lassoing, dragging, or otherwise touching the tail of the cow commits a misdemeanor of the first degree.\" The proposal did not become law. In the United States, ear cropping, tail docking, rodeo sports, and other acts are legal and sometimes condoned. Penalties for cruelty can be minimal, if pursued. Currently, 46 of the 50 states have enacted felony penalties for certain forms of animal abuse. However, in most jurisdictions, animal cruelty",
"title": "Cruelty to animals"
},
{
"id": "1537545",
"text": "Barrel racing Barrel racing is a rodeo event in which a horse and rider attempt to complete a cloverleaf pattern around preset barrels in the fastest time. Though both boys and girls compete at the youth level, in collegiate and professional ranks, it is a rodeo event for women. It combines the horse's athletic ability and the horsemanship skills of a rider in order to safely and successfully maneuver a horse in a pattern around three barrels (typically three fifty-five gallon metal or plastic drums) placed in a triangle in the center of an arena. Barrel racing originally developed as",
"title": "Barrel racing"
},
{
"id": "20093923",
"text": "and Canada brought five competitors in each event. The winners would receive both prize money and medals. Whitfield was one of the United States representatives. In 2004, he was elected to the ProRodeo Hall of Fame. Whitfield won his eighth world championship in 2005 in tie-down roping. Whitfield won the Calgary Stampede in 2007. After suffering an injury during the 2007 season, Whitfield missed making the NFR for the first time in his career. He did not qualify for the NFR in 2009 and 2011. A young black Texas, Cory Solomon, joined the PRCA as a calf roper in 2009.",
"title": "Fred Whitfield (rodeo)"
},
{
"id": "5953256",
"text": "attributed to deliberate acts by the horse instead of a reaction to pain or fear of the handler. Still others were attributed to equipment and methods used on rodeo horses in the speed events such as calf roping and barrel racing. However, practitioners of classic, time-honored, humane training methods take issue with the characterization of \"traditional\" methods of training as \"inhumane\". Noting that gentle techniques have always existed . Some natural horsemanship advocates acknowledge that there are \"traditional\" techniques that can be used in a humane manner, even suggesting that multiple styles can be used together in a complementary fashion.",
"title": "Natural horsemanship"
},
{
"id": "2308029",
"text": "for their large dairy production, averaging 22,530 pounds of milk per year. Of this milk, 858 pounds (3.7%) are butterfat and 719 pounds (3.1%) are protein. A healthy calf weighs 40 to 50 kg (75-110 lb) or more at birth. A mature Holstein cow typically weighs 680–770 kg (1500-1700 lb), and stands 145–165 cm (58-65 in) tall at the shoulder. Holstein heifers should be bred by 11 to 14 months of age, when they weigh 317–340 kg (700-750 lb) or 55% of adult weight. Generally, breeders plan for Holstein heifers to calve for the first time between 21 and 24",
"title": "Holstein Friesian cattle"
},
{
"id": "11345887",
"text": "the air when the steer is on the ground. Other falls are called \"dog falls,\" and the competitor must try to let the steer get up and try to get all four legs in the air. The competitor can be disqualified for losing contact with the steer or tripping the steer. It is a timed event, with the time starting at the moment the chute dogger crosses the ten foot line. The steer must be wrestled within 60 seconds. Chute dogging Chute dogging is a rodeo event related to steer wrestling, in which the steer used weighs between . However,",
"title": "Chute dogging"
},
{
"id": "848765",
"text": "on the open range, but also have to be trained in order to be managed from the ground, safely loaded into trailers, vaccinated and wormed, and be loaded in and out of bucking chutes. Young bucking horses are initially introduced to work with cloth dummies attached to the saddle. Others are already well-trained on the ground. Some champion bucking horses got their start as spoiled riding horses that learned to quickly and effectively unseat riders. Due to the rigors of travel and the short bursts of high intensity work required, most horses in a bucking string are at least 6",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "19898449",
"text": "Bucking bull A bucking bull is a bull used in American rodeo bull riding competition. They are usually a Brahma crossed with another breed, weighing 1,500 pounds or more, selected for their tendency to \"leap, plunge and spin\" when a human is on its back. Circa mid-20th century breeders began selecting bulls for bad temperament, that would buck when ridden. Many of the best bucking bulls trace their lineage to bulls owned by Charlie Plummer of Oklahoma. These are known as Plummer bulls. Bulls are viewed as athletes. They usually are started in their bucking career at the age of",
"title": "Bucking bull"
},
{
"id": "1520189",
"text": "the loop is also very important; it should stand up against the steer's legs with the bottom loop on the ground so the steer will jump right into it. Team roping Team roping also known as heading and heeling is a rodeo event that features a steer (typically a Corriente) and two mounted riders. The first roper is referred to as the \"header\", the person who ropes the front of the steer, usually around the horns, but it is also legal for the rope to go around the neck, or go around one horn and the nose resulting in what",
"title": "Team roping"
},
{
"id": "16217666",
"text": "the 2017 PRCA All-Around Cowboy title. Cooper's stepdaughter, Shada, is married to Brazile, a 23-time PRCA champion. Inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1979, Cooper was part of the Hall's inaugural class of enshrinees in the category of Tie-Down Roping. For his skills in calf roping, he acquired the nickname of \"Super Looper\". The ProRodeo Hall of Fame calls Cooper \"one of the most dominant ropers in the history of the sport.\" He was noted for his speed and quick hands, in addition to his rope-tossing ability. Calf roping champion Toots Mansfield said of",
"title": "Roy Cooper (rodeo cowboy)"
},
{
"id": "848762",
"text": "by the ASPCA, only opposing rodeo events that \"involve cruel, painful, stressful and potentially harmful treatment of livestock, not only in performance but also in handling, transport and prodding to perform.\" The group singles out children's rodeo events such as goat tying, calf riding and sheep riding (“mutton busting”), \"which do not promote humane care and respect for animals.\" The American Humane Association (AHA) does not appear to oppose rodeos per se, though they have a general position on events and contests involving animals, stating that \"when animals are involved in entertainment, they must be treated humanely at all times.\"",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "1503707",
"text": "welfare advocates that practices used in the event may constitute animal cruelty. Modern rodeos in the United States are closely regulated and have responded to accusations of animal cruelty by instituting a number of rules to guide how rodeo livestock are to be managed. The PRCA has 60 rules that specifically regulate the proper care and treatment of rodeo animals; these guidelines must be followed by all rodeo participants in sanctioned rodeos. However, there has been no independent studies of how or if these rules are enforced or monitored, and self-regulation in any industry inevitably leads to less than satisfactory",
"title": "Bronc riding"
},
{
"id": "848767",
"text": "not to buck when in the chute and buck far less once the rider is thrown. Modern rodeos in the United States are closely regulated and have responded to accusations of animal cruelty by instituting a number of rules to guide how rodeo animals are to be managed. In 1994, a survey of 28 sanctioned rodeos was conducted by on-site independent veterinarians. Reviewing 33,991 animal runs, the injury rate was documented at 16 animals or 0.047 percent, less than five-hundredths of one percent or one in 2000 animals. A study of rodeo animals in Australia found a similar injury rate.",
"title": "Rodeo"
},
{
"id": "13578525",
"text": "that a 1000-pound (454 kg) cow, with or without an unweaned calf, is one animal unit, with such a cow being assumed to consume 26 pounds (about 12 kg) of forage dry matter per day. Animal unit months (AUMs) in a grazing area (calculated by multiplying the number of animal units by the number of months of grazing) provide a useful indicator of the amount of forage consumed. On public lands in various jurisdictions, authorized use of forage for grazing is commonly expressed in animal unit months. In the USA, the federal grazing fee, which applies to Federal lands in",
"title": "Animal unit"
},
{
"id": "10021519",
"text": "the eastern circuit, rodeo gradually became a lucrative career for the best contestants, even as Wild West shows diminished and vanished. During the depths of the Depression, the rodeo publication \"Hoofs and Horns,\" estimated the average cowboy's earnings at $2,000-$3,000 annually. This placed them well above teachers, and near or above dentists in income. A few superstars earned far more. By 1934, every rodeo that Johnson produced had set attendance records. A typical Johnson rodeo featured sixteen events, of which six were contests: cowboys bareback and saddle bronc riding, cowgirl bronc riding, cowboys steer riding, steer wrestling, and calf roping.",
"title": "History of rodeo"
},
{
"id": "5948891",
"text": "Nevada, just a few days before the National Finals Rodeo. First time PRCA members compete on a permit, and must win a certain amount of money before they earn their full-time PRCA membership card. The top five money-earning permit holders compete in two rounds each and the ones who have earned the most money throughout the year are each crowned the PRCA Permit Holder of the Year. The PRCA Permit Holder Challenge is broadcast live on the Wrangler Network website. The top 15 money winners in each PRCA discipline (including the top 15 \"headers\" and \"heelers\" in team roping) at",
"title": "Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association"
},
{
"id": "10021528",
"text": "later, the figure had risen to just over $13 million. As prize money rose, of course, so did individual earnings. In 1976, Tom Ferguson, competing in all four timed events, became the first cowboy to exceed $100,000 winnings in a single year. Only six years later, that figure was surpassed by a single-event contestant. Bareback bronc rider Bruce Ford, amassed $101,351 before the NFR. In 2006, all contestants coming into the NFR as leading money-winners in their events had earned at least $100,000, except team ropers, who had a little over $90,000 apiece. When the NFR began in 1959, the",
"title": "History of rodeo"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Calf roping context: breakaway roping, where the rider ropes but does not throw the calf; steer wrestling; and team roping, which uses adult cattle. In PRCA events, the calf must weigh between 220 and 280 pounds. Calves must be strong and healthy; sick or injured livestock cannot be used. According to the PRCA, \"Most calves do not compete more than a few dozen times in their lives because of weight and usage restrictions and the fact that calves grow so rapidly.\" There are concerns over the welfare of the calves used in professional rodeo, and the industry itself polices events closely, penalizing competitors\n\nWhat is the maximum weight permitted for calves in rodeo calf-roping competition?",
"compressed_tokens": 188,
"origin_tokens": 188,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Fred Whitfield (rode) context: and Canada brought five competitors in each event. The winners would receive both prize money and medals. Whitfield was one of the United States representatives. In 2004, he was elected to the ProRodeo Hall of Fame. Whitfield won his eighth world championship in 2005 in tie-down roping. Whitfield won the Calgary Stampede in 2007. After suffering an injury during the 2007 season, Whitfield missed making the NFR for the first time in his career. He did not qualify for the NFR in 2009 and 2011. A young black Texas, Cory Solomon, joined the PRCA as a calf roper in 2009.\n\ntitle: History of rodeo context: the circuit rode gradually became lucr career best contestants even as Wild West shows diminished and vanished. During depths of the Depression, rode publicationoofs and Horns average cowboy's earnings at $,000-$3,000 annually them well above teachers, and near or above dentists in income. superstars earned far more. By 1934, every rodeo that produced had set attendance records. Johnson rodeo featuredteen events, of which six were contests:bo bareback and saddle bronc riding, cowgirl bronc riding, cowboys ste riding, steer wrestling and calf roping.\n\ntitle: Cal ro context:erk down\" cal with the rope or f over backwards Dr.ie Taylor stated16 an attending veterinarian PRos in Arizona \" personally have a neck injury to tie- roping calfically, the rate of injury animals is relatively low.194, a survey28 sanctionedos was by- independent veterinarians 33,99 runs injury was documented0-undredths A study ofo animals in found a similar injury. Basic\n: Cal roping not in of Island in of Baltimoreping in, nation the United Kingdom, Germany and The Netherlands. The ASPCA notes that practice sessions are often the occasion of more severe abuses than competitions. A 2016 study indicated that the process of calf roping, including being herded in the arena and into the roping chutes, was stressful on the animals as evidenced by eye movement when roped and increases in blood cortisol, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine.\n\nWhat is the maximum weight permitted for calves in rodeo calf-roping competition?",
"compressed_tokens": 525,
"origin_tokens": 13932,
"ratio": "26.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
121 | What Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher hit a home run in his first major league at-bat--and never hit another? | [
"New York Giant knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm, in 1952"
] | New York Giant knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm, in 1952 | [
{
"id": "7698365",
"text": "entered his first major league game as a relief pitcher. Not only was he the winning pitcher that day, he also hit a home run in his first major-league at-bat. He is one of only a handful of pitchers to do so, and is one of two players to both hit a home run in his first at bat and win the Rookie of the Year Award. The other is Wally Moon. Before a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 4, 1975, Montefusco guaranteed he would win the game. He proceeded to throw a shutout as the Giants",
"title": "John Montefusco"
},
{
"id": "7377358",
"text": "the Columbus Clippers with a 16-5 record and a 2.87 ERA. He was a 2012 inductee in the International League Hall of Fame. Eiland is the only player in Major League Baseball history to give up a home run to the first batter he ever faced (Paul Molitor) and hit a home run in his very first at-bat. After retiring in 2000, Eiland joined the Yankees organization and worked as a pitching coach in the minor leagues. He coached the Gulf Coast Yankees in 2003, the Staten Island Yankees in 2004, the Trenton Thunder in 2005 and 2006, and the",
"title": "Dave Eiland"
},
{
"id": "10798461",
"text": "John Miller (first baseman) John Allen Miller (born March 14, 1944 in Alhambra, California) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the 1966 New York Yankees and 1969 Los Angeles Dodgers. He is made famous by the fact he is one of only two players to hit a home run in his first and last major league at-bats. The other is Paul Gillespie. Miller's first and last major league at-bat home runs (off of Lee Stange and Jim Merritt respectively) were the only two home runs he hit in his career. Following his major league career, Miller",
"title": "John Miller (first baseman)"
},
{
"id": "10825099",
"text": "Cuno Barragan Facundo Anthony \"Cuno\" Barragan (born June 20, 1932) is an American former professional baseball player. He was a catcher in Major League Baseball for the Chicago Cubs from to . Cuno Barragan's only Major League career home run came on his very first Major League at bat, on September 1, 1961 off left-hander Dick LeMay; 5,427 people witnessed this event, which came early in a 14-inning loss by the Cubs to the Giants at Wrigley Field on a Friday afternoon. His Hispanic given name and its unique nickname, combined with his cup-of-coffee career, led the authors of \"The",
"title": "Cuno Barragan"
},
{
"id": "272488",
"text": "Mark McGwire Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963), nicknamed Big Mac, is an American former professional baseball first baseman. His Major League Baseball (MLB) playing career spanned from 1986 to 2001 while playing for the Oakland Athletics and the St. Louis Cardinals, winning one World Series championship each with Oakland as a player in 1989 and with St. Louis as a coach in 2011. One of the most prolific home run hitters in baseball history, McGwire holds the major league career record for at bats per home run ratio (10.6), and is the former record holder for both home",
"title": "Mark McGwire"
},
{
"id": "11463519",
"text": "Spirit through most of their five years as an independent team. John Kennedy (third baseman) John Edward Kennedy (May 29, 1941 – August 9, 2018) was an American major league baseball third baseman, shortstop and second baseman. He played from 1962 to 1974 for the Washington Senators, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Yankees, Seattle Pilots, Milwaukee Brewers, and Boston Red Sox. Kennedy spent twelve seasons in the major leagues. He hit a home run in his first major league at bat (on September 5, 1962, against Dick Stigman of the Minnesota Twins), and garnered headlines because both his name and",
"title": "John Kennedy (third baseman)"
},
{
"id": "2388021",
"text": "According to the Elias Sports Bureau, he is the only Major League player to hit a home run in his first plate appearance of his first three seasons. The only other player to hit a home run in even his first at-bat of three consecutive seasons was Ken Griffey, Jr. In 2004, Matsui homered on the first pitch from Russ Ortiz of the Atlanta Braves leading off the first inning, in 2005, on the sixth pitch from Paul Wilson of the Cincinnati Reds with one out in the first inning, and in 2006, on the fourth pitch from Jake Peavy",
"title": "Kazuo Matsui"
},
{
"id": "8470751",
"text": "Junior Félix Junior Francisco Félix Sánchez is a former professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder from -. His official listed birth date is October 3, 1967, but he was widely rumored to be older than his stated age, possibly as much as ten years older. On May 4, 1989, Félix hit the first pitch he saw in the big leagues for a home run off Kirk McCaskill, but his Blue Jays lost 3–2 in 10 innings. He was the 27th American League player ever to homer in his first major league at-bat, and the",
"title": "Junior Félix"
},
{
"id": "8079261",
"text": "Johnnie LeMaster Johnnie Lee LeMaster (born June 19, 1954) is a former Major League Baseball infielder. He played for 12 seasons (– and ) for four teams, including 10 seasons for the San Francisco Giants. He batted and threw right-handed. On September 2, 1975 LeMaster became the second player in major league history to hit an inside-the-park home run in his first at bat, during a 7–3 win over the Dodgers. LeMaster hit only 21 home runs during the rest of his career (3,191 at bats). LeMaster is remember for a game in July 1979, when he took the field",
"title": "Johnnie LeMaster"
},
{
"id": "1594921",
"text": "been more willing to move successful starters—notably Dennis Eckersley, Dave Righetti, and John Smoltz—to the \"permanent\" role of closer, with no plans to bring them back to the rotation (although Smoltz bucked that trend by successfully returning to the rotation in 2005). In 2006, Bruce Sutter became the first pitcher in baseball history elected to the Hall of Fame who never started a game in his major league career. In addition to his pitching ability, he was noted for his waxed handlebar moustache which he originally grew to get a $300 bonus from Athletics owner Charles O. Finley. On the",
"title": "Rollie Fingers"
},
{
"id": "927805",
"text": "the age of 19. His debut against the Chicago White Sox was almost as impressive as his minor-league debut, holding the White Sox to one earned run on seven hits. He also picked off two baserunners and hit a home run, which was the only home run of his major-league career. McLain is one of only six teenaged pitchers to hit a major-league home run since 1920, a list that includes Hall-of-Famers Don Drysdale and Jim Palmer. McLain began the 1964 season with the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League, but was called back to the major leagues in early",
"title": "Denny McLain"
},
{
"id": "1727040",
"text": "achieve the Pitching Triple Crown was Tommy Bond, in the NL in 1877. The following year, Paul Hines became the first major leaguer to lead the NL in the three batting categories; he and Miguel Cabrera are the only to two players to hit for an AL or NL Triple Crown winners and not (yet) reach the Hall of Fame, although Cabrera is not yet eligible for election. The highest home run total reached by a Crown winner was Mickey Mantle, with 52 in 1956. The highest RBI total belongs to Lou Gehrig, with 165 in 1934. Rogers Hornsby has",
"title": "Triple Crown (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10798462",
"text": "played for three seasons in Japan, from until for the Chunichi Dragons. There, he primarily played first base, batting .245 with 79 home runs over those three seasons. John Miller (first baseman) John Allen Miller (born March 14, 1944 in Alhambra, California) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the 1966 New York Yankees and 1969 Los Angeles Dodgers. He is made famous by the fact he is one of only two players to hit a home run in his first and last major league at-bats. The other is Paul Gillespie. Miller's first and last major league",
"title": "John Miller (first baseman)"
},
{
"id": "3642291",
"text": "games played. Yan has previously played with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Texas Rangers, St. Louis Cardinals, Detroit Tigers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Cincinnati Reds. On June 4, 2000, Yan hit a home run in his first major league at bat, on the first pitch. He also had a single in his next at bat, the only other of his career, giving him a 1.000 batting average and a 2.500 slugging percentage. Yan spent the 2007 season as a pitcher for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League. In 2008, Yan rejoined the Orioles organization, but",
"title": "Esteban Yan"
},
{
"id": "3321089",
"text": "On May 3, 1963, Narum became the first-ever Oriole player to hit a home run in his first Major League at-bat, connecting off Don Mossi of the Detroit Tigers in an 8–5 Baltimore triumph. In actuality, Narum was a notoriously poor hitter, with a career batting average of .059, though three of Narum's seven lifetime hits were home runs. In 96 career games Narum compiled a 14–27 record, with 220 strikeouts, a 4.45 ERA, two shutouts, and nine complete games in 396 innings pitched. He allowed 398 hits and 177 bases on balls. After retiring from his 12-season professional career",
"title": "Buster Narum"
},
{
"id": "7794748",
"text": "Ed Rogers Edward Antonio Rogers (born August 29, 1978) is a retired utility infielder who played with the Baltimore Orioles. He bats and throws right-handed. Rogers was signed by the Baltimore Orioles as a free agent in . He debuted in Major League Baseball with the Orioles, playing for them in parts of three seasons between and . In , he hit his only major league home run in his only at-bat of the season. It came against Alan Embree of the New York Yankees. Rogers will always be remembered for a rather unusual play he was involved in during",
"title": "Ed Rogers"
},
{
"id": "8332528",
"text": "Mike Fitzgerald (catcher) Michael Roy Fitzgerald (born July 13, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from through for the New York Mets, Montreal Expos and California Angels. Fitzgerald was selected by New York Mets in the 6th round of the 1978 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his major league debut with the New York Mets on September 13, 1983. Fitzgerald hit a home run in his first major league at bat, becoming the 57th player in major league history to accomplish the feat. In 1984, he led National",
"title": "Mike Fitzgerald (catcher)"
},
{
"id": "3711115",
"text": "in 1969). He is furthermore the oldest pitcher to start games in the World Series (with the Philadelphia Athletics, in 1929) and on Opening Day (with the Brooklyn Dodgers, in 1931). He was the oldest to hit a home run in the majors, at age 46, until 47-year-old Julio Franco did so in 2006. He was the oldest person to ever play for the Cincinnati Reds, and at the time of his retirement, the eight teams for which he had played also constituted a record, which has since been broken. He was also the last major leaguer who had played",
"title": "Jack Quinn (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "7366501",
"text": "notes the key people and crucial moments in his life that led him to become a major league baseball player where he hit a home run in his first ever at-bat. The hit was off Cole Hamels and ruined his perfect game. The book was independently published on Createspace. Jimerson and his wife Candace live in Missouri City, Texas during the offseason with their daughter Carter, and sons Tyson, Nicolas and Caden. He remains actively working with youth baseball in the Houston/Missouri City area. His personal website recently launched as a portal to find all things Charlton Jimerson. The website",
"title": "Charlton Jimerson"
},
{
"id": "16082396",
"text": "the Pittsburgh Pirates, becoming the first graduate of the Pirates' Latin American complex, located in the Dominican Republic, to reach the major leagues. He hit a home run on the first pitch he faced in his major league career, off Houston Astros pitcher Dallas Keuchel. The hit made Marte the third player in Pirates' franchise history to homer in his first at-bat and the first to do it since Don Leppert in 1961. He also became the first Pirate to homer on the first pitch of his major league career since Walter Mueller did so in 1922. Marte and the",
"title": "Starling Marte"
},
{
"id": "10660064",
"text": "Walter Mueller Walter John Mueller (December 6, 1894 – August 16, 1971) was a professional baseball player who played outfield in the Major Leagues, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1922 to 1926. He is best known for becoming the first player to hit a home run off the first pitch ever thrown to him in the major leagues. Walter was also the father to Don Mueller, who also played in the major leagues, during in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the brother of fellow major leaguer, Heinie Mueller. He began the 1922 season with the Pirates, but he",
"title": "Walter Mueller"
},
{
"id": "10431727",
"text": "Brett Carroll Brett Michael Carroll (born October 3, 1982) is a former Major League baseball player. After attending Middle Tennessee State University, he was selected in the 10th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft and signed on June 21, 2004. Carroll also competed for Team USA in the World Cup and Pan-American games, receiving a silver medal On June 8, 2009, Carroll hit his first career home run against Randy Johnson. According to the Elias Sport Bureau, the only other currently active major league player whose first major league home run was hit off a pitcher with at",
"title": "Brett Carroll"
},
{
"id": "3945176",
"text": "Spiezio's departure. In his first game, Ankiel batted second and played right field. In his first at bat, he received a prolonged standing ovation from the St. Louis crowd. During the seventh inning, he hit a three-run home run off Doug Brocail to right field to help the Cardinals defeat the San Diego Padres, 5–0. It was his first home run in the majors since April 2000 (as a pitcher), and made him the first player since Clint Hartung (1947) to hit his first major league home run as a pitcher and then hit a home run as a position",
"title": "Rick Ankiel"
},
{
"id": "2254655",
"text": "doubleheader (with home run in each game) on September 17, 1930; he was also one of the first players to hit a home run in his first Major League at-bat (April 16, 1929, opening day). Averill batted .378 in 1936, leading the American League in hits with 232, but finishing second to Luke Appling in the batting race (Appling batted .388 for the White Sox). During a July 1 incident in 1935, Averill was lighting firecrackers with his four children as part of a pre-July 4 celebration. One exploded while he was holding it, and he suffered lacerations on the",
"title": "Earl Averill"
},
{
"id": "13361212",
"text": "Gerardo Parra Gerardo Enrique Parra (born May 6, 1987) is a Venezuelan professional baseball outfielder who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Milwaukee Brewers, Baltimore Orioles and Colorado Rockies. On May 13, 2009 he was called up from AA (Double A) Mobile BayBears when left fielder Conor Jackson was placed on the disabled list. He was inserted into the starting lineup the same day, and in his first Major League at bat he became the 100th player in MLB history to hit a home run in his first at bat.",
"title": "Gerardo Parra"
},
{
"id": "10660068",
"text": "feat on July 26, 2012. Walter Mueller Walter John Mueller (December 6, 1894 – August 16, 1971) was a professional baseball player who played outfield in the Major Leagues, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1922 to 1926. He is best known for becoming the first player to hit a home run off the first pitch ever thrown to him in the major leagues. Walter was also the father to Don Mueller, who also played in the major leagues, during in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the brother of fellow major leaguer, Heinie Mueller. He began the 1922 season",
"title": "Walter Mueller"
},
{
"id": "15577527",
"text": "of work. He did not have a decision, but gained notoriety by serving up the home run ball hit by future Hall of Famer Hoyt Wilhelm in his first Major League at bat. It would be the only homer Wilhelm would hit in his 20-year major league career. Following his brief stint in the majors, Hoover returned to Milwaukee for the rest of the 1952 season. He went 10–5 while leading the pitching staff with a 2.60 ERA. He finished his career with Triple A Columbus Jets in 1955. His career highlight came on August 14, when he hurled a",
"title": "Dick Hoover (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "7154042",
"text": "fans since he was born in Framingham, Massachusetts. He graduated from Providence College in 1993 and still holds several single-season and career records for the now-defunct Friars baseball team. Merloni was a replacement player during the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike and is therefore barred from membership in the Major League Baseball Players Association. Merloni is known for hitting a home run in his first major-league at bat in Fenway Park, a 3-run home run off of José Rosado on May 15, 1998. After beginning the season in Triple-A, Merloni was called up to the Cleveland Indians on May 17,",
"title": "Lou Merloni"
},
{
"id": "3568771",
"text": "of the Society for American Baseball Research named Stovey the Overlooked 19th Century Baseball Legend for 2011 — a 19th-century player, manager, executive or other baseball personality not yet inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Harry Stovey Harry Duffield Stovey (December 20, 1856 – September 20, 1937), born Harry Duffield Stowe, was a 19th-century Major League Baseball player and the first player in major league history to hit 100 home runs. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Stovey played for 14 seasons in the majors and was appointed player-manager on two separate occasions during his career.",
"title": "Harry Stovey"
},
{
"id": "5483056",
"text": "He managed the Rojos del Águila de Veracruz of the Mexican League in 2014. After attending Colegio Biblico Cristiano High School in San Pedro de Macorís, Offerman signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers as an amateur free agent in 1986. In , he completed his first season of professional play being named as Best Prospect in the Pioneer League. Progressing rapidly through the minor leagues, he made his major league debut against the Montreal Expos on August 19, becoming the 55th player in major league history to hit a home run in his first major league at-bat. By , Offerman",
"title": "José Offerman"
},
{
"id": "9906846",
"text": "Eric King (baseball) Eric Steven King (born April 10, 1964) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He may be best known for giving up Ken Griffey, Jr's first career Major League home run. King played for three teams during a career that included parts of seven seasons. Those teams are the Detroit Tigers (1986–1988 and 1992), Chicago White Sox (1989–1990) and Cleveland Indians (1991). King attended Moorpark College near Los Angeles, intending to play baseball in 1983, but his attitude butted heads with the coach, and he was dismissed from the team. He left Moorpark and played",
"title": "Eric King (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "11463516",
"text": "John Kennedy (third baseman) John Edward Kennedy (May 29, 1941 – August 9, 2018) was an American major league baseball third baseman, shortstop and second baseman. He played from 1962 to 1974 for the Washington Senators, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Yankees, Seattle Pilots, Milwaukee Brewers, and Boston Red Sox. Kennedy spent twelve seasons in the major leagues. He hit a home run in his first major league at bat (on September 5, 1962, against Dick Stigman of the Minnesota Twins), and garnered headlines because both his name and birthdate, May 29, were shared with the President of the United",
"title": "John Kennedy (third baseman)"
},
{
"id": "12274105",
"text": "Charlie Reilly Charles Thomas Reilly (February 15, 1867 – December 16, 1937) was an American professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1889 to 1897 for the Columbus Solons, Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies, and Washington Senators. Reilly was the first of two players to have four hits that included al least one home run (he hit two) in their first major league game. J. P. Arencibia is the only player in the baseball's modern era to equal this feat. Trevor Story of the Colorado Rockies also hit two home runs in his first ever Major League",
"title": "Charlie Reilly"
},
{
"id": "7873272",
"text": "Chris Richard (baseball) Christopher Robert Richard (born June 7, 1974) is a former American Major League Baseball outfielder and first baseman. He is an alumnus of University of San Diego High School in San Diego and of Oklahoma State University. He last played in the majors in for the Tampa Bay Rays. Drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 19th round of the 1995 MLB Draft, Richard made his Major League Baseball debut with the Cardinals on July 17, . He hit a home run in his first major league at-bat, becoming the fourth player in the history of",
"title": "Chris Richard (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3791107",
"text": "Buzz Arlett Russell Loris Arlett (January 3, 1899 – May 16, 1964), also known as Buzz Arlett, was an American baseball player of German descent, sometimes called \"the Babe Ruth of the minor leagues.\" Like Ruth, Arlett was a large man, and , who began his career as a pitcher before becoming his league's dominant home run hitter. He was for many decades the all-time minor league home run king in the United States, until being surpassed by Mike Hessman on August 3, 2015. He spent one season with the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Arlett was the",
"title": "Buzz Arlett"
},
{
"id": "12433011",
"text": "Mitch Lyden Mitchell Scott Lyden (December 14, 1964 in Portland, Oregon), is a retired professional baseball player who played catcher in the Major Leagues in . He would play for the Florida Marlins. On June 16, 1993, he hit a home run in his first major league at bat, against the Chicago Cubs; in fact, on the first pitch. In his 6-game major league career, he hit .300 (3-10) with 1 home run and 1 run batted in. Following his professional baseball career, Mitchell has been a law enforcement officer in Broward County, Florida, as well as a coach for",
"title": "Mitch Lyden"
},
{
"id": "7034541",
"text": "in consecutive years since Robin Yount (in 1982 and 1983), and the third Brewer position player voted to start twice, along with Yount and Paul Molitor (1980 and 1988). Braun started in right field, the first time he had ever played the position, and batted cleanup, going 0–2. Braun was second all-time, with 79 home runs over his first two calendar years in the major leagues, to Phillies Hall of Famer Chuck Klein (83); ahead of third-place Joe DiMaggio and Mark McGwire (77). If Braun continues to hit home runs at the rate he had hit them through July 1,",
"title": "Ryan Braun"
},
{
"id": "14498939",
"text": "against the Texas Rangers. Boesch hit a double off the left-field wall on the first pitch in his first major league at-bat. Boesch hit his first major league home run—a grand slam off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Joel Piñeiro—on April 30. Coming in the same inning as Scott Sizemore's first career home run, it was the first time two Tigers had hit their first career home runs in the same inning since Pop Dillon and Kid Elberfeld did it in 1901. Boesch was named the American League Rookie of the Month for May and June 2010 and Tigers Player of",
"title": "Brennan Boesch"
},
{
"id": "10782481",
"text": "player in history to hit a leadoff home run in his first major league at-bat. No other Phillie would hit a leadoff homer on Opening Day until César Hernández in 2017. In four seasons with the Phillies, Mueller was primarily a second baseman (225 of his 441 games), but he also appeared as a pinch hitter, third baseman, outfielder, first baseman, and shortstop. In 441 major league games, Mueller collected 324 hits, scored 144 runs, knocked in 127 runs, walked 156 times, and stole 10 bases. He compiled a career batting average of .253 and a .337 on-base percentage. Mueller",
"title": "Heinie Mueller (second baseman)"
},
{
"id": "8884859",
"text": "year, he hit a home run on the first pitch he faced in his first at-bat in the majors, one of only five pitchers to accomplish this feat. In a seven-season career, Bullinger posted a 34-41 record with 392 strikeouts and a 5.06 ERA in 642.0 innings pitched. He posted a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage, handling 171 total chances (72 putouts, 99 assists) without a miscue in his major league career. , or Retrosheet, or Baseball Reference (Minor, Independent and Mexican Leagues), or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League) Jim Bullinger James Eric Bullinger (born August 21, 1965) is a former",
"title": "Jim Bullinger"
},
{
"id": "40504",
"text": "three games. An 18-year-old Bostonian rookie named Tony Conigliaro slugged 24 home runs in 1964. \"Tony C\" became the youngest player in Major League Baseball to hit his 100th home run, a record that stands today. He was struck just above the left cheek bone by a fastball thrown by Jack Hamilton of the California Angels on Friday, August 18, 1967 and sat out the entire next season with headaches and blurred vision. Although he did have a productive season in 1970, he was never the same. Although the Red Sox were competitive for much of the late 1960s and",
"title": "Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"id": "10374818",
"text": "his first major league pitch. In his following plate appearances, he hit a double, a single and then a solo home run and received a curtain call from the fans at the Rogers Centre while finishing the game just a triple shy of hitting for the cycle. Arencibia is the fifth player ever to hit two home runs in his first game. In addition, he became the first person in the modern era with four hits and two home runs in a major league debut, a feat set 121 years before by Columbus Solons catcher Charlie Reilly. Arencibia is also",
"title": "J. P. Arencibia"
},
{
"id": "7273526",
"text": "and a WHIP of under 1.40. From 1995–1998, Witt had a 36-32 record with Texas. His best season during this timeframe was in 1996, when he finished with a 16-12 record despite having an ERA of 5.41. On June 30, 1997, he became the first American League pitcher to hit a home run since Roric Harrison on October 3, 1972. His home run was hit off of Ismael Valdes of the Los Angeles Dodgers in an interleague contest in the top of the sixth inning. The bat with which he hit this home run is now in the Baseball Hall",
"title": "Bobby Witt"
},
{
"id": "4883417",
"text": "349 days, Colón broke a record by becoming the oldest major league player to hit his first home run. On June 21, Colón was injured when Whit Merrifield hit his pitch right to the pitcher's mound where the ball struck Colon in the thumb. He was immediately taken out of the game. On July 8, Colón was named to the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, replacing Madison Bumgarner. On August 15, Colón drew a walk after having not been walked for the previous 281 plate appearances, achieving a new MLB record. On October 1, Colón became the 47th player all-time to",
"title": "Bartolo Colón"
},
{
"id": "12433012",
"text": "a division of Little League Baseball. Mitch Lyden Mitchell Scott Lyden (December 14, 1964 in Portland, Oregon), is a retired professional baseball player who played catcher in the Major Leagues in . He would play for the Florida Marlins. On June 16, 1993, he hit a home run in his first major league at bat, against the Chicago Cubs; in fact, on the first pitch. In his 6-game major league career, he hit .300 (3-10) with 1 home run and 1 run batted in. Following his professional baseball career, Mitchell has been a law enforcement officer in Broward County, Florida,",
"title": "Mitch Lyden"
},
{
"id": "9237244",
"text": "his teammate and countryman Daisuke Matsuzaka's every move was scrutinized. Okajima stated, \"I'm willing to be a hero in the dark.\" Okajima allowed a home run to John Buck on his very first pitch in the major leagues. It was the eleventh time in MLB history a pitcher gave up a home run on his first pitch. However, Okajima then proceeded to hold opponents scoreless for nearly two months until the Yankees scored a run off of him via a fielder's choice on May 22. At the start of the 2007 Red Sox season, injuries and poor performances limited the",
"title": "Hideki Okajima"
},
{
"id": "15908699",
"text": "Hitting for the cycle In baseball, hitting for the cycle is the accomplishment of one batter hitting a single, a double, a triple, and a home run in the same game. Collecting the hits in that order is known as a \"natural cycle\". Cycles are rare in Major League Baseball (MLB), having occurred only 324 times, starting with Curry Foley in 1882. The most recent example was accomplished by Brock Holt of the Boston Red Sox on October 8, 2018, against the New York Yankees in Game 3 of the American League Division Series; it was the first cycle in",
"title": "Hitting for the cycle"
},
{
"id": "15908678",
"text": "Hitting for the cycle In baseball, hitting for the cycle is the accomplishment of one batter hitting a single, a double, a triple, and a home run in the same game. Collecting the hits in that order is known as a \"natural cycle\". Cycles are rare in Major League Baseball (MLB), having occurred only 324 times, starting with Curry Foley in 1882. The most recent example was accomplished by Brock Holt of the Boston Red Sox on October 8, 2018, against the New York Yankees in Game 3 of the American League Division Series; it was the first cycle in",
"title": "Hitting for the cycle"
},
{
"id": "7344273",
"text": "batting gloves, Grebeck hit .261, 19 home runs, 187 RBIs, and 518 hits in 752 major league games. Craig hit his first major league home run off of Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan, who then proceeded to plunk Grebeck in his ribs in his very next at-bat, breaking a rib. As a member of the White Sox, the , 148 lb Grebeck had his locker right in between two of the biggest men in MLB history, Frank Thomas and Bo Jackson. Craig Grebeck Craig Allen Grebeck (born December 29, 1964) is a former middle infielder in Major League Baseball who",
"title": "Craig Grebeck"
},
{
"id": "14646840",
"text": "career, and the first player in Major League Baseball history to achieve a grand slam on his first-ever MLB career at-bat while in interleague play. His second at-bat, an inning later, was also with the bases loaded, but he struck out, losing the opportunity to become the only player to hit a grand slam in his first two at bats. He is the tenth player in Red Sox history to hit a home run in his first plate appearance with the club, the last being Darnell McDonald on April 20, 2010 against the Texas Rangers. Creighton Gubanich is the only",
"title": "Daniel Nava"
},
{
"id": "10374621",
"text": "became the fifth player in Braves history to hit a home run in his first major league at bat, and the eleventh in franchise history to do so in his MLB debut, on the heels of Jordan Schafer, who did it the previous year. Through Atlanta's first 50 games, Heyward robustly lived up to the hype, hitting 10 home runs while batting .301 with a .421 OBP and .596 slugging percentage. He was named the National League (NL) Rookie of the Month in both April and May. However, after sustaining a thumb injury while sliding in May, he missed playing",
"title": "Jason Heyward"
},
{
"id": "8666954",
"text": "Kevin Kouzmanoff Kevin Kouzmanoff (born July 25, 1981) is an American former professional baseball third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, San Diego Padres, Oakland Athletics, Colorado Rockies and Texas Rangers. Kouzmanoff is the third of only four players in history to hit a grand slam in his first major league at-bat, after Bill Duggleby in 1898 and Jeremy Hermida in 2005, and followed by Daniel Nava in 2010. Both Kouzmanoff and Nava accomplished this feat on the first pitch they saw. Kouzmanoff is of Macedonian descent. Kouzmanoff grew up in Newport Beach, California",
"title": "Kevin Kouzmanoff"
},
{
"id": "724797",
"text": "Willie Mays Willie Howard Mays, Jr. (born May 6, 1931), nicknamed \"The Say Hey Kid\", is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder who spent almost all of his 22-season career playing for the New York/San Francisco Giants, before finishing with the New York Mets. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979. Mays won two National League (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, ended his career with 660 home runs—third at the time of his retirement and currently fifth all-time—and won a record-tying 12 Gold Glove awards beginning in 1957, when the award was",
"title": "Willie Mays"
},
{
"id": "4721033",
"text": "base. In 1977, he was leading the Pacific Coast League at AAA Albuquerque with a .403 batting average, when he fractured his left ankle in the field. The injury cost him a call-up to the majors. Guerrero finally broke into the big leagues in late 1978. His first major league at-bat came in the fifth inning of a September blowout loss against Randy Jones and the San Diego Padres. Pedro pinch-hit for former minor-league roommate and future nemesis Rick Sutcliffe, and singled for the first of his 1,618 hits. Exactly one year later he hit his first major league home",
"title": "Pedro Guerrero (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10335478",
"text": "Don Leppert Donald George Leppert (born October 19, 1931) is an American former professional baseball player and coach. A catcher, he appeared in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1961 to 1964 for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Washington Senators. Leppert threw and batted right-handed; he stood tall and weighed . He was born in Indianapolis and began his 12-year active career in 1955 in the Milwaukee Braves' organization. During an MLB career of only 3½ years, Leppert nonetheless distinguished himself by hitting a home run on the first pitch thrown to him in the majors. On June 18, 1961, Leppert connected",
"title": "Don Leppert"
},
{
"id": "5960698",
"text": "Bill Duggleby William James Duggleby (March 16, 1874 – August 30, 1944), nicknamed \"Frosty Bill\", was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies. He played from 1898 to 1907. He also played two games for the Philadelphia Athletics in 1902 and nine games for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1907. Duggleby is the first of four major league players to hit a grand slam in his first major league at-bat; Jeremy Hermida, Kevin Kouzmanoff and Daniel Nava are the other three. , he still holds the Phillies team record for hit batsmen for a career (82). Duggleby was one of the \"jumpers\"",
"title": "Bill Duggleby"
},
{
"id": "12433059",
"text": "three different levels before joining the big club late in the 1975 midseason. During a game against the San Diego Padres on July 30, 1975, Sosa secured his place in the record books when he belted a three-run home run off Danny Frisella at the Astrodome, to become both the first Dominican pitcher and the first Astros player ever to hit a home run in his first major league plate appearance. He also earned the save as the Astros came out with an 8–4 victory. Sosa spent most of 1976 at Triple A and rejoined the Astros for a few",
"title": "José Sosa (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10899011",
"text": "Bill Lohrman Bill Lohrman (William Le Roy Lohrman) (May 22, 1913 – September 13, 1999) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He pitched in 198 games from 1934 to 1944. Bill played for the Giants, Dodgers, Cardinals, Phillies, and Reds. Bill was born and raised Brooklyn and went to live in New Paltz, NY following his baseball career. From the time of his debut in 1921, almost through the end of 1939, in a total of about 2,300 at-bats in the major leagues, Cooney never hit a home run. His first big league circuit clout came near the end",
"title": "Bill Lohrman"
},
{
"id": "2082619",
"text": "Harmon Killebrew Harmon Clayton Killebrew, Jr.(; June 29, 1936 – May 17, 2011), nicknamed \"The Killer\" and \"Hammerin' Harmon\", was an American professional baseball first baseman, third baseman, and left fielder. During his 22-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Minnesota Twins, Killebrew was a prolific power hitter who, at the time of his retirement, was fourth all-time and second only to Babe Ruth in American League (AL) home runs and was the AL career leader in home runs by a right-handed batter . He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984. Killebrew",
"title": "Harmon Killebrew"
},
{
"id": "10706903",
"text": "Dick Gray Richard Benjamin Gray (July 11, 1931 – July 8, 2013) was an infielder in Major League Baseball, playing mainly as a third baseman for the Los Angeles Dodgers and St. Louis Cardinals from 1958 through 1960. Listed at 5' 11\", 165 lb., he batted and threw right handed. Gray is best known as the player who hit the first home run in Los Angeles Dodgers history and the first to homer in their opening game at LA Memorial Coliseum. Born in Jefferson, Pennsylvania, Gray started playing sandlot ball at an early age with his neighborhood friends. He attended",
"title": "Dick Gray"
},
{
"id": "4715330",
"text": "August 10, 2016, Fielder announced that he would be unable to continue his playing career after undergoing a second neck surgery in three years. He was released by the Rangers on October 4, 2017. He ended his career with 319 home runs, the same number as his father, Cecil Fielder. Prince and Cecil Fielder are also the only father-son combination to each hit 50 MLB home runs in a season. Fielder was born right-handed, but at a very young age was converted to being a left-handed hitter by his father, baseball player Cecil Fielder. Fielder was a fixture around his",
"title": "Prince Fielder"
},
{
"id": "4573779",
"text": "1189 batters. One of his few personal highlights came not as a pitcher, but as a batter, as he hit his first major league home run on May 21 off Boston Red Sox pitcher Bucky Brandon. In 1968, the last season before the lowering of the pitcher's mound to 10 inches above ground, Major League Baseball went through what is often called the \"Year of the Pitcher\". Fittingly, it was also the year McDowell began to return to his pre-1966 form. He posted a career-best 1.81 ERA, second to Luis Tiant, who posted a 1.60 mark. He also returned to",
"title": "Sam McDowell"
},
{
"id": "12433016",
"text": "Ed Sanicki Edward Robert (\"Butch\") Sanicki (July 7, 1923 – July 6, 1998) was an American professional baseball player. An outfielder, he appeared in 20 Major League games for the and Philadelphia Phillies. Born in Wallington, New Jersey, he attended Clifton High School, and threw and batted right-handed; he stood tall and weighed . Sanicki signed with the Phillies after serving in the U.S. Navy in World War II. On September 14, 1949 — in his first at-bat in the Major Leagues — he hit a three-run home run off Rip Sewell of the Pittsburgh Pirates. In , during spring",
"title": "Ed Sanicki"
},
{
"id": "6014925",
"text": "the 1975 MLB draft and was promoted to the major leagues in 1978. Hubbard hit his first major league home run on September 23, . Hubbard's career with the Braves lasted from 1978 to 1987. Hubbard signed as a free agent with the Oakland Athletics and played with them in 1988 and 1989. In 1983, Hubbard had his best season; he hit .263 with 14 home runs and 70 RBI as he earned his only All-Star Game appearance. During his 7th inning at-bat, announcers Vin Scully and Joe Garagiola made numerous light-hearted comments about his full beard, as beards were",
"title": "Glenn Hubbard (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "9906852",
"text": "In 17 games (14 starts), he was 4–6 with 45 strikeouts, 28 walks, one save and a career-worst 5.22 ERA over 79⅓ innings. Eric King (baseball) Eric Steven King (born April 10, 1964) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He may be best known for giving up Ken Griffey, Jr's first career Major League home run. King played for three teams during a career that included parts of seven seasons. Those teams are the Detroit Tigers (1986–1988 and 1992), Chicago White Sox (1989–1990) and Cleveland Indians (1991). King attended Moorpark College near Los Angeles, intending to play",
"title": "Eric King (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3171060",
"text": "Keith McDonald (baseball) William Keith McDonald (born February 8, 1973 in Yokosuka, Japan) is a former Major League Baseball catcher and right-handed batter. He made his debut with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2000. On July 4, 2000 McDonald became the third player in St. Louis history to hit a home run in his first major league at-bat. On July 6, he homered in his second at-bat, becoming only the second player in MLB history to hit home runs in each of his first two big league at bats. Bob Nieman, in 1951, is the other. McDonald hit a third",
"title": "Keith McDonald (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "1652530",
"text": "Fred McGriff Frederick Stanley McGriff (born October 31, 1963) is an American former professional baseball first baseman, who played for six Major League Baseball (MLB) teams from 1986 through 2004. A power-hitting first baseman, he became a five-time All-Star and led both leagues in home runs in separate years – the American League in 1989 and the National League in 1992. McGriff finished his career with 493 home runs, tied with Hall of Fame player Lou Gehrig, and only seven homers away from joining the 500 home run club. He won a World Series title as a first baseman with",
"title": "Fred McGriff"
},
{
"id": "2461200",
"text": "the star players to wear a Dodgers uniform during this time included Harold \"Bunker\" Hill, Bob Wilson, and Bill Lee. The roster also included future Hall of Famers, Red Badgro and Ace Parker. Both men had played professional baseball in the majors. Badgro played for the St. Louis Browns before playing in the NFL for the Giants and Yankees. Meanwhile, Parker played under Connie Mack, while as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics. He is best known for hitting a home run his first time at bat as a pinch hitter, becoming the first player in American League history to",
"title": "Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL)"
},
{
"id": "7289080",
"text": "26th best high school prospect by \"Baseball America\" and initially committed to play college baseball for Alabama. The Atlanta Braves selected him in the second round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft. McCann made his Major League Baseball debut with the Braves on June 10, 2005 after playing in the minor leagues for the Rome Braves. A personal catcher for John Smoltz for most of the 2005 season, McCann hit his first home run in just his second regular-season game and became the first Braves player in franchise history to hit a home run in his first playoff at-bat",
"title": "Brian McCann (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "12917620",
"text": "States. He spent the entire 1946 campaign in Major League Baseball, starting with the White Sox before being traded to Cleveland for fellow catcher Frankie Hayes on July 5. As a member of the Indians, on August 25, he hit his only MLB home run, a solo shot at Fenway Park off 20-game-winner Boo Ferriss in a 2–1 Boston Red Sox win. During his big-league career, Jordan collected 23 hits in 96 at bats, including four doubles and two triples. A son, Tom Jr., was winning pitcher of the championship game of the 1956 Little League World Series. , Jordan,",
"title": "Tom Jordan (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "41850",
"text": "Bonds also set single-season marks for base on balls with 177 (breaking the previous record of 170, set by Babe Ruth in 1923) and slugging percentage with .863 (breaking the mark of .847 set by Ruth in 1920). Bonds continued his torrid home run hitting in the next few seasons, hitting his 660th career home run on April 12, 2004, tying him with his godfather Willie Mays for third place on the all-time career home runs list. He hit his 661st home run the next day, April 13, to take sole possession of third place. Only three years later Bonds",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "7965605",
"text": "Chris Sampson Christopher Keith Sampson (born May 23, 1978) is an American former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher. Sampson is 6'0\". Sampson attended Texas Tech University, where he played for the Red Raiders. Sampson originally began his professional baseball career in the late 1990s as a shortstop. After batting .239, and hitting only one home run during the 1999 season in Class A baseball, Sampson decided to retire since his chances of making the Major Leagues were slim due to his poor batting stats. In the years following his retirement, he coached baseball for Collin College in Plano, Texas, just",
"title": "Chris Sampson"
},
{
"id": "2432095",
"text": "off of Mel Stottlemyre. Hall of Famer Mickey Mantle would hit his 500th career home run in that same game. Nicknamed \"The Blade\" because of his height of 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) and weight of only 170 lb (77 kg), Belanger was known as a poor hitter. In 1970, he was a Triple Crown loser (finishing last in the TC categories). In his eighteen seasons in the major leagues, Belanger hit only 20 home runs, and had a lifetime batting average of .228, only topping the .230 mark over a full season three times; his .228 average is",
"title": "Mark Belanger"
},
{
"id": "8233417",
"text": "save against the New York Yankees, which led to a loss. Shortly afterwards, he was released, and signed as a Free Agent with the Milwaukee Brewers. He finished out the season in the Brewers' bullpen, where he was 2-0 with a 4.34 ERA & one save. After the season, he re-signed with the Mets, but after just four appearances, he was released in May . Sadecki hit his first career home run off Hall of Famer Gaylord Perry on June 9, 1962. His best season with the bat was 1966, when he batted .341 with three home runs & seven",
"title": "Ray Sadecki"
},
{
"id": "12316836",
"text": "he made ten appearances as a pinch hitter and counted a double among his three hits. He began and ended 1966 with the Indians, but spent most of the year in Portland. In 38 MLB at bats, Davis made only six hits, but one was his first (and only) Major League home run, against veteran Jack Sanford of the California Angels as a pinch hitter on September 9. Davis then spent the entire season on the disabled list after he ruptured his Achilles tendon while playing a pick-up basketball game in January. He would never play another game for the",
"title": "Bill Davis (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "1572095",
"text": "Darryl Strawberry Darryl Eugene Strawberry Sr. (born March 12, 1962) is an American former professional baseball right fielder and author. Strawberry is well known for his 17-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB). Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Strawberry was one of the most feared sluggers in the sport, known for his prodigious home runs and his intimidating presence in the batter's box with his 6-foot-6 frame and his long, looping swing that elicited comparisons to Ted Williams. During his career, he helped lead the New York Mets to a World Series championship in and the New York Yankees",
"title": "Darryl Strawberry"
},
{
"id": "3136389",
"text": "Ed Spiezio Edward Wayne Spiezio (born October 31, 1941) is a former third baseman in Major League Baseball who played from 1964 through 1972 for the St. Louis Cardinals, San Diego Padres and Chicago White Sox. Listed at 5' 11\", 180 lb., Spiezio batted and threw right handed. He was born in Joliet, Illinois. Spiezio spent five years with the Cardinals, being a member of the 1964 World Series (did not play in the Series) & 1967 World Series champion teams. Notably, he also collected the first hit, first home run, and scored the first run in San Diego Padres",
"title": "Ed Spiezio"
},
{
"id": "2254605",
"text": "with Alexander. Alexander posted a lifetime winning percentage of , compared to Mathewson's .665. Alexander has the most career wins of any pitcher who never threw a no-hitter. In 1915, he won his first World Series game (the opening game of that series), for the Philadelphia Phillies. It would be 65 years before the Phillies won another World Series game. In 1999, he ranked number 12 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Alexander was elected to Baseball's Hall of Fame in 1938, the third",
"title": "Grover Cleveland Alexander"
},
{
"id": "2459959",
"text": "Bill Mazeroski William Stanley Mazeroski (born September 5, 1936) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman. Nicknamed \"Maz\", he spent his entire 17-year career playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1956–72. He was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001. Mazeroski is regarded as one of the greatest defensive second basemen of all time. He was an All-Star for seven seasons and a Gold Glove Award winner for eight seasons. He was a key member of the Pirates' World Series-winning teams in 1960 and 1971, and is best known for his walk-off home run",
"title": "Bill Mazeroski"
},
{
"id": "12300952",
"text": "Juan Bernhardt Juan Ramón Bernhardt Coradin (born August 31, 1953 in San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic) is a retired professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons. Bernhardt spent parts of four seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the New York Yankees (1976), and the Seattle Mariners (1977–79). As a member of the inaugural Mariners team in 1977, he hit the team's first home run. Over his major league career, he compiled a .238 batting average with 46 runs scored, 117 hits, 19 doubles, two triples, nine home runs, and 43 runs batted in (RBIs) in 154 games",
"title": "Juan Bernhardt"
},
{
"id": "427465",
"text": "refusal to bring the related kind of strategic thinking to their pitch selection that he brought to hitting. However, he did show great respect for Red Sox pitcher Bill \"Spaceman\" Lee, crediting him with that kind of mindset. Pitchers apparently feared Williams; he still has the highest walk-to-at-bat ratio (.2623) of any player in the Hall of Fame. Williams lacked foot speed, as attested by his 19-year career total of only one inside-the-park home run, one occasion of hitting for the cycle, and just 24 stolen bases. (Despite his slowness on the basepaths, he is one of only four players",
"title": "Ted Williams"
},
{
"id": "9972785",
"text": "J. R. Phillips Charles Gene \"J. R.\" Phillips (born April 29, 1970), is a former professional baseball player who played first base in the Major Leagues from -. He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the fourth round of the amateur draft in . Phillips was selected on waivers by the San Francisco Giants in 1992 and made his Major league debut with the team following September call-ups on September 3, 1993. He hit his first major-league home run off René Arocha the following game, helping the Giants to a late-season victory in their 100-win",
"title": "J. R. Phillips"
},
{
"id": "3412760",
"text": "Major League Baseball debut the same year. He is one of only a handful of players to go directly from college to the starting lineup in the majors without spending a day in the minor leagues. In his first game, he belted a home run off future Hall of Fame pitcher Bert Blyleven of the Pirates. In 89 games Horner batted .266 with 23 home runs and 63 runs batted in in 323 at-bats, with an on-base percentage of .313 and a slugging percentage of .539. His 23 home runs led all National League third basemen in 1978. He won",
"title": "Bob Horner"
},
{
"id": "2384817",
"text": "Dennis Eckersley Dennis Lee Eckersley (born October 3, 1954), nicknamed \"Eck\", is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Between 1975 and 1998, he pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Oakland Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals. Eckersley had success as a starter, but gained his greatest fame as a closer, becoming the first of two pitchers in MLB history to have both a 20-win season and a 50-save season in a career. He is the pitcher who gave up a dramatic walk-off home run (a phrase Eckersley coined) to the injured Kirk",
"title": "Dennis Eckersley"
},
{
"id": "3010901",
"text": "player to reach the 50-home run mark since George Foster hit 52 for the Cincinnati Reds in 1977, and the first American League player to do so since Roger Maris famously hit 61 in 1961. He is the father of Prince Fielder, who had similarly established himself as a premier power hitter during his career. The Fielders are the first father and son to both have 50 home run seasons in MLB. Fielder attended Nogales High School in La Puente, California. He was named an All-American while playing for the school's baseball team in 1981. He enrolled at the University",
"title": "Cecil Fielder"
},
{
"id": "49672",
"text": "Barry Bonds Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants. Bonds received seven NL MVP awards and 14 All-Star selections, and is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time. Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter: he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times, and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons. He holds many MLB hitting records, including most career home runs, most",
"title": "Barry Bonds"
},
{
"id": "4680311",
"text": "Baseball Draft. Thames warranted \"prospect\" status from the Yankees following a standout 2001 season for the AA affiliate Norwich Navigators, in which he batted .321 with 31 home runs and 97 runs batted in. For his efforts, he was named to the \"Baseball America\" minor league all-star team. On June 10, 2002, Thames began his major league career with a bang as he was the 80th player in history to hit a home run in his first at bat. Thames hit the home run off the first pitch he saw from Randy Johnson of the Arizona Diamondbacks. As his coaches",
"title": "Marcus Thames"
},
{
"id": "12300963",
"text": "final professional baseball season was in 1983 when he again played with the Campeche Triple-A team, and the Triple-A Aguascalientes Rieleros, who were also members of the Mexican League. Juan Bernhardt Juan Ramón Bernhardt Coradin (born August 31, 1953 in San Pedro de Macoris, Dominican Republic) is a retired professional baseball player whose career spanned 13 seasons. Bernhardt spent parts of four seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the New York Yankees (1976), and the Seattle Mariners (1977–79). As a member of the inaugural Mariners team in 1977, he hit the team's first home run. Over his major league",
"title": "Juan Bernhardt"
},
{
"id": "188312",
"text": "the 2007 American League Championship Series, also against the Indians. The Indians returned the favor in Game One of the 2016 American League Division Series. Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back-to-back home runs. On April 23, 2013, brothers Melvin Upton, Jr. (formerly B.J. Upton) and Justin Upton hit back-to-back home runs. The first time was on September 15, 1938, when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat. Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in",
"title": "Home run"
},
{
"id": "3221572",
"text": "played against the Boston Red Sox. It was the first time that two black players appeared in an MLB game together. Brown entered the baseball record books on August 13, 1947, when he became the first African-American player to hit a home run in the American League: an inside-the-park homer off Detroit Tigers pitcher and future Hall of Famer Hal Newhouser. Even throughout the season, Brown struggled because of the racism endemic in his new surroundings, as he hit .179 in just 21 games between July 19 and August 21 before he was released. That winter, Brown went to Puerto",
"title": "Willard Brown"
},
{
"id": "13218722",
"text": "Schafer was named the Braves' starting center fielder for the 2009 season on April 3, 2009, despite never having played at a higher level than Double-A. He made his major league debut on April 5, 2009, becoming the 99th player in Major League Baseball history to hit his first career home run in his first major league at bat, off Brett Myers of the Philadelphia Phillies. He finished the game 2 for 3, with the home run, a single, an intentional walk, and a strikeout. On June 2, 2009, Schafer was optioned to Triple-A Gwinnett Braves after batting only .204",
"title": "Jordan Schafer"
},
{
"id": "12042046",
"text": "second game of a doubleheader on September 22, 1960. Though he went hitless, Bertell knocked in a run with a sacrifice fly in his first at-bat. He recorded his first major league hit three days later, singling off Bob Grim of the St. Louis Cardinals. He went 2-for-15 in his first season, knocking in two runs in five games. Bertell found himself in a platoon role with the Cubs in 1961, seeing the majority of the playing time (92 games) behind the plate for the hapless Cubs. He hit his first major league home run on July 6 off Pittsburgh's",
"title": "Dick Bertell"
},
{
"id": "9363604",
"text": "Joe Keough Joseph William Keough (born January 7, 1946 in Pomona, California) is a former right fielder in Major League Baseball who played from 1968 through 1973 for the Oakland Athletics, Kansas City Royals and Chicago White Sox. Keough batted and threw left-handed. Coming from a baseball family, he is the younger brother of Marty Keough and uncle of Matt Keough. Keough had a promising debut with the Oakland Athletics at Yankee Stadium when he hit a home run off Lindy McDaniel in his first major league at bat. After being the fourth player selected by the Royals in the",
"title": "Joe Keough"
},
{
"id": "9415024",
"text": "although his average fell to .217. The following year he hit .295 in only 139 chances, with 8 homers. On August 18, 1956 he hit three consecutive homers and a double against the Milwaukee Braves. The next season, he hit a home run against the Philadelphia Phillies on his birthday, May 14, 1957. He thus became the first major league player to homer on his fortieth birthday, although that fact was known at the time only to Thurman himself, since he had not yet revealed his true age. The 1957 season was Thurman's best in the major leagues. He started",
"title": "Bob Thurman"
},
{
"id": "4136686",
"text": "Mike Greenwell Michael Lewis Greenwell (born July 18, 1963) is a former left fielder in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played his entire MLB career with the Boston Red Sox (1985–1996). He played a few games for the Hanshin Tigers in Japan (1997), before retiring. Greenwell was nicknamed \"The Gator.\" He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was fourth in Rookie of the Year voting in 1987. Greenwell was a leading contender for the American League MVP award in 1988, but lost to Jose Canseco, who had the first 40 home run, 40 stolen base season in baseball history. Greenwell",
"title": "Mike Greenwell"
},
{
"id": "4271467",
"text": "major league at-bat on April 8, 1986, Clark debuted with a home run—off future Hall of Fame member Nolan Ryan. A few days later, Clark also homered in his first home game at Candlestick Park (he debuted at age 22, wearing the number 22, playing first base). An elbow injury cost Clark 47 games in his rookie season. Clark finished his rookie year with a respectable .287 batting average. Over the next six seasons, Clark would establish himself as the premier first baseman in the National League. In his first full season in , Clark had a .308 batting average.",
"title": "Will Clark"
},
{
"id": "540020",
"text": "Frank Robinson Frank Robinson (born August 31, 1935) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder and manager. He played for five teams from 1956 to 1976, and became the only player to win league MVP honors in both the National and American Leagues. He won the Triple Crown, was a member of two teams that won the World Series (the 1966 and 1970 Baltimore Orioles), and amassed the fourth-most career home runs at the time of his retirement (he is currently 10th). Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982. Robinson was the first black",
"title": "Frank Robinson"
},
{
"id": "6023633",
"text": "Benny Ayala Benigno Ayala Felix (born February 7, 1951) is a former Major League Baseball player who had a 10-season career from to . He played outfield, first base, and designated hitter. He played for the New York Mets and St. Louis Cardinals both of the National League and the Baltimore Orioles and Cleveland Indians both of the American League. Ayala made his major league debut as the Mets' starting left fielder at Shea Stadium on August 27, 1974. With one out and the bases empty, he hit a home run in his first at bat off the Houston Astros'",
"title": "Benny Ayala"
},
{
"id": "5830667",
"text": "Pittsburgh Pirates in 1935, he was traded back to the Reds, staying with them through 1936. On July 10, 1935, he hit the first home run ever in a major league night game. He played briefly for the Tigers in 1937, hitting .300 in 17 games, and then returned to the minor leagues. Nine years later in 1945, he was re-signed by Brooklyn at age 42, and played his 37 final big league games with the team. He received a strong ovation from the Ebbets Field crowd in his first turn at bat, and tripped over first base after hitting",
"title": "Babe Herman"
},
{
"id": "11682206",
"text": "Lew Malone Lewis Aloysius Malone (March 13, 1897 – February 17, 1972) was an American professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1915 to 1919 for the Philadelphia Athletics and Brooklyn Robins. In 1918 Malone's career was interrupted while he served in World War I. After returning from World War I, Malone continued to play in the Minors until 1929. His first (and last) major league home run came in 1915, at the age of 18. He is believed to be the youngest major leaguer ever to hit his last home run. Malone was the youngest",
"title": "Lew Malone"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: John Montefusco context: entered his first major league game as a relief pitcher. Not only was he the winning pitcher that day, he also hit a home run in his first major-league at-bat. He is one of only a handful of pitchers to do so, and is one of two players to both hit a home run in his first at bat and win the Rookie of the Year Award. The other is Wally Moon. Before a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 4, 1975, Montefusco guaranteed he would win the game. He proceeded to throw a shutout as the Giants\n\nWhat Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher hit a home run in his first major league at-bat--and never hit another?",
"compressed_tokens": 191,
"origin_tokens": 191,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bullinger context: year, he hit a home run on the first pitch he faced in his first at-bat in the majors, one of only five pitchers to accomplish this feat. In a seven-season career, Bullinger posted a 34-41 record with 392 strikeouts and a 5.06 ERA in 642.0 innings pitched. He posted a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage, handling 171 total chances (72 putouts, 99 assists) without a miscue in his major league career. , or Retrosheet, or Baseball Reference (Minor, Independent and Mexican Leagues), or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League) Jim Bullinger James Eric Bullinger (born August 21, 1965) is a former\n\ntitle context: major league at- on April 8, 1986 debuted with a home run—off future Hall of Fame Nolan Ryan. A few days later, also homered in his first home Candlestick ( debuted at age, wearing the number 22, playing first base An elbow injury cost Clark47 games his rookie season Clark finished rookie year with a respectable .287 batting average. Over the next six seasons, Clark establish himself as the premier first baseman in National League. In his first full season in Clark had a .308 batting average.\n\n: Parra context: Ger Parra Gerardo Enrique Par (born May 6, 198 is Venezuelfielder is He has Major League Baseball (ML Diamondbacks Milwaukee Brewers, Baltimore Ori Colorado Rock. On2 up AA ( A Bay left fielor placed on the disabled list He inserted into starting same day, in his Major League at bat became the00th player MLB history to home run in his at bat.\n Monte: entered his first major league game as aer Not onlyer that, he also hit a run in first major at a of to, hit run the Rookie of the Year Award. The other is Wally Moon. Before a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 4, 1975, Montefusco guaranteed he would win the game. He proceeded to throw a shutout as the Giants\n\nWhat Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher hit a home run in his first major league at-bat--and never hit another?",
"compressed_tokens": 503,
"origin_tokens": 14365,
"ratio": "28.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
122 | What baseball player hit the only home run of his 212-year major league career off his own brother? | [
"Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3"
] | Joe Nickro in 1976. Nickro, a pitcher with the Houston Astros, hit a four-bagger off his brother Phil, who was pitching fro the Atlanta Braves. Houston won the game, 4-3 | [
{
"id": "12917620",
"text": "States. He spent the entire 1946 campaign in Major League Baseball, starting with the White Sox before being traded to Cleveland for fellow catcher Frankie Hayes on July 5. As a member of the Indians, on August 25, he hit his only MLB home run, a solo shot at Fenway Park off 20-game-winner Boo Ferriss in a 2–1 Boston Red Sox win. During his big-league career, Jordan collected 23 hits in 96 at bats, including four doubles and two triples. A son, Tom Jr., was winning pitcher of the championship game of the 1956 Little League World Series. , Jordan,",
"title": "Tom Jordan (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10825099",
"text": "Cuno Barragan Facundo Anthony \"Cuno\" Barragan (born June 20, 1932) is an American former professional baseball player. He was a catcher in Major League Baseball for the Chicago Cubs from to . Cuno Barragan's only Major League career home run came on his very first Major League at bat, on September 1, 1961 off left-hander Dick LeMay; 5,427 people witnessed this event, which came early in a 14-inning loss by the Cubs to the Giants at Wrigley Field on a Friday afternoon. His Hispanic given name and its unique nickname, combined with his cup-of-coffee career, led the authors of \"The",
"title": "Cuno Barragan"
},
{
"id": "8004801",
"text": "Butts Wagner Albert Wagner (September 17, 1871 – November 26, 1928), was an American professional baseball player. He played one year of Major League Baseball for two different teams during the 1898 season. He was Honus Wagner's older brother. Born in Chartiers, Carnegie, Pennsylvania, he began the 1898 season with the Washington Senators and later on was loaned to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. On July 4, Wagner replaced an injured Duke Farrell in center field and hit a home run, the only home run of his career, along with a double and scored three runs in a 9-5 Bridegroom victory. Wagner",
"title": "Butts Wagner"
},
{
"id": "10798461",
"text": "John Miller (first baseman) John Allen Miller (born March 14, 1944 in Alhambra, California) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the 1966 New York Yankees and 1969 Los Angeles Dodgers. He is made famous by the fact he is one of only two players to hit a home run in his first and last major league at-bats. The other is Paul Gillespie. Miller's first and last major league at-bat home runs (off of Lee Stange and Jim Merritt respectively) were the only two home runs he hit in his career. Following his major league career, Miller",
"title": "John Miller (first baseman)"
},
{
"id": "7794748",
"text": "Ed Rogers Edward Antonio Rogers (born August 29, 1978) is a retired utility infielder who played with the Baltimore Orioles. He bats and throws right-handed. Rogers was signed by the Baltimore Orioles as a free agent in . He debuted in Major League Baseball with the Orioles, playing for them in parts of three seasons between and . In , he hit his only major league home run in his only at-bat of the season. It came against Alan Embree of the New York Yankees. Rogers will always be remembered for a rather unusual play he was involved in during",
"title": "Ed Rogers"
},
{
"id": "10660064",
"text": "Walter Mueller Walter John Mueller (December 6, 1894 – August 16, 1971) was a professional baseball player who played outfield in the Major Leagues, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1922 to 1926. He is best known for becoming the first player to hit a home run off the first pitch ever thrown to him in the major leagues. Walter was also the father to Don Mueller, who also played in the major leagues, during in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the brother of fellow major leaguer, Heinie Mueller. He began the 1922 season with the Pirates, but he",
"title": "Walter Mueller"
},
{
"id": "15329881",
"text": "Major League stint with the 1956 Giants, appearing in 26 games, including 21 in the outfield, but he batted only .182 with one extra base hit, a double. He was then sent to the Chicago Cubs in an off-season trade, where he made his final appearances in MLB during the early weeks of the season. As a Cub, he hit his only Major League home run, in Brooklyn's Ebbets Field on April 30, 1957, a three-run shot off former Giant teammate Sal Maglie. Lennon was reacquired by the Dodgers after that season, and played four more seasons of Triple-A baseball,",
"title": "Bob Lennon"
},
{
"id": "10791537",
"text": "Kevin Pasley Kevin Patrick Pasley (born July 22, 1953 in The Bronx, New York) is a retired professional baseball player whose career spanned 12 seasons. For parts of four seasons, Pasley, a catcher, played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Los Angeles Dodgers (1974, 1976–77), and the Seattle Mariners (1977–78). Over his career in the majors, he compiled a .254 batting average with eight runs scored, 31 hits, seven doubles, one home run, and nine runs batted in (RBIs). Pasley hit his only career major league home run in what would prove to be his final at-bat in the",
"title": "Kevin Pasley"
},
{
"id": "14157773",
"text": "Greg Mahlberg Gregory John Mahlberg (born August 8, 1952) is an American former professional baseball catcher, manager and coach. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighed 185 pounds (84 kg). Mahlberg attended Wisconsin Lutheran High School in Milwaukee and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was signed by the Texas Rangers as an undrafted free agent in and appeared briefly in Major League Baseball for the Rangers in 1978–79, collecting two hits in 18 at bats for an .111 career batting average. His lone Major League home run came off left-hander Floyd Bannister",
"title": "Greg Mahlberg"
},
{
"id": "10660068",
"text": "feat on July 26, 2012. Walter Mueller Walter John Mueller (December 6, 1894 – August 16, 1971) was a professional baseball player who played outfield in the Major Leagues, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1922 to 1926. He is best known for becoming the first player to hit a home run off the first pitch ever thrown to him in the major leagues. Walter was also the father to Don Mueller, who also played in the major leagues, during in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the brother of fellow major leaguer, Heinie Mueller. He began the 1922 season",
"title": "Walter Mueller"
},
{
"id": "14084380",
"text": "Cubs. Following the 1971 season, he was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers with pitchers Jim Colborn and Earl Stephenson in exchange for outfielder José Cardenal. Davis batted .318 in 1972 in a utility role with the Brewers. His final game as a major-leaguer was on October 4, 1972. Davis attended high school with future professional baseball players Leon McFadden, Willie Crawford, Bobby Tolan, and Bob Watson. On June 14, 1963, Davis hit the only home run of his major-league career, against Jack Sanford of the San Francisco Giants. , or Retrosheet, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League) Brock Davis Bryshear",
"title": "Brock Davis"
},
{
"id": "7377358",
"text": "the Columbus Clippers with a 16-5 record and a 2.87 ERA. He was a 2012 inductee in the International League Hall of Fame. Eiland is the only player in Major League Baseball history to give up a home run to the first batter he ever faced (Paul Molitor) and hit a home run in his very first at-bat. After retiring in 2000, Eiland joined the Yankees organization and worked as a pitching coach in the minor leagues. He coached the Gulf Coast Yankees in 2003, the Staten Island Yankees in 2004, the Trenton Thunder in 2005 and 2006, and the",
"title": "Dave Eiland"
},
{
"id": "7698365",
"text": "entered his first major league game as a relief pitcher. Not only was he the winning pitcher that day, he also hit a home run in his first major-league at-bat. He is one of only a handful of pitchers to do so, and is one of two players to both hit a home run in his first at bat and win the Rookie of the Year Award. The other is Wally Moon. Before a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 4, 1975, Montefusco guaranteed he would win the game. He proceeded to throw a shutout as the Giants",
"title": "John Montefusco"
},
{
"id": "15438838",
"text": "after he batted .315 with 27 home runs and 97 runs batted in for the Triple-A Portland Beavers. Kern appeared in eight games played, batting 16 times with four hits. In his first MLB game, he pinch hit for Moe Drabowsky and singled off Dick Donovan of the Cleveland Indians. In his final MLB game, as the A's starting leftfielder, he hit his lone Major League home run off future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher (and United States Senator) Jim Bunning, then with the Detroit Tigers. Bill Kern (baseball) William George Kern (born February 28, 1933 at Coplay, Pennsylvania) is",
"title": "Bill Kern (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "927805",
"text": "the age of 19. His debut against the Chicago White Sox was almost as impressive as his minor-league debut, holding the White Sox to one earned run on seven hits. He also picked off two baserunners and hit a home run, which was the only home run of his major-league career. McLain is one of only six teenaged pitchers to hit a major-league home run since 1920, a list that includes Hall-of-Famers Don Drysdale and Jim Palmer. McLain began the 1964 season with the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League, but was called back to the major leagues in early",
"title": "Denny McLain"
},
{
"id": "10318738",
"text": "at the age of 59. Rick Camp Rick Lamar Camp (June 10, 1953 – April 25, 2013), was a professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1976 to 1985 for the Atlanta Braves. Long after his retirement, Camp served a federal prison sentence for convictions related to stealing money from a mental health center. Camp was born in Trion, Georgia, and was best known for hitting a game-tying 18th-inning home run on July 5, 1985, against the New York Mets with two outs and an 0-2 count off Tom Gorman; this was the only home run",
"title": "Rick Camp"
},
{
"id": "8310802",
"text": "Championship Series after leading two games to none. After the season Stoddard signed with none other than the Padres as a free agent. The compensation draft pick that the Cubs received for losing Stoddard in free-agency was later used to draft Rafael Palmeiro. While pitching for the Padres, on June 18, 1986, Stoddard hit his only career Home Run in what turned out to be his final Major League at bat. After pitching for the Padres for a year and a half, Stoddard was traded to the New York Yankees on July 9, 1986 for Ed Whitson who had famously",
"title": "Tim Stoddard"
},
{
"id": "3172675",
"text": "Bill Mueller William Richard \"Bill\" Mueller (; born March 17, 1971) is an American retired professional baseball third baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB). Mueller's MLB playing career was spent with the San Francisco Giants (1996–2000, 2002), Chicago Cubs (2001–2002), Boston Red Sox (2003–2005), and Los Angeles Dodgers (2006). A number of Mueller's accomplishments came during the 2003 season, when he won the American League batting title and a Silver Slugger Award. A switch hitter, he became the only player in major league history to hit one grand slam from both sides of the plate in the same",
"title": "Bill Mueller"
},
{
"id": "12054596",
"text": "York minor league system until resurfacing in the majors in . He made his Yankee debut on July 19 and remained with the team through the end of the season. Bladt hit his first (and only) major league home run on August 23, 1975 off Andy Hassler of the California Angels, and he spent September as the Yankees' everyday center fielder, replacing Elliott Maddox. After another year in the minors, however, the Yankees traded Bladt along with Maddox to the Baltimore Orioles for Paul Blair. Bladt never returned to the major leagues. , or Retrosheet Rick Bladt Richard Alan Bladt",
"title": "Rick Bladt"
},
{
"id": "10295918",
"text": "The first time that two brothers hit back-to-back home runs in Major League history was on September 15, 1938, and the pitcher was Melton. The batters were Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner of the Pittsburgh Pirates. The second time was not until April 23, 2013, when B. J. Upton and Justin Upton of the Atlanta Braves homered against Colorado Rockies' Jon Garland. , or Retrosheet Cliff Melton Clifford George Melton (January 3, 1912 – July 28, 1986) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a left-handed pitcher for the New York Giants over",
"title": "Cliff Melton"
},
{
"id": "12316836",
"text": "he made ten appearances as a pinch hitter and counted a double among his three hits. He began and ended 1966 with the Indians, but spent most of the year in Portland. In 38 MLB at bats, Davis made only six hits, but one was his first (and only) Major League home run, against veteran Jack Sanford of the California Angels as a pinch hitter on September 9. Davis then spent the entire season on the disabled list after he ruptured his Achilles tendon while playing a pick-up basketball game in January. He would never play another game for the",
"title": "Bill Davis (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "2459959",
"text": "Bill Mazeroski William Stanley Mazeroski (born September 5, 1936) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) second baseman. Nicknamed \"Maz\", he spent his entire 17-year career playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1956–72. He was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001. Mazeroski is regarded as one of the greatest defensive second basemen of all time. He was an All-Star for seven seasons and a Gold Glove Award winner for eight seasons. He was a key member of the Pirates' World Series-winning teams in 1960 and 1971, and is best known for his walk-off home run",
"title": "Bill Mazeroski"
},
{
"id": "12896460",
"text": "after a 19-home run, 84-RBI season in the Pacific Coast League. He started seven games at first base during the 1966 season's final month. On September 25, against the eventual world champion Baltimore Orioles, Vinson collected two hits and four runs batted in, paving the way to a 6–1 Angel victory. One of the hits was Vinson's only MLB home run, hit off relief pitcher Eddie Fisher, a knuckleballer. Vinson also had two doubles among his four Major League hits to go along with his home run. He retired in 1973. Charlie Vinson Charles Anthony Vinson (born January 5, 1944",
"title": "Charlie Vinson"
},
{
"id": "4715330",
"text": "August 10, 2016, Fielder announced that he would be unable to continue his playing career after undergoing a second neck surgery in three years. He was released by the Rangers on October 4, 2017. He ended his career with 319 home runs, the same number as his father, Cecil Fielder. Prince and Cecil Fielder are also the only father-son combination to each hit 50 MLB home runs in a season. Fielder was born right-handed, but at a very young age was converted to being a left-handed hitter by his father, baseball player Cecil Fielder. Fielder was a fixture around his",
"title": "Prince Fielder"
},
{
"id": "11174093",
"text": "only Major League game, as he was sent down to the minor leagues the following season, never returning to the Major Leagues. Lindstrom is one of only four players to hit a triple in their one and only MLB at bat, the others being Eduardo Rodríguez (1973), Scott Munninghoff (1980), and Eric Cammack (2000). And with a triple, a walk, a run, and a run batted in during two plate appearances, Lindstrom had one of the best one-game careers in the history of baseball, along with John Paciorek. Lindstrom retired shortly thereafter and went on to a successful 23-year coaching",
"title": "Chuck Lindstrom"
},
{
"id": "13124665",
"text": "shortstop Alex Grammas between May 23 and June 6, 1959, and collected half of his 14 Major League hits over that time, including his only Major League home run, off Johnny Antonelli of the San Francisco Giants on May 27. Overall, he batted .165 (14 for 85) in the Major Leagues, with three doubles and one triple his other extra-base hits. As a minor leaguer, he appeared in over 1,600 games. Lee Tate Lee Willie Tate (born March 18, 1932) is an American former professional baseball player. The shortstop had a 15-year (1951–1965) career in minor league baseball, appearing briefly",
"title": "Lee Tate"
},
{
"id": "10791551",
"text": "his average was .259. That season would mark his final in professional baseball. Kevin Pasley Kevin Patrick Pasley (born July 22, 1953 in The Bronx, New York) is a retired professional baseball player whose career spanned 12 seasons. For parts of four seasons, Pasley, a catcher, played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Los Angeles Dodgers (1974, 1976–77), and the Seattle Mariners (1977–78). Over his career in the majors, he compiled a .254 batting average with eight runs scored, 31 hits, seven doubles, one home run, and nine runs batted in (RBIs). Pasley hit his only career major league",
"title": "Kevin Pasley"
},
{
"id": "8421779",
"text": "of his regular season home runs were hit as a visiting player. The only home run he ever hit in a home stadium was the World Series home run off McNally at Shea Stadium. McNally is also the only pitcher Weis has hit two home runs against, serving up his second career home run on June 18, 1964. , or The Ultimate Mets Database Al Weis Albert John Weis (born April 2, 1938) is a former Major League Baseball player. A light-hitting infielder with only seven career home runs, he is best remembered for a dramatic home run hit in",
"title": "Al Weis"
},
{
"id": "3000714",
"text": "hit a home run against his brother Wes, who later hit a home run off Boston pitcher Hank Johnson, marking the first time in major league history that brothers on opposing teams had hit home runs in the same game. Ferrell ended the year with a .290 batting average along with a career-high 77 runs batted in. Although Ferrell once again led American League catchers in errors, he also led in assists and in baserunners caught stealing. Despite the Red Sox' seventh-place finish, Ferrell ranked twelfth in voting for the 1933 American League Most Valuable Player Award. In 1934, the",
"title": "Rick Ferrell"
},
{
"id": "12681162",
"text": "tied 3-3 in the bottom of the 11th, Criscione came to bat against Sam Hinds of the Brewers with one out and homered to win the game. Criscione later went on to be a long-time coach of the SUNY Fredonia Blue Devils, a Division III college baseball team near Buffalo New York. Dave Criscione David Gerald Criscione (born September 2, 1951 in Dunkirk, New York) is a former Major League Baseball catcher. He played seven games for the Baltimore Orioles in , going 3-for-9 at the plate. Criscione hit just one major league home run, but it was a walk-off",
"title": "Dave Criscione"
},
{
"id": "15737649",
"text": "Norm Gigon Norman Phillip Gigon (May 12, 1938 – April 1, 2013) was a Major League Baseball utility player who played for the Chicago Cubs in 1967. Gigon hit one home run in his short career. It came off Juan Pizarro in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 23, 1967. In addition to playing pro baseball, Gigon received degrees from both Colby College and Rhode Island University. Immediately after retiring from pro baseball at the end of the 1967 season, Gigon took the job of baseball coach at Lafayette College. He was born in Hackensack, New Jersey and",
"title": "Norm Gigon"
},
{
"id": "7965605",
"text": "Chris Sampson Christopher Keith Sampson (born May 23, 1978) is an American former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher. Sampson is 6'0\". Sampson attended Texas Tech University, where he played for the Red Raiders. Sampson originally began his professional baseball career in the late 1990s as a shortstop. After batting .239, and hitting only one home run during the 1999 season in Class A baseball, Sampson decided to retire since his chances of making the Major Leagues were slim due to his poor batting stats. In the years following his retirement, he coached baseball for Collin College in Plano, Texas, just",
"title": "Chris Sampson"
},
{
"id": "272488",
"text": "Mark McGwire Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963), nicknamed Big Mac, is an American former professional baseball first baseman. His Major League Baseball (MLB) playing career spanned from 1986 to 2001 while playing for the Oakland Athletics and the St. Louis Cardinals, winning one World Series championship each with Oakland as a player in 1989 and with St. Louis as a coach in 2011. One of the most prolific home run hitters in baseball history, McGwire holds the major league career record for at bats per home run ratio (10.6), and is the former record holder for both home",
"title": "Mark McGwire"
},
{
"id": "3001866",
"text": "World Series all-tournament squad. During his Major League Baseball career, Woodward played for the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves (1963–68) and the Cincinnati Reds (1968–71). A shortstop and second baseman, Woodward appeared in 880 games with 517 hits. He had a career .236 batting average with one home run and 148 runs batted in. On July 10, 1970, Woodward hit his only major league home run in 2,423 plate appearances, a two-run shot off Ron Reed against the Atlanta Braves. Afterwards Woodward was quoted as saying, \"If I hit one home run per every seven seasons, it will take me 4,998 seasons to",
"title": "Woody Woodward"
},
{
"id": "10318735",
"text": "Rick Camp Rick Lamar Camp (June 10, 1953 – April 25, 2013), was a professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1976 to 1985 for the Atlanta Braves. Long after his retirement, Camp served a federal prison sentence for convictions related to stealing money from a mental health center. Camp was born in Trion, Georgia, and was best known for hitting a game-tying 18th-inning home run on July 5, 1985, against the New York Mets with two outs and an 0-2 count off Tom Gorman; this was the only home run of his nine-season career. Representing",
"title": "Rick Camp"
},
{
"id": "10431727",
"text": "Brett Carroll Brett Michael Carroll (born October 3, 1982) is a former Major League baseball player. After attending Middle Tennessee State University, he was selected in the 10th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft and signed on June 21, 2004. Carroll also competed for Team USA in the World Cup and Pan-American games, receiving a silver medal On June 8, 2009, Carroll hit his first career home run against Randy Johnson. According to the Elias Sport Bureau, the only other currently active major league player whose first major league home run was hit off a pitcher with at",
"title": "Brett Carroll"
},
{
"id": "10727694",
"text": "sold-out crowd of 57,762 at the Kingdome, losing 7–0 to the California Angels. The first home run in team history was hit on April 10, 1977, by designated hitter Juan Bernhardt. That year, star pitcher Diego Seguí, in his last major league season, became the only player to play for both the Pilots and the Mariners. The Mariners finished with a 64–98 record, echoing the record the 1969 Pilots once held. In 1979, Seattle hosted the 50th Major League Baseball All-Star Game. After the 1981 season, the Mariners were sold to California businessman and future U.S. Ambassador to Spain George",
"title": "History of the Seattle Mariners"
},
{
"id": "16164958",
"text": "Bert Peña Adalberto \"Bert\" Peña Rivera (born July 11, 1959 in Santurce, Puerto Rico) is a former Major League Baseball shortstop who played for the Houston Astros in , and from to . He threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed . Peña's professional career extended for 12 seasons, 1977–1988. Although he appeared in parts of six years in the Majors, he spent portions of each of those seasons with the Triple-A Tucson Toros. In he saw his most lengthy MLB service, appearing in 24 games played for Houston, and collecting his only big-league home run, hit off Ricky",
"title": "Bert Peña"
},
{
"id": "11463519",
"text": "Spirit through most of their five years as an independent team. John Kennedy (third baseman) John Edward Kennedy (May 29, 1941 – August 9, 2018) was an American major league baseball third baseman, shortstop and second baseman. He played from 1962 to 1974 for the Washington Senators, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Yankees, Seattle Pilots, Milwaukee Brewers, and Boston Red Sox. Kennedy spent twelve seasons in the major leagues. He hit a home run in his first major league at bat (on September 5, 1962, against Dick Stigman of the Minnesota Twins), and garnered headlines because both his name and",
"title": "John Kennedy (third baseman)"
},
{
"id": "10798462",
"text": "played for three seasons in Japan, from until for the Chunichi Dragons. There, he primarily played first base, batting .245 with 79 home runs over those three seasons. John Miller (first baseman) John Allen Miller (born March 14, 1944 in Alhambra, California) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the 1966 New York Yankees and 1969 Los Angeles Dodgers. He is made famous by the fact he is one of only two players to hit a home run in his first and last major league at-bats. The other is Paul Gillespie. Miller's first and last major league",
"title": "John Miller (first baseman)"
},
{
"id": "13665245",
"text": "Chi-Chi Olivo Federico Emilio Olivo Maldonado (March 28, 1928 – February 3, 1977) was a Major League Baseball relief pitcher. His brother, Diomedes Olivo, was also a major league pitcher. Chi-Chi was 27 years old when he signed with the Milwaukee Braves prior to the season. It wasn't until he was 33 years old that he made his major league debut on June 5, . He gave up a home run to the very first batter he faced, Jerry Lynch. He returned to the mound again the next day, and surrendered three earned runs in just a third of an",
"title": "Chi-Chi Olivo"
},
{
"id": "5497897",
"text": "pennant in 1984, and he played in one game in the 1984 World Series, which the Padres lost in five games to the Detroit Tigers. On July 1, 1985, Bochy hit a tenth-inning walk-off home run off Nolan Ryan of the Houston Astros, the only walk-off home run allowed in Ryan's career. Bochy was behind the plate on September 11, 1985, when Pete Rose, now with the Cincinnati Reds, collected his record-breaking 4,192nd major league hit off Padres pitcher Eric Show. After retiring as a player, Bochy was hired by Padres general manager Jack McKeon to manage in their minor",
"title": "Bruce Bochy"
},
{
"id": "272498",
"text": "two calendar years in the major leagues (71), behind Chuck Klein (83) and Ryan Braun (79). McGwire's most famous home run with the A's was likely his game-winning solo shot in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 3 of the 1988 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers and former A's closer Jay Howell. McGwire's game-winner brought the A's their only victory in the 1988 World Series, which they lost in five games. However, Big Mac and his fellow Bash Brother, José Canseco, played a large part in the 1989 championship club that defeated the San Francisco Giants",
"title": "Mark McGwire"
},
{
"id": "15737650",
"text": "died in Mahwah, New Jersey. Despite dying in 2013, news of his death did not surface until 2016. Norm Gigon Norman Phillip Gigon (May 12, 1938 – April 1, 2013) was a Major League Baseball utility player who played for the Chicago Cubs in 1967. Gigon hit one home run in his short career. It came off Juan Pizarro in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 23, 1967. In addition to playing pro baseball, Gigon received degrees from both Colby College and Rhode Island University. Immediately after retiring from pro baseball at the end of the 1967 season,",
"title": "Norm Gigon"
},
{
"id": "6271582",
"text": "a player, Tommie Aaron played for the Richmond Braves of the International League in the mid-1960s, where he was International League MVP in 1967. After his playing days, he worked for the organization as a minor league manager (1973–1978) and major league coach (1979–1984). Aaron hit a total of 13 major league home runs, with eight of them coming in his first year of 1962, but along with his brother's then Major League record 755, they hold the Major League record for the most career home runs between two brothers (768). The only other brother of a 500-home run man",
"title": "Tommie Aaron"
},
{
"id": "4851556",
"text": "the Chicago White Sox, on September 17, 1939. With this feat, Williams became the only player in major league history to hit home runs against a father and son. In a nine-season career, Lee posted a 40–44 record with 467 strikeouts, a 3.61 ERA, 11 saves, and innings in 244 games played (97 as a starter). Don Lee (baseball) Donald Edward Lee (born February 26, 1934 in Globe, Arizona) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Detroit Tigers (1957–58), Washington Senators (1959–60), Minnesota Twins (1961–62), Los Angeles Angels (1962–65), Houston Astros (1965–66) and Chicago Cubs",
"title": "Don Lee (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "5200378",
"text": "the season in relief, with a 1.99 ERA, for the Twins. Billy Williams hit his first major league home run off Stan Williams on October 1, 1960. Williams gave up pitcher Frank Bertaina's only major league home run, a three-run shot at Cleveland Stadium. After retiring, Williams served as a pitching coach for 14 MLB seasons, with the Red Sox, Yankees, Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds. More recently he was an advance scout for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays until being let go at the end of the 2006 season. As of 2010, Williams was an advance",
"title": "Stan Williams (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10335478",
"text": "Don Leppert Donald George Leppert (born October 19, 1931) is an American former professional baseball player and coach. A catcher, he appeared in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1961 to 1964 for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Washington Senators. Leppert threw and batted right-handed; he stood tall and weighed . He was born in Indianapolis and began his 12-year active career in 1955 in the Milwaukee Braves' organization. During an MLB career of only 3½ years, Leppert nonetheless distinguished himself by hitting a home run on the first pitch thrown to him in the majors. On June 18, 1961, Leppert connected",
"title": "Don Leppert"
},
{
"id": "3030142",
"text": "bottom of the ninth for the Brewers as they came from behind and defeated the Minnesota Twins, 4–3 (June 23, 1970); drove in both Milwaukee runs with a pair of sacrifice flies in a 2–1 win over the Kansas City Royals (July 5, 1970); hit the only home run of his major league career, a solo shot against Chicago White Sox left-hander Jim Magnuson (August 5, 1970). In the 1970 Caribbean Series, he hit .387, scored four runs, and had a series-leading seven RBI, to help the Magallanes win the series, marking the first time a Venezuelan team had won",
"title": "Gus Gil"
},
{
"id": "5794477",
"text": "Aaron Cook (baseball) Aaron Lane Cook (born February 8, 1979) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies and Boston Red Sox. In high school, while playing for Hamilton High School (Hamilton, OH), Cook allowed only one home run, to fellow Major Leaguer Kevin Youkilis, who was playing for Sycamore High School in suburban Cincinnati. Cook was drafted by the Colorado Rockies in the 2nd round of the 1997 MLB Draft and made his Major League debut in 2002. Cook made his debut against the Chicago Cubs, pitching 2 innings",
"title": "Aaron Cook (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3934702",
"text": "Marcus Giles Marcus William Giles (born May 18, 1978) is a former Major League Baseball player. He was a second baseman and batted right-handed. His older brother, Brian Giles, was an outfielder who also played in the Major Leagues. Giles was selected by the Atlanta Braves in the 53rd round of the 1996 Major League Baseball draft and made his major league debut in . He hit a grand slam for his first career home run off Mike Hampton of the Colorado Rockies. Despite usually having success during his opportunities in majors, he spent the next two years shuttling between",
"title": "Marcus Giles"
},
{
"id": "15773055",
"text": "Sox roster coming out of spring training and appeared in six more games, largely as a pinch hitter and pinch runner. But in his only start at third base, on May 1 at Comiskey Park against the Baltimore Orioles, Jok connected for his only Major League home run, a solo shot off Jim McDonald. He returned to minor league baseball for good at the mid-May cutdown. As a Major Leaguer, Jok had 22 plate appearances and 19 at-bats; of his three hits, only his homer went for extra bases. Jok was a fixture in the Triple-A International League, where he",
"title": "Stan Jok"
},
{
"id": "12316874",
"text": "Baseball game on October 7, 1905. Joe Connor died on November 8, 1957, in Waterbury, Connecticut. His brother, Roger Connor, also played major league baseball, and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in . Combinations of major league brothers have only happened about 350 times. His brother was called the 19th century's home run king, and he was the first Major League Baseball player to hit an over-the-wall home run at the Polo Grounds baseball stadium. Joe Connor (baseball) Joseph Francis Connor (December 8, 1874 – November 8, 1957) was an American right-handed Major League Baseball catcher. A native",
"title": "Joe Connor (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3934709",
"text": "complete a year of counseling. Marcus Giles Marcus William Giles (born May 18, 1978) is a former Major League Baseball player. He was a second baseman and batted right-handed. His older brother, Brian Giles, was an outfielder who also played in the Major Leagues. Giles was selected by the Atlanta Braves in the 53rd round of the 1996 Major League Baseball draft and made his major league debut in . He hit a grand slam for his first career home run off Mike Hampton of the Colorado Rockies. Despite usually having success during his opportunities in majors, he spent the",
"title": "Marcus Giles"
},
{
"id": "1903659",
"text": "Gil Hodges Gilbert Ray Hodges, \"ne\" Hodge (April 4, 1924 – April 2, 1972) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) first baseman and manager who played most of his 18-year career for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame in 1982. Hodges is generally considered to be the best defensive first baseman in the 1950s. He was an All-Star for eight seasons and a Gold Glove Award winner for three consecutive seasons. Hodges and Duke Snider are the only players to have the most home runs or runs batted",
"title": "Gil Hodges"
},
{
"id": "12441764",
"text": "Fred Van Dusen Frederick William Van Dusen (July 31, 1937 – June 1, 2018) was an American Major League Baseball player. Van Dusen played for Philadelphia Phillies in the 1955 season. He played just one game in his career, had one plate appearance, and was hit by a pitch on an 0-2 count. He is the only major league player in history who was hit by a pitch in his only ML appearance, and who never took to the field defensively. Despite only playing in one game, he holds the all-time record for \"hit by pitch percentage\", with 100%. An",
"title": "Fred Van Dusen"
},
{
"id": "12838257",
"text": "still stands today. In 1958, he was named All-American. Kubiszyn's three-year Crimson Tide baseball career at shortstop spanned the 1956–1958 seasons. Playing for coach Tilden Campbell, he finished with a .300 batting average. His professional baseball career extended from 1958–1964. During his two trials with the Indians, he collected 19 hits, with two doubles, in 101 at bats. Highlights included a three-hit game in four at bats against the Minnesota Twins' Camilo Pascual on September 17, 1961, and his only Major-League home run, hit off Bill Fischer of the Kansas City Athletics on August 3, 1962 — the winning blow",
"title": "Jack Kubiszyn"
},
{
"id": "10598818",
"text": "then promoted partway through 1925 appeared in 54 games for the New York Giants. On May 30 of that year, he hit a home run in his first game at the Polo Grounds, and on July 5, he and his brother Tony, of the Brooklyn Dodgers, each hit home runs in the same game, the first time opposing brothers accomplished such a feat. In his one season in the major leagues, Cuccinello posted a .248 average (41–for–165) with four home runs and 20 RBI, including 27 runs, seven doubles and one triple. After the 1935 season, Cuccinello returned to the",
"title": "Al Cuccinello"
},
{
"id": "3047393",
"text": "Goodman moved across the diamond to first base for the remainder of the season in the Majors. He batted .310 with 66 runs batted in as a rookie. His first Major League home run, and only home run of the season, was a grand slam off the Detroit Tigers' Virgil Trucks. He was named to the first of two American League All-Star rosters in , and appeared during the bottom of the 8th inning of the All-Star Game as a defensive replacement for Washington Senators first baseman Eddie Robinson. Early in the season, Goodman suffered a chip fracture in his",
"title": "Billy Goodman"
},
{
"id": "9906846",
"text": "Eric King (baseball) Eric Steven King (born April 10, 1964) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He may be best known for giving up Ken Griffey, Jr's first career Major League home run. King played for three teams during a career that included parts of seven seasons. Those teams are the Detroit Tigers (1986–1988 and 1992), Chicago White Sox (1989–1990) and Cleveland Indians (1991). King attended Moorpark College near Los Angeles, intending to play baseball in 1983, but his attitude butted heads with the coach, and he was dismissed from the team. He left Moorpark and played",
"title": "Eric King (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10733954",
"text": "a home run and a single against the Chicago White Sox. Through July, 2013, Aderholt is the only major league baseball player to have multiple hits — and the only one to hit a homer — in a pro debut that happened to occur on a player's birthday. Aderholt was described by Dodgers President Branch Rickey as the \"World's worst third baseman... but he's a natural batsman.\" He was thus moved to the outfield, where he would be less of a defensive liability. His fielding percentage in was a mediocre .871. After his playing career ended, he went on to",
"title": "Morrie Aderholt"
},
{
"id": "11871676",
"text": "per nine innings (a measure of fielding proficiency) with a value of 5.094, the seventh highest value ever compiled. In 1974, Baldwin, at age 36, was the second oldest player in both the Pacific Coast League and the American Association. Baldwin did not commit an error during his six-year major league career and committed only three errors throughout the 16 years he played professional baseball. But he was arguably the worst hitter in major league history. He achieved the only base hit of his career by beating out a bunt. After he retired from baseball in 1974 he earned a",
"title": "Dave Baldwin (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "12441767",
"text": "after being hit with a pitched ball in his first major league plate appearance. Greenberg struck out in his only at bat. Van Dusen traveled to Miami to throw out the ceremonial first pitch in Greenberg's return game. Fred Van Dusen Frederick William Van Dusen (July 31, 1937 – June 1, 2018) was an American Major League Baseball player. Van Dusen played for Philadelphia Phillies in the 1955 season. He played just one game in his career, had one plate appearance, and was hit by a pitch on an 0-2 count. He is the only major league player in history",
"title": "Fred Van Dusen"
},
{
"id": "3642291",
"text": "games played. Yan has previously played with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Texas Rangers, St. Louis Cardinals, Detroit Tigers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Cincinnati Reds. On June 4, 2000, Yan hit a home run in his first major league at bat, on the first pitch. He also had a single in his next at bat, the only other of his career, giving him a 1.000 batting average and a 2.500 slugging percentage. Yan spent the 2007 season as a pitcher for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League. In 2008, Yan rejoined the Orioles organization, but",
"title": "Esteban Yan"
},
{
"id": "8875574",
"text": "June 21 and returned to the starting lineup that night as Baltimore faced Max Scherzer and the Washington Nationals. Rasmus hit a solo home run off of Scherzer in his first at-bat back after being activated from the DL. On July 3, Rasmus yet again decided to step away from baseball, and was placed on the restricted list. Rasmus and his wife Megan have two daughters. Rasmus has three brothers, Cory, Casey, and Cyle. Cory is a pitcher who is currently a free agent, and Casey was a catcher in the St. Louis Cardinals' organization who retired unexpectedly at the",
"title": "Colby Rasmus"
},
{
"id": "3448439",
"text": "brother's main form of recreation was playing with rifles, leading him to become an expert shot. When he was 10 years old, his brother started a fire in their home in an unsuccessful attempt to kill their father. Shortly thereafter, Bullseye was placed in a foster home, and became a baseball player in high school. He was an extremely talented pitcher, and was offered a scholarship, but instead opted to enter the minor leagues. After three games, he was called up to play a sold-out Major League game. He had surrendered no hits the entire game, and in the bottom",
"title": "Bullseye (comics)"
},
{
"id": "85868",
"text": "lead the team's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late-season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk-off home run by Gabby Hartnett, which became known in baseball lore as \"The Homer in the Gloamin'\". After the \"double-Bills\" (Wrigley and Veeck) died in 1932 and 1933 respectively, P.K. Wrigley, son of Bill Wrigley, took over as majority owner. He was unable to extend his father's baseball success beyond 1938, and the Cubs slipped into years of mediocrity, although the Wrigley family would retain control of the team until 1981. The Cubs",
"title": "Chicago Cubs"
},
{
"id": "6331054",
"text": "Milwaukee. He did, however, strike out 88 times, compiling more strikeouts than hits. He did have one significant accomplishment on August 9, when he became the first and only player to hit a walk-off home run off of Roger Clemens. He again struggled in the majors in , striking out 36 times in 147 at bats while hitting 7 home runs. Meyer wound up splitting that season between the Brewers and Denver. His final major league game was on September 30, 1989, and he was released after the season. He played in for the Yokohama Taiyo Whales, where his power",
"title": "Joey Meyer (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "41850",
"text": "Bonds also set single-season marks for base on balls with 177 (breaking the previous record of 170, set by Babe Ruth in 1923) and slugging percentage with .863 (breaking the mark of .847 set by Ruth in 1920). Bonds continued his torrid home run hitting in the next few seasons, hitting his 660th career home run on April 12, 2004, tying him with his godfather Willie Mays for third place on the all-time career home runs list. He hit his 661st home run the next day, April 13, to take sole possession of third place. Only three years later Bonds",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "9752440",
"text": "Series and the losing pitcher of its final game. He was born and later died in Menasha, Wisconsin, at the age of 55. Dave Koslo George Bernard \"Dave\" Koslo (né \"Koslowski\", March 31, 1920 – December 1, 1975) was a professional baseball left-handed pitcher over parts of twelve seasons (1941–1942, 1946–1955) with the New York Giants, Baltimore Orioles and Milwaukee Braves. On April 18, 1947, Koslo gave up Jackie Robinson's first major league home run, hit in the third inning. He was the National League ERA champion in 1949 with New York. For his career, he compiled a 92–107 record",
"title": "Dave Koslo"
},
{
"id": "188312",
"text": "the 2007 American League Championship Series, also against the Indians. The Indians returned the favor in Game One of the 2016 American League Division Series. Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back-to-back home runs. On April 23, 2013, brothers Melvin Upton, Jr. (formerly B.J. Upton) and Justin Upton hit back-to-back home runs. The first time was on September 15, 1938, when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat. Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in",
"title": "Home run"
},
{
"id": "3136389",
"text": "Ed Spiezio Edward Wayne Spiezio (born October 31, 1941) is a former third baseman in Major League Baseball who played from 1964 through 1972 for the St. Louis Cardinals, San Diego Padres and Chicago White Sox. Listed at 5' 11\", 180 lb., Spiezio batted and threw right handed. He was born in Joliet, Illinois. Spiezio spent five years with the Cardinals, being a member of the 1964 World Series (did not play in the Series) & 1967 World Series champion teams. Notably, he also collected the first hit, first home run, and scored the first run in San Diego Padres",
"title": "Ed Spiezio"
},
{
"id": "893911",
"text": "broke one previously held by Jim Brown) briefly before embarking on his baseball career. Yastrzemski signed with the Red Sox organization, which sent him to the minor-league Raleigh Capitals in , where he led the league with a .377 batting average, They then moved him to the Minneapolis Millers for the post-season and the season. Yastrzemski, who had studied business at Notre Dame, fulfilled a promise to his parents by finishing his degree at Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts, in 1966. Yastrzemski began his major-league career in and hit his first home run off of former Red Sox pitcher",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "10649000",
"text": "following day. On July 28, Walker was activated from the disabled list. On August 8 at Citi Field, Walker made his first career Major League start at first base. On August 12, 2017, Walker was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for a player to be named later (Eric Hanhold). On March 12, 2018, Walker signed a one-year, $4 million, contract with the New York Yankees. On August 9th, 2018, in a game against the Texas Rangers, Walker hit a home run from both sides of the plate in the same game for the 1st time in his career. Neil's brother,",
"title": "Neil Walker (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "16264660",
"text": "by the Nationals after Wilson Ramos tore his ACL and could miss the rest of the 2012 season. On that same day, Solano got his first major league hit, a double, on his first at bat against his brother Donovan's team, the Miami Marlins. About two weeks later, on June 12, 2012, he hit the first home run of his major league career against the Toronto Blue Jays On July 19, 2012, the Nationals placed Solano on the 15-day disabled list with an oblique injury. The Nationals recalled Solano from the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs on May 16, 2013 when Ramos",
"title": "Jhonatan Solano"
},
{
"id": "3938683",
"text": "make baseball trivia history by starting the only infield ever composed of two sets of brothers: first baseman Stephen Larkin, second baseman Bret Boone, shortstop Barry Larkin, and third baseman Aaron Boone. Boone started his playing career with the Seattle Mariners where he set the club record for home runs in a season by second baseman in 1993 (12 in 76 games) but was traded that same year to the Cincinnati Reds along with Erik Hanson. In 2001 Boone returned to the Seattle Mariners, the organization with which he came up from 1990 to 1993. Now an All-Star—having averaged 21",
"title": "Bret Boone"
},
{
"id": "13045770",
"text": "the primary backup to the club's regular shortstop, José Pagán, and second baseman, Chuck Hiller. He was a member of the 1962 National League champion Giants. On August 23, his only MLB home run off Al Jackson of the New York Mets at the Polo Grounds was a key blow in San Francisco's 2–1 victory. He also appeared in two games of the Giants' tie-breaker series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, and in two games of the 1962 World Series against the New York Yankees. In the latter series, Bowman batted once against Marshall Bridges in Game 4 at Yankee",
"title": "Ernie Bowman"
},
{
"id": "10892960",
"text": "Indians season due to a lack of depth with the departures of Ed Klieman and Russ Christopher. On July 27, Zoldak managed to hit his only career home run against the New York Yankees off Ed Lopat. However, the game was rained out, and the only home run of his career was erased. In 27 games that season, Zoldak had a 1–2 record with a 4.25 ERA. Zoldak had struggled in spring training the prior year due to both being out of shape and a lack of pitching control, but was impressive enough in 1950 after losing the weight and",
"title": "Sam Zoldak"
},
{
"id": "5232288",
"text": "an intrasquad game in spring training. In , he made the Major League Baseball All-Star Game as a member of the White Sox. He pitched the third inning of that game, giving up Chipper Jones' second hit of the game, that being the only home run of the night, which ignited a short-lived National League comeback. On January 24, , he signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays, but was released on April 22. Baldwin is currently the pitching coach for the baseball team at Pinecrest High School in Pinehurst, North Carolina. His son, James Baldwin III,",
"title": "James Baldwin (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "11986035",
"text": "St. Louis Cardinals. Finally, in 1967's Rule 5 draft, the Cubs selected Arcia from the Cardinals organization. He opened the 1968 season as a member of the Cubs and remained with the club the whole season, batting .190 in 58 games as a rookie, hitting his only Major League home run, and playing six positions in the field. Despite his subpar offensive performance, Arcia found himself coveted again, selected by the Padres in the 1968 MLB expansion draft. Arcia saw considerable playing time over the next two seasons with San Diego, serving as a rather versatile utility man. The only",
"title": "José Arcia"
},
{
"id": "9363604",
"text": "Joe Keough Joseph William Keough (born January 7, 1946 in Pomona, California) is a former right fielder in Major League Baseball who played from 1968 through 1973 for the Oakland Athletics, Kansas City Royals and Chicago White Sox. Keough batted and threw left-handed. Coming from a baseball family, he is the younger brother of Marty Keough and uncle of Matt Keough. Keough had a promising debut with the Oakland Athletics at Yankee Stadium when he hit a home run off Lindy McDaniel in his first major league at bat. After being the fourth player selected by the Royals in the",
"title": "Joe Keough"
},
{
"id": "10733502",
"text": "Steve Dunning Steven John Dunning (born May 15, 1949) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1970 to 1977 for the Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers, California Angels, Montreal Expos, and Oakland Athletics. He was born in Denver, Colorado. He was the second player to go straight to the Major Leagues after being drafted without spending a day in the minors. On May 11, 1971, Dunning had the distinction of hitting a grand slam home run off of Oakland Athletics pitcher Diego Seguí. This remained the last grand slam hit by an American",
"title": "Steve Dunning"
},
{
"id": "2519804",
"text": "Tom Lawless Thomas James Lawless (born December 19, 1956 in Erie, Pennsylvania) was a Major League Baseball player between and , playing for the Cincinnati Reds, Montreal Expos, St. Louis Cardinals, and Toronto Blue Jays. He was recently the interim manager for the Houston Astros. Although just a fringe, part-time player throughout his career, Lawless was involved in a number of dramatic and historic moments. Lawless became famous in when he became the only player ever traded for Pete Rose. Lawless, who only hit two regular-season home runs his entire career, is also remembered for his dramatic go-ahead home run",
"title": "Tom Lawless"
},
{
"id": "10469145",
"text": "he grounded into 20 double plays, which was enough to tie for the second highest total in the National League with Stan Musial, only being topped by Del Ennis with 23. However, Cole hit .270, along with 22 doubles, 5 triples, and 40 RBI in 138 games. The only home run of the year he hit was off the Brooklyn Dodgers' All-Star Carl Erskine. Cole died on October 18, 2018 at the age of 92. Dick Cole (baseball) Richard Roy Cole (May 6, 1926 – October 18, 2018) was an American Major League Baseball infielder. Before the season, Cole was",
"title": "Dick Cole (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "13197220",
"text": "be withdrawn due to an injury. In 1957, Rep. Gerald Ford of Michigan hit the first known grand slam, while playing for the Republicans. In 1979, Republican Rep. Ron Paul of Texas hit what was believed to be (at that time) the first home run hit over the fence. Rep. John Shimkus of Illinois is the only other player to hit an out-of-the-park home run, doing so in 1997. Paul was inducted into the Congressional Baseball Hall of Fame prior to the 2012 game. The \"Roll Call\" Congressional Baseball Hall of Fame was founded in 1993. In the early years",
"title": "Congressional Baseball Game"
},
{
"id": "8124060",
"text": "center field (the only home run he hit that season). After the game, he was questioned in a post-game interview, a rare occurrence at the time. He remained humble about the feat and reminded the reporters that \"anyone could have made the play\". The glove that he used to make the unassisted triple play is on exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. At the end of the season, after playing just 54 games with the team, Ball was sent down and released to the Portland Beavers. He refused to play for the minor league team and this, coupled with",
"title": "Neal Ball"
},
{
"id": "9906852",
"text": "In 17 games (14 starts), he was 4–6 with 45 strikeouts, 28 walks, one save and a career-worst 5.22 ERA over 79⅓ innings. Eric King (baseball) Eric Steven King (born April 10, 1964) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He may be best known for giving up Ken Griffey, Jr's first career Major League home run. King played for three teams during a career that included parts of seven seasons. Those teams are the Detroit Tigers (1986–1988 and 1992), Chicago White Sox (1989–1990) and Cleveland Indians (1991). King attended Moorpark College near Los Angeles, intending to play",
"title": "Eric King (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "2141333",
"text": "on the same Major League Baseball team. They played their first game together for the Seattle Mariners on August 31, 1990. On September 14, 1990 father and son hit back to back home runs in a game against the California Angels; this is the only time in major league history that this has happened. Griffey's younger son Craig played in the Mariners minor league system and appeared with his brother in the outfield during some Cactus League games. Craig Griffey retired from baseball after failing to make it past Triple-A where he appeared in a handful of games with the",
"title": "Ken Griffey Sr."
},
{
"id": "7062050",
"text": "cash and a player. Baxes played in 77 games for the Indians in 1959 – 48 at second base and 22 at third. He hit .239 for the Tribe and belted 15 home runs. Baxes finished with season and career totals of 17 home runs and a .246 batting average and was selected to the Topps All-Star Rookie Roster. However, it was his only major league season, as he was back in the minor leagues in 1960. After the 1961 campaign, he retired from organized baseball. On April 15, 1959, he hit his first major league home run off future",
"title": "Jim Baxes"
},
{
"id": "15207467",
"text": "Al Papai of the Chicago White Sox, but four days later, on September 20, playing as the A's starting shortstop, he collected his only big league hit, a bunt single off Duke Maas of the Detroit Tigers. Sent to the minor leagues in 1956 for more experience, George never returned to the Majors. His playing career extended through 1963, mostly in the Kansas City system, where he played second base and outfield as well as shortstop and reached double figures in home runs four times in eight seasons. Alex George (baseball) Alex Thomas M. George (born September 27, 1938 at",
"title": "Alex George (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "6380319",
"text": "went 75–87. The Pirates would not have another winning season until 2013; their streak of 20 consecutive losing seasons through 2012 remains an all-time record for major North American professional sports. Barry Bonds and Doug Drabek played their last games for the team, as both departed in free agency that offseason. Bonds went to the San Francisco Giants, where he played for the remainder of his career and eventually set baseball's all-time single season and career home run record with 762. Bonds became eligible for the Hall of Fame in 2013, but has yet to be elected due in part",
"title": "1992 National League Championship Series"
},
{
"id": "8503830",
"text": "Alan Foster (baseball) Alan Benton Foster (born December 8, 1946) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. The right-hander was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2nd round of the 1965 amateur draft. He played for the Dodgers (1967–1970), Cleveland Indians (1971), California Angels (1972), St. Louis Cardinals (1973–1974), and San Diego Padres (1975–1976). Pitching for the Dodgers against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Dodger Stadium on August 6, 1969, Foster surrendered a home run to Pirate left fielder Willie Stargell that cleared the right field pavilion. Stargell's home run, the first to be hit completely out of Dodger Stadium,",
"title": "Alan Foster (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3711115",
"text": "in 1969). He is furthermore the oldest pitcher to start games in the World Series (with the Philadelphia Athletics, in 1929) and on Opening Day (with the Brooklyn Dodgers, in 1931). He was the oldest to hit a home run in the majors, at age 46, until 47-year-old Julio Franco did so in 2006. He was the oldest person to ever play for the Cincinnati Reds, and at the time of his retirement, the eight teams for which he had played also constituted a record, which has since been broken. He was also the last major leaguer who had played",
"title": "Jack Quinn (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "9402724",
"text": "Jake Robbins Phillip Jacob Robbins (born May 23, 1976) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who ended his career in the Chicago White Sox organization. He appeared in only two major league games in for the Cleveland Indians at the age of 28. The only run he gave up was a solo home run by Jacque Jones on September 24 of that year. His earned run average was 5.40. In , he pitched for the White Sox Triple-A affiliate, the Charlotte Knights, in Fort Mill, South Carolina. Robbins was 0-0 in 20 games, with an ERA of 5.11 and",
"title": "Jake Robbins"
},
{
"id": "8047782",
"text": "where he played college baseball for the Cougars in 1952. He finished second in the Rookie of the Year voting in , hitting .293 with 17 home runs and 76 RBI. Those would all prove to be career highs. On April 24, 1957, Bouchee's bases-loaded triple against Bob Friend of the Pittsburgh Pirates allowed pinch runner John Kennedy, the first black player in Phillies' history, to score his only major league run. After the 1957 season was over, Bouchee was arrested for exposing himself to young girls. He pleaded guilty to a series of charges, including indecent exposure. Bouchee was",
"title": "Ed Bouchee"
},
{
"id": "10092690",
"text": "on July 28 for Horacio Piña. Stelly hit his only career major league home run as a member of the Cubs on August 20 off Los Angeles Dodger Don Sutton. Sept 25, 1974 would be his last game in the majors. Prior to spring training , Stelmaszek was dealt to the New York Yankees for Gerry Pirtle and spent the season at AAA Syracuse. He returned to the Rangers' organization in , but again spent the season at AAA (this time with the Tucson Toros). Stelmaszek would spend 1978, his last year playing organized ball, with the Minnesota Twins at",
"title": "Rick Stelmaszek"
},
{
"id": "12274105",
"text": "Charlie Reilly Charles Thomas Reilly (February 15, 1867 – December 16, 1937) was an American professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1889 to 1897 for the Columbus Solons, Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies, and Washington Senators. Reilly was the first of two players to have four hits that included al least one home run (he hit two) in their first major league game. J. P. Arencibia is the only player in the baseball's modern era to equal this feat. Trevor Story of the Colorado Rockies also hit two home runs in his first ever Major League",
"title": "Charlie Reilly"
},
{
"id": "6134173",
"text": "Dolph Camilli Adolph Louis Camilli (April 23, 1907 – October 21, 1997) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who spent most of his career with the Philadelphia Phillies and Brooklyn Dodgers. He was named the National League's Most Valuable Player in after leading the league in home runs and runs batted in as the Dodgers won the pennant for the first time since 1920. He was the ninth NL player to hit 200 career home runs, and held the Dodgers franchise record for career home runs from 1942 to 1953. His son Doug was a major leaguer",
"title": "Dolph Camilli"
},
{
"id": "16306651",
"text": "hit a walk-off home run in the bottom of the 9th inning to give the Tigers a 5–4 victory over the Chicago White Sox. McCann became the first MLB player to hit an inside-the-park home run and two walk-off home runs for his first three career home runs since Tony Piet in 1932. McCann set the modern major league record for the number of consecutive games played at catcher to start a career without an error, surpassing the previous record of 93 set by Frankie Pytlak from 1932 to 1934. McCann finished the 2015 season with no errors in 112",
"title": "James McCann (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "12433011",
"text": "Mitch Lyden Mitchell Scott Lyden (December 14, 1964 in Portland, Oregon), is a retired professional baseball player who played catcher in the Major Leagues in . He would play for the Florida Marlins. On June 16, 1993, he hit a home run in his first major league at bat, against the Chicago Cubs; in fact, on the first pitch. In his 6-game major league career, he hit .300 (3-10) with 1 home run and 1 run batted in. Following his professional baseball career, Mitchell has been a law enforcement officer in Broward County, Florida, as well as a coach for",
"title": "Mitch Lyden"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tom Jordan (baseball) context: States. He spent the entire 1946 campaign in Major League Baseball, starting with the White Sox before being traded to Cleveland for fellow catcher Frankie Hayes on July 5. As a member of the Indians, on August 25, he hit his only MLB home run, a solo shot at Fenway Park off 20-game-winner Boo Ferriss in a 2–1 Boston Red Sox win. During his big-league career, Jordan collected 23 hits in 96 at bats, including four doubles and two triples. A son, Tom Jr., was winning pitcher of the championship game of the 1956 Little League World Series. , Jordan,\n\nWhat baseball player hit the only home run of his 212-year major league career off his own brother?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tommie Aaron context: a player, Tommie Aaron played for the Richmond Braves of the International League in the mid-1960s, where he was International League MVP in 1967. After his playing days, he worked for the organization as a minor league manager (1973–1978) and major league coach (1979–1984). Aaron hit a total of 13 major league home runs, with eight of them coming in his first year of 1962, but along with his brother's then Major League record 755, they hold the Major League record for the most career home runs between two brothers (768). The only other brother of a 500-home run man\n\ntitle Al We context: of regular season home were as visiting player. The only home he ever in stad was World home run Mc Shea. McNally also the pitch Weis two home against, serving up his second career home run on June 18, 1964 , Ultimate Database Al Weis John Weis (born April 2, 138) a former Major League player A light-hitting infielder with only seven career home runs, he is best remembered for dramatic home hit in\ntitle: Rick Fer: hit a home run against his, who later hit a home run pitcherank Johnson marking in league history brothers on oppos had hit same game Fer year a .9 batting with careerhigh7 runs battrell led errors ass andunn caught ste the Redx' seventh-place Fer rankedelfth in voting for1933 League Valu Player Award.1\ntitle Lee (base the on7,39 Williams the in runs son In Lee a,11born February 26, 1934 in Globe, Arizona) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Detroit Tigers (1957–58), Washington Senators (1959–60), Minnesota Twins (1961–62), Los Angeles Angels (1962–65), Houston Astros (1965–66) and Chicago Cubs\n\nWhat baseball player hit the only home run of his 212-year major league career off his own brother?",
"compressed_tokens": 464,
"origin_tokens": 14419,
"ratio": "31.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
123 | What 1921 sporting event took up all of the first 13 pages of The New York Times --except for a little space on the front page devoted to the formal end of World War I? | [
"The July 2nd heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and George Carpenter, the first fight to gross over $1 million in gate receipts. Dempsey won in a fourth-round knockout"
] | The July 2nd heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey and George Carpenter, the first fight to gross over $1 million in gate receipts. Dempsey won in a fourth-round knockout | [
{
"id": "11549421",
"text": "World Chess Championship 1921 The 1921 World Chess Championship was played between José Raúl Capablanca and Emanuel Lasker. It was played in Capablanca's native Havana from March 18 to April 28. Lasker resigned the title in 1920 in a dispute over match conditions, but agreed to take part as challenger in 1921 (partially due to his having lost a lot of money due to the First World War). The championship was set to last for 24 games: the first player to accumulate 12½ points (or win eight games) would be World Champion. If it ended 12-12 the incumbent would retain",
"title": "World Chess Championship 1921"
},
{
"id": "13647068",
"text": "Man o' War Cup The Man o' War Cup is a solid gold trophy that commemorates the winners of the Travers Stakes, held at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga, New York. Winners of the Travers, , affectionately called the \"Mid-Summer Derby\" and the oldest continuously-run grade one stakes race in the United States, have their name inscribed on the original and receive a gold-plated replica of the Cup. The Cup is named after the 1920 winner of the Stakes race, Man o' War, who went on to defeat the famed Sir Barton, the first winner of the American Triple Crown,",
"title": "Man o' War Cup"
},
{
"id": "10050058",
"text": "1921 Wimbledon Championships The 1921 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 20 June until 2 July. It was the 41st staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1921. It was the last Wimbledon Championships held at the original Worple Road location and it was also the last time the challenge round system was used at Wimbledon. From 1922 onward the reigning champion would no longer play a single match, the Challenge Round, against",
"title": "1921 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "18829289",
"text": "Returning to the East coast after six months of recuperation, he beat Pete Hartley twice in Madison Square Garden, and in an historic win he outboxed gifted lightweight contender Benny Valgar in a twelve-round points decision in New York in July 1921. On December 26, 1921, he fought eight rounds with fellow Jewish boxer Joe Tiplitz before an enthusiastic audience at the new Olympia Athletic Club in Philadelphia, losing in a close bout by newspaper decision. Perhaps in his single most historic fight, and one that should have been a lightweight championship bout, he fought reigning World Jr. Lightweight Champion",
"title": "Joe Benjamin (boxer)"
},
{
"id": "1535828",
"text": "mile course in 2:55:10, leading a field of 15. The event was scheduled for the recently established holiday of Patriots' Day, with the race linking the Athenian and American struggles for liberty. The race, which became known as the Boston Marathon, has been held every year since then, even during the World War years, making it the world's oldest annual marathon. In 1924, the starting line was moved from Metcalf's Mill in Ashland to Hopkinton Green and the course was lengthened to to conform to the standard set by the 1908 Summer Olympics and codified by the IAAF in 1921.",
"title": "Boston Marathon"
},
{
"id": "13936669",
"text": "Grey Lag Handicap The Grey Lag Handicap was an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens, New York. Open to horses age three and older, in its final years it was contested on dirt over a distance of one and three-sixteenths miles (9.5 furlongs). Inaugurated on May 10, 1941 at the Jamaica Racetrack, the race was named in honor of 1921 American Horse of the Year and U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Grey Lag. It was last run in 1999 at Aqueduct Racetrack as a Grade III event. Winners of the Grey Lag Handicap include",
"title": "Grey Lag Handicap"
},
{
"id": "16089955",
"text": "1921 Grand National The 1921 Grand National was the 80th renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 18 March 1921. The race was won by Shaun Spadah, a 100/9 bet ridden by Fred Rees and trained by George Poole for owner Malcolm McAlpine. The winner was the only horse to complete the course without falling. In second place was The Bore, who remounted after falling at the second-last fence, having raced alongside the winner since Turkey Buzzard fell at Becher's Brook on the second circuit. All White and Turkey",
"title": "1921 Grand National"
},
{
"id": "4542346",
"text": "New York's storied Ebbets Field. Both boxers weighed in at 116 3/4 pounds. The \"Scranton Republican\" and other sources gave Herman 13 of the 15 rounds, with only the eleventh to Lynch and the second even. Herman's decisive win on points fueled speculation that he had thrown the first fight. Herman forced the fighting, taking the lead from the opening bell using both left and right effectively. At the time, Herman was one of the few fighters ever to regain a lost title. On September 5, 1921, Herman defeated French boxer Charles LeDoux at Louisiana Stadium in New Orleans in",
"title": "Pete Herman"
},
{
"id": "4665197",
"text": "at the par-5 16th hole. Royal Liverpool has a long and distinguished history of golfing firsts. It was originator and host to the inaugural men’s amateur championship in 1885, which became The Amateur Championship. It was host to the first ever international match between Scotland and England in 1902. It hosted the first Home International matches, and the first transatlantic contest between Great Britain & Ireland and the United States in 1921, an event which became the Walker Cup the following year. In fact, it is Royal Liverpool Golf Club's contribution to the amateur game that has set it apart",
"title": "Royal Liverpool Golf Club"
},
{
"id": "18840451",
"text": "Boxing Hall of Fame. Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier Jack Dempsey versus Georges Carpentier was a boxing fight between world heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey and world light-heavyweight champion Georges Carpentier, which was one of the fights named the \"Fight of the Century\". The bout took place in the United States on Saturday, July 2, 1921, at Boyle's Thirty Acres in Jersey City, New Jersey. Jack Dempsey was the world Heavyweight champion since he beat Jess Willard by a fourth round knockout in 1919. The challenge by Carpentier would be his third title defense, after retaining the championship against Billy Miske",
"title": "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier"
},
{
"id": "15877445",
"text": "1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Brian Norton defeated Manuel Alonso 5–7, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Bill Tilden defeated Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1921 Wimbledon Championships. Tilden was the last men's champion at the original Wimbledon location at Worple Road, and was also the last men's champion under the challenge round system. From 1922 onward the reigning champion, like every other player, would have to play from the beginning of the tournament instead of playing a",
"title": "1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles"
},
{
"id": "15877446",
"text": "single Challenge Round match against the winner of the all-comers tournament. 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Brian Norton defeated Manuel Alonso 5–7, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion Bill Tilden defeated Norton 4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5 in the Challenge Round to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1921 Wimbledon Championships. Tilden was the last men's champion at the original Wimbledon location at Worple Road, and was also the last men's champion under the challenge round system. From 1922 onward the reigning champion, like every other player, would have to",
"title": "1921 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles"
},
{
"id": "714240",
"text": "down a weight class to challenge Battling Levinsky for the light heavyweight championship of the world. The fight took place on October 12, 1920, in Jersey City and Levinsky was knocked out in the fourth. Carpentier's attempt at the heavyweight Championship of the world came on July 2, 1921, again in Jersey City, when he faced Jack Dempsey in front of boxing's first million dollar gate (approximately $ today). Carpentier was badly beaten around before suffering a knockout in the second minute of the fourth round. Carpentier never fought again for that title. He lost his world light heavyweight title",
"title": "Georges Carpentier"
},
{
"id": "18407215",
"text": "The Boat Race 1921 The 73rd Boat Race took place on 30 March 1921. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Cambridge, with the heavier crew, went into the race as reigning champions, having won the previous year's race. In total, nine of the participants in this year's race had previous Boat Race experience, and five had won a silver medal in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In this year's race, umpired by former rower Frederick I. Pitman, Cambridge won by one length in a",
"title": "The Boat Race 1921"
},
{
"id": "18840441",
"text": "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier Jack Dempsey versus Georges Carpentier was a boxing fight between world heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey and world light-heavyweight champion Georges Carpentier, which was one of the fights named the \"Fight of the Century\". The bout took place in the United States on Saturday, July 2, 1921, at Boyle's Thirty Acres in Jersey City, New Jersey. Jack Dempsey was the world Heavyweight champion since he beat Jess Willard by a fourth round knockout in 1919. The challenge by Carpentier would be his third title defense, after retaining the championship against Billy Miske and Bill Brennan. Both",
"title": "Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier"
},
{
"id": "3488665",
"text": "start the race in front of Windsor Castle and finish in front of the royal reviewing stand at the White City Stadium. As a result, the distance was 42 km and 195 m. It took until 1921 for the IAAF to codify that distance as the official length of the marathon. Prior to this, races were usually about 25 miles (40 km). At the race itself, Dorando Pietri from Italy was the first to enter the stadium. But Pietri took a wrong turn, collapsed, was helped up on his feet by doctors, wobbled and fell three more times before being",
"title": "Johnny Hayes"
},
{
"id": "18743158",
"text": "mph & 85.025 mph) split by a Dusenberg (88.609 mph). The talented American Ora Haiba in the Works Sunbeam was the only European car to finish and was placed fifth (84.277 mph) winning a purse of $3,000. The Talbot Darracq suffered big-end failure on 41st lap due to jammed oil pump; Rene Thomas held 4th place until lap 144 when water connection broke. The 1921 French Grand Prix de l’A.C.F was the premium international motoring sporting event on the calendar; the 1921 event was the first Grand Prix in seven years, marking the long-awaited return to normality after the Great",
"title": "Grand Prix Sunbeams 1921, 1922 TT"
},
{
"id": "19257602",
"text": "were 72-78-77-89=316, tying for 13th place. He won $18 in prize money. The inexplicable final round 89 ruined a splendid opportunity for Hoffner to post a top-10 or even top-5 finish. In May 1921, Hoffner and his eleven American teammates boarded the RMS \"Aquitania\" at New York and sailed to Southampton from where they traveled by train to Gleneagles at Perthshire, Scotland, where the forerunner to the Ryder Cup, the \"International Challenge\", would be played beginning on June 6, 1921. The American team, captained by Emmett French, did not fare very well in the match as they were beaten soundly",
"title": "Charles Hoffner"
},
{
"id": "2668582",
"text": "1921 in sports 1921 in sports describes the year’s events in world sport. Brazil England Germany Republic of Ireland Men's 100 metres Lithuania Monaco VFL Premiership South Australian Football League West Australian Football League Sweden World Series Major League Baseball Negro League Baseball Events Lineal world champions Grey Cup Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies Tour de France Giro d'Italia World Figure Skating Championships Major tournaments Other tournaments England Australia Canada France Ireland USA Stanley Cup Far Eastern Championship Games Women's World Games The Boat Race England Australia Five Nations Championship Germany Speed Skating World Championships",
"title": "1921 in sports"
},
{
"id": "1459199",
"text": "he won ahead of players such as Akiba Rubinstein, Aron Nimzowitsch and Siegbert Tarrasch. Over the next several years, Capablanca had a strong series of tournament results. After several unsuccessful attempts to arrange a match with the then world champion Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca finally won the title from Lasker in 1921. Capablanca was undefeated for eight years from 10 February 1916 to 21 March 1924, a period which included the world championship match with Lasker. Capablanca lost the title in 1927 to Alexander Alekhine, who had never beaten Capablanca before the match. Following unsuccessful attempts to arrange a return match",
"title": "José Raúl Capablanca"
},
{
"id": "1312350",
"text": "Carpentier was \"the greatest boxer in the world\". The Dempsey–Carpentier contest took place on July 2, 1921, at Boyle's Thirty Acres in Jersey City, New Jersey. It generated the first million-dollar gate in boxing history; a crowd of 91,000 watched the fight. Though it was deemed \"the Fight of the Century\", experts anticipated a one-sided win for Dempsey. Radio pioneer RCA arranged for live coverage of the match via KDKA, making the event the first national radio broadcast. Carpentier wobbled Dempsey with a hard right in the second round. A reporter at ringside, however, counted 25 punches from Dempsey in",
"title": "Jack Dempsey"
},
{
"id": "14803472",
"text": "Miztec (schooner barge) The Miztec was built as a 3-masted schooner in 1890. She was later converted to a schooner barge and served as a consort for lumber hookers on the Great Lakes. She escaped destruction in a severe 1919 storm that sank her longtime companion, the SS \"Myron\", only to sink on the traditional day of bad luck, Friday the 13th, 1921, with the loss of all hands. She came to rest on Lake Superior’s bottom off Whitefish Point near the \"Myron\". The \"Miztec’s\" wreck was illegally salvaged in the 1980s. Artifacts from the \"Miztec\" became the property of",
"title": "Miztec (schooner barge)"
},
{
"id": "11605225",
"text": "move. Capablanca Memorial The Capablanca Memorial is a chess tournament that has been held annually in Cuba since 1962. José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (1888–1942) was a famous Cuban chess master who was World Champion from 1921 to 1927. The Capablanca Memorial (\"in Memoriam\") became at that time the best paid tournament in the world. Che Guevara could cover the costs as director of the National Bank and Minister of Industries. Since 1974 B and C tournaments have been held. The first José Raúl Capablanca Memorial was held 20 April to 20 May 1962 in the Habana Libre hotel in",
"title": "Capablanca Memorial"
},
{
"id": "13936670",
"text": "U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductees Assault, Nashua, Arts and Letters, Stymie, Sword Dancer, and Tom Fool. Grey Lag Handicap The Grey Lag Handicap was an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually at Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens, New York. Open to horses age three and older, in its final years it was contested on dirt over a distance of one and three-sixteenths miles (9.5 furlongs). Inaugurated on May 10, 1941 at the Jamaica Racetrack, the race was named in honor of 1921 American Horse of the Year and U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Grey Lag. It was last run",
"title": "Grey Lag Handicap"
},
{
"id": "906285",
"text": "time to play in a warm-up tournament at Gleneagles (the \"Glasgow Herald\" 1000 Guinea Tournament) prior to the British Open at St. Andrews, two weeks later. The team of 12 was chosen by PGA President George Sargent and PGA Secretary Alec Pirie, with the assistance of USGA Vice-President Robert Gardner. A team of 11 sailed from New York on the on 24 May 1921 together with James Harnett, Harry Hampton deciding at the last minute that he could not travel. The idea for a 12-a-side International Match between the American and Great Britain professionals was reported in \"The Times\" on",
"title": "Ryder Cup"
},
{
"id": "8146558",
"text": "were continued until 1962. On January 15, 1921, at 8 p.m., KDKA broadcast a speech on European relief by Herbert Hoover from the Duquesne Club in Pittsburgh, that was carried ten miles (sixteen kilometers) by a telephone line connection to Westinghouse's East Pittsburgh Works. On July 2, 1921, RCA arranged to broadcast live, over temporary station WJY, the Jack Dempsey - Georges Carpentier heavyweight boxing match in New Jersey, with the company claiming that 300,000 persons listened to the WJY transmission. KDKA participated in the event by providing supplemental coverage west of WJY's range, as a KDKA announcer repeated the",
"title": "KDKA (AM)"
},
{
"id": "1459217",
"text": "soil since 1914. The field was not strong, and Capablanca won with 10½ points out of 11, one point ahead of Kostić. In January 1920, Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca signed an agreement to play a World Championship match in 1921, noting that Capablanca was not free to play in 1920. Because of the delay, Lasker insisted that if he resigned the title, then Capablanca should become World Champion. Lasker had previously included in his agreement before World War I to play Akiba Rubinstein for the title a similar clause that if he resigned the title, it should become Rubinstein's. Lasker",
"title": "José Raúl Capablanca"
},
{
"id": "8833549",
"text": "It currently includes the following championships: Former events: The first world championships took place in 1921, though the only event that was contested was the Men's Road Race for Amateurs. The first professional world championship took place in July 1927 at the Nürburgring in Germany where Italian Alfredo Binda won the professional men's race and Belgian Jean Aerts won the men's amateur race. The women's road race was introduced in 1958. A men's team time trial, contested by national teams, was introduced in 1962. Beginning in 1972, the team time trial was discontinued in Olympic years only. Individual time trials",
"title": "UCI Road World Championships"
},
{
"id": "12559665",
"text": "1921 PGA Championship The 1921 PGA Championship was the fourth PGA Championship, held September 27 to October 1 on Long Island at Inwood Country Club in Inwood, New York. The match play field of 32 consisted of the defending champion and the top qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open. The competition was five rounds of 36-hole matches in a single-elimination tournament. Walter Hagen defeated Jim Barnes, 3 & 2, in the final, for the third of his eleven major titles. Barnes won the first two PGA titles in 1916 and 1919. Defending champion Jock Hutchison lost in the second round",
"title": "1921 PGA Championship"
},
{
"id": "11549422",
"text": "the title. Lasker had won the previous championship, but he resigned it in 1920, meaning that technically he was the challenger and Capablanca the incumbent for this match, even though the two had never met in a title match before. Lasker resigned the match, making Capablanca the new champion. World Chess Championship 1921 The 1921 World Chess Championship was played between José Raúl Capablanca and Emanuel Lasker. It was played in Capablanca's native Havana from March 18 to April 28. Lasker resigned the title in 1920 in a dispute over match conditions, but agreed to take part as challenger in",
"title": "World Chess Championship 1921"
},
{
"id": "11605220",
"text": "Capablanca Memorial The Capablanca Memorial is a chess tournament that has been held annually in Cuba since 1962. José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (1888–1942) was a famous Cuban chess master who was World Champion from 1921 to 1927. The Capablanca Memorial (\"in Memoriam\") became at that time the best paid tournament in the world. Che Guevara could cover the costs as director of the National Bank and Minister of Industries. Since 1974 B and C tournaments have been held. The first José Raúl Capablanca Memorial was held 20 April to 20 May 1962 in the Habana Libre hotel in Havana,",
"title": "Capablanca Memorial"
},
{
"id": "4429738",
"text": "his third trip to the mat, the referee called the bout. By today's rules, the fight would have ended shortly after the second knockdown. A significant portion of the gate proceeds of $75,000 were given to aid war torn France. On June 6, 1921, Leonard defeated future lightweight champion Rocky Kansas in a twelve round world lightweight title match, before a roaring crowd of 28,000 at a baseball park in Harrison, New Jersey, winning by newspaper decision. The title would have gone to Kansas if he had scored a knockout before the end of the match. The \"Sheboygan Press\" gave",
"title": "Benny Leonard"
},
{
"id": "1456780",
"text": "he lost by a knockout in 17 to former World Bantamweight Champion Pete Herman, who outweighed him by more than a stone (14 pounds), in 1921. The bout was originally scheduled as a title defence, but Herman had lost his championship to Lynch the month before. Herman easily regained the Bantamweight title from Lynch in July 1921, leading some to suspect that he had left the title behind with Lynch in America intentionally. That was the fight that marked his return to Britain after touring the United States all of 1920. After a win over Young Jennings, he announced his",
"title": "Jimmy Wilde"
},
{
"id": "12750400",
"text": "Bordeaux, and is regarded as the forerunner of \"Critérium des As\". The paced event was won by Louis Mottiat of Belgium, in 56 hours and 48 minutes. In 1921 the best riders of the season were invited to enter the \"Critérium des As\", 27 laps of a 3.63 km circuit around Longchamp. They rode alone except for pacers who helped on occasional laps, not being fast enough to last longer. Crowds of up to 6,000 watched in the years before the World War II. The individual pacers were replaced by tandems, triplets, motorcycles and finally specialist Derny lightweight motorcycles in",
"title": "Critérium des As"
},
{
"id": "13293048",
"text": "George Hackenschmidt's victory in two straight falls at the Garden over Tom Jenkins on May 4, 1905. Joe Stecher regained the championship from Earl Caddock at the venue on January 30, 1920, the earliest American professional wrestling match to survive on film. The venue also hosted the next two title changes, Ed \"Strangler\" Lewis' victory over Stecher on December 13, 1920, and his subsequent loss of the championship to Stanislaus Zbyszko on May 6, 1921. From 1899 until its demolition, Madison Square Garden hosted the Six Days of New York, an annual six-day racing event of track cycling. Despite its",
"title": "Madison Square Garden (1890)"
},
{
"id": "12750399",
"text": "Critérium des As The Critérium des As (Race of the Aces) was a cycle race that was generally held at the end of the season, with entry by invitation only, for the leading riders of the season. Competitors rode behind pacers on tandems or motorcycles. It was held from 1921 until 1990, mostly in Paris, France but also in Switzerland and Holland. The last Critérium des As was held in 1990 and was replaced by the Roue d'Or des As the following year. In 1920 the \"Critérium de la résistance\" was run from Bordeaux to Paris (Longchamp) and back to",
"title": "Critérium des As"
},
{
"id": "10035994",
"text": "World Fencing Championships The World Fencing Championships is an annual competition in fencing organized by the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime or FIE, (\"International Fencing Federation\" in English). The world championships are, after the Olympic Games, the most prominent international competition in the sport of fencing. Contestants may participate in foil, épée, and sabre events. The FIE first organized an international fencing championship in Paris in 1921. The competition in its early years was named the European Championships (\"Championnats d'Europe\") and the initial participants were members of the fencing federations of the FIE. In 1921, the only event was men's épée individual.",
"title": "World Fencing Championships"
},
{
"id": "1964817",
"text": "in a match race against Sir Barton, who had won what would later be known as the American Triple Crown in 1919. Man o' War won easily by seven lengths in the first horserace to be filmed in its entirety. Riddle originally intended to race Man o' War in 1921 but decided against it because Man o' War would have been assigned record weights in the handicap format used in almost all races for older horses. Instead, Man o' War was retired to stud, where he became a leading sire whose multiple champions included Triple Crown winner War Admiral. He",
"title": "Man o' War"
},
{
"id": "2227777",
"text": "War I and the amount of damage it did to France, the Grand Prix was not brought back until 1921, and that race was won by American Jimmy Murphy with a Duesenberg at the Sarthe circuit on Le Mans, which was the now legendary circuit's first year of operation. Bugatti made its debut at the 1922 race at an 8.3mile (13km) off-public road circuit near Strasbourg near the French-German border – which was very close to Bugatti's headquarters in Molsheim. It rained, and the muddy circuit was in a dreadful condition. This race became a duel between Bugatti and Fiat",
"title": "French Grand Prix"
},
{
"id": "15874872",
"text": "enlisted in the Australian Army in 1915, which forced the club to disband. Enrolled as a private in the 44 Infantry Battalion, he served in the European theatre, also participating in the October 1916 \"Pioneer Exhibition Game\", an exhibition match in benefit of the war organised by Frank Beaurepaire. Resuming his league career with Perth in 1919, Hoft finished equal on votes with 's Tom Outridge in the inaugural Sandover Medal count in 1921. Under the rules in place at the time, the WAFL president had the deciding vote, which he gave to Outridge. In 1997, Hoft, along with other",
"title": "Cyril Hoft"
},
{
"id": "15774952",
"text": "only universally recognized form of a world championship until July 2, 1921, when Jack Dempsey became the inaugural NBA Heavyweight Champion. The growing popularity of boxing led to a birth of various regional sanctioning organizations, with each recognizing their own champion. The major governing bodies were the National Boxing Association, formed in 1921, the New York State Athletic Commission, found after the Walker Law legalized prizefighting in New York in 1920, and the International Boxing Union, created in 1911 in Paris in attepmt create a unified international governing body for professional boxing. Both NBA and NYSAC made then-lineal champion Jack",
"title": "Heavyweight boxing championship records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "2432977",
"text": "The Long Count Fight The Long Count Fight, or the Battle of the Long Count, was a professional boxing rematch between world heavyweight champion Gene Tunney and former champion Jack Dempsey. It took place on September 22, 1927, at Soldier Field in Chicago. \"Long Count\" is applied to the fight because when Tunney was down the count was delayed due to Dempsey's failure to go to and remain in a neutral corner. Whether this \"long count\" actually affected the outcome remains a subject of debate. Just 364 days before, on September 23, 1926, Tunney had beaten Dempsey by a ten",
"title": "The Long Count Fight"
},
{
"id": "724235",
"text": "1905 opening of the new Belmont Park, racetrack in Elmont, New York on Long Island, just outside the New York City borough of Queens. When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State, Belmont Racetrack was closed, and the race was cancelled in 1911 and 1912. The first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton, in 1919, before the series was recognized as such. In 1920, the Belmont was won by the great Man o' War, who won by 20 lengths, setting a new stakes and American record. Starting in 1926, the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been",
"title": "Belmont Stakes"
},
{
"id": "14785316",
"text": "younger brother Brian in 2004. The Army Black Knights have a long-standing rivalry with the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Paladins. It is considered one of the longest-running annual international sporting events in the world. The tradition originated when the commandant of RMC, Sir Archibald McDonnell, and the superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy, Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur, suggested a game of ice hockey between the two schools in 1921. After two years of exchanging ideas, the first game was played on February 23, 1923 at West Point. The Redmen won that first game 3–0. In 1924 the series",
"title": "Army Black Knights men's ice hockey"
},
{
"id": "14803482",
"text": "pictures and leave nothing but bubbles.\" Miztec (schooner barge) The Miztec was built as a 3-masted schooner in 1890. She was later converted to a schooner barge and served as a consort for lumber hookers on the Great Lakes. She escaped destruction in a severe 1919 storm that sank her longtime companion, the SS \"Myron\", only to sink on the traditional day of bad luck, Friday the 13th, 1921, with the loss of all hands. She came to rest on Lake Superior’s bottom off Whitefish Point near the \"Myron\". The \"Miztec’s\" wreck was illegally salvaged in the 1980s. Artifacts from",
"title": "Miztec (schooner barge)"
},
{
"id": "13647072",
"text": "of the winner. That blanket is red in color outlined with a fringe of white carnation and a large \"T\" also in white. Man o' War Cup The Man o' War Cup is a solid gold trophy that commemorates the winners of the Travers Stakes, held at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga, New York. Winners of the Travers, , affectionately called the \"Mid-Summer Derby\" and the oldest continuously-run grade one stakes race in the United States, have their name inscribed on the original and receive a gold-plated replica of the Cup. The Cup is named after the 1920 winner of",
"title": "Man o' War Cup"
},
{
"id": "4181033",
"text": "the second leg in the American 4 × 400 m relay team, which won the gold medal with a new world record of 3.16.0. Helffrich was the only runner to defeat Paavo Nurmi when the Finn toured the United States in 1925, scoring a victory in the half-mile run at the Yankee Stadium. He ended Nurmi's 121-race win streak that had started in 1921. After his running career, Helffrich officiated at athletics meets in New York City from 1930 to 1955 and served, until his death at age 93, as president of the New York Chapter of the United States",
"title": "Alan Helffrich"
},
{
"id": "7475387",
"text": "Marathons became an annual event in London following the 1908 Olympics. The Polytechnic Marathon was held each year until 1996. \"Il sogno del maratoneta\" is an Italian book and TV movie about Pietri's run. Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon The men's marathon race of the 1908 Summer Olympics took place in London on 24 July 1908. Johnny Hayes won after Dorando Pietri was disqualified for having received assistance before the finish line. For the first time in an Olympic marathon, the distance was , which would become the standard distance in 1921. 75 competitors entered the",
"title": "Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon"
},
{
"id": "60982",
"text": "of master tournaments and matches held annually quickly grew. Some sources state that in 1914 the title of chess Grandmaster was first formally conferred by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia to Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch, and Marshall, but this is a disputed claim. The tradition of awarding such titles was continued by the World Chess Federation (FIDE), founded in 1924 in Paris. In 1927, the Women's World Chess Championship was established; the first to hold the title was Czech-English master Vera Menchik. It took a prodigy from Cuba, José Raúl Capablanca (World Champion 1921–1927), who loved simple positions and endgames,",
"title": "Chess"
},
{
"id": "3235038",
"text": "her career, Suzanne Lenglen lost only 7 matches: During this period, Lenglen's only defeat in singles (not counting pre-match withdrawals) occurred in an unscheduled appearance at the 1921 US Championships. To raise reconstruction funds for the regions of France that had been devastated by the battles of World War I, she went to the United States to play several exhibition matches against the Norwegian-born US champion, Molla Bjurstedt Mallory. Lenglen arrived in New York City the day before the tournament after a stormy and delayed sea voyage, during which she was ill the whole time. Upon arrival, Lenglen learned that,",
"title": "Suzanne Lenglen"
},
{
"id": "15568406",
"text": "at the working-class market which campaigned on behalf of labor unions and the right of women to vote. In 1917 Day became a pilot in the United States Navy and when discharged at the end of World War I he returned to New York, working as a sports reporter for \"The Morning Telegraph\". He later became the editor of the \"New York World\". In 1921, Day was invited by the unofficial Soviet representative in New York, Ludwig Martens, to accompany him on his deportation from the U.S. to the Soviet Union and to report on events there. When he arrived",
"title": "Donald S. Day"
},
{
"id": "17048775",
"text": "years and the City and Suburban is currently not a graded stakes race. In 1916 during World War I, turf activities at Epsom were curtailed and many of the spring races were run elsewhere. The equivalent of the City and Suburban, dubbed the \"Suburban\" Handicap was run at Lingfield Park in June and was won by Lord Carnarvon's colt Julian. The race was not held in 1917 and 1918 due to the war and was canceled in 1921 due to concerns over petrol and coal availability. At the onset of World War II, the racing meetings at Epsom Downs were",
"title": "City and Suburban Handicap"
},
{
"id": "12750401",
"text": "1947. René de Latour, a journalist who organised the race in 1943, when the inside of the circuit included flak guns to defend the Renault factory in Boulogne-Billancourt, said: The most prolific winner was Rik Van Steenbergen of Belgium, with five wins. The race was held at: Critérium des As The Critérium des As (Race of the Aces) was a cycle race that was generally held at the end of the season, with entry by invitation only, for the leading riders of the season. Competitors rode behind pacers on tandems or motorcycles. It was held from 1921 until 1990, mostly",
"title": "Critérium des As"
},
{
"id": "1594684",
"text": "\"Miss America.\" On September 8, 1921, 100,000 people gathered at the Boardwalk to watch the contestants from Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Ocean City, Camden, Newark, New York, and Philadelphia. The 16-year-old winner from Washington, D.C., Margaret Gorman, was crowned the \"Golden Mermaid\" and won $100. The pageant continued consistently over the next eight decades except for the years 1928–1932, when it was temporarily shut down due to financial problems associated with the Great Depression and suggestions that it promoted \"loose morals.\" With its revival in 1933, 15-year-old Marian Bergeron won, prompting future contestants to be between the ages of 18",
"title": "Miss America"
},
{
"id": "10923713",
"text": "by 8 lengths, Mad Hatter went on to Pimlico Race Course in November in the Pimlico Autumn Handicap, beating Sir Barton, who placed a distant third, twelve lengths behind him. In his next race, the Saratoga Handicap, again against Sir Barton and Exterminator, he got into a speed duel with The Porter and placed last. In 1921, Mad Hatter won the Jockey Club Gold Cup and the Metropolitan Handicap and was named U.S. Champion Older Male Horse. Mad Hatter continued to win graded stakes races as a campaigner with a repeat win of the Jockey Club Gold Cup in 1922,",
"title": "Mad Hatter (horse)"
},
{
"id": "10066150",
"text": "opponent who became sluggish, and was unable to mount the offensive he had shown in their bout the previous July. By one account, Leonard managed to land three blows for every one of Tendler's, demonstrating his speed and mastery of tactics. With the huge crowd, Leonard's take home pay exceeded $130,000, an extraordinary sum for the era. Tendler first defeated Sailor Friedman, a highly rated lightweight, on December 16, 1921, in an eight round newspaper decision at New York's Madison Square Garden. Tendler floored Friedman four times in the second round in the Garden. Friedman came back hard in the",
"title": "Lew Tendler"
},
{
"id": "2432988",
"text": "International Boxing Hall of Fame. The Long Count Fight The Long Count Fight, or the Battle of the Long Count, was a professional boxing rematch between world heavyweight champion Gene Tunney and former champion Jack Dempsey. It took place on September 22, 1927, at Soldier Field in Chicago. \"Long Count\" is applied to the fight because when Tunney was down the count was delayed due to Dempsey's failure to go to and remain in a neutral corner. Whether this \"long count\" actually affected the outcome remains a subject of debate. Just 364 days before, on September 23, 1926, Tunney had",
"title": "The Long Count Fight"
},
{
"id": "3115961",
"text": "between Jack Johnson and Jess Willard. As he arrived, he posed for a newsreel cameraman. In the brief film clip, he doffs his hat, smiles for the camera, and dons his hat. Later that day, in the official film of the fight, Masterson can be seen as one of the seconds for Jess Willard, climbing through the ropes just prior to the fight. On July 2, 1921, Masterson attended his last heavyweight championship fight, the so-called \"Million Dollar Gate\", promoted by George \"Tex\" Rickard, in which Jack Dempsey defended (and retained) his title of heavyweight champion of the world. Three",
"title": "Bat Masterson"
},
{
"id": "7039897",
"text": "could be put to the test. Clapham asked for permission to stage a 56-mile race between Pietermaritzburg and Durban under the name of the Comrades Marathon, and for it to become a living memorial to the spirit of the soldiers of the Great War. Permission was at first refused but was eventually granted. The first Comrades Marathon took place on 24 May 1921, Empire Day, starting outside the City Hall in Pietermaritzburg with 34 runners. It has been run every year since then, except for the years 1941-1945 during the Second World War. The constitution of the race today states",
"title": "Vic Clapham"
},
{
"id": "7594816",
"text": "the poem \"In Flanders Fields\" as a salute to those who perished in the Great War. Published in \"Punch\" on 8 December 1915, it is still recited today, especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day. National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I. The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921, when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people. The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to",
"title": "World War I"
},
{
"id": "12472994",
"text": "Games in Antwerp as a reserve. He waited until the complete team had arrived at the ferry port in Harwich, then rode the Anerley 12-hour to finish second to Maurice Selbach. His best year was 1921, the year of the first cycling world road race championship. Davey was 34. Britain ran the world championship in 1922, again run as a time trial, in Shropshire. The winner was Dave Marsh of Britain. Davey came third and Britain won a gold medal as best team. Davey turned professional the following year for the New Hudson bicycle company. He beat the Land's End",
"title": "Charlie Davey (cyclist)"
},
{
"id": "6348970",
"text": "Congress. This series of nine tournaments, staged at irregular intervals between 1857 and 1923, was the forerunner to the modern United States Chess Championship tournament series. Whitaker finished with 8/11, only half a point behind winner Janowski, and ahead of Marshall, both of whom he defeated head-to-head. This was arguably his peak lifetime performance. Whitaker was then scheduled to play a match against Marshall for the U.S. Chess Championship, but did not show up. He had been arrested and criminally charged in November 1921 (see below), and this was the likely reason for cancellation of the match. Whitaker was a",
"title": "Norman T. Whitaker"
},
{
"id": "18743163",
"text": "Coatalen to offer Segrave a position in the Sunbeam Works team, which soon took him to extraordinary fame, success and knighthood. The race was predominantly a struggle between the Ballot and the Dusenberg: Jimmy Murphy who was injured in practice and was nursing fractured ribs throughout the race, winning in the latter for the USA – the first such win and the last for 46 years. Ballot took the other podium places with S.T.D. best at fifth place. The four cars were repatriated to Wolverhampton England; the two Talbot were fitted with Sunbeam radiators and entered at the 1921 September",
"title": "Grand Prix Sunbeams 1921, 1922 TT"
},
{
"id": "13185416",
"text": "W&J's team captain, Russ Stein, was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1991. The Red and Black finished the season with a share (along with California and Lafayette) of the 1921 national championship, as retroactively determined in 1930 by the Boand System, recognized as a \"major selector\" by the NCAA. One of the best games in W&J football history came on November 4, 1922 against the Lafayette Maroons in front of 50,000 spectators at the Polo Grounds in New York City. The Red and Black were down 13-0 at halftime before a Pruner West-sparked comeback won the",
"title": "Washington & Jefferson Presidents football"
},
{
"id": "19310029",
"text": "fall of 1921 when they broadcast the first live radio broadcast of a college football game. On October 8, Arlin, from the same box seat at Forbes Field used to broadcast the Pirates vs. Phillies game two months earlier, provided play-by-play to listeners at home of the Backyard Brawl rivalry game between the University of Pittsburgh Panthers and the West Virginia University Mountaineers. Pittsburgh won the game 21–13, after West Virginia's George Hill returned a kick-off for a touchdown on the final play of the game. On September 14, 1923, heavyweights Jack Dempsey and Luis Ángel Firpo fought for the",
"title": "Harold Arlin"
},
{
"id": "5503946",
"text": "old Norman Brookes, who was defending champion (Brookes' 1914 title was the last held before World War 1) in the Challenge Round. At Wimbledon 1922, the Challenge Round was abolished and Patterson won the title (the first to be held at the current site at Church Road) beating Randolph Lycett in the final. In 1927, Patterson was five championship points down in the Australian singles final against Jack Hawkes, but won in five sets. Patterson was known as the \"Human Catapult\" for his powerful serve that many of the top players had trouble returning. He also enjoyed great success representing",
"title": "Gerald Patterson"
},
{
"id": "13293029",
"text": "& Argentina Rocca main event led to a race riot involving the largely Italian and Puerto Rican fans of Carpentier and Rocca. After the riot, New York City nearly banned professional wrestling and children under the age of 14 were prohibited from attending. From 1925 until 1961, Madison Square Garden hosted the Six Days of New York, an annual six-day racing event of track cycling. Upon its final running, it was the longest-running six days in the world with 73 editions. While the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus had debuted at the second Garden in 1919, the third",
"title": "Madison Square Garden (1925)"
},
{
"id": "15065137",
"text": "argued that d4 was the only rational way to open a game, while the Sicilian and French Defense were the only rational responses to 1. e4. Players such as Frank Marshall and Jose Raul Capablanca (who took the world championship from Lasker in 1921), formerly known as tactical players and users of e4 openings, began switching their repertoires to queen side pawn openings and a more positional style of play in the 1920s. In 1927, Alexander Alekhine challenged Capablanca for the world championship. The match, lasting 34 games, was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina and achieved infamy for its overuse",
"title": "School of chess"
},
{
"id": "12103030",
"text": "1921 U.S. Open (golf) The 1921 U.S. Open was the 25th U.S. Open, held July 21–22 at Columbia Country Club in Chevy Chase, Maryland, a suburb northwest of Washington, D.C.. Jim Barnes won his only U.S. Open, nine strokes ahead of runners-up Walter Hagen and Fred McLeod, both former champions. It was the third of Barnes' four major championships. Barnes shot an opening round 69 on Thursday morning and led wire-to-wire; he led McLeod by four after the second round, and by seven through 54 holes. President Warren G. Harding was in attendance for the final round on Friday afternoon",
"title": "1921 U.S. Open (golf)"
},
{
"id": "2668583",
"text": "Australia England France USA Davis Cup Awarded retrospectively by the SANFL in 1998. By Westar Rules in 1997. 1921 in sports 1921 in sports describes the year’s events in world sport. Brazil England Germany Republic of Ireland Men's 100 metres Lithuania Monaco VFL Premiership South Australian Football League West Australian Football League Sweden World Series Major League Baseball Negro League Baseball Events Lineal world champions Grey Cup Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies Tour de France Giro d'Italia World Figure Skating Championships Major tournaments Other tournaments England Australia Canada France Ireland USA Stanley Cup Far Eastern",
"title": "1921 in sports"
},
{
"id": "4324340",
"text": "and The Amateur Championship (British Amateur). Pebble Beach Golf Links opens as the Del Monte G.L. in Pebble Beach, California. 1920 The USGA founds its famed Green Section to conduct research on turfgrass. The first practice range is opened in Pinehurst, North Carolina. \"The Professional Golfer of America\" is first published which, today known as \"PGA Magazine\", is the oldest continually-published golf magazine in the United States. A golf tournament is scheduled for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp but it is ultimately cancelled. 1921 The R & A limits the size and weight of the ball. 1922 Walter Hagen",
"title": "Timeline of golf history (1851–1945)"
},
{
"id": "10034089",
"text": "spectators. The concrete track, was reduced from 333 to 300 metres. The original velodrome was demolished during World War I and the land used for an aeroplane factory. Le Stade Buffalo was near Paris, at Montrouge. It opened on 24 September 1922 and was demolished in 1957. It could accommodate 30,000 spectators for football matches and 40,000 for boxing matches. It housed a concrete cycling track. It continued to occasionally host the Bol d'Or cycle race. This stadium hosted three international football matches: on 13 January 1924 France beat Belgium 2-0 in front of 27,000 spectators; on 21 February 1921",
"title": "Vélodrome Buffalo and Stade Buffalo"
},
{
"id": "4542347",
"text": "a tenth-round newspaper decision. According to more than one source, Herman had a shade better of the no-decision bout, particularly among the local sportswriters. He lost the World Bantamweight Championship for the second time on September 23, 1921 when he was outpointed by Johnny Buff in a fifteen-round title match at Madison Square Garden. Buff took ten rounds employing lightning speed, with only four rounds for his opponent. Herman put Buff on the canvas only once very briefly in the fourth round with a right to the jaw. For most of the bout, Herman had trouble using his often powerful",
"title": "Pete Herman"
},
{
"id": "4341924",
"text": "A HR would tie the game, and a hit or a walk would give the Yankees a chance. But Ruth grounded out, and shortly afterwards infielder Aaron Ward would make the final out of the Series, giving the Giants their first world championship since Christy Mathewson's record three complete shutouts in 1905. 1921 World Series (5–3): New York Giants (N.L.) over New York Yankees (A.L.) 1921 World Series The much-anticipated 1921 World Series featured John McGraw's New York Giants, dedicated practitioners of the dead-ball era's \"inside game\", and the New York Yankees, who relied on the \"power game\" exemplified by",
"title": "1921 World Series"
},
{
"id": "12314401",
"text": "Boyle's Thirty Acres Boyle's Thirty Acres was a large wooden bowl arena in Jersey City, New Jersey. It was built specifically for the world heavyweight championship bout between Jack Dempsey of the United States and Georges Carpentier of France on July 2, 1921. It held approximately 80,000 fans and was built at a cost of $250,000. It was situated around Montgomery Street and Cornelison Avenue, on a plot of marshland owned by John F. Boyle. Tex Rickard, the promoter of the bout, initially wanted the fight to take place at the Polo Grounds in New York City. However, Nathan Lewis",
"title": "Boyle's Thirty Acres"
},
{
"id": "12463972",
"text": "become a U.S. citizen and was credited as being the Open's first American champion. \"The Times\" reported under the headline \"Cup Goes to U.S.A.\" that \"our Open Championship goes for the first time in its history to America.\" The following year, Hagen became the first U.S.-born winner. Bobby Jones, 19, played at St Andrews and the Open for the first time, and was the low amateur after 36 holes. He withdrew in the third round after taking four shots to get out of a bunker at the 11th. \"Thursday, 23 June 1921 (morning)\" \"Thursday, 23 June 1921 (afternoon)\" \"Friday, 24",
"title": "1921 Open Championship"
},
{
"id": "12469069",
"text": "Park, the horse struck a rock on the track, tearing the ligaments loose in his off front leg. He did not race again until he was five years old. In this last season he ran under the colors of Harry Sinclair. Beginning in July 1921, he appeared at the Empire City track in a sprint race, causing a sensation among racing fans. He won that race and the one after, but on his way to Saratoga, New York to continue that year's campaign, once again ill luck struck. On the train he wrenched one of his hind legs, ending his",
"title": "Purchase (horse)"
},
{
"id": "6348969",
"text": "was actually the second match between the two: Showalter had dominated their contest in 1916 by +6 -1 =0. In 1920, Whitaker represented Washington, D.C. against Chicago in what is believed to have been the first American shortwave radio long-distance chess match. He faced the very experienced master Edward Lasker. A pre-arranged time limit of three hours for the game found it still unfinished after 25 moves, with Whitaker having a slight advantage, and Capablanca adjudicated the position as a win for Whitaker. In 1921, at Atlantic City, he placed clear second, and top American, in the Eighth American Chess",
"title": "Norman T. Whitaker"
},
{
"id": "20806098",
"text": "with the \"Post-Intelligencer\", beginning in July 1921. KFC received its first formal broadcasting license in December 1921. However, the station's history dated back to a series of broadcasts begun the previous summer as a joint effort by the Northern Radio & Electric Company and the \"Post-Intelligencer\" newspaper. In the early 1920s radio broadcasting began to gain popularity, as the development of vacuum-tube transmitters made audio transmissions practical. In June 1921 the \"Post-Intelligencer\" developed a plan to broadcast round-by-round results of the July 2, 1921 \"Fight of the Century\" heavyweight boxing match between Jack Dempsey and Carpentier being held in New",
"title": "KFC (defunct radio station)"
},
{
"id": "17675367",
"text": "Giro del Lazio. The first big race of Avanzo's career was the 1920 Giro del Lazio. She won her class, despite having to replace an errant wheel during the event. In 1920, she entered the Targa Florio in a Buick, but she did not finish and had to retire during her third lap. 1921 was an eventful year for Avanzo. She won the women's cup at the Brescia \"Motor Sport Week\", and in July she was driving a twelve-cylinder Packard which she took to a sand race meeting on the beaches of the island of Fanø, in Denmark, when the",
"title": "Maria Antonietta Avanzo"
},
{
"id": "9816720",
"text": "and \"Little Bill\" Johnston made their debut for the United States, and would not lose a rubber the entire tournament. In the challenge round, they reclaimed the cup from Australasia. The final, in honor of Anthony Wilding, was played at the Domain Cricket Club in Auckland, New Zealand on 30 December - 1 January 1921. Netherlands competed for the first time. 1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge The 1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge, more commonly known as the Davis Cup, was the 15th edition of the major international team event in men's tennis. Six nations competed for the right to challenge",
"title": "1920 International Lawn Tennis Challenge"
},
{
"id": "16170964",
"text": "Hudson County, who supported the bill declared that, \"boxing could not be considered a brutal sport in these days of war, but that on the contrary it was useful for young men.\" Many attempts were made by anti-boxing and religious groups, to no avail, to halt the Jack Dempsey-Georges Carpentier world heavyweight championship fight at Boyle's Thirty Acres on July 2, 1921 and to arrest the participants, based on the fact that the New Jersey Crimes Act was technically still in effect. The conditions required for boxing exhibitions to be permitted under the law were as follows: In April 1920,",
"title": "Hurley Boxing Law"
},
{
"id": "6596093",
"text": "in the First World War. Caddock was discharged from the Army on June 1, 1919 and he returned to his career in wrestling. The World Heavyweight Championship had changed hands a few times while he was at war and was once again held by Joe Stecher. A match between the two was immediately set. On January 30, 1920 fans packed Madison Square Garden to see Stecher defeat Caddock. This match was filmed by pioneer cinematographer Freeman Harrison Owens, and is currently the oldest surviving filming of a professional wrestling match. Caddock's career continued successfully for the next few years but",
"title": "Earl Caddock"
},
{
"id": "2729677",
"text": "practice. Several eminent players have, however, held to the opinion that it is quite trustworthy.\" The Sicilian continued to be shunned by most leading players at the start of the twentieth century, as 1...e5 held centre stage. Capablanca, World Champion from 1921 to 1927, famously denounced it as an opening where \"Black's game is full of holes\". Similarly, James Mason wrote, \"Fairly tried and found wanting, the Sicilian has now scarcely any standing as a first-class defence. ... [It] is too defensive. There are too many holes created in the Pawn line. Command of the field, especially in the centre,",
"title": "Sicilian Defence"
},
{
"id": "11149541",
"text": "estimated that some 13,200 remained to be repatriated in the five or six remaining transports, which included \"America\". Ultimately, and \"America\" reached Trieste on 8 August, disembarking their contingents of Czechs without incident. For \"America\", further service awaited with the United States Lines. Reconditioned to resume her place in the transatlantic passenger trade, she commenced her maiden voyage as an American passenger liner on 22 June 1921, sailing for Bremen, Germany, with stops at Plymouth, England, and Cherbourg, France, en route. For the next eleven years, \"America\" plied the Atlantic, ranking third only in size to the United States Lines'",
"title": "USS America (ID-3006)"
},
{
"id": "5202011",
"text": "to a much younger German mathematician Emanuel Lasker, who maintained this title for 27 years, the longest tenure of all World Champions. It took a prodigy from Cuba, José Raúl Capablanca (World champion 1921–27), who loved simple positions and endgames, to end the German-speaking dominance in chess; he was undefeated in tournament play for eight years until 1924. His successor was Russian-French Alexander Alekhine, a strong attacking player, who died as the World champion in 1946, having briefly lost the title to Dutch player Max Euwe in 1935, regaining it two years later. Between the world wars, chess was revolutionized",
"title": "History of chess"
},
{
"id": "15774953",
"text": "Dempsey their inaugural champion on July 2, 1921, and July 24, 1922, respectively. The growing popularity of boxing outside of the USA led to creation of various boxing organizations, each strengthening their influence (most notably BBBofC) and having their own champion. This resulted in a growing number of boxers claiming to be legitimate champions. The disruption in boxing was solved after the World War II when the World Championship Committee (WCC) was created with NBA as its unanimous authority. The committee, however, was disbanded in 1955 when NBA, along with its new members (which included the Orient, Mexican and South",
"title": "Heavyweight boxing championship records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "9823651",
"text": "1921 International Lawn Tennis Challenge The 1921 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 16th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. In the playoff finals, newcomers Japan surprised Australasia, 4-1, but would fall to defending champions the United States in the challenge round. The final was played at the West Side Tennis Club in New York City, United States on 2–5 September. The tournament saw a boom in entries, with a record 12 teams entering to challenge for the cup. Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, India, Japan, the Philippines, and Spain all entered the tournament for the first time,",
"title": "1921 International Lawn Tennis Challenge"
},
{
"id": "6548523",
"text": "its present location and in 1776 Colonel Anthony St. Leger founded a race in which five horses ran. This race has remained in existence and become the world's oldest classic horse race. During the first world war the racecourse was used for military purposes and substitute races were run at Newmarket from 1915 to 1918. Doncaster has the distinction of both starting and ending the flat season on turf. Every September, Doncaster hosts the prestigious four-day William Hill St. Leger Festival, which is acclaimed as the premier sporting occasion of the Autumn calendar. Doncaster has also taken over events whose",
"title": "Doncaster Racecourse"
},
{
"id": "941173",
"text": "to an 18-year-old Creole contestant at a pageant in Spa, Belgium. All participants had to supply a photograph and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel. Such events were not regarded as respectable. Beauty contests came to be considered more respectable with the first modern \"Miss America\" contest held in 1921. The oldest pageant still in operation today is the Miss America pageant, which was organized in 1921 by a local businessman as a means to entice tourists to Atlantic City, New Jersey. The pageant",
"title": "Beauty pageant"
},
{
"id": "1459257",
"text": "of draws. At the 1939 Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires, Capablanca took the medal for best performance on a country's first board. Here are Capablanca's results in matches. The first \"Score\" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second \"Score\" column, \"+\" indicates the number of won games, \"−\" the number of losses, and \"=\" the number of draws. José Raúl Capablanca José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. A chess prodigy, he is considered by",
"title": "José Raúl Capablanca"
},
{
"id": "8047479",
"text": "in 1915, he and his brother David joined the New Zealand Cycling Corps and served in Egypt, France and Belgium. Shewry’s war service was recognised with the Military Medal for bravery, which he received for saving an officer's life while under fire. Tragically, though, his brother David died from injuries received in France in 1917. Ned was twice wounded in battle, but when he returned home he was a fit man keen to return to the woodchopping arena. In 1921, Shewry won the world championship 24-inch (45 cm) chop at Gisborne, and smashed the Australasian record for the 12-inch (30",
"title": "John Edward (Ned) Shewry"
},
{
"id": "14203969",
"text": "mark the turning point in the First Battle of Ypres in 1914. One of the early commemorations of Ypres Day, on 31 October 1921, saw a group of 800 pilgrims organised by the League travelling to Ypres. The tenth anniversary of the League was marked in 1930 by a parade that included Princess Beatrice laying a wreath at the Cenotaph. The wreath-laying at the Cenotaph by Princess Beatrice was repeated in 1935 to mark the League's 15th anniversary. The League's publications included a quarterly newsletter, \"The Ypres Times\" (first published in October 1921, and still being published as late as",
"title": "The Ypres League"
},
{
"id": "6482232",
"text": "set up direct from Columbia, Missouri. A group of people then would announce the results of the previous play and used a large model of a football playing field to show the results. Those in attendance cheered as though they were watching the game live, including the school's legendary \"Rock Chalk, Jayhawk\" cheer. The first voice broadcast of a sporting event took place on 11 April 1921 when Westinghouse station KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania broadcast a 10-round, no decision boxing match between Johnny Dundee and Johnny Ray at Pittsburgh's Motor Square Garden. Prior to that, an experimental telegraph broadcast of",
"title": "Broadcasting of sports events"
},
{
"id": "3343247",
"text": "Jack Dempsey vs. Luis Ángel Firpo The Jack Dempsey versus Luis Ángel Firpo fight was a historic boxing fight: It was the first time that a Latin American fighter would challenge for the world Heavyweight title, and it would be one of the defining fights of Dempsey's career. Dempsey versus Firpo took place on September 14, 1923, at the Polo Grounds in New York City. Dempsey had been champion since 1919, and Firpo was one of the top heavyweights of the world, nicknamed \"El Toro de las Pampas\" (\"The Bull of the Pampas\"). Eighty thousand fans paid to see the",
"title": "Jack Dempsey vs. Luis Ángel Firpo"
},
{
"id": "8733450",
"text": "Dempsey took home substantially more. More fans would have attended the bout had they known the fight would last twelve rounds, and that Brennan would hold off Dempsey as long as he did. One source noted that Dempsey was \"Brennan's master in every stage\". However, the \"New York Times\" reminded their audience the bout was \"one of the most vicious and closely-contested fights in history.\" and it occurred before a sellout crowd of nearly 17,000 On February 18, 1921, Brennan defeated Bob Martin in a fifteen-round points decision at Madison Square Garden. Taking the lead after the more evenly paced",
"title": "Bill Brennan (boxer)"
},
{
"id": "2119005",
"text": "tournament in 1917 or 1918 because of World War I. His winning margin in the 1921 U.S. Open was nine strokes, a record which was not broken until Tiger Woods won by 15 strokes in 2000. Barnes was one of the most prolific tournament winners of the first few seasons of the PGA Tour, which was also founded in 1916. He won 21 times on the tour in total. He led the tournament winners list in four seasons: 1916 with three, 1917 with two (shared with Mike Brady), 1919 with five and 1921 with four. In 1940, Barnes was honored",
"title": "Jim Barnes"
},
{
"id": "10066144",
"text": "somewhat decisive six round newspaper decision in Philadelphia according to a decision of the \"Philadelphia Record\". Tendler scored with straight lefts, upper cuts and right crosses, and had the better of much of the fighting. In a closer first round, Kansas landed a powerful right to Tendler's ear. In two other meetings with Kansas, Tendler won a ten round newspaper decision on New Years Day, 1919, but dropped a fifteen round points decision on October 21, 1921 at New York's Madison Square Garden. Tendler first decisively defeated Willie Jackson, a leading contender for the lightweight title in a six round",
"title": "Lew Tendler"
},
{
"id": "19242948",
"text": "tenth round against Walter Ross. A month later he faced former European champion Charles Ledoux in Paris, losing the European title via a tenth round knockout, with Noble protesting that he had got up before the count ended. Noble spent most of 1920 fighting in the United States and Canada, where he faced Georges Papin, Jacks, and Al Shubert among over a dozen contests, most notably a win over Johnny Murray at Madison Square Garden in October that saw him win the World featherweight belt. He spent 1921 fighting in Australia, with little success apart from a win over Victorian",
"title": "Tommy Noble"
},
{
"id": "20590490",
"text": "Racecourse in September. On his final appearance of the season on 15 October at Newmarket Racecourse Polemarch finished third behind Monarch and Humorist in the Middle Park Plate. As the owner of the Gimcrack winner, Lord Londonderry was invited to give the speech at the annual Gimcrack dinner in December in which he said that winning the St Leger was his \"life's ambition\". For the 1921 season, Polemarch was transferred to the training stable of Tom Green but his early form was disappointing. He finished down the field behind Lord Astor's Craig an Eran in the 2000 Guineas and did",
"title": "Polemarch (horse)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: World Chess 1921 context: World Chess Championship 1921 The 1921 World Chess Championship was played between José Raúl Capablanca and Emanuel Lasker. It was played in Capablanca's native Havana from March 18 to April 28. Lasker resigned the title in 1920 in a dispute over match conditions, but agreed to take part as challenger in 1921 (partially due to his having lost a lot of money due to the First World War). The championship was set to last for 24 games: the first player to accumulate 12½ points (or win eight games) would be World Champion. If it ended 12-12 the incumbent would retain\n\nWhat 1921 sporting event took up all of the first 13 pages of The New York Times --except for a little space on the front page devoted to the formal end of World War I?",
"compressed_tokens": 226,
"origin_tokens": 227,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier context: Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpent Jack Dempsey versus Georges Carpentier was a boxing fight between world heavyweight champion Jack Dempsey and world light-heavyweight champion Georges Carpentier, which was one of the fights named the \"Fight of the Century\". The bout took place in the United States on Saturday, July 2, 1921, at Boyle's Thirty Acres in Jersey City, New Jersey. Jack Dempsey was the world Heavyweight champion since he beat Jess Willard by a fourth round knockout in 1919. The challenge by Carpentier would be his third title defense, after retaining the championship against Billy Miske and Bill Brennan. Both\n\ntitle: 1921 in sports context 1921 in 192 in sports describes year’s events. Brazil Republic of's 0 metres Lithuania MonacoFL Premiership South Australian Football League West Australian Football League Sweden World Series Major League Negro Leagueal champions Grey Cup Events England Australia New South West Indies de Giro d'Italia World Figure Skating tournaments Other tournaments England Australia France Ireland USA Stanley Cup Far Eastern Championship Games Women's World Games Boat Race England Five Nations Speed Skating World\n 1921 U. Open121golf)2 wasth Open, 21– at Club in Chase,, a suburb northwest of,...nes only. Open, of and McLe, champions ofships. day ledwireLeod four second round, and seven through holes.. Harding was in attend for on afternoon\n:: championship but he meaning thaticallyger theent the.er the match making Capablanca the new champion. World Chess Championship 1921 The 1921 World Chess Championship was played between José Raúl Capablanca and Emanuel Lasker. It was played in Capablanca's native Havana from March 18 to April 28. Lasker resigned the title in 1920 in a dispute over match conditions, but agreed to take part as challenger in\n\nWhat 1921 sporting event took up all of the first 13 pages of The New York Times --except for a little space on the front page devoted to the formal end of World War I?",
"compressed_tokens": 484,
"origin_tokens": 14755,
"ratio": "30.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
124 | In the National Football League, how many footballs is the home team required to provide for each game? | [
"24--although from 8 to 12 are usually used"
] | 24--although from 8 to 12 are usually used | [
{
"id": "284558",
"text": "National Football League The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America, and the highest professional level of American football in the world. The NFL's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December, with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, six teams from each conference (four division winners and two wild card teams)",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "7004798",
"text": "The low entry fee compared to the PDL's of $75,000 has made the league an attractive alternative to teams looking to compete at the highest level of amateur play. The league requires that all teams play in stadiums with at least 500 seats, a scoreboard, and locker rooms with showers for both teams and officials. The home team is also responsible for providing water and food for the visiting team, ensuring there is a trainer or doctor on-site for the match, and paying the referees fees at the end of each game. Mitre Sports International provided the official ball for",
"title": "National Premier Soccer League"
},
{
"id": "284591",
"text": "the NFL season. Currently, the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula: The league runs a seventeen-week, 256-game regular season. Since 2001, the season has begun the week after Labor Day (first Monday in September) and concluded the week after Christmas. The opening game of the season is normally a home game on a Thursday for the league's defending champion. Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game typically held at least once a week and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks as well. NFL",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "284602",
"text": "anywhere from US$25,000 to US$300,000. Additionally, each player on the winning team as well as coaches and personnel are awarded Super Bowl rings to commemorate their victory. The winning team chooses the company that makes the rings; each ring design varies, with the NFL mandating certain ring specifications (which have a degree of room for deviation), in addition to requiring the Super Bowl logo be on at least one side of the ring. The losing team are also awarded rings, which must be no more than half as valuable as the winners' rings, but those are almost never worn. The",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "9153375",
"text": "NFL regular season The National Football League (NFL) regular season begins on the weekend following the first Monday of September (i.e, the weekend following the Labor Day holiday) and ends in December or early January. It consists of 256 games, where each team (32 total) plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Since 2012, the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week. The first game of the week is played on Thursday night, kicking off at 8:20 PM (ET). The majority of games are played on Sunday, most kicking off at 1:00 PM",
"title": "NFL regular season"
},
{
"id": "12373032",
"text": "U.S., Major League Baseball teams play almost every day. The Major League Baseball regular season consists of each of the 30 teams playing 162 games from April to September. The season ends with the postseason and World Series in October. American football, known in the United States as simply \"football,\" now attracts more television viewers than any other sport and is considered to be the most popular sport in the United States. The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is the most popular professional American football league. The National Football League differs from the other three major pro sports leagues in",
"title": "Culture of the United States"
},
{
"id": "1285214",
"text": "on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling. In the United States and Canada, the term football usually refers to a ball made of cow hide leather, which is required in professional and collegiate football. Footballs used in recreation and in organized youth leagues may be made of rubber or plastic materials (the high school football rulebooks still allow the inexpensive all-rubber footballs, though they are less common than leather). Since 1941, Horween Leather Company has been the exclusive supplier of leather for National Football League footballs. The arrangement was established by Arnold Horween, who had played",
"title": "Football (ball)"
},
{
"id": "12363126",
"text": "Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 during the 2011 NFL Season. The NFL championship game is called the Super Bowl, and is among the biggest events in club sports worldwide. It is played between the champions of the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC), and its winner is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy. College football is the third-most popular sport in the",
"title": "American football"
},
{
"id": "5855550",
"text": "a misnomer, since it is not expressed as a percentage. A winning percentage such as .536 (\"five thirty-six\") expressed as a percentage would be 53.6%. However, in soccer, a manager's abilities may be measured by win percentage. In this case, the formula is wins divided by total number of matches; draws are not considered as \"half-wins\", and the quotient is always in percentage form. In the National Football League, division winners and playoff qualifiers are technically determined by winning percentage and not by number of wins. Ties are currently counted as half a win and half a loss, however, prior",
"title": "Winning percentage"
},
{
"id": "9153417",
"text": "September 11 attacks. At the end of the originally planned 17-week schedule, Week 2 games were played on Sunday, January 6 and Monday, January 7, 2002. The post-season schedule was moved back a week, including Super Bowl XXXVI due to the lack of a bye week before the game. NFL regular season The National Football League (NFL) regular season begins on the weekend following the first Monday of September (i.e, the weekend following the Labor Day holiday) and ends in December or early January. It consists of 256 games, where each team (32 total) plays 16 games during a 17-week",
"title": "NFL regular season"
},
{
"id": "12466764",
"text": "has become the most-watched annual sporting event in the United States. The league continued to expand to its current size of 32 teams. A series of labor agreements during the 1990s and increasingly large television contracts have helped keep the league one of the most profitable in the U.S., and the only major league in the U.S. since 1990 to avoid a work stoppage that resulted in the loss of regular-season games. Football was first professionalized in 1892, when William Heffelfinger and Ben \"Sport\" Donnelly each received a large sum of cash to play for the Allegheny Athletic Association of",
"title": "History of the National Football League"
},
{
"id": "4639892",
"text": "yards in one season, and a 2015 game between the Eagles and the Redskins to decide the NFC East champion. Since 1973, the NFL has maintained a blackout policy that states that a home game cannot be televised locally if it is not sold out 72 hours prior to its start time. Before that, NFL games were blacked out in the home team's market even if the game was a sellout. The NFL is the only major professional sports league in North America that requires teams to sell out in order to broadcast a game on television locally, after INDYCAR",
"title": "National Football League on television"
},
{
"id": "17692112",
"text": "Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are respectively the most popular professional and amateur football organizations in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 persons per game during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship game, the Super Bowl, is among the biggest events in club sports",
"title": "Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football"
},
{
"id": "376064",
"text": "kind. The practice by the U.S. major leagues of using the \"World Champion\" moniker originates from the World Series of professional baseball, and it was later used during the first three Super Bowls when they were referred to as AFL-NFL World Championship Games. The phrase is still engraved on the Super Bowl rings. Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL). The game is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to identify each game, rather than",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "19264191",
"text": "\"0\" digit, would theoretically be allowed (and be considered the same as numbers 1 to 9 for record-keeping purposes), but such a number has never been issued in professional football. National Football League uniform numbers Players in the National Football League wear uniform numbers between 1 and 99, and no two players on a team may wear the same number on the field at the same time. Rules exist which tie a player's number to a specific range of numbers for their primary position. Additionally, rules exist which limit who may handle the ball on offense, generally players who are",
"title": "National Football League uniform numbers"
},
{
"id": "284605",
"text": "of the Week awards. In the United States, the National Football League has television contracts with four networks: CBS, ESPN, Fox, and NBC. Collectively, these contracts cover every regular season and postseason game. In general, CBS televises afternoon games in which the away team is an AFC team, and Fox carries afternoon games in which the away team belongs to the NFC. These afternoon games are not carried on all affiliates, as multiple games are being played at once; each network affiliate is assigned one game per time slot, according to a complicated set of rules. Since 2011, the league",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "11432475",
"text": "NFL season ticket waiting lists The National Football League has enjoyed success in selling out many of their venues from season ticket sales alone. Out of 32 teams in the league, 24 claim to have waiting lists from under 1,000 people to over 150,000. For some fans, this means a wait not just of years, but decades. This is due mostly to the NFL's short window of play; there are only eight regular-season home games, forcing the most devoted fans into a desperate and sometimes costly search for a limited number of events. From 1973 to 2014, the waiting lists",
"title": "NFL season ticket waiting lists"
},
{
"id": "284560",
"text": "professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. The Super Bowl is among the biggest club sporting events in the world and individual Super Bowl games account for many of the most watched television programs in American history, all occupying the Nielsen's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015. The NFL's executive officer is the commissioner, who has broad authority in governing the league. The players in the league belong to the National Football League Players Association. The team with the most NFL championships is",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "284596",
"text": "schedules were developed to try and ensure that the chosen schedule would be the best possible one. Following the conclusion of the regular season, a twelve-team single elimination tournament, the NFL Playoffs, is held. Six teams are selected from each conference: the winners of each of the four divisions as well as two wild card teams (the two remaining teams with the best overall record). These teams are seeded according to overall record, with the division champions always ranking higher than either of the wild card teams. The top two teams (seeded one and two) from each conference are awarded",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "9651857",
"text": "audiences both domestically and internationally. The National Football League was founded in 1920 as a combination of various teams from regional leagues such as the Ohio League, the New York Pro Football League, and the Chicago circuit. The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970. It has 32 teams, all located in the United States. NFL games are the most attended of domestic professional leagues in the world in terms of per-game attendance, and the most popular in the U.S. in terms of television ratings and merchandising. Its championship",
"title": "Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"
},
{
"id": "3243894",
"text": "into account. Quarterbacks, for example, usually command more money than defensive linemen, which can skew those dollar figures slightly. Each team has its representatives attend the draft. During the draft, one team is always \"on the clock.\" In Round 1, teams have 10 minutes to make their choice (previously 15). The decision time drops to 7 minutes (previously 10) in the second round and 5 minutes in Rounds 3–6. In round 7, and for compensatory picks, teams only have 4 minutes to make their choice. If a team does not make a decision within its allotted time, the team still",
"title": "National Football League Draft"
},
{
"id": "12112103",
"text": "American football in the United States American football is the most popular sport in the United States. The National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world. In the United States the game is most often referred to as simply \"football\". There is no single national governing body for American football in the United States or a continental governing body for North America. There is an international governing body, the International Federation of American Football, or IFAF. Befitting its status as a popular sport, football is played in leagues of different size, age and",
"title": "American football in the United States"
},
{
"id": "17692148",
"text": "Grumman, thanks to a new sponsorship deal with the major defense contractor. Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are respectively the most popular professional and amateur football organizations in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 persons per game during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship",
"title": "Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football"
},
{
"id": "284583",
"text": "32 clubs divided into two conferences of 16 teams in each. Each conference is divided into four divisions of four clubs in each. During the regular season, each team is allowed a maximum of 53 players on its roster; only 46 of these may be active (eligible to play) on game days. Each team can also have a 10-player practice squad separate from its main roster, but the practice squad may only be composed of players who were not active for at least nine games in any of their seasons in the league. A player can only be on a",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "284586",
"text": "NFL team is based in the contiguous United States. Although no team is based in a foreign country, the Jacksonville Jaguars began playing one home game a year at Wembley Stadium in London, England, in 2013 as part of the NFL International Series. The Jaguars' agreement with Wembley was originally set to expire in 2016, but has since been extended through 2020. The Buffalo Bills played one home game every season at Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, as part of the Bills Toronto Series from to . Mexico also hosted an NFL regular-season game, a 2005 game between the",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "4639896",
"text": "suspend the blackout rules for the 2015 NFL season, meaning that all games will be televised in their home markets, regardless of ticket sales. The blackout rule was again suspended for the 2016 NFL season. However, the NFL's syndication exclusivity rule is still in effect for the 2015–16 season. During each half of a network-televised game, there are ten prescribed commercial breaks following the official kickoff. Two are firmly scheduled, and eight others are worked in during breaks in the play. Pre-scheduled commercial breaks: Other instances used for commercial breaks (eight total required per half): Two commercial breaks during the",
"title": "National Football League on television"
},
{
"id": "1661124",
"text": "and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total of 16 clubs in each conference. Since 2002, like the AFC, the NFC has 16 teams that organized into four divisions each with four teams: East, North, South, and West. Currently, the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula. Each NFC team plays the other teams in their respective division twice (home and away) during the regular season, in addition to 10 other games assigned to their schedule by the NFL. Two of these games are assigned",
"title": "National Football Conference"
},
{
"id": "12363141",
"text": "a significant following – according to a 2013 poll, 21% of respondents said they followed the NFL \"very closely\" or \"fairly closely\", making it the third-most followed league behind the National Hockey League (NHL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). American football also has a long history in Mexico, which was introduced to the sport in 1896. American football was the second-most popular sport in Mexico in the 1950s, with the game being particularly popular in colleges. The \"Los Angeles Times\" notes that the NFL claims over 16 million fans in Mexico, which places the country third behind the US and",
"title": "American football"
},
{
"id": "692099",
"text": "Arena Football League The Arena Football League (AFL) is a professional indoor American football league in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the National Football League (NFL). The AFL plays a proprietary code known as arena football, a form of indoor American football played on a 66-by-28 yard field (about a quarter of the surface area of an NFL field), with rules encouraging offensive performance, resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in",
"title": "Arena Football League"
},
{
"id": "12363075",
"text": "Football League, the most popular American football league, has the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world; its championship game, the Super Bowl, ranks among the most-watched club sporting events in the world, and the league has an annual revenue of around US$10 billion. In the United States, American Football is called \"football\". The terms \"gridiron\" or \"American football\" are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia. American football evolved from the sports of association football (soccer) and rugby football. Rugby football,",
"title": "American football"
},
{
"id": "4639810",
"text": "will air nationally, however. Under the NFL's anti-siphoning rules for cable games, these stations usually will air simulcasts of ESPN and/or NFL Network games in their local markets if the local team is playing. The NFL regular season usually begins in September, and ends in December or early January. Each team plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Traditionally, the majority of each week's games are played on Sunday afternoon. The Sunday afternoon games are televised regionally, where the particular game available on local television will depend on where the viewer is located, and begin at either approximately 1 p.m.",
"title": "National Football League on television"
},
{
"id": "17447957",
"text": "been done in cases of stormy weather on game days. The NFL requires that closing off sections be done uniformly for every home game, including playoff games, in a given season. This prevents teams from trying to sell out the entire stadium only when they expect to be able to do so. For instance, the Jacksonville Jaguars closed off a number of sections at their home stadium, EverBank Field, to reduce the number of tickets they would need to sell. EverBank Field is one of the largest venues in the NFL, as it was built to also accommodate the annual",
"title": "National Football League television blackout policies"
},
{
"id": "284573",
"text": "minimum. The league mandated a 12-game regular season for each team beginning in 1935, later shortening this to 11 games in 1937 and 10 games in 1943, mainly due to World War II. After the war ended, the number of games returned to 11 games in 1946 and to 12 in 1947. The NFL went to a 14-game schedule in 1961, which it retained until switching to the current 16-game schedule in 1978. Proposals to increase the regular season to 18 games have been made, but have been rejected in labor negotiations with the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA).",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "17447950",
"text": "National Football League television blackout policies The National Football League television blackout policies are the strictest television blackout policies among the four major professional sports leagues in North America. From 1973 through 2014, the NFL maintained a blackout policy that states that a home game cannot be televised in the team's local market if 85% of the tickets are not sold out 72 hours prior to its start time. This makes the NFL the only major professional sports league in the US that requires teams to sell out tickets in order to broadcast a game on television locally. Although nationally",
"title": "National Football League television blackout policies"
},
{
"id": "16468902",
"text": "Native American community for many years claiming the term \"redskin\" to be derogatory towards Native Americans. The league's free agency system originally used a system that was adopted from Major League Baseball, where a player stays with a team until his contract expires, where he can negotiate with the team to stay. In 1947, the league adopted the 1-year system, where a team can only renew a player's contract for one year. In 1963, the \"Rozelle Rule\" was created, where a team that signs a player must compensate for the player's expenses from his previous team. If a team refuses,",
"title": "National Football League controversies"
},
{
"id": "4599106",
"text": "The concept for the Soccer Bowl began in 1975 by then NASL Commissioner Phil Woosnam, who was trying to build a neutral-site championship event in the mold of the NFL's Super Bowl. Unlike the Super Bowl, the annual numbering scheme of the match did not use Roman numerals (e.g., Super Bowl XXI) but instead used the last two digits of the year played (e.g., Soccer Bowl '78). The original NASL's last Soccer Bowl took place in early October 1984 in a best-of-three series, as the league ceased operation in 1985. With the formation of the new North American Soccer League",
"title": "Soccer Bowl"
},
{
"id": "1666124",
"text": "the numbers 11 (Spanish: \"once\", Portuguese: \"onze\") through 15 (Spanish: \"quince\", Portuguese: \"quinze\") have their own names. Many leagues and tournaments have 16 teams, for example: In both the NBA and NHL, 16 teams qualify for the respective league playoffs; it is also the number of wins needed to win the title (both leagues have four playoff rounds, with four wins in seven games needed to win each round). The regular season of the National Football League currently consists of 16 games. In AFL Women's, the top-level league of women's Australian rules football, each team has 16 players on the",
"title": "16 (number)"
},
{
"id": "18545094",
"text": "psi at room temperature, the pressure would drop below the minimum as the gases inside cooled to the colder ambient temperature on the playing field. While footballs deflate naturally in colder temperatures, a deliberately under-inflated football may be easier to grip, throw, and catch, or inhibit fumbling, especially in cold, rainy conditions. Prior to 2006, NFL custom was for the home team to provide all of the game's footballs. In 2006, the rules were altered so that each team uses its own footballs while on offense. Teams rarely handle a football used by the other team except after recovering a",
"title": "Deflategate"
},
{
"id": "6516754",
"text": "these were most prominently worn on the San Diego Chargers \"powder-blue\" uniforms). Players have often asked the NFL for an exception to the numbering rule; with very few exceptions (see, for example, Keyshawn Johnson), these requests are almost always denied. Below is the numbering system established by the NFL. It has been primarily unchanged since 1973, though small changes have been made on occasion since then, including opening up the 10-19 range for wide receivers in 2004, and opening 40-49 up to linebackers in 2015, with the latter decree being named the \"Brian Bosworth rule\", who wanted to wear 44,",
"title": "Number (sports)"
},
{
"id": "284594",
"text": "AFC as determined by a rotating cycle (three years for the conference the team is in, and four years in the conference they are not in). The other two games are intraconference games, determined by the standings of the previous year – for example, if a team finishes first in its division, it will play two other first-place teams in its conference, while a team that finishes last would play two other last-place teams in the conference. In total, each team plays sixteen games and has one bye week, where they do not play any games. Although a team's home",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "9378117",
"text": "have not had a losing season since 2000, and since then, they only missed the playoffs in the 2002 and 2008 seasons. The team has made ten Super Bowl appearances and won five of them (XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, and LI) and became the only team to go 16–0 in the regular season since the NFL expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. Notable people among the team include head coach Bill Belichick and star quarterback Tom Brady, who among others would help make the Patriots consistently successful. According to American folklore, pilgrim fathers observed a form of soccer called",
"title": "Sports in Boston"
},
{
"id": "162698",
"text": "Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957. The Packers are the last of the \"small town teams\" which were common in the NFL during the league's early days of",
"title": "Green Bay Packers"
},
{
"id": "6683650",
"text": "annually since January 1944. American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport; the National Football League (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally. Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century, with Major League Baseball (MLB) being the top league. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Hockey League (NHL). These four major sports, when played professionally,",
"title": "United States"
},
{
"id": "340457",
"text": "those in the spread system. while quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often and accurately. In general, quarterbacks need to have physical skills such as arm strength, mobility, and quick throwing motion, in addition to intangibles such as competitiveness, leadership, intelligence, and downfield vision. In the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 49; in the NFHS, the quarterback can also",
"title": "Quarterback"
},
{
"id": "5572041",
"text": "sports, such as the Chicago Cubs, Green Bay Packers, Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, St. Louis Cardinals, New England Patriots, Washington Redskins, Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers, have cultivated famously loyal fan bases across the country. In many cases, identification with a certain football or baseball team is a matter of local identity and family inheritance going back many generations. Furthermore, the popularity of each, as well as of other major team sports, may vary depending on region, ethnicity and age. The following table shows the major professional sports leagues, which average over 15,000 fans per game and that",
"title": "Sports in the United States"
},
{
"id": "284593",
"text": "since 1948: in 2010, when a Sunday game was rescheduled to Tuesday due to a blizzard, and in 2012, when the Kickoff game was moved from Thursday to Wednesday to avoid conflict with the Democratic National Convention. NFL regular season matchups are determined according to a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents – two games (home and away) are played against the other three teams in the division, while one game is held against all the members of a division from the NFC and a division from the",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "12363093",
"text": "teams utilizing specialized offensive, defensive and special teams squads. Individual players in a football game must be designated with a uniform number between 1 and 99. NFL teams are required to number their players by a league-approved numbering system, and any exceptions must be approved by the Commissioner. NCAA and NFHS teams are \"strongly advised\" to number their offensive players according to a league-suggested numbering scheme. The role of the offensive unit is to advance the football down the field with the ultimate goal of scoring a touchdown. The offensive team must line up in a legal formation before they",
"title": "American football"
},
{
"id": "284576",
"text": "division champions from each conference as well as one 'wild card' team (the team with the best win percentage) from each conference. In 1978, the league added a second wild card team from each conference, bringing the total number of playoff teams to ten, and a further two wild card teams were added in 1990 to bring the total to twelve. When the NFL expanded to 32 teams in 2002, the league realigned, changing the division structure from three divisions in each conference to four divisions in each conference. As each division champion gets a playoff bid, the number of",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "17100736",
"text": "with a one-end tie-break played if required. The game format is pairs, with three bowls for each player per end. A team coach also has a substitute player at their disposal which must be used during the game, but only immediately preceding the delivery of a bowl by their team player. Every player in the team, including the sub, must bowl at least nine bowls per game. The team with that wins both sets, or one set and then the tie-break, is the winner. Instead of spending time rolling the jack, as per normal competitions, the players place the mat",
"title": "Bowls Premier League"
},
{
"id": "375990",
"text": "Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL). The game is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season. The sole exception to this naming convention tradition occurred with Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7, 2016, following the 2015 regular season, and the following year, the",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "284610",
"text": "games are distributed among the league's national television partners. Through the 2014 season, the NFL had a blackout policy in which games were 'blacked out' on local television in the home team's area if the home stadium was not sold out. Clubs could elect to set this requirement at only 85%, but they would have to give more ticket revenue to the visiting team; teams could also request a specific exemption from the NFL for the game. The vast majority of NFL games were not blacked out; only 6% of games were blacked out during the 2011 season, and only",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "284589",
"text": "of a four-week preseason, a seventeen-week regular season (each team plays 16 games), and a twelve-team single-elimination playoff culminating in the Super Bowl, the league's championship game. The NFL preseason begins with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, played at Fawcett Stadium in Canton.<ref name=\"NFL/Hall of Fame Game\"></ref> Each NFL team is required to schedule four preseason games, two of which must be at its home stadium, but the teams involved in the Hall of Fame game, as well as any teams playing in an American Bowl game, play five preseason games. Preseason games are exhibition matches and do",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "11547940",
"text": "MAC-EAST conference. Therefore, playing a team in the SEC would likely increase a team's SOS as compared to playing a team in the MAC-EAST. For example, in the National Football League (NFL) the 32 teams do not face each other in a season, since there are only 16 games per season. The NFL is divided into 2 conferences, which is further divided into 4 divisions per conference. Each team plays a team from their division twice, teams from another division in the same conference once in a three-year cycle, teams from another division of the other conference once in a",
"title": "Strength of schedule"
},
{
"id": "12466761",
"text": "History of the National Football League The National Football League (NFL) was founded in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) with ten teams from four states, all of whom existed in some form as participants of regional leagues in their respective territories; it took on its current name in 1922. The NFL was the first professional football league to successfully establish a nationwide presence, after several decades of failed attempts. Only two teams currently in the NFL, the Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears) and the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), are founding members. The Green Bay",
"title": "History of the National Football League"
},
{
"id": "12112120",
"text": "world championship. The IFAF also fields an U-19 team composed of high school football players that has participated in the 2009, 2012, 2014 and 2016 junior world championships. The national U-19 team won the 2009 and 2014 contests but lost the 2012 contest to Canada. American football in the United States American football is the most popular sport in the United States. The National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world. In the United States the game is most often referred to as simply \"football\". There is no single national governing body for",
"title": "American football in the United States"
},
{
"id": "16017149",
"text": "Super Bowl Sunday Super Bowl Sunday is the day on which the Super Bowl, the National Football League (NFL)'s annual championship game, is played. It is usually observed on the first Sunday in February and is sometimes referred to as an unofficial national holiday. The 52nd annual event, Super Bowl LII, occurred on February 4, 2018. Festivities for Super Sunday typically involve groups of people gathering to watch the game. Both \"Super Sunday\" and \"Super Bowl Sunday\" are registered trademarks of the National Football League. Although not an official holiday, Super Sunday is an occasion when many families and friends",
"title": "Super Bowl Sunday"
},
{
"id": "4031306",
"text": "involved, the field of the home team is considered a legal field, although it is a different size from one school's normal field. In all but a few cases, the rules of the home team are followed throughout the game. Many CFL players are Americans who grew up playing American football and cannot find a place in the NFL, or who prefer to play in the CFL; strict import quotas restrict the number of non-Canadian players. Furthermore, the classifications of import (non-Canadian) and non-import (Canadian) were highly restrictive and required a player to have been in Canada since childhood to",
"title": "Comparison of American and Canadian football"
},
{
"id": "7550169",
"text": "History of the New York Giants The New York Giants, an American football team which currently plays in the National Football League's National Football Conference, has a history dating back more than 80 seasons. The Giants were founded in 1925 by Tim Mara in the then five-year-old NFL. Mara owned the team until his death in 1959, when it was passed on to his sons, Wellington and Jack. During their history, the Giants have won eight NFL championships, four of which came in Super Bowls. In just its third season, the team finished with the best record in the league",
"title": "History of the New York Giants"
},
{
"id": "11134043",
"text": "team is in possession of the ball, unless explicitly indicated to the referee during a tackle-eligible play. Other than this, the correspondence between jersey numbers and player positions is largely an issue of semantics. The National Football League numbering system dates from a large scale change of their rules in 1973, subsequently amended in various minor ways. As of 2015, players are generally required to wear numbers within ranges based on their positions as shown in the following table. Long snappers, not listed in the league's numbering system, can wear any number from 40 to 99; as the long snapper",
"title": "Uniform number (American football)"
},
{
"id": "3243869",
"text": "combination thereof. The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its position in the draft. Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936, but the fundamental method has remained the same. Currently the draft consists of seven rounds. The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, have chosen the best player available. In the early years of the draft, players were chosen based",
"title": "National Football League Draft"
},
{
"id": "16017153",
"text": "Sunday food is usually served buffet style, rather than as a sit-down meal. Foods traditionally eaten on Super Sunday include buffalo wings, chili, baby back ribs, dipping sauces, pizza, and potato chips. Many pizza delivery businesses see their order numbers double as roughly 60 percent of the take out ordered on Super Sunday is pizza. Roughly of chips, 1.25 billion chicken wings, and of guacamole are consumed during Super Sunday. Super Bowl Sunday Super Bowl Sunday is the day on which the Super Bowl, the National Football League (NFL)'s annual championship game, is played. It is usually observed on the",
"title": "Super Bowl Sunday"
},
{
"id": "284578",
"text": "the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.\". In contrast, each individual team (except the non-profit Green Bay Packers) is subject to tax because they make a profit. The NFL gave up the tax exempt status in 2015 following public criticism; in a letter to the club owners, Commissioner Roger Goodell labeled it a \"distraction\", saying \"the effects of the tax exempt status of the league office have been mischaracterized repeatedly in recent years... Every dollar of income generated through television rights fees, licensing agreements, sponsorships, ticket sales, and other means is earned by the 32 clubs and is taxable",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "19264187",
"text": "numbers for one position, and thus have no choice but to assign a different number to a player. This was more frequent prior to the 21st century when numbering rules were more strict; for example until 2004 both wide receivers and tight ends were required to be between 80-89 and under modern offenses, it is likely that teams would have more than 10 such players. The addition of the 10-19 range for wide receivers and the 40-49 range for tight ends has reduced these problems. There are some positions, such as long snapper and gunner which are not covered at",
"title": "National Football League uniform numbers"
},
{
"id": "4639821",
"text": "prime time. The Indianapolis Colts were the first NFL team that played neither of its home interconference games in the afternoon since 1978, the first year all teams (except the four fifth-place teams) were guaranteed two interconference games at home. In , both of the Houston Oilers's home games against the Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers were played in prime time. In , both of the Buffalo Bills's home games against the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins and both of the San Diego Chargers's home games against the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers were played",
"title": "National Football League on television"
},
{
"id": "5437523",
"text": "not have divisions within them; it too allocates an equal number of teams from each conference to play for its MLS Cup Playoffs (since 2015, this has been six teams each). The National Football League (NFL) is divided into an American Football Conference (AFC) and a National Football Conference (NFC). Both conferences have 16 teams, and each conference is divided into 4 divisions of 4 teams each. These conferences, for the most part, derive from the fact that they were once separate organizations: the original National Football League and the 1960s American Football League; the two entities merged in 1970,",
"title": "Athletic conference"
},
{
"id": "3058023",
"text": "Paul Brown Stadium Paul Brown Stadium is an outdoor football stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the home venue of the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League and opened on August 19, 2000. Named after the Bengals' founder Paul Brown, the stadium is located on approximately of land and has a listed seating capacity of 65,515. Paul Brown Stadium is nicknamed \"The Jungle,\" an allusion not only to the namesake Bengal tiger's natural habitat, but also the Guns N' Roses song \"Welcome to the Jungle\". In 1996 Hamilton County voters passed a one-half percent sales tax increase to fund",
"title": "Paul Brown Stadium"
},
{
"id": "11521513",
"text": "team that plays a home game in London sells a cheaper season ticket package for its own stadium with seven regular season games rather than the usual eight. Each designated home team receives US$1 million for giving up the home game. On October 11, 2011, the NFL owners approved playing NFL games in Great Britain through the year 2016. This stated that a home team could visit every year for up to five years but visitors could only visit once every five years. However, in 2015 the Detroit Lions returned to London as visitors in an apparent disregard for this",
"title": "NFL International Series"
},
{
"id": "4031358",
"text": "in bounds if he had not been pushed by a defender. This rule was based on a judgment call by the official, and was criticized for being inconsistent. The rule was dropped prior to the 2008 season by the NFL. CFL roster sizes are 46 players (rather than 53 as in the NFL, though only 45 will dress for a game). A CFL team may dress up to 44 players comprising 21 \"nationals\" (essentially, Canadians), 20 \"internationals\" (almost exclusively Americans), and 3 quarterbacks. The traditional NFL football season runs from the 2nd week of September until late December or the",
"title": "Comparison of American and Canadian football"
},
{
"id": "6409678",
"text": "Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000. As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL). Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable",
"title": "Super Bowl ring"
},
{
"id": "296017",
"text": "on the road), and 150 games against the other conference (10 games against each team, 5 at home, 5 on the road). The NBA is one of only two of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada in which teams play every other team during the regular season (the other being the National Hockey League). Each team hosts and visits every other team at least once every season. From 2005 to 2008, the NBA had the distinction of being the only one of the four major leagues in which all teams play every other team.",
"title": "National Basketball Association"
},
{
"id": "17447961",
"text": "networks, stations, and service providers – a process made feasible by the large amount of leverage the league places on its media partners. Ultimately, no games would be blacked out at all during the 2014 season. On March 23, 2015, the NFL's owners voted to suspend the blackout rules for the 2015 NFL season, meaning that all games would be televised in their home markets, regardless of ticket sales. The suspension will continue into the 2016 season; commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league needed to further investigate the impact of removing the blackout rules before such a change is",
"title": "National Football League television blackout policies"
},
{
"id": "12373033",
"text": "that each of its 32 teams plays one game a week over 17 weeks, for a total of 16 games with one bye week for each team. The NFL season lasts from September to December, ending with the playoffs and Super Bowl in January and February. Its championship game, the Super Bowl, has often been the highest rated television show, and it has an audience of over 100 million viewers annually. College football also attracts audiences of millions. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, place great emphasis on their local high school football team. American football games usually include cheerleaders",
"title": "Culture of the United States"
},
{
"id": "17447956",
"text": "club seating and luxury suites, as this makes it easier to sell out the stadium and avoid blackouts, and this revenue does not have to be shared with other franchises), as have unused tickets allocated to the visiting team. Alternatively, some NFL teams have arrangements with local television stations or businesses (often sponsors of the team and/or its local broadcasts) to purchase unsold tickets. Teams themselves are allowed to purchase remaining non-premium tickets at 34¢ on the dollar (the portion subject to revenue sharing) to prevent a blackout. Teams can also lift the blackout on their own; this has occasionally",
"title": "National Football League television blackout policies"
},
{
"id": "8447315",
"text": "possession of the ball at their own 20-yard (25 yard line in College Football) line. An important difference between the two sports involves the aftermath of a score. In American football, the scoring team kicks off, except after a safety. In rugby union, the team conceding the score kicks off (in rugby sevens, a variant of rugby union featuring seven players per side, the scoring team kicks off). An American football team consists of an offensive unit, a defensive unit and a \"special teams\" unit (involved in kicking and kick returns). Only eleven players can be on the field at",
"title": "Comparison of American football and rugby union"
},
{
"id": "4639877",
"text": "cable channels (Monday, Thursday, and Saturday games) are fixed in place and cannot be changed to Sunday night, as are games during Christmas weekend whenever Christmas Day falls on a Sunday, as it was in 2011 (most games are played on Christmas Eve Saturday instead). It also increases the potential for teams to play on consecutive Sunday nights, as the 2007 Patriots, 2007 Washington Redskins, the 2008 Giants the 2012 49ers, the 2016 Cowboys, 2018 Vikings and 2018 Rams did (the Patriots hosted the Philadelphia Eagles the week following the second matchup with the Bills as scheduled, the Redskins were",
"title": "National Football League on television"
},
{
"id": "17447959",
"text": "will be subject to heavier revenue sharing. While most teams participate in the new blackout rules, four teams – the Buffalo Bills, Cleveland Browns, Indianapolis Colts and Los Angeles Chargers – continue to follow the previous blackout rule, as under the 2012 rule modification, the teams would be required to pay a higher percentage of gate fees to the NFL's revenue fund. Until September 2014, the NFL blackout rules were sanctioned by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which enforced rules requiring cable and satellite providers to not distribute any sports telecast that had been blacked out by a broadcast television",
"title": "National Football League television blackout policies"
},
{
"id": "12363138",
"text": "the biggest club sporting events in the world in terms of TV viewership. The NFL makes approximately $10 billion annually. Super Bowl games account for seven of the top eight most-watched broadcasts in American history; Super Bowl XLIX was watched by a record 114.4 million Americans. American football also plays a significant role in American culture. The day on which the Super Bowl is held is considered a \"de facto\" national holiday, and in parts of the country like Texas, the sport has been compared to a religion. Football is also linked to other holidays; New Year's Day is traditionally",
"title": "American football"
},
{
"id": "4639820",
"text": "AFC games (some AFL teams had lifted these during its run; as an example, most New York Jets' home games in 1968 and 1969 were telecast on WNBC-TV New York), this assured that all Sunday afternoon away games would be seen on the same network. The current package allows both CBS and Fox access to every stadium/market in the league for at least two games per season (unless an interconference game is chosen as a prime time national game). In , both of the Indianapolis Colts's home games against the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins were played in",
"title": "National Football League on television"
},
{
"id": "9153402",
"text": "on a 16-year rotating schedule that would guarantee that each team would get to play twice over that span: once as the home team and once as the away team. This was abandoned when the St. Louis Rams, who are co-owned with Arsenal, a prominent soccer team in London, signed a three-year agreement to be the home team in the International Series games in London. This plan has since been re-established after the Rams announced that they would not be returning to England in 2013; the Rams would return to London as host team in 2016. Since, the NFL has",
"title": "NFL regular season"
},
{
"id": "22286",
"text": "Arizona Cardinals The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football franchise based in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The Cardinals compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Cardinals were founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898, and are the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States. The Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium, which opened in 2006 and is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale. The team was established in Chicago in 1898 as an amateur football team and joined",
"title": "Arizona Cardinals"
},
{
"id": "9275639",
"text": "the Santa Claus Lane Parade (now Hollywood Christmas Parade) in Los Angeles was held on the Wednesday evening before Thanksgiving. In 1978 this was switched to the Sunday following the holiday. American football is an important part of many Thanksgiving celebrations in the United States, a tradition that dates to the earliest era of the sport in the late 19th century. Professional football games are often held on Thanksgiving Day; until recently, these were the only games played during the week apart from Sunday or Monday night. The National Football League has played games on Thanksgiving every year since its",
"title": "Thanksgiving (United States)"
},
{
"id": "19124207",
"text": "NFL game, the home club must have 36 balls for an outdoor game or 24 for an indoor game, and they must be available for the referee to test with a pressure gauge two and a half hours before the game. Twelve new footballs, sealed in a special box and shipped by the manufacturer, are opened in the officials’ locker room two hours before the game. These balls are specially marked with the letter \"K\" and are used exclusively for the kicking game. The visiting team may also present 12 balls to the referee for outdoor games for inspection. Since",
"title": "Ball (gridiron football)"
},
{
"id": "289048",
"text": "New York Giants The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area. The Giants compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement. The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex. The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925, and",
"title": "New York Giants"
},
{
"id": "2402893",
"text": "players along with Carr are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, which opened its doors in 1963 not far from the Canton automobile dealership that gave birth to the NFL in 1920. The APFA, by 1922 known as the National Football League, has remained the predominant professional football league in the United States, and, effectively, the entire world. The evolution from a haphazard collection of teams in big and small cities to the much more rigid structure it is in the present was gradual; the smaller markets were squeezed out in the late 1920s and early 1930s, a",
"title": "Professional sports"
},
{
"id": "19124201",
"text": "of the New York Giants, who was named after the Duke of Wellington by his father, Tim Mara, founder and first owner of the Giants. Wilson Sporting Goods, the manufacturer of the NFL ball since 1941, named the ball after Wellington Mara at the urging of George Halas, the owner of the Chicago Bears, to reward Tim Mara for arranging the contract that made Wilson the official supplier of footballs to the NFL. The nickname was originally used until 1970, when Wilson changed the game ball upon the merger of the NFL and AFL. Wellington Mara died in 2005, and",
"title": "Ball (gridiron football)"
},
{
"id": "19264171",
"text": "National Football League uniform numbers Players in the National Football League wear uniform numbers between 1 and 99, and no two players on a team may wear the same number on the field at the same time. Rules exist which tie a player's number to a specific range of numbers for their primary position. Additionally, rules exist which limit who may handle the ball on offense, generally players who are designated as offensive lineman, who wear numbers 50-79, are not allowed to handle the ball during a play from scrimmage, though they are allowed to do so if they report",
"title": "National Football League uniform numbers"
},
{
"id": "13181007",
"text": "be available. No more than one player would be drafted from a team. The National Football League (NFL)'s contingency plan provides for both a \"near-disaster\" and a \"disaster\". A \"near-disaster\" is defined as fewer than 15 players on a team being disabled, and a \"disaster\" is 15 or more. No special draft would be held for a \"near-disaster\"; the team would instead get preferential rights on any waivers until the end of the season. If a quarterback is among the fewer than 15 lost, the team would be able to draft up to two quarterbacks from all NFL teams with",
"title": "Disaster draft"
},
{
"id": "19345036",
"text": "the NBA with the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. It has 30 teams, 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The NBA is watched by audiences both domestically and internationally. The National Football League was founded in 1920 as a combination of various teams from regional leagues such as the Ohio League, the New York Pro Football League, and the Chicago circuit. The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970. It has 32 teams, all located in the United States. NFL games are the most attended of domestic",
"title": "Professional sports leagues in the United States"
},
{
"id": "58641",
"text": "Browns, San Francisco 49ers, and Baltimore Colts) were subsumed. Seeking to capitalize on the publicity of the residual rivalry, he utilized \"exquisite dramatic\" and business sense and allocated the 1950 opening game to a contest between the 1949 champion Eagles versus the perennial AAFC champion Browns. Feeling financially secure after the merger, he purchased his first home for himself and his family in Narberth, Pennsylvania. In 1950, Bell originated a blackout rule into the NFL which forbid all teams to televise their home games within a 75-mile radius of their stadium – except for the Rams. Consequently, the United States",
"title": "Bert Bell"
},
{
"id": "3969219",
"text": "to increasingly rapturous response. Other baseball parks began to play the song on holidays and special occasions, and Red Sox owner Harry Frazee made it a regular part of Boston home games. The Star-Spangled Banner officially became the U.S. national anthem in 1931, and by the end of World War II, NFL Commissioner Elmer Layden ordered that it be played at every football game. The tradition quickly spread to other sports, aided by the introduction of large sound systems and post-war patriotism. The Cubs rebounded to knot the Series with a 3–1 victory in Game 2 the next day, behind",
"title": "1918 World Series"
},
{
"id": "12363139",
"text": "the date for several college football bowl games, including the Rose Bowl. However, if New Year's Day is on a Sunday, the bowl games are moved to another date to not conflict with the typical NFL Sunday schedule. Thanksgiving football is an American tradition, hosting many high school, college, and professional games. Steve Deace of \"USA Today\" wrote that Americans are passionate about football \"because it embodies everything we love about American exceptionalism. Merit is rewarded, not punished. Masculinity is celebrated, not feminized. People of various beliefs and backgrounds – a melting pot, if you will – must unify for",
"title": "American football"
},
{
"id": "12112104",
"text": "quality, in all regions of the country. Organized football is played almost exclusively by men and boys, although a few amateur and semi-professional women's leagues have begun play in recent years. A team / academy may be referred to as a 'football program' – not to be confused with football program. The governing body for American football in the United States is USA Football. The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is currently the only major or borderline-major professional American football league in the United States. There have been numerous attempts over the past several decades to create a second major",
"title": "American football in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6409672",
"text": "Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory. These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per",
"title": "Super Bowl ring"
},
{
"id": "4427423",
"text": "– Major League Baseball, the NBA and NHL – officials are employed by their respective leagues. The sheer volume of games in the other three sports necessitates full-time officials; the NFL regular season is only 16 games long, compared to 162 games for MLB and 82 for the NBA and NHL. During the game, the officials are assisted in the administration of the game by other persons, including: a \"clock operator\" to start and stop the game clock (and possibly also the play clock); a chain crew who hold the \"down indicator\" and the \"line-to-gain chains\" on the sideline; and",
"title": "American football rules"
},
{
"id": "284588",
"text": "the most of any sports league or organization. The 32 teams are organized into eight geographic divisions of four teams each. These divisions are further organized into two conferences, the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The two-conference structure has its origins in a time when major American professional football was organized into two independent leagues, the National Football League and its younger rival, the American Football League. The leagues merged in the late 1960s, adopting the older league's name and reorganizing slightly to ensure the same number of teams in both conferences. The NFL season format consists",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "284617",
"text": "total of 32 are given. Clubs are required to make their selection within a certain period of time, the exact time depending on which round the pick is made in. If they fail to do so on time, the clubs behind them can begin to select their players in order, but they do not lose the pick outright. This happened in the 2003 draft, when the Minnesota Vikings failed to make their selection on time. The Jacksonville Jaguars and Carolina Panthers were able to make their picks before the Vikings were able to use theirs. Selected players are only allowed",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "41713",
"text": "in Major League baseball was 3 hours and 35 minutes. This was up 10 minutes from 2015 and 21 minutes from 2014. Although baseball is a team sport, individual players are often placed under scrutiny and pressure. In 1915, a baseball instructional manual pointed out that every single pitch, of which there are often more than two hundred in a game, involves an individual, one-on-one contest: \"the pitcher and the batter in a battle of wits\". Contrasting the game with both football and basketball, scholar Michael Mandelbaum argues that \"baseball is the one closest in evolutionary descent to the older",
"title": "Baseball"
},
{
"id": "19264182",
"text": "switching to his more familiar 56 before the start of the season.) Another change occurred in 2004, when the NFL allowed wide receivers to wear numbers 10–19 in addition to the 80–89 range; this was due to several NFL teams retiring 80-range numbers, as well as teams employing more receivers and tight ends in their offense. Since 2010, defensive linemen are allowed to wear numbers 50-59; this is in part because of the interchangeability of linebackers and defensive ends (a defensive end in a 4-3 defense would be an outside linebacker in a 3-4). In 2015, the NFL Competition Committee",
"title": "National Football League uniform numbers"
},
{
"id": "13518794",
"text": "Los Angeles Rams The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Rams compete in the National Football League (NFL), as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Rams franchise has won three NFL championships and is the only franchise to win championships while representing three different cities (Cleveland in 1945, Los Angeles in 1951, and St. Louis in 1999). The Rams play their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California. The franchise began in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams,",
"title": "Los Angeles Rams"
},
{
"id": "284570",
"text": "hold a common draft and championship game. The game, the Super Bowl, was held four times before the merger, with the NFL winning Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II, and the AFL winning Super Bowl III and Super Bowl IV. After the league merged, it was reorganized into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC), consisting of most of the pre-merger NFL teams, and the American Football Conference (AFC), consisting of all of the AFL teams as well as three pre-merger NFL teams. Today, the NFL is considered the most popular sports league in North America; much of its",
"title": "National Football League"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: National Football League context: National Football League The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America, and the highest professional level of American football in the world. The NFL's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December, with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, six teams from each conference (four division winners and two wild card teams)\n\nIn the National Football League, how many footballs is the home team required to provide for each game?",
"compressed_tokens": 186,
"origin_tokens": 186,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ball (gridiron football) context: NFL game, the home club must have 36 balls for an outdoor game or 24 for an indoor game, and they must be available for the referee to test with a pressure gauge two and a half hours before the game Twelve new footballs, sealed in a special box and shipped by the manufacturer, are opened in the officials’ locker room two hours before the game. These balls are specially marked with the letter \"K\" and are used exclusively for the kicking game. The visiting team may also present 12 balls to the referee for outdoor games for inspection. Since\n\ntitle: National Football League context: minimum. The leagueated 12- regular for beginning in 1935ening this to 1 in 137 and 10 games in 1943, mainly due World War II. After the war ended, the number of returned to 11 games in 1946 and to 12 in 1947. went a 14-game schedule in 1961, it retained until switching to the current 16-game schedule in 1978posals to increase the regular season to 18 games have been made, but have been rejected labor negotiations with the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA).\ntitle: Deflateg contextsi at room the drop belowases inside coo to the col ambient temperature on field. While footballs naturally in colder temperatures, under-inflated football be easier to grip, and catch, orhibit f, in cold rainy conditions. 2 NFL the home team to provide all game'ss. 2 were alter so its own footballs on off Teams rarely football used by the other team recovering\n National and football:isons League and football National the popular amateur and the States The any, with average69 game during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship game, the Super Bowl, is among the biggest events in club sports\n\nIn the National Football League, how many footballs is the home team required to provide for each game?",
"compressed_tokens": 448,
"origin_tokens": 13269,
"ratio": "29.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
125 | Brooks Robinson and Carl Yastrzemski hold the major league baseball record for playing the greatest number of seasons with the same team. How many years did they play-- and with what teams? | [
"23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983"
] | 23 years. Third baseman Robinson played with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977; Carl Yastrzemski, outfielder/first baseman, played with the Boston Red Sox from 1961 to 1983 | [
{
"id": "2666475",
"text": "the Hard Rock casino. , or Retrosheet Brooks Robinson Brooks Calbert Robinson Jr. (born May 18, 1937) is an American former professional baseball player. He played his entire 23-year major league career for the Baltimore Orioles (1955–1977). He batted and threw right-handed, though he was a natural left-hander. Nicknamed \"The Human Vacuum Cleaner\" or \"Mr. Hoover\", he is considered one of the greatest defensive third basemen in major league history. He won 16 consecutive Gold Glove Awards during his career, tied with pitcher Jim Kaat for the second-most all-time for any player at any position. Robinson was elected to the",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "2666457",
"text": "Brooks Robinson Brooks Calbert Robinson Jr. (born May 18, 1937) is an American former professional baseball player. He played his entire 23-year major league career for the Baltimore Orioles (1955–1977). He batted and threw right-handed, though he was a natural left-hander. Nicknamed \"The Human Vacuum Cleaner\" or \"Mr. Hoover\", he is considered one of the greatest defensive third basemen in major league history. He won 16 consecutive Gold Glove Awards during his career, tied with pitcher Jim Kaat for the second-most all-time for any player at any position. Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983. Robinson",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "4921441",
"text": "by multiple players once; Bill Madlock and Jon Matlack shared the award in 1975. Two players have won the award for a game in which their league lost: Brooks Robinson in 1966 and Carl Yastrzemski in 1970. One pair of awardees were father and son (Ken Griffey Sr. and Ken Griffey Jr.), and another were brothers (Roberto Alomar and Sandy Alomar, Jr.). Mike Trout of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim became the first player ever to win the MVP award in back-to-back years in the 86-year history of the MLB All-Star Game when he accomplished the feat in both",
"title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award"
},
{
"id": "2666463",
"text": "runs batted in. Robinson led the American League in fielding percentage a record 11 times, and at the time of his retirement, his .971 career fielding average was the highest ever for a third baseman. His totals of 2870 games played at third base, 2697 career putouts, 6205 career assists, 8902 career total chances and 618 double plays were records for third basemen at the time of his retirement. Robinson's 23 seasons with one team set a new major league record, since tied by Carl Yastrzemski. Only Yastrzemski (3308), Hank Aaron (3076) and Stan Musial (3026) played more games for",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "893924",
"text": "he would have played in 1984 to have had a chance to play with him. No player has had a longer career with only one team, 23 seasons, a record which he shares with Brooks Robinson of the Baltimore Orioles. His final career statistics include 3,308 games played (second all-time and the most with a single team), 646 doubles, 452 home runs, 1,844 RBIs, and a batting average of .285. He had 1,845 walks in his career, and 1,157 extra base hits. Yastrzemski was the first player to ever collect over 3,000 hits and 400 home runs solely in the",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "893908",
"text": "Carl Yastrzemski Carl Michael Yastrzemski (; nicknamed \"Yaz\"; born August 22, 1939) is an American former Major League Baseball player. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989. Yastrzemski played his entire 23-year Major League career with the Boston Red Sox (1961–1983). He was primarily a left fielder, but also played 33 games as a third baseman and mostly was a first baseman and designated hitter later in his career. Yastrzemski is an 18-time All-Star, the possessor of seven Gold Gloves, a member of the 3,000 hit club, and the first American League player in that club",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "810789",
"text": "league history behind Hank Aaron and Carl Yastrzemski when he retired; he broke Brooks Robinson's AL record for a right-handed hitter (297) in 1988, and Cal Ripken, Jr. eventually surpassed his mark in 1999. Rice led the league in this category in four consecutive seasons (1982–1985), matching Hall of Famer Ernie Lombardi for the major league record. The on-base prowess of Rice's teammates placed him in a double play situation over 2,000 times during his career, almost once for every game he played. Rice posted a batting average of .310 and slugging percentage of .515 in those situations, better than",
"title": "Jim Rice"
},
{
"id": "893934",
"text": "(81 games) and Baysox (20 games). Through the end of the 2017 season, on the all-time lists for Major League Baseball, Yastrzemski ranks first for games played for one team, second for games played, third for at-bats, sixth for bases on balls, eighth for doubles, ninth for hits, ninth for total bases, thirteenth for extra-base hits, and fourteenth for RBIs. , or Baseball Almanac, or Retrosheet Carl Yastrzemski Carl Michael Yastrzemski (; nicknamed \"Yaz\"; born August 22, 1939) is an American former Major League Baseball player. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989. Yastrzemski played his",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "893919",
"text": "and the next. He got four hits, tying the record, and won the All-Star Game MVP in , although the American League lost. He is one of two players to win the All-Star Game MVP Award despite playing for the losing team, Brooks Robinson having done so in 1966. Yastrzemski's .329 batting average that season was his career high, but he finished second behind the California Angels' Alex Johnson for the batting title by less than .001. In 1970 Yaz led the league in slugging and on-base percentage, finishing third in home runs. Although he hit but 61 home runs",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "2666464",
"text": "one franchise. Robinson, a slow baserunner, also hit into four triple plays during his career, a major league record. He commented, \"I wouldn't mind seeing someone erase my record of hitting into four triple plays.\" He is the first player to start two triple plays in one season, as he did in 1973. Robinson made his final batting appearance on August 5, 1977 at Anaheim Stadium, pinch hitting for Mark Belanger in the top of the eighth inning. He lined out in his one appearance before being replaced by Kiko Garcia. Robinson made his last appearance in the majors eight",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "3798158",
"text": "Diego's finest athletes both on and off the playing surface. As of 2010, Nettles holds the single-season major league record for assists by a third baseman, and is tied with Brooks Robinson for second-most all-time. His 412 assists in 1971 broke the record of 405 shared by Harlond Clift in 1937 and Robinson in 1967. In 1973, his first year as a New York Yankee, he recorded 410 assists, breaking Clete Boyer's franchise record of 396 in 1962; Robinson would tie this mark in 1974. To date, Nettles and Robinson have four of the six 400-assist seasons by a third",
"title": "Graig Nettles"
},
{
"id": "540022",
"text": "playing career. Unusual for a star in the era before free agency, he split his best years between two teams: the Cincinnati Reds (1956–65) and the Baltimore Orioles (1966–71). The later years of his career were spent with the Los Angeles Dodgers (1972), California Angels (1973–74) and Cleveland Indians (1974–76). He is the only player to be named Most Valuable Player in both leagues, in 1961 with the Reds and again in 1966 with the Orioles. In his rookie year, 1956, he tied the then-record of 38 home runs by a rookie, as a member of the Cincinnati Reds, and",
"title": "Frank Robinson"
},
{
"id": "2666466",
"text": "WMAR management reopened the negotiations and the strike ended the next day. At the conclusion of his final season in 1977, his jersey number 5 was retired by the Orioles. Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983, one of only 16 players to have been honored on the first ballot (not including the five charter members chosen in the first election in 1936). Considered among the greatest all-time Orioles, Robinson and the man usually considered the greatest Baltimore Colts football player, Johnny Unitas, had plaques in their honor in the lobby of Baltimore's Memorial Stadium. When",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "41882",
"text": "in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 18), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year",
"title": "Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award"
},
{
"id": "242121",
"text": "the only non-Hall-of-Famer to have his number retired by the Dodgers (Alston's number was retired before he was elected to the Hall of Fame). Beginning in 1980, the Dodgers have retired the numbers of longtime Dodgers (Snider, Reese, Drysdale, Lasorda, and Sutton) during the seasons in which each was inducted into the Hall of Fame. In 1997, 50 years after he broke the color barrier and 25 years after the Dodgers retired his number, Robinson's No.42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball. Robinson is the only major league baseball player to have this honor bestowed upon him. Starting in the",
"title": "Los Angeles Dodgers"
},
{
"id": "7814971",
"text": "games had stood for 56 years. Before Gehrig, the record was held by Everett Scott (1,307 consecutive games), a shortstop with the Red Sox and Yankees whose streak ended in 1925, less than a month before Gehrig's began. Scott broke the previous record which was established by George Pinkney (577 consecutive games) from 1885–1890. The record for a National League player is held by Steve Garvey of the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres (1975–1983), though Garvey's 1,207-game streak is less than half the length of Ripken's. Previous holders of the National League record include Billy Williams of the",
"title": "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks"
},
{
"id": "893926",
"text": "players of his era, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989, his first year of eligibility, with the support of 94% of voters. Notably, this makes him one of the few Hall of Famers to directly succeed another Hall of Famer at the same position. For his entire career with the Red Sox, he wore uniform number 8. The Red Sox retired this number on August 6, 1989, after Yastrzemski was elected to the Hall of Fame. In 1999, Yastrzemski ranked number 72 on \"The Sporting News\"' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. That same",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "748846",
"text": "pitchers inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame who had more strikeouts than innings pitched. Besides Jackie Robinson (whose number was retired by Major League Baseball) and Frank Robinson (3 teams), Ryan is the only other major league baseball player to have his number (34) retired by at least three teams: the Angels, Astros, and Rangers. Ryan is the all-time leader in no-hitters with seven, three more than any other pitcher. He is tied with Bob Feller for the most one-hitters, with 12. Ryan also pitched 18 two-hitters. Despite the seven no-hitters, he never won a perfect game, nor did",
"title": "Nolan Ryan"
},
{
"id": "540020",
"text": "Frank Robinson Frank Robinson (born August 31, 1935) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder and manager. He played for five teams from 1956 to 1976, and became the only player to win league MVP honors in both the National and American Leagues. He won the Triple Crown, was a member of two teams that won the World Series (the 1966 and 1970 Baltimore Orioles), and amassed the fourth-most career home runs at the time of his retirement (he is currently 10th). Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982. Robinson was the first black",
"title": "Frank Robinson"
},
{
"id": "12485195",
"text": ".340 batting average, .632 slugging average, and a .447 on base average. He hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in (RBI). In 1939, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his uniform number (4) retired by a team. A native of New York City and a student at Columbia University, Gehrig signed with the Yankees in 1923. He set several major-league records during his career, including the most career grand slams (23) (since broken by Alex Rodriguez) and most consecutive games played (2,130), a record that stood",
"title": "Lou Gehrig"
},
{
"id": "4921440",
"text": "choosing between two cars. , NL players have won the award 27 times (including one award shared by two players), and American League (AL) players have won 30 times. Baltimore Orioles players have won the most awards for a single franchise (with six); players from the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants are tied for the most in the NL with five each. Five players have won the award twice: Willie Mays (1963, 1968), Steve Garvey (1974, 1978), Gary Carter (1981, 1984), Cal Ripken, Jr. (1991, 2001), and Mike Trout (2014, 2015). The award has been shared",
"title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award"
},
{
"id": "10340802",
"text": "Aaron Robinson Aaron Andrew Robinson (June 23, 1915 – March 9, 1966), was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from to for the New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers and Boston Red Sox. Robinson's tenure with the Yankees spanned the gap between the careers of Yankee Hall of Fame catchers Bill Dickey (1928–1946) and Yogi Berra (1946–1963). Born in Lancaster, South Carolina, Robinson threw right-handed, batted left-handed and was listed as tall and . His professional playing career began in 1937 in minor league baseball. Robinson made his major league",
"title": "Aaron Robinson"
},
{
"id": "7952725",
"text": "Professional Baseball formally announced an expansion team for the city of York. One of the prominent members of the team's ownership group is Brooks Robinson, who played with the York White Roses and later with the Baltimore Orioles from 1955 to 1977. A statue of Robinson was erected in the area outside the stadium entrance and called Brooks Robinson Plaza in his honor. The Revolution's inaugural season saw the team finish 3rd in the South Division with a record of 58–68. Their fortunes changed quickly, however, with 2008 bringing a 1st-place finish in the newly named Freedom Division and the",
"title": "York Revolution"
},
{
"id": "1727033",
"text": "in back-to-back years with Frank Robinson, the only time this has occurred in baseball history. As such, this helps create enormous offense for a team throughout the season, to the point where the last four times a player won the Triple Crown, his team went to the World Series. In the major leagues, the most batting Triple Crowns won by a player is two. Rogers Hornsby was the first to accomplish it, winning his first in 1922 and then leading both major leagues in 1925 en route to his second Triple Crown, both with the St. Louis Cardinals. Ted Williams",
"title": "Triple Crown (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "6380319",
"text": "went 75–87. The Pirates would not have another winning season until 2013; their streak of 20 consecutive losing seasons through 2012 remains an all-time record for major North American professional sports. Barry Bonds and Doug Drabek played their last games for the team, as both departed in free agency that offseason. Bonds went to the San Francisco Giants, where he played for the remainder of his career and eventually set baseball's all-time single season and career home run record with 762. Bonds became eligible for the Hall of Fame in 2013, but has yet to be elected due in part",
"title": "1992 National League Championship Series"
},
{
"id": "989095",
"text": "after his retirement, Anderson said he had told his wife that season, \"If this is what the game has become, it don't need me no more.\" He finished with a lifetime record of 2,194–1,834, for a .545 percentage and the third-most wins for a Major League manager at the time (behind only Connie Mack and John McGraw). His win total has since been surpassed by Tony La Russa, Bobby Cox, and Joe Torre, placing him sixth on the all-time list. Anderson spent the largest portion of his career managing the Tigers (1970–78 with the Reds, 1979–95 with the Tigers), winning",
"title": "Sparky Anderson"
},
{
"id": "14694286",
"text": "Hank Schreiber Henry \"Hank\" Walter Shreiber (July 12, 1891 – February 23, 1968) was a Major League Baseball infielder. He was the only major league player to play for five major league teams in five non-consecutive years, never playing on more than one team per season, and never at any point appearing in the majors in two consecutive seasons. He also established the record for being the player who appeared for the most major league teams without ever accumulating enough career at-bats to officially qualify as a rookie. This record was later tied by Jermaine Clark and Gustavo Molina. The",
"title": "Hank Schreiber"
},
{
"id": "6089610",
"text": "threw a record 58 2/3 consecutive scoreless innings, and Catfish Hunter of the Oakland Athletics was the first American League pitcher to record a perfect game since Don Larsen in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series. Hitting was anemic as Carl Yastrzemski of the Boston Red Sox would be the only American League hitter to finish the season with a batting average higher than .300. Yastrzemski's batting average of .301 was the lowest batting average of any league batting champion. The American League's collective slugging average of .340 remains the lowest since 1915 (when the game was still in",
"title": "1968 in baseball"
},
{
"id": "2167581",
"text": "of games without a no-hitter anywhere in the Major Leagues is 6,364, between Randy Johnson's perfect game on May 18, 2004, for the Arizona Diamondbacks, and Aníbal Sánchez's no-hitter on September 6, 2006, for the Florida Marlins. The previous record was a 4,015-game streak without a no-hitter from September 30, 1984, to September 19, 1986. The pitcher who holds the record for the most no-hitters is Nolan Ryan, who threw seven in his long career. His first two came exactly two months apart, while he was with the California Angels: the first on May 15, 1973, and the second on",
"title": "No-hitter"
},
{
"id": "3079846",
"text": "18 years at the helm of the Brooks, Robinson compiled a record of 1375–1341, including National League championships in and – Brooklyn's only pennants between 1901 and 1940. Those two clubs lost in the World Series to the Boston Red Sox and Cleveland Indians, respectively. His 1375 NL victories were, at the time, the 3rd-highest total in NL history, trailing only the totals of McGraw (then with 2652) and Fred Clarke (1602). Robinson was highly regarded for his ability to draw outstanding performances from his pitching staffs, a result of his many years as a catcher. Among the pitchers he",
"title": "Wilbert Robinson"
},
{
"id": "40596",
"text": "Drabowsky from the Cardinals in 1965) and claims off waivers (Curt Blefary, 1965 AL Rookie of the Year, from the Yankees in 1963). On December 9, 1965, the Orioles traded pitcher Milt Pappas (and several others) to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for slugging outfielder Frank Robinson. The following year, Robinson won the American League Most Valuable Player award, thus becoming the first (and so far only) man to win the MVP in each league (Robinson won the NL MVP in 1961, leading the Reds to the pennant). In addition to winning the 1966 MVP, Robinson also won the Triple",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"id": "11337027",
"text": "was anemic. Carl Yastrzemski of the Boston Red Sox had the lowest batting average of any league champion when his .301 was good enough for the American League batting title. The AL's collective slugging average of .339 remains the lowest since 1915 (when the game was still in the so-called dead-ball era), while the collective batting average of .231 is the all-time lowest. The Chicago White Sox scored only 463 runs during the regular season and were shut out a league-high 23 times. Both those totals are still all-time records in the era of the 162-game season. After the season,",
"title": "1968 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "41820",
"text": "were shifted from the National to the American League; with an odd number (15) in each league, an interleague contest was played somewhere almost every day during the season. At this time the divisions within each league were shuffled to create six equal divisions of five teams. By the late 1960s, the balance between pitching and hitting had swung in favor of the pitchers. In 1968 Carl Yastrzemski won the American League batting title with an average of just .301, the lowest in history. That same year, Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain won 31 games – making him the last",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6572902",
"text": "Eddie Robinson (baseball) William Edward Robinson (born December 15, 1920) is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman, scout, coach and front office executive of the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s who, during a 13-year playing career (1942; 1946–57), was on the roster of seven of the eight American League teams then in existence (everyone except the Red Sox). He is the author of an autobiography, published in 2011, titled \"Lucky Me: My Sixty-five Years in Baseball\". He is also the last surviving member of the 1943 \"Navy World Series\". Robinson is the last living person to win",
"title": "Eddie Robinson (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "41842",
"text": "was continued as distinct halves starting August 9, with the playoffs reorganized to reflect this. Throughout the 1980s then, baseball seemed to prosper. The competitive balance between franchises saw fifteen different teams make the World Series, and nine different champions during the decade. Also, every season from 1978 through 1987 saw a different World Series winner, a streak unprecedented in baseball history. Turmoil was, however, just around the corner. In 1986 Pete Rose retired from playing for the Cincinnati Reds, having broken Ty Cobb's record by accumulating 4,256 hits during his career. He continued as Reds manager until, in 1989",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4041618",
"text": "and in doing so became the only player in history to be named captain for both teams. From 1920 through 2003, the Yankees won 26 World Series championships and 39 pennants, compared to only four pennants for the Red Sox. In every year that the Red Sox won the pennant—1946, 1967, 1975 and 1986—they lost the World Series 4–3, leaving them with no World Series titles. During this time, the Red Sox finished second in the standings to the Yankees on twelve occasions—in 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1949, 1977, 1978, and every year from 1998 to 2003. During the 84-year",
"title": "Yankees–Red Sox rivalry"
},
{
"id": "3168418",
"text": "League's temporary demise after the 1942 season due to World War II and until 1959, when they struck up a partnership with the Chicago Cubs. While with the Browns/Orioles, the team saw well over 100 players reach the Major League Baseball, including Hall-of-Famers Willard Brown (1956) and Brooks Robinson (1956–1957). The Missions name was used for the teams affiliated with the Cubs, through 1962. In just four years in the Cubs' system, more than 50 alumni reached the major leagues—including Ron Santo (1959) and Hall-of-Famer Billy Williams (1959). The Missions changed their name to the Bullets in 1963, when the",
"title": "San Antonio Missions"
},
{
"id": "927801",
"text": "Denny McLain Dennis Dale McLain (born March 29, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player. He was a pitcher in Major League Baseball for ten seasons, most notably for the Detroit Tigers. In 1968, McLain became the most recent Major League Baseball pitcher to win 30 or more games during a season (with a record of 31–6) — a feat accomplished by only 11 players in the 20th century. As a player, McLain was brash and outspoken, sometimes creating controversy by criticizing teammates and fans with little provocation. His stellar performance at the beginning of his major league career",
"title": "Denny McLain"
},
{
"id": "1681780",
"text": "infamous error in Game 6 of the 1986 World Series. , or Baseball Almanac, or The Baseball Page.com Bill Buckner William Joseph Buckner (born December 14, 1949) is an American former professional baseball first baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 22 seasons, from 1969 through 1990. During his career, he played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago Cubs, Boston Red Sox, California Angels, and Kansas City Royals. Buckner accumulated over 2,700 hits in his career, won a batting title in , and represented the Cubs at the All-Star Game the following season. Buckner is best remembered for",
"title": "Bill Buckner"
},
{
"id": "3300429",
"text": "Dwight Evans Dwight Michael \"Dewey\" Evans (born November 3, 1951) is an American former professional baseball right fielder and right-handed batter who played with the Boston Red Sox (1972–90) and Baltimore Orioles (1991) in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was a three-time All-Star, won eight Gold Glove Awards, and won two Silver Slugger Awards. Evans played the second-most career games for the Red Sox of any player, surpassed only by Carl Yastrzemski. Evans was born in Santa Monica, California. He played Pony League and Colt League baseball in Northridge, California, with Doug DeCinces. Dwight attended Granada Hills High School in",
"title": "Dwight Evans"
},
{
"id": "10548205",
"text": "1979 Boston Red Sox season The 1979 Boston Red Sox season was the 79th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished third in the American League East with a record of 91 wins and 69 losses, 11½ games behind the Baltimore Orioles. In 1979, Fred Lynn hit a league-leading .333 and had 39 homers and 122 RBIs. Jim Rice batted .325, with 39 homers and 130 RBIs, but Dennis Eckersley fell to 17 wins, and Mike Torrez had 16 wins again. Another highlight was Carl Yastrzemski's 3,000th hit and his 400th home run. He was",
"title": "1979 Boston Red Sox season"
},
{
"id": "10547889",
"text": "1968 Boston Red Sox season The 1968 Boston Red Sox season was the 68th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished fourth in the American League (AL) with a record of 86 wins and 76 losses, 17 games behind the AL and World Series champion Detroit Tigers. Carl Yastrzemski set an American League record by having the lowest batting average to win a batting title. Yaz hit .301 to claim the batting title. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home",
"title": "1968 Boston Red Sox season"
},
{
"id": "83722",
"text": "when the White Sox, known as the \"Hitless Wonders,\" defeated the Cubs, 4-2. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city; they have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games and have more wins than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876. They have won three World Series titles, including the 2016 World Series, but had the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in American professional sports: They had not won their sport's title since",
"title": "Chicago"
},
{
"id": "11979419",
"text": "Chuck Schilling Charles Thomas Schilling (born October 25, 1937) is an American former professional baseball player, a second baseman in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox (1961–65). A 1963 graduate of Manhattan College, he threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed . After playing for Boston's Triple-A Minneapolis Millers farm team in 1960, Schilling broke into the Major Leagues in 1961, the same year as his friend and fellow Long Islander, eventual Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski. A slick fielder, his arrival prompted the Red Sox to move the incumbent American League batting champion, Pete Runnels, from",
"title": "Chuck Schilling"
},
{
"id": "597361",
"text": "streak that lasted 16 games. The distinction of hitting safely in 72 of 73 games is also a record. The closest anyone has come to equaling DiMaggio since 1941 is Pete Rose, who hit safely in 44 straight games in 1978. During the streak, DiMaggio played in seven doubleheaders. The Yankees' record during the streak was 41–13–2. Some consider DiMaggio's streak a uniquely outstanding and unbreakable record and a statistical near-impossibility. Nobel Prize-winning physicist and sabermetrician Edward Mills Purcell calculated that, to have the likelihood of a hitting streak of 50 games occurring in the history of baseball up to",
"title": "Joe DiMaggio"
},
{
"id": "6076488",
"text": "Deron Johnson Deron Roger Johnson (July 17, 1938 – April 23, 1992) was an American professional baseball player. Born in San Diego, California, he played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball as an infielder, outfielder, and designated hitter for the New York Yankees, Kansas City & Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Phillies, Boston Red Sox, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago White Sox, Atlanta Braves, and Milwaukee Brewers during his 15-year major league career. He later served as a coach for 13 seasons with the California Angels (1979–80; 1989–92), New York Mets (1981), Philadelphia Phillies (1982–84), Seattle Mariners (1985–86), and Chicago White Sox (1987). Johnson",
"title": "Deron Johnson"
},
{
"id": "1681755",
"text": "Bill Buckner William Joseph Buckner (born December 14, 1949) is an American former professional baseball first baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 22 seasons, from 1969 through 1990. During his career, he played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago Cubs, Boston Red Sox, California Angels, and Kansas City Royals. Buckner accumulated over 2,700 hits in his career, won a batting title in , and represented the Cubs at the All-Star Game the following season. Buckner is best remembered for a ground ball fielding error in the tenth inning when playing for the Boston Red Sox that ended",
"title": "Bill Buckner"
},
{
"id": "533127",
"text": "Yogi Berra Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra (May 12, 1925 – September 22, 2015) was an American professional baseball catcher, who later took on the roles of manager and coach. He played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1946–63, 1965), all but the last for the New York Yankees. He was an 18-time All-Star and won 10 World Series championships as a player—more than any other player in MLB history. Berra had a career batting average of .285, while hitting 358 home runs and 1,430 runs batted in. He is one of only five players to win the American League",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "2666467",
"text": "the Orioles played their last game there on October 6, 1991, Robinson and Unitas were invited to throw out the ceremonial first balls. (Unitas threw a football.) After the conclusion of the game, 119 former Oriole players took the field in the uniforms of their time and stood at their old positions on the field. Robinson was chosen to be the first player to come out. In 1999, he ranked Number 80 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. A longtime supporter of Scouting, Robinson served",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "7511159",
"text": "sent pitcher Milt Pappas (and several others) to the Cincinnati Reds in exchange for slugging outfielder Frank Robinson. In 1966, Robinson won the Triple Crown (leading the American League in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in) and received the American League Most Valuable Player Award, becoming the first (and so far only) player to win the MVP Award in each league (he had been named NL MVP in 1961, leading the Reds to the pennant). The Orioles would win their first-ever American League championship in 1966 and, in a major upset, swept the World Series by out-dueling the",
"title": "History of the Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"id": "7604930",
"text": "the topless towers of Troy before the dream is dashed by the grit-gloved Graig Nettles). After the 1978 playoff game, the Red Sox did not reach the postseason for the next seven years. In 1979, Carl Yastrzemski would hit his 3000th career hit and Fred Lynn won the batting crown. The Sox would finish in third with a 91–69 record. Despite plus-.500 finishes in 1980 and 1981, the Red Sox decided not to resign Fred Lynn, Carlton Fisk, and Rick Burleson. Fisk would go to the White Sox, Lynn and Burleson went to the California Angels, in two separate trades",
"title": "History of the Boston Red Sox"
},
{
"id": "46255",
"text": "of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (A) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (B) is awarded first base on four called balls; (C) is hit by a pitched ball; or (D) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction[.]\" An at bat is counted when: Pete Rose had 14,053 career at bats, the all-time major league and National League record. The American League record is held by Carl Yastrzemski, whose 11,988 career at bats were all in the AL. The single season record is held by Jimmy Rollins, who",
"title": "At bat"
},
{
"id": "4249690",
"text": "Charles Johnson (catcher) Charles Edward Johnson, Jr. (born July 20, 1971) is an American former professional baseball player. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball with the Florida Marlins (1994–1998, 2001–2002), the Los Angeles Dodgers (1998), the Baltimore Orioles (1999–2000), the Chicago White Sox (2000), the Colorado Rockies (2003–2004), and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2005). Johnson was considered as one of the best defensive catchers of his era, winning four consecutive Gold Glove Awards between and . He is one of only three catchers in Major League history to catch at least 100 games in a single",
"title": "Charles Johnson (catcher)"
},
{
"id": "6076495",
"text": "a golf professional. Deron Johnson Deron Roger Johnson (July 17, 1938 – April 23, 1992) was an American professional baseball player. Born in San Diego, California, he played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball as an infielder, outfielder, and designated hitter for the New York Yankees, Kansas City & Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Phillies, Boston Red Sox, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago White Sox, Atlanta Braves, and Milwaukee Brewers during his 15-year major league career. He later served as a coach for 13 seasons with the California Angels (1979–80; 1989–92), New York Mets (1981), Philadelphia Phillies (1982–84), Seattle Mariners (1985–86), and Chicago White",
"title": "Deron Johnson"
},
{
"id": "7814970",
"text": "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks Listed below are the longest consecutive games played in Major League Baseball history. To compile such a streak, a player must appear in every game played by his team. The streak is broken if the team completes a game in which the player neither takes a turn at bat nor plays a half-inning in the field. The record of playing in 2,632 consecutive games over more than 16 years is held by Cal Ripken, Jr. of the Baltimore Orioles. Ripken surpassed Lou Gehrig of the New York Yankees, whose record of 2,130 consecutive",
"title": "Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks"
},
{
"id": "15126477",
"text": "with the Yankees (every season except for 2008). Pettitte and Rivera hold the all-time record for most win–save combinations with 72; Bob Welch and Dennis Eckersley previously held the record with 58. In 2010, Rivera, Jeter, and Posada became the first trio in any of the four North American major sports leagues to play together on the same team for 16 consecutive seasons. Posada and Jeter played their 1,660th game together on July 14, 2011. This broke the record for most regular-season games played together by two Yankee teammates, previously held by Lou Gehrig and Tony Lazzeri. With the rise",
"title": "Core Four"
},
{
"id": "745937",
"text": "the president of the newly renamed American League of Professional Baseball Clubs (also simply called the American League) in 1901. George Herman (\"Babe\") Ruth (1895–1948), noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League with the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees (plus his first year with his hometown team, the Baltimore Orioles of the minor level International League). The American League has one notable difference versus the rival National League, in that in modern times since 1973 it has had the designated hitter",
"title": "American League"
},
{
"id": "8007546",
"text": "condition. Babe Dahlgren Ellsworth Tenney \"Babe\" Dahlgren (June 15, 1912 – September 4, 1996) was an American professional baseball infielder. He played twelve seasons in Major League Baseball from 1935 to 1946 for the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, Boston Braves, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, Brooklyn Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies, and Pittsburgh Pirates. Dahlgren replaced Lou Gehrig in the line up on May 2, 1939, ending Gehrig's 14-year, 2,130 consecutive game streak. Dahlgren had a homer and double‚ as the Yankees routed Detroit 22-2. He went on to hit 15 home runs and drive in 89 runs for the",
"title": "Babe Dahlgren"
},
{
"id": "10340810",
"text": "with the Shelby Colonels, winning the Western Carolina League championship despite having a losing record. Robinson died at age 50, a victim of testicular cancer. Aaron Robinson Aaron Andrew Robinson (June 23, 1915 – March 9, 1966), was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from to for the New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, Detroit Tigers and Boston Red Sox. Robinson's tenure with the Yankees spanned the gap between the careers of Yankee Hall of Fame catchers Bill Dickey (1928–1946) and Yogi Berra (1946–1963). Born in Lancaster, South Carolina, Robinson threw right-handed,",
"title": "Aaron Robinson"
},
{
"id": "7781215",
"text": "Jim Barr James Leland Barr (born February 10, 1948) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the San Francisco Giants (1971–1978, 1982–1983) and California Angels (1979–1980). He is perhaps best known for setting a record for consecutive batters retired (41, later tied by Bobby Jenks in 2007, and then broken by Mark Buehrle on July 28, 2009 and again by Yusmeiro Petit on August 28, 2014). Barr remains the only pitcher to retire as many as 41 consecutive batters in the course of only two games; his streak began in the third inning of a",
"title": "Jim Barr"
},
{
"id": "2666462",
"text": "His performance won him the World Series MVP Award presented by \"SPORT\", as well as the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year. After the 1970 World Series, Cincinnati Reds manager Sparky Anderson quipped, \"I'm beginning to see Brooks in my sleep. If I dropped this paper plate, he'd pick it up on one hop and throw me out at first.\" In his playing career, Robinson was selected for the All-Star team in 15 consecutive years (-74) and played in four World Series. He compiled a .267 career batting average with 2,848 hits, 268 home runs and 1357",
"title": "Brooks Robinson"
},
{
"id": "41804",
"text": "Robinson broke the color barrier, which had been tacitly recognized for over 50 years, with his appearance for the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field. Eleven weeks later, on July 5, 1947, the American League was integrated by the signing of Larry Doby to the Cleveland Indians. Over the next few years a handful of black baseball players made appearances in the majors, including Roy Campanella (teammate to Robinson in Brooklyn) and Satchel Paige (teammate to Doby in Cleveland). Paige, who had pitched more than 2400 innings in the Negro Leagues, sometimes two and three games a day, was still effective",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2486740",
"text": "as he stepped up to the batter's box. Many baseball players, such as Whitey Ford, Ken Griffey Jr., Steve Carlton, and Barry Bonds, bat and throw left-handed while writing right-handed. Biggio is one of the rare examples of a baseball player, like Brooks Robinson, and Dale Murphy, who bats and throws right-handed but writes left-handed. Craig Biggio Craig Alan Biggio (; born December 14, 1965) is an American former second baseman, outfielder and catcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career from 1988 through 2007 for the Houston Astros. A seven-time National League (NL) All-Star often regarded as",
"title": "Craig Biggio"
},
{
"id": "893925",
"text": "American League (the feat has since been accomplished by Cal Ripken Jr.). He was named to the All-Star Game 18 times. Yastrzemski won three American League batting championships in his career. In addition, Yastrzemski only trails Ty Cobb and Derek Jeter in hits collected with a single team, and trails only Cobb, Jeter and Tris Speaker in hits collected playing in the American League. Yastrzemski is also Fenway Park's all-time leader in hits, doubles, and RBI's. By the time of his retirement, he was the all-time leader in plate appearances, since surpassed by Pete Rose. As one of the top",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "10552902",
"text": "1961 Boston Red Sox season The 1961 Boston Red Sox season was the 61st season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished sixth in the American League (AL) with a record of 76 wins and 86 losses, 33 games behind the AL and World Series champion New York Yankees. Future Hall of Famer Carl Yastrzemski made his major league debut on Opening Day, April 11. He was considered the heir apparent to Ted Williams, who had retired at the end of 1960. On June 30, Wilbur Wood made his major league baseball debut with the Red",
"title": "1961 Boston Red Sox season"
},
{
"id": "1219448",
"text": "during the Revolutionary War. The Revolution continue the old baseball rivalry between York and the nearby city of Lancaster. The Revolution play at PeoplesBank Park in York's Arch Street neighborhood. The stadium features a plaza and statue in honor of MLB Hall of Fame third baseman Brooks Robinson, a one-time member of the aforementioned White Roses, with whom he made his professional baseball debut in 1955. Robinson currently serves as a special assistant and advisor to Opening Day Partners, the group largely responsible for bringing professional baseball back to York. PeoplesBank Park has the distinction of having the tallest wall",
"title": "York, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "2142715",
"text": "Fred Lynn Fredric Michael Lynn (born February 3, 1952) is an American former professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1974 through 1990 as a center fielder with the Boston Red Sox, California Angels, Baltimore Orioles, Detroit Tigers and San Diego Padres. He is best known for being the first player to win MLB's Rookie of the Year Award and Most Valuable Player Award in the same year, which he accomplished in 1975 with the Red Sox. Lynn was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2002 and to the College Baseball Hall",
"title": "Fred Lynn"
},
{
"id": "3275801",
"text": "failing to finish within ten games of first place for 16 years (1951–1966). As owner of the Boston Red Sox, the team's policy on integration ultimately was Yawkey's responsibility. In 1959, the Red Sox became the last major league team to field a black player, Pumpsie Green, twelve years after Jackie Robinson's rookie season with the Brooklyn Dodgers and two-and-a-half years after Robinson's retirement. Robinson would later call Yawkey \"one of the most bigoted guys in baseball\". Another controversy involved longtime clubhouse attendant Donald Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick was accused of sexual abuse of minors between 1971 and 1991 while working in",
"title": "Tom Yawkey"
},
{
"id": "2048524",
"text": "by the Governor of Illinois in 2017. , or Baseball Almanac, or BaseballLibrary, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League) Ryne Sandberg Ryne Dee Sandberg (born September 18, 1959), nicknamed \"Ryno\", is an American former professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a second baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago Cubs for sixteen years (1981–1994 and 1996–97). Sandberg established himself as a perennial All-Star and Gold Glove candidate, making 10 consecutive All-Star appearances and winning nine consecutive Gold Gloves from to . His career .989 fielding percentage was a major-league record at second base",
"title": "Ryne Sandberg"
},
{
"id": "8007542",
"text": "Babe Dahlgren Ellsworth Tenney \"Babe\" Dahlgren (June 15, 1912 – September 4, 1996) was an American professional baseball infielder. He played twelve seasons in Major League Baseball from 1935 to 1946 for the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, Boston Braves, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns, Brooklyn Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies, and Pittsburgh Pirates. Dahlgren replaced Lou Gehrig in the line up on May 2, 1939, ending Gehrig's 14-year, 2,130 consecutive game streak. Dahlgren had a homer and double‚ as the Yankees routed Detroit 22-2. He went on to hit 15 home runs and drive in 89 runs for the season",
"title": "Babe Dahlgren"
},
{
"id": "40610",
"text": "Brooks Robinson won his Most Valuable Player Award (1964). The glory years of the Orioles effectively ended when the Detroit Tigers, a divisional rival at the time, went 35–5 to open the 1984 season on the way to winning the World Series, in which Hall-of-Fame pitcher Jim Palmer retired during the 1984 season. After winning the 1983 World Series, the Orioles spent the next five years in steady decline, finishing 1986 in last place for the first time since the franchise moved to Baltimore. The team hit bottom in 1988 when it started the season 0–21, en route to 107",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"id": "533164",
"text": "for defamation, but Hanna-Barbera claimed that the similarity of the names was just a coincidence. Yogi Berra Lawrence Peter \"Yogi\" Berra (May 12, 1925 – September 22, 2015) was an American professional baseball catcher, who later took on the roles of manager and coach. He played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1946–63, 1965), all but the last for the New York Yankees. He was an 18-time All-Star and won 10 World Series championships as a player—more than any other player in MLB history. Berra had a career batting average of .285, while hitting 358 home runs and 1,430",
"title": "Yogi Berra"
},
{
"id": "3004006",
"text": "for the Baseball Hall of Fame and was subsequently removed from the ballot. He collected career-highs in home runs (20) in 1988 and 1990; in RBI (100) in 1985, and finished 8th in batting average (.307) in 1981. , or BaseballLibrary, or The Ultimate Mets Database Hubie Brooks Hubert \"Hubie\" Brooks (born September 24, 1956) is an American former professional baseball right fielder, third baseman, and shortstop. He played fifteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1980 to 1994 for the New York Mets, Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Dodgers, California Angels, and Kansas City Royals. Brooks was selected third",
"title": "Hubie Brooks"
},
{
"id": "3171520",
"text": "was traded to the Baltimore Orioles in December 1968. Finally, he had established a permanent role with one of baseball's up-and-coming franchises, as he found spot in the Orioles' starting rotation. With the acquisition of Cuellar, joining the likes of Jim Palmer and Dave McNally, and sluggers Frank Robinson, Brooks Robinson and Boog Powell, the Orioles began one of the strongest sequences of years in professional baseball in 1969. In August of that year, Cuellar accomplished a sequence where he retired 35 batters in a row, without issuing a walk or giving up a hit. The streak was ended on",
"title": "Mike Cuellar"
},
{
"id": "40599",
"text": "most lopsided in baseball history, including a mention by Susan Sarandon in her opening soliloquy in the 1988 film \"Bull Durham\": \"Bad trades are a part of baseball. I mean, who can forget Frank Robinson for Milt Pappas?\" In the 1960s, the Orioles farm system produced an especially large number of high-quality players and coaches and laid the foundation for two decades of on-field success. This period included eighteen consecutive winning seasons (1968–1985) -- a run of success that saw the Orioles become the envy of the league, and the winningest team in baseball. During this period, the Orioles played",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"id": "4777755",
"text": "Todd Zeile Todd Edward Zeile (born September 9, 1965) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and first baseman and current television and film actor, director and producer. He played sixteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1989 to 2004 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles, Los Angeles Dodgers, Florida Marlins, Texas Rangers, New York Mets, Colorado Rockies, New York Yankees, and Montreal Expos. He graduated from UCLA, where he played catcher. Only five players in MLB history have played for more teams. Zeile broke into the majors in 1989 as a catcher",
"title": "Todd Zeile"
},
{
"id": "4777765",
"text": "Todd Zeile Todd Edward Zeile (born September 9, 1965) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and first baseman and current television and film actor, director and producer. He played sixteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1989 to 2004 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles, Los Angeles Dodgers, Florida Marlins, Texas Rangers, New York Mets, Colorado Rockies, New York Yankees, and Montreal Expos. He graduated from UCLA, where he played catcher. Only five players in MLB history have played for more teams. Zeile broke into the majors in 1989 as a catcher",
"title": "Todd Zeile"
},
{
"id": "11063570",
"text": "player on the team is number 42. The original baseball numbers were based on the lineup. The starting players would be numbered 1-8, based on their spot in the order. The backup catcher would be number 9, and the pitchers would wear 10-14 (but not 13, as that is superstitious). Notable examples of this system are teammates Babe Ruth (he was number 3 and batted third for the Yankees) and Lou Gehrig (number 4, batted fourth). Several teams experimented with numbering-by-position during the 1930s. In , the Cincinnati Reds, under general manager Warren Giles, introduced what would be the longest-lasting",
"title": "Uniform number (Major League Baseball)"
},
{
"id": "7641961",
"text": "five consecutive times from – under Stengel, which continues to be the major league record. Led by players like center fielder Mickey Mantle, pitcher Whitey Ford, and catcher Yogi Berra, Stengel's teams won ten pennants and seven World Series titles in his twelve seasons as the Yankees manager. Stengel was a master at publicity for the team and for himself, even landing a cover story in \"Time\" magazine in 1955. The title was the only one of those five championships not to be won against either the New York Giants or Brooklyn Dodgers; it was won in four straight games",
"title": "New York Yankees"
},
{
"id": "540039",
"text": "2016. The Reds, Orioles, and Indians have retired his uniform number 20. He is one of only two major league players, the other being Nolan Ryan, to have his number retired by three different organizations. In 1999, he ranked Number 22 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Three teams have honored Robinson with statues: He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 9, 2005, by President George W. Bush. On April 13, 2007 Robinson was awarded the first Jackie Robinson",
"title": "Frank Robinson"
},
{
"id": "369827",
"text": "to preserve baseball in Seattle, and has since become an iconic moment in team history. The Mariners won 116 games in , which set the American League record for most wins in a single season and tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the Major League record for most wins in a single season. Through the end of the 2018 season, the franchise has finished with a losing record in 28 of 42 seasons. The Mariners are one of seven Major League Baseball teams who have never won a World Series championship, and one of two (along with the Washington Nationals)",
"title": "Seattle Mariners"
},
{
"id": "3383157",
"text": "the 1986 National League batting title with a .334 average. He also had six full seasons with an on-base percentage above .390. With 808 steals in his career, Raines has the fourth-highest total in major league history, behind Rickey Henderson, Lou Brock and Ty Cobb. Until 2008, his career stolen base percentage (84.7%) was the highest in major league history for players with 300 or more attempts and he was successful on 40 consecutive steal attempts between July 1993 and August 1995, setting an American League record at the time (the record was broken by Ichiro Suzuki in May 2007,",
"title": "Tim Raines"
},
{
"id": "3637567",
"text": "Jim Lonborg James Reynold Lonborg (born April 16, 1942) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed starting pitcher who played with the Boston Red Sox (1965–71), Milwaukee Brewers (1972) and Philadelphia Phillies (1973–79). Though nicknamed \"Gentleman Jim\", he was known for fearlessly pitching on the inside of the plate over his fifteen-year career. Born in Santa Maria, California, Lonborg graduated from Stanford University. He enjoyed his best year in the Carl Yastrzemski-led Red Sox' \"Impossible Dream\" season, when he led American League pitchers in wins (22), games started (39), and strikeouts (246). That year, the Red Sox were involved in",
"title": "Jim Lonborg"
},
{
"id": "2041637",
"text": "is 2,295, held by Rickey Henderson (1979–2003). The season record for most runs scored is 198, set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894. The so-called modern-day record (1900 and after) is 177, achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921. The record for most seasons leading one of the major leagues in runs scored is 8, held by Babe Ruth (American League: 1919–21, 1923, 1924, 1926–28). The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18, shared by the Yankees' Red Rolfe (August 9–August 25, 1939) and the Cleveland Indians'",
"title": "Run (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "7781221",
"text": "Washington Freedom of the WUSA. Additionally, his brother, Mark Barr, pitched in the Boston Red Sox farm system for several years in the 1970s. Jim Barr James Leland Barr (born February 10, 1948) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the San Francisco Giants (1971–1978, 1982–1983) and California Angels (1979–1980). He is perhaps best known for setting a record for consecutive batters retired (41, later tied by Bobby Jenks in 2007, and then broken by Mark Buehrle on July 28, 2009 and again by Yusmeiro Petit on August 28, 2014). Barr remains the only pitcher",
"title": "Jim Barr"
},
{
"id": "2041639",
"text": "most recent was Shawn Green, then of the Los Angeles Dodgers, on May 23, 2002. The record for most runs scored by a major-league team during a single season is 1,212, set by the Boston Beaneaters (now the Atlanta Braves) in 1894. The modern-day record is 1,067, achieved by the New York Yankees in 1931. The team record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored (i.e., most consecutive games not being shut out) is 308, set by the Yankees between August 3, 1931, and August 2, 1933. The team record for most runs in its overall history",
"title": "Run (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "893918",
"text": "the lowering of the pitcher's mound), Yastrzemski's .301 mark in \"The Year of the Pitcher\" is the lowest average of any batting champion in major league history; however, he was the only hitter in the American League to hit .300 for that season against such formidable pitching, as well as leading the league in on-base percentage and walks. He had many more strong seasons, consistently finishing in the top ten in the league in many statistical categories. In , Yastrzemski enjoyed the first of two consecutive 40-home run seasons as he led the Red Sox to third-place finishes that year",
"title": "Carl Yastrzemski"
},
{
"id": "194030",
"text": "his MLB games in right field, though he appeared at several other infield and outfield positions. In his last two seasons, he was primarily a designated hitter. Aaron was an NL All-Star for 20 seasons and an AL All-Star for 1 season, from 1955 through 1975. Aaron holds the record for the most seasons as an All-Star and the most All-Star Game selections (25), and is tied with Willie Mays and Stan Musial for the most All-Star Games played (24). He was a Gold Glove winner for three seasons. In 1957, he was the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) when",
"title": "Hank Aaron"
},
{
"id": "7439017",
"text": "was retired throughout baseball on April 15, 1997, the 50th anniversary of his debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers. The Yankees erected a plaque for Robinson reading: \"In becoming the first Major League player to break the color barrier, Jackie will forever be an inspiration with his grace, dignity and perseverance. His story and the stories of those who never had the same opportunity must never be forgotten.\" 42s were also painted in front of each dugout. Players active at the time of the number's retirement in 1997 were granted a special exemption permitting them to continue wearing the number for",
"title": "Monument Park (Yankee Stadium)"
},
{
"id": "6006375",
"text": "J. Pierzynski, were among the several White Sox players who participated in that game. In 2007, Jenks pursued a record streak of retiring consecutive batters. On August 10, 2007, Jenks retired his 38th consecutive hitter, Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners, to tie the American League record for most consecutive batters retired in a row, set by David Wells between May 12, 1998, and May 23, 1998, then with the New York Yankees. On August 12, 2007, in a game against the Seattle Mariners, Jenks retired his 41st consecutive batter, the Mariners' Yuniesky Betancourt, tying the Major League record held",
"title": "Bobby Jenks"
},
{
"id": "242083",
"text": "1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956) and the World Series in 1955. After moving to Los Angeles, the team won National League pennants in 1959, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, 2017, and 2018, with World Series championships in 1959, 1963, 1965, 1981 and 1988. In all, the Dodgers have appeared in 20 World Series: 9 in Brooklyn and 11 in Los Angeles. For most of the first half of the 20th century, no Major League Baseball team employed an African American player. Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team",
"title": "Los Angeles Dodgers"
},
{
"id": "2322774",
"text": "more wins. Lou Piniella won 116 games with the Seattle Mariners in 2001, the most by a winning manager, and Joe Torre won 114 with the New York Yankees in 1998. Sparky Anderson and Tony La Russa finished with identical 104–58 records in 1984 and 1988, respectively. Three National League managers, including Dusty Baker, Whitey Herzog, and Larry Dierker, have exceeded the century mark as well. Baker's San Francisco Giants won 103 games in 1993; Dierker's 1998 Houston Astros won 102 and Herzog led the Cardinals to 101 wins in the award's third season. In 1991, Bobby Cox became the",
"title": "Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award"
},
{
"id": "13983060",
"text": "Altuve, also a winner in 2014 and 2016, is the only player to win the Luis Aparicio Award, the MVP award, and become a World Series champion in the same season in 2017. He has also won a batting title in each of his three award seasons. Santana (2006) and Cabrera (2012) are the only award winners to also earn the pitching and batting Triple Crown respectively in the same season. In accomplishing the feat, Cabrera became the first player in 45 years to achieve a Triple Crown in batting since Carl Yastrzemski in 1967, while Santana became the first",
"title": "Luis Aparicio Award"
},
{
"id": "3528869",
"text": "championship in . He holds the all-time record for ejections in Major League Baseball with 158 (plus an additional three post-season ejections), a record previously held by John McGraw. Cox ranks fourth on the baseball all-time managerial wins list. As a player, Cox originally signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers, but was never able to make the Dodgers' major league team. Eventually he was acquired by the Braves, but never appeared in an MLB game for them either. Instead, he was traded to the New York Yankees on December 7, 1967. Cox played two seasons, mostly at third base, for",
"title": "Bobby Cox"
},
{
"id": "810778",
"text": "Jim Rice James Edward Rice (born March 8, 1953), nicknamed \"Jim Ed\", is a former Major League Baseball left fielder and designated hitter who played his entire 16-year baseball career for the Boston Red Sox. Rice was an eight-time American League (AL) All-Star and was named the AL's Most Valuable Player in after becoming the first major league player in 19 years to hit for 400 total bases. He went on to become the ninth player to lead the major leagues in total bases in consecutive seasons. He joined Ty Cobb as one of two players to lead the AL",
"title": "Jim Rice"
},
{
"id": "5735402",
"text": "Mike Morgan (baseball) Michael Thomas Morgan (born October 8, 1959) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for twelve different teams over 25 years, and is one of 29 players in baseball history to appear in Major League baseball games in four decades (1978–2002). Upon his retirement, Morgan held the major league record for most major league teams played for (12), but this record was surpassed by Octavio Dotel in 2012 and Edwin Jackson in 2018. Because of this, Morgan was nicknamed \"The Nomad\" by his teammates due to his constant travel from team to team.",
"title": "Mike Morgan (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "3171743",
"text": "Jim Palmer James Alvin Palmer (born October 15, 1945) is a retired American right-handed pitcher who played all of his 19 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Baltimore Orioles (1965–67, 1969–84) and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in . Palmer was the winning pitcher in 186 games in the 1970s, the most wins in that decade by any MLB pitcher. He also won at least twenty games in each of eight seasons and received three Cy Young Awards and four Gold Gloves during the decade. His 268 career victories are currently an Orioles record. A",
"title": "Jim Palmer"
},
{
"id": "654125",
"text": "League Baseball has occasionally increased or reduced the size of the strike zone in an attempt to control the balance of power between pitchers and hitters. After the record home run year by Roger Maris in , the major leagues increased the size of the strike zone from the top of the batter's shoulders to the bottom of his knees. In , pitchers such as Denny McLain and Bob Gibson among others dominated hitters, producing 339 shutouts. Carl Yastrzemski would be the only American League hitter to finish the season with a batting average higher than .300. In the National",
"title": "Strike zone"
},
{
"id": "8318555",
"text": "Don Robinson (baseball) Don Allen \"Donnie\" Robinson (born June 8, 1957), is a former Major League Baseball pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants, California Angels, and Philadelphia Phillies from 1978 through 1992. Nicknamed \"The Caveman\", Robinson's career record was 109–106 with a 3.79 ERA. In 1978, as a 21 year-old rookie, Robinson won 14 wins with 6 losses with a 3.47 ERA. His won-loss percentage was second to NL Cy Young Award winner Gaylord Perry. Robinson was named The Sporting News NL Rookie Pitcher of the Year and was third in overall NL Rookie of the Year. He",
"title": "Don Robinson (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "7604908",
"text": "the end of the 1960 season, famously hitting a home run in his final at-bat as memorialized in the John Updike story \"Hub fans bid Kid adieu\". The Sox finally became the last Major League team to field an African American player when they promoted infielder Pumpsie Green from their AAA farm team in 1959. In Green's Fenway debut he tripled. The 1950s had bright highlights like Pete Runnels .322 batting average in '58 and Jackie Jensen's 1958 MVP award. The 1960s also started poorly for the Red Sox, though 1961 saw the debut of Carl \"Yaz\" Yastrzemski, (uniform #8)",
"title": "History of the Boston Red Sox"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Brooks Robinson context: the Hard Rock casino. , or Retrosheet Brooks Robinson Bro Calbert Robinson Jr. (born May 18, 1937) is an American former professional baseball player. He played his entire 23-year major league career for the Baltimore Orioles (1955–1977). He batted and threw right-handed, though he was a natural left-hander. Nicknamed \"The Human Vacuum Cleaner\" or \"Mr. Hoover\", he is considered one of the greatest defensive third basemen in major league history. He won 16 consecutive Gold Glove Awards during his career, tied with pitcher Jim Kaat for the second-most all-time for any player at any position. Robinson was elected to the\n\nBrooks Robinson and Carl Yastrzemski hold the major league baseball record for playing the greatest number of seasons with the same team. How many years did they play-- and with what teams?",
"compressed_tokens": 224,
"origin_tokens": 224,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mike Morgan (baseball) context: Mike Morgan (baseball) Michael Thomas Morgan (born October 8, 1959) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for twelve different teams over 25 years, and is one of 29 players in baseball history to appear in Major League baseball games in four decades (1978–2002). Upon his retirement, Morgan held the major league record for most major league teams played for (12), but this record was surpassed by Octavio Dotel in 2012 and Edwin Jackson in 2018. Because of this, Morgan was nicknamed \"The Nomad\" by his teammates due to his constant travel from team to team.\n\ntitle: Carl Yastrzem context: would have in 14 chance to play No player had a career only one team,2 seasons a he shares with Brooks Robinson of the Baltimore Orioles His career,30 gamessecond all- and the a single team 66 doubles,2 home runs 1,844BIs, and a batting average of .285 had 1,8 walks in his career, 17 extra base hits. Yastrzemski was the player ever collect over 3,000 and 400 home solely inon: Der Johnsonon Roger Johnson (July 17, 938 – April23, 192) was an American professional player California played1 inff and h for Yorkke, & Oak Philadelphia Phill Boston So Cincinn Sox, Atlanta Braves, and Milaurewers during his 1year. He later for 1 seasons with the California Ang (19790 1899 New York M11), Phill184), Seattle Marin15–86), So1 Johnson\n Jimmer:mermer ( a retired American right-handed pitcher who played all of his 19 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Baltimore Orioles (1965–67, 1969–84) and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in . Palmer was the winning pitcher in 186 games in the 1970s, the most wins in that decade by any MLB pitcher. He also won at least twenty games in each of eight seasons and received three Cy Young Awards and four Gold Gloves during the decade. His 268 career victories are currently an Orioles record. A\n\nBrooks Robinson and Carl Yastrzemski hold the major league baseball record for playing the greatest number of seasons with the same team. How many years did they play-- and with what teams?",
"compressed_tokens": 545,
"origin_tokens": 14783,
"ratio": "27.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
126 | How long is the average pool cue? | [
"eighty-five thousand distance",
"$85,000",
"85000 distance"
] | $85,000 | [
{
"id": "15362295",
"text": "rock maple, with a fiberglass or phenolic resin , usually long, and steel and . Pool cues average around long, are commonly available in weights, with being the most common, and usually have a diameter in the range of 12 to 14 mm. A conical , with the gradually shrinking in diameter from joint to ferrule, is favored by some, but the \"pro\" taper is increasingly popular, straight for most of the length of the shaft from ferrule back, flaring to joint diameter only in the last to of the shaft. While there are many custom cuemakers, a very large",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "15362288",
"text": "Cue stick A cue stick (or simply cue, more specifically billiards cue, pool cue, or snooker cue), is an item of sporting equipment essential to the games of pool, snooker and carom billiards. It is used to strike a ball, usually the . Cues are tapered sticks, typically about 57–59 inches (about 1.5 m) long and usually between 16 and 21 ounces (450–600 g), with professionals gravitating toward a 19-ounce (540 g) average. Cues for carom tend toward the shorter range, though cue length is primarily a factor of player height and arm length. Most cues are made of wood,",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "15362293",
"text": "it was discovered how \"\" () could be used to the advantage of players, and Carr began selling chalk in small boxes. He called it \"twisting powder\", and the magical impression this gave the public enabled him to sell it for a higher price than if they realized it was simply chalk in a small box. \"\", an American term for sidespin, derives from the British discovery of sidespin's effects, as \"massé\" comes from the French word for \"mace\". Pool and snooker cues average around in length and are of three major types. The simplest type is a one-piece cue;",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "4262867",
"text": "core. Modern cue sticks are generally long for pool while cues prior to 1980 were designed for straight pool and had an average length of . By comparison, carom billiards cues are generally shorter with larger tips, and snooker cues longer with smaller tips. In the United States, the most commonly played game is eight-ball. The goal of eight-ball, which is played with a full rack of fifteen balls and the cue ball, is to claim a suit (commonly stripes or solids in the US, and reds or yellows in the UK), pocket all of them, then legally pocket the",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "3053769",
"text": "cues tend to be shorter and lighter overall, with a shorter , a thicker and , a wooden joint (in high-end examples) and wood-to-wood joint (for a one-piece cue \"feel\"), a fast, conical , and a smaller diameter as compared with pool cues. Typical cues are in length and in weight—lighter for straight rail, heavier for three-cushion—with a tip in diameter. The specialization makes the cue significantly stiffer, which aids in handling the larger and heavier billiard balls as compared with pool cues. It also acts to reduce (sometimes called \"squirt\"), which may be defined as displacement of the cue",
"title": "Carom billiards"
},
{
"id": "15362296",
"text": "number of quality pool cues are manufactured in bulk. In recent years, modern materials such as fiberglass, carbon fiber, aluminum, etc., have been used more and more for shafts and butts. A trend toward experimentation has also developed with rubber, memory foam and other soft . Carom billiards cues tend to be shorter and lighter than pool cues, with a shorter ferrule, a thicker and joint, a wooden joint pin (ideally) and collarless wood-to-wood joint, a conical taper, and a smaller tip diameter. Typical dimensions are long, in weight, with an 11–12 mm diameter tip. The specialization makes the cue",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "39276",
"text": "wide. Most pool tables are known as 7-, 8-, or 9-footers, referring to the length of the table's long side. Full-size snooker and English billiard tables are long on the longest side. Pool halls tend to have tables and cater to the serious pool player. Pubs will typically use tables which are often coin-operated. Formerly, tables were common, but such tables are now considered antique collectors items; a few, usually from the late 19th century, can be found in pool halls from time to time. Ten-foot tables remain the standard size for carom billiard games. The slates on modern carom",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "15362304",
"text": "a pool tip are dime- and nickel-radius, determined by shaping a tip so that when one puts a nickel or dime to it, they have the same curvature. The tip end of the cue will vary in diameter but is typically in the 9 to 14 millimeter range with 12–13 mm for pool cues, and 9–10 mm for Snooker cues being most common. Rounder (i.e., smaller radius) tips impart to the cue ball more easily since the point of contact between the tip and the ball requires less distance from the center hit to impart the same amount of spin,",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "15362300",
"text": "is usually 16 to 18 inches from the butt end. Manufacturers also provide a variety of specialty cues tailored to specific shots. Pool \"break cues\" have tips made from very hard leather (sometimes layered) or phenolic resin to ensure that the full force of the stroke is transferred to the cue ball during the , and to avoid excessive wear-and-tear on the tips and ferrules of players' main shooting cues. Phenolic-tipped break cues often have a merged phenolic ferrule-tip, instead of two separate pieces. \"Jump cues\" are shorter, lighter (12 ounces and less) cues that make performing a legal easier,",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "4262866",
"text": "to by . The balls range from in diameter to in diameter. Under the WPA/BCA \"(see below)\" equipment specifications, the weight may be from 5.5 to 6 oz. (156–170 g) with a diameter of 2.25 in. (57.15 mm), plus or minus 0.005 in. (0.127 mm). Modern coin-operated pool tables generally use one of three methods to distinguish and return the cue ball to the front of the table while the numbered balls return to an inaccessible receptacle until paid for again: the cue ball is larger and heavier than the other balls, or denser and heavier, or has a magnetic",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "9300967",
"text": "Speed pool Speedball also called speed pool.It is a solitary pool game. As its name suggests, one all the pool balls on the table as quickly as possible. It can be played competitively with the aid of a stopwatch. Observing professionals, one can see them running madly around the table to place their next shot. Unlike most billiard games, the cue ball is mostly used with a to minimize the waiting time. are legal, but time-consuming, and thus rare. A legal shot to just nudge the object ball for on a subsequent easy shot is preferred. Because speedball is a",
"title": "Speed pool"
},
{
"id": "39295",
"text": "popularity is straight pool, in which players seek to continue sinking balls, rack after rack if they can, to reach a pre-determined winning score (typically 150). Related to nine-ball, another well-known game is rotation, where the lowest-numbered object ball on the table must be struck first, although any object ball may be pocketed (i.e., combination shot). Each pocketed ball is worth its number, and the player with the highest score at the end of the rack is the winner. Since there are only 120 points available (1 + 2 + 3 ⋯ + 15 = 120), scoring 61 points leaves",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "4262873",
"text": "balls near their pocket instead of trying to actually pocket them. This allows them to control the game by forcing their opponent to be on defense instead of taking a low percentage shot that could result in a loss of game. These low percentage shots are known as \"flyers\" by one-pocket aficionados. Bank pool can be played with a full rack (can be a \"long\" game), but is more typically played with nine balls (frequently called \"nine-ball bank\"). The balls are racked in nine-ball formation, but in no particular order. The object of the game is simple: to be the",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "39294",
"text": "Snooker players may attempt an hour or more to score a single three cushion point, without even managing an accidental score. There are many variations of games played on a standard pool table. Popular pool games include eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool and one-pocket. Even within games types (e.g. eight-ball), there may be variations, and people may play recreationally using relaxed or local rules. A few of the more popular examples of pool games are given below. In eight-ball and nine-ball, the object is to sink object balls until one can legally pocket the winning eponymous \"\". Well-known but waning in",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "3053770",
"text": "ball's path away from the parallel line formed by the cue stick's direction of travel. It is a factor that occurs every time () is employed, and its effects are magnified by speed. In some carom games, deflection plays a large role because many shots require extremes of , coupled with great speed; this is a combination typically minimized as much as possible, by contrast, in pool. The wood used in carom cues can vary widely, and most quality carom cues are handmade. The slate bed of a billiard table is often heated to about 5 °C (9 °F) above",
"title": "Carom billiards"
},
{
"id": "15362297",
"text": "stiffer, for handling the heavier billiard balls and acting to reduce . The wood used in carom cues can vary widely, and most quality carom cues are handmade. At , a cue designed for snooker is usually shorter than the typical 59 inch pool cue and has detachable butt for making the cue longer or more. Many snooker cues are jointed, usually with brass fittings, or even of the way back toward the butt , providing an unusually long shaft, rather than at the half-way point, where pool and carom cues are jointed. This necessitates an extra long cue case.",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "39296",
"text": "no opportunity for the opponent to catch up. In both one-pocket and bank pool, the players must sink a set number of balls; respectively, all in a particular , or all by . In snooker, players score points by alternately potting and various special \"\". Speed pool is a standard billiards game where the balls must be pocketed in as little time as possible. Rules vary greatly from tournament to tournament. The International Speed Pool Challenge has been held annually since 2006. Dating to approximately 1800, English billiards, called simply billiards in many former British colonies and in the UK",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "8380941",
"text": "point on the table where the cue tip was aimed. The time before vertical spin overcomes horizontal movement is determined by the force with which the cue ball is struck. are quite difficult for non-experts, and are not allowed in some venues, as the table's can be easily damaged by unskilled players. Whenever a pool ball is struck with any degree of , and with a cue that is not perfectly level, a curve results. In the two immediately preceding sections, \"intentional\" curves of lesser and greater degrees were described. However, because in most billiards shots, the cue is slightly",
"title": "Cue sports techniques"
},
{
"id": "8235604",
"text": "especially among advanced players, although eight-ball, nine-ball and, increasingly, ten-ball, are widely played. Due to the popularity of other pool games (such as nine-ball, eight-ball, straight pool, etc.), rotation is hardly seen as a game for competition in some countries. However, this form of pool is a norm in the cue sport events of the Southeast Asian Games and the Asian Games. Rotation (pool) Rotation, sometimes called rotation pool or 61, is a pocket billiards game, requiring a standard pool table, and triangular rack of fifteen pool balls, in which the lowest-numbered on the table must be always struck by",
"title": "Rotation (pool)"
},
{
"id": "3036087",
"text": "is also slang for someone who sports a shaved head. In Polandball, numbered pool balls are used to denote aboriginal, prehistoric, or native peoples who do not have a flag of their own. Green 6-balls also denote extraterrestrials. Billiard ball A billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various particular ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are important to accuracy. Early balls were made of various materials, including",
"title": "Billiard ball"
},
{
"id": "9476242",
"text": "sign), as shown in the adjacent diagram. This arrangement of pins on the table is referred to as the \"castle\". Tables have the precise castle positions for the pins, and for the starting positions of the balls, permanently marked, as they must be placed back into position before every shot if any have been knocked over or moved. Each player uses a cue stick to shoot the appropriate cue ball; average cue length is 140 cm (about 55 in.) A () may be used to reach long shots. Though there are variants in Central and South America, the \"Italian five-pins\"",
"title": "Five-pin billiards"
},
{
"id": "9833057",
"text": "Bottle pool Bottle pool, also known as bottle-billiards and bottle pocket billiards, is a hybrid billiards game combining aspects of both carom billiards and pocket billiards. Played on a standard pool table, the game uses just two , a cue ball, and a 6¾ inch (171 mm) tall, narrow-necked bottle called a or tally bottle, traditionally made from leather, that is placed on the table and used as a target for . Those unfamiliar with the game sometimes mistakenly use its name as a synonym for the very different game of kelly pool. Bottle pool has been described as combining",
"title": "Bottle pool"
},
{
"id": "15362319",
"text": "not rounded. The use of machines has aided much in the production of high quality inlays and other ornaments. There have been a number of cue makers over the years; among them are George Balabushka, Herman Rambow, John Parris (Church Vale, London), Hunt & O'Byrne (Butler's Wharf, London), Palmer, Longoni, Samsara, Southwest, Szamboti, and Tascarella, whose cues are often very valuable to collectors. Cue stick A cue stick (or simply cue, more specifically billiards cue, pool cue, or snooker cue), is an item of sporting equipment essential to the games of pool, snooker and carom billiards. It is used to",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "4262868",
"text": "8 ball, while denying one's opponent opportunities to do the same with their suit, and without sinking the 8 ball early by accident. In the United Kingdom the game is commonly played in pubs, and it is competitively played in leagues on both sides of the Atlantic. The most prestigious tournaments including the World Open are sponsored and sanctioned by the International Pool Tour. Rules vary widely from place to place (and between continents to such an extent that British-style eight-ball pool/blackball is properly regarded as a separate game in its own right). Pool halls in North America are increasingly",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "39275",
"text": "early 20th century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental concerns but based on economic motivation and fear of danger for elephant hunters. It was in part spurred on by a New York billiard table manufacturer who announced a prize of $10,000 for a substitute material. The first viable substitute was celluloid, invented by John Wesley Hyatt in 1868, but the material was volatile, sometimes exploding during manufacture and was highly flammable. There are many sizes and styles of pool and billiard tables. Generally, tables are rectangles twice as long as they are",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "15362316",
"text": "cue hitting the cue ball may vibrate differently than in a cue with a properly attached, tight bumper. Though small, the bumper also adds some weight on the end of the cue, preserving a balance that also impacts the feel of a cue. A cue can be either hand- or machine-spliced. The choice of materials used in the construction of the cue butt and the artistry of the design can lead to cues of great beauty and high price. Good quality pool cues are customarily made from straight-grained hard rock maple wood, especially the shaft. Snooker cues, by contrast, are",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "39277",
"text": "tables are usually heated to stave off moisture and provide a consistent playing surface. The length of the pool table will typically be a function of space, with many homeowners purchasing an table as a compromise. Full-size pool tables are 4.5 by (interior dimensions). High-quality tables have a made of thick slate, in three pieces to prevent warping and changes due to temperature and humidity. Smaller bar tables are most commonly made with a single piece of slate. Pocket billiards tables of all types normally have six pockets, three on each side (four corner pockets, and two side or middle",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "16177589",
"text": "particularly fond of Delrin trim rings and Ivorine-3 ferrules, assembling his cues with his own, top secret epoxy blend. Like his New York relatives, Abe did not lack for star customers at Star Cues; Minnesota Fats, Willie Mosconi, and Jackie Gleason (who played Minnesota Fats in the 1961 film \"The Hustler\") all bought cues from him. Abe Rich Abe Rich (died November 25, 2008) was a wood craftsman and Holocaust survivor. He was inducted into the International Cuemakers Hall of Fame for the quality of the pool cue sticks he produced. Abraham Rutzisky was the son of Chaim and Hodel",
"title": "Abe Rich"
},
{
"id": "4655253",
"text": "published in the chain unit to maintain the consistency of a two-hundred-year-old database. In the Midwest of the US it is not uncommon to encounter deeds with references to chains, poles, or rod units, especially in farming country. Minor roads surveyed in Australia and New Zealand were in the 19th and early 20th centuries customarily one chain wide. The length of a cricket pitch is one chain (22 yards). A similar American system, of lesser popularity, is \"Ramsden’s\" or the \"engineer’s system\", where the chain consists also of 100 links, each one foot (0.3048 m) long. The original of such",
"title": "Gunter's chain"
},
{
"id": "9944563",
"text": "Blackball (pool) Blackball (sometimes written black ball), also known as reds and yellows and English eight-ball, is a pool (pocket billiards) game originating in the United Kingdom and popular across Europe, as well as in some former British colonies such as Australia. In the UK and Ireland it is usually called simply \"pool\". The game is played with sixteen balls (a and fifteen usually unnumbered ) on a small (6 ft × 3 ft or 7 ft × 3 ft 6 in) pool table with six . Blackball is an internationally standardised variation of the popular bar and club game",
"title": "Blackball (pool)"
},
{
"id": "13170199",
"text": "and illegal firearm possession. Since his death, a new company and associated whiskey brand have been named after him. Sutton had a long career making moonshine and bootlegging. Sutton said he considered moonshine production a legitimate part of his heritage, as he was a Scots-Irish American and descended from a long line of moonshiners. In the 1960s or 1970s, Sutton was given the nickname of \"Popcorn\" after his frustrated attack on a bar's faulty popcorn vending machine with a pool cue. Before his rise to fame at around 60 years of age, he had been in trouble with the law",
"title": "Popcorn Sutton"
},
{
"id": "39273",
"text": "pool balls are 57 mm ( in), are used in many pool games found throughout the world, come in sets of two of object balls, seven and seven , an and a ; the balls are racked differently for different games (some of which do not use the entire ball set). Blackball (English-style eight-ball) sets are similar, but have unmarked of (or ) and balls instead of solids and stripes, and at 56 mm ( in) are smaller than the American-style; they are used principally in Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, though not exclusively, since they are unsuited for",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "15362301",
"text": "and also often have a very hard tip. Some standard-sized break cues include a two-piece butt allowing a player to remove the lower, heavier half of the butt to produce a jump cue; these are usually referred to as \"jump–break\" or \"break–jump cues\". The uncommon \"massé cue\" is short and heavy, with a wider tip to aid in making . Practitioners of artistic billiards and artistic pool sometimes have twenty or more cues, each specifically tailored to a particular trick shot. Other specialty cues have multiple sections, between which weights can be added. Another specialization is the butt extension, which",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "4262865",
"text": "of pocket billiards as the sport gained in popularity, and so outside the cue sports industry, which has long favored the more formal term \"pocket billiards\", the common name for the sport has remained \"pool\". The \"OxfordDictionaries.com\" definition no longer even provides the obsolete meaning found in the print edition, and refers only to the typical game \"using two sets [each] of seven coloured and numbered balls ... with one black ball and a white cue ball\" on a table with pockets. Pool is played on a six pocket table. Modern pool tables generally range in size from by ,",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "9740682",
"text": "by omitting the longest row of balls in the rack. Snooker balls, like the balls for all cue sports, are typically made of phenolic resin, and are smaller than American pool balls. Regulation snooker balls (which are specified in metric units) are nominally 52.5 mm (approximately inches) in diameter, though many sets are actually manufactured at 52.4 mm (about in.) No weight for the balls is specified in the rules, only that the weight of any two balls should not differ by more than 0.5g. Some recreational sets (which are usually not measured metrically) are in. (about 54 mm) up",
"title": "Rules of snooker"
},
{
"id": "11160526",
"text": "designs – including octagonal cuts, sewn-in leather strips, and intricate inlay ornaments. Longoni's two top lines of pool cues, the Classica and Silver series, range from approximately US$1,500 to $6,000. Longoni supports no-ivory cue production by exclusively using made of phenolic resin. Longoni Longoni SRL is one of the most prominent European manufacturers of high-end cue sticks. The company, founded by Alessandro Longoni in 1945, is based in Mariano Comense, Italy. Longoni makes cues customized for various carom billiards disciplines, including three-cushion, five-pin, and artistic billiards, as well as pool and Russian pyramid cues more recently. Over the years, several",
"title": "Longoni"
},
{
"id": "4262863",
"text": "both pool and carom billiards, such as American four-ball billiards, bottle pool, cowboy pool, and English billiards. The etymology of \"pool\" is uncertain. The \"Oxford English Dictionary\" speculates that \"pool\" and other games with collective stakes is derived from the French \"poule\" (literally translated \"hen\"), in which the \"poule\" is the collected prize; alternatively it could derive from the verb \"to pool\" in the sense of combining objects or stakes. The oldest use of the word \"pool\" to describe a billiards-like game was made in 1797 in a Virginia newspaper. The OED defines it as generally \"any of various types",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "9648261",
"text": "picture screenplay of all time. In June 2008, AFI released its \"Ten top Ten\"—the best ten films in ten \"classic\" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. \"The Hustler\" was acknowledged as the sixth best film in the sports genre. \"The Hustler\" is credited with sparking a resurgence in the popularity of pool in the United States, which had been on the decline for decades. The film also brought recognition to Willie Mosconi, who, despite having won multiple world championships, was virtually unknown to the general public. Perhaps the greatest beneficiary of the film's popularity was",
"title": "The Hustler (film)"
},
{
"id": "8235588",
"text": "Rotation (pool) Rotation, sometimes called rotation pool or 61, is a pocket billiards game, requiring a standard pool table, and triangular rack of fifteen pool balls, in which the lowest-numbered on the table must be always struck by the cue ball first, to attempt to () numbered balls for . Rotation is somewhat similar to nine-ball, but its scoring system is based on points, similar to that of straight pool. However, unlike straight pool, rotation is not a \"call-pocket\" game. As with nine-ball and other similar-format games, some attractions of rotation include performing unconventional or difficult shots to reach the",
"title": "Rotation (pool)"
},
{
"id": "11160525",
"text": "Longoni Longoni SRL is one of the most prominent European manufacturers of high-end cue sticks. The company, founded by Alessandro Longoni in 1945, is based in Mariano Comense, Italy. Longoni makes cues customized for various carom billiards disciplines, including three-cushion, five-pin, and artistic billiards, as well as pool and Russian pyramid cues more recently. Over the years, several professional players, including Dick Jaspers and Niels Feijen, have helped design and develop new lines of Longoni carom and pool cues, respectively. As of 2014, Niels Feijen is still under contract with Longoni. A hallmark of Longoni cues is their often unusual",
"title": "Longoni"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "16177588",
"text": "developed between the brother-partners, and in 1973 Abe started a new business, Star Cues. Abe, having worked at Rich Cue for three years, produced many pool cues at Star which bear a familial resemblance to his cousin's output. He favored Merry Widow forearms, and Brazilian Rosewood was often used, although he was also fond of more exotic materials. He stored hundreds of blanks of Goncalo Alves, Kingwood, Canadian Maple, Zebrawood and Macassar Ebony, which dried year after year under the tarpaper roof. Merry Widows formed the basis of his production, although Abe did a number of Titleist conversions. He was",
"title": "Abe Rich"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "39271",
"text": "of English billiards, is a professional sport organized at the international level, and its rules bear little resemblance to those of modern pool, pyramid and other such games. A \"Billiards\" category encompassing pool, snooker and carom was featured in the 2005 World Games, held in Duisburg, Germany, and the 2006 Asian Games also saw the introduction of a \"Cue sports\" category. Billiard balls vary from game to game, in size, design and quantity. Russian pyramid and kaisa have a size of 68 mm ( in). In Russian pyramid there are sixteen balls, as in pool, but fifteen are white and",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "3036073",
"text": "viewers. Coin-operated pool tables such as those found at bars historically have often used either a larger (\"mudball\") or denser ceramic weighted cue ball, such that its extra weight makes it easy for the cue ball return mechanism to separate it from object balls (which are captured until the game ends and the table is paid again for another game) so that the cue ball can be returned for further play, should it be accidentally potted. In Asia and Europe, some pool tables use a smaller cue ball instead. Modern tables usually employ a magnetic ball of regulation or near-regulation",
"title": "Billiard ball"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "10691601",
"text": "Buddy Hall Cecil P. \"Buddy\" Hall (born May 29, 1945 in Metropolis, Illinois) has been an American professional pool player for three decades. The International Pool Tour heralds Hall as a \"living pool legend.\" He is nicknamed \"The Rifleman\" for his accuracy. Hall has been credited for creating the \"clock system\" which is a technique for where to hit the cue-ball, using the clock as a mechanism for where to aim. Hall began playing at 14 years of age in a soda shop in his home town. When local pool rooms would not let him enter because of his age,",
"title": "Buddy Hall"
},
{
"id": "8380920",
"text": "variety of techniques, and have a well-founded conceptual grasp of the mechanics involved. As stated by George Fels, \"pool's poet laureate\": The mere pocketing of a ball isn't that hard; in fact, it's relatively simple. What drives many, many players to distraction is the unpredictability of the cueball's path of travel ... the game of billiards requires you to drive a ball someplace; pool, in any form, mostly asks you to stop a ball someplace. In either case, you'll fare much better when you understand the how and why of a ball's getting from one place to another. There is",
"title": "Cue sports techniques"
},
{
"id": "12589249",
"text": "in metres, but in the United States pools are often measured in feet and yards. In the UK most pools are calibrated in metres, but older pools measured in yards still exist. In the US, pools tend to either be 25 yards (SCY-short course yards), 25 metres (SCM-short course metres) or 50 metres (long course). US high schools and the NCAA conduct short course (25 yards) competition. There are also many pools 33⅓ m long, so that 3 lengths = 100 m. This pool dimension is commonly used to accommodate water polo. USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and",
"title": "Swimming pool"
},
{
"id": "15362299",
"text": "tactile flat part of the butt also helps the player develop a very specific way of holding the cue, consistent on every shot for a very uniform (snooker, in the case of many if not most shots, requires much more precision than pool). Snooker cue weights vary between 16 and 18 oz. While a lighter cue is usually for beginners to develop correct technique when starting out, some professional snooker players use lighter cues (15 - 16 1/2 oz.), Joe Davis, John Spencer, Terry Griffiths, Mark Williams and Paul Hunter, to name a few. The balance point of a cue",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "4262874",
"text": "first player to bank five balls in any order (eight balls when played with a full rack). Penalties and fouls are similar to one pocket in that the player committing the foul must spot a ball for each foul. This must be done before the incoming player shoots. Fifteen-ball is a variant of pool played with all fifteen balls racked in the standard diamond pattern with the 15-ball in the center. Standard 9-ball rules apply. As a competitive sport, pool is governed internationally by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), which has multi-national, regional affiliates comprising the All Africa Pool Association",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "2829778",
"text": "Perches were informally used as a measure in Queensland real estate until the early 21st century, mostly for historical gazetted properties in older suburbs. A traditional unit of volume for stone and other masonry. A perch of masonry is the volume of a stone wall one perch () long, high, and thick. This is equivalent to exactly . There are two different measurements for a perch depending on the type of masonry that is being built: Rod (unit) The rod or perch or pole is a surveyor’s tool and unit of length exactly equal to yards, 16 feet, of a",
"title": "Rod (unit)"
},
{
"id": "6806078",
"text": "George Balabushka George Balabushka (Russian: Григорий Антонович Балабушка \"Grigoriy Antonovich Balabushka\"; December 9, 1912 – December 5, 1975) was a Russian-born billiards (pool) cue maker, arguably the most prominent member of that profession, and is sometimes referred to as \"the Stradivarius of cuemakers\". His full name or last name standing alone is often used to refer to a cue stick made by him. Arriving in the U.S. in 1924, he worked at various carpentry and toy and furniture making jobs. He was an avid pool player and purchased a pool room with a business partner in 1959 and thereafter started",
"title": "George Balabushka"
},
{
"id": "9776891",
"text": "Chicago, Illinois. At his peak, his was a household name in American billiards; \"The New York Times\" ranked Spinks as one of \"the most brilliant players among the veterans of the game\", and he still holds the world record for points scored in a row (1,010) using a particular shot type. Aside from his billiards-playing career, he founded a lucrative sporting goods manufacturing business. He was both an oil company investor and director, and a flower- and fruit-farm operator and horticulturist, originator of the eponymous Spinks cultivar of avocado. While Spinks was a world-class player, his lasting contributions to cue",
"title": "William A. Spinks"
},
{
"id": "4262862",
"text": "Pool (cue sports) Pool is a classification of cue sports played on a table with six pockets along the , into which balls are deposited. Each specific pool game has its own name; some of the better-known include eight-ball, eightball pool and its variant blackball, nine-ball, ten-ball, seven-ball, straight pool, one-pocket, and bank pool. The generic term pocket billiards is sometimes also used, and favored by some pool-industry bodies, but is technically a broader classification, including games such as snooker, Russian pyramid, and kaisa, which are not referred to as pool games. There are also hybrid games combining aspects of",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "4262869",
"text": "settling upon the World Pool-Billiard Association International Standardized Rules. But tavern eight-ball (also known as \"\"), typically played on smaller, coin-operated tables and in a \"winner keeps the table\" manner, can differ significantly even between two venues in the same city. The growth of local, regional and national amateur leagues may alleviate this confusion eventually. Nine-ball uses only the 1 through 9 balls and cue ball. It is a rotation game: The player at the table must make legal contact with the lowest numbered ball on the table or a foul is called. The game is won by legally pocketing",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "363527",
"text": "fortunate shots, also known as \"flukes\". Accessories used for snooker include for the tip of the cue, of various sorts (needed often, due to the length of a full-size table), a triangle to the reds, and a scoreboard. One drawback of snooker on a full-size (12 ft × 6 ft) table is the size of the room (), which is the minimum required for comfortable cueing room on all sides. This limits the number of locations in which the game can easily be played. While pool tables are common to many pubs, snooker tends to be played either in private",
"title": "Snooker"
},
{
"id": "122513",
"text": "group have been cleared from the table. The game of eight-ball is derived from an earlier game invented around 1900 (first recorded in 1908) in the United States and initially popularized under the name \"B.B.C. Co. Pool\" (a name that was still in use as late as 1925) by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company. This forerunner game was played with seven and seven s, a , and the cue ball. Today, numbered and are preferred in most of the world, though the British-style offshoot, blackball, uses the traditional colors (as did early televised \"casino\" tournaments in the United States). The game had",
"title": "Eight-ball"
},
{
"id": "4262871",
"text": "Male professionals have a rather fragmented schedule of professional nine-ball tournaments. The United States Professional Poolplayers Association (UPA) has been the most dominant association of the 1990s and 2000s. A hotly contested event is the annual Mosconi Cup, which pits invitational European and U.S. teams against each other in one-on-one and nine-ball matches over a period of several days. The Mosconi Cup games are played under the more stringent European rules, as of 2007. A variant using only three balls, generally played such that the player at turn continues shooting until all the balls are pocketed, and the player to",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "3053768",
"text": "century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental concerns but based on economic motivation and fear of danger for elephant hunters. It was in part spurred on by a New York billiard table manufacturer who announced a prize of $10,000 for a substitute material. The first viable substitute was celluloid billiard balls, invented by John Wesley Hyatt in 1868, but the material was volatile and highly inflammable, sometimes exploding during manufacture. Carom billiard cues have specialized refinements making them different from the typical pool cue with which many people are more familiar. Such",
"title": "Carom billiards"
},
{
"id": "9944565",
"text": "in 1925 under the name \"B.B.C. Co. Pool\" by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company. Like blackball and eightball pool today, this forerunner game was played with seven and seven , unnumbered (in contrast to the international-style numbered and , sometimes called American-style or kelly pool balls in Commonwealth English), a (numbered \"8\" or unnumbered), and the white . The game had relatively simple rules compared to the modern game. The ball sets typically range from 2 inches (50.8 mm) up to inches (56 mm), often with a slightly smaller cue ball, e.g. inches (47.6 mm) for a 2-inch set. The most common",
"title": "Blackball (pool)"
},
{
"id": "363523",
"text": "player fails to escape from \"\" – a situation in which the previous player leaves the cue ball positioned such that no legal ball can be struck directly without obstruction by an illegal ball. Points gained from a foul vary from a minimum of four, to a maximum of seven if the black ball is involved. The total number of consecutive points (excluding fouls) that a player amasses during one to the table is known as a \"\". A player attaining a break of 15, for example, could have reached it by potting a red then a black, then a",
"title": "Snooker"
},
{
"id": "16317868",
"text": "the tierce was one of many \"marked curiosities and barbarisms\" in America, and by 1917 even opponents of the metric system were calling this and similar measures obsolete: \"Nobody hears nowadays of the coomb, the pottle, the chaldron, the palm or the barleycorn. The perch, the puncheon, the span, the tierce and the toise are all but forgotten. Even the furlong, the gill and the rod are disappearing.\" Robert E. Hardwicke asked the question in his \"The Oilman's Barrel\": why is oil measured in 42-gallon barrels? One hypothesis was that early oil drilling in Pennsylvania used tierce whiskey barrels for",
"title": "Tierce (unit)"
},
{
"id": "7697696",
"text": "woke up in Oklahoma under arrest as a vagrant. In order for him to be released, he had to prove to the constable his identity by walking across the street to a pool hall located in front of the jailhouse in Okmulgee by running 87 balls consecutively. Another distinction of this era in the 1930s is that pool games were traditionally played on billiards tables that were 5 feet by 10 feet, as opposed to today's professional standards which have tables that are 4.5 ft × 9 ft, and the (often clay or ivory) balls were bigger than today's synthetic",
"title": "Ralph Greenleaf"
},
{
"id": "39293",
"text": "obscure variations – the players have to drive at least one object ball past a balkline set at from each rail, after one or two points have been scored, respectively. A more elegant solution was three-cushion billiards, which requires a player to make contact with the other two balls on the table \"and\" contact three rail cushions in the process. This is difficult enough that even the best players can only manage to average one to two points per turn. This is sometimes described as \"hardest to learn\" and \"require most skill\" of all billiards. Even quite good Pool or",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "891886",
"text": "bred for falconry, which tend to be unnaturally heavy. The standard measurements of the species include a wing chord length of , a tail length of and a tarsus length of . The culmen (upper ridge of beak) reportedly averages around , with a range of . The bill length from the gape measures around . The long, straight and powerful hallux-claw (hind claw) can range from , about one centimetre longer than in a bald eagle and a little more than one centimetre less than a harpy eagle. Adults of both sexes have similar plumage and are primarily dark",
"title": "Golden eagle"
},
{
"id": "9785053",
"text": "billiards, for an audience of approximately 20,000 spectators. Baseball pocket billiards is played with 21 numbered . Since a standard set of pool balls is numbered 1 through 15, sets of balls numbered 16 through 21, known as \"baseball sets\", have been marketed specifically for the game, along with the oversized triangle racks needed for proper . The balls are racked at the end of a pool table, with the of the triangle centered over the (\"home plate\"). Viewed from the racker's vantage point, the 1-ball is placed at the triangle's apex, the 2-ball at the right corner, and the",
"title": "Baseball pocket billiards"
},
{
"id": "4262870",
"text": "the nine ball. Nine-ball is the predominant professional game, though as of 2006–2008 there have been some suggestions that this may change, in favor of ten-ball. There are many local and regional tours and tournaments that are contested with nine-ball. The World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) and its American affiliate, the Billiard Congress of America (BCA), publish the World Standardized Rules. The European professional circuit has instituted rules changes to make it more difficult to achieve a legal break shot. The largest nine-ball tournaments are the independent US Open Nine-ball Championship and the WPA World Nine-ball Championship for men and women.",
"title": "Pool (cue sports)"
},
{
"id": "4426357",
"text": "American pool American pool is a term used in the United Kingdom, and sometimes more broadly outside North America, to refer to pool (pocket billiards) cue sports that make use of formerly American-style and now professionally world-standardised numbered billiard balls that have a standard diameter of 57 mm ( in), as opposed to British-style unnumbered 56 mm ( in) balls. Other \"American\" pool differences from British-style pool include larger pockets to accommodate the bigger balls, and markings on the The term may apply to any pool game variety using such a ball set, and is commonly applied especially to the",
"title": "American pool"
},
{
"id": "39278",
"text": "pockets). All types of tables are covered with billiard cloth (often called \"felt\", but actually a woven wool or wool/nylon blend called baize). Cloth has been used to cover billiards tables since the 15th century. Bar or tavern tables, which get a lot of play, use \"slower\", more durable cloth. The cloth used in upscale pool (and snooker) halls and home billiard rooms is \"faster\" (i.e., provides less friction, allowing the balls to roll farther across the table ), and competition-quality pool cloth is made from 100% worsted wool. Snooker cloth traditionally has a nap (consistent fiber directionality) and balls",
"title": "Cue sports"
},
{
"id": "9833070",
"text": "three-cushion professional Carl Conlon was a fixture there until his death in 1997. In this variation, a solid-yellow (or dotted) second cue ball is used in place of the 1 ball, and the red ball, known traditionally as the , is used in place of the 2 ball. The use of such balls makes scoring by caroms easier, but makes pocketing balls (and scratching) more difficult because the larger balls must still be made in the ordinarily-sized pool pockets. The rules promulgated by the Manhattan Athletic Club in the 1890s diverge in a number of ways from the modern rules",
"title": "Bottle pool"
},
{
"id": "12871680",
"text": "of statistics is how he came to create the Accu-Stats score-keeping system, which is still used today to measure the accuracy of pool games. Pat Fleming played straight pool in the 1970s and early 1980s. He has made many contributions to cue sport, but his most notable contributions is the creation and continuing development of Accu-Stats Video Productions, based in Butler, New Jersey. Accu-Stats Video Productions has been videotaping more than 1,000 tournament matches and preserved performances by the world’s greatest pool and billiards players since the mid-1980s. Fleming started the enterprise to document matches for statistical analysis. (An Accu-Stats",
"title": "Pat Fleming (pool player)"
},
{
"id": "3182565",
"text": "the batsmen's feet, a well-bowled yorker is not playable by a conventional cricket shot. If the ball fails to bounce at all before reaching the batsman it is labelled a \"full toss\". It is easier for a batsman to play such a delivery as it has not deviated from bouncing off the pitch. Because the three effective lengths (good length, bouncer and yorker) are all interspersed by lengths that are easier for the batsman to hit, control of length is an important discipline for a fast bowler. In addition to all the above variables, batsmen control how far out of",
"title": "Fast bowling"
},
{
"id": "10242158",
"text": "of death and fatuity\". The story was also adapted for a 1979 episode of \"Tales of the Unexpected\". Dip in the Pool \"Dip in the Pool\" is a macabre short story by British writer Roald Dahl, originally published in the 19 January 1952 edition of \"The New Yorker\". It later appeared in the collection \"Someone Like You\" (1953). On a British cruise ship, there is a betting pool wherein passengers try to correctly guess the number of miles the ship will travel that day, within ten miles above (\"high field\") or below (\"low field\") the captain's own guess. On a",
"title": "Dip in the Pool"
},
{
"id": "12783682",
"text": "(a short third extra set tooks place if there's a split). A set is won should a player completes all his/her racks with a shorter total time (the sum for every single rack he/she plays) than the opponent. Players can pocket balls that are still in motion but as long as the cue ball is steady. A penalty of 10 seconds is added to a player's total time in a particular set for every foul made. A bonus, by contrast, removes 10 seconds (see below). Straight pool is the game played for the first set. It is also played for",
"title": "International Speed Pool Challenge"
},
{
"id": "12478550",
"text": "and resembles a baseball. The bat has a barrel that measures up to in diameter and a maximum of in length. Playing fields are traditionally in width and in length. Different measurements are paced off to determine hits. A batter must hit the ball at least in order to register a hit. Any hit between and is a single, up to is a double, up to is a triple and beyond is a home run. Measurements can be modified based on available conditions. Baserunning is non existent due to the measured hits. Teams have a minimum of two players (pitcher",
"title": "Corkball"
},
{
"id": "4426358",
"text": "most internationally competitive of these sports: American pool American pool is a term used in the United Kingdom, and sometimes more broadly outside North America, to refer to pool (pocket billiards) cue sports that make use of formerly American-style and now professionally world-standardised numbered billiard balls that have a standard diameter of 57 mm ( in), as opposed to British-style unnumbered 56 mm ( in) balls. Other \"American\" pool differences from British-style pool include larger pockets to accommodate the bigger balls, and markings on the The term may apply to any pool game variety using such a ball set, and",
"title": "American pool"
},
{
"id": "4262762",
"text": "ivory balls from warping. The first use of electric heating was for an 18.2 balkline tournament held in December 1927 between Welker Cochran and Jacob Schaefer, Jr. The New York Times announced it with fanfare: \"For the first time in the history of world's championship balkline billiards a heated table will be used...\" A pool table, or pocket billiards table, has six – one at each corner of the table () and one at the midpoint of each of the longer sides ( or ). Pool tables come in different sizes, typically referred to as , , , or tables.",
"title": "Billiard table"
},
{
"id": "10957038",
"text": "benchmarks that his rivals can only dream of (he's run 324 consecutive balls in straight pool and nine straight racks in nine ball).\" Dick Lane (pool player) Dick Lane is a professional pocket billiards (pool) player from Dallas, Texas. In 1977, he reached the finals of the US Open 14.1 Pocket Billiards Championship but lost to Tom Jennings despite leading 196–42 and being only four balls away from the championship. Lane was the subject of an extensive profile \"Texas Monthly\", which nicknamed him \"the Shootist\" and went on to say: \"Over the past three decades, Lane has established himself as",
"title": "Dick Lane (pool player)"
},
{
"id": "9600499",
"text": "shot at an astronomical level in order to save the ship, using a thermonuclear device as a \"cue\" and planetary bodies as \"balls\". Most pool-themed films, such as \"Poolhall Junkies\" with a scene involving a high-stakes wager on a , include difficult shots that some might classify as trick shots. Another example might be the character Vince pocketing the nine-ball when asked to, in the film version of \"The Color of Money\". Trick shot A trick shot (also trickshot or trick-shot) is a shot played on a billiards table (most often a pool table, though snooker tables are also used),",
"title": "Trick shot"
},
{
"id": "9944574",
"text": "on the black.) There are other forms of fault, generally the same as in other pool games, such as potting the cue ball (except on the break, as noted above), knocking balls off the table, moving balls accidentally, double-hits and pushes (though the standards are weaker than in American-style rules), unsportsmanlike conduct, etc. There are also other unique fouls such as the requirement (borrowed from snooker) to shoot away from any ball that the cue ball is to, without moving it; however if the frozen ball is the shooter's own, it counts as contacting a ball-on, and only a (any)",
"title": "Blackball (pool)"
},
{
"id": "18590687",
"text": "may call a timeout. Dimensions of the water polo pool are not fixed and can vary between 20×10 and 30×20 meters. Minimum water depth must be least 1.8 meters (6 feet), but this in reality is sometimes not the case due to practicalities. The goals are 3 meters wide and 90 centimeters high. Water polo balls are generally yellow and of varying size and weight for juniors, women and men. The middle of the pool is designated by a white line. Before 2005, the pool was divided by 7 and 4 meter lines (distance out from the goal line). This",
"title": "Rules of water polo"
},
{
"id": "9855680",
"text": "feet long. There is a center line that splits the court lengthwise. At the center of the court is a 5-foot-10-inch-high (1.78 m) net. A standard tennis racquet or a paddle and a slightly depressurized tennis ball (6 oz instead of 12 oz) are used. Sanctioned Beach Tennis USA events are different depending upon the number of entrants, number of courts available and time. Typically, the preliminary rounds are round-robin, or pool-play. This means that there is a pool of four, and one would play all the other teams in the pool (three matches). The top one or two teams",
"title": "Beach tennis"
},
{
"id": "8453582",
"text": "elect to break him or herself. For the first 90 points of the 101 needed to win the game, points are scored in three ways: 1 point for the cue ball into any two object balls; 2 points for caroming into all three ; and a player scores the face value of any ball pocketed (e.g. if the 3 ball is pocketed, the player scores 3 points). Thus, the maximum score possible on any single shot is 11 points, achieved by caroming off and pocketing all three balls. The failure to score in one of the delineated manners on any",
"title": "Cowboy pool"
},
{
"id": "8468138",
"text": "Mike Sigel Mike Sigel (born July 11, 1953) is an American professional pool player nicknamed \"Captain Hook.\" He earned the nickname from his ability to hook his opponents with safety plays. He is now playing competitively again in the International Pool Tour. Sigel has won over 108 professional pool tournaments, including 3 US Open Nine-ball Championship tournaments and 10 world pocket billiard championship titles. Sigel was named \"Player of the Year\" three times by \"Billiards Digest\" and \"Pool and Billiards\", pool industry trade magazines, and in 1989, at the age of 35, was the youngest ever to be inducted into",
"title": "Mike Sigel"
},
{
"id": "3368881",
"text": "shots, so it is normally done whenever allowed. However, a player may elect to play his/her tee shot without a tee. This typically gives the shot a lower trajectory. A standard golf tee is 2.125\" (two and one eighth inches = 5.4 cm) long, but both longer and shorter tees are permitted. Ordinary tees can be made from wood or from durable plastic. There are also many biodegradable, ecological and recycable golf tees that diminish the number of trees cut down to manufacture the tees and allow golf courses to lower costs by not having to deal with the broken",
"title": "Tee"
},
{
"id": "3253159",
"text": "Chain Road, by Lee Kernaghan, include the line \"He lived out on the three chain road\". Chain (unit) The chain is a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). It is subdivided into 100 links or 4 rods. There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. In metric terms, it is 20.1168 m long. By extension, chainage (running distance) is the distance along a curved or straight survey line from a fixed commencing point, as given by an odometer. The chain has been used for several centuries in England and in some",
"title": "Chain (unit)"
},
{
"id": "11447171",
"text": "Living Doll\" starring Julie Newmar and Robert Cummings in 1964, and the Jerry Lewis movie \"The Family Jewels\" in 1965. Moore was inducted into the International Pocket Billiards Hall of Fame in 1982, the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame in 1994, and the Albuquerque Sports Hall of Fame in 1998. He remained competitive in tournament and match play well into his 70s. In 1984, at age 74, Moore won the Legends of Pocket Billiards competition on ESPN. Even in later years he was still deadly on a pool table, running 111 balls three days after his 80th birthday.",
"title": "Cowboy Jimmy Moore"
},
{
"id": "6806087",
"text": "1975 at the age of 62. He was posthumously honored as the first inductee into the American Cuemakers Association Hall of Fame in February, 1993. In 2004, he was inducted into the Meritorious Service category of the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame. There are three distinct classes of cues produced during different time periods related to what Balabushka was using in cue construction: The Titlist blank era (1959–1966), the Burton Spain blank era (1966–1971) and the Gus Szamboti blank era (1971–1975). The \"blanks\" referred to are the bottom () portion of a cue where the splicing of various",
"title": "George Balabushka"
},
{
"id": "4647998",
"text": "is mathematically a dimensionless quantity (see the formula below), it is referred to as being in 'degrees'. API gravity is graduated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument. API gravity values of most petroleum liquids fall between 10 and 70 degrees. In 1916, the U.S. National Bureau of Standards accepted the Baumé scale, which had been developed in France in 1768, as the U.S. standard for measuring the specific gravity of liquids less dense than water. Investigation by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences found major errors in salinity and temperature controls that had caused serious variations in published values. Hydrometers",
"title": "API gravity"
},
{
"id": "9600496",
"text": "number of competitors, but usually the top 12) proceed into a head-to-head playoff format to determine the winner. Proper and official artistic pool competitions feature equipment limitations, (one cue, one stroke per trick shot, one approved universal prop per shot per diagram if necessary, all shots on the bed of the table, etc.), and shot requirements (e.g., preclusion of any off-the-table tricks, such as are popular in events like Trick Shot Magic and World Cup of Trick Shots). As with other pool and billiards games, trick shots usually utilize a , one or more , and a cue stick. However,",
"title": "Trick shot"
},
{
"id": "2542719",
"text": "America Hall of Fame inductee Willie Mosconi had a record high run of 526 points. Here is what he said about the high run: Straight pool Straight pool, also called 14.1 continuous or simply 14.1, is a type of pool game. It was the common sport of championship competition until it was overtaken by faster-playing games like nine-ball (and to a lesser extent eight-ball). In straight pool, the shooter may attempt to shoot at any object ball on the table. The goal is to reach a set number of points determined by agreement before the game. One point is scored",
"title": "Straight pool"
},
{
"id": "9256054",
"text": "Johnny Archer Johnny Archer (born November 12, 1968 in Waycross, Georgia) is an American professional pool player. He is nicknamed \"the Scorpion\" (his zodiac sign is Scorpio, and one of his sponsors is Scorpion Cues). On June 8, 2009, Johnny Archer was nominated to be inducted into the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame. Archer grew up with his two brothers and two sisters in Twin City, Georgia, and began playing pool at the age of 12. He is one of the most successful nine-ball players of the past two decades, having won the majority of the game's major",
"title": "Johnny Archer"
},
{
"id": "8453579",
"text": "approximately 1800 in England. There are a number of pocket billiard games directly descended from English billiards, including \"bull dog\", \"scratch pool\", \"thirty-one pool\" and \"thirty-eight\". Thirty-eight is the intermediary game from which cowboy is directly derived. This precursor game was first reported on in \"The New York Times\" on January 21, 1885: 'there is a new billiards game called \"thirty-eight.\" It appears to have met with special favor among the many devotees of pool.' Cowboy is very similar to thirty-eight, with the major difference being that thirty-eight requires the use of two cue balls and is played to just",
"title": "Cowboy pool"
},
{
"id": "15362298",
"text": "Some models are jointed in two places, with the long shaft having a smooth and subtle wood-to-wood joint. Snooker cue tips are usually 8.5 – 10.5 mm in diameter to provide more accuracy and finesse with snooker balls, which are smaller than pool and carom varieties. Snooker butts are usually flat on one side so that the cue may be lain flat on the table and slid along the baize under a to strike the cushion-ward side of the when it is to the cushion (such a shot is not legal in pool or carom games under most rulesets). This",
"title": "Cue stick"
},
{
"id": "578896",
"text": "species by most ichthyologists. The trout found in the eastern United States are a good example of this. The brook trout, the aurora trout, and the (extinct) silver trout all have physical characteristics and colorations that distinguish them, yet genetic analysis shows that they are one species, \"Salvelinus fontinalis\". Lake trout (\"Salvelinus namaycush\"), like brook trout, belong to the char genus. Lake trout inhabit many of the larger lakes in North America, and live much longer than rainbow trout, which have an average maximum lifespan of 7 years. Lake trout can live many decades, and can grow to more than",
"title": "Trout"
},
{
"id": "82513",
"text": "of the horsehair. The tension on the bow is released when the instrument is not being used. The amount of tension a cellist puts on the bow hair depends on the preferences of the player, the style of music being played, and for students, the preferences of their teacher. Bows are also made from other materials, such as carbon-fibre—stronger than wood—and fiberglass (often used to make inexpensive, lower-quality student bows). An average cello bow is long (shorter than a violin or viola bow) high (from the frog to the stick) and wide. The frog of a cello bow typically has",
"title": "Cello"
},
{
"id": "3036064",
"text": "Billiard ball A billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various particular ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are important to accuracy. Early balls were made of various materials, including wood and clay (the latter remaining in use well into the 20th century). Although affordable ox-bone balls were in common use in Europe, elephant ivory was favored since at least 1627 until the early 20th century; the earliest",
"title": "Billiard ball"
},
{
"id": "8305214",
"text": ", there are no publicized techniques for predictably sinking all the balls from a straight rack. As in other games, the player at turn may demand a if not satisfied with the correct formation or position of the racked balls. Players' turn order is decided at random at the beginning of the game or match, as in other several-player pool games. The cue ball is placed anywhere behind the (\"in the \") and a typical hard break (as in nine-ball or eight-ball) is performed. The break is the first of a player's game, and thus counts toward his or her",
"title": "Three-ball"
},
{
"id": "9740683",
"text": "to as large as pool balls, at in. (about 57.2 mm); larger ball size requires wider pocket openings. Miniature sets also exist, for half-size home tables. There are fifteen , six (yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, and black), and one white . Usually none of the balls are numbered, though the six colour balls often are in the US, where they are easily mistaken at first glance for pool balls (the design is similar, but the numbering does not match pool's scheme). At the beginning of a frame, the balls are set up in the arrangement shown in the illustration.",
"title": "Rules of snooker"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Cue stick context: rock maple, with a fiberglass or phenolic resin , usually long, and steel and . Pool cues average around long, are commonly available in weights, with being the most common, and usually have a diameter in the range of 12 to 14 mm. A conical , with the gradually shrinking in diameter from joint to ferrule, is favored by some, but the \"pro\" taper is increasingly popular, straight for most of the length of the shaft from ferrule back, flaring to joint diameter only in the last to of the shaft. While there are many custom cuemakers, a very large\n\nHow long is the average pool cue?",
"compressed_tokens": 175,
"origin_tokens": 175,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Cue stick context: stiffer, for handling the heavier billiard balls and acting to reduce . The wood used in carom cues can vary widely, and most quality carom cues are handmade. At , a cue designed for snooker is usually shorter than the typical 59 inch pool cue and has detachable butt for making the cue longer or more. Many snooker cues are jointed, usually with brass fittings, or even of the way back toward the butt , providing an unusually long shaft, rather than at the half-way point, where pool and carom cues are jointed. This necessitates an extra long cue case.\n\ntitle C context Some models jointed in two places, with the long shaft having a smooth subtle wood-to-wood joint Snooker cue tips are usually 8.5 – 10.5 mm in diameter to provide accuracy and finesse with snooker balls, which are smaller than and carom varieties. Snooker butts are usually flat on one side so that the cue may be lain flat on the table and slid along the baize under a to strike the cushward side of the when it is to the cushion (such a shot is not legal in pool or carom games under most rulesets). This\n\ntitleue context number of quality pool c are manufactured in bulk. In recent years, modern materials such as fiberglass carbon fiber, aluminum., have been and for shaft butts. trend experimentation also rubber memory fo other soft . Car billiards cues tend to be shorter lighter than pool c a shorter fer, th, joint (ideally) andlar-to-wood, a conical taper, and a diameter Typical are,–1 diameter The makes c\ntitle context: fromping. The ofating2 tournament in December12 Wel, time of worldards a used A,i – each the and mid of of the longer sides ( or ). Pool tables come in different sizes, typically referred to as , , , or tables.\n\nHow long is the average pool cue?",
"compressed_tokens": 448,
"origin_tokens": 14301,
"ratio": "31.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
127 | Under the rules outlined in the charter of the International Olympic Committee, how much pure gold must there be in each gold medal awarded to first-place winners? | [
"At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver"
] | At least 6 grams. Silver medals must be at least .925 sterling silver | [
{
"id": "298750",
"text": "late 2003 and did not expect to become an American citizen until after the Athens games. The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold. The runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals.",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "368641",
"text": "Summer Olympic Games The Summer Olympic Games () or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, is a quadrennial international multi-sport event. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) organises the Games and oversees the host city's preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third place; this tradition began in 1904. The Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer Olympics. The Olympics have increased in scope",
"title": "Summer Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2257175",
"text": "began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors. However, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The winners were instead given a silver medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a laurel branch and a copper or bronze medal. In 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals. The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold,",
"title": "Olympic medal"
},
{
"id": "2257188",
"text": "the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors on the podium also received an olive wreath crown. In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, each medalist received a wooden statuette of the Olympic logo. Olympic medal An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the 1st runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the second runner-up. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols. Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in 1896, particularly",
"title": "Olympic medal"
},
{
"id": "2806522",
"text": "Second World War. The last series of Olympic medals to be made of solid gold were awarded at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Olympic Gold medals are required to be made from at least 92.5% silver, and must contain a minimum of 6 grams of gold. All Olympic medals must be at least 60mm in diameter and 3mm thick. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the Olympic host. From 1928 through 1968 the design was always the same: the obverse showed a generic design by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli of Greek goddess Nike with Rome's Colloseum in",
"title": "Gold medal"
},
{
"id": "1464240",
"text": "a Polish fencer for Russia and a pair of Slovakians competed for Hungary The concept of \"national teams\" chosen by National Olympic Committees did not exist at this point in time. <noinclude> Gold medals were not given at the 1900 Games. A silver medal was given for a first place and a bronze medal was given for second. The International Olympic Committee has retrospectively assigned gold, silver, and bronze medals to competitors who earned 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-place finishes respectively in order to bring early Olympics in line with current awards. For Olympic Games before 1908 there is no universally",
"title": "1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "2257172",
"text": "Olympic medal An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the 1st runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the second runner-up. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols. Medal designs have varied considerably since the first Olympic Games in 1896, particularly in size and weight. A standard obverse (front) design of the medals for the Summer Olympic Games began in 1928 and remained for many years, until its replacement at the 2004 Games as the",
"title": "Olympic medal"
},
{
"id": "2806992",
"text": "Silver medal A silver medal in sports and other similar areas involving competition is a medal made of, or plated with, silver awarded to the second-place finisher, or runner-up, of contests or competitions such as the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, etc. The outright winner receives a gold medal and the third place a bronze medal. More generally, silver is traditionally a metal sometimes used for all types of high-quality medals, including artistic ones. In 1896, winners' medals were in fact silver. The custom of gold-silver-bronze for the first three places dates from the 1904 games and has been copied for",
"title": "Silver medal"
},
{
"id": "2257176",
"text": "silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games. If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules. Some combat sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award two bronze medals per competition, resulting in, overall, more bronze medals being awarded than the other colours. Medals are not the only awards given to competitors; every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of",
"title": "Olympic medal"
},
{
"id": "12642920",
"text": "Colored gold Pure gold is slightly reddish yellow in color, but colored gold in various other colors can be produced. Colored golds can be classified to three groups: Pure 100% (in practice, 99.9% or better) gold is 24 karat by definition, so all colored golds are less than this, with the common being 18K (75%), 14K (58.5%), 10K (41.6%), and 9K (37.5%). \"White gold\" is an alloy of gold and at least one white metal (usually nickel, manganese, or palladium). Like yellow gold, the purity of white gold is given in karats. White gold's properties vary depending on the metals",
"title": "Colored gold"
},
{
"id": "12608592",
"text": "indoor events. A three–tiered rostrum is used for the three medal winners, with the gold medal winner ascending to the highest platform, in the centre, with the silver and bronze medalists flanking. The medals are awarded by a member of the IOC. The IOC member is usually accompanied by a person from sports federation governing the sport (such as IAAF in athletics or FINA in swimming), who presents each athlete with a small bouquet of flowers. When the Games were held in Athens in 2004, the medal winners also received olive wreaths in honor of the tradition at the Ancient",
"title": "Olympic Games ceremony"
},
{
"id": "298751",
"text": "At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal; silver for first and bronze for second. The current three-medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics. From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth have received certificates, which became officially known as victory diplomas; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths. The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won on a national level (except for team sports), but NOCs and the media record",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12348209",
"text": "for second, each gets half the sum of the points for second and third place. In 2004, a 3:2:1 system was used by the Australian Geography Teachers Association. This weighting values a gold medal as much weight as a silver and a bronze medal combined. In response to the 2008 controversy over medal rank, Jeff Z. Klein in a \"New York Times\" blog post proposed a 4:2:1 system as a compromise between the total-medals and golds-first methods. These systems have been popular in certain places at certain times, but none of them have been adopted on a large scale. Olympic",
"title": "Olympic medal table"
},
{
"id": "531061",
"text": "ability in equitable divisions. An athlete's ability is the primary factor in divisioning Special Olympics competitions. The ability of an athlete or team is determined by an entry score from a prior competition or the result of a seeding round or preliminary event at the competition itself. Other factors that are significant in establishing competitive divisions are age and gender. At competitions, medals are awarded to the first, second and third-place winners in each event, and ribbons are awarded to athletes who finish in fourth through eighth place. In recent years, Special Olympics has pioneered the concept of Unified Sports,",
"title": "Special Olympics"
},
{
"id": "3633471",
"text": "an athlete of Greek origins living in Alexandria, Egypt, is listed by the IOC as Greek during his competition in the singles tennis competition but Kasdaglis and his doubles tennis teammate, Greek athlete Demetrios Petrokokkinos, are listed a mixed team. During these inaugural Olympics, winners were given a silver medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a copper medal and a laurel branch. The IOC has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best placed athletes in each event to comport with more recent traditions. Three ties resulted in medals being shared between athletes, increasing the",
"title": "1896 Summer Olympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "9120610",
"text": "user. London 2012 paralympian Hannah Cockroft was the first person to create the spark where Caz Walton lit the Sochi Torch and Cauldron, Andy Barlow transferred the flame to Sochi and finally Denise Knibbs lit the Paralympic lantern. The Paralympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Paralympic Games. The medals are made of gold-plated silver (commonly described as gold medals), silver, or bronze, and awarded to the top 3 finishers in a particular event. For each Paralympic Games, the medals are designed differently, reflecting the host of the games. The Paralympic Anthem, also known as the",
"title": "Paralympic symbols"
},
{
"id": "2806519",
"text": "sequence of gold, silver, and bronze medals for the first three highest achievers dates from at least the 18th century, with the National Association of Amateur Athletes in the United States awarding such medals as early as 1884. This standard was adopted for Olympic competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given, not medals. At the modern Olympic Games, winners of a sporting discipline receive a gold medal in recognition of their achievement. At the Ancient Olympic Games only one winner per",
"title": "Gold medal"
},
{
"id": "4089242",
"text": "will not cause it to go away. Though the condition is often not life-threatening and the condition is considered cosmetic, silver is slightly toxic to humans and makes the choice of silver for any piercing less than ideal. Purity is indicated on jewelry with a stamp noting silver in parts per thousand. For example, sterling silver is stamped 925, indicating 92.5% silver, and 7.5% other metals, usually copper. Gold is a noble metal. It is a beautiful metal for use in jewelry and has an old tradition. When using gold for piercings, a lower purity than 14 or 18 carat",
"title": "Body piercing materials"
},
{
"id": "4382196",
"text": "copper, by mass. Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver and 7.5%, by mass, of other metals, usually copper. Various ways of expressing fineness have been used and two remain in common use: \"millesimal fineness\" expressed in units of parts per 1,000 and \"karats\" used only for gold. Karats measure the parts per 24, so that 18 karat = = 75% and 24 karat gold is considered 100% gold. Millesimal fineness is a system of denoting the purity of platinum, gold and silver alloys by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in the alloy. For example, an alloy containing 75%",
"title": "Fineness"
},
{
"id": "2806525",
"text": "where bronze medals are awarded for third, fourth, and fifth place. Gold medal A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture. Since the eighteenth century, gold medals have been awarded in the arts, for example, by the Royal Danish Academy, usually as a symbol of an award to give an outstanding student some financial freedom. Others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or",
"title": "Gold medal"
},
{
"id": "591449",
"text": "1896 Summer Olympics The 1896 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. Winners were given a silver medal, while runners-up received a copper medal. Retroactively, the IOC has converted these to gold and silver, and awarded bronze medals to third placed athletes. Ten of the 14 participating nations earned medals. The United States won the most gold medals,",
"title": "1896 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12642935",
"text": "sapphire blue colored gold of 20–23K can also be obtained by alloying with ruthenium, rhodium and three other elements and heat-treating at 1800 °C, to form the 3–6 micrometers thick colored surface oxide layer. Colored gold Pure gold is slightly reddish yellow in color, but colored gold in various other colors can be produced. Colored golds can be classified to three groups: Pure 100% (in practice, 99.9% or better) gold is 24 karat by definition, so all colored golds are less than this, with the common being 18K (75%), 14K (58.5%), 10K (41.6%), and 9K (37.5%). \"White gold\" is an",
"title": "Colored gold"
},
{
"id": "368690",
"text": "count Olympiads, not the Games themselves, per the Olympic Charter. This contrasts with the Winter Olympic Games, which ignore the cancelled Winter Games of 1940 & 1944 in their numeric count.\" Summer Olympic Games The Summer Olympic Games () or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, is a quadrennial international multi-sport event. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) organises the Games and oversees the host city's preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze",
"title": "Summer Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "17380268",
"text": "or ingots, it is generally accepted worldwide that anything above .999 fine qualifies as 24K. Below is a karat weight to fineness conversion chart. Correlation between karats and fineness The fineness is often converted to a percent, as well. If a gold coin has a fineness of .900, that is 90.0% pure gold. If a gold coin has a fineness of .850, then the gold coin is 85.0% pure. Coins have varied greatly in fineness through history. Notable historical standards that were closely adhered-to include the crown gold (22 karat) used in all English gold coins intended for circulation from",
"title": "Gold coin"
},
{
"id": "5937265",
"text": "Canadian Gold Maple Leaf The Canadian Gold Maple Leaf (GML) is a gold bullion coin that is issued annually by the Government of Canada. It is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint. The Gold Maple Leaf is legal tender with a face value of 50 Canadian dollars. The market value of the metal varies, depending on the spot price of gold. Having a .9999 millesimal fineness (24 carats), in some cases .99999, the coin is among the purest official bullion coins worldwide. The standard version has a weight of minimum 1 troy ounce (31.10 grammes). Other sizes and denominations include",
"title": "Canadian Gold Maple Leaf"
},
{
"id": "17831612",
"text": "African-American and Jamaican women have won the great majority of 100 m medals. Dominance in the men's event has been particularly pronounced from 1984 to 2016, during which time all the men's Olympic 100 m finalists have been of African heritage. Most commentators attribute this statistical discrepancy to genetic rather than to cultural factors. All athletes who participate in the Olympic 100 m competition are subject to the World Anti-Doping Code –the IAAF and International Olympic Committee (IOC) are both signatories. Mandatory in-competition drug testing was introduced at the 1968 Summer Olympics. One of the most prominent cases of doping",
"title": "100 metres at the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12980542",
"text": "grand gold quality label can be compared to the quality stars of a hotel or those of the Michelin Guide.\" However, whilst both processes are anonymous, Michelin chooses the hotels and restaurants it reviews and pays for everything. Only products who pay the Euro 1,100 entry fee are reviewed by Monde Selection. Unlike Olympic gold, silver and bronze medals, where only one of each is awarded per event, there are no limits to how many can be awarded in each category. Other competitions use a similar business model. Most awarding organizations charge an entry fee. Alternatively, for some awards, producers",
"title": "Food competition"
},
{
"id": "9458910",
"text": "All distances are given in metres. Ukrainian shot putter Yuriy Bilonoh was stripped of his gold medal on 5 December 2012 after drug re-testings of his samples were found positive. After the announcement of the disqualification, there was a new distribution of medals on 5 March 2013. According to a statement from the IOC, sent to the Spanish Olympic Committee, the gold medal went to Adam Nelson of the United States, the silver to Joachim Olsen of Denmark, and the bronze to Manuel Martínez of Spain. Each athlete receives three throws in the qualifying round. All who achieve the qualifying",
"title": "Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's shot put"
},
{
"id": "12772654",
"text": "in May 1975 by the International Olympic Committee as a successor to the \"Olympic Certificate\". The Olympic Order originally had three grades (gold, silver and bronze), although the bronze grade fell dormant in 1984. Traditionally, the IOC bestows the Olympic Order upon the chief national organiser(s) at the closing ceremony of each respective Olympic Games. The insignia of the Olympic Order is in the form of a collar (or chain), in Gold, Silver or Bronze according to grade; the front of the chain depicts the five rings of the Olympic Movement, flanked on either side by kotinos emblem (olive wreath).",
"title": "IHF Olympic Order"
},
{
"id": "7235896",
"text": "Mexican foursome tied for third place despite losing their only match. Mexico at the 1900 Summer Olympics Mexico competed at the modern Olympic Games for the first time at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Gold medals were not given at the 1900 Games. A silver medal was given for a first place, and a bronze medal was given for second. The International Olympic Committee has retroactively assigned gold, silver, and bronze medals to competitors who earned 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place finishes, respectively, in order to bring early Olympics in line with current awards. Mexico was one of",
"title": "Mexico at the 1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "7245648",
"text": "His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis, who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics, but had not been banned due to a lack of consistency in the application of the rules. At that time National Olympic Committees had leeway to determine whether a specific athlete met the criteria to be banned from Olympic competition. In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics",
"title": "Doping at the Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "3343030",
"text": "given to the top five to ten competitors. Medals are given at international events such as the World Equestrian Games and the Olympics. Usually only three medals, Gold, Silver, and Bronze, are awarded to the top three individuals or teams. Ribbons are often given for the top placings in a class. Often ribbons are given through the top six place entries, although some of the larger shows may award ribbons to the top ten. Ribbon color varies from country to country, as shown in the following chart: Champion & Reserve Champion ribbons are commonly called \"Tri-colors\". They are usually a",
"title": "Horse show"
},
{
"id": "17541887",
"text": "first round. The first round comprised head-to-head races based on seeding (1st vs. 8th, 2nd vs. 7th, etc.). The winners of those four heats advanced to the medal round, with the two fastest winners competing in the gold medal final and the two slower winners facing off for bronze. The fastest 8 teams qualify for the first round. First round heats are held as follows:<br> Heat 1: 4th v 5th qualifier<br> Heat 2: 3rd v 6th qualifier<br> Heat 3: 2nd v 7th qualifier<br> Heat 4: 1st v 8th qualifier The heat winners are ranked on time, from which the top",
"title": "Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's team sprint"
},
{
"id": "14826086",
"text": "number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. A total of 623 medals in 201 events (202 gold, 200 silver and 221 bronze) were awarded; in judo and taekwondo two bronzes were awarded per event. Therefore, the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals. Additionally there were ties for a gold and a bronze medal, both in swimming. On 15 October 2010, the IOC announced that a silver medallist had tested positive for a banned substance, and the medal was stripped.",
"title": "2010 Summer Youth Olympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "6749197",
"text": "and traded internationally by central banks and bullion dealers is the \"Good Delivery\" bar with a 400 oz (troy-ounce) (12.4 kg or 438.9 ounces) nominal weight. However, its precise gold content is permitted to vary between 350 oz and 430 oz. The minimum purity required is 99.5% gold. These bars must be stored in recognized and secure gold bullion vaults to maintain their quality status of Good Delivery. The recorded provenance of this bar assures integrity and maximum resale value. Tola is a traditional Indian measure for the weight of gold and prevalent to this day. Many international gold manufacturers",
"title": "Gold bar"
},
{
"id": "3284279",
"text": "of the Games. The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games. The medals are made of gold-plated silver – for the gold medals – silver, or bronze, and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event. Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design, decided upon by the organizers for the particular games. From 1928 until 2000, the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike, the traditional goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner's crown in her right. This design was",
"title": "Olympic symbols"
},
{
"id": "298650",
"text": "such as the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively. The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1972. Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "6592628",
"text": "wreath of oak along with the denomination. The coins were minted at the Swiss Mint at Bern (although the die engraving was done at the Paris mint) and the coins are mint marked with a \"B\" (without a period). The 20 franc coins are 21 mm in diameter (about the size of a U.S. five cent piece), 1.25 mm in thickness, weigh 6.45 grams (gross weight) and; at 90% pure, contain .1866 troy ounces or 5.805 grams of pure gold. The 10 franc coin weighs 3.23 grams and at 90% purity contains 2.9 grams (0.093 ozt) of pure gold. The",
"title": "Vreneli"
},
{
"id": "2019146",
"text": "and honourable mentions are chosen by the organizers according to the following rules: A gold medal should be awarded to the top 8% of the participants. A silver medal or better should be awarded to the top 25%. A bronze medal or better should be awarded to the top 50%. An honourable mention or better should be awarded to the top 67%. All other participants receive certificates of participation. The participant with the highest score (absolute winner) receives a special prize, in addition to a gold medal. International Physics Olympiad The International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) is an annual physics competition",
"title": "International Physics Olympiad"
},
{
"id": "4382198",
"text": "common millesimal finenesses used for precious metals and the most common terms associated with them. The karat or carat (variant US spelling and standard UK spelling; US symbol K or kt, UK symbol C) is a fractional measure of purity for gold alloys, in parts fine per 24 parts whole. The karat system is a standard adopted by US federal law. 24-karat gold is pure (while 100% purity is unattainable, this designation is permitted in commerce for 99.95% purity), 18-karat gold is 18 parts gold, 6 parts another metal (forming an alloy with 75% gold), 12-karat gold is 12 parts",
"title": "Fineness"
},
{
"id": "16708337",
"text": "approved by the IOC. An athlete who receives a diploma and is subsequently sanctioned for violations of the IOC Code of Ethics, the World Anti-Doping Code, or other charters must return the diploma to the IOC. Olympic diploma An Olympic diploma is a paper certificate awarded to the top eight finishers in competitions at the Olympic Games. While the top three finishers have received medals since the 1896 Olympics, in 1949 diplomas for athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth were established, and in 1981 diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added. The diploma is inscribed and signed by autopen",
"title": "Olympic diploma"
},
{
"id": "7003529",
"text": "(JPN) Casper Steinfath (DEN) Miguel Tudela (PER) Ella Williams (NZL) The ISA has 103 Member Nations on all continents of the globe. The following table contains the ISA members: Somewhat in line with the tradition of the Olympic Games a gold, silver, bronze and copper medals are awarded to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th placed athletes who compete for the honor to represent their country and national colors, in the true nature of surfing's aloha spirit and fair play. Peru Crowned 2014 World Team Champion, Argentina’s Leandro Usuna Wins The Gold Medal In Men’s, Peru’s Anali Gomez Wins the",
"title": "International Surfing Association"
},
{
"id": "13635059",
"text": "Silver-gilt Silver-gilt or gilded/gilt silver, sometimes known in American English by the French term vermeil, is silver (either pure or sterling) which has been gilded with gold. Most large objects made in goldsmithing that appear to be gold are actually silver-gilt; for example most sporting trophies (including medals such as the gold medals awarded in all Olympic Games after 1912) and many crown jewels are silver-gilt objects. Apart from the raw materials being much less expensive to acquire than solid gold of any karat, large silver-gilt objects are also noticeably lighter if lifted, as well as more durable (gold is",
"title": "Silver-gilt"
},
{
"id": "2082545",
"text": "Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposed fixing the silver to gold exchange rate at 15:1, as well as establishing the mint for the public services of free coinage and currency regulation \"in order not to abridge the quantity of circulating medium.\". With its acceptance, of the Coinage Act of 1792 established: \"That the proportional value of gold to silver in all coins which shall by law be current as money within the United States, shall be as fifteen to one, according to quantity in weight, of pure gold or pure silver;\" the proportion had slipped by 1834 to sixteen",
"title": "Bimetallism"
},
{
"id": "7116282",
"text": "Miller process The Miller process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine gold to a high degree of purity (99.95%). It was invented by Francis Bowyer Miller ( patented 1867). This chemical process involves blowing a stream of pure chlorine gas over and through a crucible filled with molten, but impure, gold. This process purifies the gold because nearly all other elements will form chlorides before gold does, and they can then be removed as salts that are insoluble in the molten metal. When all impurities have been removed from the gold (observable by a change in flame color)",
"title": "Miller process"
},
{
"id": "6837691",
"text": "at the Winter Olympic Games. It is the only national team to have won at least one Gold Medal at every Summer Games, lying third globally in the winning of total medals, surpassed only by the United States and the former Soviet Union, and fourth behind Germany when considering gold medal totals. It is organised by the British Olympic Association (BOA) as the National Olympic Committee for the UK. While the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and BOA both refer to the team as 'Great Britain' and the team uses the brand name Team GB, the BOA explains that it is",
"title": "Great Britain at the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "2593956",
"text": "by weight. Thus, U.S. gold coins had 22/24 (22 kt or 91.667%) pure gold, \"at most\" 1/24 (0–4.167%) silver, with the remaining one–two 24ths (4.167–8.333%) copper. The weight of circulating, standard gold, eagles was set at 270 grains (17.5 g), half eagles at 135 grains (8.75 g), quarter eagles at 67.5 grains (4.37 g). This resulted in the eagle containing of pure gold. In 1834, the mint's 15:1 legal valuation of gold to silver (i.e. 15 weight units of silver and 1 weight unit of gold have the same legal monetary value) was changed to 16:1, and the metal weight-content",
"title": "Eagle (United States coin)"
},
{
"id": "16708336",
"text": "Olympic diploma An Olympic diploma is a paper certificate awarded to the top eight finishers in competitions at the Olympic Games. While the top three finishers have received medals since the 1896 Olympics, in 1949 diplomas for athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth were established, and in 1981 diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added. The diploma is inscribed and signed by autopen with the signatures of the president of the International Olympic Committee and the head of the organizing committee for each Olympics. The design of the diploma, as with the design of the Olympic medals, must be",
"title": "Olympic diploma"
},
{
"id": "2806517",
"text": "are solid gold, others are gold-plated or silver-gilt, like those of the Olympic Games, the Lorentz Medal, the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Nobel Prize medal. Nobel Prize medals consist of 18 karat green gold plated with 24 karat gold. Before 1980 they were struck in 23 karat gold. Before the establishment of standard military awards, e.g., the Medal of Honor, it was common practice to have a medal specially created to provide national recognition for a significant military or naval victory or accomplishment. In the United States, Congress would enact a resolution asking the President to reward",
"title": "Gold medal"
},
{
"id": "3284283",
"text": "(), is an olive branch, originally of wild olive-tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe, introduced by Heracles. In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark as to why victorious athletes are crowned with a wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. The victorious athletes were honoured, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so",
"title": "Olympic symbols"
},
{
"id": "4382197",
"text": "gold is denoted as \"750\". Many European countries use decimal hallmark stamps (i.e., \"585\", \"750\", etc.) rather than \"14K\", \"18K\", etc., which is used in the United Kingdom and United States. It is an extension of the older karat system of denoting the purity of gold by fractions of 24, such as \"18 karat\" for an alloy with 75% (18 parts per 24) pure gold by mass. The millesimal fineness is usually rounded to a three figure number, particularly where used as a hallmark, and the fineness may vary slightly from the traditional versions of purity. Here are the most",
"title": "Fineness"
},
{
"id": "5475666",
"text": "traditional, features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, stepping from the Panathinaiko Stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with Parthenon in the background; the reverse features the Games logo, the River Thames and a series of lines representing \"the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together\". The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage. Each gold medal is made up of 92.5 percent silver and 1.34 percent gold, with the remainder copper. The silver medal (which represents second place) is made up of 92.5 percent silver,",
"title": "2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "2503637",
"text": "the owner receives fair market value for it. It is also weighed extremely accurately. Retailers may sometimes market ingots and bars of base metals, such as copper, nickel, and aluminium as \"bullion\", but this is not a widely accepted definition. The specifications of bullion are often regulated by market bodies or legislation. In the European Union, the minimum purity for gold bullion, which is treated as investment gold with regards to taxation, is 99.5% for gold bullion bars and 90% for bullion coins. Investors may choose to purchase physical gold bullion for several reasons - to attempt to hedge against",
"title": "Bullion"
},
{
"id": "5653102",
"text": "Nine (purity) Nines are an informal, yet common method of grading the purity of materials. very fine precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver. Based on the system of millesimal fineness, a metal is said to be \"one nine\" or \"one nine fine\" if it is 900 fine, or 90% pure. A metal that is 990 fine is then described as \"two nines fine\" and one that is 999 fine is described as \"three nines fine\". Thus, nines are a logarithmic scale of purity for very fine precious metals. Similarly, percentages ending in a 5 have conventional names, traditionally",
"title": "Nine (purity)"
},
{
"id": "4382199",
"text": "gold (12 parts another metal), and so forth. In England, the karat was divisible into four grains, and the grain was divisible into four quarts. For example, a gold alloy of fineness (that is, 99.2% purity) could have been described as being \"23-karat, 3-grain, 1-quart gold\". The karat fractional system is increasingly being complemented or superseded by the millesimal system, described above. Conversion between percentage of pure gold and karats: However, this system of calculation gives only the mass of pure gold contained in an alloy. The term \"18-karat gold\" means that the alloy's mass consists of 75% of gold",
"title": "Fineness"
},
{
"id": "2323554",
"text": "medals were and are made in several different metals, either representing awards for different places in a competition, or standards or classes, as with the Olympic medals, or simply different price levels for medals made for sale or donation by the commissioner. Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics. The gold, silver and bronze Olympic medals for first, second and third places were first used at the 1904 Summer Olympics. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1900 other prizes were given, not medals.",
"title": "Medal"
},
{
"id": "3633468",
"text": "first place and a bronze medal was given for second. The International Olympic Committee has retroactively assigned gold, silver, and bronze medals to competitors who earned first, second, and third-place finishes respectively in order to bring early Olympics in line with current awards. This is the full table of the medal count of the 1900 Summer Olympics, based on the medal count of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC has never decided which events were \"Olympic\" and which were not. These rankings use Olympic medal table sorting. <br> 1900 Summer Olympics medal table The 1900 Summer Olympics were held",
"title": "1900 Summer Olympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "156831",
"text": "cause for desire and of corruption, as told in children's fables such as Rumpelstiltskin—where Rumpelstiltskin turns hay into gold for the peasant's daughter in return for her child when she becomes a princess—and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in Jack and the Beanstalk. The top prize at the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions is the gold medal. 75% of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910. It has been estimated that the currently known amount of gold internationally would form a single cube 20 m (66 ft) on a side (equivalent",
"title": "Gold"
},
{
"id": "2806516",
"text": "Gold medal A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture. Since the eighteenth century, gold medals have been awarded in the arts, for example, by the Royal Danish Academy, usually as a symbol of an award to give an outstanding student some financial freedom. Others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily, including UNESCO and various academic societies. While some gold medals",
"title": "Gold medal"
},
{
"id": "7235895",
"text": "Mexico at the 1900 Summer Olympics Mexico competed at the modern Olympic Games for the first time at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Gold medals were not given at the 1900 Games. A silver medal was given for a first place, and a bronze medal was given for second. The International Olympic Committee has retroactively assigned gold, silver, and bronze medals to competitors who earned 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place finishes, respectively, in order to bring early Olympics in line with current awards. Mexico was one of four nations to compete in the first Olympic polo event. The",
"title": "Mexico at the 1900 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "156857",
"text": "2006, the United States Mint began producing the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda. , gold is valued at around $42 per gram ($1,300 per troy ounce). Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured by \"karat\" (k), with 24 karat (24k) being pure gold, and",
"title": "Gold"
},
{
"id": "12348199",
"text": "gold medals, the number of silver medals is taken into consideration, and then the number of bronze medals. If two countries have an equal number of gold, silver, and bronze medals, they are ordered in the table alphabetically by their IOC country code. The Olympic Charter, Chapter 1, section 6 states that: The Charter goes even further in Chapter 5, section 57, expressly prohibiting the IOC from producing an official ranking: According to Australian IOC member Kevan Gosper, the IOC began to accommodate medals tables in 1992, releasing 'information' based on the 'gold first' standard. The medal tables provided on",
"title": "Olympic medal table"
},
{
"id": "3616460",
"text": "the throwing events) tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. On 5 December 2012 the IOC announced that men's shot put winner Bilonog, and women's shot put third-place finisher Svetlana Krivelyova of Russia, re-tests showed positive for the steroid agent Oxandrolone. The positive tests resulted in Bilonog being stripped of his gold medal. The IOC, following its established rules, gave Bilonog (and the others) 21 days to appeal its ruling. Although no appeal was filed, the IOC waited another 5 months, before announcing on 30 May 2013 that it declared Nelson the 2004 Olympic champion and awarding him the Gold medal. He",
"title": "Adam Nelson"
},
{
"id": "5937270",
"text": "pure until 1982, when its purity was raised to .9999. Some coins are issued at a purity of .99999; this standard does not replace the Mint's .9999 Gold Maple Leaf coins, but is instead reserved for special editions. The Royal Canadian Mint and the International Olympic Committee have reached an agreement on Olympic Gold and Silver Maple Leaf coins. The announcement was made on August 3, 2007, and the agreement allows the RCM to strike bullion coins with the emblems of the 2010 winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. The issue will consist of two coins – one Gold Maple Leaf",
"title": "Canadian Gold Maple Leaf"
},
{
"id": "1523603",
"text": "nearly impossible: as the percentage of impurities diminishes, it becomes progressively more difficult to purify the metal further. Historically, coins had a certain amount of weight of alloy, with the purity a local standard. The Krugerrand is the first modern example of measuring in \"pure gold\": it should contain at least 12/11 ounces of at least 11/12 pure gold. Other bullion coins (for example the British Sovereign) show neither the purity nor the fine-gold weight on the coin but are recognized and consistent in their composition. Many coins historically showed a denomination in currency (example: American double eagle: $20). Many",
"title": "Precious metal"
},
{
"id": "49338",
"text": "various types of medals for centuries, and are known in contemporary times for being awarded for third place in sporting competitions and other events. The later usage was in part attributed to the choices of gold, silver and bronze to represent the first three Ages of Man in Greek mythology: the Golden Age, when men lived among the gods; the Silver age, where youth lasted a hundred years; and the Bronze Age, the era of heroes, and was first adopted at the 1904 Summer Olympics. At the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at",
"title": "Bronze"
},
{
"id": "2320886",
"text": "to compete. Usually referred to as the 'Olympics of Motorcycling' with trophies for best six-rider national, four-rider junior national, three-rider women's national, three-rider club national and three-rider manufacturing teams. Gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded on an individual level. The medals are typically awarded based on percentage of finishers, or relative to the best individual performance in the event within their specific class. Individual gold medals go to participants who finish within 10% of their class' top competitor's total elapsed time, silver medals are awarded for those who finish within 25%, and bronze medals are awarded to any rider",
"title": "International Six Days Enduro"
},
{
"id": "156794",
"text": "Gold Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from ) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native",
"title": "Gold"
},
{
"id": "17831601",
"text": "it is subsequently found that an athlete broke the competition rules then the IOC may strip athletes of their Olympic medals. This has occurred twice in the 100 m: Ben Johnson was awarded gold at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but was soon disqualified after his post-race drug test was positive for banned substances. The 2000 women's Olympic champion Marion Jones held her medal for a longer period, and was only disqualified seven years later after admitting to doping during that period. Starting with 15 men from eight nations at the inaugural 1896 Olympic 100 m, participation in the event reached",
"title": "100 metres at the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12193846",
"text": "S11 (totally blind) to S13 (legally blind) for visually impaired athletes. Blind athletes must use blackened goggles. Due to the classification process, there will be more than one set of medals in each of the traditional swimming events. The following events will be held in the various classifications. There will be 547 athletes (323 male, 224 female) from 62 nations taking part in this sport. This ranking sorts countries by the number of gold medals earned by their swimmers (in this context a country is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken",
"title": "Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics"
},
{
"id": "9198868",
"text": "later cleared of any wrongdoing. Dennis Mitchell tested positive ten years later. Of the top five competitors in the race, only former world record holder and eventual bronze medalist Smith never failed a drug test during his career. Smith later said: \"I should have been the gold medalist.\" Johnson had also demanded that Lewis be stripped of his gold medal, but the IOC had no intention of redressing the issue, stating they operate under a three-year statute of limitations. In the ESPN documentary \"9.79*\", eventual silver medallist Christie states, and footage of the race shows, that Lewis \"ran out of",
"title": "Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres"
},
{
"id": "156856",
"text": "not proven itself reliable as a hedging instrument.. Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the American Gold Eagle and the British gold sovereign continue to be minted in 22k (0.92) metal in historical tradition, and the South African Krugerrand, first released in 1967, is also 22k (0.92). The \"special issue\" Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the \"popular issue\" Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%. In",
"title": "Gold"
},
{
"id": "2806996",
"text": "wildlife conservation.\" The Royal Academy of Engineering awards a Silver Medal \"for an outstanding and demonstrated personal contribution to UK engineering, which results in successful market exploitation, by an engineer with less than 22 years in full-time employment or equivalent.\" Silver medal A silver medal in sports and other similar areas involving competition is a medal made of, or plated with, silver awarded to the second-place finisher, or runner-up, of contests or competitions such as the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, etc. The outright winner receives a gold medal and the third place a bronze medal. More generally, silver is traditionally",
"title": "Silver medal"
},
{
"id": "15242086",
"text": "for virtue.\"' Aristophanes in \"Plutus\" makes a humorous comment on victorious athletes who are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold: Why, Zeus is poor, and I will clearly prove it to you. In the Olympic games, which he founded, and to which he convokes the whole of Greece every four years, why does he only crown the victorious athletes with wild olive? If he were rich he would give them gold. The victorious athletes were honoured, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments. In fact, the",
"title": "Olive wreath"
},
{
"id": "20590301",
"text": "dead heat is declared, all tied competitors are considered to have jointly achieved the superior position (unless a tie-breaking method is used to separate them). This does not affect awards for subsequent finishers. For example, in the final of the Women's 100 metre freestyle at the 2016 Summer Olympics, Penny Oleksiak and Simone Manuel finished in a dead heat for first place. Both were awarded gold medals, no silver medal was awarded, and the next finisher, Sarah Sjöström, received bronze. Prizes for the tied competitors may be divided. The rules of Formula 1, for example, specify that a dead heat",
"title": "Dead heat"
},
{
"id": "20401705",
"text": "Olympic ideals. Strangely, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where red, blue and yellow vouchers were exchanged by the first three athletes for gold, silver and bronze medals respectively, a non-winning competitor's blue voucher could be exchanged for a 'Diploma of Merit' (equivalent of the Olympic Diploma). Sports people who have won the award include Englishman Jack Beresford, winner of medals at five successive Olympics, Dane Ivan Osiier who took part in seven Olympic Games over 28 years, missing the 1936 Games as a protest against Nazism and Frenchman Jean Borotra, Olympic bronze medallist in the Men's Doubles in",
"title": "Olympic Diploma of Merit"
},
{
"id": "14362614",
"text": "ranking system. The 2016 Summer Olympic program featured 28 sports with 41 disciplines, and a total of 306 events, tentatively resulting in 306 medal sets to be distributed. Athletes from 87 countries won medals, and 59 of them won at least one gold medal. Both of these categories set new records. 120 countries did not win a medal. Two gold medals were awarded for a first-place tie in the women's 100 metre freestyle swimming event. No silver medal was awarded as a consequence. Three silver medals were awarded for a second-place tie in the men's 100 metre butterfly swimming event.",
"title": "2016 Summer Olympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "156853",
"text": "increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold future contract. Though the gold stock grows by only 1 or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed. Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices. The gold proportion (fineness) of alloys is measured by karat (k). Pure gold (commercially termed \"fine\" gold) is designated as 24 karat, abbreviated 24k. English gold coins",
"title": "Gold"
},
{
"id": "11645987",
"text": "unique piece in the Austrian collection is the Vienna Philharmonic coin. This coin is struck in pure gold, 999.9 fine (24 carats). It is issued every year, in four different face values, sizes and weights. It is used as an investment product (bullion coin), although it finishes almost always in hands of collectors. According to the World gold Council, it was the best selling gold coin in 1992, 1995 and 1996 worldwide. Since 1 February 2008, this coin is being minted in silver as well. Both sides of the coin feature the same as on the Vienna Philharmonic pure gold",
"title": "Euro gold and silver commemorative coins"
},
{
"id": "4061652",
"text": "called \"Continental Qualification Regattas\", of which four are held during the year preceding the games - Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Final (open to everyone else). Each year FISA issues details of how many crews qualify at each regatta. At the World Championships, the top finishing boats guarantee a place for that country - the rowers in the crew can be changed before the games. At the qualification regattas, it is the crew that wins that qualifies for the Olympics, and if members of that crew race in the Olympics they must race in that event. The numbers below are",
"title": "Rowing at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "5937702",
"text": "a purity of not less than 900 thousandths and are, or have been, legal tender in their country of origin. Under United States law, \"coins\" that fail the last of these requirements are not coins at all, and must be advertised as \"rounds\" instead. Bullion coins are usually available in both gold and silver, with the exceptions of the Krugerrand (note in 2017 the first silver Krugerrand was minted) and the Swiss Vreneli, which are only available in gold. The American Eagle and Canadian Gold Maple Leaf series are available in gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. Bullion coins are typically",
"title": "Bullion coin"
},
{
"id": "14362609",
"text": "first independent athlete to win a gold medal, though gold medals have been won under the Olympic flag by other entities, such as countries that competed under the flag at 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow or the Unified Team in 1992. For the fifth time in the last six Games, the United States led the medal table both in number of gold medals won (as the medals are listed on the official website of the Games, and internationally by tradition), and in overall medals (the traditional method by which the table is listed in the United States). Behind the United",
"title": "2016 Summer Olympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "3245147",
"text": "teams and individuals participated in the remaining competitions, which included: Andreea Raducan was the original winner of the Women's All-Around competition, but her gold medal was stripped when she tested positive for a banned substance contained in a cold medicine. The Federation Internationale de Gymnastique Executive Board announced on 27 February 2010 following an investigation into the Chinese team for violations of the minimum age for senior gymnastics competitions (must be 16). The FIG noted Dong Fangxiao was entered as 17 years old when she was actually 14. Her 1999 World Championships titles have been stripped. In April 2010, nearly",
"title": "Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "13225709",
"text": "FITA-approved 70-metre distance and rules. The competition started with an initial ranking round involving all 64 archers of each gender. Each archer shot a total of 72 arrows to be seeded from 1–64 according to their score. The ranking round was also used to seed the teams from 1 to 12, by aggregating the individual scores for the members of each team. Each event was then played in a single-elimination tournament format, except for the semi-final losers, who played-off to decide the bronze medal winner. In the individual events, all 64 competitors entered the competition at the first round, the",
"title": "Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20799194",
"text": "as follows: For each continent, all of the gold medalists at the continental games are considered together. The highest ranked among this group earns the qualification spot unless that competitor is already qualified or otherwise cannot be selected without violating any of the following limitations: 10 athletes per division, 1 athlete per NOC per division, 2 athletes per NOC through continental representation (affecting only Africa and the Americas). If the highest-ranked gold medalist cannot be entered, then the next-highest ranked gold medalist qualifies if possible. This process goes through all gold medalists by ranking, then all silver medalists by ranking,",
"title": "Karate at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Qualification"
},
{
"id": "6919341",
"text": "in italic are national entities that no longer exist. The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors. The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee, but can be displayed as sorted by any other column, such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals. To sort by gold, silver, and then bronze, sort first by the bronze column, then the silver, and then the gold. The table does not include revoked medals (e.g. due to doping). Medal totals in this table are current as of the",
"title": "All-time Olympic Games medal table"
},
{
"id": "2806520",
"text": "event was crowned with kotinos, an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. Herodotus describes a story that explains why there were only a few Greek men at the Battle of Thermopylae since \"all other men were participating in the Olympic Games\" and that the prize for the winner was \"an olive-wreath\". When Tigranes, an Armenian general learned this, he uttered to his leader: \"Good heavens! what kind of",
"title": "Gold medal"
},
{
"id": "2806997",
"text": "Bronze medal A bronze medal in sports and other similar areas involving competition is a medal made of bronze awarded to the third-place finisher of contests or competitions such as the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, etc. The outright winner receives a gold medal and the second place a silver medal. More generally, bronze is traditionally the most common metal used for all types of high-quality medals, including artistic ones. The practice of awarding bronze third place medals began at the 1904 Olympic Games in St. Louis, Missouri, before which only first and second places were awarded. Minting Olympic medals is",
"title": "Bronze medal"
},
{
"id": "298732",
"text": "test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use. One of the most publicised doping-related disqualifications occurred after the 1988 Summer Olympics where Canadian sprinter, Ben Johnson (who won the 100-metre dash) tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was later stripped and awarded to the American runner-up Carl Lewis, who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics. In 1999 the IOC formed the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in an effort to systematise the research and detection of",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "16723551",
"text": "The medals were designed by Lin Cheung and show a representation of the wing of the Greek goddess Nike taken directly from a statue held by the British Museum. The engraving on the medals was conducted by the Royal Mint. Athletes from 57 NPCs won at least one gold medal, with a total of 75 having won at least one medal of any colour. Athletes from Chile, Ethiopia, Fiji, Sri Lanka, and Uzbekistan won their first Paralympic medals. Of those nations, the National Olympic Committee of Fiji had never won an Olympic medal until 2016. China topped the medal table",
"title": "2012 Summer Paralympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "4557539",
"text": "2 triples and 2 double axels as opposed to Witt's 3 of each, and also no triple jump combination in the whole performance) likely cost her the gold medal which she would lose by only 1 tenth of a point on a 5-4 split of the judges. Had any of the Soviet, West German, or Canadian judges rose her technical mark by .1 she would have been the winner of the long program and the gold medal. She received a perfect 6.0 for artistic impression from the Italian judge, the first 6.0 awarded in the ladies event at the Olympics",
"title": "Rosalynn Sumners"
},
{
"id": "17380267",
"text": "example, a gold ingot identified as being .999 fine will be 999/1000 pure gold, with the other 1/1000 being impurities. Karat weight (K or kt) is a traditional fraction-based system used to denote the fineness of gold, with one karat being equal to 1/24 part of pure gold in an alloy. With the precision of modern assaying techniques, however, the fineness of gold ingots and bullion is more likely to appear as a decimal measurement. In this system, pure gold would be denoted as 1.000 fine. However, since absolutely pure gold is very soft and therefore not suitable for coinage",
"title": "Gold coin"
},
{
"id": "12348206",
"text": "one gold medal fewer than Norway - the latter winning 13. A similar situation occurred at the 2008 Summer Olympics, with China and U.S. topping the gold and total medal tallies respectively, and then again at the 2010 Winter Olympics when Canada and the U.S. finished 1st and 3rd respectively in the \"gold first\" ranking and 3rd and 1st respectively in terms of total medals won. Other exceptions are the 1896, 1912, and 1964 Summer Olympics when the United States finished first in gold medal count, but second in the overall medal count. In an August 24, 2008 news conference,",
"title": "Olympic medal table"
},
{
"id": "16974555",
"text": "which the reigning champion is entitled to display on its kit until the final of the next championship. The badge was first presented to Milan, the winners of the 2007 final. Initially, all four previous champions were allowed to wear the badge until the 2008 final, where Manchester United gained the sole right to wear the badge by winning the trophy. Each player from the clubs finishing third, second and first will also receive one bronze, silver and gold medal each, respectively. The \"Golden Ball\" award is presented to the best player at each FIFA Club World Cup, with a",
"title": "FIFA Club World Cup awards"
},
{
"id": "5475697",
"text": "intent to cause harassment, alarm or distress at Stratford Magistrates' Court. He was later found guilty. It was announced before the Summer Games that half of all the competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the Games and the end of the Paralympic Games. Every competitor who won a medal was also tested. The Olympic laboratory tested up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances. As of late 2017 29 medals have been stripped due to doping violations, 13 of which were originally awarded to",
"title": "2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "14637373",
"text": "best represent the Paralympic spirit\", during the Games' closing ceremony. He was one of two recipients of the award, along with South African swimmer Natalie du Toit. The award came with \"a medal made out of 75 grams pure gold\". A farmer by profession, Gomez has also been coaching able-bodied children and children with disabilities since 1982. Said Gomez Said Gomez, born in 1966, is a Panamanian athlete. Visually impaired, having \"lost his sight at a young age\", he has represented Panama at five consecutive editions of the Summer Paralympic Games. He has won a total of eight Paralympic medals,",
"title": "Said Gomez"
},
{
"id": "5072948",
"text": "gold medal and the loser a silver medal. During the 2008 games a unique rule went into effect during games which went into extra innings. If the game was still tied after the completion of the tenth inning base runners were automatically placed on first and second base with no outs. IBAF created this rule to encourage scoring late in the game in order to determine a winner and to address criticisms from the IOC that a baseball game's length was unpredictable. The following 16 nations took part in the baseball competition. The numbers in the table refer to the",
"title": "Baseball at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "10659007",
"text": "and took the bronze medal in the 800 m and came fourth in the 1500 m race. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Kiprop was narrowly beaten by Bahraini Rashid Ramzi for the gold medal. However, Kiprop was awarded the gold medal after Ramzi tested positive for CERA, a banned substance which is a newer version of the more commonly known EPO. He is the youngest ever winner of the title, a record previously held by Arnold Jackson since 1912. Kiprop has stated he is not very happy about the way he won the gold medal. He ended the year with",
"title": "Asbel Kiprop"
},
{
"id": "14362618",
"text": "achieve six Winter Olympic medals over six consecutive games, all achieved at the men's singles event. Speed skater Ireen Wüst from the Netherlands achieved five medals (two gold and three silver), more than any other athlete. Korean-born Russian short track speed skater Viktor Ahn, Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen, and Belarusian biathlete Darya Domracheva tied for the most gold medals, with three each. The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals",
"title": "2014 Winter Olympics medal table"
},
{
"id": "3705133",
"text": "Brazil won seven gold medals, its most at any single Summer Olympics, finishing in thirteenth place. Bahrain, Fiji, Jordan, Kosovo, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Tajikistan, Ivory Coast and Vietnam each won their first gold medals, as did the group of Independent Olympic Athletes (from Kuwait). The process for the 2016 Olympic Games was officially launched on 16 May 2007. The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee by 13 September 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files, containing answers to a 25-question IOC form, were to be submitted by",
"title": "2016 Summer Olympics"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Olympic Games context: late 2003 and did not expect to become an American citizen until after the Athens games. The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold. The runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals.\n\nUnder the rules outlined in the charter of the International Olympic Committee, how much pure gold must there be in each gold medal awarded to first-place winners?",
"compressed_tokens": 198,
"origin_tokens": 198,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Olympic Games context: late 2003 and did not expect to become an American citizen until after the Athens games. The athletes or teams who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, then made of gilded silver and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold. runners-up receive silver medals and the third-place athletes are awarded bronze medals. In events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals.\n\ntitle: Gold medal context World War. The last series of medals to be made of solid gold were awarded at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. Olympic Gold medals are required to be made from at least 92.5 silver, and must contain a minimum of 6 grams of gold. All Olympic medals must be at least 60mm in diameter and 3mm thick. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the Olympic host. From 1928 through 1968 design was always the same: the obverse showed a generic design by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli of Greek goddess Nike with Rome's Colloseum in\n\ntitle: Olympic: count Olympads not Games, per the Olympic Charter contrasts with the Winter Olympic Games, the cancel Games 194 194 their count.\" Summer Olympic Games The Olympic Games the Games of the Olympiad, held 1896, is quadrenn international multi-sport event The most Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil International Olympic (IO)ises Games oversees host city's preparations In event, gold medals are for first place, med are awarded for second place, and bronze\n\n: context:ze medal A bronze medal sports and other similar areas involving competition is bronze to the- oritions as Olympic Games Games Theright receives the second place generally, bronzeally the metal of- including artistic ones. The practice of bronze third1 Olympic Games in only first and second places were awarded. Minting Olympic medals is\n\nUnder the rules outlined in the charter of the International Olympic Committee, how much pure gold must there be in each gold medal awarded to first-place winners?",
"compressed_tokens": 500,
"origin_tokens": 13998,
"ratio": "28.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
128 | What professional ice hockey star didn't hang up his skates until he was 52? | [
"Gordie Howe, who played in 1,687 games in the National Hockey League"
] | Gordie Howe, who played in 1,687 games in the National Hockey League | [
{
"id": "10264214",
"text": "Olympics Dave Silk and Jackie O'Callahan, at numerous hockey schools. And yes, even as he got older, he still kept playing hockey for local teams such as the Moby Dicks, which won the 65-years-and-older Snoopy Tournament in Santa Rosa, California. Jack played hockey until he was 78 years old and when asked why he stopped, he said, \"It is time to hang up your skates when guys start catching you from behind.\" However, despite all of his success on the ice, it was only in 2009, at 83 years of age that Jack finally saw his beloved BU finally win",
"title": "Jack Garrity"
},
{
"id": "2233442",
"text": "Bernie Geoffrion Joseph Bernard André Geoffrion (; February 16, 1931 – March 11, 2006), nicknamed Boom Boom, was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Generally considered as one of the innovators of the slapshot, he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972 following a 16-year career with the Montreal Canadiens and New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. In 2017 Geoffrion was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Geoffrion was born in Montreal, Quebec, and began playing in the NHL in 1951. He earned the nickname \"Boom Boom\" for his",
"title": "Bernie Geoffrion"
},
{
"id": "2233454",
"text": "by side (Morenz's banner was lowered halfway and was raised back up to the rafters with Geoffrion's banner). Traded to the Montreal Canadiens by the Nashville Predators on February 17, 2012, Blake Geoffrion decided to honour both his grandfather Geoffrion, as well as his great-grandfather Morenz, by wearing #57. Bernie Geoffrion Joseph Bernard André Geoffrion (; February 16, 1931 – March 11, 2006), nicknamed Boom Boom, was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Generally considered as one of the innovators of the slapshot, he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972 following a 16-year career",
"title": "Bernie Geoffrion"
},
{
"id": "1273586",
"text": "Gordie Howe Gordon Howe (March 31, 1928 – June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. From 1946 to 1980, he played twenty-six seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association (WHA); his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings. Nicknamed \"Mr. Hockey\", Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time. A 23-time NHL All-Star, he held many of the sport's career scoring records until they were broken in the 1980s by Wayne Gretzky, who",
"title": "Gordie Howe"
},
{
"id": "3468822",
"text": "was ranked number 10 on \"The Hockey News\"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players, making him the highest-ranked pre-World War II player. In the film \"Slap Shot\", Eddie Shore's name, along with Toe Blake and Dit Clapper, is considered synonymous with 'Old-time hockey'. Shore is also featured in the Don Cherry biopic, \"\" where he was portrayed by Stephen McHattie. Eddie Shore Edward William Shore (November 25, 1902 – March 16, 1985) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman, principally for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League, and the longtime owner of the Springfield Indians of the",
"title": "Eddie Shore"
},
{
"id": "8264274",
"text": "a new career, his 23-year-old son Robert (a Boston Bruins prospect) died in 1987. Williams himself died of a heart attack on February 8, 1992, at the age of 51. Tom Williams (ice hockey, born 1940) Thomas Mark \"Tommy, The Bomber\" Williams (April 17, 1940 – February 8, 1992) was an American ice hockey player. He was the first American to play regularly in the National Hockey League since the retirement of Frank Brimsek in 1950. A good skater and shooter, he received his nickname due to an incident in the early 1970s when he joked with Toronto customs officials",
"title": "Tom Williams (ice hockey, born 1940)"
},
{
"id": "12055110",
"text": "his columns in the 1980s. Eugene Turner was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Professional Skaters Association Coaches Hall of Fame in 2012. Eugene Turner Eugene Turner (November 26, 1920 – January 14, 2010) was an American champion figure skater who competed in single skating, pair skating and ice dancing. He also coached professionally for 60 years, skated in films and authored skating works. He was born and raised in Los Angeles, California where he graduated from John Marshall High School, and spent most of his life and career in Northern California.",
"title": "Eugene Turner"
},
{
"id": "1273627",
"text": "Commons Chamber in the Parliament of Canada on June 29, 2016 when Obama stated that \" \"as Americans, we, too, celebrate the life of Mr. Hockey himself, the late, great Gordie Howe.\"\" <nowiki>*</nowiki> Stanley Cup Champion; <nowiki>**</nowiki> AVCO Cup Champion Bolded means led league Gordie Howe Gordon Howe (March 31, 1928 – June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. From 1946 to 1980, he played twenty-six seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association (WHA); his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings. Nicknamed \"Mr. Hockey\", Howe",
"title": "Gordie Howe"
},
{
"id": "11348510",
"text": "he took on a series of small jobs before opening his own hardware store in Chicago. As of 2007, Suomi was the last surviving member of the 1936–37 all-American Chicago Black Hawks team and, following the 2010 death of Louis Holmes, the oldest living former NHL player. He is also believed to be the first former NHL player to reach the age of 100. Suomi was born to a working-class family in Eveleth, Minnesota on October 29, 1913. Although he never had any serious aspirations to play professional ice hockey, he nevertheless began practicing at local rinks at an early",
"title": "Al Suomi"
},
{
"id": "4374774",
"text": "and three grandchildren survived him. Art Ross Arthur Howey \"Art\" Ross (January 13, 1885 – August 5, 1964) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and executive from 1905 until 1954. Regarded as one of the best defenders of his era by his peers, he was one of the first to skate with the puck up the ice rather than pass it to a forward. He was on Stanley Cup championship teams twice in a playing career that lasted thirteen seasons; in January 1907 with the Kenora Thistles and 1908 with the Montreal Wanderers. Like other players of the time,",
"title": "Art Ross"
},
{
"id": "14418323",
"text": "Denis Perez Denis Perez (born 25 April 1965 in Caen, France), is a French ice hockey player and coach. He competed at five consecutive Olympics from 1988 to 2002, thus becoming the fifth hockey player to do so after Udo Kießling (Germany), Petter Thoresen (Norway), Raimo Helminen (Finland), and Dieter Hegen (Germany). He played for most of his career in the Ligue Magnus, the top division of professional ice hockey in France, with the exception of a year in Germany. He began his career at in 1983, where he stayed for a year before joining for five seasons. He played",
"title": "Denis Perez"
},
{
"id": "2173310",
"text": "Guy Lafleur Guy Damien \"The Flower\" / \"Le Démon Blond\" Lafleur, OC, CQ (born September 20, 1951) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who was the first player in the National Hockey League (NHL) to score 50 goals and 100 points in six straight seasons. Between 1971 and 1991, he played for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Quebec Nordiques in an NHL career spanning 17 seasons, and five Stanley Cup championships (all with the Canadiens). In 2017 Lafleur was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Lafleur started playing hockey at the age",
"title": "Guy Lafleur"
},
{
"id": "17942708",
"text": "Orr: My Story Orr: My Story is a 2013 autobiography written by Bobby Orr. Orr is a former professional hockey player who played in the National Hockey League from 1966 to 1978. Orr played for two teams: the Boston Bruins and the Chicago Black Hawks. Considered one of the greatest players of all time, Orr's career was cut short by multiple knee injuries and surgeries. Orr was enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979 at age 31, the youngest to be inducted into the Hall at that time. Orr is also known for being one of the first",
"title": "Orr: My Story"
},
{
"id": "881931",
"text": "Bobby Orr Robert Gordon Orr, OC (born March 20, 1948) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, widely acknowledged as one of the greatest of all time. Orr used his ice skating speed, scoring, and play-making abilities to revolutionize the position of defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 12 seasons, starting with 10 with the Boston Bruins followed by two with the Chicago Black Hawks. Orr remains the only defenceman to have won the league scoring title with two Art Ross Trophies. He holds the record for most points and assists in a single season",
"title": "Bobby Orr"
},
{
"id": "13130594",
"text": "in 1969, 1971, and 1972). They were coached by Ron Ludington. Together with Ludington, Schwomeyer/Sladky created the \"Yankee Polka\" compulsory dance. They first performed it as a competitive program in 1969. Following their retirement from competitive skating, the duo skated professionally. They were inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1991. Jim Sladky James \"Jim\" Sladky (March 16, 1947 – November 9, 2017) was an American competitive ice dancer. With his skating partner, Judy Schwomeyer, he became a four-time World medalist (silver in 1970; bronze in 1969, 1971, 1972) and five-time U.S. national champion (1968–1972). James",
"title": "Jim Sladky"
},
{
"id": "881938",
"text": "Orr was a nurse. Bobby was a sick baby at birth and his survival was tenuous. Bobby Orr displayed his hockey talents from an early age. Orr played his first organized hockey in 1953 at age five, in the \"minor squirt\" division, a year after getting his first skates and playing shinny. Although he was tiny and somewhat frail, he soon was able to skate faster than anyone his own age, speed he demonstrated in races around the rink and in games. Until he was ten years old, Orr played on the wing, as a forward. His coach, former NHL",
"title": "Bobby Orr"
},
{
"id": "16218288",
"text": "Skatemaster Tate Gerry Hurtado (September 9, 1959 – October 13, 2015), known professionally as Skatemaster Tate, was an American musician and former television show host. Tate was born Gerry Hurtado in Los Angeles, California to his father Jorge, a local machine shop foreman, and his mother Hilda, a clerk at the nearby Knott's Berry Farm. Tate was a top amateur skater in the early 1970s, but in a 1987 People Magazine interview, he downplayed his ability by saying he \"only skated for fun\". Tate later attended a broadcasting trade school, and applied his trade by working as a DJ in",
"title": "Skatemaster Tate"
},
{
"id": "3634409",
"text": "Jim McKenny James Claude \"Howie\" McKenny (born December 1, 1946) is a Canadian retired broadcaster and retired professional ice hockey player. He played 604 games between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Minnesota North Stars, and was known by the nickname of 'Howie' due to his resemblance to Howie Young. McKenny once said that \"Half the game is mental. The other half is being mental\". Jim McKenny was born in Ottawa and moved to Toronto as a child. McKenny played with the Neil McNeil Maroons of the Metro Junior A league in 1962–63. When the league folded in 1963, McKenny transferred",
"title": "Jim McKenny"
},
{
"id": "4905370",
"text": "Brad Park Douglas Bradford \"Brad\" Park (born July 6, 1948) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. A defenceman, Park played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Detroit Red Wings. Considered one of the best defencemen of his generation, and named to the all-star team several times, the best years of his career were overshadowed by superstar Bobby Orr, who was briefly his teammate. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. In 2017 Park was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Park was",
"title": "Brad Park"
},
{
"id": "812727",
"text": "Orr (1979), Mario Lemieux (1997), and Wayne Gretzky (1999). Following Gretzky's induction, the Board of Directors determined that the waiting period would no longer be waived for any player except under \"certain humanitarian circumstances\". Three Hall of Fame members came out of retirement after their induction and resumed a career in the National League: Gordie Howe, Guy Lafleur and Mario Lemieux. Chris Pronger was inducted while still technically an active player; in his case, he had signed a seven-year contract with the Philadelphia Flyers in 2010 that would have counted against had he formally retired (Since he was over 35",
"title": "Hockey Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "9939406",
"text": "however, announced it was parting ways with O'Day in 2013 and he would not return to broadcast the race. He set the Guinness world record for water skiing non-stop (around Lake Washington) for 4 hours 52 minutes, in 1959. He is responsible for bringing the Seattle music scene to national prominence. In 1998 a plaque featuring Pat O'Day with a photograph of him was added to the permanent disc jockey exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum in Cleveland, Ohio. O'Day has lived in the San Juan Islands where he sells real estate. O'Day is the author",
"title": "Pat O'Day"
},
{
"id": "14172319",
"text": "2009 at age 87. Gloria Nord Gloria Nord (August 2, 1922 – December 30, 2009), born \"Gloria Nordskog,\" was an American roller skater, ice skater and pin-up girl who became known as \"Sonja Henie on wheels,\" and \"the Sonja Henie of the roller rinks.\" Nord was reportedly \"adored by millions in the 1940s and 1950s for her balletic finesse and theatrical flamboyance.\" Nord grew up in Santa Monica and Hollywood, California. Nord was the youngest of five children of Andre Nordskog, a noted concert singer. Nord studied dance and, at age 15, she was an established child entertainer. She attended",
"title": "Gloria Nord"
},
{
"id": "14111936",
"text": "France and the North Sea. Webster lived in Richmond Hill, Ontario, during his time with the Stouffville Clippers in 1960s, and afterward lived in Mattawa, Ontario. After Milt Schmidt's death in January 2017, he became the oldest living former NHL player. His wife, Leona, died in 2009 of Alzheimer's disease. He died at home in Mattawa on January 18, 2018, at the age of 97. His nickname, Chick, was given to him in his playing days for his love for chewing Chiclets gum. Chick Webster John Robert \"Chick\" Webster (November 3, 1920 – January 18, 2018) was a professional ice",
"title": "Chick Webster"
},
{
"id": "20221911",
"text": "Mickey's 50 Mickey's 50 is a 1978 television special honouring the 50-year anniversary of the debut of Walt Disney's animated character Mickey Mouse. The show aired on NBC on November 19, 1978, one day after Mickey's official birthday, as a special 90-minute edition of \"The Wonderful World of Disney\". This show covers the history and career of Mickey Mouse from his humble beginnings in the first Disney sound cartoon \"Steamboat Willie\" to his popularity in the 1930s, his presence on television through \"The Mickey Mouse Club\", and his role as the official host of Disneyland and Walt Disney World. Also",
"title": "Mickey's 50"
},
{
"id": "2298897",
"text": "appointed to the Senate of Canada by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. He was ranked number 26 on \"The Hockey News\"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players, the highest-ranking player who had spent at least a majority of his career with the Maple Leafs. Frank Mahovlich Francis William \"Frank\" \"The Big M\" Mahovlich, CM (born January 10, 1938) is a former Liberal Senator in the Canadian Senate, and a retired NHL ice hockey player. He played on six Stanley Cup-winning teams and is an inductee of the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2017 Mahovlich was named one of the '100",
"title": "Frank Mahovlich"
},
{
"id": "4682380",
"text": "Dave Schultz (ice hockey) David William \"The Hammer\" Schultz (born October 14, 1949) is a Canadian businessman and former professional ice hockey coach and player. Schultz is renowned as one of hockey's greatest enforcers and holds the NHL record for most penalty minutes in a single season, at 472. Schultz was born in Waldheim, Saskatchewan, but grew up in Rosetown, Saskatchewan. Schultz was known as a point producer in junior hockey, but became an 'enforcer' in his first year of pro hockey with the Salem Rebels of the EHL, prior to joining the Philadelphia Flyers, where he would become famous.",
"title": "Dave Schultz (ice hockey)"
},
{
"id": "9025652",
"text": "him something of a cult hero in New Jersey. He was an integral part of the infamous \"Crash Line\" with Randy McKay and Bobby Holík, a fourth-line combination whose energy and timely goal-scoring helped the Devils win their first of three Stanley Cups in 1995. He then played for the St. Louis Blues and Calgary Flames. His career came to an end after suffering a spinal cord injury in 1997. He retired after the 1997–1998 season. Mike Peluso (ice hockey, born 1965) Michael David Peluso (born November 8, 1965), is an American former professional ice hockey player. Peluso was known",
"title": "Mike Peluso (ice hockey, born 1965)"
},
{
"id": "8944399",
"text": "Hockey League in recognition of a player's community service. Yanick Dupré Joseph Jacques Yanick Dupré (November 20, 1972 – August 16, 1997) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played 35 games over parts of three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers. He died at the age of 24 after a 16-month battle with leukemia. The Yanick Dupre Memorial Class Guy Award was named after him to honour his memory and is given to the Flyer who best illustrates character, dignity, and respect for the sport both on and off the ice. A",
"title": "Yanick Dupré"
},
{
"id": "10671763",
"text": "in a Winter Olympics. Later that year, he won season 26 of \"Dancing with the Stars\" with professional dancer Jenna Johnson, making Rippon the first openly gay celebrity to win the competition. Rippon announced his retirement from competitive figure skating in November 2018. Adam Rippon was born on November 11, 1989, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The oldest of six children, he was born with severe hearing loss but underwent surgery at Yale University just before his first birthday, allowing him to hear almost perfectly. His parents divorced in 2004. Rippon started to skate when he was ten years old; his mother",
"title": "Adam Rippon"
},
{
"id": "12903352",
"text": "Steve Redgrave, who won the award, and footballer David Beckham. The other members of the shortlist were footballer Bobby Moore, cricketer Ian Botham and ice skating duo Torvill and Dean. Alf Ramsey's squad won a poll to select a Team of the Decade for the 50th anniversary show. Representatives from each of the past winners of the Team of the Year award voted for their outstanding team of the last 50 years. Bobby Robson presented the award to Bobby Charlton, who collected the award on behalf of the late Bobby Moore's team. BBC Sports Personality of the Year The BBC",
"title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year"
},
{
"id": "462406",
"text": "on the ice until my mom insisted I come in for dinner, eat in my skates, then go back out until 9:00. When asked how he managed, at age ten, to score 378 goals in a single season, Gretzky explained, See, kids usually don't start playing hockey until they're six or seven. Ice isn't grass. It's a whole new surface and everybody starts from ground zero. … By the time I was ten, I had eight years on skates instead of four, and a few seasons' worth of ice time against ten-year-olds. So I had a long head start on",
"title": "Wayne Gretzky"
},
{
"id": "2555278",
"text": "Jeremy Roenick Jeremy Shaffer \"J. R.\" Roenick (; born January 17, 1970) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played the majority of his career in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Phoenix Coyotes, Philadelphia Flyers, Los Angeles Kings and San Jose Sharks over the course of his 18 NHL season career and represented Team USA in numerous international tournaments. On November 10, 2007, he became the third American-born player (Joe Mullen and Mike Modano were the first two) to score 500 goals. Roenick began playing hockey at age four when the parents",
"title": "Jeremy Roenick"
},
{
"id": "5127035",
"text": "Walter Gretzky Walter Gretzky, CM, O.Ont (born October 8, 1938) is a Canadian who is best known as the father of ice hockey legend Wayne Gretzky. The elder Gretzky, an avid hockey player as a youth and a keen analyst of the game, is credited by his famous son as playing a key role in his phenomenal success as a player. Walter coached his hockey-loving son continuously, starting at age three, building him a backyard rink, devising creative exercises and drills, teaching him profound insights into how to play successfully, and accompanying him to most of his games. He is",
"title": "Walter Gretzky"
},
{
"id": "3634416",
"text": "the clients of the drug rehab based in Port Hope, Ontario. Jim McKenny James Claude \"Howie\" McKenny (born December 1, 1946) is a Canadian retired broadcaster and retired professional ice hockey player. He played 604 games between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Minnesota North Stars, and was known by the nickname of 'Howie' due to his resemblance to Howie Young. McKenny once said that \"Half the game is mental. The other half is being mental\". Jim McKenny was born in Ottawa and moved to Toronto as a child. McKenny played with the Neil McNeil Maroons of the Metro Junior A",
"title": "Jim McKenny"
},
{
"id": "4374736",
"text": "Art Ross Arthur Howey \"Art\" Ross (January 13, 1885 – August 5, 1964) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and executive from 1905 until 1954. Regarded as one of the best defenders of his era by his peers, he was one of the first to skate with the puck up the ice rather than pass it to a forward. He was on Stanley Cup championship teams twice in a playing career that lasted thirteen seasons; in January 1907 with the Kenora Thistles and 1908 with the Montreal Wanderers. Like other players of the time, Ross played for several different",
"title": "Art Ross"
},
{
"id": "10294340",
"text": "Joe Zanussi Joseph Lawrence Zanussi (born September 25, 1947 in Rossland, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 149 games in the World Hockey Association and 87 games in the National Hockey League. Zanussi's skating ability and agility earned him the nicknames 'Crazy Legs' and 'Tazmanian Devil' and although small for a pro hockey defenseman, Zanussi was a good bodychecker and possessed a big shot. His only hockey card noted that he had a big smile. He signed originally with the Detroit Red Wings and played with the New York Rangers, Winnipeg Jets, St. Louis",
"title": "Joe Zanussi"
},
{
"id": "8944398",
"text": "Yanick Dupré Joseph Jacques Yanick Dupré (November 20, 1972 – August 16, 1997) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played 35 games over parts of three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers. He died at the age of 24 after a 16-month battle with leukemia. The Yanick Dupre Memorial Class Guy Award was named after him to honour his memory and is given to the Flyer who best illustrates character, dignity, and respect for the sport both on and off the ice. A similarly named award is also presented by the American",
"title": "Yanick Dupré"
},
{
"id": "10264205",
"text": "Jack Garrity John Paul \"Jack\" Garrity (April 1, 1926 – August 31, 2015) was an American ice hockey player. Garrity was a member of the American 1948 Winter Olympics team. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986. Jack Garrity was one of Massachusetts' most outstanding hockey players in high school, college, the Olympics and at the senior hockey level. Jack skated on greater Boston rinks for over 60 years and in addition to his playing, coached high school hockey for 10 years, refereed high school and NCAA college games for 20 years and taught",
"title": "Jack Garrity"
},
{
"id": "5164818",
"text": "Hockey News\"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. Hampered throughout his career by sluggish skating ability, which was often mistaken for a lack of effort, Stewart was rarely prone to the end-to-end rushes favoured by the other greats of the 1920s and 30s. Unlike Howie Morenz, Frank Fredrickson or Aurèle Joliat, he resorted to – and perfected – a hard-hitting style of play, with emphasis on collecting rebounds and scoring from bad angles around the crease. Bruins goaltender Tiny Thompson claimed that Stewart was hockey’s most dangerous goal scorer around the net – when the latter was 34 years",
"title": "Nels Stewart"
},
{
"id": "14172314",
"text": "Gloria Nord Gloria Nord (August 2, 1922 – December 30, 2009), born \"Gloria Nordskog,\" was an American roller skater, ice skater and pin-up girl who became known as \"Sonja Henie on wheels,\" and \"the Sonja Henie of the roller rinks.\" Nord was reportedly \"adored by millions in the 1940s and 1950s for her balletic finesse and theatrical flamboyance.\" Nord grew up in Santa Monica and Hollywood, California. Nord was the youngest of five children of Andre Nordskog, a noted concert singer. Nord studied dance and, at age 15, she was an established child entertainer. She attended Miss Long's Professional School,",
"title": "Gloria Nord"
},
{
"id": "17942713",
"text": "great. Orr: My Story Orr: My Story is a 2013 autobiography written by Bobby Orr. Orr is a former professional hockey player who played in the National Hockey League from 1966 to 1978. Orr played for two teams: the Boston Bruins and the Chicago Black Hawks. Considered one of the greatest players of all time, Orr's career was cut short by multiple knee injuries and surgeries. Orr was enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979 at age 31, the youngest to be inducted into the Hall at that time. Orr is also known for being one of the",
"title": "Orr: My Story"
},
{
"id": "10294343",
"text": "exchange for Phil Esposito and Carol Vadnais. Dec. 20, 1976: Traded to the St. Louis Blues by the Boston Bruins in exchange for Rick Smith. Joe Zanussi Joseph Lawrence Zanussi (born September 25, 1947 in Rossland, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 149 games in the World Hockey Association and 87 games in the National Hockey League. Zanussi's skating ability and agility earned him the nicknames 'Crazy Legs' and 'Tazmanian Devil' and although small for a pro hockey defenseman, Zanussi was a good bodychecker and possessed a big shot. His only hockey card noted",
"title": "Joe Zanussi"
},
{
"id": "8223532",
"text": "Phil Russell (ice hockey) Phillip Douglas Russell (born July 21, 1952) is a Canadian retired former professional ice hockey defenceman who played over one thousand games in the National Hockey League. Russell had a reputation as a bruising, physical player and retired with over 2000 penalty minutes to go along with 424 career points. He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Atlanta/Calgary Flames, New Jersey Devils and Buffalo Sabres, and retired in 1988. He was most recently an assistant coach with the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League. Russell was born in Edmonton, Alberta. In 2007, Russell was hired",
"title": "Phil Russell (ice hockey)"
},
{
"id": "6048335",
"text": "He continued to race in the Stadium Super Trucks that season, resulting fourth in the standings with a win at Las Vegas. In 2017, Jones returned to NASCAR, racing in the Xfinity Series race at Watkins Glen International in Chris Cockrum Racing's No. 25 car. Jones was a proficient ice hockey player, scoring ninety-eight goals (coincidentally, Jones often wears this number when racing) in thirty games when he was just short of one decade old and playing peewee hockey in California. He and his team were state champions that year. Any ideas of a professional career in Jones' other sport",
"title": "P. J. Jones"
},
{
"id": "5270288",
"text": "he became the first Swedish hockey player to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1998, he was ranked 74th on \"The Hockey News\"' list of the 100 Greatest National Hockey League Players, the highest-ranked player from Sweden. On 4 October 2006, Salming's no. 21, along with Red Kelly's and Hap Day's no. 4, was honoured by the Leafs in a ceremony before their first game of the 2006–07 season. Börje Salming Anders Börje Salming (; born 17 April 1951), nicknamed \"The King\", is a Swedish retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for Brynäs IF, the Toronto",
"title": "Börje Salming"
},
{
"id": "5426082",
"text": "only in his final appearance at Wimbledon in 1960, at the age of 38, did he represent his new homeland Great Britain. During his amateur career, Drobný won over 130 singles titles, and was world ranked in the top 10 from 1946–55. Drobný was inducted in the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in 1983. He is the only person to win the rare combination of Wimbledon in tennis and a world championship title in ice hockey. In total, Drobný started in Wimbledon 17 times, always sporting his trademark tinted prescription glasses as an old ice hockey",
"title": "Jaroslav Drobný"
},
{
"id": "20221913",
"text": "World Wants to Wish You) Happy Birthday Mickey Mouse\". Mickey's 50 Mickey's 50 is a 1978 television special honouring the 50-year anniversary of the debut of Walt Disney's animated character Mickey Mouse. The show aired on NBC on November 19, 1978, one day after Mickey's official birthday, as a special 90-minute edition of \"The Wonderful World of Disney\". This show covers the history and career of Mickey Mouse from his humble beginnings in the first Disney sound cartoon \"Steamboat Willie\" to his popularity in the 1930s, his presence on television through \"The Mickey Mouse Club\", and his role as the",
"title": "Mickey's 50"
},
{
"id": "4905379",
"text": "for almost 40 years, with his wife Gerry. He has five children and six grandchildren. His autobiography, \"Straight Shooter: The Brad Park Story\", was published in August, 2012. Brad Park Douglas Bradford \"Brad\" Park (born July 6, 1948) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. A defenceman, Park played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Detroit Red Wings. Considered one of the best defencemen of his generation, and named to the all-star team several times, the best years of his career were overshadowed by superstar Bobby Orr, who was briefly his",
"title": "Brad Park"
},
{
"id": "5158440",
"text": "is well known in New Westminster. On February 2, 2008, the city honoured him by renaming Moody Park Diamond #5 to Justin Morneau Field. Morneau Field is located just from a field named for one of Morneau's idols, Larry Walker Field, located in the nearby city of Maple Ridge. Morneau is extremely superstitious, and wears number 33 to honour his idol, former NHL goaltender Patrick Roy. As a young hockey player, he would refuse to leave the car for hockey games until the clock read :33 minutes past the hour. (He actually appears as an Easter egg in the NHL",
"title": "Justin Morneau"
},
{
"id": "833705",
"text": "themselves; especially English Canada delights in anachronistically announcing that this was the beginning of the 1960s Quiet Revolution.\" Richard is the subject of the 2005 biopic \"The Rocket\". Maurice Richard Joseph Henri Maurice \"Rocket\" Richard (; ; August 4, 1921 – May 27, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens. He was the first player in NHL history to score 50 goals in one season, accomplishing the feat in 50 games in 1944–45, and the first to reach 500 career goals. Richard retired in 1960",
"title": "Maurice Richard"
},
{
"id": "881932",
"text": "by a defenceman. Orr won a record eight consecutive Norris Trophies as the NHL's best defenceman and three consecutive Hart Trophies as the league's most valuable player (MVP). Orr was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979 at age 31, the youngest to be inducted at that time. In 2017 Orr was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. After his hockey career, he became a well-known scout for many professional teams. He also spends time talking to and mentoring young skaters. Orr started in organized hockey at age eight. He first played as a",
"title": "Bobby Orr"
},
{
"id": "10299380",
"text": "Louis Holmes Louis Charles Carter \"Lou\" Holmes (January 29, 1911 – March 11, 2010) was a professional ice hockey centre who played 56 games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks from 1931 to 1933. He was born in Rushall, England, United Kingdom, but grew up in Edmonton, Alberta. After his playing career, Holmes coached the gold medal winning Edmonton Mercurys at the 1952 Winter Olympics. Holmes was, from 2007 until his death, the oldest living NHL-player, as well as the longest-lived. As a youth, Holmes played junior hockey with the Edmonton Bruins from 1928 until 1930.",
"title": "Louis Holmes"
},
{
"id": "3335069",
"text": "Roxy NYC Roxy NYC (sometimes The Roxy) was a popular nightclub located at 515 West 18th Street in New York City. Located in the Chelsea section of Manhattan, it began as a roller skating rink and roller disco in 1978, founded by Steve Bauman, Richard Newhouse and Steve Greenberg. It was acquired in 1985 by Gene DiNino. The Roxy shut down permanently in March 2007. The Roxy hosted a party for the famed Olympic gold medal-winning USA Ice Hockey team in 1980. Beginning in the early 1980s, the owners began hosting dance nights. Referred to by many as the “Studio",
"title": "Roxy NYC"
},
{
"id": "12662411",
"text": "1938, Baptie retired from the ice. However, he became a professional coach and was listed as a member of the American Skaters Guild in 1940. He continued to coach even after losing both legs from complications from diabetes. He was the Grandfather of noted figure skating coach, Betty Berens, and Great-grandfather of Ice Follies Star Susan Berens. Norval Baptie Norval Baptie (March 18, 1879 – November 26, 1966) was a World record holding speed skater, a champion figure skater, and pioneering ice showman. He was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1963., and was one of the",
"title": "Norval Baptie"
},
{
"id": "3230973",
"text": "references to him pulled from Samsung Arena, the home arena of Slovan at the time. Šťastný was the first player in ice hockey history to represent three different countries in three different international tournaments. Peter Šťastný Peter Šťastný (; born 18 September 1956), also known colloquially as \"Peter the Great\" and \"Stosh\", is a retired Slovak-Canadian professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1980 to 1995. Stastny is the second highest scorer of the 1980s after Wayne Gretzky. During his time with the Quebec Nordiques, Stastny became a Canadian citizen. From 2004 to 2014,",
"title": "Peter Šťastný"
},
{
"id": "11069029",
"text": "Bill Booth (ice hockey) William Walton \"Bill\" Booth ( – ) was a Canadian ice hockey player who mainly played in Great Britain during the 1940s and 1950s, although he is best remembered as a Coach with the Durham Wasps. He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame. Although he learned to skate by he age of eight, Bill Booth did not start playing ice hockey until he was 14 years old. However, he was still good enough to gain a place with Lachute in the Montreal Senior Provincial League (MSPL) when he was 20 years",
"title": "Bill Booth (ice hockey)"
},
{
"id": "462378",
"text": "did not return to the playoffs until 2006, well after Gretzky retired. In 1997, prior to his retirement, \"The Hockey News\" named a committee of 50 hockey experts (former NHL players, past and present writers, broadcasters, coaches and hockey executives) to select and rank the 50 greatest players in NHL history. The experts voted Gretzky number one. Gretzky said he would have voted Bobby Orr or Gordie Howe as the best of all time. The 1998–99 season was his last as a professional player. He reached one milestone in this last season, breaking the professional total (regular season and playoffs)",
"title": "Wayne Gretzky"
},
{
"id": "11069032",
"text": "1980s when he was north-eastern correspondent for the \"Ice Hockey World\" magazine. Bill Booth (ice hockey) William Walton \"Bill\" Booth ( – ) was a Canadian ice hockey player who mainly played in Great Britain during the 1940s and 1950s, although he is best remembered as a Coach with the Durham Wasps. He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame. Although he learned to skate by he age of eight, Bill Booth did not start playing ice hockey until he was 14 years old. However, he was still good enough to gain a place with Lachute",
"title": "Bill Booth (ice hockey)"
},
{
"id": "7213502",
"text": "for trying to disqualify his son. After a huge fight with the U.S. Figure Skating Federation, Robertson was not disqualified after he lost to Jenkins and retired from competitive figure skating and signed a two-year contract with the Ice Capades for $100,000. In the 1950s, he had a long-term relationship with Tab Hunter, who also helped fund his amateur career. Robertson was coached by Gustave Lussi. Robertson's skating career was also well known on television. He appeared on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" in 1957, and his fast forward upright spin was described as being \"faster than an electric fan.\" He",
"title": "Ronald Robertson (figure skater)"
},
{
"id": "5264145",
"text": "to paint even after his official retirement. His estate paintings are currently on display at Artworld Fine Art in Toronto. After an initial failed experience with ballet lessons, Cranston started skating at the age of 7, when his parents bought him hockey skates. He experimented on his own with trying to dance on the ice, and was only later told that what he was doing was called \"figure skating\". His mother was reluctant to allow him to pursue the sport seriously, but at the age of 11 he met Eva Vasak, who was impressed by his talent and offered to",
"title": "Toller Cranston"
},
{
"id": "3706849",
"text": "Hall still holds the record for the most First Team All-Star selections (7) which he achieved while playing the same era as other greats, Sawchuk and Plante—as well as other Hall of Famers, such as Johnny Bower and Gump Worsley. In 1998, he was ranked number 16 on \"The Hockey News\"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players, currently the highest rank for a living former goaltender (No. 13-ranked Jacques Plante died in 1986, and No. 9 Terry Sawchuk in 1970). In 2005, the City of Humboldt, Saskatchewan erected a permanent monument to Hall's career in Glenn Hall Park on",
"title": "Glenn Hall"
},
{
"id": "4204601",
"text": "Tony Esposito Anthony James \"Tony O\" Esposito (born April 23, 1943) is a retired Canadian-American professional ice hockey goaltender, who played in the National Hockey League, most notably for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was one of the pioneers of the now popular butterfly style. Tony is the younger brother of Phil Esposito, a centre. Both brothers had notable careers and are enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2017 Esposito was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Esposito grew up Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario with his brother, fellow future NHL star Phil Esposito. He",
"title": "Tony Esposito"
},
{
"id": "2646293",
"text": "Dale Hawerchuk Dale Hawerchuk (born April 4, 1963) is a Canadian ice hockey coach and former professional player. Hawerchuk played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 16 seasons. He won the NHL's Calder Memorial Trophy as the league's Rookie of the Year in 1982 and was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in his second year of eligibility in 2001. He is currently the head coach of the Barrie Colts of the Ontario Hockey League. Hawerchuk was born in Toronto, Ontario. Hawerchuk was a young prodigy who received his first pair of skates at age two and, according",
"title": "Dale Hawerchuk"
},
{
"id": "12376831",
"text": "audition for, and ultimately win, the role of Jack O'Callahan, a player on the 1980 Olympic men's ice hockey team, who beat the Soviet Union team in what is now referred to as the \"Miracle on Ice\". Mantenuto did not actively pursue an acting career, appearing in only two other films, including the Matthew McConaughey feature \"Surfer, Dude\". He ultimately enlisted in the United States Army and served as a Special Forces communications sergeant (\"Green Beret\"). Mantenuto was part of HHC, 1st Special Forces Group, according to his Army Special Operations Command bio in 2016 he was deployed in support",
"title": "Michael Mantenuto"
},
{
"id": "4456167",
"text": "posthumously included in the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame as one of the ten inaugural inductees along with Jack Blackham, Victor Trumper, Clarrie Grimmett, Bill Ponsford, Don Bradman, Bill O'Reilly, Keith Miller, Ray Lindwall and Dennis Lillee. A sculpture of Spofforth by Cathy Weiszmann was unveiled at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 5 January 2008. Fred Spofforth Frederick Robert \"Fred\" Spofforth (9 September 1853 – 4 June 1926), also known as \"The Demon Bowler\", was arguably the Australian cricket team's finest pace bowler of the nineteenth century and was the first bowler to take 50 Test wickets, and the first",
"title": "Fred Spofforth"
},
{
"id": "12673869",
"text": "Smith objected. Smith charged after Bossy with his stick but was tackled by teammates before Smith took his frustrations out on Bossy. Bossy also noted that Smith never liked being talked to in the locker room, and keeping an intense focus before and after games and practices, but is much more laid-back off the ice. Billy Smith (ice hockey) William John Smith, better known as Billy Smith, (born December 12, 1950) is a retired professional ice hockey goaltender and is best known for winning four Stanley Cups with the New York Islanders and being the first goalie to be credited",
"title": "Billy Smith (ice hockey)"
},
{
"id": "1273610",
"text": "coach Scotty Bowman selected Howe, Phil Esposito and Jean Ratelle to the mid-season All-Star Game—which was to take place in Detroit—as a nod to their storied careers before they retired. Howe had played in five decades of All-Star Games and he would skate alongside the second-youngest to ever play in an All-Star Game, 19-year-old Wayne Gretzky. The Joe Louis Arena crowd gave him a standing ovation twice, lasting so long he had to skate to the bench to stop people from cheering. He had one assist in the Wales Conference's 6–3 win. Howe's name and nickname, \"Mr. Hockey\", as well",
"title": "Gordie Howe"
},
{
"id": "2535931",
"text": "Peter Forsberg Peter Mattias \"Foppa\" Forsberg (; born 20 July 1973) is a Swedish retired professional ice hockey player and was for a time assistant general manager of Modo Hockey. Known for his on-ice vision and physical play, Forsberg is considered one of the greatest players of all time. Although his career was shortened by persistent injuries, as of 2014, he stands eighth all-time in career points-per-game and fourth all-time in career assists-per-game in the NHL, only behind Wayne Gretzky, Mario Lemieux and Bobby Orr. In 2017 Forsberg was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. His",
"title": "Peter Forsberg"
},
{
"id": "5251358",
"text": "inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1970. In 1998, he was ranked number 83 on \"The Hockey News\"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. Babe Dye Cecil Henry \"Babe\" Dye (May 13, 1897 – January 3, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto St. Pats, Chicago Black Hawks, New York Americans and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was the NHL's top goal scorer of the 1920s and is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. He also played professional baseball and played football with",
"title": "Babe Dye"
},
{
"id": "5105346",
"text": "Hall of Fame and played professional basketball for the Seattle SuperSonics in the NBA. He was born in West Germany and moved to America with his family at 11 years old. He later became an insurance lawyer in Boston. Kara has always worn uniform number 52, the same number as her father, as a tribute. Wolters has stated she has always been tall and was already 6'3\" in eighth grade and she continued to grow rapidly during her career at Holliston High School. She still retains the schools scoring, rebounding and blocked shots record. Her brother Ray played basketball at",
"title": "Kara Wolters"
},
{
"id": "15471381",
"text": "sustained a head injury thought to have resulted from a fall, and had been drinking according to toxicology reports. An inquest in September 2011 recorded a verdict of accidental death. Betty Callaway Betty Daphne Callaway-Fittall, MBE (née Roberts, 22 March 1928 – 27 June 2011) was an English figure skating coach who specialised in ice dancing. She was best known as the coach of Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, the 1984 Olympic champions, and also trained 1980 world champions Krisztina Regőczy and András Sallay, and 1972 European champions Angelika and Erich Buck. Betty Daphne Roberts was born in Reading, Berkshire",
"title": "Betty Callaway"
},
{
"id": "4896387",
"text": "shutouts and a GAA of 1.98 in the playoffs, he helped the Leafs win 5 Stanley Cups and establish a dynasty. In 2005, Broda was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame. He died in 1972 at the age of 58 from a heart attack. Turk Broda Walter Edward \"Turk\" Broda (; May 15, 1914 – October 17, 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. A goaltender, Broda played his entire career for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1935 and 1951, taking a brief hiatus from 1943 to",
"title": "Turk Broda"
},
{
"id": "8223533",
"text": "as an assistant coach for the now defunct Pensacola Ice Pilots of the ECHL under John Marks. Phil Russell (ice hockey) Phillip Douglas Russell (born July 21, 1952) is a Canadian retired former professional ice hockey defenceman who played over one thousand games in the National Hockey League. Russell had a reputation as a bruising, physical player and retired with over 2000 penalty minutes to go along with 424 career points. He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Atlanta/Calgary Flames, New Jersey Devils and Buffalo Sabres, and retired in 1988. He was most recently an assistant coach with the Springfield",
"title": "Phil Russell (ice hockey)"
},
{
"id": "4847486",
"text": "Jim Pollard James Clifford Pollard (July 9, 1922 – January 22, 1993) was an American professional basketball player and coach. As a player in the NBA, Pollard was considered one of the best forwards in the 1950s and was known for his leaping ability, earning him the nickname \"The Kangaroo Kid\". A five-time NBA champion and four-time NBA All-Star, Pollard spent his entire eight-year professional career with the Minneapolis Lakers. Pollard was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978. He has also been inducted into the Bay Area Hall of Fame, Stanford Hall of Fame, and",
"title": "Jim Pollard"
},
{
"id": "4584980",
"text": "and 1987) and was a World Professional singles medalist four times (1986, 1990, 1991, 1992). After turning professional in 1980, Cousins starred in various professional skating shows such as \"Holiday on Ice\" and \"Ice Capades\", whilst continuing to be a regular competitor in the World Professional Championships. He hit both the longest axel jump and the longest back flip on figure skates in the Guinness Book of World Records, reaching 5.81 metres (19 ft 1 in) and 5.48 metres (18 ft) on 16 November 1983. In 1983, Cousins formed his own ice skating performance company, which toured the world with",
"title": "Robin Cousins"
},
{
"id": "4278707",
"text": "Chris Nilan Christopher John Nilan (born February 9, 1958) is a retired professional ice hockey player and current radio host. Nilan played 688 National Hockey League (NHL) regular season games as a right-wing for the Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins, and New York Rangers between 1980 and 1992. He won the Stanley Cup in 1986 with Montreal. Known as \"Knuckles,\" he was famous for his propensity to fight. Nilan's life and career are prominently featured in Alex Gibney's 2011 documentary film \"The Last Gladiators\". Nilan grew up in Massachusetts where he idolized Bobby Orr and dreamed of playing for the Boston",
"title": "Chris Nilan"
},
{
"id": "11936416",
"text": "Bruins whose hockey career derails because of his propensity to get into fights with his teammates. In another Boston-based movie, \"The Friends of Eddie Coyle\", Eddie (played by Robert Mitchum) is taken to a Boston Bruins game (against the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1972-1973 season at the old Boston Garden) right before he is killed. Upon watching Bruins great Bobby Orr, he states \"Can you imagine being a kid like that? What is he, 24 or something? Greatest hockey player in the world. Number four – Bobby Orr. Geeze, what a future he’s got, huh?\" The Canadian buddy cop",
"title": "Ice hockey in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "3153343",
"text": "Bibi Torriani who had played twenty years after his debut (1928 and 1948). Chelios re-signed with the Detroit Red Wings for the 2007–08 season. On January 8, 2008, Chelios became the second oldest player in the history of the NHL, at 45 years, 348 days, passing Moe Roberts. Only Gordie Howe, who played until age 52, was older. On April 12, 2008, Chelios played in his 248th playoff game, breaking the NHL record set by Hall of Fame goaltender Patrick Roy. Later that season, Chelios also became the oldest active player to win the Stanley Cup. Chelios signed another one-year",
"title": "Chris Chelios"
},
{
"id": "13518942",
"text": "with the Moose, Glennie resumed his professional career in signing a one-year deal on October 14, 2016. Glennie learned how to skate when he was three years old, and began playing organized hockey when he was four. Growing up, his hockey hero was Mario Lemieux. During the off-season prior to the 2013–14 season, Glennie spent time training with former Stars Brent Severyn and Ulf Dahlen to improve his chances of playing at the NHL level. Scott Glennie Scott Glennie (born February 22, 1991) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently an unrestricted free agent, having most recently",
"title": "Scott Glennie"
},
{
"id": "5164828",
"text": "an influence on Kennedy, who used a similarly L-shaped stick. Nels Stewart Robert Nelson \"Old Poison\" Stewart (December 29, 1902 – August 21, 1957) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Montreal Maroons, New York Americans and Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Born in Montreal, Quebec, Nels Stewart began play as an amateur at age 18 for the Cleveland Indians of the United States Amateur Hockey Association, leading the league in goals scored in four out of the five seasons he played before",
"title": "Nels Stewart"
},
{
"id": "5270319",
"text": "Webster became the oldest living NHL player. NESN October 28, 2010 Milt Schmidt Milton Conrad \"Milt\" Schmidt (March 5, 1918 – January 4, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre, coach and general manager, mostly for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL), where he was a member of the Kraut Line. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961. In 2017 Schmidt was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Schmidt's early years were spent in Kitchener, where he attended King Edward Public School. In high school, he briefly attended",
"title": "Milt Schmidt"
},
{
"id": "1806679",
"text": "the league's profits and, combined with the abolition of the reserve clause, led to much higher player salaries. Many great stars began their careers in the WHA, including Mark Howe, Wayne Gretzky, Mike Gartner, Mike Liut, and Mark Messier. Messier was the last WHA veteran to play in the NHL; he opened his professional career with 52 games with the Indianapolis Racers and Cincinnati Stingers in 1978–79, and played his last NHL game on April 3, 2004. The final active player and official in any on-ice capacity for the league was referee Don Koharski, who started as a linesman for",
"title": "World Hockey Association"
},
{
"id": "3765776",
"text": "credited to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame inductee, Samuel Perry Jacks, better known as \"Sam Jacks\". Jacks is the individual credited with both the creation of the official skateless game derived from ice hockey and codifying its first set of rules in 1936. At the time, Jacks was working as assistant physical director at the West End YMCA in Toronto. His achievement was later recognized by the United Nations. Floor hockey is a physical fitness sport in many public schools for physical education class. A version of ringette was introduced as a sport in the Winter Special Olympics in 1932.",
"title": "Floor hockey"
},
{
"id": "10509600",
"text": "Art Stratton Arthur Stratton (born October 8, 1935) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played 95 games in the NHL for 5 separate teams. These included the New York Rangers (18 games), Detroit Red Wings (5 games), Chicago Black Hawks (2 games), Pittsburgh Penguins (58 games), and Philadelphia Flyers (12 games). Stratton's NHL career was scattered across 4 playing seasons between 1959 and 1968, where he scored 18 goals and 33 assists. Stratton's professional hockey career was more illustrious than his NHL statistics demonstrate. Starting in 1955 and playing straight until 1976, he was only in the",
"title": "Art Stratton"
},
{
"id": "993399",
"text": "Bobby Hull Robert Marvin Hull, OC (born January 3, 1939) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who is regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. His blond hair, end to end rushes, incredible skating speed, and ability to shoot the puck at very high velocity all earned him the nickname \"The Golden Jet\". His talents were such that often one or two opposing players were assigned just to shadow him—a tribute to his explosiveness. In his 23 years in the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA), Hull played for the Chicago Black Hawks,",
"title": "Bobby Hull"
},
{
"id": "7992260",
"text": "Bruce Ridpath David Bruce Ridpath (January 2, 1884 – June 4, 1925) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and general manager. He was a member of the 1911 Stanley Cup champion Ottawa Senators before an automobile accident ended his playing career. Ridpath, born in Lakefield, Ontario, as well as playing ice hockey, also was a member of the Toronto Canoe Club and became known as a canoe racer and stunt paddler, performing in shows throughout the world. Ridpath never married and died in 1925 at the age of 40 at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto. He suffered a stroke",
"title": "Bruce Ridpath"
},
{
"id": "14677910",
"text": "as he passed through each of the age divisions between age 50 and 70, plus world records in the high jump, long jump, decathlon, and pentathlon. He continued to vault past age 75, still ranked number one. Due to the advent of fiberglass vaulting poles, his world record in the M55 division was higher than his best vault in the Olympics almost three decades earlier. He became well known for these activities, encountering, by his recollection, Jesse Owens, Wilt Chamberlain, and Jackie Robinson. He appeared on \"The Bob Hope Show\". He was inducted into the USATF Masters Hall of Fame",
"title": "Boo Morcom"
},
{
"id": "984043",
"text": "Canadian Walk of Fame and on November 15, 2010, she was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. Hughes was born in Winnipeg, and is a graduate of Elmwood High School. In an interview on CBC radio show \"Definitely Not the Opera\", Hughes reveals that as a youth, she smoked cigarettes, drank a lot at a young age and did a lot of drugs, admitting she did not envision herself as an athlete. She was inspired to begin skating after witnessing Gaétan Boucher at the 1988 Winter Olympics. She started with speed skating, but in 1990 she moved to competitive",
"title": "Clara Hughes"
},
{
"id": "4682384",
"text": "insights into the world of a professional ice hockey enforcer. In 1994, he served as referee at WCW Slamboree for the match between The Nasty Boys against Cactus Jack & Kevin Sullivan. Source: Dave Schultz (ice hockey) David William \"The Hammer\" Schultz (born October 14, 1949) is a Canadian businessman and former professional ice hockey coach and player. Schultz is renowned as one of hockey's greatest enforcers and holds the NHL record for most penalty minutes in a single season, at 472. Schultz was born in Waldheim, Saskatchewan, but grew up in Rosetown, Saskatchewan. Schultz was known as a point",
"title": "Dave Schultz (ice hockey)"
},
{
"id": "12662409",
"text": "Norval Baptie Norval Baptie (March 18, 1879 – November 26, 1966) was a World record holding speed skater, a champion figure skater, and pioneering ice showman. He was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1963., and was one of the two charter members of the Ice Skating Institute Hall of Fame in the same year. Born in Bethany, Ontario, he grew up in Bathgate, North Dakota, United States. By the age of 14 he was the North Dakota speed skating champion. In 1897, he challenged World champion Jack McCullough to a race, and easily won. Over his",
"title": "Norval Baptie"
},
{
"id": "1627514",
"text": "Boris Becker Boris Franz Becker (; born 22 November 1967) is a German former world No. 1 professional tennis player. He was successful from the start of his career, winning the first of his six major singles titles at age 17. He also won five year-end championships, 13 Masters Series titles and an Olympic gold medal in doubles. \"Tennis\" magazine ranked him the 11th best male player of the period 1965–2005. At times Becker struggled with his early success and fame, and his personal life has been turbulent. Since his playing career ended, he has engaged in numerous ventures, including",
"title": "Boris Becker"
},
{
"id": "5591387",
"text": "Dwayne Roloson Albert Dwayne Roloson (born October 12, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender and former goaltending coach of the Anaheim Ducks. Roloson played for the Calgary Flames, Buffalo Sabres, Minnesota Wild, Edmonton Oilers, New York Islanders and Tampa Bay Lightning during his National Hockey League career. He is often affectionately referred to by his fans as \"Roli.\" Following Mark Recchi's retirement, Roloson became the oldest active NHL player and the last active NHL player to have been born in the 1960s. A Hobey Baker Award nominee and National Collegiate Athletic Association All-American while tending goal for",
"title": "Dwayne Roloson"
},
{
"id": "2960676",
"text": "Olympics in Turin, the term was regularly used after the skiing superstar Bode Miller, who bragged about skiing drunk before the Olympics, was adversely compared to the term \"Miller time\", and went home with no medals. A lesser-known teammate was sent home for fighting in a bar. In tennis, the term was used in regard to players at the 1987 Davis Cup for unsportsmanlike conduct. John McEnroe was regularly cited in the media as being an \"Ugly American\" for his on-court tantrums and off-court negative comments about London and Paris. In contrast, Andre Agassi who early in his tennis career",
"title": "Ugly American (pejorative)"
},
{
"id": "3707559",
"text": "ABC Sports as a two-hour special in 1973. Bob Seagren, an Olympic pole vault gold medalist, was the first winner. However, it was heavyweight champion boxer Joe Frazier who nearly stole the show. In the very first event, the 50 meter swimming heats, Frazier nearly drowned, and only after he was retrieved from the pool did he admit to commentators that he didn't know how to swim. When a reporter asked him why he tried the race, Frazier replied, \"How was I to know I couldn't unless I tried it?\". He also famously opined, \"That Mark Spitz,\" (who had won",
"title": "Superstars"
},
{
"id": "3659501",
"text": "several months. Due to his mother's heritage, Kharlamov would be nicknamed \"The Spaniard\" throughout his career. At age 5 Kharlamov first started to skate, fastening his father's blades onto his own shoes. He was trained by Boris, who had played hockey himself. However Kharlamov, who enjoyed playing football as well, was quite sickly as a youth; in 1961 he was diagnosed with rheumatic fever and doctors ordered him to cease any physical activity, and spent several months in hospital, though he ultimately recovered with no apparent cause nor lingering effects. Kharlamov successfully tried-out for CSKA Moscow when he was 12,",
"title": "Valeri Kharlamov"
},
{
"id": "17915399",
"text": "the phrase \"\"John H. Harris presents\"... Ice Capades.\" In 1941 Harris hired 16-year-old Olympic figure skating champion Donna Atwood, who quickly became the star of the show, performing as such for fifteen years. He married her, 27 years his junior, in 1949; the couple divorced ten years later. In 1963, John H. Harris sold the Ice Capades for $5.5 million. He died in 1969 at age 70. John H. Harris (entertainment) John H. Harris (1898–1969) was an entertainment executive from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the son of movie theater pioneer John P. Harris, and is best known as the long-time",
"title": "John H. Harris (entertainment)"
},
{
"id": "6576731",
"text": "started skating at the age of four in East Berlin after being selected for the sport in kindergarten. At first he was a single skater and was coached by Romy Kermer. In 1983, he changed coaches to Jürgen Bertko. At the age of 12, he left skating for other sports but two years later Kati Winkler asked him to take up ice dancing with her. They were the first East German ice dancers in years, the discipline having disappeared over the previous 18 years. Until 1996 they were coached by Knut Schubert whose expertise was more in pair skating. In",
"title": "René Lohse"
},
{
"id": "6388110",
"text": "published it as a book: \"The Top 100 NHL Players of All Time\". Their list again featured Gretzky as the top player. The top 10 players, in order, were: Wayne Gretzky, Bobby Orr, Gordie Howe, Mario Lemieux, Maurice Richard, Doug Harvey, Jean Beliveau, Bobby Hull, Terry Sawchuk and Eddie Shore. Ten years later, in 2007, \"THN\" came out with a list of revised list in \"The Top 60 Since 1967\", which limited the rankings to players solely of the NHL's post-expansion era. In addition to accounting for the 10 years that had passed since previous rankings, editor-in-chief Jason Kay explained",
"title": "The Hockey News"
},
{
"id": "10854122",
"text": "Jay Humphry Jay (James Clarke) Humphry (born July 28, 1948 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian former figure skater who competed in men's singles. He won the gold medal at the Canadian Figure Skating Championships in 1968 and 1969 and competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics. During his competitive career he was coached by Edi Rada and Ellen Burka. After the 1969 season, he turned professional and skated with Ice Follies, where he portrayed the role of Oscar the Grouch from Sesame Street. As of 2009, Humphry resides in Minneapolis, Minnesota where he works for a company that produces",
"title": "Jay Humphry"
},
{
"id": "8264270",
"text": "Tom Williams (ice hockey, born 1940) Thomas Mark \"Tommy, The Bomber\" Williams (April 17, 1940 – February 8, 1992) was an American ice hockey player. He was the first American to play regularly in the National Hockey League since the retirement of Frank Brimsek in 1950. A good skater and shooter, he received his nickname due to an incident in the early 1970s when he joked with Toronto customs officials that his bag contained a bomb (he was suspended for one game by the NHL as punishment). Born in Duluth, Minnesota, Williams was a member of the U.S. Olympic hockey",
"title": "Tom Williams (ice hockey, born 1940)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jack Garrity context: Olympics Dave Silk and Jackie O'Callahan, at numerous hockey schools. And yes, even as he got older, he still kept playing hockey for local teams such as the Moby Dicks, which won the 65-years-and-older Snoopy Tournament in Santa Rosa, California. Jack played hockey until he was 78 years old and when asked why he stopped, he said, \"It is time to hang up your skates when guys start catching you from behind.\" However, despite all of his success on the ice, it was only in 2009, at 83 years of age that Jack finally saw his beloved BU finally win\n\nWhat professional ice hockey star didn't hang up his skates until he was 52?",
"compressed_tokens": 193,
"origin_tokens": 193,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Gordie Howe context: Gordie How Gordon Howe (March 31, 1928 – June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. From 1946 to 1980, he played twenty-six seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association (WHA); his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings. Nicknamed \"Mr. Hockey\", Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time. A 23-time NHL All-Star, he held many of the sport's career scoring records until they were broken in the 1980s by Wayne Gretzky, who\n\ntitle: Gordie Howe context Commons Chamber Parliament Canada on June29 2016 when Ob stated Americans, too, celebrate the life. Hockey himself,, great Gordie Howe <nowiki*</nowiki> Stanley Cup Champion <nowiki**</nowiki Cup Championold Gord How Gordon Howe (March 31, 1928 – June 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. From 1946 to 1980, he played twenty-six seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association (WHA); his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings. Nicknamed \"Mr. Hockey\", Howe Schz (iceultice hockey) \" 49 a Canadian businessman and hockey as one of hockey's greatestcers and holds record for most penalty minutes in single2. inaskatchewan, but grew up inetown, Saskatchewan.z was known as a producer junior hockey, but anenforcer' in his first year pro hockey with the Rebels of the E, prior to joining Philadelphia Fly, where he would famous:ullvinborn9 a former player the greatest players of all time. His blond hair, end to end rushes, incredible skating speed, and ability to shoot the puck at very high velocity all earned him the nickname \"The Golden Jet\". His talents were such that often one or two opposing players were assigned just to shadow him—a tribute to his explosiveness. In his 23 years in the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA), Hull played for the Chicago Black Hawks,\n\nWhat professional ice hockey star didn't hang up his skates until he was 52?",
"compressed_tokens": 528,
"origin_tokens": 14647,
"ratio": "27.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
129 | Who was the first athlete to hit a major league home run and make a professional football touchdown in the same week? | [
"Jim Thorpe, in 1917. He did it a second time in 1919. Deion Sanders was the second athlete to accomplish the feat---70 years later in 1989"
] | Jim Thorpe, in 1917. He did it a second time in 1919. Deion Sanders was the second athlete to accomplish the feat---70 years later in 1989 | [
{
"id": "3592339",
"text": "team's offense. During the 1996 season, Sanders skipped the baseball season, concentrating on football, and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position. He became only the second two-way starter (after the Cardinals' Roy Green) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due. Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series, to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week, and to have both a reception and",
"title": "Deion Sanders"
},
{
"id": "9869296",
"text": "returned a punt 68 yards for a touchdown, making him the only modern-day athlete to hit a home run and score a touchdown in the same week (he had only left the Yankees a few days prior). However, the Falcons were unable to win many games, and in response Coach Marion Campbell resigned and replaced by Jim Hanifan on an interim basis. The Falcons would go on to a 3–13 record. Their next head coach would be recently fired former Oilers coach Jerry Glanville, whose eccentric personality gave the Falcons another piece of identity. Coinciding with Glanville's hiring and his",
"title": "History of the Atlanta Falcons"
},
{
"id": "3592324",
"text": "missed the postseason. Before the 1992 season, Sanders reworked his NFL deal, whereby he still reported to the Falcons for training camp in August, but was allowed to rejoin the Braves for the postseason. During the 1992 season, his best year in the majors, Sanders hit .304 for the team, stole 26 bases, and led the NL with 14 triples in 97 games. During the 1989 season, he hit a major league home run and scored a touchdown in the NFL in the same week, becoming the only player ever to do so. Sanders is also the only man to",
"title": "Deion Sanders"
},
{
"id": "3711115",
"text": "in 1969). He is furthermore the oldest pitcher to start games in the World Series (with the Philadelphia Athletics, in 1929) and on Opening Day (with the Brooklyn Dodgers, in 1931). He was the oldest to hit a home run in the majors, at age 46, until 47-year-old Julio Franco did so in 2006. He was the oldest person to ever play for the Cincinnati Reds, and at the time of his retirement, the eight teams for which he had played also constituted a record, which has since been broken. He was also the last major leaguer who had played",
"title": "Jack Quinn (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "2306736",
"text": "of the sport (the \"Live-ball era\"), and his high style of living fascinated the nation and made him one of the highest-profile figures of the decade. Fans were enthralled in 1927 when Ruth hit 60 home runs, setting a new single-season home run record that was not broken until 1961. Together with another up-and-coming star named Lou Gehrig, Ruth laid the foundation of future New York Yankees dynasties. A former bar room brawler named Jack Dempsey aka Garrett won the world heavyweight boxing title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time. Enrique Chaffardet the Venezuelan Featherweight World Champion",
"title": "Roaring Twenties"
},
{
"id": "984603",
"text": "announced that they would not seek to re-sign Santiago, in what was seen as a cost-cutting measure. Santiago is also unusual for his uniform number; from 1991 to 1994, Santiago wore a jersey with the number 09, making him one of the only major professional sports players to have ever worn a jersey with a leading zero as part of his uniform number. On December 16, 1992, Santiago signed with the newly established franchise Florida Marlins and hit the first home run in team history. Despite hitting for a .273 average in 1994, he was granted free agency after the",
"title": "Benito Santiago"
},
{
"id": "1662084",
"text": "sport in America was perhaps no more evident than when Don Carter became the first athlete of any kind to sign a US$1 million endorsement contract, inking a multi-year deal with Ebonite International in 1964. By comparison, Arnold Palmer earned just $5,000 in 1961 endorsing Wilson golf equipment, and NFL quarterback Joe Namath made just $10,000 in 1968 to famously shave off his moustache with a Schick razor. Until the mid-1980s there was little, if any, new investment in the sport, with the decline in interest being partially attributed to the complex scoring system, especially as it was a manual",
"title": "Ten-pin bowling"
},
{
"id": "7698365",
"text": "entered his first major league game as a relief pitcher. Not only was he the winning pitcher that day, he also hit a home run in his first major-league at-bat. He is one of only a handful of pitchers to do so, and is one of two players to both hit a home run in his first at bat and win the Rookie of the Year Award. The other is Wally Moon. Before a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers on July 4, 1975, Montefusco guaranteed he would win the game. He proceeded to throw a shutout as the Giants",
"title": "John Montefusco"
},
{
"id": "2923386",
"text": "Chief Chemist William McMurtrie; inventor of Corningware, S. Donald Stookey; MacArthur Fellow and professor of psychiatry, Jay Weiss In sports: Five members of The College Football Hall of Fame, eight NFL players, seven professional baseball players, and an Olympic gold medalist. Stand-outs among them include two-time World Series champion Joe Maddon (2002, 2016); and Charlie Berry Jr, who not only played for the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Athletics, but also was the only man to officiate a NFL Championship, World Series, and College All-star game in the same year. Lafayette College Lafayette College is a private liberal arts college",
"title": "Lafayette College"
},
{
"id": "2461200",
"text": "the star players to wear a Dodgers uniform during this time included Harold \"Bunker\" Hill, Bob Wilson, and Bill Lee. The roster also included future Hall of Famers, Red Badgro and Ace Parker. Both men had played professional baseball in the majors. Badgro played for the St. Louis Browns before playing in the NFL for the Giants and Yankees. Meanwhile, Parker played under Connie Mack, while as a member of the Philadelphia Athletics. He is best known for hitting a home run his first time at bat as a pinch hitter, becoming the first player in American League history to",
"title": "Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL)"
},
{
"id": "11463516",
"text": "John Kennedy (third baseman) John Edward Kennedy (May 29, 1941 – August 9, 2018) was an American major league baseball third baseman, shortstop and second baseman. He played from 1962 to 1974 for the Washington Senators, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Yankees, Seattle Pilots, Milwaukee Brewers, and Boston Red Sox. Kennedy spent twelve seasons in the major leagues. He hit a home run in his first major league at bat (on September 5, 1962, against Dick Stigman of the Minnesota Twins), and garnered headlines because both his name and birthdate, May 29, were shared with the President of the United",
"title": "John Kennedy (third baseman)"
},
{
"id": "3051168",
"text": "This \"Bo Knows\" marketing campaign was for the release of the Nike Air Trainer I, a cross-training shoe, the first of its kind. The CHIKARA professional wrestling tag team the Throwbacks (baseball player Dasher Hatfield and football player Mark \"Mr. Touchdown\" Angelosetti) have a finishing move called \"Bo Jackson\". Called \"the greatest athlete in video game history\", Jackson's digital counterpart was nicknamed by fans as \"Tecmo Bo\" since being featured in the 1989 video game \"Tecmo Bowl\" for the Nintendo Entertainment System, where he was all but untacklable. Referencing his video game character, Jackson was featured in a 2016 advertisement",
"title": "Bo Jackson"
},
{
"id": "8017307",
"text": "1936. He was also the first athlete ever to win both the 100 m and 400 m events on the same day. He has become known as X-Man due to the first letter of his name as well as his signature victory salute of crossing his forearms to make an X. Shortly after his success at the NCAA championships he announced that he would forgo his remaining two years of college eligibility in both track and football to join the professional track and field circuit. He is now represented by the sports agent Mark Block (coach and husband of the",
"title": "Xavier Carter"
},
{
"id": "12752851",
"text": "the chief rival of another early professional football team, the Latrobe Athletic Association. Aside from Fiscus, the Greensburg Athletic Association included several of the era's top players, such as: Charlie Atherton, George Barclay, Ross Fiscus, Jack Gass, Arthur McFarland, Charles Rinehart, Isaac Seneca and Adam Martin Wyant. Several of these players revolutionized the game during their playing careers. Charlie Atherton is credited with inventing the place kick, and George Barclay invented the first-ever football helmet. Meanwhile, Isaac Seneca became the first Native-American to earn All-American honors and Adam Martin Wyant was the first professional football player to become a United",
"title": "Greensburg Athletic Association"
},
{
"id": "6341061",
"text": "was regarded as one of the fittest men on the planet. Heavyweight champions Ken Norton and Rocky Marciano did not take up boxing until their twenties, but both enjoyed successful careers at the highest level of competition. Baseball player Josh Hamilton, a former number one overall draft pick, did not make his major league debut until the age of 26 due to years of serious drug and alcohol abuse. He has since been an all star several times and won the 2010 American League MVP award. Football player Didier Drogba did not sign a professional contract with a club until",
"title": "Late bloomer"
},
{
"id": "2648429",
"text": "Leigh Steinberg Leigh William Steinberg (born March 27, 1949) is an American sports agent. During his 41-year career, Steinberg has represented over 300 professional athletes in football, baseball, basketball, boxing, and Olympic sports. He has represented the No. 1 overall pick in the NFL draft a record eight times. Steinberg is often credited as the real-life inspiration of the sports agent from Cameron Crowe's film \"Jerry Maguire\" in 1996. Steinberg was born and raised in Los Angeles by his parents, a teacher and a librarian, who pushed public service along with ambition. He attended Hamilton High School, and was elected",
"title": "Leigh Steinberg"
},
{
"id": "2082619",
"text": "Harmon Killebrew Harmon Clayton Killebrew, Jr.(; June 29, 1936 – May 17, 2011), nicknamed \"The Killer\" and \"Hammerin' Harmon\", was an American professional baseball first baseman, third baseman, and left fielder. During his 22-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Minnesota Twins, Killebrew was a prolific power hitter who, at the time of his retirement, was fourth all-time and second only to Babe Ruth in American League (AL) home runs and was the AL career leader in home runs by a right-handed batter . He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984. Killebrew",
"title": "Harmon Killebrew"
},
{
"id": "15908678",
"text": "Hitting for the cycle In baseball, hitting for the cycle is the accomplishment of one batter hitting a single, a double, a triple, and a home run in the same game. Collecting the hits in that order is known as a \"natural cycle\". Cycles are rare in Major League Baseball (MLB), having occurred only 324 times, starting with Curry Foley in 1882. The most recent example was accomplished by Brock Holt of the Boston Red Sox on October 8, 2018, against the New York Yankees in Game 3 of the American League Division Series; it was the first cycle in",
"title": "Hitting for the cycle"
},
{
"id": "15908699",
"text": "Hitting for the cycle In baseball, hitting for the cycle is the accomplishment of one batter hitting a single, a double, a triple, and a home run in the same game. Collecting the hits in that order is known as a \"natural cycle\". Cycles are rare in Major League Baseball (MLB), having occurred only 324 times, starting with Curry Foley in 1882. The most recent example was accomplished by Brock Holt of the Boston Red Sox on October 8, 2018, against the New York Yankees in Game 3 of the American League Division Series; it was the first cycle in",
"title": "Hitting for the cycle"
},
{
"id": "11366493",
"text": "of the biggest regular-season upsets in NFL history. The Patriots were favored by an overwhelming 17.5 points, but the Colts scored 27 points in the fourth quarter, including a 90-yard kickoff return by running back Joe Washington with under a minute left to take the lead for good. In the game, Washington became the first player to throw a touchdown, catch a pass for a touchdown, and return a kickoff for a touchdown in the same game. 1978 Baltimore Colts season The 1978 Baltimore Colts season was the 26th season for the team in the National Football League (NFL). The",
"title": "1978 Baltimore Colts season"
},
{
"id": "7655380",
"text": "11th player in history whose first homer in the majors was as a pitcher to later hit a home run as a position player; the previous player to do so was Babe Ruth, but the next was not until Rick Ankiel repeated the feat in the 2000s. He was at least present, though passively, as the pinch runner at third base in the 1951 play known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World. By 1953 he was back in the minor leagues, playing for the AAA Minneapolis Millers. In 1954 and 1955, he played mostly for the Cincinnati Redlegs' AAA",
"title": "Clint Hartung"
},
{
"id": "3336488",
"text": "the team at the same hotels nor be allowed to eat at the same restaurants as his white teammates. The Athletics moved to Kansas City in 1955, where he finished in second place in the batting race that season. He is one of only five batters, through August 2009, to have hit both a leadoff and walk-off home run in the same game (having done so in 1957), the others being Billy Hamilton (1893), Darin Erstad (2000), Reed Johnson (2003), and Ian Kinsler (2009). In 1958, Power was sent to the Cleveland Indians. During his 12-year career, he played with",
"title": "Vic Power (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "215177",
"text": "softball, and football) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers. The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues. A jersey Robinson brought home with him in 1947 after his rookie season was sold at an auction for $2.05 million on November 19, 2017. The price was the highest ever paid for a post-World War II jersey. , or Retrosheet Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African",
"title": "Jackie Robinson"
},
{
"id": "10798461",
"text": "John Miller (first baseman) John Allen Miller (born March 14, 1944 in Alhambra, California) is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the 1966 New York Yankees and 1969 Los Angeles Dodgers. He is made famous by the fact he is one of only two players to hit a home run in his first and last major league at-bats. The other is Paul Gillespie. Miller's first and last major league at-bat home runs (off of Lee Stange and Jim Merritt respectively) were the only two home runs he hit in his career. Following his major league career, Miller",
"title": "John Miller (first baseman)"
},
{
"id": "272488",
"text": "Mark McGwire Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963), nicknamed Big Mac, is an American former professional baseball first baseman. His Major League Baseball (MLB) playing career spanned from 1986 to 2001 while playing for the Oakland Athletics and the St. Louis Cardinals, winning one World Series championship each with Oakland as a player in 1989 and with St. Louis as a coach in 2011. One of the most prolific home run hitters in baseball history, McGwire holds the major league career record for at bats per home run ratio (10.6), and is the former record holder for both home",
"title": "Mark McGwire"
},
{
"id": "10395113",
"text": "Joe Hauser Joseph John \"Unser Choe\" Hauser (January 21, 1899 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin – July 11, 1997 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin) was a professional baseball player who played first baseman in the major leagues from 1922 to 1929, with the Philadelphia Athletics and Cleveland Indians. Hauser's major league career was undistinguished, but he made a name for himself in the minor leagues, where he became the first player ever to hit 60 or more home runs twice in a professional career: 63 in 1930, and 69 in 1933. After being discovered playing semi-pro ball in Waupun, Wisconsin, Hauser was signed to",
"title": "Joe Hauser"
},
{
"id": "540020",
"text": "Frank Robinson Frank Robinson (born August 31, 1935) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder and manager. He played for five teams from 1956 to 1976, and became the only player to win league MVP honors in both the National and American Leagues. He won the Triple Crown, was a member of two teams that won the World Series (the 1966 and 1970 Baltimore Orioles), and amassed the fourth-most career home runs at the time of his retirement (he is currently 10th). Robinson was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982. Robinson was the first black",
"title": "Frank Robinson"
},
{
"id": "3172675",
"text": "Bill Mueller William Richard \"Bill\" Mueller (; born March 17, 1971) is an American retired professional baseball third baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB). Mueller's MLB playing career was spent with the San Francisco Giants (1996–2000, 2002), Chicago Cubs (2001–2002), Boston Red Sox (2003–2005), and Los Angeles Dodgers (2006). A number of Mueller's accomplishments came during the 2003 season, when he won the American League batting title and a Silver Slugger Award. A switch hitter, he became the only player in major league history to hit one grand slam from both sides of the plate in the same",
"title": "Bill Mueller"
},
{
"id": "6727922",
"text": "Bo Knows \"Bo Knows\" was an advertising campaign for Nike cross-training shoes that ran in 1989 and 1990 and featured professional baseball and American football player Bo Jackson. Jackson was the first athlete in the modern era to play professional baseball and football in the same year. He was a suitable spokesman for Nike's shoe geared toward an athlete engaged in more than one sport or with little time between activities to switch to sport-specific footwear. The original \"Bo Knows\" ad was a television commercial by firm Wieden & Kennedy. The spot opens with a shot of Jackson playing baseball",
"title": "Bo Knows"
},
{
"id": "401128",
"text": "Lou Reed, Tom Everett Scott, Aaron Sorkin, Jerry Stiller, Lexington Steele, Bill Viola, Vanessa Williams, Pete Yorn, and artist Susan Sensemann. Prominent athletes include Kathrine Switzer, the first woman to officially run the Boston Marathon, Jim Brown, actor and NFL Hall of Famer with the Cleveland Browns, arguably the greatest running back of all time; Ernie Davis, the first African-American Heisman Trophy winner immortalized in the motion picture \"The Express\"; Donovan McNabb, former NFL quarterback; former Indianapolis Colts wide receiver Marvin Harrison; Dwight Freeney, defensive end for the San Diego Chargers; Larry Csonka, former Miami Dolphins running back, Pro Football",
"title": "Syracuse University"
},
{
"id": "2505860",
"text": "Expos on September 8, . He rewarded his manager's faith in him by putting the Mets on the board with his only career home run. McGraw could also throw right-handed and would often loosen up before games by playing right-handed catch with his teammates, leaving fans wondering who that right-hander wearing number 45 was. At the time of his death, McGraw was ranked: In the 1980s and 1990s, he was a sports anchor and reporter for Action News on WPVI, the American Broadcasting Company affiliate in Philadelphia. He appeared as himself in a 1999 episode of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" along",
"title": "Tug McGraw"
},
{
"id": "5154199",
"text": "the fastest to reach the 100-hit mark since Hall of Famer Heinie Manush did it in 60 games for the 1934 Washington Senators. With three hits on Aug. 29, 2000, he reached 200 hits faster than any player in 65 years. Erstad was just 26 years old at the end of the season, an age at which many players enter their prime, leading many to believe more superstar seasons were ahead of him. He is one of only five batters, through August 2009, to have hit both a leadoff and walk-off home run in the same game (having done so",
"title": "Darin Erstad"
},
{
"id": "1216536",
"text": "Pittsburgh's Exposition Park. Duquesne went on to win the game 16-0. Aside from Fiscus, the Greensburg Athletic Association included several of the era's top players, such as: Charlie Atherton, George Barclay, Ross Fiscus, Jack Gass, Arthur McFarland, Charles Rinehart, Isaac Seneca and Adam Martin Wyant. Several of these players revolutionized the game during their playing careers. Charlie Atherton is credited with inventing the place kick, and George Barclay invented the first-ever football helmet. Meanwhile, Isaac Seneca became the first Native-American to earn All-American honors and Adam Wyant made history by becoming the first professional football player to be elected to",
"title": "Greensburg, Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "10733954",
"text": "a home run and a single against the Chicago White Sox. Through July, 2013, Aderholt is the only major league baseball player to have multiple hits — and the only one to hit a homer — in a pro debut that happened to occur on a player's birthday. Aderholt was described by Dodgers President Branch Rickey as the \"World's worst third baseman... but he's a natural batsman.\" He was thus moved to the outfield, where he would be less of a defensive liability. His fielding percentage in was a mediocre .871. After his playing career ended, he went on to",
"title": "Morrie Aderholt"
},
{
"id": "12457158",
"text": "people in the mining community but it didn't mean they could cope with marking Stanley Matthews on a Saturday afternoon\". Johnny Haynes became football's first £100-a-week player days after the maximum wage was abolished, and ten years later George Best was earning £1,000 (\"2012: £\") a week. Maximum wage A maximum wage, also often called a wage ceiling, is a legal limit on how much income an individual can earn. It is a prescribed limitation which can be used to affect change in an economic structure, but its effects are unrelated to those of minimum wage laws used currently by",
"title": "Maximum wage"
},
{
"id": "2199960",
"text": "Tom Brady Thomas \"Tom\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by",
"title": "Tom Brady"
},
{
"id": "12756733",
"text": "him the \"Robo QB.\" Todd Marinovich went on to have a solid career at USC, but began to show signs of emotional rebellion against his strict upbringing under his father; by the time he entered the NFL as a first round draft pick, he soon became a major bust due to personal issues. As a result, an ESPN columnist named the elder Marinovich one of history's \"worst sports fathers.\" In 1997 Marinovich started training athletes privately. Training professional athletes such as Steve Finley, Jason Sehorn, Tyson Chandler and Troy Polamalu. In 2003 together with Biomedical expert Gavin MacMillan they founded",
"title": "Marv Marinovich"
},
{
"id": "3541210",
"text": "Scott Brosius Scott David Brosius (born August 15, 1966) is an American former Major League Baseball third baseman for the Oakland Athletics (–) and the New York Yankees (–). Brosius grew up in Milwaukie, Oregon, where he attended Rex Putnam High School before going to Linfield College. He was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the 20th round of the 1987 amateur draft and signed on June 9, 1987. Brosius became one of the few players to hit a home run in his first major league game, on August 7, 1991. Brosius was the A's starting third baseman through the",
"title": "Scott Brosius"
},
{
"id": "6776992",
"text": "the distinction of being the first to score a touchdown in both a Rose Bowl and a Super Bowl. Lytle suffered a heart attack and died at Fremont Memorial Hospital in Fremont, Ohio on November 20, 2010. He is survived by his wife Tracy Lytle, his son Kelly Lytle, his daughter Erin Lytle Tober, his granddaughter Audrey and his father William Lytle. An autopsy of his brain revealed “moderate to severe” symptoms of the neurodegenerative disease Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Footage of Lytle with the Denver Broncos was used in the 1988 film \"Everybody's All-American\". Rob Lytle Robert William \"Rob\"",
"title": "Rob Lytle"
},
{
"id": "10374818",
"text": "his first major league pitch. In his following plate appearances, he hit a double, a single and then a solo home run and received a curtain call from the fans at the Rogers Centre while finishing the game just a triple shy of hitting for the cycle. Arencibia is the fifth player ever to hit two home runs in his first game. In addition, he became the first person in the modern era with four hits and two home runs in a major league debut, a feat set 121 years before by Columbus Solons catcher Charlie Reilly. Arencibia is also",
"title": "J. P. Arencibia"
},
{
"id": "9897475",
"text": "still lost by 5 points (42 to 37). His athletic prowess was highly rated by all Major League Baseball scouts, and when a bidding war ensued for his signing, he received a $200,000 ($ today) signing bonus from the Los Angeles Angels, a record for that time. It was the bidding war for Reichardt that ultimately led Major League Baseball to institute a draft, which started in 1965, with Rick Monday being the first ever #1 overall selection (he was drafted by the Kansas City Athletics). In 1966, Reichardt became the first player to hit a home run at Anaheim",
"title": "Rick Reichardt"
},
{
"id": "2384817",
"text": "Dennis Eckersley Dennis Lee Eckersley (born October 3, 1954), nicknamed \"Eck\", is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Between 1975 and 1998, he pitched in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Oakland Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals. Eckersley had success as a starter, but gained his greatest fame as a closer, becoming the first of two pitchers in MLB history to have both a 20-win season and a 50-save season in a career. He is the pitcher who gave up a dramatic walk-off home run (a phrase Eckersley coined) to the injured Kirk",
"title": "Dennis Eckersley"
},
{
"id": "18708344",
"text": "Bash Brothers The Bash Brothers are a duo of former baseball players consisting of Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire. Both prolific home run hitters, the two were teammates in Major League Baseball (MLB) for seven seasons with the Oakland Athletics, helping the team win a World Series title in 1989. The two began celebrating homers by bashing each other's forearms, which spawned a marketing campaign that was a takeoff on The Blues Brothers. After retiring from playing, Canseco and McGwire both admitted to using anabolic steroids during their careers. Canseco was drafted by the Oakland A's in the 15th round",
"title": "Bash Brothers"
},
{
"id": "3197774",
"text": "August 2, 2016, Graham was hospitalized while undergoing a medical procedure due to internal bleeding; he underwent the surgery on August 3 to identify the cause of the issues. Superstar Billy Graham Eldridge Wayne Coleman (born June 7, 1943) is an American retired professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under a Legends Contract. An iconic figure in professional wrestling, he worked under the ring name \"Superstar\" Billy Graham and gained recognition for his tenure as the WWWF Heavyweight Champion in 1977–1978. As an award-winning bodybuilder, he was a training partner and close friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He is most remembered",
"title": "Superstar Billy Graham"
},
{
"id": "2041638",
"text": "Kenny Lofton (August 15–September 3, 2000). The record for most runs scored by a player in a single game is 7, set by Guy Hecker of the American Association's Louisville Colonels on August 15, 1886. The modern-day record of 6 is shared by fourteen players (eight of whom attained it before 1900). Of the six modern-day players to score 6 runs in a game, the first to perform the feat was Mel Ott of the New York Giants on August 4, 1934 (he repeated the accomplishment ten years later, making him the only player ever to do it twice); the",
"title": "Run (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "10064918",
"text": "a key role in the blocking schemes, won the NFL championship, the last Lions team to do so (as of 2017). He played in three Pro Bowls during his professional career. Gordy served as president and executive director of the professional football players union, the National Football League Players Association. As such, he was a key negotiator of the first collective bargaining agreement in major professional sports. Shortly after its ratification, he was forced to retire from the NFL due to a lingering knee injury. \"Participatory journalist\" George Plimpton stated that Gordy was the inspiration for his second book (of",
"title": "John Gordy"
},
{
"id": "6125467",
"text": "became only the second batter in Major League history to hit two walk-off grand slams in the same season, joining Cy Williams, who had done so in 1926. Also in 1986, Presley was named to the American League All-Star team after hitting .265 with 27 home runs and a career high 107 RBIs. Injuries began to derail his career a couple of years later, and by 1992 he had segued from playing to coaching. On December 21, 2005 he was signed to be the hitting coach for the Florida Marlins. He was fired along with manager Fredi González and bench",
"title": "Jim Presley"
},
{
"id": "10660068",
"text": "feat on July 26, 2012. Walter Mueller Walter John Mueller (December 6, 1894 – August 16, 1971) was a professional baseball player who played outfield in the Major Leagues, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1922 to 1926. He is best known for becoming the first player to hit a home run off the first pitch ever thrown to him in the major leagues. Walter was also the father to Don Mueller, who also played in the major leagues, during in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the brother of fellow major leaguer, Heinie Mueller. He began the 1922 season",
"title": "Walter Mueller"
},
{
"id": "18708359",
"text": "has spurned multiple attempts at reconciliation. Bash Brothers The Bash Brothers are a duo of former baseball players consisting of Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire. Both prolific home run hitters, the two were teammates in Major League Baseball (MLB) for seven seasons with the Oakland Athletics, helping the team win a World Series title in 1989. The two began celebrating homers by bashing each other's forearms, which spawned a marketing campaign that was a takeoff on The Blues Brothers. After retiring from playing, Canseco and McGwire both admitted to using anabolic steroids during their careers. Canseco was drafted by the",
"title": "Bash Brothers"
},
{
"id": "4715330",
"text": "August 10, 2016, Fielder announced that he would be unable to continue his playing career after undergoing a second neck surgery in three years. He was released by the Rangers on October 4, 2017. He ended his career with 319 home runs, the same number as his father, Cecil Fielder. Prince and Cecil Fielder are also the only father-son combination to each hit 50 MLB home runs in a season. Fielder was born right-handed, but at a very young age was converted to being a left-handed hitter by his father, baseball player Cecil Fielder. Fielder was a fixture around his",
"title": "Prince Fielder"
},
{
"id": "1447118",
"text": "becoming the first pitcher in major league history to accomplish the feat twice in a career; since then, only Sandy Koufax, Randy Johnson , Nolan Ryan, and Max Scherzer—all Hall of Famers as of 2018 (except for Scherzer, who was not yet eligible as he was still an active player in 2018)—have joined him. Grove, however, remains the only pitcher to do it twice in the same season. The sportswriter Arthur \"Bugs\" Baer wrote, \"Lefty Grove could throw a lamb chop past a wolf.\" The Athletics won the pennant in three successive seasons (1929 to 1931), as well as consecutive",
"title": "Lefty Grove"
},
{
"id": "6278221",
"text": "a college baseball coach, a major league scout and business manager, a minor league owner and manager, and a National League umpire. For most of Irwin's career, the collegiate and professional baseball schedules allowed him to hold positions at both levels in the same year. Irwin also produced several innovations which impacted sports. He took the field with the first baseball fielder's glove, invented a type of football scoreboard, promoted motor-paced cycling tracks and ran a short-lived professional soccer league. Irwin became terminally ill with cancer in the last weeks of his life. Shortly after his death from an apparent",
"title": "Arthur Irwin"
},
{
"id": "4927097",
"text": "Carl Yastrzemski, Carlton Fisk, and Dwight Evans, and two sensational rookies – Fred Lynn and Jim Rice. Lynn took most of the headlines by playing a flawless center field, hitting .331 with 21 home runs and 105 RBIs, and becoming the first major league player to win the MVP and Rookie of the Year awards in the same season. Rice, despite suffering a broken wrist in late September, finished with a .309 average, 22 homers, and 102 RBIs. Meanwhile, the Athletics seemed ripe to be overthrown without Catfish Hunter in the starting rotation and with generally lackluster offensive support during",
"title": "1975 American League Championship Series"
},
{
"id": "4946094",
"text": "years between 1980 and 1983. Hendrick was one of the first players to hit 100 home runs in each league, 150 for the National League and 117 for the American League. He was the first MLB player to wear his pant legs down to his ankles, was nicknamed \"Jogging George\" and \"Captain Easy\" because of his reputation for not running plays out or giving 100% effort and \"Silent George\" due to his longstanding policy of not talking to the media. Besides, Angels beat reporter Lisa Nehus Saxon, one of the first women to cover an MLB team, credited Hendrick for",
"title": "George Hendrick"
},
{
"id": "459575",
"text": "three events in his sport. Alberto Tomba, an Italian skier, made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom. East German Christa Rothenburger won the women's 1,000 metre speed skating event. Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul, to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year. The 1992 Winter Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were hosted in the French Savoie region, with 18 events held",
"title": "Winter Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "11175358",
"text": "A's, was also involved in receiving supplements from BALCO, and has admitted to using steroids during his career. Barry Bonds, the former San Francisco Giants outfielder, who holds the major league records for home runs in both a single season and a career, has never been caught explicitly using steroids and has steadfastly denied any allegations against him. Critics of Bonds pointed to his large increase in size late in his career, as well as his improvement primarily in his power numbers, despite his age. Bonds's trainer, Greg Anderson, was sentenced to jail time after refusing to testify against Bonds",
"title": "BALCO scandal"
},
{
"id": "226172",
"text": "the Doctrine of the Faith; Cardinal Sean O'Malley, Archbishop of Boston; and Cardinal Jaime Sin, former Archbishop of Manila. In the world of sports, Vince Lombardi, the famed former coach of the Green Bay Packers; wrestler Lou Albano; James Connolly, the first Olympic gold-medal champion in modern times; Floyd Patterson, former heavyweight boxing champion; and baseball legend Babe Ruth were all knights. On October 15, 2006, Bishop Rafael Guizar Valencia (1878–1938) was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in Rome. In 2000, six other Knights, known as the Mexican martyrs who were killed during the repression following the 1920s revolution, were",
"title": "Knights of Columbus"
},
{
"id": "11485110",
"text": "of a sport to sweep the awards, track and field was the first sport to do so twice. Among the most recognized for post-athletic career accomplishments are Randal Pinkett and Rob Pelinka. Of the winners the one most notable for having gone professional in his or her sport is National Football League veteran Rob Zatechka, who later went on to medical school. Several of the winners have won other notable awards. The following are complete lists of dual winners of a selected set of notable awards: The historical winners are as follows: Walter Byers Scholarship The Walter Byers Scholar (also",
"title": "Walter Byers Scholarship"
},
{
"id": "188307",
"text": "home run hit by the first batter of a team, the leadoff hitter of the first inning of the game. In MLB, Rickey Henderson holds the career record with 81 lead-off home runs. In 1996, Brady Anderson set a Major League record by hitting a lead-off home run in four consecutive games. When two consecutive batters each hit a home run, this is described as back-to-back home runs. It is still considered back-to-back even if both batters hit their home runs off different pitchers. A third batter hitting a home run is commonly referred to as back-to-back-to-back. Four home runs",
"title": "Home run"
},
{
"id": "3307453",
"text": "minor league baseball from 1922 through 1925, Lazzeri joined the Yankees in 1926. He was a member of the original American League All-Star team in 1933. He was nicknamed \"Poosh 'Em Up\" by Italian-speaking fans, from a mistranslation of an Italian phrase meaning to \"hit it out\" (hit a home run). Lazzeri is one of only 14 major league baseball players to hit for the natural cycle (hitting a single, double, triple and home run in sequence) and the only player to complete a natural cycle with a grand slam. He also holds the American League record for the most",
"title": "Tony Lazzeri"
},
{
"id": "10660064",
"text": "Walter Mueller Walter John Mueller (December 6, 1894 – August 16, 1971) was a professional baseball player who played outfield in the Major Leagues, for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1922 to 1926. He is best known for becoming the first player to hit a home run off the first pitch ever thrown to him in the major leagues. Walter was also the father to Don Mueller, who also played in the major leagues, during in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the brother of fellow major leaguer, Heinie Mueller. He began the 1922 season with the Pirates, but he",
"title": "Walter Mueller"
},
{
"id": "19357585",
"text": "the worlds most recognised actors and sports stars including Meryl Streep, Arnold Schwarzenegger, David Beckham, James Corden, Billy Crystal and Kevin Spacey. In 2007 he directed his first documentary \"In the Hands of the Gods\" with his brother Ben Turner, which received widespread critical acclaim. Friend and confidant to Jack Whitehall especially at Royal events. In 2013 he directed the documentary film The Class of 92 which centred around the rise of six young Manchester United footballers – David Beckham, Nicky Butt, Ryan Giggs, Gary Neville, Phil Neville and Paul Scholes – and details their careers for Manchester United starting",
"title": "Gabe Turner"
},
{
"id": "7511136",
"text": "a pennant. The club was boasting the best players in franchise history, including George Sisler, and an outfield trio – Ken Williams, Baby Doll Jacobson, and Jack Tobin – that batted .300 or better in 1919–23 and in 1925. In 1922, Williams became the first player in Major League history to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season, something that would not be done again in the Majors until 1956. Ball confidently predicted that there would be a World Series in Sportsman's Park by 1926. In anticipation, he increased the capacity of his ballpark from 18,000",
"title": "History of the Baltimore Orioles"
},
{
"id": "936435",
"text": "1992 Summer Olympics where, shortly after having graduated from James A. Garfield High School, he won a gold medal in the lightweight division, and reportedly \"set a sport back on its feet.\" De La Hoya was named \"The Ring\" magazine Fighter of the Year in 1995, and was its top-rated fighter in the world, pound for pound, in 1997 and 1998. He generated approximately $700 million in pay-per-view income, making De La Hoya the top pay-per-view earner before being surpassed by Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao. He announced his retirement as a fighter in 2009, following a professional career",
"title": "Oscar De La Hoya"
},
{
"id": "12485242",
"text": "Gehrig, yelling at him all day. In the top of the ninth, with Sox icon Ted Lyons holding a slim lead, Gehrig came up with a man on base, and the senior Shepherd yelled in a voice that echoed around the ballpark, \"Hit one up here, ya bum! I dare ya!\" Gehrig did exactly that, hitting a screaming liner, practically into the heckler's lap, for the eventual game-winning home run. Shepherd's father was booed mercilessly, and he never again took junior Jean to a game. He apparently told this story originally when Gehrig's widow was in the audience at a",
"title": "Lou Gehrig"
},
{
"id": "9295710",
"text": "Alvin J. Paris Alvin J. Paris (born 1918) was a New York bookmaker and gambler who, as a \"front man\" for a gambling syndicate based in Elizabeth, New Jersey, fixed college sporting events through bribing of star athletes, including Rocky Marciano. After being recorded on federal wiretaps on December 15, 1946 in an investigation by Manhattan District Attorney Frank S. Hogan, a former assistant to crusading New York District Attorney Thomas Dewey, he was convicted of attempting to bribe professional football players Merle Hapes and Frank Filchock of the New York Giants with $2,500 each to throw the NFL championship",
"title": "Alvin J. Paris"
},
{
"id": "6892714",
"text": "as still pictures and a few videos of that moment finally surfaced, showing that Scarpati mentioned by name by veteran CBS (television) announcer Lindsey Nelson (Don Criqui on radio), and verified by his jersey number #21) was indeed the holder of Dempsey's kick. A few weeks after the record-setting kick, Kilmer was traded to the Washington Redskins, where he achieved greater fame, Dempsey was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles. Just a few days after Kilmer and Dempsey were traded, Scarpati retired from professional football. As the first trade during the George Allen era in Washington, Kilmer was destined for a",
"title": "Billy Kilmer"
},
{
"id": "17570559",
"text": "so bad that they decided to adopt it as a form of team bonding. At the time, the Pirates had endured a major North American professional sports record 19 consecutive losing seasons which, fittingly, started after the Pirates lost to the Braves at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta in Game 7 of the 1992 National League Championship Series when Francisco Cabrera cracked a bottom-of-the-9th-inning, two-out, two-run single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream. Soon, the team started using the Zoltan as a way for players to congratulate their teammates after an accomplishment such as a home run or a",
"title": "Zoltan (hand gesture)"
},
{
"id": "3939735",
"text": "as a longtime infield instructor in their minor league system, and managed in the Cardinals' organization. He died from leukemia at age 70 in St. Petersburg Beach, Florida. Chuck Hiller Charles Joseph Hiller (October 1, 1934 – October 20, 2004) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager. Hiller, a second baseman, appeared in 704 games over eight seasons (1961–68) in Major League Baseball as a member of the San Francisco Giants, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates. He became the first National League player in history to hit a grand slam home run in World Series",
"title": "Chuck Hiller"
},
{
"id": "1756442",
"text": "(Worst Director). Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend: Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, and Sandra Bullock in 2010, although all three for different films. Two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco (\"Only When I Laugh\") and Amy Irving (\"Yentl\"). Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s \"The Jazz Singer\", was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role. The Aerosmith song \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", as part of the original soundtrack to the 1998 film \"Armageddon\",",
"title": "Golden Raspberry Awards"
},
{
"id": "5178157",
"text": "subject of intense competition and rivalry, albeit of a localized nature. Although payments to players were considered unsporting and dishonorable at the time, a Pittsburgh area club, the Allegheny Athletic Association, of the unofficial western Pennsylvania football circuit, surreptitiously hired former Yale All-American guard William \"Pudge\" Heffelfinger. On November 12, 1892, Heffelfinger became the first known professional football player. He was paid $500 to play in a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. Heffelfinger picked up a Pittsburgh fumble and ran 35 yards for a touchdown, winning the game 4–0 for Allegheny. Although observers held suspicions, the payment remained a",
"title": "History of American football"
},
{
"id": "12779455",
"text": "Russ McKelvy Russell Errett McKelvy (September 8, 1854 – October 19, 1915) was an American Major League Baseball player who played center field for the Indianapolis Blues of the National League (the only year the Blues were in the Major Leagues), and one game in right field for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys. After attending Allegheny College from 1873 through 1877, McKelvy signed with the Indianapolis Blues of the National league for the 1878 season. He became the first player from Allegheny College to make it to the Major League level, as well the first to hit a home run. It came",
"title": "Russ McKelvy"
},
{
"id": "8079261",
"text": "Johnnie LeMaster Johnnie Lee LeMaster (born June 19, 1954) is a former Major League Baseball infielder. He played for 12 seasons (– and ) for four teams, including 10 seasons for the San Francisco Giants. He batted and threw right-handed. On September 2, 1975 LeMaster became the second player in major league history to hit an inside-the-park home run in his first at bat, during a 7–3 win over the Dodgers. LeMaster hit only 21 home runs during the rest of his career (3,191 at bats). LeMaster is remember for a game in July 1979, when he took the field",
"title": "Johnnie LeMaster"
},
{
"id": "6134173",
"text": "Dolph Camilli Adolph Louis Camilli (April 23, 1907 – October 21, 1997) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who spent most of his career with the Philadelphia Phillies and Brooklyn Dodgers. He was named the National League's Most Valuable Player in after leading the league in home runs and runs batted in as the Dodgers won the pennant for the first time since 1920. He was the ninth NL player to hit 200 career home runs, and held the Dodgers franchise record for career home runs from 1942 to 1953. His son Doug was a major leaguer",
"title": "Dolph Camilli"
},
{
"id": "2674729",
"text": "a household name and fuelling the era where footballers started to become celebrity idols on a par with pop stars, in and around the mid to late 1990s. Despite his aversion to attention, Giggs also became a teenage pin-up and was once described as the \"Premiership's First Poster Boy,\" and the \"boy wonder.\" He was hailed as the first football star to capture the public imagination in a way unseen since the days of George Best; the irony was that Best and Bobby Charlton used to describe Giggs as their favourite young player, turning up at The Cliff training ground",
"title": "Ryan Giggs"
},
{
"id": "3568771",
"text": "of the Society for American Baseball Research named Stovey the Overlooked 19th Century Baseball Legend for 2011 — a 19th-century player, manager, executive or other baseball personality not yet inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Harry Stovey Harry Duffield Stovey (December 20, 1856 – September 20, 1937), born Harry Duffield Stowe, was a 19th-century Major League Baseball player and the first player in major league history to hit 100 home runs. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Stovey played for 14 seasons in the majors and was appointed player-manager on two separate occasions during his career.",
"title": "Harry Stovey"
},
{
"id": "2388028",
"text": "the postseason. Along with the grand slam, Matsui hit a triple and a double during game two of the NLDS, falling a single short of becoming the only player in history to hit a cycle during the postseason. However, Matsui did become only the second player ever (Lou Brock in game four of the 1968 World Series was the first) to hit a double, triple and home run in a postseason game. On December 1, 2007, Matsui signed a three-year, $16.5-million deal with the Houston Astros. Prior to Opening Day, Matsui underwent surgery to repair an anal fissure. He missed",
"title": "Kazuo Matsui"
},
{
"id": "3546821",
"text": "Jamie Quirk James Patrick Quirk (; born October 22, 1954) is a former Major League Baseball catcher. Quirk was also a Parade Magazine All-America quarterback at St. Paul High School in Santa Fe Springs, California where, upon graduation, he was offered a four-year football scholarship to the University of Notre Dame. Quirk attended Whittier College. Quirk played for the Kansas City Royals, Milwaukee Brewers, St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians and Baltimore Orioles in a career that spanned the years 1975–1992. On September 27, 1984, Quirk hit a game-winning home run in the",
"title": "Jamie Quirk"
},
{
"id": "17736785",
"text": "January 28, Joe Haden was named a Global Ambassador for the Special Olympics. He’s the first American professional football player to ever hold the title, joining celebrity athletes gymnast Nadia Comaneci, figure skater Scott Hamilton, golfer Padraig Harrington, NBA stars Yao Ming and Dikembe Mutombo, speed skater Apolo Anton Ohno, and swimmer Michael Phelps. 2014 Cleveland Browns season The 2014 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise's 66th season as a professional sports franchise and its 62nd as a member of the National Football League. It was the first under new head coach Mike Pettine, as former head coach Rob Chudzinski",
"title": "2014 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "4231863",
"text": "Albert Belle Albert Jojuan Belle (born August 25, 1966) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder for the Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox, and Baltimore Orioles. Standing at and weighing , Belle was one of the leading sluggers of his time, and in 1995 became the first and still only player to ever hit 50 doubles and 50 home runs in a single season. He was also the first player to break the 10-million-dollar per year compensation contract in Major League Baseball. Belle was also considered a model of consistency, compiling a .295 career batting average, and averaging 37",
"title": "Albert Belle"
},
{
"id": "2171302",
"text": "overwhelmingly negative towards Cosell. The magazine reported some of the \"printable\" ones saying things such as \"Will Rogers never met Howard Cosell\". In \"I Never Played the Game\", Cosell popularized the word \"jockocracy\" originally coined by author Robert Lipsyte, describing how athletes were given announcing jobs that they had not earned. Coincidentally, he was replaced for the 1985 World Series broadcast by Tim McCarver, himself a former baseball player, to join Al Michaels and Jim Palmer. (The title of the book is a double entendre, meaning that Cosell never actually played the game of football or any other professional sport",
"title": "Howard Cosell"
},
{
"id": "245165",
"text": "and satirist Dorothy Parker, Norman Rockwell a painter/illustrator, J. Edgar Hoover who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States, baseball player Babe Ruth whose career in Major League Baseball spanned 22 seasons from 1914 through 1935, boxers Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney. Actors Fred Astaire, Humphrey Bogart, Walter Brennan, George Burns, James Cagney, Buster Keaton, Frederic March, Edward G. Robinson, Randolph Scott, Spencer Tracy, and Rudolph Valentino, American novelist and short story writer F. Scott Fitzgerald, American bass singer and actor who became involved with the civil rights movement Paul Robeson, Al Capone,",
"title": "Lost Generation"
},
{
"id": "732885",
"text": "run. Griffey was a frequent participant in the All-Star Game during the 1990s. He led his league multiple times in different hitting categories. In 1990 and 1991, Griffey and his father became the first son and father to play on the same team at the same time. In his father's first game as a Mariner, on August 31, 1990, the pair hit back-to-back singles in the first inning and both scored. On September 14, the pair hit back-to-back home runs in the top of the first off California Angels pitcher Kirk McCaskill, becoming the first father-son duo to hit back-to-back",
"title": "Ken Griffey Jr."
},
{
"id": "2692273",
"text": "Young Einstein Young Einstein is a 1988 Australian comedy film written, produced, directed by and starring Yahoo Serious. It is a fantasized account of the life of Albert Einstein which alters all people, places and circumstances of his life, including relocating the theoretical physicist to Australia, having him splitting the atom with a chisel, inventing rock and roll and surfing. Although highly successful in Australia, and winning an award from the Australian Film Institute Awards, it was poorly received by critics in the United States. The film begins with Albert Einstein (Yahoo Serious) as the son of an apple farmer",
"title": "Young Einstein"
},
{
"id": "42560",
"text": "first dominating \"big man\"; ball-handling wizard Bob Cousy and defensive genius Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics; charismatic center Wilt Chamberlain, who originally played for the barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters; all-around stars Oscar Robertson and Jerry West; more recent big men Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Shaquille O'Neal, Hakeem Olajuwon and Karl Malone; playmakers John Stockton, Isiah Thomas and Steve Nash; crowd-pleasing forwards Julius Erving and Charles Barkley; European stars Dirk Nowitzki, Pau Gasol and Tony Parker; more recent superstars LeBron James, Allen Iverson and Kobe Bryant; and the three players who many credit with ushering the professional game to its highest level of",
"title": "Basketball"
},
{
"id": "1356224",
"text": "to win all those awards in the same season, excluding the Home Run Derby, was Maury Wills in 1962. His home run off of former Oriole and then Montreal Expos pitcher Dennis Martínez was the defining moment of American League's 4-2 victory in the 1991 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. As a result, Ripken was the first player to win both the Home Run Derby and All-Star Game MVP Award in the same year. As for his regular-season AL MVP, he was the first to win the award while playing with a sub-.500 club; the Orioles finished in sixth place",
"title": "Cal Ripken Jr."
},
{
"id": "49487",
"text": "appeal contributed to the Dodgers hiring him as first base coach in 1938. When Ruth was hired, Brooklyn general manager Larry MacPhail made it clear that Ruth would not be considered for the manager's job if, as expected, Burleigh Grimes retired at the end of the season. Although much was said about what Ruth could teach the younger players, in practice, his duties were to appear on the field in uniform and encourage base runners—he was not called upon to relay signs. Indeed, his most newsworthy accomplishment during this period was hitting a 430-foot home run—and thus earning the fifty-dollar",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "5571977",
"text": "day of the professional teams. However, some colleges play games on Tuesday and Wednesday nights, while the NFL offers weekly games on Monday (since 1970) and Thursday (since 2006). As recently as 2013, one could find a nationally televised professional or college game on television any night between Labor Day and Thanksgiving weekend. Notable former NFL players include Roger Staubach, Dick Butkus, Joe Greene, Bart Starr, Johnny Unitas, Walter Payton, Joe Montana, Steve Young, Jerry Rice, Brett Favre, Emmitt Smith, Ray Lewis, and Peyton Manning. Notable current NFL players include Drew Brees, Tom Brady, Cam Newton, J. J. Watt, Russell",
"title": "Sports in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3159515",
"text": ".311 batting average and led the league with 204 hits. In , SPORT magazine polled major league players to identify the game's most competitive player. Pete Rose won; the runners-up were Frank Robinson, Bob Gibson, and César Tovar. On September 19, 1972, Tovar belted a walk-off home run to hit for the cycle. Only four other players in major league baseball history have completed a cycle with a game-ending homer: Ken Boyer (), George Brett (), Dwight Evans () and Carlos González (). After a subpar season in 1972, the Twins traded Tovar on November 30 to the Philadelphia Phillies",
"title": "César Tovar"
},
{
"id": "19227066",
"text": "of the most significant figures in sports, covering such athletes as boxing legend Muhammad Ali and basketball star Walt Frazier, during a prolific career that spanned generations. Pepe graduated from Lafayette High School and St. John's University. After graduating from St. John’s, Pepe joined the \"New York World-Telegram\" in 1957, and remained there until the newspaper folded in 1966. After that, he wrote scripts along with Howard Cosell for ABC Radio. He then was part of the \"New York Daily News\" in 1961, the same year that Roger Maris broke Babe Ruth’s single-season home run record. Pepe reviewed baseball for",
"title": "Phil Pepe"
},
{
"id": "1622687",
"text": "life. In 2012, Rooney's reported income of US$32.6 million listed him as the world's fifth highest-paid footballer, following Lionel Messi, David Beckham, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Samuel Eto'o. In July 2011, jerseys with Rooney's name and number (Rooney, 10) were the best-selling sports product under the auspices of the Premier League – taking over top spot from Liverpool striker Fernando Torres (Torres, 9) and becoming the first United player to top the list since Cristiano Ronaldo’s number 7 jersey in 2008. During the 2009–10 season, Manchester United sold between 1.2 million and 1.5 million shirts and it is estimated that of",
"title": "Wayne Rooney"
},
{
"id": "9530529",
"text": "an old white man whose dying wish is to call a game of bingo. \"Juiced\" aired as a one-time special on pay-per-view television and was later released on DVD. In 1975, \"People\" magazine described Simpson as \"the first black athlete to become a bona fide lovable media superstar.\" Chuck Barnes helped him form business relationships with Chevrolet and ABC early in his career. By 1971, \"New York\" wrote that Simpson was already wealthy enough to, \"retire this week if [he] wanted to.\" His amiable persona and natural charisma landed Simpson numerous endorsement deals. From 1975, he appeared in advertisements with",
"title": "O. J. Simpson"
},
{
"id": "18689369",
"text": "building upon this new tradition. Starting with the sons of the famine generation, the Irish dominated baseball and boxing, and played a major role in other sports. John L. Sullivan (1858–1918), The heavyweight boxing champion, was the first of the modern sports superstars, winning scores of contests – perhaps as many as 200—with a purse that reached the fabulous sum of one million dollars. Famous in their day were NFL quarterbacks and Super Bowl champions John Elway and Tom Brady, NBA forward Rick Barry, tennis greats Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe, baseball pitcher Nolan Ryan, baseball shortstop Derek Jeter, basketball",
"title": "Irish Americans"
},
{
"id": "724797",
"text": "Willie Mays Willie Howard Mays, Jr. (born May 6, 1931), nicknamed \"The Say Hey Kid\", is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder who spent almost all of his 22-season career playing for the New York/San Francisco Giants, before finishing with the New York Mets. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979. Mays won two National League (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, ended his career with 660 home runs—third at the time of his retirement and currently fifth all-time—and won a record-tying 12 Gold Glove awards beginning in 1957, when the award was",
"title": "Willie Mays"
},
{
"id": "3197743",
"text": "Superstar Billy Graham Eldridge Wayne Coleman (born June 7, 1943) is an American retired professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under a Legends Contract. An iconic figure in professional wrestling, he worked under the ring name \"Superstar\" Billy Graham and gained recognition for his tenure as the WWWF Heavyweight Champion in 1977–1978. As an award-winning bodybuilder, he was a training partner and close friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He is most remembered for revolutionizing the interview and physique aspects of the professional wrestling industry, and for his charismatic performance style. Some of his wrestling protégés include Hulk Hogan, Jesse Ventura, and",
"title": "Superstar Billy Graham"
},
{
"id": "1572095",
"text": "Darryl Strawberry Darryl Eugene Strawberry Sr. (born March 12, 1962) is an American former professional baseball right fielder and author. Strawberry is well known for his 17-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB). Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Strawberry was one of the most feared sluggers in the sport, known for his prodigious home runs and his intimidating presence in the batter's box with his 6-foot-6 frame and his long, looping swing that elicited comparisons to Ted Williams. During his career, he helped lead the New York Mets to a World Series championship in and the New York Yankees",
"title": "Darryl Strawberry"
},
{
"id": "4535904",
"text": "in the Mets' 2003 purge of high-salaried players, and signed the following year with the Colorado Rockies. In 2004, Burnitz signed with the Colorado Rockies, and became part of some rare home run displays. On April 27, he, rookie Matt Holliday, and Charles Johnson combined to slug back-to-back-to-back home runs against the Florida Marlins, the sixth such occasion in franchise history. In a May 18 game against the Cincinnati in which he hit two home runs, both were part of back-to-back HR sets with Holliday, making them the first teammates in franchise history to hit back-to-back HR twice in the",
"title": "Jeromy Burnitz"
},
{
"id": "5012041",
"text": "career home run on August 28, , off Florida Marlins starter Josh Beckett. He finished the year with a career-best 46 HR. His .335 batting average was the highest by a Cub since Bill Madlock's .339 in and made him the first Cub since Bill Buckner in to win a National League batting title. He also won the Gold Glove at first base that year. Lee was named to the U.S. roster for the World Baseball Classic, where he was the first player to hit a home run for Team USA in the World Baseball Classic. On April 10, ,",
"title": "Derrek Lee"
},
{
"id": "4223555",
"text": "Terrence McGee Terrence Dewayne McGee (born October 14, 1980) is a former American football cornerback and kick returner in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by Buffalo Bills in the fourth round (111th overall) of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football for Northwestern State. He is considered a versatile threat for his kick return skills as well as his defensive play. On Christmas Eve 2005 against the Cincinnati Bengals, he became the first player to score touchdowns on an interception and a kick return in the same game. After the departure of Antoine Winfield, the Bills",
"title": "Terrence McGee"
},
{
"id": "13277281",
"text": "to the 1996 season. Once again, the Athletics' star players were traded or sold, as the new owners' goal was to cut payroll drastically. Many landed with the St. Louis Cardinals, including McGwire, Eckersley, and manager La Russa. In a turn of events eerily reminiscent of the A's Roger Maris trade 38 years before, Mark McGwire celebrated his first full season with the Cardinals by setting a new major league home run record. The Schott-Hofmann ownership allocated resources to building and maintaining a strong minor league system while almost always refusing to pay the going rate to keep star players",
"title": "History of the Oakland Athletics"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Deion Sanders context: team's offense. During the 1996 season, Sanders skipped the baseball season, concentrating on football, and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position. He became only the second two-way starter (after the Cardinals' Roy Green) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due. Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series, to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week, and to have both a reception and\n\nWho was the first athlete to hit a major league home run and make a professional football touchdown in the same week?",
"compressed_tokens": 186,
"origin_tokens": 186,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Deion Sanders context:'s offense. During the 1996 season, Sanders skipped the baseball season, concentrating on football, and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position. He became only the second two-way starter (after the Cardinals' Roy Green) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due. Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series, to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week, and to have both a reception and\n\ntitle: Deion Sanders context postseason. the 1992 season, Sandersworked his NFL deal, whereby he still reported to the Falcons for training camp in August, but was allowed to rejoin the Bra for postseason During the 199 season, best year in the majors, Sanders hit .304 for the team, stole 26 bases, and led the NL with 14 triples in 97 games. During the 1989 season, he hit a major league home run scored touchdown in NFL in the same, becoming only player ever to do so Sanders is also the only man to\n\ntitle: the Atlanta Falcons: returned punt 68 yards a touch, making him the onlyday athlete to hit home run touchdown in same week (he only the Yankees a prior). However Fal were unable and response Coion Campbell resigned and by Jim Hanifan on an interim basis. Falcons would go to 33 Their head would be recently fired formerilers coach Jerry Glan, eccent personality gave the Fal another. Coiding G's hiring Twies: of the (the \"- era\"), high style of fascated made the highest figures of theans were ent in927 when Ruth runs, that was9 T with another Ruth laid foundation futureies A room a Garrett won the worlding title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time. Enrique Chaffardet the Venezuelan Featherweight World Champion\n\nWho was the first athlete to hit a major league home run and make a professional football touchdown in the same week?",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
130 | Who was the famous great-great-grandfather of San Francisco 49er quarterback Steve Young? | [
"Mormon leader Brigham Young"
] | Mormon leader Brigham Young | [
{
"id": "2025989",
"text": "also sacked 290 times, also most in franchise history. In 1999, he was ranked No. 63 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. Young was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 5, 2005; he was the first left-handed quarterback to be so honored. He was enshrined August 7, 2005. His induction speech was given by his father, LeGrande \"Grit\" Young. The San Francisco 49ers had his No. 8 jersey retired during a halftime ceremony against the New England Patriots on October 5, 2008. He was the 11th player in team history to",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "2025995",
"text": "wrote his autobiography \"QB: My Life Behind the Spiral\", initially as a private memoir for his children. Steve Young Jon Steven Young (born October 11, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback who played 15 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and is best known for his 13 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers. He also played for the NFL Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL). Young played college football for Brigham Young University, setting school and NCAA records en route to being runner-up for the 1983 Heisman Trophy.",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "2025994",
"text": "Brigham Young, second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for whom BYU is named. His father, LeGrande \"Grit\" Young, played football at BYU in the late 1950s. He led the school in scoring in 1955 and in rushing and total offense in 1959. Steve Young's younger brothers, Mike and Tom, both played quarterback at BYU after Steve, but neither received much playing time. Young has been married to Barbara Graham since 2000. They have two boys and two girls. According to A Football Life: As his playing career ended before his eldest child was born, he",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "2025953",
"text": "Steve Young Jon Steven Young (born October 11, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback who played 15 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and is best known for his 13 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers. He also played for the NFL Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL). Young played college football for Brigham Young University, setting school and NCAA records en route to being runner-up for the 1983 Heisman Trophy. Young was named the AP's NFL Most Valuable Player in 1992 and 1994, and was the MVP",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "3089146",
"text": "to go 180 miles an hour.\" Klosterman signed 31 players in two months for a total of $12 million. Among other things, he spent a total of $8 million to sign four of the best offensive linemen in college football, giving the Express the most expensive offensive line in all of professional football. One of the new signees, kicker Tony Zendejas, recalled being stunned at the number of luxury cars in the players' parking lot. Klosterman and Oldenburg's biggest prize was Steve Young, a quarterback who had played at the namesake university of his lineal ancestor, Brigham Young University. Agent",
"title": "Los Angeles Express (USFL)"
},
{
"id": "394728",
"text": "suburb of Miami Gardens, which became a separate city in 2003). This game is regarded as 49ers quarterback Steve Young's final leap out of the shadow of his predecessor, Joe Montana, who had won four Super Bowls with the 49ers (in 1982, 1985, 1989, and 1990), two with Young as the backup quarterback. With Young at the helm, and a defense consisting of several veteran free agents who joined the team during the previous offseason, San Francisco finished the regular season with a league-best 13–3 record, and led the league in total points scored (505). The Chargers, on the other",
"title": "Super Bowl XXIX"
},
{
"id": "8929343",
"text": "Steve Jobs Steven Paul Jobs (; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American business magnate and investor. He was the chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), and co-founder of Apple Inc.; chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar; a member of The Walt Disney Company's board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar; and the founder, chairman, and CEO of NeXT. Jobs is widely recognized as a pioneer of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, along with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak. Jobs was born in San Francisco, California, and put up for adoption. He was raised in",
"title": "Steve Jobs"
},
{
"id": "8359877",
"text": "Jack London Square is today, fronting on what is today called the Oakland Estuary, an inlet of San Francisco Bay. The estuary, which in the 1800s included what is today's Lake Merritt, was the \"creek\". In 1851, Captain Thomas Gray, grandfather of the famous dancer Isadora Duncan, began the first regular ferry service to San Francisco from the East Bay. The first railroad ferries on San Francisco Bay were established by the San Francisco and Oakland Railroad and the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad (SF&A) which were taken over by the Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) in 1870 to become an",
"title": "Ferries of San Francisco Bay"
},
{
"id": "5420669",
"text": "their sex life in graphic detail in her tell-all autobiography \"Playing the Field: My Story\" (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1987). He was also married and divorced three times, to actress Fay McKenzie, Florence Lockwood and Jonna Jensen. Cochran was the grandfather of film and television producer Alex Johns, who co-executive produced more than seventy episodes of the animated television series \"Futurama\". In the 2002 documentary \"The Importance of Being Morrissey\", Steven Morrissey claims that his parents named him after Steve Cochran. Cochran was in trouble with the police a number of times in his life, including a reported assault and",
"title": "Steve Cochran"
},
{
"id": "9869810",
"text": "injury in his throwing arm, and started the second half of a Monday night game versus Detroit on December 28, 1992. With the 49ers clinging to a 7–6 lead, Montana entered the game and looked as though he had not missed a single snap, completing 15–21 for 126 yards and two TDs, as the 49ers defeated the Lions 24–6. By the end of the season, partly fueled by media hype, perhaps the biggest quarterback controversy in football history was in full swing. After discussions with the owner and the coach, and after owner Eddie DeBartolo announced that quarterback Steve Young",
"title": "History of the San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"id": "4545201",
"text": "Rushin ordered came back misspelled. Faced with a costly correction, he installed it unaltered, which is why San Francisco had—under different ownership—a famous nightclub of the '50s called Fack's. Rushin's maternal ancestry consists of a long line of big-league baseball players, firefighters, and bar owners named Boyle. His grandfather Jimmy Boyle played catcher for the New York Giants in 1926 and his great-uncle, Buzz Boyle, was an outfielder for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Their uncle, Jack Boyle, had a long career with the Phillies, then became nearly as renowned as the owner of a bar in downtown Cincinnati. In 1954 Steve's",
"title": "Steve Rushin"
},
{
"id": "374806",
"text": "from his suspension in 1999, but a series of lawsuits over control of the family's vast holdings led him to surrender controlling interest to the Yorks as part of a 2000 settlement. Denise York became chairwoman of the board, while John York became CEO. On the field, the 1999 49ers got off to a 3–1 start, then in a nationally televised Monday Night Football game against the Arizona Cardinals, Steve Young suffered a blindside hit from cornerback Aeneas Williams that knocked him out of the game and eventually convinced him to retire. At the time it was believed the severe",
"title": "San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"id": "1806232",
"text": "freemasonry agree that there is no evidence that he was, though his son (also named Charles Carroll) is known to have been a member. A scene which did not make the final cut of the film (but appears as a deleted scene on the DVD) shows then-President Jackson rushing out of the White House to find Carroll's body in a carriage. Unable to meet with Jackson in time, Carroll takes into his confidence his carriage driver, Thomas Gates, the great-great-great-great-grandfather of Nicolas Cage's character, Benjamin Franklin Gates. From Carroll, Thomas receives the last known clue to the Treasure of the",
"title": "Charles Carroll of Carrollton"
},
{
"id": "7808735",
"text": "Francis Lee and Mike Summerbee, was inducted into the Manchester City Hall of Fame in 2008. Young married his first wife, Margaret, when he was 19. The couple had a son and two daughters, and divorced in 1982. He also had a daughter with his second wife, Susan. Young married his third wife, Carmen, in 2003, having lived with her since 1989. After retiring from football Young had many different jobs, including removals, managing a sports shop, delivering milk, working in a supermarket, and selling insurance. In his spare time he maintained his fitness by playing badminton, and after winning",
"title": "Neil Young (footballer, born 1944)"
},
{
"id": "8929415",
"text": "I didn't consider them my parents, because they were totally my parents [...] I loved them so much that I never wanted them to know of my search, and I even had reporters keep it quiet when any of them found out.\" However, in 1986 when he was 31, Clara was diagnosed with lung cancer. He began to spend a great deal of time with her and learned more details about her background and his adoption, information that motivated him to find his biological mother. Jobs found on his birth certificate the name of the San Francisco doctor to whom",
"title": "Steve Jobs"
},
{
"id": "18095763",
"text": "in an appreciable amount of traffic to the website. These two articles were catalysts in making \"Hollywood and Swine\" a Hollywood staple. Andy Marx and William McArdle are the co-founders and writers of \"Hollywood and Swine\". Both Marx and McArdle attempted to stay anonymous, but in the end, their names were outed. Andy Marx is the grandson of both comedian and famed television and film actor Groucho Marx, and famed songwriter Gus Kahn. He is the son of Arthur Marx and Irene Kahn, and the brother of Steve Marx. Marx, in addition to being a journalist, is an author, photographer,",
"title": "Hollywood and Swine"
},
{
"id": "45512",
"text": "global health, and is working with Rotary International to eliminate polio. Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 28, 1955. He is the son of William H. Gates Sr. (b. 1925) and Mary Maxwell Gates (1929–1994). His ancestry includes English, German, Irish, and Scots-Irish. His father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. Gates' maternal grandfather was J.W. Maxwell, a national bank president. Gates has one older sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and a younger sister, Libby. He is the fourth of his name in his family,",
"title": "Bill Gates"
},
{
"id": "9869818",
"text": "but a series of lawsuits over control of the family's vast holdings led him to surrender controlling interest to the Yorks as part of a 2000 settlement. Denise York is now chairwoman of the board, while John York was named CEO. On the field, the 1999 version of the 49ers got off to a 3–1 start, then in a nationally televised \"Monday Night Football\" game against the Arizona Cardinals, Steve Young suffered a blindside hit from cornerback Aeneas Williams that would eventually force him to retire. Without their future Hall of Famer, the 49ers lost 11 of their last 12",
"title": "History of the San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"id": "3440933",
"text": "(today the San Francisco Mint) on March 31, 1971; Brooks ceremoniously operated the presses. The first coin struck was for presentation to Mamie Eisenhower; the second to David Eisenhower (grandson of Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower) and the third to David Eisenhower's father-in-law, President Nixon. On January 29, 1971, the Mint announced the prices for the 40% silver pieces which would be struck at San Francisco: $3 for uncirculated specimens and $10 for mirror-surfaced proof pieces, with orders to be taken by mail beginning on July 1, with a limit of five of each per customer. Order forms for the public",
"title": "Eisenhower dollar"
},
{
"id": "2220321",
"text": "Amarilla in Manhattan. They married in June 2005 and had twin daughters, Lola and Bella, born on 14 October 2004 and a son, Matteo, born 12 November 2010. On the day of his son's birth, Nash made a statement to \"Life & Style\" in which he announced the birth but called it a \"bittersweet moment\", revealing that he and his wife had \"lived separately for the past several months\" and are \"in the process of dissolving\" their marriage. In March 2016, Nash became engaged to Lilla Frederick, a former Pepperdine University and junior women's U.S. team volleyball player. They married",
"title": "Steve Nash"
},
{
"id": "374907",
"text": "over the Dolphins and Steelers in the AFC playoffs. Despite those two close triumphs (22–21 against the Dolphins in the Divisional Round, and 17–13 against the Steelers in the AFC Championship Game), the Chargers lost Super Bowl XXIX to the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 49–26, who were led by quarterback Steve Young (Super Bowl MVP) and wide receiver Jerry Rice. Despite the lopsided loss in the Super Bowl, Beathard, who traded for or drafted the bulk of the Chargers roster, and who hired coach Ross, was named the NFL's smartest man by Sports Illustrated, and became the",
"title": "Los Angeles Chargers"
},
{
"id": "9869815",
"text": "49ers held on for a 38–28 victory after Dallas scored a late touchdown, qualifying them for their fifth Super Bowl, and the first to be played by two teams from California. The 49ers steamrolled the San Diego Chargers, becoming the first team to win a record five Super Bowls. With a record 6 touchdown passes, Steve Young was named the game's MVP. Their run of 5 Super Bowl wins in 14 seasons (1981–1994) solidified them as one of the all-time greatest NFL teams. The 49ers made the playoffs in 1995, 1996, and 1997, being eliminated each season by the Green",
"title": "History of the San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"id": "2025988",
"text": "and second highest among retired players, behind Tony Romo; his 4,239 rushing yards are the fourth most ever gained by a quarterback, behind Michael Vick, Cam Newton, and Randall Cunningham. He was the NFL's top rated passer in six different seasons and led the league in touchdown passes four times. In 20 postseason games, he threw 20 touchdown passes with only 13 interceptions, and scored 8 touchdowns on the ground. In his stint with the San Francisco 49ers, Young passed for 29,907 yards, 221 touchdowns, and 86 interceptions, with a passer rating of 101.4, highest in franchise history. He was",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "1438590",
"text": "the 12th greatest guitarist of all time. In 2015, Vaughan and Double Trouble were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Vaughan's ancestry has been traced back to his great-grandfather, Robert Hodgen LaRue. Robert LaRue had a daughter named Laura Belle, Vaughan's paternal grandmother. She married Thomas Lee Vaughan and moved to Rockwall County, Texas, where they lived by sharecropping. On September 6, 1921, they had a son named Jimmie Lee Vaughan. Steve's father Jim Vaughan, also known as Big Jim, dropped out of school at age sixteen, and enlisted in the United States Navy during World War",
"title": "Stevie Ray Vaughan"
},
{
"id": "14887804",
"text": "Alex Johns Alex Johns (August 23, 1966 – August 7, 2010) was an American film and television producer. Johns is best known for his work as the co-producer of more than seventy episodes of the animated television series \"Futurama\". He was also the co-executive producer of the 2006 film \"The Ant Bully\". Johns was born in Roseville, California, on August 23, 1966, the son of Xandria Walker and Wendell Johns (who predeceased him). Johns was one of five brothers, along with Michael, Christopher and Daniel Johns, and David Cimino. He was the grandson of actor Steve Cochran (1917–1965). Johns graduated",
"title": "Alex Johns"
},
{
"id": "7765182",
"text": "\"Pearl Jam\" was a reference to his great-grandmother Pearl, who was married to a Native American and had a special recipe for peyote-laced jam. In a 2006 \"Rolling Stone\" cover story however, Vedder admitted that this story was \"total bullshit\", even though he indeed had a great-grandma named Pearl. Ament and McCready explained that Ament came up with \"pearl\", and that the band later settled on \"Pearl Jam\" after attending a concert by Neil Young, in which he extended his songs as improvisations of 15–20 minutes in length. Pearl Jam entered Seattle's London Bridge Studios in March 1991 to record",
"title": "Pearl Jam"
},
{
"id": "4657169",
"text": "San Francisco Zoo The San Francisco Zoo is a zoo located in the southwestern corner of San Francisco, California, between Lake Merced and the Pacific Ocean along the Great Highway. The zoo's main entrance, once located on the north side across Sloat Boulevard and one block south of the Muni Metro L Taraval line, is now to the west on the ocean side of the zoo off of the Great Highway. This zoo is the birthplace of Koko the gorilla, and, since 1974, the home of Elly, the oldest black rhinoceros in North America. It houses more than 1000 individual",
"title": "San Francisco Zoo"
},
{
"id": "10026861",
"text": "the first American Football League. In 1938, Garland was indicted by a Waukesha grand jury on criminal charges of keeping and using slot machines. Buckeye is the great-grandfather of two MLB players, brothers Drew and Stu Pomeranz. Garland Buckeye Garland Maiers \"Gob\" Buckeye (October 16, 1897 – November 14, 1975) was a professional football and baseball player. Buckeye made his major league debut on June 19, 1918 for the Washington Senators at the Polo Grounds against the Yankees. He pitched the last two innings of a 9-0 game, allowing three hits, six walks, and four earned runs while striking out",
"title": "Garland Buckeye"
},
{
"id": "19583615",
"text": "John D. Goldman John D. Goldman (born August 18, 1949) is an American businessman and philanthropist in San Francisco, California. He is a member of the Haas family through his mother. Goldman was born to a Jewish family on August 18, 1949 in San Francisco, the son of Rhoda (née Haas) and Richard Goldman. He is the 2nd eldest of four children: Richard Goldman (deceased 1989), Douglas E. Goldman, and Susan R. Gelman. His grandfather was Walter A. Haas, the former president and chairman of Levi Strauss & Co; his great-grandfather was Abraham Haas, the founder of Hellman-Haas Grocery (which",
"title": "John D. Goldman"
},
{
"id": "19583609",
"text": "John D. Goldman John D. Goldman (born August 18, 1949) is an American businessman and philanthropist in San Francisco, California. He is a member of the Haas family through his mother. Goldman was born to a Jewish family on August 18, 1949 in San Francisco, the son of Rhoda (née Haas) and Richard Goldman. He is the 2nd eldest of four children: Richard Goldman (deceased 1989), Douglas E. Goldman, and Susan R. Gelman. His grandfather was Walter A. Haas, the former president and chairman of Levi Strauss & Co; his great-grandfather was Abraham Haas, the founder of Hellman-Haas Grocery (which",
"title": "John D. Goldman"
},
{
"id": "2757811",
"text": "a \"minor rift\" in their marriage as Cross holds a strong admiration for Senator Bernie Sanders. She is sometimes said to be the goddaughter of actors Dean Stockwell, musician Neil Young, and the late Dennis Hopper, although in a 2009 interview with \"Parade\", Tamblyn explained that \"godfather\" was \"just a loose term\" for Stockwell, Hopper and Young, three famous friends of her father's, who were always around the house when she was growing up, and who were big influences on her life. In a series of Twitter messages, and later reiterated in an open letter published in \"Teen Vogue\", Tamblyn",
"title": "Amber Tamblyn"
},
{
"id": "19663415",
"text": "Graduate Hotels division, and Cooper Manning, who has his own show on Fox Sports, is the son of former National Football League quarterback Archie Manning and brother of New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning and former NFL quarterback Peyton Manning, was named senior managing director—investor relations. In 2018, an AJ Capital Partners affiliate bought the San Francisco Armory for $65 million, with plans use parts of it as office space and lease the rest to manufacturing companies. AJ Capital Partners Adventurous Journeys Capital Partners (AJ Capital Partners) is a private real estate company based in Chicago that owns and operates",
"title": "AJ Capital Partners"
},
{
"id": "1292224",
"text": "birthday, a gift that McQueen subsequently credited with sparking his early interest in racing. At the age of eight he was taken to Indianapolis by his mother, who lived there with her new husband. McQueen's departure from his great-uncle's home was marked by a very special memento given to him on that occasion. \"The day I left the farm\", he recalled, \"Uncle Claude gave me a personal going-away present—a gold pocket watch, with an inscription inside the case.\" The inscription read, \"To Steve – who has been a son to me.\" Dyslexic and partially deaf due to a childhood ear",
"title": "Steve McQueen"
},
{
"id": "2025975",
"text": "skill with on-the-move passing decisions. Before the start of the 1993 season, team owner Eddie DeBartolo, Jr. announced that he wanted Montana to resume his role as starting quarterback for the 49ers. However, a rift in the locker room had developed, with players split on whom they wanted at quarterback. In the spring of 1993, at Montana's request, San Francisco traded Montana to the Kansas City Chiefs. Young was now the 49ers' undisputed starter, and would remain so for the rest of his career. But once again, he had a rough start to the season. Over the first four games",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "9869816",
"text": "Bay Packers, including a 23–10 loss at Candlestick in the 1997 NFC Championship game. In 1998, Steve Young led the 49ers to a 12–4 record and their 16th straight winning season, all with 10 wins or more. Again, the 49ers faced the Green Bay Packers in a thrilling NFC Wild Card game that went back and forth for its duration. Things looked bleak when the 49ers trailed 27–23 in the waning seconds. However, in one last moment of glory, Young hit Terrell Owens on a dramatic, game-winning 25-yard touchdown pass that put the Niners ahead at 30–27 with 0:03 left",
"title": "History of the San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"id": "893532",
"text": "Young confirmed his marriage to Hannah in a video released on October 31, 2018. Young has been widely reported to be the godfather of actress Amber Tamblyn; in a 2009 interview with \"Parade\", Tamblyn explained that \"godfather\" was \"just a loose term\" for Young, Dennis Hopper, and Dean Stockwell, three famous friends of her father's, who were always around the house when she was growing up, and who were big influences on her life. Young is an environmentalist and outspoken advocate for the welfare of small farmers, having co-founded in 1985 the benefit concert Farm Aid. He is currently working",
"title": "Neil Young"
},
{
"id": "1925211",
"text": "for fear of reprisals from the tabloid press. Coogan's younger brother, Brendan, is a former \"Top Gear\" presenter, and his elder brother, Martin, was the lead singer of the early 1990s band The Mock Turtles. All three attended the Cardinal Langley Roman Catholic High School in Middleton, Greater Manchester. Although brought up Catholic, Coogan now describes himself as an atheist. Coogan married Caroline Hickman in 2002, and divorced in 2005. Coogan entered rehab for personal issues. He dated model China Chow for three years. In March 2011, Coogan was guest editor for lads mag \"Loaded\", where he met and began",
"title": "Steve Coogan"
},
{
"id": "9760443",
"text": "aboard the when it was struck by the off the coast of Nantucket. De Young was the grandfather of Nan Tucker McEvoy (1919–2015), former chair of Chronicle Publishing Company's board of directors until the 1990s. He is also the great-great-grandfather of actor Max Thieriot (born 1988). M. H. de Young Michael Henry de Young (September 30, 1849 – February 15, 1925) was an American journalist and businessman. De Young was born in St. Louis, Missouri. The family was Jewish, but the family history is murky. Michael in later years claimed that his father was a Baltimore banker of French origin,",
"title": "M. H. de Young"
},
{
"id": "2025960",
"text": "the reigning Heisman Trophy winner, running back Mike Rozier of Nebraska; and the previous winner, Georgia running back Herschel Walker. Despite being surrounded with talent which included such future NFL players as Jojo Townsell, Mel Gray, and Kevin Nelson, and making the playoffs in Young's first season, the Express was never able to create a sustaining fan base in Los Angeles. Instead, the 1985 season rapidly became a fiasco. Before one game, the team bus driver refused to drive the Express to the Coliseum after his paycheck bounced. Young contributed a lot of money, as did some of his teammates,",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "6997811",
"text": "team. Kate Mara's maternal grandfather, Timothy James \"Tim\" Rooney, has run Yonkers Raceway in Yonkers, New York since 1972. Her granduncle, Dan Rooney, chairman of the Steelers, was a former United States Ambassador to Ireland and the co-founder of the charitable organization The Ireland Funds. Her first cousin, once removed, Art Rooney II, is the current President and co-owner of the Steelers. Mara began acting at the age of nine in a school musical. She attended several youth theater-arts schools and appeared in community theater and in school plays. Mara has described herself to \"Esquire\" magazine as having been \"painfully",
"title": "Kate Mara"
},
{
"id": "7836642",
"text": "in the local economy and for the legacy they left. The coal mining and chain making that made Cradley famous are now in the past, and most of the other iron-based trades have declined to a shadow of their former selves. The legendary football player, Steve Bloomer was born in Bridge Street, Cradley on 20 January 1874. Organisations and publications such as the Black Country Society and The Black Country Bugle keep the name of Cradley well-known to thousands of people. Many local pubs have been demolished in recent years,\"The Black Horse\" and \"The Bulls Head\" were both situated in",
"title": "Cradley, West Midlands"
},
{
"id": "2025970",
"text": "in 1991. While 10 wins is usually enough to make the playoffs, this time it was not, and San Francisco ended up not playing in the postseason for the first time since 1982. It was thought by many that Young's days as the 49ers starter were numbered due to the impending return of Montana from the injury to his right elbow, and some observers said the 49ers should trade Young and keep Montana and Bono. However, the trade never happened. By the start of the 1992 season, it appeared that Young's starting job was in serious peril. In addition to",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "17499403",
"text": "Barons. He is a descendant of Henry Soane, who was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and its Speaker in 1660–1661 and was the great-great-grandfather of Declaration of Independence author, University of Virginia founder and President Thomas Jefferson. As a descendant of Soane, Teague is a member of The Jamestowne Society and as a descendant of Jefferson's uncle Major Peter Field, he is a member of the Order of Indian Wars of the United States. As a descendant of the Revolutionary War patriot Moses Teague of North Carolina, he is a member of the Sons of American Colonists,",
"title": "Randal Teague"
},
{
"id": "11565670",
"text": "not be ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor, but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used his great gifts to obscure the truth. One eyewitness suggests that Wilberforce's question to Huxley may have been \"whether, in the vast shaky state of the law of development, as laid down by Darwin, any one can be so enamoured of this so-called law, or hypothesis, as to go into jubilation for his great great grandfather having been an ape or a gorilla?\", whereas another suggests he may have said that \"it was of little consequence to",
"title": "1860 Oxford evolution debate"
},
{
"id": "8569890",
"text": "soccer club Leeds United to become a minority investor, the 49's Enterprises is the business arm of the NFL side San Francisco 49ers. John York John C. York (born April 18, 1949) is a retired American cancer research pathologist, married to Marie Denise DeBartolo York, and former co-owner and current co-chairman of the San Francisco 49ers. The Yorks have four children: sons Jed and Tony, and daughters Jenna and Mara. York was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. The son of John Clement York, a dentist who died when York was 15, York grew up in Little Rock and attended local schools",
"title": "John York"
},
{
"id": "2199850",
"text": "and Kelly and daughter Casie. Steve Largent Stephen Michael Largent (born September 28, 1954) is a former American football player, enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and a former Republican politician, having served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma, from 1994 until 2002. Prior to his political career, Largent was a wide receiver for the Seattle Seahawks in the National Football League for his entire 14-season professional football career. He held several all-time receiving records when he retired. In 1974 at the University of Tulsa, Largent had 884 yards receiving and 14 touchdown catches. In 1975,",
"title": "Steve Largent"
},
{
"id": "9562311",
"text": "Steve Stenstrom Steve Stenstrom (born December 23, 1971) is a former professional American football quarterback. Stenstrom was the starting quarterback at Stanford University from 1991 to 1994, and still holds many of Stanford's passing records: Stenstrom was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 4th round of the 1995 NFL Draft. Stenstrom played in five NFL seasons from 1996 to 1999 for the Chicago Bears and San Francisco 49ers. He started seven games for the Bears during the 1998 season, as well as three games for the 49ers during the 1999 season after Steve Young's career-ending injury. He spent",
"title": "Steve Stenstrom"
},
{
"id": "859741",
"text": "center Shawn Bradley, and consensus 2011 national college player of the year Jimmer Fredette ('11). BYU also claims notable professional football players including two-time NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young ('84) & J.D. ('96), Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer ('90), and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon. In golf, BYU alumni include two major championship winners: Johnny Miller ('69) at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir ('92) at the 2003 Masters. Brigham Young University Brigham Young University (BYU, sometimes referred to colloquially as The Y) is",
"title": "Brigham Young University"
},
{
"id": "18380168",
"text": "did the blindfolded walk in a little over a minute. The telecast was on a ten-second delay in case something went wrong with Wallenda's walk. Nik Wallenda is a seventh generation member of The Flying Wallendas, and this event was billed as an homage to his great-grandfather. \"Skyscraper Live\" was broadcast live in over 200 countries worldwide. It was a ratings success in the United States, ranking as Discovery's most watched live telecast of the year. However, its viewership was less than for their previous Nik Wallenda special, \"Skywire Live\", which delivered Discovery's highest-ever rating for a live broadcast in",
"title": "Skyscraper Live"
},
{
"id": "2469910",
"text": "All-Star Games in 1989 and 2010. It hosted seven American League Division Series (2002, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2014) and six American League Championship Series (1979, 1982, 1986, 2002, 2005, and 2009). Most notably, it hosted the 2002 World Series, which the Angels won in dramatic fashion over the San Francisco Giants, finally winning one for their late and long-time owner, \"Singing Cowboy\" Gene Autry (and for his widow and business partner Jackie, who is also honorary president of the American League). Angel Stadium hosted several games during Round 2 of the 2006 World Baseball Classic. Famous individual",
"title": "Angel Stadium"
},
{
"id": "15305092",
"text": "William A. Feilds William A. Feilds (between c. 1846 and 1852 – September 9, 1898) was an African-American schoolteacher and principal, born a slave, who served one term as a Republican legislator in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1885 to 1886. He was also elected a member of the Shelby County county court (a legislative body), and a justice of the peace. According to researchers on the American documentary series \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" (2011), he is the maternal great-great-grandfather of actress, singer, and Miss America 1984, Vanessa Williams and of actor Chris Williams and the maternal",
"title": "William A. Feilds"
},
{
"id": "9868948",
"text": "No. 1 overall pick in favor of Ricky Bell, who had played for McKay at USC, while they subsequently traded away picks that turned into eventual Hall of Famers Dan Hampton and Irving Fryar. The franchise also frequently traded or gave up on quality players who went on to greater success on other teams. The most notable examples were all quarterbacks: Williams; Steve Young, who was traded to the San Francisco 49ers after the Bucs drafted Vinny Testaverde first overall in the 1987 draft, only to become a Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Famer with San Francisco; and Testaverde,",
"title": "History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers"
},
{
"id": "7032974",
"text": "Forestville, California, from which he graduated in 2006. Thieriot's ancestors once owned the \"San Francisco Chronicle\". His great-great-grandfather, M. H. de Young, who was of Dutch Jewish descent, but later converted to Catholicism, co-founded the paper with his brother Charles de Young, and his relatives, Charles and Richard Thieriot, were the editors and publishers of the paper. Thieriot's paternal grandparents, Frances Harrison (née Dade) and Ferdinand Melly Thieriot, died in the sinking of the SS \"Andrea Doria\" in 1956. Thieriot was signed to talent manager Don Gibble after taking his improvisation class. He modeled for Gap and appeared in two",
"title": "Max Thieriot"
},
{
"id": "1292223",
"text": "Ann was an alcoholic. Unable to cope with caring for a small child, she left him with her parents (Victor and Lillian) in Slater, Missouri, in 1933. As the Great Depression set in shortly thereafter, McQueen and his grandparents moved in with Lillian's brother Claude at his farm in Slater. McQueen was of Scottish descent and was raised as a Catholic. McQueen expressed having good memories of living on the farm, noting that his great-uncle Claude \"was a very good man, very strong, very fair. I learned a lot from him.\" Claude gave McQueen a red tricycle on his fourth",
"title": "Steve McQueen"
},
{
"id": "10157497",
"text": "High School in Phoenix, Arizona, from 1999 to 2003. His father, Donnie Hickman, played for the USC Trojans in the late 1970s before suiting up for four seasons with the B.C. Lions (1980-1983) of the CFL and two seasons in the USFL with the Pittsburgh Maulers (1984) and Los Angeles Express (1985). Hickman's father blocked for future Hall-of-Fame QB Steve Young in his last pro season in LA. Hickman attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he played for the UCLA Bruins football team from 2003 to 2006. Following his senior season in 2006, he was a first-team All-Pac-10",
"title": "Justin Hickman"
},
{
"id": "3903138",
"text": "El Camino was turned into a Figure 8 race car, James discarded plans for a spoiler on the vehicle, sarcastically citing the first rule. Starting with season 4, the winning team also donated a toolkit to a high school of their choice. Host Jesse James claims to be the great-great-grandson of a cousin of the legendary wild west outlaw, Jesse James. Jesse G. James has both mechanical and metal fabricating expertise and is the founder, owner and head bike builder for his custom chopper shop, West Coast Choppers. Jesse said he liked monsters that went fast and did something. He",
"title": "Monster Garage"
},
{
"id": "2220328",
"text": "Dirk Nowitzki arrived in the NBA from Germany, he and Nash became close friends, in part because they enjoyed watching soccer together. Nash is friends with several professional soccer players, including Alessandro Del Piero, Thierry Henry, Owen Hargreaves, Massimo Ambrosini and Steve McManaman. During his off-season, when he lives in New York City, he has trained with the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer, and once tried to arrange a pick-up game in the city's Central Park with the Red Bulls and one of his local teams. Nash, whose father was born in the Tottenham district of London,",
"title": "Steve Nash"
},
{
"id": "2199840",
"text": "Steve Largent Stephen Michael Largent (born September 28, 1954) is a former American football player, enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and a former Republican politician, having served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma, from 1994 until 2002. Prior to his political career, Largent was a wide receiver for the Seattle Seahawks in the National Football League for his entire 14-season professional football career. He held several all-time receiving records when he retired. In 1974 at the University of Tulsa, Largent had 884 yards receiving and 14 touchdown catches. In 1975, he had 51 catches for",
"title": "Steve Largent"
},
{
"id": "10843552",
"text": "portrait of himself which covers half of his back and sports the words \"yeah dude, I rock!\" Steve-O was born in Wimbledon, London. His mother, Donna Gay Glover (née Wauthier), was Canadian, and his father, Richard Edward (Ted) Glover, was American. His paternal grandfather was English and his maternal step-grandfather was voice-over announcer Wayne Howell. His family was based in Brazil for many years due to his father's presidency of the South American division of Pepsi-Cola. Childhood residencies include Toronto, Canada, Brazil, Venezuela and Miami, Florida. At age nine his family returned to London where Steve-O attended the American School",
"title": "Steve-O"
},
{
"id": "2025993",
"text": "sustainable solutions in education, enterprise, health and simple technology. In 1993, Young founded a charitable foundation known as the \"Forever Young Foundation\", which serves children facing significant physical, emotional, and financial challenges by providing academic, athletic, and therapeutic opportunities otherwise unavailable to them. Young also serves as the National Spokesman for the Best Shot Foundation, an organization founded by former Save Darfur Coalition executive director and founder, David Rubenstein. He began his affiliation with the organization in 2009, when he became the honorary league commissioner for their charitable dodgeball tournaments held on college campuses nationwide. Young is a great-great-great-grandson of",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "4344332",
"text": "reorganization. Huntsman Corporation became publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange in 2005. As of 2014, Huntsman reported that it operated 80 manufacturing and R&D facilities in 30 countries and employed approximately 12,000 associates. In 2007 Huntsman co-founded an additional new private equity firm, Huntsman Gay Global Capital (now known as HGGC), with two former Bain Capital executives Robert C. Gay (1989–2004, managing director) and Greg Benson (executive vice president in London), former Sorenson Capital co-founder and managing director Rich Lawson, and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young to focus on investments in middle market companies. Huntsman",
"title": "Jon Huntsman Sr."
},
{
"id": "1298445",
"text": "connection to hip hop. In an October 2014 episode of PBS's \"Finding Your Roots\", Nas learned about five generations of his ancestry. His great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas Little, was a slave who was sold for $830. When host Henry Louis Gates showed Nas her bill of sale and told him more about the man who bought her, Nas remarked that he is considering buying the land where he lived. Nas is also shown the marriage certificate of his great-great-great-grandmother, Pocahontas, and great-great-great-grandfather, Calvin. Nas is a New York Mets fan. The Grammy Awards are held annually by the National Academy of Recording",
"title": "Nas"
},
{
"id": "4811268",
"text": "personal knowledge of an affair between US Captain John Harkes and Amy Wynalda, the wife of US Striker Eric Wynalda. As a result, Harkes was dropped from the team. The US would go on to finish in last place at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He is the younger brother of former NASL-ers Geoff Wegerle and Steve Wegerle. All three played for Tampa Bay at some point in their careers. Since his retirement, Wegerle has been trying to make it as a professional golfer. He had a brief stay as a co-host of \"MLS Extratime\" on ESPN2. Roy Wegerle Roy",
"title": "Roy Wegerle"
},
{
"id": "2025971",
"text": "having to compete with Bono, Montana appeared to be close to recovering from his elbow tendon surgery. San Francisco came close to trading Young to the Los Angeles Raiders, but no deal was finalized and it turned out that Montana would not recover in time to start in the opening game. Montana would not return until the final game of the 1992 season, a Monday Night home game against the Detroit Lions. Montana played the entire second half and guided the 49ers to victory. Young ended up as San Francisco's starting quarterback, but once again got off to a rough",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "2025983",
"text": "year by Brett Favre and the Green Bay Packers, twice in San Francisco. In addition to the early playoff exits, Young suffered a series of injuries that forced him to miss several games from 1995 to 1997. Young entered the 1998 season at age 37 and some began to wonder if his skills would diminish because of his history of injuries and a general decline in his game due to age. However, he silenced all critics once again, putting up career numbers in passing yards (4,170) and passing touchdowns (36). He finally beat Favre and the Packers in the NFC",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "11050336",
"text": "1932 (Los Angeles) and 1948 (London) as well. Don Blessing was also one of the original eight owners of the Oakland Raiders Football Club (AFL, now the NFL) and was a lifelong Californian, residing in Piedmont, CA and Belvedere, CA for most of his adult life. He also was a lifelong Bear Backer, a charter member of the San Francisco Grid Club and among the first group of inductees to the University California Hall of Fame. He had two children - Sherrell Blessing and Don Blessing Jr. (deceased in 2003)and five grandchildren. he also had two great grand children will",
"title": "Donald Blessing"
},
{
"id": "2695209",
"text": "was born. Smith is a noted philanthropist. On June 14, 2017, it was reported by \"The Charlotte Observer\" that he secretly paid the full college tuition of Twitter personality and author Elexus Jionde. He said of paying for her $40,000 a year education at Ohio State: \"It's not about taking and how much can you get for yourself. It's about your life and (taking advantage of) all the resources and applying them and then paying it forward to someone else.\" Steve Smith Sr. Stevonne Latrall Smith Sr. (born May 12, 1979) is a former American football wide receiver who played",
"title": "Steve Smith Sr."
},
{
"id": "13473027",
"text": "and raised in Los Angeles, Peck attended private schools Campbell Hall and Harvard-Westlake in North Hollywood. He excelled in athletics and learned to play classical cello. Peck is the grandson of actor Gregory Peck and the son of Stephen Peck (a former actor, documentary film maker, and Vietnam veteran, who is President and CEO of U.S. Veterans Initiative), and abstract artist Francine Matarazzo. He has a half-sister (from his mother's second marriage), Marisa Matarazzo, who is a novelist and creative writing professor at Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles. After high school, Peck attended the Tisch School",
"title": "Ethan Peck"
},
{
"id": "4704718",
"text": "Steve Rubell Steve Rubell (December 2, 1943 – July 25, 1989) was an American entrepreneur and co-owner of the legendary New York disco Studio 54. Rubell and his brother Don grew up in a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York. His father worked for the U.S. Post Office and later became a tennis pro. Rubell attended Wingate High School and was also an avid tennis player, but decided against playing professionally. Entering Syracuse University, Rubell had the intention of becoming a dentist, but failed his courses and switched majors, studying finance and history. Rubell was reportedly not a good student",
"title": "Steve Rubell"
},
{
"id": "10615903",
"text": "recorded in 1996. The demo was Produced by Scott Humphrey and assistant engineer Brian VanPortfleet. The entire 7 track demo was recorded and mixed in two weeks. 58 (band) 58 is an American rock band, a side project involving Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe and producer Dave Darling, Sixx's former father-in-law. The band name originates from the fact that both Sixx and Darling were born in 1958. The band also included Steve Gibb (son of Bee Gees's Barry Gibb) on guitar and Bucket Baker on drums. The band described themselves as a mixture of \"glam, hip hop, rock, pop, funk",
"title": "58 (band)"
},
{
"id": "2199844",
"text": "number 46 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the only Seahawk to make the list. His #80 was retired in 1992; Largent is the first Seahawk player to be so honored (the team has retired number 12 in honor of the fans, the \"12th man\", the number 71 for offensive tackle Walter Jones, on December 5, 2010, and the number 96 for defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy on October 14, 2012.) During Jerry Rice's stint with the Seahawks in 2004, Largent's #80 was temporarily \"unretired\" after a conversation between Rice and Largent that was reportedly initiated",
"title": "Steve Largent"
},
{
"id": "12238531",
"text": "Madre, Rodrigo Barbosa of Paté de Fuá and Los Dorados, Fausto Palma of Petra and Strictly Personal and Dante Pimentel . DeLeon (band) DeLeon is an indie rock band from New York that plays Sephardic folk songs in a modern context. The band is named for 12th century Kabalistic philosopher Moses de León and the great-grandfather of front man Daniel Saks, Giorgio DeLeon. DeLeon was formed in 2006, and first played live in April 2007 at the Bowery Ballroom, alongside Balkan Beat Box. DeLeon has toured with Os Mutantes, Gogol Bordello, Ozomatli, Mike Gordon and Balkan Beat Box. Saks is",
"title": "DeLeon (band)"
},
{
"id": "4163037",
"text": "All-Time Team. Considered one of the greatest players in Eagles franchise history, his number 15 jersey is retired by the team, and he is enshrined in the Philadelphia Eagles Hall of Fame and the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame. For his college career, he was inducted into the Louisiana State University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1944 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1961. Born in La Ceiba, Honduras to an American father and a mother of Spanish heritage, Stephen Wood Van Buren was orphaned at age ten and was sent to live with relatives in New Orleans,",
"title": "Steve Van Buren"
},
{
"id": "19091223",
"text": "San Francisco's Haight Street Grounds on March 19, 1892 with Stanford winning 14–10. The term \"Big Game\" was first used in 1900, when it was played on Thanksgiving Day in San Francisco. During that game, a large group of men and boys, who were observing from the roof of the nearby S.F. and Pacific Glass Works, fell into the fiery interior of the building when the roof collapsed, resulting in 13 dead and 78 injured. On December 4, 1900, the last victim of the disaster (Fred Lilly) died, bringing the death toll to 22; and, to this day, the \"Thanksgiving",
"title": "Early history of American football"
},
{
"id": "4351899",
"text": "ceremonies, joining three other 75th Anniversary Team representatives--Otto Graham (1950s), Mean Joe Greene (1970s) and Gale Sayers (1960s), all three of whom had been announced as representatives of their respective decades in the ceremony months prior to the PFHOF election—as well as three of Jordan's fellow Class of 1995 newcomers, all of whom represented the 1980s: Kellen Winslow, Lee Roy Selmon, and then-U.S. Congressman Steve Largent, who ended the pregame ceremonies by flipping the coin. In 1999, he was ranked number 18 on \"The Sporting News\"' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, making him the highest-ranked player coached by",
"title": "Ray Nitschke"
},
{
"id": "13449670",
"text": "F. D. Reeve Franklin D'Olier \"F.D.\" Reeve (September 18, 1928 – June 28, 2013) was an American academic, writer, poet, Russian translator, and editor. He was also the father of \"Superman\" actor Christopher Reeve. He was the grandson of the first American Legion national commander, Franklin D'Olier. Reeve was born in Philadelphia, the son of Anne Conrad D'Olier and Richard Henry Reeve. He was brought up outside New York City. Reeve worked in the wheat fields for a while during college and, after graduation, was a Hudson River longshoreman for a while. He graduated from Princeton University (1950) and Columbia",
"title": "F. D. Reeve"
},
{
"id": "7783933",
"text": "Steven R. McQueen Steven Chadwick McQueen (born July 13, 1988), known professionally as Steven R. McQueen, is an American actor and model, known for his role as Jeremy Gilbert in The CW fantasy drama \"The Vampire Diaries\" from 2009 to 2015 and in 2017. He starred as Jimmy Borelli in the NBC drama \"Chicago Fire\" from 2015 through 2016. McQueen was born in Los Angeles, California, to Stacey Toten (now Stacia Robitaille) and actor and producer Chad McQueen. His paternal grandparents are the late actor Steve McQueen and Filipino actress Neile Adams. Neile Adams' niece is Filipino-Spanish socialite Isabel Preysler,",
"title": "Steven R. McQueen"
},
{
"id": "6074115",
"text": "Peter Magowan Peter A. Magowan (born 1942) is the former managing general partner of the San Francisco Giants Major League Baseball franchise. Magowan's maternal grandfather was Charles Merrill (1885–1956), co-founder of Merrill Lynch and instrumental in the formation of Safeway. Magowan's father, Robert Anderson Magowan, was chairman and CEO of Safeway; Magowan's mother, Doris Merrill Magowan (1914–2001), was a prominent San Francisco philanthropist. Magowan is the nephew of poet James Merrill (1926–1995). He graduated high school from Groton School, has a bachelor's degree from Stanford University and a master's degree from Oxford University. He also did post-graduate work at The",
"title": "Peter Magowan"
},
{
"id": "2222646",
"text": "involvement in numerous philanthropic causes, namely the Make-A-Wish Foundation, where he has granted more than 500 wishes, the most in Make-A-Wish history. John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. was born on April 23, 1977, in West Newbury, Massachusetts to Carol (\"née\" Lupien) and John Felix Anthony Cena. He has an older brother (Stephen) and three younger brothers (Dan, Matt, and Sean). His maternal grandfather was baseball player Tony Lupien. He is of English, French-Canadian, and Italian ancestry. Raised Catholic, he attended Central Catholic High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts before transferring to Cushing Academy, a private prep boarding school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts.",
"title": "John Cena"
},
{
"id": "7639553",
"text": "teams, seven of which were ranked in the top 20 (four in the top ten). Even with this difficult schedule the Tigers were ranked first by a few polls, including \"The New York Times\" computer rankings. The NCAA record book also formally recognizes the Tigers as co-national champions, along with Nebraska (and Miami). It is not uncommon for the NCAA record book to \"recognize\" multiple national champions in a given year, with the AP and Coaches' poll winner regarded as national champions. The Holiday Bowl was also a classic, as Brigham Young University, led by future NFL star Steve Young,",
"title": "1983 NCAA Division I-A football season"
},
{
"id": "3870474",
"text": "Schoenberg and has three sons: Jasper Kheel Jacobs (born March 11, 2004) and twins Zane and Lucas Jacobs (born August 24, 2006). Jacobs is a first cousin, once removed, of the legal scholar Cass Sunstein. Jacobs is a member of Giving What We Can and pledges 10% of lifelong earnings to charity. He donates to the Against Malaria Foundation and other effective altruism organizations. A. J. Jacobs Arnold Stephen \"A. J.\" Jacobs Jr. (born March 20, 1968) is an American journalist, author, and lecturer best known for writing about his lifestyle experiments. He is an editor at large for \"Esquire\"",
"title": "A. J. Jacobs"
},
{
"id": "1450697",
"text": "and raised in a middle-class Jewish family. Irving Breyer was legal counsel for the San Francisco Board of Education. Both Breyer and his younger brother, Charles, who is a federal district judge, are Eagle Scouts of San Francisco's Troop 14. Breyer's paternal great-grandfather emigrated from Romania to the United States, settling in Cleveland, where Breyer's grandfather was born. In 1955, Breyer graduated from Lowell High School. At Lowell, he was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society and debated regularly in high school tournaments, including against future California governor Jerry Brown and future Harvard Law School professor Laurence Tribe. Breyer",
"title": "Stephen Breyer"
},
{
"id": "12046144",
"text": "by his son (Rooney Mara's uncle), John Mara. Rooney Mara's maternal grandfather, Timothy James \"Tim\" Rooney, has run Yonkers Raceway in Yonkers, New York since 1972. Mara is the great-granddaughter of both New York Giants founder Tim Mara and Pittsburgh Steelers founder Art Rooney, Sr., as well as of Kathleen McNulty Rooney. Her granduncle, Dan Rooney, was chairman of the Steelers, the former United States Ambassador to Ireland, the co-founder of The Ireland Funds charitable organization, and the architect of American Football's Rooney Rule. U.S. Rep. Tom Rooney from Florida is her first cousin, once removed. After graduating from Fox",
"title": "Rooney Mara"
},
{
"id": "19227792",
"text": "States. He did one tour in Vietnam in 1970-1971 and received an honorable discharge in 1972. While growing up LaPointe's mother told him not to tell others about his relationship to Sitting Bull. Before his mother's death Lapointe was told that a day might come when it will be important for him to set the record straight about his great-grandfather, Sitting Bull. In 1992, Ernie spoke publicly about Sitting Bull's direct blood descendants by speaking at the induction of Sitting Bull into the Hall of Fame of American Indian Chiefs at Anadarko, Oklahoma. LaPointe then began writing a book \"Sitting",
"title": "Ernie Lapointe"
},
{
"id": "3800099",
"text": "the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Journey on April 7, 2017. Stephen Ray Perry was born in Hanford, California, to Portuguese parents. He is an only child. Perry grew up interested in music, as his father, Raymond Perry (Pereira), was a vocalist and co-owner of radio station KNGS. Perry's parents ended their relationship when he was eight years of age, and he and his mother then moved to his grandparents' farm. In a September 2018 interview, Perry said, \"Things happened to me as a child that I still can't talk about – nothing to do",
"title": "Steve Perry"
},
{
"id": "12238529",
"text": "DeLeon (band) DeLeon is an indie rock band from New York that plays Sephardic folk songs in a modern context. The band is named for 12th century Kabalistic philosopher Moses de León and the great-grandfather of front man Daniel Saks, Giorgio DeLeon. DeLeon was formed in 2006, and first played live in April 2007 at the Bowery Ballroom, alongside Balkan Beat Box. DeLeon has toured with Os Mutantes, Gogol Bordello, Ozomatli, Mike Gordon and Balkan Beat Box. Saks is also a member of The LeeVees and The Macaroons. DeLeon's self-titled album was released August 12, 2008 on JDub Records. Saks",
"title": "DeLeon (band)"
},
{
"id": "11896576",
"text": "John Sullivan (center) John Sullivan (born August 8, 1985) is an American football center for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Washington Redskins. Sullivan was born in Mount Kisco, New York, but grew up in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. He attended Greenwich High School in Greenwich, the same high school that produced former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Steve Young. There, Sullivan was a Parade and SuperPrep All-American, as",
"title": "John Sullivan (center)"
},
{
"id": "18185331",
"text": "1985 A plane heading for Buchanan Field Airport loses control and crashes into the roof of Macys, killing the pilot and two passengers, and seriously injuring 84 Christmas shoppers at the Sun Valley Mall in Concord<br> Año Nuevo State Park is established at Año Nuevo Island \"(pictured, left)\" and points in San Mateo County<br> Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve \"(pictured, right)\" is established<br> NeXT is founded in Redwood City by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs, after being forced out of Apple<br> The San Francisco 49ers win the Super Bowl for the second time 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 The",
"title": "Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area"
},
{
"id": "13922162",
"text": "approaches to gathering opinions. In July 2011, Survey Sampling International announced its merger with Utah-based Opinionology. Though a merger, the newly formed sampling and data collection company continues to operate under the SSI brand. On December 17, 2014, HGGC, a middle market private equity firm announced it had completed its majority investment in the parent company of SSI. Though HGGC bought control of SSI, Providence Equity Partners and Sterling Investment Partners retained minority stakes in the business. Under the terms of the deal, Rich Lawson, HGGC’s chief executive, became chairman of SSI. Steve Young, a former professional football quarterback who",
"title": "Survey Sampling International"
},
{
"id": "374780",
"text": "Montana had one of his worst post-season games of his career, and was eventually benched during the game in favor of Steve Young, who scored a rushing touchdown and threw another. After the game Eddie DeBartolo stripped Walsh of the team president title. Dwight Clark retired that off-season. During the off-season, a quarterback controversy between Joe Montana and Steve Young had begun after Montana's poor performance in the playoffs the previous year. Many speculated that the 1988 season would be his last year with the team. In the 1988 NFL season, the 49ers struggled to start the season; Walsh would",
"title": "San Francisco 49ers"
},
{
"id": "2261769",
"text": "reason that he is not as well known today as many other Revolutionary War generals. Still, his significant contributions made him one of the most important figures of the American Revolution. He was buried in the Churchyard of Trinity Church, facing the historic Wall Street district (adjoining nearby St. Paul's Chapel), in New York City. Through his daughter Catherine, he is grandfather to college president William Alexander Duer (1780–1858) and noted lawyer and jurist John Duer (1782–1858). He iss also great-grandfather of U.S. Congressman William Duer (1805–1879) and great-great-great-granddfather of writer and suffragette Alice Duer Miller (1874–1942). Through his daughter",
"title": "William Alexander, Lord Stirling"
},
{
"id": "15916533",
"text": "were named in his honor. In 2008, Nelson was inducted into the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Alumni Hall of Fame, joining the likes of fellow inductees Steve Young and Steve Largent, actors Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Danny Glover, former Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz, and actress/singer Dana Owens (aka Queen Latifah). In 2015, 50 years after being named the Carlsbad Club’s “Boy of the Year” in 1965, Nelson was invited to help the organization establish a National Alumni Association. As someone who became a Carlsbad Club member at age nine, later serving as Executive",
"title": "Gregory R Nelson Sr."
},
{
"id": "3243678",
"text": "was the father of San Francisco mayor Roger Lapham, the grandfather of actor Christopher Lloyd, and the great-grandfather of Lewis H. Lapham, of \"Harper's Magazine\". Lewis Henry Lapham Lewis Henry Lapham (March 13, 1858 – June 10, 1934) was an American entrepreneur who made a fortune consolidating smaller business in the leather industry. He was also one of the founders of Texaco Oil Company. Lapham was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Samantha Lapham (née Vail) and Henry Griffith Lapham, who were second cousins. He built Waveny House in New Canaan, Connecticut as a summer residence for his",
"title": "Lewis Henry Lapham"
},
{
"id": "6779624",
"text": "Melvin Swig Melvin Morse Swig (July 31, 1917 – May 14, 1993) was a San Francisco real estate developer and philanthropist. He was also owner of the National Hockey League's California Golden Seals and Cleveland Barons. Mel Swig was born to a Jewish family in Boston, and was a son of Benjamin Swig and grandson of politician and banker Simon Swig. He graduated from Brown University in 1939. Swig was a real estate developer and philanthropist, in San Francisco and New York. He was heir to the Fairmont Hotel chain, and former chairman of the Swig, Weiler & Dinner Development",
"title": "Melvin Swig"
},
{
"id": "3018565",
"text": "took over at Aston Villa four months later but was sacked in October 2018. Bruce was born in Corbridge in Northumberland, the elder of two sons of Joe and Sheenagh Bruce. His father was local, and his mother had been born in Bangor in Northern Ireland. The family lived in Daisy Hill near Wallsend, and Bruce attended Benfield School. Bruce, a boyhood fan of Newcastle United, claims to have sneaked into St James' Park without paying to watch the team play, saying \"I have always been a Newcastle lad and when I was a kid, I crawled under the turnstiles",
"title": "Steve Bruce"
},
{
"id": "10615902",
"text": "58 (band) 58 is an American rock band, a side project involving Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe and producer Dave Darling, Sixx's former father-in-law. The band name originates from the fact that both Sixx and Darling were born in 1958. The band also included Steve Gibb (son of Bee Gees's Barry Gibb) on guitar and Bucket Baker on drums. The band described themselves as a mixture of \"glam, hip hop, rock, pop, funk and a car crash.\" They released one album, \"Diet for a New America\", in June 2000 on Americoma and Beyond Records. The original Demo for \"1958\" was",
"title": "58 (band)"
},
{
"id": "15652353",
"text": "team. September 10, 2018, he was selected MLB All-Stars at 2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series, but On October 29, 2018, he canceled his participation for MLB All-Stars Yelich's paternal grandfather is of Serb descent. Yelich's maternal great-grandfather was American football player Fred Gehrke. An uncle, Chris Yelich, played football for the UCLA Bruins. Yelich is the oldest of three children; his brothers are Collin and Cameron. Collin was selected by the Atlanta Braves in the 2015 Major League Baseball draft. Cameron is a United States Marine. His maternal grandfather is Japanese. Christian Yelich Christian Stephen Yelich (born December 5, 1991)",
"title": "Christian Yelich"
},
{
"id": "2025955",
"text": "is ranked second highest amongst retired players, behind only Tony Romo. His 43 career rushing touchdowns are second among quarterbacks, while his 4,239 rushing yards ranks third all time. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, Young attended Greenwich High School in Greenwich, Connecticut, where he played quarterback on its Cardinals football team. He earned 1978 All-FCIAC West Division First Team honors in his junior year, his first year as a starter. In his senior year he rushed for 13 touchdowns and earned All-FCIAC West Division First Team honors, and was named to the CIAC All-State team. In the rush-first option",
"title": "Steve Young"
},
{
"id": "5132986",
"text": "United will \"become a great club and win the European Cup in 50 years' time\". In 2010, aged 43, he said that he would be prepared to play for the club. Steve Coppell, Manchester United winger between 1975 and 1983, joined the club as a co-owner in April 2016. F.C. United have been criticised by their own members for abandoning their principles, including agreeing to a photo op with a Conservative Party government minister in October 2015, despite a club policy not to be used for political promotion, and a day after some club members took part in a march",
"title": "F.C. United of Manchester"
},
{
"id": "12680034",
"text": "he did not run for reelection to the House and he vacated his seat after serving four years. Smith was born in Portland in 1973 to attorney and former Umatilla County district attorney R. P. Joe Smith and family therapist Suzanne Peck. He was named for U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. He is a great-great-great grandnephew of Joseph Smith, founder of Mormonism. His parents split before his second birthday, and he moved with his mother to South Pasadena, California. He returned to Portland during his seventh-grade year, and later became class president at Grant High School. His mother died of breast",
"title": "Jefferson Smith (politician)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Steve Young context: alsoacked 290 times, also most in franchise history. In 1999, he was ranked No. 63 on \"The Sporting News\" list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. Young was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 5, 2005; he was the first left-handed quarterback to be so honored. He was enshrined August 7, 2005. His induction speech was given by his father, LeGrande \"Grit\" Young. The San Francisco 49ers had his No. 8 jersey retired during a halftime ceremony against the New England Patriots on October 5, 2008. He was the 11th player in team history to\n\nWho was the famous great-great-grandfather of San Francisco 49er quarterback Steve Young?",
"compressed_tokens": 207,
"origin_tokens": 207,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Steve Young context: wrote his autobiography \"QB: My Life Behind the Spiral\", initially as a private memoir for his children Steve Young Jon Steven Young (born October 11, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback who played 15 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and is best known for his 13 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers. He also played for the NFL Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL). Young played college football for Brigham Young University, setting school and NCAA records en route to being runner-up for the 1983 Heisman Trophy.\n\ntitle: Steve Young contextain solutions education, enterprise, health and simple technology. In 193 founded a charitable foundation known as theForever Young Foundation\", which serves children facing physical, emotional, and financial challeng by athletic, and therapeutic opportun otherwise unavailable to them also serves as the National Spokesman for Best Shot Foundation, an organization founded by Save Darfur Coalition executive director and, David Rubenstein. began affiliation with the organization in 2009, when he became the honor league commissioner for their charitable dodgeball tournaments held on college campuses nationwide Young is a great-greatgreat-grandson of\n: History of the San 4ers in his throwing, started of Monday Detroit22. the4ersing a 76, entered game and though he not missed, completing2 12 andD, the 4ers Lions – end of partly fueled h the biggest controvers Afterions with the owner and coach, and after EddBartolo announced that quarterback Steve\n: Youngts for LedeG,U in19 led school scoring9 in. Steve Young Tom, both played quarterback at BYU after Steve, but neither received much playing time. Young has been married to Barbara Graham since 2000. They have two boys and two girls. According to A Football Life: As his playing career ended before his eldest child was born, he\n\nWho was the famous great-great-grandfather of San Francisco 49er quarterback Steve Young?",
"compressed_tokens": 456,
"origin_tokens": 14634,
"ratio": "32.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
131 | Who was the first professional athlete to win championship rings in two major sports? | [
"Gene Conley. He pitched for the Milwaukee Braves team that won the 1957 World Series, and was on the Boston Celtic teams that won National Basketball Association championships in 1959,1960 and 1961"
] | Gene Conley. He pitched for the Milwaukee Braves team that won the 1957 World Series, and was on the Boston Celtic teams that won National Basketball Association championships in 1959,1960 and 1961 | [
{
"id": "1810089",
"text": "Riddick Bowe Riddick Lamont Bowe (born August 10, 1967) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 1996 and from 2004 to 2008. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion in 1992, and as an amateur he won a silver medal in the super heavyweight division at the 1988 Summer Olympics. After turning professional in 1989, Bowe went on to become a two-time world heavyweight champion. In 1992 he won the undisputed WBA, WBC, and IBF titles by defeating then-unbeaten former undisputed cruiserweight champion Evander Holyfield. That same year, Bowe was named Fighter of the Year",
"title": "Riddick Bowe"
},
{
"id": "1323512",
"text": "George Foreman George Edward Foreman (born January 10, 1949) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1969 to 1977, and from 1987 to 1997. Nicknamed \"Big George\", he is a two-time world heavyweight champion and an Olympic gold medalist. Outside the sport he is an ordained minister, author, and entrepreneur. After a troubled childhood Foreman took up amateur boxing and won a gold medal in the heavyweight division at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Having turned professional the next year, he won the world heavyweight title with a second-round knockout of then-undefeated Joe Frazier in 1973. Two successful title",
"title": "George Foreman"
},
{
"id": "3367537",
"text": "Frank Sedgman Francis \"Frank\" Arthur Sedgman, AM (born 29 October 1927) is a retired World No. 1 amateur tennis champion. In his 1979 autobiography Jack Kramer, the long-time tennis promoter and player, included Sedgman in his list of the 21 greatest players of all time. Sedgman is one of only five tennis players all-time to win a multiple slam set in two disciplines, matching Margaret Court, Roy Emerson, Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams. In 1951 he and Ken McGregor won the men's doubles Grand Slam. Sedgman turned professional in 1953. In a five-year span from 1948 through 1952 Sedgman won",
"title": "Frank Sedgman"
},
{
"id": "2916754",
"text": "LeBron James are the only individuals who have received the award more than once. Woods received his first award in 1996 as an amateur golfer, and in 2000 as a professional golfer. James received his first award in 2012 and his second in 2016. They coincidentally have the same birthday, December 30th. The trophy is a ceramic replica of an ancient Greek amphora (\"circa\" 510 BCE) which depicts nude male Hellenistic athletes engaged in a variety of athletic activities—running, discus, and javelin. It measures 8\" in diameter and stands 18.5\" high (20.32 x 47 cm). The original amphorae was acquired",
"title": "Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year"
},
{
"id": "1417274",
"text": "results. In 1994 he lost a bout by KO to John Carlo, the first time a former heavyweight champion had lost to a boxer making his pro debut (promoter Charles Farrell later admitted to falsifying Carlo's record in order to get the fight sanctioned by the District of Columbia). Spinks retired at age 42, after losing an 8-round decision to Fred Houpe in 1995, who was coming off a seventeen-year hiatus. During the 1990s, Spinks worked for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling, winning its world title in 1992, making him the only man to hold titles in both boxing and wrestling. In",
"title": "Leon Spinks"
},
{
"id": "1436826",
"text": "rock band King Crimson included many musicians from Bournemouth including brothers Michael Giles (drums) and Peter Giles (bass). Bournemouth has been the home of sporting world champions: Freddie Mills (1919–1965), who won the World Light Heavyweight title in 1948. Another famous sportsman, the athlete Charles Bennett (1870–1948), lived in the town after he retired. Bennett, was the first British track and field athlete to become Olympic Champion, winning two gold medals and a silver at the Paris Games in 1900. The tennis player and Wimbledon Championships winner Virginia Wade OBE was born in Bournemouth. Three recipients of the Victoria Cross",
"title": "Bournemouth"
},
{
"id": "3358568",
"text": "Pancho Segura Francisco Olegario Segura (June 20, 1921 – November 18, 2017), better known as Pancho \"Segoo\" Segura, was a leading tennis player of the 1940s and 1950s, both as an amateur and as a professional. In 1950 and 1952, as a professional, he was the World Co-No. 1 player. He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, but moved to the United States in the late 1930s and was a citizen of both countries. He is the only player to have won the US Pro title on three different surfaces (which he did consecutively from 1950–1952). Segura's most potent shot was",
"title": "Pancho Segura"
},
{
"id": "7293472",
"text": "the era were the peerless heavyweight Jim Jeffries and Bob Fitzsimmons, who weighed less than 12 stone (164 pounds), but won world titles at middleweight (1892), light heavyweight (1903), and heavyweight (1897). Other famous champions included light heavyweight Philadelphia Jack O'Brien and middleweight Tommy Ryan. On May 12, 1902 lightweight Joe Gans became the first black American to be boxing champion. Despite the public's enthusiasm, this was an era of far-reaching regulation of the sport, often with the stated goal of outright prohibition. In 1900, the State of New York enacted the Lewis Law, banned prizefights except for those held",
"title": "Professional boxing"
},
{
"id": "1304376",
"text": "famous\", by exaggerating contact on the court in a manner analogous to diving in soccer games. Having traversed the major basketball continents during his career, Ginóbili is one of the few players who enjoyed success under both the physical, one-on-one play of the NBA and the more technical, jump-shooting rule set of FIBA. He is one of only two players in basketball history (along with Bill Bradley) to win the EuroLeague, an Olympic gold medal, and an NBA championship ring. He is also the first non-U.S. player to win both the NBA championship ring and the Olympic gold medal, and",
"title": "Manu Ginóbili"
},
{
"id": "4841101",
"text": "Bill Sharman William Walton Sharman (May 25, 1926 – October 25, 2013) was an American professional basketball player and coach. He is mostly known for his time with the Boston Celtics in the 1950s, partnering with Bob Cousy in what some consider the greatest backcourt duo of all time. As a coach, Sharman won titles in the ABL, ABA, and NBA, and is credited with introducing the now ubiquitous morning shootaround. He was the first North American sports figure to win a championship as a player, coach, and executive. He was a 10-time NBA champion (having won four titles as",
"title": "Bill Sharman"
},
{
"id": "6811303",
"text": "Wimbledon Championships was reaching the quarterfinal in 1971 in which he lost to Ken Rosewall in a close four-hour five-set match. During the first years of the Open Era, which started in 1968, Richey chose to be an independent professional but in April 1972 he became a contract professional when he signed a four-year contract with Lamar Hunt to join the World Championship Tennis tour. He is the brother of Nancy Richey, a Hall of Fame tennis player who won two Grand Slam singles tournaments. They were the first brother-sister combination to both be concurrently ranked in the US Top",
"title": "Cliff Richey"
},
{
"id": "5426076",
"text": "Jaroslav Drobný Jaroslav Drobný (; 12 October 1921 - 13 September 2001) was a World No. 1 amateur tennis champion as well as being an ice hockey player. He left Czechoslovakia in 1949 and travelled as an Egyptian citizen before becoming a citizen of Great Britain in 1959, where he died in 2001. In 1954, he became the first and, to date, only player with African citizenship to win the Wimbledon Championships (aside from dual citizen Roger Federer, who holds South African citizenship but officially represents only Switzerland in sports). Drobný began playing tennis at age five and, as a",
"title": "Jaroslav Drobný"
},
{
"id": "2777396",
"text": "Ingemar Johansson Jens Ingemar \"Ingo\" Johansson (; 22 September 1932 – 30 January 2009) was a Swedish professional boxer who competed from 1952 to 1963. He held the world heavyweight title from 1959 to 1960, and was the fifth heavyweight champion born outside the United States. Johansson won the title by defeating Floyd Patterson via third-round stoppage, after flooring him seven times in that round. For this achievement, Johansson was awarded the Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year—the only non-American to do so in the belt's entire 27-year existence—and was named the Associated Press Male Athlete of",
"title": "Ingemar Johansson"
},
{
"id": "20350005",
"text": "Vasyl Lomachenko vs. Guillermo Rigondeaux Vasyl Lomachenko vs. Guillermo Rigondeaux was a professional boxing match contested for the WBO super featherweight championship. The bout was held on December 9, 2017 at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Lomachenko and Rigondeaux are regarded as two of the best amateurs in history, with each boxer winning two Olympic gold medals. It was the first time dual gold medal winners fought professionally, and it was a fight the great Roy Jones Jr stated, \"To me, on paper, this is the best professional fight that has ever been made.\" Lomachenko",
"title": "Vasyl Lomachenko vs. Guillermo Rigondeaux"
},
{
"id": "2164202",
"text": "on her Newark statue, \"Althea Gibson certainly attained that goal.\" Althea Gibson Althea Gibson (August 25, 1927 – September 28, 2003) was an American tennis player and professional golfer, and the first Black athlete to cross the color line of international tennis. In 1956, she became the first African American to win a Grand Slam title (the French Championships). The following year she won both Wimbledon and the US Nationals (precursor of the US Open), then won both again in 1958, and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press in both years. In all, she won",
"title": "Althea Gibson"
},
{
"id": "3385762",
"text": "Stan Smith Stanley Roger Smith (born December 14, 1946 in Pasadena, California) is a former world No. 1 American tennis player and two-time Grand Slam singles champion who also, with his partner Bob Lutz, formed one of the most successful doubles teams of all time. Together, they won many major titles all over the world. In 1970, Smith won the first year end championship Masters Grand Prix title. Smith's two major singles titles were the 1971 US Open (over Jan Kodeš in the final), and 1972 Wimbledon (over Ilie Năstase in the final). In 1972, he was the year-ending world",
"title": "Stan Smith"
},
{
"id": "3707664",
"text": "Virgil Hill Virgil Eugene Hill (born January 18, 1964) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2007, and in 2015. He is a two-weight world champion, having held the WBA light heavyweight title twice, from 1987 to 1997; the IBF and lineal light heavyweight titles from 1996 to 1997; and the WBA cruiserweight title twice, from 2000 to 2002 and 2006 to 2007. As an amateur, Hill won a silver medal in the middleweight division at the 1984 Summer Olympics. In 2013, he was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame. At the 1984 Summer",
"title": "Virgil Hill"
},
{
"id": "5571970",
"text": "In the 1960s and 1970s, Muhammad Ali became an iconic figure, transformed the role and image of the African American athlete in America by his embrace of racial pride, and transcended the sport by refusing to serve in the Vietnam War. In the 1980s and 1990s, major boxers such as Mike Tyson and Riddick Bowe were marked by crime and self-destruction. Mixed martial arts in the United States developed in the 1990s, and has achieved popularity in the early 21st century. Many companies promote MMA cards, with the U.S.-based UFC the most dominant. Traditional wrestling is performed at the scholastic",
"title": "Sports in the United States"
},
{
"id": "11151961",
"text": "six year consecutive reign as World Featherweight Champion from 1906-1912, Abraham Washington Attell (1883-1970) was among the cleverest, most scientific professional boxers ever to enter the ring. Attell's success inspired his brothers Caesar and Monte to take up the sport—Abe and Monte both held simultaneous world titles for a time. This first ever biography covers Attell's life and career. Growing up poor and Jewish in a predominantly Irish neighborhood, he faced his share of adversity and anti-Semitism in and out of the ring. He was charged for alleged involvement in the 1919 Black Sox Scandal. The charges were dropped but",
"title": "Mark Allen Baker"
},
{
"id": "3652026",
"text": "Bradley Wiggins Sir Bradley Marc Wiggins, CBE (born 28 April 1980) is a British former professional road and track racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2001 and 2016. Nicknamed \"Wiggo\", he began his cycling career on the track, but made the transition to road cycling and is one of the few cyclists in the modern era to gain significant elite level success in both those forms of professional cycling. He is the only rider to have combined winning both World and Olympic championships on both the track and the road, as well as winning the Tour de France, and holding",
"title": "Bradley Wiggins"
},
{
"id": "936435",
"text": "1992 Summer Olympics where, shortly after having graduated from James A. Garfield High School, he won a gold medal in the lightweight division, and reportedly \"set a sport back on its feet.\" De La Hoya was named \"The Ring\" magazine Fighter of the Year in 1995, and was its top-rated fighter in the world, pound for pound, in 1997 and 1998. He generated approximately $700 million in pay-per-view income, making De La Hoya the top pay-per-view earner before being surpassed by Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao. He announced his retirement as a fighter in 2009, following a professional career",
"title": "Oscar De La Hoya"
},
{
"id": "7293475",
"text": "then fifteen, recounted vicariously experiencing the 1904 Jeffries-Munroe championship fight in this way. In the 1920s, prizefighting was the pre-eminent sport in the United States, and no figure loomed larger than Jack Dempsey, who became world heavyweight champion after brutally defeating Jess Willard. Dempsey was one of the hardest punchers of all time and as Bert Randolph Sugar put it, \"had a left hook from hell\". He is remembered for his iconic fight with Luis Ángel Firpo, which was followed by a lavish life of celebrity away from the ring. The enormously popular Dempsey would conclude his career with a",
"title": "Professional boxing"
},
{
"id": "2453522",
"text": "left £747,098. In an interview published a few days after her death, Cooper described Albina, who \"hated\" his sport, as \"an ideal wife for a boxer\", never grumbling about his long absences before big fights and inviting journalists in for tea while they waited for Cooper to get out of bed the morning after bouts. Cooper was the first to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice (in 1967 and 1970) and one of only four two-time winners in the award's history (the others being Nigel Mansell in 1986 and 1992, Damon Hill in 1994 and 1996,",
"title": "Henry Cooper"
},
{
"id": "20185523",
"text": "to do after retiring from in-ring competition. In 1939 he promoted an event headlined by Lord Patrick Lansdowne vs. Mike London. In 1950 he began promoting female wrestling match. Fenelon was a multifaceted sportsman. Along with wrestling and boxing, he also played hockey and was third baseman for a local semi-professional baseball called Kool Motors. Ken Fenelon Ken Fenelon (born Patrick Fenelon, 26 February 1909 - 8 August 1972) was an American professional wrestler, boxer, promoter and referee. He was the first NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion and the first two-time holder of the title which he held for a",
"title": "Ken Fenelon"
},
{
"id": "13828015",
"text": "presentation was broadcast over a national radio chain. The inscription was authored by Harold Titus. The plaque has figures at the bottom representing a diver (Degener), a power boat racer (Wood), a baseball player (Tigers), a football player (Lions), and a hockey player (Red Wings and Olympics). Originally a boxer, representing Joe Louis, was planned to appear on it. However, following Louis's unexpected loss to Max Schmeling June 19, the image of the prize fighter was removed and replaced with the diver. No other city has won the championship games/series for three of the four major North American sports the",
"title": "Champions Day"
},
{
"id": "1906325",
"text": "Ben Hogan William Ben Hogan (August 13, 1912 – July 25, 1997) was an American professional golfer who is generally considered to be one of the greatest players in the history of the game. He was born within six months of Sam Snead and Byron Nelson, who were two other acknowledged golf greats of the 20th century. Hogan is notable for his profound influence on golf swing theory and his legendary ball-striking ability. His nine career professional major championships tie him with Gary Player for fourth all-time, trailing only Jack Nicklaus (18), Tiger Woods (14) and Walter Hagen (11). He",
"title": "Ben Hogan"
},
{
"id": "539120",
"text": "Tiger Woods Eldrick Tont \"Tiger\" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time, and one of the most popular athletes of the 21st century. He has been one of the highest-paid athletes in the world for several years. Woods is generally considered one of the greatest golfers of all time. Following an outstanding junior, college, and amateur career, Woods was 20 years old when he turned professional at the end of summer in 1996. By the end of April 1997, he had won three PGA Tour events in",
"title": "Tiger Woods"
},
{
"id": "1406767",
"text": "Floyd Patterson Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1952 to 1972, and twice reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1956 to 1962. At the age of 21, he became the youngest boxer in history to win the title, and was also the first heavyweight to regain the title after losing it. As an amateur, he won a gold medal in the middleweight division at the 1952 Summer Olympics. In 1956 and 1960, Patterson was voted Fighter of the Year by \"The Ring\" magazine and the Boxing Writers Association",
"title": "Floyd Patterson"
},
{
"id": "2338983",
"text": "Wladimir Klitschko Wladimir Wladimirowitsch Klitschko (born 25 March 1976) is a Ukrainian former professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2017. He held the world heavyweight championship twice, including the WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, IBO, \"Ring\" magazine and lineal titles. A strategic and intelligent boxer, Klitschko is considered to be one of the best heavyweight champions of all time. He was known for his exceptional knockout power, using a strong jab, straight right hand and left hook, as well as excellent footwork and mobility, unusual for boxers of his size. As an amateur, Klitschko represented Ukraine at the 1996 Olympics,",
"title": "Wladimir Klitschko"
},
{
"id": "226172",
"text": "the Doctrine of the Faith; Cardinal Sean O'Malley, Archbishop of Boston; and Cardinal Jaime Sin, former Archbishop of Manila. In the world of sports, Vince Lombardi, the famed former coach of the Green Bay Packers; wrestler Lou Albano; James Connolly, the first Olympic gold-medal champion in modern times; Floyd Patterson, former heavyweight boxing champion; and baseball legend Babe Ruth were all knights. On October 15, 2006, Bishop Rafael Guizar Valencia (1878–1938) was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in Rome. In 2000, six other Knights, known as the Mexican martyrs who were killed during the repression following the 1920s revolution, were",
"title": "Knights of Columbus"
},
{
"id": "7802837",
"text": "Lawson Little William Lawson Little, Jr. (June 23, 1910 – February 1, 1968) was an American professional golfer who also had a distinguished amateur career. Little was born in Newport, Rhode Island, and lived much of his early life in the San Francisco area, where his father was a senior military officer. Little was one of the most dominant amateur players in the history of the sport, capturing both the British Amateur and the U.S. Amateur, then regarded as major championships, consecutively in 1934 and 1935. He remains the only player to have won both titles in the same year",
"title": "Lawson Little"
},
{
"id": "2944906",
"text": "the highest representation, with fifteen recipients. The most recent recipient in 2017 was Swiss tennis player Roger Federer. Only one winner has ever been stripped of the award – US cyclist Lance Armstrong, whose 2003 award was rescinded by the BBC following the UCI's 2012 decision to strip Armstrong of his titles and ban him for life from the sport. In 2018, the award was renamed BBC World Sport Star of the Year. Along with the change of name, votes could be cast from outside of the UK for the first time. This table lists the total number of awards",
"title": "BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year"
},
{
"id": "8012683",
"text": "Billy Griggs William Luther Griggs (b. September 16, 1968 from Anaheim, California U.S.) is an American \"Old School/Mid School\" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1985 to 1996. His nickname was \"Mr. Bill\" which was a play on his name and an allusion to a late 1970s Saturday Night Live skit called \"The Mr. Bill Show.\" Billy Griggs had a more successful career than most, winning two World Championships during his amateur days, but did not quite make it to the top in pro although he would consistently make the mains. Note: Professional first",
"title": "Billy Griggs"
},
{
"id": "18689369",
"text": "building upon this new tradition. Starting with the sons of the famine generation, the Irish dominated baseball and boxing, and played a major role in other sports. John L. Sullivan (1858–1918), The heavyweight boxing champion, was the first of the modern sports superstars, winning scores of contests – perhaps as many as 200—with a purse that reached the fabulous sum of one million dollars. Famous in their day were NFL quarterbacks and Super Bowl champions John Elway and Tom Brady, NBA forward Rick Barry, tennis greats Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe, baseball pitcher Nolan Ryan, baseball shortstop Derek Jeter, basketball",
"title": "Irish Americans"
},
{
"id": "2344283",
"text": "for self-promotion, Gotch became one of America’s greatest sports idols. He achieved a level of popularity similar to that formerly held by boxer John L. Sullivan and harness racehorse Dan Patch, and enjoyed later by such sports heroes of the Golden Age of Sports as boxing's Jack Dempsey, baseball's Babe Ruth, tennis's Bill Tilden and golf's Bobby Jones. This in turn made professional wrestling mainstream. Mac Davis wrote in \"100 Greatest Sports Heroes\", \"As the idol of millions in the United States, Canada and Mexico, Gotch made [professional] wrestling a big-time sport in his day. He drew larger audiences than",
"title": "Frank Gotch"
},
{
"id": "1355921",
"text": "Rocky Marciano, dependent on bobbing, weaving and relentless pressure to wear down his opponents. His best known punch was a powerful left hook, which accounted for most of his knockouts. In his career he lost to only two fighters, both former Olympic and world heavyweight champions: twice to Muhammad Ali, and twice to George Foreman. After retiring, Frazier made cameo appearances in several Hollywood movies, and two episodes of \"The Simpsons\". His son Marvis became a boxer—trained by Frazier himself—but was unable to match his father's success. His daughter Jackie Frazier-Lyde also boxed professionally. Frazier continued to train fighters in",
"title": "Joe Frazier"
},
{
"id": "401900",
"text": "He had the most natural tennis mind with the most natural tennis physique.\" Before and during the open era, Rod Laver remains the only male player in history to have won the calendar year Grand Slam twice in 1962 and 1969 and also the calendar year Professional Grand Slam in 1967. More recently Björn Borg and Pete Sampras were regarded by many of their contemporaries as among the greatest ever. Andre Agassi, the first of two male players in history to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in singles tennis (followed by Rafael Nadal), has been called the best service",
"title": "Tennis"
},
{
"id": "2410332",
"text": "Middleweight Middleweight is a weight class in combat sports. In professional boxing, the middleweight division is contested above and up to . Early boxing history is less than exact, but the middleweight designation seems to have begun in the 1840s. In the bare-knuckle era, the first middleweight championship fight was between Tom Chandler and Dooney Harris in 1867. Chandler won, becoming known as the American middleweight champion. The first middleweight fight with gloves \"may\" have been between George Fulljames and Jack (Nonpareil) Dempsey (no relation to the more famous heavyweight Jack Dempsey). Gennady Golovkin and Bernard Hopkins hold the record",
"title": "Middleweight"
},
{
"id": "1694709",
"text": "Michael Moorer Michael Lee Moorer (born November 12, 1967) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1988 to 2008. He is a multiple-time world champion in two weight classes, having held the WBO light heavyweight title from 1988 to 1991; the WBO heavyweight title from 1992 to 1993; the unified WBA, IBF, and lineal heavyweight titles in 1994; and the IBF heavyweight title again from 1996 to 1997. Moorer is one of only four men (the others being Muhammad Ali, Evander Holyfield, and Lennox Lewis) to win a heavyweight world title on three separate occasions, as well as",
"title": "Michael Moorer"
},
{
"id": "8662146",
"text": "He was re-signed on December 1. After injuries limited him to only 3 games, he wasn't re-signed at the end of the season. Smith played in the NFL for 12 seasons, recording 24 quarterback sacks, 11 interceptions and 4 touchdowns. He never appeared in a Pro Bowl, but he is the only professional football player to earn two College Football National Championship rings (1989 and 1991) and two Super Bowl rings (1993 and 1995). Smith now owns and operates a real estate investment/development company. He is a member of The Fountain of Pembroke Pines (Pastor Wayne Lomax) where he heads",
"title": "Darrin Smith"
},
{
"id": "1877489",
"text": "in basketball, in Masters athletics. At the time he claimed he had only been beaten in the high jump once, by Olympic champion Charles Dumas, and that he had never been beaten in the shot put, including beating Olympic legend Al Oerter. Chamberlain played a villainous warrior and counterpart of Arnold Schwarzenegger in the film \"Conan the Destroyer\" (1984). In November 1998, he signed with Ian Ng Cheng Hin, CEO of Northern Cinema House Entertainment (NCH Entertainment), to do his own bio-pic, wanting to tell his life story his way. He had been working on the screenplay notes for over",
"title": "Wilt Chamberlain"
},
{
"id": "7916414",
"text": "on to become the first ever Heavyweight Champion of Shooto. KO PUNCHES Egan Inoue Egan Inoue (, born June 4, 1965) is an American jiu-jitsu practitioner, mixed martial artist and racquetball player. He also won two International Racquetball Federation (IRF) World Championships. Inoue played professional racquetball on the International Racquetball Tour, winning two tournaments, and finishing in the top 10 ranked players four times: 1986-87 to 1988-89 and 1990-91. His record on the IRT is 85-69. But Inoue's racquetball career is highlighted by two World Championships. His first came in 1986 in Orlando, Florida, when he defeated Canadian Roger Harripersad",
"title": "Egan Inoue"
},
{
"id": "6310397",
"text": "Cliff Levingston Clifford Eugene Levingston (born January 4, 1961) is an American retired professional basketball player, who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Levingston starred at Wichita State University, before being drafted by the Detroit Pistons in 1982. After two seasons with the Pistons, he was traded to the Atlanta Hawks, with whom he would spend the prime of his career. After six seasons with the Hawks, Levingston joined the Chicago Bulls, with whom he won two championship rings in 1991 and 1992. From 1992 to 1994, he played overseas with PAOK of the Greek Basket League, and as",
"title": "Cliff Levingston"
},
{
"id": "3821480",
"text": "National Championships, winning gold in both. He remains the only boxer in history to have won gold at the Pan Am Games, World Championships and U.S. Nationals all in the same year. Outside of boxing, Tarver starred as Mason \"The Line\" Dixon, the heavyweight champion in the 2006 film \"Rocky Balboa\". Tarver made his professional debut at the age of 28 on February 18, 1997, with a second-round knockout of Joaquin Garcia at the legendary \"Blue Horizon\" in Philadelphia. Tarver won his first 16 fights,14 by knockout, before stepping up his level of competition. After taking most of his first",
"title": "Antonio Tarver"
},
{
"id": "1662084",
"text": "sport in America was perhaps no more evident than when Don Carter became the first athlete of any kind to sign a US$1 million endorsement contract, inking a multi-year deal with Ebonite International in 1964. By comparison, Arnold Palmer earned just $5,000 in 1961 endorsing Wilson golf equipment, and NFL quarterback Joe Namath made just $10,000 in 1968 to famously shave off his moustache with a Schick razor. Until the mid-1980s there was little, if any, new investment in the sport, with the decline in interest being partially attributed to the complex scoring system, especially as it was a manual",
"title": "Ten-pin bowling"
},
{
"id": "12506887",
"text": "White opposition led to their exclusion from most organized sporting competitions. The boxers Jack Johnson and Joe Louis (both of whom became world heavyweight boxing champions) and track and field athlete Jesse Owens (who won four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin) earned fame during this era. In baseball, a color line instituted in the 1880s had informally barred blacks from playing in the major leagues, leading to the development of the Negro Leagues, which featured many fine players. A major breakthrough occurred in 1947, when Jackie Robinson was hired as the first African American to play",
"title": "Jim Crow laws"
},
{
"id": "2122086",
"text": "Casey O'Callaghan (renovation). In 2010, the courses together won the National Golf Course Owners Association's California Golf Course of the Year Award. \"Note: This list is incomplete.\" LPGA Majors are shown in bold. Female golfers who have competed against men in open PGA tournaments: Babe Didrikson Zaharias Mildred Ella \"Babe\" Didrikson Zaharias (; June 26, 1911 – September 27, 1956) was an American athlete who excelled in golf, basketball, baseball and track and field. She won two gold medals in track and field at the 1932 Summer Olympics, before turning to professional golf and winning 10 LPGA major championships. She",
"title": "Babe Didrikson Zaharias"
},
{
"id": "1662217",
"text": "David Robinson (basketball) David Maurice Robinson (born August 6, 1965) is an American retired professional basketball player, who played center for the San Antonio Spurs in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for his entire career. Based on his prior service as an officer in the United States Navy, Robinson earned the nickname \"The Admiral\". Robinson is a 10-time NBA All-Star, the 1995 NBA MVP, a two-time NBA Champion (1999 and 2003), a two-time Olympic Gold Medal winner (1992, 1996), a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee (2009 for his individual career, 2010 as a member of the 1992",
"title": "David Robinson (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "10259671",
"text": "Championship Tennis. After signing John Newcombe to a professional contract, Dixon persuaded Cliff Drysdale, Nikki Pilić, Roger Taylor, Tony Roche, Dennis Ralston, Pierre Barthes, and Butch Buchholz, seven of the world's ten best male tennis players, to turn pro within a few weeks. The US Open, the French Open, the Australian Open, and the Wimbledon Championships, formerly limited to amateur players, admitted professionals, and the popularity of the game grew dramatically. Remarkably, within ten years the leading money winner on the tennis pro tour was earning more money than the leading money winner on the pro golf tour. Starting in",
"title": "David Dixon (businessman)"
},
{
"id": "5987691",
"text": "After the success of Superbike, Ducati offered Bayliss a one-off entry in the final MotoGP race of the year in Valencia, due to Sete Gibernau being injured. Remarkably Bayliss qualified 2nd and led the whole race, which ended in a Ducati 1–2. This was the first time any rider had won a race in both the Superbike and the Grand Prix world championships in the same year, and the first by a reigning champion. His impressive victory was somewhat overshadowed by the dramatic events involving Valentino Rossi and Nicky Hayden that ultimately determined the 2006 title winner. After a rather",
"title": "Troy Bayliss"
},
{
"id": "19744249",
"text": "sport as way of increasing moral and physical character. John L. Sullivan became the first American heavyweight champion in 1882 under bare knuckle boxing rules and again in 1892 becoming the first gloved era. He was defeated by James Corbett, often referred to as the father of modern boxing due to his innovative scientific technique, in 1892. Jack Johnson was the first African American heavyweight champion. Ring magazine was founded in the mid 1900s, and it began listing of championships and winners. The National Boxing Association changed its name in 1962 and became the World Boxing Association. The new organization",
"title": "Boxing in the United States"
},
{
"id": "7928981",
"text": "David Clinton David Clinton (born January 2, 1960 in Sun Valley, California) is an \"Old School\" former professional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) racer whose prime competitive years were from 1973 to 1979. Nicknamed \"Dynamite\" early in his career David Clinton could be truthfully said to be the sport's first true superstar. He was the first racer to win an official National No.1 plate of any kind when the first BMX sanctioning body, the National Bicycle Association (NBA), introduced the title in 1975. During the previous year he won the junior class division of a series of what could be called proto",
"title": "David Clinton"
},
{
"id": "5705717",
"text": "suffered a major stroke which left him physically disabled. In 2013 he was inducted in the Hall of Fame of the International Judo Federation. Ruska was admitted to a nursing home in 2014. Ruska died on 14 February 2015 at the age of 74 and was survived by his wife, two children and five grandchildren. Wim Ruska Willem \"Wim\" Ruska (29 August 1940 – 14 February 2015) was a judoka from the Netherlands. He is the only athlete to win two gold medals in Judo in one Olympics – in the heavyweight and absolute categories in 1972. He started learning",
"title": "Wim Ruska"
},
{
"id": "3342814",
"text": "Harold Osborn Harold Marion Osborn D.O. (April 13, 1899 – April 5, 1975) was a U.S. track athlete. He won a gold medal in Olympic decathlon and high jump in 1924. The apex of the athletic career of Harold M. Osborn occurred at the 1924 Olympic games in Paris, France (the games of the VIII Olympiad, featured in the popular film, Chariots of Fire). Osborn was the first and, to this day, the only athlete ever to win gold in both the decathlon and an individual event. Harold Marion Osborn was born April 13, 1899, the fourth child and third",
"title": "Harold Osborn"
},
{
"id": "5068190",
"text": "he was advertised as appearing on BET television series \"The Game\", as well as TV Land original situation comedy, \"The Exes\" in October 2012. He is also working on other upcoming films. Besides wrestling and acting, Gaspard also does modeling and works on a comic book. In 2013 Gaspard performed in the stage adaptation of \"Pugilist\" as Jack Johnson, the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915), depicting the fighters rise to the world heavyweight championship, and his tragic fall. Gaspard is married to fitness model and athlete Siliana Gaspard. The couple had their first child, a boy, in",
"title": "Shad Gaspard"
},
{
"id": "7293480",
"text": "his opponents was the ageless Archie Moore, who held the world light heavyweight title for ten years and scored more knockout victories than any other boxer in history. In the early 1960s, the seemingly invincible Sonny Liston captured the public imagination with his one-sided destruction of two-time heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson. One of the last mob-connected fighters, Liston had his mystique shattered in two controversial losses to the brash upstart Cassius Clay, who changed his name to Muhammad Ali after becoming champion. Ali would become the most iconic figure in boxing history, transcending the sport and achieving global recognition. His",
"title": "Professional boxing"
},
{
"id": "11903061",
"text": "Riggs was the top player for the year. The players met three times at the end of December on fast indoor courts; Riggs won two of these matches. The promoter of the two Riggs-Budge tours was Jack Harris. In mid-1947, he had already made a deal with Kramer that he would turn professional after the U.S. Championships, regardless of whether he was the winner. He also told Riggs and Budge that the winner of the Professional American Singles Championship, to be held at Forest Hills, would establish the World Champion who would defend his title against Kramer. For the second",
"title": "Bobby Riggs"
},
{
"id": "5557818",
"text": "discovered and trained to be a professional wrestler by , Kolov was self-taught. Kolov was the first wrestler who captured professional world heavyweight wrestling championship's \"Diamond Belt\" twice. His most famous victories are: in New York vs. Rudy Dusek (1919), in Tokyo vs. Jiki Higen \"The Strangler\" (1921) and in Paris vs. Henri Deglane (1933). He was also three times European Heavyweight Champion (1934, 1937, 1937). In 1937, Kolov defeated then European Heavyweight Champion, American Al Pereira, only for Pereira to win the title back and for Kolov to reclaim it, before losing it in turn to Joe Savoldi. He",
"title": "Dan Kolov"
},
{
"id": "4227576",
"text": "published his book with the help of British entrepreneur Kevin Baker and ghost writer Ryan Danes. Tim Witherspoon Tim Witherspoon (born December 27, 1957) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1979 to 2003. He is a two-time world heavyweight champion, having held the WBC title in 1984, and the WBA title in 1986. Witherspoon also worked as a regular sparring partner for Muhammad Ali. Witherspoon had six amateur bouts, losing the last to Marvis Frazier on decision after getting knocked down. Making his professional debut with a first-round TKO over Joe Adams on October 30, 1979, Witherspoon",
"title": "Tim Witherspoon"
},
{
"id": "1987902",
"text": "in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and four winners have also been named Most Valuable Player in a Super Bowl. Some winners have gone on to play in other professional sports, including Bo Jackson in baseball and Charlie Ward in basketball. Pete Dawkins and Dick Kazmaier are the only winners not to pursue a professional sports career: Dawkins had a career with the United States Army where he achieved the rank of Brigadier General; Kazmaier attended Harvard Business School, founded a consulting company specializing in sports marketing, and chaired the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition during 1988–89.",
"title": "Heisman Trophy"
},
{
"id": "10838696",
"text": "to win those two in the same calendar year. He was followed by Jack Burke Jr. (1956) and Jack Nicklaus (1963, 1975); they completed their doubles in the summer (July, August). Previous champions of both the Masters and PGA Championship, won in different calendar years, were Gene Sarazen, Byron Nelson, and Henry Picard. Defending tour player of the year Ben Hogan did not play in the majors in 1949, due to a near-fatal automobile collision in west Texas in early February. Prior to the accident, he had won twice in January and was a runner-up in a playoff. Hogan returned",
"title": "1949 Masters Tournament"
},
{
"id": "6354233",
"text": "occasions. Priestley has also been a three-times World Matchplay runner-up, losing to American Larry Butler in 1994, Taylor in 1995 and Peter Evison in 1996. Between 1991 and 1994, Priestley was the only player to win more than one grand slam/major title (he won three), while he also claimed more top professional events on either circuit than any other player and attained the number-one ranking. Priestley's ascendancy was forcefully ended by Taylor's World Championship and World Matchplay triumphs in 1995. He did, however, notch up a further major televised title later that year - the inaugural PDC World Pairs partnering",
"title": "Dennis Priestley"
},
{
"id": "8507773",
"text": "to win two individual gold medals at a World Championships. In December 2013, Farah was the second favourite, behind Wimbledon tennis champion Andy Murray, to become the BBC Sports Personality of the Year. When he was asked what drove him to keep pushing back the boundaries of athletic accomplishment, he noted sprinter Usain Bolt's record breaking streak as a motivating example of what is possible for all dedicated athletes. Farah was a finalist for the 2013 IAAF World Athlete of the year award. In preparation for his marathon debut, he also extended his training schedule to 120 miles a week.",
"title": "Mo Farah"
},
{
"id": "1952581",
"text": "more Tours. He retired from competition in December 1994. He was inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame in 1996. LeMond was the first American to win the elite Road World Championship, the first professional cyclist to sign a million-dollar contract, and the first cyclist to appear on the cover of \"Sports Illustrated\" when the magazine named him as its Sportsman of the Year in 1989. During his career, LeMond championed several technological advancements in pro cycling, including the introduction of aerodynamic \"triathlon\" handlebars and carbon fiber bicycle frames, which he later marketed through his company LeMond Bicycles.",
"title": "Greg LeMond"
},
{
"id": "3393862",
"text": "Dwight Muhammad Qawi Dwight Muhammad Qawi (born Dwight Braxton; January 5, 1953) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1978 to 1998. He was a world champion in two weight classes, having held the WBC and \"Ring\" magazine light heavyweight titles from 1981 to 1983, and the WBA cruiserweight title from 1985 to 1986. Qawi was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2004. Qawi, then known as Dwight Braxton, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but grew up in Camden, New Jersey, where he got involved with crime at a young age. He was eventually convicted",
"title": "Dwight Muhammad Qawi"
},
{
"id": "8017307",
"text": "1936. He was also the first athlete ever to win both the 100 m and 400 m events on the same day. He has become known as X-Man due to the first letter of his name as well as his signature victory salute of crossing his forearms to make an X. Shortly after his success at the NCAA championships he announced that he would forgo his remaining two years of college eligibility in both track and football to join the professional track and field circuit. He is now represented by the sports agent Mark Block (coach and husband of the",
"title": "Xavier Carter"
},
{
"id": "1385682",
"text": "Evander Holyfield Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2011. He reigned as the undisputed champion at cruiserweight in the late 1980s and at heavyweight in the early 1990s, and remains the only boxer in history to win the undisputed championship in two weight classes. Nicknamed \"The Real Deal\", Holyfield is the only four-time world heavyweight champion, having held the unified WBA, WBC, and IBF titles from 1990 to 1992; the WBA and IBF titles again from 1993 to 1994 and between 1996 and 1999; and the WBA title for",
"title": "Evander Holyfield"
},
{
"id": "3707671",
"text": "losses. On July 16, 2011 Hill worked with his wife, Carla Hill, for their first ever boxing card and promotion at Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey, On November 12, 2012 he was officially inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, Class of 2013. Virgil Hill Virgil Eugene Hill (born January 18, 1964) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2007, and in 2015. He is a two-weight world champion, having held the WBA light heavyweight title twice, from 1987 to 1997; the IBF and lineal light heavyweight titles from 1996 to 1997;",
"title": "Virgil Hill"
},
{
"id": "11206874",
"text": "Both are members of the U.S. Badminton Hall of Fame, now called the Walk of Fame. One of their sons, Tony Alston, was a leading U.S. player in the 1980s. Joseph Cameron Alston Joseph Cameron Alston (December 20, 1926 – April 16, 2008) was an American badminton player who won major titles between 1951 and 1967. Despite a career in the Federal Bureau of Investigation which sometimes interfered with his avocation, Alston is the only male player to win each of the sport's three basic events, singles, doubles, and mixed doubles, at both the U.S. National Badminton Championships (closed to",
"title": "Joseph Cameron Alston"
},
{
"id": "16069341",
"text": "one of only three people who have won the event more than once, the others being Ken Climo and Will Schusterick. Schultz additionally holds two Masters World Championships. He and Climo are the only two men to earn both an Open and Masters world title. Schultz was inducted into the PDGA Hall of Fame in 2013. As of January, 2017, Schultz has 198 professional wins in the Open Division, including two World Championships and three US Championships. He was the second person to ever win both Championships in the same year (after Climo). Schultz has 17 National Tour (NT) wins,",
"title": "Barry Schultz"
},
{
"id": "860855",
"text": "background and plain-spoken popularity helped change the perception of golf from an elite, upper-class pastime (private clubs) to a more populist sport accessible to middle and working classes (public courses). Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, and Gary Player were \"The Big Three\" in golf during the 1960s; they are widely credited with popularizing and commercializing the sport around the world. In a career spanning more than six decades, he won 62 PGA Tour titles from 1955 to 1973. As of today, he is fifth on the Tour's all-time victory list, trailing only Sam Snead, Tiger Woods, Jack Nicklaus, and Ben Hogan. He",
"title": "Arnold Palmer"
},
{
"id": "2306736",
"text": "of the sport (the \"Live-ball era\"), and his high style of living fascinated the nation and made him one of the highest-profile figures of the decade. Fans were enthralled in 1927 when Ruth hit 60 home runs, setting a new single-season home run record that was not broken until 1961. Together with another up-and-coming star named Lou Gehrig, Ruth laid the foundation of future New York Yankees dynasties. A former bar room brawler named Jack Dempsey aka Garrett won the world heavyweight boxing title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time. Enrique Chaffardet the Venezuelan Featherweight World Champion",
"title": "Roaring Twenties"
},
{
"id": "17679313",
"text": "came out as gay. Several athletes declared their support for both Rogers and Collins; also President Barack Obama contacted both athletes offering his support. Thierry Henry, at the time playing in Major League Soccer, was quoted in a column for \"New York Daily News\" as saying \"he (Rogers) is a human being, first of all. And that’s good enough.\" Rogers then made his historic debut for the Los Angeles Galaxy in May 2013 and became the first openly gay male athlete to compete on a professional sporting team in North America. In basketball, Sheryl Swoopes came out in 2005, Brittney",
"title": "Homosexuality in sports in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6341061",
"text": "was regarded as one of the fittest men on the planet. Heavyweight champions Ken Norton and Rocky Marciano did not take up boxing until their twenties, but both enjoyed successful careers at the highest level of competition. Baseball player Josh Hamilton, a former number one overall draft pick, did not make his major league debut until the age of 26 due to years of serious drug and alcohol abuse. He has since been an all star several times and won the 2010 American League MVP award. Football player Didier Drogba did not sign a professional contract with a club until",
"title": "Late bloomer"
},
{
"id": "3489360",
"text": "York in 1895. Gallico graduated from Columbia University in 1919 and first achieved notice in the 1920s as a sportswriter, sports columnist, and sports editor of the \"New York Daily News\". Gallico's career was launched by an interview with boxer Jack Dempsey in which he asked Dempsey to spar with him. Gallico described how it felt to be knocked out by the heavyweight champion. He followed up with accounts of catching Dizzy Dean's fastball and golfing with Bobby Jones. He became one of the highest-paid sportswriters in America. He founded the Golden Gloves amateur boxing competition. His book, \"Lou Gehrig:",
"title": "Paul Gallico"
},
{
"id": "1150115",
"text": "Rick Pitino, Jim Valvano, Dick Vitale, Tom Izzo, Mike Fratello, Ben Carnevale and Geno Auriemma. Italian Americans became nationally known in other diverse sports. Rocky Marciano was the undefeated heavyweight boxing champion from 1952 to 1956; Ken Venturi won both the British and U.S. Open golf championships in 1956; Donna Caponi won the U.S. Women's Open golf championships in 1969 and 1970; Linda Frattianne was the woman's U.S. figure skating champion four years in a row, from 1975–78, and world champion in 1976 and 1978; Willie Mosconi was a 15-time World Billiard champion; Eddie Arcaro was a 5-time Kentucky Derby",
"title": "Italian Americans"
},
{
"id": "2026769",
"text": "Ilie Năstase. Skiers have been very successful in World Cup competitions and the Olympics (Bojan Križaj, Jure Franko, Boris Strel, Mateja Svet). Winter-spots had a special boost during the 1984 Winter Olympics held in Sarajevo. Gymnast Miroslav Cerar won a number of accolades, including two Olympic gold medals during the early 1960s. During the 1970s a pair of Yugoslav boxers, heavyweight Mate Parlov and welterweight Marijan Beneš, won multiple championships. During the late 1970s and into the 1980s, their results were matched by heavyweight Slobodan Kačar. For many years, Yugoslavia was considered the second strongest \"chess\" nation in the world",
"title": "Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"
},
{
"id": "5426083",
"text": "injury affected his eyesight. Drobný is the only male tennis player who ever won a Wimbledon singles title while wearing glasses. Billie-Jean King and Martina Navratilova are the only female Wimbledon champions wearing glasses. Arthur Ashe, who was known for playing with spectacles, had switched to contact lenses by the time he won Wimbledon in 1975. Drobný has won the most clay court titles of any one player (over 90). From 1938 to 1949 Drobný played center in the Czechoslovak ice hockey league. He was a Silver medalist with the Czechoslovak ice hockey team in the 1948 Olympics. In the",
"title": "Jaroslav Drobný"
},
{
"id": "4067929",
"text": "the third and fourth rounds. His three under par 277 was two shots ahead of Sergio García and Ben Curtis. Harrington became the first European to win the PGA Championship in 78 years (Tommy Armour in 1930), and was the first winner from Ireland. Aside from Tiger Woods, who has won consecutive majors three times (2000, 2002, and 2006), Harrington was the first golfer to win two majors in the same year since Mark O'Meara in 1998 and the first to win consecutive majors in the same year since Nick Price in 1994. A feat that has since been achieved",
"title": "Pádraig Harrington"
},
{
"id": "7293485",
"text": "knocked him out in brutal fashion. This fight made Hagler famous; he was able to lure Ray Leonard out of retirement in 1987, but lost in a highly-controversial decision. Hagler retired from boxing immediately after that fight. In the latter half of the decade young heavyweight Mike Tyson emerged as a serious contender. Nicknamed \"Iron Mike\", Tyson won the heavyweight unification series to become world heavyweight champion at the age of 20 and the first undisputed champion in a decade. Tyson soon became the most widely known boxer since Ali due to an aura of unrestrained ferocity, such as that",
"title": "Professional boxing"
},
{
"id": "4423716",
"text": "Floyd Mayweather Jr. Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr. (né Sinclair; born February 24, 1977) is an American professional boxing promoter and professional boxer. He competed from 1996 to 2007 and 2009 to 2015, and made a one-fight comeback in 2017. During his career, he held multiple world titles in five weight classes and the lineal championship in four weight classes (twice at welterweight), and retired with an undefeated record. As an amateur, Mayweather won a bronze medal in the featherweight division at the 1996 Olympics, three U.S. Golden Gloves championships (at light flyweight, flyweight, and featherweight), and the U.S. national championship",
"title": "Floyd Mayweather Jr."
},
{
"id": "11903048",
"text": "Bobby Riggs Robert Larimore Riggs (February 25, 1918 – October 25, 1995) was an American tennis champion who was the World No. 1 or the World co-No. 1 player for three years, first as an amateur in 1939, then as a professional in 1946 and 1947. He played his first professional tennis match on December 26, 1941. As a 21-year-old amateur in 1939, Riggs won Wimbledon, the U.S. National Championships (now U.S. Open), and was runner-up at the French Championships. He was U.S. champion again in 1941, after a runner-up finish the year before. After retirement from pro career, Riggs",
"title": "Bobby Riggs"
},
{
"id": "1612624",
"text": "money legally, competing on a professional world tour comprising completely different events. From 1927 through 1967, the three oldest pro events were considered \"majors\" of the pro tour: the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, French Pro Championship and Wembley Championships. A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered to achieve a \"Professional Grand Slam\", or \"Pro Slam\". The feat was accomplished twice: Three other players won those three major trophies during their pro careers: Ellsworth Vines, Hans Nüsslein and Don Budge. The pro slams did not have a women's draw. Grand Slam (tennis) The Grand Slam tournaments,",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "2122060",
"text": "Babe Didrikson Zaharias Mildred Ella \"Babe\" Didrikson Zaharias (; June 26, 1911 – September 27, 1956) was an American athlete who excelled in golf, basketball, baseball and track and field. She won two gold medals in track and field at the 1932 Summer Olympics, before turning to professional golf and winning 10 LPGA major championships. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest female athletes of all time. Mildred Ella Didrikson was born on June 26, 1911, the sixth of seven children, in the coastal city of Port Arthur, Texas. Her mother, Hannah, and her father, Ole Didriksen, were",
"title": "Babe Didrikson Zaharias"
},
{
"id": "2898779",
"text": "a guest on the television show \"I've Got A Secret\" as one of five former Olympic champions which aired October 13, 1954. He died at age 70 in New York City and was interred at Greenwood Union Cemetery. Eddie Eagan Edward Patrick Francis Eagan (April 26, 1897 – June 14, 1967) was an American sportsman who is notable as being the only person to win a gold medal at both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in different events. Eagan won his summer gold in boxing and his winter gold in four-man bobsled. Finally, Eagan is one of the few",
"title": "Eddie Eagan"
},
{
"id": "1921678",
"text": "answer the question 'Who is the greatest sports star of all time?' Though his conclusion was Muhammad Ali, as part of the process; he interviewed and profiled sports stars from around the world, including:Ian Botham, Nick Faldo, Ben Ainslie, Michael Phelps, Martina Navratilova, Shane Warne, Alex Ferguson, Bobby Charlton and Lance Armstrong. Campbell later said that he \"fell hook, line and sinker\" for the Armstrong legend. He subsequently worked with Armstrong, campaigning for cancer charities, but drew criticism from Armstrong's nemesis David Walsh for being so supportive and defending him so passionately. Campbell later said that Walsh had been right.",
"title": "Alastair Campbell"
},
{
"id": "5213694",
"text": "R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play<br> \"T\" = tied<br> NT = No tournament<br> Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. Ángel Cabrera Ángel Cabrera (; born 12 September 1969) is an Argentine professional golfer who plays on both the European Tour and PGA Tour. He is known affectionately as \"\"El Pato\"\" in Spanish \"(\"The Duck\")\" for his waddling gait. He is a two-time major champion, with wins at the U.S. Open in 2007 and the Masters in 2009; he was the first (and only) Argentine to win either.",
"title": "Ángel Cabrera"
},
{
"id": "3332219",
"text": "As a poor Jewish kid of diminutive stature raised in a tough Irish neighborhood, Attell began his career as a fighter from a very early age. As his older brother Abe Attell (1884–1970) was the Featherweight Champion of the World during the same period, Monte and Abe became the first brothers to simultaneously hold world boxing titles. Their brother, Caesar, also fought and was called \"Two and a Half,\" for always giving that amount whenever the hat was passed for charity at boxing events. Like his brother Abe, Monte spent some of his youth and likely some of his later",
"title": "Monte Attell"
},
{
"id": "3197743",
"text": "Superstar Billy Graham Eldridge Wayne Coleman (born June 7, 1943) is an American retired professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under a Legends Contract. An iconic figure in professional wrestling, he worked under the ring name \"Superstar\" Billy Graham and gained recognition for his tenure as the WWWF Heavyweight Champion in 1977–1978. As an award-winning bodybuilder, he was a training partner and close friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He is most remembered for revolutionizing the interview and physique aspects of the professional wrestling industry, and for his charismatic performance style. Some of his wrestling protégés include Hulk Hogan, Jesse Ventura, and",
"title": "Superstar Billy Graham"
},
{
"id": "5514936",
"text": "people in sports. After retiring as a player, she coached Martina Navratilova to two Wimbledon titles. She was born on August 19, 1934, in New York City, named \"Richard Raskind\", and raised, as she put it, as \"a nice Jewish boy\" in Forest Hills, Queens. Her father David Raskind was an orthopedic surgeon, and her mother was one of the first female psychiatrists in the United States, in addition to being a professor at Columbia University. Richards attended Horace Mann School and excelled as the wide receiver for the football team, the pitcher for the baseball team, and on the",
"title": "Renée Richards"
},
{
"id": "5705712",
"text": "Wim Ruska Willem \"Wim\" Ruska (29 August 1940 – 14 February 2015) was a judoka from the Netherlands. He is the only athlete to win two gold medals in Judo in one Olympics – in the heavyweight and absolute categories in 1972. He started learning judo at the Dutch Navy, later traveling to Japan for further training. In the 1960s and 1970s, under the training of Jon Bluming, he won seven European titles, five in the +93 kg category (1966–67, 1969, 1971–72) and two in the open category (1969 and 1972). He furthermore won two world titles (1967 and 1971)",
"title": "Wim Ruska"
},
{
"id": "5461146",
"text": "Gene Kiniski Eugene Nicholas Kiniski (November 23, 1928 – April 14, 2010) was a Canadian athlete who played football for the Edmonton Eskimos and later was a successful professional wrestler recognized as a multiple-time World Heavyweight Champion. \"Canada's Greatest Athlete\", as he billed himself for promotional purposes, was born in Edmonton, Alberta. Like Bronko Nagurski before him, Kiniski was one of the first World Champions in professional wrestling to have a previous background in football. He is the father of professional wrestler Kelly Kiniski and international amateur/professional wrestler Nick Kiniski. One of six children of local politician Julia Kiniski, who",
"title": "Gene Kiniski"
},
{
"id": "19744251",
"text": "took on an important role in professional boxing. It was popular because of its relatively low production costs compared with other sports, professional boxing was a major feature of television programming throughout much of the 1950s and early 1960s. In the 1960s and 1970s, Muhammad Ali became an iconic figure, transformed the role and image of the African American athlete in America by his embrace of racial pride, and transcended the sport by refusing to serve in the Vietnam War. In the 1980s and 1990s, major boxers such as Mike Tyson and Riddick Bowe were marked by crime and self-destruction.",
"title": "Boxing in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15774952",
"text": "only universally recognized form of a world championship until July 2, 1921, when Jack Dempsey became the inaugural NBA Heavyweight Champion. The growing popularity of boxing led to a birth of various regional sanctioning organizations, with each recognizing their own champion. The major governing bodies were the National Boxing Association, formed in 1921, the New York State Athletic Commission, found after the Walker Law legalized prizefighting in New York in 1920, and the International Boxing Union, created in 1911 in Paris in attepmt create a unified international governing body for professional boxing. Both NBA and NYSAC made then-lineal champion Jack",
"title": "Heavyweight boxing championship records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "4170058",
"text": "in Ludlow, Vermont, and the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California. White quickly drew the eyes of many in the skateboarder scene, including professional skateboarder Tony Hawk. Hawk befriended the nine-year-old White at a local skatepark and mentored him, helping him turn pro in skateboarding at the age of 17. White has won many titles on his skateboard, including the overall title of Action Sports Tour Champion, and was the first person to compete in and win both the Summer and Winter X Games in two different sports. Following in his older brother Jesse White's footsteps, White switched from skiing",
"title": "Shaun White"
},
{
"id": "6301372",
"text": "and the Strikeforce Middleweight Championship. He was the first mixed martial artist to concurrently hold two titles in two different weight classes in a major MMA promotion. At the time of his retirement after UFC 204, he was the oldest fighter on the UFC roster. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest mixed martial artists of all time, having defeated a total of twenty-one MMA world champions across four major MMA promotions (UFC, PRIDE FC, Strikeforce, and RINGS). Dan Henderson was born in Downey, California and grew up in Apple Valley, California. He competed in freestyle wrestling, but",
"title": "Dan Henderson"
},
{
"id": "12203715",
"text": "Kenny Baysmore Kenny Baysmore (born June 1, 1961 in Washington, D.C.), nicknamed The Technician, is an American former professional boxer. Baysmore won the 1979 National Golden Gloves bantamweight title. He turned professional in 1981, and after a successful career start he was named \"The Ring\" Prospect of the Year in 1983. This award existed between 1983 and 1988, and among others it was issued to future world champions Mark Breland, Mike Tyson and Michael Moorer. Baysmore won the USBA super featherweight title in 1984 TKOing Freddy Chumpitaz in the sixth round. After defending the title once he lost it to",
"title": "Kenny Baysmore"
},
{
"id": "2926282",
"text": "I played him a lot — a great competitor — a great athlete.\" Jack Kramer, on the other hand, who became a world-class player in 1940 and then beat Gonzales badly in the latter's first year as a professional, has stated that he believes that although Gonzales was better than either Laver or Sampras he was not as good as either Ellsworth Vines or Don Budge. Kramer, who had a long and frequently bitter relationship with Gonzales, rates him only as one of the four players who are second to Budge and Vines in his estimation. Kramer also, perhaps surprisingly,",
"title": "Pancho Gonzales"
},
{
"id": "13974221",
"text": "A.J. Verel A.J. Verel (born March 2) is an American kickboxer, martial artist, actor, stuntman and inductee into the Pro Martial Arts/MMA Hall of Fame. Verel is a former Light Heavyweight & Middleweight sport karate and kickboxing Champion. In 1992 he won the World Kickboxing Association's (WKA) Middleweight title. Verel holds black belts in five different martial arts and as co-captain of the U.S. National Martial Arts and N.A.C.K. (North American Champions Karate) Demonstration Teams won two gold medals. Verel returned to the Original \"Toughman Contest\" in 2000 as the shows referee for the FOX televised reality show titled \"Toughman",
"title": "A.J. Verel"
},
{
"id": "1300093",
"text": "Max Schmeling Maximillian Adolph Otto Siegfried Schmeling (; 28 September 1905 – 2 February 2005) was a German boxer who was heavyweight champion of the world between 1930 and 1932. His two fights with Joe Louis in 1936 and 1938 were worldwide cultural events because of their national associations. Starting his professional career in 1924, Schmeling went to the United States in 1928 and, after a ninth-round technical knockout of Johnny Risko, became a sensation. He became the first to win the heavyweight championship (at that time vacant) by disqualification in 1930, after opponent Jack Sharkey knocked him down with",
"title": "Max Schmeling"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Rick Bowe context: Riddick Bowe Riddick Lamont Bowe (born August 10, 1967) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 1996 and from 2004 to 2008. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion in 1992, and as an amateur he won a silver medal in the super heavyweight division at the 1988 Summer Olympics. After turning professional in 1989, Bowe went on to become a two-time world heavyweight champion. In 1992 he won the undisputed WBA, WBC, and IBF titles by defeating then-unbeaten former undisputed cruiserweight champion Evander Holyfield. That same year, Bowe was named Fighter of the Year\n\nWho was the first professional athlete to win championship rings in two major sports?",
"compressed_tokens": 214,
"origin_tokens": 216,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Roaring Twenties context: of the sport (the \"Live-ball era\"), and his high style of living fascinated the nation and made him one of the highest-profile figures of the decade. Fans were enthralled in 1927 when Ruth hit 60 home runs, setting a new single-season home run record that was not broken until 1961. Together with another up-and-coming star named Lou Gehrig, Ruth laid the foundation of future New York Yankees dynasties. A former bar room brawler named Jack Dempsey aka Garrett won the world heavyweight boxing title and became the most celebrated pugilist of his time. Enrique Chaffardet the Venezuelan Featherweight World Champion\n\ntitle Heisman Trophy context: in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, winners have been named Most Valuable Player in a Super Bowl. Some winners gone on to play in other professional sports Bo Jackson in baseball Charlie Ward in basketball Dawkins and Dick Kazmaier are the only winners not to pursue a sports career: Dawkins had a career with the United States Army where he achieved the rank of Brigadier General; Kazmaier attended Harvard Business School founded a consulting company specializing sports marketing, and chaired the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition during 1988–89.\n\ntitle Campbell: the ' greatest of all time Though Ali part of the process; interviewed profile from around the world:I Botham, Nick Faldo Ben Ainslie, Phelrat Shane, Alex Fergus Bobbyltonstrong. later that hook and sinker Armstrong. subsequently with Armstronging cancer but drew criticism from Arm's nemesis Wal support andending him so passionately. later said Walsh had been righttitle: David D (man): Tennis. Johnbe aixonaleć Taylor Tonycheston Barthes, and the ten to within a The Open, the thedon Championships, formerly limited to amateur players, admitted professionals, and the popularity of the game grew dramatically. Remarkably, within ten years the leading money winner on the tennis pro tour was earning more money than the leading money winner on the pro golf tour. Starting in\n\nWho was the first professional athlete to win championship rings in two major sports?",
"compressed_tokens": 482,
"origin_tokens": 14716,
"ratio": "30.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
132 | How long and wide is the balance beam used in Olympic gymnastic competition? | [
"Length, 16 feet 3 inches; width, 4 inches"
] | Length, 16 feet 3 inches; width, 4 inches | [
{
"id": "862383",
"text": "Balance beam The balance beam is a cube / rectangular object an artistic gymnastics apparatus, as well as the event performed using the apparatus. Both the apparatus and the event are sometimes simply referred to as \"beam\". The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is BB. The beam is a small, thin beam which is typically raised from the floor on a leg or stand at both ends. The balance beam is only performed by female gymnasts. Beams are usually made of leather like material. Balance beams used in international gymnastics competitions must conform to the guidelines and",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "8773769",
"text": "gymnastics and took up sports acrobatics and was competing in it by the mid-1980s. Her best event was the balance beam. Despite not winning any Olympic medals in this event, she was a pro at wowing the crowds at USSR gymnastics exhibitions around the world with her tremendous flexibility and mesmerising balance on her hands. She had an unusually flexible, rubber-like spine which allowed her to perform walkovers along the 4\" (10 cm) width of the balance beam, and to do a split handstand at the very end of the beam and touching the beam with her foot behind her",
"title": "Svetlana Grozdova"
},
{
"id": "161280",
"text": "of the hands); dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar. The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is from the ground, long, and wide. This stationary object can also be adjusted, to be raised higher or lower. The event requires balance, flexibility, grace, poise, and strength. The event in gymnastics performed on floor is called floor exercise. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is FX. In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on",
"title": "Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "862390",
"text": "routine is 1:30 minutes. The routine is timed on the scoreboard timer, which is visible to both the gymnast and judges. In addition, a warning tone or bell is sounded 1:20 into the exercise. If the gymnast has not left the beam by 1:30, another bell is sounded, and a score deduction is incurred which is 0.1. Balance beam The balance beam is a cube / rectangular object an artistic gymnastics apparatus, as well as the event performed using the apparatus. Both the apparatus and the event are sometimes simply referred to as \"beam\". The English abbreviation for the event",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "862387",
"text": "routines still consist of a mixture of acrobatic skills, dance elements, leaps and poses, but with significantly greater difficulty. It is also an individual medal competition in the Olympics. \"For detailed information on score tabulation, please see the Code of Points article.\" A beam routine must consist of: The gymnast may mount the beam using a springboard or from the mat; however the mount must come from the Code of Points. The routines can last up to 90 seconds. Several aspects of the performance determine the gymnast's final mark. All elements in the routine, as well as all errors, are",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "8096334",
"text": "USA Gymnastics United States of America Gymnastics (USA Gymnastics or USAG) is the national governing body for gymnastics in the United States. Established in 1963 as the U.S. Gymnastics Federation (USGF), USA Gymnastics is responsible for selecting and training national teams for the Olympic Games and World Championships. The mission of USA Gymnastics is to encourage participation and the pursuit of excellence in all aspects of gymnastics. The programs governed by USAG are: The Women's Artistic program—comprising the events vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise—is by far the most well known to the public, with several nationally televised",
"title": "USA Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "7141506",
"text": "In November 2012, she helped raise money and donated food to victims of Hurricane Sandy. Liukin released her autobiography, \"Finding My Shine\", on November 24, 2015. Nastia Liukin Anastasia Valeryevna \"Nastia\" Liukin (; ; born October 30, 1989) is a Russian American former artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic all-around champion, a five-time Olympic medalist, the 2005 and 2007 world champion on the balance beam, and the 2005 world champion on the uneven bars. She is also a four-time all-around U.S. national champion, winning twice as a junior and twice as a senior. With nine World Championships medals, seven",
"title": "Nastia Liukin"
},
{
"id": "8096346",
"text": "confidence in Perry. USA Gymnastics United States of America Gymnastics (USA Gymnastics or USAG) is the national governing body for gymnastics in the United States. Established in 1963 as the U.S. Gymnastics Federation (USGF), USA Gymnastics is responsible for selecting and training national teams for the Olympic Games and World Championships. The mission of USA Gymnastics is to encourage participation and the pursuit of excellence in all aspects of gymnastics. The programs governed by USAG are: The Women's Artistic program—comprising the events vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise—is by far the most well known to the public, with",
"title": "USA Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "11205191",
"text": "a debilitating stroke she had to drop out at the age 14 to help earn money for her family. She used her gymnastics skills as a member of a traveling circus. Elste's Olympic opportunities were delayed by World War II, when the Games were cancelled in 1940 and 1944, but in 1948 and 1952 she was well-prepared to compete. In national AAU competition, Elste won the uneven parallel bars in 1947, the floor exercise in 1949, and the balance beam in 1952. She was selected nine times for All-American honors by the AAU. Meta Elste-Neumann Meta Elste-Neumann (October 16, 1919",
"title": "Meta Elste-Neumann"
},
{
"id": "5759969",
"text": "jump; wolf jump 1/1; switch side leap; full turn with leg above horizontal + Popa; roundoff + triple twist dismount. Floor exercise (SV: 10.0): Popa + tuck jump 2/1; roundoff + back handspring + 2½ twist + front 1/1; double turn with leg above horizontal + wolf jump 1/1; switch ring leap + Gogean; triple full; front double twist + front layout. McCool's balance beam mount, a front handspring with a two-foot landing, is named after her in the International Federation of Gymnastics' Code of Points because she was the first to perform it at the Olympics. 2004: \"Peter Gunn",
"title": "Courtney McCool"
},
{
"id": "10458781",
"text": "straight body position) ending in a 'dismount' skill. In competition, only feet and hands are allowed to make contact with the track. Governed by rules established by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, tumbling is one of the gymnastic disciplines. Elements of tumbling are also practiced on floor exercise by participants of both women's and men's artistic gymnastics. Tumbling elements, such as the round-off and back-handspring (flip), are commonly integrated into the balance beam routines of gymnasts. Tumbling has been an Olympic event only once, at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and was a demonstration event in 1996 and 2000. However, it",
"title": "Tumbling (gymnastics)"
},
{
"id": "862384",
"text": "specifications set forth by the International Gymnastics Federation \"Apparatus Norms\" brochure. Several companies manufacture and sell beams, including AAI (USA), Janssen Fritsen (Europe) and Acromat (Australia). Most gymnastics schools purchase and use balance beams that meet the FIG's standards, but some may also use beams with carpeted surfaces for practice situations. While learning new skills, gymnasts often work on low beams that have the same dimensions and surface of regulation apparatus, but are set a very short distance from the ground. They may also work on practice beams, mini beams, road beams, or even lines on a mat. Originally, the",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "6880698",
"text": "Gina Gogean Gina Elena Gogean (born 9 September 1978) is a retired artistic gymnast from Romania who competed internationally in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s. During her career she won an impressive number of 30 medals at Olympic Games, world championships or continental championships. Her best events were the floor exercise (three-time world champion), the vault (two-time world champion) and the balance beam (1997 world champion). She was also an excellent all around gymnast winning several medals on this event, the European title in 1994, a silver Olympic medal (1996) and a silver medal at the 1993 World",
"title": "Gina Gogean"
},
{
"id": "5744043",
"text": "first medal for women in team competition with the bronze. Schroth is also noted for holding two U.S. national gymnastics records – the most titles with 39 and the most consecutive championships with 11 straight on the balance beam between 1941–52.<br> • 1952 Helsinki Olympics: Bob Stout (Philadelphia, Pa.) becomes the first gymnast ever to complete a back somersault with full twist when he landed the move during the floor exercises.<br> • 1984 Los Angeles Olympics: Temple men's assistant rowing coach, Mike Teti (Upper Darby Pa.), named Olympic alternate and was on the cover of Sports Illustrated during the athletes",
"title": "Temple Owls"
},
{
"id": "15925584",
"text": "and Nastia Liukin in Beijing in 2008, all of whom were at the venue and watched Douglas equal their feat.) She also became the first American gymnast ever to win both the team and individual all-around gold at the same Olympics. Douglas finished eighth in uneven bars, and seventh in balance beam. She is the first all-around champion to fail to medal in an individual event since women's gymnastics was added to the Olympics in 1952. In August 2013, Douglas left Missy Parton's home, and moved to Los Angeles to be with her family. Although she was no longer training",
"title": "Gabby Douglas"
},
{
"id": "6880708",
"text": "Teammates Andreea Răducan and Maria Olaru were among the guests. Gina Gogean Gina Elena Gogean (born 9 September 1978) is a retired artistic gymnast from Romania who competed internationally in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s. During her career she won an impressive number of 30 medals at Olympic Games, world championships or continental championships. Her best events were the floor exercise (three-time world champion), the vault (two-time world champion) and the balance beam (1997 world champion). She was also an excellent all around gymnast winning several medals on this event, the European title in 1994, a silver Olympic",
"title": "Gina Gogean"
},
{
"id": "7141470",
"text": "Nastia Liukin Anastasia Valeryevna \"Nastia\" Liukin (; ; born October 30, 1989) is a Russian American former artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic all-around champion, a five-time Olympic medalist, the 2005 and 2007 world champion on the balance beam, and the 2005 world champion on the uneven bars. She is also a four-time all-around U.S. national champion, winning twice as a junior and twice as a senior. With nine World Championships medals, seven of them individual, Liukin is tied with Shannon Miller for the third-highest tally of World Championship medals (among U.S. gymnasts). Liukin also tied Miller's record as",
"title": "Nastia Liukin"
},
{
"id": "9337315",
"text": "from world championships. In addition, some Chinese pop stars appeared in the Gala. The performances included Olympic disciplines such as floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar, uneven bars, balance beam, rhythmic gymnastics and trampoline gymnastics; non-Olympic discipline such as tumbling and acrobatic; and art performances such as dancing, martial art, instrument performance and chorus. On August 21, 2008 the IOC instructed the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) to investigate allegations that Chinese gymnast He Kexin was underaged and therefore ineligible to compete during the Olympic gymnastics competition. The FIG requires that all gymnasts be at least 16 years",
"title": "Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "862386",
"text": "level were composed with combinations of leaps, dance poses, handstands, rolls and walkovers. In the 1960s, the most difficult acrobatic skill performed by the average Olympic gymnast was a back handspring. Balance beam difficulty began to increase dramatically in the 1970s. Olga Korbut and Nadia Comăneci pioneered advanced tumbling combinations and aerial skills on beam; other athletes and coaches began to follow suit. The change was also facilitated by the transition from wooden beams to safer, less slippery models with suede-covered surfaces. By the mid-1980s, top gymnasts routinely performed flight series and multiple aerial elements on beam. Today, balance beam",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "10528542",
"text": "Stefani Bismpikou Stefani Bismpikou (also spelled Bisbikou; born June 27, 1988) is a Greek artistic gymnast who competed at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics. She is the first Greek female gymnast ever to win a medal at the European Championships, and has also won several medals on the World Cup circuit. Her best apparatus is the balance beam, where she has an exceptionally high difficulty score. Bismpikou was born in Athens, Greece. She has an older sister who is a competitive diver, and two younger brothers, who play tennis. Bismpikou began gymnastics in 1992. As a young gymnast, she admired",
"title": "Stefani Bismpikou"
},
{
"id": "14438871",
"text": "skaters must change lane. [ISU Special Regulations and Technical Rules] - Rule 203 At international competitions, the track must be 400 metres long, with a warm-up lane at least 4 metres wide inside the competition lanes. For Olympic competitions, the track must also be enclosed within a building. The design and dimensions of a speed skating track have remained more or less unchanged since the foundation of ISU in 1892. The speed skating track is also used for the sports of Icetrack cycling and Ice speedway The measurement of the track is made half a meter into the lane. The",
"title": "Speed skating rink"
},
{
"id": "4799275",
"text": "since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2015 European Games in June 2015. Competitors are described within the International Rules as 'swimmers' rather than as finswimmers or divers. Competition is divided in two classes: swimming pool and long distance (also called open water). A swimming pool must be 50 m long by 21 m wide and 1.8 m deep, i.e. an Olympic-size swimming pool (also known as a long course pool) suitable for the holding of swimming races for either the Olympic Games and a FINA world championships. The International Rules do not permit the use of 25m length pools",
"title": "Finswimming"
},
{
"id": "18267722",
"text": "qualified one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition for the first time since 1964. Dipa Karmakar became the first Indian female ever to book an Olympic spot in the apparatus (vault, balance beam, uneven bars and floor exercise) events and all-around event at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro. India has qualified one judoka for men's middleweight category (90 kg) for the olympic. Avtar Singh earned a continental quota from the Asian region, as the highest-ranked Indian judoka outside of direct qualifying position in the IJF World Ranking List of 30 May 2016. India has qualified one boat",
"title": "India at the 2016 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "4889345",
"text": "floor exercise, pommel horse and vault, gymnasts may use an additional landing mat, without deduction, which may be adjusted for distance. These are thin mats that fasten around the balance beam. They are used only in training to give gymnasts training high-level skills additional protection and a wider landing space while working on the apparatus. Makeshift beam pads can also be constructed from soft mats placed over the beam surface, if necessary. Blocks are firm, trapezoid or rectangular shaped mats. They can be attached to other blocks via velcro and straps. Blocks are routinely used as step-stools for gymnasts working",
"title": "Mat (gymnastics)"
},
{
"id": "4889346",
"text": "on the bars or beam and as practice vaulting surfaces. Typically, these mats are extremely thick and soft, and are used when an athlete is learning a new, high-impact skill. These mats are thin, firm mats about twelve feet in length. They usually have alternating color panels and can be folded, stacked and attached to other mats via velcro strips at the ends. Normally used for practicing tumbling moves, these mats may be stacked to provide a protective surface for gymnasts working on the low balance beam, or provide a means for a gymnast to reach the bars or rings.",
"title": "Mat (gymnastics)"
},
{
"id": "7451346",
"text": "Soviet team at the 1984 Friendship Games (also known as 'Olomouc', after the city in which the competition was held). In 1985, Omelianchik won the Soviet National Championships, beating the future Olympic champion Elena Shushunova. She also competed at the European Championships for the first time, winning the balance beam title showing a triple twist dismount. She also won a bronze medal in the all-around behind Shushunova and East German Maxi Gnauck, silver on the floor exercise and bronze on the uneven bars. Omelianchik was a member of the first place Soviet team at the 1985 World Gymnastics Championships in",
"title": "Oksana Omelianchik"
},
{
"id": "11781024",
"text": "Golfing Union. Whitchurch (Cardiff) Golf Club has an 18-hole, parkland, , public course, built in 1914. The course was voted Best Inland Golf Course in Wales, in a survey by Welsh Club Golfer Magazine, in November 2008. Cardiff Olympic Gymnastics Club, founded in 1948 as a ladies artistic gymnastics club, opened a boys section in September 1999. It is the oldest established and 'most senior' ladies artistic gymnastics club in Wales. The club, based in Grangetown, has over 400 members. The Girls Gymnastics section compete on four pieces of apparatus: asymmetric bars; beam; floor; and vault. The Boys Gymnastics section",
"title": "Sport in Cardiff"
},
{
"id": "416314",
"text": "all four Olympic gold medals, three silvers and one bronze in 2000. The table is long, wide, and high with any continuous material so long as the table yields a uniform bounce of about when a standard ball is dropped onto it from a height of , or about . The table or playing surface is uniformly dark coloured and matte, divided into two halves by a net at in height. The ITTF approves only wooden tables or their derivates. Concrete tables with a steel net or a solid concrete partition are sometimes available in outside public spaces, such as",
"title": "Table tennis"
},
{
"id": "862385",
"text": "beam surface was plain polished wood. In earlier years, some gymnasts competed on a beam made of basketball-like material. However, this type of beam was eventually banned due to its extreme slipperiness. Since the 1980s, beams have been covered in leather or suede. In addition, they are now also sprung to accommodate the stress of high-difficulty tumbling and dance skills. Measurements of the apparatus are published by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) in the \"Apparatus Norms\" brochure. In the early days of women's artistic gymnastics, beam was based more in dance than in tumbling. Routines even at the elite",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "161272",
"text": "in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed. The following disciplines are governed by FIG. Artistic Gymnastics is usually divided into Men's and Women's Gymnastics. Men compete on six events: Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, and Horizontal Bar, while women compete on four: Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the USSR). In 2006, FIG",
"title": "Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "12589258",
"text": "long and at least deep. Competition pools are generally indoors and heated to enable their use all year round, and to more easily comply with the regulations regarding temperature, lighting, and automatic officiating equipment. An Olympic-size swimming pool (first used at the 1924 Olympics) is a pool that meets FINA's additional standards for the Olympic Games and for world championship events. It must be wide, divided into eight lanes of each, plus two areas of at each side of the pool. Depth must be at least . The water must be kept at and the lighting level at greater than",
"title": "Swimming pool"
},
{
"id": "5971469",
"text": "1984 and Julianne McNamara won gold on uneven bars in 1984). Since then, six American female gymnasts have won individual Olympic gold medals: Carly Patterson (all-around in 2004), Nastia Liukin (all-around in 2008), Shawn Johnson (balance beam in 2008), Gabrielle Douglas (all-around in 2012), Aly Raisman (floor exercise in 2012),and Simone Biles (all-around, vault, and floor exercise in 2016). During the floor final Dominique Moceanu and Dominique Dawes both competed. They both had successful routines; however Dawes performed better for a 9.837 and 3rd place, while Moceanu received a 9.825 and 4th place. The crowd loved Moceanu's cute choreography and",
"title": "Magnificent Seven (gymnastics)"
},
{
"id": "12933319",
"text": "time when she was 13 years old, and won nine Canadian championships. Newman would be a leading force that would encourage her throughout the years, hoping that he would one day see her in the Olympic Games. Russell, at age 17, qualified for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. She was the first Canadian to compete in Olympic gymnastics events since 1908, and the first Canadian woman to ever compete in the Olympics. Although her routine was ill-prepared, she performed well in the floor exercise, the balance beam and the vault. She finished among the top twenty in the",
"title": "Ernestine Russell"
},
{
"id": "19461781",
"text": "Ana Đerek Ana Đerek (born September 4, 1998) is a Croatian female artistic gymnast, representing her nation in international competitions. She participated at the 2015 World Championships in Glasgow, and eventually qualified for 2016 Summer Olympics through the test event, held four months earlier in Rio de Janeiro. At the Olympics, Đerek attained an 11.433 on the balance beam and a 13.200 on the floor exercises, but she accidentally completed the simplest vault of all-time by mistiming her steps and running over the vaulting table, which resulted in an empty score and her withdrawal from the starting list on the",
"title": "Ana Đerek"
},
{
"id": "16211735",
"text": "British Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom. This is the third and final Olympic Trial to decide the gymnasts that will represent the United Kingdom at the Olympics. She placed sixth in the all around competition with a score of 53.700. In event finals, she placed eighth on uneven bars scoring 11.350 and fourth on balance beam scoring 13.800. In October, Francis returned to the elite gymnastics scene as a member of Jamaica's women's team at the 2015 World Championships. As a result of her performance, Francis was able to receive Jamaica a qualification spot to the 2016 Olympic Test Event.",
"title": "Danusia Francis"
},
{
"id": "161293",
"text": "International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, European Championships, World Cup and Grand-Prix Series. The first World Championships were held in 1963 with its first appearance at the Olympics in 1984. Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized",
"title": "Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "3609744",
"text": "Shannon Miller Shannon Lee Miller (born March 10, 1977) is an American former artistic gymnast. She was the 1993 and 1994 world all-around champion, the 1996 Olympic balance beam champion, the 1995 Pan American Games all-around champion, and a member of the gold medal-winning Magnificent Seven team at the 1996 Olympics. Miller is the most decorated U.S. gymnast, male or female, at the Olympic Games, with a total of seven medals. With a combined total of 16 World Championships and Olympic medals between 1991 and 1996, she is the second most decorated gymnast, male or female, in U.S. history, behind",
"title": "Shannon Miller"
},
{
"id": "5539184",
"text": "In July 2009, she became a contracted actress for TVB. In December 2013, Liu announced her engagement to Wang Tao. Liu Xuan (gymnast) Liu Xuan (; born March 12, 1979, in Changsha, Hunan) is a former artistic gymnast from China. She competed in the 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games and won two Olympic medals, including gold on the balance beam in 2000. Liu was coached by Guo Xinming and Zhang Zhen. She took up gymnastics with encouragement from her mother, who had to stop training when her gym closed during the Cultural Revolution. In fact, Liu's decision to continue training",
"title": "Liu Xuan (gymnast)"
},
{
"id": "17129847",
"text": "Simone Biles Simone Arianne Biles (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Biles is the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault and floor gold medalist, and balance-beam bronze medalist. She was part of the gold-medal-winning team dubbed the \"Final Five\" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. Biles is a four-time World all-around champion (2013–15, 2018), four-time World floor exercise champion (2013–15, 2018), two-time World balance beam champion (2014, 2015), the 2018 World vault champion, a five-time United States national all-around champion (2013–16, 2018), and a member of the gold-medal-winning American teams at the 2014, 2015, and",
"title": "Simone Biles"
},
{
"id": "12403088",
"text": "2/1 (C); Full Twisting Double Back (E). Shawn Johnson East Shawn Machel Johnson East (born January 19, 1992) is an American former artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic balance beam gold medalist and team, all-around and floor exercise silver medalist. Johnson is also a five-time Pan American Games gold medalist, winning the team titles in 2007 and 2011, as well as titles in the all-around, uneven bars, and balance beam in 2007. Johnson became a member of the U.S. senior team in 2007. She had one of the best rookie seasons ever recorded in the history of gymnastics, winning",
"title": "Shawn Johnson East"
},
{
"id": "161294",
"text": "trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floor). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in the Olympic Games. The first World Championships were held in 1964. Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the",
"title": "Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "17129848",
"text": "2018 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Additionally, she is a three-time World silver medalist (2013 and 2014 on vault, 2018 on uneven bars) and a three-time World bronze medalist (2015 on vault, 2013 and 2018 on balance beam). Having won a combined total of twenty-five Olympic and World Championship medals, Biles is the most decorated American gymnast and the third most decorated female gymnast in history. With her win in Rio, Biles became the sixth woman to win an individual all-around title at both the World Championships and the Olympic Games. Biles set an American record for most gold medals in",
"title": "Simone Biles"
},
{
"id": "20229460",
"text": "who was favored to win despite never winning a world title on the apparatus, won the gold medal, becoming the first American gymnast to win the vault title at an Olympic Games. After qualifying in 1st, Kocian performed cleanly and won the silver medal, finishing behind Russian gymnast and reigning Olympic uneven bars champion Aliya Mustafina. Douglas, who qualified in 3rd behind Kocian and Mustafina, respectively, made a mistake on one of her pirouettes and placed seventh. In the balance beam final, Hernandez won the silver medal, finishing behind the Netherlands' Sanne Wevers. Biles suffered a shocking mishap when she",
"title": "Final Five (gymnastics)"
},
{
"id": "1578374",
"text": "Trampolining Trampolining or trampoline gymnastics is a recreational activity, acrobatic training tool as well as a competitive Olympic sport in which athletes perform acrobatics while bouncing on a trampoline. In competition, these can include simple jumps in the straight, pike, tuck, or straddle position to more complex combinations of forward or backward somersaults and twists. Scoring is based on the difficulty and on the total seconds spent in the air. Points are deducted for bad form and horizontal displacement from the center of the bed. Outside of the Olympics, competitions are referred to as GymSport, Trampoline Gymnastics (TG), or Gymnastics,",
"title": "Trampolining"
},
{
"id": "499163",
"text": "Short track speed skating Short track speed skating is a form of competitive ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (typically between four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a length of . The rink itself is long by wide, which is the same size as an Olympic-sized figure skating rink and an international-sized ice hockey rink. Short track speed skating is the sister sport to long track speed skating and the cousin sport to inline speed skating. Short track speed skating developed from speed skating events that were held with mass starts. This form of speed",
"title": "Short track speed skating"
},
{
"id": "20229457",
"text": "who received a score of 175.279. Biles, Douglas, and Raisman competed on all four events. Hernandez competed on vault, balance beam, and floor exercise. Kocian competed only on uneven bars. For the individual all-around competition, Biles, Raisman, and Douglas qualified in first, second, and third place, respectively. Due to the rule allowing only the top two from each country to compete in a World or Olympic individual final, only Biles and Raisman advanced. Douglas had won the all-around at the 2012 Olympics. Biles qualified first on the vault, balance beam, and floor exercise; Kocian qualified first on the uneven bars;",
"title": "Final Five (gymnastics)"
},
{
"id": "6804330",
"text": "a test meet for the 2008 Olympic Games in which the gymnasts competed in the same arena and on the same equipment that would be used at the Olympics. Chellsie placed fifth in the all-around and third on beam, where she performed new skills, including a front aerial to prone mount. She did not qualify to the uneven bars final. After the Beijing test event, Chellsie competed at the Toyota Cup in Toyota, Japan, where she won the gold medal on floor exercise and the silver on balance beam. In June 2008, Chellsie placed third in the all-around at the",
"title": "Chellsie Memmel"
},
{
"id": "1730815",
"text": "the character Snoopy is seen doing balance beam positions with flawless precision on top of his doghouse for three panels until coming to a rest in the fourth one saying: \"Olga Korbut has been bugging me for lessons!\" Olga Korbut Olga Valentinovna Korbut (born 16 May 1955) is a Belarusian former gymnast. Nicknamed the \"Sparrow from Minsk\", she won four gold medals and two silver medals at the Summer Olympic Games, in which she competed in 1972 and 1976 for the Soviet team, and was the inaugural inductee to the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 1988. While Korbut retired",
"title": "Olga Korbut"
},
{
"id": "15925583",
"text": "Douglas was the only gymnast on the team to compete on all four apparatus (vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise) during the qualifying round and during the finals of the team competition. She then won the gold medal in the individual all-around, becoming the first African-American woman, as well as the first woman of color of any nationality, to win the event. She also became the fourth American woman to win Olympic all-around gold as well as the third straight to do so (after Mary Lou Retton in Los Angeles in 1984, Carly Patterson in Athens in 2004",
"title": "Gabby Douglas"
},
{
"id": "3609749",
"text": "points behind Gutsu. Her coach, Steve Nunno, claimed she was robbed of the gold medal by unfair judging. In event finals, she captured three more individual medals: a silver on balance beam and bronzes on uneven bars and floor exercise. Her haul of five Olympic medals was more than that of any other American athlete in Barcelona. She was one of only two female gymnasts, along with Lavinia Miloşovici of Romania, to compete in every event final at the Games, and she alone performed all sixteen of her routines without serious error. Thirteen of her routines scored a 9.9 or",
"title": "Shannon Miller"
},
{
"id": "1766560",
"text": "Artistic gymnastics Artistic gymnastics is a discipline of gymnastics in which athletes perform short routines (ranging from approximately 30 to 90 seconds) on different apparatuses, with less time for vaulting. The sport is governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), which designs the Code of Points and regulates all aspects of international elite competition. Within individual countries, gymnastics is regulated by national federations, such as Gymnastics Canada in Canada, British Gymnastics in the United Kingdom and USA Gymnastics in the United States. Artistic gymnastics is a popular spectator sport at the Summer Olympic Games and other competitions. The gymnastic",
"title": "Artistic gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "807403",
"text": "achievements are pictured in the entrance area of Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, where she is shown presenting her perfect beam exercise. Comăneci was the first Romanian gymnast to win the Olympic all-around title. She also holds the record for being the youngest Olympic gymnastics all-around champion ever. The sport has now revised its age-eligibility requirements. Gymnasts must now turn 16 in the same calendar year of the Olympics to compete during the Games. When Comăneci competed in 1976, gymnasts had to be 14 by the first day of the competition. It is not currently possible to legally break this",
"title": "Nadia Comăneci"
},
{
"id": "3117835",
"text": "sports are gymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, and trampoline), cycling (road, track, mountain, and BMX), volleyball (indoors and beach), wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), canoeing (flatwater and slalom), and bobsleigh (includes skeleton). The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two non-Olympic disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each. It should also be noted that the IOC definition of a \"discipline\" may differ from that used by an international federation. For example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) classifies men's and women's artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines. Similarly, the",
"title": "Olympic sports"
},
{
"id": "8603585",
"text": "of June were the third and final trial to determine the British team for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Downie did not compete on floor but scored 14.550 on vault, 14.25 on uneven bars, and 13.100 on balance beam. In event finals, she placed sixth on uneven bars with a score of 13.350 and second on balance beam with a score of 13.850. She did not make the Olympic team, but was named as an alternate. At the 2013 European Championships, Downie qualified second into the uneven bars final with a score of 14.733, behind only reigning Olympic uneven",
"title": "Becky Downie"
},
{
"id": "6911669",
"text": "on UCLA gymnastics broadcasts, and worked with NBC at the Beijing Olympics. Schwikert has worked on the television series \"Make It or Break It\" as both a stunt double and actress. Schwikert graduated from University of Nevada, Las Vegas - William S. Boyd School of Law in May 2015 and currently works as an attorney at the Las Vegas office of Holland & Hart LLP. Schwikert married professional basketball player Mike Moser in 2015. They have a daughter born in 2015. Key: AA (all-around); BB (balance beam); FX (floor exercise); VT (vault) ; UB (Uneven Bars) Tasha Schwikert Tasha Schwikert",
"title": "Tasha Schwikert"
},
{
"id": "3609760",
"text": "2011, Miller revealed that she had been diagnosed with germ cell ovarian cancer, a month after doctors removed a baseball-sized cyst from one of her ovaries. She underwent three cycles of chemotherapy from March 7 to May 2, 2011. In September 2011, her doctor gave her a clean bill of health. Shannon Miller Shannon Lee Miller (born March 10, 1977) is an American former artistic gymnast. She was the 1993 and 1994 world all-around champion, the 1996 Olympic balance beam champion, the 1995 Pan American Games all-around champion, and a member of the gold medal-winning Magnificent Seven team at the",
"title": "Shannon Miller"
},
{
"id": "5206727",
"text": "Hendrik. Some two million stones would follow. The football pitch measures 114 by 75 metres. The athletics track around it is eight metres wide and has a perimeter of 400 metres. The cycle track around the athletics track was nine metres wide had a perimeter of 500 metres. It also hosted the equestrian jumping, field hockey, gymnastics and korfball (demonstration) events. The capacity of the stadium is subject to controversy as the exact capacity was kept secret to press and public during the Games to evade the remark that the stadium's capacity was only marginally bigger than the Harry Elte",
"title": "Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)"
},
{
"id": "5539181",
"text": "Liu Xuan (gymnast) Liu Xuan (; born March 12, 1979, in Changsha, Hunan) is a former artistic gymnast from China. She competed in the 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games and won two Olympic medals, including gold on the balance beam in 2000. Liu was coached by Guo Xinming and Zhang Zhen. She took up gymnastics with encouragement from her mother, who had to stop training when her gym closed during the Cultural Revolution. In fact, Liu's decision to continue training for another four years after a disappointing performance at the 1996 Olympics (where she failed to make the beam final",
"title": "Liu Xuan (gymnast)"
},
{
"id": "11528779",
"text": "Tourischeva and returned to win gold on both vault and balance beam in event finals. Zuchold is credited as being the first woman to perform a back handspring on balance beam in World or Olympic competition (at the 1966 World Championships), as well as one of the first two women, along with Věra Čáslavská at the 1968 Olympics, to compete a front handspring on balance beam. She also had a transition element named after her on uneven bars. In her post-gymnastics career, she was a trapeze artist, a curator, an educator, and an abstract painter. In 2005, she was inducted",
"title": "Erika Zuchold"
},
{
"id": "15796983",
"text": "The men's artistic team all-around final became the subject of controversy when the judges were booed by the crowd following Japan's Kōhei Uchimura's score for his pommel horse routine, and how it shuffled the medals of Japan, Great Britain, and Ukraine. Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics Three gymnastics disciplines were contested at the 2012 Olympic Games in London: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. The trampoline events were held at the North Greenwich Arena (normally called The O2 Arena) from 3 to 4 August; the artistic events were also held at the North Greenwich Arena, from 28 July to",
"title": "Gymnastics at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "16562642",
"text": "as the first Olympic trial. She helped her club, City of Liverpool, win first place with the highest all around score of 56.550. In event finals, she placed second on vault scoring 14.750, first on uneven bars scoring 14.700, fifth on balance beam scoring 13.600, and second on floor scoring 13.500. At the beginning of June, Tunney competed at an international friendly with gymnasts from Finland and Spain in Ipswich, United Kingdom which was also the second Olympic trial. She won the all around competition with a score of 56.500. At the end of June, Tunney competed at the British",
"title": "Rebecca Tunney"
},
{
"id": "13995468",
"text": "Sui Lu Sui Lu (, born 1 April 1992) is a retired Chinese gymnast. She started competing at the senior international level in 2008, and won a silver medal at the 2012 Olympics. Her strongest events were the balance beam, where she was the 2011 World Champion and 2012 Olympic Silver Medalist, and the floor exercise, where she won two World Championship medals. Sui Lu started training gymnastics at the age of 3, and was selected into the Shanghai team in 2000. In Chinese national level competition, Sui has made many achievements for the Shanghai team. She obtained team gold",
"title": "Sui Lu"
},
{
"id": "20229454",
"text": "won the silver. Biles also won gold on floor exercise and balance beam and won bronze on the vault. Kocian won gold on the uneven bars in a four way tie. Thus making Biles the reigning world champion in all-around, floor, and balance beam and Kocian the reigning world co-champion on the uneven bars going into the Olympics. Additionally Biles was the reigning national champion as well. Aly Raisman, the captain of the Fierce Five, was once again selected as team captain. Biles was chosen by Team USA to be the flag bearer for the closing ceremonies. She was the",
"title": "Final Five (gymnastics)"
},
{
"id": "14418756",
"text": "bars, 14.958 on beam, and 14.000 on floor. Two days later, Mustafina competed in the individual all-around final and scored 58.665 (15.200 on vault, 15.666 on uneven bars, 13.866 on balance beam, and 13.933 on floor). She placed third behind Americans Simone Biles and Aly Raisman, repeating her bronze-medal performance from the 2012 Olympics. With this achievement, Mustafina became the eighth female gymnast in history to medal in the all-around event in two consecutive Olympics after Larisa Latynina, Sofia Muratova, Věra Čáslavská, Ludmilla Tourischeva, Nadia Comăneci, Lavinia Miloșovici and Simona Amânar . On 14 August, Mustafina competed in the uneven",
"title": "Aliya Mustafina"
},
{
"id": "19847763",
"text": "she came in 61st, in Women's Horse Vault she came in 48th, in Women's Uneven Bars she came in 81st, and in Women's Balance Beam she came in 78th. When she competed in the Olympics, she was 5-4.5 (164 cm) tall and weighed 108 lbs (49 kg). That same year Sharon was Israel's National Women's all-around champion. She was named Israel's 1988 Sportswoman of the Year. Revital Sharon Revital Sharon (רויטל שרון; born December 2, 1970) is an Israeli former Olympic artistic gymnast. At the age of 11, in 1982 Sharon won a gold medal at the International Workers’ Games",
"title": "Revital Sharon"
},
{
"id": "12275684",
"text": "Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam Women's balance beam competition at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held on August 19 at the Beijing National Indoor Stadium. The eight competitors (with a maximum of two per nation) with the highest scores in qualifying proceeded to the women's balance beam finals. There, each gymnast performed again; the scores from the final round (ignoring qualification) determined final ranking. Only two gymnasts per country may advance to an event final. The following gymnasts scored high enough to qualify, but did not do so because two gymnasts from their country had",
"title": "Gymnastics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam"
},
{
"id": "9275793",
"text": "Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam The women's balance beam was a gymnastics event contested as part of the Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics programme at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium. Each gymnast competed in both compulsory and optional exercises. The score for each was determined by a panel of five judges, with the top and bottom scores being dropped before the remaining three were averaged (and truncated to three decimal places). The two average scores were then summed. This score was also used in calculating both individual all-around and team scores. The top 6 advanced",
"title": "Gymnastics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam"
},
{
"id": "16267249",
"text": "Clara Schroth Clara Marie Schroth-Lomady (October 5, 1920 – June 7, 2014) was an American artistic gymnast who won a team bronze medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. She also competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, but failed to medal in the team competitions and did not finish any higher than joint-26th in the individual events. At the national level she won 39 Amateur Athletic Union titles, including eleven straight victories on the balance beam, one in track and field (standing broad jump in 1945), and several that were attained after she had her first child. She was",
"title": "Clara Schroth"
},
{
"id": "3821603",
"text": "thinnest and the most flexible, thus allowing more weight to be lifted. Powerlifting barbells use simpler, more robust bushings because they do not need to rotate as fast as Olympic weightlifting barbells. Sometimes the sleeves of powerlifting bars are also extended. Additionally, powerlifting bars have their grip marks spaced closer, at . This closer spacing is used to check legal grip width in the bench press. The International Powerlifting Federation requires using strictly the same kind of bar on all lifts, being between and in diameter, not more than in overall length, and between and between the inner faces of",
"title": "Barbell"
},
{
"id": "7513800",
"text": "medals with the French team and the beam final. In 1997, Teza became the first (and to date, the only) French gymnast to win the American Cup. Teza competed at three World Gymnastics Championships, in 1995, 1997 (where she placed 6th on balance beam in event finals) and 1999. She also represented France at the Olympics twice; at the 1996 Games in Atlanta and the 2000 Games in Sydney. In Sydney, Teza became the first French female gymnast ever to qualify for an Olympic event final, placing eighth on the uneven bars. Teza's beam and bars routines typically combined artistry",
"title": "Elvire Teza"
},
{
"id": "13635672",
"text": "Swimming at the 2005 Maccabiah Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle The men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2005 Maccabiah Games took place on 13 July at the Wingate Institute. This swimming event used freestyle swimming, which means that the method of the stroke is not regulated (unlike backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events). Nearly all swimmers use the front crawl or a variant of that stroke. Because an Olympic size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of eight lengths of the pool. Prior to this competition, the existing Maccabiah record was as follows. The following new",
"title": "Swimming at the 2005 Maccabiah Games – Men's 400 metre freestyle"
},
{
"id": "8603584",
"text": "give my body a break which wouldn't have been possible without the injury, and then everything just moved so quickly.\" In October, she competed at the 2011 World Championships in Tokyo and contributed an uneven bars score of 14.433 to the British team's fifth-place finish. At the beginning of June, Downie competed at an international friendly in Ipswich with gymnasts from Finland and Spain, which also served as Britain's second Olympic trial. She placed fourth on vault with a score of 14.100 and fourth on balance beam with a score of 13.450. The British Championships in Liverpool at the end",
"title": "Becky Downie"
},
{
"id": "3595845",
"text": "dismount in international competition. She also competed one of the most difficult balance beam routines ever performed. It included a standing piked full; back handspring, layout, back handspring, layout series; full-twisting swing down; and round-off, back handspring, triple full dismount. In 1994, Chow received an advanced level certificate of merit for piano. In high school, she was a competitive diver for Castilleja School, and continued with the sport at Stanford. She also competed in pole vaulting as an unattached athlete at \"open\" track and field events. Because she received money following the 1996 Olympics, she was ineligible to be a",
"title": "Amy Chow"
},
{
"id": "4353814",
"text": "France. In one of the most stunning all-around performances in history, she won the gold medal, beating out Olympic Champions Nadia Comăneci and top-ranked Soviet gymnast Nellie Kim, among others. She also tied for the gold medal in the floor exercise event final, as well as winning the silver in balance beam and uneven bars. She made history in this competition by unveiling her signature moves: a full-twisting layout Korbut Flip on bars; a tucked double back salto dismount on beam (a move that is still being used over three decades later); and a full-twisting double back somersault on floor",
"title": "Elena Mukhina"
},
{
"id": "18053383",
"text": "Echo Arena in Liverpool. Fragapane won the title with a personal best score of 58.10, this was the highest All-Around score of any British woman in the 2012-2016 Olympic Cycle. In July, she was named in Great Britain's women's gymnastics team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, along with Becky Downie, Ellie Downie, Ruby Harrold, and Amy Tinkler. At the Olympics, Fragapane fell on uneven bars and balance beam in the qualifications round and narrowly missed the cut for the individual all-around final. She also placed 8th on floor but missed out on a place in the",
"title": "Claudia Fragapane"
},
{
"id": "6887754",
"text": "the Olympics. In the all-around finals, officials mistakenly set the vault apparatus 5 cm too low; the situation was not remedied until the competition was halfway over. The change completely altered gymnasts' entry and postflight and caused several crashes. Ray was one of the gymnasts who vaulted before the error was discovered; she fell on both her warmup and competition vaults. On one of her warm up vaults, she came inches away from crashing on her head. Although Ray escaped injury, the experience left her shaken, and she also fell from beam. It is impossible to tell how much her",
"title": "Elise Ray"
},
{
"id": "18723033",
"text": "later won a silver on the Horizontal bar. On the women's side, the U.S. team took a silver in the team final. Carly Patterson won the individual all-around final, the second American to win the title since Retton in 1984. Annia Hatch won a silver in the vault final, as did Terin Humphrey in the bars final. Courtney Kupets won a bronze medal on bars and Patterson won a silver on balance beam. At the 2008 Olympics, the U.S. women won a silver medal in the team final, Nastia Liukin won the individual all-around final, becoming the third American winner.",
"title": "Artistic gymnastics in the United States"
},
{
"id": "7409325",
"text": "Guildford in July, Cairns placed fifth in the all-around with a score of 54.550. She won the vault final, scoring 14.000, and placed fourth on balance beam (13.200) and floor (13.650). She said about her return to gymnastics, \"I thought that getting to the Olympics in 2008 would satisfy me, but having battled through injury, I just have something inside me that tells me I have much more to give. Having been through the highs of the Olympics and lows of injury, I can honestly say I now take things step by step. I learn from successes and setbacks, and",
"title": "Imogen Cairns"
},
{
"id": "1745772",
"text": "used as a colloquial unit of volume, to make approximate comparisons to similarly sized objects or volumes. It is not a specific definition, as there is no official limit on the depth of an Olympic pool. The value has an order of magnitude of 1 megaliter (ML). FINA specifications for an Olympic-size pool are as follows: There must be two spaces wide outside lanes 1 and 8 (in effect, two empty lanes). The length of must be between the touch pads at the end of each lane, if they are used. If starting blocks are used, then there must be",
"title": "Olympic-size swimming pool"
},
{
"id": "1745771",
"text": "Olympic-size swimming pool An Olympic-size swimming pool conforms to regulated dimensions, large enough for international competition. This type of swimming pool is used in the Olympic Games, where the race course is in length, typically referred to as \"long course\", distinguishing it from \"short course\" which applies to competitions in pools that are in length. If touch panels are used in competition, then the distance between touch panels should be either 25 or 50 metres to qualify for FINA recognition. This means that Olympic pools are generally oversized, to accommodate touch panels used in competition. An Olympic-size swimming pool is",
"title": "Olympic-size swimming pool"
},
{
"id": "862389",
"text": "may not spot her or interfere in any way. The only time the gymnast may be accompanied on the podium is in the case of a mount involving a springboard. In this instance, the coach may quickly step in to remove the springboard from the area. In the event of a fall, once the athlete is on her feet, she has 10 seconds to remount the beam and continue the routine. If she does not return to the beam within this time limit, she is not permitted to continue. Under FIG rules, the maximum allowed time for a balance beam",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "16072779",
"text": "Olympics, the Men's Artistic Gymnastics team won Bronze with individual Silver for Louis Smith and Bronze for Max Whitlock on Pommel and individual Bronze for Beth Tweddle on Uneven bars. British Stefan gymnastics BAGA was registered as a company on 20 April 1982. In 1979 the Sports Council had built a gym at Lilleshall, equipped to international standards in 1980, with the Queen Elizabeth Hall. In 1981 a £18,000 feasibility study looked at developing Lilleshall into a national centre, and in October 1982 the Sports Council allocated £1 million to develop a national centre. Anne, Princess Royal opened the £1.75",
"title": "British Gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "5539852",
"text": "floor exercise event final (14.550), after an uncharacteristic fall. Cheng cried after the unfortunate vault and floor finals. After the Olympics, she said that she cried about her failure to capture the two gold medals she wanted most until she could cry no more. However, she received great support from both her fellow countrymen and the international gymnastics community, who acknowledged her talents and abilities as an exceptional gymnast. In a show of respect she gave the winner of the balance beam final Shawn Johnson of United States a small box with silk inside it. After the Olympic Games, she",
"title": "Cheng Fei"
},
{
"id": "16609808",
"text": "We know each other really well having practiced side by side for weeks and it all went to plan.\" At the end of June, Harrold competed at the British Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom. This was the third and final Olympic Trial to decide the gymnasts that would represent the United Kingdom at the Olympics. She placed third in the uneven bars final with a score of 14.300. At the 2013 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Moscow Harrold qualified to the individual all-around, uneven bars, and balance beam finals. In the all-around final she finished 8th with a total score",
"title": "Ruby Harrold"
},
{
"id": "811637",
"text": "except for the 1956 balance beam where she came in fourth. Latynina's nine gold medals makes her second on the list of most Olympic gold medalists together with Paavo Nurmi, Mark Spitz, and Carl Lewis, only behind Michael Phelps, who has 23. She held the distinction of having more Olympic medals (either individually or with a team) than anybody, from 1964 until 2012. She is the only woman to have won nine gold medals. She is also the only female athlete who at some point has held the record for most Olympic gold medals. Additionally, within the sport of gymnastics,",
"title": "Larisa Latynina"
},
{
"id": "15896773",
"text": "not advance to the finals. Vasiliki Millousi Vasiliki Millousi (; born 4 May 1984 in Athens) is a Greek artistic gymnast. She is a ten-time World Cup Series medalist on beam and has represented Greece at the 2000 , 2012 Olympics and 2016 Olympics. She occasionally competes in the all-around but specializes in the balance beam. More recently, she was a beam finalist at the 2011 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships. She also won the beam final at the 2012 Artistics Gymnastics Olympic Test Event which qualified her for the Olympics 2012 in London. During the 2012 London Olympic Games, Millousi",
"title": "Vasiliki Millousi"
},
{
"id": "368671",
"text": "key witnesses died before testifying at his trial.\" There was also a boycott by African nations to protest against a recent tour of apartheid-run South Africa by the New Zealand national rugby union team. The Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci won the women's individual all-around gold medal with two of four possible perfect scores, this giving birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania. She also won two other individual events, with two perfect scores in the balance beam and all perfect scores in the uneven bars. Lasse Virén repeated his double gold in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, making him",
"title": "Summer Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "17501295",
"text": "P&G Championships, she was third all-around, third on uneven bars, and fifth on floor exercise. Following the Championships, Dowell was selected to represent the United States at the 2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. In October, Dowell travelled to the World Championships in Antwerp, Belgium with Team USA. Dowell was selected and was intending to be a balance beam and uneven bars specialist. However, Dowell did not compete. Dowell was demoted to team alternate after teammate and 2012 Olympic Gold medalist, McKayla Maroney was selected to compete as an All-Around competitor. According to FIG rules, each country may only have 3",
"title": "Brenna Dowell"
},
{
"id": "1766599",
"text": "individual gymnasts such as Olympic, world and World Cup champions Mo Huilan, Kui Yuanyuan, Yang Bo, Ma Yanhong, Cheng Fei, Sui Lu, Huang Huidan, Yao Jinnan and Fan Yilin. Chinese female Olympic individual gold medalists include Ma Yanhong, Lu Li, Liu Xuan, He Kexin, and Deng Linlin. Though for many years considered a two-event team (uneven bars and balance beam), they have developed and continue to develop successful all-around gymnasts, such as Olympic all-around bronze medalists, Liu Xuan, Zhang Nan and Yang Yilin. However, like the former USSR, they have been plagued by some Western media reports relating to their",
"title": "Artistic gymnastics"
},
{
"id": "16674786",
"text": "Fencing Gymnastics Judo Rowing Shooting Swimming Weightlifting Athletics Badminton Cycling Fencing Gymnastics Rowing Shooting Swimming Tennis Triathlon Weightlifting Athletics Badminton Boxing Cycling Diving Fencing Gymnastics Sailing Shooting Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics Cycling Equestrian Gymnastics Sailing Shooting Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics Cycling Diving Equestrian Gymnastics Sailing Synchronized swimming Table tennis Triathlon Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics Canoeing Equestrian Sailing Table tennis Taekwondo Volleyball Wrestling Athletics Boxing Canoeing Diving Equestrian Football Swimming Taekwondo Volleyball Water polo Wrestling Athletics Cycling Field hockey Football Sailing Swimming Synchronized swimming Taekwondo Wrestling Athletics Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Field hockey Football Gymnastics Handball Modern pentathlon Sailing Taekwondo Volleyball Wrestling",
"title": "Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "5539851",
"text": "competed on three events, placing first on both vault and floor exercise, and fifth on balance beam. She was one of three female gymnasts to have entered 3 Olympic Event Finals in those Games, along with Nastia Liukin and Anna Pavlova. In the team final, She led the team to win China's first-ever women's gymnastics Olympic team gold medal in history. Individually, she won a bronze medal on vault (even after falling on her own \"Cheng Fei vault\"). She got 16.075 and 15.025 on her saltos. She won another bronze medal on balance beam (15.950) and placing 7th in the",
"title": "Cheng Fei"
},
{
"id": "15024628",
"text": "with a total score of 58.375. In event finals, she placed first on vault, scoring 14.425, and second on balance beam, scoring 14.625. In August, Komova competed at the Youth Olympics Games in Singapore. Before the competition, she said: \"It is a big responsibility being the only Russian gymnast competing. There is a lot of pressure on my shoulders because I won the European Junior Championships. I hope I will earn a medal either in the all-around or on an apparatus, and hopefully it will be gold.” She won the all-around competition with a total score of 61.250. In event",
"title": "Viktoria Komova"
},
{
"id": "18912308",
"text": "Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam The women's balance beam competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held at the HSBC Arena on 15 August. The top 8 qualifiers in the qualification phase (limit two per NOC), based on combined score of each apparatus, advanced to the individual all-around final. The finalists performed on each apparatus again. Qualification scores were then ignored, with only final round scores counting. The gymnasts who ranked top eight qualified for final round. In cases where there were more than two gymnasts in the same NOC, the last ranked among them",
"title": "Gymnastics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's balance beam"
},
{
"id": "862388",
"text": "noted by the judges. Deductions are taken for all errors made while on the beam, including lapses in control, balance checks (i.e., wobbling or stumbling to maintain balance), poor technique and execution, and failure to fulfill the required \"Code of Points\" elements. Falls automatically incur a deduction depending on the level the gymnast is on. The gymnast may compete barefoot or wear special beam shoes if she so chooses. She may also chalk her hands and/or feet for added stability on the apparatus. Small markings may also be placed on the beam. Once the exercise has started, the gymnast's coach",
"title": "Balance beam"
},
{
"id": "8828885",
"text": "and balance beam competitions, and a bronze medal in the floor exercise competition. WOGA host an annual meet at the Dr Pepper Arena in Frisco, Texas, which has competitions from levels 1-10 as well as an International elite competition which has seen competitors such as Laurie Hernandez, Katelyn Ohashi, Madeline Gardiner, Marine Brevet, Mira Boumejmajen and Jordyn Wieber. In 2006 a WOGA coach was sentenced to 15 years in prison after pleading guilty to sexually assaulting a 14 year old gymnast. The gymnast and her family filed a lawsuit against the owners of World Olympic Gymnastics Academy alleging that they",
"title": "World Olympic Gymnastics Academy"
},
{
"id": "11544369",
"text": "Ludmila Ezhova Ludmila Ezhova Grebenkova, ( (Lyudmila Yezhova Grebenkova), born 4 March 1982) is a Russian former competitive gymnast. She won bronze in the team event at the 2004 Summer Olympics and four medals at the World Championships. Ezhova was a mainstay of the Russian team from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s. She also represented Russia at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing where she competed only balance beam. She was particularly noted for her work on balance beam where she was a four (4) time world and European medalist, including a gold medal. Her balance beam routines were characterized",
"title": "Ludmila Ezhova"
},
{
"id": "16610016",
"text": "third in the all around with a score of 53.600. At the beginning of June Rippin competed at an international friendly with gymnasts from Finland and Spain in Ipswich, United Kingdom which was also the second Olympic trial. She placed fourth in the all around with a score of 54.550. In event finals, she placed third on vault scoring 14.300 and sixth on balance beam scoring 12.300. At the end of June Rippin competed at the British Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom. This is the third and final Olympic Trial to decide the gymnasts that will represent the United Kingdom",
"title": "Niamh Rippin"
},
{
"id": "12859465",
"text": "spot to the Olympics, meaning they are not dependent on their countries' federation to grant them a spot. Each gymnast can only qualify as the winner of one event, meaning if a gymnast wins the series on both uneven bars and balance beam, they still only use one of the available spots to qualify to the Olympics. Additionally, countries that have already qualified a full team at a prior World Championship can only win up to one additional spot from each Cup series. If a gymnast from a previously qualified country wins the overall vault series title, and another gymnast",
"title": "Artistic Gymnastics World Cup"
},
{
"id": "813833",
"text": "Maria Gorokhovskaya Maria Kondratyevna Gorokhovskaya (, ; 17 October 1921 – 22 July 2001) was a Soviet gymnast of Jewish descent. At the 1952 Summer Olympics, she won seven medals, the most medals won by any woman in a single Olympics. Competing for \"Budivelnyk Kharkiv\", Gorokhovskaya won her first USSR title on the balance beam in 1948. She came to the Helsinki Olympics as the twofold national champion. Soviet gymnastics had never competed at major international tournaments before, and it was the first Olympics in which the country participated. The Soviet gymnasts dominated the competition, with Gorokhovskaya leading them. In",
"title": "Maria Gorokhovskaya"
},
{
"id": "3821600",
"text": "or decrease the desired total weight. Collars are used to prevent plates from moving outward unevenly so that the lifter does not experience uneven force. A men's Olympic bar is a metal bar that is long and weighs . The outer ends are in diameter, while the grip section is in diameter, and in length. The bars have grip marks spaced apart to allow intuitive grip width measurement. It is the standard used in competitive weightlifting where men and women compete at the highest level - the Commonwealth Games, Pan-American Games, World Championships, and the Olympics. Bars of this kind",
"title": "Barbell"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Balance beam context: Balance beam The balance beam is a cube / rectangular object an artistic gymnastics apparatus, as well as the event performed using the apparatus. Both the apparatus and the event are sometimes simply referred to as \"beam\". The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is BB. The beam is a small, thin beam which is typically raised from the floor on a leg or stand at both ends. The balance beam is only performed by female gymnasts. Beams are usually made of leather like material. Balance beams used in international gymnastics competitions must conform to the guidelines and\n\nHow long and wide is the balance beam used in Olympic gymnastic competition?",
"compressed_tokens": 173,
"origin_tokens": 173,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Balance beam context: level were composed with combinations of leaps, dance poses, handstands, rolls and walkovers. In the 1960s, the most difficult acrobatic skill performed by the average Olympic gymnast was a back handspring. Balance beam difficulty began to increase dramatically in the 1970s. Olga Korbut and Nadia Comăneci pioneered advanced tumbling combinations and aerial skills on beam; other athletes and coaches began to follow suit. The change was also facilitated by the transition from wooden beams to safer, less slippery models with suede-covered surfaces. By the mid-1980s, top gymnasts routinely performed flight series and multiple aerial elements on beam. Today, balance beam\n\ntitle Art gymnast in United States context: later a silver on the Hor bar. the women's side the U.S. team took a silver the. Carly Patterson won the individual all-around final, second American to win the title since Retton in 1984 Annia Hatch won a in the vault final as did Terin Humphrey in bars final. Courtney Kupets won a bronze medal bars and Patterson won a silver on balance beam At the 2008 Olympics, the U.S. women won a silver medal in the team final Nastia Liukin won the individual all-around final, becoming the third American winner.\n\ntitle: Bal: specific set by the International Gast \"Apparatus Norm\" brochure Several companies manufacture and sell be AA (USA), F ()romatAustralia). gymnast use balance beams meet the' standards also use beams carpeted for practice situations learning gymnasts often work onams have the and regulation appar but very short from may also work on practice be, be road be or even on a,title: (ics): the bars beaming surfaces., these are extremely new. are firm They have color and attached to other mats via velcro strips at the ends. Normally used for practicing tumbling moves, these mats may be stacked to provide a protective surface for gymnasts working on the low balance beam, or provide a means for a gymnast to reach the bars or rings.\n\nHow long and wide is the balance beam used in Olympic gymnastic competition?",
"compressed_tokens": 483,
"origin_tokens": 14625,
"ratio": "30.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
133 | How much did a one-minute TV spot cost advertisers on the first Super Bowl broadcast in 1967? | [
"eighty-five thousand distance",
"$85,000",
"85000 distance"
] | $85,000 | [
{
"id": "4245771",
"text": "suspicion of fraud and computer tampering in connection with the porn incident. The telecast was also carried to U.S. service personnel stationed around the globe via the American Forces Network. In addition to featuring the game's first 1-second TV ad (courtesy of Miller High Life), Super Bowl XLIII marked the first time that a 30-second commercial time slot cost up to US $3 million for the airtime alone, excluding production and talent costs. Many traditional advertisers, such as Anheuser-Busch and PepsiCo, bought multiple ads at discounted rates. None of the \"Big Three\" U.S. automakers (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) ran",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIII"
},
{
"id": "7087554",
"text": "the television and digital broadcasts, meaning that for the first time, the online stream of Super Bowl 50 provided by CBS included all national commercials from the television broadcast. Owing to the large potential audience, the network broadcasting the Super Bowl can also charge a premium on advertising time during the game. A thirty-second commercial at Super Bowl I in 1967 cost US$37,500. By contrast, Super Bowl XLVI set what was then a record for the price of a Super Bowl advertisement, selling 58 spots (including those longer than 30 seconds) during the game, generating $75 million USD for NBC;",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "20876652",
"text": "As of March 31, 2014, Ad-ID has been mandated as the standard method of identification for TV advertisements. A special case of TV advertisements are rare or one-time events known as Mega Event Advertising. In the United States, the TV advertisement is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, and this is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial broadcasting airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl American football game is known as much for its commercial advertisements as for the game itself, and the average cost of a single 30-second TV spot during",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "402995",
"text": "to the quiz show scandals in the 1950s, networks shifted to the magazine concept, introducing advertising breaks with multiple advertisers. US advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen ratings. The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a TV commercial can cost. For example, it can cost approximately $750,000 for a 30-second block of commercial time during the highly popular American Idol, while the same amount of time for the Super Bowl can cost several million dollars. Conversely, lesser-viewed time slots, such as early mornings and weekday afternoons, are often sold in bulk to producers",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"id": "388579",
"text": "million total, to continue the show into a tenth season. The offer NBC made to Seinfeld was over three times higher per episode than anyone on TV had ever been offered before. Seinfeld told the network that he was not married nor had children, and wished to focus on his personal life. As reported in July 2007, he was the second-highest earner in the TV industry, earning at the time $60 million a year. The show became the first TV series to command over $1 million a minute for advertising–a mark previously attained only by the Super Bowl. According to",
"title": "Seinfeld"
},
{
"id": "376032",
"text": "of top-rated programs of all time, and three other Super Bowls, XII, XVII, and XX, made the top ten. Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser \"Bud Bowl\" campaign, the 1984 introduction of Apple's Macintosh computer, and the 1999 and 2000 dot-com ads. As the television ratings of the Super Bowl have steadily increased over the years, prices have also increased every year, with advertisers paying as much as $3.5 million for a thirty-second spot during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012. A segment of the audience tunes into the Super Bowl solely to view commercials. In 2010, Nielsen reported that 51",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "19167880",
"text": "rates on broadcast TV finales. For example, the series finales of \"Friends\", \"Seinfeld\" and \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" charged $1 million to $2 million for 30 second spots. The most watched TV series finale of all time was \"M*A*S*H\", which was viewed by over 105 million viewers in 1983. The rate for 30 second ads for the \"M*A*S*H\" finale was $450,000. Super Bowl ads in 1967 were sold for at $37,000 for a 30-second ad. For comparison, 30 second television advertising spots in the 2014 Super Bowl sold at up to $4 million. This reflects increased competition of national and international",
"title": "Mega event advertising"
},
{
"id": "11517980",
"text": "quarter of the telecast of Super Bowl XVIII on CBS, when Apple Computer debuted a one-time-only advertisement for their Macintosh computer titled 1984, directed by Ridley Scott. As the Los Angeles Raiders routed the Washington Redskins, 38-9, the Apple commercial, not the game, was the most-talked about item around water coolers the very next day. Since then, major advertisers have used the game, paying as much as seven figures (averaging over US $5 million for one 30-second slot ), excluding production expenses) to showcase their work and generate buzz that many people tune into television's biggest event of the year",
"title": "Super Bowl Ad Meter"
},
{
"id": "7523733",
"text": "for home radio receivers powered by mains electricity and was mandated by laws beginning with the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1904, to administer the licensing system. Households which bought a TV licence did not need to hold a separate radio licence as the TV licence covered both TV and radio reception. The BBC started regular colour TV broadcasts in the summer of 1967. On 1 January 1968, a \"colour supplement\" of £5 was added to the existing £5 monochrome licence fee; the combined colour licence fee was therefore £10, the equivalent of £ as of . The current (2010–2016) cash cost",
"title": "Television licensing in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "18856056",
"text": "loyalties had weakened and there was a rapid growth in the number of independents. As a result candidates Paid less attention to rallying diehard supporters and instead appealed to independent-minded voters. They adopted television advertising techniques as their primary campaign device. At first the parties paid for long-winded half-hour or hour long speeches. By the 1960s, they discovered that the 30-second or one-minute commercial, repeated over and over again, was the most effective technique. It was expensive, however, so fund-raising became more and more important in winning campaigns. Major technological innovations transformed the mass media. Radio, already overwhelmed by television,",
"title": "Mass media and American politics"
},
{
"id": "4811568",
"text": "2007 and 2011, based on cumulative totals, and has been for several years in a row. The most-watched episode of the series is \"It's the End of the World\", with 37.88 million viewers, aided by a lead-in from Super Bowl XL. \"Grey's Anatomy\" was the most expensive program on television in the 2007-08 season measured by advertising revenue, with earnings of US$400,000 per thirty seconds. The show was named the fourth (behind \"Desperate Housewives\", \"Two and a Half Men\", and \"American Idol\"), and the fifth-highest (behind \"Glee\", \"Two and a Half Men\", \"The X Factor (U.S.)\" and \"American Idol\") revenue",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy"
},
{
"id": "7087637",
"text": "the additional talent and post-production fees that would be required to broadcast the American ads in Canada, and the perceived lower \"cultural resonance\" of the game for Canadian viewers as opposed to Americans. As such, and because Canada's population is approximately a tenth of the United States', advertising time costs a fraction of the price to air an ad on the U.S. broadcast: prices ranged between $170,000 to $200,000 for a 30-second slot on CTV's telecast of Super Bowl XLIX. On the other hand, in the 2010s, there were a growing number of Super Bowl ads produced specifically for the",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "7087546",
"text": "from the game. Super Bowl advertisements have become iconic and well-known because of their cinematographic quality, unpredictability, surreal humor, and use of special effects. The use of celebrity cameos has also been common in Super Bowl ads. A number of major brands, including Budweiser, Coca-Cola, Doritos, GoDaddy and Master Lock, have been well known for making repeated appearances during the Super Bowl. The prominence of airing a commercial during the Super Bowl has also carried an increasingly high price: the average cost of a 30-second commercial during the Super Bowl has ranged from $37,500 at Super Bowl I, to around",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "12304588",
"text": "live episode of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" from the Orpheum was also broadcast. NBC set the sales rate for a 30-second advertisement at US$4.5 million, a price $500,000 above the record set by the two preceding Super Bowls. For the first time, the network also offered 15-second ad spots. A large number of automotive advertisers reduced their advertising during the game, replaced by a wave of fifteen first-time Super Bowl advertisers, including Skittles, Carnival Cruise Lines, Loctite, Wix.com, Jublia, a coalition of Mexican avocado growers, and Always among several others. NBC posted the commercials on a Tumblr blog",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX"
},
{
"id": "18084504",
"text": "most-watched program of all-time in terms of total audience, 167-million, which measures those who viewed at least six minutes of the broadcast. Average viewership is the industry standard for determining television ratings, while total audience is a supplemental metric. The Spanish-language broadcast on ESPN Deportes was seen by an average of 472,000 viewers; it ranked behind Super Bowl XLVIII as the second-most-watched Spanish-language cable telecast in U.S. history, outside of soccer games. CBS set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $5,000,000, a record high price for a Super Bowl ad. As of January 26, the advertisements had not",
"title": "Super Bowl 50"
},
{
"id": "4450406",
"text": "\"Free Doritos\" ad topped the survey and won $1million. The United States Census Bureau spent $2.5million on a 30-second spot, directed by noted independent filmmaker Christopher Guest, for the 2010 United States Census, which urged Americans to answer its questionnaires that will be sent out in the next few weeks. McDonald's aired a commercial, updating a famous ad from the early 1990s, in which NBA superstars LeBron James and Dwight Howard (replacing Michael Jordan and Larry Bird) play an otherworldly game of H-O-R-S-E, with a McDonald's lunch going to the winner – however, they soon look over and see that",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIV"
},
{
"id": "7087555",
"text": "the most expensive advertisement sold for $5.84 million. Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII both set the average cost of a 30-second commercial at $4 million. Super Bowl XLIX, also broadcast by NBC, surpassed that record with a base price of $4.5 million. Media executives projected that the cost of a 30-second commercial could exceed $5 million at Super Bowl 50, a figure that CBS confirmed. That price would serve as a plateau for the two subsequent games; Fox would match that figure for Super Bowl LI, and NBC would slightly exceed for Super Bowl LII, although it never",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "7087557",
"text": "during the regular season, has an average cost of around $700,000 for 30 seconds of time. The average cost of a 30-second ad during the Super Bowl increased by 87% between 2008 and 2017. However, the $5 million per 30 seconds appears to have become a soft cap, as for the third year in a row, as of Super Bowl LII, this has been quoted as the rough cost per ad. The high cost of purchasing advertising time, on top of the cost of producing the commercial itself, has led to concerns by marketers that the increased sales that can",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "9980212",
"text": "the show \"as DVR-proof as you can be on television in this era\". Each airing of \"Leno\" cost about $350,000 to $400,000 versus up to $3 million for an hour-long drama, saving NBC $13 million each week without the network needing the show to beat its competitors. Those costs include the services of 22 writers, whom Leno called the \"top 5% of the highest-paid . . . in the Guild.\" McDonald's became the first buying advertiser for the program, tying in their \"Million Dollar Roll\" nightly in October 2009 promoting that year's version of McDonald's Monopoly. Leno did not expect",
"title": "The Jay Leno Show"
},
{
"id": "4185090",
"text": "watched program in U.S. television history (trailing only the \"M*A*S*H\" finale and Super Bowls XLIII, XXX, and XLII). Advertising rates were reported as being slightly higher than in the year before, with CBS confirming a price of $2.6 million for some 30-second spots, compared with $2.5 million during Super Bowl XL. However, CNN reported that after discounts, the average price is likely closer to $1.8 to $2 million. Familiar advertisers in recent years such as Anheuser-Busch, CareerBuilder, General Motors and Coca-Cola bought multiple advertising spots, and other popular advertisers like Go Daddy and Emerald Nuts had commercials this year. The",
"title": "Super Bowl XLI"
},
{
"id": "3200167",
"text": "ad). Agency BBDO was the biggest single producer of commercials, creating 19. ABC also aired several 60-second commercials for some of its shows, including \"Lost\", \"Desperate Housewives\", and \"Grey's Anatomy\". Notably, this was the first Super Bowl during which commercials, in addition to the game itself, were broadcast in HDTV. During typical HDTV broadcasts at the time, commercials themselves were broadcast in standard definition. Google Video and America Online each catalogued ads for later viewing. The \"USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter\" and ADBOWL, which both measure viewer online reaction to all Super Bowl ads, found the Bud Light \"Magic",
"title": "Super Bowl XL"
},
{
"id": "20726664",
"text": "Lucy for the series first five seasons. After WWII, heavy TV cigarette advertising lead the Federal Communications Commission required television stations to air anti-smoking advertisements at no cost to the organizations providing such advertisements. In June 1967, the Federal Communications Commission ruled that programs broadcast on a television station that discussed smoking and health were insufficient to offset the effects of paid advertisements that were broadcast for five to ten minutes each day. \"We hold that the fairness doctrine is applicable to such advertisements,\" the Commission said. The FCC decision, upheld by the courts, essentially required television stations to air",
"title": "Regulation of nicotine marketing"
},
{
"id": "9530530",
"text": "the Hertz rental car company, in whose commercials he was depicted running through airports, serving as an embodiment of speed; Simpson estimated that the very successful campaign raised the recognition rate among people he met from 30% to 90%. He was also a longtime spokesman for Pioneer Chicken and owned two franchises, one of which was destroyed during the 1992 Los Angeles riots; as well as HoneyBaked Ham, the pX Corporation, and Calistoga Water Company's line of Napa Naturals soft drinks. He also appeared in comic book ads for Dingo cowboy boots. At age 19 on June 24, 1967, Simpson",
"title": "O. J. Simpson"
},
{
"id": "7141043",
"text": "highest-rated U.S. Spanish-language cable telecast outside of soccer. NFL Network produced an international television feed of the game, with alternate English-language commentary provided by Bob Papa (play-by-play) and Charles Davis (color analyst). Fox set the sales rate for a 30-second advertisement at US $4 million, matching the price set by CBS for Super Bowl XLVII. Fox began selling advertising for the game in May 2013 and announced it had sold out on December 4. \"USA Today\"s Super Bowl Ad Meter named Budweiser's ad \"Puppy Love\" as the best of the game. Meanwhile, a Coca-Cola spot with people of diverse cultures",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVIII"
},
{
"id": "7002501",
"text": "the teams' local markets, the game was also broadcast by NBC stations in the New York City and Boston markets, WNBC 4 in New York City, New York and WHDH 7 in Boston, Massachusetts. All commercials for the game sold out by Thanksgiving 2011, at an average price of $3.5 million per thirty-second ad, by far the highest rate for Super Bowl advertising in the event's history. At least one thirty-second advertisement commanded a price of $4 million. Pro-life activist Randall Terry has said he was planning to run an advertisement featuring graphic photos of aborted fetuses during Super Bowl",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI"
},
{
"id": "3200169",
"text": "the last iteration, the lower-seeded and favored team won. This was also the second time in Super Bowl history when the favorite was a wild card team; the first was before Super Bowl XXXV, when the Ravens were favored. It also marked the first time since that game the favorite won against the spread. Members of the winning team each received a payment of $73,000 for playing in the game, while players on the losing team were paid $38,000. The Green Bay Packers received $15,000 each for winning Super Bowl I in 1967; adjusted for inflation in 2006 dollars, that",
"title": "Super Bowl XL"
},
{
"id": "3200166",
"text": "Bowl showcased top commercials and commanded high prices, estimated at $2.6 million (US) for a 30-second spot. According to \"Advertising Age\", Anheuser-Busch was the top advertiser during the game, having purchased 10 30-second spots. The magazine reported that other companies having purchased multiple commercial segments included Ameriquest (two), CareerBuilder.com (two), Pepsi-Cola (four), Pizza Hut (ten, though most ran prior to kickoff), Sprint (three), Procter & Gamble (four, three for Gillette's new Fusion razor), Warner Bros. (three), Disney (two) and GoDaddy.com (two). Three companies aired 60-second advertisements: General Motors (for the Cadillac brand), Burger King, and Mobile ESPN (the Sports Heaven",
"title": "Super Bowl XL"
},
{
"id": "20876697",
"text": "Also, promotion of television programmes for sponsored programmes are treated separately from programme promotions, though some channels had the sponsor name being advertised in programme promos. All major New Zealand television channels, both state-owned and private, screen advertisements. Adverts on average taking up 14 minutes of each hour; there are usually two advert breaks in a half-hour programme, and four advert breaks in an hour-long programme. Television advertising began in New Zealand in April 1961, ten months after the first official television broadcast, and was initially allowed only on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. Today, television adverts are only prohibited on",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "3357325",
"text": "Aretha Franklin. After the move to Philadelphia, Douglas also attempted to revive his own singing career, logging his lone Top 40 single as a solo artist, \"The Men In My Little Girl's Life\" in 1966. By 1967, \"The Mike Douglas Show\" was broadcast to 171 markets and 6,000,000 viewers each day, mostly women at home. It earned $10.5 million annually from advertisers, while its host was paid more than $500,000. In 1967, the program received the first Emmy Award for Individual Achievement in Daytime Television from the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. In July 1978, the talk show's",
"title": "Mike Douglas"
},
{
"id": "9770867",
"text": "burger after he noticed that a rival restaurant was having success selling a larger burger. Believing that the success of the rival product was its size, he devised the Whopper. The name was chosen because he felt that it conveyed \"\"imagery of something big\"\". Finally, the company made its first forays into advertising in the new medium of television with commercials for the chain in 1958. In 1967, the Pillsbury Company acquired Burger King and its parent company Burger King Corporation from McLamore and Edgerton. At the time of the purchase, BK had grown to 274 restaurants in the United",
"title": "History of Burger King"
},
{
"id": "4135504",
"text": "telecasting began on July 1, 1941 with the first paid advertisements on WNBT, there had been experimental, non-paid advertising on television as far back as 1930. NBC's earliest non-paid, television commercials may have been those seen during the first Major League Baseball game ever telecast, a game between the Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds, on August 26, 1939 over W2XBS. In order to secure the rights to show the game on television, NBC allowed each of the Dodgers' regular radio sponsors at the time to have one commercial during the telecast, and these were done by Dodger announcer Red Barber.",
"title": "WNBC"
},
{
"id": "6201811",
"text": "advertisers were skeptical that many viewers would want to watch national and world news at all hours of the day and night. But Kiplinger took a chance on the new network, and it was one of CNN's heaviest advertisers that first year, using commercials of unusual length (two minutes or one minute) to sell thousands of subscriptions to \"The Kiplinger Letter\". Later in the decade, Kiplinger was a charter advertiser on another TV program that blazed new ground—Charles Kuralt’s Sunday morning feature program on CBS, a pioneering and successful experiment in a broadcasting time slot then devoted entirely to religious",
"title": "Kiplinger"
},
{
"id": "12992406",
"text": "Bryan Buckley and his Hungry Man Productions. Sources place the cost for the 30-second advertisement at $2.4-$3 million. Cash4Gold also played a 60-second ad in NBC's pre-game show, making it the first direct-response advertiser in that venue. The spot received considerable news coverage and was seen by many commentators as a harbinger of the economic situation which was bottoming out in the United States at the time it aired. CNBC’s Sports Biz blog touted the Cash4Gold spot as “the most relevant ad in this entire Super Bowl.” In the past Cash4Gold.com has signed sponsorships with Milwaukee Bucks, a multi-car sponsorship",
"title": "Cash4Gold"
},
{
"id": "5126968",
"text": "beginning on that channel on 2 December 1967. BBC1 and ITV followed suit on 15 November 1969. Colour broadcasting added further to the cost and complexity of producing television sets. The resulting high price and low coverage areas of the new technology delayed consumer adoption further: it wasn't until 1977 that the number of colour licences sold outnumbered those of black and white. In the early 1970s, Sony and Hitachi launched UK colour televisions that cost less than £200. Domestic manufacturers attempted to compete, but were handicapped by outdated manufacturing techniques and an inflexible workforce. Pye found themselves with high",
"title": "Pye Ltd."
},
{
"id": "5487629",
"text": "is then played in its entirety. The anticipation before the airing of \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\" was almost unprecedented, especially for a regular television series (in contrast to awards shows, sporting events, or special events). Interest from advertisers prompted CBS, the network broadcasting \"M*A*S*H\", to sell 30-second commercial blocks for $450,000 (equal to $ today) each—costlier than even for NBC's airing of the Super Bowl of that year. On the night the episode aired, large areas of California (particularly the San Francisco Bay Area) suffered power outages due to unusually stormy winter weather, which prevented many viewers from watching the",
"title": "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen"
},
{
"id": "7878466",
"text": "ABC Movie of the Week The ABC Movie of the Week was a weekly television anthology series featuring made-for-TV movies, that aired on the ABC network in various permutations from 1969 to 1975. In the 1960s, movie studios viewed television as a second-rate medium but also as a threat to their theatrical revenue, so they charged high fees for the privilege to broadcast their films. The networks experimented with having films made specifically for TV to lower expenses. NBC created the first weekly umbrella for such films with their \"World Premiere Movie\" in 1966, running in a two-hour time slot.",
"title": "ABC Movie of the Week"
},
{
"id": "816219",
"text": "customs duty and Goods and Services Tax. In June 1967, the US Federal Communications Commission ruled that programmes broadcast on a television station which discussed smoking and health were insufficient to offset the effects of paid advertisements that were broadcast for five to ten minutes each day. In April 1970, the US Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act banning the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio starting on 2 January 1971. The Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 expressly prohibited almost all forms of Tobacco advertising in Australia, including the sponsorship of sporting or other cultural events by",
"title": "Tobacco smoking"
},
{
"id": "7087547",
"text": "$2.2 million at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000, and by Super Bowl XLIX in 2015, had doubled to around $4.5 million. The cost of advertising during the Super Bowl has reached a point that some companies may not be able to recoup their costs from the resulting revenue. Some commercials airing during, or proposed to air during the game, have also attracted controversy due to the nature of their content. Super Bowl commercials are largely limited to the United States' broadcast of the game. Complaints about the inability to view the ads are prevalent in Canada, where federal \"simsub\" regulations",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "375994",
"text": "among the most-watched sporting events in the world, almost all audiences being North American, and is second to UEFA Champions League final as the most watched \"annual\" sporting event worldwide. The NFL restricts the use of its \"Super Bowl\" trademark; it is frequently called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations. Because of the high viewership, commercial airtime during the Super Bowl broadcast is the most expensive of the year, leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive advertisements for this broadcast. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcast's commercials has become a significant aspect of",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "2730810",
"text": "so named after the fact, was a 1968 regular-season game between the Oakland Raiders and the New York Jets whose NBC telecast was interrupted with 61 seconds left to play so that the network could broadcast the movie \"Heidi\" as contracted with their advertiser. Angry viewers missed the final minute of the game during which the Raiders scored two touchdowns in a come-from-behind victory. Games between very poor teams and/or of very poor play quality have been jokingly referred to as Toilet Bowls (in college football) or as Draft Bowls (in professional football). Following the Bowl Championship Series, a series",
"title": "Bowl game"
},
{
"id": "9390168",
"text": "was subject to sponsorship from a variety of advertisers. The first telecast of \"Oz\" was a presentation of Ford Star Jubilee and thus sponsored by Ford Motor Company and its dealers. In the ensuing years of 1959 thru 1967, the yearly telecast was sponsored by one primary sponsor with a co-sponsor. Perhaps the best remembered examples were the telecasts sponsored by Procter and Gamble and promoted when the company gave free premiums of hand puppets with packages of some of its most popular products. Many also remember the 1970 telecast presented on NBC by Singer Manufacturing Company as a tribute",
"title": "The Wizard of Oz on television"
},
{
"id": "4620787",
"text": "being moved from 4:15 to 4:25 p.m. Eastern Time), CBS began to move the start of its primetime schedule to 7:30 p.m. on weeks that the network carries a 4:25 p.m. game. Super Bowl XLVII was broadcast for free on the internet on the host network's website, in this case CBSSports.com. CBS charged an average of $4 million for a 30-second commercial during the game, the highest rate for any Super Bowl. According to Nielsen, Super Bowl XLVII was watched by an estimated average total audience of 108.69 million U.S. viewers, with a record 164.1 million tuning into at least",
"title": "NFL on CBS"
},
{
"id": "5939192",
"text": "to announce events in the town's Festival of Norway. However, big-ticket advertising for national businesses proved elusive. The largest single paying advertiser was the Worldwide Church of God which purchased a nightly 30 minute slot for a fee of around £300 per week. This covered most of Radio 270's payroll. The nightly \"god slot\" contained the preaching of evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong. The second largest advertiser was the Proudfoot supermarket business. This created a complex financial situation in which there were two-way transfer charges between Radio 270 and Proudfoot for reciprocal services rendered. In 1965, the promoters of Radio 270",
"title": "Radio 270"
},
{
"id": "7087572",
"text": "The ad, which featured blindfolded businessmen walking over the edge of a cliff in unison, was criticized for its \"dark\" theme and exaggerated premise. By contrast, \"Lemmings\" has been considered to be one of Apple's worst television advertisements. The beer brand Budweiser has long been a Super Bowl fixture. Its parent company Anheuser-Busch held a long-term contract with the NFL that allowed it to buy several slots of air time from the game's broadcaster each year at a steep discount, a contract that ran through Super Bowl 50; the company continues to buy multiple commercials in each game. Budweiser runs",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "284608",
"text": "18 regular season games under its \"Thursday Night Football\" brand, 16 Thursday-evening contests (10 of which are simulcast on either NBC or CBS) as well as one of the NFL International Series games on a Sunday morning and one of the 2017 Christmas afternoon games. In addition, 10 of the Thursday night games will be streamed live on Amazon Prime. In 2017, the NFL games occupied the top three rates for a 30-second advertisement: $699,602 for Sunday Night Football, $550,709 for Thursday Night Football (NBC), and $549,791 for Thursday Night Football (CBS). The Super Bowl television rights are rotated on",
"title": "National Football League"
},
{
"id": "9732994",
"text": "stations. In August 1967, the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act passed into law, and forced all but the two Caroline stations off the air by eliminating their means of selling commercial advertising in the UK. As well as closing down offshore \"pirate radio\", the British government instructed the BBC to create its own non-commercial replacement, named Radio 1. Radio 1 commenced transmissions at the end of September 1967. While Luxembourg almost had the UK commercial airwaves to itself, it was still restricted to evening and night hours. The presenters included the following: By the middle of 1968, even the two Caroline",
"title": "Radio Luxembourg"
},
{
"id": "358148",
"text": "reportedly received $1 million for advertising per episode, more than the roughly $800,000 fee that networks typically paid for a one-hour show; by 1992, when the budget for each episode had risen to almost $2 million, the studio earned $90 million from advertising annually from first-run episodes, with each 30-second commercial selling for $115,000 to $150,000. The show had a 40% return on investment for Paramount, with $30 to $60 million in annual upfront net profit for first-run episodes and another $70 million for stripping rights for each of the about 100 episodes then available, so did not need overseas",
"title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation"
},
{
"id": "393657",
"text": "Super Bowl I The first AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, known retroactively as Super Bowl I and referred to in some contemporaneous reports, including the game's radio broadcast, as the Super Bowl, was played on January 15, 1967 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California. The National Football League (NFL) champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League (AFL) champion Kansas City Chiefs by the score of 35–10. Coming into this game, considerable animosity existed between the AFL and NFL, thus the teams representing the two rival leagues (Kansas City and Green Bay,",
"title": "Super Bowl I"
},
{
"id": "7087559",
"text": "the Winter Olympics and Super Bowl were shown by the same network in a single year, NBC offered advertisers the opportunity to purchase packages of time for their ads covering both Super Bowl LII and the Olympics. NBC stated that doing so would allow advertisers to amortize their expenses through additional airplay during the Olympics. Many Super Bowl advertisements have become iconic and well-known because of their quality, unpredictability, humor, and use of special effects. In recent years, advertisers have also attempted to stand out from others by producing ads with cinematographic qualities, and ads that channel emotions and real-world",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "14182326",
"text": "has become one of the most watched television broadcasts of the year. Super Bowl Sunday is a \"de facto\" national holiday in America; the viewership being so great that in 2015, advertising space was reported as being sold at $4.5m for a 30-second slot. Sport can be undertaken on an amateur, professional or semi-professional basis, depending on whether participants are incentivised for participation (usually through payment of a wage or salary). Amateur participation in sport at lower levels is often called \"grassroots sport\". The popularity of spectator sport as a recreation for non-participants has led to sport becoming a major",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"id": "765394",
"text": "Starting in 1967 and continuing until the mid-1970s, the CBC provided limited television service to remote and northern communities. Transmitters were built in a few locations and carried a four-hour selection of black-and-white videotaped programs each day. The tapes were flown into communities to be shown, then transported to other communities, often by the \"bicycle\" method used in television syndication. Transportation delays ranged from one week for larger centres to almost a month for small communities. The first FCP station was started in Yellowknife in May 1967, the second in Whitehorse in November 1968. Additional stations were added from 1969",
"title": "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"
},
{
"id": "7087583",
"text": "from a 1968 speech by Martin Luther King Jr., as well as three Jeep ads. Super Bowl XXXIV (2000) became notable for featuring a large number of commercials from dot-com companies, to the extent that critics dubbed it the \"Dot-com Super Bowl\". With a 30-second ad costing around $2.2 million, 20% of the commercial time sold went to dot-com companies—constituting $44 million of the $130 million spent in total on Super Bowl advertising time that year. Despite their aspirations and the boosts in traffic they received from the ads, all of the publicly held companies which advertised saw their stocks",
"title": "Super Bowl commercials"
},
{
"id": "7523734",
"text": "is £145.50 for colour TV and £49 for monochrome TV, per household. The radio-only licence was abolished on 1 February 1971, when it was £1.25 (actually £1-5s-0d in pre-decimal UK currency) or the equivalent of £ in prices. On 1 April 1991, the BBC took over the administration of television licensing in the UK, assuming the responsibility of licence fee collection and enforcement. Since this date, the BBC has been the statutory authority for issuing television licences (before April 1991, the statutory authority was the UK Home Office), although the UK Government retains certain powers and responsibilities with regards to",
"title": "Television licensing in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "17473852",
"text": "joint broadcast immediately prior to the game. Nielsen reported a 47.4/70% overnight rating in metered markets, peaking at 52.2/74 during the fourth quarter. These numbers are about 3% lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI, and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. Dan Lovinger, NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales, stated to \"Variety\" in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price \"north of $5 million\" (the price set for the previous two Super Bowls) for a 30-second commercial during Super Bowl LII. As they began five days after the Super Bowl, NBC",
"title": "Super Bowl LII"
},
{
"id": "1525659",
"text": "commercial television started broadcasting in stages between 1955 and 1962. The first advertisement aired by ITV promoted Gibbs SR toothpaste at 20.12hrs local time on 22 September 1955. Household cleaners were the most frequently advertised products over the 1955–1960 period. Television Act 1954 The Television Act 1954 was a British law which permitted the creation of the first commercial television network in the United Kingdom, ITV. Until the early 1950s, the only television service in Britain was operated as a monopoly by the British Broadcasting Corporation, and financed by the annual television licence fee payable by each household which contained",
"title": "Television Act 1954"
},
{
"id": "1272211",
"text": "UK on 8 December 1967, just over two weeks before the film was broadcast by BBC-TV. It retailed at the sub-£1 price of 19s 6d (equivalent to £ today). With the broadcast rights for North America assigned to NBC, the Capitol album was scheduled for a mid-December release. The company instead issued the album on 27 November. In Britain only, the film was then screened on Boxing Day to an audience estimated at 15 million. It was savaged by reviewers, giving the Beatles their first critical failure. \"Magical Mystery Tour\" was number 1 on \"Billboard\"s Top LPs listings for eight",
"title": "Magical Mystery Tour"
},
{
"id": "1268515",
"text": "than any other studio at that time. In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and \"Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse\", a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica. Bakshi was quoted in a 1971 article for the \"Los Angeles Times\" as saying that the idea of \"grown men sitting in cubicles drawing butterflies floating over a field of flowers, while American planes are dropping bombs in Vietnam and kids are marching in the streets, is ludicrous.\" Bakshi soon developed \"Heavy Traffic\", a tale of inner-city street life. However, Krantz",
"title": "Animation in the United States in the television era"
},
{
"id": "4450409",
"text": "special ad, celebrating the 25th Anniversary of The Super Bowl Shuffle, featuring many of the 1985 Chicago Bears to advertise their US $50 per month service. Also, in a CBS-produced promo for the \"Late Show with David Letterman\", the eponymous host and his longtime talk show rival, Jay Leno, appeared together with Oprah Winfrey. Three advertisers in particular raised eyebrows with their choice to advertise during the Super Bowl. One new advertiser, Focus on the Family, aired a commercial featuring 2007 Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow and his mother that elicited criticism from some women's groups who demanded CBS cancel",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIV"
},
{
"id": "2134077",
"text": "2007, with the first four seasons available to local stations (largely CW affiliates in the major U.S. television markets through major deals with Tribune Broadcasting and the Sinclair Broadcast Group). From September 6, 2010, to November 24, 2017, FX aired the series daily nationwide. Syndicated shows are sold in multiyear cycles, with the first cycle the most expensive. \"Two and a Half Men\"'s first cycle is nine years in length. If no ninth season had occurred because of Sheen's departure, due to the first cycle's premature end, Warner Bros. would not have received about $80 million in license fees. While",
"title": "Two and a Half Men"
},
{
"id": "3240225",
"text": "\"Guiding Light\", \"As the World Turns\", \"The Edge of Night\", and \"Another World.\" \"Search for Tomorrow\" aired as a fifteen-minute serial from its debut in 1951 until 1968, at 12:30 p.m./11:30 a.m. Central Time. Procter & Gamble used the show to advertise mainly Joy dishwashing liquid and Spic and Span household cleaner. As the show's ratings increased, other sponsors began buying commercial time. Both \"Joy\" and \"Spic and Span\" continued to be the primary products Procter & Gamble advertised on the show, well into the 1960s. The serial discontinued live broadcasts in favor of recorded telecasts in March 1967, began",
"title": "Search for Tomorrow"
},
{
"id": "16374575",
"text": "The Guardian color supplements. In 1967 he co-founded the film production company Brooks Baker Fulford with Len Fulford and Jim Baker. After various personnel changes the company was finally named BFCS. Initially Brooks was directing table top product commercials but in 1969 Colin Millward asked him to direct a spot for Senior Service Extra cigarettes. It was a gentle funny commercial with three excellent actors and a New York sense of comedy. Brooks later said, “It was one of the most charming commercials I did and straight off the bat it won a gold at Venice.” That first Cannes/Venice Lion",
"title": "Bob Brooks"
},
{
"id": "9565944",
"text": "number to a station frequency (an AM 1010 radio call-in programme may use 872-1010 or a TV channel 13 studio may adopt 224-13-13.). An eye clinic may choose a number terminating in 20/20. Other possible numeric indicators which convey specific meanings are 24/7 (twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week) or 2-4-1 (two for the price of one); the latter is used by 241 Pizza by advertising local number 241-0-241 or a variant. Vanity number A vanity number is a local or toll-free telephone number for which a subscriber requests an easily remembered sequence of numbers for marketing purposes.",
"title": "Vanity number"
},
{
"id": "4649901",
"text": "today are the ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC television networks and the RTEX radio network, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Cox Communications and Time Warner Cable. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network. In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public",
"title": "Commercial broadcasting"
},
{
"id": "402992",
"text": "such luminaries as Marshall McLuhan. The viewership of television programming, as measured by companies such as Nielsen Media Research, is often used as a metric for television advertisement placement, and consequently, for the rates charged to advertisers to air within a given network, television program, or time of day (called a \"daypart\"). In many countries, including the United States, television campaign advertisements are considered indispensable for a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements. The first official, paid television advertisement was broadcast",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"id": "20876650",
"text": "would only be 42 minutes long; a typical 30-minute block of time now includes 22 minutes of programming and eight minutes of advertisements – six minutes for national advertising and two minutes for local. By 2016, many shows have been shortened to only 19 minutes of content per half-hour. A television broadcast of the 101-minute film \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939) for instance, could, in the early to mid-1960s, take two hours even with advertisements. Today, a telecast of the same film would last between 2½ and three hours, including advertisements. Because of this, it is common practice to edit",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "402991",
"text": "which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks. The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes (as well as program-length infomercials). Advertisements of this sort have been used to promote a wide variety of goods, services and ideas since the beginning of television. The effects of television advertising upon the viewing public (and the effects of mass media in general) have been the subject of philosophical discourse by",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"id": "2785621",
"text": "the vast majority of their revenue from advertisements. According to a 2001 survey, broadcast stations allocated 16 to 21 minutes of programming time per hour to commercials. Most cable networks also generate income from advertisements, although most basic cable networks also receive subscription fees, which are the other main source of revenue for the cable operators. However, \"premium\" cable networks (such as HBO) do not air commercials; instead, cable television subscribers must pay an extra fee to receive this type of pay television service. Networks traditionally allocate a portion of commercial time during their programs (usually totaling between five and",
"title": "Television in the United States"
},
{
"id": "20876649",
"text": "TV advertisements by country TV advertisements by country refers to television advertisements in different regions and countries. In the United States, the Nielsen ratings system measures audience viewership of television programs, and provides a way for television broadcasters to determine how popular their television shows are, so that they can decide what rates to charge advertisers for air time. For each hour in a broadcast day, advertisements take up a fairly large portion of the time. Commercial breaks have become longer. In the 1960s a typical hour-long American show would run for 51 minutes excluding advertisements. Today, a similar program",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "4243426",
"text": "before or after the game or in two dozen local markets. For this game Fox pulled in $250 million in revenue from the ads. One of sixty-three thirty-second spots among thirty-seven different advertisers cost an estimated $2.7 million (excluding production costs), up from $2.6 million in 2007. However, advertisers are usually offered discounted rates below the official one. Cars.com, which had yet to buy a Super Bowl Ad, made an early announcement that it would purchase two spots. Five automobile companies advertised during Super Bowl XLII: Audi, General Motors, Hyundai, Nissan, and Toyota. Audi took the opportunity to pay homage",
"title": "Super Bowl XLII"
},
{
"id": "897973",
"text": "aired by both CBS and NBC (the only Super Bowl to be aired by two networks), but neither network then felt the need to preserve the game long-term; CBS saved the telecast for a few months and re-ran it as filler programming at least once before wiping it. A color videotape containing the first, second and fourth quarters of the telecast from WYOU (the CBS affiliate for Scranton, Pennsylvania, which was then WDAU-TV) was found in 2005 and is in the process of being restored. On January 15, 2016, the NFL Network re-aired the first Super Bowl, featuring audio from",
"title": "Wiping"
},
{
"id": "19167878",
"text": "surveys show that the percentage of Academy Award viewers were more likely to buy products seen during ads placed in the Academy Awards, compared to the Super Bowl (31.1% to 6.9% respectively). The premium paid by advertisers to the Academy Awards is also due to more of a targeted demographic (more affluent females), less competition and more category exclusivity. While advertising rates on hit TV series such as \"The Walking Dead\" can be higher than televised sporting events such as Monday Night Football, advertisers want to be a part of historic pop culture events such as iconic TV series finales.",
"title": "Mega event advertising"
},
{
"id": "9834251",
"text": "has estimated to be worth more than 30 times the paid-for media space. Following this success, the campaign expanded into other media, including a series of television spots (\"Flip Your Wigs\" and the \"Pro-Age\" series, among others) and print advertisements (\"Tested on Real Curves\"). This culminated in the 2006 \"Little Girls\" global campaign, which featured regional versions of the same advertisement in both print and screen, for which Unilever purchased a 30-second spot in the commercial break during Super Bowl XL at an estimated cost of US$2.5M. In 2006, Ogilvy & Mather were seeking to extend the campaign further, by",
"title": "Evolution (advertisement)"
},
{
"id": "4450405",
"text": "to steal a man's Doritos, a fast-handed boy defending his Doritos and his mother from a potential suitor, and a man faking his death for free Doritos. The fourth ad, featuring an angry gym rat who was overprotective for his Doritos being stolen, aired in the fourth quarter. Had three of the ads topped the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter rankings, the commercial's creators would have won a total of US $5million ($1million for first, $600,000 for second and $400,000 for third, plus a $1million bonus for each of the three finalists). The previous year, Joe and David Herbert's",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIV"
},
{
"id": "3705926",
"text": "was quick and easy to prepare. The first shipment took place in April 1946. The same month, the company was renamed Vacuum Foods Corporation. With limited funds for advertising, Fox himself went door to door giving free samples, until demand skyrocketed. In October, 1948, TIME magazine announced that entertainer Bing Crosby was to employ a 5-day a week radio show to promote Minute Maid. The magazine article gave further details. \"Minute Maid (retail price: 29¢ a pint and a half) got into the field first in 1945, at a new $2,300,000 plant in Plymouth, Fla. With little cash to advertise,",
"title": "Minute Maid"
},
{
"id": "20876672",
"text": "minutes and of the movies/telefilms that exceed the length of 110 minutes which can have more than one commercial break every 45 minutes for 9 minutes. In Ireland, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland determines the number of adverts on commercial and community TV stations, while the Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources is responsible for the advertising limits of Public Service Broadcasters on TV and Radio, and commercial radio advertising is governed through statue. The first television adverts were shown on December 31, 1961. But in the early years all were in Black 'n' White but in the 1970s",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "20876705",
"text": "not used in alcohol advertising before 1997. TV advertisements by country TV advertisements by country refers to television advertisements in different regions and countries. In the United States, the Nielsen ratings system measures audience viewership of television programs, and provides a way for television broadcasters to determine how popular their television shows are, so that they can decide what rates to charge advertisers for air time. For each hour in a broadcast day, advertisements take up a fairly large portion of the time. Commercial breaks have become longer. In the 1960s a typical hour-long American show would run for 51",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "3623907",
"text": "believed the purpose of advertising is to sell. He insisted that an advertisement or commercial should show off the value or unique selling proposition, (or USP) of a product, not the cleverness or humor of a copywriter. His most typical ad is probably that for Anacin, a headache medicine. The ad was considered grating and annoying by almost all viewers but it was remarkably successful, tripling the product's sales. In 7 years the 59-second commercial made more money than the movie \"Gone With The Wind\" had in a quarter-century. His ads were focused around what he coined the unique selling",
"title": "Rosser Reeves"
},
{
"id": "40767",
"text": "and Radio London, which had been outlawed by Act of Parliament. Radio 1 was launched at 6:55am on Saturday 30 September 1967. Broadcasts were on 247 metres (1215 kHz) medium wave, using a network of transmitters which had carried the Light Programme. Most were of comparatively low power, at less than 50 kilowatts, leading to patchy coverage of the country. The first disc jockey to broadcast on the new station was Tony Blackburn, whose cheery style, first heard on Radio Caroline and Radio London, won him the prime slot on what became known as the \"Radio 1 Breakfast Show\". The",
"title": "BBC Radio 1"
},
{
"id": "6686792",
"text": "choose the services they wanted. ESPN invested heavily in promotion of the service. ESPN bought its first Super Bowl ad for Super Bowl XL on February 5, 2006, an expensive 60-second high-definition commercial called \"ESPN Sports Heaven\" that featured a prototypical fan walking through a city filled with sports stars. AdWeek estimated the production cost of the ad at $30 million, in addition to the estimated $2.5 million per 30 seconds cost for the broadcast advertising time during the game. At first, ESPN Mobile phones were only available at retailers such as Best Buy. Later, service became available in Sprint",
"title": "ESPN MVP"
},
{
"id": "10562133",
"text": "the United Kingdom from the late 1970s, but was withdrawn in the 2000s owing to competitive pressures. Ultra Brite Ultra Brite is an American toothpaste and tooth-whitener marketed by Colgate-Palmolive in the United States. Marketed as a whitening toothpaste, its active ingredients are baking soda, hydrogen peroxide and sodium monofluorophosphate. Colgate-Palmolive introduced Ultra Brite toothpaste in 1967. Ultra Brite gained popularity at the time of its launch with a television and print commercial ad campaign, aimed at Baby Boomers, that stated, \"Ultra Brite gives your mouth...[bling]...sex appeal!\" It was introduced as an imitator of Maclean's adult toothpaste, but was soon",
"title": "Ultra Brite"
},
{
"id": "19167872",
"text": "successful radio broadcasters of the time. This led the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to permit commercial advertising on television broadcasts in May 1941. The first television advertisement, a very brief advertisement for Bulova watches, aired on July 1, 1941 before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. Broadcast mega-events, particularly by radio, were not uncommon prior to the widespread adoption of television as a form of home entertainment. However, the affordability of television sets and other technological barriers kept television mega-events relatively uncommon until at least the 1950s and 1960s. As the entertainment value of televised mega-events",
"title": "Mega event advertising"
},
{
"id": "4936528",
"text": "public service, the broadcasters should be required to show an equal number of anti-smoking messages. On June 2, 1967, the FCC announced its decision that its fairness doctrine applied to the request for anti-smoking announcements. The FCC stated that the public should hear an anti-smoking viewpoint. However, the FCC required only the ratio of one anti-smoking message for each four cigarette advertisements (not the one-to-one ratio suggested by Banzhaf). The tobacco industry appealed against this decision, but it was upheld by the United States Court of Appeals and the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case. \"Various governmental",
"title": "John Banzhaf"
},
{
"id": "10562132",
"text": "Ultra Brite Ultra Brite is an American toothpaste and tooth-whitener marketed by Colgate-Palmolive in the United States. Marketed as a whitening toothpaste, its active ingredients are baking soda, hydrogen peroxide and sodium monofluorophosphate. Colgate-Palmolive introduced Ultra Brite toothpaste in 1967. Ultra Brite gained popularity at the time of its launch with a television and print commercial ad campaign, aimed at Baby Boomers, that stated, \"Ultra Brite gives your mouth...[bling]...sex appeal!\" It was introduced as an imitator of Maclean's adult toothpaste, but was soon reformulated with a peppermint flavor to give it a more pleasant taste. The paste was sold in",
"title": "Ultra Brite"
},
{
"id": "4450402",
"text": "watched all or part of the game. The game drew a national Nielsen rating of 45.0 with a 68 share, the highest for a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXX in 1996 (46.0/68). The telecast drew a 56.3 rating in New Orleans and a 54.2 rating in Indianapolis, first and fourth respectively among local markets. Perennial Super Bowl advertisers Anheuser–Busch InBev and CareerBuilder stated their commitment to advertise in Super Bowl XLIV, showing eight and two different spots during the game, respectively. A 30-second spot cost US $2.8million with several advertisers getting discounts, down from the previous year's $3million. All",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIV"
},
{
"id": "5732099",
"text": "for its Chrysler 200 featuring Eminem. Advertisements for 15 films were shown during the Pre-Game, Game, and Post-Game. NFL International provided television coverage for viewers outside of North America, with Bob Papa and Joe Theismann calling the English language feed. The game was shown live on the following channels: Westwood One broadcast Super Bowl XLV across the United States and Canada, with play-by-play announcer Kevin Harlan (calling his first Super Bowl for the network) and color analyst Boomer Esiason. Univision Radio carried a Spanish language feed for its stations throughout the US. The flagship stations for each team also carried",
"title": "Super Bowl XLV"
},
{
"id": "403002",
"text": "of homes are multichannel, with 42% of these having access to 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43% having access to 30 or more channels via Freeview. The licence that funds the seven advertising-free BBC TV channels costs £147 a year (about US$200) as of 2018 regardless of the number of TV sets owned; the price is reduced by two thirds if only black and white television is received. When the same sporting event has been presented on both BBC and commercial channels, the BBC always attracts the lion's share of the audience, indicating that viewers prefer",
"title": "Television"
},
{
"id": "19328990",
"text": "1956 and Crosby bought the first 100 shares for a total of $1,900 and then donated them to his alma mater Gonzaga University for its library appeal. He was described in press publicity as president of the Bing Crosby–Minute Maid Corporation which acts as distributor of Minute Maid products on the West Coast. Starting in 1967, Crosby began to act as a product spokesman for Minute Maid and he and his family were seen in many televised commercials in subsequent years. This Is Bing Crosby This Is Bing Crosby was a fifteen-minute five times a week daytime radio program featuring",
"title": "This Is Bing Crosby"
},
{
"id": "7167391",
"text": "Kia Motors, Ford Motor Company, Wonderful Pistachios, GoDaddy, and perpetual Super Bowl advertiser Anheuser-Busch. Ram Trucks and the Future Farmers of America ran a two-minute commercial based on the Paul Harvey speech \"So God Made a Farmer.\" Movie studios Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paying for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl. With Paramount paying for \"Star Trek Into Darkness\" and \"World War Z\", Universal paying for the debut trailer for \"Fast & Furious 6\" that followed \"Monsters vs. Aliens\"' footsteps and Disney paying for \"Iron Man 3\", \"The Lone Ranger\" and \"Oz the",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVII"
},
{
"id": "3379375",
"text": "Face TV's terrestrial free-to-air service shutoff from December 2013. A digital terrestrial version of Freeview was launched in 2008, which, unlike the analogue and free-to-air satellite options, supports high-definition broadcasts for TV One, 2 and 3. In Hong Kong, the largest and most dominant television channel, Television Broadcasts Limited, was the first free-to-air commercial television channel when it commenced broadcasting on 19 November 1967. It may also well be among the oldest and first station to broadcast over-the-air in East and Southeast Asia. In Korea, KBS, MBC (the 2 main public broadcasters), SBS (privately owned, but available for free to",
"title": "Free-to-air"
},
{
"id": "20876681",
"text": "the UK broadcasting regulator Ofcom for advertising is an overall average of 7 minutes per hour, with limits of 12 minutes for any particular clock hour (8 minutes per hour between 18.00 and 23.00h). With 42-minute American exports to Britain, such as \"Lost\", being given a one-hour slot, nearly one third of the slot is taken up by adverts or trailers for other programmes. Live imported television programmes such as \"WWE Raw\" show promotional material in place of U.S. advert breaks. Infomercials (known as \"admags\") were originally a feature of the regional commercial ITV stations from launch in 1955 but",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "1404655",
"text": "Words such as \"fern\", \"kiwi\" and \"zeal\" were proposed to avoid confusion with the word \"dollar\", which many people at the time associated with the United States dollar. In the end, the word \"dollar\" was chosen anyway, and an anthropomorphic dollar note cartoon character called \"Mr. Dollar\" became the symbol of transition in a huge publicity campaign. On Monday 10 July 1967 (\"Decimal Currency Day\"), the New Zealand dollar was introduced to replace the pound at a rate of two dollars to one pound (one dollar to ten shillings, ten cents to one shilling, cent to a penny). Some 27",
"title": "New Zealand dollar"
},
{
"id": "20876682",
"text": "were banned in 1963. The first advert to be shown in the UK was an advert for S.R. Toothpaste on September 22, 1955, on the ITV network (its first day) in England, In Scotland the first adverts were aired on August 31, 1957, Northern Ireland adverts were first aired on October 31, 1959 and Wales adverts were first aired on May 10, 1968. Many of the popular adverts over the years were for Bisto Gravy, Boots, Smith's Crisps & Flora. On July 1, 2000, TV broadcasters began requiring commercials to be delivered to them in widescreen, an event referred to",
"title": "TV advertisements by country"
},
{
"id": "394554",
"text": "telecasts. Also, sponsors Coca-Cola and Diet Pepsi had to withdraw planned contest promotions or advertisements, due to the Gulf War situation (PepsiCo's contest, a heavily promoted $3 million giveaway in which viewers would be invited to call a toll-free number during the first three quarters; with the caller receiving a Diet Pepsi coupon and an opportunity to win one of 3 prizes totaling $1 million each, was also withdrawn due to FCC and Congressional fears and complaints from the telephone communications industry that the United States telephone system would be overwhelmed). In the teams' local markets, the game was also",
"title": "Super Bowl XXV"
},
{
"id": "6207451",
"text": "Bud Bowl The Bud Bowl was a stop motion animated Super Bowl advertising campaign first aired in 1989, and sporadically during the 1990s. It served as an advertisement for Anheuser-Busch's Budweiser family of beers. It featured anthropomorphized Budweiser bottles playing a football game against Bud Light bottles. Bud Bowl I was aired in 1989 during the telecast of Super Bowl XXIII. It was originally created in the D'arcy Masius Benton & Bowles Account Service Dept by Tom Gooch and Rich Lalley who were looking for a way to strategically be involved with the Super Bowl. David Henke and Bill Oakley",
"title": "Bud Bowl"
},
{
"id": "3299488",
"text": "channel 7 became the sole CBS station for western Washington. Channel 11 was left to once again become an independent station, the second in the market after KTVW (channel 13, now KCPQ). During the late 1960s, the station also occasionally carried NBC primetime programs preempted by Seattle SuperSonics games on KING-TV (channel 5). For one month, in May 1967, the station was also an affiliate of the United Network (also known as the Overmyer Network), a short-lived attempt to create a fourth commercial television network nationally. During the decade, KTNT also presented horror movies under the \"Nightmare!\" banner in the",
"title": "KSTW"
},
{
"id": "1422057",
"text": "control of the most valuable prime time slots available for programming, so syndicators of independent television films had to settle for fewer television markets and less desirable time periods. This meant much smaller advertising revenues and license fees compared with network-supplied programming. The term \"made-for-TV movie\" was coined in the United States in the early 1960s as an incentive for movie audiences to stay home and watch what was promoted as the equivalent of a first-run theatrical film. Beginning in 1961 with \"NBC Saturday Night at the Movies\", a prime time network showing of a television premiere of a major",
"title": "Television film"
},
{
"id": "1685338",
"text": "turning point for Super Bowl commercials, which had been important and popular before (especially with the Coca-Cola ad featuring Joe Greene from a years earlier) but after \"1984\" those ads became the most expensive, creative and influential advertising set for all television coverage. In March 2007, the advertisement attracted attention again as \"Hillary 1984\", a video mashup of the original commercial with footage of Hillary Clinton used in the place of Big Brother, went viral in the early stages of the race for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination. The video was produced in support of Barack Obama by Phil de",
"title": "1984 (advertisement)"
},
{
"id": "7002503",
"text": "Federal Communications Commission guidelines. The FCC ruled against Terry on February 3, two days before the game, when NBC owned-and-operated WMAQ-TV in Chicago refused to air the ad, citing the same equal-time statutes and the fact that Terry did not appear to be a \"bona fide\" candidate. The largest station to allow Terry to air his advertisement was WHDH in Boston, Massachusetts. An advertisement from Pepsi featured Melanie Amaro, the winner of season one of the Fox series \"The X Factor\". Other confirmed advertisers included Doritos (continuing its user-generated \"Crash the Super Bowl\" contest), Bridgestone, Volkswagen (a 60-second spot advertising",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI"
},
{
"id": "10050141",
"text": "1967 Wimbledon Championships The 1967 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 26 June until Saturday 8 July 1968. It was the 81st staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1967. John Newcombe and Billie Jean King won the singles titles. The first colour television broadcast in the UK, as well as in Europe, took place on 1 July 1967, the first Saturday of the Championships, when, starting at 2pm, four hours",
"title": "1967 Wimbledon Championships"
},
{
"id": "7523732",
"text": "of December 2011. Thus there were around 41% unlicensed properties in Guernsey at the beginning of 2012. When television broadcasts in the UK were resumed after a break due to the Second World War, it was decided to introduce a television licence fee in order to fund the service. When first introduced on 1 June 1946, the licence covering the monochrome-only single-channel BBC television service cost £2 (equivalent to £ as of ). The licence was originally issued by the General Post Office (GPO), which was then the regulator of public communications within the UK. The GPO also issued licences",
"title": "Television licensing in the United Kingdom"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Super Bowl XLIII context: suspicion of fraud and computer tampering in connection with the por incident. The telecast was also carried to U.S. service personnel stationed around the globe via the American Forces Network. In addition to featuring the game's first 1-second TV ad (courtesy of Miller High Life), Super Bowl XLIII marked the first time that a 30-second commercial time slot cost up to US $3 million for the airtime alone, excluding production and talent costs. Many traditional advertisers, such as Anheuser-Busch and PepsiCo, bought multiple ads at discounted rates. None of the \"Big Three\" U.S. automakers (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) ran\n\nHow much did a one-minute TV spot cost advertisers on the first Super Bowl broadcast in 1967?",
"compressed_tokens": 203,
"origin_tokens": 203,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Mega event advertising context: surveys show that the percentage of Academy Award viewers were more likely to buy products seen during ads placed in the Academy Awards, compared to the Super Bowl (31.1% to 6.9% respectively). The premium paid by advertisers to the Academy Awards is also due to more of a targeted demographic (more affluent females), less competition and more category exclusivity. While advertising rates on hit TV series such as \"The Walking Dead\" can be higher than televised sporting events such as Monday Night Football, advertisers want to be a part of historic pop culture events such as iconic TV series finales.\n\ntitle: Super LII context joint broadcast immediately prior to the game.ielsen 7./70% overnight rating metered markets, peaking at522/74 during the fourth quarter numbers are about 3% lower than numbers from Super Bowl LI, and the lowest Super Bowl XLIV in 2010. Dan Lovinger, NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales stated to \"Variety\" in July 2017 that the network was a price \"north of $5 million\" (the price set for the previous two Super Bowls) for a 30-second commercial during Super Bowl LII As five days after Super Bowl, NBC\n\ntitle Super commerci context: the advertis for5.8. BowlL and SuperL average of 3- commercial at $ million. Super Bowl, broadcast NBC, surpassed that record with base price of $4.5 executives projected that the of 3 commercial could million at Bowl50 a figure CBS price serve as a plateau the two Fox that LI, NBC slightly Bowl LII, although it\n\ntitle context rates on broadcast of \"eld \"\" charged0 second The watched The0 the4. Super Bowl ads in 1967 were sold for at $37,000 for a 30-second ad. For comparison, 30 second television advertising spots in the 2014 Super Bowl sold at up to $4 million. This reflects increased competition of national and international\n\nHow much did a one-minute TV spot cost advertisers on the first Super Bowl broadcast in 1967?",
"compressed_tokens": 469,
"origin_tokens": 14056,
"ratio": "30.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
134 | How many of the four Grand Slam trophies in tennis are gold; how many are silver? | [
"Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver"
] | Only the Wimbledon trophy is gold; the others--for the U.S. Open, the French Open and the Australian Open--are sliver | [
{
"id": "1431225",
"text": "the German Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. Steffi Graf Stefanie Maria \"Steffi\" Graf (; born 14 June 1969) is a German former professional tennis player. She was ranked world No. 1 and won 22 Grand Slam singles titles. Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of major wins in the female competition since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968 and is third all-time behind Margaret Court (24) and Serena Williams (23). In 1988, she became the only tennis player to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the",
"title": "Steffi Graf"
},
{
"id": "1431151",
"text": "Steffi Graf Stefanie Maria \"Steffi\" Graf (; born 14 June 1969) is a German former professional tennis player. She was ranked world No. 1 and won 22 Grand Slam singles titles. Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of major wins in the female competition since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968 and is third all-time behind Margaret Court (24) and Serena Williams (23). In 1988, she became the only tennis player to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year.",
"title": "Steffi Graf"
},
{
"id": "1830024",
"text": "tennis players before the Open Era]] Don Budge John Donald (\"Don\" or \"Donnie\") Budge (June 13, 1915 – January 26, 2000) was an American tennis player. He was a World No. 1 player for five years, first as an amateur and then as a professional. He is most famous as the first player, male or female, and only American male to win in a single year the four tournaments that comprise the Grand Slam of tennis and second male player to win all four Grand Slam events in his career after Fred Perry, and is still the youngest to achieve",
"title": "Don Budge"
},
{
"id": "1612599",
"text": "the championships of Australia, France, the United States of America and Wimbledon. Players who hold all four of these titles in one calendar year achieve the 'Grand Slam'.\" When Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open and became the reigning champion of all four women's singles events, she was the first player to receive the bonus prize in recognition of her achievement. Some media outlets did, indeed, say that she had won a Grand Slam. Others simply noted the ongoing controversy: \"Whether the Slam was Grand or Bland or a commercial sham tainted with an asterisk the size of a",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "906262",
"text": "inches (about 19 cm) in diameter. The trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: \"All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Championship of the World\". The actual trophy remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a three-quarter size replica of the Cup bearing the names of all past Champions (height 13.5 inches, 34cm). The Ladies' Singles champion is presented with a sterling silver salver commonly known as the \"Venus Rosewater Dish\", or simply the \"Rosewater Dish\". The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated",
"title": "The Championships, Wimbledon"
},
{
"id": "2936527",
"text": "singles, respectively, some eight years after first accomplishing this feat. At the time, Serena was three months shy of her 29th birthday and Venus had just celebrated her 30th birthday. Both players have won four gold medals at the Summer Olympic Games, one each in singles and three in doubles–all won together—the most of any tennis players. Venus has also won a silver in mixed doubles at the 2016 Rio Olympics. As a duo, they have also completed the Career Golden Slam in doubles, twice. Between the two of them, they have completed the Boxed Set, winning all four grand",
"title": "Williams sisters"
},
{
"id": "1830004",
"text": "Don Budge John Donald (\"Don\" or \"Donnie\") Budge (June 13, 1915 – January 26, 2000) was an American tennis player. He was a World No. 1 player for five years, first as an amateur and then as a professional. He is most famous as the first player, male or female, and only American male to win in a single year the four tournaments that comprise the Grand Slam of tennis and second male player to win all four Grand Slam events in his career after Fred Perry, and is still the youngest to achieve that feat. He won 10 majors,",
"title": "Don Budge"
},
{
"id": "680784",
"text": "payday in the history of tennis (men or women) at four million dollars. Additionally, Serena Williams has won the most Grand Slams (23 as of 2017) in the Open era, beating out tennis legend, Steffi Graf. Serena is only one behind Margaret Court for total singles titles in women's tennis. Her career prize money of $84 million is more than twice as much as any other female athletes. American sports entrepreneur Jerry Diamond (1928–1996) served as executive director of the women's association from 1974 to 1985. He was instrumental in negotiating business deals with Avon, Colgate-Palmolive, and Toyota, and worked",
"title": "Women's Tennis Association"
},
{
"id": "18554479",
"text": "even if not consecutively, is referred to as a \"Career Grand Slam\". Winning the four Majors and a gold medal in tennis at the Summer Olympics has been called a \"Golden Slam\" since 1988. Winning all four plus gold at some point in a career, even if not consecutively, is referred to as a \"Career Golden Slam\". Winning the Year-End Championship also having won a Golden Slam is referred to as a \"Super Slam\". Winning the four Majors in all three disciplines a player is eligible for – singles, doubles, and mixed doubles – is considered winning a \"boxed set\"",
"title": "All-time tennis records – women's singles"
},
{
"id": "9313196",
"text": "at$/€50,000. Monies shown for Challengers and Futures are on-site prize amounts. In addition to the points allocated above, points are allocated to losers at Grand Slam, Tennis Masters Series and International Series Gold Tournaments qualifying events in the following manner: (*): 3 points only if the Main Draw is larger than 32 (International Series Gold) or 64 (Tennis Masters Series). Winners/runners-up by country: Following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional",
"title": "2007 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "18554480",
"text": "of Grand Slam titles. The current Grand Slams are the four most prestigious tournaments in the world held every year, they are distinguished by participation from almost every top player and by their two-week duration, 128-player draw in women's singles. It's extremely rare for a player to win all four events, \"the Grand Slam\", in one calendar year. This was only achieved three times since 1888 by Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court, and Steffi Graf, the latter of whom stands alone in winning the \"Golden Slam\". These are some of the important records since the start of women's tennis in 1884.",
"title": "All-time tennis records – women's singles"
},
{
"id": "17052432",
"text": "but has also won two Olympic gold medals (one each at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics), becoming the first tennis player in history to win two singles gold medals, and the most successful male Olympic tennis player in the modern era with two gold medals and a silver medal. In the three Olympic Games between 2008 and 2016, the four won 5 gold medals (Murray 2, Nadal 2, Federer 1), 2 silver medals (Murray and Federer) and a bronze medal (Djokovic). Furthermore, at ATP Masters 1000 tournaments, they are all in the top-10 list (since 1970). Nadal leads with",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "1612614",
"text": "(initially \"Golden Grand Slam\") was coined in 1988. Only one player has completed the Golden Slam: Winning four consecutive Grand Slam tournaments and Olympic event in the period of twelve months, although not in the same year, is called a \"Non-calendar year Golden Slam\". Only Bob and Mike Bryan have achieved this by winning the 2012 Olympics, 2012 US Open, 2013 Australian Open, 2013 French Open and 2013 Wimbledon Championships. After they won the final at Wimbledon, this was coined the \"Golden Bryan Slam\". A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "13101190",
"text": "Williams sisters rivalry Venus Williams and Serena Williams (born June 17, 1980, and September 26, 1981, respectively) are professional tennis players and sisters who have faced off 30 times in professional tournaments, most recently in the 2018 US Open event. Serena leads their head-to-head 18–12. Both Williams sisters have been ranked World No. 1: Venus for a total of 11 weeks, beginning in February 2002; Serena for a total of 316 weeks, beginning in July 2002. The Williams sisters are the only two women during the open era to play each other in four consecutive Grand Slam finals: from the",
"title": "Williams sisters rivalry"
},
{
"id": "9789101",
"text": "comparison, a winner of one of the four Grand Slam tournaments is awarded 2000 points. In 2009, a greater emphasis began to be placed on winning a tournament, as the points awarded to the runner-up dropped from 70% of the champion's points to 60% (i.e. from 700 points to 600 points in a Masters 1000 event). Points also began to be awarded for Davis Cup singles play. Women's professional tennis began in 1926, when world number one female player Suzanne Lenglen accepted $50,000 for a series of matches against three-time US Champion Mary K. Browne. The series ended in 1927,",
"title": "History of tennis"
},
{
"id": "906263",
"text": "with figures from mythology. The actual dish remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a miniature replica bearing the names of all past Champions. From 1949 to 2006 the replica was 8 inches in diameter, and since 2007 it has been a three-quarter size replica with a diameter of 13.5 inches. The winner of the Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. A trophy is awarded to each player in the Doubles pair, unlike the other Grand Slam tournaments where the winning Doubles duo shares a single trophy.",
"title": "The Championships, Wimbledon"
},
{
"id": "55543",
"text": "Have you gone mad?\" and said \"What the hell are you doing?\" The conversation with McEnroe, paired with pleas from Connors and Agassi, eventually persuaded Borg to buy out the trophies from Bonhams for an undisclosed amount. With 11 Grand Slam titles, Borg ranks sixth in the list of male tennis players who have won the most Grand Slam singles titles behind Roger Federer (20), Rafael Nadal (17), Pete Sampras (14), Novak Djokovic (14), and Roy Emerson (12). The French Open—Wimbledon double he achieved three times consecutively was called by Wimbledon officials \"the most difficult double in tennis\" and \"a",
"title": "Björn Borg"
},
{
"id": "17052431",
"text": "Finals), with Federer winning six and Djokovic winning five, with a record 4 consecutive from 2012 to 2015, and Murray winning one. Of the four, Federer leads with a record 20 major titles followed by Nadal (17), Djokovic (14) and Murray (3). Federer, Nadal, and Djokovic have completed a Career Grand Slam by winning each of the four Majors at least once, with Nadal also winning a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics for a Career Golden Slam. Murray has won neither the French nor Australian Open, despite reaching the final five times in Melbourne and once in Paris,",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "1612584",
"text": "clay, and Wimbledon on grass. Wimbledon is the oldest, founded in 1877, followed by the US in 1881, the French in 1891, and the Australian in 1905. However, of these four, only Wimbledon was a major before 1924–25, when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments. Skipping majors—especially the Australian Open because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money—was not unusual before 1982. Grand Slam tournaments are not operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) or the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), but by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). However,",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "16388296",
"text": "women. The United States was credited with the most great players (38), followed by Australia (17), France (7), Great Britain (6) and Czechoslovakia (5). Forty-three players made the list from the Americas, 39 from Europe and 18 from Oceania. Note: Bolded players are still active today. Slams figures reflect number of wins in Singles draws and are up-to-date, meaning that they may now be higher than the numbers used to determine the March 2012 list. 100 Greatest of All Time 100 Greatest of All Time was a television series of five one-hour episodes, produced and first aired by Tennis Channel",
"title": "100 Greatest of All Time"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "6724975",
"text": "villain as a reference to Redgrave's quiet personality. This led to negative social media commentary of Inverdale. Redgrave was observed directing jibes toward Inverdale, shaking a wet umbrella over his head, and even walking off the set. The BBC denied any hostility between the two. Following the men's tennis gold medal final, Inverdale congratulated Andy Murray on being the first tennis player to win two gold medals; although Murray is the first player to lift two singles golds, Serena and Venus Williams had previously won four golds each between singles and doubles tennis. Inverdale's comment was criticised as sexist and",
"title": "John Inverdale"
},
{
"id": "3746726",
"text": "of times on the subject of women's tennis. After BBC host John Inverdale indirectly suggested Murray was the first person to win more than one tennis Olympic gold medal, Murray interjected; \"I think Venus and Serena have won about four each.\" Murray has also argued that male and female tennis players should receive equal amounts of prize money. Murray has not commented on his personal opinion on Britain's decision to leave the European Union. However, following his win at Wimbledon in 2016, he expressed his surprise at the outcome of the vote and added that \"it’s important that everyone comes",
"title": "Andy Murray"
},
{
"id": "7235745",
"text": "Becker. Becker became the youngest champion in the history of the men’s singles at Wimbledon, won six-time Grand Slam singles titles and an Olympic gold medal together with Michael Stich. Graf won 22 Grand Slam singles titles, second among male and female players. In 1988, she became the first and only tennis player (male or female) to achieve the Calendar Year Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year. The German Open Hamburg was part of the Grand Prix Super Series from 1978 to 1989, and the ATP",
"title": "Sport in Germany"
},
{
"id": "10689963",
"text": "2003 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. The table below shows the 2003 ATP Tour schedule. List of players and titles won (Grand Slam and Masters Cup titles in bold), listed in order of the number of titles won: The following players won their first title: Titles won by nation: ATP Rankings Following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour",
"title": "2003 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "9789070",
"text": "in the United States on a grass court on Col. William Appleton's Estate in Nahant, Massachusetts by Dr. James Dwight (\"the Father of American Lawn Tennis\"), Henry Slocum, Richard Dudley Sears and Sears' half-brother Fred Sears, in 1874. Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis: The four majors or Grand Slam tournaments, the four biggest competitions on the tennis circuit, are Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open. Since the mid 1920s they became and have remained the most prestigious events in tennis. Winning these four tournaments in the",
"title": "History of tennis"
},
{
"id": "17052523",
"text": "1980s. While Novak Djokovic himself recognises it as a golden era, Roger Federer remains skeptical: Federer, Djokovic, Nadal, and Murray make up the top four prize money leaders of all time (not adjusted for inflation). The respective rivalries between the Big Four are considered to be some of the greatest of all time. Amongst the four of them they have played 217 matches against each other, 65 of which were at Grand Slam events. This includes 30 Grand Slam tournament finals, as well as 26 Grand Slam semifinal meetings, more than any other group of four players. Currently, Djokovic leads",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "6824293",
"text": "Following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2006 season: 2006 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and",
"title": "2006 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "4129830",
"text": "Brisbane Heat became the first team other than the Thunder to finish last in the eight-team competition, in 2014–15. A wooden spoon, also known as the \"anti-slam\", is sometimes spoken about in tennis. It is described as the worst possible outcome in a tournament, applying to the player for whom the following scenario becomes true: Some notable Grand Slam \"wooden spooners\" include, among others, Goran Ivanišević (1995 Australian Open), Mary Pierce (2002 Australian Open), Marat Safin (2004 US Open), Caroline Wozniacki (2007 French Open), Ana Ivanovic (2010 Wimbledon Championships), Rafael Nadal (2016 Australian Open), Jelena Janković (2016 French Open) and",
"title": "Wooden spoon (award)"
},
{
"id": "17052497",
"text": "twice have two or more not made the semifinal stage (2009 and 2010 French Open), while in 2012 they took 13 out 16 Grand Slam tournament semifinal slots. At the Olympics, members of the Big Four took five of the nine available singles medals in 2008, 2012 and 2016, and also including doubles have a total of five golds, two silvers and a bronze from these Games. Murray has three Olympic medals, whilst Nadal and Federer have won two Olympic medals each. Murray is the only one to have won two medals at the same tournament, taking both the singles",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "10868473",
"text": "2008 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. This is the complete schedule of events on the 2008 ATP Tour, with player progression documented until the quarter-final stage. List of players and titles won (Grand Slam, Masters Cup and Olympic titles in bold), listed in order of number of titles won: The following players won their first title: Titles won by nation:",
"title": "2008 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "18554478",
"text": "Open. The Australian Open is the 1st Major of the year (January), followed by the French Open (May–June), Wimbledon (June–July), and US Open (August–September). There was no prize money and players were compensated for travel expenses only. A player who wins all four current major tournaments, as a single or as part of a doubles team, in the same calendar year is said to have achieved the \"Grand Slam\". If the player wins all four consecutively, but not in the same calendar year, it is called a \"Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam\". Winning all four at some point in a career,",
"title": "All-time tennis records – women's singles"
},
{
"id": "10689964",
"text": "title, and/or part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2008 season: 2003 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. The table below shows the 2003 ATP Tour schedule. List of",
"title": "2003 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "4285961",
"text": "alike; the NFL itself explicitly marketed the contest as a world championship in its first iterations.) Finally, certain professional sports do not have a world championship or world cup, but rather hold a series of events recognised as the elite level in their field (e.g. tennis has a series of four Grand Slam events recognised as the pinnacle of the game, in addition to key team events, world tour finals and the Olympic Games, though each year ITF designates a World Champion based on performances throughout the year). This table includes medals for both individual and team events. \"Best\" in",
"title": "World championship"
},
{
"id": "1612583",
"text": "Grand Slam (tennis) The Grand Slam tournaments, also called majors, are the four most important annual tennis events. They offer the most ranking points, prize money, public and media attention, the greatest strength and size of field, and greater number of \"best of\" sets for men. The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January, the French Open around late May through early June, Wimbledon in June-July, and the US Open in August-September. Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks. The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts, the French on",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "633247",
"text": "Grand Slam titles (one each at the Australian Open, the Wimbledon Championships and the US Open), the gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and the WTA Championships. She also won 38 WTA Tour doubles titles, including three Grand Slam titles (the French Open partnering Mary Joe Fernández, Wimbledon partnering Corina Morariu, and the US Open partnering Jana Novotná), and three WTA Championships (partnering Fernández, Novotná, and Natasha Zvereva). She amassed career-earnings of $22,166,338 dollars; currently eighth in the all-time rankings among female tennis players and formerly first, prior to being surpassed by Serena Williams in January 2009. Davenport",
"title": "Lindsay Davenport"
},
{
"id": "3832490",
"text": "Zina Garrison Zina Lynna Garrison (born November 16, 1963) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. During her career, she was a women's singles runner-up at Wimbledon in 1990, a three-time Grand Slam mixed doubles champion, and a women's doubles gold medalist and singles bronze medalist at the 1988 Olympic Games. She received the WTA Newcomer of the Year award in 1982. The youngest of seven children, Garrison started playing tennis at the age of 10 and entered her first tournament at the age of 12. At 14, she won the national girls' 18s title. In 1981,",
"title": "Zina Garrison"
},
{
"id": "1795629",
"text": "Summer director at The Long Ridge Tennis Club. Gigi Fernández Beatriz \"Gigi\" Fernández (born February 22, 1964) is a former professional tennis player. She turned professional in 1983 and is the first Puerto Rican to be inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Fernández won 17 Grand Slam doubles titles and two Olympic gold medals representing the United States, and reached the world No. 1 ranking in women's doubles. She reached a career-high singles ranking of 17 in 1991. Since retiring from the professional tour in 1997 at the age of 33, Fernández has been a tennis coach and",
"title": "Gigi Fernández"
},
{
"id": "10793432",
"text": "2002 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. The table below shows the 2002 ATP Tour schedule. List of players and titles won (Grand Slam and Masters Cup titles in bold), listed in order of most titles won: The following players won their first title: Titles won by nation: ATP Rankings Following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or",
"title": "2002 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "10793433",
"text": "part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2002 season: 2002 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. The table below shows the 2002 ATP Tour schedule. List of players and",
"title": "2002 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "17052504",
"text": "reached the final of each of the 15 elite tournaments. Djokovic has reached the final of all of them except the Olympics. Murray has yet to play in the final at Monte Carlo. \"This table is current as of 10 September 2018\" <br><br>* Grand Slam performances The biggest tournaments since the reorganization of the ATP World Tour in 1990 are the four Majors, ATP Masters 1000 tournaments, WTF/YEC and the Olympics. Federer, Nadal and Djokovic are the only players to have won 50+ tier 1 tournaments. Boldface indicates an Open era record. To date the Big Four have collectively won",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "2382460",
"text": "Stefan Edberg Stefan Bengt Edberg (; born 19 January 1966) is a Swedish former world No. 1 professional tennis player (in both singles and doubles). A major proponent of the serve-and-volley style of tennis, he won six Grand Slam singles titles and three Grand Slam men's doubles titles between 1985 and 1996. He also won the Masters Grand Prix and was a part of the Swedish Davis Cup-winning-team four times. In addition he won four Masters Series titles, four Championship Series titles and the unofficial Olympic tournament 1984, was ranked in the singles top 10 for ten successive years, 9",
"title": "Stefan Edberg"
},
{
"id": "18556007",
"text": "are held by women. On the other hand, tennis remains as the one sport that has the most comparable and fair pay between men and women. Tennis receives the most media coverage than any other women’s sport, and through social media, is continuing to experience growth in popularity. According to Forbes, eight of the top ten best paid women athletes are tennis players. A 2009 research conducted by three professors from Brigham Young University found that male and female tennis players have the same employers at 21 events, including the four grand-slam tournaments (Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon, US Open).",
"title": "Misogyny in sports"
},
{
"id": "1795621",
"text": "Gigi Fernández Beatriz \"Gigi\" Fernández (born February 22, 1964) is a former professional tennis player. She turned professional in 1983 and is the first Puerto Rican to be inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Fernández won 17 Grand Slam doubles titles and two Olympic gold medals representing the United States, and reached the world No. 1 ranking in women's doubles. She reached a career-high singles ranking of 17 in 1991. Since retiring from the professional tour in 1997 at the age of 33, Fernández has been a tennis coach and entrepreneur. She now shares her knowledge of doubles",
"title": "Gigi Fernández"
},
{
"id": "12501006",
"text": "list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2001 season: 2001 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP. The 2001 ATP Tour included the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the Tennis Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series. This is",
"title": "2001 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "17052515",
"text": "1st in 24 Grand Slam tournaments, followed by Djokovic (18), Nadal (14) and Murray (3). Bolded name indicates that the tournament was won by the top seed. Award shown in year that was honored, not year the award was presented. Fellow top players, including David Ferrer, Tomas Berdych, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Stan Wawrinka and Andy Roddick have all spoken about the dominance of the Big Four and the challenge they face in matching them. While the question of breaking through the dominance of the Big Four is a constant question the rest of the tour are constantly asked, many former top",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "2069687",
"text": "Slam women's doubles titles (four at Wimbledon, three at the French Open, three at the US Open, and two at the Australian Open) and four mixed-doubles titles (two at the Australian Open, one at Wimbledon, and one at the US Open). Novotná was a member of the Czechoslovakian team that won the Fed Cup in 1988. At the Olympic Games, Novotná was a women's doubles silver medalist in 1988 and 1996 and a singles bronze medalist in 1996. She won titles on all four surfaces and crossed the $10 million mark in career prize money in 1998, the fifth player",
"title": "Jana Novotná"
},
{
"id": "17052503",
"text": "this feat of winning all 15. Nadal has also achieved a Career Grand Slam and a Career Golden Slam, but has thus far fallen short of winning the tour finals, the Miami Open and Paris Masters. Federer has also achieved a Career Grand Slam, but is missing the Olympic Gold in singles, the Monte-Carlo Masters and Italian Open. Djokovic, as the only man to have won the nine Masters events, is one Olympic Gold away to complete his overall tally. Murray is two-thirds of the way to the goal having won 11 of the 15 events. Federer and Nadal have",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "7076198",
"text": "which came into existence with 6 teams in 1997. As of 2012, the league has 4 teams that play 44 games each and then participate in the Championship Series. The league is expected to expand \"due to on-going expansion efforts\". The Women's Tennis Association (WTA) was founded in 1973 with Billie Jean King at the forefront. It is widely considered the most successful and popular of any organization in women's professional sports. The league has over 2,500 players from 92 nations, and it has over $100 million in prize money for 54 tournaments and 4 Grand Slams in 33 countries.",
"title": "Women's professional sports"
},
{
"id": "906195",
"text": "The Championships, Wimbledon The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely regarded as the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London, since 1877 and is played on outdoor grass courts. Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass. The tournament traditionally took place over two weeks in late June",
"title": "The Championships, Wimbledon"
},
{
"id": "1612607",
"text": "achieving the Career Grand Slam: Only six players have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles: one male (Roy Emerson) and five female (Margaret Court, Doris Hart, Shirley Fry Irvin, Martina Navratilova, and Serena Williams). Court, Hart and Navratilova are the only three players to have completed a \"Career Boxed Set\", winning all four titles in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles; this has never been done by a male player. The remainder of this section is a complete list, by format, of all players who have won the Career Grand Slam. Players are ordered chronologically by their",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "10525993",
"text": "1 with 6,335 total points. Following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and/or part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2004 season: 2004 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series",
"title": "2004 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "906270",
"text": "of the Mixed Doubles competition. In 2016, the total prize money of £28,100,000 was a 5% increase on the 2015 prize money. In 2017, the total prize money rose by 12.5% to £31,600,000, with the Gentlemen’s and Ladies’ Singles Champions each receiving £2.2 million, a 10% increase from £2.0 million in 2016. Ranking points for the ATP and WTA have varied at Wimbledon through the years but at present singles players receive the following points: The Championships, Wimbledon The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely regarded as the",
"title": "The Championships, Wimbledon"
},
{
"id": "3504549",
"text": "in 2009. In April 2007, Jaeger and several former athletes, including Andre Agassi, Lance Armstrong, Tony Hawk, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, and Muhammad Ali, appeared on the American morning television talk show \"Good Morning America\" to announce their formation of a new charity entitled \"Athletes for Hope\" with the goal of encouraging their fellow athletes to think philanthropically. Oprah Winfrey describes Jaeger as a superstar turned superhero. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number played. Andrea Jaeger Andrea Jaeger ( ; born June 4, 1965) is a former World No. 2 professional tennis",
"title": "Andrea Jaeger"
},
{
"id": "9789106",
"text": "to be the women's fifth most prestigious event (after the four Grand Slam tournaments.) Sponsors have included Virginia Slims (1971–78), Avon (1979–82), Virginia Slims again (1983–94), J.P. Morgan Chase (1996–2000), Sanex (2001) Home Depot (2002), and Sony Ericsson (2006). In 1954, James Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame, a non-profit museum in Newport, Rhode Island. The building contains a large collection of memorabilia as well as honoring prominent players and others. Each year, a grass-court tournament takes place on its grounds, as well as an induction ceremony honoring new members. History of tennis The game that most",
"title": "History of tennis"
},
{
"id": "6824292",
"text": "2006 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. The table below shows the 2006 ATP Tour schedule ATP Rankings Winners/runners-up by country:",
"title": "2006 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "13569260",
"text": "Andy Roddick career statistics This is a list of the main career statistics of retired professional American tennis player, Andy Roddick. Throughout his career, Roddick won thirty-two ATP singles titles including one grand slam singles title and five ATP Masters 1000 singles titles. He was also the runner-up at the Wimbledon Championships in 2004, 2005 and 2009 and the US Open in 2006, losing on all four occasions to Roger Federer. Roddick was also a four-time semi-finalist at the Australian Open and a three-time semi-finalist at the year-ending ATP World Tour Finals. On November 3, 2003, Roddick became the World",
"title": "Andy Roddick career statistics"
},
{
"id": "6068293",
"text": "have four children, including former pro tennis player Amanda Keen. She retired from tennis in 1975 and became a commentator for BBC Radio the same year. In the 2001 Queen's Birthday's Honours list, she was awarded an MBE for her \"services to sport\". Since 2011 she has published several children's books. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played. Christine Truman Christine Truman Janes (born 16 January 1941) is a former tennis player from the United Kingdom who was active from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. She won",
"title": "Christine Truman"
},
{
"id": "798772",
"text": "19.32 seconds in the 200 m. Johnson afterward began disputing Bailey's unofficial title as the \"world's fastest man\", which later culminated in a 150-metre race between the two to settle the issue. Marie-José Pérec equaled Johnson's performance, although without a world record, by winning the rare 200 m/400 m double. Carl Lewis won his 4th long jump gold medal at the age of 35. In tennis, Andre Agassi won the gold medal, which would eventually make him the first man and second singles player overall (after his eventual wife, Steffi Graf) to win the career Golden Slam, which consists of",
"title": "1996 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "1612595",
"text": "to reward success at them. Even before the ITF had announced their bonus, the Grand Slam controversy had taken on a life of its own. Writing in 1982, Neil Amdur claimed, \"Now the sport spins nervously under the influence of big dollars and even bigger egos, and tradition has almost gone the way of white balls and long flannels [...] If the four major tournaments want to offer a $1 million incentive for any player in the future who can sweep their titles—and such talks have been rumored—that bonus would be a welcome addition. But changing what the Grand Slam",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "10868476",
"text": "top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2008 season: 2008 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. This is the complete schedule of events on the 2008 ATP Tour, with player progression documented until the quarter-final",
"title": "2008 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "401820",
"text": "recreational players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. The four Grand Slam tournaments (also referred to as the Majors) are especially popular: the Australian Open played on hard courts, the French Open played on red clay courts, Wimbledon played on grass courts, and the US Open also played on hard courts. Historians believe that the game's ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand. Louis X of France was a keen player of jeu de paume (\"game of the palm\"), which evolved into real tennis, and became",
"title": "Tennis"
},
{
"id": "17052426",
"text": "Big Four (tennis) In tennis, the term Big Four is a term used in journalism to refer to the quartet of men's singles players comprising Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic, and Andy Murray. These players are considered dominant in terms of ranking and tournament victories, including Grand Slam tournaments and ATP Masters 1000 events, as well as the ATP Finals, the ATP World Tour 500 series and Olympic Games, having dominated the sport among them from 2004 onwards. Alternately, the concept of \"Big Three\" is used, omitting Murray. Federer was the first to come to prominence after winning Wimbledon",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "1446748",
"text": "Venus Williams Venus Ebony Starr Williams (born June 17, 1980) is an American professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 40 in the WTA singles rankings. She is generally regarded as one of the all-time greats of women's tennis and, along with younger sister Serena Williams, is credited with ushering in a new era of power and athleticism on the women's professional tennis tour. Williams has been ranked world No. 1 by the Women's Tennis Association on three occasions, for a total of 11 weeks. She first reached the No. 1 ranking on February 25, 2002, the first",
"title": "Venus Williams"
},
{
"id": "5688254",
"text": "23, was given entry into the 1950 U.S. Championships, becoming the first African-American player, man or woman, to compete in a Grand Slam event. In 1964, Marble was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. She then settled in Palm Desert, California, where she taught tennis until her death. Weakened by pernicious anaemia, Marble died at a hospital in Palm Springs, California. Alice Marble Tennis Courts, providing a panoramic view of the Pacific Ocean and the Golden Gate bridge from the top of Russian Hill in San Francisco, is named in honor of her. SR = the ratio of",
"title": "Alice Marble"
},
{
"id": "1446750",
"text": "women for eighth place on the all-time list, but gives her sole possession of No. 4 on the Open Era List, trailing only the nine titles of Martina Navratilova and the seven of Serena and Steffi Graf. From the 2000 Wimbledon Championships to the 2001 US Open, Williams won four of the six Grand Slam singles tournaments in that span. At the 2018 US Open, Williams extended her record as the all-time leader, male or female, in Grand Slams played, with 80. With her run to the 2017 Wimbledon singles final, she broke the record for longest time between first",
"title": "Venus Williams"
},
{
"id": "13430467",
"text": "a film that Lawson had a part in and that was eventually distributed as \"Radio Pirates\". But only a few months later in August 1934 Lawson caused a national sensation when it was announced that she was engaged to Fred Perry, the world's premier tennis player and winner of multiple Grand Slam tournaments. The couple first met when Perry visited the London studies of the film \"Falling in Love\", in which Lawson played the role of Ann Brent. Perry later escorted Lawson to an exhibition match at Highbury Fields and proposed marriage before he departed to New York City to",
"title": "Mary Lawson (actress)"
},
{
"id": "9313197",
"text": "tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2007 season: 2007 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. In August 2006 the ATP announced that it would conduct a trial of the round-robin tournament format during the 2007 season. ATP Executive Chairman Etienne De Villiers claimed their research showed a preference",
"title": "2007 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "5573689",
"text": "wins an Olympic gold medal and all four Grand Slam events in the same year is said to have won a Golden Slam. As of 2016, Steffi Graf is the only player to have completed this achievement. The playing surface of the court varies between Olympic Games. It has been on hard court for every game since 1984 except for the 1992 Olympics (which was on a clay court) and the 2012 Olympics (which was played on a grass court). The changing playing surface gives certain players different advantages and disadvantages not seen in most other Olympic sports. \"(d) =",
"title": "Tennis at the Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "17052518",
"text": "briefly fell outside the top ten in the rankings in 2014, at the time the only member of the Big Four to have done so since 2006, following a drop in form after back surgery at the end of 2013. However, Murray features in the top ten on a number of Open Era records, including in quarter-finals, semi-finals, and finals reached at the Majors, and is to date the only person in history to have won two Gold Medals in singles at the Olympic Games, and only the second player of the Open Era (after Andre Agassi), and the only",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "1503006",
"text": "Virginia Wade Sarah Virginia Wade, (born 10 July 1945) is a former professional tennis player from Great Britain. She won three Grand Slam singles championships and four Grand Slam doubles championships, and is the only British woman in history to have won titles at all four Grand Slam tournaments. She was ranked as high as No. 2 in the world in singles, and No. 1 in the world in doubles. Three times a Grand Slam singles champion, her most famous success was winning Wimbledon on 1 July 1977, the tournament's centenary year, and the year of the Silver Jubilee of",
"title": "Virginia Wade"
},
{
"id": "17052498",
"text": "gold medal and the mixed doubles silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is also the only player of either gender to win two gold medals in the singles event. Djokovic is the only member not to have won a gold medal in any event so far, although he did win the singles bronze medal in 2008. The Big Four, along with Rod Laver, Tony Roche and Ivan Lendl, are the only men in Open Era history to reach the semifinals at all four Majors in a single calendar year. Federer has achieved this a record five times in",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "11755289",
"text": "the career Golden Grand Slam in both singles and doubles (the Williams sisters had already completed their career doubles Golden Grand Slam at the 2001 Australian Open, joining Pam Shriver in Seoul in 1988 and Gigi Fernández at the 1993 Australian Open.) Furthermore, the Williams sisters also became the first four-time gold medalists in Olympic tennis history. In the men's singles tournament final, Andy Murray beat Roger Federer in straight sets in front of a home crowd to avenge his four-set loss against Federer exactly four weeks earlier on Centre Court in the finals at Wimbledon. In doing so, he",
"title": "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "1906300",
"text": "athlete of his generation. Tennis.com listed him as the greatest male player of the open era. He dominated the game at his peak and has won more Grand Slam tournament titles (20) than any other men's singles player. He is also the first men's singles player to have reached ten consecutive Grand Slam tournament finals and a total of 30 Grand Slam finals. He has earned a men's doubles gold medal, and a men's single silver medal at the Olympics in 2008 and 2012, respectively. He has spent the most amount of time in the Open Era at the top",
"title": "Roger Federer"
},
{
"id": "16519158",
"text": "faced the Russian pairing of Maria Kirilenko and Nadia Petrova who were the third seeds and won with a break lead in each set. In the final they defeated 4th seeds Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká of the Czech Republic at four in each set for the Gold Medal. This is the third Gold Medal in doubles for Serena and Venus making the sisters the only players to have won four gold medals in tennis. Venus won the Singles Gold Medal in 2000 in Sydney, Serena won the Singles Gold Medal in 2012 in London and they won the Doubles",
"title": "2012 Serena Williams tennis season"
},
{
"id": "9312316",
"text": "Tennis male players statistics Since 1983, men's tennis has had a very strong tradition and clear hierarchy of tournaments: (1) Grand Slam tournaments, including Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the Australian Open; (2) the Tennis Masters Cup; and (3) the Davis Cup. Before 1983, however, and in particular before the start of the open era in 1968, the hierarchy of professional tournaments changed virtually every year. For example, in 1934, the U.S. Pro was a high-class tournament with all the best players, but just two years later, this tournament was ordinary because only professional teachers (no leading",
"title": "Tennis male players statistics"
},
{
"id": "13491373",
"text": "hold all four Grand Slams on three different surfaces at once. He also ranks second (behind Rafael Nadal) with 32 ATP Masters 1000 titles and has won 5 ATP Finals titles, including a record 4 consecutively from 2012–2015. Djokovic is widely viewed by many sports analysts, fans and media pundits as one of the greatest tennis players of all-time, often ranked alongside Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Rod Laver, Pete Sampras and Björn Borg. He has reached 23 Grand Slam finals and has played the final of each Grand Slam tournament at least 4 times. He has won multiple titles at",
"title": "Novak Djokovic career statistics"
},
{
"id": "11755290",
"text": "denied Federer the chance to become the third man to win a career singles Golden Grand Slam after Nadal at the 2010 US Open and Andre Agassi at the 1999 French Open. He also became the first British man to win singles tennis gold since Josiah Ritchie in 1908 (also at Wimbledon) and the first to win a major event at Wimbledon since Fred Perry won The Championships in 1936. Based on his gold medal as well as his achievements over the following four years, including a US Open championship, two Wimbledon championships and a Davis Cup, Team GB chose",
"title": "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "2688120",
"text": "in 5 sets, Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1996) in the quarterfinals in 5 sets and Sergi Bruguera (1993, 1994) in the final - made him the third-lowest ranked Grand Slam Champion (ranked 66th) and this led to him entering the Association of Tennis Professionals top 20. Only Mark Edmondson (ranked 212th) and Goran Ivanišević (ranked 125th) were ranked lower than Kuerten when winning a Grand Slam singles title. He received his French Open trophy from former champions Björn Borg and Guillermo Vilas. When called to the stage to receive the winner's trophy, Kuerten reverently bowed a few times to his childhood idol",
"title": "Gustavo Kuerten"
},
{
"id": "55542",
"text": "a son, Leo, born in 2003, who is currently the highest ranked 14-year-old tennis player in Sweden. He narrowly avoided personal bankruptcy when business ventures failed. In March 2006, Bonhams Auction House in London announced that it would auction Borg's Wimbledon trophies and two of his winning rackets on 21 June 2006. Several players then called Borg in an attempt to make him reconsider, including Jimmy Connors and Andre Agassi who volunteered to buy them to keep them together. According to \"Dagens Nyheter\" – who had talked to Borg – McEnroe called Borg from New York and asked, \"What's up?",
"title": "Björn Borg"
},
{
"id": "1612617",
"text": "2016, Wimbledon have never hosted singles tournament for wheelchairs. Notwithstanding year when the US Open did not take place due to date clashes with the Paralympics. Players who have played all the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year. Winning singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles at one Grand Slam event is called a Triple Crown. It has become a rare accomplishment in tennis. This is partly because the final match in all three disciplines often takes place concurrently in the same day if not in consecutive days. Doris Hart for example attained her first Triple Crown after playing",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "12501005",
"text": "2001 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP. The 2001 ATP Tour included the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the Tennis Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series. This is the complete schedule of events on the 2001 ATP Tour, with player progression documented from the quarter-final stage. List of players and titles won (Grand Slam and Masters Cup titles in bold), listed in order of most titles won: The following players won their first title: Titles won by nation: ATP Rankings Following is a",
"title": "2001 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "11620566",
"text": "signed a one-year deal. In May 2018, it was revealed by Kvitová that she has joined TAG Heuer as an ambassador. Kvitová was named world's sixth highest-paid female athlete by Forbes in 2015, ranking fifth among tennis players. Petra Kvitová Petra Kvitová (; born 8 March 1990) is a Czech professional tennis player. Known for her powerful left-handed groundstrokes and variety, Kvitová turned professional in 2006 and has won 25 career singles titles, two of which are Grand Slam titles, the Wimbledon Championships in 2011 and in 2014. She also won a bronze medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Her",
"title": "Petra Kvitová"
},
{
"id": "6392066",
"text": "was also applied to the dish or tray on which the food or drink was presented after the tasting process. There seems no doubt that this Spanish word is the source of the English salver; a parallel is found in the origin of the term \"credenza\", which comes from Italian. Ceremonial salvers have also been used as major sporting trophies, most notably a sterling silver salver as the Ladies' Singles trophy in the Wimbledon tennis championships since 1886, and, from 1978 onwards, for the runner-up at the Masters Tournament (golf). Salver A salver is a flat tray of silver, other",
"title": "Salver"
},
{
"id": "10525992",
"text": "2004 ATP Tour The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments. The table below shows the 2004 ATP Tour schedule. Players and titles won (Grand Slam, Masters Cup, and Olympic titles in bold), listed in order of number of titles: The following players won their first title: Titles won by nation: ATP Rankings Roger Federer was the ATP Race Champion, finishing the 2004 season as the world number",
"title": "2004 ATP Tour"
},
{
"id": "10726495",
"text": "in 1967. Lindsay Davenport also picked up her third and last Grand Slam title at the Australian Open. In doubles competition, the Grand Slam titles were split between four teams: Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs, Martina Hingis and Mary Pierce, Serena Williams and Venus Williams, and Julie Halard-Decugis and Ai Sugiyama. The Williams sisters also won the Olympic Gold medal, and were thus awarded Doubles Team of the Year at the WTA Awards. The table below shows the 2000 WTA Tour schedule. Below are the 2000 WTA year-end rankings: List of players and titles won, last name alphabetically: The following",
"title": "2000 WTA Tour"
},
{
"id": "2100922",
"text": "Gibraltar. Tennis is not very popular as a fan sport in Puerto Rico, but many Puerto Ricans practice it as a means of exercise. It should be noted, though, that the 1984 television match between Martina Navratilova and Gigi Fernández was one of the most watched events of the year in Puerto Rican television. Gigi Fernández is arguably Puerto Rico's most famous tennis player ever, having won doubles championships in Grand Slam tournaments, including Wimbledon, winning gold medals for the USA doubles team in the 1992 and 1996 Olympics, being ranked no. 1 in the world for women's doubles tournaments,",
"title": "Sports in Puerto Rico"
},
{
"id": "15490212",
"text": "a National Olympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given; they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code. A total of 614 medals (199 gold, 200 silver and 215 bronze) were awarded. The total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold or silver medals because two bronze medals were awarded per event in three sports: badminton, boxing and table tennis (except the team events). <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Notes References 1982 Asian Games medal table The 1982 Asian",
"title": "1982 Asian Games medal table"
},
{
"id": "17052501",
"text": "the first six events of 2017, they had a streak of 42 consecutive Masters 1000 events where at least one of the four reached the final, winning a combined 37 titles. <br> The four have met one another at least twice in Masters 1000 finals. Their head to head records are: Federer 5–7 Nadal; Federer 3–4 Djokovic; Federer 0–2 Murray; Nadal 5–7 Djokovic; Nadal 1–1 Murray; Djokovic 5–5 Murray. The four Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP Finals, nine ATP Masters 1000s and the Summer Olympics, make up the 15 most coveted top-level tournaments in men's tennis. Although no player has",
"title": "Big Four (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "1612600",
"text": "tennis ball, Martina Navratilova finally did it.\" Although the ITF recognizes what is now unofficially known as the \"non-calendar year Grand Slam\" on its Roll of Honour, no subsequent player to win four or more majors in a row—Steffi Graf, Serena Williams, or Novak Djokovic—has received bonus prize money. Combining \"the\" Grand Slam and non-calendar year Grand Slam, the total number of times that players achieved the feat (of being the reigning champion in all four majors) expands to 18. Three women have won four or more consecutive major titles since 1970, with Navratilova taking six in a row in",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "11755288",
"text": "2002, 2003, 2009 and 2010. She also defended her women's doubles title alongside her sister Venus Williams, who had won singles gold in Sydney in 2000. With her singles gold, she became the second female player to win a career singles Golden Slam - Olympic gold in addition to the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open, with the first being Steffi Graf in 1988 after she won all five events that year (a feat not yet matched by another player, male or female.) Williams also became the first player in history, male or female, to win",
"title": "Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "1612620",
"text": "this elite group. She only needed the French Open singles, having reached the final in 1997 and 1999. Prior to Hingis, it was Billie Jean King who came close at completing a career boxed set. She only needed the Australian Open women's doubles title, having reached the final in 1965 and 1969. Of the many players who have managed to win a full set of four majors, there is a small number who have gone on to win all four majors a second or more times. The completion of \"Multiple Career Grand Slams\" or sometimes called \"multiple slam sets\" (MSS)",
"title": "Grand Slam (tennis)"
},
{
"id": "3832499",
"text": "could finish with the volley. Garrison lost in the semi-finals to Steffi Graf 6–2, 6–0. In 1988, there was no bronze medal play off match, both beaten semi-final players received bronze medals. Zina Garrison Zina Lynna Garrison (born November 16, 1963) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. During her career, she was a women's singles runner-up at Wimbledon in 1990, a three-time Grand Slam mixed doubles champion, and a women's doubles gold medalist and singles bronze medalist at the 1988 Olympic Games. She received the WTA Newcomer of the Year award in 1982. The youngest of",
"title": "Zina Garrison"
},
{
"id": "13349184",
"text": "Grand Slam tournaments, with 18 of those being consecutively. Also, he was seeded first or second in 30 consecutive Grand Slams and was among the top 4 seeds for 10 straight years after winning his first Grand Slam (the 2003 Wimbledon Championships), through the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. He has both won and been runner-up at tournaments when seeded 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. Roger Federer career statistics This is a list of the main career statistics of Swiss professional tennis player Roger Federer. All statistics are according to the ATP World Tour website. To date, Federer has won 99 ATP",
"title": "Roger Federer career statistics"
},
{
"id": "13349179",
"text": "season-ending Master's Cup. He won four Master's Series events, winning 12 events of the 17 he entered, making the finals of all but one of the events. His overall record was 92–5. Federer became the oldest No. 1 player on the ATP (aged 36) in February 2018. Because of these many accomplishments, Roger Federer is considered by many sports analysts to be the greatest tennis player of all time. Federer has won the most Grand Slam tournaments of any male player (20). He has reached the most finals (30), semifinals (43), and quarterfinals (53), and has participated at the most",
"title": "Roger Federer career statistics"
},
{
"id": "5167045",
"text": "the umpire to do his best during the match. Nikolay Davydenko Nikolay Vladimirovich Davydenko (; born 2 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 3 in November 2006. Davydenko's best result in a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the semi-finals, which he accomplished on four occasions: twice each at the French Open and the U.S. Open, losing to Roger Federer in all but one of them. His biggest achievement was winning the 2009 ATP World Tour Finals, and he also won three ATP Masters Series. In mid-October 2014 Davydenko",
"title": "Nikolay Davydenko"
},
{
"id": "9789071",
"text": "same year is called the \"Grand Slam\" (a term borrowed from bridge). The Championships, Wimbledon, were founded by the All England Club in 1877 to raise money for the club. The first Championships were contested by 22 men and the winner received a Silver Gilt Cup proclaiming the winner to be \"\"The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World\"\". The first Championships culminated a significant debate on how to standardize the rules. The following year it was recognized as the official British Championships, although it was open to international competitors. In 1884 the Ladies Singles and",
"title": "History of tennis"
},
{
"id": "14294730",
"text": "champion of the US Open Series points race, Federer received a bonus of $1 million, in addition to the $1.4 million prize for winning the US Open singles title. He became the only player in history to win three Grand Slams in a year for three years (2004, 2006, 2007). Throughout the tournament the American press labeled him Darth Federer for his all-black attire and the tournament played The Imperial March from Star Wars when he was announced onto the court for each of his matches. The Imperial March was also played by the tournament officials after the final match",
"title": "2007 Roger Federer tennis season"
},
{
"id": "17279391",
"text": "of her career overcoming prejudices and stereotypes, giving up millions of dollars in endorsements and sponsorships as a result of her insistence on living a life of integrity and honesty.\" Evert was described as the all-American girl next door. Today Navratilova is often cited as the greatest tennis player of all-time; she has won 167 singles titles, 177 doubles championships titles and 59 Grand Slam titles, she has been inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame, was the WTA’s \"Tour Player of the Year\" seven times, was declared one of the \"Top Forty Athletes of All-time\" by Sports Illustrated",
"title": "Unmatched"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Steffi Graf context: the German Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. Steffi Graf Stefanie Maria \"Steffi\" Graf (; born 14 June 1969) is a German former professional tennis player. She was ranked world No. 1 and won 22 Grand Slam singles titles. Her 22 singles titles put her second on the list of major wins in the female competition since the introduction of the Open Era in 1968 and is third all-time behind Margaret Court (24) and Serena Williams (23). In 1988, she became the only tennis player to achieve the Golden Slam by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the\n\nHow many of the four Grand Slam trophies in tennis are gold; how many are silver?",
"compressed_tokens": 192,
"origin_tokens": 192,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Championships, Wimbledon context: with figures from mythology. The actual dish remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a miniature replica bearing the names of all past Champions. From 1949 to 2006 the replica was 8 inches in diameter, and since 2007 it has been a three-quarter size replica with a diameter of 13.5 inches. The winner of the Gentlemen's Doubles, Ladies' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. A trophy is awarded to each player in the Doubles pair, unlike the other Grand Slam tournaments where the winning Doubles duo shares a single trophy.\n\ntitle: Tennis the Summer Olympics context: wins an Olympic gold medal and all four Grand S events in the same year is said to have won a Golden Slam. As of 2016, Steffi Graf is the only player to have completed this achievement. The playing surface of the varies between Olympic Games. It has been on hard court for every game since 1984 except for the 1992 Olympics (which was on a clay court) and the 2012 Olympics (which was played on a grass court). The changing playing surface gives certain players different advantages and disadvantages not seen in most other Olympic sports \"(d =\n\ntitle: Grand Slam (tennis) context: of Australia France United States of and Wimbledon who hold all four of these calendar achieveGrand S.\" When Martina Navratilova 194 and became reign champion all four' singles events, the the bonus prize recognition of achiev outlets did,, say that had Slamthers the controversyWhether Slam was or B a shamaintedsterisk size of a\n: thisat of winning all 1.al also achieved a Career and a buts the Open Masters.er also Career but Olympic Gold andic, only man nine one is two- to goal having won 11 of the 15 events. Federer and Nadal have\n\nHow many of the four Grand Slam trophies in tennis are gold; how many are silver?",
"compressed_tokens": 452,
"origin_tokens": 14346,
"ratio": "31.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
135 | How did pound cake get its name? | [
"From the one-pound quantities of the key ingredients (sugar, butter, eggs, and flour) in the original recipe"
] | From the one-pound quantities of the key ingredients (sugar, butter, eggs, and flour) in the original recipe | [
{
"id": "2381507",
"text": "Pound cake Pound cake refers to a type of cake traditionally made with a pound of each of four ingredients: flour, butter, eggs, and sugar. Pound cakes are generally baked in either a loaf pan or a Bundt mold, and served either dusted with powdered sugar, lightly glazed, or sometimes with a coat of icing. It is believed that the pound cake is of northern European origin that dates back to the early 1700s. A recipe for pound cake is in the first American cookbook, \"American Cookery\", which was published in 1796. Over time the ingredients for pound cake changed.",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "2381511",
"text": "the name pound cake is often still used. Some of the variations are described below. A traditional American pound cake would contain one pound each of flour, butter, eggs, and sugar. This recipe is quite popular in the cuisine of the Southern United States. In France, the pound cake is well known. The name of the pound cake \"\"quatre-quarts\"\", means four quarters. There are equal weights in each of the four quarters. In tradition, the popular cake of the French region of Brittany, as its name implies, uses the same quantity of the four ingredients, but with no added fruit",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "15858558",
"text": "cake', and \"Schneewittchentorte\", referring to its color scheme of black, white and red, like the character of Snow White in the Brothers Grimm's fairy tale. The batter is a pound cake, a cake made of equal amounts by weight of butter, flour, eggs and sugar, which is then divided into two parts, one of which is colored with cocoa. The two batters are spread in layers onto the baking sheet, the chocolate batter above the plain batter, before the top is strewn with sour cherries. During baking, the cherries sink to the bottom of the cake, causing the wavy pattern.",
"title": "Donauwelle"
},
{
"id": "5611458",
"text": "Butter cake A butter cake is a cake in which one of the main ingredients is butter. Butter cake is baked with basic ingredients: butter, sugar, eggs, flour, and leavening agents such as baking powder or baking soda. It is considered as one of the quintessential cakes in American baking. Butter cake originated from the English pound cake, which traditionally used equal amounts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to bake a heavy, rich cake. The invention of baking powder and other chemical leavening agents during the 19th century substantially increased the flexibility of this traditional pound cake by introducing",
"title": "Butter cake"
},
{
"id": "5611461",
"text": "time will vary) Butter cake A butter cake is a cake in which one of the main ingredients is butter. Butter cake is baked with basic ingredients: butter, sugar, eggs, flour, and leavening agents such as baking powder or baking soda. It is considered as one of the quintessential cakes in American baking. Butter cake originated from the English pound cake, which traditionally used equal amounts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to bake a heavy, rich cake. The invention of baking powder and other chemical leavening agents during the 19th century substantially increased the flexibility of this traditional pound",
"title": "Butter cake"
},
{
"id": "2381513",
"text": "Venezuelan and Colombian version of the pound cake: the term \"ponqué\" is itself a Spanish phonetic approximation of \"pound-cake\". The \"ponqué\" is essentially a wine-drenched cake with a cream or sugar coating, and it is very popular at birthdays, weddings and other social celebrations. The German \"Eischwerteig mit Fett\" (roughly \"egg-weight dough with fat\") is a recipe very similar to the pound cake, but thought of in multiples of the weight of the average egg used. For example, in a German cooks vocational school book from the 1980's the basic recipe for such a cake baked in a 26 cm",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "3612267",
"text": "of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs. They are plain yellow cakes, somewhat less rich and less expensive than pound cake, due to using about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were intended to signal the method to the baker; \"cup cake\" uses a volume measurement, and \"pound cake\" uses a weight measurement. A standard cupcake uses the same basic ingredients as standard-sized cakes: butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. Nearly any recipe that is suitable for",
"title": "Cupcake"
},
{
"id": "13523821",
"text": "the use of volume measurements was firmly established in home kitchens, these recipes became known as \"1234 cakes\" or \"quarter cakes\", so called because they are made up of four ingredients in equal ratios; butter, sugar, eggs and flour. They are plain yellow cakes, somewhat less rich and less expensive than pound cake, due to the reduced proportion of butter. The names of these two major classes of cakes were intended to signal the method to the baker; \"cup cake\" uses a volume measurement, and \"pound cake\" uses a weight measurement. Cupcones can be used interchageably with cupcakes that are",
"title": "Cupcone"
},
{
"id": "2381515",
"text": "use of different shapes and sizes of tins, a wide variety of traditional German cakes are made. For example, this dough or a minor variation of it is often used to make cakes made in a loaf tin (\"Orangenkuchen\" - orange cake; \"Nußkuchen\"- hazelnut cake), marbled cakes in a bundt tin (\"Marmorkuchen\" ) and other flavor combinations in shaped tins \"(Falscher\" \"Rehrücken\" - fake venison saddle with bitter chocolate and almonds , \"Osterlamm\" - Easter Lamb with vanilla and rum). Pound cake Pound cake refers to a type of cake traditionally made with a pound of each of four ingredients:",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "15858557",
"text": "Donauwelle Donauwelle (literally 'Danube wave' in German) is a traditional sheet cake popular in Germany and Austria. It is made of layers of plain and chocolate pound cake combined to have a wavy border between them. It contains sour cherries and is topped with buttercream and chocolate glaze. The cake's name comes from its wavy pattern inside and its swirled chocolate decoration, although the reason for naming it after the Danube in particular is not clear. It could refer to its popularity in those countries that the river flows through. Other names for the cake are \"Schneewittchenkuchen\", meaning 'Snow White",
"title": "Donauwelle"
},
{
"id": "14316665",
"text": "as an element of the dessert in the Passover meal during the Seder service, when it is often combined in serving with a fruit compote. Sponge cake Sponge cake is a cake based on flour (usually wheat flour), sugar, butter and eggs, and is sometimes leavened with baking powder. It has a firm yet well-aerated structure, similar to a sea sponge. In the United Kingdom a sponge cake is produced using the batter method, while in the US cakes made using the batter method are known as butter or pound cakes. Two common British batter-method sponge cakes are the layered",
"title": "Sponge cake"
},
{
"id": "2381509",
"text": "meal\". A recipe for Indian pound cake was first published in 1828 by Eliza Leslie and later included in \"The Indian Meal Book\", which was published in London in 1846, when people in Ireland were looking for alternatives to expensive wheat flour. There are numerous variations on the traditional pound cake, with certain countries and regions having distinctive styles. These can include the addition of flavouring agents (such as vanilla extract or almond extract) or dried fruit (such as currants or dried cranberries), as well as alterations to the original recipe to change the characteristics of the resulting pound cake.",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "15858559",
"text": "After the cake has cooled it is decorated with a thick layer of buttercream and iced with a chocolate glaze which may then be ornamented in a wavy manner with a fork. Donauwelle Donauwelle (literally 'Danube wave' in German) is a traditional sheet cake popular in Germany and Austria. It is made of layers of plain and chocolate pound cake combined to have a wavy border between them. It contains sour cherries and is topped with buttercream and chocolate glaze. The cake's name comes from its wavy pattern inside and its swirled chocolate decoration, although the reason for naming it",
"title": "Donauwelle"
},
{
"id": "14316660",
"text": "known as the Victoria sandwich or Victorian cake, was named after Queen Victoria, who was known to enjoy a slice of the sponge cake with her afternoon tea. The sponge part evolved from the classic pound cake – equal quantities of butter, sugar, eggs and flour. The difference was the Victorian creation of baking powder, which was discovered by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843, which enabled the sponge to rise higher. This invention, writes cookery author Felicity Cloake, \"was celebrated with a patriotic cake\", Victoria sponge. A typical Victoria sponge filling consists of strawberry jam and whipped double",
"title": "Sponge cake"
},
{
"id": "14316654",
"text": "Sponge cake Sponge cake is a cake based on flour (usually wheat flour), sugar, butter and eggs, and is sometimes leavened with baking powder. It has a firm yet well-aerated structure, similar to a sea sponge. In the United Kingdom a sponge cake is produced using the batter method, while in the US cakes made using the batter method are known as butter or pound cakes. Two common British batter-method sponge cakes are the layered Victoria sponge cake and Madeira cake. The Victorian creation of baking powder by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843 enabled the sponge to rise",
"title": "Sponge cake"
},
{
"id": "18144092",
"text": "as a “freeway” in reference to the various interchanges in the area. For Mexican communities in the United States, Mexican breads can take on new names and some of these are in English, either by translation of the name (“rope” instead of \"lazo\") or by comparison to something similar in that country. It also goes the other way. \"Dona\" is a Spanish adaptation of “donut.” \"Panque\" ( from pound cake), sometimes called a \"queque\" usually refers to individual-sized pound cakes or cupcakes. In general, the categories of bread derive from the type of dough (or batter). Some shapes, such as",
"title": "Mexican breads"
},
{
"id": "2890636",
"text": "Pontefract cake Pontefract cakes (also known as Pomfret cakes and Pomfrey cakes) are a type of small, roughly circular black sweet measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter and 4 mm thick, made of liquorice, originally manufactured in the Yorkshire town of Pontefract, England. The original name for these small tablets of liquorice is a \"Pomfret\" cake, after the old Norman name for Pontefract. However, that name has fallen into disuse and they are now almost invariably labelled \"Pontefract cakes\". The term \"cake\" has a long history. The word itself is of Germanic origin, from the Germanic \"kakâ\" (cook). The exact",
"title": "Pontefract cake"
},
{
"id": "2381508",
"text": "Eliza Leslie, who wrote the 1851 edition of Direction for Cookery, used 10 eggs, beat them as lightly as possible, mixed them with a pound of flour, then added the juice of two lemons or three large oranges. This changed the flavor and texture of the cake. In the 2008 issue of \"Saveur\", James Villas wrote that cake flour would not work in place of all-purpose flour because it lacks the strength to support the heavy batter. An early variation on this cake replaced some of the flour with cornmeal made from dried corn (maize), which was then called \"Indian",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "2381512",
"text": "of any kind. However, the Caribbean parts of the world that speak French traditionally add rum to the ingredients for Christmas Eve or even mashed bananas for extra moisture. In some cases the French might have beaten egg whites instead of whole eggs to lighten the batter. Other variants include adding chocolate or lemon juice for flavour. In Mexico, the pound cake is called \"panqué\". The basic recipe of Mexican \"panqué\" is much like the traditional U.S. recipe. Most common variants are \"panqué con nueces\" (pound cake with walnuts) and \"panqué con pasas\" (pound cake with raisins). \"Ponqué\" is the",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "2381510",
"text": "For instance, baking soda or baking powder may be incorporated to induce leavening during baking, resulting in a less dense pound cake. A cooking oil (typically a vegetable oil) is sometimes substituted for some or all of the butter, which is intended to produce a moister cake. Sour cream pound cake is a popular variation in the United States, which involves the substitution of sour cream for some of the butter, which also is intended to produce a moister cake with a tangy flavor. Some of these variations may drastically change the texture and flavor of the pound cake, but",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "4937612",
"text": "and the waltz were now the only things danced at the Almack's balls. The club took pains not to resemble expensive private balls by avoiding sumptuous repasts. In the Regency period, refreshments in the supper rooms consisted of thinly-sliced bread (which must be a day old to be sliced that thinly) with fresh butter, and dry cake (dry meaning unfrosted, without icing, not stale), probably similar to pound cake. To avoid drunkenness, only tea and lemonade were served in the supper rooms. By the 1830s, refreshments had fallen off in quality: \"Now there is no supper; there is nothing in",
"title": "Almack's"
},
{
"id": "2987720",
"text": "high, creased, toroidal pan. Depending on the region it can contain raisins, almonds or sometimes also Kirschwasser cherry brandy. Some regional varieties (Czech, Hungarian and Slovak) are filled with a layer of sweetened ground poppy seeds. Sometimes a regular pound cake or a marble cake made without yeast but baked in a Gugelhupf pan is also called Gugelhupf. The special circular pan with a central tube was originally made of enameled pottery. Similar pans are used for making Bundt cakes, a cake baking pan shape in the US derived from the Gugelhupf. Gugelhupf A Gugelhupf (also \"Kugelhupf\", \"Guglhupf\", \"Gugelhopf\", and,",
"title": "Gugelhupf"
},
{
"id": "12030687",
"text": "cake, canned pears, and the spaghetti & meatballs. In 1973, Army Colonel Henry Moak was issued a MCI ration during his stay in Vietnam. Included in the MCI ration was a can of pound cake, manufactured in 1969. He kept the unopened can and vowed to eat the pound cake when he retired from the Army. On July 24, 2009, with news media and dignitaries in attendance, Moak opened the forty-year-old can and ate the contents. He noted that the pound cake still looked and smelled like fresh pound cake. Throughout the Marine Corps 'Beef Slices w/. Potatoes' were known",
"title": "Meal, Combat, Individual ration"
},
{
"id": "2381780",
"text": "cakes were made, one for the bride and one for the groom. The groom's cake would die out and the bride's cake become the main cake for the event. When the two cakes were served together, the groom's cake was typically the darker colored, rich fruit cake and generally much smaller than the bride's cake. The bride’s cake was usually a simple pound cake with white icing because white was a sign of virginity and purity. In the early 19th century, sugar became easier to obtain during the time when the bride’s cakes became popular. The more refined and whiter",
"title": "Wedding cake"
},
{
"id": "2381514",
"text": "spring form tin is given as four eggs, 3 egg-weights of butter, 4 egg-weights of sugar, three egg weights of flour and one egg-weight of starch. If you add it all up, it is close to the English pound of each and the French four equal quarters. Thinking of the dough in terms of base egg-weight makes it a very versatile base recipe which can be easily scaled to different sized tins by increasing or decreasing the number of eggs and the dependent ingredient weights. And so, with the simple addition of nuts, chocolate, dried fruits and alcohols, and the",
"title": "Pound cake"
},
{
"id": "4398067",
"text": "dusted with powdered sugar, drizzle-glazed, or served undecorated. Recipes specifically designed for Bundt pans often have a baked-in filling; Bundt pound cakes are also common. Since the name \"Bundt\" is a trademark, similar pans are often sold as \"fluted tube pans\" or given other similar descriptive titles. The trademark holder Nordic Ware only produces Bundt pans in aluminum, but similar fluted pans are available in other materials. The people credited with popularizing the Bundt cake are American businessman H. David Dalquist and his brother Mark S. Dalquist , who co-founded cookware company Nordic Ware based in St. Louis Park, Minnesota.",
"title": "Bundt cake"
},
{
"id": "4637243",
"text": "with tea or liqueurs. The cake has a firm yet light texture. It is eaten with tea or (occasionally) for breakfast and is traditionally flavoured with lemon. Dating back to an original recipe in the 18th or 19th century, Madeira cake is similar to a pound cake or yellow cake. One of the earliest published recipes was by Eliza Acton in her \"Modern Cookery for Private Families\" (1845): Madeira cake Madeira cake is a sponge cake in traditional English cookery. It is sometimes mistakenly thought to originate from the Madeira Islands; however, that is not the case as it was",
"title": "Madeira cake"
},
{
"id": "12030688",
"text": "as \"Beef and Rocks\" due to their half cooked texture caused by chemically maintained integrity of the potato slices to prevent disintegration during storage and “Beans with Frankfurter Chunks in Tomato Sauce” were more commonly referred to as \"Beans and Baby Dicks\". While Marines in general praised Pound Cake particularly with Fruit Cocktail most detested Fruitcake and generally handed it off to less discriminating unit members. The small \"B\"-unit can was often made into an improvised field stove that could be carried in the cargo pockets of a set of combat fatigues. This was done by making a series of",
"title": "Meal, Combat, Individual ration"
},
{
"id": "23657",
"text": "with whiskey and their recipe for pound cake, brought to the South around the same time, still works with American baking units: 1 pound sugar, one pound eggs, one pound butter, one pound flour. Pork is the popular choice for Southern style barbecue and features in other preparations like sausages and sandwiches. For most Southerners in the antebellum period, corn and pork were staples of the diet. Country sausage is an ingredient in the Southern breakfast dish of biscuits and gravy. Country ham is often served for breakfast and cured with salt or sugar and hickory-smoked. Accompanying many meals is",
"title": "American cuisine"
},
{
"id": "8519534",
"text": "Brothers, with a commercial bakery located at 1006 Wallabout Market in Brooklyn. The company's \"Drake’s Cakes\" sold pound cake by the slice. As the company expanded, it was renamed Drake Bakeries, Inc., and built a factory facility at 77 Clinton Avenue on the border of the Fort Greene and Clinton Hill neighborhoods of Brooklyn. Drake Bakeries was one of the few snack cake companies to be produced under kosher guidelines, not using lard or tallow which are prohibited under kosher food laws. In the 1960s, the Drake's brand—which involved familiar products including Ring Dings, Yodels, Devil Dogs, Yankee Doodles, Sunny",
"title": "Newman E. Drake"
},
{
"id": "8717108",
"text": "the spice mixture, recommended that it be on eggs, and baked with as a possible replacement of \"vanilla sticks.\" By 1881 J.E. Thompson Gill's cookbook still recommended how the mix could be made, but recommended it be applied on pound cakes instead. 17 years later, in 1898, a cooking encyclopedia would refer to the spice mixture when talking about cinnamon sticks and other desserts. Years later, in 1907, \"Hotel Monthly\" published a cookbook that mentioned cinnamon sugar as a topping for French Baba, a type of cake. This was followed by the \"National Baker\" writing, in 1913, about the sprinkling",
"title": "Cinnamon sugar"
},
{
"id": "20092606",
"text": "Gâteau nantais Gâteau nantais is a cake originating in the city of Nantes in France. \"Gâteau nantais\" is a soft, round pound cake, made of flour, sugar, salted butter, eggs, and almond meal, then dampened with a punch of rum and lemon, sometimes with an apricot gelée centre. The round shaped cake top is topped with a white glaze thinned with rum, although lemon or orange blossom water can be substituted if the cake is to be served to children. It is recommended to make the cake a day before it is intended to be served. It keeps very well.",
"title": "Gâteau nantais"
},
{
"id": "19293106",
"text": "after completing his senior year. Jackson was signed by the Cardinals as an undrafted free agent on May 5, 2015. Prior to signing with the team at his initial meeting with Cardinals coaching staff, he brought pound cakes homemade by his mother as an apology for missing his scheduled flight - this earned Jackson the nickname \"Pound Cake\" that stayed with him throughout his professional career. He was released on August 31, 2015 after competing in the 2015 Cardinals' preseason games. On December 8, 2015, Jackson was signed to the Colts' practice squad. He was released on December 16, 2015",
"title": "Edwin Jackson (American football)"
},
{
"id": "6604771",
"text": "Cake\" speech because of the following lines, referencing a particular dessert, pound cake, for comedic effect, while contrasting common criminals with political activists who risked incarceration during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s: Bill Cosby also covers the issues of drop-out rates and young people going to jail. He blames lack of parenting for these issues within these communities: In the neighborhood that most of us grew up in, parenting is not going on. In the old days, you couldn't hooky school because every drawn shade was an eye. And before your mother got off the bus",
"title": "Pound Cake speech"
},
{
"id": "2641466",
"text": "a peach. Rather than serving one large pastry, each guest is served their own small shou bao. In Korea, the traditional birthday dish is seaweed soup. In Western Russia, birthday children are served fruit pies with a birthday greeting carved into the crusts. The Swedish birthday cake is made like a pound cake that is often topped with marzipan and decorated with the national flag. Dutch birthday pastries are fruit tarts topped with whipped cream. In India there are very few people who use birth celebration in villages, but in cities and towns, birthday cakes are used similarly as in",
"title": "Birthday cake"
},
{
"id": "2890642",
"text": "the major ruefully. “To be sure. The youngest apprentice always does. It’s not hard work. He’ll have the comfort of thinking he won’t have to swallow them himself. And he’ll have the run of the pomfret cakes, and the conserve of hips, and on Sundays he shall have a taste of tamarinds to reward him for his weekly labour at pill making.” Pontefract cake Pontefract cakes (also known as Pomfret cakes and Pomfrey cakes) are a type of small, roughly circular black sweet measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter and 4 mm thick, made of liquorice, originally manufactured in the",
"title": "Pontefract cake"
},
{
"id": "3078921",
"text": "business. Newman Drake came into this entrepreneurial venture with experience in large scale commercial baking. In 1888, he joined Vanderveer and Holmes Biscuit Company, and he had become a salesman traveling internationally for this cracker business by 1894. He was traveling in England on business in 1893–94 when he observed commercially baked fine cakes sold in grocery stores, and he was inspired to bring the idea to America. By March 1898, retailer ads featured Drake's pound cakes by brand name in various flavors. The ads stated that the products were baked fresh daily and sold for 17 cents per pound.",
"title": "Drake's Cakes"
},
{
"id": "2147417",
"text": "off. On Sundays she went to Mass, and on Fridays to vespers, and regularly conversed with and sought help from God, but expressed skepticism about an afterlife. At an unspecified time in her youth, she had suffered from migraines. She and her husband sometimes travelled to nearby Marseilles where, at the \"Phocéen\" restaurant, they treated themselves to seafood, a glass of white wine, and bread and butter. Unlike her husband she did not enjoy pastries, but she did like creams (\"crèmes\"), cakes and in particular \"quatre-quarts\" (pound cake), and vanilla ice cream. At \"retirement age\" she broke her ankle and",
"title": "Jeanne Calment"
},
{
"id": "6604770",
"text": "Pound Cake speech The Pound Cake speech was given by Bill Cosby in May 2004 during an NAACP awards ceremony in Washington, D.C., to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the \"Brown v. Board of Education\" Supreme Court decision. In the speech, which was subsequently widely disseminated and analyzed, Cosby was highly critical of the black community in the United States. He criticized the use of African-American Vernacular English, the prevalence of single-parent families, perceived emphasis on frivolous and conspicuous consumption at the expense of necessities, lack of responsibility, and other behaviors. The speech is often referred to as the \"Pound",
"title": "Pound Cake speech"
},
{
"id": "3078922",
"text": "In 1900, retailer ads featured Drake's layer cakes with chocolate or vanilla icing at 18 cents. One Drake's ad touted that the price was half of what it would cost to make at home. By 1901, retailer ads referred to Drake's \"celebrated\" pound cakes and included Drake's macaroons. In the 1890s, the cracker industry consolidated in a multitiered fashion. In 1898, the three major players consolidated into one large enterprise, the National Biscuit Company, later known as Nabisco. As early as 1899, but definitively by November 1900, the National Biscuit Company had purchased the Drake bakery and referred to the",
"title": "Drake's Cakes"
},
{
"id": "6018387",
"text": "Santa Claus on top. The Christmas cakes today are symbolized as a ritual of Christmas celebration; specifically, the act of sharing the cake with family or friends. In the Philippines, Christmas cakes are bright rich yellow pound cakes with macerated nuts or fruitcakes of the British fashion. Both are soaked in copious amounts of brandy or rum mixed with a simple syrup of palm sugar and water. Traditionally, civet musk is added, but rosewater or orange flower water is more common now, as civet musk has become very expensive. These liquor-laden cakes can usually stay fresh for many months provided",
"title": "Christmas cake"
},
{
"id": "6604776",
"text": "death for black males ages 12 to 19; that one out of three black men ages 20–29 are under some form of criminal justice supervision; and the fact that only 28 percent of black children are growing up with a mother and father in the home. Sociologist Michael Eric Dyson criticized Cosby in his book \"Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind?\" (2005). Dyson stated that Cosby built up years of mainstream credibility by ignoring race in his comedy routines and in his television programs, but then chose, with the Pound Cake speech, to",
"title": "Pound Cake speech"
},
{
"id": "1437289",
"text": "used more and larger locks to allow a more direct route to be taken. Since 2016, the largest lock worldwide is the Kieldrecht Lock in the Port of Antwerp, Belgium. A \"pound lock\" is a type of lock that is used almost exclusively nowadays on canals and rivers. A pound lock has a chamber with gates at both ends that control the level of water in the pound. In contrast, an earlier design with a single gate was known as a flash lock. Pound locks were first used in medieval China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD), having been pioneered",
"title": "Lock (water navigation)"
},
{
"id": "11999535",
"text": "Lekach Lekach is a honey-sweetened cake made by Jews, especially for the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah. Known in Hebrew as \"ougat dvash\" (literally, honey cake) the word \"lekach\" is Yiddish, perhaps from the Aramaic, \"lĕkhakh,\" meaning to mix thoroughly. Lekach is one of the symbolically significant foods traditionally eaten by Ashkenazi Jews at Rosh Hashanah in hopes of ensuring a sweet New Year. Recipes vary widely. Lekach is usually a dense, loaf-shaped cake, but some versions are similar to sponge cake or pound cake, with the addition of honey and spices, sometimes with coffee or tea for coloring. Other",
"title": "Lekach"
},
{
"id": "6073118",
"text": "is also served as a snack. Originally called 'peperkoek' it was made from breadcrumbs and other left over bakery products stored in an attic. These ingredients were periodically collected and pressed to create the 'peperkoek' which was augmented with black pepper to conceal the age of the resulting thick bread, hence its name. Pepper being historically one of the most valuable Dutch East India Company trading products, it was used in many Dutch food products. Ontbijtkoek An ontbijtkoek (literally translated \"breakfast cake\") or peperkoek (\"pepper cake\") is a Dutch and Flemish spiced cake. Rye is its most important ingredient, coloring",
"title": "Ontbijtkoek"
},
{
"id": "8222225",
"text": "Dutch baby pancake A Dutch baby pancake, sometimes called a German pancake, a Bismarck, or a Dutch puff, is a large American popover. A Dutch baby pancake is similar to a large Yorkshire pudding. Compared to a typical pancake, a Dutch baby is always baked in the oven, rather than being fried on both sides on the stove top, it is generally thicker than most pancakes, and it contains no chemical leavening ingredients, such as baking powder. The idea of a Dutch baby pancake may have been derived from the German \"Pfannkuchen\", but the current form originated in the US",
"title": "Dutch baby pancake"
},
{
"id": "11467105",
"text": "the Diamante citrons from Liguria, Naples, Calabria and Sicily, and the Greek citron from Greece through Trieste. The continual process of drenching the fruit in syrup causes the fruit to become saturated with sugar, thereby preventing the growth of spoilage microorganisms. In the Eastern Bloc, ersatz succade and orangeat were prepared from unripe tomatoes and carrots respectively, as citrus fruits were scarce goods that could not be produced domestically. Succade is sometimes used in cakes, as a filling for pound cake, oliebol, plum pudding, florentines, sfogliatelle, fruitcake or ontbijtkoek. It is also added to raisin bread. Succade is often combined",
"title": "Succade"
},
{
"id": "158742",
"text": "with fresh fruit. Apples, plums, strawberries, and cherries are used regularly in cakes. Cheesecake is also very popular, often made with quark. \"Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte\" (Black Forest cake, made with cherries) is probably the most well-known example of a wide variety of typically German tortes filled with whipped or butter cream. German doughnuts (which have no hole) are usually balls of yeast dough with jam or other fillings, and are known as \"Berliner\", \"Pfannkuchen\" (in Berlin and Eastern Germany), \"Kreppel\" or \"Krapfen\", depending on the region. \"Eierkuchen\" or \"Pfannkuchen\" are large (usually around 20–24 cm in diameter), and relatively thin (~5mm)",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "1676191",
"text": "(Brazil), vegetables, tomato sauce, cheese). They have also become popular East Asian countries, including Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Thailand and China, where they are sold in crêpe stands and kiosks. They are often served with whipped cream and fruits, or non-sweet spreads such as vegetables. \"Farinata\" are popular in Mediterranean regions, including Nice. Also called \"socca\", these are pancakes made from chickpea flour and seasoned with black pepper. They are popular street food in Nice. German pancakes are known as \"Pfannkuchen\" (from the German \"Pfanne\" and \"Kuchen\" meaning \"pan\" and \"cake\") except in Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony, where \"Pfannkuchen\"",
"title": "Pancake"
},
{
"id": "13191468",
"text": "Mantecadas de Astorga. Their ingredients are eggs, flour, butter and sugar. Butter is essential in the preparation and differentiates the mantecadas de Astorga from average bizcocho or magdalenas (muffins). They are a protected product as per Geographical indication in the European Union. Mantecadas Mantecadas are a type of spongy pastry from Spain similar to a muffin, but flatter. The best known mantecadas are from Northwestern Spain, being a traditional product of the city of Astorga, province of León, as well as the nearby Maragateria comarca. They taste very much like pound cake. Other Spanish regions also prepare mantecadas. There is",
"title": "Mantecadas"
},
{
"id": "679375",
"text": "amateur of cooks may bake a cake. The term \"cake\" has a long history. The word itself is of Viking origin, from the Old Norse word \"kaka\". The ancient Greeks called cake πλακοῦς (\"plakous\"), which was derived from the word for \"flat\", πλακόεις (\"plakoeis\"). It was baked using flour mixed with eggs, milk, nuts and honey. They also had a cake called \"satura\", which was a flat heavy cake. During the Roman period, the name for cake became \"placenta\" which was derived from the Greek term. A placenta was baked on a pastry base or inside a pastry case. The",
"title": "Cake"
},
{
"id": "10143041",
"text": "clientele by her work as a hairdresser, which gave her intimate knowledge of the gossip in town. Her customers also came to her to buy voodoo dolls, potions, gris-gris bags, and the like. Her influence continues in the city. In the 21st century, her gravesite in the oldest cemetery is a major tourist attraction; believers of Voodoo offer gifts here and pray to her spirit. Across the street from the cemetery where Laveau is buried, offerings of pound cake are left to the statue of Saint Expedite; these offerings are believed to expedite the favors asked of the Voodoo queen.",
"title": "Louisiana Voodoo"
},
{
"id": "17259520",
"text": "John Boczar is the head distiller in charge of all production operations at Grand Teton Distillery. As of early 2013 the vodka had distribution in seven states. In October 2012, Grand Teton Potato Vodka received a Gold Medal with a rating of 94 points (Exceptional) from the Beverage Testing Institute, which noted its \"Clear. Bright aromas and flavors of nougat, custard, and pound cake with a silky, dryish medium body and a super smooth, dried fruit and delicate spice and mineral finish.\" In April 2013 the San Francisco World Spirits Competition awarded Grand Teton Potato Vodka a Double Gold Medal,",
"title": "Grand Teton Vodka"
},
{
"id": "5521423",
"text": "\"wienerbrød\", literal translation: \"Viennese bread\") share the table with a variety of home made cakes, waffles and biscuits. Cardamom is a common flavoring. Another Norwegian cake is Krumkake, a paper-thin rolled cake filled with whipped cream. (Krumkake means 'Curved Cake' or 'Crooked Cake'). Baked meringues are known as \"pikekyss\", literally translated as \"girl's kiss\". During Christmas (jul), the traditional Norwegian Holiday season, many different dessert dishes are served including Julekake, a heavily spiced leavened loaf often coated with sugar and cinnamon, and Multekrem (whipped cream with cloudberries). Bread is an important staple of the Norwegian diet. Breads containing a large",
"title": "Norwegian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "4398070",
"text": "range of Bundt cake mixes. To date more than 60 million Bundt pans have been sold by Nordic Ware across North America. November 15 has been named \"National Bundt Day\". Bundt cake A Bundt cake is a cake that is baked in a Bundt pan, shaping it into a distinctive ring shape. The shape is inspired by a traditional European cake known as , but Bundt cakes are not generally associated with any single recipe. The style of mold in North America was popularized in the 1950s and 1960s, after cookware manufacturer Nordic Ware trademarked the name \"Bundt\" and began",
"title": "Bundt cake"
},
{
"id": "20092609",
"text": "recipe to Gilbert Debotté, who managed the Debotté patisserie. Since it became popular again in the 20th century, pastry chefs and cooks in Nantes have served it in its most classic version, or have been inspired to create variants including additional ingredients. Gâteau nantais Gâteau nantais is a cake originating in the city of Nantes in France. \"Gâteau nantais\" is a soft, round pound cake, made of flour, sugar, salted butter, eggs, and almond meal, then dampened with a punch of rum and lemon, sometimes with an apricot gelée centre. The round shaped cake top is topped with a white",
"title": "Gâteau nantais"
},
{
"id": "2102358",
"text": "the 14th century during the Middle Ages, in the Middle English word \"bisquite\", to represent a hard, twice-baked product. (see the German Zwieback) The Dutch language from around 1703 had adopted the word \"koekje\" (\"little cake\") to have a similar meaning for a similar hard, baked product. The difference between the secondary Dutch word and that of Latin origin is that, whereas the \"koekje\" is a cake that rises during baking, the biscuit, which has no raising agent, in general does not (see gingerbread/ginger biscuit), except for the expansion of heated air during baking. When continental Europeans began to emigrate",
"title": "Biscuit"
},
{
"id": "16192817",
"text": "Herman cake Herman cake (often called simply Herman) is a 'friendship cake', similar to the Amish friendship bread, for which the ingredients are passed from person to person (like a chain letter) and which continues to grow as it contains yeast and lactic acid bacteria. One starter can, in theory, last indefinitely. The other ingredients for the mixture are milk, sugar, flour and warm water. They became popular in the 1970s. Herman sits on a worktop for ten days and is not refrigerated. Due to the amount of yeast that it contains it smells distinctly of beer. The Herman cake",
"title": "Herman cake"
},
{
"id": "4398062",
"text": "Bundt cake A Bundt cake is a cake that is baked in a Bundt pan, shaping it into a distinctive ring shape. The shape is inspired by a traditional European cake known as , but Bundt cakes are not generally associated with any single recipe. The style of mold in North America was popularized in the 1950s and 1960s, after cookware manufacturer Nordic Ware trademarked the name \"Bundt\" and began producing Bundt pans from cast aluminum. Publicity from Pillsbury saw the cakes gain widespread popularity. The Bundt cake derives in part from a European brioche-like cake called which was particularly",
"title": "Bundt cake"
},
{
"id": "19458417",
"text": "of the vapor going out of it. Bokit was inspired by the \"johnny cake\" which is a kind of fried bread that the New England colonies may have borrowed from the Indians. Indeed, the Shawnee Indians used to cook a pancake of corn on hot stones that could be kept for long trips. Those pancakes could have inspired the colonists who added wheat flour. Indians used to call their pancake \"jonikin\", but the colonists used to say \"journey cake\", because of the long journeys in which this cookie was very useful. Finally the name \"johnny cake\" remained. Over the exchanges",
"title": "Bokit"
},
{
"id": "6805508",
"text": "\"The Four Quarters,\" it is also the word for pound cake). In 1986 they met a new manager, Paul Lederman, who began to lead the troupe to larger and larger venues. At about this time the group's name was changed to \"Les Inconnus\" (The Unknowns). After hosting a radio show on Europe 1 from 1987 to 1988, Les Inconnus lost another member, Seymour Brussel. They eventually reached national fame with their 1989 stage comic show \"Au secours, tout va mieux!\" (literally \"Help, things are getting better!\"). In 1990, the three remaining members of the group premiered their sketch comedy television",
"title": "Les Inconnus"
},
{
"id": "15558339",
"text": "During this time, another important person played a big role in the company's recipe development, Betty Adams. Her name can be found on many of the original recipes boasted by the company including the \"Adams 75th Anniversary Poundcake\" or more commonly known as the Five Flavor Cake. In 2000, architecture students at The University of Texas at Austin helped the Adams Extract Company design a new manufacturing campus at Buda, Texas, south of Austin. The Adams Extract building continued production in Austin, Texas, under direction of John G. Adams, Sr., from the Adams family until 2002. In that year, the",
"title": "Adams Extract"
},
{
"id": "3535880",
"text": "of Dresden with the meat for the Christmas meal after the pre-Christmas period of fasting. Over the centuries the Striezelmarkt has developed into a huge event with 240 stands, taking up a large part of Dresden city centre and lasting throughout the Advent period until Christmas Eve. Today the Striezelmarkt attracts 3 million visitors a year from all over the world. The word \"Striezelmarkt\" comes from \"Strüzel\" or \"Stroczel\", which was the name of a type of cake sold at the market, now famous as \"Stollen\" or \"Christstollen\". \"Stollen\" is a light airy fruitcake which is quite low in sugar,",
"title": "Striezelmarkt"
},
{
"id": "6189480",
"text": "Krumkake Krumkake (, meaning \"bent cake\", plural \"krumkaker\") is a Norwegian waffle cookie made of flour, butter, eggs, sugar, and cream. Like the Italian pizzelle, a special decorative two-sided iron griddle, or the Sicilian cannolo, or similar to a waffle iron, is traditionally used to bake the thin round cakes. Older irons are used over the stove, but modern electric irons offer the convenience of nonstick surfaces, automatic timing, and multiple cakes per batch. While hot, the 13–20 cm krumkake are rolled into small cones around a wooden or plastic cone form. Krumkake can be eaten plain or filled with",
"title": "Krumkake"
},
{
"id": "9658819",
"text": "been modified with a streamlined hull and higher power to give greater submerged speed, in order to simulate the behaviour of the German Type XXI or similar submarines. From December 1944 to April 1945, \"Kingfisher\" was used of trials of an experimental Beam forming Sonar, that was eventually developed into the Type 170 attack sonar used to control the Limbo anti-submarine mortar. In 1945 \"Kingfisher\" was replaced in the sonar development role by the frigate . She was sold for scrap on 21 April 1947. In 1999, John Cockerill, a Redditch-based baker, made a 6 ft-long cake in the shape",
"title": "HMS Kingfisher (L70)"
},
{
"id": "4921270",
"text": "born in Eccles in 1821. Eccles is perhaps best known for the Eccles cake. Dating from the 18th century, they were first sold from a shop owned by James Birch in 1793. Traditionally made in the town from a recipe of flaky pastry, butter, nutmeg, candied peel, sugar and currants, they are sold across the country and exported across the world. They are sometimes referred to as \"dead fly pies\". Eccles Wakes (a holiday to celebrate the dedication of the Parish Church) were celebrated annually until 1877, when the tradition was abolished by the Home Secretary. Notes Bibliography Eccles, Greater",
"title": "Eccles, Greater Manchester"
},
{
"id": "3612266",
"text": "in size more than American cupcake, they are traditionally smaller and are rarely topped with elaborate icing. The other kind of \"cup cake\" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume, using a standard-sized cup, instead of being weighed. Recipes whose ingredients were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups; however, they were more commonly baked in tins as layers or loaves. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was firmly established in home kitchens, these recipes became known as \"1234 cakes\" or \"quarter cakes\", so called because they are made up",
"title": "Cupcake"
},
{
"id": "68137",
"text": "as puddling. Canals need to be level, and while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations other approaches have been adopted. The most common is the pound lock, which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used. Prior to the development of the pound lock",
"title": "Canal"
},
{
"id": "10746034",
"text": "of reasons, ranging from a continued belief that AAVE is intrinsically deficient to arguments that its use, by being stigmatized in certain social contexts, is socially limiting. Some of the harshest criticism of AAVE or its use has come from African Americans. A conspicuous example was the \"Pound Cake speech\", in which Bill Cosby criticized some African Americans for various social behaviors, including the way they talked. Faced with such attitudes, the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC), a division of National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), issued a position statement on students' rights to their own language.",
"title": "African-American Vernacular English and education"
},
{
"id": "5647136",
"text": "Queen Elizabeth cake Queen Elizabeth cake is a dessert cake prepared with typical cake ingredients and a shredded coconut icing. It is sometimes served with tea. Queen Elizabeth cake is named after Elizabeth II. It may have originated in 1953 for the coronation of Elizabeth II, and another account holds that it was invented for the 1937 coronation of King George VI and the Queen Mother Queen Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth cake is a dessert cake prepared with sugar, flour, dates, eggs, and butter, and topped with a sugary icing infused with shredded coconut. The cake is named after Elizabeth II.",
"title": "Queen Elizabeth cake"
},
{
"id": "38242",
"text": "as souvenirs for tourists. Cuckoo clocks are a popular example; see above. Black Forest ham originated from this region, and so, by name and reputation at least, did the Black Forest gâteau. It is also known as \"Black Forest Cherry Cake\" or \"Black Forest Cake\" and is made with chocolate cake, cream, sour cherries and Kirsch. The Black Forest variety of \"Flammkuchen\" is a Baden specialty made with ham, cheese and cream. \"Pfannkuchen\", a crêpe or crêpe-like (\"\" or \"Palatschinken\") pastry, is also common. The Black Forest is also known for its long tradition in gourmet cuisine. No fewer than",
"title": "Black Forest"
},
{
"id": "19224462",
"text": "The Brazil nuts may be sliced, chopped, ground or granulated, the latter preparation may be performed using a food processor. Some desserts are prepared without the use of flour, whereby the use of ground Brazil nuts may take the place of flour. It may be prepared with the addition of fruit, such as dates. Shortcake, coffee cake, pound cake, fruitcake and brownies may be prepared using Brazil nuts as a primary ingredient. Brazil nut cake is a part of Brazilian cuisine, as are other dishes prepared with Brazil nuts. In Brazil, sweet dishes prepared using Brazil nuts are more common",
"title": "Brazil nut cake"
},
{
"id": "8132238",
"text": "defeated. Scott experimented in a variety of crops and planted of sugar cane, cabbage, collards, rutabagas, Dutch turnips. Scott also created a 16-foot (5 m) overshot waterwheel from a pond going to corn, sugar and cotton processing. Scott came up with a revolutionary fertilizer which combined cottonseed with bone meal. Bone was obtained by black farm hands who earned a gallon of cane syrup for every 100-pound sack of animal bones. The bone were crushed with a heavy cast-iron stamp powered by a waterwheel and the meal mixed with sulfuric acid. This was then mixed with cottonseed cake to make",
"title": "George W. Scott Plantation"
},
{
"id": "662141",
"text": "fruit such as apricots (\"Marillenknödel\"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous. In winter, small street stands sell traditional \"Maroni\" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters. Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (\"Würstelstand\") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as \"Wiener\" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a \"Frankfurter\" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are \"Burenwurst\" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), \"Käsekrainer\" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and \"Bratwurst\" (a white pork sausage). Most can be",
"title": "Vienna"
},
{
"id": "889350",
"text": "scene in which: \"On the tray, invariably, are a bowl of soup, a toasted sandwich of bacon, lettuce and tomato, and a chocolate milk shake.\" A 1954 issue of \"Modern Hospital\" contains a meal suggestion that includes: \"Bean Soup, Toasted Bacon Lettuce and Tomato Sandwich, Pickles, Jellied Banana Salad, Cream Dressing, and Pound Cake.\" By 1958, Hellmann's Mayonnaise advertised their product as \"traditional on bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwiches,\" suggesting that the combination had been around for some time. However, there are several references to a \"B.L.T\" in the early 1970s, including in one review of Bruce Jay Friedman's play",
"title": "BLT"
},
{
"id": "6018383",
"text": "Christmas cakes as well as Christmas puddings as good luck touch pieces. The usual choices were silver 3d piece, or sixpences, sometimes wrapped in greaseproof paper packages. In Yorkshire, Christmas cake, as with other types of fruit cake, can be eaten with cheese, such as Wensleydale. A cake that may also be served at Christmas time in the United Kingdom, in addition to the traditional Christmas cake, is the cake known as a \"Yule Log, or chocolate log\". This is a Swiss roll that is coated in chocolate, resembling a log. The Christmas cake largely displaced the previously popular Twelfth-night",
"title": "Christmas cake"
},
{
"id": "3078924",
"text": "onto other brand names. On December 4, 1902, Drake reestablished his business as Drake Brothers Company with his brother Charles and his brother-in-law Frank S. Vreeland and by at least May 10, 1903, Drake was operating a bakery at 1006 Wallabout Market in Brooklyn, New York. Newman is president, his brother Charles is vice president, and sons John Harold and Walter are bakers. By 1904, Newman's third son, Arthur, is working in the business as a salesman. An article covering a Brooklyn food show in April 1904 indicated that Drake continued to produce pound cakes, macaroons, and other cakes at",
"title": "Drake's Cakes"
},
{
"id": "19224464",
"text": "condensed milk as an ingredient in the batter, and it may be topped with Brazil nuts and with the nuts placed on the sides of them after cooking. Bittersweet chocolate may be used as an ingredient in the Brazil nut torte. Brazil nut cake Brazil nut cake () is a cake prepared using Brazil nuts as a primary ingredient. Coffeecake, shortcake, pound cake, fruitcake, brownies and torte cake may be prepared using Brazil nuts as a main ingredient. Ground or chopped Brazil nuts may be used. Brazil nut cake is a dish in Brazilian cuisine, and it is a common",
"title": "Brazil nut cake"
},
{
"id": "5338190",
"text": "discs of chocolate coated with nonpareils, which are also known as chocolate nonpareils. An 18th-century American recipe for a frosted wedding cake calls for nonpareils as decoration. By the early 19th century, colored nonpareils seem to have been available in the U.S. The popular cookbook author Eliza Leslie suggests the use of red and green nonpareils for decorating a Queen cake, but strongly suggests \"white\" nonpareils are most suitable for pink icing on a pound cake in her 1828 \"Seventy-five Recepts for Pastries, Cakes and Sweetmeats\". In 1844, Eleanor Parkinson, of a well-known Philadelphia family of professional confectioners, first published",
"title": "Nonpareils"
},
{
"id": "3627106",
"text": "milk, chocolate milk, or a yogurt drink. Cafeterias all around the Netherlands sell \"poffertjes\". Dutch people call such a restaurant a \"\". \"Poffertjes\" can be eaten as a dessert after dinner or as a sweet lunch. A famous Dutch sweet is \"zoute drop\" and other liquorice sweets. These sweets are small, black and look much like gums. Similar to Pontefract cakes found in Yorkshire, England. The four types of \"drop\" are soft sweet, soft salt, hard sweet, and hard salty drop. Liquorice can be bought in shops and pharmacies. It also has a medical function as it is supposed to",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "762278",
"text": "published recipes reveal the complex process of “social invention” with practical experience circulating, under a variety of names, across both countries. For example, Australians beat New Zealanders to create an accepted Pavlova recipe as the “Meringue Cake”. The illusion of some singular invention can be explained by distinguishing a second, associated level of “social construction”, in which cooks, eaters and writers attach a name and myths to produce a widely-held concept that appears so deceptively distinct that it must have had a definite moment of creation. Pavlova is made by beating egg whites (and sometimes salt) to a very stiff",
"title": "Pavlova (cake)"
},
{
"id": "7353766",
"text": "letter of \"disordering my stomach with Bath Bunns\" in 1801. The original 18th-century recipe used a brioche or rich egg and butter dough which was then covered with caraway seeds coated in several layers of sugar, similar to French \"dragée\". The bun's creation is attributed to William Oliver in the 18th century. Oliver also created the Bath Oliver dry biscuit after the bun proved too fattening for his rheumatic patients. The bun may also have descended from the 18th-century \"Bath cake\". The buns are still produced in the Bath area of England. Although this is disputed, the 18th-century '\"Bath cake\"",
"title": "Bath bun"
},
{
"id": "13503245",
"text": "Bienenstich Bienenstich or Bee sting cake is a German dessert made of a sweet yeast dough with a baked-on topping of caramelized almonds and filled with a vanilla custard, Buttercream or cream. The cake may have earned its name from its honey topping: according to one legend, a bee was attracted to it, and the baker who invented the cake was stung. Another source cites a legend of German bakers from the 15th century who lobbed beehives at raiders from a neighboring village, successfully repelling them, and celebrated later by baking a version of this cake named after their efforts.",
"title": "Bienenstich"
},
{
"id": "13503244",
"text": "Bienenstich Bienenstich or Bee sting cake is a German dessert made of a sweet yeast dough with a baked-on topping of caramelized almonds and filled with a vanilla custard, Buttercream or cream. The cake may have earned its name from its honey topping: according to one legend, a bee was attracted to it, and the baker who invented the cake was stung. Another source cites a legend of German bakers from the 15th century who lobbed beehives at raiders from a neighboring village, successfully repelling them, and celebrated later by baking a version of this cake named after their efforts.",
"title": "Bienenstich"
},
{
"id": "7544093",
"text": "Peavey didn't live to see his project revolutionize the industry; he died unexpectedly of pneumonia on December 30, 1901. The experimental grain elevator stood unused as various industries came and went around it. In the 1950s the property was owned by Lumber Stores, Inc. and the elevator was painted with their name. Nordic Ware, a cookware company best known for introducing the Bundt cake pan, was founded nearby in 1946 and ultimately purchased the land with the elevator as they expanded their business. In 1969 Nordic Ware discovered that the elevator was deteriorating and in danger of collapsing. Cognizant of",
"title": "Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator"
},
{
"id": "4398064",
"text": "describes the banded appearance given to the cake by the fluted sides of the pan, similar to a tied sheaf or bundle of wheat. Some authors have suggested that instead refers to a group of people, and that is so called because of its suitability for parties and gatherings. Uses of the word \"bund\" outside of Europe to describe cakes can be found in Jewish-American cookbooks from around the start of the 20th century. The alternative spelling \"bundte\" also appears in a recipe as early as 1901. Bundt cakes do not conform to any single recipe; instead, their characterizing feature",
"title": "Bundt cake"
},
{
"id": "5302027",
"text": "According to the Culinary Heritage of Switzerland, it is one of the most popular cakes in Switzerland, especially for the birthdays of children. The popularity of carrot cake was revived in Great Britain because of rationing during the Second World War. Carrot cake Carrot cake is a cake that contains carrots mixed into the batter. The origins of carrot cake are disputed. Many food historians believe carrot cake originated from Medieval carrot puddings eaten by Europeans. This evolution is said to be originated during the Middle Ages when sugar and sweeteners were expensive for most individuals and often hard to",
"title": "Carrot cake"
},
{
"id": "3245240",
"text": "the Pennsylvania Dutch, German immigrants who came to Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Pennsylvania Dutch called the first funnel cakes drechter kuche. The name “funnel” later came from the technique used to make the cakes, in which the pancake-like batter is poured into hot oil through a funnel. Funnel cake Funnel cake (Drechderkuche in Pennsylvania German) is a regional food popular in North America at carnivals, fairs, sporting events, and seaside resorts. The concept of the funnel cake dates back to the early medieval Persian world, where similar yeast-risen dishes were first prepared and later spread to",
"title": "Funnel cake"
},
{
"id": "722419",
"text": "denser Christmas pudding. A Creole trifle (also sometimes known as a Russian cake or a Russian Slab) is a different but related dessert item consisting of pieces of a variety of cakes mixed and packed firmly, moistened with alcohol (commonly red wine or rum) and a sweet syrup or fruit juice, and chilled. The resulting cake contains a variety of colour and flavour. A similar dessert in Germany and Austria goes by the name of Punschtorte. In Italy, a dessert similar to and probably based on trifle is known as \"zuppa inglese\", literally \"English Soup\". Trifle Trifle in English cuisine",
"title": "Trifle"
},
{
"id": "2165543",
"text": "word in French dates from 1404. It is attested in 1611 in Cotgrave's \"A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues\", where it is described as \"a rowle, or bunne, of spiced bread\" and its origin given as Norman. A similar type of bread, called tsoureki (τσουρέκι), is also traditionally baked in Greece for the Easter weekend. In France it developed as \"a sort of bread improved since antiquity by generations of bakers, then of pastry-makers ... with some butter, some eggs, sugar coming later ... it developed from the blessed bread [pain bénit] of the church which gradually became",
"title": "Brioche"
},
{
"id": "4732528",
"text": "Children's Meals. Other products besides stuffed toys were made such as Little Golden Books, coloring books and miniature figurines. Pound Puppies continued to be popular in the early 1990s. The toys were produced again in the early 2000s and included specific breeds of dog (as opposed to a generic model) along with barking sounds and movements. The toyline was discontinued in 2002; however, the 2010 series of the same name was produced by Hasbro Studios and aired on The Hub in 2010. The toyline was relaunched in 2014 by Funrise and they are still available in stores today. A TV",
"title": "Pound Puppies"
},
{
"id": "1145375",
"text": "and the conservation of historic buildings has received considerable attention from British architects and design critics. Since 1993, Charles has worked on the creation of Poundbury, an experimental new town based on his preferences. He is also an author and co-author of a number of books. Charles was born at Buckingham Palace in London during the reign of his maternal grandfather George VI on 14 November 1948, at 9:14 pm (GMT), the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. He was baptised in the",
"title": "Charles, Prince of Wales"
},
{
"id": "2156847",
"text": "are: \"kandarajiru\" 寒鱈汁 (a soup containing black cod fished during the winter -the period when it is supposed to be tastier), \"gomadôfu\" ごま豆腐 (sesame-flavoured tôfu), \"tochimochi\" とちもち (chestnut flavoured pound rice cake), \"kitsunemen\" キツネ面 (fox mask shaped black sugar biscuit), etc. The city is also known for its large variety of soups (it is said the harsh cold during the winter is the reason why there are so many types of hot soups in Tsuruoka), apart from \"kandarajiru\", there is \"takenokojiru\" タケノコ汁 (Mt Gassan bamboo soup), \"imoni\" 芋煮 (potato soup), \"nattôjiru\" 納豆汁 (nattô based soup), \"môsô jiru\" (another type of",
"title": "Tsuruoka, Yamagata"
},
{
"id": "2659014",
"text": "whoever finds the trinket must provide the next king cake or host the next Mardi Gras party. A King cake - normally referred to as a \"Twelfth Cake\", \"Twelfth-night cake\", or \"Twelfth-tide cake\" - was once popular in the United Kingdom on Twelfth Night. It was frequently baked with a bean hidden in one side and a pea hidden in the other; the man finding the bean became King for the night, while the lady finding the pea became the Queen - also known as the Lord or Lady of Misrule. Earlier, in the time of Shakespeare, there was only",
"title": "King cake"
},
{
"id": "497191",
"text": "flour, butter, eggs, lime zest, and raisins. The cook was afraid he had no other solutions, so agreed to offer the cake to the guests. They both nervously stood behind the door to see the reactions of the duke's friends. To the cook's relief, everybody loved the cake. The duke enjoyed it so much that he asked for its name. The cook responded \"L'è 'l pan de Toni\", meaning 'the bread of Toni'. The name has since evolved to Panettone. Throughout the ages, this \"tall, leavened fruitcake\" makes cameo appearances in the arts: It is shown in a sixteenth-century painting",
"title": "Panettone"
},
{
"id": "9321054",
"text": "Huswife\", 1615, pages 75–76) and others during the 17th century. These recipes generally differ greatly from the modern idea of a Banbury cake, in terms of their size, the nature of the pastry, and how the cake is made. In the late 19th century, the notorious refreshment rooms at Swindon railway station sold \"Banbury cakes and pork pies (obviously stale)\". Queen Victoria was presented with Banbury cakes on her journey from Osborne to Balmoral each August. Besides currants, the filling typically includes mixed peel, brown sugar, rose water, rum, and nutmeg. Banbury cakes were traditionally enjoyed with afternoon tea. Notes",
"title": "Banbury cake"
},
{
"id": "4089489",
"text": "is a specialty of the town of Douarnenez in Finistère, Brittany, where it originated around 1860. The invention is attributed to Yves-René Scordia (1828–1878). The strict recipe of Douarnenez requires a ratio of 40 percent dough, 30 percent butter, and 30 percent sugar. Traditionally, kouign-amann is baked as a large cake and served in slices, although recently, especially in North America, individual cupcake-sized pastries (kouignettes) have become more popular. The name derives from the Breton language words for cake (\"kouign\") and butter (\"amann\"). The Welsh equivalent is the etymologically identical \"cacan menyn\", literally 'cake (of) butter'. In 2014, the BBC",
"title": "Kouign-amann"
},
{
"id": "17579107",
"text": "\"Pound Cake\", who Noah \"40\" Shebib\" created a beat for, but Drake decided was not right for the song. OVO Sound producer Boi-1da then created a instrumental that Drake decided to use for the song. Following that, he sent \"Pound Cake\" to Jay-Z, who wanted to use the song for his twelfth studio album \"Magna Carta Holy Grail\". However, Jay-Z gave the song back to Drake, so he could use it on \"Nothing Was the Same\". \"Paris Morton\" is the name of a model who Drake wrote the first \"Paris Morton Music\" about, which was an extended verse from his",
"title": "Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2"
},
{
"id": "6575323",
"text": "moulded pastillage or sugarpaste. There is a myth that it was named royal after it gained widespread publicity when images of Victoria and Albert's bride cake (wedding cake) were circulated, but this is untrue, not least because the real boost came when images of their eldest daughter's wedding cake were published in papers such as the Illustrated London News (not founded until 1842), by which time the name had been in use for over 80 years. Royal icing Royal icing is a hard white icing, made from softly beaten egg whites, icing sugar (powdered sugar), and sometimes lemon or lime",
"title": "Royal icing"
},
{
"id": "11713253",
"text": "Kürtőskalács ' is made from sweet, yeast dough (raised dough), of which a strip is spun and then wrapped around a truncated cone–shaped baking spit, and rolled in granulated sugar. It is roasted over charcoal while basted with melted butter, until its surface cooks to a golden-brown color. During the baking process the sugar stuck on the ' caramelises and forms a shiny, crispy crust. The surface of the cake can then be topped with additional ingredients such as ground walnut or powdered cinnamon. The etymology of the name refers to a stovepipe, since the fresh, steaming cake in the",
"title": "Kürtőskalács"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pound cake context: Pound cake Pound cake refers to a type of cake traditionally made with a pound of each of four ingredients: flour, butter, eggs, and sugar. Pound cakes are generally baked in either a loaf pan or a Bundt mold, and served either dusted with powdered sugar, lightly glazed, or sometimes with a coat of icing. It is believed that the pound cake is of northern European origin that dates back to the early 1700s. A recipe for pound cake is in the first American cookbook, \"American Cookery\", which was published in 1796. Over time the ingredients for pound cake changed.\n\nHow did pound cake get its name?",
"compressed_tokens": 174,
"origin_tokens": 174,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pound cake context: me\". A recipe for Indian pound cake was first published in 1828 by Eliza Leslie and later included in \"The Indian Meal Book\", which was published in London in 1846, when people in Ireland were looking for alternatives to expensive wheat flour. There are numerous variations on the traditional pound cake, with certain countries and regions having distinctive styles. These can include the addition of flavouring agents (such as vanilla extract or almond extract) or dried fruit (such as currants or dried cranberries), as well as alterations to the original recipe to change the characteristics of the resulting pound cake.\n\ntitle: Pound cake context: Pound cake Pound c refers to a type of cake traditionally made pound of each of four ingredients: flour, butter eggs, and sugar. Pound cakes are generally baked in either a loaf pan or Bundt mold, and served dusted with powdered, lightly glazed, sometimes with a coat of icing. It is believed that pound cake of northern European origin that dates back to the early 1700s. A recipe for pound cake in the first American cookbook, \"American Cookery\", which was published in 1796. Over the ingredients for pound cake.\n\ntitle: Pound context the name pound used. are described below. A American pound c would contain one p each fl, butter, eggs, and sugar This recipe quite popular the cuis of Southern United. France, poundake well known The name of the pakeatre-quarts\" four qu. There weights in each of the four qu. tradition, popular of the region Britt, its name implies uses the ingred, but added fruit\n: Pound context of and sizes tins, wide of traditionalakes made For, this or minor is make aangen\"\"M\" other ininsscher\" \"ison saddle with bitter chocolate and almonds , \"Osterlamm\" - Easter Lamb with vanilla and rum). Pound cake Pound cake refers to a type of cake traditionally made with a pound of each of four ingredients:\n\nHow did pound cake get its name?",
"compressed_tokens": 452,
"origin_tokens": 14374,
"ratio": "31.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
136 | "What breakfast food gets its name from the German word for ""stirrup""?" | [
"New York bagel",
"American bagel",
"Biegel",
"Bagels",
"Beygl",
"The Bagel",
"“everything” bagel",
"Bagel",
"New York-style bagel",
"Water bagel",
"%22Everything%22 Bagel",
"Everything bagel",
"Salt bagel",
"BAGELS",
"%22everything%22 bagel",
"Beigel",
"Bagles",
"New York style bagel",
"Everything Bagel"
] | The Bagel | [
{
"id": "1692909",
"text": "or ring, which itself came from 'bouc' (ring) in Old High German, similar to the Old English \"bēag\" \"ring\" and \"būgan\" \"to bend, bow\". Similarly, another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German \"beugel\", a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German \"bügel\", a stirrup or ring. In the Brick Lane district and surrounding area of London, England, bagels (locally spelled \"beigels\") have been sold since the middle of the 19th century. They were often displayed in the windows of bakeries on vertical wooden",
"title": "Bagel"
},
{
"id": "885778",
"text": "the earlier siege in 1529, to celebrate the defeat of the Ottoman attack on the city, with the shape referring to the crescents on the Ottoman flags. This version of the origin of the croissant is supported by the fact that croissants in France are a variant of \"Viennoiserie\", and by the French popular belief that Vienna-born Marie Antoinette introduced the pastry to France in 1770. Another legend from Vienna has the first bagel as being a gift to King John III Sobieski to commemorate the King's victory over the Ottomans. It was fashioned in the form of a stirrup",
"title": "Battle of Vienna"
},
{
"id": "16500339",
"text": "Bauernfrühstück Bauernfrühstück () (literally \"farmer's breakfast\") is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, eggs, onions, leeks or chives, and bacon or ham. Despite its name, it is eaten not only for breakfast but also for lunch and dinner. It is similar to the somewhat simpler English bubble and squeak. The ingredients are mixed in a pan and fried as an omelette. It is usually accompanied by a green or tomato salad or pickles (UK: gherkins). Similar dishes are found in other countries, too. In France, for example, as omelette à la paysanne (with sorrel), in Spain as a",
"title": "Bauernfrühstück"
},
{
"id": "16500340",
"text": "tortilla de patatas or in Sweden as pyttipanna. Bauernfrühstück Bauernfrühstück () (literally \"farmer's breakfast\") is a warm German dish made from fried potatoes, eggs, onions, leeks or chives, and bacon or ham. Despite its name, it is eaten not only for breakfast but also for lunch and dinner. It is similar to the somewhat simpler English bubble and squeak. The ingredients are mixed in a pan and fried as an omelette. It is usually accompanied by a green or tomato salad or pickles (UK: gherkins). Similar dishes are found in other countries, too. In France, for example, as omelette à",
"title": "Bauernfrühstück"
},
{
"id": "158733",
"text": "than green asparagus. Restaurants will sometimes devote an entire menu to nothing but white asparagus when it is in season. Spargel season ( or \"Spargelsaison\") traditionally begins in mid-April and ends on St. John's Day (24 June). Breakfast (\"Frühstück\") commonly consists of bread, toast, or bread rolls with butter or margarine, cold cuts, cheeses, jam (\"Konfitüre\" or more commonly called \"Marmelade\"), honey and eggs (typically boiled). Common drinks at breakfast are coffee, tea, milk, cocoa (hot or cold) or fruit juices. It is very common to eat hearty toppings at breakfast, including deli meats like ham, salted meats, salami and",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "158737",
"text": "Besides noodles, potatoes are common. Potatoes entered the German cuisine in the late 17th century, and were almost ubiquitous in the 19th century and since. They most often are boiled (in salt water, ), but mashed ( or \"Kartoffelbrei\") and pan-roasted potatoes () also are traditional. French fries, called , (spoken as \"Pom fritz\" or, respectively, \"Pommes\", deviating from the French pronunciation which would be \"Pom freet\" or \"Pom\") or regionally as in German, are a common style of fried potatoes; they are traditionally offered with either ketchup or mayonnaise, or, as (lit. fries red/white), with both. Also common are",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "158734",
"text": "meat-based spreads such as \"Leberwurst\" (liver sausage),\"Teewurst\" or \"Mettwurst\" and cheeses such as Gouda, \"Frischkäse\" (cream cheese), Brie, \"Harzer Roller\", \"Bergkäse\" and more. Most bakeries tend to sell \"belegte Brötchen\" (sandwiches from bread rolls), especially in the morning, for people on the go. Traditionally, the main meal of the day has been lunch (\"Mittagessen\"), eaten around noon. Dinner (\"Abendessen\" or \"Abendbrot\") was always a smaller meal, often consisting only of a variety of breads, meat or sausages, cheese and some kind of vegetables, similar to breakfast, or possibly sandwiches. Smaller meals added during the day bear names such as \"Vesper\"",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "775440",
"text": "honey, juices, coffee, hot chocolate or tea. Breakfast cereals or muesli with milk, yogurt or filmjölk, currants and fruits are popular or warm whole-grain porridge with milk and jam (for example lingonberry jam). Bilberry-soup (blåbärssoppa) and rose hip soup are also possible breakfast alternatives. Swiss breakfasts are often similar to those eaten in neighboring countries. Traditionally, zopf (or züpfe) is eaten on Sunday mornings and New Year's Day. A notable breakfast food of Swiss origin, now found throughout Europe, is muesli, (\"Birchermüesli\" in Swiss German), introduced in 1900 by Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital. In the contemporary UK",
"title": "Breakfast"
},
{
"id": "4150904",
"text": "and honey or cold cuts and cheese, sometimes accompanied by a boiled egg. Cereals or muesli with milk or yoghurt is less common but widespread. More than 300 types of bread are sold in bakery shops across the country. Occasionally, more traditional and heartier Breakfasts, like the Bavarian \"Brotzeit\" with Weisswurst, Sweet Mustard and Wheat beer, or the Bauernfrühstück are also popular. As a country with many immigrants, Germany has adopted many international dishes into its cuisine and daily eating habits. Italian dishes like pizza and pasta, Turkish and Arab dishes like döner kebab and falafel, are well established, especially",
"title": "Culture of Germany"
},
{
"id": "1691156",
"text": "mounted on colourful decorated poles. During Lent in Biberach, \"Lent pretzels\" are popular. These are shortly boiled in water before baking and afterwards sprinkled with salt. Schloss Burg is renowned for a 200-year-old speciality, the \"Burger pretzel\". Its texture and flavour resembles rusk or zwieback. A local story says that the recipe came from a grateful Napoleonic soldier in 1795, whose wounds were treated by a baker's family in the little town of Burg. The cultural importance of the pretzel for Burg is expressed by a monument in honour of the pretzel bakers, and by an 18 km hiking trail",
"title": "Pretzel"
},
{
"id": "17560225",
"text": "as \"pain d'épices\" (gingerbread) which are baked around Christmas time. The gastronomic symbol of the \"région\" is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form \"sûrkrût\", same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means \"sour cabbage\" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as \"choucroute\". To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with pork, Strasbourg sausage or",
"title": "Alsatian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "4826747",
"text": "in Middle High German literally means \"whirlpool\" or \"eddy\". The best-known strudels are Apfelstrudel (German for apple strudel) and Topfenstrudel (with sweet soft quark cheese, in Austrian German Topfen), followed by the Millirahmstrudel (Milk-cream strudel, Milchrahmstrudel). Other strudel types include sour cherry (\"Weichselstrudel\"), sweet cherry, nut filled (\"Nussstrudel\"), Apricot Strudel, Plum Strudel, poppy seed strudel (\"Mohnstrudel\"), and raisin strudel. There are also savoury strudels incorporating spinach, cabbage, potato, pumpkin, and sauerkraut, and versions containing meat fillings like the \"Lungenstrudel\" or \"Fleischstrudel\". Traditional Hungarian, Austrian, and Czech strudel pastry is different from strudels elsewhere, which are often made from puff pastry.",
"title": "Strudel"
},
{
"id": "1744928",
"text": "country bread made predominantly from rye flour, less commonly with a \"Brezel\" (pretzel). It is a very popular form of fast food in German-speaking countries, often cooked and sold by street vendors from small stands. The Franconian sausage is a relatively long (), thick, coarse sausage, common to the whole Franconian region with slight variations. It dates back to 1313. With marjoram as a characteristic ingredient, it is close in taste to the \"Nürnberger Bratwurst\" but juicier, due to its size and coarseness. The \"Fränkische Bratwurst\" is traditionally served with sauerkraut or potato salad. \"Bratwurst\" originating in the city of",
"title": "Bratwurst"
},
{
"id": "4150903",
"text": "Bavaria and Swabia, for instance, share a culinary culture with Switzerland and Austria. Pork, beef, and poultry are the main varieties of meat consumed in Germany; pork is the most popular. Throughout all regions, meat is often eaten in sausage form. More than 1500 different types of sausage are produced in Germany. Organic food has gained a market share of around 3.0%, and this is predicted to increase further. A popular German saying has the meaning: \"Breakfast like an emperor, lunch like a king, and dine like a beggar.\" Breakfast is usually a selection of breads and rolls with jam",
"title": "Culture of Germany"
},
{
"id": "158743",
"text": "pancakes, comparable to the French \"crêpes\". They are served covered with sugar, jam or syrup. Salty variants with cheese, ground meat or bacon exist as well as variants with apple slices baked in (called \"Apfelpfannkuchen\", literally for \"apple pancakes\"), but they are usually considered to be main dishes rather than desserts. In some regions, \"Eierkuchen\" are filled and then wrapped; in others, they are cut into small pieces and arranged in a heap (called \"Kaiserschmarrn\", often including raisins baked in). The word \"Pfannkuchen\" means pancake in most parts of Germany. A popular dessert in northern Germany is \"Rote Grütze\", red",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "1744938",
"text": "Bucyrus, Ohio (which calls itself the \"Bratwurst Capital of America\") has held the three-day Bucyrus Bratwurst Festival annually since 1967. Bratwurst Bratwurst () is a type of German sausage made from veal, beef, or most commonly pork. The name is derived from the Old High German \"Brätwurst\", from \"brät-\", finely chopped meat, and \"Wurst\", sausage, although in modern German it is often associated with the verb \"braten\", to pan fry or roast. While sausage recipes can be found as early as 228 AD, the first documented evidence of the \"Bratwurst\" in Germany dates to 1313 and can be found in",
"title": "Bratwurst"
},
{
"id": "158745",
"text": "1920s. \"Spaghettieis\", which resembles spaghetti, tomato sauce, and ground cheese on a plate, is a popular ice cream dessert. A very common dish in Christian German culture is Würstchen mit Kartoffelsalat, sausage (mostly Wiener Würstchen) with potato salad, which usually is served on Christmas Eve. In recent years, raclette became known as a Christmas dish, too. While originating in Switzerland the dish has been adapted in wide regions of Germany. On the Christmas Days following Christmas Eve, roasted goose is a staple Christmas Day meals. It is sometimes replaced with European carp, particularly in Southern areas. The carp is cut",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "2874060",
"text": "the skin with a fork, or also to open it on one and consume it very much like a banana, ever opening the peel further and dipping the sausage into the mustard. \"Weißwurst\" is commonly served with a Bavarian sweet mustard (\"Weißwurstsenf\") and accompanied by Brezen (Bavarian \"Pretzel\"—often spelled \"Brezeln\" outside Bavaria) and \"Weißbier\". \"Weißwurst\", whose consumption traditionally is associated with Bavaria, helped in the coining of a humorous term, \"Weißwurstäquator\" (literally, white sausage equator), that delineates a cultural boundary separating other linguistic and cultural areas from Southern Germany. The Weißwurst was invented 1857 at the Marienplatz in Munich. Weisswurst",
"title": "Weisswurst"
},
{
"id": "253140",
"text": "name, most of Oktoberfest occurs in September. It always finishes on the first Sunday in October unless the German national holiday on 3 October (\"Tag der deutschen Einheit\", i. e., \"Day of German Unity\") is a Monday or Tuesday – then the Oktoberfest remains open for these days. The Munich cuisine contributes to the Bavarian cuisine. Münchner \"Weißwurst\" ('white sausage') was invented here in 1857. It is a Munich speciality. Traditionally eaten only before noon – a tradition dating to a time before refrigerators – these morsels are often served with sweet mustard and freshly baked pretzels. Munich is known",
"title": "Munich"
},
{
"id": "7955639",
"text": "breakfast specialty is the Crispbread or \"Knäcke\", eaten with a variety of toppings such as ham, cheese, fruits, and butter. Lentil stews and soups are very popular as a working lunch. Regional specialties in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony include \"Blutwurst\" or Blood sausage and a variety of Blood puddings commonly eaten for brunch. Another Northern German regional specialty are \"Hackbraten\", meatloaves, made from a mixture of ground pork and beef and served with mashed potatoes, brown sauce and lingonberry jam. Many traditional meat-based lunch dishes are served with boiled or mashed potatoes and brown sauce. Eating brunch is very",
"title": "Northern Germany"
},
{
"id": "3482892",
"text": "cheeses, in particular Emmental cheese, Gruyère, Vacherin, and Appenzeller, are famous Swiss products. The most popular cheese dishes are fondue and raclette. Both these dishes were originally regional dishes, but were popularized by the Swiss Cheese Union to boost sales of cheese. Rösti is a popular potato dish that is eaten all over Switzerland. It was originally a breakfast food, but this has been replaced by the muesli, which is commonly eaten for breakfast and in Switzerland goes by the name of \"Birchermüesli\" (\"Birchermiesli\" in some regions). For breakfast and dinner many Swiss enjoy sliced bread with butter and jam.",
"title": "Swiss cuisine"
},
{
"id": "158742",
"text": "with fresh fruit. Apples, plums, strawberries, and cherries are used regularly in cakes. Cheesecake is also very popular, often made with quark. \"Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte\" (Black Forest cake, made with cherries) is probably the most well-known example of a wide variety of typically German tortes filled with whipped or butter cream. German doughnuts (which have no hole) are usually balls of yeast dough with jam or other fillings, and are known as \"Berliner\", \"Pfannkuchen\" (in Berlin and Eastern Germany), \"Kreppel\" or \"Krapfen\", depending on the region. \"Eierkuchen\" or \"Pfannkuchen\" are large (usually around 20–24 cm in diameter), and relatively thin (~5mm)",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "8095336",
"text": "the Indian paratha (in which fat is incorporated); the Central and South Asian naan (leavened) and roti (unleavened); the Sardinian carasau, spianata, guttiau, pistoccu; and Finnish rieska. Also worth noting is that throughout Europe there are many similar pies based on the idea of covering flat pastry with cheese, meat, vegetables and seasoning such as the Alsatian flammkuchen, German zwiebelkuchen, and French quiche. In 16th-century Naples, a galette flatbread was referred to as a pizza. Known as the dish for poor people, it was sold in the street and was not considered a kitchen recipe for a long time. This",
"title": "History of pizza"
},
{
"id": "15535037",
"text": "sold with Nutella and banana or Grand Marnier and sugar. Other street foods include pizza, kebab-type sandwiches and panini, a grilled and pressed sandwich. During the winter, roasted chestnuts can be bought. Bavarian Fleischkäse (also called Leberkäse), is similar to meatloaf, sliced to the thickness of a finger and generally served with either hot mustard or sweet mustard in a roll. Germany is also known for its various types of sausage, as well as the recent hybrid curry-sausage, currywurst. French fries (\"pommes\" in German, derived from French but pronounced according to German orthographic rules) are popular, served with ketchup and/or",
"title": "Regional street food"
},
{
"id": "1691150",
"text": "baking traditions for centuries. Lye pretzels are popular in southern Germany, Alsace, Austria, and German-speaking Switzerland as a variety of bread, a side dish or a snack, and come in many local varieties. Almost every region and even city has its own way of baking them. Examples for pretzel names in various Upper-German dialects are \"Breze\", \"Brezn\", \"Bretzel\", \"Brezzl\", \"Brezgen\", \"Bretzga\", \"Bretzet\", \"Bretschl\", \"Kringel\", \"Silserli,\" and \"Sülzerli\". Baked for consumption on the same day, they are sold in every bakery and in special booths or stands in downtown streets. Often, they are sliced horizontally, buttered, and sold as \"Butterbrezel\", or",
"title": "Pretzel"
},
{
"id": "775422",
"text": "eggs. The typical German breakfast consists of bread or bread rolls, butter, jam, ham, cheeses, meat spreads, cold cuts, hard- or soft-boiled eggs and coffee or tea. Cereals have become popular, and regional variation is significant. Yogurt, granola and fruit (fresh or stewed) may appear, as well as eggs cooked to order (usually at smaller hotels or bed-and-breakfasts). A second breakfast is traditional in parts of Germany, notably Bavaria where it is called \"Brotzeit\" (literally \"bread time\"). Home breakfasts in Greece include bread with butter, honey or marmalade with coffee or milk. Breakfast cereals are also eaten. Children also eat",
"title": "Breakfast"
},
{
"id": "868005",
"text": "from , a diminutive of \"bone\" (; genitive ). The malleus gets its name from Latin \"malleus\", meaning \"hammer\", the incus gets its name from Latin \"incus\" meaning \"anvil\" from incudere meaning \"to forge with a hammer\", and the stapes gets its name from Modern Latin \"stirrup,\" probably an alteration of Late Latin \"stapia\" related to stare \"to stand\" and pedem, an accusative of pes \"foot\", so called because the bone is shaped like a stirrup – this was an invented Modern Latin word for \"stirrup,\" for which there was no classical Latin word, as the ancients did not use",
"title": "Ossicles"
},
{
"id": "1422265",
"text": "filled with ham and cheese, or feta cheese and spinach. In the Levant, croissants are sold plain or filled with chocolate, cheese, almonds, or zaatar. In Germany, croissants are sometimes filled with Nutella or persipan; in southern Germany, there is also a popular variety of a croissant glazed with lye (\"Laugencroissant\"). In the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the croissant is typically called a \"Gipfeli\"; this usually has a crisper crust and is less buttery than the French-style croissant. Croissants are commonly served alongside coffee for breakfast or \"merienda\", a light mid-morning or mid-afternoon meal. They are referred to as \"medialunas\"",
"title": "Croissant"
},
{
"id": "136027",
"text": "where in the province it first appeared is a matter of contention. Canada is also responsible for providing 22% of China's French fries. French fries migrated to the German-speaking countries during the 19th century. In Germany, where they are usually known by the French words \"pommes frites\", or only \"Pommes\" or \"Fritten\" (derived from the French words but pronounced as German words)\".\" They are often served with mayonnaise, and are a popular walking snack offered by \"Schnellimbiss\" (\"quick bite\") kiosks. Since the advent of \"Currywurst\" in the 1950s, a paper tray of sausage (bratwurst or bockwurst) anointed with curry ketchup,",
"title": "French fries"
},
{
"id": "2189927",
"text": "than Hindi because Persian was the official language of the Mughal courts. e.g., \"pyjamas\", \"bungalow\", \"verandah\", \"jungle\", \"curry\", \"shampoo\", \"khaki\". German words relating to World War I and World War II found their way into the English language, words such as \"Blitzkrieg\", \"Führer\" and \"Lebensraum\"; food terms, such as \"bratwurst\", \"hamburger\" and \"frankfurter\"; words related to psychology and philosophy, such a \"gestalt\", \"Übermensch\", \"zeitgeist\" and \"realpolitik\". From German origin are also: \"wanderlust\", \"schadenfreude\", \"kaputt\", \"kindergarten\", \"autobahn\", \"rucksack\". Words of Old Norse origin have entered English primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and",
"title": "Foreign language influences in English"
},
{
"id": "811177",
"text": "region to another. The \"churro\" is a sweet pastry of deep-fried dough similar to a doughnut but shaped as a long, thin, ribbed cylinder rather than a ring or sphere. \"Churros\" are commonly served dusted in sugar as a snack or with a cup of hot chocolate. In Switzerland, there are \"Zigerkrapfen\", \"Berliner\" and \"tortelli di San Giuseppe\". Similar to the Finnish \"munkki\", the Swedish \"munk\" is a sweet doughnut commonly eaten as \"fika\" along with coffee. It is sold cold and is sometimes filled with jam (U.S. jelly) or a vanilla sauce. A ring doughnut is also known as",
"title": "Doughnut"
},
{
"id": "662141",
"text": "fruit such as apricots (\"Marillenknödel\"). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous. In winter, small street stands sell traditional \"Maroni\" (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters. Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (\"Würstelstand\") throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as \"Wiener\" (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a \"Frankfurter\" in Vienna. Other popular sausages are \"Burenwurst\" (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), \"Käsekrainer\" (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and \"Bratwurst\" (a white pork sausage). Most can be",
"title": "Vienna"
},
{
"id": "4353935",
"text": "\"Kinderpunsch\" (a non-alcoholic punch), \"Glühwein\", \"Baumstriezel\" (a Hungarian pastry coated in cinnamon and sugar), \"Kartoffelpuffer\" (potato pancakes), \"Lángos\" (savory deep fried dough), \"Schaumkuss\" (chocolate covered marshmallows), \"Stollen\" (bread with candied fruit), \"Maroni\" (roasted chestnuts), \"Bratkartoffel\" (roasted potato wedges), \"Lebkuchen\" (Austrian gingerbread), and baked potatoes. Christmas markets are traditional in Alsace and most of the towns have their local Christmas market. Strasbourg, in Alsace, France, has been holding a Christmas market, \"Christkindelsmärik,\" around its cathedral since 1570, when it was part of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation. The Christmas market of Barcelona starts on 13 December, Saint Lucy's Day,",
"title": "Christmas market"
},
{
"id": "11767382",
"text": "TV Tower were incapable of handling the large numbers of visitors, so a take-away food was needed. It is often considered the archetypical East German fast food, but until German reunification, it was actually rarely seen outside the Berlin city center. Ketwurst Ketwurst is a form of hot dog created in the German Democratic Republic. The word \"Ketwurst\" comes from a combination of \"Ketchup\" and \"Wurst\" (German for \"sausage\"). Its preparation involves the heating of a special Bockwurst, larger than regular hot dogs, in water. A long roll is pierced by a hot metal cylinder, which creates an appropriate sized",
"title": "Ketwurst"
},
{
"id": "19913433",
"text": "Military biscuit The Military Biscuit (; ; ; ;) is a food component of the Swiss army. Oscar J. Kambly, the second-generation boss of the traditional swiss company \"Kambly SA\", developed the recipe for flavor-neutral pastries in 1959. It was to replace the military Zwieback known as \"Bundesziegel\" in German language (federal brick) and should be compatible with cheese or sausage as well as with chocolate. It should have a shelf life of at least three years. Since 1959, the army has distributed about a million servings of the military biscuits to the soldiers every year. The military biscuits are",
"title": "Military biscuit"
},
{
"id": "3582104",
"text": "Krups Krups is a German kitchen appliance manufacturer. It is part of the Groupe SEB. It is named after its founder, Robert Krups. The company produces a large variety of household appliances. The company began in 1846 manufacturing precision scales and mainly industrial balances, in Wald, now a district of Solingen in North Rhine-Westphalia. This was the company's principal product for the next 110 years. In 1951, following the 1950s postwar reconstruction and economic boom in Germany, Krups moved into the lucrative consumer appliance arena. The highly popular \"3Mix\" (German, \"Drei-Mix\") mixing machine was released in 1959 and soon became",
"title": "Krups"
},
{
"id": "4598889",
"text": "and serve them together with regular Berliners without telling anyone. The terminology used to refer to this delicacy differs greatly in various areas of Germany. While called \"Berliner Ballen\" or simply \"Berliner\" in Northern and Western Germany as well as in Switzerland, the Berliners themselves and residents of Brandenburg, Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony know them as \"Pfannkuchen\", which in the rest of Germany generally means pancakes; pancakes are known there as \"Eierkuchen\" (\"egg cakes\"). In parts of southern and central Germany (Bavaria), as well as in much of Austria, they are a variety of \"Krapfen\" (derived from Old High",
"title": "Berliner (doughnut)"
},
{
"id": "18372786",
"text": "and used only after ageing, remains a question of discussion, depending on personal taste, as well as regional influences. German fries may be served with schnitzel, or as an accompaniment to sausages, such as bauernwurst. Some restaurants serve them as a side dish. German fries German fries (also referred to as German fried potatoes) is a name for fries or a preparation of fries in which potatoes are sliced into any sizes and shapes, fried or deep-fried, and sometimes prepared with additional cooked ingredients such as onion, green pepper and bacon. By the 1870s, dishes under these names were listed",
"title": "German fries"
},
{
"id": "1744926",
"text": "Bratwurst Bratwurst () is a type of German sausage made from veal, beef, or most commonly pork. The name is derived from the Old High German \"Brätwurst\", from \"brät-\", finely chopped meat, and \"Wurst\", sausage, although in modern German it is often associated with the verb \"braten\", to pan fry or roast. While sausage recipes can be found as early as 228 AD, the first documented evidence of the \"Bratwurst\" in Germany dates to 1313 and can be found in the Franconian city of Nuremberg, which is still an internationally renowned center for the production of grilling sausages. Recipes for",
"title": "Bratwurst"
},
{
"id": "175560",
"text": "be German for \"eel soup\" (\"Aal\"/\"Ool\" translated ‘eel’), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon \"allns\" , meaning \"all\", \"everything and the kitchen sink\", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners. There is \"Bratkartoffeln\" (pan-fried potato slices), \"Finkenwerder Scholle\" (Low Saxon \"Finkwarder Scholl\", pan-fried plaice), \"Pannfisch\" (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce), \"Rote Grütze\" (Low Saxon \"Rode Grütt\", related to Danish \"rødgrød\", a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish \"rødgrød med fløde\") and \"Labskaus\" (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and",
"title": "Hamburg"
},
{
"id": "568239",
"text": "dishes are advertised outside many restaurants, usually from late April to June. For the French style, asparagus is often boiled or steamed and served with Hollandaise sauce, melted butter or olive oil, Parmesan cheese, or mayonnaise. Tall, narrow asparagus cooking pots allow the shoots to be steamed gently, their tips staying out of the water. During the German \"Spargelsaison\" or \"Spargelzeit\" (\"asparagus season\" or \"asparagus time\"), the asparagus season that traditionally finishes on 24 June, roadside stands and open-air markets sell about half of the country's white asparagus consumption. Since asparagus often originates in maritime habitats, it thrives in soils",
"title": "Asparagus"
},
{
"id": "19036869",
"text": "Outside Francophone areas, pea soup is sometimes served with johnny cake. This is reflected in an old saying: \"pea soup and johnny cake makes a Frenchman's belly ache .\" Pea soup is a common dish throughout Germany. It often contains meat such as bacon, sausage or \"Kassler\" (cured and smoked pork) depending on regional preferences. Very often, several Würste (Wurst meaning sausage) will accompany a serving of pea soup as well as some dark bread. Ready-made soup in cans is sometimes used to prepare the dish. One of the very first instant products was a pea soup product, which mainly",
"title": "Pea soup"
},
{
"id": "3908844",
"text": "sugar. \"Korppu\" is a common coffee bread, normally eaten after having been dipped in coffee. A sour version, called \"hapankorppu\", is a flat rusk made from rye flour and salt, and can be eaten like bread. \"Zwieback\" (literally \"twice baked\") is a form of rusk eaten in Germany. Like the Danish and French words, the name refers to being baked or cooked twice. The term \"paximadi\" () covers various forms of Greek rusk, made commonly from barley or chickpea flour, and softened with wine, water or oil before eating. \"Paximadi\" form the basis of the Cretan snack \"dakos\" (). In",
"title": "Rusk"
},
{
"id": "1500025",
"text": "beef tongue, \"disznósajt\" (head cheese) or \"véres hurka\" (similar to black pudding) are now more associated with the countryside as people turn to healthier diets. Modern day Hungarians do not always eat this typical breakfast. For many, breakfast is a cup of milk, tea or coffee with pastries, a bun, a \"kifli\" or a \"strudel\" with jam or honey, or cereal, such as muesli and perhaps fruit. Children can have rice pudding (\"tejberizs\") or Semolina Cream (\"tejbegríz\") for breakfast topped with cocoa powder and sugar or with fruit syrup. Hot drinks are preferred for breakfast. \"Villásreggeli\" or brunch, (literally breakfast",
"title": "Hungarian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "11001221",
"text": "require that no more than 35% of the mett is constituted by fat. The name is derived from Low German \"mett\" for \"chopped pork meat without bacon\", or Old Saxon \"meti\" for \"food\". It is also known as Hackepeter (Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Berlin). It consists of minced pork meat, normally sold or served seasoned with salt and black pepper, regionally also with garlic or caraway, and eaten raw. It is also permitted to add chopped onion, in which case it is known as \"Zwiebelmett\" (onion Mett). Legally, German Mett is not allowed to contain more than 35% fat.",
"title": "Mett"
},
{
"id": "158744",
"text": "fruit pudding, which is made with black and red currants, raspberries and sometimes strawberries or cherries cooked in juice with corn starch as a thickener. It is traditionally served with cream, but also is served with vanilla sauce, milk or whipped cream. \"Rhabarbergrütze\" (rhubarb pudding) and \"Grüne Grütze\" (gooseberry fruit pudding) are variations of the \"Rote Grütze\". A similar dish, \"Obstkaltschale\", may also be found all around Germany. Ice cream and sorbets are also very popular. Italian-run ice cream parlours were the first large wave of foreign-run eateries in Germany, which began around the mid 1850s, becoming widespread in the",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "3409645",
"text": "(\"Brathendl\"). Another popular form is the fried \"Backhendl\" () version, a specialty of the Viennese cuisine. The Standard German term is \"Hähnchen\" (\"cockerel\"). In the new states of Germany it is often called \"Broiler\". Hendls are traditionally served in Bavarian beer gardens or at festivals such as Oktoberfest, and are generally eaten with a \"Brezen\" and/or a \"Maß\" of beer. They are also widely available from mobile rotisserie trucks that park near well-frequented locations such as supermarkets or large parking lots. Paprika Hendl (paprika chicken) is mentioned in Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\", as a dish enjoyed by J. Harker who wishes",
"title": "Roast chicken"
},
{
"id": "15853955",
"text": "vanilla, cinnamon, almonds and clove and is then served hot with vanilla sauce. Although traditionally a dessert, it can also be found as main dish after an appetizer soup. A similar dish popular in the south of Germany is \"Ofenschlupfer\" which consists of layers of aged bread and apple slices (instead of cherries) which are then soaked in a mixture of butter, sugar and egg. Some also add raisins and serve it with hot vanilla sauce. Kirschenmichel Kirschenmichel (other names include \"Kirschenplotzer\", \"Kerschemischel\", \"Kirschpfanne\" and \"Kirschenmännla\") is a traditional dessert of the German Cuisine, especially popular in the regions Palatinate,",
"title": "Kirschenmichel"
},
{
"id": "2012861",
"text": "surface of the white during the frying. All of the above are typically lunch, rather than breakfast, dishes, although eggs themselves (like boiled or scrambled eggs) are a common part of a German breakfast. Fried egg prepared sunny side up is known as \"\"volské oko\"\" or \"\"buličí oko\"\" (bull's eye) in Czech cuisine and they are served either alone as part of breakfast, or for lunch with side of spinach and boiled potatoes. Americans use different terms to describe the degree and method to which fried eggs are cooked, including: In Egypt, fried eggs are a common breakfast food. They",
"title": "Fried egg"
},
{
"id": "224673",
"text": "Kohlrabi Kohlrabi (from the German for cabbage turnip; \"Brassica oleracea\" Gongylodes Group), also called German turnip, is a biennial vegetable, a low, stout cultivar of wild cabbage. It is the same species as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, Savoy cabbage, and gai lan. It can be eaten raw or cooked. Edible preparations are made with both the stem and the leaves. Despite its common names, it is not the same species as turnip. The name comes from the German \"Kohl\" (\"cabbage\") plus \"Rübe\" ~ \"Rabi\" (Swiss German variant) (\"turnip\"), because the swollen stem resembles the latter. Kohlrabi",
"title": "Kohlrabi"
},
{
"id": "17128291",
"text": "and poultry dishes using chicken, duck and goose. Especially ‘Stubenküken’ are considered a forgotten speciality and is a dish using young chicken which were bred in spring. As it holds true for the whole neighbouring area of North Germany the cuisine of Hamburg does feature a lot of kale in its dishes as well which is reflected in famous dishes e.g. Grünkohl or Kohlrouladen mit Wirsing. Typical sweet dishes of the cuisine of Hamburg are Rote Grütze with milk, vanilla sauce, vanilla ice cream, or liquid cream, Fliederbeersuppe (elderberry soup), Großer Hans (a flour dumpling eaten with cherry compote and",
"title": "Cuisine of Hamburg"
},
{
"id": "4125899",
"text": "Apple strudel Apple strudel (; ) is a traditional Viennese strudel, a popular pastry in Austria and in many countries in Europe that once belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918). \"Strudel\" a German word, derives from the Middle High German word for \"whirlpool\" or \"eddy\". The apple strudel variant is called “strudel jabłkowy” in Poland, \"jabolčni zavitek\" in Slovenian, \"Almásrétes\" in Hungarian and \"Apfelstrudel\" in German. The oldest known strudel recipe is from 1697, a handwritten recipe housed at the Wienbibliothek im Rathaus. Whether as a type of sweet or savoury layered pastry with a filling inside, the strudel gained",
"title": "Apple strudel"
},
{
"id": "1586814",
"text": "application of the name \"hot dog\" to a sausage and bun combination most commonly used with ketchup or mustard and sometimes relish. The word \"frankfurter\" comes from Frankfurt, Germany, where pork sausages similar to hot dogs originated. These sausages, \"Frankfurter Würstchen\", were known since the 13th century and given to the people on the event of imperial coronations, starting with the coronation of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor as King. \"Wiener\" refers to Vienna, Austria, whose German name is \"Wien\", home to a sausage made of a mixture of pork and beef. Johann Georg Lahner, an 18th/19th century butcher from",
"title": "Hot dog"
},
{
"id": "158746",
"text": "into pieces, coated in breadcrumbs and fried in fat. Common side dishes are potato salad, cucumber salad or potatoes. Bread (\"Brot\") is a significant part of German cuisine, with the largest bread diversity in the world. Around 200 types of breads and 1,200 different types of pastries and rolls are produced in about 17,000 bakeries and another 10,000 in-shop bakeries. Bread is served usually for breakfast (often replaced by bread rolls) and in the evening as (open) sandwiches, but rarely as a side dish for the main meal (popular, for example, with \"Eintopf\" or soup). The importance of bread in",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "38242",
"text": "as souvenirs for tourists. Cuckoo clocks are a popular example; see above. Black Forest ham originated from this region, and so, by name and reputation at least, did the Black Forest gâteau. It is also known as \"Black Forest Cherry Cake\" or \"Black Forest Cake\" and is made with chocolate cake, cream, sour cherries and Kirsch. The Black Forest variety of \"Flammkuchen\" is a Baden specialty made with ham, cheese and cream. \"Pfannkuchen\", a crêpe or crêpe-like (\"\" or \"Palatschinken\") pastry, is also common. The Black Forest is also known for its long tradition in gourmet cuisine. No fewer than",
"title": "Black Forest"
},
{
"id": "2604792",
"text": "straightaway. This is raw potato dumplings cooked and served together with carrots (sometimes known in German as \"Mohrrüben\", or dialectally in Idar-Oberstein as \"Murde\") and pickled or smoked pork. This is beetroots with roast blood sausage. This is made by roasting \"Kartoffelmasse\" (potatoes, bacon, eggs, flour, salt and pepper) in a \"Dibbe\" (cast-iron roasting pan). This is \"Kartoffelmasse\" (the same as for \"Dibbelabbes\") baked in a \"Dibbe\" in the oven with dried meat. All together, Idar-Oberstein has roughly 219.3 ha of land given over to commerce. Three other areas in town, Dickesbacher Straße, Finkenberg Nord and Am Kreuz, hold a",
"title": "Idar-Oberstein"
},
{
"id": "3690301",
"text": "Lox Lox is a fillet of brined salmon. Lox is one type of salmon product served on a bagel with cream cheese, and is usually garnished with tomato, sliced onion, cucumbers, and sometimes capers. The other type of salmon product is smoked salmon. The American English word \"lox\" is derived from the Yiddish word for salmon, לאַקס \"laks\" (cf. German \"Lachs\", Swedish \"Lax\"), which ultimately derives from the Germanic word for salmon, \"*laks-\". The word \"lox\" has cognates in numerous Germanic languages. For example, cured salmon in Scotland and Scandinavian countries is known by different versions of the name Gravlax",
"title": "Lox"
},
{
"id": "4125904",
"text": "tea, coffee or even champagne, and is one of the most common treats at Viennese cafés. Apple strudel Apple strudel (; ) is a traditional Viennese strudel, a popular pastry in Austria and in many countries in Europe that once belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918). \"Strudel\" a German word, derives from the Middle High German word for \"whirlpool\" or \"eddy\". The apple strudel variant is called “strudel jabłkowy” in Poland, \"jabolčni zavitek\" in Slovenian, \"Almásrétes\" in Hungarian and \"Apfelstrudel\" in German. The oldest known strudel recipe is from 1697, a handwritten recipe housed at the Wienbibliothek im Rathaus. Whether",
"title": "Apple strudel"
},
{
"id": "3480584",
"text": "Rösti Rösti or röschti () is a Swiss dish consisting mainly of potatoes, in the style of a fritter. It was originally a breakfast dish, commonly eaten by farmers in the canton of Bern, but is now eaten all over Switzerland and around the world. The French name \"röstis bernois\" makes direct reference to the origins of the dish. Many Swiss people consider rösti to be a national dish. Rather than considering it a complete breakfast, it is more commonly served to accompany other dishes such as \"Spinat und Spiegelei\" (spinach and fried eggs, sunny side up), cervelas or Fleischkäse.",
"title": "Rösti"
},
{
"id": "11361112",
"text": "tomato sauce and Curry powder in mild and spicy. The item is no longer sold (September 2016). The German McDonald's Breakfast does provide Brötchen, a crispy bread roll; McCroissant, a Croissant stuffed with Ham and Cheese; Scrambled Eggs with Bacon and \"Classic Breakfast\", a choice of bread rolls with sweet spreads resembling a very common German breakfast choice. Beer is no longer sold at all locations. It is still served in older outlets owned by German brewers with leases allowing the serving of beer. McDonald's in Greece currently sells the Greek Mac, a Big Mac variant on pita bread with",
"title": "International availability of McDonald's products"
},
{
"id": "158728",
"text": "widely available, but do not play an important role. Meat is usually braised; fried dishes also exist, but these recipes usually originate from France and Austria. Several cooking methods used to soften tough cuts have evolved into national specialties, including \"Sauerbraten\" (sour roast), involving marinating beef, horse meat or venison in a vinegar or wine vinegar mixture over several days. A long tradition of sausage-making exists in Germany; more than 1,500 different types of sausage () are made. Most \"Wurst\" is made with natural casings of pork, sheep or lamb intestines. Among the most popular and most common are \"Bratwurst\",",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "16425736",
"text": "or filled in artificial casings. Weckewerk, also called Weckewurst, can be eaten cold or fried in a pan. The former mayor of Kassel, Philipp Scheidemann, liked Weckewerk almost burnt, therefore this form of preparation is called \"Bürgermeisterart\" (\"in the fashion of the mayor\"). Common side dishes are boiled potatoes, leeks, black pudding, pickled cucumber and beetroot or a green salad. Weckewerk Weckewerk is a sausage, native to Northern Hesse, Germany. It is made from cooked brawn and minced meat, veal or sausage, and broth of pork, sometimes from cooked meat, blood and offal. The sausage is stretched with stale bread,",
"title": "Weckewerk"
},
{
"id": "662140",
"text": "every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include \"Tafelspitz\" (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with \"Geröstete Erdäpfel\" (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, \"Apfelkren\" (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and \"Schnittlauchsauce\" (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread). Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include \"Apfelstrudel\" (hot apple strudel), \"Milchrahmstrudel\" (milk-cream strudel), \"Palatschinken\" (sweet pancakes), and \"Knödel\" (dumplings) often filled with",
"title": "Vienna"
},
{
"id": "158731",
"text": "a cylindrical shape around a piece of pickled gherkin or onion), or \"Brathering\" (fried, marinated herring). Today, many sea fish, such as fresh herring, tuna, mackerel, salmon and sardines, are well established throughout the country. Prior to the industrial revolution and the ensuing pollution of the rivers, salmon were common in the rivers Rhine, Elbe, and Oder and only slowly started to return along with agrowing consciousness for environmental questions and resulting measures, such as state-of-the-art sewage plants, reduction of agricultural deposits, et cetera. Fish fingers, known as Fischstäbchen (lit.: \"fish sticklets\"), are a popular processed food made using a",
"title": "German cuisine"
},
{
"id": "11767381",
"text": "Ketwurst Ketwurst is a form of hot dog created in the German Democratic Republic. The word \"Ketwurst\" comes from a combination of \"Ketchup\" and \"Wurst\" (German for \"sausage\"). Its preparation involves the heating of a special Bockwurst, larger than regular hot dogs, in water. A long roll is pierced by a hot metal cylinder, which creates an appropriate sized hole. The sausage is then dunked in ketchup and put inside of the roll. The Ketwurst was invented at the State Gastronomical Research Center — like the Grilletta, a hamburger-like meatball-in-a-bun — around 19771978. At that time, restaurants at the Berlin",
"title": "Ketwurst"
},
{
"id": "2268180",
"text": "states, with \"continental delicatessen\" sometimes used to indicate the European version. In Canada, both meanings of \"delicatessen\" are used. Customers of European origin often use the term in a manner consistent with its original German meaning but, as in the United States, delis can be a combined grocery store and restaurant. In Europe \"delicatessen\" means high-quality, expensive foods and stores. In German-speaking countries a common synonym is \"Feinkost\" (fine food), and shops which sell it are called \"Feinkostläden\" (delicacy stores). Department stores often have a \"Delikatessenabteilung\" (delicacy department). European delicatessens include Fauchon in Paris, Dallmayr in Munich, Harrods and Fortnum",
"title": "Delicatessen"
},
{
"id": "4924255",
"text": "shorter and much thicker. \"Stangen\" are carried by placing them into holes in a special tray called a \"Kranz\" (wreath). In Cologne Stanges are usually served by traditional waiters called \"Köbes\". The \"Pilstulpe\" (\"Pilsner Tulip\") or \"Biertulpe\" (\"Beer tulip\") is the tradition glass for German pilsner beers. Sizes are typically around , but can be as large as . When used in restaurant settings, a small piece of absorbent paper is placed around the base to absorb any drips from spilling or condensation. Beer boots (\"Bierstiefel\" in German) have over a century of history and culture behind them. It is",
"title": "Beer in Germany"
},
{
"id": "615250",
"text": "founded in 1871, now operated by Oettinger Beer. Braunschweiger Mettwurst, a soft, spreadable smoked pork sausage, is named after the city. Other traditional local dishes include white asparagus, \"Braunschweiger Lebkuchen\", \"Braunkohl\" (a variant of kale served with Bregenwurst), and \"Uhlen un Apen\" (Low German for \"Owls and Guenons\", a pastry). Braunschweig's major local newspaper is the \"Braunschweiger Zeitung\", first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include the \"Braunschweigische Anzeigen\"/\"Braunschweigische Staatszeitung\" (1745–1934), the \"Braunschweigische Landeszeitung\" (1880–1936) and the \"Braunschweiger Stadtanzeiger\"/\"Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger\" (1886–1941), and the social-democratic \"\" (1871–1933). Near Braunschweig at Cremlingen-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter,",
"title": "Braunschweig"
},
{
"id": "584885",
"text": "It is perhaps mostly known for the region's wines and beers. Traditional dishes include \"baeckeoffe\", \"flammekueche\", \"choucroute\", and \"fleischnacka\". Southern Alsace, also called the Sundgau, is characterized by \"carpe frite\" (that also exists in Yiddish tradition). The festivities of the year's end involve the production of a great variety of biscuits and small cakes called \"bredela\" as well as \"pain d'épices\" (gingerbread cakes) which are baked around Christmas time. The gastronomic symbol of the \"région\" is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form \"sûrkrût\", same as in other southwestern German dialects,",
"title": "Alsace"
},
{
"id": "14399502",
"text": "Pinkel Pinkel is a smoked Kaszanka (), a type of sausage which is eaten with kale (\"Grünkohl\"). It is eaten mainly in northwest Germany, especially the region around Oldenburg, Bremen and Osnabrück as well as in East Frisia and Friesland. \"Grünkohl mit Pinkel\" (\"kale and pinkel\") is a nourishing food which, in the form of a kale stew, has belly pork and other sausages added to it. The word \"Pinkel\" is East Frisian and probably derives from \"pink\" = 'little finger'. However, another explanation for the origin of the name is that this fatty sausage drips (German:\"pinkelt\") with fat for",
"title": "Pinkel"
},
{
"id": "6571956",
"text": "and taste, albeit parsley is rarely used in this version. The \"Bockwurst\" was first mentioned in Bavaria in 1827. Nevertheless, an \"urban legend\" in Berlin claims that it was invented in 1889 by restaurant owner R. Scholtz of Berlin. Bockwurst Bockwurst is a German sausage traditionally made from ground veal and pork (tending more towards veal, unlike bratwurst). Bockwurst is flavored with salt, white pepper and paprika. Other herbs, such as marjoram, chives and parsley, are also often added and, in Germany, bockwurst is often smoked as well. Bockwurst was originally said to have been eaten with bock beer. In",
"title": "Bockwurst"
},
{
"id": "2993621",
"text": "frying. In Danish they are known as \"klejner\" and in Swedish as \"klenäter\", both names deriving from Low German. In Scandinavia crullers are common at Christmas. In the US various shapes of pastries are known as crullers. Some forms of those crullers are what is traditionally eaten in Germany and some other European countries on Shrove Tuesday, to use up fat before Lent. The term \"Chinese cruller\" is occasionally applied to the youtiao (), a similar-looking fried dough food eaten in East and Southeast Asia. The term cruller is also associated with the mahua (). Mahua is a type of",
"title": "Cruller"
},
{
"id": "2491602",
"text": "pressing them together by pushing a finger down through both pieces. It is then baked and served as warm soft rolls. This type is identified with Mennonites. The other type is a bread sliced before it is baked a second time, which produces crisp, brittle slices that closely resemble melba toast. \"Zwieback\" is commonly used to feed teething children and as the first solid food for patients with an upset stomach. The name comes from German \"zwei\" (\"two\") or \"zwie\" (\"twi-\"), and \"backen\", meaning \"to bake\". \"Zwieback\" hence literally translates to \"twice-baked\". The French and Italian names, respectively, \"biscotte\" and",
"title": "Zwieback"
},
{
"id": "722419",
"text": "denser Christmas pudding. A Creole trifle (also sometimes known as a Russian cake or a Russian Slab) is a different but related dessert item consisting of pieces of a variety of cakes mixed and packed firmly, moistened with alcohol (commonly red wine or rum) and a sweet syrup or fruit juice, and chilled. The resulting cake contains a variety of colour and flavour. A similar dessert in Germany and Austria goes by the name of Punschtorte. In Italy, a dessert similar to and probably based on trifle is known as \"zuppa inglese\", literally \"English Soup\". Trifle Trifle in English cuisine",
"title": "Trifle"
},
{
"id": "7893250",
"text": "hot dog, is particularly popular, especially at sporting events, carnivals, beaches, and fairs. They are also sold in many delis as well as food stands on street corners of large cities. Many American hot dog vendors also serve Polish, Italian, Mexican, and German (e.g. bratwurst) sausage sandwiches in addition to their regular fare. Sausage sandwiches that come on toast, a bagel, an English muffin, a biscuit, or kaiser roll are generally referred to as breakfast sandwiches. Sausage sandwich A sausage sandwich is a sandwich containing cooked sausage. It may consist of an oblong bread roll such as a baguette or",
"title": "Sausage sandwich"
},
{
"id": "4244775",
"text": "Mettwurst Mettwurst is a strongly flavoured German sausage, made from raw minced pork which is preserved by curing and smoking, often with garlic. The southern German variety is soft and similar to Teewurst. Braunschweiger mettwurst is smoked somewhat but still soft and spreadable, while other northern German varieties such as the Holsteiner are harder and more akin to salami, due to longer smoking. The Low German word \"mett\", meaning \"minced pork without bacon\", is derived from the Old Saxon word \"meti\" (meaning \"food\"), and is related to the English word 'meat'. Mettwurst can be prepared and eaten a variety of",
"title": "Mettwurst"
},
{
"id": "13549641",
"text": "Rødgrød Rødgrød (), Rote Grütze (), or Rode Grütt (), meaning \"red groats\", is a sweet fruit dish from Denmark and Northern Germany. The name of the dish in Danish features many of the elements that make Danish pronunciation difficult for non-native speakers, so \"[rødgrød med fløde]\" (), literally \"red groats with cream\", is a commonly used shibboleth since the early 1900s. \"Rødgrød\" or \"Rote Grütze\" was traditionally made of groat or grit, as revealed by the second component of the name in Danish, German, or Low German. Semolina and sago are used in some family recipes; potato starch is",
"title": "Rødgrød"
},
{
"id": "3633717",
"text": "is German, spelled as a one-word compound as was the standard before the spelling reform of 1996 and is still the standard in Switzerland; however, the correct article to use in this case is the neuter form \"das\", not the masculine \"der\". This is true for both the actual food (\"das Schnitzel\") and the restaurant itself (\"das Restaurant\", \"das Lokal\"). In English, \"wiener\" (short for \"wienerwurst\"), from \"Wiener Würstchen\", is a colloquial name for a hot dog. The actual \"Wiener Schnitzel\", however, means \"Viennese breaded veal cutlet\", a dish that the restaurant chain does not sell. The chain changed its",
"title": "Wienerschnitzel"
},
{
"id": "8322795",
"text": "Mittageisen \"Mittageisen\" is a song by English rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees. It originally appeared on the band's 1978 debut album \"The Scream\" as \"Metal Postcard (Mittageisen)\"; the track was re-recorded in 1979, this time with the lyrics sung in German, and released as a single in West Germany. Later in September of that year it was given a UK release by record label Polydor. The title \"Mittageisen\" is a word play based on the German words \"Mittagessen\" (literally: \"noon meal\", i.e. lunch) and Eisen (\"iron\"). The title was inspired by John Heartfield's photocollage \"Hurrah, die Butter ist Alle!\"",
"title": "Mittageisen"
},
{
"id": "15201200",
"text": "Boûkète A boûkète (Walloon; also spelled \"bouquette\" in French) is a type of Belgian pancake made with buckwheat flour, pan-fried in lard and frequently embellished with raisins. Boûkètes may be eaten hot or cold, garnished with a local brown sugar known as \"cassonade\" or with sirop de Liège. The name derives from the Dutch-language word \"boekweit\" (\"buckwheat\") and is attested with that meaning in the early 17th century, before being used to refer to the pancake itself: a usage first recorded in 1743. \"Bo(u)quettes\" were first introduced to the city of Liège in the 18th century, imported by the court",
"title": "Boûkète"
},
{
"id": "14400392",
"text": "sauce (\"Apfelmus\") and beetroot or even cold or hot on wholemeal bread. Sometimes crispy, fried slices of \"Beutelwurst\" are served with \"Knipp\" – this dish is known in Low Saxon as \"Knipp un Büddelwust\". In the Lüneburg Heath, \"Knipp\" is made with \"Heidschnucke\" meat and is known as \"Heidjer Knipp\". In Oldenburg, \"Knipp\" is called \"Hackgrütze\". For a long time, \"Knipp\" was seen as 'poor man's food'. Knipp Knipp (in the Hanover area: \"Calenberger Pfannenschlag\") is a type of sausage made by mixing meat with grains (\"Grützwurst\") related to \"Pinkel\" which comes from the Bremen and Lower Saxony regions of",
"title": "Knipp"
},
{
"id": "2268176",
"text": "Delicatessen A delicatessen or deli is a retail establishment that sells a selection of fine, unusual or foreign prepared foods (\"delicacies\"). Delicatessen originated in Germany (original: \"Delikatessen\") during the 18th century and spread to the United States in the mid-19th century. European immigrants to the United States, especially Ashkenazi Jews, popularized the delicatessen in American culture beginning in the late 19th century. \"Delicatessen\" is a German loanword which first appeared in English in the late 19th century and is the plural of \"Delikatesse\". The German form was lent from the French \"délicatesse\", which itself was lent from Italian \"delicatezza\", from",
"title": "Delicatessen"
},
{
"id": "13422108",
"text": "whereas \"verse worst\" simply means \"fresh sausage\" (as opposed to dried or cured sausages). Typically the sausage is pan fried with a large complement of butter, though during the summertime it is not uncommon to see the sausage on a barbecue. In the Dutch language the name \"braadworst\" is occasionally used for the German \"Bratwurst\" as well, though the sausages involved are very different. \"Bratwursts\" are also referred to by their native name or are called \"Duitse braadworst\" which means \"German braadworst\". The Dutch \"verse worst\" or \"braadworst\" is the direct ancestor of the internationally more known Afrikaner \"boerewors\", to",
"title": "Braadworst"
},
{
"id": "4119320",
"text": "original Viennese \"Wos host’n fir a Notn gschriebn?\" becomes modern \"Was hast’n für eine Note gschriebn?\"). The typical Viennese monophthongization, through which the dialect differentiates itself from the neighboring dialects, remains, but mostly in the form of a developing \"Pseudo-Standard German\" that many foreigners, particularly from other states, feel is ugly. For example: \"Waaaßt, wos mir heut in der Schule für än gråååsliches Fläääsch kriegt ham?\" (Standard German \"Weißt du, was für ein widerliches Fleisch wir heute in der Schule vorgesetzt bekamen?\") (\"Do you know what disgusting meat we were served at school today?\") The monopthongized diphthongs, like \"ei\" ~",
"title": "Viennese German"
},
{
"id": "584886",
"text": "and means \"sour cabbage\" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as \"choucroute\". To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings. Alsace is also well known for its foie gras made in the region since the",
"title": "Alsace"
},
{
"id": "14399504",
"text": "small intestines of pigs, although today edible artificial casings are also used. Pinkel Pinkel is a smoked Kaszanka (), a type of sausage which is eaten with kale (\"Grünkohl\"). It is eaten mainly in northwest Germany, especially the region around Oldenburg, Bremen and Osnabrück as well as in East Frisia and Friesland. \"Grünkohl mit Pinkel\" (\"kale and pinkel\") is a nourishing food which, in the form of a kale stew, has belly pork and other sausages added to it. The word \"Pinkel\" is East Frisian and probably derives from \"pink\" = 'little finger'. However, another explanation for the origin of",
"title": "Pinkel"
},
{
"id": "17444787",
"text": "of supranational importance and offer the inhabitants and visitors a diverse and wide selection of local products. Asparagus and chestnuts are as skilfully used in the kitchen as tripe and escargot and a variety of fruity desserts and pastries is provided for the traditional German \"Kaffee und Kuchen\" (lit. \"coffee and cake\", similar to the British tea time). Considering these important gastronomical traditions it may be surprising how small the amount of dishes is that are really specifically and distinctively from Baden. First of all it does evince great regional differences and many basic recipes and ingredients were adapted and",
"title": "Baden cuisine"
},
{
"id": "5748401",
"text": "served on a sailor sandwich. Numerous regional varieties of knackwurst exist in Germany. They all differ from knackwurst varieties sold in Austria. There, a knackwurst always refers to a sausage containing bacon and added potato starch. In addition to the term \"knackwurst,\" common names are \"Salzburger\" or \"Schübling.\" As a specialty in Hamburg, scalded \"Knackwurst\" served with mustard and half a slice of white bread is a popular snack for lunch. It is also sold at the Hamburger Dom, the largest Volksfest in northern Germany, under various, sometimes poetic, names like \"Domknacker\", \"Hamburger Knacker\", or \"Hafenlümmel\" (literally: harbour tyke). The",
"title": "Knackwurst"
},
{
"id": "15451382",
"text": "Preview Weekend on November 17th and 18th, 2018. The Christmas Village in Philadelphia is modeled on the style of traditional German Christmas Markets. Christmas Market events such as the famous Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, which dates back to the 16th century, are part of a long tradition of farmers' markets in Germany's inner cities. Several wooden booths and tents sell food specialties such as German bratwursts with sauerkraut, schnitzel, Berlin doner kebab, goulash and Bavarian pretzels. A wide assortment of traditional sweet Christmas-food items like lebkuchen (gingerbread cookies), stollen, spekulatius, roasted nuts, cotton candy, chocolate covered fruits, waffles and crepes are",
"title": "The Christmas Village in Philadelphia"
},
{
"id": "5748402",
"text": "German noun \"Knackwurst\"—which, in English, is sometimes corrupted as knockwurst—comes from the German verb \"knacken\" () (\"to crack\") or the adjective \"knackig\" () (\"crisp\"). This refers to the swelling of the sausage during the process of cooking, so that the skin becomes pressurized and balloon-like, and tends to \"pop,\" often exploding the juices, when bitten into (authentic example: ). The term ″Knackwurst″ came up in Germany the middle of the 16th century. In Germany, all different kinds of \"Knackwürste\" are abbreviated \"Knacker\" (). Knackwurst Knackwurst () (in North America spelled knockwurst ()) refers to a sausage type of northern German",
"title": "Knackwurst"
},
{
"id": "1744935",
"text": "\"St. Galler bratwurst\" has been famous since then. You can find shops which sell St. Galler bratwurst with a round bread (German: \"bürli\") on the street, also served in the restaurant with hash browns (German: \"rösti\"). Bratwurst, often shortened to \"brat\" in American English, is a common type of sausage in the United States, especially in the state of Wisconsin, where the largest ancestry group is German. Originally brought to North America by German immigrants, it is a common sight at summer cookouts, alongside the more famous hot dog. Wisconsin is also the home of the \"beer brat\", a regional",
"title": "Bratwurst"
},
{
"id": "12300032",
"text": "\"rúgbrauð\" is often soaked, then made into \"brauðsúpa\" (bread soup) - that is, simmered with raisins and flavorings (usually lemon) and served hot with whipped cream as a dessert. Excessive consumption of this bread is said to cause flatulence, earning it its nickname \"þrumari\" which roughly translates as \"thunderbread\" or \"thunderer\". There are, however, varieties of the traditional rye bread with wheat and whole grain added to make it less dense, but also called \"rúgbrauð\". These varieties tend to be less heavy than the traditional straight rye variety and more similar to the modern Danish rugbrød or German pumpernickel. Rye,",
"title": "Rúgbrauð"
},
{
"id": "4826746",
"text": "Strudel A strudel (, ) is a type of layered pastry with a filling that is usually sweet. It became popular in the 18th century throughout the Habsburg Empire. Strudel is part of Austrian cuisine but also common in many other Central and Eastern European cuisines. The oldest strudel recipes (a Millirahmstrudel and a turnip strudel) are from 1696, in a handwritten cookbook at the Wienbibliothek im Rathaus (formerly Wiener Stadtbibliothek). The pastry descends from similar Near Eastern pastries (see \"baklava\" and \"Turkish cuisine\"). Strudel is an English loanword from German. The word derives from the German word \"Strudel\", which",
"title": "Strudel"
},
{
"id": "5363963",
"text": "Vienna sausage A Vienna sausage (; Viennese/Austrian German: \"Frankfurter Würstel\" or \"Würstl\"; Swiss German \"Wienerli\"; Swabian: \"Wienerle\" or \"Saitenwurst\") is a thin parboiled sausage traditionally made of pork and beef in a casing of sheep's intestine, then given a low temperature smoking. The word \"Wiener\" means \"Viennese\" in German. In Austria the term \"Wiener\" is uncommon for this food item, which instead is usually called Frankfurter Würstl. The ingredients, preparation, size and taste can vary widely by both manufacturer and region of sale. In some European countries, cooked and often smoked wiener sausages bought fresh from supermarkets, delicatessens and butcher",
"title": "Vienna sausage"
},
{
"id": "3151209",
"text": "is considered one of Bavaria's finest. Hof is known for two local \"delicacies\", namely \"Schnitz\", a kind of hotpot, and sausages boiled in a portable, coal-fired brass cauldron, which are sold in the streets by the \"sausage man\" (\"Wärschtlamo\" in the local dialect). There is also a particularly strong beer (\"Schlappenbier\"), which is available only on the first Monday after Trinity Sunday (\"Schlappentag\"). This tradition dates back to the establishment of the town militia which forced all shooters to take part in a special shooting training each year. To avoid penalties, a lot of shooters rushed out to the training",
"title": "Hof, Bavaria"
},
{
"id": "1405794",
"text": "meals. Typical dishes from the Vorarlberg region are: \"Käsespätzle\" or \"Käsknöpfle\" (noodles of flour and eggs with cheese and onion), \"Riebel\" (dish of corn and wheat semolina, served spicy or sweet), \"Flädlesuppe\" (broth with savoury pancake stripes), \"Grumpara mit Käs\" (peel pastry with cheese), \"Öpfelküachle\" (apples baked in pancake dough, topped with sugar and cinnamon). Furthermore, \"Mostbröckle\" (pickled and smoked sausage), originally from Switzerland, is a very popular product. The architectural curriculum in Vorarlberg has a strong reputation all over Europe. It has made a label for a demanding architecture of a fruitful confrontation between traditional construction and modern interpretation",
"title": "Vorarlberg"
},
{
"id": "3689245",
"text": "lard bread, salt eggs, meatballs, \"mettwurst\", and of course rollmops. Nowadays rollmops are commonly served as part of the German \"Katerfrühstück\" (hangover breakfast) which is believed to restore some electrolytes. Rollmops are eaten in Europe and South America, as well as in areas of the United States and Canada. Rollmops Rollmops () are pickled herring fillets, rolled into a cylindrical shape, often around a savoury filling. The filling usually consists of sliced pickled gherkin, or green olive with pimento. Rollmops are often skewered with a cocktail skewer. Rollmops are usually bought ready-to-eat, in jars or tubs. The brine additionally consists",
"title": "Rollmops"
},
{
"id": "3406668",
"text": "quicken the rise, compared to a traditional sourdough. To increase production and profits the slow baking characteristic of German pumpernickel is foregone, resulting in a loaf indiscernible from dark rye bread. Some shops and boutique bakeries in America still use centuries old recipes, often times also selling other German foods. Pumpernickel Pumpernickel (; ) is a typically heavy, slightly sweet rye bread traditionally made with sourdough starter and coarsely ground rye. It is often made today with a combination of rye flour and whole rye berries. At one time it was traditional peasant fare, but largely during the 20th century",
"title": "Pumpernickel"
},
{
"id": "12531249",
"text": "Frühschoppen Frühschoppen (pronounced , meaning: an alcoholic drink before midday in company) is the German and Austrian tradition of meeting up at a pub, inn or tavern in the late morning, usually on Sundays. The specific customs vary from region to region. \"Frühschoppen\" is often a kind of brunch, but does not necessarily involve food. Frühschoppen is also often held at fun fairs, the most famous being Oktoberfest or Cannstatter Volksfest. In Lower Bavaria and most of Upper Bavaria, \"Frühschoppen\" is understood to be a specific kind of brunch consisting of Weisswurst, sweet mustard, pretzels, and Weissbier (an unfiltered wheat",
"title": "Frühschoppen"
},
{
"id": "731827",
"text": "fine-ground cornmeal (historically, it was rolled in ground, dried peas); it is popular in southern Ontario. Bacon is often eaten in breakfasts, such as with cooked eggs or pancakes. Maple syrup is often used as a flavouring while curing bacon in Canada. Some of the meanings of bacon overlap with the German-language term \"Speck\". Germans use the term \"bacon\" explicitly for \"Frühstücksspeck\" ('breakfast \"Speck\"') which are cured or smoked pork slices. Traditional German cold cuts favor ham over bacon, however \"Wammerl\" (grilled pork belly) remains popular in Bavaria. Small bacon cubes (called \"Grieben\" or \"Grammerln\" in Austria and southern Germany)",
"title": "Bacon"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Bagel context: or ring, which itself came from 'bouc' (ring) in Old High German, similar to the Old English \"bēag\" \"ring\" and \"būgan\" \"to bend, bow\". Similarly, another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German \"beugel\", a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German \"bügel\", a stirrup or ring. In the Brick Lane district and surrounding area of London, England, bagels (locally spelled \"beigels\") have been sold since the middle of the 19th century. They were often displayed in the windows of bakeries on vertical wooden\n\n\"What breakfast food gets its name from the German word for \"\"stirrup\"\"?\"",
"compressed_tokens": 210,
"origin_tokens": 210,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Strud context: in Middle High German literally means \"whirlpool\" or \"eddy\". The best-known strudels are Apfelstrudel (German for apple strudel) and Topfenstrudel (with sweet soft quark cheese, in Austrian German Topfen), followed by the Millirahmstrudel (Milk-cream strudel, Milchrahmstrudel). Other strudel types include sour cherry (\"Weichselstrudel\"), sweet cherry, nut filled (\"Nussstrudel\"), Apricot Strudel, Plum Strudel, poppy seed strudel (\"Mohnstrudel\"), and raisin strudel. There are also savoury strudels incorporating spinach, cabbage, potato, pumpkin, and sauerkraut, and versions containing meat fillings like the \"Lungenstrudel\" or \"Fleischstrudel\". Traditional Hungarian, Austrian, and Czech strudel pastry is different from strudels elsewhere, which are often made from puff pastry.\n\n cuisine context cheeses in Emment cheese Gruyère Vacherin and Appenz famous Swiss products. che dishes are fondue and rac Both these dishes originally regional dishes were popularized by Swiss Cheese to boost sales of cheeseöst is potato d that is e all over Switzerland. It was a breakfast food, but this has replaced the muesli, which is commonly eaten for breakfast and Switzerland goes by the name \"chermüesli\" (\"Bchies in). For dinner many enjoylic bread with but.\n\ntitle Röii rschti aish, in the of a was a, commonly eaten of but isaten all over Switzerland Theöstern makes to of theish Swiss consider be a. complete it is served accomp other d as \"Sp und Spspach eggs, sunasä.\n: Wewerk: or casings. Weckewerk, also called Weckewurst, can be eaten cold or fried in a pan. The former mayor of Kassel, Philipp Scheidemann, liked Weckewerk almost burnt, therefore this form of preparation is called \"Bürgermeisterart\" (\"in the fashion of the mayor\"). Common side dishes are boiled potatoes, leeks, black pudding, pickled cucumber and beetroot or a green salad. Weckewerk Weckewerk is a sausage, native to Northern Hesse, Germany. It is made from cooked brawn and minced meat, veal or sausage, and broth of pork, sometimes from cooked meat, blood and offal. The sausage is stretched with stale bread,\n\n\"What breakfast food gets its name from the German word for \"\"stirrup\"\"?\"",
"compressed_tokens": 600,
"origin_tokens": 16465,
"ratio": "27.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $1.0 in GPT-4."
} |
137 | What animal is the source of the milk used in making Roquefort cheese? | [
"The ewe, or female sheep"
] | The ewe, or female sheep | [
{
"id": "12155052",
"text": "Roquefort is a blue cheese that is usually made from the unpasteurized milk of Lacaune sheep. The semi-soft cheese usually has a creamy and crumbly texture. Lacaune sheep The Lacaune is a breed of domestic sheep originating near Lacaune in southern France. The native region of these sheep is the Tarn and Aveyron departments and surrounding areas. This region is collectively known as the \"Roquefort Sector\" which references the milk collection area. The Lacaune is the most widely used dairying sheep breed in France, with a population of about 800,000 ewes. Notably, it is the predominant breed used in the",
"title": "Lacaune sheep"
},
{
"id": "12155039",
"text": "Lacaune sheep The Lacaune is a breed of domestic sheep originating near Lacaune in southern France. The native region of these sheep is the Tarn and Aveyron departments and surrounding areas. This region is collectively known as the \"Roquefort Sector\" which references the milk collection area. The Lacaune is the most widely used dairying sheep breed in France, with a population of about 800,000 ewes. Notably, it is the predominant breed used in the production of Roquefort cheese in France. Sheep first came to that region of France around 4,000 to 6,000 years ago. The land was rough and desolate",
"title": "Lacaune sheep"
},
{
"id": "1452183",
"text": "consumed by the mold. The interior of the bread was then dried to produce a powder. In modern times, the mold can be grown in a laboratory, which allows for greater consistency. The mold may either be added to the curd or introduced as an aerosol through holes poked in the rind. Roquefort is made entirely from the milk of the Lacaune breed of sheep. Prior to the AOC regulations of 1925, a small amount of cow’s or goat’s milk was sometimes added. A total of around of milk is required to make one kilogram of Roquefort. The cheese is",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "12155051",
"text": "that this programs became so successful was the intense decrease in the cost of genotyping and sequencing the genome in animals. This information is very useful in selecting for physical traits as well as other traits such as scrapie resistance. The milk of the Lacaune is described usually as wholesome with a high butterfat and protein content and rich flavour. The butterfat content of the milk makes it good for producing many different types of cheese. The main use of the Lacaune sheep is for production of Roquefort cheese. Theirs is the only milk is used to produce the cheese.",
"title": "Lacaune sheep"
},
{
"id": "10888550",
"text": "a large amount of solids present in the milk. This makes sheep milk an excellent choice for making cheese and it produces higher yields of cheese compared to other milk producing species. One liter of sheep milk will produce a far higher amount of cheese than one liter of cow milk. Sheep milk Sheep's milk (or ewes' milk) is the milk of domestic sheep. It is commonly used to make cultured dairy products such as cheese. Some of the most popular sheep cheeses include feta (Greece), ricotta (Italy), and Roquefort (France). Specialized dairy breeds of sheep yield higher amounts of",
"title": "Sheep milk"
},
{
"id": "10888546",
"text": "Sheep milk Sheep's milk (or ewes' milk) is the milk of domestic sheep. It is commonly used to make cultured dairy products such as cheese. Some of the most popular sheep cheeses include feta (Greece), ricotta (Italy), and Roquefort (France). Specialized dairy breeds of sheep yield higher amounts of milk compared to other breeds of sheep. Some of the most common dairy breeds include: In the U.S., the most common dairy breeds are the East Friesian and the Lacaune. Finding a dairy sheep producer can be challenging, so some may choose a meat or wool breed, which do not produce",
"title": "Sheep milk"
},
{
"id": "8116549",
"text": "Bleu des Causses Bleu des Causses is a French blue cheese made from cow's milk. It is considered a mild variant of Roquefort. The cheese has a fat content of 45% and is aged for 3–6 months in Gorges du Tarn's natural limestone caves. The ripening process involving naturally temperature-controlled cellars is the major element that gives it its special aroma. The Bleu des Causses shares an ancient history with the Roquefort, in a time where the cheese was made from mixed milk from a cow and a sheep, or pure milk from one or the other, based on the",
"title": "Bleu des Causses"
},
{
"id": "12155047",
"text": "a higher production in the beginning of lactation than at the end compared to other breeds. It also showed that this breed has a higher average flow rate and higher peak flow rate. Lambing takes place once a year, near the end of the year (November to January). Lambs are allowed to suckle for 5 weeks and then are weaned off so the ewes' milk can be used for production of Roquefort cheese. Lambs produced that are not being used as replacements for the dairy herd are sent to the market. Due to the lambing time, Lacaune lambs are usually",
"title": "Lacaune sheep"
},
{
"id": "1452179",
"text": "Roquefort Roquefort ( ; ; ) is a sheep milk cheese from the south of France, and together with Bleu d'Auvergne, Stilton, and Gorgonzola is one of the world's best known blue cheeses. Though similar cheeses are produced elsewhere, EU law dictates that only those cheeses aged in the natural Combalou caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon may bear the name Roquefort, as it is a recognised geographical indication, or has a protected designation of origin. The cheese is white, tangy, crumbly and slightly moist, with distinctive veins of blue mold. It has characteristic odor and flavor with a notable taste of butyric",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "1452180",
"text": "acid; the blue veins provide a sharp tang. It has no rind; the exterior is edible and slightly salty. A typical wheel of Roquefort weighs between , and is about thick. Each kilogram of finished cheese requires about of milk to produce. Roquefort is known in France as the king of cheeses. Legend has it that the cheese was discovered when a youth, eating his lunch of bread and ewes' milk cheese, saw a beautiful girl in the distance. Abandoning his meal in a nearby cave, he ran to meet her. When he returned a few months later, the mold",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "11868993",
"text": "cheeses—grating cheeses such as Grana Padano, Parmesan or Pecorino—are quite firmly packed into large forms and aged for months or years. Some cheeses are categorized by the source of the milk used to produce them or by the added fat content of the milk from which they are produced. While most of the world's commercially available cheese is made from cow's milk, many parts of the world also produce cheese from goats and sheep. Examples include Roquefort (produced in France) and Pecorino (produced in Italy) from ewe's milk. One farm in Sweden also produces cheese from moose's milk. Sometimes cheeses",
"title": "Types of cheese"
},
{
"id": "10906673",
"text": "Norbury Blue Norbury Blue is an English blue cheese made on Norbury Park farm, situated within Norbury Park, Surrey. It is entirely handmade and the only blue cheese made in the South of England with milk from a closed herd of Friesian cows, fed on GM-free fodder. The cheese is made with vegetarian rennet and unpasteurised cows' milk. A Roquefort type culture \"P. roqueforti\" is used to create the blue marbled effect. It is left to mature at around for three weeks, giving the blue mould time to grow. It is completely natural and contains no artificial colourings. Norbury Blue",
"title": "Norbury Blue"
},
{
"id": "17954398",
"text": "Sheep milk cheese Sheep milk cheese is a cheese prepared from sheep milk. Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego from Spain, the Pecorino Romano and Ricotta of Italy. Yogurts, especially some forms of strained yogurt, may also be made from sheep milk. Sheep have only two teats, and produce a far smaller volume of milk than cows. However, as sheep's milk contains far more fat, solids, and minerals than cow's milk, it is ideal for the cheese-making process. It also resists contamination during cooling better because of its much higher calcium",
"title": "Sheep milk cheese"
},
{
"id": "1964053",
"text": "stocked a generic \"British Blue cheese\". Other makers have adopted their own names and styles. Other examples of blue cheeses include Gorgonzola cheese of Italy, which is made from cows' milk; and the French cheeses Fourme d'Ambert from Auvergne and made with cows' milk and Roquefort, which is made with ewes' milk. Blue Stilton is often eaten with celery or pears. It is also commonly added as a flavouring to vegetable soup, most notably to cream of celery or broccoli. Alternatively it is eaten with various crackers, biscuits and bread. It can also be used to make a blue cheese",
"title": "Stilton cheese"
},
{
"id": "7612606",
"text": "Ossau-Iraty Ossau-Iraty is a Franco-Basque cheese made from sheep milk. Ossau-Iraty is produced in south-western France, in the Northern Basque Country and in Béarn. Its name reflects its geographical location, the Ossau Valley in Béarn and the Irati Forest in the Basque Country. It has been recognized as an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) product since 1980. It is one of only two sheep's milk cheeses granted AOC status in France (the other is Roquefort). It is of ancient origin, traditionally made by the shepherds in the region. Production techniques are very much in the essence of old world methods whereby",
"title": "Ossau-Iraty"
},
{
"id": "3643773",
"text": "mold would form. According to legend, Roquefort was discovered when a youth, eating a lunch of bread and ewes' milk cheese, abandoned his meal in a nearby cave after seeing a beautiful girl in the distance. When he returned months later, the mold (\"Penicillium roqueforti\") had transformed his cheese into Roquefort. Gorgonzola is one of the oldest known blue cheeses, having been created around 879 AD, though it is said that it did not actually contain blue veins until around the 11th century. Stilton is a relatively new addition becoming popular sometime in the early 1700s. Many varieties of blue",
"title": "Blue cheese"
},
{
"id": "7829006",
"text": "signing a deal along with Canadian Trade Minister David Emerson on September 12, 2006 that gave Canada 4 out of the 5.3 billion dollars that the country lost in the dispute. On January 13, 2009, as the Bush Administration neared its end, Schwab reportedly announced retaliatory tariffs on \"dozens\" of European luxury items, including French truffles, Irish oatmeal, Italian sparkling water and Roquefort cheese. The European ban on U.S. beef containing hormones was the reason cited by the US for the retaliatory action. Roquefort cheese, made from sheep's milk in a region of southern France, was hit with a 300%",
"title": "Susan Schwab"
},
{
"id": "17954399",
"text": "content. Sheep milk contains 4.8% lactose, more lactose than cow milk, and is therefore not an alternative for people who are lactose intolerant. Though sheep's milk may be drunk in fresh form, today it is used predominantly in cheese and yogurt making. Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Bulgaria and Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego from Spain, the Pecorino Romano (the Italian word for sheep is \"pecore\") and Ricotta of Italy. Yogurts, especially some forms of strained yogurt, may also be made from sheep milk. Many of these products are now often made with cow's milk,",
"title": "Sheep milk cheese"
},
{
"id": "11893137",
"text": "in fresh form, today it is used predominantly in cheese and yogurt making. Sheep have only two teats, and produce a far smaller volume of milk than cows. However, as sheep's milk contains far more fat, solids, and minerals than cow's milk, it is ideal for the cheese-making process. It also resists contamination during cooling better because of its much higher calcium content. Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Bulgaria and Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego from Spain, the Pecorino Romano (the Italian word for sheep is \"pecore\") and Ricotta of Italy. Yogurts, especially some forms",
"title": "Sheep"
},
{
"id": "8116553",
"text": "it and swallowed it like butter.\" Many artisanal cheese cellars refine cow's milk, sheep's milk, or even a mixture of both. It is sold without a provincial name. In 1925, during the administrative recognition of the original name of Roquefort, the cheese must be refined to Roquefort-sur-Soulzon and cheeses from cow's milk is banned. Because of this, producers of cheese from cow's milk begin to structure their organizations. The collective mark \"Valmont\" was created to support the sales of the cheese \"bleu de l'Aveyron\". The final name \"Bleu des Causses\" was decided on by two decrees in 1941 and 1946.",
"title": "Bleu des Causses"
},
{
"id": "4627812",
"text": "strict usage of geographical designations. Thus, anyone with sheep of the right breeds can make Roquefort cheese, if they are located in the part of France where that cheese is made, but nobody outside that part of France can make a blue sheep's milk cheese and call it \"Roquefort,\" even if they make it in such a way as to completely duplicate the process described in the definition of Roquefort. By contrast, in the United States, the naming is generally considered to be a matter of intellectual property. Thus, the name \"Grayson\" belongs to Meadowcreek Farms, and they have to",
"title": "Geographical indication"
},
{
"id": "2229679",
"text": "Gorgonzola Gorgonzola (; ) is a veined Italian blue cheese, made from unskimmed cow's milk. It can be buttery or firm, crumbly and quite salty, with a \"bite\" from its blue veining. Gorgonzola has been produced for centuries in Gorgonzola, Milan, acquiring its greenish-blue marbling in the 11th century. However, the town's claim of geographical origin is disputed by other localities. Today, it is mainly produced in the northern Italian regions of Piedmont and Lombardy. Whole cow's milk is used, to which starter bacteria are added, along with spores of the mold \"Penicillium glaucum\". \"Penicillium roqueforti\", used in Roquefort cheese,",
"title": "Gorgonzola"
},
{
"id": "11824911",
"text": "pastures close to the farm. It has large blue flecks, made by the action of \"Penicillium roqueforti\", the same fungus used in Roquefort, Stilton, and other blue cheeses. Crozier Blue is a hand-made, semi-soft, blue veined, medium-strength blue cheese with a creamy texture. Made in Ireland, this is one of the country's few blue cheeses, made from sheep's milk. It is made on the farm of Jane and Louis Grubb by their daughter Sarah Furno. Crozier Blue is a more recent creation from the farm which produces a sister cheese Cashel Blue cheese made using from cow's milk . Cashel",
"title": "J&L Grubb"
},
{
"id": "16995520",
"text": "Lore Alford Rogers Lore Alford Rogers (7 February 1875 - 21 March 1975) was an American bacteriologist and dairy scientist. He is credited with discovering that butter made from pasteurized sweet cream over sour ripened cream remained fresher, while suggesting that surplus milk could be sold as concentrated sour milk products. He refined the steps for the manufacture of high quality Swiss cheese and, new to the United States, production of Roquefort cheese. He was instrumental in finding ways to discourage fungal growth in sweetened condensed milk and preventing losses in evaporated milk from heat coagulation. His pioneering work on",
"title": "Lore Alford Rogers"
},
{
"id": "18539167",
"text": "Just after Professor Combs’ debut of the university's cheese, St. Paul newspapers documented the start of a new blue cheese enterprise in Faribault. Felix Frederiksen (1892–1974), stationed in France during World War I, discovered Roquefort cheese, made from Lacaune sheep’s milk and aged in natural limestone Combalou caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon. After World War I, Frederiksen pursued his dream to make American Roquefort-style cheese by becoming a food scientist and “research chemist for Pabst Farms, the cheese division of Pabst Brewing Company during Prohibition.” Beginning in 1923, Pabst made “Pabst-ett processed cheese spread” and aged the cheeses in its brewery cellars,",
"title": "Caves of Faribault"
},
{
"id": "1813616",
"text": "some parts of the world and for gourmet products. For example, buffalo milk is used to make mozzarella in Italy and \"gulab jamun\" dessert in India, while sheep milk is used to make blue Roquefort cheese in France. Beef is an excellent source of zinc, selenium, phosphorus, iron, and B vitamins. Bison meat is lower in fat and cholesterol than beef, but has a higher protein content. Bovid leather is tough and durable, with the additional advantage that it can be made into leathers of varying thicknesses - from soft clothing leather to hard shoe leather. While goat and cattle",
"title": "Bovidae"
},
{
"id": "1452185",
"text": "it, after Comté, France's second most popular cheese. Production of Roquefort cheese entails \"4,500 people who herd special ewes on 2,100 farms producing milk ... in a carefully defined oval grazing area across the Larzac Plain and up and down nearby hills and valleys.\" Total production in 2008 of about 19,000 tons was reported. The proportion of Roquefort exported to the United States remained small, only 450 tons out of 3,700 in total exports. Spain, with purchases of 1,000 tons, was by far the largest foreign customer. In early 2009, Susan Schwab, the then-outgoing US Trade Representative, announced a 300%",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "3194041",
"text": "for over a century as the \"capital of leather and glove\" Millau is renowned for its activity tannery (leather gloves). The town is best known for its sheepskin gloves, for which it led the French fashion industry for two centuries. It gained the title of \"City and Art Professions\" in 2000. Agricultural production, including Roquefort cheese made from raw sheep's milk, is essential to the economic activity of the region are 43 farms in this town and their activities strongly shape the landscape. Since 1993, a series of four major night markets, organized by farmer-producers associated among Farmers of Aveyron,",
"title": "Millau"
},
{
"id": "4355533",
"text": "Cambozola Cambozola is a cow's milk cheese that is a combination in style of a French soft-ripened triple cream cheese and Italian Gorgonzola. Cambozola was patented and industrially produced for the world market by the large German company Hofmeister-Champignon. The cheese was invented circa 1980 and is still produced by Champignon. In English-speaking countries, Cambozola is often marketed as blue brie. It is made from a combination of \"Penicillium camemberti\" and the same blue \"Penicillium roqueforti\" mould used to make Gorgonzola, Roquefort, and Stilton. Extra cream is added to the milk, giving Cambozola a rich consistency characteristic of triple crèmes,",
"title": "Cambozola"
},
{
"id": "1452182",
"text": "and naming were first defined. In 1961, in a landmark ruling that removed imitation, the \"Tribunal de Grande Instance\" at Millau decreed that, although the method for the manufacture of the cheese could be followed across the south of France, only those cheeses whose ripening occurred in the natural caves of Mont Combalou in Roquefort-sur-Soulzon were permitted to bear the name Roquefort. The mold that gives Roquefort its distinctive character (\"Penicillium roqueforti\") is found in the soil of the local caves. Traditionally, the cheesemakers extracted it by leaving bread in the caves for six to eight weeks until it was",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "7462488",
"text": "Will Studd Will Studd is an International cheese specialist. Studd has been working with artisan and farmhouse cheeses for more than four decades, and has travelled extensively in his vocation. After establishing a chain of delicatessens in central London during the 1970s, he migrated to Melbourne, Australia, in 1981, where he has done much to promote a greater understanding of specialist cheese as well as championing the cause of traditional cheese made from raw milk. In January 2002, Studd challenged minor changes to Australian food regulations relating to raw milk cheese by importing 80 kilograms of Roquefort as a test",
"title": "Will Studd"
},
{
"id": "1452187",
"text": "apply this cheese to wounds to avoid gangrene. The regulations that govern the production of Roquefort have been laid down over a number of decrees by the INAO. These include: Roquefort has a high content of free glutamate, 1280 mg per 100 g of cheese. According to a 2012 study, Roquefort contains anti-inflammatory compounds. A study from 2013 found that proteins from Roquefort cheese inhibit Chlamydia propagation and LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) leukocyte migration. Roquefort Roquefort ( ; ; ) is a sheep milk cheese from the south of France, and together with Bleu d'Auvergne, Stilton, and Gorgonzola is one of the",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "10906674",
"text": "has a moist, creamy texture with a pleasantly musty aroma. It is tangy like Roquefort with the creaminess of rich Brie. The blue veins have a smoky, earthy flavour. Norbury Blue cheese has a dark, bark-like rind and a delicately marbled, white interior. Norbury Blue Norbury Blue is an English blue cheese made on Norbury Park farm, situated within Norbury Park, Surrey. It is entirely handmade and the only blue cheese made in the South of England with milk from a closed herd of Friesian cows, fed on GM-free fodder. The cheese is made with vegetarian rennet and unpasteurised cows'",
"title": "Norbury Blue"
},
{
"id": "15022346",
"text": "process it is today; in the past, cellars and caves were used to ripen cheeses instead of the current highly regulated process involving machinery and biochemistry. Some cheeses still are made using more historical methods, such as the blue cheese Roquefort, which is required to be ripened in designated caves in south-eastern France. However, with the invention of refrigeration in the 20th century, the process evolved considerably, and is much more efficient at producing a consistent quality of cheese, at a faster pace, and a lower cost (depending on the type of cheese). After the initial manufacturing process of the",
"title": "Cheese ripening"
},
{
"id": "643988",
"text": "left on the doorstep of those who ordered it on the black market. The fungus used for blue cheeses, \"Penicillium roqueforti\", also produces the mycotoxin aristolochene, as well as the neurotoxic Roquefortine C. Dorset Blue Vinney Dorset Blue Vinney (frequently spelled \"vinny\") is a traditional blue cheese made near Sturminster Newton in Dorset, England, from skimmed cows' milk. It is a hard, crumbly cheese. \"Vinney\" is a local Dorset term related to the obsolete word \"vinew\", which means to become mouldy. Another explanation has it that \"vinny\" is a corruption of \"veiny\", referring to the blue veins running throughout the",
"title": "Dorset Blue Vinney"
},
{
"id": "16562900",
"text": "of the French nuclear deterrent It was argued by the authorities that the Larzac plateau was very thinly populated, having been substantially depopulated by the so-called \"rural exodus\", losing two thirds of its population between 1866 and 1968, although since 1968 population had begun to increase due to the \"neo-rural\" movement. Sheep herders and producers of Roquefort cheese, the most famous product of the region, denied that the project would be a net boost for employment because, as a training camp, it would attract only temporary inhabitants. They were also sceptical of the promised economic benefits. André Fanton made his",
"title": "Fight for the Larzac"
},
{
"id": "17954401",
"text": "include Pag cheese and Ovidur. Polish sheep milk cheeses include oscypek and bryndza. Portuguese sheep milk cheeses include Castelo Branco, Azeitão, Rabaçal, Saloio, Serpa and Serra. In Spain is Roncal, made in the Roncal Valley, and is protected by the Protected designation of origin (PDO). Other cheeses from Spain are Torta del Casar and Manchego. Sheep milk cheese Sheep milk cheese is a cheese prepared from sheep milk. Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego from Spain, the Pecorino Romano and Ricotta of Italy. Yogurts, especially some forms of strained yogurt, may",
"title": "Sheep milk cheese"
},
{
"id": "139465",
"text": "in the area both for use in fattening the ducks and geese for foie gras and for the production of \"millas\", a cornmeal porridge. Haricot beans are also grown in this area, which are central to the dish cassoulet. The finest sausage in France is commonly acknowledged to be the \"saucisse de Toulouse\", which also finds its way into their version of \"cassoulet\" of Toulouse. The Cahors area produces a specialty \"black wine\" as well as truffles and mushrooms. This region also produces milk-fed lamb. Unpasteurized ewe's milk is used to produce the Roquefort in Aveyron, while in Laguiole is",
"title": "French cuisine"
},
{
"id": "2337485",
"text": "Larzac The Causse du Larzac is a limestone karst plateau in the south of the Massif Central, France, situated between Millau (Aveyron) and Lodève (Hérault). It is an agricultural area, where sheep produce milk for Roquefort cheese. The communes of the Larzac are: The Larzac is served by junctions 46 to 51 of the A75 autoroute. In October 1970, Michel Debré, the French Minister of Defense, decided for strategic purposes to expand a military camp outside the village of La Cavalerie in the French \"département\" of Aveyron, from 30 km² to 170 km², without consulting the local population. Local farmers",
"title": "Larzac"
},
{
"id": "4428430",
"text": "that are influenced by specific local factors , such as climate and soil. Whether a sign functions as an indication is a matter of national law and consumer perception. Geographical indications may be used for a wide variety of agricultural products, such as “Tuscany” for olive oil produced in a specific area of Italy, or “Roquefort” for cheese produced in a certain region of France. The use of geographical indications is not limited to agricultural products. They may also highlight particular qualities of a product that are due to human factors found in the product’s place of origin, such as",
"title": "Industrial property"
},
{
"id": "1452181",
"text": "(\"Penicillium roqueforti\") had transformed his plain cheese into Roquefort. Though it is often claimed that Roquefort was praised by Pliny the Elder in AD 79, in fact, Pliny simply speaks of a cheese from Gaul, not mentioning its origin or even saying that it was blue; the story was promoted by the \"Société des Caves\". On 4 June 1411, Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of the cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. In 1925, the cheese was the recipient of France's first \"Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée\" when regulations controlling its production",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "5205543",
"text": "Danish Blue Cheese Danablu, often marketed under the trademark Danish Blue Cheese within North America, is a strong, blue-veined cheese. This semi-soft creamery cheese is typically drum- or block-shaped and has a white-to-yellowish, slightly moist, edible rind. Made from full fat cow's milk and homogenised cream, it has a fat content of 25–30% (50–60% in dry matter) and is aged for eight to twelve weeks. Before ageing, copper wires or rods are used to pierce the formed curds to distribute the mould (\"Penicillium roqueforti\") evenly through the cheese. The holes can still be seen when the finished wheel is cut",
"title": "Danish Blue Cheese"
},
{
"id": "19632264",
"text": "and other Japanese dishes. Soy sauce has been used in China since the 2nd century AD, and is now widespread in Asia. Like miso, it is made by fermenting a mixture of soybeans and cereals with moulds such as \"Aspergillus oryzae\". The mould \"Penicillium roqueforti\" contributes the blue coloration and much of the flavour in blue cheeses such as Roquefort and Stilton. Mould fungi are processed to produce vegetarian meat substitutes such as Quorn. Fungi are the sources of many types of medicinal drug including antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and statins. Major classes of antibiotics, the penicillins and the cephalosporins, are derived",
"title": "Human interactions with fungi"
},
{
"id": "2236181",
"text": "laws protect the names of wines, cheeses, hams, sausages, seafood, olives, olive oils, beers, balsamic vinegar, regional breads, fruits, raw meats and vegetables. Foods such as Gorgonzola, Parmigiano-Reggiano, feta, the Waterford blaas, Herve cheese, Melton Mowbray pork pies, Piave cheese, Asiago cheese, camembert, Herefordshire cider, cognac, armagnac and champagne can only be labelled as such if they come from the designated region. To qualify as \"roquefort\", for example, cheese must be made from milk of a certain breed of sheep, and matured in the natural caves near the town of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon in the Aveyron region of France, where it is",
"title": "Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union"
},
{
"id": "2337487",
"text": "Because of its history it was chosen as the site of a massive meeting against the World Trade Organization which took place in August 2003. José Bové currently resides in Larzac - he secured nearly 500,000 votes in the 2007 presidential elections. Five medieval fortified villages, related to the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller are located on the Larzac plateau: Larzac The Causse du Larzac is a limestone karst plateau in the south of the Massif Central, France, situated between Millau (Aveyron) and Lodève (Hérault). It is an agricultural area, where sheep produce milk for Roquefort cheese. The communes",
"title": "Larzac"
},
{
"id": "19851333",
"text": "Kraftkar Kraftkar is a blue cheese from Tingvoll in Nordmøre, Western Norway, made from unskimmed cow's milk and cream, with injected culture of the mold \"Penicillium roqueforti\". The name \"Kraftkar\" (\"strongman\") relates to the legendary farmhand Tore Nordbø and his supernatural strength and size. Produced by the cheesemaker Tingvollost, Kraftkar was first introduced in 2004. Kraftkar was awarded gold medal for blue cheese at the World Cheese Awards in 2011, gold medal at the International Cheese Awards in 2013, and silver medal at the 2015 World Cheese Awards. At the 2016 World Cheese Awards in San Sebastián, Kraftkar was selected",
"title": "Kraftkar"
},
{
"id": "12425092",
"text": "species are harvested from the wild for personal consumption or commercial sale. Milk mushrooms, morels, chanterelles, truffles, black trumpets, and \"porcini\" mushrooms (\"Boletus edulis\") (also known as king boletes) demand a high price on the market. They are often used in gourmet dishes. Certain types of cheeses require inoculation of milk curds with fungal species that impart a unique flavor and texture to the cheese. Examples include the blue color in cheeses such as Stilton or Roquefort, which are made by inoculation with \"Penicillium roqueforti\". Molds used in cheese production are non-toxic and are thus safe for human consumption; however,",
"title": "Fungus"
},
{
"id": "19851334",
"text": "\"World Champion\" (all categories), among more than 3,000 participating cheeses from 35 countries. Kraftkar Kraftkar is a blue cheese from Tingvoll in Nordmøre, Western Norway, made from unskimmed cow's milk and cream, with injected culture of the mold \"Penicillium roqueforti\". The name \"Kraftkar\" (\"strongman\") relates to the legendary farmhand Tore Nordbø and his supernatural strength and size. Produced by the cheesemaker Tingvollost, Kraftkar was first introduced in 2004. Kraftkar was awarded gold medal for blue cheese at the World Cheese Awards in 2011, gold medal at the International Cheese Awards in 2013, and silver medal at the 2015 World Cheese",
"title": "Kraftkar"
},
{
"id": "1964052",
"text": "Stilton has a typical fat content of approximately 35%, and protein content of approximately 23%. A number of blue cheeses are made in a similar way to Blue Stilton. These cheeses get their blue veins and distinct flavour from the use of one or more saprotrophic fungi such as \"Penicillium roqueforti\" and \"Penicillium glaucum\". Stichelton is made in the same way as Stilton cheese and uses cows' milk from a permitted county (Nottinghamshire), but the milk is unpasteurised and so under the PDO it cannot be designated as true Stilton. Since the PDO came into effect, some British supermarkets have",
"title": "Stilton cheese"
},
{
"id": "792516",
"text": "peasants occupying the threatened territory and illegally building a sheep barn. The protest eventually succeeded, and the government cancelled the military plan. As a result of that experience, Bové became a sheep farmer there, producing Roquefort cheese. Bové continued both as a farmer and an activist. In 1987, he formed the \"Confédération Paysanne,\" an agricultural union. It promotes the quality of life for humans and the environment, promoting organic farming. In opposition to many companies in the profit-oriented agro-industry, Bové is a prominent opponent of genetically modified organisms (GMO). In 1995 he joined Greenpeace on their ship, the \"Rainbow Warrior,\"",
"title": "José Bové"
},
{
"id": "864902",
"text": "of the world's tallest bridge, the Millau viaduct, opened by President Chirac in December 2004. Activities include horseriding, fishing, swimming in the \"Lacs du Lévézou\" and hiking/camping. The inhabitants are also very good craftsmen, and Aveyron is full of various craft objects, handmade, that can be found locally. Examples include the \"couteau de Laguiole\", the world famous \"Roquefort\" cheese, from the village of the same name and other local produce. Markets take place every Saturday on market places around the region. Saint-Sernin-sur-Rance is the commune where the feral child Victor of Aveyron was found in the late 18th century. Ten",
"title": "Aveyron"
},
{
"id": "5205545",
"text": "the specifications laid down. Danish Blue Cheese Danablu, often marketed under the trademark Danish Blue Cheese within North America, is a strong, blue-veined cheese. This semi-soft creamery cheese is typically drum- or block-shaped and has a white-to-yellowish, slightly moist, edible rind. Made from full fat cow's milk and homogenised cream, it has a fat content of 25–30% (50–60% in dry matter) and is aged for eight to twelve weeks. Before ageing, copper wires or rods are used to pierce the formed curds to distribute the mould (\"Penicillium roqueforti\") evenly through the cheese. The holes can still be seen when the",
"title": "Danish Blue Cheese"
},
{
"id": "10888549",
"text": "cheeses include the feta of Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego of Spain; Serra da Estrela from Portugal; pecorino Romano (the Italian word for sheep is \"pecora\"), pecorino Sardo, and ricotta of Italy; Pag cheese of Croatia; Ġbejna of Malta; and Gomolya of Hungary; and Bryndza (\"Slovenská bryndza\" from Slovakia, brânza de burduf from Romania and \"Bryndza Podhalańska\" from Poland). Yogurts, especially some forms of strained yogurt, may also be made from sheep's milk. Milk composition analysis, per 100 grams: Sheep milk is extremely high in fat and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared to other milk producing species. There is also",
"title": "Sheep milk"
},
{
"id": "1452186",
"text": "tariff on the cheese, apparently the highest level by far of any in the package of tariffs placed on dozens of European luxury goods in response to a European ban on hormone-treated US beef. The tariff was suspended several months later as the US and EU settled the dispute. Roquefort is at its best between April and October, consumed after a five-month ripening period. The regional cuisine in and around Aveyron includes many Roquefort-based recipes for main-course meat sauces, savory tarts and quiches, pies, and fillings. Before Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, it was common in country districts for shepherds to",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "3643774",
"text": "cheese that originated subsequently, such as the 20th century Danablu and Cambozola, were an attempt to fill the demand for Roquefort-style cheeses that were prohibitive due to either cost or politics. Similarly to other varieties of cheese, the process of making blue cheese consists of six standard steps, as well as further additions that give this blue-veined cheese its unique properties. The first step is acidification where a starter culture is added to milk in order to change lactose to lactic acid, thus changing the acidity of the milk and turning it from liquid to solid. The next step is",
"title": "Blue cheese"
},
{
"id": "4786026",
"text": "but attempts to manufacture a similar cheese in the United States had thus far been unsuccessful. Difficulties encountered in making these types of cheeses produced a less than satisfactory product, and quality control would have been disastrous. \"During the Second World War, [the] university patented the homogenisation of cheese milk and attempted to have charges levied on Danish cheese produced using homogenised milk. Their attempts failed, as it could be proved that this method had been introduced 20 years earlier in Denmark by Marius Boe.\" The problems encountered with producing Roquefort type cheeses in the United States for distribution were",
"title": "Maytag Blue cheese"
},
{
"id": "8044184",
"text": "Blue, is now also being made in the county of Shropshire in a small artisan dairy. Ludlow Blue uses carotene as a colouring agent rather than annatto, which makes the colour more yellow. Shropshire Blue is a blue cheese made from pasteurized cows' milk and uses vegetable rennet. The orange colour comes from the addition of annatto, a natural food colouring. \"Penicillium roqueforti\" produces the veining. The cheese has a deep orange-brown, natural rind and matures for a period of 10–12 weeks with a fat content of about 48 per cent. Made in a similar way to Stilton, it is",
"title": "Shropshire Blue"
},
{
"id": "10963787",
"text": "had a family home in the nearby Durzon valley. The local economy is characterised by traditional agriculture based on sheep farming for the production of roquefort, pérail and tome cheeses, and for the production of calves and lambs intended for fattening. There is some diversification towards aquaculture, beekeeping, the production of firewood and rural tourism. Local farmers sell their produce in the open air market in the village. (The market hall is currently occupied by the terrace of a café). Merchants selling other food items also attend the market. A market exclusively for farmers is being planned. Leisure activities also",
"title": "Nant, Aveyron"
},
{
"id": "8116560",
"text": "cheeses are shipped to the maturing cellar. Upon arriving at the maturing cellar, the cheeses are then brushed or washed and wiped. They are then perforated: this operation promotes internal ventilation of the cheese and allows harmonious development of mold. The cheese is then stored on racks in cellars naturally temperature controlled by fleurine. Between production and refinement, preparation should take at least 70 days. Before selling, refrigeration is not part of the refinement. Bleu des Causses Bleu des Causses is a French blue cheese made from cow's milk. It is considered a mild variant of Roquefort. The cheese has",
"title": "Bleu des Causses"
},
{
"id": "10403104",
"text": "slaughter, and thus cheese made with animal-derived rennet, is not vegetarian. Most widely available vegetarian cheeses are made using rennet produced by fermentation of the fungus \"Mucor miehei\". Vegans and other dairy-avoiding vegetarians do not eat conventional cheese, but some vegetable-based cheese substitutes (soy or almond) are used as substitutes. Even in cultures with long cheese traditions, consumers may perceive some cheeses that are especially pungent-smelling, or mold-bearing varieties such as Limburger or Roquefort, as unpalatable. Such cheeses are an acquired taste because they are processed using molds or microbiological cultures, allowing odor and flavor molecules to resemble those in",
"title": "Cheese"
},
{
"id": "10963798",
"text": "working residents commute into Millau. On the Causse du Larzac, the villagers of Pierrefiche were shepherds, bringing their ewes' milk to the village dairy to make cheese for the world-famous Roquefort. Until recently there were two flocks of 50 & 200 ewes. The droughts of 2004 have reduced this to one. The sheepskin & fleeces went to Millau for the world-leading glove industry. The castle was the western defence of the formerly heavily guarded Dourbie valley, which was a rich agricultural area in the Middle Ages. Old vine terraces can still be seen lining the deep chasm cut by the",
"title": "La Roque-Sainte-Marguerite"
},
{
"id": "9396956",
"text": "Fourme d'Ambert Fourme d'Ambert is a semi-hard French blue cheese. One of France's oldest cheeses, it dates from as far back as Roman times. It is made from raw cow's milk from the Auvergne region of France, with a distinct, narrow cylindrical shape. The semi-hard cheese is inoculated with \"Penicillium roqueforti\" spores and aged for at least 28 days. Almost identical to Fourme de Montbrison, the two were protected by the same AOC from 1972 until 2002 when each was recognized as its own cheese with slight differences in manufacture. A likeness of the cheese can be found sculpted above",
"title": "Fourme d'Ambert"
},
{
"id": "18539165",
"text": "structural integrity of the sandstone’s arch-shaped natural caverns made construction possible of more extensive caves to age beer and cheese. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of American cheese makers developed versions of “foreign type” cheeses with Edam, Gouda, and Swiss the leading varieties. The City of Monroe, Wisconsin became known as the “Swiss cheese capital of America.” Because of World War I's impact on French cheese imports, the U.S. Department of Agriculture conducted research to make a cow’s milk “Roquefort” cheese in Pennsylvania. But not until the 1920s, did serious investigation begin that linked cow’s",
"title": "Caves of Faribault"
},
{
"id": "20288748",
"text": "Schuman Cheese Schuman Cheese, previously known as Arthur Schuman Inc, is the largest US importer of Italian cheeses. Schuman Cheese was set up by Arthur Schuman, in 1945 as a family business with his sons Jerome and Howard. A year later the New York based cheese importing company became Arthur Schuman, Inc. In 1948, a relationship with Argentina was established for importing South American cheeses. In 1956 the company became Roquefort Cheese’s sole agent. The company has since then also acquired Grater Inc., Lake Country Dairy, Madison Cheese, Robin Packing, Polser, Imperia Foods, and a Blue Cheese production factory in",
"title": "Schuman Cheese"
},
{
"id": "909637",
"text": "being abolished to realign the new bishoprics to coincide with the new departments, such as Cantal, where outsider parish priest Anne-Alexandre-Marie Thibault was elected Bishop. It was formally abolished in turn after the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 (Thibault refusing to resign), in favor of the reinstated bishopric of Saint Poul, but actually retained the departemental borders. The climate being generally too cool and damp for grain, much of Cantal is given over to pasture for Aubrac and Salers cattle, sheep, and, formerly, horses. This in turn supports a dairy industry responsible for butter and Roquefort cheese and the appellation-controlled cheeses",
"title": "Cantal"
},
{
"id": "10963789",
"text": "L'Hospitalet-du-Larzac L'Hospitalet-du-Larzac is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France, part of the southern Massif central, incorporating part of the Larzac plateau. The economy is agricultural, notably dairy produce (Roquefort cheese), but also beef and mutton production, and rural tourism. L'Hospitalet-du-Larzac is the site of discovery of one of the longest and most important inscriptions in the Gaulish language, a lead curse tablet (found in 1983). The commune is named for a historical hospital founded by vicount Millau Gilbert (or Guibert) in 1108. It was owned by Cassan Abbey from 1174 to 1789.The parish church was at Saint-Étienne-du-Larzac,",
"title": "L'Hospitalet-du-Larzac"
},
{
"id": "3643778",
"text": "of blue veins. The distinctive flavor and aroma of blue cheese arises from methyl ketones (including 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, and 2-nonanone) which are a metabolic product of \"Penicillium roqueforti\". These compounds are not formed in other types of cheese fermented by bacterial acidification alone. In the European Union, many blue cheeses, such as Cabrales, Danablu, Gorgonzola, Roquefort and Blue Stilton, carry a protected designation of origin, meaning they can bear the name only if they have been made in a particular region. Similarly, individual countries have protections of their own such as France's Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée and Italy's Denominazione di Origine",
"title": "Blue cheese"
},
{
"id": "9543381",
"text": "to the subprime mortgage crisis and resulting Great Recession, which resulted in households switching from adding debt to paying it down, a headwind to the economy for several years thereafter. Developing countries blamed the US and the EU for stagnated negotiations since both maintain protectionist policies in agriculture. While generally favoring free trade, Bush has also occasionally supported protectionist measures, notably the 2002 United States steel tariff early in his term. Bush also implemented a 300% tax on Roquefort cheese from France in retaliation for a European Union ban on hormone-treated beef common in the American beef industry. George W.",
"title": "Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration"
},
{
"id": "11490266",
"text": "Pouget. The economy is rural and traditionally was based on the raising of sheep to produce milk for sheep cheeses such as Roquefort. The agriculture has diversified into the raising of veal calves. The Tarn has been dammed there and electricity is generated by two Kaplan turbines producing 27 KW. Adjacent to the Barrage du Truel at 275 metres, is the Le Pouget power station. It is powered by waters from the Lévézou plateau delivered by penstocks from the Lac de Villefranche-de-Panat and the Lac de Saint-Amans both at 727 m. Le Pouget delivers 440 MW. Le Truel Le Truel",
"title": "Le Truel"
},
{
"id": "4786025",
"text": "of the Maytag founder. The farm has survived without advertising or a sales staff. In February 2016 Maytag issued three recalls with the FDA for possible contamination with Listeria monocytogenes, and subsequently stopped production and shipping for several months. In November 2016 operations resumed and a new fall catalog was issued. As of September, 2017, sales have resumed. The process for making Maytag Blue Cheese was discovered and patented in the United States by two Iowa State University microbiologists, Clarence Lane and Bernard W. Hammer. Roquefort, another type of blue cheese, had been made for hundreds of years in Europe,",
"title": "Maytag Blue cheese"
},
{
"id": "777723",
"text": "an enormous success. When the 2005 full-length Wallace and Gromit film, \"\", was released, sales of Wensleydale cheeses increased by 23%. Wensleydale cheese Wensleydale is a style of cheese originally produced in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England, but now mostly made in large commercial creameries throughout the UK. The term \"Yorkshire Wensleydale\" can only be used for cheese that is made in Wensleydale. Wensleydale is a cheddar-like cheese with a supple, crumbly, moist texture and resembles a young Caerphilly. The flavour suggests wild honey balanced with fresh acidity. Wensleydale cheese was first made by French Cistercian monks from the Roquefort region,",
"title": "Wensleydale cheese"
},
{
"id": "7462489",
"text": "case. After the Imported Food Inspection Program (IFIP) refused to test the cheese for compliance, Studd appealed to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. It took 21 months before the court reached a decision, but during the delay Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) changed the dairy regulations to allow the production and sale of hard cooked cheeses made from raw milk. (Amendment P 296) The court upheld the ban on Roquefort and it was subsequently buried in a public tip. Two years later FSANZ also granted a special exemption for the sale of Roquefort in Australia (Amendment A 499) after an",
"title": "Will Studd"
},
{
"id": "11212448",
"text": "then turned by hand, ninety degrees at a time, over a period of twelve hours. The cheese is injected with \"penicillium roqueforti\" spores, and later injected with air to form pockets in the pâte to encourage spore development. The cheese must be aged for at least 28 days, though more often it is left for around 8 weeks. Around of milk are used to make each cheese. By regulation the cheese may only be manufactured in any of 33 \"communes\" of the Monts du Forez in the departments of Puy-de-Dôme and Loire. The finished cheese is a minimum of 50%",
"title": "Fourme de Montbrison"
},
{
"id": "6159261",
"text": "be one of the most common spoilage molds of silage. It is also one of several different moulds that can spoil bread. The chief industrial use of this species is the production of blue cheeses, such as its namesake Roquefort, Bleu de Bresse, Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage, Brebiblu, Cabrales, Cambozola (Blue Brie), Cashel Blue, Danish blue, polish Rokpol made from cow's milk, Fourme d'Ambert, Fourme de Montbrison, Lanark Blue, Shropshire Blue, and Stilton, and some varieties of Bleu d'Auvergne and Gorgonzola. (Other blue cheeses, including Bleu de Gex and Rochebaron, use \"Penicillium glaucum\".) Strains of the microorganism are also used to",
"title": "Penicillium roqueforti"
},
{
"id": "6159257",
"text": "Penicillium roqueforti Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus in the genus \"Penicillium\". Widespread in nature, it can be isolated from soil, decaying organic matter, and plants. The major industrial use of this fungus is the production of blue cheeses, flavouring agents, antifungals, polysaccharides, proteases, and other enzymes. The fungus has been a constituent of Roquefort, Stilton, Danish blue, Cabrales, Gorgonzola, and other blue cheeses that humans are known to have eaten since around AD 50; blue cheese is mentioned in literature as far back as AD 79, when Pliny the Elder remarked upon its rich flavour. First described by",
"title": "Penicillium roqueforti"
},
{
"id": "777713",
"text": "Wensleydale cheese Wensleydale is a style of cheese originally produced in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England, but now mostly made in large commercial creameries throughout the UK. The term \"Yorkshire Wensleydale\" can only be used for cheese that is made in Wensleydale. Wensleydale is a cheddar-like cheese with a supple, crumbly, moist texture and resembles a young Caerphilly. The flavour suggests wild honey balanced with fresh acidity. Wensleydale cheese was first made by French Cistercian monks from the Roquefort region, who had settled in Wensleydale. They built a monastery at Fors, but some years later the monks moved to Jervaulx in",
"title": "Wensleydale cheese"
},
{
"id": "19632259",
"text": "including delicacies like the chanterelle, cep, and truffle, while a few species are cultivated. Mould fungi provide the meaty (umami) flavour of fermented soybean products such as tempeh, miso and soy sauce, and contribute flavour and colour to blue cheeses including Roquefort and Stilton. Moulds also yield vegetarian meat substitutes like Quorn. Some fungi, especially the fly agaric and psilocybin mushrooms are used for the psychoactive drugs that they contain; these in particular are the focus of academic study in the field of ethnomycology. Fungi have appeared, too, from time to time, in literature and art. Fungi create harm by",
"title": "Human interactions with fungi"
},
{
"id": "7462490",
"text": "11-year ban. Studd lodged applications with FSANZ for similar exemptions for the production and sale of all European raw milk cheese in 2004 (A530/5310). After a delay of five years FSANZ finally announced a review of the domestic regulations on the production and sale of raw milk cheese in Australia in 2009 (P1007) In 2008, the New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA) allowed the sale of Roquefort on the basis of the Australian report (A499). The following year they announced proposals to change the regulations on the production and sale of raw milk cheese in New Zealand, and proposals to",
"title": "Will Studd"
},
{
"id": "6084395",
"text": "It is generally ranked alongside Brie, Camembert, and Roquefort as one of the most popular cheeses in France. The cheese has been made in Normandy since at least the 12th century, and was allegedly first made by Cistercian monks who had settled west of Caen. Originally known as \"cherub\", it later took the name \"augelot\". Becoming popular across the country from the 16th century onwards, it then acquired the name of the village around which its production was centred. Pont-l'Évêque was recognised as an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) cheese on August 30, 1972, reaching full status in 1976. Its production",
"title": "Pont-l'Évêque cheese"
},
{
"id": "3194033",
"text": "the local cheese called Roquefort, in retaliation for the European Union refusing the import of US hormone treated meat. It was also an opportunity to protest against the spread of fast food, Americanization, and the spread of 'Genetically Modified Organisms/crops' (GMO). The McDonald's was soon rebuilt, and Bové spent a few weeks in jail. He is now representative at the European Parliament. The Millau Viaduct was completed in 2004, eliminating traffic jams in the town centre. The town is now a tourist centre with one of the largest touring campsites in central France, benefiting from the attraction of the landscapes",
"title": "Millau"
},
{
"id": "18351911",
"text": "for international cooking. However, there are seasonal Mexican specialties such as the wild mushrooms that fill stalls in July and August. Cheese specialties include those from Europe and South America as well as Mexico, with types such as Parmigiano-Reggiano, Roquefort, gruyere, goat manchego with red wine. Prepared items include processed meats, goose liver pate, canned items from Europe, various vinegars, fine Italian pasta and more. The market also carries pre Hispanic Mexican delicacies such as maguey larvae, escamoles, chicatanas (a kind of winged ant), snails and frogs, with clients coming from as far as Europe to buy them. A number",
"title": "San Juan Market, Mexico City"
},
{
"id": "3357925",
"text": "the use of heterofermentative bacteria is necessary to produce the compounds that give characteristic fruity flavours and, importantly, the gas that results in the formation of bubbles in the cheese ('eye holes'). Cheesemakers choose starter cultures to give a cheese its specific characteristics. Also, if the cheesemaker intends to make a mould-ripened cheese such as Stilton, Roquefort or Camembert, mould spores (fungal spores) may be added to the milk in the cheese vat or can be added later to the cheese curd. During the fermentation process, once the cheesemaker has gauged that sufficient lactic acid has been developed, rennet is",
"title": "Cheesemaking"
},
{
"id": "1964055",
"text": "such as Edam or Port-Salut. \"White Stilton\" has not had the \"Penicillium roqueforti\" mould introduced into it which would otherwise lead to the blue veining normally associated with Stilton. It is a crumbly, creamy, open textured cheese and is now extensively used as a base for blending with apricot, ginger and citrus or vine fruits to create unique dessert cheeses and has even been used as a flavouring for chocolate. Huntsman cheese is made with both Blue Stilton and Double Gloucester. A 2005 survey by the British Cheese Board reported that Stilton seemed to cause unusual dreams, with 75% of",
"title": "Stilton cheese"
},
{
"id": "6908623",
"text": "South Carolina ghost towns, or towns on the verge of being so, especially between Abbeville and McCormick, SC. The Belton route tracks are in 2006 still functional, at least in the Greenville area. The uncompleted Stumphouse Mountain Tunnel remains and was used for many years as an ideal place to make and store blue cheese by Clemson University (formerly Clemson College). This cheese is and was genuine Roquefort except for the place of origin. During World War I, a Clemson professor had obtained the native strain of spores of \"Penicillium roquefortii\" in Roquefort, France and thus began the Clemson Cheese",
"title": "Blue Ridge and Atlantic Railroad"
},
{
"id": "18802016",
"text": "primary source of income. This 1828 tariff was so unpopular that it played a significant role in the failure of John Quincy Adams' reelection bid in 1828. The Confederate Constitution prohibited protective tariffs but allowed tariffs for providing domestic revenue. In present day, the International Trade Commission reports over 12,000 specific tariffs on imports to the United States, including those on agricultural, textile, and manufactured items. Tobacco has a 350% tariff duty; unshelled peanuts have a 163.8% duty; European meats, truffles, and Roquefort cheese are tacked with a 100% tariff rate. Domestic sectors for these same products depend on tariffs",
"title": "Protective tariff"
},
{
"id": "4388519",
"text": "Roquefort made from sheep’s milk. The cheese plant and caves were completed a year later and the first wheels of Maytag Blue Cheese were formed in October 1941. The milk from Maytag's Iowa Holsteins resulted in a rich, creamy cheese that resembled the flavors of European bleu cheeses. Ever a visionary, Fred sold his cheese in a unique new way—by catalog—essentially creating the practice of mail-ordering food that thrives today. Fred’s son Fritz Maytag (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Maytag) assumed leadership in 1962 and led the small family company for the next 50 years. During these five decades, Fritz saved from bankruptcy and imminent",
"title": "Maytag Dairy Farms"
},
{
"id": "4169214",
"text": "the product is even bottled, and by a local expert who may well have ties to the local vintners. Even if the taster is objective, the wine sample may not be representative of the actual product, and there is almost no way to verify that the finished bottled product is the same as the original AOC sample. In 1925, Roquefort became the first cheese to be awarded an AOC label, and since then over 40 cheeses have been assigned AOC status. On August 15, 1957, the National Assembly gave AOC status to the poultry of Bresse (Poulet de Bresse). In",
"title": "Appellation d'origine contrôlée"
},
{
"id": "16562907",
"text": "local markets. A few concerts were organised, such as that by Graeme Allwright in 1973. Allwright later wrote a song entitled \"Larzac 1975\". Even José Bové referred to those rallies with some pride as \"the French Woodstock\", but he also recognised that the overall effect on public relations was decidedly mixed. More ingenious tactics were soon put in play. On 25 October 1974, a flock of 60 sheep were transported to Paris and set to grazing on the Champ de Mars, right under the Eiffel Tower. To inquiring gendarmes, the shepherds explained that it was publicity for Roquefort cheese. Earlier,",
"title": "Fight for the Larzac"
},
{
"id": "11868999",
"text": "by white and crusty brown molds. Their texture can be soft or firm. Some of the most renowned cheeses are of this type, each with its own distinctive color, flavor, texture and aroma. They include Roquefort, Gorgonzola and Stilton. Brined or pickled cheese is matured in a solution of brine in an airtight or semi-permeable container. This process gives the cheese good stability, inhibiting bacterial growth even in hot countries. Brined cheeses may be soft or hard, varying in moisture content, and in colour and flavour, according to the type of milk used; though all will be rindless, and generally",
"title": "Types of cheese"
},
{
"id": "11483230",
"text": "Rove goat The Rove is a breed of goat first domesticated in France. The breed was previously considered endangered, but as of 2003, more than 5000 registered Roves are on French farms. The goat was originally bred for meat, but because the current French market for goat meat is poor, farmers have begun to use the Rove for dairying, instead. The Rove goat is from Le Rove, a small village near Marseille that gave it its name. The Rove goat is primarily characterized by its long, twisted horns; they can reach nearly 4 ft in length. The goats have a",
"title": "Rove goat"
},
{
"id": "1452184",
"text": "produced throughout the \"département\" of Aveyron and part of the nearby \"départements\" of Aude, Lozère, Gard, Hérault and Tarn. , there are seven Roquefort producers. The largest by far is Roquefort Société made by the \"Société des Caves de Roquefort\" (a subsidiary of Lactalis), which holds several caves and opens its facilities to tourists, and accounts for around 60% of all production. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers, each holding only one cave, are Carles, Gabriel Coulet, Fromageries occitanes, Vernières and Le Vieux Berger. Around three million cheeses were made in 2005 (18,830 tons) making",
"title": "Roquefort"
},
{
"id": "14943437",
"text": "\"100 Great Breads\" as the \"Top Bread and Pastry Book\" for that year. In 2008, Hollywood created an almond and roquefort sourdough recipe that was said to be the most expensive bread in Britain. The roquefort is supplied from a specialist in France at £15 per kilo, while the flour for the bread is made by a miller in Wiltshire. Hollywood describes it as a \"Rolls-Royce of loaves\". Hollywood is a guest speaker at several food festivals, including the Cumbrian Food Festival, and the BBC Good Food Show and the Cake and Bake Show, both in London. In May 2013,",
"title": "Paul Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "2925336",
"text": "vat pasteurization. Advocates of low-temperature vat pasteurization note that it produces a product similar to raw milk in composition. Alongside the ongoing empirical debate, food freedom advocates cite libertarian arguments in claiming a basic civil right of each person to weigh the risks and benefits in choosing the food one eats. The sale of raw milk for drinking purposes is illegal in all states and territories in Australia, as is all raw milk cheese. This has been circumvented somewhat by selling raw milk as \"bath milk\". An exception to the cheese rule has been made recently for two Roquefort cheeses.",
"title": "Raw milk"
},
{
"id": "14138611",
"text": "throughout the autonomous community, with about 75% of the population concentrated in Lugo. It is found particularly at altitudes above about in the mountainous areas in the northern part of the province, including the , the , and the . The Rubia Gallega is primarily a beef cattle breed. The milk is used in the production of Tetilla cheese, which has had Denominación de Origen certification since 1993 and European DOP certification since 1996. The Rubia Gallega has a tranquil temperament and is suitable for draught work; however, it is slow in comparison to oxen of other breeds. Rubia Gallega",
"title": "Rubia Gallega"
},
{
"id": "6159258",
"text": "American mycologist Charles Thom in 1906, \"P. roqueforti\" was initially a heterogeneous species of blue-green, sporulating fungi. They were grouped into different species based on phenotypic differences, but later combined into one species by Kenneth B. Raper and Thom (1949). The \"P. roqueforti\" group got a reclassification in 1996 due to molecular analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences. Formerly divided into two varieties ― cheese-making (\"P. roqueforti\" var. \"roqueforti\") and patulin-making (\"P. roqueforti\" var. \"carneum\") ― \"P. roqueforti\" was reclassified into three species: \"P. roqueforti\", \"P. carneum\", and \"P. paneum\". The complete genome sequence of \"P. roqueforti\" was published in 2014.",
"title": "Penicillium roqueforti"
},
{
"id": "6807056",
"text": "1998, the WTO adjudicating bodies admitted USA and Canada claims and invited the EU to bring the directives into conformity with WTO law before end of May 1999. EU did not comply and the DSB authorized the USA and Canada to take countermeasures against the EU. The countermeasures took the form of increased custom duties applied by the USA and Canada on certain EU products, including the notorious Roquefort cheese. In 2004, while the ban on hormone-treated meat was still in place, the EU initiated before the DSB new proceedings seeking the lifting of the countermeasures applied by the USA",
"title": "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures"
},
{
"id": "2768360",
"text": "15th centuries sheep raising was the predominant agricultural activity in the Asiago plateau – which was known for its pastures – the purpose of which was the production of savory cheeses (originally called \"Pegorin\"), and wool production, destined for the textile works of the near valley (Valdagno, Schio, Piovene Rocchette). Sheep started being replaced by cattle around 1500 a.d. as a consequence of the modernization of breeding techniques (especially thanks to the passage from the exploitation of the pasture to the care of the cut lawns); only in the 19th Century bovine milk replaced that of sheep in this region's",
"title": "Asiago cheese"
},
{
"id": "3643776",
"text": "step is ripening the cheese by aging it. The temperature and the level of humidity in the room where the cheese is aging is monitored to ensure the cheese does not spoil or lose its optimal flavor and texture. Blue cheese undergoes the aforementioned steps with an added twist that gives it its unique look of blue streaks found all throughout. The blue veins are a result of adding the molds \"Penicillium roqueforti\" and \"Penicillium glaucum\" to the cheesemaking process, often introduced after the curds have been ladled into containers in order to be drained and formed into a full",
"title": "Blue cheese"
},
{
"id": "792518",
"text": "imprisoned for 44 days and released early on 1 August 2002. Later, the European Union imposed restrictions on importing hormone-treated beef (see Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement). However, the World Trade Organization, of which both the US and France are members, disallowed this restriction. After the EU refused to comply and remove the restrictions, the United States placed punitive tariffs on the importation of certain European goods, including Roquefort cheese, in retaliation. During an interview by Lynn Jeffress for \"Z\" magazine in June 2001, Bové explained why he destroyed the McDonald's, saying: \"This is a fight against free trade global capitalism.",
"title": "José Bové"
},
{
"id": "11489877",
"text": "it became state run in 1905 and closed in 1960. It was demolished and is now the site of the Gendarmerie. Electricity generation started here around 1900, La Jourdanie commenced in 1932. The vineyards were badly affected by phylloxera and the hard winter of 1956. The population peaked around 1886 with 2067 inhabitants. Through rural de-population it was down to 1316 in 1945. In the past the soil has been exploited by the peasant farmers for all types of crop, today it is principally used as pasture for milking sheep for the cheese producers in Roquefort and for vineyards for",
"title": "Broquiès"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Lacaune sheep context: Roquefort is a blue cheese that is usually made from the unpasteurized milk of Lacaune sheep. The semi-soft cheese usually has a creamy and crumbly texture. Lacaune sheep The Lacaune is a breed of domestic sheep originating near Lacaune in southern France. The native region of these sheep is the Tarn and Aveyron departments and surrounding areas. This region is collectively known as the \"Roquefort Sector\" which references the milk collection area. The Lacaune is the most widely used dairying sheep breed in France, with a population of about 800,000 ewes. Notably, it is the predominant breed used in the\n\nWhat animal is the source of the milk used in making Roquefort cheese?",
"compressed_tokens": 203,
"origin_tokens": 203,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Lacaune sheep context: that programs became so successful was the intense decrease in the cost of genotyping and sequencing the genome in animals. This information is very useful in selecting for physical traits as well as other traits such as scrapie resistance. The milk of the Lacaune is described usually as wholesome with a high butterfat and protein content and rich flavour. The butterfat content of the milk makes it good for producing many different types of cheese. The main use of the Lacaune sheep is for production of Roquefort cheese. Theirs is the only milk is used to produce the cheese.\n\ntitle: Roquefort context: consumed by theold. interior of the bread was then dried produce a powder times, the m can laboratory which allows for greater consistency. The mold may either be added to the curd or introduced aserosol poked in the rind. Roquefort is made entirely from the milk of the Laca breed of sheep Prior toOC reg of 1925, a small amount of cow’s or goat’s milk was sometimes added. total around of milk is required to one kilogram of Roquefort The cheese is\n\ntitle: Penicillium roquei context: Americanist Charles Thom 16 \" roqueforti initially heter species of-, spulating fungi. They grouped into species onyp differences, later combined species Kenneth. R and Thom1). The \" roqueforti group reclassification19 due molecular analysis ribosomal DNAer divided two vari ―- (\" rofort \"roquefort\") and-making (\"P roforti\".\") . rofort\" was reclass three species \" roque\", \"P. car\",P pane\". gen \". roquefort\" 2.\n: Lacaune sheep is that usually the un of.une sheep The isacaune in southern France. The native region of these sheep is the Tarn and Aveyron departments and surrounding areas. This region is collectively known as the \"Roquefort Sector\" which references the milk collection area. The Lacaune is the most widely used dairying sheep breed in France, with a population of about 800,000 ewes. Notably, it is the predominant breed used in the\n\nWhat animal is the source of the milk used in making Roquefort cheese?",
"compressed_tokens": 510,
"origin_tokens": 15054,
"ratio": "29.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
138 | How did the manufacturers of Old Grand-Dad bourbon get away with producing their whisky during Prohibition? | [
"The marked the bottles for medicinal purposes"
] | The marked the bottles for medicinal purposes | [
{
"id": "13528479",
"text": "Old Forester Old Forester is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey produced by the Brown-Forman Corporation. It is officially the longest running Bourbon on the market today (approximately 145 years as of 2016), and was the first bourbon sold exclusively in sealed bottles. It was first bottled and marketed in 1870 by the former pharmaceutical salesman turned bourbon-merchant George Garvin Brown – the founder of the Brown-Forman Corporation (whose descendants still manage the company). During the Prohibition period from 1920 to 1933, it was one of only 10 brands authorized for lawful production (for medicinal purposes). Old Forester is",
"title": "Old Forester"
},
{
"id": "13528486",
"text": "Old Forester Old Forester is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey produced by the Brown-Forman Corporation. It is officially the longest running Bourbon on the market today (approximately 145 years as of 2016), and was the first bourbon sold exclusively in sealed bottles. It was first bottled and marketed in 1870 by the former pharmaceutical salesman turned bourbon-merchant George Garvin Brown – the founder of the Brown-Forman Corporation (whose descendants still manage the company). During the Prohibition period from 1920 to 1933, it was one of only 10 brands authorized for lawful production (for medicinal purposes). Old Forester is",
"title": "Old Forester"
},
{
"id": "11481062",
"text": "Old Fitzgerald Old Fitzgerald is a brand of wheated bourbon distilled in Louisville, Kentucky by Heaven Hill Distilleries, Inc. Old Fitzgerald was first produced in 1870 for rail and steamship lines and private clubs located primarily in the south by John E. Fitzgerald in Frankfort, Kentucky. Around 1900, \"Old Fitz\" was released to the public in America and Europe. It was one of the few distilled using the pot still method, and continued to do so until around 1913. During Prohibition, Old Fitzgerald was one of a select few to distill under government supervision for the national medicinal trade, it",
"title": "Old Fitzgerald"
},
{
"id": "10964567",
"text": "whiskey has been in production since that time despite several changes of ownership. In 1899, Old Grand-Dad was sold to the Wathen family, whose broad interests in the whiskey business later formed the American Medicinal Spirits Company and the foundations of National Distillers Group. During prohibition, the company produced \"medicinal whiskey\" for sick, blind, and lame patients. National Distillers had facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio and Frankfort, Kentucky, and also produced Old Crow, Old Overholt and Old Taylor. In 1987, National Distillers Group sold the spirits business to the Fortune Brands holding company, which became Beam Inc. Today, Old Grand-Dad is",
"title": "Old Grand-Dad"
},
{
"id": "552322",
"text": "distilleries operated there between 1919, when Prohibition began in Kentucky, and late 2014, when a small distillery opened – a period of 95 years. Prohibition was devastating to the bourbon industry. With the ratification of the 18th amendment in 1919, all distilleries were forced to stop operating, although a few were granted permits to bottle existing stocks of medicinal whiskey. Later, a few were allowed to resume production when the stocks ran out. Distilleries that were granted permits to produce or bottle medicinal whiskey included Brown-Forman, Frankfort Distillery, James Thompson and Brothers, American Medical Spirits, the Schenley Distillery (modern-day Buffalo",
"title": "Bourbon whiskey"
},
{
"id": "3436022",
"text": "Jim Beam Jim Beam is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky, by Beam Suntory, a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. It is one of the best-selling brands of bourbon in the world. Since 1795 (interrupted by Prohibition), seven generations of the Beam family have been involved in whiskey production for the company that produces the brand, which was given the name \"Jim Beam\" in 1933 in honor of James B. Beam, who rebuilt the business after Prohibition ended. Previously produced by the Beam family and later owned by the Fortune Brands holding company, the brand",
"title": "Jim Beam"
},
{
"id": "3436038",
"text": "2009. Jim Beam Jim Beam is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky, by Beam Suntory, a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. It is one of the best-selling brands of bourbon in the world. Since 1795 (interrupted by Prohibition), seven generations of the Beam family have been involved in whiskey production for the company that produces the brand, which was given the name \"Jim Beam\" in 1933 in honor of James B. Beam, who rebuilt the business after Prohibition ended. Previously produced by the Beam family and later owned by the Fortune Brands holding company, the",
"title": "Jim Beam"
},
{
"id": "944133",
"text": "name. Except for a few distilleries that were authorized to produce it for medicinal purposes, the bourbon industry was wiped out in 1919 when Prohibition took effect. Kentucky adopted prohibition a year earlier than the national prohibition. Within the boundaries of Bourbon County as it stands today there were, by some counts, 26 distilleries. All of these were shut down in 1919, and no distilleries resumed operation there until late 2014 – a period of 95 years. At present, alcohol production and sales in Kentucky are regulated by a patchwork of laws which the Kentucky Supreme Court called a \"maze",
"title": "Bourbon County, Kentucky"
},
{
"id": "4930296",
"text": "in the world. The company innovated the use of refrigeration in rail cars to transport its beers, which helped make bottled Budweiser the first national beer brand in the United States. On January 16, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted into law, creating the Prohibition era, wherein the production, sale and transportation of alcoholic beverages was made illegal. All legal American brewing came to a halt when prohibition was imposed, though the earlier temperance movement had already reduced the number of breweries significantly. Only a few breweries, mainly the largest, were able to stay in",
"title": "Beer in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13924636",
"text": "the Norwegian Vinmonopolet and the Swedish Systembolaget (though in Sweden the limit for allowed ABV in supermarkets is 3.5%. In the United States, there was an attempt from 1919 to 1933 to eliminate the drinking of alcoholic beverages by means of a national prohibition of their manufacture and sale. This period became known as the \"Prohibition era\". During this time, the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States made the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages illegal throughout the United States. Prohibition led to the unintended consequence of causing widespread disrespect for the law, as many people",
"title": "Alcohol law"
},
{
"id": "279780",
"text": "State Road A1A, as the other. The two straights were connected by two tight, deeply rutted and sand covered turns at each end. Stock car racing in the United States has its origins in bootlegging during Prohibition, when drivers ran bootleg whiskey made primarily in the Appalachian region of the United States. Bootleggers needed to distribute their illicit products, and they typically used small, fast vehicles to better evade the police. Many of the drivers would modify their cars for speed and handling, as well as increased cargo capacity, and some of them came to love the fast-paced driving down",
"title": "NASCAR"
},
{
"id": "335132",
"text": "town of Gore (not coincidentally, the nearest large town to Invercargill). Even today, the term \"Hokonui\" conjures up images of illicit whisky to many New Zealanders. In many countries in Latin America, the Philippines, Turkey and several US states, the sale but not the consumption of alcohol is prohibited before and during elections. Prohibition Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The word is also used to refer to a",
"title": "Prohibition"
},
{
"id": "8218264",
"text": "regulated criteria for straight whiskey. The Early Times Whisky brand production started at Early Times Station, Kentucky. The Kentucky water surrounding the \"Station\" was used for making the whiskey. The water naturally filtered through limestone springs. Early Times was not popular until 1920 when Congress passed the Volstead Act and Prohibition began. The brand prospered due to its maker having a license to continue production. The Brown-Forman Company acquired the Early Times brand in 1923, and over the next 30 years made Early Times the best-selling whisky in the country. Today the brand is sold in over 40 countries. It",
"title": "Early Times"
},
{
"id": "20239048",
"text": "prohibition by the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment the Stitzel–Weller Distillery was built by Julian Van Winkle Sr., along with Alex T. Farnsley, and Arthur Phillip Stitzel. The facility opened on Derby Day in 1935, and became popularly known as the Old Fitzgerald Distillery, after the main brand of bourbon it produced, which it acquired from the Old Judge Distillery located west of Frankfort, Kentucky in 1933. The site was chosen so as to be outside of the city limits and therefore avoid taxes, and because of the quality of water at the location. Outside, the owners displayed a sign",
"title": "Stitzel–Weller Distillery"
},
{
"id": "335125",
"text": "of liquor to over 10,000 speakeasies, but he also controlled the supply from Canada to Florida. Capone was imprisoned in 1929 for tax violations and died January 25, 1947, from a heart attack, pneumonia, and syphilis. In Venezuela, twenty-four hours before every election, the government prohibits the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages throughout the national territory, including the restriction to all dealers, liquor stores, supermarkets, restaurants, wineries, pubs, bars, public entertainment, clubs and any establishment that markets alcoholic beverages. This is done to prevent violent alcohol-induced confrontations because of the high political polarization. The same is done during Holy",
"title": "Prohibition"
},
{
"id": "14536926",
"text": "Seagram's Distillery The Seagram's Distillery (also known as the Calvert Distillery) is a historic building complex in Louisville, Kentucky on Seventh Street Road. It was originally constructed between 1933 and 1936 for the production of bourbon whiskey by Distillers Corporation Limited, who acquired Joseph E. Seagram & Sons (later renamed to The Seagram Company Ltd.) in 1928. The Seagram company has since ceased operation, and its assets were acquired by other companies, notably The Coca-Cola Company, Diageo, and Pernod Ricard. Following the end of Prohibition in 1933, many distilleries began to reopen. New distilleries were constructed in an area southwest",
"title": "Seagram's Distillery"
},
{
"id": "2358288",
"text": "laws (including Tennessee's) remained in effect, thus preventing the Lynchburg distillery from reopening. Motlow, who had become a Tennessee state senator, led efforts to repeal these laws, which allowed production to restart in 1938. The five-year gap between national repeal and Tennessee repeal was commemorated in 2008 with a gift pack of two bottles, one for the 75th anniversary of the end of prohibition and a second commemorating the 70th anniversary of the reopening of the distillery. The Jack Daniel's distillery ceased operations from 1942 to 1946 when the U.S. government banned the manufacture of whiskey due to World War",
"title": "Jack Daniel's"
},
{
"id": "13258837",
"text": "the steps that should be avoided to prevent the juice from fermenting into wine. Some drugstores sold \"medical wine\" with around a 22% alcohol content. In order to justify the sale, the wine was given a medicinal taste. Home-distilled hard liquor was called bathtub gin in northern cities, and moonshine in rural areas of Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Homebrewing good hard liquor was easier than brewing good beer. Since selling privately distilled alcohol was illegal and bypassed government taxation, law enforcement officers relentlessly pursued manufacturers. In response, bootleggers modified their cars and trucks by enhancing",
"title": "Prohibition in the United States"
},
{
"id": "14219250",
"text": "the manufacture of non-intoxicating cider and fruit juices for home use, as well as permitting households to ferment wine for private consumption; and it allowed the sale of alcoholic beverages for medicinal, sacramental, and industrial purposes. The Volstead Act allowed breweries to produce \"near beer\" with an alcohol content of up to 0.5%. To make the near beer, distilleries produced beer and then let it sit to allow most of its alcoholic content to evaporate. This allowed breweries to produce virtually unlimited amounts of beer. Even though Ontario had their own prohibition, called the Temperance Act, which lasted from 1919",
"title": "Rum-running in Windsor, Ontario"
},
{
"id": "10964566",
"text": "Old Grand-Dad Old Grand-Dad is a brand of bourbon whiskey distilled at the Jim Beam Plant in Clermont, Kentucky. The brand was created by Raymond B. Hayden and named after his grandfather Basil Hayden, Sr., who was a well known distiller during his lifetime. A fanciful portrait of Hayden Sr. is depicted on the front of each bottle. Today, it is owned and produced by Beam Suntory. , Old Grand-Dad and Old Overholt – both of which are Beam Suntory brands – are marketed together as \"The Olds\". The Hayden family's first commercial distillery was created in 1840, and the",
"title": "Old Grand-Dad"
},
{
"id": "6061309",
"text": "Missouri was the United States' second largest producer of wine. In 1920, Missouri had more than 100 wineries. Because of Prohibition all wineries were shut down, with one exception: Saint Stanislaus Seminary in Florissant was allowed to continue making sacramental wine. Prohibition lasted until 1933 and ended the Missouri wine industry. Vineyards were either pulled up and used for other purposes or left untended. Winery facilities were converted to serve other purposes or left to decay. Some wineries began producing again after Prohibition ended, but significant production did not begin until the 1960s and 1970s. This was when small winemakers",
"title": "Missouri Rhineland"
},
{
"id": "4228072",
"text": "time Dr. Crow undertook a series of activities that improved and codified the understanding and quality of key bourbon-making processes such as sour-mash fermentation, pot still distillation and barrel maturation. After Oscar Pepper died in 1867 the distillery was passed to his son James E. Pepper. The Pepper family sold the property to Leopold Labrot and James Graham in 1878, who owned and operated it (except during Prohibition) until it was sold to the Brown-Forman Corporation in 1941. Brown-Forman operated it until the late 1960s, then sold the property and its accompanying acreage to a local farmer. Brown-Forman re-purchased the",
"title": "Woodford Reserve"
},
{
"id": "13258871",
"text": "by lower-quality vines that grew thicker-skinned grapes, which could be more easily transported. Much of the institutional knowledge was also lost as winemakers either emigrated to other wine producing countries or left the business altogether. Distilled spirits became more popular during Prohibition. Because of its higher alcohol content in comparison to fermented wine and beer, it became common to mix and dilute the hard alcohol. Prohibition in the United States Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933. During the nineteenth century, alcoholism, family",
"title": "Prohibition in the United States"
},
{
"id": "14033611",
"text": "still being utilized today is the usage of old abandoned mining tunnels. This idea is said to have started in the old mining caves in Tennessee soon after the civil war. Illegal distillers would use these caves because it provided adequate cover that protected them from being discovered by law enforcement officers. American moonshiners also preferred the use of caves due to the natural abundance of water that the caves provided; which is a key ingredient to moonshine. These caves were used to manufacture moonshine until well into the 20th century. During prohibition (which lasted from 1920 to 1933), the",
"title": "Moonshine by country"
},
{
"id": "9203231",
"text": "\"Pardon My Scotch\" was filmed on April 11-15, 1935, four months after the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution which ended the American experiment with Prohibition. This event is an integral part of the storyline, with the drugstore owner (Al Thompson) frantically attempting to lay in a stock of liquor in anticipation of the imminent end of Prohibition. The title \"Pardon My Scotch\" parodies the expression \"Pardon my French.\" The term \"Scotch\" for \"Scottish\" is now considered impolite, although \"Scotch\" as a type of whiskey is still acceptable. \"Pardon My Scotch\" is the first Stooge film",
"title": "Pardon My Scotch"
},
{
"id": "463390",
"text": "Congress. Prohibition began on January 16, 1920 (one year after ratification of the amendment); the manufacture, importation, sale, and transport of alcohol were prohibited, except for limited cases such as religious purposes (as with sacramental wine). But, the consumption of alcohol was never prohibited, and individuals could maintain a private stock that existed before Prohibition went into effect. Wilson moved his private supply of alcoholic beverages to the wine cellar of his Washington residence after his term of office ended. Wilson's position that nationwide Prohibition was unenforceable came to pass as a black market quickly developed to evade restrictions, and",
"title": "Woodrow Wilson"
},
{
"id": "17591670",
"text": "Old Pogue Old Pogue is a premium brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey. It is bottled a 45.5% abv (91 U.S. proof), with nine-year aging. The brand name is privately owned by members of the Pogue family. The Pogue brand has a history dating back to around 1869. Its original distillery was Kentucky registered distillery number 3, in Maysville, Kentucky. However, the brand's distillery was shut down by Prohibition. It was revived after 18 years and then shut down again during World War II. The brand was then off the market for about 60 years. The brand name was revived",
"title": "Old Pogue"
},
{
"id": "2358287",
"text": "trouble remembering the combination). But Daniel's modern biographer has asserted that this account is not true. Because of prohibition in Tennessee, the company shifted its distilling operations to St Louis, Missouri, and Birmingham, Alabama. None of the production from these locations was ever sold due to quality problems. The Alabama operation was halted following a similar statewide prohibition law in that state, and the St. Louis operation was halted by the onset of nationwide prohibition following passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1920. While the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933 repealed prohibition at the federal level, state prohibition",
"title": "Jack Daniel's"
},
{
"id": "1083051",
"text": "behind eastern and southern Jefferson County, with one of its few remaining large retail centers, the Dillard's on Dixie Highway (est. 1956), closing in 2007 due to slow sales at the location despite the chain's general profitability in the Louisville area. Shively continues to show its strong ties to the bourbon industry. It remains the site of one major operating distillery—Brown-Forman's Early Times distillery, which still produces historic brands including Early Times (first produced in 1860, and one of the few brands that was allowed to be produced during the Prohibition era—the best-selling whiskey in the country in the mid-1950s)",
"title": "Shively, Kentucky"
},
{
"id": "16261701",
"text": "was purchased by John Scalcucci. Scalcucci operated a grocery store on the first floor and lived on the second. The grocery is significant as the site of the February 1920 incident which touched off the \"Rum Rebellion.\" Even after the beginning of Prohibition, the Scalcucci family continued to produce wine, using a loophole in the Volstead Act that allowed them to the ill-defined \"non-intoxicating cider and fruit juice exclusively for home use.\" Local police disagreed with the Scalcucci's definition, and seized several barrels of wine stored in the Scalcucci basement. However, they had no warrant and Iron County State's Attorney",
"title": "Iron County MRA"
},
{
"id": "451836",
"text": "by the phylloxera pest that ruined much of the grape crop; as a result, whisky became the primary liquor in many markets. During the Prohibition era in the United States lasting from 1920 to 1933, all alcohol sales were banned in the country. The federal government made an exemption for whisky prescribed by a doctor and sold through licensed pharmacies. During this time, the Walgreens pharmacy chain grew from 20 retail stores to almost 400. A still for making whisky is usually made of copper, since it removes sulfur-based compounds from the alcohol that would make it unpleasant to drink.",
"title": "Whisky"
},
{
"id": "14614573",
"text": "each state went dry and any dates of repeal that do not coincide with the end of national prohibition in 1933. Dry state A dry state is a state in the United States in which the manufacture, distribution, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages are prohibited or tightly restricted. While some states, such as North Dakota, entered the United States as dry states, others went dry after passage of prohibition legislation. Currently, no state in the United States remains completely dry, but some states contain dry counties. Prior to the adoption of nationwide prohibition in 1920, state legislatures in the",
"title": "Dry state"
},
{
"id": "13258869",
"text": "non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption\", and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called \"wine bricks\" or \"wine blocks\". This demand led California grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a warning: \"After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine\". The Volstead Act allowed the sale of sacramental wine to priests and ministers, and",
"title": "Prohibition in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2401255",
"text": "position. A company which has become the sole supplier of a commodity through non-coercive means (such as by simply outcompeting all other firms), may theoretically then go on to become a coercive monopoly if it maintains its position by engaging in coercive \"barriers to entry.\" The most famous historical examples of this type of coercive monopoly began in 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect. This period, called Prohibition, presented lucrative opportunities for organized crime to take over the importation (\"bootlegging\"), manufacture, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Al Capone, one of the most famous",
"title": "Coercive monopoly"
},
{
"id": "13924633",
"text": "People trying to get around prohibition turn to smuggling of alcohol – known as bootlegging or rum-running – or make moonshine, a distilled beverage in an unlicensed still. Canada imposed prohibition at the beginning of the 20th century, but repealed it in the 1920s. In India, manufacture, sale or consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar, Gujarat, Manipur and Nagaland, as well as the union territory of Lakshadweep. Prohibition has become controversial in Gujarat, following a July 2009 episode in which widespread poisoning resulted from alcohol that had been sold illegally. All Indian states observe dry days",
"title": "Alcohol law"
},
{
"id": "20348574",
"text": "a return of 20% for a 60-day investment in off-shore whisky sales. This referred to the illicit sale of alcohol to the USA during the Prohibition Years. The scheme involved Hartwell buying consignments of whisky and transporting these across the Atlantic where they were to be sold off-shore to dealers who operated from smaller boats. Hartwell used the ocean going steam yacht \"Istar\", formerly named \"Nahma\", a luxury 300ft vessel originally built for the New York property millionaire, Robert Walton Goelet and used by the US Navy during WW1. Later under examination Hartwell said that he had made seven voyages,",
"title": "Brodrick C. D. A. Hartwell"
},
{
"id": "3019246",
"text": "whether the facilities being used qualify as a true laboratory. Ancient forms of clandestine chemistry included the manufacturing of explosives. Another old form of clandestine chemistry is the illegal brewing and distillation of alcohol. This is frequently done to avoid taxation on spirits. From 1919 to 1933, the United States prohibited the sale, manufacture, or transportation of alcoholic beverages. This opened a door for brewers to supply their own town with alcohol. Just like modern-day drug labs, distilleries were placed in rural areas. The term \"moonshine\" generally referred to \"corn whiskey\", that is, a whiskey-like liquor made from corn. Today,",
"title": "Clandestine chemistry"
},
{
"id": "3436024",
"text": "the family's bourbon during a time of industrial revolution. David M. Beam (1833–1913) in 1854 moved the distillery to Nelson County to capitalize on the growing network of railroad lines connecting states. James Beauregard Beam (1864–1947) managed the family business before and after Prohibition, rebuilding the distillery in 1933 in Clermont, Kentucky, near his Bardstown home. The James B. Beam Distilling Company was founded in 1935 by Harry L. Homel, Oliver Jacobson, Harry Blum, and Jeremiah Beam. From this point forward, the bourbon would be called \"Jim Beam Bourbon\" after James Beauregard Beam, and some of the bottle labels bear",
"title": "Jim Beam"
},
{
"id": "6681833",
"text": "Italian government in 1904. Fraud of a different nature occurred during prohibition in the United States, when wine production was illegal, as grape merchants would sell \"bricks\" of grape concentrate across the United States along with a packet of dried yeast. The bricks would come with a \"warning label\" cautioning people not to mix the contents of the brick, yeast, water, and sugar in a pot and then seal such pot for seven days, or else \"\"an illegal alcoholic beverage will result\"\". The practice of adding grape spirits to wine was once considered manipulative and fraudulent but today is accepted",
"title": "Wine fraud"
},
{
"id": "5784242",
"text": "Notably, in the Middle Ages, there are several accounts of gutted fruit being used to store liquor. During the 18th century, women boarding docked British warships would smuggle gin into the ship via makeshift flasks, created from pig's bladders and hidden inside their petticoats. Following the act of prohibition in 1920s America, the state of Indiana banned the sale of cocktail shakers and hip flasks. Antique hip flasks, particularly those made of silver, are now sought-after collector's items. In the Royal Air Force, “hip-flask” was used as code for a revolver. Carrying a hip flask filled with alcohol in a",
"title": "Hip flask"
},
{
"id": "335085",
"text": "Prohibition Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The word is also used to refer to a period of time during which such bans are enforced. Some kind of limitation on the trade in alcohol can be seen in the Code of Hammurabi (ca.1772 BCE) specifically banning the selling of beer for money. It could only be bartered for barley: \"If a beer seller do not receive barley as the",
"title": "Prohibition"
},
{
"id": "6349973",
"text": "turn, but is more precisely described as a handbrake turn. Using the handbrake to break the traction of the rear wheels is much simpler than trying to do this by power alone. The name of the turn originates from the Prohibition era of the United States, when bootleggers transporting illegal liquor would use the maneuver to escape from police officers. Bootleggers were notorious for using modified high-speed cars to transport their goods and for using daring driving maneuvers to escape authorities. The man credited with inventing the bootlegger turn is Robert Glenn \"Junior\" Johnson, who ran liquor from his father's",
"title": "Bootleg turn"
},
{
"id": "20957809",
"text": "sometimes used for owners and company leaders who run their companies but do not actively create the distilling recipes and processes used at their distilleries. The craft of fermenting and distilling beverages dates back centuries, but the actual term \"master distiller\" has not been around for nearly as long. The 1867 edition of \"The English Cyclopaedia\" (Arts and Sciences section) offers a clear definition of the original meaning of the term: Originally, master distiller was a term most commonly used in relation to bourbon, both before and after Prohibition in the U.S., and its historical usage was typically limited to",
"title": "Master distiller"
},
{
"id": "9785521",
"text": "in 1870. Around 1900, there were around 4,400 pounds produced. By 1910, hops production had been reduced to near zero. On January 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment (Federal Prohibition) which outlawed the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol was passed by 3/4 of US states and became law. On December 5, 1933 Federal Prohibition came to an end. In 1935, two alcoholics from Vermont, Bill Wilson, from East Dorset, and Bob Smith, from St. Johnsbury, started Alcoholics Anonymous with a twelve step program. In 1988, after spending three years lobbying the Vermont legislature to legalize brewpubs Greg Noonan opened the",
"title": "Brewing in Vermont"
},
{
"id": "15105800",
"text": "ice house that manufactured 200,000 pounds of ice daily, and that included a couple of ponds, was adjacent to the brewery. The total land area comprised six and one-half-acres. Ice was used in the lager fermentation process before refrigeration became available and it was also sold to the public. Beer production was abruptly halted shortly before the introduction of Prohibition in 1918. To prevent a complete closure of the brewery, arrangements were made to bottle non-alcoholic beverages under the name The William Riedlin Beverage Company. However, William Riedlin died in early 1919, several months before Prohibition was officially passed by",
"title": "Bavarian Brewing Company"
},
{
"id": "17481364",
"text": "1910. In 1915, O'Brien, by now in poor health as a consequence of alcohol abuse, sold his shares in the brewery to Joseph Segber, who appointed F. Vinnicomb to manage the company day-to-day. The sale of alcohol in the territory was suspended in the autumn of 1919, full prohibition followed the next year, and the company ceased trading. Initially the premises were kept maintained, probably in case the company was able to reopen, but most of the equipment was sold off to a new brewery in Fairbanks in 1933. The buildings were soon dismantled, probably for firewood, and vegetation reclaimed",
"title": "O'Brien Brewing and Malting Company"
},
{
"id": "4631722",
"text": "William McCoy (bootlegger) William Frederick McCoy (1877 – December 30, 1948), also known as \"Bill\" McCoy, was an American sea captain and rum-runner during the Prohibition in the United States. In pursuing the trade of smuggling alcohol from the Bahamas to the Eastern Seaboard, Capt. McCoy, found a role model in John Hancock of pre-revolutionary Boston and considered himself an \"honest lawbreaker.\" McCoy took pride in the fact that he never paid a cent to organized crime, politicians, or law enforcement for protection. Unlike many operations that illegally produced and smuggled alcohol for consumption during Prohibition, McCoy sold his merchandise",
"title": "William McCoy (bootlegger)"
},
{
"id": "9489654",
"text": "power of the German-based brewing industry, and the need to reduce domestic violence in the home and claiming alcohol was the cause. On 16 January 1919, Prohibition was established with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibiting the \"...manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States...\" and Congress subsequently passed the Volstead Act to enforce the law. New Jersey, coincidentally, was the 46th and last state to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment—not doing so until 9 March 1922. Although it was largely unsuccessful, Prohibition",
"title": "New Jersey wine"
},
{
"id": "785595",
"text": "the Constitution had ushered in a period known as Prohibition, during which the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the crowning achievement of the temperance movement, but it soon proved highly unpopular. Crime rates soared under Prohibition as gangsters, such as Chicago's Al Capone, became rich from a profitable, often violent black market for alcohol. The federal government was incapable of stemming the tide: enforcement of the Volstead Act proved to be a nearly impossible task and corruption was rife among law enforcement agencies. In 1932, wealthy industrialist John",
"title": "Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "7406390",
"text": "rather famous. By 1920, Remus was earning $50,000 a year (approximately $ today), a vast sum at the time. Alcohol Prohibition began on January 17, 1920 with ratification of the 18th Amendment, and within a few months Remus saw that his criminal clients were becoming very wealthy very quickly. He decided to become a criminal himself, using his knowledge of the law to escape punishment. Remus memorized the Volstead Act and found loopholes whereby he could buy distilleries and pharmacies to sell \"bonded\" liquor to himself under government licenses for medicinal purposes. Remus's employees would then hijack his own liquor",
"title": "George Remus"
},
{
"id": "4825988",
"text": "city dwellers would sell liquor from flasks they kept in their boot leg all across major cities and rural areas. The term \"rum-running\" most likely originated at the start of Prohibition in the United States (1920–1933), when ships from Bimini in the western Bahamas transported cheap Caribbean rum to Florida speakeasies. But rum's cheapness made it a low-profit item for the rum-runners, and they soon moved on to smuggling Canadian whisky, French champagne, and English gin to major cities like New York City, Boston, and Chicago, where prices ran high. It was said that some ships carried $200,000 in contraband",
"title": "Rum-running"
},
{
"id": "12258223",
"text": "more commonly applied to smuggling over water; \"bootlegging\" is applied to smuggling over land. According to the PBS documentary \"Prohibition\", the term \"bootlegging\" was popularized when thousands of city dwellers would sell liquor from flasks they kept in their boot leg all across major cities and rural areas. The term \"rum-running\" most likely originated at the start of Prohibition in the United States (1920–1933), when ships from Bimini in the western Bahamas transported cheap Caribbean rum to Florida speakeasies. But rum's cheapness made it a low-profit item for the rum-runners, and they soon moved on to smuggling Canadian whisky, French",
"title": "Black market"
},
{
"id": "4049614",
"text": "versions come with a separate rudder. But an oarlock can be mounted on the transom for use with an oar as a steering device. The boat during prohibition was modified into a speedboat but there are still some builders making traditional boats in fiberglass. With the start of Prohibition Captain William McCoy began to bring rum from Bimini and the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The Coast Guard soon caught up with him, so they began to bring the illegal goods to just outside the U.S. territorial waters and let smaller boats and other captains such as Habana",
"title": "Jersey Skiff"
},
{
"id": "20059942",
"text": "to gins, rums, and even stomach bitters. J. Rieger & Co. reached customers across the country through direct mail and advertisements. Recipients completed the order form and mailed it to J. Rieger & Co. with payment. Orders were then fulfilled and J. Rieger & Co. products were shipped all over the country. The company thrived on this business model until the Eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1919, making the production, sale and transport of intoxicating liquors illegal. Like most breweries and distilleries across the country, Alexander was forced to shut the doors of J. Rieger & Co. in December 1919.",
"title": "J. Rieger & Co."
},
{
"id": "4825992",
"text": "Prohibition began on January 16, 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect. This period lasted until the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, on December 5, 1933. At first, there was much action on the seas, but after several months the Coast Guard began reporting decreasing smuggling activity. This was the start of the Bimini–Bahamas rum trade and the introduction of Bill McCoy. With the start of Prohibition Captain McCoy began bringing rum from Bimini and the rest of the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The Coast Guard soon caught up with him,",
"title": "Rum-running"
},
{
"id": "939439",
"text": "location of the Jack Daniel Distillery, whose famous brand of Tennessee whiskey is marketed worldwide. Despite the distillery, Moore is a dry county. This status dates to the passage of state prohibition laws in the early 20th century. While federal prohibition ended in 1933 with the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, state prohibition laws remain in effect. All Tennessee counties are dry by default, though any county can become \"wet\" by passing a county-wide \"local option\" referendum. Moore County has yet to pass such a referendum. Schools in Moore County are a part of Moore County Schools, overseen by The",
"title": "Moore County, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "8740075",
"text": "were the Magaddino brothers from the Falls. Charles Dotterweich built the Olean brewery in 1854 and it remained a family business until Montana purchased it. While still catering to the German market that the Dotterwyck Beverage Company allegedly made illegal alcohol for during prohibition, Montana's Empire State Brewery sold Old Dominion Ale and Old Munich Beer. With the illegal booze networks ending, Montana and Magaddino remained the controllers of the alcohol industry through their Power City Distributing Company that sold alcohol to local taverns and restaurants; Magaddino was the president of this company from 1933 to 1958 until the business",
"title": "John C. Montana"
},
{
"id": "6821022",
"text": "Canada, Central America, England, Germany, Mexico and Asia. The destruction of the American wine industry would come not from \"phylloxera\" but from Prohibition in the United States. Thirty-three states had gone dry at the outbreak of World War I. Wartime Prohibition was enacted in 1919, followed by the Volstead National Prohibition Act and the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, forbidding the \"manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.\" Through a loophole allowing each home to \"make 200 gallons of non-intoxicating cider and fruit juice per year,\" thousands of otherwise law-abiding citizens became home winemakers and bootleggers. Prices",
"title": "History of California wine"
},
{
"id": "552336",
"text": "grain is ground and mixed with water. Usually mash from a previous distillation is added to ensure consistency across batches, creating a sour mash. Finally, yeast is added, and the mash is fermented. It is distilled to (typically) between 65% and 80% alcohol using either a traditional alembic (or pot still) or the much less expensive continuous still. Most modern bourbons are initially run off using a column still and then redistilled in a \"doubler\" (alternatively known as a \"thumper\" or \"retort\") that is basically a pot still. The resulting clear spirit, called \"white dog\", is placed in charred new",
"title": "Bourbon whiskey"
},
{
"id": "5183961",
"text": "after the quarry closed in 1941 and today only a few scraps remain located behind the quarry fence. Bootlegging started when Marble went dry after alcohol prohibition was passed by the voters on 3 December 1908. Prohibition was backed by the company because drunkenness was affecting the operation. Prohibition left workers in Quarry Town and folks in Marble without a close liquor supply (the town of Redstone was away). For those purchasing liquor from a bootlegger there were no legal worries for the law only made it illegal to sell or give away liquor; it was not illegal to purchase",
"title": "Yule Marble"
},
{
"id": "298011",
"text": "of the \"Ontario Temperance Act\". However, residents could distill and retain their own personal supply, and liquor producers could continue distillation and export for sale, allowing this already sizeable industry to strengthen further. Ontario became a hotbed for the illegal smuggling of liquor and the biggest supplier into the United States, which was under complete prohibition. Prohibition in Ontario came to an end in 1927 with the establishment of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario under the government of Howard Ferguson. The sale and consumption of liquor, wine, and beer are still controlled by some of the most extreme laws",
"title": "Ontario"
},
{
"id": "8931924",
"text": "from closure, and various breweries and distilleries remained open for the export market. In London, Ontario, Harry Low and his group of rum-runners bought the Carling Brewery, while the Labatt family left the operations to the manager Edmund Burke. The fact that the \"export\" might be by small boat from Windsor across the river to Detroit only helped the province's economy. Rum-running occurred in other provinces as well. The dates for the repeal of prohibition are often debated. Take Ontario, for example. Throughout the prohibition period, Ontario-made wines remained legal, and some have argued that Ontario never had prohibition. The",
"title": "Prohibition in Canada"
},
{
"id": "4825991",
"text": "that it was slowly lifted, beginning with Quebec and Yukon in 1919, and including all of the provinces but Prince Edward Island by 1930. As well, Canada's version of prohibition had never included a ban on the manufacture of liquor for export. Soon the black-market trade was reversed with Canadian whisky and beer flowing in large quantities to the United States. Again, this illegal international trade undermined the support for prohibition in the receiving country, and the American version ended (at the national level) in 1933. One of the most famous periods of rum-running began in the United States when",
"title": "Rum-running"
},
{
"id": "2643944",
"text": "Jamaica ginger Jamaica ginger extract, known in the United States by the slang name \"Jake,\" was a late 19th-century patent medicine that provided a convenient way to bypass Prohibition laws, since it contained between 70% and 80% ethanol by weight. The U.S. Treasury Department, which administered the Prohibition laws, recognized Jake's potential as an illicit alcohol source, and because of this, it required changes in the solids content of Jake to discourage drinking. The minimum requirement of ginger solids per cubic centimeter of alcohol resulted in a fluid that was extremely bitter and difficult to drink. Occasionally, Department of Agriculture",
"title": "Jamaica ginger"
},
{
"id": "4758953",
"text": "damaged while that German submarine was steaming to intercept a convoy. The destroyer was transferred to Brest, France, on 14 June. She returned to the United States at the end of the war, and operated off the East Coast until she was decommissioned on 23 June 1922. On 17 January 1920, Prohibition was instituted by law in the United States. Soon, the smuggling of alcoholic beverages along the coastlines of the United States became widespread and blatant. The Treasury Department eventually determined that the United States Coast Guard simply did not have the ships to constitute a successful patrol. To",
"title": "USS Porter (DD-59)"
},
{
"id": "10686149",
"text": "a large variety of unique beers and are organized into distinct series. The Usual Suspects Session Series The Limited Series Infamous Series Syndicate Series: a unique blend of vintage strong ales aged in bourbon barrels no less than twelve months. Speakeasy Ales and Lagers Speakeasy Ales & Lagers is a craft brewery that was founded in 1997 by Steve Bruce and Forest Gray in the Hunters Point neighborhood of San Francisco, California, USA. The company brands its beers with references to 1930s prohibition-era mobsters and organized crime. \"Prohibition Ale\" (an amber ale), the first beer the company produced, and \"Big",
"title": "Speakeasy Ales and Lagers"
},
{
"id": "335118",
"text": "South and western states, where it had popular support; however, in large urban cities and small industrial or mining towns, residents defied or ignored the law. The Ku Klux Klan was a major supporter of Prohibition; once it was passed they helped with its enforcement. For example, in 1923, Klansmen traded pistol shots with bootleggers, burned down roadhouses, and whipped liquor sellers, and anybody else who broke the moral code. The Prohibition was effective in reducing per-capita consumption, and consumption remained lower for a quarter-century after Prohibition had been repealed. Sale of alcoholic beverages remained illegal during Prohibition, but alcoholic",
"title": "Prohibition"
},
{
"id": "15255990",
"text": "with his sons and especially led by Thompson Willett, founded the Willett Distilling Company on the site. Thompson and Lambert Willett used John David Willett's bourbon recipes as the basis of the whiskey that they would distill there and brand as \"Old Bardstown\". The construction of the Willett Distilling Company began in the Spring of 1935 (just after the 1933 repeal of alcohol prohibition in the United States), and the company produced its first batch of 300 bushels (about 30 barrels) on March 17, 1936. Five years after founding the Willett Distilling Company, Lambert Willett left Max Selliger & Co.",
"title": "Willett Pot Still Reserve"
},
{
"id": "4093802",
"text": "occasions (e.g. communion wines, Kiddush). The act was expressly upheld as constitutional in 1987 by the United States Supreme Court in \"South Dakota v. Dole\". Legislation concerning the legal minimum drinking age in the United States can be traced back to the days of Prohibition. In 1920, the 18th amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell intoxicating liquors. This was repealed with the passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933, which was followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states, with most states electing a minimum legal drinking age",
"title": "National Minimum Drinking Age Act"
},
{
"id": "6048457",
"text": "coffee, or to use it to make alcohol. As a result, alcohol consumption was much higher in the nineteenth century than it is today -- of pure alcohol per person per year. Before the construction of the Erie Canal, transportation of grain from the west was cost prohibitive; farmers instead converted their grain to alcohol for shipping eastward. This dependence on alcohol as a revenue source led to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. Later in the nineteenth century opposition to alcohol grew in the form of the temperance movement, culminating in Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933.",
"title": "History of alcoholic drinks"
},
{
"id": "10992771",
"text": "immigrants from Mediterranean countries descended upon the region and began planting vines. While most vineyards were \"gardens\" for personal family consumption, commercial wineries sprung up and by the dawn of the 20th century there were nearly 200 wineries operating. The advent of Prohibition in the United States dealt a devastating blow to the region with many wineries going out of business. Some winemaking families continued to make wine illegally and others converted to bootlegging a sugar and water base wine known as \"Jackass brandy\" to survive during this period. (Today one of the most prestigious vineyards in the region is",
"title": "Russian River Valley AVA"
},
{
"id": "10123019",
"text": "Edward Donegan Edward Donegan was a casual or odd-job laborer in 1919 who became a millionaire within about four months through bootlegging following the implementation of National Prohibition of alcohol in the U.S. in January 1920. Through the use of an insider within the Bureau of Prohibition, he was able to illegally withdraw alcohol from warehouses ostensibly for legal purposes himself and also to sell fraudulent permits to other bootleggers. Donegan’s activities were discovered after he attempted to bribe Internal Revenue Service agents who called upon him in connection with another investigation. He was convicted of possessing stolen property and",
"title": "Edward Donegan"
},
{
"id": "10148031",
"text": "forces. During the Prohibition era of the 1920s and 1930s Traphill became a center of the mass production and exportation of illegal homemade liquor, or moonshine. Moonshine became the main source of income for many Traphill families, and until the 1980s, the town continued producing over a million gallons of white liquor each year. Traphill residents made sugar and grain liquor for sale and fruit \"brandy\" for personal consumption, and continue to do so, with apple and peach brandies being the most common. From the 1920s to the 1960s Federal tax agents, state police units, and local police all patrolled",
"title": "Traphill, North Carolina"
},
{
"id": "20778061",
"text": "The Noble Experiment (distillery) The Noble Experiment is a distillery founded and operated by Bridget Firtle in Bushwick, New York City. It is NYC's only rum distillery, and is only available within the state. Firtle began working on the company in 2011 while she was working on Wall Street managing a hedge fund. She left her job and began building The Noble Experiment in 2012, starting to sell white rum at the beginning of 2013. The product is named Owney's NYC Rum, after Prohibition-era bootlegger Owney Madden, and the company's name is taken after the nickname for the Prohibition policy.",
"title": "The Noble Experiment (distillery)"
},
{
"id": "6545768",
"text": "lack of clothing), prohibitions on gambling and exotic dancing, the prohibition of drugs (for example, alcohol prohibition and cannabis prohibition), prohibitions on tobacco smoking, and gun prohibition. Indeed, the period of Prohibition in the United States between 1920 and 1933 due to the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act often is referred to simply as \"Prohibition\", as is the \"War on Drugs\" that succeeded it. An additional example, called \"nettle war\": Since 2002 in France the sale of nettle liquid manure was prohibited, and since 2006, unauthorized plant protection products (such as nettle liquid manure) to sell, own and operate.",
"title": "Prohibitionism"
},
{
"id": "13528484",
"text": "a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange, the Brown family still controls more than 70% of the voting shares (as of 2010). To produce his Old Forester product, Brown would initially purchase whiskies from distillers such as John Atherton and Ben Mattingly, and blend them together. In 1902, he then purchased Mattingly's distillery in the town of Saint Mary in Marion County, Kentucky. Until Prohibition in the United States began in 1920, Old Forester was the leading brand produced by Brown's company. Since then, other brands acquired later by the company, such as Early Times (purchased in",
"title": "Old Forester"
},
{
"id": "4631731",
"text": "and down the coast. William McCoy (bootlegger) William Frederick McCoy (1877 – December 30, 1948), also known as \"Bill\" McCoy, was an American sea captain and rum-runner during the Prohibition in the United States. In pursuing the trade of smuggling alcohol from the Bahamas to the Eastern Seaboard, Capt. McCoy, found a role model in John Hancock of pre-revolutionary Boston and considered himself an \"honest lawbreaker.\" McCoy took pride in the fact that he never paid a cent to organized crime, politicians, or law enforcement for protection. Unlike many operations that illegally produced and smuggled alcohol for consumption during Prohibition,",
"title": "William McCoy (bootlegger)"
},
{
"id": "8972700",
"text": "brothers and five sisters. Busch became President of Anheuser-Busch in 1913, shortly after his father's death. Under his leadership, the company survived World War I, Prohibition, and the Great Depression by innovating and diversifying. The company delved into the production of corn products, baker's yeast, ice cream, soft drinks, and commercial refrigeration units to stay afloat during Prohibition. After Prohibition ended in 1933, many of these operations were discontinued. August also managed to keep Anheuser-Busch prosperous during anti-German bias of World War I. He built the Bevo Mill, about halfway between his mansion on Gravois Road and the Anheuser-Busch brewery",
"title": "August Anheuser Busch Sr."
},
{
"id": "10937705",
"text": "in Mendocino were established in the 1850s in the Redwood Valley by returning farmers who failed to find their wealth and prosperity during the California Gold Rush. Most of these winery operations stayed small and were completely eradicated by the enactment of Prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. With the commercial production of wine banned, vineyards were ripped out and replaced with tree nut and fruit orchards. The oldest continually operating commercial winery in Mendocino County is Parducci Wines founded in 1931 while Prohibition was still in place. Parducci remained the only commercial winery in Mendocino",
"title": "Mendocino County wine"
},
{
"id": "11163044",
"text": "& Sons. Fifteen years later, he and another Weller salesman bought the firm. In 1910 they acquired the A. Ph. Stitzel Distillery in Louisville, Kentucky, which had started as a sour mash whiskey distillery in 1872. The Stitzel Distillery supplied much of the whiskey sold by the Weller wholesale firm. The consolidation coincided with prohibition, during which time the Stitzel-Weller firm was licensed by the government to produce whiskey for medicinal purposes. One of their labels that was introduced on the market just before prohibition was Old Rip Van Winkle. After prohibition, the brand was not reintroduced until after 1972",
"title": "Pappy Van Winkle's Family Reserve"
},
{
"id": "10669914",
"text": "several firemen were injured, and eight horses were burned to death in a fire at the Fred Koch brewing plant. The fire broke out in the horse barns on the southwest end of the plant in East Courtney Street and spread rapidity. A few weeks early, an incendiary fire broke out in the same part of the plant. Products sold included \"Bock Beer\", \"Wurtzburger\" (an old-fashioned German brew), and \"Lake City Export\". The brewery continued to produce beer and ale until prohibition in 1920. Prohibition became effective January 16, 1920, and continued in the United States until December 5, 1933.",
"title": "Fred Koch Brewery"
},
{
"id": "2223588",
"text": "Reeves also sold his alcohol to nearby roadhouses and stores for as little as ten cents a gallon. His operation came under the scrutiny of the U.S. government in the years after the American Civil War. When tax collectors came to Hell to assess his operation, Reeves and his customers conspired to hide the whiskey by filling barrels and sinking them to the bottom of the millpond. When the government agents left the area, the barrels were hauled to the surface with ropes. As Reeves aged he slowed down his business ventures, closing the distillery and witnessing the burning of",
"title": "Hell, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "11332267",
"text": "and her husband Colonel Fritz Anneke. The company was renamed A. Fitger & Co./ Lake Superior Brewery. Beer production continued for 40 years until Prohibition began in 1920, forcing breweries to close their doors or change production. Fitger's was able to fill markets other than beer to produce, and was one of the few brewers in the entire country that remained open throughout Prohibition. Fitger and Anneke sold their shares and retired to California. Percy's son Victor H. Anneke, who had taken over from his father in 1920, wanted to keep as many employees as possible, but the beer sales",
"title": "Fitger's Brewing Company"
},
{
"id": "1197753",
"text": "coil had been used as a condenser, then there would be lead in the distillate, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the mnemonic, \"Lead burns red and makes you dead.\" or \"Red means dead.\" Varieties of moonshine are produced throughout the world. Moonshine Moonshine was originally a slang term for high-proof distilled spirits that were usually produced illicitly, without government authorization. In recent years, however, moonshine has been legalized in various countries and has become a commercial product. Legal in the United States since 2010, moonshine is defined as \"clear, unaged whiskey\", typically made with corn mash",
"title": "Moonshine"
},
{
"id": "1315599",
"text": "then \"Broadway Thru a Keyhole\" (1933, written by Walter Winchell) shortly before her death. The 1920 Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Prohibition into effect, making sales or transport of alcoholic beverages illegal. While it ruined legitimate businesses, people continued drinking alcohol. Those who transported and sold it were known as \"bootleggers\". Thus began the establishment of the speakeasy private clubs, a cultural phenomenon in which Guinan excelled. Her introduction into the business was when speakeasy partners Emil Gervasini and John Levi of the Beaux Arts club hired Guinan in 1923 as a singer, for which she was",
"title": "Texas Guinan"
},
{
"id": "14614569",
"text": "Dry state A dry state is a state in the United States in which the manufacture, distribution, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages are prohibited or tightly restricted. While some states, such as North Dakota, entered the United States as dry states, others went dry after passage of prohibition legislation. Currently, no state in the United States remains completely dry, but some states contain dry counties. Prior to the adoption of nationwide prohibition in 1920, state legislatures in the United States passed local option laws that allowed a county or township to go dry if it chose to do so.",
"title": "Dry state"
},
{
"id": "19137947",
"text": "The star was known as the \"Brewer's Star\", which was intended to symbolize purity. The six points of the star represented the six aspects of brewing most critical to purity: the water, the hops, the grain, the malt, the yeast, and the brewer. During Prohibition, the company produced non-alcoholic beverages, such as soft drinks. Despite surviving the Prohibition era (which ended in 1933), the brewery eventually closed in 1937. Despite closing after prohibition, the company remains a part of Wisconsin's brewing history. While a few other historic beer brands from Northern Wisconsin survived and still exist, such as Rhinelander Beer,",
"title": "Ashland Brewing Company"
},
{
"id": "18843624",
"text": "Adams as an alternate means to concentrate alcohol when it was far too cold outside to bring out the cider press. The taste for hard cider continued into the 19th century in pockets of the East Coast, but with the double blow of immigration from Central and Eastern Europe, where lager beer is the traditional staple, and the later advent of Prohibition hard cider manufacturing collapsed and did not recover after the ban on alcohol was lifted. Temperance fanatics burned or uprooted the orchards and wrought havoc on farms to the point that only dessert or cooking apples escaped the",
"title": "Cider in the United States"
},
{
"id": "8611042",
"text": "and more fluid criminal organization was the \"reservoir gang\", a group of criminals engaged in armed robbery, automobile theft, burglary, and other property crimes which met at Cleveland's Baldwin Water Treatment Plant reservoir in order to plan crimes, exchange stolen goods, and disperse profits from crime. Prohibition began in Ohio on May 27, 1919, and nationally throughout the United States on January 16, 1920. Many small, organized gangs emerged between 1919 and 1921 to circumvent the liquor law by importing liquor from Canada, diverting alcohol from legitimate purposes (such as medicine and industry), and distilling and distributing home-brewed beer and",
"title": "Cleveland crime family"
},
{
"id": "12077000",
"text": "the 1920s, sympathetic Franklin attorney H. M. Calhoun, Sr (1866–1933) became a public champion of the Smoke Hole and its people. High quality moonshine, however, was a booming cottage industry for Smoke Holers in the 1920s and early '30s. It was made for local consumption as well as distributed (on the black market) for hundreds of miles around. Production on a small scale had been a local tradition long before the institution of Prohibition (1919) and continued to be so long after its repeal (1933). The \"revenuers\" destroyed many \"stills\" (distilleries) during this period and sent many moonshiners to the",
"title": "Smoke Hole Canyon"
},
{
"id": "3159472",
"text": "one occasion. In spite of his efforts, Tennessee enacted prohibition in 1910, forcing the Cascade operation to relocate to the Stitzel Distillery in Louisville, Kentucky. It was produced here until Kentucky enacted statewide prohibition in 1917. The operation shut down altogether with the onset of nationwide prohibition in 1920. In 1933, national prohibition was repealed. Four years later, Shwab's heirs sold the Cascade brand to the Schenley Distilling Company. The recipe had never been written down, and had to be obtained from two former distillers at the Cascade Hollow site. In the 1940s and 1950s, Schenley's product, produced at the",
"title": "George Dickel"
},
{
"id": "2890081",
"text": "Conscription Act banned the sale of liquor near military bases. In August 1917, the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act banned production of distilled spirits for the duration of the war. The War Prohibition Act, November, 1918, forbade the manufacture and sale of intoxicating beverages (more than 2.75% alcohol content) until the end of demobilization. The drys worked energetically to secure two-third majority of both houses of Congress and the support of three quarters of the states needed for an amendment to the federal constitution. Thirty-six states were needed, and organizations were set up at all 48 states to seek",
"title": "Progressive Era"
},
{
"id": "1118794",
"text": "stayed in the Kiln managed a living by distilling illegal whiskey. The production of whiskey became a big business in the Kiln after Mississippi passed a state-wide prohibition act in 1908. Being a source of sought-after moonshine during the Prohibition Era and also because of its high quality and ready availability, Kiln became known as the \"Moonshine Capital of the World\". At the height of moonshine popularity in the late 1920s, there were at least 50 moonshine stills operating in the Kiln. Mississippi's state-wide prohibition act was not repealed until 1966. Despite the depression and mass emigration from the town,",
"title": "Kiln, Mississippi"
},
{
"id": "13258804",
"text": "to other issues, such as Mormon polygamy and the temperance movement. On November 18, 1918, prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 1.28%. (This act, which had been intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice ending World War I was signed on November 11, 1918.) The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, with July 1, 1919 becoming known as the \"Thirsty-First\". The U.S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on",
"title": "Prohibition in the United States"
},
{
"id": "11393953",
"text": "A phylloxera outbreak decimated the wine grape crop, and this was followed by Prohibition in 1918, which made the production and transportation of alcohol illegal in the United States. In 1933, when Prohibition was repealed, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression, and as a result the Napa County wine industry did not fully recover until 1960’s. The Napa County wine industry was once again in a period of expansion as new entrepreneurs with big visions such as Robert Mondavi in 1966 flocked to the valley; however, this time vintners and residents concerned about the population",
"title": "Napa County wine"
},
{
"id": "1323466",
"text": "Bevo Bevo was a non-alcoholic malt beverage, or near beer, brewed in the United States by the Anheuser-Busch company beginning in the early 20th century. Bevo enjoyed its greatest success during the time of Prohibition, when beer, wine and distilled liquors were made illegal for thirteen years. The Anheuser-Busch company started brewing Bevo when alcoholic beverages were prohibited in 1916 by the United States armed forces. Production rose greatly with national prohibition in 1919, and Bevo was by far the most popular of the many \"cereal beverages\" or \"near beers\" of the time. At the peak of its popularity in",
"title": "Bevo"
},
{
"id": "7665869",
"text": "Bill McCoy set up operations in the islands, using them as a base to smuggle alcohol into the US. Fishermen and armateurs gave up their regular jobs to unload alcohol from Canada, Europe and Bermuda and store it in warehouses. A new fish processing plant was converted into a warehouse. Additionally, distilleries were set up on the islands. This economic boom lasted until the end of Prohibition in 1933, and was known locally as \"Les Temps de la Fraude\". As quickly as it began, the boom collapsed when Prohibition was repealed, leaving a depressed local economy. Local legend holds that",
"title": "History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon"
},
{
"id": "13049796",
"text": "leaders, State Representative David Baria and State Senator Hob Bryan are White. Liquor laws in Mississippi are particularly strict, with some variation among jurisdictions. Statewide prohibition of alcohol did not end until 1966, making Mississippi the last state with such a ban in force. Liquor stores may only be opened from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m., and are disallowed from operating on New Year's Day, Good Friday, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Currently, state law disallows the operation of liquor stores on Sundays. Many local jurisdictions similarly prevent the Sunday sale of beer for off-site consumption or restrict the Sunday",
"title": "Government of Mississippi"
},
{
"id": "13025894",
"text": "and made its way up and down the East Coast. Prohibition in the United States created opportunity in West Dover from 1920 - 1933 for rum running. Rum running was something that supplemented fishing income and was risky but highly profitable. The fishermen would set out with a load of alcohol on moonless nights and navigate in the darkness to the coast of Maine. The alcohol was stored in wooden barrels loaded with salt. If the fishermen noticed law enforcement vessels they would dump the barrels overboard. The salt in the barrels would slowly dissolve. A few hours later, after",
"title": "West Dover, Nova Scotia"
},
{
"id": "93631",
"text": "The party lasted an hour, until lunch was served at 1 pm. The site of this first cocktail party still stands. In 1924, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis bought the Walsh mansion at 4510 Lindell Boulevard, and it has served as the local archbishop's residence ever since. During Prohibition in the United States (1919–1933), when alcoholic beverages were illegal, cocktails were still consumed illegally in establishments known as speakeasies. The quality of the liquor available during Prohibition was much worse than previously. There was a shift from whiskey to gin, which does not require aging and is therefore",
"title": "Cocktail"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Old Forester context: Old Forester Old Forester is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey produced by the Brown-Forman Corporation. It is officially the longest running Bourbon on the market today (approximately 145 years as of 2016), and was the first bourbon sold exclusively in sealed bottles. It was first bottled and marketed in 1870 by the former pharmaceutical salesman turned bourbon-merchant George Garvin Brown – the founder of the Brown-Forman Corporation (whose descendants still manage the company). During the Prohibition period from 1920 to 1933, it was one of only 10 brands authorized for lawful production (for medicinal purposes). Old Forester is\n\nHow did the manufacturers of Old Grand-Dad bourbon get away with producing their whisky during Prohibition?",
"compressed_tokens": 198,
"origin_tokens": 198,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Whisky context: by the phylloxera pest that ruined much of the grape crop; as a result, whisky became the primary liquor in many markets. During the Prohibition era in the United States lasting from 1920 to 1933, all alcohol sales were banned in the country. The federal government made an exemption for whisky prescribed by a doctor and sold through licensed pharmacies. During this time, the Walgreens pharmacy chain grew from 20 retail stores to almost 400. A still for making whisky is usually made of copper, since it removes sulfur-based compounds from the alcohol that would make it unpleasant to drink.\n\ntitle Jie & Co. context toins, rums, stomach bitters J. Rieger & Co. reached customers across the country direct mail advertis. Recipients completed the order form and mailed it to J. Rieger & Co. payment. Orders were then fulfilled and J. Rieger & Co. products were sh all over the country. thrived on this business until the Eighteenth Amendment was in 1919, making production, sale and transport of intoxicating liquors illegal. Like mostweries and distilleries across the country, was forced to the doors J. Rieger & Co in 1919.\n: Old Grand-Dad been since that time despite several changes of In9 Old Grand-D sold to Wathen family, whose in thekey business American Medicinal Spir and foundations of National Distill Duringition, the \"inalkey\" lame National Distillers had ininn, Ohio Frankfort Kentucky produced Overholt Old 18, National Distillers Group sold the spirits business to Fortune Br, became Be. Today Old Grand-D is\n: ofs context coffee use it to makehol, much in the century than todayhol per person year. of the of gra from; for shipping eastward. This dependence on alcohol as a revenue source led to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. Later in the nineteenth century opposition to alcohol grew in the form of the temperance movement, culminating in Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933.\n\nHow did the manufacturers of Old Grand-Dad bourbon get away with producing their whisky during Prohibition?",
"compressed_tokens": 495,
"origin_tokens": 14123,
"ratio": "28.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
139 | What popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores? | [
"Mothers ruin",
"List of gins",
"List of gin brands",
"London Dry Gin",
"GIN",
"Gins",
"Gin"
] | Gin | [
{
"id": "4369940",
"text": "Advocaat Advocaat or advocatenborrel is a traditional Dutch alcoholic beverage made from eggs, sugar, and brandy. The rich and creamy drink has a smooth, custard-like consistency. The typical alcohol content is generally somewhere between 14% and 20% ABV. Its contents may be a blend of egg yolks, aromatic spirits, sugar or honey, brandy, vanilla, and sometimes cream (or evaporated milk). Notable makers of advocaat include Bols, Darna Ovo Liker, DeKuyper (sold in two varieties, De Kuyper Advocaat and since the 1995 takeover of Erven Warnink – at the time the leading producer of advocaat – also a version under the",
"title": "Advocaat"
},
{
"id": "3008227",
"text": "pot still was available), herbs were added to mask the flavour. The juniper berry, \"jeneverbes\" in Dutch (which comes from the Latin \"Juniperus\"), hence the name \"jenever\" (and the English name gin), was used for its alleged medicinal benefits. There is a false tradition that attributes the invention of jenever to the Dutch chemist and alchemist Franciscus Sylvius de Bouve (1614-1672). However, the evidence suggests that jenever was already known and used as a medicine in the 1500s. Already by 1606 (several years before Sylvius's birth), the Dutch had levied taxes on jenever and similar liquors as alcoholic drinks, suggesting",
"title": "Jenever"
},
{
"id": "3008226",
"text": "Jenever Jenever (, ), also known as genièvre, genever, peket, or in the English-speaking world as Dutch gin or Hollands (archaic: Holland gin or Geneva gin), is the juniper-flavored national and traditional liquor of the Netherlands and Belgium, from which gin evolved. The European Union regulations specify that only liquor made in these two countries, two northern French departments and two German federal states can use the name \"jenever/genever/genièvre\". Jenever was originally produced by distilling malt wine (\"moutwijn\" in Dutch) to 50% ABV. Because the resulting spirit was not palatable due to the lack of refined distilling techniques (only the",
"title": "Jenever"
},
{
"id": "19856350",
"text": "was made a misdemeanor. Cannabis has been available for recreational use in coffee shops since 1976. Cannabis products are only sold openly in certain local \"coffeeshops\" and possession of up to 5 grams for personal use is decriminalised, however: the police may still confiscate it, which often happens in car checks near the border. Other types of sales and transportation are not permitted, although the general approach toward cannabis was lenient even before official decriminalisation. Since 2003, there has been a legal prescription drug known as \"Mediwiet\", available at Dutch pharmacies. There are five different types of medical cannabis in",
"title": "Cannabis in the Netherlands"
},
{
"id": "3008235",
"text": "with 11 appellations or AOCs of which most are exclusive to Belgium. Jenever Jenever (, ), also known as genièvre, genever, peket, or in the English-speaking world as Dutch gin or Hollands (archaic: Holland gin or Geneva gin), is the juniper-flavored national and traditional liquor of the Netherlands and Belgium, from which gin evolved. The European Union regulations specify that only liquor made in these two countries, two northern French departments and two German federal states can use the name \"jenever/genever/genièvre\". Jenever was originally produced by distilling malt wine (\"moutwijn\" in Dutch) to 50% ABV. Because the resulting spirit was",
"title": "Jenever"
},
{
"id": "16839704",
"text": "\"Bols Vieux\". In 2009 Dutch brandy was the fifth most popular distilled beverage in the Netherlands by consumption percentage (after Jonge Jenever, whisky, liqueur and rum). Its 5.9% market share was on a par with Beerenburg). Dutch brandy is made by a variety of distilleries, though several of them are owned (at least in name) by the Herman Jansen group (previously UTO). Vieux brands include Het Anker, Bestevaer, Bootz (made by Bols), Boots, Dujardin (made by Wenneker, who sell their regular 35% \"Dujardin Blue label\" as well as the more exclusive 38% \"Vieux Superieur Gold Label\"), Floryn, Henkes (made by",
"title": "Dutch brandy"
},
{
"id": "16839705",
"text": "Bols), Hooghoudt, Hoppe (made by Bols), Hulsink, Klasse A (house brand of Dutch liquor shop Mitra), De Kuyper, Legner Fine Vieille (not officially named \"Vieux\" as it only contains 30% of alcohol), Olifant and Plantiac (made by Boomsma). Dutch brandy Dutch brandy (, ) is a distilled spirit made from either grain or molasses alcohol flavored with various essences and extracts produced in the Netherlands. It was formerly referred to as \"Dutch cognac\" until that name was legally restricted to grape brandy from the Cognac region of France. Dutch names included \"Koetsiertje\" or \"Koetsierscognac\" (cognac drunk by carriage riders -",
"title": "Dutch brandy"
},
{
"id": "7999685",
"text": "as are some yogurts and rye bread. Ethanol distillation is used to separate alcoholic drinks into what are advertised as non-alcoholic drinks and spirits; distilled wine produces low alcohol wine and brandy (from brandywine, derived from Dutch \"brandewijn\", \"burning wine\"), distilled beer may be used to produce low-alcohol beer and whisky. However alcoholic drinks cannot be further purified to 0.00% alcohol by volume by distillation. In fact, most drinks labeled non-alcoholic contain 0.5% ABV as it is more profitable than distilling it to 0.05% ABV often found in products sold by companies specializing in non-alcoholic drinks. Alcohol is legal in",
"title": "Non-alcoholic drink"
},
{
"id": "12536503",
"text": "it a distinctive reddish colour. In the Netherlands, cider is not as commonly available as in its surrounding countries. In 2007, Heineken started testing a cider-based drink branded Jillz in a number of bars throughout the country. The beverage, an alcopop made by blending sparkling water, fruit flavoring, malt, and cider, is marketed towards female drinkers as an alternative to beer. At the same time, Heineken also introduced Strongbow Gold as a secondary brand to provide the choice of a real cider, which was targeted to a male audience. Both beverages contain 5% alcohol by volume, which is similar to",
"title": "Cider"
},
{
"id": "2728141",
"text": "Beerenburg Beerenburg (West Frisian: \"Bearenburch\") is a Dutch drink, made by adding herbs to jenever, with about 30% alcohol. The original Beerenburg was made in the mid-19th century with a secret mixture of spices made by the Amsterdam spice merchant \"Hendrik Beerenburg\", to whom it owes its name. Soon local Beerenburg varieties emerged, each with its own recipe. These were, however, not allowed to use the name Beerenburg, which is why there are variations on the spelling, such as Berenburg and Berenburger. Despite the Amsterdam (North-Holland) origin of Beerenburg, the drink became the most popular in Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.",
"title": "Beerenburg"
},
{
"id": "8372329",
"text": "sauerbraten). Northern Italian cuisine, especially that of the South Tyrol, also incorporates juniper berries. Juniper, typically \"Juniperus communis\", is used to flavor gin, a liquor developed in the 17th century in the Netherlands. The name \"gin\" itself is derived from either the French \"genièvre\" or the Dutch \"jenever\", which both mean \"juniper\". Other juniper-flavoured beverages include the Finnish rye-and-juniper beer known as sahti, which is flavored with both juniper berries and branches. Another drink made from the berries is a Julmust, a soft drink made in Sweden mainly sold during Christmas. The brand Dry Soda produces a juniper-berry soda as",
"title": "Juniper berry"
},
{
"id": "6528732",
"text": "Huib Drion Huib Drion (The Hague, 25 April 1917 – Leiden, 20 April 2004) was a Dutch Supreme Court judge and professor of civil law who became famous for proposing a suicide pill, which was later called Drion's pill after him. Drion wrote that elderly people who were incurably sick should be able to visit their doctor and receive medication to end their lives. Known in the media as the \"Last Wish Pill\" or \"Drion Pill,\" the doctor-prescribed drug would be available free of charge to people over the age of 70. Drion also suggested that patients receive a combination",
"title": "Huib Drion"
},
{
"id": "3627106",
"text": "milk, chocolate milk, or a yogurt drink. Cafeterias all around the Netherlands sell \"poffertjes\". Dutch people call such a restaurant a \"\". \"Poffertjes\" can be eaten as a dessert after dinner or as a sweet lunch. A famous Dutch sweet is \"zoute drop\" and other liquorice sweets. These sweets are small, black and look much like gums. Similar to Pontefract cakes found in Yorkshire, England. The four types of \"drop\" are soft sweet, soft salt, hard sweet, and hard salty drop. Liquorice can be bought in shops and pharmacies. It also has a medical function as it is supposed to",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "6048444",
"text": "Ireland, the production of whisky from malted barley is first mentioned in Scotland in an entry from 1494, although both countries could have distilled grain alcohol before this date. Distilled spirit was generally flavored with juniper berries. The resulting beverage was known as jenever, the Dutch word for \"juniper.\" The French changed the name to genievre, which the English changed to \"geneva\" and then modified to \"gin.\" Originally used for medicinal purposes, the use of gin as a social drink did not grow rapidly at first. However, in 1690, England passed \"An Act for the Encouraging of the Distillation of",
"title": "History of alcoholic drinks"
},
{
"id": "16839700",
"text": "Dutch brandy Dutch brandy (, ) is a distilled spirit made from either grain or molasses alcohol flavored with various essences and extracts produced in the Netherlands. It was formerly referred to as \"Dutch cognac\" until that name was legally restricted to grape brandy from the Cognac region of France. Dutch names included \"Koetsiertje\" or \"Koetsierscognac\" (cognac drunk by carriage riders - Dutch \"koetsiers\") or \"Hollandse Cognac\" (Dutch Cognac). Its colour ranges from clear to dark brown, reflecting added caramel or artificial dye. Dutch brandy is based on either grain or molasses alcohol, with added essences and extracts to produce",
"title": "Dutch brandy"
},
{
"id": "3627107",
"text": "soften the symptoms throat and stomach aches. Dutch \"drop\" is sold in a large variety of shapes and forms. When they are flavored with coconut fondant they are called ' (lit. \"English liquorice\"; liquorice allsorts). Other varieties are made with honey ('), mint ('), salammoniac (salmiakdrop), or laurel ('). Typical shapes are diamonds, ovals, oblongs, and as coins. A honeycomb shape for honey ' is also popular. Some manufacturers have introduced speciality ranges where the \"drop\" is made in thematic shapes, such as cars ('), farm animals, and farm machinery (\"\"), etcetera. Another popular Dutch sweet is the \"stroopwafel\" (\"\"stroop\"\"",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "12192404",
"text": "used by the fashionable; they were occasionally shipped with the tea itself. Tea-drinking spurred the search for a European imitation of Chinese porcelain, first successfully produced in England at the Chelsea porcelain manufactory, established around 1743-45 and quickly imitated. See tea set. The first factor that contributed to the rise in popularity of tea was its reputation as a medical drink. Tea first became labeled as a medical drink in 1641 by the Dutch physician Nikolas Dirx, who wrote under the pseudonym \"Nicolas Tulp\" – though he was also a director of the Dutch East India Company, so his praise",
"title": "Tea in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "14298943",
"text": "Beer too bitter. In contrast to beer, Jillz does not contain hops. Hops are used as the bittering agent of beer. Jillz Jillz, (\"formerly known as Charli\") is a mix of cider, barley and water with a fruity flavor. The drink is called a “Sparkling Cider Blend” and contains 5 percent alcohol. Jillz is brewed by Heineken, a Dutch brewing company, and is available both bottled in supermarkets and on tap in bars. After research showed that in Britain “Charli” is slang for cocaine, this name was changed. With this drink, Heineken targets consumers who go out regularly but cannot",
"title": "Jillz"
},
{
"id": "280373",
"text": "It is the only Dutch culinary region that developed an haute cuisine. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the \"Vlaai\" from Limburg and the \"Moorkop\" and \"Bossche Bol\" from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries also occur, with the (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The traditional alcoholic beverage of the region is beer. There are many local brands, ranging from \"Trappist\" to \"Kriek\". 5 of the 10 \"International Trappist Association\" recognised breweries in the world, are located in the",
"title": "Netherlands"
},
{
"id": "4369941",
"text": "brand name Warninks Advocaat), and Verpoorten. \"Advocaat\" is the Dutch word for \"lawyer\". As the name of the drink, it is short for \"advocatenborrel\", or \"lawyer's drink\", where \"borrel\" is Dutch for a small alcoholic beverage consumed slowly during a social gathering. According to the 1882 edition of the \"Woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal\" (\"Dictionary of the Dutch Language\"), it is \"zoo genoemd als een goed smeersel voor de keel, en dus bijzonder dienstig geacht voor een advocaat, die in 't openbaar het woord moet voeren\" (\"so named as a good lubricant for the throat, and thus considered especially useful for",
"title": "Advocaat"
},
{
"id": "16843238",
"text": "Koenraad (September 18, 1885 – November 21, 1959). In the early years, Plantinga primarily concentrated on his own type of so-called Beerenburg, a local drink that became especially popular due to it being considered a good cure against flu and the common cold. Locally, this beverage became known as \"a little KP\" (Dutch \"een KP-tje\"). On 29 September 1900 his son Gerrit Herman (January 9, 1876 – November 30, 1962) joined Klaas Plantinga in the distillery. The company name then became \"K. Plantinga & Zoon, Distilleerderij 2e Klasse\" (\"K. Plantinga & Son, distillery 2nd class\"). On 8 October 1910 another",
"title": "Klaas Plantinga"
},
{
"id": "10931657",
"text": "brewed by 40 breweries in 39 countries around the world. In 2006 2.58 billion litres of \"Heineken\" was produced. Since 1975 most Heineken beer is brewed in the Heineken brewery in Zoeterwoude, Netherlands. Other beers produced under the Heineken brand name include: \"Buckler\" is a low alcohol (0.5% abv) pale lager. It was launched in the summer of 1988, and is distributed worldwide. There was a recall in 2004 due to a fault in the pasteurising process. Buckler is no longer available in the Netherlands (Heineken's home market) after the brand's image declined following Dutch comedian Youp van 't Hek",
"title": "Heineken brands"
},
{
"id": "11073836",
"text": "Hopje Hopjes (; also referred to as Haagsche Hopjes, \"hopjes from The Hague\") are a type of Dutch sweets with a slight coffee and caramel flavour that originated in the 18th century. The hopje is named after Baron Hendrik Hop who was recalled as an envoy in Brussels when the French invaded Belgium in 1792. He moved into rooms above the confectioners Van Haaren & Nieuwerkerk. He was addicted to coffee and the story goes that one night he left his coffee with sugar and cream on the heater, where it evaporated. On tasting the resulting substance, he loved it.",
"title": "Hopje"
},
{
"id": "5615668",
"text": "vary by region. It is almost entirely unused and unknown outside of that country. Historically, vla (a popular dairy product with the consistency similar to custard or yoghurt) was sold in long glass bottles. Vla was frequently delivered by milkmen in bottles similar to the long, tapered-neck milk bottles used in many places in the world. However, while the use of the milk bottle streamlined production and distribution practices, the shape of the container made it hard to extract the last bits with spoons, spatulas, or other kitchen utensils. The Dutch answer was the bottle scraper which was perfectly suited",
"title": "Bottle scraper"
},
{
"id": "3627111",
"text": "(brandy) and \"Vieux\", which is an imitation Cognac, but also \"Kandeel\" (made from white wine), ' (a liquor made from aniseed), ' (an orange-flavored brandy, which is traditionally served on festivities surrounding the royal family), \"Advocaat\", \"Boerenjongens\" (raisins in brandy), and ' (apricots in brandy). The Dutch have their own types of fast food, sold at a \"snack bar\". A Dutch fast food meal often consists of a portion of French fries (called \"patat\" or \"friet\"), with a sauce and a meat product. The most common sauce to accompany French fries is \"fritessaus\" (a low fat mayonnaise substitute), while others",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "16839701",
"text": "a particular taste. These may include fusel oil, amyl alcohols, vanilla, esters, oak curls, prune extract and the concentrated liquids obtained from liquorice root (\"Glycyrrhiza glabra\", Dutch \"zoethoutwortel\"). Any Dutch brandy is supposed to contain at least 35% of alcohol, and not more than 20 grammes of sugar per litre. Usually, a little real cognac, eau-de-vie or other grape-based distilled product is added. The brown colour of vieux can be obtained using caramel or an artificial colouring. Although the Treaty of Versailles (1919) already forbade the name \"Cognac\" from being applied to products produced outside of the French Cognac region,",
"title": "Dutch brandy"
},
{
"id": "10060164",
"text": "Baron von Lemon Baron Von Lemon was a cartoon character created by the Pillsbury Company in 1967 to promote a powdered drink of the same name. His life story and whimsically humorous adventures were chronicled in the promotional comic book \"The Adventures of Baron Von Lemon\", written and illustrated by Pete Bastiansen, which sold for 25 cents in grocery stores and is now quite rare. According to the story, he was born \"of lemon extraction\" and seemed like a normal baby, except he was \"shaped like a lemon. And he was yellow. And he \"was\" a lemon.\" Unlike other babies,",
"title": "Baron von Lemon"
},
{
"id": "477162",
"text": "#1 in the Netherlands for the last three years according to \"Elsevier\" magazine. Tilburg is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme. \"Schrobbelèr\" is a local liqueur. It has an alcoholic percentage of 21.5%, slightly lower than most bitters and has a relatively sweet flavour. The drink is sold in a stone jar and is drunk cold from own glass, a high and tiny chalice glass, larger than a Jägermeister glass. The drink originated in 1973 when Tilburgian entrepreneur Jan Wassing started experimenting with a drink with lower alcoholic percentage that was appropriate",
"title": "Tilburg"
},
{
"id": "2728142",
"text": "Related to Italian amaro. In the European Union, Beerenburg classifies as a spirit drink. Some famous brands of Beerenburg are Bokma, Sonnema (Dokkum), Weduwe Joustra (Sneek), Plantinga (Bolsward) Berenburg from Friesland and Hooghoudt Kalmoes from Groningen. Beerenburg Beerenburg (West Frisian: \"Bearenburch\") is a Dutch drink, made by adding herbs to jenever, with about 30% alcohol. The original Beerenburg was made in the mid-19th century with a secret mixture of spices made by the Amsterdam spice merchant \"Hendrik Beerenburg\", to whom it owes its name. Soon local Beerenburg varieties emerged, each with its own recipe. These were, however, not allowed to",
"title": "Beerenburg"
},
{
"id": "4928355",
"text": "war, a whole new town was built from 1946, designed by the architects Van de Ban and De Vassy. In 1955, the foundation \"Reactor Centrum Nederland\" (RCN) was set up, that went on to build a research-reactor (Petten nuclear reactor) that currently supplies 60% of European demand for medical radioisotopes. Since 1976, the foundation is called the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN). In December 1962 (according to some accounts 1963), the Fluxus artist Wim T. Schippers emptied a bottle of \"Green Spot\" lemonade in the sea at Petten \"(\"Manifestatie Aan Het Strand Te Petten\")\". On 11 December 2004,",
"title": "Petten"
},
{
"id": "11899645",
"text": "fine powder and mixed into a liquid (commonly wine) for drinking. An English trader, Charles Ledger, and his Amerindian servant spent four years collecting cinchona seeds in the Andes in Bolivia, highly prized for their quinine but whose export was prohibited. Ledger managed to get seeds out; in 1865, the Dutch government cultivated 20,000 trees of the \"Cinchona ledgeriana\" in Java (Indonesia). By the end of the nineteenth century, the Dutch had established a world monopoly over its supply. In 1834, in British Guiana, a German physician, Carl Warburg, invented an antipyretic medicine: 'Warburg's Tincture'. This secret, proprietary remedy contained",
"title": "History of malaria"
},
{
"id": "14298942",
"text": "Jillz Jillz, (\"formerly known as Charli\") is a mix of cider, barley and water with a fruity flavor. The drink is called a “Sparkling Cider Blend” and contains 5 percent alcohol. Jillz is brewed by Heineken, a Dutch brewing company, and is available both bottled in supermarkets and on tap in bars. After research showed that in Britain “Charli” is slang for cocaine, this name was changed. With this drink, Heineken targets consumers who go out regularly but cannot identify with the current variety of alcoholic beverages. Research performed by Heineken indicates that 63% of women find the taste of",
"title": "Jillz"
},
{
"id": "1683421",
"text": "of the dish varies. Another is rabbit in gueuze. The Trappist monastery at Chimay also manufactures cheese that is \"washed\" with beer to enhance its flavour. Jenever, also known as \"genièvre\", \"genever\", \"peket\" or \"Dutch gin\", is the national spirit of Belgium from which gin evolved. While beer may be Belgium's most famous alcoholic beverage, jenever has been the country's traditional and national spirit for over 500 years. Jenever is a \"Protected Product of Origin\", having received eleven different appellations or AOCs from the European Union, and can only be crafted in Belgium, the Netherlands and a few areas in",
"title": "Belgian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "7090455",
"text": "liquids that can be obtained from the roots of the liquorice plant (\"Glycyrrhiza glabra\", Dutch \"zoethoutwortel\"). Whereas so-called eau-de-vie (or other grape-based extracts) is sometimes used during the production of Dutch Brandy, this does not happen when Plantiac is made. It contains 35% alcohol. The brown colour of Plantiac is obtained using caramel. It is not certain when Plantiac was first made. Although advertisements insist on a 100-year anniversary in 1970 this is not true. Plantiac was first produced as Plantinga Cognac by the Plantinga distillery in Bolsward, Netherlands, most likely in the 1930s or 1940s. The 100-year anniversary seems",
"title": "Plantiac"
},
{
"id": "10901460",
"text": "well reviewed in independent drinks competitions. Damrak was Amsterdam's first harbor, and the name pays tribute to the original genever trade. Bokma is a Dutch-only brand of genevers, , and . Claeryn is a Dutch-only brand of \"jonge\" genever. Claeryn was also involved in an important legal case involving trademarks. The Benelux Court of Justice held that a similarly named liquid detergent infringed due to the concept of detriment of repute. is a traditional bitters from the Limburg region, popular in the south of the Netherlands. Hartevelt is another complete line of genevers and lemon brandy. Yet another \"jonge\" genever.",
"title": "Lucas Bols"
},
{
"id": "4369944",
"text": "advocaat, brandy, and whipped cream. The Polish equivalent called \"ajerkoniak\" (de: \"Eier\"—eggs; fr: \"Cognac\") is based on vodka instead of brandy, despite what the name may suggest. Rompope of Mexico, and Sabajón of Colombia are very similar liquors based on egg yolk and vanilla. Some varieties have additional flavourings. Advocaat Advocaat or advocatenborrel is a traditional Dutch alcoholic beverage made from eggs, sugar, and brandy. The rich and creamy drink has a smooth, custard-like consistency. The typical alcohol content is generally somewhere between 14% and 20% ABV. Its contents may be a blend of egg yolks, aromatic spirits, sugar or",
"title": "Advocaat"
},
{
"id": "7090459",
"text": "Plantiac has been made available in 40 cc, 50 cc, 200 cc, 500 cc and 1000 cc bottles. As of 2004, it is only bottled in 200 cc and 1000 cc quantities. In the early 1990s, Plantiac enjoyed a brief period of Atari ST scene popularity. Plantiac Plantiac (called \"Plantinga Cognac\" until the early 1960s) is a type of Dutch brandy (\"vieux\"). It can be drunk pure or as part of a mix. The colour is medium brown. Plantiac is a Dutch distilled drink based on molasses-alcohol, with added essences and extracts to produce its characteristic taste. The aromas used",
"title": "Plantiac"
},
{
"id": "4935000",
"text": "Maes pils and Cristal (both brewed by the Alken Maes branch of Heineken). Stella Artois, originating in Belgium, is distributed globally. The Pilsnerbeer is which is popularly called \"\"pintje\"\" (in flemish, from english \"pint\" but in volume only 1/2 pint) or \"\"choppe\"\" (in french) in Belgium, was the basis of the \"\"fluitjesbier\"\" distributed during the German occupation in WWII and under rationing. This \"\"fluitjesbier\"\" was watered down to about 0.8° (compared to fruitjuice which can have up to 1.5° due to natural fermentation). Bock is a strong lager of German origin, and the Netherlands. Some Belgian brewers have produced bock-style",
"title": "Beer in Belgium"
},
{
"id": "7615367",
"text": "platform as of 2015. In 2016, Heineken became the Official Beer of the FIA Formula One World Championship starts from Canadian Grand Prix. Heineken Heineken Lager Beer (), or simply Heineken () is a pale lager beer with 5% alcohol by volume produced by the Dutch brewing company Heineken International. Heineken is well known for its signature green bottle and red star. On 15 February 1864, Gerard Adriaan Heineken (1841–1893) convinced his wealthy mother to buy De Hooiberg (The Haystack) brewery in Amsterdam, a popular working-class brand founded in 1592. In 1873 after hiring a Dr. Elion (student of Louis",
"title": "Heineken"
},
{
"id": "1810706",
"text": "Christiaan Eijkman Christiaan Eijkman (; 11 August 1858 – 5 November 1930) was a Dutch physician and professor of physiology whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of antineuritic vitamins (thiamine). Together with Sir Frederick Hopkins, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 for the discovery of vitamins. Christiaan Eijkman was born on 11 August 1858, at Nijkerk, Netherlands as the seventh child of Christiaan Eijkman, the headmaster of a local school, and Johanna Alida Pool. His elder brother Johann Frederik Eijkman (1851–1915) was also a chemist. A year later,",
"title": "Christiaan Eijkman"
},
{
"id": "7937801",
"text": "some television commercials for the brand. Since the early 1990s, the company has used the slogan \"Take it easy, take a SiSi\". In recent years, Sisi has touted itself as having half as much sugar as similar products produced by its competitors. Sisi (drink) Sisi (stylized as SiSi; originally si si) is the brand name of a wide range of fruit-flavoured beverages produced by Dutch beverage manufacturing company Vrumona under a joint venture with Heineken International since 1951. The manufacturing plant is located at Bunnik, The Netherlands. In 1936, George Becht launched a grapefruit-flavoured drink called Ja-Ja. One year later,",
"title": "Sisi (drink)"
},
{
"id": "8693372",
"text": "lemon, proved to be a big hit while the other two (bitter orange and bitter soda) were quickly discarded. Another hugely successful soft drink launched under the Royal Club brand name was shandy (1976). This product was aimed at responsible drivers who wished to abstain from drinking beer but fancied something with a beerlike taste. At that time alcoholfree beers were hardly available in the Netherlands. In the late 1970s Royal Club Shandy was also a favourite drink among kids who were not yet allowed to drink beer. Royal Club Shandy is still being produced today, though it now has",
"title": "Royal Club (brand)"
},
{
"id": "3008233",
"text": "distilleries to export their genever to the USA. Dutch-based Lucas Bols produces and sells \"oude genever\", known as \"ginebra\" in Spanish, in South America. Ketel One is now more known for producing vodka, but started out as, and still is, a jenever distillery. Traditionally the drink is served in a tulip-shaped glass filled to the brim. \"Jonge jenever\", colloquially a \"jonkie\" (\"young'un\"), is usually served at room temperature, sometimes (though this is now quite old fashioned) with some sugar and a tiny spoon to stir. The drink is sometimes served cold from a bottle kept in a freezer or on",
"title": "Jenever"
},
{
"id": "2113367",
"text": "Half and half Half and half is the name of various beverages and foods made of an equal-parts mixture of two substances, including dairy products, alcoholic beverages, and soft drinks. In some cafés in Brussels, a \"half en half\", Dutch for \"half and half\", is a mixture of white wine and champagne.\" Originally, it was a mixture of two different typical beer types from Brussels: 50% lambic and 50% faro.\" If you order a \"half and half\" in a Copenhagen bar, you will get a mixture of dark beer and pilsner (lager). The dark beer is a Danish version of",
"title": "Half and half"
},
{
"id": "4976169",
"text": "Nantais region in the 17th century by Dutch trader looking for a sufficient source of neutral, white wines that could be distilled into brandewijn. Following the deep freeze of 1709, most of the red grape varieties were severely damaged and replaced by the hardier Melon de Bourgogne. The French ampelographer Pierre Galet found evidence that following that deep freeze, King Louis XIV ordered the replanting himself with a grape called \"Muscadent blanc\" that was most likely the Melon de Bourgogne. By the 20th century, Muscadet began to fall out of favor in the global wine market and earned a reputation",
"title": "Muscadet"
},
{
"id": "9266919",
"text": "Usually the sedative sodium thiopental is intravenously administered to induce a coma. Once it is certain that the patient is in a deep coma, typically after less than a minute, pancuronium is administered to stop breathing and cause death. Officially reported were also 148 cases of physician-assisted dying (0.14% of all deaths), usually by drinking a strong (10g) barbiturate potion. The doctor is required to be present for two reasons: In two cases the doctor was reprimanded for not being present while the patient drank the potion. They said they had not realised that this was required. Forty-one cases were",
"title": "Euthanasia in the Netherlands"
},
{
"id": "2840672",
"text": "its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. In 2009, the production and agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. A specific exemption to that ban allows it to continue to be used as a second-line pharmaceutical treatment for lice and scabies. The chemical was originally synthesised in 1825 by Faraday. It is named after the Dutch chemist Teunis van der Linden (1884–1965), the first to isolate and describe γ-hexachlorcyclohexane in 1912. Its pesticidal action was discovered only in 1942, after which lindane production, by Imperial",
"title": "Lindane"
},
{
"id": "7300496",
"text": "a man advised his pregnant girlfriend to use black hellebore and savin be boiled together and drunk in milk, or else chopped madder boiled in beer. Other substances reputed to have been used by the English include Spanish fly, opium, watercress seed, iron sulphate, and iron chloride. Another mixture, not abortifacient, but rather intended to relieve missed abortion, contained dittany, hyssop, and hot water. The root of worm fern, called \"prostitute root\" in French, was used in France and Germany; it was also recommended by a Greek physician in the 1st century. In German folk medicine, there was also an",
"title": "History of abortion"
},
{
"id": "7627678",
"text": "5% abv lager. In France a beer called \"Amstel Free\", with minimal alcohol content – about one per cent ABV – is produced. A non-alcoholic version, \"Amstel Zero\", can also be purchased in the Netherlands, Greece, Egypt and other countries. Amstel also markets a shandy called Amstel Radler in several countries. It contains 2% alcohol and it is a mix of lager beer and lemonade. Amstel Brewery Amstel Brewery (, ) is a Dutch brewery founded in 1870 on the Mauritskade in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It was taken over by Heineken International in 1968, and the brewing plant closed down in",
"title": "Amstel Brewery"
},
{
"id": "6065874",
"text": "Franciscus Sylvius Franciscus Sylvius (15 March 1614 – 19 November 1672), born Franz de le Boë, was a Dutch physician and scientist (chemist, physiologist and anatomist) who was an early champion of Descartes', Van Helmont's and William Harvey's work and theories. He was one of the earliest defenders of the theory of circulation of the blood in the Netherlands, and commonly falsely cited as the inventor of gin, others pin point the origin of Gin to Italy. Sylvius, a latinization of \"de le Boë\" translated as \"of the woods\", was born in Hanau, Germany to an affluent family originally from",
"title": "Franciscus Sylvius"
},
{
"id": "4488803",
"text": "the \"\"work of the washboard\"\"—saving consumers time and rendering the historic method of \"sun-bleaching\" (by laying clothes out in the sun) unnecessary. Persil was the first commercially available self-activated laundry detergent (combining bleach with the detergent). The invention of Persil was a significant breakthrough. The name, \"Persil\", is derived from two of the original ingredients, sodium perborate and silicate. The original name was deemed unsuitable as an international brand because it is hard to pronounce in some languages. Coincidentally, \"persil\" is the French word for the herb, parsley. Persil is sold in powder, liquid detergent, liquid capsule, liqui-gel, and tablet",
"title": "Persil"
},
{
"id": "5740811",
"text": "the \"Vermeer Valentine\" (2 oz. Vermeer, 1 oz. vodka, and 1/2 oz. Chambord, shaken over ice) Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur is a sweet liqueur made of Dutch chocolate, cream, and vodka. It was created by Maurice Kanbar who tested it for five years before presenting the liqueur to the public in 2001. Vermeer is 34 U.S. proof (17% alcohol by volume) and the bottles are labeled with an image of Johannes Vermeer's \"Girl with a Pearl Earring\". Kanbar, who also developed SKYY vodka, wanted to create \"a liqueur as perfect as a Vermeer painting.\"",
"title": "Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur"
},
{
"id": "3800295",
"text": "the Denmark of the 1960s and 1970s, the drinking of bitters, such as Gammel Dansk, was not considered taboo in the morning. The bottle even reads \"Gør godt om morgenen, efter dagens dont, under jagten, på fisketuren eller som apéritif\". (\"Enjoyable in the morning, after a day's work, when hunting or fishing, or as an apéritif.\") With the 1980s came a greater concern for public health, and with that bitters fell out of favor compared to the lower ABV beer and wine. Even so, Gammel Dansk still constitutes two-thirds of all bitters sold in Denmark. In 2007 Danish Distillers launched",
"title": "Gammel Dansk"
},
{
"id": "20488607",
"text": "Roxy (cigarette) Roxy was a Dutch cigarette brand that was manufactured by Royal Theodorus Niemeyer in Groningen, now owned by British American Tobacco. Roxy was created on 19 March, 1951 by Theodorus Niemeijer. Their slogan was \"\"'n Roxy?...ja graag!\"\" (\"\"a Roxy?...yes please!\"\"). The brand was developed specifically as a cigarette which contained lower tar and nicotine. Although in the advertising for the cigarette references to health damage by smoking were avoided, scientific publications about the effects of smoking led to the creation of this cigarette. The consumer consciously wanted a safer smoke. In 1962 the Consumentenbond did a comparative study",
"title": "Roxy (cigarette)"
},
{
"id": "4674507",
"text": "dropped it into a white envelope and put it carefully in my pocket. The next day I rushed round to my personal doctor and asked him to send the phial to a lab for analysis. Disappointment: no drug, no magic potion. It was nothing more than an ordinary tonic, made in France, that I could have bought without a prescription. I realised that I should have to try to outsmart him and I devised my own investigation system. The first thing was to make sure I always stayed at the same hotel for a race, and to have the room",
"title": "Gino Bartali"
},
{
"id": "16315049",
"text": "an intracerebral hemorrhage. After learning of Münch's condition, fellow producers DJ Ayres, Tittsworth and Dave Nada organised a fundraiser \"to pay for surgery, medication and flight home for the non-American insured producer\". He spent 9 hours in coma and 11 days in the hospital, but when noticing the overwhelming support it inspired him to recover faster during 2011. 2009: 2010: 2011: 2012: 2013: 2014: 2010: 2012: 2016: 2010: 2011: 2010: 2012: 2008: 2010: 2011: 2012: 2013: 2014: 2017: 2010: 2011: 2012: Munchi (DJ) Rajiv Münch (born July 29, 1989), better known by his stage name Munchi, is a Dutch producer",
"title": "Munchi (DJ)"
},
{
"id": "11481928",
"text": "Party Award. <br> The origin of Jeckyll & Hyde is possibly from the movie Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde(1931) Jeckyll & Hyde (musicians) Jeckyll & Hyde is the stage name of the Dutch producer Maarten Vorwerk. His first commercial hit, \"Frozen Flame\", reached #11 on the Dutch Top 40 charts. The second single from The Album, \"Freefall\", reached #1 in the Dutch Top 40 charts, making it the first instrumental #1 hit in the Netherlands since 1995. \"Time Flies\", the third single, has also been receiving major airplay on Dutch TV and radio stations. Jeckyll & Hyde received two TMF",
"title": "Jeckyll & Hyde (musicians)"
},
{
"id": "18834928",
"text": "to five weeks. The resulting liquid is then filtered. The non-use of distillation extracts the root's essential oils, while preserving its flavor and color. One may consume the liqueur as an \"apéritif\", \"digestif\", or ingredient in a cocktail. Producers (non-exhaustive list): Blutwurz Blutwurz is the root of the plant \"Blutwurz\" (Potentilla erecta), which derives its name (blood root) from the color of the juice that emerges when one cuts the root. The root provided a traditional anti-inflammatory medicine. Today it is still consumed in the form of tea, syrup, cream, or powder. Most importantly, the Penninger company uses Blutwurz as",
"title": "Blutwurz"
},
{
"id": "6445207",
"text": "be prevented from selling the product under that name. Warnink was one of the primary market producers of a Dutch liqueur made from a blend of hen egg yolks, aromatic spirits, sugar, and brandy, which it sold under the name \"Advocaat\". Townend produced a similar alcoholic drink but using egg and Cyprus wine which it sold as \"Keeling's Old English Advocaat\". The Court held that Townend was passing off their goods as those of Warnink. In applying the test for passing off, the Court developed what is known as the \"extended\" tort of passing off which included any situation where",
"title": "Erven Warnink BV v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd"
},
{
"id": "5554392",
"text": "handful of almonds or hazelnuts, instant drink mix, tea or coffee, sugar, an antiseptic wipe, matches, solid fuel tablets, a flat disposable stove, a flameless heater (similar to the US one) and a cable-tie used to seal waste packaging back into the outer bag after use. The Netherlands version of the 24-hour ration, the \"Gevechtsrantsoen,\" (Combat ration) includes canned or retort pouched items, plus hard biscuits, jam, cheese spread, 3 cans of meat spread and 1 can of tuna spread, a chocolate bar, a roll of mints, instant coffee, tea, hot chocolate, lemon-flavour energy drink powder, instant soup, a vitamin",
"title": "Field ration"
},
{
"id": "7117699",
"text": "served with a ramekin or small bowl of mustard for dipping. They are eaten in Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles, the Netherlands, Belgium, and to some degree in Indonesia. \"Bitterballen\" are very similar to the Dutch variant of \"kroketten\" (plural of \"kroket\") in their ingredients and preparation/cooking methods, as well as flavour, though the larger \"kroketten\" have a distinct oblong sausage shape, but with a similar diameter. The \"bitterbal\" derives its name from a generic word for certain types of herb-flavoured alcoholic beverages, called a \"bitter\" in Dutch, and are popularly served as part of a \"bittergarnituur\", a selection of savoury",
"title": "Bitterballen"
},
{
"id": "168487",
"text": "beverage of no less than 40 per cent ABV (80 proof) that possesses the characteristic flavour of juniper berries. Gin produced only through distillation or redistillation of aromatics with an alcoholic wash can be further distinguished and marketed as \"distilled gin\". The Canadian Food and Drug Regulation recognises gin with three different definitions (Genever, Gin, London or Dry gin) that loosely approximate the US definitions. Whereas a more detailed regulation is provided for Holland gin or genever, no distinction is made between compounded gin and distilled gin. Either compounded or distilled gin can be labeled as Dry Gin or London",
"title": "Gin"
},
{
"id": "7090454",
"text": "Plantiac Plantiac (called \"Plantinga Cognac\" until the early 1960s) is a type of Dutch brandy (\"vieux\"). It can be drunk pure or as part of a mix. The colour is medium brown. Plantiac is a Dutch distilled drink based on molasses-alcohol, with added essences and extracts to produce its characteristic taste. The aromas used in the production of Plantiac are purchased from Quest International and IFF. The exact ingredients are kept secret - they are what make each Vieux unique. However, the essences and extracts used for Plantiac include fusel oil, amyl alcohols, vanilla, esters, prune extract and the concentrated",
"title": "Plantiac"
},
{
"id": "8904122",
"text": "as Triple Sec and various flavors of Schnapps such as Pucker, generally for consumption in sweet cocktails or shots. In 1995, on the occasion of its 300th anniversary, the company received the title “Royal” from Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. This led to the company changing its name from Johannes de Kuyper & Zoon to De Kuyper Royal Distillers. In the same year, Erven Warnink - the leading producer of advocaat and cream liqueurs – was taken over by De Kuyper Royal Distillers. The current product line of the DeKuyper brand includes: Almond, Amaretto, Anisette, Blood Orange, Blue Curaçao, Cactus",
"title": "DeKuyper"
},
{
"id": "6059907",
"text": "was born. He saw the name as a symbol of the Dutch pursuit of perfection in everything from art to flowers to cheese. The fighting lion on the Luctor crest and the words \"luctor at emergo\" – \"I fight and will survive\" – are a reference to the strength and perseverance of the Dutch. Luctor International Luctor International is the importing company for Van Gogh Vodkas, vodka-based liqueurs, and Van Gogh gin. The company was originally developed in the early 1980s to import Dutch beer. In 1987 David van de Velde, then owner of Luctor, revived the company and began",
"title": "Luctor International"
},
{
"id": "2645843",
"text": "Strongbow (cider) Strongbow is a dry cider produced by H. P. Bulmer in England since 1962. Strongbow is the world's leading cider with a 15 per cent volume share of the global cider market and a 29 per cent volume share of the UK cider market. Bulmer's is a subsidiary of Heineken International, the multinational Dutch brewer. In 2011, Strongbow Gold, produced in Belgium, was launched across Europe in response to cider's growing popularity on the continent. In 2012, Strongbow was the highest selling cider in Australia, and was the second highest selling cider in North America. The majority of",
"title": "Strongbow (cider)"
},
{
"id": "2450145",
"text": "Warsaw in 1873. Upon arrival, the French diaeresis was added to the Dutch surname (reputedly by one of André's teachers), changing Citroen to Citroën. Citroen comes from a grandfather in the Netherlands who had been a greengrocer and seller of tropical fruit, and had taken the surname of \"Limoenman\", Dutch for \"lime man,\" his son however changed it to \"Citroen\", which in Dutch means \"lemon\". His father committed suicide when André was six years old (presumably after failure in a business venture in a diamond mine in South Africa). It is reputed that the young André was inspired by the",
"title": "André Citroën"
},
{
"id": "3941731",
"text": "only hostelry in town. The serious imbibers in this society would be happy to learn that many of these applied to alcoholic beverages, including madeira, genever (Dutch gin), kilthum (the forerunner of rum) and even a drink made by the Amerindians. Of course, alcohol was not considered an indulgence in those days, but rather a necessity, since it was erroneously believed that it warded off diseases like malaria, which it was claimed came from exposure to 'miasmas'. In March 1763, the rebel leader Cuffy made the Court of Policy building in the little town his headquarters, and on either side",
"title": "New Amsterdam, Guyana"
},
{
"id": "10414327",
"text": "that were of recent origin, typically consisting of Bohemian-style products. Connoisseurs considered these of inferior quality and not representative of the 19th century spirit. In 2000, La Fée Absinthe became the first commercial absinthe distilled and bottled in France since the 1914 ban, but it is now one of dozens of brands that are produced and sold within France. In the Netherlands, the restrictions were challenged by Amsterdam wineseller Menno Boorsma in July 2004, thus confirming the legality of absinthe once again. Similarly, Belgium lifted its long-standing ban on January 1, 2005, citing a conflict with the adopted food and",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "7937799",
"text": "Sisi (drink) Sisi (stylized as SiSi; originally si si) is the brand name of a wide range of fruit-flavoured beverages produced by Dutch beverage manufacturing company Vrumona under a joint venture with Heineken International since 1951. The manufacturing plant is located at Bunnik, The Netherlands. In 1936, George Becht launched a grapefruit-flavoured drink called Ja-Ja. One year later, an apple-flavoured drink was launched under the si si name. After George Becht died in 1949, his son Cornelius took over and adopted the \"si si\" name to the similar products of the company Vrumona. Between 1951 and 1969 there were a",
"title": "Sisi (drink)"
},
{
"id": "450201",
"text": "work, especially his \"History of Vodka\". Up until the 1950s, vodka was not used as a designation for Swedish distilled beverages, which were instead called \"brännvin\" (\"burn-wine\"), the word having the same etymology as the Dutch \"Brandewijn\", which is the base for the word brandy. This beverage has been produced in Sweden since the late 15th century, although the total production was still small in the 17th century. From the early 18th century, production expanded, although production was prohibited several times, during grain shortages. Although initially a grain product, potatoes started to be used in the production in the late",
"title": "Vodka"
},
{
"id": "5076678",
"text": "seeds, angelica root, liquorice, orris root, orange and lemon peel, though the exact recipe has remained a closely guarded secret since 1769. It differed from others at the time in that it didn't add sugar, which made it a \"dry\" gin. It takes ten days' distillation after receiving the wheat to create a finished product of a bottle of Gordon's Gin. In the UK Gordon's is sold in a green glass bottle, but in export markets it is sold in a clear bottle. Some airport duty-free shops sell it in plastic bottles in the 75cl size. Gordon's is sold in",
"title": "Gordon's Gin"
},
{
"id": "6528733",
"text": "of two pills to be ingested in one- or two-day intervals so the patient would have enough time to change his or her mind. In 1974 he was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Huib Drion Huib Drion (The Hague, 25 April 1917 – Leiden, 20 April 2004) was a Dutch Supreme Court judge and professor of civil law who became famous for proposing a suicide pill, which was later called Drion's pill after him. Drion wrote that elderly people who were incurably sick should be able to visit their doctor and receive medication",
"title": "Huib Drion"
},
{
"id": "3627098",
"text": "then became convinced that the money from the Marshall Plan was being well spent. Café au lait is also very common. It is called \"koffie verkeerd\" (literally \"wrong coffee\") and consists of equal parts black coffee and hot milk. The Dutch drink tea without milk and the tea is quite a lot weaker than typical English or Irish types of tea which are stronger and are usually taken with milk. Other hot drinks used to include warm lemonade, called \"kwast\" (hot water with lemon juice), and \"anijsmelk\" (hot milk with aniseed). In the autumn and winter the very popular hot",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "16858041",
"text": "and still wins championship awards. It is this cross that led to many of the modern medicinal strains that are popular today. Nevil Schoenmakers Nevil Martin Schoenmakers is an Australian-born cannabis breeder known for founding the first cannabis seedbank, which was called \"The Seed Bank of Holland\", in the early 1980s in the Netherlands. This was also the first seed company to advertise directly to the public in \"High Times\" magazine. Born in 1957 in Perth, Western Australia to Dutch parents, Schoenmakers moved to the Netherlands in 1976. There he started growing cannabis for personal use. He soon discovered that",
"title": "Nevil Schoenmakers"
},
{
"id": "8904124",
"text": "Fusion, Strawberry Passion, Cheri-Beri, Grape, Island Blue, Peach, Raspberry, Sour Apple, and Watermelon. Apricot, Blackberry, Cherry, Ginger, Kirschwasser Cherry, New England Style Coffee, Peach. Alabama Slammer, Kamikaze, Lemon Drop, Red Headed, Sex on the Beach, Washington Apple. DeKuyper DeKuyper Royal Distillers () is a privately held Dutch company in the business of manufacturing and marketing distilled spirits and liqueurs. The company was founded in 1695 by Petrus De Kuyper as a manufacturer of barrels and casks used in the transportation of spirits and beer. By 1752, the family owned a distillery in Schiedam which was then the leading center for",
"title": "DeKuyper"
},
{
"id": "9758666",
"text": "bottle drinks and Tetra Pak boxes are sold in small quantities. The soft drink was for sale in The Netherlands as well. In 1962 the Dutch artist Wim T. Schippers emptied a bottle in the sea near Petten. He managed to make it an international news item. Green Spot (soft drink) Green Spot is a non-carbonated non-caffeinated orange-based soft drink that is sold in Venezuela, Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. Developed in 1934 in the United States after the introduction of Orangeade, the brand established operations in Thailand in 1954. While the brand is no longer popular in the",
"title": "Green Spot (soft drink)"
},
{
"id": "4930698",
"text": "Maes pils Maes pils is a Belgian pils brewed by Alken-Maes. The beer was first produced in 1930 for Antwerp's Universal Exposition and called Prima Maezenbier. After Jupiler and Stella Artois, it is the third best-selling pilsner in Belgium. In 2008, Alken-Maes was taken over by the Dutch Heineken Brewery. In 2009, Alken-Maes changed the recipe of Maes Pils, resulting in a slight change in taste and a rise in the percentage of alcohol from 4.9% to 5.2%. To mark the change, Maes was rebranded with a new logo, a new embossed bottle, and a new descriptive slogan: \"Extra Mout/Extra",
"title": "Maes pils"
},
{
"id": "6185626",
"text": "Sinalco Sinalco is a popular brand of non-alcoholic drinks first marketed in 1902, with sales in now more than 40 countries. Sinalco is the oldest soft drink brand in Europe. It is produced by Sinalco International, a company headquartered in Duisburg, Germany. In 1902, German scientist Friedrich Eduard Bilz invented \"Bilz Brause\", a sherbet powder, and started to sell it in partnership with industrialist Franz Hartmann. As imitations started to appear, they held a prize competition for a brand name, and chose \"Sinalco\" (an abbreviation of the Latin \"sine alcohole\", \"without alcohol\"). As one of the first beverage brands, Sinalco",
"title": "Sinalco"
},
{
"id": "10374242",
"text": "of Liquor Tax, as it is not a liquid. In 2007, four food technology students in the Netherlands invented a powdered alcohol product called \"Booz2go\". They claimed that when mixed with water, the powder would produce a bubbly, lime-colored and lime-flavored drink, with 3% alcohol. When put into commercial production, it was expected to sell for €1.50 (approx. US$1.60) for a 20 gram sachet. The product's creators and marketers - Harm van Elderen, Martyn van Nierop, and others at Helicon Vocational Institute in Boxtel - claimed to be aiming at the youth market. They compared the drink to alcopops like",
"title": "Alcohol powder"
},
{
"id": "6479760",
"text": "the little-people stick-on would only be a flash in the pan, “but it just got a life to it, and it still isn’t ready to die.” In the Netherlands the weepul was introduced as a marketing tool in the 1980s by the name of \"wuppie\". The wuppie was created by Tom Bodt and Eduard van Wensen, two promotion salesmen, who had been inspired by weeples which he discovered during a trip in the US in the 1970s. The wuppies became popular after Father Abraham featured the wuppies in one of his songs. \"World Unique Promotional Product Identity & Emotion\" is",
"title": "Weepul"
},
{
"id": "15422423",
"text": "a money-making venture, even producing their own afternoon radio program right in the store. Harry, who wants to buy the store as part of a bootlegging operation, attempts to sell the duo an alcohol-laced drink, referring to it as \"lemon-syrup\". The \"syrup\" gains praise from everybody in town, until the police show up to close down the operation. Tommy and Egbert are suspicious of Harry, and it is up to them to find Harry, clear their name, and save Mother's store. According to RKO the film made a profit of $90,000. Caught Plastered Caught Plastered is a 1931 American Pre-Code",
"title": "Caught Plastered"
},
{
"id": "19032219",
"text": "Double Dutch Drinks Double Dutch Drinks is a range of natural drink mixers and soft drinks headquartered in London. The company was founded in 2015 by the Dutch twin sisters Joyce and Raissa de Haas. The company produces seven flavours using natural ingredients and no artificial flavouring, colouring, or preservatives. As of 2018, Double Dutch tonics and mixers are exported to 24 countries worldwide. Double Dutch Drinks was founded by Dutch twins Joyce and Raissa de Haas. The company was founded as a result of the sisters winning the most promising startup prize from the University College London for their",
"title": "Double Dutch Drinks"
},
{
"id": "1847975",
"text": "in many forms. Mixing it with mint, menthol, aniseed, or laurel is quite popular. Mixing it with ammonium chloride (\"salmiak\") is also popular. A popular example of salmiak liquorice in the Netherlands is known as \"zoute drop\" (salty liquorice), but contains very little salt, i.e., sodium chloride. Strong, salty sweets are also popular in Nordic countries. Dried sticks of the liquorice root are also a traditional confectionery in their own right in the Netherlands, although their popularity has quickly waned in recent decades. They were sold simply as sticks of \"zoethout\" ('sweet wood') to chew on as a candy. Through",
"title": "Liquorice"
},
{
"id": "4106408",
"text": "and cocaine use in Europe. According to Barry McCaffrey of the US Office of National Drug Control Policy, Dutch tolerance has allowed the Netherlands to become a criminal epicentre for illicit synthetic drug manufacture, particularly ecstasy, as well as the home for production and worldwide export of strains of cannabis with THC reportedly 10 times higher than normal. Gil Kerlikowske has attested that, where there were once thousands of cannabis cafés there are now only several hundred. Levels of cannabis use, in 2005 only marginally higher than in 1998, while other European countries have accelerated past them, are more likely,",
"title": "Arguments for and against drug prohibition"
},
{
"id": "10420621",
"text": "is when used 'by those that have the scurvy' and that it 'is of singular good effect to cleanse the blood, liver and spleen, taking the juice in the Spring every morning fasting in a cup of drink. The leaves were also made into a beer called 'scurvygrass ale', it has been occasionally re-made as a craft ale. Cochlearia officinalis Cochlearia officinalis, (or Common Scurvygrass, 'scurvy-grass' and 'spoonwort') is a flowering plant of the genus \"Cochlearia\" in the family Brassicaceae. The plant acquired its common name from the observation that it cured scurvy, and it was taken on board ships",
"title": "Cochlearia officinalis"
},
{
"id": "16697181",
"text": "Hans van Leeuwen Johannes \"Hans\" van Leeuwen (born 1946 in Gouda, South Holland) is educator, engineer, inventor, researcher, and entrepreneur. He is a emeritus professor of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering at Iowa State University and an entrepreneur in ethanol co-product development. His research and innovations have worked to solve various problems including, new water purification methods, a way of creating food and animal feed from waste, and a process in making the purest alcohol ever made. van Leeuwen was born in 1946 in Gouda, South Holland, Netherlands. He grew up in South Africa. His experience growing up in South",
"title": "Hans van Leeuwen"
},
{
"id": "3627089",
"text": "a lot of flavour and require hours to prepare. Vegetable soups are made from richly flavored stock or bouillon and typically contain small meatballs alongside a wide variety of different vegetables. Asparagus and \"witloof\" are highly prized and traditionally eaten with cheese or ham. Pastries are abundant, often with rich fillings of cream, custard or fruits. Cakes, such as the \"Vlaai\" from Limburg and the \"Moorkop\" and \"Bossche Bol\" from Brabant, are typical pastries. Savoury pastries also occur, with the \"worstenbroodje\" (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The traditional",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "168475",
"text": "Gin Gin is liquor which derives its predominant flavour from juniper berries (\"Juniperus communis\"). Gin is one of the broadest categories of spirits, all of various origins, styles, and flavour profiles that revolve around juniper as a common ingredient. From its earliest origins in the Middle Ages, the drink has evolved from a herbal medicine to an object of commerce in the spirits industry. Gin was developed based on the older Dutch liquor, jenever, and became popular in Great Britain (particularly in London) when William of Orange became King William III of England. The earliest known written reference to genever",
"title": "Gin"
},
{
"id": "559424",
"text": "as crêpe Suzette and cherries jubilee while serving. Brandy is traditionally poured over Christmas pudding and set alight. The flames consume most of the alcohol but the pudding is left with a distinctive flavour. The term \"brandy\" is a shortening of \"brandywine\", which was derived from the Dutch word \"brandewijn\", itself derived from \"gebrande wijn\", which literally means \"burned wine\". In the general colloquial usage of the term, brandy may also be made from pomace and from fermented fruit other than grapes. If a beverage comes from a particular fruit (or multiple fruits) other than exclusively grapes, or from the",
"title": "Brandy"
},
{
"id": "10414362",
"text": "prohibitions exist. The government-owned chain of liquor stores (Alko) is the only outlet that may sell alcoholic beverages containing over 5.5% ABV, although national law bans the sale of alcoholic beverages containing over 60% ABV. Despite adopting sweeping EU food and beverage regulations in 1988 that effectively re-legalised absinthe, a decree was passed that same year that preserved the prohibition on products explicitly labelled as \"absinthe\", while placing strict limits on fenchone (fennel) and pinocamphone (hyssop) in an obvious, but failed, attempt to thwart a possible return of absinthe-like products. French producers circumvented this regulatory obstacle by labelling absinthe as",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "1556667",
"text": "Bach flower remedies Bach flower remedies (BFRs) are solutions of brandy and water—the water containing extreme dilutions of flower material developed by Edward Bach, an English homeopath, in the 1930s. Bach claimed that dew found on flower petals retain imagined healing properties of that plant. Systematic reviews of clinical trials of Bach flower solutions have found no efficacy beyond a placebo effect. The solutions, which contain a 50:50 mix of water and brandy, are called mother tincture. Stock remedies—the solutions sold in shops—are dilutions of mother tincture into other liquid. Most often the liquid used is alcohol, so that the",
"title": "Bach flower remedies"
},
{
"id": "7090458",
"text": "name 'cognac' (\"-ac\"). The Plantiac name was first seen used in a 1961 advertisement, although that year also saw advertisements still using the name \"Plantinga's Cognac Vieux\". Plantiac became an official registered trademark on 8 April 1971. Until 1972, Plantiac (and before that, Plantinga Cognac) was produced in Bolsward. From 1972 to 2004, it was produced by the UTO company (since 2011 renamed to Herman Jansen) in Schiedam, also in the Netherlands. There, it was bottled about once per month. Since July 2004, Plantiac has been produced under exclusive licence from the Herman Jansen company by Boomsma in Leeuwarden, Netherlands.",
"title": "Plantiac"
},
{
"id": "5740809",
"text": "Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur is a sweet liqueur made of Dutch chocolate, cream, and vodka. It was created by Maurice Kanbar who tested it for five years before presenting the liqueur to the public in 2001. Vermeer is 34 U.S. proof (17% alcohol by volume) and the bottles are labeled with an image of Johannes Vermeer's \"Girl with a Pearl Earring\". Kanbar, who also developed SKYY vodka, wanted to create \"a liqueur as perfect as a Vermeer painting.\" The Vermeer liqueur benefited from the popularity of chocolate in the early 2000s, and was included",
"title": "Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur"
},
{
"id": "6479761",
"text": "a backronym for wuppie. The wuppies became extremely popular in the summer of 1981. Twenty-five years later, they made a come-back in the Netherlands. In June 2006 the Dutch supermarket chain Albert Heijn re-introduced the wuppies in a new campaign connected to the FIFA World Cup 2006 under the motto \"Wup Holland Wup\", a variation of \"Hup Holland Hup\" (\"Go Holland Go\"), a Dutch patriotic song. The wuppies, produced in orange, red, white and blue were used as a kind of saving stamp. Three saving stamps together with 2,49 euros could be exchanged for one mega wup. Albert Heijn's wuppie",
"title": "Weepul"
},
{
"id": "16858035",
"text": "Nevil Schoenmakers Nevil Martin Schoenmakers is an Australian-born cannabis breeder known for founding the first cannabis seedbank, which was called \"The Seed Bank of Holland\", in the early 1980s in the Netherlands. This was also the first seed company to advertise directly to the public in \"High Times\" magazine. Born in 1957 in Perth, Western Australia to Dutch parents, Schoenmakers moved to the Netherlands in 1976. There he started growing cannabis for personal use. He soon discovered that the commercially available Thai, Colombian and African strains did not perform well in the Netherlands's northern European climate, nor indoors under artificial",
"title": "Nevil Schoenmakers"
},
{
"id": "248947",
"text": "size of the catch and quotas for fishing boats; decilitres are common in Switzerland and Scandinavia and sometimes found in cookbooks; centilitres indicate the capacity of drinking glasses and of small bottles. In colloquial Dutch in Belgium, a \"vijfentwintiger\" and a \"drieëndertiger\" (literally \"twenty-fiver\" and \"thirty-threer\") are the common beer glasses, the corresponding bottles mention 25 cL or 33 cL. Bottles may also be 75 cL or half size at 37.5 cL for 'artisanal' brews or 70 cL for wines or spirits. Cans come in 25 cL, 33 cL and 50 cL. In countries where the metric system was adopted",
"title": "Litre"
},
{
"id": "4539084",
"text": "his products, explaining the unlikely addition of a blue coloring. In 1912 Bols sold blue curaçao as \"Crème de Ciel\" (\"cream of the sky\"), most likely a reference to the 1907 musical Miss Hook of Holland. Senior & Co, a company started in Curaçao, is the only company that has always produced its liqueur from the peels of the Laraha. The Jewish family, Senior and Chumacairo, started selling their liqueur in 1896 in their pharmacy in small quantities. In 1947 they bought the Landhuis (Dutch for \"country manor\") Chobolobo in Willemstad, where the distillery has since been housed. As this",
"title": "Curaçao (liqueur)"
},
{
"id": "3627085",
"text": "this region. Seafood such as soused herring, mussels (called \"Zeeuwse Mosselen\", since all Dutch mussels for consumption are cleaned in Zeeland's Oosterschelde), eels, oysters and shrimps are widely available and typical for the region. \"Kibbeling\", once a local delicacy consisting of small chunks of battered white fish, has become a national fast food, just as \". Pastries in this area tend to be quite doughy, and often contain large amounts of sugar; either caramelized, powdered or crystallized. The oliebol (in its modern form) and Zeeuwse bolus are good examples. Cookies are also produced in great number and tend to contain",
"title": "Dutch cuisine"
},
{
"id": "5555593",
"text": "overdosed on secobarbital in 1948. In the Netherlands, individuals have two options for euthanasia. They can orally consume 100 ml of concentrated syrup containing either 15 grams of pentobarbital or 15 grams of secobarbital, or they can choose to have 2 grams of thiopental or 1 gram of propofol administered intravenously by a doctor, followed by a muscle relaxant. In recent years only 15% of those who died by euthanasia opted for orally consuming the lethal drug(s), the rest choosing to have the drugs administered intravenously by a doctor instead. In the United States, secobarbital and pentobarbital are the most",
"title": "Secobarbital"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Advocaat context: Advoca Advocaat or advocatenborrel is a traditional Dutch alcoholic beverage made from eggs, sugar, and brandy. The rich and creamy drink has a smooth, custard-like consistency. The typical alcohol content is generally somewhere between 14% and 20% ABV. Its contents may be a blend of egg yolks, aromatic spirits, sugar or honey, brandy, vanilla, and sometimes cream (or evaporated milk). Notable makers of advocaat include Bols, Darna Ovo Liker, DeKuyper (sold in two varieties, De Kuyper Advocaat and since the 1995 takeover of Erven Warnink – at the time the leading producer of advocaat – also a version under the\n\nWhat popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?",
"compressed_tokens": 226,
"origin_tokens": 227,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Royal Club (brand) context: le, proved to be a big hit while the other two (bitter orange and bitter soda) were quickly discarded. Another hugely successful soft drink launched under the Royal Club brand name was shandy (1976). This product was aimed at responsible drivers who wished to abstain from drinking beer but fancied something with a beerlike taste. At that time alcoholfree beers were hardly available in the Netherlands. In the late 1970s Royal Club Shandy was also a favourite drink among kids who were not yet allowed to drink beer. Royal Club Shandy is still being produced today, though it now has\n\ntitle Beeren context: Beerenburg (West Frisian \"Benurch\") is a Dutch drink, made by herbs jenever, with about 30% alco. The Beerenburg was made the mid-9th with a secret mixture spices made the spice \"Hendrik Beerenburg\", to whom owes its name So Beerenburg varieties emerged, each with its own recipe. These were however, not allowed to use the name Beerenburg, which is why there are variations on spelling, such asenburg and Berenburger. Despite the AmsterdamNorth-Holland) Beerenburg, the became the most popular in Fries, Groningen and Drenthe.\ntitle: S (drink context: some television commercials for brand. the early199s, the company used the slog \" easy, take a Si\". recent yearsisi has tout itself as half as much sugar as by its competitors S (drink) Sisi (stized as SiSi; originally) is brand name a wide-f beverages by be manufact companyrumona under joint vent Heine International 195uring plant is locatednik Netherlands16, George Be launched graffoured called-J later,title: Franciscus Syl1 12), Dutch phys and an of Helmont's and William Harvey's work and theories. He was one of the earliest defenders of the theory of circulation of the blood in the Netherlands, and commonly falsely cited as the inventor of gin, others pin point the origin of Gin to Italy. Sylvius, a latinization of \"de le Boë\" translated as \"of the woods\", was born in Hanau, Germany to an affluent family originally from\n\nWhat popular drink did a Dutch medical professor produce in his laboratory while trying to come up with a blood cleanser that could be sold in drugstores?",
"compressed_tokens": 538,
"origin_tokens": 15498,
"ratio": "28.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
140 | In wine making, what is the must? | [
"The juice drawn from the grapes but not yet fermented into wine"
] | The juice drawn from the grapes but not yet fermented into wine | [
{
"id": "2640143",
"text": "Must Must (from the Latin \"vinum mustum\", \"young wine\") is freshly crushed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace and typically makes up 7–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is filtered and pasteurized, must is thick with particulate matter, opaque, and comes in various",
"title": "Must"
},
{
"id": "2640154",
"text": "in the area of alcoholism and encouragement given to the production of unaltered mustum. Must Must (from the Latin \"vinum mustum\", \"young wine\") is freshly crushed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace and typically makes up 7–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is",
"title": "Must"
},
{
"id": "161011",
"text": "in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana. Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as \"must\". In",
"title": "Grape"
},
{
"id": "5885873",
"text": "Grape juice Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7-23 percent of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as \"must\". The sugars in grape juice allow it to be used as a sweetener, and fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In",
"title": "Grape juice"
},
{
"id": "5885878",
"text": "the same blessing as wine. However, many authorities maintain that grape juice must be capable of turning into wine naturally in order to be used for kiddush. Common practice, however, is to use any kosher grape juice for kiddush. Grape juice Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7-23 percent of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as \"must\". The sugars in grape juice allow it to be used as a sweetener, and fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. In North America,",
"title": "Grape juice"
},
{
"id": "3599877",
"text": "with grape-sized holes. Within this cage is a concentric axle with arms radiating towards the inner surface of the cage. Grapes pass through the holes in the cage, while stems and leaves are expelled through the open end of the cage. After destemming, the grapes are commonly lightly crushed. Crushers usually consist of a pair of rollers, and the gap between them can usually be regulated to allow for light, hard or no crushing, according to the winemaker's preference. The mixture of grapes, skins, juice and seeds is now referred to as must. The must is then pumped to a",
"title": "Red wine"
},
{
"id": "2316572",
"text": "must and multiply, producing carbon dioxide gas and alcohol. The temperature during the fermentation affects both the taste of the end product, as well as the speed of the fermentation. For red wines, the temperature is typically 22 to 25 °C, and for white wines 15 to 18 °C. For every gram of sugar that is converted, about half a gram of alcohol is produced, so to achieve a 12% alcohol concentration, the must should contain about 24% sugars. The sugar percentage of the must is calculated from the measured density, the must weight, with the help of a specialized",
"title": "Winemaking"
},
{
"id": "5008597",
"text": "regions in Central Italy. It is typically made by individuals for their own use as it cannot legally be sold as wine. The must, from any of several local varieties of grapes, is heated in a copper vessel where it is reduced in volume by up to a third before fermenting in old wooden barrels. It can be aged for years, barrels being topped up with each harvest. It is a strong ruby-coloured wine, somewhat similar to Madeira, usually drunk with sweet puddings. Vincotto, typically from Apulia, also starts as a cooked must but is not fermented, resulting in a",
"title": "Italian wine"
},
{
"id": "2316551",
"text": "most wine is made from grapes, it may also be made from other plants, see fruit wine. Other similar light alcoholic drinks (as opposed to beer or spirits) include mead, made by fermenting honey and water, and kumis, made of fermented mare's milk. There are five basic stages to the wine making process which begins with harvesting or picking. After the harvest, the grapes are taken into a winery and prepared for primary ferment. At this stage red wine making diverges from white wine making. Red wine is made from the must (pulp) of red or black grapes and fermentation",
"title": "Winemaking"
},
{
"id": "11860464",
"text": "removed manually and pressed gently by top of the range pneumatic pressing machines. The press wine is blended with the free-run wine and spends approximately 12 months in barrel. It undergoes three rackings to clear it of any deposit that may have collected. After bottling, the wine is allowed to settle for a further few months before distribution. White wine vinification differs from the reds in that the grapes from the harvest go directly into the press. The pressed grape juice, called must, then undergoes a rapid fermentation in stainless steel tanks. The wine is transferred into French oak barrels",
"title": "Maison Louis Latour"
},
{
"id": "3856760",
"text": "Must weight Must weight is a measure of the amount of sugar in grape juice (must) and, hence, indicates the amount of alcohol that could be produced if it is all fermented to alcohol, rather than left as residual sugar. While must weight is a commonly used term among wine makers, the physically correct term would be must density. In Germany and Switzerland it is measured in degrees Oechsle (°Oe) and is an important part of the German wine classification. In Italy, France, and Canada the measurement is in degrees Brix, and in the United States it is measured as",
"title": "Must weight"
},
{
"id": "483311",
"text": "blend the wine shortly before bottling. The Cabernet Sauvignon grape itself is very small, with a thick skin, creating a high 1:12 ratio of seed (pip) to fruit (pulp). From these elements the high proportions of phenols and tannins can have a stark influence on the structure and flavor of the wine—especially if the must is subjected to long periods of maceration (skin contact) before fermentation. In Bordeaux, the maceration period was traditionally three weeks, which gave the winemaking staff enough time to close down the estate after harvest to take a hunting holiday. The results of these long maceration",
"title": "Cabernet Sauvignon"
},
{
"id": "2316553",
"text": "wine. White and rosé wines extract little of the tannins contained in the skins. To start primary fermentation yeast may be added to the must for red wine or may occur naturally as ambient yeast on the grapes or in the air. Yeast may be added to the juice for white wine. During this fermentation, which often takes between one and two weeks, the yeast converts most of the sugars in the grape juice into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is lost to the atmosphere. After the primary fermentation of red grapes the free run wine is",
"title": "Winemaking"
},
{
"id": "2316579",
"text": "the skins and other solid matter from the liquid. With white wine, the liquid is separated from the must before fermentation . With rose, the skins may be kept in contact for a shorter period to give color to the wine, in that case the must may be pressed as well. After a period in which the wine stands or ages, the wine is separated from the dead yeast and any solids that remained (called lees), and transferred to a new container where any additional fermentation may take place. Pigeage is a French winemaking term for the traditional grape stomping",
"title": "Winemaking"
},
{
"id": "4520753",
"text": "of the juice to circulate the wine juice with the cap of skins and grape solids allowing for greater extraction of aroma, coloring agents and tannins to diffuse into the wine juice (\"must\"). Depending on the varietal, the process of maceration can help bring out many flavors in the wine that would otherwise be lacking. It can enhance the body and mouthfeel for many wines, as well as strengthen the color. Greater extraction can add to the complexity and life expectancy of the wine by developing more complex tannins that will soften over a longer period of time. With these",
"title": "Maceration (wine)"
},
{
"id": "2640151",
"text": "necessity, but only then, juice pressed from a grape could be used. Aquinas himself declared that it is forbidden to offer fresh must in the chalice, because this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must; but he added that in case of necessity it may be done. Aquinas himself declared: Must has already the species of wine, for its sweetness [\"Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorem\"; Virgil, \"Georg.\" i, 295] indicates fermentation, which is \"the result of its natural heat\" (\"Meteor.\" iv); consequently this sacrament can be made from must. ... It is forbidden to offer must in",
"title": "Must"
},
{
"id": "5461544",
"text": "almost universally used. Chaptalization is permitted, and is fairly common-place. Fermentation then takes place, usually in temperature controlled stainless steel vats. Next the must is pressed and transferred to barriques (in most cases) for a period of ageing (commonly a year). The traditional Bordeaux barrique is a 225 litre oak barrel. At some point between pressing and bottling the wine is blended. This is an integral part of the Bordeaux wine making process, as scarcely any Bordeaux wines are varietals; wine from different grape varieties is mixed together, depending on the vintage conditions, so as to produce a wine in",
"title": "Bordeaux wine"
},
{
"id": "5594284",
"text": "Apfelwein Apfelwein (Germany, apple wine), or Viez (Moselfranken, Saarland, Trier, \"vice\") or Most (Austria, Switzerland, South Germany, \"must\") are German words for cider. It is mainly made from eating apples or cooking apples, such as Granny Smith or Bramley, respectively. It has an alcohol content of 4.8%–7.0% and a tart, sour taste. \"Apfelwein\" is also regionally known as \"Ebbelwoi\", \"Äppler\", \"Stöffsche\", \"Apfelmost\" (apple must), \"Viez\" (from Latin \"vice\", the second or substitute wine), and \"saurer Most\" (sour must, \"Süßmost\" or sweet must is essentially apple juice). Instead of the name \"Äppler\", restaurants and smaller manufacturers may instead call the beverage",
"title": "Apfelwein"
},
{
"id": "2640146",
"text": "the acetification and the maturation take place in precious sessile oak (Quercus petraea), chestnut, oak, mulberry, and juniper barrels. After a minimum maturation period of 60 days, a group of expert technicians will test the resulting product analytically and organoleptically. The must is also an essential ingredient for the production of Traditional Balsamic Vinegar, the special aged vinegar from the Emilia-Romana region of Italy, protected under the European Protected Designated Origin system. This term is also used by meadmakers for the unfermented honey-water mixture that becomes mead. The analogous term in beer brewing is wort. In ancient Greece, must condensed",
"title": "Must"
},
{
"id": "2316570",
"text": "desirable for overly acidic grapes. This was a practice more common in the 1970s than today, though still practiced by some Sauvignon blanc and Chardonnay producers in California. In the case of rosé wines, the fruit is crushed and the dark skins are left in contact with the juice just long enough to extract the color that the winemaker desires. The must is then pressed, and fermentation continues as if the winemaker was making a white wine. Yeast is normally already present on the grapes, often visible as a powdery appearance of the grapes. The primary, or alcoholic fermentation can",
"title": "Winemaking"
},
{
"id": "6069425",
"text": "begin to die off. The total amount of biomass may not decrease, but the number of viable organisms will decrease. The microbes or eukarytic cells used for fermentation grow in (or on) specially designed growth medium which supplies the nutrients required by the organisms or cells. A variety of media exist, but invariably contain a carbon source, a nitrogen source, water, salts, and micronutrients. In the production of wine, the medium is grape must. In the production of bio-ethanol, the medium may consist mostly of whatever inexpensive carbon source is available. Carbon sources are typically sugars or other carbohydrates, although",
"title": "Industrial fermentation"
},
{
"id": "3548116",
"text": "Federweisser Federweisser (also Federweißer , from German \"Feder\", \"feather\", and \"weiß\", \"white\"; from the appearance of the suspended yeast, also known as \"Sturm\", from German \"Sturm\", \"storm\" in Austria), is an alcoholic beverage, typically 4% alcohol by volume, but it's not uncommon to see Federweißer in the region of 10% alcohol by volume. (Other than with all other alcoholica, the alcohol content bottles are tagged with is inconclusive, and presents an upper bound, not the actual content at any given time.) It is the product of fermented freshly pressed grape juice, known as \"must\". The term in principle includes all",
"title": "Federweisser"
},
{
"id": "2640144",
"text": "shades of brown and purple. The length of time the pomace stays in the juice is critical for the final character of the wine. When the winemaker judges the time to be right, the juice is drained off the pomace, which is then pressed to extract the juice retained by the matrix. Yeast is added to the juice to begin the fermentation, while the pomace is often returned to the vineyard or orchard for use as fertilizer. A portion of selected unfermented must may be kept as Süssreserve, to be added as a sweetening component before bottling. Some winemakers create",
"title": "Must"
},
{
"id": "10980368",
"text": "fire for 24 hours, which gives its characteristic aromas. Traditionally two men attended it, taking turns to sleep and constantly stirring and skimming off the scum that formed on the surface. The must is cooked until a half or a third of the volume remains, depending on how sweet it is to be. In the Marche some add a quince for every quintal of must to flavor the drink. Once cooled, the must is transferred to oak or chestnut casks where it is left to ferment. It is racked off the lees once or twice. The wine is aged in",
"title": "Vino cotto"
},
{
"id": "11052881",
"text": "\"secondary fermentation\". Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks, which is common with many white wines like Riesling, in an open wooden vat, inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines. The natural occurrence of fermentation means it was probably first observed long ago by humans. The earliest uses of the word \"fermentation\" in relation to winemaking was in reference to the apparent \"boiling\" within the must that came from the anaerobic reaction of the yeast to the sugars in the grape juice and the release of carbon dioxide.",
"title": "Fermentation in winemaking"
},
{
"id": "13742470",
"text": "juice (called “must”) is moved to French oak barrels to ferment at a cool temperature for approximately four to six weeks. The barrels are inoculated for malolactic fermentation, and the lees are stirred weekly until the process is complete. This method helps the malolactic fermentation, integrates the new oak, and builds body and structure in the wine. Benovia Winery Benovia Winery is a family-owned producer of Pinot noir, Chardonnay, and Zinfandel wines in Santa Rosa, California. Founded in 2005 by Joe Anderson and Mary Dewane, Benovia Winery farms three estate vineyards which total and are located in the Russian River",
"title": "Benovia Winery"
},
{
"id": "14915139",
"text": "Mutage Mutage is a wine making technique for making sweet wines. The typical process involves the addition of alcohol to the \"must\" so that the fermentation process is prematurely stopped. Most yeasts die when the alcohol content in their environment is raised to approximately 13–15%. By stopping the fermentation of sugars, a sweet taste of the wine is achieved. This technique is used to make port wine and other sweet wines with high alcohol content. Two types of mutage are sometimes distinguished. A distinction being made between adding alcohol to the must before fermentation and adding during fermentation. Reds Whites",
"title": "Mutage"
},
{
"id": "5479072",
"text": "Oechsle scale The Oechsle Scale is a hydrometer scale measuring the density of grape must, which is an indication of grape ripeness and sugar content used in wine-making. It is named for Ferdinand Oechsle (1774-1852) and it is widely used in the German, Swiss and Luxembourgish wine-making industries. On the Oechsle scale, one degree Oechsle (° Oe) corresponds to one gram of the difference between the mass of one litre of must at 20 °C and 1 kg (the mass of 1 litre of water). For example, must with a specific mass of 1084 grams per litre has 84° Oe.",
"title": "Oechsle scale"
},
{
"id": "15331885",
"text": "as an ingredient in many dressings, glazes, sauces, soups, and marinades. As a cream or as individual seeds, mustard is used as a condiment in the cuisine of India and Bangladesh, the Mediterranean, northern and southeastern Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa, making it one of the most popular and widely used spices and condiments in the world. The English word \"mustard\" derives from the Anglo-Norman \"mustarde\" and Old French \"mostarde\" (Modern French is \"moutarde\"). The first element is ultimately from Latin \"mustum\", (\"must\", young wine)—the condiment was originally prepared by making the ground seeds into a paste with must.",
"title": "Mustard (condiment)"
},
{
"id": "3856797",
"text": "left in contact throughout fermentation (as with red wine making). The longer that the skins are left in contact with the juice, the more intense the color of the final wine. When a winemaker desires to impart more tannin and color to a red wine, some of the pink juice from the must can be removed at an early stage in what is known as the \"Saignée\" (from French bleeding) method. The red wine remaining in the vats is intensified as a result of the bleeding, because the volume of juice in the must is reduced, and the must involved",
"title": "Rosé"
},
{
"id": "14122148",
"text": "and the potential for glycosides to development. A combination of these factors apart from sugar, acid and pH are considered \"physiological\" ripeness of the grape. Since more than 90% of all the dissolved solids in grape juice are sugars, measuring the must weight is a good indicator of the amount of sugars in the wine. Rather than measure the actual \"weight\" of the must, the density or specific gravity of the juice is measured in relation to the specific gravity of distilled water. Viticulturists and winemakers can use a refractometer which uses a refractive index to indirectly measure the must",
"title": "Ripeness in viticulture"
},
{
"id": "6724267",
"text": "singani must assay at less than 0.6 mg/L ionic copper whereas many countries that have standards allow 2 to 10 mg/L copper in their liquor products. Grapevines are tended year round, but the fruit is harvested only once a year. Clusters of berries are “groomed” by hand before picking so that only berries that meet published standards are collected. Fermentation produces a “must” or raw wine which is held for distillation. Distillation today uses European batch stills and stainless holding tanks to maintain quality. Stills must not introduce insoluble solids or suspended cellulose as when heated they release odors and",
"title": "Singani"
},
{
"id": "14004846",
"text": "mills were subject to legal proceedings in New York state in the 1800s over whether they were \"fixed to freeholds\" and other cases addressing legal designation as to what kind of property a cider mill is. Cider-making takes place in numerous countries and regions. As with the cider itself, the various techniques used in milling and pressing the apples vary with each cider-making tradition. In most traditions, cider milling traditionally takes place in two stages: first, milling or grinding the apples into a pulpy mass called pulp, and a second stage, pressing the pulp to release the juice or \"must\".",
"title": "Cider mill"
},
{
"id": "10980365",
"text": "Vino cotto Vino cotto (literally 'cooked wine’, also vi'cotto or vi'cuotte), is a type of wine from the Marche and Abruzzo in Central Italy, made primarily in the hills of the Province of Ascoli Piceno and the Province of Macerata. It is a strong ruby-colored wine, usually semi-sweet, and traditionally drunk in small glasses with puddings and cheese. It is produced from the must of any of the local varieties of grapes, heated in a copper vessel until reduced to a half or third of its original volume, and then fermented. It can be aged for years, barrels being topped",
"title": "Vino cotto"
},
{
"id": "3473188",
"text": "Balsamic vinegar Balsamic vinegar (), occasionally shortened to balsamic, is a very dark, concentrated, and intensely flavoured vinegar originating in Italy, made wholly or partially from grape must. Grape must is freshly crushed grape juice with all the skins, seeds and stems. The term \"\"aceto balsamico\"\" is unregulated, but there are three protected balsamic vinegars: \"\"Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena\"\" (Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena), \"\"Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Reggio Emilia\"\" (Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Reggio Emilia), and \"\"Aceto Balsamico di Modena\"\" (Balsamic Vinegar of Modena). The two traditional balsamic vinegars are made the same way from reduced grape must",
"title": "Balsamic vinegar"
},
{
"id": "1396602",
"text": "the must. The must from the first pressing, the \"primera yema\", is used to produce Fino and Manzanilla; the must from the second pressing, the \"segunda yema\", will be used for Oloroso; the product of additional pressings is used for lesser wines, distillation, and vinegar. The must is then fermented in stainless steel vats until the end of November, producing a dry white wine with 11–12 per cent alcohol content. Previously, the fermentation and initial aging was done in wood; now it is almost exclusively done in stainless steel, with the exception of one or two high-end wines. Immediately after",
"title": "Sherry"
},
{
"id": "12556433",
"text": "the ellagic and gallic acid found in the wood. In the vineyards, there is also a growing distinction being made between \"ripe\" and \"unripe\" tannins present in the grape. This \"physiological ripeness\", which is roughly determined by tasting the grapes off the vines, is being used along with sugar levels as a determination of when to harvest. The idea is that \"riper\" tannins will taste softer but still impart some of the texture components found favorable in wine. In winemaking, the amount of the time that the must spends in contact with the grape skins, stems and seeds will influence",
"title": "Phenolic content in wine"
},
{
"id": "4520748",
"text": "Maceration (wine) Maceration is the winemaking process where the phenolic materials of the grape—tannins, coloring agents (anthocyanins) and flavor compounds—are leached from the grape skins, seeds and stems into the must. To macerate is to soften by soaking, and maceration is the process by which the red wine receives its red color, since raw grape juice (with the exceptions of teinturiers) is clear-grayish in color. In the production of white wines, maceration is either avoided or allowed only in very limited manner in the form of a short amount of skin contact with the juice prior to pressing. This is",
"title": "Maceration (wine)"
},
{
"id": "167810",
"text": "of animals as blood sugar. The naturally occurring form of glucose is D-glucose, while L-glucose is produced synthetically in comparably small amounts and is of lesser importance. Glucose is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. The name glucose derives through the French from the Greek γλυκός, which means \"sweet,\" in reference to must, the sweet, first press of grapes in the making of wine. The suffix \"-ose\" is a chemical classifier, denoting a sugar. Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas",
"title": "Glucose"
},
{
"id": "5479073",
"text": "The mass difference between equivalent volumes of must and water is almost entirely due to the dissolved sugar in the must. Since the alcohol in wine is produced by fermentation of the sugar, the Oechsle scale is used to predict the maximal possible alcohol content of the finished wine. This measure is commonly used to select when to harvest grapes. In the vineyard, the must density is usually measured by using a refractometer by crushing a few grapes between the fingers and letting the must drip onto the glass prism of the refractometer. In countries using the Oechsle scale, the",
"title": "Oechsle scale"
},
{
"id": "7219248",
"text": "a kind of perry), from apples (a kind of Apfelwein or cider), and from a mixture of apples and pears. While the term \"Most\" can also be used to refer to grape must, in the Mostviertel region it refers to the local perry and cider. The Mostviertel is made up of the following districts: Mostviertel Mostviertel (English: \"Must Quarter\") is the southwestern quarter of the four quarters of Lower Austria (the northeast state of the 9 states in Austria). It is bordered on the north by the Danube and to the south and west by the state borders of Styria",
"title": "Mostviertel"
},
{
"id": "3859079",
"text": "levels of sugar and low levels of acid naturally found in ripe grapes. In Champagne production, measured quantities of sugar, wine, and sometimes Brandy are added after fermentation and prior to corking in a process known as dosage. Chaptalization, on the other hand, involves adding sugar \"prior\" to fermentation. Champagne producers sometimes employ chaptalization in their winemaking when the wine is still in the form of must. Some wine journalists contend that chaptalization allows wine makers to sacrifice quality in favor of quantity by letting vines overproduce high yields of grapes that have not fully ripened. Also, winemakers have been",
"title": "Chaptalization"
},
{
"id": "4976181",
"text": "popularization of several winemaking techniques. The mid-1980s saw increased usage of oak barrels for fermentation over stainless steel fermenting tanks. The process of stirring the lees (\"bâtonnage\") also became more commonplace. By stirring the lees, the dead yeast come into greater contact with the wood-based tannins and pigments that are usually extracted into the wine. The lees act as a sort of buffer between the wines and the oak elements, allowing the wine to maintain its color and not become too harsh and tannic. In the late 1990s, more Muscadet producers started extending the amount of time that the must",
"title": "Muscadet"
},
{
"id": "9284482",
"text": "is colourless and meaty; the hard skin of the round medium-sized berries is intensely and brightly coloured, the smell is fresh, original and fragrant. The taste is pleasantly acidic and tannic. The average bunch is of medium-large size, compact, with an irregular cone shape. The must is normally high in colorants and tannins and is suitable both for aging and for coupage with other varieties. The must also contains higher than average quantities of resveratrol. The wines produced tend to be fruity, low in alcohol content (around 11°) and high in acidity (5.5 to 6.5 tartaric acid) Also known as",
"title": "Bobal"
},
{
"id": "825825",
"text": "cold stabilization (which is not always preferred since it can change the wine's profile). The tartrates remaining on the inside of aging barrels were at one time a major industrial source of potassium bitartrate. Tartaric acid plays an important role chemically, lowering the pH of fermenting \"must\" to a level where many undesirable spoilage bacteria cannot live, and acting as a preservative after fermentation. In the mouth, tartaric acid provides some of the tartness in the wine, although citric and malic acids also play a role. In citrus, fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of tartaric acid than",
"title": "Tartaric acid"
},
{
"id": "12536499",
"text": "spirits made of cider through a process called double distillation. In the first pass, the result is a liquid containing 28%–30% alcohol. In a second pass, the amount of alcohol is augmented to about 40%. German cider, usually called \"Apfelwein\" (apple wine), and regionally known as \"Ebbelwoi\", \"Apfelmost\" (apple must), \"Viez\" (from Latin \"vice\", the second or substitute wine), or \"Saurer Most\" (sour must), has an alcohol content of 5.5%–7% and a tart, sour taste. German cider is mainly produced and consumed in Hessen, particularly in the Frankfurt, Wetterau, and Odenwald areas, in Moselfranken, Merzig (Saarland) and the Trier area,",
"title": "Cider"
},
{
"id": "1458712",
"text": "Marlborough's Wairau Valley may exhibit different levels of ripeness over the vineyard, caused by slight unevenness in the land and giving a similar flavor profile to the resulting wine. Sauvignon blanc can be greatly influenced by decisions in the winemaking process. One decision is the amount of contact that the must has with the skins of the grape. In the early years of the New Zealand wine industry, there were no wineries in the South Island, which meant that freshly harvested grapes had to be trucked and then ferried to the North Island, often all the way up to Auckland.",
"title": "Sauvignon blanc"
},
{
"id": "3599879",
"text": "glucanases) may also be added at this stage, to aid extraction of color and fruit flavours from the skins and to facilitate pressing. Tannin may be added now, later in the winemaking process, or not at all. Tannin can be added to help stabilize colour, to prevent oxidation, and to help combat the effects of rot. Some winemakers prefer to chill the must to around 10°C (50°F), to allow a period of pre-fermentation maceration (\"cold soaking\"), of between one and four days. The idea is that color and fruit flavours are extracted into the aqueous solution, without extraction of tannins",
"title": "Red wine"
},
{
"id": "7019232",
"text": "be careful about blending grapes from vineyards known to have certain bacterial strains or they could add yeast strains that have the ability to overpower these vineyard bacteria.\" There are several potential instigators of a stuck fermentation. One of the most common found in winemaking is a nitrogen deficient must. Nitrogen is a vital nutrient in the growth and development of yeasts and is usually provided from the wine grapes themselves. Grapes grown in vineyards with soils lacking in nitrogen or grape varieties, such as Chardonnay and Riesling, which are naturally prone to have low nitrogen to sugar ratios will",
"title": "Stuck fermentation"
},
{
"id": "14411630",
"text": "while BVM is a 'wine vinegar'. BVM can be produced without an aging period, whereas TBV gains its particular features during a long aging period fixed by law at no less than 12 years. TBV is the only condiment in the world produced starting from cooked grape musts without the adding of other substances, whereas BVM is a blend of concentrated grape musts, wine vinegars, and caramel (optional). Traditional Balsamic Vinegar Traditional Balsamic Vinegar (or Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale) is a type of balsamic vinegar produced in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. Unlike inexpensive \"Balsamic Vinegar of Modena\" (BVM), Traditional",
"title": "Traditional Balsamic Vinegar"
},
{
"id": "3696378",
"text": "In France, it is referred to as Listán, and in South Africa as Fransdruif or White French. It is also found in Australia and California where it is also used mainly to produce fortified wines. The grape was once thought to be the Golden Chasselas, a grape grown in California. The wine-must has tendency to oxidise quickly, a characteristic that can be ignored when used for sherry production. In December 2006 Spanish researchers, using DNA techniques, discovered that the Mission grape of California and Latin America, cultivated by the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries throughout the New World, is in fact",
"title": "Palomino (grape)"
},
{
"id": "11215442",
"text": "armagnac. Vin de liqueur A vin de liqueur is a sweet fortified style of French wine that is fortified with brandy to unfermented grape must. The term \"vin de liqueur\" is also used by the European Union to refer to all fortified wines. These wines are similar to \"vins doux naturels\" but are sweeter and have more flavor influence from the added brandy. A \"vin de liqueur\" is usually served as an apéritif. The unfermented grape must is fortified with brandy until the solution reaches an alcohol level of 16%–22%. The resulting wine is left with a high level of",
"title": "Vin de liqueur"
},
{
"id": "5572734",
"text": "freshly squeezed from freshly picked grapes – literally squeezed and mixed the same day as harvesting. The act of mixing the eau de vie with the fresh grape juice is referred to as \"assemblage\", assembly or blending. It stops the fermentation of the grape must through a process called \"mutage\". An increasing number of vineyards in the area now produce and sell pineau in which both the grape juice and the brandy come from organically-grown grapes. Their products have certification. Like other fortified wines such as Sherry, Pineau des Charentes does not benefit from aging. However, storing unopened bottles away",
"title": "Pineau des Charentes"
},
{
"id": "1458713",
"text": "This allowed for prolonged exposure of the skins and juice which sharpened the intensity and pungency of the wine. Some winemakers, like the Loire, intentionally leave a small amount of must to spend some time in contact with the skin for later blending purposes. Other winemakers, like in California, generally avoid any contact with the skin due to the reduced aging ability of the resulting wine. Another important decision is the temperature of fermentation. French winemakers prefer warmer fermentations (around 16-18 °C) that bring out the mineral flavors in the wine while New World winemakers prefer slightly colder temperatures to",
"title": "Sauvignon blanc"
},
{
"id": "11052890",
"text": "the gooseberry scent commonly associated with Sauvignon blanc. <br>\"Brettanomyces\" yeasts are responsible for the \"barnyard aroma\" characteristic in some red wines like Burgundy and Pinot noir. Methanol is not a major constituent of wine. The usual concentration range is between 0.1 g/liter and 0.2 g/liter. These small traces have no adverse effect on people and no direct effect on the senses. During fermentation, there are several factors that winemakers take into consideration, with the most influential to ethanol production being sugar content in the must, the yeast strain used, and the fermentation temperature. The biochemical process of fermentation itself creates",
"title": "Fermentation in winemaking"
},
{
"id": "1745904",
"text": "of the \"cuvaison\" for Nouveau wines is limited to 10 days. After fermentation, the must is normally high in malic acid and producers will put the wine through malolactic fermentation to soften the wine. The process of chaptalization, adding sugar to the grape must to boost alcohol levels, has been a controversial issue for Beaujolais winemakers. Historically, Beaujolais producers would pick grapes at ripeness that were at minimum potential alcohol levels of 10-10.5% and then add sugar in order to artificially boost the alcohol levels to the near the maximum of 13-13.5%. This created wines lacking structure and balance to",
"title": "Beaujolais"
},
{
"id": "4010488",
"text": "that kills the yeast and halts the fermentation process. This process, called \"mutage\" leaves a partially fermented must (called the \"vin muté\") with 6 to 12% alcohol from the fermentation and 5-10% alcohol by volume from the brandy. The amount of residual sugar left in the wine will vary from 50 to 125 g/l (5 to 12.5% RS). Prior to fermentation, the grapes destined for Maury production (predominantly Grenache) are harvested very ripe usually with a potential alcohol level (based on the amount of grape sugar alone) at 14.5% (around 25 to 27°Bx or 13.8 to 15 Baumé). After crushing,",
"title": "Maury AOC"
},
{
"id": "3646760",
"text": "as the heat accelerates its degradation. There are many other acids in small quantities: citric acid, ascorbic acid, α-ketoglutaric, fumaric acid, galacturonic acid, coumaric acid, etc. Their variable quantity varies the pH of the wort. The must of white wine is generally more acidic than red grape must simply because the grape maturity is less advanced. Vitamin C (or ascorbic acid) is present in the grape and the must up to 50 milligrams per litre. It is a protection in the wort against the oxidation phenomenon. In the presence of oxygen it produces hydrogen peroxide; by this reaction it deprives",
"title": "White wine"
},
{
"id": "3646767",
"text": "for white wine from black grapes as the premature bursting of the berries would cause a coloured must). The practice of shaking or stalking has the advantage of separating the stems from the cluster of grapes and avoids giving the wine a herbaceous taste at pressing. The skin is not macerated and the transparent yellow colour is retained. The winemaker can soak the skins of white grapes and practice maceration if the quality of the grapes is good. Pre-fermentation Maceration is generally performed at a controlled temperature to delay the onset of fermentation. This technique improves the extraction of varietal",
"title": "White wine"
},
{
"id": "3646776",
"text": "of light juice below 18 °C. However, clarity and low temperatures are factors which slow fermentation. Recourse to the addition of selected yeasts for these difficult working conditions becomes crucial. In contrast some producers grow their vines organically or biodynamically: the lees are of good quality without synthetic chemicals harmful to yeast so they are kept in the wine. Turbidity of the must ensures a good supply of yeasts and fermentation in small tanks or in barrels then does not require mastery of cold. Fermentation starts spontaneously under the action of the natural yeasts from the grapes. The winemaker can",
"title": "White wine"
},
{
"id": "3856810",
"text": "soon after release. The saignée (French for \"bleed\") method is the practice of removing (\"bleeding off\") some of the juice from the must in order to more deeply concentrate the phenolics, colour and flavour the red wine. It has a long history of use in the French wine regions of Bordeaux and Burgundy but wasn't always used for rosé production. For some red winemakers, the juice bleed off is simply poured down the drain or used as \"topping wine\" to fill the \"ullage\" (the headspace of barrels and tanks) during storage. Its use in rosé production is sometimes considered an",
"title": "Rosé"
},
{
"id": "3856762",
"text": "the vineyard, in order to monitor the ripeness of the grapes, which helps selecting the time of harvest. For such purposes, it is usually measured by using a refractometer. A few grapes are crushed between the fingers and the must is dripped onto the glass of the refractometer. The refractometer will be calibrated in a must weight scale, but is an indirect measure, since the refractometer measures the refractive index of the grape must. Must weight Must weight is a measure of the amount of sugar in grape juice (must) and, hence, indicates the amount of alcohol that could be",
"title": "Must weight"
},
{
"id": "465503",
"text": "recent research has focused on enhancing the knowledge of the wine industry. Recent research on eight \"Brettanomyces\" strains available in the brewing industry focused on strain-specific fermentations and identified the major compounds produced during pure culture anaerobic fermentation in wort. Yeast is used in winemaking, where it converts the sugars present (glucose and fructose) in grape juice (must) into ethanol. Yeast is normally already present on grape skins. Fermentation can be done with this endogenous \"wild yeast\", but this procedure gives unpredictable results, which depend upon the exact types of yeast species present. For this reason, a pure yeast culture",
"title": "Yeast"
},
{
"id": "3473197",
"text": "gelato. \"Tradizionale\" vinegar may be drunk from a tiny glass to conclude a meal. Contemporary chefs use both \"Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PDO\" and \"Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PGI\" sparingly in simple dishes where the balsamic vinegar's complex tastes are highlighted, using it to enhance dishes like scallops or shrimp, or on simple pastas and risottos. Balsamic vinegar Balsamic vinegar (), occasionally shortened to balsamic, is a very dark, concentrated, and intensely flavoured vinegar originating in Italy, made wholly or partially from grape must. Grape must is freshly crushed grape juice with all the skins, seeds and stems. The",
"title": "Balsamic vinegar"
},
{
"id": "3648338",
"text": "a person who is employed only to make wine, who is generally referred to as a winemaker. It is also used when referring to a winemaker from France. Vincent of Saragossa is the patron saint of vignerons. A négociant is the French term for a wine merchant who assembles the produce of smaller growers and winemakers and sells the result under its own name. Négociants buy everything from grapes to grape must to wines in various states of completion. In the case of grapes or must, the \"négociant\" performs virtually all the winemaking. If he buys already fermented wine in",
"title": "Winemaker"
},
{
"id": "2640150",
"text": "the ordinary has granted permission for the benefit of a priest or lay person who should not, usually because of alcoholism, ingest wine; but in normal circumstances it may not be used in place of wine. Official Roman Catholic documents define must (\"mustum\" in Latin) precisely as \"grape juice that is either fresh or preserved by methods that suspend its fermentation without altering its nature (for example, freezing)\", and it excludes pasteurized grape juice. This teaching goes back at least to Pope Julius I (337–352), who is quoted in Thomas Aquinas's \"Summa Theologica\" as having declared that in case of",
"title": "Must"
},
{
"id": "449734",
"text": "produced in the Modena and Reggio Emilia provinces of Italy. The original productTraditional Balsamic Vinegaris made from the concentrated juice, or must, of white Trebbiano grapes. It is very dark brown, rich, sweet, and complex, with the finest grades being aged in successive casks made variously of oak, mulberry, chestnut, cherry, juniper, and ash wood. Originally a costly product available to only the Italian upper classes, traditional balsamic vinegar is marked \"tradizionale\" or \"DOC\" to denote its Protected Designation of Origin status, and is aged for 12 to 25 years. A cheaper non-DOC commercial form described as \"aceto balsamico di",
"title": "Vinegar"
},
{
"id": "12536521",
"text": "cider is defined in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code and \"means the fruit wine prepared from the juice or must of apples and no more than 25% of the juice or must of pears\". Cider has been made in Australia since its early settlement. Primarily this production has been for limited local usage, with national commercial distribution and sales dominated by two brands: Mercury Cider and Strongbow. Since early 2005, they have been joined in the market by numerous new producers including Three Oaks Cider, Pipsqueak, and Tooheys 5 Seeds Cider as well as imported brands like Magners,",
"title": "Cider"
},
{
"id": "16559772",
"text": "and amino acids or YAN) but also minerals (such as magnesium) and vitamins (such as thiamin and riboflavin) that serve as important growth and survival factors. Among the other nutritional needs of wine yeast: Many of these nutrients are available in the must and skins of the grapes themselves but sometimes are supplemented by winemakers with additions such as diammonium phosphate (DAP), freeze-dried micro-nutrients (such as \"Go-Ferm\" and \"Ferm-K\") and even the remnant of dead or extracted yeast cells such that the fermenting yeast can break down to mine for available nitrogen and nutrients. One historical winemaking tradition that is",
"title": "Yeast in winemaking"
},
{
"id": "7797129",
"text": "contained in one hundred litres of grape juice. One degree on the NM scale is equivalent to one kilogram of natural sugar in 100 litres of grape must. Czech wine is typically labeled with its variety, detailed description of its origin, and wine quality attributes. In general, wine produced from grapes with a higher must-weight level and from a single vineyard is considered higher quality. A Czech wine label will typically specify the wine's origin with one or more of the following terms: A Czech wine label must contain one of the following terms that designates its classification: 1. Jakostní",
"title": "Czech wine"
},
{
"id": "11052893",
"text": "fault. A winemaker who wishes to make a wine with high levels of residual sugar (like a dessert wine) may stop fermentation early either by dropping the temperature of the must to stun the yeast or by adding a high level of alcohol (like brandy) to the must to kill off the yeast and create a fortified wine. The ethanol produced through fermentation acts as an important co-solvent to the non-polar compound that water cannot dissolve, such as pigments from grape skins, giving wine varieties their distinct color, and other aromatics. Ethanol and the acidity of wine act as an",
"title": "Fermentation in winemaking"
},
{
"id": "3473194",
"text": "Modena PDO, and Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Reggio Emilia PDO. 'Condimento' balsamic vinegar may be made in any of the following ways: As there are no official standards or labeling systems to designate \"condimento\" balsamic vinegar, it can be hard to tell their quality based on the packaging alone. Traditional balsamic vinegar is produced from the juice of just-harvested white grapes (typically, Trebbiano grapes) boiled down to reach a minimum sugar concentration of 30% (brix) or more in the must, which is then fermented with a slow aging process which further concentrates the flavours. The flavour intensifies over the years,",
"title": "Balsamic vinegar"
},
{
"id": "3646769",
"text": "have improved the work involved by working in airtight conditions and allowing a fine control of the pressure to extract the juice without damaging the grapes. The juice or \"moût de goutte\" (Must of Drops) is the juice that flows naturally from the berries crushed under their own weight prior to pressing (on the way to the press). Trampling increases its proportion and makes the material profitable by processing a higher tonnage of grapes in the same time. The \"moût de presse\" (Must of the Press) is the juice flowing from the press from the pressure on the grapes. It",
"title": "White wine"
},
{
"id": "7176662",
"text": "must be 16.5–22%. The many styles of \"Cape port\" closely parallel their Portuguese counterparts and include: In addition to port-style wine, South African wine makers also produce \"sherry-style\" wines produced in a solera system and a unique \"vin de liqueur\" made from Muscat known as \"Jerepigo\" (or \"Jerepiko\"). With \"Jerepigo\", the brandy is added to the must prior to fermentation, which leaves the wine with a residual sugar (RS) level of at least 160 grams per litre. South Africa's long history of late harvest dessert wines include the modern-day \"Edel Laat-oes\" wines infected with noble rot (known locally as \"Edelkeur\")",
"title": "South African wine"
},
{
"id": "11215440",
"text": "Vin de liqueur A vin de liqueur is a sweet fortified style of French wine that is fortified with brandy to unfermented grape must. The term \"vin de liqueur\" is also used by the European Union to refer to all fortified wines. These wines are similar to \"vins doux naturels\" but are sweeter and have more flavor influence from the added brandy. A \"vin de liqueur\" is usually served as an apéritif. The unfermented grape must is fortified with brandy until the solution reaches an alcohol level of 16%–22%. The resulting wine is left with a high level of residual",
"title": "Vin de liqueur"
},
{
"id": "14122149",
"text": "weight from the juice of a single grape or they can use a hydrometer in the winery with the juice from several dozen or hundreds of grape berries. Different countries around the world use various scales to measure the must weight of grape juice. In the United States, New Zealand, and parts of Australia it is measured in degrees brix (symbol °Bx); in Germany (wine) it is degrees Oechsle (°Oe); in France and most of Europe the Baumé scale was used until 1961 and in Austria the Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (°KMW) scale is used. After \"veraison\" has begun, viticulturists will test",
"title": "Ripeness in viticulture"
},
{
"id": "10962821",
"text": "was further developed into several different varieties of higher quality and culinary sophistication. In Salento – in the heel of Italy – Vincotto is produced from the slow reduction together of a blend of cooked grape must and of a wine that has started to spoil and sour attaining the consistency of dense non-alcoholic syrup. This tradition goes back to the times of the ancient Romans when grape musts were reduced over heat to facilitate conservation and transportation. In more recent times, from 1863, Salento, an area of Apulia, greatly expanded the vineyards which also led to a great increase",
"title": "Vincotto"
},
{
"id": "3857443",
"text": "wine is divided into two types: The different Prädikat (superior quality wine) designations used are as followed, in order of increasing sugar levels in the must: The minimum must weight requirements for the different Prädikat designations are as follows. Many producers, especially top-level producers, exceed the minimum requirements by a wide margin. This does not necessarily determine the sweetness of the final wine, because the winemaker may choose to ferment the wine fully or let some residual sugar remain. Wines can bear additional designation based on their sugar content or color. The sugar content in the finished wine can be",
"title": "German wine classification"
},
{
"id": "3859400",
"text": "German term \"Spätlese\". The minimum must weight requirements for Auslese is as follows: Chaptalisation may not be used. The requirements are part of the wine law in both countries. Many producers, especially top-level producers, exceed the minimum requirements by a wide margin, resulting in richer and sweeter Auslesen that may even exceed the minimum requirements for Beerenauslese, the next \"Prädikat\" in order. In Germany, it is common to add stars (usually * to ***) on the wine label, \"Fuder\" (vat) numbers or a golden capsule, to indicate this. The wines are occasionally made dry (trocken) in some areas, such as",
"title": "Auslese"
},
{
"id": "17201521",
"text": "these cannot be directly used by yeast for metabolism. Taken together, the total nitrogen content of grape must can range from 60 to 2400 mg of nitrogen per liter, however not all of this nitrogen will be assimilable. The lack of protease enzymes, which break down larger peptides into smaller components, that can work outside the cell, limits the size of the molecules that yeast can use as a source for nitrogen. The amount of YAN that winemakers will see in their grape musts depends on a number of components including grape variety, rootstock, vineyard soils and viticultural practices (such",
"title": "Yeast assimilable nitrogen"
},
{
"id": "15331886",
"text": "The second element comes also from Latin \"ardens\", (hot, flaming). It was first attested in English in the late 13th century, though it was found as a surname a century earlier. Archeological excavations in the Indus Valley (Indian Subcontinent) have revealed that mustard was cultivated there. That civilization existed until about 1800 BC. The Romans were probably the first to experiment with the preparation of mustard as a condiment. They mixed unfermented grape juice (the must) with ground mustard seeds (called \"sinapis\") to make \"burning must\", \"mustum ardens\" — hence \"\". A recipe for mustard appears in \"De re coquinaria\",",
"title": "Mustard (condiment)"
},
{
"id": "11052886",
"text": "access to a continuous supply of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus as well as access to various vitamins and minerals. These components are naturally present in the grape must but their amount may be corrected by adding nutrients to the wine, in order to foster a more encouraging environment for the yeast. Newly formulated time-release nutrients, specifically manufactured for wine fermentations, offer the most advantageous conditions for yeast. Oxygen is needed as well, but in wine making, the risk of oxidation and the lack of alcohol production from oxygenated yeast requires the exposure of oxygen to be kept at a minimum.",
"title": "Fermentation in winemaking"
},
{
"id": "14915140",
"text": "Other techniques for making sweet wines exist such as vendange tardive, the noble rot, various filtration techniques or early heating of the must, and adding sweet musts after fermentation. Mutage Mutage is a wine making technique for making sweet wines. The typical process involves the addition of alcohol to the \"must\" so that the fermentation process is prematurely stopped. Most yeasts die when the alcohol content in their environment is raised to approximately 13–15%. By stopping the fermentation of sugars, a sweet taste of the wine is achieved. This technique is used to make port wine and other sweet wines",
"title": "Mutage"
},
{
"id": "13482699",
"text": "Gmelin (born February 18, 1778) on December 8, 1803 and they had five children. Ferdinand Oechsle Christian \"Ferdinand\" Oechsle (December 26, 1774 – March 17, 1852) was a German mechanical workshop owner, goldsmith and inventor. He is most noted for developing a method for measuring the must weight of the grape must in winemaking. The Oechsle scale, named after him and divided into degrees Oechsle (°Oe), is still used for official classification of German wine, Swiss wine and Luxembourg wine. Oechsle was born in Buhlbach at Baiersbronnin the northern part of the Black Forest area, the son of Israel Oechsle,",
"title": "Ferdinand Oechsle"
},
{
"id": "11989437",
"text": "on the ground floor in a vat (\"tina\") in the medieval style sagardotegi), processed and stored in barrels (usually oak or chesnut) in the storage area to mature. The barrels vary in size, the smaller are called \"barrikotea\" and hold up to 100l, the \"barrika\" holds between 100-600l, the \"bukoia\" between 600-1000l and the \"(k)upela\" or \"(k)upa\" more than 1000l. The must undergoes two fermentations: Must in the Basque Country typically contains The finished cider typically has an alcohol content of 5-6%. The minimum is 4.5% according to Spanish Law, less than 100 mg/l sulphur dioxide, less than 2.2g/l volatile",
"title": "Sagardotegi"
},
{
"id": "4520751",
"text": "the breakdown of the organic compounds within the grape materials. This process seems to slow once the wine reaches an alcohol level of 10%. Throughout the fermentation process, carbon dioxide is released as a byproduct of the conversion of sugar into alcohol. The carbon dioxide seeks to escape from the must by rising to the top of the mixture, pushing the grape skins and other materials to the top as well. This forms what is known as a \"cap\" that is visible on top of the fermentation vessel. At this point, a very limited amount of the must comes into",
"title": "Maceration (wine)"
},
{
"id": "11052880",
"text": "Fermentation in winemaking The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation, yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product). In winemaking, the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation. The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage, which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for \"primary fermentation\" and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a",
"title": "Fermentation in winemaking"
},
{
"id": "13830865",
"text": "the traditional English volumes are commonly used in the wine and wine cooperage industries. Examples include a hogshead of , a barrique of (Bordeaux), a barrel of (Australia), a barrel of (Burgundy) and a puncheon of . The tun (, , Middle Latin: \"\") is an English unit of \"liquid volume\" (not weight), used for measuring wine, oil or honey. Typically a large vat or vessel, most often holding 252 wine gallons, but occasionally other sizes (e.g. 256, 240 and 208 gallons) were also used. In one example from 1507, a tun is defined as 240 gallons. The butt (from",
"title": "English wine cask units"
},
{
"id": "6555893",
"text": "through fermentation or raisins or any other remains of the same\" (). Since 1989, zivania has been protected under EU regulations as a name for grape marc produced in Cyprus. The production of zivania starts with the pressing of mature healthy grapes to produce must. The density of the grape must is then checked with a Baumé hydrometer to ensure it has a density value of less than 13° Baumé. This is necessary for the must to achieve complete and proper fermentation. The grape must, together with pomace, are then placed in large containers and let to ferment. Traditionally, the",
"title": "Zivania"
},
{
"id": "3599880",
"text": "which takes place in post-fermentation maceration when alcohol is present. This practice is by no means universal and is perhaps more common in New World winemaking countries. Once the must is in a fermentation vessel, yeast naturally present on the skins of the grapes, or in the environment, will sooner or later start the alcoholic fermentation, in which sugars present in the must are converted into alcohol with carbon dioxide and heat as by-products. Many winemakers, however, prefer to control the fermentation process more closely by adding specially selected yeasts usually of the species \"Saccharomyces ellipsoideous\". Several hundred different strains",
"title": "Red wine"
},
{
"id": "11052891",
"text": "a lot of residual heat which can take the must out of the ideal temperature range for the wine. Typically, white wine is fermented between 18-20 °C (64-68 °F) though a wine maker may choose to use a higher temperature to bring out some of the complexity of the wine. Red wine is typically fermented at higher temperatures up to 29 °C (85 °F). Fermentation at higher temperatures may have adverse effect on the wine in stunning the yeast to inactivity and even \"boiling off\" some of the flavors of the wines. Some winemakers may ferment their red wines at",
"title": "Fermentation in winemaking"
},
{
"id": "13482695",
"text": "Ferdinand Oechsle Christian \"Ferdinand\" Oechsle (December 26, 1774 – March 17, 1852) was a German mechanical workshop owner, goldsmith and inventor. He is most noted for developing a method for measuring the must weight of the grape must in winemaking. The Oechsle scale, named after him and divided into degrees Oechsle (°Oe), is still used for official classification of German wine, Swiss wine and Luxembourg wine. Oechsle was born in Buhlbach at Baiersbronnin the northern part of the Black Forest area, the son of Israel Oechsle, a master glass blower, and Christina Juditha Lieb. As a boy, he went to",
"title": "Ferdinand Oechsle"
},
{
"id": "483313",
"text": "softer, fruity Cabernet Sauvignon wines. The tannic nature of Cabernet Sauvignon is an important winemaking consideration. As the must is exposed to prolonged periods of maceration, more tannins are extracted from the skin and will be present in the resulting wine. If winemakers choose not to shorten the period of maceration, in favor of maximizing color and flavor concentrations, there are some methods that they can use to soften tannin levels. A common method is oak aging, which exposes the wine to gradual levels of oxidation that can mellow the harsh grape tannins as well as introduce softer \"wood tannins\".",
"title": "Cabernet Sauvignon"
},
{
"id": "5594289",
"text": "as a warming beverage in the cold season. The \"Apfelwein\" is heated and served with a cinnamon stick, possibly with cloves and/or a slice of lemon, much like mulled wine. An official \"Viez\" route, (\"Route du Cidre\") connects Saarburg with the border to Luxembourg. An annual \"Viez Fest\" is celebrated in Merzig. The date is usually the second Saturday in October. Apfelwein Apfelwein (Germany, apple wine), or Viez (Moselfranken, Saarland, Trier, \"vice\") or Most (Austria, Switzerland, South Germany, \"must\") are German words for cider. It is mainly made from eating apples or cooking apples, such as Granny Smith or Bramley,",
"title": "Apfelwein"
},
{
"id": "11231334",
"text": "Governo Governo is a winemaking technique reportedly invented in Tuscany in the 14th century to help complete fermentation and stabilize the wine. The technique involves saving a batch of harvested grapes and allowing them to partially dry. If fermentation of the main batch starts to slow or appears to be nearing stuck fermentation, the half dried grapes are added to the must which then gives the yeast cells a new source of sugar to enliven the batch. From there, the must can be fermented dry or stopped with the wine having a higher level of residual sugar. The process was",
"title": "Governo"
},
{
"id": "1735621",
"text": "countries, some winemakers use cryoextraction (that is, mechanical freezing) to simulate the effect of a frost and typically do not leave the grapes to hang for extended periods as is done with natural ice wines. These non-traditional wines are sometimes referred to as \"icebox wines\". An example is Bonny Doon's \"Vin de Glacière\" or King Estate's Vin Glace (made from Oregon Pinot gris grapes). German wine law entirely bans post-harvest freezing methods, even if not labeled \"Eiswein\". The high sugar level in the must leads to a slower-than-normal fermentation. It may take months to complete the fermentation (compared to days",
"title": "Ice wine"
},
{
"id": "19376847",
"text": "Vinegar#Refilling procedure are not used; the ingredients, once mixed, must be kept in wood containers for a duration of at least 60 days. If the product is kept there for 3 years or more it is labeled \"invecchiato\" (aged). The Balsamic vinegar of Modena gained the PGI label on 3 July 2009. The requirements for the much more expensive PDO Traditional Balsamic Vinegar are different and more restrictive; it must contain only grape must, and has to be aged for at least 12 years. Upon submission of the application by Italy, Germany and Greece raised the objection that the protection",
"title": "Balsamic vinegar of Modena"
},
{
"id": "6009321",
"text": "so low that even after a week of extended maceration very little color has seeped into the must. It is for this reason that Poulsard is often used in the production of white and lightly colored \"rosé\" wines, though officially more than 80% of the harvest in Jura is used for red wine production. Though Poulsard can be used to produce a varietal wine, it is often blended the grape with other varieties either for enhanced color or to allow the Poulsard to contributes to the aroma of the blend. Among the grapes that Poulsard are often blended with is",
"title": "Poulsard"
},
{
"id": "3599884",
"text": "as the case of sparkling wine production in regions such as Champagne where grapes are traditionally \"whole-cluster pressed\" with stems included to produce a lighter must that is low in phenolics. In white wine production, pressing usually takes place immediately after crushing and before primary fermentation. In red wine production, the grapes are also crushed but pressing usually does not take place till after or near the end of fermentation with the time of skin contact between the juice and grapes leaching color, tannins and other phenolics from the skin. Approximately 60-70% of the available juice within the grape berry,",
"title": "Red wine"
},
{
"id": "1498081",
"text": "laws, Alsatian rieslings can be chaptalized, a process in which the alcoholic content is increased through the addition of sugar to the must. In contrast to other Alsatian wines, Rieslings d'Alsace are usually not meant to be drunk young, but many are still best in the first years. Rieslings d'Alsace tend to be mostly very dry with a cleansing acidity. They are thick-bodied wines that coat the palate. These wines age exceptionally well with a quality vintage aging up to 20 years. This is beneficial since the flavours in an Alsace wine will often open up after three years, developing",
"title": "Riesling"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Must context: Must Must (from the Latin \"vinum mustum\", \"young wine\") is freshly crushed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit. The solid portion of the must is called pomace and typically makes up 7–23% of the total weight of the must. Making must is the first step in winemaking. Because of its high glucose content, typically between 10 and 15%, must is also used as a sweetener in a variety of cuisines. Unlike commercially sold grape juice, which is filtered and pasteurized, must is thick with particulate matter, opaque, and comes in various\n\nIn wine making, what is the must?",
"compressed_tokens": 187,
"origin_tokens": 187,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Fermentation in winemaking context: \"secondary fermentation\". Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks, which is common with many white wines like Riesling, in an open wooden vat, inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines. The natural occurrence of fermentation means it was probably first observed long ago by humans. The uses of the word \"fermentation\" in relation to winemaking was in reference to the apparent \"boiling\" within the must that came from the anaerobic reaction of the yeast to the sugars in the grape juice and the release of carbon dioxide.\n\ntitle: Fermentation in winem context to a continuous supply of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus as well as access to various vitamins and miner. These components are naturally present in grape but their amount may be corrected by adding nutrients to the wine, in order foster more encouraging environment for the yeast. New form time-release nutrients specifically manufactured for ferations offer the most advantageous conditions for yeast.xygen needed as well, but in wine making, the risk of oxidation and the lack of alco production oxygen yeast requires exposure oxygen to be kept at a minimum.\n\ntitle Oechs scale contextechle scale Oechsle Scrom scale measuring the of grape must which is indication grape ripeness and sugar content in- It is named Ferdinandechsle745 it is widely used the, and Luxembourgish wine- industechs,ech one gram of the must at2 1 ( re, with a 084 grams per litre8°e\n\n: Must (iment) context an many dress,,. a cre individualeds as a andan, the it populariments the world. The English word \"mustard\" derives from the Anglo-Norman \"mustarde\" and Old French \"mostarde\" (Modern French is \"moutarde\"). The first element is ultimately from Latin \"mustum\", (\"must\", young wine)—the condiment was originally prepared by making the ground seeds into a paste with must.\n\nIn wine making, what is the must?",
"compressed_tokens": 461,
"origin_tokens": 14145,
"ratio": "30.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
141 | What elaborate confection was inspired by St. Bride's Church in London? | [
"The tiered wedding cake--which was based on the tiered spire of the church, designed by Sir Christopher Wren"
] | The tiered wedding cake--which was based on the tiered spire of the church, designed by Sir Christopher Wren | [
{
"id": "2381777",
"text": "the first Croquembouche. The modern croquembouche is still very popular in France, where it is now common to place the croquembouche tower on a bed of cake and make it a top tier. This traditional French wedding cake is built from Profiteroles and given a halo of spun sugar. In 1703, Thomas Rich, a baker's apprentice from Ludgate Hill, fell in love with his employer's daughter and asked her to marry him. He wanted to make an extravagant cake, so he drew on St Bride's Church, on Fleet Street in London for inspiration. Traditionally the bride would place a ring",
"title": "Wedding cake"
},
{
"id": "2316293",
"text": "cake, and drew on the design of St Bride's Church for inspiration. On the night of 29 December 1940, during the Blitz of central London in the Second World War, the church was gutted by fire-bombs dropped by the \"Luftwaffe\". That night 1,500 fires were started, including three major conflagrations, leading to a fire storm, an event dubbed the \"Second Great Fire of London\", due to the enormous amount of damage caused. St Paul's Cathedral itself was only saved by the dedication of the London firemen who kept the fire away from the cathedral and the volunteer firewatchers of the",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "2316292",
"text": "marriage, the hapless Levet was taken in by the author Samuel Johnson who wrote his poem \"On the Death of Mr. Robert Levet\", eulogising his good friend and tenant of many years. Also buried at St Bride's are the organist and composer, Thomas Weelkes (d. 1623) and the poet, Richard Lovelace (d.1658), as well as author Samuel Richardson (d. 1761) The wedding cake is said to date back to 1703 when Thomas Rich, a baker’s apprentice from Ludgate Hill, fell in love with the daughter of his employer and asked her to marry him. He wanted to make an extravagant",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "2316291",
"text": "on 19 December 1675. The famous spire was added later, in 1701–1703. It originally measured 234 ft, but lost its upper eight feet to a lightning strike in 1764; this was then bought by the then owner of Park Place, Berkshire, where it still resides. The design utilises four octagonal stages of diminishing height, capped with an obelisk which terminates in a ball and vane. Buried at St Bride's is Robert Levet (Levett), a Yorkshireman who became a Parisian waiter, then a \"practicer of physick\" who ministered to the denizens of London's seedier neighbourhoods. Having been duped into a bad",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "519613",
"text": "sweet or savoury toppings and are sometimes confused with \"Bath buns\", which are smaller, round, very sweet and very rich. They were associated with the city following The Great Exhibition. Bath buns were originally topped with crushed comfits created by dipping caraway seeds repeatedly in boiling sugar; but today seeds are added to a 'London Bath Bun' (a reference to the bun's promotion and sale at the Great Exhibition). The seeds may be replaced by crushed sugar granules or 'nibs'. Bath has lent its name to one other distinctive recipe – \"Bath Olivers\" – a dry baked biscuit invented by",
"title": "Bath, Somerset"
},
{
"id": "6769886",
"text": "Cadbury Roses Cadbury Roses are a selection of individually wrapped chocolates made by Cadbury. Introduced in 1938, they are named after the English packaging equipment company \"Rose Brothers\" (later Rose Forgrove), based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, that manufactured and supplied the machines that wrapped the chocolates, although in 2016 the US owners of the company made a controversial decision to wrap the chocolates in identical sized \"flow wraps\". They are an extremely common gift on Mothering Sunday and sell well throughout the Christmas period. They are available in plastic tubs or boxes and in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and",
"title": "Cadbury Roses"
},
{
"id": "2316290",
"text": "A modern bust of Virginia Dare stands near the font, replacing an earlier monument which was stolen and has not been recovered. In the mid-17th century disaster struck. In 1665, the Great Plague of London killed 238 parishioners in a single week, and in 1666, the following year, the church was completely destroyed during the Great Fire of London, which burned much of the city. After the fire, the old church was replaced by an entirely new building designed by Sir Christopher Wren, one of his largest and most expensive works, taking seven years to build. St Bride's was reopened",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "1951229",
"text": "for a mischievous creature that sabotages aircraft, meddling in the plane's equipment. Legendary figures from 19th-century London whose tales have been romanticised include Sweeney Todd, the murderous barber of Fleet Street (accompanied with Mrs. Lovett who sells pies made from Todd's victims), and serial killer Jack the Ripper. On 5 November, people in England make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of Guy Fawkes' Gunpowder Plot, which became an annual event after the Thanksgiving Act of 1606 was passed. Guy Fawkes masks are an emblem for anti-establishment protest groups. Halloween is a traditional",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2381776",
"text": "are available in addition to the traditional all-white tiered cake. In Medieval England cakes were stacked as high as possible for the bride and groom to kiss over. A successful kiss meant they were guaranteed a prosperous life together. From this the Croquembouche was created. The myth behind this cake tells of a Pastry chef, visiting Medieval England who witnessed their tradition of piling sweet rolls between the bride and groom, which they attempted to kiss over without knocking them all down. The pastry chef then went back to France and piled sweet rolls up into a tower to make",
"title": "Wedding cake"
},
{
"id": "2316287",
"text": "only St Paul's itself having a higher pinnacle. This is also the church that inspired Cassandra Clare’s London Institute in her \"Shadowhunter Chronicles\" novels. St. Bride's may be one of the most ancient churches in London, with worship perhaps dating back to the conversion of the Middle Saxons in the 7th century. It has been conjectured that, as the patron saint is Bridget of Ireland, it may have been founded by Celtic monks, missionaries proselytising the English. The present St Bride's is at least the seventh church to have stood on the site. Traditionally, it was founded by St Bridget",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "15232284",
"text": "the balcony. Their wedding breakfast was held in the Ball-Supper Room of the Palace. The menu included Filet de Sole Mountbatten, Perdreau en Casserole, and Bombe Glacee Princess Elizabeth. Music was played by the string band of the Grenadier Guards. The official wedding cake was baked by London bakery McVitie & Price. A fruitcake made of four tiers, it stood nine feet high, and weighed about 500 lbs. It was made with 80 oranges, 660 eggs, and over three gallons of Navy Rum. As World War II had ended a mere two years earlier and certain things were still subject",
"title": "Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten"
},
{
"id": "2316286",
"text": "St Bride's Church St Bride's Church is a church in the City of London, England. The building's most recent incarnation was designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1672 in Fleet Street in the City of London, though Wren's original building was largely gutted by fire during the London Blitz in 1940. Due to its location in Fleet Street, it has a long association with journalists and newspapers. The church is a distinctive sight on London's skyline and is clearly visible from a number of locations. Standing 226 feet (69m) high, it is the second tallest of all Wren's churches, with",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "7353766",
"text": "letter of \"disordering my stomach with Bath Bunns\" in 1801. The original 18th-century recipe used a brioche or rich egg and butter dough which was then covered with caraway seeds coated in several layers of sugar, similar to French \"dragée\". The bun's creation is attributed to William Oliver in the 18th century. Oliver also created the Bath Oliver dry biscuit after the bun proved too fattening for his rheumatic patients. The bun may also have descended from the 18th-century \"Bath cake\". The buns are still produced in the Bath area of England. Although this is disputed, the 18th-century '\"Bath cake\"",
"title": "Bath bun"
},
{
"id": "2316299",
"text": "In 2009, Sir Clement Freud's funeral was held in the church. St Bride's Church St Bride's Church is a church in the City of London, England. The building's most recent incarnation was designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1672 in Fleet Street in the City of London, though Wren's original building was largely gutted by fire during the London Blitz in 1940. Due to its location in Fleet Street, it has a long association with journalists and newspapers. The church is a distinctive sight on London's skyline and is clearly visible from a number of locations. Standing 226 feet (69m)",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "2298756",
"text": "chocolates after which the Roses selection is named. They produced seaside rock-making machines, cigarette-making machines and bread-slicing and wrapping machines. When the company closed, A.M.P Rose bought the confectionery packaging side of the business. By the side of the east bank of the Trent near the railway bridge is a large mill owned by Kerry Ingredients (headquartered in Tralee). Gainsborough is the home of two of the largest jokes and novelties importers in the UK: Smiffy's (formerly known as RH Smith & Sons, founded in 1894), and Pam's of Gainsborough, a smaller company founded in 1986. Smiffy's were the only",
"title": "Gainsborough, Lincolnshire"
},
{
"id": "6575323",
"text": "moulded pastillage or sugarpaste. There is a myth that it was named royal after it gained widespread publicity when images of Victoria and Albert's bride cake (wedding cake) were circulated, but this is untrue, not least because the real boost came when images of their eldest daughter's wedding cake were published in papers such as the Illustrated London News (not founded until 1842), by which time the name had been in use for over 80 years. Royal icing Royal icing is a hard white icing, made from softly beaten egg whites, icing sugar (powdered sugar), and sometimes lemon or lime",
"title": "Royal icing"
},
{
"id": "4453954",
"text": "with the legend of Sweeney Todd, the 'demon-barber' of Fleet Street. This is most likely due to it being mentioned in the original penny dreadful \"The String of Pearls\" as the church bearing a crypt that Sweeney Todd's victims were unceremoniously dumped into after they had been murdered and turned into meat pies. St Dunstan-in-the-West appeared as the \"journalist's church\" in the 2018 TV series \"Press\". St Dunstan-in-the-West The Guild Church of St Dunstan-in-the-West is in Fleet Street in the City of London. It is dedicated to a former Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury. The church is of",
"title": "St Dunstan-in-the-West"
},
{
"id": "8069067",
"text": "cakes.) The recipe for Woolton pie has been published on a number of occasions since the war, notably in collections to mark significant anniversaries, e.g. Marguerite Patten's (1985) \"We'll Eat Again\", marking the 40th anniversary of the end of the war in Europe. Citations Bibliography Woolton pie Woolton pie, at first known as Lord Woolton pie, is a pastry dish of vegetables, widely served in Britain in the Second World War when rationing and shortages made other dishes hard to prepare. It was created at the Savoy Hotel in London by its then Maitre Chef de Cuisine, Francis Latry. It",
"title": "Woolton pie"
},
{
"id": "10583455",
"text": "parallelogram of surrounding rooms and corridors and the enclosing colonnades. The striking internal decoration to the design of London decorator John Crace, cut-glass chandelier and the then-largest organ in Europe led one writer to say that it was \"the best place in Britain to see what it looked like on the inside of a wedding cake.\" The town hall provided accommodation for municipal departments, a courtroom, police station or 'central charge office', and a venue for concerts and civic events. It still has a role as a council office, although many departments have been relocated. The principal performance space, the",
"title": "Leeds Town Hall"
},
{
"id": "5803135",
"text": "Rolo Rolo (pronounced /ˈrəʊləʊ/), referring to the roll-styled candy, is a brand of truncated-cone-shaped or frustum-shaped chocolates with a caramel middle. First manufactured in the United Kingdom by Mackintosh's in 1937, they are made by Nestlé, except in the United States where production has been licensed to The Hershey Company. The Rolo product was developed in England by Mackintosh's, (later Rowntree-Mackintosh), simply a combination of Mackintosh's Toffee and a chocolate coating. Rolo was first sold in 1937. In 1956 the New England Confectionery Company acquired a licence to produce Rolos in the United States. In 1969, the license for US",
"title": "Rolo"
},
{
"id": "7263432",
"text": "Rowntree's Rowntree's was an English confectionery business based in York. Rowntree developed the Kit Kat (introduced in 1935), Aero (introduced in 1935), Fruit Pastilles (introduced in 1881), Smarties (introduced in 1937) brands, and the Rolo and Quality Street brands when it merged with Mackintosh's in 1969 to form Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery. Founded in 1862, the company developed strong associations with Quaker philanthropy. Throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was one of the big three confectionery manufacturers in the United Kingdom, alongside Cadbury and Fry. By the time the company was acquired by Nestlé in 1988, it was",
"title": "Rowntree's"
},
{
"id": "1999743",
"text": "broke down. Plague pits were used especially often during major plague outbreaks, such as the London epidemic of 1665. During these times, graveyards rapidly filled, and such graves became available only to wealthy people. Parishes became strained; one example, the records of St Bride's Church on Fleet Street during the London 1665 plague, shows typical methods employed by the parishes. In 1665, the total number of deaths in the parish rose to five and a half times their normal number, with 2,111 deaths overall and 1,427 attributed to plague. Some scientists have put forward the idea that the Black Death",
"title": "Plague pit"
},
{
"id": "6808954",
"text": "gold medal at the Brussels International Confectioners' Exhibition. In 1960 a member of the Department's staff, Miss Joan Russell designed one of the wedding cakes accepted for the wedding of Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret and Mr. Anthony Armstrong Jones. The Worshipful Company of Bakers Hall on Harp Lane was officially opened by the Lord Mayor of London in 1963 and the Bakery Department were invited to provide the peppercorn rent of three white and three brown loaves for the Bakers Company to provide to the Lessors of the Hall at a new annual event. In 1965 the National Bakery",
"title": "National Bakery School"
},
{
"id": "11309639",
"text": "due to a ban on spraying champagne in bars. In a similarly extravagant vein, Marilyn Monroe was reputed to have taken a bath in 350 bottles of Champagne. The \"saucer\" shaped glass is another Champagne icon associated with a celebrity sex symbol. The Champagne coupe is often claimed to have been modeled on the shape of the breast of a French aristocrat, often cited as Marie Antoinette or Madame de Pompadour. This is almost certainly apocryphal, as the glass was designed especially for sparkling wine in England in 1663, preceding those aristocrats by almost a century, and sparkling Champagne itself",
"title": "Champagne in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "18670604",
"text": "4 King's Bench Walk was rebuilt in 1678. The archway is ascribed to Sir Christopher Wren, one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history who is most recognised for designing St Paul’s Cathedral on the top of Ludgate Hill. More of his architectural work can be seen on the eastern end of Fleet Street, namely St Brides Church which boasts the tallest steeple to be designed by Wren. 4 King’s Bench Walk is one of the few fortunate buildings in the Inner Temple to have escaped destruction by enemy action during the second world war. In addition, the",
"title": "King's Bench Walk, London"
},
{
"id": "13535074",
"text": "Fry, Adrian Lester, and Peter Mandelson today. Roald Dahl, author of \"Charlie\" and \"The Chocolate Factory\", made Prestat truffles central to his racy novel \"My Uncle Oswald\". In this novel, a scheming temptress seduces numerous geniuses and royalty of the 20th century with a love-potion inserted into Prestat truffles. Prestat Prestat Ltd is one of London's oldest chocolate shops. It has been awarded two Royal Warrants: from Her Majesty The Queen and Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Prestat Ltd was established in 1902 by French émigré Antoine Dufour. The Dufour family created the chocolate truffle in Chambéry",
"title": "Prestat"
},
{
"id": "7263450",
"text": "agency to the London branch of J. Walter Thompson. Rowntree's Rowntree's was an English confectionery business based in York. Rowntree developed the Kit Kat (introduced in 1935), Aero (introduced in 1935), Fruit Pastilles (introduced in 1881), Smarties (introduced in 1937) brands, and the Rolo and Quality Street brands when it merged with Mackintosh's in 1969 to form Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery. Founded in 1862, the company developed strong associations with Quaker philanthropy. Throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was one of the big three confectionery manufacturers in the United Kingdom, alongside Cadbury and Fry. By the time the",
"title": "Rowntree's"
},
{
"id": "20000462",
"text": "are common finds from Viking-age sites in Europe. Cane needlecases were found in a grave from Cerro Azul, Peru, dated to 1000–147. Bone, leather, and metal needlecases have been found from Medieval London, and bone or ivory needlecases were made by the Inuit people. Bone and ivory needlecases and pin poppets were also popular in 18th century America. Elaborate needlework confections like the frog-shaped needlecase in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art appeared by the 16th century. Heavily decorated silver and brass needlecases are typical of the Victorian period. Between 1869 and 1887, W. Avery & Son, an English",
"title": "Needlecase"
},
{
"id": "5803137",
"text": "ad an elephant gets fooled by a young boy and decades later takes revenge, referring to the saying \"elephants never forget\". From 1980 to 2003, Rolo was advertised with the slogan \"Do you love anyone enough to give them your last Rolo?\" Rolo Rolo (pronounced /ˈrəʊləʊ/), referring to the roll-styled candy, is a brand of truncated-cone-shaped or frustum-shaped chocolates with a caramel middle. First manufactured in the United Kingdom by Mackintosh's in 1937, they are made by Nestlé, except in the United States where production has been licensed to The Hershey Company. The Rolo product was developed in England by",
"title": "Rolo"
},
{
"id": "16427173",
"text": "Rigby & Peller Rigby & Peller is a British luxury lingerie brand and retailer. The company was founded in 1939 by Gita Peller, a Jewish Hungarian refugee who settled in London, and Bertha Rigby, an English corsetière, with a shop in South Molton Street in London's West End. As of 2011, they had seven stores as well as a website. In 1960 the company began providing bespoke undergarments to the Queen of the United Kingdom; they subsequently provided their products to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Queen Elizabeth II, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, Diana Princess of Wales, Princess Beatrice",
"title": "Rigby & Peller"
},
{
"id": "11152090",
"text": "oil and, unlike the rich tea biscuit, is typically vanilla-flavoured. The Marie biscuit was created by the London bakery Peek Freans in 1874 to commemorate the marriage of the Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia to the Duke of Edinburgh. It became popular throughout Europe, particularly in Spain where, following the Civil War, the biscuit became a symbol of the country's economic recovery after bakeries produced mass quantities to consume a surplus of wheat. Many consider that the plain flavour of Maries makes them, like rich tea biscuits, particularly suitable for dunking in tea. Other popular methods of consuming the",
"title": "Marie biscuit"
},
{
"id": "6478317",
"text": "are still available in 'Zingy Orange', 'Cool Mint' and now 'Yummy Honeycomb' flavours In 2017, before Matchmakers reached its 50th anniversary, Matchmakers became available in a new limited edition 'Salted Caramel' flavour, and at the end of 2018 another limited edition flavour of 'Gingerbread'. Matchmakers Matchmakers are an elongated chocolate confectionery product made by Nestlé. Thin, twig-like and brittle, they were first launched in 1968 by Rowntree's and were just one-third of the length they are now. For this reason they were called Matchmakers - a name which has stood the test of time. For many years they were available",
"title": "Matchmakers"
},
{
"id": "4980223",
"text": "almonds based on a rock cake recipe, developed by Helen Frankel, then a buyer and marketing assistant at Bettys. Following its launch, the fat rascal quickly became Bettys’ best known and best-selling bakery product, selling over 375,000 per year. Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate own the registered trade mark for the name 'fat rascal'. Fat rascal A fat rascal, closely related to the historical turf cake, is a type of cake, similar to a scone or rock cake in both taste and ingredients. It originated in Yorkshire at least as early as the 19th century. Fat rascals were known in",
"title": "Fat rascal"
},
{
"id": "14589051",
"text": "published locally in 1769, went through 13 authorised editions and at least 23 pirated ones. In 1773, she sold the copyright to her publisher for £1400, equivalent to about £,000 as of 2018. In that book, she was the first cook to offer the combination of bride cake, almond paste, and royal icing. It was a definitive work of instruction for fine dining using basic cooking principles, aimed at novices. She is also thought to have devised the modern Eccles cake, using flaky pastry instead of a yeast-based mix. Raffald compiled and published the first trade directory for Manchester and",
"title": "Elizabeth Raffald"
},
{
"id": "6728026",
"text": "half a maraschino cherry. The bottom of the cup is pushed up to eat. There is a lot of doubt surrounding the origins of the name \"charlotte\". Despite the fact that charlottes are served across Europe, one etymology suggests it is a corruption of the Old English word \"charlyt\" meaning \"a dish of custard\". In another, meat dishes that were known as \"charlets\" were popular in the 15th century. Other historians say that this sweet dish took its name from Queen Charlotte (1744–1818), wife of George III of the United Kingdom. It is possible that the dessert takes its name",
"title": "Charlotte (cake)"
},
{
"id": "14316660",
"text": "known as the Victoria sandwich or Victorian cake, was named after Queen Victoria, who was known to enjoy a slice of the sponge cake with her afternoon tea. The sponge part evolved from the classic pound cake – equal quantities of butter, sugar, eggs and flour. The difference was the Victorian creation of baking powder, which was discovered by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843, which enabled the sponge to rise higher. This invention, writes cookery author Felicity Cloake, \"was celebrated with a patriotic cake\", Victoria sponge. A typical Victoria sponge filling consists of strawberry jam and whipped double",
"title": "Sponge cake"
},
{
"id": "3081012",
"text": "( each of butter and sugar and treacle). By 1851, Doncaster butterscotch was sold commercially by rival confectioners S. Parkinson & Sons (still trading as Parkinson's), Henry Hall, and Booth's, all of Doncaster, via agents elsewhere in Yorkshire. Parkinson's started to use and advertise the Doncaster Church as their trademark. It was advertised as \"Royal Doncaster Butterscotch\", or \"The Queen's Sweetmeat\", and said to be \"the best emollient for the chest in the winter season\". Parkinson's Butterscotch was by appointment to the royal household and was presented to the Princess Elizabeth, then the Duchess of Edinburgh, in 1948 and to",
"title": "Butterscotch"
},
{
"id": "18795741",
"text": "The Licktators The Licktators is an ice cream manufacturing company located in London that has been described by the high-end department store Selfridges, as “more Sid and Nancy than Ben & Jerry”. It was founded by Matt O’Connor, formerly of The Icecreamists. He uses different flavors and textures to create his ice creams such as donated breast milk, bread, roses, and absinthe. The company once served a three-course Sundae Lunch which featured pea, beef, and horseradish flavors. The company gained notoriety in 2011 for its “Baby Gaga” breast milk ice cream, which is made with donated breast milk. In 2015",
"title": "The Licktators"
},
{
"id": "5269018",
"text": "the mouth. Macarons can be found in a wide variety of flavors that range from traditional (raspberry, chocolate) to unusual (foie gras, matcha). Macarons have been produced in the Venetian monasteries since the 8th century A.D. During the Renaissance, French queen Catherine de' Medici's Italian pastry chefs made them when she brought them with her to France in 1533 upon marrying Henry II of France. According to \"Larousse Gastronomique\" the macaron was created in 1791 in a convent near Cormery. In 1792, macarons began to gain fame when two Carmelite nuns, seeking asylum in Nancy during the French Revolution, baked",
"title": "Macaron"
},
{
"id": "12158972",
"text": "jam (and occasionally decorated with shredded desiccated coconut). Tottenham Cake \"was originally sold by the baker Henry Chalkley, who was a Friend (or Quaker), at the price of one old penny, with smaller mis-shaped pieces sold for half an old penny.\" The pink colouring was derived from mulberries found growing at the Tottenham Friends burial ground. Originally \"a peculiar local invention\" of north London, the cake is now mass-produced by the Percy Ingle chain of bakers. Tottenham Tottenham () is a district of north London, England, in the London Borough of Haringey. It is north-north-east of Charing Cross. Tottenham is",
"title": "Tottenham"
},
{
"id": "10949902",
"text": "be used to replace gold, the word is also used to signify something less than genuine; a counterfeit; a fake; a sham or fraud. Christopher Pinchbeck Christopher Pinchbeck, also called Catarrón (c. 1670 – ) was a London clockmaker and maker of musical automata. He was born in Clerkenwell, England, but worked in Fleet Street. He is the most famous member of the Pinchbeck family, which took its name from a small village in Lincolnshire. In the 18th century Pinchbeck invented his eponymous alloy, a cheap substitute for gold. He made an exquisite musical clock, worth about £500, for Louis",
"title": "Christopher Pinchbeck"
},
{
"id": "9304932",
"text": "of Windsor) in 1929, Queen Elizabeth, later Queen Mother, in 1965, and Queen Elizabeth II in 2005. It is not known whether Elizabeth Drake created the Musk’s recipe and her new husband was the business influence to make it a success or whether James brought the idea back to Newmarket from Chiswick in London, where he had been working as a butcher in 1881. In 2005, the European Union and the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs tried to persuade the two companies to merge recipes and gain Protected Geographical Status, from which products such as Parma ham",
"title": "Newmarket sausage"
},
{
"id": "6732863",
"text": "through her recitals. She was interested in gardening and redesigned the gardens at Lambeth Palace (the London base of the Archbishop of Canterbury) in 1986. During the 1980s, the Early Diagnostic Unit for breast cancer of The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust was threatened with closure. Runcie and June Kenton, owner of the Rigby & Peller shop, which has received a Royal Warrant for custom-making the brassieres of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, organised a petition for its continued existence, gathering thousands of signatures. Their petition was delivered to Norman Fowler, Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, who",
"title": "Rosalind Runcie"
},
{
"id": "7353765",
"text": "Bath bun The Bath bun is a sweet roll made from a milk-based yeast dough with crushed sugar sprinkled on top after baking. Variations in ingredients include enclosing a lump of sugar in the bun or adding candied fruit peel, currants, raisins or sultanas. The change from a light, shaped bun to a heavier, often fruited or highly sugared irregular one may date from the Great Exhibition of 1851 when almost a million were produced and consumed in five and a half months (the \"London Bath bun\"). References to Bath buns date from 1763, and Jane Austen wrote in a",
"title": "Bath bun"
},
{
"id": "8069064",
"text": "Woolton pie Woolton pie, at first known as Lord Woolton pie, is a pastry dish of vegetables, widely served in Britain in the Second World War when rationing and shortages made other dishes hard to prepare. It was created at the Savoy Hotel in London by its then Maitre Chef de Cuisine, Francis Latry. It was one of a number of recipes commended to the British public by the Ministry of Food during the Second World War to enable a nutritious diet to be maintained despite shortages and rationing of many types of food, especially meat. It was named after",
"title": "Woolton pie"
},
{
"id": "16019642",
"text": "all competitors create a wedding buffet consisting of a wedding cake, a chocolate sculpture, a sugar sculpture, cream puffs, chocolate candies, breakfast pastries and jam, tea pastries, a restaurant-style dessert plate, and a small sculpture (known as the \"bijou\") to commemorate the competition. Everything in the buffet, with the exception of the bijou, must be made from scratch and assembled in front of the judges over a three-day period. Keeping in mind that the presentation of his buffet will be judged on par with its taste, Pfeiffer works to develop close to forty recipes that are as visually exquisite as",
"title": "Kings of Pastry"
},
{
"id": "12226752",
"text": "Pie has produced tie-ins to sports championships, making a \"humble pie\" – kangaroo meat, red onion, field mushroom and Merlot – to mark Australia's loss at the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and running a \"Pie World Cup\" during the 2006 FIFA World Cup (won by the Senegalese Chicken Yasser). It also launched a pie branded with the London 2012 logo in 2004, in support of London's (successful) bid to host the Olympic Games in 2012. Square Pie Square Pie is a British food retail chain based in Hackney, east London, which specialises in handmade pies. It was founded in 2001",
"title": "Square Pie"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "14503577",
"text": "Japan won the women's wheelchair event. The event saw 74 world record attempts, including one involving 34 runners bound together by bungee cord to form a \"human caterpillar\", among whom was Princess Beatrice of York, the fifth in line to the British throne, who became the first royal family member to participate in the marathon. Of the attempts, 41 were successful. The marathon was sponsored by Sir Richard Branson's Virgin Group, having signed a five-year contract, taking over from previous sponsors, Flora. Branson also ran the marathon for his first time. Prior to the marathon, there had been concerns that",
"title": "2010 London Marathon"
},
{
"id": "8635970",
"text": "London's Finborough Theatre mounted the first professional production of the piece in London in over six decades. The play was adapted twice for film; the first, in 1927 starred Marion Davies, and the second, in 1937, starred Katharine Hepburn. A musical theatre adaptation, \"Dear Miss Phoebe\", written by Christopher Hassall and Harry Parr Davies, premiered in 1950. The play was so popular that Quality Street chocolates and caramels were named after it, and the confectionery originally used characters from the play in their advertising and packaging. When Hicks and Terriss moved to a new home, The Old Forge at Merstham,",
"title": "Quality Street (play)"
},
{
"id": "762271",
"text": "Pavlova (cake) Pavlova is a meringue-based cake named after the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. It is a meringue dessert with a crisp crust and soft, light inside, usually topped with fruit and whipped cream. The name is pronounced , or like the name of the dancer, which was . The dessert is believed to have been created in honour of the dancer either during or after one of her tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The nationality of its creator has been a source of argument between the two nations for many years. In 2008, Helen Leach",
"title": "Pavlova (cake)"
},
{
"id": "1690596",
"text": "the Legal profession. St Bride's Church was established as early as the 6th century and was later designed by Sir Christopher Wren in a style that complemented St Mary Le Bow further east in the City. It remains the London church most associated with the print industry. St Dunstan-in-the-West also dates from the 12th century supplements these as the local parish (as opposed to guild church) and is the London home for the Romanian Orthodox church. To the south lies an area of legal buildings known as the Temple, formerly the property of the Knights Templar, which at its core",
"title": "Fleet Street"
},
{
"id": "9008818",
"text": "delay caused by the storm had made the oranges less fresh than they ought to have been. The bargain gave Keiller's wife, Janet, the opportunity to manufacture a large quantity of marmalade. She boiled the bitter oranges with sugar which resulted in the creation of orange marmalade. The true story is that Janet Keiller did \"not\" invent marmalade. She modified it. In the 1760s Keiller ran a small confectionery shop producing jams in Seagate, Dundee. She modified a quince-based recipe, marmalato, by shifting to seville oranges, with their bitter rinds, to create shredded peel or \"chip\" marmalade. The peel was",
"title": "Keiller's marmalade"
},
{
"id": "13535070",
"text": "Prestat Prestat Ltd is one of London's oldest chocolate shops. It has been awarded two Royal Warrants: from Her Majesty The Queen and Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Prestat Ltd was established in 1902 by French émigré Antoine Dufour. The Dufour family created the chocolate truffle in Chambéry in France in December 1895 but it only became widely available when the new creation was brought to England by Antoine Dufour with the opening of the first Prestat shop in South Molton Street in central London. Antoine Dufour, for reasons uncertain, named his business Prestat after Pierre Prestat",
"title": "Prestat"
},
{
"id": "9818989",
"text": "as Blair Waldorf's favorite pastries. Ladurée regularly collaborate with fashion designers: in 2009 with Christian Louboutin, then the same year with Marni. In 2011, Ladurée was chosen to conceive macarons for Albert II, Prince of Monaco and Charlene Wittstock's wedding. The Court of Appeal in Paris granted \"moral\" copyright (the right to be credited) to the creator of certain Ladurée stores' elaborate interior design. This came about as a consequence when Ladurée reproduced photographs of the premises in a book. By final judgment of March 3rd, 2017. The Paris Court of Appeal, ruling contradictorily (extract). Confirm the judgment rendred on",
"title": "Ladurée"
},
{
"id": "17049539",
"text": "should develop a bed unique to the Savoy Hotel. In 1905, this resulted in the Savoy Bed being created, which was manufactured by James Edwards Limited. The beds were covered in a Savoy designed ticking attributed to his stepmother, Helen Carte, which has become the trademark of Savoir Beds. In 1924 the Savoy Hotel bought James Edwards Limited. At the time, the beds were made in a workshop that became known as The Savoy Bedworks, which is located close to London’s theatre land. The No.2 Bed was supplied to other hotels, which were at that time part of the Savoy",
"title": "Savoir Beds"
},
{
"id": "4993890",
"text": "steam to escape during the baking process. Many other companies make their own version of the biscuit under the \"Bourbon\" name, including major supermarkets. Bourbon biscuit The Bourbon biscuit (; is a sandwich style biscuit consisting of two thin rectangular dark chocolate–flavoured biscuits with a chocolate buttercream filling. The biscuit was introduced in 1910 (originally under the name \"Creola\") by the biscuit company Peek Freans, of Bermondsey, London, originator of the Garibaldi biscuit. The new name was taken from the European royal House of Bourbon. A 2009 survey found that the Bourbon biscuit was the fifth most popular biscuit in",
"title": "Bourbon biscuit"
},
{
"id": "15569426",
"text": "pay for her dress. She had to return the coupon gifts as it was illegal for them to have been given away in the first instance. The designs for the dress were approved three months before the wedding. Hartnell's search for suitable designs in London art galleries had led to him to the Botticelli figure. This was the inspiration for the use of ivory silk with flower designs of jasmine, smilax, lilac and white rose-like blossoms added to the train, embellished by white crystals and pearls. These motifs were transferred to drawings to enable embroidery experts to work on them.",
"title": "Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth"
},
{
"id": "858461",
"text": "buried in an unmarked pauper's pit. A record exists for the burial of a “Denys Papin” in an 18th-century Register of Marriages & Burials which originally came from St Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London, but which is now stored in the London Metropolitan Archives. The record states that Denys Papin was buried at St Bride's on 26 August 1713 – just a few days after his 66th birthday - and that he was laid to rest in the Lower Ground, one of the two burial areas belonging to the church at the time. Boulevard Denis Papin in Carcassonne is named",
"title": "Denis Papin"
},
{
"id": "1924766",
"text": "grams, that is to say, the new sovereign. The Italian sculptor Benedetto Pistrucci came to London early in 1816. His talent opened the doors of the capital's elite, among them Lady Spencer, who showed Pistrucci a model in wax of Saint George and the Dragon by Nathaniel Marchant and commissioned him to reproduce it in the Greek style as part of her husband's regalia as a Knight of the Garter. Pistrucci had already been thinking of such a work, and he produced the cameo. The model for the saint was an Italian waiter at Brunet's Hotel in Leicester Square, where",
"title": "Sovereign (British coin)"
},
{
"id": "679382",
"text": "Lancashire Courting Cake is a fruit-filled cake baked by a fiancée for her betrothed. The cake has been described as \"somewhere between a firm sponge – with a greater proportion of flour to fat and eggs than a Victoria sponge cake – and a shortbread base and was proof of the bride-to-be's baking skills\". Traditionally it is a two-layer cake filled and topped with strawberries or raspberries and whipped cream. Cakes are frequently described according to their physical form. Cakes may be small and intended for individual consumption. Larger cakes may be made with the intention of being sliced and",
"title": "Cake"
},
{
"id": "550205",
"text": "or events, such as a wedding cake, birthday cake or Halloween. Tourists commonly eat confections as part of their travels. The indulgence in rich, sugary foods is seen as a special treat, and choosing local specialties is popular. For example, visitors to Vienna eat Sachertorte and visitors to seaside resorts in the UK eat Blackpool rock candy. Transportable confections like fudges and tablet may be purchased as souvenirs. Generally, confections are low in micronutrients and protein but high in calories. They may be fat-free foods, although some confections, especially fried doughs and chocolate, are high-fat foods. Many confections are considered",
"title": "Confectionery"
},
{
"id": "2316288",
"text": "in the sixth century. Whether or not she founded it personally, the remnants of the first church appear to have significant similarities to a church of the same date in Kildare, Ireland. The Norman church, built in the 11th century, was of both religious and secular significance; in 1210, King John held a parliament there. It was replaced by a larger church in the 15th century, St Bride's association with the newspaper business began in 1500, when Wynkyn de Worde set up a printing press next door. Until 1695, London was the only city in England where printing was permitted",
"title": "St Bride's Church"
},
{
"id": "885778",
"text": "the earlier siege in 1529, to celebrate the defeat of the Ottoman attack on the city, with the shape referring to the crescents on the Ottoman flags. This version of the origin of the croissant is supported by the fact that croissants in France are a variant of \"Viennoiserie\", and by the French popular belief that Vienna-born Marie Antoinette introduced the pastry to France in 1770. Another legend from Vienna has the first bagel as being a gift to King John III Sobieski to commemorate the King's victory over the Ottomans. It was fashioned in the form of a stirrup",
"title": "Battle of Vienna"
},
{
"id": "1951301",
"text": "rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories. A popular cake to bake, Victoria sponge (named after Queen Victoria who enjoyed a slice with her tea), was created following the discovery of baking powder by English food manufacturer Alfred Bird in 1843, which enabled the sponge to rise higher in cakes. The hot cross bun is a popular British sweet bun traditionally eaten on Good Friday, but are now eaten all year round. Treacle tart was created after the invention of Golden syrup by chemists working for Abram Lyle in 1885. With its logo and green-and-gold packaging having remained almost",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "6769888",
"text": "Cadbury chocolate with a strawberry yoghurt layer. Launched 2014. Cadbury Roses Pots Of Joy Hazelnut Whirl: milk chocolate yoghurt made with real Cadbury chocolate with a hazelnut caramel yoghurt layer. Launched 2014. Cadbury Roses Favourites Strawberry Dream: a limited edition bag of Strawberry Dream chocolates. Launching September 2014 as a limited edition. Cadbury Roses Favourites Golden Barrel: a limited edition bag of Golden Barrel chocolates. Launching in September 2014 as a limited edition. Cadbury Roses Cadbury Roses are a selection of individually wrapped chocolates made by Cadbury. Introduced in 1938, they are named after the English packaging equipment company \"Rose",
"title": "Cadbury Roses"
},
{
"id": "14943437",
"text": "\"100 Great Breads\" as the \"Top Bread and Pastry Book\" for that year. In 2008, Hollywood created an almond and roquefort sourdough recipe that was said to be the most expensive bread in Britain. The roquefort is supplied from a specialist in France at £15 per kilo, while the flour for the bread is made by a miller in Wiltshire. Hollywood describes it as a \"Rolls-Royce of loaves\". Hollywood is a guest speaker at several food festivals, including the Cumbrian Food Festival, and the BBC Good Food Show and the Cake and Bake Show, both in London. In May 2013,",
"title": "Paul Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "3040198",
"text": "the book \"Food For Thought: Extraordinary Little Chronicles of the World\", they were invented by George Smith of New Haven, Connecticut, who started making large boiled sweets mounted on sticks in 1908. He named them after a racehorse of the time, Lolly Pop - and trademarked the lollipop name in 1931. The term 'lollipop' was recorded by English lexicographer Francis Grose in 1796. The term may have derived from the term \"lolly\" (tongue) and \"pop\" (slap). The first references to the lollipop in its modern context date to the 1920s. Alternatively, it may be a word of Romany origin being",
"title": "Lollipop"
},
{
"id": "3719039",
"text": "part of it had become a jail known as Bridewell Prison. It was reinvented with lodgings and was closed in 1855 and the buildings demolished in 1863–1864. The name \"Bridewell\" subsequently became a common name for a jail, used not only in England but in other English-speaking cities, including Chicago and New York. The palace was built on the site of the medieval St Bride's Inn directly south of the Roman-origins (currently Christopher Wren rebuild) of St Bride's Church at a cost of £39,000 for Henry VIII who treated it as a main London residence 1515–1523. Standing on the banks",
"title": "Bridewell Palace"
},
{
"id": "5324800",
"text": "of his visits to Harrison's home. Many of the confectionery names used in the song are authentic; others, such as cherry cream, coconut fudge and pineapple heart, were Harrison's invention, based on the flavours listed inside the lid of the box. For the lyrics to the second of the song's bridge sections, Harrison received assistance from Derek Taylor, the press officer for the Beatles' new record label, Apple Records. In keeping with the theme of Harrison's composition, Taylor drew inspiration from the title of the American counterculture film \"You Are What You Eat\", which was itself titled after a fashionable",
"title": "Savoy Truffle"
},
{
"id": "401033",
"text": "bodies by baking their flesh into meat pies and selling them to the unsuspecting customers of her pie shop. Todd's barber shop is situated at 152 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers. Sweeney Todd first appeared in a story titled \"The String of Pearls: A Romance\". This penny dreadful was published in 18 weekly parts, in Edward",
"title": "Sweeney Todd"
},
{
"id": "2984804",
"text": "that Queen Elizabeth II has a rubber duck in her bathroom that wears an inflatable crown. The duck was spotted by a workman who was repainting her bathroom. The story prompted sales of rubber ducks in the United Kingdom to increase by 80% for a short period. Rubber ducks are collected by enthusiasts. The 2007 Guinness World Record for World's Largest Rubber Duck Collection stood at 1,439 different rubber ducks, and was awarded to Charlotte Lee. In 2013, the rubber duck was inducted into the Toy Hall of Fame, a museum in Rochester, New York, along with the game of",
"title": "Rubber duck"
},
{
"id": "4055108",
"text": "in. Occasionally, a chocolate frosting is spread on the sides of the cake and piped around the circumference of the layers to hold in the filling. Maraschino cherries are occasionally added as a garnish. Its roots can be traced back to 1852 when American baker Samuel German developed a type of dark baking chocolate for the Baker's Chocolate Company. The brand name of the product, \"Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate\", was named in honor of him. On June 3, 1957, a recipe for \"German's Chocolate Cake\" appeared as the \"Recipe of the Day\" in \"The Dallas Morning News\". It was created",
"title": "German chocolate cake"
},
{
"id": "15078559",
"text": "at 3 am, with a small fireworks display in the palace grounds. The wedding cake had a strong British floral theme, using elements of the Joseph Lambeth technique. It was an eight-tiered traditional fruit cake decorated with sugar paste flowers. The cake designer Fiona Cairns based in Fleckney, Leicestershire was chosen in February 2011 to create the wedding cake. Additionally, McVitie's created a groom's cake from chocolate biscuit for the reception at Buckingham Palace. The chocolate biscuit cake was made from a Royal Family recipe and was specially requested by Prince William. The wedding bouquet was returned to Westminster Abbey",
"title": "Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton"
},
{
"id": "8557454",
"text": "Grodzinski Bakery Grodzinski Bakery is a chain of kosher bakeries in London, England, where it is popularly known as \"Grodz\", and in Toronto. Grodinski's is particularly noted for its challah, a yeast bread eaten on the Sabbath, and for its babka, a cake made from a yeast dough with a sweet filling traditionally eaten on the Sabbath. Other popular products include bagels and cookies. In 1888, (although this date is still used in all publicity material and for Centenary celebrations, research at Public Records Office in Kew has indicated that they arrived in 1890) Harris and Judith Grodzinski, bakers by",
"title": "Grodzinski Bakery"
},
{
"id": "18438453",
"text": "details to be placed on the crown. The oblique-brim hat has remained a favoured style for the Queen. She was also among the leading exponents of the 'cocktail hat' that came into vogue during the wartime years – this was typically a confection involving black silk and netting that could be worn with eveningwear. In the 1950s, she helped to revive the fashion for the draped turban producing a supple felt design in 1956 that covered the ears and rose to a peak at the back of the head. From 1950, Saint-Cyr collaborated with her husband Georges Martin to create",
"title": "Claude Saint-Cyr"
},
{
"id": "6259385",
"text": "a hot knife. Fondant eyes of a contrasting colour are manually added to the head, and the completed dessert is presented in a paper patty-pan. The fondant is normally brown, green or pink, but for special occasions colours can include variations such as red and yellow. Having traveled to France in the early 1920s, Gordon Balfour, the nephew of John Balfour, (who was one of the co-founders of Balfours Bakery), found inspiration for the frog cake in European confectionery. The frog cake was introduced by Balfours in 1922 after Gordon's return to Adelaide, during a time in which tearooms were",
"title": "Frog cake"
},
{
"id": "1530083",
"text": "Princess was 24, Lord Lascelles was 39. Their wedding was held at Westminster Abbey, and attracted large crowds along the route between Buckingham Palace and the Abbey. The wedding was reported by Pathe News, including the appearance of the couple on the palace balcony. The ceremony was the first royal wedding to be covered in fashion magazines such as \"Vogue\". The wedding dress was created by Messrs Raville and combined \"youthful simplicity with royal splendor\". It was designed to reflect \"Britain's position as ruler of a vast empire; emblematic lotus-flower motifs embroidered in India featured alongside a domestic, yet equally",
"title": "Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood"
},
{
"id": "4584086",
"text": "used the dough to make a gâteau and named it . Over time, the recipe of the dough evolved, and the name changed to , which was used to make , small cakes made in the shape of a woman's breasts. Then, Avice, a in the eighteenth century, created what were then called choux buns. The name of the dough changed to , as Avice's buns resembled cabbages—\"choux\" in French. From there, made modifications to the recipe, resulting in the recipe most commonly used now for profiteroles. The ingredients for choux pastry are butter, water, flour and eggs. Like Yorkshire",
"title": "Choux pastry"
},
{
"id": "8954678",
"text": "searching for a present for his wife, said that he was not sure what to buy, but that he would know it when he saw it. In response, Marcus inquired about the woman's clothing sizes and asked the customer to wait briefly. Taking an oversized brandy snifter from a display, Marcus gathered cashmere sweaters of various colors, arranged them in imitation of a pousse-café, topped with a white angora sweater to simulate whipped cream, and in place of a cherry, garnished the concoction with a 10-karat ruby ring, at a total cost of $25,350, which the customer gladly paid. When",
"title": "Stanley Marcus"
},
{
"id": "5338191",
"text": "her book \"The Complete Confectioner\", in which she described how to make nonpareils following her comfit-making procedure, which involved multiple hot pots and hot syrup. Görlitz, Germany was the birthplace of the German version of nonpareils, popularly known in Germany as \"liebesperlen\" (German: \"love pearls\"). Invented by confectioner Rudolf Hoinkis (1876–1944), the name derives from a conversation Hoinkis had with his wife, proclaiming he loved her like these \"pearls,\" the nonpareil. Unsure of what to call the treat he invented, his wife suggested calling them \"love pearls\", and the name stuck. The factory where he first manufactured the treat, founded",
"title": "Nonpareils"
},
{
"id": "17751361",
"text": "and foreign dignitaries who were in London for the coronation. Although workmen immediately received instructions to begin dismantling the wooden stands that had been erected along the route of the procession, Edward was insistent that regional celebrations and a planned \"Coronation Dinner for the Poor of London\" should go ahead. Organised by Sir Thomas Lipton, 500,000 dinners were served to Londoners on 5 July at 800 locations around the capital. The King personally contributed £30,000 towards the cost and there were donations by commercial companies and wealthy individuals. The confectionery maker Rowntree's provided each diner with a tin of chocolate",
"title": "Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra"
},
{
"id": "6018228",
"text": "While the cake originates in England, its exact origins are unclear, with early recipes also using the alternative names \"Domino Cake\" (recipe by Agnes Bertha Marshall, 1898), \"Neapolitan Roll\" (recipe by Robert Wells, 1898), or \"Church Window Cake\". The cake was purportedly named in honour of the marriage of Princess Victoria, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, to Prince Louis of Battenberg in 1884. The name refers to the town of Battenberg, Hesse in central Germany and is the seat of the aristocratic family which had died out in the early middle ages and whose title was transferred to Countess Julia",
"title": "Battenberg cake"
},
{
"id": "9226186",
"text": "is contained in the novel \"The Maltese Falcon\" by Dashiell Hammett (Knopf, 1929), in which the character Joel Cairo is described as carrying a chypre-scented handkerchief as part of his homosexual persona. Raymond Chandler's \"The Lady in the Lake\" (Knopf, 1943) also mentions a chypre-scented, monogrammed handkerchief. Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley in 1932, the main female character, Lenina Crowne, “dabbled herself with chypre” after drying off from a bath. One of the most popular chypre perfumes was the original Miss Dior, a floral chypre launched by Christian Dior in 1947. The formula was later changed, likely due",
"title": "Chypre"
},
{
"id": "6360908",
"text": "Rimmel Rimmel (commonly known as Rimmel London) is a British cosmetics brand, now owned by Coty, Inc. The House of Rimmel was founded by Eugène Rimmel as a perfumery in 1834 in Regent Street, London, England. Within a year of opening, Rimmel came to create many make-up products including his best-known mascara. It gave rise to the term 'rimmel' being used to mean 'mascara' in many Mediterranean languages. With creative success in these products, Rimmel London began creating products such as pomades and mouth rinses. Today, the brand is one of the world's most popular make-up producers. Rimmel's company motto",
"title": "Rimmel"
},
{
"id": "13556550",
"text": "Mackintosh's Mackintosh's was a British confectionery firm that was principally known for Mackintosh's Toffee and for brands such as Quality Street and Rolo. The firm was founded by John Mackintosh (1868-1920) and his wife, Violet (née Taylor), who bought a pastry shop in Halifax with their joint savings of £100 in 1890, the year that they married. Violet, who had been a confectioner's assistant before her marriage, ran the shop and her husband continued to work at a cotton mill. To attract customers, they decided to sell a special toffee. Violet developed a recipe which blended the traditional, brittle English",
"title": "Mackintosh's"
},
{
"id": "8002665",
"text": "soon transformed to sugared almonds, which later evolved into the wedding favor for modern day weddings. Traditionally, five Jordan almonds are presented in a confection box or wrapped in elegant fabric to represent fertility, longevity, wealth, health and happiness. The bitterness of the almond and the sweetness of the coated candy are a metaphor for the bitter sweetness of a marriage. Today, gifts to guests are commonly known as wedding favors and are shared in cultures worldwide. Wedding favors have become a part of wedding reception planning, especially in the United States and Canada. Wedding favors are diverse and usually",
"title": "Party favor"
},
{
"id": "15397684",
"text": "Baby Gaga Baby Gaga is an ice cream which is made from human breast milk. Many disagree about the origin of the name and it has led to some disagreement. Pop singer Lady Gaga believes the flavor was named after her and has threatened to sue the creators of the ice cream flavor, while creator Matt O'Connor insists it was a play on the words spoken by infants and refuses to change the name. The ice cream was invented by Matt O'Connor founder of The Licktators London, a company which makes controversial flavored ice cream, including “female viagra” an infused",
"title": "Baby Gaga"
},
{
"id": "6888069",
"text": "skirt wide with her hands she made him a curtsey. 'Will you,' said His Majesty, 'change Crêpes Princesse to Crêpes Suzette?' Thus was born and baptized this confection, one taste of which, I really believe, would reform a cannibal into a civilized gentleman. The next day I received a present from the Prince, a jeweled ring, a panama hat and a cane. Different sources (like the \"Larousse Gastronomique\") however doubt that Charpentier, rather than the head waiter, was serving the prince, because he would have been too young. A less fantastical version emerges from Elsie Lee's interview with him in",
"title": "Crêpes Suzette"
},
{
"id": "2434036",
"text": "Matlow, who make children's sweets, is a large employer. The company transferred to New Mills from London during the Blitz and has remained ever since. Well-known brands include 'Parma Violets', 'Refreshers', 'Drumstick' lollies and – perhaps most famously – Love Hearts. Folk memory relates that children from local schools were often asked to test new sweet flavours that were created.. There is also a history of iron working, though this has ceased. Ironstone was also found in shales of the lower coal measures, and early water-powered charcoal furnaces were located at Gow-Hole furnace towards Furness Vale. In the nineteenth century,",
"title": "New Mills"
},
{
"id": "8220162",
"text": "the most noble of the arts and that pastry was the highest form of architecture. The term \"pièce montée\" is sometimes used to refer to the dessert also known as \"croquembouche\", an assemblage of choux pastry profiteroles (or occasionally other kinds of pastry) stuck together with caramel or spun sugar into a tall, usually conical shape. Unlike the type of \"pièce montée\" described above, it is meant to be eaten. It is traditionally served at parties celebrating weddings and baptisms in France. In The Great British Bake Off, the confectionery centrepiece was used as the final show stopper in series",
"title": "Pièce montée"
},
{
"id": "3510566",
"text": "both principals of the Cordon Bleu Cookery School in London, are credited with the invention of coronation chicken. Preparing the food for the banquet of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, Spry proposed the recipe of cold chicken, curry cream sauce and dressing that would later become known as coronation chicken. Coronation chicken may have been inspired by jubilee chicken, a dish prepared for the silver jubilee of George V in 1935, which mixed chicken with mayonnaise and curry. Additionally, for the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002, another celebratory dish was devised, also called jubilee chicken. Coronation chicken",
"title": "Coronation chicken"
},
{
"id": "8038172",
"text": "Millie's Cookies Millie's Cookies is chain of retail bakeries based in the United Kingdom, specializing in cookies, muffins, hot drinks and gifts. It was named after its founder Mario Budwig's grandmother Mildred. The company has stores in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Egypt, Malta, Hong Kong. The company owns more than 90 stores in the United Kingdom. The first Millie's Cookie baked by Stephen Singer after the company was founded by Mario Budwig in the end of 1985. Later that year, the company launched its first store within Selfridges department store food hall on Oxford Street, London. In 1987, Richard",
"title": "Millie's Cookies"
},
{
"id": "11400173",
"text": "Bendicks Bendicks is a chocolate brand currently owned by August Storck KG, famed for its \"quintessentially British\" \"Bittermint\" dark mint chocolates, still made to the original recipe of 1931. In 1930 Oscar Benson and Colonel 'Bertie' Dickson purchased a small confectionery business at 164 Church street in Kensington, London, with the chocolates made in a tiny basement below the shop. They used the first syllable of each of their surnames to come up with the name Bendicks. In 1931 Benson's sister-in-law, Lucia Benson, came up with a dark chocolate so bitter that it was virtually inedible on its own, and",
"title": "Bendicks"
},
{
"id": "4993889",
"text": "Bourbon biscuit The Bourbon biscuit (; is a sandwich style biscuit consisting of two thin rectangular dark chocolate–flavoured biscuits with a chocolate buttercream filling. The biscuit was introduced in 1910 (originally under the name \"Creola\") by the biscuit company Peek Freans, of Bermondsey, London, originator of the Garibaldi biscuit. The new name was taken from the European royal House of Bourbon. A 2009 survey found that the Bourbon biscuit was the fifth most popular biscuit in the UK to dunk into tea. The small holes in bourbon biscuits are to prevent the biscuits from cracking or breaking and to allow",
"title": "Bourbon biscuit"
},
{
"id": "8008627",
"text": "(1879) the area was described as \"Farringdon-circus\". In Rumpole of the Bailey season 5, episode 6 \"Rumpole and the Quality of Life\", there is a wide shot of St Bride's Church and Ludgate Circus starting at 19m 37s filmed circa 1988, before the City Thameslink railway station was built. The name Ludgate, according to Stow in his 1598 Survey of London, was derived from the belief that the gate had been created by the pre-Roman British king of London, King Lud, as many of his contemporaries believed. When a new gate was erected a statue on it depicted him, along",
"title": "Ludgate Circus"
},
{
"id": "10949900",
"text": "Christopher Pinchbeck Christopher Pinchbeck, also called Catarrón (c. 1670 – ) was a London clockmaker and maker of musical automata. He was born in Clerkenwell, England, but worked in Fleet Street. He is the most famous member of the Pinchbeck family, which took its name from a small village in Lincolnshire. In the 18th century Pinchbeck invented his eponymous alloy, a cheap substitute for gold. He made an exquisite musical clock, worth about £500, for Louis XIV, and a fine organ for the Great Mogul, valued at £300. His eldest son, also named Christopher (1710–1783) became King's Clockmaker by appointment",
"title": "Christopher Pinchbeck"
},
{
"id": "20297184",
"text": "worked in Paris and Harrods and Mason Blanc in London before he made his big move to Melbourne in 2001. He started working as the Head Chef for Laurent French Patisserie for five years. He then made his dream career change in opening his own French patisserie, La Tropezienne, named after a cake from Saint-Tropez. In 2011, with the help of a new business partner, he launched a wholesale arm, Mosaic Patisserie, due to the high demand for quality cakes and macarons on the market. He currently produces well over 30,000 macarons weekly and supplies his range of quality products",
"title": "Guillaume Dequidt"
},
{
"id": "7589780",
"text": "for their box. George Payne & Co. began production in the East End of London, before moving to Croydon Road, Croydon in the 1930s. In 1998 it was purchased by Northern Foods. In 2001 the closure of the Croydon factory was announced, as part of a deal by Northern Foods to take over the Fox's factory in Leicester from Nestlé and relocate Poppet production there. Paynes Poppets Paynes Poppets or Poppets are a confectionery manufactured by Fox's, first introduced in 1937 by Payne's fine confectionery in Croydon. The product comes in four flavours: Mint, Toffee, Raisin and Orange. The Orange",
"title": "Paynes Poppets"
},
{
"id": "17132995",
"text": "by Jet Li to provide clean water for Chinese children. Aspinal is the sponsor of the Midhurst Town Cup polo competition, which is a local Polo match played at Cowdray Polo Club, the home of British Polo. Prior to her wedding, a Kate Middleton \"Princess Catherine Engagement Doll\" was sold, which came with a toy Aspinal bag as an accessory. Aspinal of London Aspinal of London is a London designer, manufacturer and retailer of luxury leather goods and accessories for men and women. Aspinal of London was founded in 2001 by current Chairman Iain Burton. The Creative Director of Aspinal",
"title": "Aspinal of London"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Wedding cake context: the first Croquembouche. The modern croquembouche is still very popular in France, where it is now common to place the croquembouche tower on a bed of cake and make it a top tier. This traditional French wedding cake is built from Profiteroles and given a halo of spun sugar. In 1703, Thomas Rich, a baker's apprentice from Ludgate Hill, fell in love with his employer's daughter and asked her to marry him. He wanted to make an extravagant cake, so he drew on St Bride's Church, on Fleet Street in London for inspiration. Traditionally the bride would place a ring\n\nWhat elaborate confection was inspired by St. Bride's Church in London?",
"compressed_tokens": 191,
"origin_tokens": 191,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: St Bride's Church context: cake, and drew on the design of St Bride's Church for inspiration. On the night of 29 December 140, during the Blitz of central London in the Second World War, the church was gutted by fire-bombs dropped by the \"Luftwaffe\". That night 1,500 fires were started, including three major conflagrations, leading to a fire storm, an event dubbed the \"Second Great Fire of London\", due to the enormous amount of damage caused. St Paul's Cathedral itself was only saved by the dedication of the London firemen who kept the fire away from the cathedral and the volunteer firewatchers of the\n\ntitle: Wedding cake context: the Croquembouche croquembouche still popular in France, where it now common croquembou on a bed cake make it a top tier. This traditional French wedding cake is built from Profiteroles and given a halo of spun sugar. In 1703, Rich, a baker's apprentice from Ludgate Hill, fell in love his employer's daughter and asked her to marry him. He wanted to make an extravag cake, so he drew on St Bride's, Fleet Street in for inspiration Traditionally the bride would place a ring\ntitle: St B' context: the sixth century. Whether or not founded it, remnants the first similarities to of the date inildare, Ireland. Norman church built th century, religious and secular significance; in 10 John held a parliament there replaced by a 1th century St Bride's association the 0, Wkyn Worde set up a door Until 1695 the in England where was\n Chouxtry theough to make and it time the theough, the changed to make ,akes the Then, a the created calleduns. of to asviceuns—\" French From there made modifications to the recipe, resulting in the recipe most commonly used now for profiteroles. The ingredients for choux pastry are butter, water, flour and eggs. Like Yorkshire\n\nWhat elaborate confection was inspired by St. Bride's Church in London?",
"compressed_tokens": 470,
"origin_tokens": 14647,
"ratio": "31.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
142 | On what vegetable did an ancient Egyptian place his right hand when taking an oath? | [
"The onion. Its round shape symbolized eternity"
] | The onion. Its round shape symbolized eternity | [
{
"id": "2606942",
"text": "the onion made it a much-revered symbol of spirituality and eternity, to the extent that the ancient Egyptians took their sacred oaths with their right hand on an onion. There are many forms of cromniomancy, from divining the weather by the thickness of the skin, to gaining inside information. One method is to place onions on a sacred altar to learn about friends and family far away and out of contact. The names of the beloved are inscribed on individual onions and left undisturbed until they began to sprout. The faster the sprouting, the better health and happiness was enjoyed",
"title": "Cromniomancy"
},
{
"id": "609327",
"text": "(see F. Adams' \"Paulus Aegineta\", p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), discussed it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, \"Characters, The Superstitious Man\"). According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. In his \"Natural History\", Pliny gives a list of scenarios in which garlic was considered beneficial (\"N.H.\" xx. 23).",
"title": "Garlic"
},
{
"id": "5647045",
"text": "the ancient Egyptian god of fertility, Min, for its resemblance to the phallus. Romaine lettuce may be used in the Passover Seder as a type of bitter herb. It symbolises the bitterness inflicted by the Egyptians while the Israelites were slaves in Egypt. Romaine is a common salad green, and is the usual lettuce used in Caesar salad. Romaine lettuce is commonly used in Middle Eastern cuisine. Romaine, like other lettuces, may also be cooked. For example, it can be braised or made into soup. The thick ribs, especially on the older outer leaves, should have a milky fluid that",
"title": "Romaine lettuce"
},
{
"id": "6286869",
"text": "used as bitter herbs are horseradish and romaine lettuce. Some Sephardic families use green onions, while \"karpas\" is thought to be either curly parsley or celery, eaten for the requirement of \"maror.\" Wild or prickly lettuce (\"Lactuca serriola\"), found in Israel, is a bitter vegetable that fits all descriptions of Chazeret in the Talmud. Romaine lettuce is not initially bitter, but becomes so later on, which is symbolic of the experience of the Jews in Egypt. The \"later\" bitterness of lettuce may refer to a bitter aftertaste. Alternatively, it may refer to fact that lettuce plants become bitter after they",
"title": "Maror"
},
{
"id": "4855",
"text": "fibers were split along their length and spun into thread, which was used to weave sheets of linen and to make clothing. Papyrus growing on the banks of the Nile River was used to make paper. Vegetables and fruits were grown in garden plots, close to habitations and on higher ground, and had to be watered by hand. Vegetables included leeks, garlic, melons, squashes, pulses, lettuce, and other crops, in addition to grapes that were made into wine. The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and animals was an essential element of the cosmic order; thus humans, animals",
"title": "Ancient Egypt"
},
{
"id": "20849570",
"text": "raising their arms vertically. Gestures were also used to signify oath-taking. The practise of placing one hand on an object of spiritual significance was common in Ancient Greece and Rome, as well as medieval England. Witnesses in medieval Germany swore oaths by raising one hand to chest height with two fingers held straight out, signifying touching the religious artefact. Raising one’s right hand can act as a communal signal of a legal change, and is highly useful in busy environments, such as town squares, where legal proceedings were often carried out in medieval times. In Victorian England, oath-taking was highly",
"title": "Raising hands"
},
{
"id": "7927396",
"text": "plant as a ceremonial emetic. In the island of Crete in Greece the leaves and the tender shoots of a variety called maroula (μαρούλα) or agriomaroulo (αγριομάρουλο) are eaten boiled. It is used by a growing number of Jews and the Samaritans as the Maror (bitter herb) on Pesach.[citation needed] The Egyptian god Min is associated with this species of lettuce. Also, archaeobotanical evidence in Greek archaeological contexts is scanty, although uncarbonised seeds have been retrieved from a 7th-century BC deposit in a sanctuary of Hera on Samos. It is also described by Theophrastus. In mythology, Aphrodite is said to",
"title": "Lactuca serriola"
},
{
"id": "14573492",
"text": "coriander; vegetables requiring irrigation or plentiful watering such as cucumbers, melons, mandrake, watermelons, pumpkins and squash, eggplant, asparagus, caper, and colocynth; the root vegetables carrots, radish, garlic, onion, leek, parsnip, the Sudanese pepper, and the dye-yielding madder; leaf vegetables including cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, purslane, amaranth and chard. He also covers arboriculture, detailing the propagation of the palm, olive, pomegranate, quince, apple, fig, pear, cherry, apricot, plum, peach, almond, walnut, hazelnut, grape, citron, orange, pistachio, pine, cypress, chestnut, holm-oak, deciduous oak, tree of paradise, arbutus, elm and ash. Ibn Bassal's works were studied several centuries later by Abu Jafar Ahmad Ibn",
"title": "Ibn Bassal"
},
{
"id": "609309",
"text": "Garlic Garlic (\"Allium sativum\") is a species in the onion genus, \"Allium\". Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and \"Chinese onion\". Garlic is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use. It was known to ancient Egyptians, and has been used both as a food flavoring and as a traditional medicine. China produces some 80% of the world supply of garlic. The word \"garlic\" derives from Middle English, \"garlek\", meaning \"gar\" (spear) and leek, as a 'spear-shaped leek'.",
"title": "Garlic"
},
{
"id": "4950517",
"text": "salt water is to symbolize the salty tears that the Jews shed in their slavery in Egypt. One reason given for dipping a vegetable into saltwater is to provoke children to ask about it, as per the theme of the Seder night that the story is to be recounted by way of question and answer. Dipping a vegetable prior to the main meal is not usually done at other occasions, and thus arouses the curiosity of the children. There is a second ceremonial dipping later in the Seder, when maror is dipped into the charoset. Hence one of the Four",
"title": "Karpas"
},
{
"id": "1903600",
"text": "is the Bwitists, who used a preparation of the root bark of \"Tabernanthe iboga\". Although the ancient Egyptians may have been using the sacred blue lily plant in some of their religious rituals or just symbolically, it has been suggested that Egyptian religion once revolved around the ritualistic ingestion of the far more psychoactive \"Psilocybe cubensis\" mushroom, and that the Egyptian White Crown, Triple Crown, and Atef Crown were evidently designed to represent pin-stages of this mushroom. There is also evidence for the use of psilocybin mushrooms in Ivory Coast. Numerous other plants used in shamanic ritual in Africa, such",
"title": "Entheogen"
},
{
"id": "16387397",
"text": "in the gardens were Jujube, olives, and peaches. Vegetables were grown for food or for ceremonies. Cos lettuce was considered sacred, and was connected with Min the deity of reproduction, and was believed to be a powerful aphrodesiac. Grapes were used to make raisins and wine. Tomb paintings show that grape vines were sometimes planted atop pergolas to provide shade to the garden. Flowers were raised in gardens to make decorative bouquets and for use in religious ceremonies. Common garden flowers were the mandrake and the daisy, chrysanthemum, anemone, and poppy, jasmine, and the rose. Egyptian ponds and basins were",
"title": "Gardens of ancient Egypt"
},
{
"id": "12005612",
"text": "Luffa aegyptiaca Luffa aegyptiaca, the sponge gourd, Egyptian cucumber, or Vietnamese luffa, is a species of \"Luffa\" cultivated for its fruit. The plant is an annual vine, native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. The botanical specific epithet \"\"aegyptiaca\"\" was given to this plant in the 16th century when European botanists were introduced to the plant from its cultivation in Egypt. In the European botanical literature, the plant was first described by Johann Veslingius in 1638, who named it \"Egyptian cucumber\". Veslingius also introduced the name \"Luffa\". The fruit, approximately long, resembles a cucumber in shape and size. Owing to",
"title": "Luffa aegyptiaca"
},
{
"id": "20849568",
"text": "he or she will tell the truth. Up to the 13th century in northern Europe, oaths were sworn “on the threshold”. When a Bible was unavailable, the person taking the oath would place one hand on the doorframe or door ring. Raising one’s right hand while taking an oath originates from the courts of 17th century London. As judges did not have a reliable method of keeping track of criminal records, branding was sometimes chosen as a punishment, usually for defendants who were given leniency. For example, if the defendant received leniency for “benefit of the clergy”, they would receive",
"title": "Raising hands"
},
{
"id": "6502260",
"text": "the giving of the Torah, the ancients used to swear by the covenant of circumcision, as Jacob said in \"Put, I pray you, your hand under my thigh.\" And Rabbi Eliezer taught that Joseph kept the oath and did as he swore, as reports. A Midrash asked why Jacob told Joseph in \"Bury me not, I pray, in Egypt.\" The Midrash suggested that it was because Egypt would eventually be smitten with vermin (in the Plagues of Egypt), which would swarm about Jacob's body. Alternatively, the Midrash suggested that it was so that Egyptians should not make Jacob an object",
"title": "Vaychi"
},
{
"id": "17122125",
"text": "means of support. These claims are attested to by an oath that proclaimed \"[i]f I swear truly may it be well with me, but if falsely the reverse.\" Such declarations were required by law in Alexandrian Egypt because landowners often left their registered homes as a means of tax evasion. The measurements of the fragment are 325 by 95 mm. The text is written in an uncial hand. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1899. Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 251 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 251 (P. Oxy. 251 or P.",
"title": "Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 251"
},
{
"id": "4421985",
"text": "consolation of the people\". The passage is identical to as it appears in the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th-century version of the Bible. According to a local legend, Napoleon fired a mortar at the tomb, and removed the shape of a hand that topped the conical roof. However, Napoleon never reached Jerusalem during his campaign in the Holy Land. Actually, the top of the monument is not at all broken, but rather is carved to resemble a llotus flower. A Muslim tradition connects the tomb to the Pharaohs, hence the Arabic name \"Pharaoh's Hat\". Tomb of Absalom Tomb of Absalom (,",
"title": "Tomb of Absalom"
},
{
"id": "6689813",
"text": "was not mandatory, although Rabbi Eleazar son of Rabbi Zadok said that it was. In the days of the Temple in Jerusalem, they would bring the body of the Passover lamb before the leader. The Mishnah listed several vegetables that could fulfill the requirement to have a bitter herb (\"maror\"). They have been translated as lettuce, chicory, pepperwort, endives, and dandelion. They filled a second cup of wine for the leader. Then a child asked questions. If the child was not intelligent, the parent would instruct the child to ask why this night was different from all other nights. On",
"title": "Bo (parsha)"
},
{
"id": "14635023",
"text": "advancing female holds in her right hand a fruit and in her left a pomegranate flower. The third holds in her raised right hand an object, possibly an egg. On the east side is a male figure seated on a throne, holding in his right hand a pomegranate flower and being offered a cock by a smaller standing figure. Behind the small standing figure is a male holding in his left hand a staff and advancing with a dog. Behind the seated figure are two advancing females, the first holding in her left hand a pomegranate. It is thought the",
"title": "Harpy Tomb"
},
{
"id": "674375",
"text": "consumption. Europe and North America originally dominated the market for lettuce, but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world. World production of lettuce and chicory for calendar year 2015 was 26.1 million tonnes, 56% of which came from China. Lettuce was first cultivated by the ancient Egyptians who turned it from a weed whose seeds were used to produce oil, into a food plant grown for its succulent leaves and oil-rich seeds. Lettuce spread to the Greeks and Romans, the latter of whom gave it the name \", from which the English \"lettuce\"",
"title": "Lettuce"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "8551646",
"text": "meaning \"dog\". As in the Ancient Egyptian game senet and the Korean game Yut, four sticks of a roughly semi-circular cross-section are used as dice. The flat sides are (nominally) white, and the rounded sides are (nominally) black. The value of a throw depends on the number of black and white sides showing, as indicated in the following table. For each piece, the first move must be a tâb, which converts the piece from a \"Christian\" to a \"Muslim\" in addition to moving it one field ahead. Typically all initial tâbs are used to convert pieces, and only later are",
"title": "Tâb"
},
{
"id": "8171142",
"text": "wheat in the north, the latter made into dumplings, noodles, and pancakes. Vegetables used to accompany these included yams, soybeans, broad beans, turnips, spring onions, and garlic. The diet of the ancient Egyptians was based on bread, often contaminated with sand which wore away their teeth. Meat was a luxury but fish was more plentiful. These were accompanied by a range of vegetables including marrows, broad beans, lentils, onions, leeks, garlic, radishes, and lettuces. The mainstay of the Ancient Greek diet was bread, and this was accompanied by goat's cheese, olives, figs, fish, and occasionally meat. The vegetables grown included",
"title": "Vegetable"
},
{
"id": "10341426",
"text": "during crucifixion. A number of scholars have proposed that \"ezov\" is the caper plant (\"Capparis spinosa\"), which the Arabs call \"azaf.\" The caper is native throughout the Mediterranean Basin, and considered to have cleansing properties. The Israelites used ezov in the Passover ritual when they were enslaved in Egypt, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament, to sprinkle lamb's blood on the door posts and lintels of the slaves' quarters in which they lived, so that God would pass over them as he slew the first-born of the Egyptians. The Israelites used ezov more regularly for other rituals when",
"title": "Ezov"
},
{
"id": "20849567",
"text": "the National Union of Teachers. The principal of Frankston High School in Melbourne, Australia is also banning hand-raising from his classrooms, justifying his decision by stating that only the “outgoing” students are raising their hands. In a courtroom, jurors and witnesses are required to swear an oath before partaking in a trial. This involves the individual raising his or her right hand, often placing the other hand on an object of ceremonial importance, such as the Bible, and vowing, as a juror, that he or she will give a “true” verdict based on the evidence or, as a witness, that",
"title": "Raising hands"
},
{
"id": "12005615",
"text": "in Israel. Luffa aegyptiaca Luffa aegyptiaca, the sponge gourd, Egyptian cucumber, or Vietnamese luffa, is a species of \"Luffa\" cultivated for its fruit. The plant is an annual vine, native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. The botanical specific epithet \"\"aegyptiaca\"\" was given to this plant in the 16th century when European botanists were introduced to the plant from its cultivation in Egypt. In the European botanical literature, the plant was first described by Johann Veslingius in 1638, who named it \"Egyptian cucumber\". Veslingius also introduced the name \"Luffa\". The fruit, approximately long, resembles a cucumber in shape and size.",
"title": "Luffa aegyptiaca"
},
{
"id": "1704728",
"text": "an \"Israelite in Egyptian clothing\". Benjamin is supposed to have replied, \"It is true that I am a Jew, and when my ancestors were receiving their Ten Commandments from the immediate hand of deity, amidst the thunderings and lightnings of Mount Sinai, the ancestors of my opponent were herding swine in the forests of Great Britain.\" Edgar M. Kahn, in his journal article on the 1860 California sojourn, wrote, \"Benjamin's life is an example of a man's determination to overcome almost insurmountable barriers by industry, perseverance, and intelligent use of a remarkable brain.\" This brilliance was recognized by contemporaries; Salomon",
"title": "Judah P. Benjamin"
},
{
"id": "7568342",
"text": "the UK Top 40 (no. 1 in South Africa) in January 1990 with a song entitled 'Butterfly On A Wheel'. A film titled \"Butterfly on a Wheel\" was released in 2007. In the US the title of the movie was changed to \"Shattered\". Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel? \"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?\" is a quotation from Alexander Pope's \"Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot\" of January 1735. It alludes to \"breaking on the wheel\", a form of torture in which victims had their long bones broken by an iron bar while tied to a Catherine wheel. The",
"title": "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?"
},
{
"id": "13834383",
"text": "brown or pale brown fruit with a crispy skin enclosing a sticky brown or brown-green pulp around a hard stone. The carpenter ant \"Camponotus sericeus\" feeds on the nectar exuded by the flowers. The larva of the cabbage tree emperor moth \"Bunaea alcinoe\" causes defoliation of the tree. \"Balanites aegyptiaca\" has been cultivated in Egypt for more than 4000 years, and stones placed in tombs as votive offerings have been found as far back as the Twelfth Dynasty. The tree was described in 1592 by Prosper Alpinus under the name 'agihalid'. Linnaeus regarded it as a species of \"Ximenia\", but",
"title": "Balanites aegyptiaca"
},
{
"id": "11142572",
"text": "(bilberry) beans, cabbage, carrots, cress, lettuce, onions, peas, potatoes, tomatoes, turnips lavender, marigold, marjoram, mugwort, parsley, sage, sorrel, thyme cardamom, coffee, pepper, tea flax, hemp, wine-grapes, hops, madder, woad; \"see also #Fruit and nut trees (above), #Grains (below)\" anemone, asphodel, belladonna, buttercup, camellia, celandine, clematis, cornflower, daffodil, daisy, eglantine, forget-me-not, gladden, hemlock, hyacinth, iris, lily, lobelia, mallow, marigold, mimosa, nasturtium, nenuphar, pansy, pimpernel, poppy, primrose, rockrose, rose, saffron, snapdragon, stonecrop, sunflower, water-lily grass, reeds, rushes, sedge barley, oats, rye, wheat bindweed, boxwood, brambles, broom, butterbur, clover, fireweed, goatleaf, gorse, heather, ivy, nettles, sloe, thistles, thorn-bush, wood-parsley bracken, ferns, moss, seaweed,",
"title": "Middle-earth plants"
},
{
"id": "4700635",
"text": "in Algeria, Armenia, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. There is evidence that a za'atar plant was known and used in Ancient Egypt, though its ancient name has yet to be determined with certainty. Remains of \"Thymbra spicata\", one species used in modern za'atar preparations, were found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, and according to Dioscorides, this particular species was known to the Ancient Egyptians as \"saem\". Pliny the Elder mentions an herb \"maron\" as an ingredient of the \"Regale Unguentum\" (\"Royal Perfume\") used by the Parthian kings in the 1st century",
"title": "Za'atar"
},
{
"id": "7496550",
"text": "the offering of the first fruits, (2) on the two sacrificial loaves, and (3) on the loaves of showbread, in that, although each priest received a portion no larger than an olive, he ate and was satiated without even consuming the whole of it; (4) the lot cast for God (see \"Lev.\" xvi.8) always came into the right hand; (5) the red thread around the neck of the goat or ram became white on the Day of Atonement; (6) the light in the Temple never failed; and (7) the fire on the altar required but little wood to keep it",
"title": "Simeon the Just"
},
{
"id": "15427976",
"text": "red tinged leaves that became bitter as they matured. It was cultivated from around 800 BCE. Sweeter head-lettuce was only developed and introduced by the Romans. Bitter herbs eaten at the Passover sacrifice with the unleavened bread, matza, were known as \"merorim\". \"Chazeret\" is listed in the Mishna (Pesahim 2:6) as the preferred bitter herb for this Passover ritual, along with other bitter herbs, including chicory or endive (\"ulshin\"), horehound (\"tamcha\"), reichardia or eryngo (\"charchavina\") and wormwood (\"maror\"). Mushrooms, especially of the Boletus type, were gathered in many areas, particularly when plentiful after a major rainfall. The Talmud mentions mushrooms",
"title": "Ancient Israelite cuisine"
},
{
"id": "7729338",
"text": "is repeated verbatim in Deuteronomy 26:8, which describes the commandment to tithe first fruits and which is read with emphasis in the Passover Haggadah and Seder. In ancient Egyptian royal literature, a pharaoh is frequently described as using his \"mighty hand\" or \"outstretched arm\" to perform mighty deeds. By describing God's defeat of Egypt in this language, the Bible argues that its God has outdone the greatest earthly leader. With a strong hand and an outstretched arm With a strong hand and an outstretched arm is a phrase in the Bible to describe God's use of his power on behalf",
"title": "With a strong hand and an outstretched arm"
},
{
"id": "7801445",
"text": "the black colour of dried leaves. The common name comes from the Old English words \"har\", meaning \"downy or hoary\", and \"hune\", meaning the plant itself. This name refers to the hairs that give the herb its distinctive appearance. In modern times, alternative medicine practitioners have referred to the plant as \"seed of Horus\" and suggested that horehound takes its name from Horus, the Egyptian sun god. \"Ballota nigra\" is a nitrophilous plant; it grows in ruins, fallows and hedges, up to 1300 m. It prefers loose, calcareous (alkaline) soils. It tolerates temperatures as low as -5°/-10 °C. Usually, the",
"title": "Ballota nigra"
},
{
"id": "6689872",
"text": "therefore eat unleavened bread and bitter herbs on Passover in memory of what happened to the Israelites. And they eat unleavened bread for a week because if the eating were only for one day, Jews might not notice it. The \"Zohar\" taught that on the night of the Exodus, there were three slayings in Egypt. First, the firstborn killed whomever they could lay hands on. Then, God executed judgment at midnight. And lastly, Pharaoh, on seeing the havoc wrought upon his own household, arose, as says, “He rose up at midnight,” and with bitterness and fury he killed the princes",
"title": "Bo (parsha)"
},
{
"id": "17642461",
"text": "Rabaa al-Adawiya Square in Nasr City, Cairo Governorate, where Brotherhood affiliates held a sit-in. The square is named after the Muslim saint Rabia Al-Adawiyya. The name \"Rabia\" in Arabic means 'fourth' (singular feminine), hence the four-fingered hand gesture. The gesture is identical to a gesture for the number four, and is made by raising four fingers of either hand (preferably the right hand) and folding the thumb. The Rabia sign and gesture has influenced certain political and social levels among, both in Egypt and in particular, Turkey. The President of Turkey, Erdoğan, and his supporters, has been seen in several",
"title": "Rabia sign"
},
{
"id": "19032218",
"text": "no. Perhaps the most visible use of the leek, however, is as the cap badge of the Welsh Guards, a regiment within the Household Division of the British Army. In Romania, the leek is also widely considered a symbol of Oltenia, a historical region in the southwestern part of the country. Leek The leek is a vegetable, a cultivar of \"Allium ampeloprasum\", the broadleaf wild leek. The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a stem or stalk. The genus \"Allium\" also contains the onion, garlic, shallot, scallion, chive, and Chinese",
"title": "Leek"
},
{
"id": "311985",
"text": "its internal organs with unleavened bread, known as matzo, and bitter herbs known as maror. Nothing of the sacrifice on which the sun rises by the morning of the 15th of Nisan may be eaten, but must be burned. The sacrifices may be performed only in a specific place prescribed by God (for Judaism, Jerusalem, and for Samaritans, Mount Gerizim). The biblical regulations pertaining to the original Passover, at the time of the Exodus only, also include how the meal was to be eaten: \"with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and",
"title": "Passover"
},
{
"id": "4103233",
"text": "The number 1 was depicted by a simple stroke, the number 2 was represented by two strokes, etc. The numbers 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 and 1,000,000 had their own hieroglyphs. Number 10 is a hobble for cattle, number 100 is represented by a coiled rope, the number 1000 is represented by a lotus flower, the number 10,000 is represented by a finger, the number 100,000 is represented by a frog, and a million was represented by a god with his hands raised in adoration. Egyptian numerals date back to the Predynastic period. Ivory labels from Abydos record the use of",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian mathematics"
},
{
"id": "674385",
"text": "by the Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves, with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC. Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god Min, and it was carried during his festivals and placed near his images. The plant was thought to help the god \"perform the sexual act untiringly.\" Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings. The cultivated variety appears to have been about tall and resembled a large version of the modern romaine lettuce. These upright lettuces were developed by",
"title": "Lettuce"
},
{
"id": "4910",
"text": "for example, that a triangle had a right angle opposite the hypotenuse when its sides were in a 3–4–5 ratio. They were able to estimate the area of a circle by subtracting one-ninth from its diameter and squaring the result: a reasonable approximation of the formula π\"r\". The golden ratio seems to be reflected in many Egyptian constructions, including the pyramids, but its use may have been an unintended consequence of the ancient Egyptian practice of combining the use of knotted ropes with an intuitive sense of proportion and harmony. Greek historian Herodotus claimed that ancient Egyptians looked like the",
"title": "Ancient Egypt"
},
{
"id": "312020",
"text": "The seder concludes with additional songs of praise and faith printed in the Haggadah, including \"Chad Gadya\" (\"One Little Kid\" or \"One Little Goat\"). Maror (bitter herbs) symbolizes the bitterness of slavery in Egypt. The following verse from the Torah underscores that symbolism: \"And they embittered (\"ve-yimareru\" וימררו) their lives with hard labor, with mortar and with bricks and with all manner of labor in the field; any labor that they made them do was with hard labor\" (Exodus 1:14). There is a Rabbinic requirement that four cups of wine are to be drunk during the seder meal. This applies",
"title": "Passover"
},
{
"id": "1798623",
"text": "itself, in the pre-migratory, migratory, or wintering quarters, despite the fact that a substantial proportion of grey herons do not migrate to the south. In Ancient Egypt, the bird deity Bennu, associated with the sun, creation, and rebirth, was depicted as a heron in New Kingdom artwork. In Ancient Rome, the heron was a bird of divination that gave an augury (sign of a coming event) by its call, like the raven, stork, and owl. Roast heron was once a specially-prized dish in Britain for special occasions such as state banquets. For the appointment of George Neville as Archbishop of",
"title": "Grey heron"
},
{
"id": "2823175",
"text": "become popular in all Saudi urban areas (i.e. in 80% of the country). While traditionally Saudis ate sitting on the floor using the right hand or flat bread to take food from a roasted lamb, goat or camel carcass, the practice of eating while sitting on a chair at a table has become more standard practice, if not the use of knives and forks. Coffee is often served \"with great ceremony\", and it is customary to drink two or three cups to indicate your approval of the coffee. Cups are refilled unless a gesture—shaking your cup—is made to indicate you've",
"title": "Culture of Saudi Arabia"
},
{
"id": "14205743",
"text": "The main economic activity in the kingdom is agriculture. The people practice shifting cultivation and crop rotation. Cash crops: kolanuts, oil beans, breadfruit, black-eyed beans, brown beans, yams, cocoyams, cowpeas, maize, cotton, and groundnuts. Fruits: citrus fruits (tangerines, lemons, limes, grapefruits, and oranges), cashews, avocado pears, guavas, pawpaws, pineapples, bananas, watermelons, mangoes, pears, African star apples, black apples, blue apples, showasho and irvingia(wild mangoes or bush mangoes). Vegetables: light green amaranth, dark green amaranth, ahihara, waterleaves, bitterleaves, pumpkins, garden eggs, fluted pumpkins, okra, red chili peppers, yellow chili peppers, alligator peppers and black pepper. Due to the rocky nature of",
"title": "Edem"
},
{
"id": "15427975",
"text": "by the observation in the Bible that they are among the foods that the Israelites yearned for after leaving Egypt. Squash and melons were eaten raw, or flavored with vinegar. Black radishes were also eaten raw when in season during the autumn and winter. The Talmud mentions the use of radish seeds to produce oil, and considered eating radishes to have health benefits. Wild herbs were collected and were eaten uncooked or cooked. These are known to have included garden rocket and mallow and both leaf chicory and endive. Wild lettuce, known as \"chazeret\", was a leafy herb with prickly,",
"title": "Ancient Israelite cuisine"
},
{
"id": "674406",
"text": "the uncommon \"Salmonella braenderup\" type, have also caused outbreaks traced to contaminated lettuce. Viruses, including hepatitis A, calicivirus and a Norwalk-like strain, have been found in lettuce. The vegetable has also been linked to outbreaks of parasitic infestations, including \"Giardia lamblia\". In addition to its usual purpose as an edible leafy vegetable, lettuce has had a number of uses in ancient (and even some more modern) times as a medicinal herb and religious symbol. For example, ancient Egyptians thought lettuce to be a symbol of sexual prowess and a promoter of love and childbearing in women. The Romans likewise claimed",
"title": "Lettuce"
},
{
"id": "9370201",
"text": "(\"whaterwheel, noria\"), \"algorfa\" (\"loft\"), \"magatzem\" (\"warehouse\"), \"alfàbia\" (\"earthenware jar\"), \"barnús\" (\"bathrobe\"), \"aladroc\" (\"anchovy\"), \"dacsa\" (\"corn\"), \"safanòria\" (\"carrot\"), \"carxofa\" (\"artichoke\"), \"albergínia\" (\"aubergine\"), \"xirivia\" (\"parsnip\"), \"alfals\" (\"alfalfa\"), \"albercoc\" (\"apricot\"), \"tramús\" (\"lupin\"), \"corfa\" (\"bark, peel\"), \"xara\" (\"thicket\"), \"matalaf/matalàs\" (\"mattress\"), \"alacrà\" (\"scorpion\"), \"fardatxo\" (\"lizard\") \"alfàb(r)ega\" (\"basil\"), etc. and expressions such as \"a la babalà\" (\"randomly, to God's will\") and \"a betzef\" (\"abundance, plenty\"). Most places of the Land of Valencia have retained their name in Arabic, such as Alicante/Alacant, Alzira, Almassora, etc. Also, a great number of places have the Arabic roots \"Beni\", \"Bena\" and \"Bene\", which mean \"son of\" or \"sons of\": Like",
"title": "Influence of Arabic on other languages"
},
{
"id": "19665310",
"text": "Stem, Taro Corm, Taro Root / Taro Shoots, Bean, Black Bengal gram, Bamboo, Lady Finger, Cucumber, Pomelo, Betel leaf, Betel nut, Wood apple, Potato, Turmeric, Onion, Garlic, Ginger , Sugar cane, Mustard seed, Sesbania Grandiflora, Ash Gourd, Teasle Gourd, Sesame seed, Nigella Seed, Coriander, Green Coriander Leaf, Star Anise, Anise/ Aniseed, Fennel, Fenugreek, Green Chili, Red Chili, Mint, Fresh Mint/ Mint leaf, Celery, Basil, Cabbage, Bay Leaf, Spinach and Fenugreek Leaf. Each family has a pond for raising fish, fulfilling local demand and for occasional sales. Cattle are also raised for agricultural cultivation, and local milk and meat demand. The",
"title": "Mirzapur, Ishwarganj, Mymensingh"
},
{
"id": "19298089",
"text": "done so that the farmers of Mysore exclusively have the right to brand their product using the term Mysore betel leaf. It was granted the Geographical Indication status three years later, in 2005. Mysore betel leaf Mysore betel leaf is a variety of heart shaped betel (Piper betel) leaf grown in and around the region of Mysore. It is consumed as a betel quid or as paan, with or without tobacco. A sheaf of betel leaves is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Areca nut are kept on top of the sheaf of betel leaves and",
"title": "Mysore betel leaf"
},
{
"id": "2178032",
"text": "feature much in garden scenes. Formal boquets seem to have been composed of mandrake, poppy, cornflower and or lotus and papyrus. Due to the arid climate of Egypt, tending gardens meant constant attention and depended on irrigation. Skilled gardeners were employed by temples and households of the wealthy. Duties included planting, weeding, watering by means of a shaduf, pruning of fruit trees, digging the ground, harvesting the fruit etc. It is curious that although the Egyptians and Romans both gardened with vigor, the Greeks did not own private gardens. They did put gardens around temples and they adorned walkways and",
"title": "History of gardening"
},
{
"id": "1272973",
"text": "on this is called the \"Egyptian Bow Drill\". It attaches the string by wrapping it around multiple times, or actually tying it to the drill or through a hole through the drill shaft, then wrapping it. The usual position that a person assumes whilst operating the bow drill is as follows: the right knee is placed on the ground (assuming a right-handed operator) and the arch of the left foot is on the board, pinning it in place. The left wrist, holding the handhold, is hooked around the left shin and locked in place to keep it steady so it",
"title": "Bow drill"
},
{
"id": "9943340",
"text": "Egypt during the dynastic period include astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Their geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3,4,5 right triangle and other rules of thumb served to represent rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt also was a center of alchemy research for much of the western world. The word \"paper\" comes from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called papyrus, which was formed from beaten strips of papyrus plants. Papyrus was produced in Egypt",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian technology"
},
{
"id": "4727633",
"text": "Egypt, speculated that the false beard worn by Osiris and pharaohs may have originally represented a \"labdanum-laden goat's beard\". He also argued that the scepter of Osiris, which is usually interpreted as either a flail or a flabellum, was more likely an instrument for collecting labdanum similar to that used in nineteenth-century Crete. Some scholars, such as Bochartus, H.J. Abrahams, and Rabbi Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon (Saadya), 882-942, state that the mysterious onycha, an ingredient in the holy incense (ketoret) mentioned in the Old Testament (Exodus 30: 34-36), was actually labdanum. Labdanum is produced today mainly for the perfume industry.",
"title": "Labdanum"
},
{
"id": "17824711",
"text": "explicitly referred to as \"koúrē\", who swears to remain a virgin forever. The hymn claims that Hestia was called upon by Zeus to be honored as a god, rather than to remain on earth to be married. Evidence may be seen when compared to the epigram on the Phrasikleia Kore; \"\"Kore\" (maiden) I must be called evermore; instead of marriage, by the Gods this name became my fate.\" The lotus, which is repeated on the crown of the Phrasikleia Kore and held in her left hand, is an Egyptian funerary symbol used by the Greeks. It would have been customary",
"title": "Phrasikleia Kore"
},
{
"id": "2601190",
"text": "other with scallions before singing the song Dayenu, symbolizing the whips endured by the Israelites under the ancient Egyptians. An oil, \"scallion oil\", is sometimes made from the green leaves. The leaves are chopped and lightly cooked then emulsified in oil which is used as a garnish. See \"Allium fistulosum\". Scallions have various other common names throughout the world. These names include spring onion, green onion, table onion, salad onion, onion stick, long onion, baby onion, precious onion, yard onion, gibbon, syboe and shallot. Scallion and its many names can be mistakenly used for the young plants of the shallot",
"title": "Scallion"
},
{
"id": "12419907",
"text": "era of Egyptology. The famous Egyptologist James Henry Breasted worked with Carter soon after the first opening of the tomb. He reported how Carter sent a messenger on an errand to his house. On approaching his home the messenger thought he heard a \"faint, almost human cry\". Upon reaching the entrance he saw the bird cage occupied by a cobra, the symbol of Egyptian monarchy. Carter's canary had died in its mouth and this fueled local rumors of a curse. Arthur Weigall, a previous Inspector-General of Antiquities to the Egyptian Government, reported that this was interpreted as Carter's house being",
"title": "Curse of the pharaohs"
},
{
"id": "1697076",
"text": "with three types of apples. Cato described pear culture methods similar to modern techniques. There are recipes for pear and peach creams and milk puddings flavored with honey, pepper and a little garum. Many kinds of vegetables were cultivated and consumed. These included celery, garlic, taro, pumkpin, gourds, some flower bulbs, cabbage and other brassicas (such as kale and broccoli), lettuce, endive, onion, leek, asparagus, radishes, turnips, parsnips, carrots, beets, green peas, chard, French beans, courgettes, cardoons, olives, and cucumber. Some vegetables were illustrated in reliefs. The potato, tomato and chili pepper (capsicums) from the New World were not available",
"title": "Ancient Roman cuisine"
},
{
"id": "10253959",
"text": "Human Security helped farmers in Minya by doing consultation work with them and taking soil samples. The national holiday of the Minya governorate is on 18 March. It commemorates those who were executed by the British at Deir Mawas on 18 March 1919. According to the Egyptian Governing Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI), in affiliation with the Ministry of Investment (MOI), the following industrial zones are located in this governorate: Minya Governorate is an important agricultural and industrial region. Among its principal crops are sugarcane, cotton, beans, soybeans, garlic, onions, vegetables of various sorts, tomatoes, potatoes, watermelons, and",
"title": "Minya Governorate"
},
{
"id": "3069142",
"text": "left, his right foot rests on the ground, and his left leg is raised so that only the toes touch the ground. His right arm links the Tables of the Law with a portion of his beard; his left arm lies in his lap.\" Jonathan Jones of the English newspaper, \"The Guardian\", provides another description: \"Moses's right hand protects the stone tablets bearing the Commandments; his left hand, veins throbbing, muscles tense, appears to be holding back from the violent action. When he came down from Mount Sinai, Moses found his people worshipping the Golden Calf - the false idol",
"title": "Moses (Michelangelo)"
},
{
"id": "4685588",
"text": "Yesha, Israel Yesha (, \"lit.\" Salvation) is an agricultural moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Hevel Shalom area of the Negev desert, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In it had a population of . The moshav was established in 1957 by Jews who were expelled from Egypt in the wake of the 1956 Suez Crisis, though this population eventually left, and was replaced by new settlers. Its name is derived from the biblical passage \"with the power of salvation of his [God's] right hand\" (Psalms 20:6). It has been subject to several Qassam rocket attacks",
"title": "Yesha, Israel"
},
{
"id": "617605",
"text": "of using onions span western and eastern Asia, the geographic origin of the onion is uncertain, with likely domestication worldwide. Food uses of onions date back thousands of years in China, Egypt and Persia. Traces of onions recovered from Bronze Age settlements in China suggest that onions were used as far back as 5000 BCE, not only for their flavour, but the bulb's durability in storage and transport. Ancient Egyptians revered the onion bulb, viewing its spherical shape and concentric rings as symbols of eternal life. Onions were used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces found in the",
"title": "Onion"
},
{
"id": "663890",
"text": "ancient Roman nobleman Pliny the Elder described both culinary and medicinal properties of the vegetable, recommending it for drunkenness—both preventatively to counter the effects of alcohol and to cure hangovers. Similarly, the Ancient Egyptians ate cooked cabbage at the beginning of meals to reduce the intoxicating effects of wine. This traditional usage persisted in European literature until the mid-20th century. The cooling properties of the leaves were used in Britain as a treatment for trench foot in World War I, and as compresses for ulcers and breast abscesses. Accumulated scientific evidence corroborates that cabbage leaf treatment can reduce the pain",
"title": "Cabbage"
},
{
"id": "19032209",
"text": "Leek The leek is a vegetable, a cultivar of \"Allium ampeloprasum\", the broadleaf wild leek. The edible part of the plant is a bundle of leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a stem or stalk. The genus \"Allium\" also contains the onion, garlic, shallot, scallion, chive, and Chinese onion. Historically, many scientific names were used for leeks, but they are now all treated as cultivars of \"A. ampeloprasum\". The name 'leek' developed from the Old English word \"leac\". Three closely related vegetables, elephant garlic, kurrat and Persian leek or Tareh, are also cultivars of \"A. ampeloprasum\", although different in",
"title": "Leek"
},
{
"id": "19095254",
"text": "Egyptians. Quinoa was called the \"mother of all grains\" and considered sacred by the Inca people. Amaranth was likewise considered sacred by the Aztecs, and was used as part of a religious ceremony, its cultivation being banned by Spanish colonial authorities. Farro grains are mentioned in the Old Testament. The first reference to ancient grains as a health food was in \"Daily News\" (New York) in 1996. Since then the popularity of ancient grains as a food has increased, and in 2011 the gluten-free food market was valued at $1.6 bn. In 2014, the American company General Mills launched a",
"title": "Ancient grains"
},
{
"id": "4065743",
"text": "name yet, and when he looked down he saw a picture of the ship that his dad was in when he was in the royal navy in World War II and the name of the ship was Khedive which meant Egyptian ruler. He said it was a fitting name so he gave it that name, and decided to release it on \"The Mission\". The following are Gowan's Juno nominations: In 1995, Gowan was presented with the SOCAN award for songs that have won major airplay in 1995 for his song, \"Dancing on My Own Ground\". On 16 November 1998, Gowan",
"title": "Lawrence Gowan"
},
{
"id": "2773991",
"text": "on sources, now lost, dating back a further 500 to 2000 years. The earliest Sumerian herbal dates from about 2500 BCE as a copied manuscript of the 7th century BCE. Inscribed Assyrian tablets dated 668–626 BCE list about 250 vegetable drugs: the tablets include herbal plant names that are still in use today including: saffron, cumin, turmeric and sesame. The ancient Greeks gleaned much of their medicinal knowledge from Egypt and Mesopotamia. Hippocrates (460–377 BCE), the \"father of medicine\" (renowned for the eponymous Hippocratic oath), used about 400 drugs, most being of plant origin. However, the first Greek herbal of",
"title": "Herbal"
},
{
"id": "11957259",
"text": "catches Seth's semen with his hands and hides it. Next morning, Horus runs to his Mother, Isis, to tell her what happened. Isis is first speechless with rage and disbelief. Then she tells Horus' to masturbate, using his semen to lubricate Seth's favorite food (Egyptian lettuce). Totally clueless, Seth eats the manipulated lettuce, then he goes to the divine court to inform on Horus. At first, the divine judges swear at Horus, but when Thoth, the scribe of the court, calls for Seth's semen to emerge from the body of Horus, instead the semen of Horus emerges from the body",
"title": "Homosexuality in ancient Egypt"
},
{
"id": "569269",
"text": "all the first-born of the livestock in the land (Exodus 12:29), Pharaoh let the Hebrew nation go, effectively making them free people for the second half of the night. Thus, Seder participants recall the slavery that reigned during the first half of the night by eating matzo (the \"poor person's bread\"), maror (bitter herbs which symbolize the bitterness of slavery), and charoset (a sweet paste representing the mortar which the Jewish slaves used to cement bricks). Recalling the freedom of the second half of the night, they eat the matzo (the \"bread of freedom\" as well as the \"bread of",
"title": "Passover Seder"
},
{
"id": "17190339",
"text": "perhaps best known for its many statues of Sekhmet, which number in the hundreds. Sekhmet is usually depicted with a lotus flower (symbolising Upper Egypt, the sun, creation, and rebirth) in her right hand, and an ankh (also known as the key of life, which symbolises eternal life) in her left. The statue is made of carved and polished granite and depicts the goddess in a seated position holding only an ankh in her left hand, and stands at a height of about 6 feet (184 cm). The Statue of Sekhmet can be found on Level 3 of the ROM",
"title": "Statue of Sekhmet"
},
{
"id": "82182",
"text": "the winners of the sacred Nemean Games was also made of celery. The Ancient Greek colony of Selinous (, \"Selinous\"), on Sicily, was named after wild parsley that grew abundantly there; Selinountian coins depicted a parsley leaf as the symbol of the city. The perennial BBC television series Doctor Who featured the Fifth Doctor (played by Peter Davison, from 1981–84), who wore a sprig of celery as a corsage. The name \"celery\" retraces the plant's route of successive adoption in European cooking, as the English \"celery\" (1664) is derived from the French \"céleri\" coming from the Lombard term, \"seleri\", from",
"title": "Celery"
},
{
"id": "12647991",
"text": "a drink of vinegar. Hyssop was also used for purgation (religious purification) in Egypt, where, according to Chaeremon the Stoic, the priests used to eat it with bread in order to purify this type of food and make it suitable for their austere diet. The species as a whole is resistant to drought, and tolerant of chalky, sandy soils. It thrives in full sun and warm climates. Cultivars include 'Blue Flower'. Under optimal weather conditions, herb hyssop is harvested twice yearly, once at the end of spring and once more at the beginning of the fall. The plants are preferably",
"title": "Hyssopus officinalis"
},
{
"id": "12068284",
"text": "Horus name The Horus name is the oldest known and used crest of Ancient Egyptian rulers. It belongs to the \"Great five names\" of an Egyptian pharaoh. However, modern Egyptologists and linguists are starting to prefer the more neutral term: the \"serekh name\". This is because not every pharaoh had placed the falcon, which symbolizes the deity Horus, atop his (or in some cases, her) serekh. The picture of the Horus name is made of two basic elements: A sitting or walking figure of a certain deity holds a rectangular, ornamental vignette, imitating the floor plan of a palace facade",
"title": "Horus name"
},
{
"id": "7568337",
"text": "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel? \"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?\" is a quotation from Alexander Pope's \"Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot\" of January 1735. It alludes to \"breaking on the wheel\", a form of torture in which victims had their long bones broken by an iron bar while tied to a Catherine wheel. The quotation is used to suggest someone is \"[employing] superabundant effort in the accomplishment of a small matter\". The quotation is sometimes misquoted with \"on\" in place of \"upon\". The line \"Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?\" forms line 308 of the \"Epistle",
"title": "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?"
},
{
"id": "120304",
"text": "of the workforce. According to 2013 statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Egypt is the world's largest producer of dates; the second largest producer of figs; the fourth largest producer of strawberries, onions, buffalo milk and eggplants as well as the fifth largest producer of tomatoes and watermelon. Cotton has long been a primary exported cash crop, but it is no longer vital as an export. Production in 1999 was 243,000 tons. Egypt is also a substantial producer of wheat, corn, sugarcane, fruit and vegetables, fodder, and rice; substantial quantities of wheat are also imported,",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "2557884",
"text": "next to his head, perhaps indicating his name or indicating the region where he was from. Above the prisoner is a falcon, representing Horus, perched above a set of papyrus flowers, the symbol of Lower Egypt. In his talons, he holds a rope-like object which appears to be attached to the nose of a man's head that also emerges from the papyrus flowers, perhaps indicating that he is drawing life from the head. The papyrus has often been interpreted as referring to the marshes of the Nile Delta region in Lower Egypt, or that the battle happened in a marshy",
"title": "Narmer Palette"
},
{
"id": "3675013",
"text": "as a symbol of the upper Nile as the giver of life. The flowers of the blue Egyptian water lily (\"N. caerulea\") open in the morning and then sink beneath the water at dusk, while those of the white water lily (\"N. lotus\") open at night and close in the morning. Egyptians found this symbolic of the separation of deities and of death and the afterlife. Remains of both flowers have been found in the burial tomb of Ramesses II. A Roman belief existed that drinking a liquid of crushed \"Nymphaea\" in vinegar for 10 consecutive days turned a boy",
"title": "Nymphaea"
},
{
"id": "10973152",
"text": "on earth. When asked about what sparked the idea of climbing Everest, Samra said:Everest is regarded as one of, if not the most challenging of human conquests. I was passionate about climbing and a great believer that one should always challenge their own perception of where their boundaries lie. Everest seemed like an irrational challenge for an Egyptian, so I embraced it wholeheartedly. This feeling grew stronger when I realized that no Egyptian had attempted, let alone stood, on the roof of the world. The desire and pride of representing my country and raising the Egyptian flag on the highest",
"title": "Omar Samra"
},
{
"id": "1560889",
"text": "\"vulture restaurants\" where carcasses are made available. However, these interventions may also encourage other opportunist predators and scavengers to concentrate at the site and pose a threat to vultures nesting in the vicinity. The Bible makes a reference to the Egyptian vulture under the Hebrew name of \"rachamah\"/\"racham\" which has been translated into English as \"gier-eagle\". British naturalists in colonial considered them to be among the ugliest birds, and their habit of feeding on faeces was particularly despised. In Ancient Egypt, the vulture hieroglyph was the uniliteral sign used for the glottal sound (/ɑː/). The bird was held sacred to",
"title": "Egyptian vulture"
},
{
"id": "10213477",
"text": "liner notes from the album. The cover art of this album depicts a statue of the god of fertility \"Min\", being erected by Egyptian slaves. The title means \"Erected Phallus\" in ancient Greek. Throughout June and July, Nuclear Blast Records held a special contest to allow several fans to be able to listen to \"Ithyphallic\". The rules were that they would have to be able to decipher a secret hieroglyphic message. If they won, they were given an email containing a link to a website where the album was posted for the free listening. On July 7, the contest ended,",
"title": "Ithyphallic (album)"
},
{
"id": "10057995",
"text": "Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan General Richard Ford William Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan (10 September 1763 – 21 November 1837), styled Viscount Kilcoursie from 1772 to 1778, was a British military commander throughout the Napoleonic era and beyond. He became head of the British Army in Egypt. He suggested to the British government the removal of the obelisk known as Cleopatra's Needle, for long centuries embedded in the sand near Alexandria, Egypt. The undertaking was considered too costly and not taken up until 1877, and the obelisk now stands on the London Embankment to commemorate the conclusion of",
"title": "Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan"
},
{
"id": "20328211",
"text": "By 22 February 1881 the survivors were almost out of food, and a few days later were eating grass. They straggled on, with the strongest going ahead in the hope of finding game. When they had lost all hope, a group of Tuaregs approached and offered to sell them milk, meat and dates at a high price. The dates turned out to be poisoned with a substance that caused dizziness and psychosis. This came from the plant called \"Falezlez\" by the Tuaregs (\"Hyoscyamus muticus\", or Egyptian henbane). The effect was to induce a burning sensation in the victims' lungs, and",
"title": "Paul Flatters"
},
{
"id": "770",
"text": "judge dismissed the lawsuit in the spring of 2009 on procedural grounds. In August 2010, a federal appeals court ruled that the farmers have a right to appeal the USDA regulation. In March 2013, the court vacated the suit on the basis that the objections should have been raised in 2007 when the regulation was first proposed. The almond is highly revered in some cultures. The tree originated in the Middle East, and is mentioned numerous times in the Bible. In the Hebrew Bible, the almond was a symbol of watchfulness and promise due to its early flowering. In the",
"title": "Almond"
},
{
"id": "20192441",
"text": "if she \"dig to China\". What she didn't knows is that Woody was behind her with another shovel, covering the hole with the sand that Meany put off, and the circle continues for a while. Woody uses a \"Yoo-Hoo\" to call her attention, and, as so, she catapult him with a shovel into some Egyptian paintings. Once Meany finished digging a hole, she finally found a nest full of \"Ancient egyptian eggs\". She picks up one with her shovel, as she remarks that will be famous and rich. Woody says he's hungry, and steal the egg, and Meany gives chase.",
"title": "Practical Yolk"
},
{
"id": "599886",
"text": "is depicted as trying to prove his dominance by seducing Horus and then having sexual intercourse with him. However, Horus places his hand between his thighs and catches Set's semen, then subsequently throws it in the river so that he may not be said to have been inseminated by Set. Horus then deliberately spreads his own semen on some lettuce, which was Set's favorite food. After Set had eaten the lettuce, they went to the gods to try to settle the argument over the rule of Egypt. The gods first listened to Set's claim of dominance over Horus, and call",
"title": "Horus"
},
{
"id": "10978",
"text": "structure to attach to the fur or plumage (or even clothes, as in the photo) of an animal just to fall off later far from its mother plant. Commercially important plants in Asteraceae include the food crops \"Lactuca sativa\" (lettuce), \"Cichorium\" (chicory), \"Cynara scolymus\" (globe artichoke), \"Helianthus annuus\" (sunflower), \"Smallanthus sonchifolius\" (yacón), \"Carthamus tinctorius\" (safflower) and \"Helianthus tuberosus\" (Jerusalem artichoke). Plants are used as herbs and in herbal teas and other beverages. Chamomile, for example, comes from two different species: the annual \"Matricaria chamomilla\" (German chamomile) and the perennial \"Chamaemelum nobile\" (Roman chamomile). \"Calendula\" (known as pot marigold) is grown",
"title": "Asteraceae"
},
{
"id": "19829459",
"text": "Justice of the United States John Roberts, the presidential oath was taken by Trump as his first task after becoming president at noon, in keeping with and the 20th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, with the vice presidential oath taken by Pence and administered by Associate Justice Clarence Thomas immediately preceding it. Trump was sworn in with his left hand on a pair of Bibles, his personal copy and the Lincoln Bible. The inauguration was accompanied by protests worldwide. The inauguration marked the formal culmination of the presidential transition of Donald Trump that began when he won the U.S. presidential",
"title": "Inauguration of Donald Trump"
},
{
"id": "12445258",
"text": "Tubers include cassava (\"yuca\"), eddoe (\"malanga\"), potatoes (\"papas\"), sweet potatoes (\"batata\"), taro (\"yautía\"), and yams (\"ñame\"). Vegetables include asparagus (\"espárragos\"), cabbage (\"repollo\"), cauliflower (\"coliflor\"), carrots (\"zanahorias\"), chayote (\"chayote\"), cucumber (\"pepinillo\"), eggplant (\"berenjena\"), lettuce (\"lechuga\"), onions (\"cebolla\"), and peppers (\"ají\"). Herbs include basil (\"orégano\"), bay leaves (\"hojas de laurel\"), cilantro (\"cilantrillo\"), culantro (\"culantro\"), and parsley (\"perejil\"). Spices include achiote (\"achiote\"), cinnamon (\"canela\"), cloves (\"clavos\"), garlic (\"ajo\"), ginger (\"jengibre\"), and paprika (\"sazón\"). Recent studies have suggested there is a lack of young farmers and that 65% of the island's agriculture force is over 55 years of age. The decrease in new farmers",
"title": "Economy of Puerto Rico"
},
{
"id": "3719518",
"text": "and to ward off evil. Ancient Egyptian and Middle-Eastern sailors would frequently paint the symbol on the bow of their vessel to ensure safe sea travel. Horus was the ancient Egyptian sky god who was usually depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner or peregrine falcon. His right eye was associated with the sun god, Ra. The eye symbol represents the marking around the eye of the falcon, including the \"teardrop\" marking sometimes found below the eye. The mirror image, or left eye, sometimes represented the moon and the god Djehuti (Thoth). It was believed by the Greeks and",
"title": "Eye of Horus"
},
{
"id": "12320886",
"text": "lot. They grew vegetables to sell door to door in Dune Acres. They grew asparagus, lima beans, yellow and green snap beans, beets, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery (white), kale, leaf lettuce, endive, cantaloupe, watermelons, okra, green onions, leeks, parsnips, peas, green and red peppers, red, white, and sweet potatoes, radishes, rhubarb, spinach, red rhubarb chard and white Swiss chard, Jerusalem and butternut squash, red and yellow tomatoes, turnips, rutabagas, kohl robi, cicely, sweet corn (yellow bantam and country gentleman), horseradish, dill, sage, chives, and parsley. Chellberg Farm Chellberg Farm is a historic farmstead which in 1972 became part of",
"title": "Chellberg Farm"
},
{
"id": "5035165",
"text": "Ramses will be hale as a rhino, or his sacred ring will be on the hand of his grandson and successor, Horus. Ramses commands that Horus be taken to the hall of the pharaohs, there to await his last words and the royal ring. Amid the moonlight, Horus seats himself on the porch, whose steps lead down to the River Nile, and watches the crowds gathering to greet their soon-to-be new pharaoh. As Horus contemplates the reforms that he would like to introduce, something stings his leg; he thinks it was a bee. A courtier remarks that it is fortunate",
"title": "A Legend of Old Egypt"
},
{
"id": "20570109",
"text": "\"the right hand\" who was left-handed... Second, because Ehud was left-handed, he strapped his sword to his right thigh... the Moabite king's bodyguards, who would certainly have checked out anyone seeking admittance to their monarch, performed only a perfunctory check on Ehud, never thinking that the weapon would be on his right, rather than the expected left, thigh. It is especially the name of the Moabite king, Eglon, that would have immediately attracted the attention of an ancient reader ... Eglon comes from the same Hebrew root as the word for a fatted calf, often one prepared for sacrifice. And,",
"title": "The Bible and humor"
},
{
"id": "2821357",
"text": "resulted in the Great Famine of 1315-1317, weakening the population of Europe before the onset of the Black Death in 1348. The term murrain is also used in some Bible translations relating to the fifth plague brought upon Egypt. Exodus 9:3: \"Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.\" \"Pestilence\", which is mentioned 47 times in 46 verses of the Bible, can be translated \"murrain\" by Christian apologists. [Enhanced Strong’s",
"title": "Murrain"
},
{
"id": "5598281",
"text": "Ancient Egypt; that their surveyors did use ropes for measurement; that Plutarch recorded in \"Isis and Osiris\" (around 100 AD) that the Egyptians admired the 3 : 4 : 5 triangle; and that the Berlin Papyrus 6619 from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (before 1700 BC) stated that \"the area of a square of 100 is equal to that of two smaller squares. The side of one is ½ + ¼ the side of the other.\" The historian of mathematics Roger L. Cooke observes that \"It is hard to imagine anyone being interested in such conditions without knowing the Pythagorean",
"title": "Special right triangle"
},
{
"id": "10253229",
"text": "into flour, and both root and stem were edible. A number of pulses and legumes such as peas, beans, lentils and chickpeas were vital sources of protein. The excavations of the workers' village at Giza have revealed pottery vessels imported from the Middle East, which were used to store and transport olive oil as early as the 4th Dynasty. The most common fruit were dates and there were also figs, grapes (and raisins), \"dom\" palm nuts (eaten raw or steeped to make juice), certain species of \"Mimusops\", and \"nabk\" berries (a species of the genus \"Ziziphus\"). Figs were so common",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "413697",
"text": "(\"Parkia speciosa\"), \"tua phū\" (winged beans) and \"khaophot\" (corn). Among the green, leafy vegetables and herbs that are usually eaten raw in a meal or as a side dish in Thailand, the most important are: \"phak bung\" (morning glory), \"horapha\" (Thai basil), \"bai bua bok\" (Asian pennywort), \"phak kachet\" (water mimosa), \"phak kat khao\" (Chinese cabbage), \"phak phai\" (praew leaves), \"phak kayang\" (rice paddy herb), \"phak chi farang\" (culantro), \"phak tiu\" (\"Cratoxylum formosum\"), \"phak \"phaai\"\" (yellow burr head) and \"kalamplī\" (cabbage). Some of these leaves are highly perishable and must be used within a couple of days. Several types of",
"title": "Thai cuisine"
},
{
"id": "15975097",
"text": "peaches and pears were also introduced. Egyptians relied on agriculture for more than just the production of food. They were creative in their use of plants, using them for medicine, as part of their religious practices, and in the production of clothing. Herbs perhaps had the most varied purposes; they were used in cooking, medicine, as cosmetics and in the process of embalming. Over 2000 different species of flowering or aromatic plants have been found in tombs. Papyrus was an extremely versatile crop that grew wild and was also cultivated. The roots of the plant were eaten as food, but",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian agriculture"
},
{
"id": "4950516",
"text": "Karpas Karpas () is one of the traditional rituals in the Passover Seder. It refers to the vegetable, usually parsley or celery, that is dipped in liquid (usually salt water) and eaten. Other customs are to use raw onion, or boiled potato. The word comes from the Greek 'karpos' () meaning a fresh raw vegetable. The karpas is traditionally placed on the seder plate on the left side, below the roasted egg. The liquid may be any of the seven which make food capable of becoming ritually impure, although salt-water or wine vinegar are usually used. The idea behind the",
"title": "Karpas"
},
{
"id": "12198",
"text": "taken from the headdress of the goddess Ma'at. If the heart was lighter than the feather, they could pass on, but if it were heavier they would be devoured by the demon Ammit. Egyptians also believed that being mummified and put in a sarcophagus (an ancient Egyptian \"coffin\" carved with complex symbols and designs, as well as pictures and hieroglyphs) was the only way to have an afterlife. Only if the corpse had been properly embalmed and entombed in a mastaba, could the dead live again in the Fields of Yalu and accompany the Sun on its daily ride. Due",
"title": "Afterlife"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Cromniomancy context: the onion made it a much-revered symbol of spirituality and eternity, to the extent that the ancient Egyptians took their sacred oaths with their right hand on an onion. There are many forms of cromniomancy, from divining the weather by the thickness of the skin, to gaining inside information. One method is to place onions on a sacred altar to learn about friends and family far away and out of contact. The names of the beloved are inscribed on individual onions and left undisturbed until they began to sprout. The faster the sprouting, the better health and happiness was enjoyed\n\nOn what vegetable did an ancient Egyptian place his right hand when taking an oath?",
"compressed_tokens": 184,
"origin_tokens": 184,
"ratio": "1.0x",
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Luffa aegyptiaca context: Israel. Luffa aegyptiaca Luffa aegyptiaca, the sponge gourd, Egyptian cucumber, or Vietnamese luffa, is a species of \"Luffa\" cultivated for its fruit. The plant is an annual vine, native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. The botanical specific epithet \"\"aegyptiaca\"\" was given to this plant in the 16th century when European botanists were introduced to the plant from its cultivation in Egypt. In the European botanical literature, the plant was first described by Johann Veslingius in 1638, who named it \"Egyptian cucumber\". Veslingius also introduced the name \"Luffa\". The fruit, approximately long, resembles a cucumber in shape and size.\n\ntitle: Garlic context: Gar Garlic (\"Allium sativum\") is a species in onion genus \"Allium Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive,Ch onion\". Gar is native to Central and northeastern Iran, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use. It was known to ancient Egyptians, and has both as a food flavoring and as a traditional medicine produces some80% of the supply of garlic. The word \"garlic\" derives from Middle English \"garlek\", meaning \"gar\" (spear) leek, as 'spear-sh leek'.\ntitle: Cromnioman context: the onion made it-reed spiritual and, to extent that the ancientians took their sacred oath with their right hand on an on many forms ofniomancy weather thickness, to gaining inside information to on a altar to learn friends and away out contact of bel are inscribed onions and left undisturbed until began sprout The fasterout, the better happiness was\n: ( F Adams \"eta\", and Alexander asee Wright edition3 it aative field laborlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, \"Characters, The Superstitious Man\"). According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. In his \"Natural History\", Pliny gives a list of scenarios in which garlic was considered beneficial (\"N.H.\" xx. 23).\n\nOn what vegetable did an ancient Egyptian place his right hand when taking an oath?",
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143 | How was the dish we know as chicken a la king first listed when it was added to the menu at New York's Delmonico's restaurant in the 1880's? | [
"As chicken a la Keene--it was named in honor of Foxhall Keene, a regular at Delmonico's"
] | As chicken a la Keene--it was named in honor of Foxhall Keene, a regular at Delmonico's | [
{
"id": "9673664",
"text": "late 20th century. Chicken à la King Chicken à la King (Franglais; 'King-style chicken') is a dish consisting of diced chicken in a cream sauce, and often with sherry, mushrooms, and vegetables, served over rice, pasta, or bread. Several competing accounts about its origin have circulated: The recipe was mentioned in the \"New York Times\" in 1893, and early published recipes appeared in 1900 and 1905. Fannie Merritt Farmer included a recipe in her 1911 publication on catering. The \"Fannie Farmer Cookbook\" includes a recipe for Chicken à la King in the 1906 update. It became a popular dish during",
"title": "Chicken à la King"
},
{
"id": "9673663",
"text": "Chicken à la King Chicken à la King (Franglais; 'King-style chicken') is a dish consisting of diced chicken in a cream sauce, and often with sherry, mushrooms, and vegetables, served over rice, pasta, or bread. Several competing accounts about its origin have circulated: The recipe was mentioned in the \"New York Times\" in 1893, and early published recipes appeared in 1900 and 1905. Fannie Merritt Farmer included a recipe in her 1911 publication on catering. The \"Fannie Farmer Cookbook\" includes a recipe for Chicken à la King in the 1906 update. It became a popular dish during the middle to",
"title": "Chicken à la King"
},
{
"id": "7309520",
"text": "partnership, which continues to operate Delmonico's at the South William Street location. The current website lists the address as 56 Beaver Street. Delmonico Potatoes were invented at Delmonico's restaurant, and possibly Chicken à la King, but it was most famous for Delmonico steak. Eggs Benedict were also said to have originated at Delmonico's, although others claim that dish as well. It is often said that Baked Alaska's name was coined at Delmonico's as well, in 1867, by cook Charles Ranhofer. However, no contemporary account exists of this occurrence and Ranhofer himself referred to the dish, in 1894, as \"Alaska Florida\",",
"title": "Delmonico's"
},
{
"id": "2678940",
"text": "Eggs Benedict Eggs Benedict, also informally known as Eggs Benny, is a traditional American breakfast or brunch dish that consists of two halves of an English muffin topped with a poached egg, bacon or ham, and hollandaise sauce. The dish was first popularized in New York City. Many variations on the basic recipe are served. There are conflicting accounts as to the origin of Eggs Benedict. Delmonico's in lower Manhattan says on its menu that \"Eggs Benedict was first created in our ovens in 1860.\" One of its former chefs, Charles Ranhofer, also published the recipe for \"Eggs à la",
"title": "Eggs Benedict"
},
{
"id": "8949703",
"text": "at Ayer's Cliff, Quebec on Lake Massawippi. He died in poverty on September 25, 1941 at Ayer's Cliff, Quebec. His father named one of his horses Foxhall who won the 1882 Ascot Gold Cup in England. Recently, two Thoroughbred racehorses, one born in 1983 and another in 2002, were named after Foxhall Keene. Several publications, including \"The American Heritage Cookbook and Illustrated History of American Eating and Drinking\" and the \"Encyclopedia of North American Eating and Drinking Traditions, Customs and Rituals\" claim that \"Chicken à la King\" was prepared at Keene's suggestion. Foxhall P. Keene Foxhall Parker Keene (December 18,",
"title": "Foxhall P. Keene"
},
{
"id": "7309511",
"text": "Delmonico's Delmonico's is the name of various New York City restaurants of varying duration, quality, and fame. The original and most famous was operated by the Delmonico family at 2 South William Street in Lower Manhattan during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when it gained a reputation as one of the nation's top fine dining establishments. The birthplace of the widely imitated Delmonico steak, the restaurant is credited with being the first American restaurant to allow patrons to order from a menu \"à la carte\", as opposed to \"table d'hôte\". It is also said to be the first to",
"title": "Delmonico's"
},
{
"id": "5277362",
"text": "Kehrer Boldt, opened an earlier facility, the Bellevue Hotel, in 1881. Louise's father, William Kehrer, steward of The Philadelphia Club, had engaged Boldt as his assistant steward at the time of the 1876 Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. Boldt and Louise Kehrer wed shortly thereafter. Prominent members of the Philadelphia Club assisted the couple in setting up their own hotel, the Bellevue, at the northwest corner of Broad and Walnut Streets. A small hotel, it quickly became nationally known for its high standard of service, elite clientele, and fine cuisine; it is believed that Chicken à la King was created in",
"title": "The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel"
},
{
"id": "6145279",
"text": "Lobster Newberg Lobster Newberg (also spelled Lobster Newburg) is an American seafood dish made from lobster, butter, cream, cognac, sherry, eggs, and Cayenne pepper. The dish was invented by Ben Wenberg, a sea captain in the fruit trade. He demonstrated the dish at Delmonico’s Restaurant in New York City to the manager, Charles Delmonico, in 1876. After refinements by the chef, Charles Ranhofer, the creation was added to the restaurant’s menu as \"Lobster à la Wenberg\" and it soon became very popular. An argument between Wenberg and Charles Delmonico caused the dish to be removed from the menu. To satisfy",
"title": "Lobster Newberg"
},
{
"id": "5706006",
"text": "Chicken Marengo Chicken Marengo is a French dish consisting of a chicken sautéed in oil with garlic and tomato, garnished with fried eggs and crayfish. The dish is similar to chicken à la Provençale, but with the addition of egg and crayfish, which are traditional to Chicken Marengo but are now often omitted. The original dish was named to celebrate the Battle of Marengo, a Napoleonic victory of June 1800. According to a popular myth, the dish was first made after Napoleon defeated the Austrian army at the Battle of Marengo at Marengo south of Turin, Italy, when his chef",
"title": "Chicken Marengo"
},
{
"id": "6145281",
"text": "sherry that appeared in the 1890s. Lobster Newberg Lobster Newberg (also spelled Lobster Newburg) is an American seafood dish made from lobster, butter, cream, cognac, sherry, eggs, and Cayenne pepper. The dish was invented by Ben Wenberg, a sea captain in the fruit trade. He demonstrated the dish at Delmonico’s Restaurant in New York City to the manager, Charles Delmonico, in 1876. After refinements by the chef, Charles Ranhofer, the creation was added to the restaurant’s menu as \"Lobster à la Wenberg\" and it soon became very popular. An argument between Wenberg and Charles Delmonico caused the dish to be",
"title": "Lobster Newberg"
},
{
"id": "14835799",
"text": "King Ranch chicken King Ranch chicken is a popular Tex-Mex casserole. Its name comes from King Ranch, one of the largest ranches in the United States, although the actual history of the dish is unknown and there is no direct connection between the dish and the ranch. Recipes vary, but generally it has a sauce made of canned diced tomatoes (commonly the Ro-Tel brand) with green chiles, cream of mushroom soup, cream of chicken soup, diced bell pepper, onion, and chunks or shreds of chicken. The bottom of the casserole is lined with corn tortillas or tortilla chips, then layered",
"title": "King Ranch chicken"
},
{
"id": "8142601",
"text": "ago in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Chicken as a meat has been depicted in Babylonian carvings from around 600 BC. Chicken was one of the most common meats available in the Middle Ages. It was eaten over most of the Eastern hemisphere and a number of different kinds of chicken such as capons, pullets and hens were eaten. It was one of the basic ingredients in \"blancmange\", a stew usually consisting of chicken and fried onions cooked in milk and seasoned with spices and sugar. In the United States in the 1800s, chicken was more expensive than",
"title": "Chicken as food"
},
{
"id": "7309521",
"text": "apparently referring to the contrast between extremes of heat and cold. Manhattan clam chowder also first appeared in New York at Delmonico's. It is also said that Lobster Newberg was invented at the restaurant. Under Oscar Tucci's ownership of Delmonico's, he created the wedge salad. After a trip to a Bridgeport, Connecticut, farm, Tucci picked the ingredients that became the salad. Tucci added bacon to the dish shortly after. The salad became an instant favorite, though some restaurateurs criticized the salad saying it was drenched in dressing. Today the wedge salad is served internationally. Among the many well-known people who",
"title": "Delmonico's"
},
{
"id": "4507034",
"text": "Anchor Bar The Anchor Bar is a bar and restaurant in Buffalo, New York, located north of Downtown Buffalo at the intersection of Main and North Streets. The restaurant was initially established in 1935. The bar is most famous for being the birthplace of spicy chicken wings known outside the Buffalo area as Buffalo wings. The bar's association with Buffalo wings originates in the 1960s. Then-owner Teressa Bellissimo is credited with the creation of the dish when she deep-fried some wings and covered them in Frank's RedHot hot sauce and butter. Chicken wings were previously used for soup or thrown",
"title": "Anchor Bar"
},
{
"id": "5706008",
"text": "for the dish omits them. The more plausible explanation for the origin of the dish is that it was created by a restaurant chef to honor Napoleon's victory. Pellegrino Artusi's classic recipe in his \"Science of Cooking and the Art of Eating Well\" is as follows (note the lack of tomatoes, crayfish and eggs): Chicken Marengo Chicken Marengo is a French dish consisting of a chicken sautéed in oil with garlic and tomato, garnished with fried eggs and crayfish. The dish is similar to chicken à la Provençale, but with the addition of egg and crayfish, which are traditional to",
"title": "Chicken Marengo"
},
{
"id": "573174",
"text": "it, thus giving it its common name of \"chicken noodle soup\". The term may have been coined in a commercial for the Campbell Soup Company in the 1930s. The original 21 varieties of Campbell's condensed soup featured a \"chicken soup with noodles\", but when it was advertised on the \"Amos 'n' Andy\" radio show in the 1930s by a slip of the tongue the soup was referred to as \"chicken noodle soup\". Traditionally, American chicken soup was prepared using old hens too tough and stringy to be roasted or cooked for a short time. In modern times, these fowl are",
"title": "Chicken soup"
},
{
"id": "4080231",
"text": "standard hamburger bun, and was served with two pickles and a smaller pork patty. McRib made its debut in the United States in 1981, as a limited time item. It was developed by McDonald's first Executive Chef Rene Arend, who invented Chicken McNuggets in 1979. \"The McNuggets were so well received that every franchise wanted them,\" said Arend in a 2009 interview. \"There wasn’t a system to supply enough chicken. We had to come up with something to give the other franchises as a new product. So the McRib came about because of the shortage of chickens.\" It was his",
"title": "McRib"
},
{
"id": "14835800",
"text": "with sauce and topped with cheese. Although it is blander than most Tex-Mex dishes, it has long been a favorite dish in Texas club cookbooks and lunchrooms. King Ranch chicken King Ranch chicken is a popular Tex-Mex casserole. Its name comes from King Ranch, one of the largest ranches in the United States, although the actual history of the dish is unknown and there is no direct connection between the dish and the ranch. Recipes vary, but generally it has a sauce made of canned diced tomatoes (commonly the Ro-Tel brand) with green chiles, cream of mushroom soup, cream of",
"title": "King Ranch chicken"
},
{
"id": "7309524",
"text": "the Beatles stayed there. Delmonico's Italian Steakhouse is a chain of restaurants with six locations in Upstate New York and Florida. Delmonico's Delmonico's is the name of various New York City restaurants of varying duration, quality, and fame. The original and most famous was operated by the Delmonico family at 2 South William Street in Lower Manhattan during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when it gained a reputation as one of the nation's top fine dining establishments. The birthplace of the widely imitated Delmonico steak, the restaurant is credited with being the first American restaurant to allow patrons to",
"title": "Delmonico's"
},
{
"id": "11016508",
"text": "Chicken parmigiana Chicken parmigiana, or chicken parmesan (also referred to colloquially in the United States as 'chicken parm' and in Australia as a 'parmy', 'parmi' or 'parma'), is a popular Italian-American dish. It consists of a breaded chicken breast topped with tomato sauce and mozzarella, parmesan or provolone cheese. A slice of ham or bacon is sometimes added, but not all chefs are in agreement with the addition of pork. It has been speculated that the dish is based on a combination of the Italian melanzane alla Parmigiana, a dish using breaded eggplant slices instead of chicken, along with the",
"title": "Chicken parmigiana"
},
{
"id": "16334823",
"text": "were only admitted to Stone's Chop House in 1921. Accounts of travellers in 19th century London refer to their \"dining off mutton chop, rump steak and a 'weal' cutlet\", as well as hams and sirloins. Delmonico's restaurant in New York City, which opened in 1827 and stayed open for almost 100 years, has been described as \"the most famous steak restaurant in American history\". Delmonico steak refers to a method of preparation from one of several cuts of beef (typically the rib cut) prepared Delmonico style, originally from the mid-19th century. Hundreds of restaurants continue to specialize in serving steak,",
"title": "Steak"
},
{
"id": "1998941",
"text": "Chicken fried steak Chicken fried steak (similar to country fried steak) is an American breaded cutlet dish consisting of a piece of beefsteak (tenderized cube steak) coated with seasoned flour and pan-fried. It is sometimes associated with the Southern cuisine of the United States. Despite the name, the dish contains no chicken, but is so-named because the cooking method is similar to that of pan-fried chicken breast cutlets. Chicken fried steak resembles the Austrian dish \"wiener schnitzel\" and the Italian–South American dish \"milanesa\", which is a tenderized veal or pork cutlet, coated with flour, eggs, chicken stock cube, and bread",
"title": "Chicken fried steak"
},
{
"id": "19019706",
"text": "The appetizers are cooked to crispness by deep-frying in vegetable oil or by baking. They can be served hot or cold. In North America, crab Rangoon is often served with a sauce for dipping: either soy sauce, plum sauce, duck sauce, sweet and sour sauce, or hot Chinese mustard. Crab Rangoon was on the menu of the \"Polynesian-style\" restaurant Trader Vic's in San Francisco since at least 1956. Although the appetizer is allegedly derived from an authentic Burmese recipe, the dish was probably invented in the United States. A \"Rangoon crab a la Jack\" was mentioned as a dish at",
"title": "Crab Rangoon"
},
{
"id": "7208455",
"text": "Chef salad Chef salad (or chef's salad) is an American salad consisting of hard-boiled eggs; one or more varieties of meat, such as ham, turkey, chicken, or roast beef; tomatoes; cucumbers; and cheese; all placed upon a bed of tossed lettuce or other leaf vegetables. Several early recipes also include anchovies. A variety of dressings may be used with this salad. Food historians do not agree on the history and composition of chef salad, much less who assembled the first one. Some trace this salad's roots to Salmagundi, a popular meat and salad dish originating in 17th century England and",
"title": "Chef salad"
},
{
"id": "23608",
"text": "Dining section of \"The New York Times\", online guides, and Zagat's, the last of which is widely considered the premier American dining guide, published yearly and headquartered in New York City. Many of the more complicated dishes with rich ingredients like Lobster Newberg, waldorf salad, vichyssoise, eggs benedict, and the New York strip steak were born out of a need to entertain and impress the well to do in expensive bygone restaurants like Delmonico's and still standing establishments like the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Modern commercial American cream cheese was developed in 1872, when William Lawrence, from Chester, New York, while looking",
"title": "American cuisine"
},
{
"id": "8844165",
"text": "simple dish: boiled and fried chicken liver with chopped giblet, ground ginger, cinnamon, cloves, wine, verjuice, beef bouillon and egg yolks, served with cinnamon on top, and was supposed to be of a bright yellow color. An even simpler dish, like millet boiled in milk and seasoned with saffron, was also considered to be an entremets. The most noticeable trait of the early entremets was the focus on vivid colors. Later on, the entremets would take the shape of various types of illusion foods, such as peacocks or swans that were skinned, cooked, seasoned and then redressed in their original",
"title": "Entremets"
},
{
"id": "995762",
"text": "them as a main menu item. The name \"Buffalo\" is now also applied to other spiced fried foods served with dipping sauces, including boneless chicken \"fingers\", chicken fries, chicken nuggets, popcorn chicken, and shrimp. It also describes other dishes, such as pizza, that are seasoned with the Buffalo-style sauce or a Buffalo flavor seasoning. There are several different claims about the invention of Buffalo wings. One of the claims is that Buffalo wings were first prepared at the Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York, by Teressa Bellissimo, who owned the bar with husband Frank in 1964. At the time chicken",
"title": "Buffalo wing"
},
{
"id": "1586830",
"text": "showed the strongest preference for chili, while Midwesterners showed the greatest affinity for ketchup. An endless list of hot dog variations has emerged. The original king, known today as a \"New York dog\" or \"New York style\", is a natural casing all-beef frank topped with sauerkraut and spicy brown mustard, onions optional. Sauteed bell peppers, onions, and potatoes find their way into New Jersey's deep-fried Italian hot dog. In the midwest, the Chicago-style hot dog reigns, served on a poppyseed bun and topped with mustard, fresh tomatoes, onions, \"sport peppers\", bright green relish, dill pickles, and celery salt. Many variations",
"title": "Hot dog"
},
{
"id": "18752685",
"text": "Verdon spent some weeks working with Fessaquet on the Kennedy family's favorite dishes. President Kennedy was especially fond of \"La Caravelle\"s vichyssoise and chicken in champagne sauce. He often requested them as \"take out\" orders and would have them heated up on the plane as he traveled. Decré and Meyzen renamed the dish on their menu; Poularde Maison Blanch then became \"White House Chicken\". In 1964, the Kennedys held a family reunion at La Caravelle; one of the subjects of discussion at the reunion was said to be whether Robert F. Kennedy should ask to be nominated as vice president",
"title": "La Caravelle (New York City)"
},
{
"id": "18726742",
"text": "Prince's Hot Chicken Shack Prince's Hot Chicken Shack is a restaurant in Nashville, Tennessee, known for its hot chicken. The business was started in 1945 by James Thornton Prince, and in 1980 ownership was passed to his great-niece André Prince Jeffries. While impossible to verify, the development of hot chicken is reportedly accidental. Prince was purportedly a womanizer, and after a particularly late night his girlfriend at the time cooked him a fried chicken breakfast with hot pepper as revenge. Prince, however, liked the taste so much that he and his brothers created their own recipe and opened the Bar-B-Que",
"title": "Prince's Hot Chicken Shack"
},
{
"id": "15095622",
"text": "and a cherry. The Food Timeline History website states that \"The earliest print reference we find for Candle Salad is dated 1916. It was presented in this socialite menu; no description or recipe was included: \"Fruit Cocktail, Chicken a la King, Mashed Potatoes, Buttered Peas, Rolls, Olives, Candle Salad, Cheese Straws, Fancy Cakes, Nut Ice Creams, Candies and Nuts, Coffee.\"---Oelwein Daily Register [IA] April 5, 1916 (p. 4).\" The site lists several other references to the salad in cookbooks and newspapers throughout the 1920s. Candle salad was known as an easy way to get kids to eat fruit because of",
"title": "Candle salad"
},
{
"id": "278105",
"text": "also common fare. Beer cheese soup is another beloved recipe, usually made from a variety of beer and a sharp cheddar or more mild colby cheese, with sausage, potatoes, and green onions. Another ubiquitous but perhaps less-mentioned recipe involving alcohol is \"Beer Butt\" or \"Beer Can\" Chicken (similar to drunken chicken), a vernacular meal involving a whole chicken slow-roasted, typically over a fire, with a can of usually amber beer directly inserted into the poultry's cavity; the result being a tender meat soaked inside with the flavors of the beer chosen. \"Booyah\" is another very common and hearty Wisconsin meal,",
"title": "Cuisine of the Midwestern United States"
},
{
"id": "6182199",
"text": "have been invented \"circa\" 1908–1910 by Ernest Arbogast, the chef at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, California, where Tetrazzini was a long-time resident. However, other sources attribute the origin to the Knickerbocker Hotel in New York City. \"Good Housekeeping\" published the first reference to turkey tetrazzini in October 1908, saying readers could find the dish of cooked turkey in a cream sauce, with spaghetti, grated cheese, sliced mushrooms, and bread crumbs on top, at \"the restaurant on Forty-second street.\" The chicken tetrazzini was made famous by chef Louis Paquet. No universal standard for the dish exists, so various parts",
"title": "Tetrazzini"
},
{
"id": "11016513",
"text": "Parmo originated as \"escalope Parmesan\", a derivative of chicken parmigiana. In Argentina, a variation of milanesa a la napolitana is made with chicken instead of the usual beef, similar to chicken parmagiana. It is sometimes topped with ham, bacon, or a fried egg and is usually served with french fries. Chicken parmigiana Chicken parmigiana, or chicken parmesan (also referred to colloquially in the United States as 'chicken parm' and in Australia as a 'parmy', 'parmi' or 'parma'), is a popular Italian-American dish. It consists of a breaded chicken breast topped with tomato sauce and mozzarella, parmesan or provolone cheese. A",
"title": "Chicken parmigiana"
},
{
"id": "9130351",
"text": "sandwich, a new fish sandwich called the Long Fish Sandwich, and a new burger called the Sirloin Steak Sandwich. The ham and cheese sandwich replaced an earlier version ham and cheese sandwich called the Yumbo that was served hot and was the size of a hamburger. In 1981 the chain tested a veal parmigiana sandwich in limited areas of the United States and took it national in 1982. It was also sold in New England as part of limited time offering (LTO) in 1988. While most of the line has since been discontinued, the company's Original Chicken Sandwich is still",
"title": "Burger King Specialty Sandwiches"
},
{
"id": "14691749",
"text": "because its two basic ingredients, bread and beef, had been prepared and consumed separately for many years in different countries before their combination. Shortly after its creation, the hamburger quickly included all of its currently typically characteristic trimmings, including onions, lettuce, and sliced pickles. After various controversies in the 20th century, including a nutritional controversy in the late 1990s, the burger is now readily identified with the United States, and a particular style of cuisine, namely fast food. Along with fried chicken and apple pie, the hamburger has become a culinary icon in the United States. The hamburger's international popularity",
"title": "History of the hamburger"
},
{
"id": "568210",
"text": "as a community, a rich community with a deep past and value that distinguishes their region from all others. The dish has been made there for a long time and is imbibed into the community culture. Etta M. Madden and Martha L. Finch observe that chowder provides \"visceral memories that provided feelings of familiarity, comfort and continuity\". A recipe formulated and published in 1894 by Charles Ranhofer, a famous chef of Delmonico's restaurant, was called \"Chowder de Lucines\" and had ingredients of pork, clams, potato (sliced to a seven sixteenths-inch size), onion, parsley, tomato, crackers garnished by thyme, salt and",
"title": "Chowder"
},
{
"id": "6205628",
"text": "a brunch item in the South. Oysters Rockefeller was created in 1889 at the New Orleans restaurant Antoine's by Jules Alciatore, son of founder Antoine Alciatore. Jules developed the dish due to a shortage of escargot, substituting the locally available oysters. The recipe remains unchanged, with an estimated three and a half million orders having been served. The dish was named Oysters Rockefeller after John D. Rockefeller, the then wealthiest American, for its extreme richness. It consists of oysters on the half-shell topped with a green sauce and bread crumbs, then baked or broiled. Though the original sauce recipe is",
"title": "Oysters Rockefeller"
},
{
"id": "9369632",
"text": "between the dishes, and though food writer John Ayto does too, he notes that the names have often been used interchangeably. This has been traced to a \"Chicago Tribune\" article and James Beard who \"insisted that angels on horseback required ham as a wrapper, and that if bacon were used, what you'd have would be devils on horseback.\" The origins of the dish are unclear. The name most likely derives from the French \"anges à cheval\", and there appears to be no significance in the oyster/angel and bacon/horse links. Its first occurrence, according to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" and other",
"title": "Angels on horseback"
},
{
"id": "5706007",
"text": "Dunand foraged in the town for ingredients (because the supply wagons were too distant) and created the dish from what he could gather. According to this legend, Napoleon enjoyed the dish so much he had it served to him after every battle, and when Dunand was later better-supplied and substituted mushrooms for crayfish and added wine to the recipe, Napoleon refused to accept it, believing that a change would bring him bad luck. This colorful story, however, is probably myth; Alan Davidson writes that there would have been no access to tomatoes at that time, and the first published recipe",
"title": "Chicken Marengo"
},
{
"id": "18320986",
"text": "the Ain, is supposed to have described the Bresse chicken as \"the queen of poultry, the poultry of kings\". Like the La Flèche, which was raised and fattened in a similar fashion, the Bresse chicken had high standing in the market. Nevertheless, by about 1900 the breed had virtually disappeared. Its recovery was due to fancy breeders, who selectively bred a sufficient number of white chickens for the breed to become stable. A new breed standard was drawn up in 1904. The Bresse name, used for both chicken products and for the dinde de Bresse, the turkey of the area,",
"title": "Bresse Gauloise"
},
{
"id": "9047526",
"text": "States Patent and Trademark Office as a service mark in May 1970. In its application, Taco Bell described the item as a \"[ Combination Enchilada And Burrito Prepared As Part Of ] Restaurant Services\" and that \"\"Enchirito\" Is Merely A Fanciful Combination Of \"Enchilada\" And \"Burrito.\"\" The coining of the name Enchirito (a portmanteau of the words enchilada and burrito) for this item was a bit of a peculiar action by Taco Bell. It was the only item on the menu, at the time, to not use the common Mexican food nomenclature for that item. Whereas a burrito is typically",
"title": "Enchirito"
},
{
"id": "6462290",
"text": "City chicken City chicken is an entrée consisting of cubes of meat, which have been placed on a wooden skewer (approximately 4–5 inches long), then fried and/or baked. Depending on the recipe, they may be breaded. Despite the name of the dish, city chicken almost never contains chicken. A similar dish once known as \"mock chicken\" was described as early as 1908. The first references to city chicken appeared in newspapers and cookbooks just prior to and during the Depression Era in a few cities such as Pittsburgh. City chicken typically has cooks using meat scraps to fashion a makeshift",
"title": "City chicken"
},
{
"id": "8671090",
"text": "spiced chicken meat, or a whole chicken thigh. The filling consists of chicken, and onions, parsley and scallions, and occasionally tomato sauce, turmeric and catupiry cheese. The coxinha is coated in batter , then in bread crumbs or manioc flour and deep fried. It is shaped to roughly resemble a chicken leg. The dough used to coat the filling is generally prepared with the broth of the chicken, enhancing the flavor of the coating. Different variations of the original are becoming more prevalent today – for example, the \"coxinha mineira\", for which the filling includes maize, so named because maize",
"title": "Coxinha"
},
{
"id": "4386199",
"text": "Orange chicken Orange chicken () is a Chinese dish of Hunan origin. The variety of orange chicken most commonly found at North American Chinese restaurants consists of chopped, battered and fried chicken pieces coated in a sweet orange-flavored chili sauce, which thickens or caramelizes to a glaze. While the dish is very popular in the United States, it is most often found as a variation of General Tso's chicken in North America rather than the dish found in mainland China. Chef Andy Kao claims to have developed the original Chinese-American orange chicken recipe at a Panda Express in Hawaii in",
"title": "Orange chicken"
},
{
"id": "3118200",
"text": "wine. Perhaps the best-known food specialty of Western New York is Buffalo chicken wings (known locally simply as 'wings' or 'chicken wings'). The two best-known places to get wings are Duff's and the Anchor Bar, which have a strong local rivalry in Buffalo and both are expanding outside the city.. At the 1885 Erie County Fair (known as the Hamburg Fair) in Hamburg, New York, Frank and Charles Menches sold a ground beef sandwich, which is one of the earliest claims of the invention of the hamburger. Beef on Weck is a regional favorite and a local invention in which",
"title": "Western New York"
},
{
"id": "7222259",
"text": "was delayed due to a corporate reorganization at McDonald's. The Big King is a hamburger, consisting of two grilled beef patties, sesame seed bun, King Sauce (a Thousand Island dressing variant), iceberg lettuce, onions, pickles and American cheese. When first reintroduced in 2013, the sandwich was made with two of the company's hamburger patties, but was modified in February 2014 to use two of the larger Whopper Jr. patties. The Chicken Big King was added April 2014. This new variation on the original Big King sandwich was part of a corporate menu restructuring that began the previous year. This was",
"title": "Big King"
},
{
"id": "14459013",
"text": "The Toronto-based foundation disbursed $500,000 to other Canadian charities in 2016, according to its tax return filed with the Canada Revenue Agency. Notes and citations Sources Colonel Sanders Colonel Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890December 16, 1980) was an American businessman, best known for founding fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken (now known as KFC) and later acting as the company's brand ambassador and symbol. His name and image are still symbols of the company. The title 'colonel' was honorary – a Kentucky Colonel – not the military rank. Sanders held a number of jobs in his early",
"title": "Colonel Sanders"
},
{
"id": "13201242",
"text": "Fricot Fricot is a traditional Acadian dish. The word \"fricot\" has its origins in 18th century France where it was used to mean a feast. The following century, it had evolved to mean \"meat stew\", and later still it became used to refer to prepared food. The main ingredients consist of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used were chicken (\"fricot au poulet\"), clams (\"fricot aux coques\"), rabbit (\"fricot au lapin des bois\"), beef, or pork. When chicken was used, it was traditionally an older chicken, since an",
"title": "Fricot"
},
{
"id": "18734281",
"text": "Long Island, Many of the more complicated dishes with rich ingredients like Lobster Newberg, Waldorf salad, vichyssoise, eggs benedict, and the New York strip steak were born out of a need to entertain and impress the well to do in expensive bygone restaurants like Delmonico's and still standing establishments like the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and today that tradition remains alive as some of the most expensive and exclusive restaurants in the country are found in this region. Since their formative years, New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Baltimore have welcomed immigrants of every kind to their shores, and all four",
"title": "Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states"
},
{
"id": "7945150",
"text": "Coon Chicken Inn Coon Chicken Inn was an American chain of four restaurants founded by Maxon Lester Graham and Adelaide Burt in 1925, which prospered until the late 1950s. The restaurant's name contains the word \"Coon\", considered an ethnic slur, and the trademarks and entrances of the restaurants were designed to look like a smiling blackface caricature of an African-American porter. The smiling capped porter head also appeared on menus, dishes, and promotional items. Due to change in popular culture and the general consideration of being culturally and racially offensive, the chain has since been discontinued. The first Coon Chicken",
"title": "Coon Chicken Inn"
},
{
"id": "9130366",
"text": "woman in the advertisement had been overtly sexualized which she thought was objectifying of women in general. An article in \"Psychology Today\" echoed Bhagwandat's concerns, adding that the advertisement was openly displayed in public spaces, and could have troubling implications for parents having to explain the content to younger children. In some markets the Original Chicken is called the \"\"Chicken Royale\"\", \"\"King de Pollo\"\" (King of Chicken), or the \"\"BK Chicken\"\". Burger King currently does not have any trademarks on the \"Original Chicken Sandwich\" name or the line of Specialty sandwiches in the US, Canada and Europe. The alias \"Long",
"title": "Burger King Specialty Sandwiches"
},
{
"id": "2001068",
"text": "Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat. In restaurants, the meat is usually cooked with onions and bell peppers. Popular condiments include shredded lettuce, sour cream, guacamole, salsa, pico de gallo, shredded cheese, refried beans, and diced tomatoes. Arrachera is a northern Mexican variant of the dish. \"Fajita\" is",
"title": "Fajita"
},
{
"id": "1998943",
"text": "food like chicken fried steak. The recipe for what we now know as chicken fried steak was included in many regional cookbooks by the late 19th century. The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest attestation of the term \"chicken-fried steak\" is from a restaurant advertisement in the 19 June 1914 edition of the Colorado Springs \"Gazette\" newspaper. A 1943 American cookbook recipe for \"wiener schnitzel\" includes a white salt and pepper cream gravy. Chicken fried steak is among numerous popular dishes which make up the official state meal of Oklahoma, added to the list in 1988. Chicken fried steak is prepared by",
"title": "Chicken fried steak"
},
{
"id": "10094531",
"text": "willing to spend more on a higher quality product. The new products were successful, and the company's sales increased by 15 percent. While most of the line has since been discontinued, the company's Original Chicken Sandwich is still offered in all of its global markets, and the ham and cheese sandwich is a regional offering. BK Chicken Tenders made their debut in a menu revision and expansion in 1985 to address the absence of a chicken-based finger product akin to McDonald's Chicken McNuggets. The product had to be temporarily withdrawn because of limited availability of chicken meat; it was re-introduced",
"title": "Burger King products"
},
{
"id": "20048423",
"text": "Hunter's chicken Hunter's chicken (French: poulet chasseur, poulet à la chasseur and poulet sauté chasseur) is a chicken dish that is a part of French cuisine. It shares the same name with other dishes from around the world, yet each national version is very different, with each sharing only the name, and the use of chicken as a primary ingredient. The primary ingredients in hunter's chicken are sautéed chicken and a reduced chasseur sauce prepared using tomatoes, mushrooms, onions, white wine, brandy and tarragon. \"Chasseur\" means \"hunter\" in French. Hunter's chicken shares the same literal name as chicken cacciatore in",
"title": "Hunter's chicken"
},
{
"id": "2037689",
"text": "Laetiporus Laetiporus is a genus of edible mushrooms found throughout much of the world. Some species, especially Laetiporus sulphureus, are commonly known as sulphur shelf, chicken of the woods, the chicken mushroom, or the chicken fungus because many think they taste like chicken. The name \"chicken of the woods\" is not to be confused with the edible polypore, \"Maitake\" (\"Grifola frondosa\") known as \"hen of the woods\", or with \"Lyophyllum decastes\", known as the \"fried chicken mushroom\". The name \"Laetiporus\" means \"with bright pores\". Individual \"shelves\" range from 5 cm to 25 cm (2\"-10\" inches) across. These shelves are made",
"title": "Laetiporus"
},
{
"id": "7849585",
"text": "powder, and turmeric. The coated chicken is then marinated for a couple of hours. The marinated chicken is usually deep fried in oil, but another well-known choice includes baking. The exposed bone is sometimes wrapped in aluminum foil. Chicken lollipop Chicken lollipop is an hors d'oeuvre popular in Indian Chinese cuisine. Chicken lollipop is, essentially a \"frenched\" chicken winglet, wherein the meat is cut loose from the bone end and pushed down creating a lollipop appearance. It is usually served hot with Szechuan sauce. Chicken lollipop is usually prepared using the middle segment of the chicken wing or thigh. The",
"title": "Chicken lollipop"
},
{
"id": "995761",
"text": "Buffalo wing A Buffalo wing, in the cuisine of the United States, is an unbreaded chicken wing section (flat or drumette) that is generally deep-fried then coated or dipped in a sauce consisting of a vinegar-based cayenne pepper hot sauce and melted butter prior to serving. The Buffalo wing was invented in 1964 at Anchor Bar in Buffalo, New York by Teressa Bellissimo. They are generally served hot, along with celery sticks or carrot sticks with blue cheese dressing for dipping. Buffalo wings have gained in popularity in the United States and abroad, with some North American restaurant chains featuring",
"title": "Buffalo wing"
},
{
"id": "9130345",
"text": "Burger King Specialty Sandwiches The Burger King Specialty Sandwiches are a line of sandwiches developed by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King in 1978 and introduced in 1979 as part of a new product line designed to expand Burger King's menu with more sophisticated, adult oriented fare beyond hamburgers. Additionally, the new line was intended to differentiate the company from other fast food hamburger restaurants at the time. Since the line's introduction, the other sandwiches have been discontinued, leaving the chicken offering, the Original Chicken Sandwich (abbreviated as OCS), as the primary product left. Additionally, other sandwiches that utilize",
"title": "Burger King Specialty Sandwiches"
},
{
"id": "1998949",
"text": "cut, can be served in this manner, as well as chicken fried buffalo steak. Chicken fried catfish may also be found on occasion. Chicken fried steak Chicken fried steak (similar to country fried steak) is an American breaded cutlet dish consisting of a piece of beefsteak (tenderized cube steak) coated with seasoned flour and pan-fried. It is sometimes associated with the Southern cuisine of the United States. Despite the name, the dish contains no chicken, but is so-named because the cooking method is similar to that of pan-fried chicken breast cutlets. Chicken fried steak resembles the Austrian dish \"wiener schnitzel\"",
"title": "Chicken fried steak"
},
{
"id": "1605451",
"text": "chicken in green \"mole\", tortilla soup and trout almandine, among other selections, surrounded by tropical plants and birds. At \"Reposado\", nouvelle Mexican offerings include \"huitlacoche\" (mushroom) fondue, salmon in \"adobo\" and game hen in peanut \"mole\". In addition to the more famous restaurants, Cuernavaca has its share of mom-and-pop eateries, which feature a good variety of enchiladas with various fillings and sauces, and local specialties like rabbit in \"ancho chile adobo\" and chicken in peach sauce. The latter is a very characteristic dish of the region since it combines chicken with fruit, of which Morelos has seemingly endless varieties. The",
"title": "Morelos"
},
{
"id": "17268608",
"text": "\"Tétons de Vénus\" (En: Venus' breasts), large breast-shaped \"quenelles\". \"Mère Fillioux\" (Françoise Fillioux, 1865-1925) was the first \"Mère\" whose \"reputation was known well beyond the limits of the city and region.\" She established a restaurant on 73 rue Duquesne, known for a simple, unchanging menu featuring her own culinary creations, such as \"volaille demi-deuil\" (En: fowl in half-mourning). The dish takes its name from her technique of cooking \"a fattened hen with slivers of truffle inserted between skin and flesh. The alternating black and white appearance of the flesh explains the term ‘half mourning’, a period following the all-black dress",
"title": "Lyonnaise cuisine"
},
{
"id": "7208462",
"text": "salad was born and named “Cook’s Salad.’’ I have been more or less successful in ordering this particular salad; but if I wish to get this salmagundy right I order it from the chef’s table and not the salad pantry. The chef’s salad bowl is generally rubbed with garlic.” Chef salad Chef salad (or chef's salad) is an American salad consisting of hard-boiled eggs; one or more varieties of meat, such as ham, turkey, chicken, or roast beef; tomatoes; cucumbers; and cheese; all placed upon a bed of tossed lettuce or other leaf vegetables. Several early recipes also include anchovies.",
"title": "Chef salad"
},
{
"id": "8882371",
"text": "2005 and 2014. Comparisons are often made between the Hanshin Tigers and the Boston Red Sox, who were said to be under the Curse of the Bambino until they won the World Series in 2004. The \"Curse of the Colonel\" has also been used as a bogeyman threat to those who would divulge the secret recipe of eleven herbs and spices that result in the unique taste of his chicken. The Hanshin Tigers are located in Kansai, the second largest metropolitan area in Japan. They are considered the eternal underdogs of Nippon Professional Baseball, in opposition to the Yomiuri Giants",
"title": "Curse of the Colonel"
},
{
"id": "9388026",
"text": "Chicken Divan Chicken Divan is a chicken casserole usually served with broccoli, almonds, and Mornay sauce. It was named after the place of its invention, the Divan Parisienne Restaurant in the New York City Chatham Hotel where it was served as the signature dish in the early twentieth century. Its creator, a chef named Lagasi, created it as part of a contest, winning a small amount of money and creating the hotel's signature dish. In French, the word \"divan\" refers to a meeting place or great hall, and thus the name was chosen to imply a kind of continental elegance.",
"title": "Chicken Divan"
},
{
"id": "18726744",
"text": "Chicken Spots. Prince's Hot Chicken Shack Prince's Hot Chicken Shack is a restaurant in Nashville, Tennessee, known for its hot chicken. The business was started in 1945 by James Thornton Prince, and in 1980 ownership was passed to his great-niece André Prince Jeffries. While impossible to verify, the development of hot chicken is reportedly accidental. Prince was purportedly a womanizer, and after a particularly late night his girlfriend at the time cooked him a fried chicken breakfast with hot pepper as revenge. Prince, however, liked the taste so much that he and his brothers created their own recipe and opened",
"title": "Prince's Hot Chicken Shack"
},
{
"id": "23718",
"text": "Nowadays, Americans also have a ubiquitous consumption of foods like pizza and pasta, tacos and burritos to \"General Tso's chicken\" and fortune cookies. Fascination with these and other ethnic foods may also vary with region. American chefs have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. An important 19th-century American chef was Charles Ranhofer of Delmonico's Restaurant in New York City. American cooking has been exported around the world, both through the global expansion of restaurant chains such as T.G.I. Friday's and McDonald's and the efforts of individual restaurateurs such as Bob Payton, credited with bringing American-style",
"title": "American cuisine"
},
{
"id": "18478082",
"text": "recipe for meringue, beginning \"Beat the whites of nine eggs to a stiff froth, then stir it gently with a spoon, for fear the froth should fall\". Raffald is however not afraid to use foreign words for new techniques, as \"to fricassee Lamb Stones\", \"to barbecue a Pig\", \"Bouillie Beef\", \"Ducks \"a-la-mode\"\", \"To fricando Pigeons\", \"To ragoo Mushrooms\". In explanation of this, she writes in the Preface to the First Edition: The recipes themselves are written entirely as directions, without lists of ingredients. They are generally terse, the reader being assumed to know how to beat eggs and to separate",
"title": "The Experienced English Housekeeper"
},
{
"id": "17545281",
"text": "sometimes waste at the end of the day. In 1939, the first commercial pressure cookers were released onto the market, predominantly designed for steaming vegetables. Sanders bought one and modified it into a pressure fryer, which he then used to prepare chicken. The new method reduced production time to be comparable with deep frying, yet, in Sanders' opinion, retained the quality of pan-fried chicken. In July 1940, Sanders finalized what came to be known as his Original Recipe of 11 herbs and spices. Although he never publicly revealed the recipe, he admitted to the use of salt and pepper, and",
"title": "History of KFC"
},
{
"id": "2268239",
"text": "sandwich yet? Two toasted pieces of Graham bread, with a layer of turkey or chicken and ham between them, served warm.\" Several other early references also credit the chef of the Union Club with creating the sandwich. Other sources, however, find the origin of the club sandwich to be up for debate. Another theory is that the club sandwich was invented in an exclusive Saratoga Springs, New York, gambling club in the late 19th century. \"In 1894 Richard Canfield... the debonair patron of art, purchased the Saratoga Club to make it a casino [Canfield Casino]... the club sandwich [originated] in",
"title": "Club sandwich"
},
{
"id": "15788145",
"text": "and a bottle of Dom Pérignon. Hangtown fry is a type of omelette made famous during the California Gold Rush in the 1850s. The most common version includes bacon and oysters combined with eggs, and fried together. The dish was invented in Placerville, California, then known as Hangtown. According to most accounts, the dish was invented when a gold prospector struck it rich, headed to the Cary House Hotel, and demanded the most expensive dish that the kitchen could provide. The most expensive ingredients available were eggs, which were delicate and had to be carefully brought to the mining town;",
"title": "Bacon roll"
},
{
"id": "1470964",
"text": "an 1847 edition of \"The Knickerbocker\", a New York City monthly magazine: There are 'quips and quillets' which \"seem\" actual conundrums, but yet are none. Of such is this: 'Why does a chicken cross the street?['] Are you 'out of town?' Do you 'give it up?' Well, then: 'Because it wants to get on the other side!' In the 1890s, a pun variant version appeared in the magazine \"Potter's American Monthly\": Why should not a chicken cross the road? It would be a fowl proceeding. The origins of this joke emerged from picket lines during labor strikes in 19th-century America.",
"title": "Why did the chicken cross the road?"
},
{
"id": "4386202",
"text": "Chinese medicine as well as cooking. For restaurants outside of Asia, fresh orange peel is often used instead, or even no peel at all. Orange chicken Orange chicken () is a Chinese dish of Hunan origin. The variety of orange chicken most commonly found at North American Chinese restaurants consists of chopped, battered and fried chicken pieces coated in a sweet orange-flavored chili sauce, which thickens or caramelizes to a glaze. While the dish is very popular in the United States, it is most often found as a variation of General Tso's chicken in North America rather than the dish",
"title": "Orange chicken"
},
{
"id": "13026877",
"text": "Versailles Cuban restaurants in California Versailles is a chain of five Cuban cuisine restaurants in Los Angeles, California, USA. The first restaurant in this chain opened in 1981 in West Los Angeles, specifically in Culver City on Venice Blvd. According to Max Jacobson: Versailles serves dishes including \"Moors and Christians\" (as black beans with white rice are called), \"ropa vieja\" (a stringy beef stew), \"eastin lechón\" (suckling pig with sliced onions),<ref name=\"Times/Frommers\">LA Times/Frommers</ref> as well as beef tongue, sautéed ox tail, halibut in garlic sauce, and roast chicken in Mojo sauce. The restaurant's \"trademark\" is the garlic sauce it serves",
"title": "Versailles Cuban restaurants in California"
},
{
"id": "12251892",
"text": "U.S. Open to settle their ongoing feud. García, a Spaniard who was unaware of the existence of this stereotype in American society, committed a gaffe saying: \"We will have him round every night . . . We will serve fried chicken\", which Woods said was \"wrong, hurtful and clearly inappropriate\". Both Zoeller and García subsequently apologized to Woods. In 2009, a KFC in Beijing renamed their restaurant to \"Obama Fried Chicken\" in reference to recently inaugurated President Barack Obama. Despite controversy at the time, the owner refused to change the name back, and the restaurant continues to operate under this",
"title": "Fried chicken"
},
{
"id": "9498709",
"text": "\"You'll find such classics as Caesar, Waldorf, and Crab Louis; international favorites with exotic names like Tabbuli and Antipasto; satisfying whole-meal salads like Shrimp-stuffed Avocados and Taco Salad...\" and so on. Suddenly, sesame seeds went from just being a garnish on a salad, to being an ingredient for a recipe of \"Sesame Seed Dressing\" (p. 6); but, more over, and indeed, there was now a recipe for \"Chinese Chicken Salad\" (p. 35). \"Sunset's\" recipe for Chinese Chicken appeared similarly as to what it's known as today, including: soy sauce; salad oil; garlic and ginger; (relatively exotic) Chinese five-spice or (more",
"title": "Chinese chicken salad"
},
{
"id": "9299050",
"text": "the bird is called \"sot-l'y-laisse\" which translates, roughly, to \"the fool leaves it there\", as unskilled carvers sometimes accidentally leave it on the skeleton. In the film \"Red Dragon\", a reference to oysters is what indirectly leads FBI profiler Will Graham to capture serial-killer Hannibal Lecter. In the French film \"Amélie\" reference is also made to a character who buys a chicken once a week and eats the oysters first. In the U.S. version of the show MasterChef, in Season 5 Episode 13, chicken oysters were used to make a dish served by contestants Elizabeth and Leslie, and they appeared",
"title": "Oyster (fowl)"
},
{
"id": "12706357",
"text": "Poulet au fromage Poulet au fromage () is a French dish: the English translation being \"\"chicken with cheese\"\". Pieces of chicken are coated with flour, salt and pepper, and then sautéed. Some recipes call for various types of cooking oil, some call for butter, and some call for both. Some recipes call for sauteing an onion with the chicken. After the chicken is browned, white wine is added to the cooking pan. Some recipes call for leaving the chicken in the pan while the wine is reduced, while others call for first removing the chicken, then using the wine to",
"title": "Poulet au fromage"
},
{
"id": "1708802",
"text": "sour, his recipe calls for a roast chicken, a fried chicken, a duck, a piece of veal, an oxtail, a marrow bone, one pound of bacon, and six large sausages, and suggests serving with beef quenelles, deviled eggs and croûtons. , 's apprentice, who was mostly fascinated by the soup's vivid ruby-red color, simplified his master's recipe, while also securing the place of ' (\"borscht soup\") in French cuisine. and , both of whom had been employed at Polish aristocratic courts, presented borscht to the French public as a Polish soup; their cookbook, ', published in 1856, contains a borscht",
"title": "Borscht"
},
{
"id": "20214757",
"text": "had outgrown its location, and in 1959 the brothers opened a larger facility across the street at what is today 830 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive. Paschal's Restaurant became known for its soul food menu, including fried chicken, collard greens, cornbread, and sweet potato pie. The restaurant often hosted Martin Luther King Jr. and his associates during the Civil Rights Movement, and was noted for being a place that whites and blacks could both visit, as well as being tolerant of homosexuals. In 1960 the Paschal brothers opened the La Carousel Lounge, a jazz venue, adjacent to the restaurant. The",
"title": "Paschal's La Carousel"
},
{
"id": "573159",
"text": "chicken soup is made with chicken broth, vegetables, such as carrots, spices and herbs and small noodles. For the broth, a large hen, called a \"Suppenhuhn\" (lit.: \"soup hen\"), may be boiled, and pieces of it—especially from the boiled breast—can later be added to the soup. In southern Germany homemade chicken soup typically consists of chicken broth, to which spices and semolina dumplings or \"Spätzle\" noodles are added. Another dish made with chicken broth, pieces of chicken, boiled vegetables, and spices is known as \"Hühnereintopf\", meaning \"chicken stew\". Alternatively, homemade noodles may be added to the chicken broth, without vegetables,",
"title": "Chicken soup"
},
{
"id": "14458982",
"text": "Colonel Sanders Colonel Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890December 16, 1980) was an American businessman, best known for founding fast food chicken restaurant chain Kentucky Fried Chicken (now known as KFC) and later acting as the company's brand ambassador and symbol. His name and image are still symbols of the company. The title 'colonel' was honorary – a Kentucky Colonel – not the military rank. Sanders held a number of jobs in his early life, such as steam engine stoker, insurance salesman and filling station operator. He began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in North Corbin, Kentucky, during",
"title": "Colonel Sanders"
},
{
"id": "5828535",
"text": "President John F. Kennedy, \"because Afghans are fond of the former president.\" During the 1980s and 1990s many of the same restaurants have opened across New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Maryland and several other states, including West Coast states such as California. There are estimated to be about 1,000. For the most part the restaurants share the same concept, if not the same menus. In addition to fried chicken they may offer fried fish, hot wings, short ribs, shrimp, burgers, pizza, beef patties on coco bread, sandwiches, fries, corn on the cob, mashed potatoes, onion rings, sweet potato pies",
"title": "Kennedy Fried Chicken"
},
{
"id": "2282241",
"text": "New Orleans surgeon, Dr. Gerald R. LaNasa, was locally known for his use of a scalpel in deboning his three birds of choice, sometimes adding pork or veal roasts in the final hen's cavity, thus preserving the turducken tradition as a regional holiday favorite of the southern United States. Andouille sausage and Foie Gras were always key ingredients of the LaNasa creations. The results of Dr. LaNasa's work can be found in the modern day mass-produced turducken or turduckhen (another variation adding or substituting a cornish game hen). His turkey, duck, and chicken ballotine is now widely commercially available under",
"title": "Turducken"
},
{
"id": "1951294",
"text": "Kingdom has its own specialities. Traditional examples of English cuisine include the Sunday roast; featuring a roasted joint, usually roast beef (a signature English national dish dating back to the 1731 ballad \"The Roast Beef of Old England\"), lamb or chicken, served with assorted boiled vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy. The full English breakfast consists of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages and eggs. Black pudding and hash browns are often also included. It is usually served with tea or coffee. The Ulster version – Ulster fry – includes soda farl and potato bread, with the",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "17971833",
"text": "Starck's French restaurant La Panetiere, the work of Jane Jacobs on the importance of urban renewal, and travels throughout Europe and South America. The name came when Poses’ mother suggested that he call the new place Le Grenouille. Poses chose the English version, Frög, because it was unpretentious and easy to remember. The umlaut was added over the “o” as a design flourish, to symbolize the eyes of the frog. (The umlaut was later removed when the name Frog carried over to the catering business.) The restaurant struck a chord with young urbanites and quickly became a dining destination that",
"title": "Frog Commissary"
},
{
"id": "8448323",
"text": "a more standard menu, then reintroduced in Canada and expanded upon beginning in the late 1990s. The original Burger Family lineup consists of the Baby, Mama, Teen and Papa burgers. They are still sold today along with other burgers named after other family members: The only non-\"Family\" member of A&W's beef burger lineup is the \"Mozza Burger\", consisting of a beef patty, lettuce, tomato, bacon, mozzarella cheese, and Mozza sauce on a sesame seed bun. Discontinued members of the Burger Family include the \"Grandma Burger\", a prime rib burger topped with caramelized onions and horseradish sauce and the \"Sirloin Burger",
"title": "A&W (Canada)"
},
{
"id": "12251893",
"text": "name. At a dinner during Black History Month, an NBC chef, Leslie Calhoun, served fried chicken. The drummer of the Roots, Questlove, was angered by this and thought it both offensive and ignorant. In 2012, Burger King withdrew a commercial which featured Mary J. Blige singing about a crispy chicken wrap due to the racial stereotypes surrounding fried chicken. Fried chicken Fried chicken (also referred to as Southern fried chicken for the variant in the United States) is a dish consisting of chicken pieces usually from broiler chickens which have been floured or battered and then pan-fried, deep fried, or",
"title": "Fried chicken"
},
{
"id": "136024",
"text": "bridge in Paris in 1789, just before the outbreak of the French Revolution. However, a reference exists in France from 1775 to \"a few pieces of fried potato\" and to \"fried potatoes\". Eating potatoes for sustenance was promoted in France by Antoine-Augustin Parmentier, but he did not mention \"fried\" potatoes in particular. Many Americans attribute the dish to France and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson: \"\"Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches\"\" (\"Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small slices\") in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand (circa 1801–1809) and the recipe almost certainly",
"title": "French fries"
},
{
"id": "11006635",
"text": "flat noodles rolled from biscuit dough. Where such a distinction is made, it is sometimes considered a different dish from \"chicken and dumplings\", which is known for small balls of dough rather than flat strips. In the Appalachian region of the United States, this preparation is called chicken and slicks. The Pennsylvania Dutch version is called \"bott boi\". Chicken and dumpling soup is another variation, and is very popular in the Midwest. Chicken and dumplings Chicken and dumplings is a dish that consists of a chicken cooked in water, with the resulting chicken broth being used to cook the dumplings",
"title": "Chicken and dumplings"
},
{
"id": "4550005",
"text": "Chicago serving this dish. The restaurant existed until 1951 and was run by Vladimir Yaschenko, a former colonel of the imperial Russian army. It was styled after the famous eponymous Moscow restaurant and was frequented by celebrities of that time. After World War II, US newspapers mentioned chicken Kiev served in New York restaurants. Recipes for a \"chicken cutlet à la Kiev\" were published in \"The New York Times\" in 1946 and in \"Gourmet\" magazine in 1948. Since the end of the 1940s or beginning of the 1950s, chicken Kiev became a standard fare in Soviet high class restaurants, in",
"title": "Chicken Kiev"
},
{
"id": "15734366",
"text": "and the breasts are thinly sliced and arranged around the stuffing. The remaining carcass is pressed in a poultry press to extract all the juices and is added to a Rouennaise sauce, which is poured over the sliced duck. (This dish is today the speciality of the house at \"La Tour d'Argent\".) Ortolans sur canapés, ortolans (now a protected species) on toast. Aubergines à l'espagnole is a dish of aubergine shells filled with chopped aubergine, tomato and ham, gratinéed with gruyère. Cassolette princesse, (a.k.a. Cassolette argenteuil), A cassolette with a border of duchesse potatoes and an asparagus filling in cream",
"title": "Three Emperors Dinner"
},
{
"id": "3546959",
"text": "distinct stage of the meal. Large, whole joints of meat (usually beef or veal) and very large fowl (turkey and geese) were categorized as \"grandes\" or \"grosses entrées\". When roasted, these same joints and fowl were called “spit-roasted entrées” (\"entrées de broche\"); they were always served with a sauce to distinguish them from true roasts. When boiled, a joint of beef was called the “le bouilli”; this was generally the first of the entrées consumed in the meal, after the potages and hors d’œuvres. In the late 18th century, the practice arose of removing the empty soup tureens and replacing",
"title": "Entrée"
},
{
"id": "2208072",
"text": "specialty in the Ohio River Valley. Rocky Mountain oysters, \"prairie oysters\", or \"turkey fries\" (beef testicles) are a delicacy eaten in some cattle-raising parts of the western US and Canada. Offal dishes from many other cultures exist but the appeal is usually limited to the immigrant communities that introduced the dish. For example, chopped liver, lungen stew, and beef tongue (especially as used by Kosher delis) in American Jewish culture, or \"menudo\" in Mexican-American culture. Ironically, given its provenance and history, offal has started to be reintroduced as an item of haute cuisine, with stylish restaurants offering roasted bone marrow,",
"title": "Offal"
},
{
"id": "4717580",
"text": "\"The Daily Telegraph\", observes that by the time Wellington became famous, meat baked in pastry was a well-established part of English cuisine, and that the dish's similarity to the French \"filet de bœuf en croûte\" (fillet of beef in pastry) might imply that \"Beef Wellington\" was a \"timely patriotic rebranding of a trendy continental dish\". However, she cautions, there are no 19th-century recipes for the dish. There is a mention of \"fillet of beef, a la Wellington\" in the \"Los Angeles Times\" of 1903, and an 1899 reference in a menu from the Hamburg-America line. It may be related to",
"title": "Beef Wellington"
},
{
"id": "18759715",
"text": "Chicken in the Rough Chicken in the Rough, also known as Beverly's Chicken in the Rough, is a fried chicken restaurant chain and former franchise. It was one of the earliest restaurant chain franchises in the United States. Chicken in the Rough was founded by Beverly and Rubye Osborne in 1936 in Oklahoma City, and the restaurant's specialty half a fried chicken dish was also created in 1936. The dish itself was also referred to as \"Chicken in the Rough\", and consisted of half a fried chicken, shoestring potatoes and a biscuit with honey. Three restaurants presently serve the dish",
"title": "Chicken in the Rough"
},
{
"id": "11016512",
"text": "subject of reviews on dedicated websites which compare the dish as purchased from various pubs within a region. The dish's colloquial name varies across regions, with 'parmy', 'parmi' and 'parma' the most popular variations. Carne pizzaiola is a dish derived from the Neapolitan tradition that features meat, often topped with cheese and cooked with tomatoes, olive oil, garlic, and white wine. Beef is used most often but it can be made with chicken and pork as well. Parmo is a dish originating in Middlesbrough, England. It typically consists of fried breaded chicken topped with a white béchamel sauce and cheese.",
"title": "Chicken parmigiana"
},
{
"id": "1687316",
"text": "the Lorraine region of France) is a popular variant that was originally an open pie with eggs, cream and lardons. In English-speaking countries, modern preparations of the dish usually include mature cheese (Cheddar cheese often being used in British varieties), and the lardons are replaced by bacon. There are many variants of quiche, using a wide variety of ingredients. Variants may be named descriptively, often in French, e.g. ' (quiche with cheese) and ' (quiche with mushrooms) or conventionally, e.g. ' (spinach) and ' (tomatoes). Quiche Quiche ( ) is a savoury open flan consisting of pastry crust filled with",
"title": "Quiche"
},
{
"id": "2001072",
"text": "home cooking. In many restaurants, the fajita meat and vegetables is brought to the table sizzling loudly on a metal platter or skillet, along with warmed tortillas and condiments such as guacamole, pico de gallo, queso, salsa, shredded cheese, and/or sour cream. Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat.",
"title": "Fajita"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Chicken à la King context: late 20th. Chicken à la King Chicken à la King (Franglais; 'King-style chicken') is a dish consisting of diced chicken in a cream sauce, and often with sherry, mushrooms, and vegetables, served over rice, pasta, or bread. Several competing accounts about its origin have circulated: The recipe was mentioned in the \"New York Times\" in 1893, and early published recipes appeared in 1900 and 1905. Fannie Merritt Farmer included a recipe in her 1911 publication on catering. The \"Fannie Farmer Cookbook\" includes a recipe for Chicken à la King in the 1906 update. It became a popular dish during\n\nHow was the dish we know as chicken a la king first listed when it was added to the menu at New York's Delmonico's restaurant in the 1880's?",
"compressed_tokens": 223,
"origin_tokens": 224,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Chicken Divan context: Chicken Divan Chicken Divan is a chicken casserole usually served with broccoli, almonds, and Mornay sauce. It was named after the place of its invention, the Divan Parisienne Restaurant in the New York City Chatham Hotel where it was served as the signature dish in the early twentieth century. Its creator, a chef named Lagasi, created it as part of a contest, winning a small amount of money and creating the hotel's signature dish. In French, the word \"divan\" refers to a meeting place or great hall, and thus the name was chosen to imply a kind of continental elegance.\n\ntitle: Ch parmig context on websites which compare the dish purchased from various pub within a region. The dish' colloquial var regions, withmy',parmi' and 'parma' the most variations Carneizzaiola is a dish derived from Neapol that features meat, topped cheese and cooked with tomatoes, olive oil, garlic, and white wine Be used most often but it can be made with chicken and pork as well Parmo is a d originating Middlesbrough, England. It typically consists of f breaded ch topped with béchamel sauce and cheese.\n\ntitle: Why didicken cross the road an 17 edition of \"The Knicker\", a New York month magazine: are 'ips qusem actualrums yet. Of this: 'Why does a cross street? 'out 'give it up?' Well, 'Because get on the other In the 189 variant version the magazinePter's Americanly\": not a cross the? would fowl. Theins this jo emer from during strik 9th-century\n: Delmonico:,s South The websiteatoes, possibly la, but mostict were also said to have originated at Delmonico's, although others claim that dish as well. It is often said that Baked Alaska's name was coined at Delmonico's as well, in 1867, by cook Charles Ranhofer. However, no contemporary account exists of this occurrence and Ranhofer himself referred to the dish, in 1894, as \"Alaska Florida\",\n\nHow was the dish we know as chicken a la king first listed when it was added to the menu at New York's Delmonico's restaurant in the 1880's?",
"compressed_tokens": 521,
"origin_tokens": 14404,
"ratio": "27.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
144 | What American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States? | [
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"Houstan, Texas",
"Houston, Texas, USA",
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"Houston, USA",
"The Energy Capital of the World",
"Houston, United States",
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"Houston, Texas, United States",
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"Houston TX",
"Houston,TX",
"City of Houston, Texas",
"Houston, TX",
"Houston,Texas, United States"
] | Houston Texas | [
{
"id": "4175155",
"text": "Egg roll Egg rolls are a variety of deep-fried appetizers served in American Chinese restaurants. An egg roll is a cylindrical, savory roll with shredded cabbage, chopped pork, and other fillings inside a thickly-wrapped wheat flour skin, which is fried in hot oil. The dish is served warm, and is usually eaten with the fingers, dipped in duck sauce, soy sauce, plum sauce, or hot mustard, often from a cellophane packet. Egg rolls are a ubiquitous feature of American Chinese cuisine and are often served as free additions to American Chinese lunch special take-out combination platters throughout the United States,",
"title": "Egg roll"
},
{
"id": "787875",
"text": "its southern coast - with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage - and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu. California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward. New York City is the most populous city in the United States. The United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0.75% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the world average annual rate of 1.1%. The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for",
"title": "Demography of the United States"
},
{
"id": "14847294",
"text": "eggs. More than 2000 persons reported illnesses traced to contaminated eggs. Wright County Egg Wright County Egg (formerly DeCoster Egg Farms), based in Galt, Iowa, is one of the top ten egg producers in the United States, with a flock of more than 15 million chickens. The company also produces pork. The company was founded by Austin \"Jack\" DeCoster as a teenager, when his father died. All the family had were several hundred chickens. In the 1990s and 2000s the company was raided by federal officials several times, and faced litigation. It was charged with violating employment laws by extensive",
"title": "Wright County Egg"
},
{
"id": "14847292",
"text": "Wright County Egg Wright County Egg (formerly DeCoster Egg Farms), based in Galt, Iowa, is one of the top ten egg producers in the United States, with a flock of more than 15 million chickens. The company also produces pork. The company was founded by Austin \"Jack\" DeCoster as a teenager, when his father died. All the family had were several hundred chickens. In the 1990s and 2000s the company was raided by federal officials several times, and faced litigation. It was charged with violating employment laws by extensive hiring of illegal immigrant workers and maintaining abusive conditions. In addition,",
"title": "Wright County Egg"
},
{
"id": "5842864",
"text": "State of Illinois, the government of the United States of America, or the government of any foreign country. The city of Chicago has one of the highest total sales tax of all major U.S. cities (10.25%). It was previously this high (10.25%), however, it was reduced when Cook County lowered its sales tax by 0.5% in July 2010, another 0.25% in January 2012, and another 0.25% in January 2013. Chicago charges a 2.25% food tax on regular groceries and drug purchases, and has an additional 3% soft drink tax (totaling 13.25%). An additional 1% is charged for prepared food and",
"title": "Sales taxes in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4175161",
"text": "that the combined, albeit chaotic, families of the two romantic leads constitute a party large enough to qualify for free egg rolls when eating out at a Chinese restaurant, a comment from which the film draws its title. The 1959 musical \"Gypsy\" includes a song called \"Have an Eggroll, Mr. Goldstone\". In season 2 episode 14 of Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Hoytsman challenges Jake to guess Terry's height in egg rolls. Egg roll Egg rolls are a variety of deep-fried appetizers served in American Chinese restaurants. An egg roll is a cylindrical, savory roll with shredded cabbage, chopped pork, and other fillings",
"title": "Egg roll"
},
{
"id": "4175159",
"text": "and available in authentic Chinese, Vietnamese, and Thai restaurants in the United States, American egg rolls are distinct. A typical \"New York style\" egg roll measures approximately two inches in diameter by six inches in length, with a thick, chewy, crispy, bumpy exterior skin. Egg rolls, like other Americanized Chinese food specialties, may contain vegetable cultivars and flavor profiles that are not common in China, including broccoli. Restaurants that serve egg rolls occasionally also offer spring rolls as a separate menu option, and these spring rolls may be served with a cold filling wrapped in Banh trang rice paper wrappers",
"title": "Egg roll"
},
{
"id": "119750",
"text": "holiday in Tasmania, varying between award, and was also a public holiday in Victoria until 1994. In the United States, because Easter falls on a Sunday, which is already a non-working day for federal and state employees, it has not been designated as a federal or state holiday. Easter parades are held in many American cities, involving festive strolling processions, with the New York City parade being the best known. The egg is an ancient symbol of new life and rebirth. In Christianity it became associated with Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. The custom of the Easter egg originated in the",
"title": "Easter"
},
{
"id": "199755",
"text": "available jobs, and to the introduction of tough immigration laws in many states. According to the Pew Hispanic Center the net immigration of Mexican born persons had stagnated in 2010, and tended toward going into negative figures. More than 80 cities in the United States, including Washington D.C., New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, San Diego, San Jose, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, Detroit, Jersey City, Minneapolis, Denver, Baltimore, Seattle, Portland, Oregon and Portland, Maine, have sanctuary policies, which vary locally. Source: US Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics Top 10 sending countries",
"title": "Immigration to the United States"
},
{
"id": "991677",
"text": "exported, valued at US$9 billion. Midwestern states also lead the nation in other agricultural commodities, including pork (Iowa), beef and veal (Nebraska), dairy (Wisconsin), and chicken eggs (Iowa). Chicago is the economic and financial heartbeat of the Midwest, and has the third largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—approximately $532 billion, according to 2010 estimates, after only the urban agglomerations of New York City and Los Angeles, in the first and second place, respectively. Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index. The 2017 Global Financial Centres",
"title": "Midwestern United States"
},
{
"id": "5390261",
"text": "$ billion in ) in stock for Fred Meyer and assumed $4.8 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ) of the company's debt, further consolidating the grocery business and creating the largest supermarket chain in the country. With the transaction, Kroger regains the spot it lost to Albertsons Inc. as the nation's largest supplier of eggs and milk. The acquisition gave Kroger the status of the nation's largest supermarket company, stretching from the fast-growing Western markets, where Portland-based Fred Meyer is strong, to the Midwest and the Southeast, where the Cincinnati-based company has many stores and much visibility. The move",
"title": "Smith's Food and Drug"
},
{
"id": "4175158",
"text": "filling ingredient in modern egg rolls. Egg rolls do not typically contain egg in the filling, and the wheat flour wrapper may or may not contain egg. In addition to the disputed origin of the dish, it is unclear how the word \"egg\" appeared in the name, since the predominant flavor in American egg rolls is cabbage, not eggs. A 1979 Washington Post article speculated that the Chinese word for \"egg\" sounds very similar to the Chinese word for \"spring\", but this theory has not been widely adopted. While there are many types of spring rolls native to East Asia",
"title": "Egg roll"
},
{
"id": "19879048",
"text": "in Chicago and San Francisco; and in September, a store planned for New York City was confirmed. In September 2018, Amazon Go opened its first location outside of Seattle at the company's offices in the Chicago Loop. Amazon reportedly plans to open as many as 3,000 Amazon Go locations across the United States by 2021. Amazon Go Amazon Go is a chain of grocery stores operated by the online retailer Amazon, with four locations in Seattle, Washington, three in Chicago, Illinois, and one in San Francisco, California. The stores are partially-automated, with customers able to purchase products without being checked",
"title": "Amazon Go"
},
{
"id": "3105217",
"text": "for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens. New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,622,698 residents , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S.",
"title": "New York City"
},
{
"id": "4175157",
"text": "“Chop Suey: A Cultural history of Chinese food in the United States\", has stated that the modern American egg roll was probably invented at a Chinese restaurant in New York City in the early 1930s, by one of two chefs who both later claimed credit for the creation: Lung Fong of Lung Fong's, or Henry Low of Port Arthur. According to Coe, Low's recipe, printed in a 1938 cookbook, \"Cook at Home in Chinese\" included “bamboo shoots, roast pork, shrimp, scallions, water chestnuts, salt, MSG, sugar, palm oil, and pepper,” but notably did not include cabbage, which is the main",
"title": "Egg roll"
},
{
"id": "2423405",
"text": "the Apple Pay contactless payment system in Switzerland on 7 July 2016. On 9 August 2018, Aldi announced plans to expand its product selection by offering more organic, fresh and easy-to-prepare meals. Aldi also aims to expand to about 2,500 stores in the United States by 2022. On 18 September 2018, Aldi announced its intent to offer grocery delivery in the United States. Aldi began testing grocery delivery in 2017 in select cities such as Atlanta, Georgia and Chicago, Illinois. Grocery delivery is expected to be available nationwide by Thanksgiving 2018. Aldi stores are noted as examples of so-called no-frills",
"title": "Aldi"
},
{
"id": "2012877",
"text": "fried egg served over white rice, topped with a dab of oyster or hoisin sauce, is also popular in east Asia. Fried eggs are also sometimes used in a Vietnamese breakfast roll. This American dish is usually made by cutting a circle or other shape out of a slice of bread, often using a drinking glass or biscuit cutter. The bread is fried until brown on one side and then flipped, and an egg is broken into the center and seasoned, usually with salt and pepper, and sometimes herbs. The pan is then covered, and the egg is cooked until",
"title": "Fried egg"
},
{
"id": "19043756",
"text": "originally bid for the USOC's nomination in late 2014, when Boston was chosen over Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco. This was the third United States summer bid since hosting the Centennial Olympic Games (1996) in Atlanta, previously losing in 2012 and 2016 to London and Rio de Janeiro. Los Angeles previously hosted the 1932 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics, and will become the third city – after London and Paris in 2024 – to host the Summer Games three times. Los Angeles will become the first American city to host the Olympic games since the 2002",
"title": "Los Angeles bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "1252772",
"text": "9/11 attacks on the world trade center the egg was painted as a red, white, and blue American flag. In 2014, the Seattle Seahawks logo was painted on the egg after they won the Super Bowl. Winlock, Washington Winlock () is a city in Lewis County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,339 at the 2010 census. It was named after territorial army general, Winlock M. Miller, who briefly resided there. Winlock is mostly famous for having the World's Largest Egg, reflecting its former status as a major producer of eggs. Early in its history, Winlock attracted many immigrants from",
"title": "Winlock, Washington"
},
{
"id": "12237932",
"text": "1970 were preferred to locate in urban areas with high poverty and low income. Afterward, this trend gradually reversed direction until 1990. Studies suggest that 21 of America's largest cities experience a grocery gap characterized by fewer stores and less square footage per store. The poorest neighborhoods typically have about 55% of the grocery square footage of the best-off neighborhoods. The migration of supermarkets to the suburbs contribute to the creation of so-called food deserts. Simultaneously, there is a lower prevalence of independently owned grocery stores in low-wealth and predominantly black neighborhoods and a greater proportion of households without access",
"title": "Supermarket shortage"
},
{
"id": "14780920",
"text": "at Houston, Newark Liberty, Chicago-O'Hare, Denver and San Francisco; Delta Air Lines at Atlanta, Cincinnati, Detroit, Minneapolis, and Seattle; and American Airlines at Charlotte, Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami, Philadelphia and Phoenix. Air cargo comprises a large number of daily flights in the United States and are operated by private parcel companies such as FedEx and United Parcel Service. These organizations operate some of the largest fleets in the world. Most air cargo moved by these organizations is time sensitive overnight and 2nd day parcels. The U.S. Postal Service also moves much of its letters and time sensitive parcels via air,",
"title": "Air transportation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2586152",
"text": "in areas such as the rapidly-developing Seaport District area of South Boston. Cities such as Atlanta, Houston, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington DC, to name a few, are ranked as having the worst traffic in the country. Los Angeles also has the highest amount of time spent in congestion, followed by Honolulu and Washington DC. The term \"third rush hour\" has been used to refer to a period of the midday in which roads in urban and suburban areas become congested due to a large number of people taking lunch breaks using",
"title": "Rush hour"
},
{
"id": "3559381",
"text": "as a model for a federal government approach to immigration, said that \"The use of the word 'anchor baby' when we're talking about a child of God is offensive.\" , Los Angeles is considered the center of the maternity tourism industry, which caters mostly to wealthy Asian women; authorities in the city there closed 14 maternity tourism \"hotels\" in 2013. The industry is difficult to close down since it is not illegal for a pregnant woman to travel to the U.S. On March 3, 2015 Federal Agents in Los Angeles conducted a series of raids on 3 \"multimillion-dollar birth-tourism businesses\"",
"title": "Anchor baby"
},
{
"id": "2680296",
"text": "announced their goal \"to have all the eggs they sell in western states (CA, OR, WA, AZ, NM and CO) come from cage-free suppliers by 2020 and all the eggs we sell nationally to come from cage-free suppliers by 2025.\" The May 2009 issue of \"Consumer Reports\" ranked Trader Joe's the second-best supermarket chain in the United States (after Wegmans). In June 2009, \"MSN Money\" released its third annual Customer Service Hall of Fame survey results. Trader Joe's ranked second in customer service. Although \"Ethisphere\" magazine listed Trader Joe's among its most ethical companies in the United States from 2008",
"title": "Trader Joe's"
},
{
"id": "20670317",
"text": "Rose Acre Farms Rose Acre Farms is the second largest egg producer in the United States and employs 2,000 people. The company is based in Seymour, Indiana, and has facilities in Arizona, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, North Carolina and Georgia. Rose Acre Farms is one of several producers that annually donate approximately 30,000 hard boiled eggs to the U.S. government for use at the White House Easter Egg Roll. In 2013 the company began a 30 year effort to refit its facilities to cage-free standards. In 2018, Rose Acre Farms donated $200,000 for a new animal science complex on the",
"title": "Rose Acre Farms"
},
{
"id": "5207642",
"text": "producing in Los Angeles since 1989, was the largest clothing manufacturer in North America. They were committed to social responsibility, and offered their factory workers careers with benefits and pay significantly higher than that of their overseas counterparts. After worker protests and bribery investigations, Walmart, the largest grocery store in the world, has pledged to source $50 billion in products from the US over the next ten years. Companies such as Tropicana sold their orange juice as being 100% native to Florida. In the late 2000s decade, they started to mix oranges from Brazil, and Florida's Natural saw this as",
"title": "Made in USA"
},
{
"id": "19514688",
"text": "always wanted to be, and he will remain there. The attempts to remove him from cases never work because Columbo \"is something of a legend\", and thus has a powerful position with the police force. In fact, in Falk's pilot episode, \"Prescription Murder\", he mentions to a suspected accessory that somebody has attempted to have him removed from the case, but he says: Columbo was born and raised in New York City in a neighborhood near Chinatown. In the episode \"Murder Under Glass\", he says that he ate more egg rolls than cannelloni during his childhood. He is Italian on",
"title": "Columbo (character)"
},
{
"id": "14484876",
"text": "of living. This includes the highest cost of water in the United States. , San Diego County is within the top ten highest cost of rent in the United States; this has led to people moving out of the county. San Diego County's agriculture industry was worth $1.85 billion in 2013, and is one of the top five egg producing counties in the United States. In 2013, San Diego County also had the most small farms of any county in the United States, and had the 19th largest agricultural economy of any county in the United States. According to the",
"title": "San Diego County, California"
},
{
"id": "4797685",
"text": "the A & P' is almost an American tribal rite.\" \"Time\" also wrote in 1950, \"Of every dollar the U.S. spends on food, about 10¢ is passed over A & P counters—a massive yearly total of $2.9 billion. Next to General Motors, the A&P sells more goods than any other company in the world.\" \"The New York Times\", in an editorial on September 7, 2011, wrote that Hartford's sons George and John \"were among the 20th century’s most accomplished and visionary businessmen.\" The \"Wall Street Journal\", in an editorial on August 29, 2011, wrote, \"Together the brothers, neither of whom",
"title": "George Huntington Hartford"
},
{
"id": "455764",
"text": "Markets, and other small formats. The discount stores sell a variety of mostly non-grocery products, though emphasis has now shifted towards supercenters, which include more groceries. there are a total of 4,755 Walmart U.S. stores. In the United States, 90 percent of the population resides within 10 miles of a Walmart store. The president and CEO of Walmart U.S. is Greg Foran. Walmart Supercenters, branded simply as \"Walmart\", are hypermarkets with sizes varying from , but averaging about . These stock general merchandise and a full-service supermarket, including meat and poultry, baked goods, delicatessen, frozen foods, dairy products, garden produce,",
"title": "Walmart"
},
{
"id": "7516686",
"text": "C&S Wholesale Grocers C&S Wholesale Grocers is an American wholesale distribution of food and grocery store items with its headquarters in Keene, New Hampshire, United States. C&S is the tenth-largest privately held company in the United States, as listed by \"Forbes\". C&S owns the Piggly Wiggly grocery brand (which is independently franchised to store operators) as well as the Best Yet private label brand. C&S is the largest wholesale grocery distributor in the United States, based on revenue. C&S provides more than 140,000 stock-keeping units (SKUs) food and nonfood items to 6,500 corporate customers, including produce, meat, dairy products, delicatessen",
"title": "C&S Wholesale Grocers"
},
{
"id": "15535076",
"text": "in the cities. Cheesesteaks, breakfast sandwiches, and soft-pretzels are common in Philadelphia. Throughout the US, ice cream is sold out of trucks. Tacos and Tortas are sold from open food stalls. Pizza and egg rolls are available from window counters. Some vendors operate out of food trucks and food carts, which offer a low overhead for entrepreneurs and often serve a huge variety of cuisines. Like restaurants, they are regulated and subject to inspections by local municipal or county health departments. Food trucks surged in popularity after the success of the Korean–Mexican fusion truck Kogi Korean BBQ in Los Angeles",
"title": "Regional street food"
},
{
"id": "5822223",
"text": "the markets are served by affiliates that are owned by other media companies). Periodically, networks may sell O&Os to comply with this FCC restriction. O&Os tend to be found in large urban centers such as New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, and other markets that are typically among the 10 largest in the U.S. (such as the San Francisco Bay Area, Dallas–Fort Worth, Philadelphia, and Houston), although they have also been found in markets as small as Green Bay, Wisconsin (DMA #69, 2006–07) and Toledo, Ohio (DMA #76, 1995–2011) in the past. Some networks (such as Ion Television) and",
"title": "Owned-and-operated station"
},
{
"id": "6660212",
"text": "American Stores was bought out by Albertsons, which became briefly the largest grocery retailer in the United States, but became second after Kroger acquired Fred Meyer the following month. In the year that followed, all Lucky Stores took the Albertsons name, and the Lucky brand was phased out, in order to not create confusion. In Central California, many Lucky Stores were bought by Save Mart Supermarkets and now operate as Save Mart. In 2006, Berkeley, California-based Grocery Outlet closed its Rocklin, California, location, only to re-open the store with the Lucky name and the classic Lucky logo. On April 1,",
"title": "Lucky Stores"
},
{
"id": "10100217",
"text": "London. Seven countries have established an international reputation in fashion: France, Italy, United Kingdom, United States, Japan, Germany and Belgium. Most fashion houses in the United States are based in New York City, with a high concentration centered in the Garment District neighborhood. On the west coast, there are also a significant number of fashion houses in Los Angeles, where a substantial percentage of high fashion clothing manufactured in the United States is actually made. Beverly Hills, particularly on Rodeo Drive, is globally renowned for its fashion design and prestigious shopping. Burgeoning industries in Miami, Chicago, Dallas, and especially San",
"title": "Fashion design"
},
{
"id": "18423992",
"text": "Eggslut Eggslut is a fast food restaurant in Los Angeles and Las Vegas known for its signature dish \"The Slut\", a coddled egg on pureed potatoes. The shop Eggslut opened at the Grand Central Market in Los Angeles was named as one of the top 10 new U.S. restaurant's by \"Bon Appétit\" for 2014. The restaurant's name has been included in a list of risqué names by KCET and the \"New York Times\", with Eli Altman stating that having a boring name may mean that an advertisement doesn't attract attention, and 65 percent of respondents of a KCET poll stating",
"title": "Eggslut"
},
{
"id": "18029103",
"text": "from high rates of diabetes, has one supermarket for every 25,000 residents, in comparison to the U.S. average of one supermarket for every 12,500 residents. \"In Washington, DC, the city's lowest income wards (Wards 7 and 8) have one supermarket for every 70,000 people while two of the three highest-income wards (Wards 2 and 3) have one for every 11,881 people. One in five of the city's food stamp recipients lives in a neighborhood without a grocery store.\" Twenty-one studies have found that food stores in low-income communities are less likely to stock healthy or fresh food or snacks. These",
"title": "Obesity and the environment"
},
{
"id": "19879042",
"text": "Amazon Go Amazon Go is a chain of grocery stores operated by the online retailer Amazon, with four locations in Seattle, Washington, three in Chicago, Illinois, and one in San Francisco, California. The stores are partially-automated, with customers able to purchase products without being checked out by a cashier or using a self-checkout station. The first store, located in the company's Day 1 building, opened to employees on December 5, 2016, and to the public on January 22, 2018. The flagship store has prepared foods, meal kits, limited groceries, and liquor available for purchase. According to a promotional video published",
"title": "Amazon Go"
},
{
"id": "1252760",
"text": "Winlock, Washington Winlock () is a city in Lewis County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,339 at the 2010 census. It was named after territorial army general, Winlock M. Miller, who briefly resided there. Winlock is mostly famous for having the World's Largest Egg, reflecting its former status as a major producer of eggs. Early in its history, Winlock attracted many immigrants from Finland, Germany, and Sweden. Winlock is located at (46.491308, -122.937588). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Olequa Creek, a main tributary of the",
"title": "Winlock, Washington"
},
{
"id": "6052786",
"text": "egg substitutes. Egg Beaters are sold frozen or refrigerated in various size containers, and seven varieties, Original, 100% Egg Whites, Garden Vegetable, Cheese & Chives, Southwestern Style, Three Cheese, and Florentine. Most contain no fat or cholesterol, and all provide substantially less food energy (calories), fat and cholesterol than whole eggs. Egg Beaters Egg Beaters is a product marketed in the United States as a healthy substitute for chicken eggs. Egg Beaters is primarily egg whites with added flavorings, vitamins, and thickeners xanthan gum and guar gum. It contains real egg whites, but no egg yolks. Egg Beaters was introduced",
"title": "Egg Beaters"
},
{
"id": "18469055",
"text": "first egg producer to receive humane certification. There has been some concern about how the company sources its eggs. The company operations in the UK are managed from Lincolnshire. Currently, the company operates over 100 farms across England, Wales and Scotland, and they sell over 3/4 million eggs a day. The Happy Eggs brand is sold in all major supermarket retailers; including Asda, Tesco, Sainsbury's, Morrison’s and The Co-op, along with some smaller chains and independent retailers. The company head office in the US is based in San Francisco with farm operations in various preferred US locations. Since 2012 the",
"title": "The Happy Egg Company"
},
{
"id": "249079",
"text": "healthcare, and transportation. In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles was ranked as having the 19th most competitive financial center in the world, and sixth most competitive in United States (after New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C.). Two of the six major film studios, Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox, are located within the city limits, their locations being part of the so-called \"Thirty-Mile Zone\" of entertainment headquarters in Southern California. Los Angeles is the largest manufacturing center in the western United States. The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "4905969",
"text": "in population from the 1960s through the 1980s, a large number of apartment buildings suffered suspected arson fires or were abandoned by their owners. Once the population trend was reversed, with rising prospects for rentals and sales, new construction has resumed, but generally for purchasers in higher income brackets. New York is the largest city in the United States, with the city proper's population more than double the next largest city, Los Angeles (or roughly equivalent to the combined populations of Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston, the United States' second, third, and fourth most populous cities respectively). Demographers estimate New",
"title": "Demographics of New York City"
},
{
"id": "438063",
"text": "world's billionaires are American (in 2011). The U.S. home ownership rate in Q1 2018 was 64.2%, well below the all-time peak of 69.2% set in Q4 2004 during a housing bubble. Millions of homes were lost to foreclosure during the Great Recession of 2007-2009, bringing the ownership rate to a trough of 62.9% in Q2 2016. The average ownership rate from 1965–2017 was 65.3%. The average home in the United States has more than 700 square feet per person, which is 50%–100% more than the average in other high-income countries. Similarly, ownership rates of gadgets and amenities are relatively high",
"title": "Economy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "4738355",
"text": "9 of the 50 biggest US cities, both the most of any megaregion in the country. On a global scale, the megapolitan area would contain three of the fifty largest cities in the Americas. The largest cities in descending order are: Los Angeles, San Diego, Tijuana, San Jose, San Francisco, Mexicali, Las Vegas, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach, Oakland, Bakersfield, Anaheim, and Santa Ana. California's economy as a whole is the largest of any state in the United States and is the fourth largest economy in the world. The Northern California megaregion is home to the Silicon Valley with major corporations",
"title": "California megapolitan areas"
},
{
"id": "4441967",
"text": "is land and of it is water. The total area is 2.94% water. The city has been built on relatively flat land, the average height of land is above sea level. The centroid (geographical center) of the city is at , southeast of 28th and Leavitt Streets in an industrial area near the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. (Before annexations in the 1950s, notably for O'Hare International Airport, references placed the geographical center near 37th and Honore Streets.) Chicago, along with New York City and Los Angeles, California are the three most populous cities of the U.S., yet Chicago is",
"title": "Geography of Chicago"
},
{
"id": "249031",
"text": "Los Angeles is located in a large basin bounded by the Pacific Ocean on one side and by mountains as high as on the others. The city proper, which covers about , is the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the country. Los Angeles is the principal city of the Los Angeles metropolitan area; with a population of 13.1 million residents it is the second largest in the United States after that of New York City. It is part of the Los Angeles-Long Beach combined statistical area, also the second most populous in the nation with",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "3105220",
"text": "of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population. Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The",
"title": "New York City"
},
{
"id": "3557483",
"text": "a deal expected to close in the 4th quarter of the year. In January 2015, Bellingham, Washington-headquartered grocery chain Haggen announced it would buy 146 Vons, Albertsons, and Pavilions stores across Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, and Arizona as part of anti-monopoly requirements following the merger. Some of the major metropolitan areas affected were Los Angeles, Portland, Phoenix, Tucson, San Diego, Bakersfield, Seattle, and Las Vegas. On January 30, 2015, the merger between Safeway and Albertsons was finalized. On January 11, 2016, it was announced that the three remaining Albertsons stores in Florida, located in Largo, Altamonte Springs and Oakland Park,",
"title": "Safeway Inc."
},
{
"id": "2264761",
"text": "high in lipids (fats), egg white contains almost no fat, and carbohydrate content is less than 1%. Egg whites contain about 56% of the protein in the egg. Egg white has many uses in food (e.g. meringue, mousse) and also many other uses (e.g. in the preparation of vaccines such as those for influenza). Egg white makes up around two-thirds of a chicken egg by weight. Water constitutes about 90% of this, with protein, trace minerals, fatty material, vitamins, and glucose contributing the remainder. A raw U.S. large egg contains around 33 grams of egg white with 3.6 grams of",
"title": "Egg white"
},
{
"id": "7516694",
"text": "Spry, Pennsylvania. C&S Wholesale Grocers C&S Wholesale Grocers is an American wholesale distribution of food and grocery store items with its headquarters in Keene, New Hampshire, United States. C&S is the tenth-largest privately held company in the United States, as listed by \"Forbes\". C&S owns the Piggly Wiggly grocery brand (which is independently franchised to store operators) as well as the Best Yet private label brand. C&S is the largest wholesale grocery distributor in the United States, based on revenue. C&S provides more than 140,000 stock-keeping units (SKUs) food and nonfood items to 6,500 corporate customers, including produce, meat, dairy",
"title": "C&S Wholesale Grocers"
},
{
"id": "9669449",
"text": "supermarkets in many countries, but about one-third the size of an average supermarket within the US. By January 2007, Tesco opened its U.S. headquarters in El Segundo, California, near Los Angeles International Airport. The company initially expanded into Southern California, Phoenix, Arizona, and Las Vegas, Nevada. On April 21, 2009 Tesco reported a trading loss of £142m from Fresh & Easy. On October 4, 2010 Fresh & Easy announced that it was temporarily closing 13 stores because of shrinking populations, high percentage of housing foreclosures and high unemployment rates. The stores were being mothballed, with hope of reopening them when",
"title": "Fresh & Easy"
},
{
"id": "787882",
"text": "1965, the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has increased, from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007. Around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s. In 2009, 37% of immigrants originated in Asia, 42% in North America, and 11% in Africa. In 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest American cities. The Census Bureau reported that minorities (including Hispanic whites) made up 50.4% of the children born in the U.S. between July",
"title": "Demography of the United States"
},
{
"id": "12188680",
"text": "add up to an aggregate bubble.\" Despite greatly relaxed lending standards and low interest rates, many regions of the country saw very little growth during the \"bubble period\". Out of 20 largest metropolitan areas tracked by the S&P/Case-Shiller house price index, six (Dallas, Cleveland, Detroit, Denver, Atlanta, and Charlotte) saw less than 10% price growth in inflation-adjusted terms in 2001–2006. During the same period, seven metropolitan areas (Tampa, Miami, San Diego, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Washington DC) appreciated by more than 80%. Somewhat paradoxically, as the housing bubble deflates some metropolitan areas (such as Denver and Atlanta) have",
"title": "Causes of the United States housing bubble"
},
{
"id": "16258024",
"text": "of Oakland, Port of Virginia, Port of Houston, Port of Tacoma, Port of Charleston, and Port of Seattle. Airports, and more specifically air cargo, are a significant component of the freight system. It is estimated that in the United States in 2013, over $1.1 billion worth of goods traveled by air. The top five airports in the U.S., ranked by landed weight of all-cargo operations in 2014, are Memphis International Airport, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Louisville International Airport, Chicago O'Hare International Airport, and Miami International Airport. A distribution center is a warehouse or other specialized building that receives, stores,",
"title": "Urban freight distribution"
},
{
"id": "652587",
"text": "discussing the nature and role of the different Italian meats and other ingredients. On December 28, 2015, Subway released a commitment to transition to a 100% cage-free egg supply chain in North America by 2025. On April 28, 2017, Subway released a chicken welfare policy that states that by 2024 or sooner, 100% of its U.S. chicken products will be produced in alignment with Global Animal Partnership (GAP) standards for higher welfare breeds, enhanced living environments (including lighting, litter, and enrichment), increased activity levels and optimized stocking density, and improved slaughter methods. To ensure compliance, Subway’s chicken suppliers will be",
"title": "Subway (restaurant)"
},
{
"id": "14570639",
"text": "Jean-Michel Basquiat in 1982. Gem Spa Gem Spa is a newspaper stand and candy store located on the corner of St. Mark's Place and Second Avenue in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It opened under another name in the 1920s, and received its current name in 1957. It is open 24 hours a day, and is known for being commonly considered to be the birthplace of the authentic New York City-style egg cream, which its awning describes as \"New York's Best.\" It does not stock pornographic magazines, and it gets magazines delivered one or two days",
"title": "Gem Spa"
},
{
"id": "2903591",
"text": "chains in the United States include Culver's, headquartered in Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, with outlets in 20 states; Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, based in Wichita, Kansas, with more than 300 locations nationwide; Andy's Frozen Custard, based in Springfield, Missouri, with over 30 locations; Ted Drewes Frozen Custard in St. Louis, Rita’s in Southern California and Abbott's Frozen Custard, in Rochester, New York. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration requires products marketed as frozen custard to contain at least 10 percent milkfat and 1.4 percent egg yolk solids. If it has a smaller percentage of egg yolk solids,",
"title": "Frozen custard"
},
{
"id": "7734847",
"text": "the United States, is voting on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state. For this example, suppose that the entire electorate live in one of these four cities, and that they would like the capital to be established as close to their city as possible. The candidates for the capital are: Round 1: In the first round of voting the results will be as follows: Round 2: No candidate has an absolute majority in the first round (this would be greater than 50%), so Chattanooga,",
"title": "Exhaustive ballot"
},
{
"id": "667922",
"text": "had left many sites contaminated with hazardous wastes. Such environmental brownfields have needed technical approaches for redevelopment. In the 21st century, Schenectady began revitalization. GE established a renewable energy center that brought hundreds of employees to the area. The city is part of a metropolitan area with improving economic health, and a number of buildings have been renovated for new uses. Numerous small businesses, retail stores and restaurants have developed on State Street in the heart of downtown. Price Chopper Supermarkets and the New York Lottery are based in Schenectady. In December 2014, the state announced that Schenectady was one",
"title": "Schenectady, New York"
},
{
"id": "10311119",
"text": "for 39 percent of the sum of global production of these meats and 50 percent of total egg production. In the U.S., according to its National Pork Producers Council, 80 million of its 95 million pigs slaughtered each year are reared in industrial settings. In the United States, chickens were raised primarily on family farms until 1965. Originally, the primary value in poultry was eggs, and meat was considered a byproduct of egg production. Its supply was less than the demand, and poultry was expensive. Except in hot weather, eggs can be shipped and stored without refrigeration for some time",
"title": "Intensive animal farming"
},
{
"id": "6989306",
"text": "Hugo's Hugo's (or Hugo's Family Marketplace) is a family-owned chain of supermarket grocery stores located in the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota. It was founded by Hugo and Dorothy Magnuson in 1939. Hugo's is headquartered in the city of Grand Forks, North Dakota. The chain's stores have been supplied by the Nash Finch Company since 1939. Nash Finch was once headquartered in Grand Forks, but moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1919. Hugo Magnuson, a former mayor of Grand Forks, opened his first grocery store, the Pure Food Market, in Grand Forks. Magnuson's grocery stores carried the Piggly Wiggly",
"title": "Hugo's"
},
{
"id": "10920265",
"text": "traveled only in coach, and carried reading materials in a plastic bag. For many years, when in New York, he had lunch not at the city's luxury restaurants, but in the homey confines of 'Tommy Makem's Irish Pavilion' on East 57th Street, where he ate the burgers.\" As of 2016, he lived in a rented apartment in San Francisco, with a remaining nest egg of $2 million. The concept of \"duty-free shopping\"—offering high-end concessions to travelers, free of import taxes—was in its infancy when Feeney and his college classmate Robert Warren Miller started selling duty-free liquor to American servicemen in",
"title": "Chuck Feeney"
},
{
"id": "438173",
"text": "vehicle, costing an estimated additional $1500 per year commuting compared to Western European counterparts. Car ownership is on the decline but still 91% nationally. Car ownership is universal, except in the largest cities where extensive mass transit and railroad systems have been built, with lowest car ownership rates in New York City (44%), Washington, D.C. (62%), Boston (63%), Philadelphia (67%), San Francisco (69%), and Baltimore (69%). With the development of the extensive Eisenhower \"Interstate Highway System\" in the 1950s, both long-distance trips and daily the commute were mostly by private automobile. This network was designed to exacting federal standards in",
"title": "Transportation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15227073",
"text": "transformed San Francisco from a small isolated town to the richest and most populous city on the West Coast within a single year. The city is situated on a roughly seven-by-seven mile square tip of the San Francisco Peninsula. Having little land upon which to develop, and laying out most of its streets and buildings in the pre-automobile era, San Francisco is now the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. The city's compact neighborhoods result in short trip distances for work, shopping, and recreation, which can be conveniently made by bicycle. San Francisco’s",
"title": "Cycling in San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "5842893",
"text": "the city of Norwich), Columbia, Delaware, Greene, Hamilton, Madison (outside the city of Oneida), Tioga, and Wayne. The Cities of Binghamton, Gloversville, New York City, Olean, and Sherrill do not collect a local sales tax. New York State also exempts college textbooks from sales tax. Since June 1, 2008, when products are purchased online and shipped into New York State, some retailers must charge the tax amount appropriate to the locality where the goods are shipped, and in addition, must also charge the appropriate tax on the cost of shipping and handling. The measure states that any online retailer that",
"title": "Sales taxes in the United States"
},
{
"id": "12726110",
"text": "AmazonFresh AmazonFresh is a subsidiary of the Amazon.com American e-commerce company in Seattle, Washington. It is a grocery delivery service currently available in some U.S. states, London, Tokyo, Berlin (including Potsdam), Hamburg and Munich. AmazonFresh has rolled out its services gradually, targeting specific parts of various metropolitan areas and partnering with local speciality stores for delivery of local items. (The website allows users to check availability by ZIP code.) In March 2017, Amazon announced AmazonFresh Pickup, a drive-in-type grocery store for Amazon Prime subscribers, launching in beta on March 29. It's a delivery service that lets users shop online, reserve",
"title": "AmazonFresh"
},
{
"id": "606118",
"text": "the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop, an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters. However, by 2016, San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey. Like many U.S. cities, San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s. , San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company, and the",
"title": "San Francisco"
},
{
"id": "16759640",
"text": "void of healthy food retailers in low-income neighborhoods. Another theory suggests that in the period between 1970 and 1988, there was increasing economic segregation, with a large proportion of wealthy households moving from inner cities to more suburban areas. As a result, the median income in the inner cities rapidly decreased, causing a substantial proportion of supermarkets in these areas to close. Furthermore, business owners and managers are often discouraged from establishing grocery stores in low-income neighborhoods due to reduced demand for low-skilled workers, low-wage competition from international markets, zoning laws, and inaccurate perceptions about these areas. Another cause of",
"title": "Hunger in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3266904",
"text": "been the most dramatic; Detroit's population was almost 1.85 million as of the 1950 census but has plummeted to 677,000 as of 2015, with the most rapid decline occurring between 2000 and 2010. Other American cities whose populations have shrunk substantially since the 1950s – although some have begun to grow again – include New Orleans; St. Louis; Buffalo, New York; Philadelphia; Chicago; Cleveland; Pittsburgh; and Wilmington, Delaware. Though Japan's population has been predicted to decline for years, and its monthly and even annual estimates have shown a decline in the past, the 2010 census result figure was slightly higher,",
"title": "Population decline"
},
{
"id": "5842836",
"text": "from the home being taxed at 4%, most unprepared food (groceries) are exempt. A football stadium tax which expired December 31, 2011, but still has a mass transit tax, and scientific and cultural facilities tax. The total sales tax varies by city and county. Total sales tax on an item purchased in Falcon, Colorado, would be 5.13% (2.9% state, 1.23% county, and 1% PPRTA). The sales tax rate in Larimer County is roughly 7.5%. Most transactions in Denver and the surrounding area are taxed at a total of about 8%. The sales tax rate for non food items in Denver",
"title": "Sales taxes in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2496136",
"text": "New Jersey; four other locations in North Carolina, which are in Cary, Chapel Hill, Wake Forest, and West Cary; Arcola, Virginia; a second Alexandria location in Carlyle; Washington, DC, in the Fannie Mae section; Rockville, Maryland; and Reston, Virginia. In 2009, Wegmans ranked 29th on the \"Supermarket News\" list of the Top 75 North American Food Retailers based on sales volume, up from number 32 on the 2007 \"Supermarket News\" list, and 7th among privately held U.S. supermarkets. In 2009 \"Stores Magazine\" showed it to be the 74th-largest retailer in the United States with estimated revenues of $4.67 billion As",
"title": "Wegmans"
},
{
"id": "697061",
"text": "corporate offices, is being converted to residential luxury lofts. Long Island City is currently home to the largest fortune cookie factory in the United States, owned by Wonton Foods and producing four million fortune cookies a day. Lucky numbers included on fortunes in the company's cookies led to 110 people across the United States winning $100,000 each in a May 2005 drawing for Powerball. Online grocery company FreshDirect serves the greater New York metropolitan area via deliveries from a warehouse and administrative offices on Borden Avenue. A customer can also order online and come to the warehouse for pickup. The",
"title": "Long Island City"
},
{
"id": "165665",
"text": "county or municipal level in most other states. The cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities, although it is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco. These numbers may not take into account some costs, such as increased travel costs for flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories. Hawaiian Electric",
"title": "Hawaii"
},
{
"id": "1713211",
"text": "soybeans. Additionally, the San Joaquin Valley in California has also been called the breadbasket of the world. The San Joaquin Valley produces the majority of the 12.8% of the United States' agricultural production (as measured by dollar value) that comes from California. Grapes - table, raisin, and to a lesser extent, wine - are perhaps the valley's highest-profile product, but equally (if not more) important are cotton, nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), citrus, and vegetables. 70% of the world's and 100% of the U.S. supply of almonds comes from the valley. Oranges, peaches, garlic, tangerines, tomatoes, kiwis, hay, alfalfa and",
"title": "Breadbasket"
},
{
"id": "892402",
"text": "in the U.S., including Augusta, Georgia; Denver, Colorado; Indianapolis, Indiana; Jacksonville, Florida; Louisville, Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; New Orleans, Louisiana; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Francisco, California. Similarly, some of Alaska's boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, though often with population densities far below those of most urban areas. The term \"county equivalents\" is used to describe divisions whose organization differs from that of most counties: Consolidated city-counties are not designated county-equivalents for administrative purposes; since both the",
"title": "County (United States)"
},
{
"id": "13814245",
"text": "that could be used profitably on local farms to an unwanted byproduct. This trend may be reversing itself due to higher disposal costs on the one hand and higher fertilizer prices on the other, making farm regions attractive once more. From the farmer's point of view, eggs used to be practically the same as currency, with general stores buying eggs for a stated price per dozen. Egg production peaks in the early spring, when farm expenses are high and income is low. On many farms, the flock was the most important source of income, though this was often not appreciated",
"title": "Poultry farming in the United States"
},
{
"id": "12431799",
"text": "Boston preferred brown eggs and those in New York preferred white eggs. In February 1976, the \"New Scientist\" magazine, in discussing issues of chicken egg color, stated \"Housewives are particularly fussy about the colour of their eggs, preferring even to pay more for brown eggs although white eggs are just as good\". As a result of these trends, brown eggs are usually more expensive to purchase in regions where white eggs are considered \"normal\", due to lower production. In France and the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to buy white eggs, with most supermarkets supplying only the more popular",
"title": "Egg as food"
},
{
"id": "1350516",
"text": "as an example of \"vertical integration\" by the president of the U.S. National Farmers Union. Between 1967 and 2002, the one million pig farms in America consolidated into 114,000, with 80 million pigs (out of 95 million) produced each year on factory farms, according to the U.S. National Pork Producers Council. According to the Worldwatch Institute, 74 percent of the world's poultry, 43 percent of beef, and 68 percent of eggs are produced this way. Concerns over the sustainability of industrial agriculture, which has become associated with decreased soil quality, and over the environmental effects of fertilizers and pesticides, have",
"title": "Intensive farming"
},
{
"id": "14256510",
"text": "Crown Zellerbach Crown Zellerbach was an American pulp and paper conglomerate based in San Francisco, California. It was purchased in a hostile takeover Most of its pulp and paper assets were sold to James River Corporation, and are now part of Georgia-Pacific. Its name lives on most notably through the Crown Zellerbach Building in San Francisco (One Bush Plaza) and various philanthropic projects of the Zellerbach family. The company invented folded paper towels, cardboard egg cartons, and the window envelope. Anthony Zellerbach was born to a Jewish family in 1832 in Bavaria, Germany. He emigrated to America in 1846, first",
"title": "Crown Zellerbach"
},
{
"id": "14570632",
"text": "Gem Spa Gem Spa is a newspaper stand and candy store located on the corner of St. Mark's Place and Second Avenue in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It opened under another name in the 1920s, and received its current name in 1957. It is open 24 hours a day, and is known for being commonly considered to be the birthplace of the authentic New York City-style egg cream, which its awning describes as \"New York's Best.\" It does not stock pornographic magazines, and it gets magazines delivered one or two days before other New York",
"title": "Gem Spa"
},
{
"id": "23637",
"text": "with manufacturing, finance, transportation, and meatpacking. Smaller places like Omaha, Tulsa, and Kansas City make up local capitals, but the king of them all is Chicago, third largest city in the country. The Upper Midwest includes the states of Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan. Non-American Indian settlement began here earlier than anywhere else in the region, and thus the food available here ranges from the sublime to the bizarre. As with all of the Midwest, the primary meats here are beef and poultry, since the Midwest has been raising turkeys, chickens, and geese for over a hundred and",
"title": "American cuisine"
},
{
"id": "12449217",
"text": "exists in the region. Roughly 87.4% of Bay Area residents have attained a high school degree or higher, while 46% of adults in the Bay Area have earned a post-secondary degree or higher. The Bay Area is one of the wealthiest regions in the United States, due, primarily, to the economic power engines of San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland. The Bay Area city of Pleasanton has the second-highest household income in the country after New Canaan, Connecticut. However, discretionary income is very comparable with the rest of the country, primarily because the higher cost of living offsets the increased",
"title": "San Francisco Bay Area"
},
{
"id": "2571924",
"text": "Centers are issued separately from regular warehouses. , there are 17 Costco Business Centers in the United States, located in Orlando, Florida; Phoenix, Arizona; California (Commerce, Hawthorne, Hayward, North Hollywood, San Diego, South San Francisco and Westminster); Denver, Colorado; Morrow, Georgia; Bedford Park, Illinois; Hackensack, New Jersey; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Washington (Lynnwood, and Fife). The first Costco Business Center outside the US opened in Canada in Scarborough, Toronto in spring 2017. Like many other retailers vertically integrating their food supply chains, Costco has brought in-house poultry production for their rotisserie chickens, which are a major driver of customer traffic",
"title": "Costco"
},
{
"id": "119752",
"text": "United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children. Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia, the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative. Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries' folk traditions. A batik-like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate, brilliantly-colored eggs. The celebrated House of Fabergé workshops created exquisite jewelled Easter eggs for the Russian Imperial family from 1885 to 1916. Easter Easter, also called Pascha (Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of",
"title": "Easter"
},
{
"id": "402481",
"text": "mortality rate in the developed world, and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014, to 23.8 per 100,000. A rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country. See Maternal healthcare in Texas. Texas has the seventh highest birth rate in the United States, with nearly 400,000 babies born each year. Over half of all Texas births are paid by Medicaid, totaling over $2.2 billion per year in birth and delivery-related services for mothers and infants. Studies have found that infant mortality is usually caused by birth defects, pre-term",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "9336240",
"text": "the dawn of the 20th century, Buffalo was one of the most populous cities in the United States. It had hosted the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 and later became a center for the automotive industry. Later, the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway combined with the effects of suburbanization, deindustrialization, and globalization led to the decline of the city's chief industries. The city lost over half of its population from 1950 to 2010. Buffalo retains many industries and has developed a diverse economy based upon advanced manufacturing, healthcare and education. The City of Buffalo, formerly known as Buffalo Creek, received",
"title": "History of Buffalo, New York"
},
{
"id": "230016",
"text": "tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernised adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely",
"title": "Kathmandu"
},
{
"id": "18671333",
"text": "of 20,915 in 2005. The city of Detroit, Michigan, saw its population drop from a peak of 1,849,568 in 1950 to 713,777 in 2010, the largest drop in population of any major city in the U.S. (1,135,971) and the second largest drop in terms of percent of people lost (second only to St. Louis, Missouri's 62.7% drop). One of the first industries to decline was the textile industry in New England, as its factories shifted to the South. Since the 1970s, textiles have also declined in the Southeast. New England responded by developing a high-tech economy, especially in education and",
"title": "Deindustrialisation by country"
},
{
"id": "18423993",
"text": "they would be more likely to visit a restaurant with a \"gross name\". Samuel Muston wrote that \"Eggslut\" falls into a category of \"quirky\" restaurant names, but that \"the collision of the word 'egg' and 'slut' doesn't exactly encourage the appetite\". In March 2017, Eggslut temporarily opened a pop-up concept store at Chefs Club Counter restaurant in Nolita, New York. Eggslut Eggslut is a fast food restaurant in Los Angeles and Las Vegas known for its signature dish \"The Slut\", a coddled egg on pureed potatoes. The shop Eggslut opened at the Grand Central Market in Los Angeles was named",
"title": "Eggslut"
},
{
"id": "12726112",
"text": "of items from the main Amazon.com storefront. Items ordered through AmazonFresh are available for home delivery on the same day or the next day, depending on the time of the order and the availability of trucks. Many grocery items are for sale. As of the 11th October 2017, AmazonFresh sell a range of Booths branded products for home delivery in selected areas. AmazonFresh AmazonFresh is a subsidiary of the Amazon.com American e-commerce company in Seattle, Washington. It is a grocery delivery service currently available in some U.S. states, London, Tokyo, Berlin (including Potsdam), Hamburg and Munich. AmazonFresh has rolled out",
"title": "AmazonFresh"
},
{
"id": "13759361",
"text": "eggs to America’s food banks and pantries in addition to their ongoing disaster relief work in response to tragedies like the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2011 Joplin, Mo. tornado. Additionally, they provide millions of dollars in free educational materials to American schools to help promote agricultural education and agricultural literacy. Since 1977, AEB also has supported the annual White House Easter Egg Roll, the largest public event on the south lawn of the White House. America’s egg farmers donate approximately 30,000 eggs to be rolled, hunted, decorated, and snacked on each year. The Incredible Egg also has a presence",
"title": "American Egg Board"
},
{
"id": "7755021",
"text": "Cities which have been referred to as \"sanctuary cities\" by various politicians include Washington, D.C.; New York City; Los Angeles; Chicago; San Francisco; San Diego; Austin; Salt Lake City; Dallas; Detroit; Honolulu; Houston; Jersey City; Minneapolis; Miami; Denver; Aurora, Colorado; Baltimore; Seattle; Portland, Oregon; Portland, Maine; and Senath, Missouri, have become \"sanctuary cities\", having adopted ordinances refraining from stopping or questioning individuals for the sole purpose of determining their immigration status. Most of these ordinances are in place at the state and county, not city, level. These policies do not prevent the local authorities from investigating crimes committed by illegal",
"title": "Illegal immigration to the United States"
},
{
"id": "2584215",
"text": "the United States whose residents wish to retain their distinctive character—such as San Francisco; Provincetown, Massachusetts and other Cape Cod villages; Bristol, RI; McCall, Idaho; Port Townsend, Washington; Ogunquit, Maine; Windermere, Florida and Carmel-by-the-Sea, California—closely regulate, even exclude, chain stores. They don't exclude the chain itself, only the standardized formula the chain uses, described as \"\"formula businesses\"\". For example, there could often be a restaurant owned by McDonald's that sells hamburgers, but not the formula franchise operation with the golden arches and standardized menu, uniforms, and procedures. The reason these towns regulate chain stores is aesthetics and tourism. Proponents of",
"title": "Chain store"
},
{
"id": "1012672",
"text": "armed conflict in their native region. The city of Greenfield is centered in one of the most productive agricultural areas in the world. 80% of the lettuce grown in the United States is grown in the Salinas Valley. The area has often been coined as the \"Salad Bowl of the World\". Over $2 billion(US) worth of fruits and vegetables are produced and shipped annually across the U.S. and abroad. As a result, many major vegetable producers are headquartered in the nearby city of Salinas. Local tourism is increasing as more people are attracted to the area, which is also known",
"title": "Greenfield, California"
},
{
"id": "18820907",
"text": "2015 United States H5N2 outbreak In 2015, an outbreak of avian influenza subtype H5N2 was identified in a series of chicken and turkey farming operations in the Midwestern region of the United States. As of May 30, more than 43 million birds in 15 states had been destroyed as a result of the outbreak, including nearly 30 million in Iowa alone, the nation's largest egg producer. In the Midwestern U.S., the average price of eggs had increased 120% between April 22 and May 30. The effects however were seen nationwide, with prices in California up 71% in the same timeframe.",
"title": "2015 United States H5N2 outbreak"
},
{
"id": "8890072",
"text": "the United Kingdom textile consumption surged by 37% from 2001 to 2005. Both of these statistics are contributing factors to the pollution caused by the fast fashion. This continuous purchasing of new merchandise is resulting in more and more textiles being discarded yearly. The average American household produces 70 pounds of textile waste every year. When you compare that number to the entire country, there is roughly 10.5 million tons of textile waste being thrown away. For example, the residents of New York City discard around 193,000 tons of clothing and textiles, which equates to 6% of all the city’s",
"title": "Fast fashion"
},
{
"id": "18381429",
"text": "2016, Tesco announced the sale of Tesco Kipa to a local rival, Migros Türk. Tesco entered the United States grocery market in 2007 through the opening of a new chain of convenience stores, named Fresh & Easy, on the West Coast (Arizona, California and Nevada). The company established its U.S. headquarters in El Segundo, California, and the first store opened in Hemet, California in November 2007, with 100 more planned in the first year; a store opening every two-and-a-half days. Although the planned rate of expansion was not maintained, largely because of the recession, as of August 2011 Fresh &",
"title": "Tesco International operations"
},
{
"id": "199757",
"text": "By 1970, immigrants accounted for 4.7 percent of the US population and rising to 6.2 percent in 1980, with an estimated 12.5 percent in 2009. , 25% of US residents under age 18 were first- or second-generation immigrants. Eight percent of all babies born in the U.S. in 2008 belonged to illegal immigrant parents, according to a recent analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data by the Pew Hispanic Center. Legal immigration to the U.S. increased from 250,000 in the 1930s, to 2.5 million in the 1950s, to 4.5 million in the 1970s, and to 7.3 million in the 1980s, before",
"title": "Immigration to the United States"
},
{
"id": "13814246",
"text": "by the farmers, since the money arrived in many small payments. Eggs were a farm operation where even small children could make a valuable contribution. In 2015, the national flock suffered due to the spread of bird flu, affecting birds in fourteen states, leading to layoffs. In a May 2015 report by the \"Associated Press\", it reported that 10% of egg laying chickens were dead or dying due to bird flu. Beginning in June 2015, rationing of eggs has begun, leading to increased egg prices. Between 2007 and 2010 a total of about 90 billion eggs were produced per year.<ref",
"title": "Poultry farming in the United States"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Egg roll context: Egg roll Egg rolls are a variety of deep-fried appetizers served in American Chinese restaurants. An egg roll is a cylindrical, savory roll with shredded cabbage, chopped pork, and other fillings inside a thickly-wrapped wheat flour skin, which is fried in hot oil. The dish is served warm, and is usually eaten with the fingers, dipped in duck sauce, soy sauce, plum sauce, or hot mustard, often from a cellophane packet. Egg rolls are a ubiquitous feature of American Chinese cuisine and are often served as free additions to American Chinese lunch special take-out combination platters throughout the United States,\n\nWhat American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States?",
"compressed_tokens": 187,
"origin_tokens": 187,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Egg roll context: that the combined, albeit chaotic, families of the two romantic constitute a party large enough to qualify for free egg rolls when eating out at a Chinese restaurant, a comment from which the film draws its title. The 1959 musical \"Gypsy\" includes a song called \"Have an Eggroll, Mr. Goldstone\". In season 2 episode 14 of Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Hoytsman challenges Jake to guess Terry's height in egg rolls. Egg roll Egg rolls are a variety of deep-fried appetizers served in American Chinese restaurants. An egg roll is a cylindrical, savory roll with shredded cabbage, chopped pork, and other fillings\n\ntitle: Egg roll context E roll Egg rolls are a variety of deep-fried appetizers served in American Chinese restaurants. An egg roll is a cylindrical, savory roll with shredded cabbage, chopped pork, and other fillings inside a thick-wra wheat flour skin, which fried in hot oil. The dish is served warm, and is usually eaten with the fingers, dipped duck sauce, soy sauce, plum sauce, or hot mustard often from a cellophane packet. Egg rolls are a ubiquit feature of American Chinese cuisine and are often served as freeitions American lunch special-out combination platters throughout the United States,\n: Egg: and available Chinese Vietnamese, and Thai restaurants the United, American egg rolls distinct A typical \"New style\" egg roll approximately two by six inches, with thick, crispy, bpy skin. E, like other Americanized Chinese foodtiesable andor profiles are not common broccoli. serve egg roll also rolls separate menu option and spring rolls served with cold wrapped in trang rice\n: “op:\", roll probably the offs both creationong of to printed in a 1938 cookbook, \"Cook at Home in Chinese\" included “bamboo shoots, roast pork, shrimp, scallions, water chestnuts, salt, MSG, sugar, palm oil, and pepper,” but notably did not include cabbage, which is the main\n\nWhat American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States?",
"compressed_tokens": 467,
"origin_tokens": 14199,
"ratio": "30.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
145 | What drink is named for the wormwood plant? | [
"A :Vermouth, which is flavored with wormwood (vermout in French; wermut in German)--so called because the bitter-tasting plant was once used as a cure for intestinal worms. Only the harmless blossoms of the plant, not its toxic leaves, are used in making vermouth"
] | A :Vermouth, which is flavored with wormwood (vermout in French; wermut in German)--so called because the bitter-tasting plant was once used as a cure for intestinal worms. Only the harmless blossoms of the plant, not its toxic leaves, are used in making vermouth | [
{
"id": "10414315",
"text": "of the alcohol. A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s following the adoption of modern European Union food and beverage laws which removed long-standing barriers to its production and sale. By the early 21st century, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Australia, Spain, and Czechia. The French word \"absinthe\" can refer either to the alcoholic beverage or, less commonly, to the actual wormwood plant, with \"grande absinthe\" being \"Artemisia absinthium\", and \"petite absinthe\" being \"Artemisia pontica\". The Latin name \"artemisia\" comes from the Greek \"wormwood\" and the latter",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "6498174",
"text": "Génépi Génépi or génépy (in French) or \"genepì\" (in Italian) is a traditional herbal liqueur or aperitif popularized in the Alpine regions of Europe. \"Genepi\" also refers to alpine plants of the genus \"Artemisia\" (commonly called \"wormwood\") that provide the liqueur's flavor and color, and the French Savoy region adjacent to the Aosta Valley, where the plants grow and where the beverage originated. Genepi liqueur is related to absinthe in that its namesake botanicals are of the genus \"Artemisia\", but like Chartreuse, it is a liqueur (contains sugar) and traditionally taken neat. Like many European herbal liqueurs, especially those used",
"title": "Génépi"
},
{
"id": "6498186",
"text": "to whether the difference is even perceptible. The traditional génépi from the Province of Cuneo has been selected by the Italian Slow Food Foundation as an Ark of Taste product. Génépi Génépi or génépy (in French) or \"genepì\" (in Italian) is a traditional herbal liqueur or aperitif popularized in the Alpine regions of Europe. \"Genepi\" also refers to alpine plants of the genus \"Artemisia\" (commonly called \"wormwood\") that provide the liqueur's flavor and color, and the French Savoy region adjacent to the Aosta Valley, where the plants grow and where the beverage originated. Genepi liqueur is related to absinthe in",
"title": "Génépi"
},
{
"id": "11706071",
"text": "and Bad Lauterberg locations merged within the common \"Schierker Feuerstein GmbH & Co. KG\", which continued to produce the liqueur in both facilities. Made according to the tightly guarded original recipe, Schierker Feuerstein is related to the following bitter drinks which are all based on the bitter herb, \"Artemisia\": Underberg and Jägermeister (Germany), Piołunówka (Poland), Fernet-Branca (Italy) and Gammel Dansk (Denmark). \"Artemisia\" is called wormwood in England. It kills most bacteria and worms in the gut. The company recommends that Schierker Feuerstein be kept on ice and served cold. It can also be an ingredient of different cocktails and long",
"title": "Schierker Feuerstein"
},
{
"id": "2684711",
"text": "as a remedy against hangovers and nightmares. \"Artemisia absinthium\" is used to make the highly potent spirits absinthe. Malört also contains wormwood. The aperitif vermouth (derived from the German word \"Wermut\", \"wormwood\") is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood. \"Artemisia arborescens\" (tree wormwood, or \"sheeba\" in Arabic) is an aromatic herb indigenous to the Middle East used in tea, usually with mint. A few species are grown as ornamental plants, the fine-textured ones used for clipped bordering. All grow best in free-draining sandy soil, unfertilized, and in full sun. \"Artemisia stelleriana\" is known as Dusty Miller,",
"title": "Artemisia (genus)"
},
{
"id": "6993529",
"text": "La Fée Absinthe La Fée Absinthe is a brand of absinthe; it is a highly alcoholic, distilled spirit containing the herb wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"). La Fée Absinthe was created by Green Utopia, which is owned and run by George Rowley. La Fée distil a range of six different absinthes: Parisienne, a traditional French style Verte (coloured/green) absinthe; Blanche, a traditional Blanche (white/clear) style; Bohemian, a modern, Czech style absinth; La Fée X•S Suisse and La Fée X•S Française, which are two “extra supérieure,” wine-based absinthes; and La Fée NV, a lower strength absinthe for \"modern drinking.\" La Fée Absinthe Parisienne",
"title": "La Fée Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "6962444",
"text": "a local producer makes a bitter brännvin (beskbrännvin), called Jeppson's Malört. \"Malört\" (\"ma-laert\") is the Swedish word for the plant \"Artemisia absinthium\", wormwood, often used as an ingredient in absinthe. Brännvin was central to the semi-mythical world in the songs of Sweden's bard, Carl Michael Bellman. For example, in Fredman's Epistle no. 1, the first verse begins: Brännvin Brännvin is the Swedish term for liquor distilled from potatoes, grain, or (formerly) wood cellulose. It can be plain and colourless, or flavoured with herbs and spices. The term includes vodka and akvavit, but akvavit is always flavored. Beverages labelled \"brännvin\" are",
"title": "Brännvin"
},
{
"id": "18077545",
"text": "2000 bottles were made for the whole world) celebrating the 2010 Artemisia vintage. Hapsburg Absinthe Hapsburg is a brand of absinthe containing the herb wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"). Hapsburg Absinthe manufactures five different types of Absinthe: Hapsburg Classic which is a 72.5%, X.C. has an alcohol content of 89.9%, Flavoured Absinthe ideally made for shooters at 33%, A Rich Irish Cream Absinthe, and La Magnifique, a hand made Verte Absinthe. Hapsburg Absinthe was established in 1999. The popularity of Absinthe really began to take off in the 1990s when the Czech Republic was opened to tourism. The Green Fairy was still",
"title": "Hapsburg Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "6325514",
"text": "springs of water— the name of the star is Wormwood. A third of the waters turned bitter, and many people died from the waters that had become bitter.\" () The Greek word is believed to refer to a plant of the genus \"Artemisia\", used metaphorically to mean something with a bitter taste. The English rendering \"wormwood\" refers to the dark green oil produced by the plant, which was used to kill intestinal worms. In the Book of Revelation, it refers to the water being turned into wormwood, i.e. made bitter. Certain commentators have held that this \"great star\" represents one",
"title": "Wormwood (Bible)"
},
{
"id": "3734280",
"text": "not the same thing.\" In the Bible, the book of Revelation tells of a star named Wormwood that plummets to Earth and turns a third of the rivers and fountains of waters bitter. Artemisia absinthium Artemisia absinthium (absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood, grand wormwood, wormwood) is a species of \"Artemisia\" native to temperate regions of Eurasia and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States. It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe as well as some other alcoholic beverages. \"Artemisia absinthium\" is a herbaceous perennial plant with",
"title": "Artemisia absinthium"
},
{
"id": "7384850",
"text": "Jeppson's Malört Jeppson's Malört, a liquor, is a brand of bäsk. Introduced in the 1930s, and long produced by Chicago's Carl Jeppson Company – in 2018, as its last employee was retiring, the brand was sold to C.H. Distillery of Chicago's Pilsen neighborhood. Jeppson's Malört is named after Carl Jeppson, the Swedish immigrant who first distilled and popularized the liquor in Chicago. \"Malört\" is the Swedish word for wormwood, which is the key ingredient in a bäsk, a bitter-flavored type of Swedish brännvin. Malört is known for its bitter taste. It can be found in some Chicago-area taverns and liquor",
"title": "Jeppson's Malört"
},
{
"id": "18077543",
"text": "Hapsburg Absinthe Hapsburg is a brand of absinthe containing the herb wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"). Hapsburg Absinthe manufactures five different types of Absinthe: Hapsburg Classic which is a 72.5%, X.C. has an alcohol content of 89.9%, Flavoured Absinthe ideally made for shooters at 33%, A Rich Irish Cream Absinthe, and La Magnifique, a hand made Verte Absinthe. Hapsburg Absinthe was established in 1999. The popularity of Absinthe really began to take off in the 1990s when the Czech Republic was opened to tourism. The Green Fairy was still a popular drink in the Czech Republic and many tourists would have their",
"title": "Hapsburg Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "139385",
"text": "because he was inspired by a German wine flavoured with wormwood, an herb most famously used in distilling absinthe. However, wine flavoured with wormwood goes back to ancient Rome. The modern German word \"Wermut\" (\"Wermuth\" in the spelling of Carpano's time) means both \"wormwood\" and \"vermouth\". The herbs were originally used to mask raw flavours of cheaper wines, imparting a slightly medicinal \"tonic\" flavor. Vins doux naturels are lightly fortified wines typically made from white Muscat grapes or red Grenache grapes in the south of France. The production of vins doux naturels was perfected by Arnaud de Villeneuve at the",
"title": "Fortified wine"
},
{
"id": "7053468",
"text": "i piwowar doskonały\", Groblowskiey Drukarnia, Kraków 1808 Piołunówka Piołunówka is a very bitter alcoholic infusion (Polish: \"nalewka\") made by macerating wormwood in alcohol. Its name comes from \"piołun\", which means \"wormwood\" in Polish. It is becoming popular due to the recent absinthe revival but has been well known before absinthe. It differs from absinthe because it is macerated and rarely distilled (see the recipe below), whereas absinthe is additionally distilled. Piołunówka is not simply an amateur's version of absinthe but can be perceived as its predecessor. For centuries wormwood-based elixirs have been used as digestive aids and disease preventatives. Piołunowka",
"title": "Piołunówka"
},
{
"id": "10414312",
"text": "Absinthe Absinthe (; ) is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage (45–74% ABV / 90–148 U.S. proof). It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from botanicals, including the flowers and leaves of \"Artemisia absinthium\" (\"grand wormwood\"), together with green anise, sweet fennel, and other medicinal and culinary herbs. Absinthe traditionally has a natural green colour, but may also be colourless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as \"\"\"\" (the green fairy). It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as a liqueur, but it is not traditionally bottled with added sugar and is, therefore, classified as a spirit. Absinthe",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "9113185",
"text": "La Clandestine Absinthe La Clandestine Absinthe is a Swiss \"La Bleue\", or clear, absinthe brand produced by Artemisia-Bugnon distilleries. It is an anise-flavored, distilled liquor containing the herb wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"), and when prepared with cold water will louche. La Clandestine Absinthe comes in four main styles, as detailed below. According to the manufacturer, La Clandestine is based on a 1935 recipe by Swiss distiller Charlotte Vaucher which Bugnon had been circulating unofficially for several years prior to the Swiss lifting a near one-hundred-year ban on absinthe March 1, 2005. Following the lift, Bugnon applied for an official license and",
"title": "La Clandestine Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "11447255",
"text": "Purl Purl or wormwood ale is an English drink. It was originally made by infusing ale with the tops of the wormwood plant, especially the variety which grows in coastal salt marsh, which is called old woman. Other purgative or bitter herbs such as orange peel or senna might also be used. The drink was commonly drunk in the early hours of the morning at which time it was popular with labourers. By the middle of the 19th century, wormwood had been forgotten and the recipe was to mull ale instead with gin, sugar and spices such as ginger. It",
"title": "Purl"
},
{
"id": "7053464",
"text": "Piołunówka Piołunówka is a very bitter alcoholic infusion (Polish: \"nalewka\") made by macerating wormwood in alcohol. Its name comes from \"piołun\", which means \"wormwood\" in Polish. It is becoming popular due to the recent absinthe revival but has been well known before absinthe. It differs from absinthe because it is macerated and rarely distilled (see the recipe below), whereas absinthe is additionally distilled. Piołunówka is not simply an amateur's version of absinthe but can be perceived as its predecessor. For centuries wormwood-based elixirs have been used as digestive aids and disease preventatives. Piołunowka has much higher levels of thujone than",
"title": "Piołunówka"
},
{
"id": "445797",
"text": "the German word \"Wermut\" for wormwood that has been used as an ingredient in the drink over its history. Fortified wines containing wormwood as a principal ingredient existed in Germany around the 16th century. At about this time an Italian merchant named D'Alessio began producing a similar product in Piedmont as a \"wormwood wine\". By the mid-17th century, the drink was being consumed in England under the name \"vermouth\" which has been the common name for the beverage until the present day. Over time, two distinct versions of vermouth became established, one pale, dry, and bitter, and the other red",
"title": "Vermouth"
},
{
"id": "9113187",
"text": "added in summer 2005. La Recette Marianne, at 55% abv, was launched in autumn 2005, in response to fenchone regulations in France. Angélique, at 72% abv, is the first Verte (or green) Suisse absinthe from the La Clandestine distillery, and was launched at the 10th Annual Absinthe Festival at Boveresse, Switzerland, in June 2007. La Clandestine Absinthe La Clandestine Absinthe is a Swiss \"La Bleue\", or clear, absinthe brand produced by Artemisia-Bugnon distilleries. It is an anise-flavored, distilled liquor containing the herb wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"), and when prepared with cold water will louche. La Clandestine Absinthe comes in four main",
"title": "La Clandestine Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "5260655",
"text": "Cinzano Cinzano is an Italian brand of vermouth, a brand owned since 1999 by Gruppo Campari. It comes in four versions: Cinzano vermouths date back to 1757 and the Turin herbal shop of two brothers, Giovanni Giacomo and Carlo Stefano Cinzano, who created a new \"vermouth rosso\" (red vermouth) using \"aromatic plants from the Italian Alps in a [still-secret] recipe combining 35 ingredients (including marjoram, thyme, and yarrow)\". What became known as the \"vermouth of Turin\" proved popular with the bourgeoisie of Turin and, later, Casanova. Cinzano Bianco followed, based on a different combination of herbs that included artemisia (wormwood),",
"title": "Cinzano"
},
{
"id": "445803",
"text": "make red vermouths. Most vermouths are bottled at between 16% and 18% ABV, as compared with the 9–14% ABV of most unfortified wines. Spice ingredients often used in vermouths include cloves, cinnamon, quinine, citrus peel, cardamom, marjoram, chamomile, coriander, juniper, hyssop, and ginger. The prohibition of wormwood as a drink ingredient in the early 20th century in some countries sharply reduced its use in vermouth, but small amounts of the herb are still sometimes included in artisan products. Vermouth brand recipes vary, with most manufacturers marketing their own unique flavor and version of the beverage. Vermouth manufacturers keep their recipes",
"title": "Vermouth"
},
{
"id": "11678031",
"text": "Bohemian-style absinth Bohemian-style or Czech-style absinth (also called anise-free absinthe, or just “absinth” without the “e”) is a Bohemian version of the traditional spirit absinthe, though it is more accurately described as a kind of wormwood bitters. It is produced mainly in the Czech Republic, from which it gets its designations as “Bohemian” or “Czech,” although not all absinthe from the Czech Republic is Bohemian-style. Typical Bohemian-style absinth has only two similarities with its traditional French or Swiss counterpart, in that it contains wormwood and has a high alcohol content. Since few countries possess a legal definition for absinthe, producers",
"title": "Bohemian-style absinth"
},
{
"id": "10414372",
"text": "include \"The Hasher's Delirium\" (1910) by Émile Cohl, an early pioneer in the art of animation, as well as two different silent films, each entitled \"Absinthe\", from 1913 and 1914 respectively. On November 9, 2018, the alternative rock band I Don't Know How But They Found Me released a song titled \"Absinthe\" as part of their 1981 Extended Play. Absinthe Absinthe (; ) is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage (45–74% ABV / 90–148 U.S. proof). It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from botanicals, including the flowers and leaves of \"Artemisia absinthium\" (\"grand wormwood\"), together with green anise,",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "3169483",
"text": "among others. In 1901, the original distillery was almost completely destroyed by fire. A new, larger and more modern distillery was built in its place. In its heyday, the Pernod Fils distillery was producing as much as 30,000 liters of absinthe per day, and was exporting its product around the world. By 1910, France's rate of absinthe consumption had topped some 36 million liters per year. With a temperance movement growing around the world, many prominent French politicians and scientists turned their interest to France's 'national drink'. Like most quality absinthes, Pernod Fils was produced by macerating herbs, including wormwood,",
"title": "Pernod Fils"
},
{
"id": "10414318",
"text": "variant most commonly applied to absinthes produced in central and eastern Europe, and is specifically associated with Bohemian-style absinthes. The precise origin of absinthe is unclear. The medical use of wormwood dates back to ancient Egypt and is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus, c. 1550 BC. Wormwood extracts and wine-soaked wormwood leaves were used as remedies by the ancient Greeks. Moreover, there is evidence of a wormwood-flavoured wine in ancient Greece called \"absinthites oinos\". The first evidence of absinthe dates to the 18th century in the sense of a distilled spirit containing green anise and fennel. According to popular legend,",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "18417417",
"text": "under 7% ABV). Vermouth is the most widely used aromatised wine due to its use in cocktails and famous commercial brands such as Martini and Cinzano which are commonplace around the world. Vermouth can be sweet or dry and red, white, pink or orange. It is traditionally flavoured with an infusion of herbs, peels and spices, including wormwood but modern commercial brands are likely to be made with a sweet concentrate of flavours to maintain consistency and low-cost. Other brands include Punt e Mes, Noilly Prat and Carpano. \"Aromatised wine-based aperitifs\" are a range of beverages related to vermouth but",
"title": "Aromatised wine"
},
{
"id": "6498185",
"text": "labeled \"génépi\", though sometimes accompanied by the legend “Fleurs des Alpes”. The drink continues to evolve, though. Bernard & C., a firm based in Val Germanasca in the middle of the Alps, is producing \"Génépi blanc\", the first commercial génépi that is clear rather than yellow or green. It is supposed to be based only on the \"spicata\" variety of wormwood (today classified as \"Artemisia genipi\". In 2000 a liqueur branded as \"Génépi des Pères Chartreux\" premiered, based on neutral spirits instead of the nearly universal “eau-de-vie”. The goal is to provide a \"cleaner\" drinking experience, but opinions differ as",
"title": "Génépi"
},
{
"id": "3734270",
"text": "Artemisia absinthium Artemisia absinthium (absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood, grand wormwood, wormwood) is a species of \"Artemisia\" native to temperate regions of Eurasia and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States. It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe as well as some other alcoholic beverages. \"Artemisia absinthium\" is a herbaceous perennial plant with fibrous roots. The stems are straight, growing to (sometimes even over 1.5 m, but rarely) tall, grooved, branched, and silvery-green. The leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey above and white below, covered with silky",
"title": "Artemisia absinthium"
},
{
"id": "10414316",
"text": "from Artemis, the ancient Greek goddess of the hunt. \"Absinthe\" is derived from the Latin \"absinthium\", which in turn comes from the Greek \"apsínthion\", \"wormwood\". The use of \"Artemisia absinthium\" in a drink is attested in Lucretius' \"De Rerum Natura\" (I 936–950), where Lucretius indicates that a drink containing wormwood is given as medicine to children in a cup with honey on the brim to make it drinkable. Some claim that the word means \"undrinkable\" in Greek, but it may instead be linked to the Persian root \"spand\" or \"aspand\", or the variant \"esfand\", which meant \"Peganum harmala\", also called",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "10414363",
"text": "\"spiritueux à base de plantes d'absinthe\" ('wormwood-based spirits'), with many either reducing or omitting fennel and hyssop altogether from their products. A legal challenge to the scientific basis of this decree resulted in its repeal (2009), which opened the door for the official French re-legalisation of absinthe for the first time since 1915. The French Senate voted to repeal the prohibition in mid-April 2011. It is legal to produce and sell absinthe in the Republic of Georgia, which has claimed to possess several producers of absinthe. A ban on absinthe was enacted in Germany on 27 March 1923. In addition",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "1891063",
"text": "Herbsaint was and still is used in several cocktails, including: Herbsaint Herbsaint is a brand name of anise-flavored liqueur originally created as an absinthe-substitute in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1934, and currently produced by the Sazerac Company. It was developed by J. Marion Legendre and Reginald Parker of the city, who had learned how to make absinthe while in France during World War I. It was originally produced under the name \"Legendre Absinthe\", although it never contained absinthe's essential ingredient, Grande Wormwood \"(Artemisia absinthium)\". It first went on sale following the repeal of Prohibition, and was unique in its category",
"title": "Herbsaint"
},
{
"id": "17773661",
"text": "and aromatic. Flowers are small, yellowish, and appear in loose panicles at stem tips. The essential oil contains cineol, camphor, thujone, and borneol among other components. It is said to be less bitter than great absinthe and is the principal flavoring of vermouth. It is commercially cultivated in Spain and Lithuania Artemisia pontica Artemisia pontica, the Roman wormwood or small absinthe, is an herb used in the production of absinthe and vermouth. Originating in southeastern Europe (the specific name refers to the Pontus area on the shores of the Black Sea,) it is naturalized over much of Eurasia from France",
"title": "Artemisia pontica"
},
{
"id": "10947598",
"text": "European theater before the Swiss government banned absinthe in 1910. In 2001, the Swiss ban was lifted and the brand was revived by Fritz's great grandson Yves (a fifth generation Kübler), who runs the distillery only a few miles from its original site in the Val-de-Travers. The principal ingredients in Kübler Absinthe are the herbs grande wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and anise. Kübler uses a grain neutral base spirit distilled from Swiss wheat and also includes hyssop, lemon balm, coriander, star anise, fennel, Roman wormwood and mint. All ingredients are analytically certified to the standards of the Swiss Expert Committee on",
"title": "Kübler Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "8875687",
"text": "confused with amarone, a rich Italian dry red wine from Valpolicella. Amaro is flavoured with several (sometimes several dozen) herbs and roots. Some producers list their ingredients in detail on the bottle label. Herbs used for flavouring may include any of the following: gentian, angelica, cardoon, cinchona (\"china\"), lemon balm (\"melissa\"), lemon verbena (\"cedrina\"), juniper, anise, fennel, zedoary, ginger, mint, thyme, sage, bay laurel, citrus peels, licorice, cinnamon, menthol, cardamom, saffron, rue (\"ruta\"), wormwood (\"assenzio\"), and elderflowers (\"sambuco\"). The following is a list of some of the notable commercial brands: Amaro (liqueur) Amaro (Italian for \"bitter\") is an Italian herbal",
"title": "Amaro (liqueur)"
},
{
"id": "10456652",
"text": "Lucid Absinthe Lucid Absinthe Supérieure is the first genuine absinthe made with real Grande Wormwood to be legally available in the United States after the repeal of the 95-year ban. Lucid is distilled in accordance with traditional French methods, in the historic Combier Distillery (Loire Valley, France), founded in 1834 and designed by Gustave Eiffel. Lucid is distilled entirely from spirits and European whole herbs and uses no artificial additives, oils, or dyes. Allegedly created as an elixir in the 1790s by Dr. Pierre Ordinaire of Switzerland, absinthe became so popular in bars, bistros, cafés, and cabarets that, by the",
"title": "Lucid Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "7407588",
"text": "quince. It is often sold carbonated. There is also a Romanian drink called (wormwood wine), consisting mainly of bittered wine. In Poland a similar liqueur is produced called Piołunówka, which they consider a type of nalewka. Pelinkovac Pelinkovac is a bitter liqueur based on wormwood (Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian \"pelen\" or \"pelin\"), popular in Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as in Slovenia, where it is known as pelinkovec or pelinovec. The alcohol content is 28–35% by volume. It has a very bitter taste, resembling that of Jägermeister. The most popular brands in Croatia are the Pelinkovac made by",
"title": "Pelinkovac"
},
{
"id": "10414336",
"text": "these inexpensively produced absinthes at prices comparable to more authentic absinthes that are distilled directly from whole herbs. In the only country that possesses a formal legal definition of absinthe (Switzerland), anything made via the cold mixed process cannot be sold as absinthe. Absinthe is traditionally prepared from a distillation of neutral alcohol, various herbs, spices and water. Traditional absinthes were redistilled from a white grape spirit (or eau de vie), while lesser absinthes were more commonly made from alcohol from grain, beets, or potatoes. The principal botanicals are grande wormwood, green anise, and florence fennel, which are often called",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "10414337",
"text": "\"the holy trinity.\" Many other herbs may be used as well, such as petite wormwood (\"Artemisia pontica\" or Roman wormwood), hyssop, melissa, star anise, angelica, peppermint, coriander, and veronica. Adding to absinthe's negative reputation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, unscrupulous makers of the drink omitted the traditional colouring phase of production in favour of adding toxic copper salts to artificially induce a green tint. This practice may be responsible for some of the alleged toxicity historically associated with this beverage. Many modern day producers resort to similar (but non-deadly) shortcuts, including the use of artificial food colouring",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "1891061",
"text": "Herbsaint Herbsaint is a brand name of anise-flavored liqueur originally created as an absinthe-substitute in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1934, and currently produced by the Sazerac Company. It was developed by J. Marion Legendre and Reginald Parker of the city, who had learned how to make absinthe while in France during World War I. It was originally produced under the name \"Legendre Absinthe\", although it never contained absinthe's essential ingredient, Grande Wormwood \"(Artemisia absinthium)\". It first went on sale following the repeal of Prohibition, and was unique in its category as an absinthe substitute, as opposed to a pastis. The",
"title": "Herbsaint"
},
{
"id": "6498182",
"text": "of prepared herbs to vodka or grain alcohol. The chopped, dried wormwood flowers are sold in southwestern Europe in small sachets similar to tea bags. Home-brewing instructions, as well as ingredients, can be found online. For the more adventurous, the flowers and herbs can be harvested in July and August. After drying and chopping, the herbal mass can be enclosed in cheesecloth for steeping. A generic recipe for a liter of génépi would require forty flowers and forty sugar lumps to be added to 40% alcohol by volume. There have been a number of famous liqueurs that resembled génépi or",
"title": "Génépi"
},
{
"id": "14785825",
"text": "Gran Classico Bitter Gran Classico Bitter is an alcoholic apéritif/digestif (28% alcohol - 56 proof) created following the \"Italian Bitter of Turin\" recipe dating from the 1860s. This recipe, which was originally produced under the name Torino Gran Classico, had been purchased in 1925 from a Turin-based distillery by the small Swiss distillery E. Luginbühl, located near Bern. It is made by soaking a mixture of 25 aromatic herbs and roots including wormwood, gentian, bitter orange, rhubarb, and hyssop in an alcohol/water solution in order to extract their flavors and aromas. This process is similar to that which was originally",
"title": "Gran Classico Bitter"
},
{
"id": "3390362",
"text": "combination of \"essences\", infusions and distillates, and two artificial dyes, FD&C Yellow #5 and Blue #1. Absente's U.S. marketing effort had long sought to associate the liqueur with traditional absinthe through statements such as, \"\"The only difference is we replaced Wormwood...with a less bitter cousin called Southern-Wormwood, also known as \"Petite Absinthe,\" which allows us to offer Absente in the United States.\"\" The reference to \"petite absinthe\" is inaccurate, as \"petite absinthe\" refers invariably to 'Roman wormwood' (\"Artemisia pontica\") throughout credible distillation treatises, while 'southernwood' is historically referred to as \"aurone\", \"abrotone\", or \"armoise citronelle\", and is scarcely ever mentioned,",
"title": "Absente"
},
{
"id": "6498184",
"text": "Other génépi brands include \"Fiori Alpini\" and \"Alpenkraeuter\". \"Génépi des Alpes\" purports to be based only on the wormwood colloquially known as \"mutellina\" (today known botanically as \"A. umbelliformis\"). Another elixir, \"Barathier\", represents itself as being composed of seven herbs and flowers, although none are identified. A génépi-like product called \"Izarra (Star)\" is typical of Bayonne in the Basque Country along the border of France and Spain. Representative of the far western edge of the génépi tradition, it is available in both green and yellow versions. For the most part, there are myriad brands of the liqueur available, many simply",
"title": "Génépi"
},
{
"id": "2740760",
"text": "Artemisia vulgaris Artemisia vulgaris (common mugwort or common wormwood) is one of several species in the genus \"Artemisia\" commonly known as mugwort, although \"Artemisia vulgaris\" is the species most often called mugwort. This species is also occasionally known as riverside wormwood, felon herb, chrysanthemum weed, wild wormwood, old Uncle Henry, sailor's tobacco, naughty man, old man or St. John's plant (not to be confused with St John's wort). Mugworts have been used medicinally and as culinary herbs. \"Artemisia vulgaris\" is native to temperate Europe, Asia, northern Africa and Alaska and is naturalized in North America, where some consider it an",
"title": "Artemisia vulgaris"
},
{
"id": "3734278",
"text": "derived drink vermouth), which the OED (\"s.v.\") marks as \"of obscure origin\". Nicholas Culpeper insisted that wormwood was the key to understanding his 1651 book \"The English Physitian\". Richard Mabey describes Culpeper's entry on this bitter-tasting plant as \"stream-of-consciousness\" and \"unlike anything else in the herbal\", and states that it reads \"like the ramblings of a drunk\". Culpeper biographer Benjamin Woolley suggests the piece may be an allegory about bitterness, as Culpeper had spent his life fighting the Establishment, and had been imprisoned and seriously wounded in battle as a result. William Shakespeare referred to wormwood in his famous play",
"title": "Artemisia absinthium"
},
{
"id": "3390361",
"text": "Absente Absente is a brand name of 110 proof anise liqueur that has been marketed under the tagline \"Absinthe Refined\" since c. 2000. \"Absente\" is a French word that translates as \"absent\" in English. Prior to 2009, Absente sold in the U.S. contained no grande wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"), the essential herb from which absinthe derives its name. The maker substituted southernwood (\"Artemisia abrotanum\") and the product was bottled with sugar, two critical aspects that differentiated Absente as an anise liqueur and not an absinthe by any traditional reference. The ingredients of Absente are listed in order as alcohol, sugar, a",
"title": "Absente"
},
{
"id": "445796",
"text": "ingredients were added to wine to make it a medicinal drink. Wormwood wine also played a key role in India around 1500BC. Recipes for infusing white wine date back to ancient Greece from around 400 BC. A popular ingredient was wormwood, based on the belief that it was effective at treating stomach disorders and intestinal parasites. D'Alessio's version of the libation contained other botanical ingredients in addition to wormwood. Competing brands developed shortly thereafter in eastern and southeastern France, containing their own proprietary mix of ingredients, including herbs, roots, bark and spices. The name \"vermouth\" is the French pronunciation of",
"title": "Vermouth"
},
{
"id": "11447258",
"text": "house a boy \"...who bore in one hand a plate of bread and beef, and in the other a great pot, filled with some very fragrant compound, which sent forth a grateful steam, and was indeed choice purl, made after a particular recipe which Mr Swiveller had imparted to the landlord, at a period when he was deep in his books and desirous to conciliate his friendship.\" Dickens described the final period of the drink in his last novel, \"Our Mutual Friend\": Purl Purl or wormwood ale is an English drink. It was originally made by infusing ale with the",
"title": "Purl"
},
{
"id": "18077544",
"text": "first experience with the drink on their visits to this country. By the mid-1990s, absinthe had become a regular fixture in many bars in the UK. First launched in 1999, Hapsburg Classic is made to a traditional recipe and infused with Artemisia Absinthium (grand wormwood). The X.C range consists of four flavoured Absinthes. Hapsburg Absinthe 33% flavoured shots include six flavours: apple, Himalayan blackberry, peach, Espresso coffee, vanilla and Liquorice. Hapsburg Absinthe Irish Cream is made from Irish cream. It is made in Tipperary. Hapsburg La Magnifique is a blend made by absinthe specialist Peter Fuss. This limited edition (only",
"title": "Hapsburg Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "6993535",
"text": "with serving options, or allows it to be drunk neat or over ice. NV Absinthe Verte is distilled with Grand Wormwood, and uses a grain alcohol base. Established in 1705, the Cherry Rocher distillery is located in La Côte-Saint-André (Isère), in the Rhone-Alpes region of south-east France. Known for producing fine fruit liqueurs, the company continue to work primarily with fruit and herb based spirits and liqueurs. Since 2007, Cherry Rocher has distilled La Fée Absinthe Parisienne, and since 2011 La Fée Absinthe Blanche for the La Fée brand. La Fée Absinthe La Fée Absinthe is a brand of absinthe;",
"title": "La Fée Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "588145",
"text": "the rosés, the main grapes are the syrah and cinsault. Pastis is the traditional liqueur of Provence, flavoured with anise and typically containing 40–45% alcohol by volume. When absinthe was banned in France in 1915, the major absinthe producers (then Pernod Fils and Ricard, who have since merged as Pernod Ricard) reformulated their drink without the banned wormwood and with more aniseed flavour, coming from star anise, sugar and a lower alcohol content, creating pastis. It is usually drunk diluted with water, which it turns a cloudy color. It is especially popular in and around Marseille. Pétanque, a form of",
"title": "Provence"
},
{
"id": "17773660",
"text": "Artemisia pontica Artemisia pontica, the Roman wormwood or small absinthe, is an herb used in the production of absinthe and vermouth. Originating in southeastern Europe (the specific name refers to the Pontus area on the shores of the Black Sea,) it is naturalized over much of Eurasia from France to Xinjiang, and is also found in the wild in northeastern North America. \"Artemisia pontica\" is called \"little absinthe\" because it is smaller in stature and leaf than the \"great absinthe\" \"A. absinthium\". It grows as a rhizomatous perennial with erect stems up to tall; the grey foliage is finely divided",
"title": "Artemisia pontica"
},
{
"id": "14785827",
"text": "United States, as is the brand name owned worldwide, by Tempus Fugit Spirits of Petaluma, California. Gran Classico Bitter Gran Classico Bitter is an alcoholic apéritif/digestif (28% alcohol - 56 proof) created following the \"Italian Bitter of Turin\" recipe dating from the 1860s. This recipe, which was originally produced under the name Torino Gran Classico, had been purchased in 1925 from a Turin-based distillery by the small Swiss distillery E. Luginbühl, located near Bern. It is made by soaking a mixture of 25 aromatic herbs and roots including wormwood, gentian, bitter orange, rhubarb, and hyssop in an alcohol/water solution in",
"title": "Gran Classico Bitter"
},
{
"id": "2766257",
"text": "Kinnie Kinnie () is a Maltese bittersweet carbonated soft drink brewed from bitter oranges and extracts of wormwood. It was first introduced in 1952 by the brewery Simonds Farsons Cisk, and continued to be produced by Farsons in Attard, Malta. Kinnie is brown in colour, and is drunk straight or mixed with alcohol. It holds a reputation for being Malta's favourite non-alcoholic beverage, sometimes even called the 'national soft drink'. Kinnie is the brainchild of Simonds Farsons Cisk's managing director Anthony Miceli Farrugia and was first produced in 1952 as an alternative to the cola drinks that proliferated in post-war",
"title": "Kinnie"
},
{
"id": "1347009",
"text": "to earth; Undines, corresponding to water; and Sylphs, corresponding to air. Paracelsus is freqently credited with reintroducing opium to Western Europe during the German Renaissance. He extolled the benefits of opium, and of a pill he called laudanum, which has frequently been asserted by others to have been an opium tincture. Paracelsus did not leave a complete recipe, and the known ingredients differ considerably from 17th-century laudanum. Paracelsus invented, or at least named a sort of liniment, opodeldoc, a mixture of soap in alcohol, to which camphor and sometimes a number of herbal essences, most notably wormwood, were added. Paracelsus's",
"title": "Paracelsus"
},
{
"id": "6325516",
"text": "Huns as led by king Attila, pointing to chronological consistencies between the timeline of prophecy they have accepted and the history of the Huns' campaign in Europe. Others point to Arius, the emperor Constantine, Origen or the ascetic monk Pelagius, who denied the doctrine of Original sin. A number of Bible scholars consider the term \"Wormwood\" to be a purely symbolic representation of the bitterness that will fill the earth during troubled times, noting that the plant for which Wormwood is named, \"Artemisia absinthium\", or Mugwort, \"Artemisia vulgaris\", is a known Biblical metaphor for things that are unpalatably bitter. The",
"title": "Wormwood (Bible)"
},
{
"id": "3390364",
"text": "absinthium\"). The label design differs mildly from the U.S. version by having \"Liqueur aux Plantes d'Absinthe\" above the main label and a silver capsule. Absente Absente is a brand name of 110 proof anise liqueur that has been marketed under the tagline \"Absinthe Refined\" since c. 2000. \"Absente\" is a French word that translates as \"absent\" in English. Prior to 2009, Absente sold in the U.S. contained no grande wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"), the essential herb from which absinthe derives its name. The maker substituted southernwood (\"Artemisia abrotanum\") and the product was bottled with sugar, two critical aspects that differentiated Absente",
"title": "Absente"
},
{
"id": "6993530",
"text": "was first distilled in July 2000 in association with the Musée de l’Absinthe, Auvers-sur-Oise, France, and its founder and curator, Marie-Claude Delahaye, who is also a Director of La Fée LLP. It was the first absinthe to be legally distilled and bottled in France since the 1915 ban. It is distilled in copper stills at the Cherry Rocher distillery in the Rhône-Alpes region of south-east France and contains nine different herbs and spices, including \"Artemisia absinthium\" (Grande Wormwood) and \"Artemisia pontica\" (Petite Wormwood). It is bottled at 68% ABV: The traditional strength for French absinthe was 68% ABV - 72%",
"title": "La Fée Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "7407586",
"text": "to the taste of Jägermeister, but a little less sweet and more bitter. Maraska's pelinkovac is very popular in Croatia just as Dalmacijavino's pelinkovac which is also being exported throughout the region. Alcohol volume in Maraska and Badel pelinkovac is 28% while alcohol volume in Dalmacijavino Pelinkovac is 32%. The company \"\"MB Impex\"\" from Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, has produced Zlatni Pelin since 2006. Zlatni Pelin contains 23 herbs, and has a 28% alcohol content. Each bottle also contains a sprig of wormwood, which gives additional flavour. In Serbia, the most popular brand of pelinkovac is \"Gorki List\", which",
"title": "Pelinkovac"
},
{
"id": "1891086",
"text": "by mixing base alcohol with commercially prepared flavorings (essences and/or extracts) and caramel coloring. Pastis is often associated with its historical predecessor, absinthe, yet the two are in fact very different. Pastis does not contain grand wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"), the herb from which absinthe derives its name. Also, pastis obtains its anise flavor from a distillation (or industrially prepared distillates) of star anise, a herb of Asian origin, whereas absinthe traditionally obtains its base flavor from green anise, a European herb. Furthermore, pastis traditionally exhibits the distinct flavor of licorice root (another herb of Asian origin), which is not a",
"title": "Pastis"
},
{
"id": "6993532",
"text": "of south-east France and contains 11 different herbs and spices, including \"Artemisia absinthium\" (Grande Wormwood) and \"Artemisia pontica\" (Petite Wormwood). It is bottled at 53% ABV: The traditional strength for Blanche absinthe was 53% ABV - 55% ABV. La Fée Absinthe Blanche can be drunk in the traditional manner of adding 2-4 parts iced water, to one part absinthe (less dilution is required due to the lower alcoholic strength, and sugar is not usually required for Blanche Absinthe, but some prefer it with). It is also an ingredient in various classic and modern cocktails. La Fée X•S Suisse, officially released",
"title": "La Fée Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "9415680",
"text": "dissolve sugar cubes with absinthe, the popular 1920s alcoholic beverage distilled from the wormwood tree and called \"the green fairy\" for sometimes inducing hallucinations. According to Henley, other influences for the song include books by Carlos Castaneda on shamanism, and a girl he knew who was interested in the occult. The song is the first commercially successful song written by Don Henley, reaching No. 9 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Henley said of the song: \"An important song for me, because it marked the beginning of my professional songwriting career.\" \"Witchy Woman\" is one of the earliest songs written",
"title": "Witchy Woman"
},
{
"id": "12049633",
"text": "Le Tourment Vert Le Tourment Vert (translated as \"The Green Torment\") was an absinthe-like liqueur imported from the French Distillerie Vinet EGE, near the French \"commune\" of Cognac. The spirit was created in 2007. Le Tourment Vert was a mixed and macerated spirit containing the basic ingredients common to true absinthes - anise, fennel and grand wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\") - and also contained a combination of herbs, including sage, rosemary, coriander, and eucalyptus and fitted within guidelines for thujone (10ppm) as specified by the U.S. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. Le Tourment Vert provoked criticism among absinthe connoisseurs",
"title": "Le Tourment Vert"
},
{
"id": "75983",
"text": "and administrative personnel of the Zone of Alienation are stationed in the city on a long-term basis. There are two general stores and a hotel for tourists. The city's name is the same as a Ukrainian name for \"Artemisia vulgaris\", mugwort or common wormwood, which is (or more commonly ). The name is inherited from or , a compound of + , the parts related to and , so named in distinction to the lighter-stemmed wormwood \"A. absinthium\". An alternate rendering of the city's name is Chornobyl. The name in languages used nearby is: Chernobyl was originally part of the",
"title": "Chernobyl"
},
{
"id": "6498180",
"text": "several species of \"Artemisia\" (the genus of the wormwoods) are particularly valued, including \"A. genipi\" (black génépi) and \"A. umbelliformis\" (white génépi) - either of which being sometimes referred to as \"A. rupestris\". The botanical identification of the plants traditionally collected for use in making génépi liqueur is complicated by significant reclassification work in the genus \"Artemisia\", spurred by advances in molecular assay and cladistics, that has resulted in the obsolescence of names used in older literature. It is likely that a wide range of wormwoods native to the mountainous areas of Spain, France, Switzerland and Italy have been used",
"title": "Génépi"
},
{
"id": "2091582",
"text": "Opodeldoc Opodeldoc is a medical plaster or liniment invented, or at least named, by the German Renaissance physician Paracelsus in the 1500s. In modern form opodeldoc is a mixture of soap in alcohol, to which camphor and sometimes a number of herbal essences, most notably wormwood, are added. In his \"Bertheonea Sive Chirurgia Minor\" published in 1603, Paracelsus mentioned \"oppodeltoch\" twice, but with uncertain ingredients. As to the origin of the name, Kurt Peters speculated that it was coined by Paracelsus from syllables from the words \"\"opo\"ponax, b\"del\"lium, and aristol\"och\"ia.\" \"Opoponax\" is a variety of myrrh; \"bdellium\" is \"Commiphora wightii\",",
"title": "Opodeldoc"
},
{
"id": "10205524",
"text": "Let it rest one day and consume in room temperature in 30 ml glasses. The other recipes for similar Bitter Drops call for: galangal, gentian, mint, wormwood, a number of chamomile varieties, or sweet flag. Light cavalerie vodka Light cavalerie vodka is a type of bitter. Specifically a type of Polish bitter known as nalewka, a macerate of herbs and spices in a distilled spirit, in this case vodka. The family of nalewka for which this belongs is commonly known as \"Bitter Drops.\" It is the highly aromatic, often retaining a bitterness. However, the taste can best be described as",
"title": "Light cavalerie vodka"
},
{
"id": "13648200",
"text": "production, the episode used the working title \"The Second Coming\". The character Peter Watts makes mention of the origin of the name of Chernobyl, a city in Ukraine that was the location of the Chernobyl disaster, a 1986 nuclear meltdown. According to Watts, the name \"Chernobyl\" translates as \"wormwood\", causing the disaster to be likened to the Biblical star of Wormwood prophesied in the Book of Revelation, which was said to cause death through poisoning the waters. However, the word \"chernobyl\" can be translated as \"black grass\" or \"black myth\". Actor Brian Downey, who portrayed a medical examiner in the",
"title": "Maranatha (Millennium)"
},
{
"id": "7975017",
"text": "most popular beer in Chicago was Old Style, a mass-produced lager that at the time was brewed by G. Heileman in La Crosse, Wisconsin. The Old Style brand is now owned by the Pabst Brewing Company which supervises its production under contract. Jeppson's Malört is a brand of bäsk, a Swedish-style liqueur flavored with wormwood. Known for its bitter taste, it can be found in some Chicago-area taverns and liquor stores, but is seldom seen elsewhere in the country. The Carl Jeppson Company was founded in Chicago in the 1930s and is still based there, but the beverage is now",
"title": "Culture of Chicago"
},
{
"id": "16039680",
"text": "including Lewis lung carcinoma, colon cancer (adenocarcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma (connective tissue), uveal melanoma, hepatoma, ascitic liver tumor, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, neuroblastoma, and myeloid leukemia. Analyses of some of the earliest wine from the tomb of Scorpion I at Abydos, Egypt Ancient Egypt, dated to ca. 3150 B.C., has revealed the presence of a host of herbal additives, including herbs—savory (\"Satureja\"), \"Artemisia seibeni\" (a member of the wormwood family), blue tansy (\"Tanacetum annuum\"), balm (\"Melissa\"), senna (\"Cassia\"), coriander (\"Coriandrum\"), germander (\"Teucrium\"), mint (\"Mentha\"), sage (\"Salvia\"), and/or thyme (\"Thymus/Thymbra\"). Some active compounds in these plants have also shown to have \"in",
"title": "Patrick Edward McGovern"
},
{
"id": "7713312",
"text": "travels less than 2,000 meters. The highest concentration of mugwort pollen is generally found between 9 and 11 am. The Finnish allergy association recommends tearing as a method of eradicating mugwort. Tearing mugwort is known to lessen the effect of the allergy, since the pollen flies only a short distance. The mugwort plant has been used as an anthelminthic, so it is sometimes confused with wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"). The plant, called \"nāgadamanī\" in Sanskrit, is used in Ayurveda for cardiac complaints as well as feelings of unease, unwellness, and general malaise. In traditional Chinese medicine, there is a belief that",
"title": "Mugwort"
},
{
"id": "10414359",
"text": "of absinthe technically required a special permit, since \"oil of wormwood, being an essential oil obtained from plants of the genus \"Artemisia\", and preparations containing oil of wormwood\" were listed as item 12A, Schedule 8, Regulation 5H of the \"Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956\" (Cth). These controls have now been repealed, and permission is no longer required. Absinthe was prohibited in Brazil until 1999 and was brought by entrepreneur Lalo Zanini and legalised in the same year. Presently, absinthe sold in Brazil must abide by the national law that restricts all spirits to a maximum of 54.0% ABV. While this",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "15205531",
"text": "Artemisia argyi Artemisia argyi, commonly known as silvery wormwood or Chinese mugwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant with a creeping rhizome. It is native to China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, and the Russian Far East (Amur Oblast, Primorye). It is known in Chinese as àicǎo () or ài yè () and in Japanese as gaiyou. It is used in herbal medicine for conditions of the liver, spleen and kidney. It is a common flavoring and colorant in the Chinese dish \"qīng tuán\" (). \"Artemisia argyi\" is an upright, greyish, herbaceous perennial about one metre tall, with short branches and a creeping",
"title": "Artemisia argyi"
},
{
"id": "3390363",
"text": "if at all. At that time, Absente's website explained, \"\"By maintaining a form of wormwood in Absente, we are able to truly call Absente a modern Absinthe\".\" Following the re-legalization of genuine absinthe in the U.S. in 2007, the North American importer introduced a reformulated version that includes grande wormwood (April, 2009) in an apparent effort to improve its consumer appeal. The new label proclaims, \"Now With Wormwood!\". Since 2016 it has been marketed as “traditional absinthe with wormwood” The version marketed in Europe under the same name is and has always been made with \"essence of grande wormwood\" (\"Artemisia",
"title": "Absente"
},
{
"id": "17043224",
"text": "MA. In 2011, Bittermens relocated to Brooklyn, NY. In 2013, Bittermens moved their operations down to Greater New Orleans, LA. In 2016, Bittermens relocated to Portland, Oregon. As of January, 2013, Bittermens currently produces over 5000 bottles each month in the following flavors: In 2011, Bittermens formed a new company, Bittermens Spirits, Inc. to launch a line of domestically produced bitter liqueurs. Later in 2012, Bittermens created and launched Bäska Snaps, a traditional Swedish-style bitter schnapps made with distilled wormwood, which started their foray into producing New Nordic Spirits. In 2015, Bittermens branched out into syrups with its new Speed",
"title": "Bittermens"
},
{
"id": "9269371",
"text": "K-9 to appear in the series were not secured. To explain the non-appearance of K-9, the production team gave him a cameo fixing a black hole inadvertently created in Switzerland. The episode was written by Davies and Gareth Roberts. Roberts drew from several outside sources several parts of the plot, for example the allusion to the star of Wormwood from the Book of Revelation. Roberts also used the name of a beverage called \"Bubbleshake\" in his novel \"The Highest Science\" for inspiration for Bubble Shock!. The first scene of \"Invasion of the Bane\" to be shown was on 8 December",
"title": "Invasion of the Bane"
},
{
"id": "3734275",
"text": "absinthe, and is used for flavouring in some other spirits and wines, including bitters, vermouth and pelinkovac. As medicine, it is used for dyspepsia, as a bitter to counteract poor appetite, for various infectious diseases, Crohn's disease, and IgA nephropathy. In the Middle Ages, wormwood was used to spice mead, and in Morocco it is used with tea, called sheeba. In 18th century England, wormwood was sometimes used instead of hops in beer. Most chemotypes of \"Artemisia absinthium\" contain (−)-α- and/or (+)-β-thujone, though some do not. (−)-α-Thujone by itself is a GABA receptor antagonist that can cause convulsions and death",
"title": "Artemisia absinthium"
},
{
"id": "7407587",
"text": "was made until 2009 by the state-owned company Subotičanka from Subotica, in the province of Vojvodina. Since 2009, when Subotičanka went into bankruptcy, the production and bottling of this brand has been moved to Slovenia. Currently the brand is the property of the Slovenian company Grenki List. Although less renowned within the region, pelinkovac is also produced by a number of small distilleries in Slovenia, Istria and in the city of Trieste and Friuli, Italy. In Bulgaria, pelin () is a type of wine with up to 34 herbs and some fruits added, including wormwood, St John's wort, apple and",
"title": "Pelinkovac"
},
{
"id": "3734277",
"text": "of the forest and children. \"absinthum\" comes from the Ancient Greek ἀψίνθιον, meaning the same. An alternative derivation is that the genus was named after Queen Artemisia who was the wife and sister of Mausolus ruler of Caria. When Mausolus died c. 353 BC, he was buried in a huge tomb dedicated to his memory – the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the ruins of which are still present at Bodrum in modern-day Turkey. The word \"wormwood\" comes from Middle English \"wormwode\" or \"wermode\". Webster's Third New International Dictionary attributes the etymology to Old English \"wermōd\" (compare with German \"Wermut\" and the",
"title": "Artemisia absinthium"
},
{
"id": "10414370",
"text": "contained sugar, and was made with \"southernwood\" (\"Artemisia abrotanum\") and not grande wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\") (prior to 2009), the TTB classified it as a liqueur. The Absinthe (Prohibition) Act 1915, passed in the New Hebrides, has never been repealed, is included in the 2006 Vanuatu consolidated legislation, and contains the following all-encompassing restriction: \"The manufacture, importation, circulation and sale wholesale or by retail of absinthe or similar liquors in Vanuatu shall be prohibited.\" Numerous artists and writers living in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were noted absinthe drinkers, and featured absinthe in their work. Some of",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "10456657",
"text": "a dark bottle because exposure to light will cause the natural color to fade, which explains why so many traditional absinthes were bottled in dark glass. Lucid is characterized by upfront flavors of anise and fennel, followed by mild mid-palate earthy textures attributable to the absinthe (Artemisia absinthium). The herbs round out the flavor with additional spice and grassy notes, which linger in a moderately long finish. Lucid is 124 proof or 62% alcohol/volume. Lucid Absinthe Lucid Absinthe Supérieure is the first genuine absinthe made with real Grande Wormwood to be legally available in the United States after the repeal",
"title": "Lucid Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "2086171",
"text": "it would be entering another extended hiatus period. According to the comic's official website, \"achewood\" was an ingredient used by slaves during the United States of America antebellum in the production of \"achewater\", a now outlawed Southern drink with psychedelic properties, similar to the use of wormwood in the production of absinthe. This liquor would supposedly induce melancholia in the drinker, hence the name. The Achewood Underground is an underground version of the human city above, inhabited and run by animals both stuffed and real, as well as several robots. The underground has its own businesses and establishments that parallel",
"title": "Achewood"
},
{
"id": "15205536",
"text": "fiber surpasses Chinese Mugwort in these qualities. The stamps, held with deep esteem, have a history of thousands of years use in China. They adorn documents, calligraphy, and artwork. Artemisia argyi Artemisia argyi, commonly known as silvery wormwood or Chinese mugwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant with a creeping rhizome. It is native to China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, and the Russian Far East (Amur Oblast, Primorye). It is known in Chinese as àicǎo () or ài yè () and in Japanese as gaiyou. It is used in herbal medicine for conditions of the liver, spleen and kidney. It is a",
"title": "Artemisia argyi"
},
{
"id": "853876",
"text": "mezcal, however, is left untouched, allowing the flavors of the agave used to come forward. Not all bottles of mezcal contain a \"worm\" (actually the larva of a moth, \"Hypopta agavis\", that can infest agave plants), but if added, it is added during the bottling process. There are conflicting stories as to why such would be added. Some state that it is a marketing ploy. Others state that it is there to prove that the mezcal is fit to drink, and still others state that the larva is there to impart flavor. The two types of mezcal are those made",
"title": "Mezcal"
},
{
"id": "4927506",
"text": "used in mediaeval texts to describe the dried leaves of a number of trees of the genus \"Cinnamomum\", which were thought to have medicinal properties. The Greeks used \"kásia\" (cassia) or \"malabathron\" to flavour wine, with absinth wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\"). Malabathrum leaves (\"folia\") were used in cooking and for distilling an oil used in a caraway-sauce for oysters by the Roman gourmet Gaius Gavius Apicius. Malabathrum is among the spices that, according to Apicius, any good kitchen should contain. Malobathrum from Egypt (Dioscorides I, 63) was based on beef fat and contained cinnamon, as well; one pound cost 300 \"denarii\".",
"title": "Malabathrum"
},
{
"id": "2684708",
"text": "Artemisia (genus) Artemisia is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush. \"Artemisia\" comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. \"Artemisia\" species grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species include \"A. vulgaris\" (common mugwort), \"A. tridentata\" (big sagebrush), \"A. annua\" (sagewort), \"A. absinthium\" (wormwood), \"A. dracunculus\" (tarragon), and \"A. abrotanum\" (southernwood). The leaves of many species are covered",
"title": "Artemisia (genus)"
},
{
"id": "8596098",
"text": "room. They had enjoyed caffeine mixed with alcohol, and recalled buying Thai energy drinks from a nearby Asian market to sell to other students at a markup, claiming that they were \"importing the stuff from abroad\". They would later describe themselves as \"our own target market\". In 2005, the entrepreneurial team designed a prototype \"energy beer\" now known as Four Loko. Marketed as a \"premium malt beverage\" in cherry and berry flavors, the drink contained taurine, guarana, caffeine and wormwood—the supposed psychoactive ingredient of absinthe. After a year, the company was running low on investment and decided to drop the",
"title": "Four Loko"
},
{
"id": "15664197",
"text": "Panagia Apsinthiotissa Panagia Apsinthiotissa or Absinthiotissa () is a Greek Orthodox monastery located at the southern foot of the Pentadaktylos range in the Republic of Cyprus. The nearest settlements are Sychari (Συγχαρί, Tr. Kaynakköy) and Vouno (Βουνό, Tr. Taşkent). The site presently falls within the \"de facto\" Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in Girne District. The name Panagia Apsinthiotissa refers to Panagia, the Orthodox name for the Virgin Mary, and Absinthe, a toponym derived from the cultivation of wormwood (\"Artemisia absinthium\") shrubs in the area. According to a local legend, the monastery was named after a wormwood bush that covered",
"title": "Panagia Apsinthiotissa"
},
{
"id": "14297616",
"text": "is thought to be the plant translated as \"wormwood\" in English-language versions of the Bible (\"apsinthos\" in the Greek text). Wormwood is mentioned seven times in the Jewish Bible, always with the implication of bitterness. Wormwood is mentioned once in the New Testament, as the name of a star, also with implications of bitterness. Artemisia herba-alba Artemisia herba-alba, the white wormwood, is a perennial shrub in the genus \"Artemisia\" that grows commonly on the dry steppes of the Mediterranean regions in Northern Africa (Saharan Maghreb), Western Asia (Arabian Peninsula) and Southwestern Europe. It is used as an antiseptic and antispasmodic",
"title": "Artemisia herba-alba"
},
{
"id": "7407585",
"text": "Pelinkovac Pelinkovac is a bitter liqueur based on wormwood (Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian \"pelen\" or \"pelin\"), popular in Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as in Slovenia, where it is known as pelinkovec or pelinovec. The alcohol content is 28–35% by volume. It has a very bitter taste, resembling that of Jägermeister. The most popular brands in Croatia are the Pelinkovac made by Dalmacijavino (Split, Croatia), Maraska Pelinkovac made by Maraska Distillery (Zadar, Croatia), Rovinjski Pelinkovac, made by Darna Distillery (Rovinj, Croatia) and the Badel Pelinkovac, made by the Badel Distillery (Zagreb, Croatia) since 1871. Badel's pelinkovac is closer",
"title": "Pelinkovac"
},
{
"id": "5890220",
"text": "Wormwood Street Wormwood Street is a short street in the City of London which runs between London Wall at its western end and a junction with Bishopsgate and Camomile Street in the east. It is a dual carriageway which forms part of the A1211 route between Barbican and Whitechapel. The nearest London Underground stations to Wormwood Street are Liverpool Street and Moorgate. It is within the London congestion charge zone. The postcode for the street is EC2. The name of the street refers to a plant called wormwood which used to grow on the London Wall and in other areas",
"title": "Wormwood Street"
},
{
"id": "10914660",
"text": "tried to establish a particular \"absinthe effect\" that wasn't present in other forms of alcohol, and suggested that the delirium of absinthe was different from \"delirium tremens\" experienced in alcoholism. In his research with laboratory animals, Magnan used essence of absinthe (wormwood), rather than the beverage itself, which contains only a small percentage of wormwood. From his experiments he observed that animals experienced epileptiform convulsions when exposed to concentrated levels of wormwood. Valentin Magnan Valentin Magnan (16 March 1835 – 27 September 1916) was a French psychiatrist who was a native of Perpignan. He studied medicine in Lyon and Paris,",
"title": "Valentin Magnan"
},
{
"id": "17148152",
"text": "with a feeding tube into the grave. Romans drank their wine mixed with water, or in \"mixed drinks\" with flavorings. \"Mulsum\" was a mulled sweet wine, and \"apsinthium\" was a wormwood-flavored forerunner of absinthe. Although wine was enjoyed regularly, and the Augustan poet Horace coined the expression \"truth in wine\" \"(in vino veritas)\", drunkenness was disparaged. It was a Roman stereotype that Gauls had an excessive love of wine, and drinking wine \"straight\" (\"purum\" or \"merum\", unmixed) was a mark of the \"barbarian\". The Gauls also brewed various forms of beer. Since restaurants catered to the lower classes, fine dining",
"title": "Food and dining in the Roman Empire"
},
{
"id": "10414355",
"text": "samples of various original absinthes have disproved previous estimates, and demonstrated that only a trace of the thujone present in wormwood actually makes it into a properly distilled absinthe when historical methods and materials are employed to create the spirit. As such, most traditionally crafted absinthes, both vintage and modern, fall within the current EU standards. Tests conducted on mice to study toxicity showed an oral of about 45 mg thujone per kg of body weight, which represents far more absinthe than could be realistically consumed. The high percentage of alcohol in absinthe would result in mortality long before thujone",
"title": "Absinthe"
},
{
"id": "10979",
"text": "commercially for herbal teas and potpourri. Echinacea is used as a medicinal tea. The wormwood genus \"Artemisia\" includes absinthe (\"A. absinthium\") and tarragon (\"A. dracunculus\"). Winter tarragon (\"Tagetes lucida\"), is commonly grown and used as a tarragon substitute in climates where tarragon will not survive. Many members of the family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers, and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry. Some examples are \"Chrysanthemum\", \"Gerbera\", \"Calendula\", \"Dendranthema\", \"Argyranthemum\", \"Dahlia\", \"Tagetes\", \"Zinnia\", and many others. Many species of this family possess medicinal properties and are used as traditional antiparasitic medicine. Members of",
"title": "Asteraceae"
},
{
"id": "7053466",
"text": "from fresh wormwood usually some other ingredients are used such as: peppercorns, black tea, raisins, honey, geranium leaves and hypericum flowers. All herbs used should be freshly picked, not dried (apart from tea). The alcohol used is plain vodka or spirit. It can be easily produced at home, as it is generally speaking an alcohol in which herbs and other ingredients were soaked over a period of about 2 weeks and then filtered. It does not require aging. The recipe dates back to at least the 16th century, as Piołunówka is described in Stefan Falimierz' 1534 opus \"On Herbs and",
"title": "Piołunówka"
},
{
"id": "20067340",
"text": "a cup of water is added, and boiled for 5‒10 minutes. Korean mugwort is rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, and minerals. In the past, mugwort tea was believed to help prevent and treat the common cold, reducing fever and inflammation, relieving pain, and lowering blood pressure. \"Ssukcha\" may serve as a natural herbicide. Ssukcha Ssukcha (), also called mugwort tea or wormwood tea, is a traditional Korean tea made from Korean mugwort (called \"ssuk\" () in Korean). It is commonly consumed in both North and South Korea. The preparation involves leaves of mugwort harvested around the \"dano\" month (day",
"title": "Ssukcha"
},
{
"id": "13040281",
"text": "education. The park was created by the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) in 1994, after a survey identified rare and unusual plant species in the area, some presumed carried in by shipping, such as Hairy Buttercup (\"Ranunculus sardous\"), Walthamstow Cress, and Unreel’s Wormwood. The Park has won a Green Flag Award for the fourth year in 2010, and was also nominated for the UK Landscape Award 2010. Bow Creek Ecology Park Bow Creek Ecology Park is a small open space along Bow Creek tidal estuary of the River Lea in Canning Town in Newham, in east London. It is operated",
"title": "Bow Creek Ecology Park"
},
{
"id": "10414325",
"text": "Free State. The Netherlands banned it in 1909, Switzerland in 1910, the United States in 1912, and France in 1914. The prohibition of absinthe in France would eventually lead to the popularity of pastis, and to a lesser extent, ouzo, and other anise-flavoured spirits that do not contain wormwood. Following the conclusion of the First World War, production of the Pernod Fils brand was resumed at the Banus distillery in Catalonia, Spain (where absinthe was still legal), but gradually declining sales saw the cessation of production in the 1960s. In Switzerland, the ban served only to drive the production of",
"title": "Absinthe"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Absinthe context: of the alco. A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s following the adoption of modern European Union food and beverage laws which removed long-standing barriers to its production and sale. By the early 21st century, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Australia, Spain, and Czechia. The French word \"absinthe\" can refer either to the alcoholic beverage or, less commonly, to the actual wormwood plant, with \"grande absinthe\" being \"Artemisia absinthium\", and \"petite absinthe\" being \"Artemisia pontica\". The Latin name \"artemisia\" comes from the Greek \"wormwood\" and the latter\n\nWhat drink is named for the wormwood plant?",
"compressed_tokens": 213,
"origin_tokens": 212,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $-0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Purl context: Purl Purl or wormwood ale is an English drink. It was originally made by infusing ale with the tops of the wormwood plant, especially the variety which grows in coastal salt marsh, which is called old woman. Other purgative or bitter herbs such as orange peel or senna might also be used. The drink was commonly drunk in the early hours of the morning at which time it was popular with labourers. By the middle of the 19th century, wormwood had been forgotten and the recipe was to mull ale instead with gin, sugar and spices such as ginger. It\n\ntitle: Vermouth contextredients added wine to make it a medicinal drink. Worm also played a key role around150BCcipes for white wine date back to ancient around 40 BC. A popular ingredient was wormwood based on the belief that was effective at treating stomach disorders and intestinal parasites'Alessio's version of libation contained other botanical ingredients in addition to wormwoodeting brands shortly there in and southeastern France containing their own propriet mix of ingred, including herbs, roots,ark and spices. The \"vermouth\" the French pronunciation of\ntitle: Pł: iowar Grobskiek, 0iołunówkaiołka is very bitter alcoholusionPolish:nw\") maceratingorm alco. Its name comes from \" \"wormwood popular to recent abshe has wellers from becauseated andsee the recipe below), whereasinthe.łka is not simply ofinthe but beived predecess. Forbased elixirs have beenestativesunow\n:ium: not same thing the, of star that to.ium Artemisia absinthium (absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood, grand wormwood, wormwood) is a species of \"Artemisia\" native to temperate regions of Eurasia and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States. It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe as well as some other alcoholic beverages. \"Artemisia absinthium\" is a herbaceous perennial plant with\n\nWhat drink is named for the wormwood plant?",
"compressed_tokens": 497,
"origin_tokens": 16367,
"ratio": "32.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $1.0 in GPT-4."
} |
146 | Italy leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second? | [
"Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds"
] | Venezuela, where the annual pasta consumption is 27.9 pounds | [
{
"id": "320779",
"text": "(3.4 million tonnes), followed by United States (2 million tonnes) and 3 countries in the one million tonnes range: Brazil, Turkey, and Russia. The largest per capita consumers of pasta in 2015 were Italy (23.5 kg/person), Tunisia (16.0 kg/person), Venezuela (12.0 kg/person) and Greece (11.2 kg/person). Nationally, the United States is the largest consumer of pasta with 2.7 million tons consumed in 2017. In the European Union, total pasta sales in 2008 were US $8.361 billion, of which $5.722 billion was for dried pasta, $2.244 billion was for fresh or chilled pasta, and $395 million was for canned or preserved",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "320759",
"text": "person, per year, easily beating Americans, who eat about per person. Pasta is so beloved in Italy that individual consumption exceeds the average production of wheat of the country; thus Italy frequently imports wheat for pasta making. In contemporary society pasta is ubiquitous, and individuals can find a variety of types in local supermarkets. With the worldwide demand for this staple food, pasta is now largely mass-produced in factories and only a tiny proportion is crafted by hand. Pasta was originally solely a part of Italian and European cuisine. With an increase in popularity on a worldwide scale, pasta has",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "320780",
"text": "pasta. In 2009, retail sales of pasta represented a $2.8 billion market in Italy, $1.4 billion in Germany, and $1.2 billion in France. In 2016, Italy was the world's largest exporter of pasta, with $2.8 billion sold, followed by China with $1.1 billion. The United States was the largest importer of pasta in 2016, with $1 billion acquired, followed by Germany and the UK. When cooked, plain pasta is composed of 62% water, 31% carbohydrates (26% starch), 6% protein, and 1% fat. A 100 gram portion of unenriched cooked pasta provides 160 Calories and a moderate level of manganese (15%",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "19430043",
"text": "meat consumption was second-highest among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (behind Australia) at 200.6 lbs per capita annually. Cow consumption has been decreasing since the 1970s, while chicken consumption has doubled. According to a 2009 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), American egg consumption was higher than the developed countries’ average. Per-capita egg consumption in the U.S. climbed to 263 in 2014, the highest in recent years. Per capita availability of dairy products dropped from 339.2 lbs in 1970 to 275.9 in 2012. 6% of respondents in a 1999 Gallup poll identified themselves as vegetarian, while 5% identified",
"title": "Animal welfare in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5008582",
"text": "on the vintage, modern Italy is the world's largest or second largest wine producer. In 2005, production was about 20% of the global total, second only to France, which produced 26%. In the same year, Italy's share in dollar value of table wine imports into the U.S. was 32%, Australia's was 24%, and France's was 20%. Along with Australia, Italy's market share has rapidly increased in recent years. In 1963, the first official Italian system of classification of wines was launched. Since then, several modifications and additions to the legislation have been made, including a major modification in 1992. The",
"title": "Italian wine"
},
{
"id": "19758716",
"text": "Tierra del Pan (\"Land of the Bread\"), located in the province of Zamora, where economy was in the past joined to this activity. According to Guinness World Records, Turkey has the largest per capita consumption of bread in the world as of 2000, with 199.6 kg (440 lb) per person; Turkey is followed in bread consumption by Serbia and Montenegro with 135 kg (297 lb 9.9 oz), and Bulgaria with 133.1 kg (293 lb 6.9 oz). Flat breads of many flours are a widespread along Latin America, the most common probably being sopaipillas. Chile is the second bread consumer worldwide.",
"title": "Bread in culture"
},
{
"id": "300708",
"text": "that \"it's reliably reported that 80% of the Italian olive oil on the market is fraudulent\" and that \"a massive olive oil scandal is being uncovered in Southern Italy (Puglia, Umbria and Campania)\". Greece has by far the largest per capita consumption of olive oil worldwide, over per person per year; Spain and Italy, around 14 l; Tunisia, Portugal, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon, around 8 l. Northern Europe and North America consume far less, around 0.7 l, but the consumption of olive oil outside its home territory has been rising steadily. The main producing and consuming countries are: Olive oil",
"title": "Olive oil"
},
{
"id": "5008578",
"text": "Italian wine Italy is home to some of the oldest wine-producing regions in the world. Italian wine regions are known for their rich variety of wine styles. Italy is the second highest wine producing country by volume behind only Spain, the world’s largest wine producer. Its contribution is about 45–50 million hl per year, and represents about one fourth of global production. Not only is Italian wine exported around the world, it is also extremely popular with Italians. Italians rank fifth on the world wine consumption list by volume with 42 litres per capita consumption. Grapes are grown in almost",
"title": "Italian wine"
},
{
"id": "1969516",
"text": "has traditionally looked to its hilly interior with a cuisine centered on lamb, sucking pig, breads, and \"pecorino sardo.\" It is in the food of Naples and Campania, however, that many visitors would recognize the foods that have come to be regarded as quintessentially Italian: pizza, spaghetti with tomato sauce, aubergine parmigiana (but the origins of the two last dishes are claimed by Sicily). Also, Italy exports and produces the highest level of wine, exporting over 2.38 million tonnes in 2011. , Italy was responsible for producing approximately one-fifth of the world's wine. Some Italian regions are home to some",
"title": "Culture of Italy"
},
{
"id": "19978244",
"text": "according to observations at 2016's TV and digital content event MIPTV, is drama. The United States lead the global list of daily TV viewing time in 2015, followed by Poland, Japan, Italy, and Russia. According to other statistics, the UK was top, followed by the US, France, Indonesia, Kenya and Nigeria in 2014. In 2002, the US and the UK were ranked equal with 28 hours per person per week, followed by Italy, Germany, France, and Ireland. Besides the continuing slow decline in average viewing times for the traditional linear TV, ZenithMedia has predicted a decline also for the number",
"title": "Television consumption"
},
{
"id": "395276",
"text": "from per person before World War II to . By that year, Italy produced 1,432,990 tons of spaghetti, of which 74,000 were exported, and had a production capacity of 3 million tons. Pasta provides carbohydrates, along with some protein, iron, dietary fiber, potassium and B vitamins. Pasta prepared with whole wheat grain provides more dietary fiber than that prepared with degermed flour. The world record for the largest bowl of spaghetti was set in March 2009 and reset in March 2010 when a Buca di Beppo restaurant in Garden Grove, California, filled a swimming pool with more than of pasta.",
"title": "Spaghetti"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "474873",
"text": "and a vitamin/mineral preblend. Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% respectively. In absolute numbers, the United States, Brazil, and the People's Republic of China are the world's three largest consumers of beef; Uruguay, however, has the highest beef and veal consumption per capita, followed by Argentina and Brazil. According to the data from OECD, the average Uruguayan ate over of beef or veal in 2014, representing the highest beef/veal consumption per capita in the world. In comparison, the average",
"title": "Beef"
},
{
"id": "17273112",
"text": "are the most popular. Many older bread types still exist alongside the newer varieties. Bread is an integral part of the Turkish cuisine and eaten very commonly. According to Guinness World Records, Turkey has the largest per capita consumption of bread in the world as of 2000, with 199.6 kg (440 lb) per person; Turkey is followed in bread consumption by Serbia and Montenegro with 135 kg (297 lb 9.9 oz), and Bulgaria with 133.1 kg (293 lb 6.9 oz). Aside from the common bread that is shown in the photo, bazlama, gözleme, lavaş, pide, simit, and yufka are popular",
"title": "Bread in Europe"
},
{
"id": "190184",
"text": "for total medals. The country hosted two Winter Olympics (in 1956 and 2006), and one Summer games (in 1960). Italian fashion has a long tradition, and is regarded as one most important in the world. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main fashion capitals. According to \"Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings\" 2013 by Global Language Monitor, Rome ranked sixth worldwide when Milan was twelfth. Major Italian fashion labels, such as Gucci, Armani, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Fendi, Moschino, Max Mara, Trussardi, and Ferragamo, to name a few, are regarded as among the finest fashion houses in the",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "8220524",
"text": "the world's leading pasta maker with 40-45% of the Italian market and 25% of the US market. It produces pasta in over 120 shapes and sizes. Barilla brand pasta is sold in numerous restaurants worldwide, such as those belonging to the Pastamania chain. It is also the leading seller of bakery products in Italy. Through its acquisition of the Swedish company Wasa, it is the world's leading producer of flatbread (a Scandinavian staple), selling 60,000 tons annually. The company markets pasta in the U.S. as being Italian (\"An Italian Favorite\" marketing) in flavor, but most of the product in the",
"title": "Barilla Group"
},
{
"id": "5008598",
"text": "sweet syrup suitable for the preparation of sweets and soft drinks. Once reduced and allowed to cool it is aged in storage for a few years. Italian wine Italy is home to some of the oldest wine-producing regions in the world. Italian wine regions are known for their rich variety of wine styles. Italy is the second highest wine producing country by volume behind only Spain, the world’s largest wine producer. Its contribution is about 45–50 million hl per year, and represents about one fourth of global production. Not only is Italian wine exported around the world, it is also",
"title": "Italian wine"
},
{
"id": "566634",
"text": "butter consumption with 8 kg per capita per year. In terms of absolute consumption, Germany was second after India, using of butter in 1997, followed by France (), Russia (), and the United States (). New Zealand, Australia, and the Ukraine are among the few nations that export a significant percentage of the butter they produce. Different varieties are found around the world. \"Smen\" is a spiced Moroccan clarified butter, buried in the ground and aged for months or years. A similar product is \"maltash\" of the Hunza Valley, where cow and yak butter can be buried for decades, and",
"title": "Butter"
},
{
"id": "320778",
"text": "amount of thermal energy, they become embedded within the protein matrix and align along the direction of the shear caused by the extrusion process. Starch gelatinization and protein coagulation are the major changes that take place when pasta is cooked in boiling water. Protein and starch competing for water within the pasta cause a constant change in structure as the pasta cooks. In 2011, the three largest producers of dried pasta were Italy (3.2 million tonnes), the United States (3 million tonnes), and Brazil (1.3 million tonnes). By 2016, Italy was still the largest producer of pasta in the world",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "329332",
"text": "other parts of Europe (namely Moldova, Romania, Albania, and Ukraine: 6.45%), followed by Sub-Saharan Africa (namely Ghana, Nigeria and Ivory Coast: 1.81%), North Africa (namely Morocco and Tunisia: 1.46%) and the Philippines: 1.33. Parma is famous for its food and rich gastronomical tradition: Parmigiano Reggiano cheese (also produced in Reggio Emilia), Prosciutto di Parma (Parma ham). Parma also claims several stuffed pasta dishes like \"tortelli d'erbetta\" and \"anolini in brodo\". In 2004 Parma was appointed the seat of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Parma also has two food multinationals, Barilla and Parmalat and a food tourism sector represented by",
"title": "Parma"
},
{
"id": "343552",
"text": "Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country. This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy, (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita. Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008, yet, in terms",
"title": "Rome"
},
{
"id": "320758",
"text": "called \"The Industry of Pasta\". Using tomato sauce to give pasta its flavour was revolutionary since it was originally eaten plain. The consumption of pasta has changed over time; while once a small, simple item, it is now often eaten in much larger portions and as part of complex, sophisticated dishes. Factors such as low prices and ease of cooking contribute to the growing popularity of this staple item. The art of pasta making and the devotion to the food as a whole has evolved since pasta was first conceptualized. It is estimated that Italians eat over of pasta per",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "94734",
"text": "Romania, Sweden and Turkey reported much higher values. World annual cocaine consumption, as of 2000, stood at around 600 tonnes, with the United States consuming around 300 t, 50% of the total, Europe about 150 t, 25% of the total, and the rest of the world the remaining 150 t or 25%. It is estimated that 1.5 million people in the United States used cocaine in 2010 down from 2.4 million in 2006. Conversely, cocaine use appears to be increasing in Europe with the highest prevalences in Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Ireland. The 2010 UN World Drug Report",
"title": "Cocaine"
},
{
"id": "4359246",
"text": "3,150 BC) in southern Turkey, the Levant, and Crete. The ten countries with the largest harvests (in 2011) are all near the Mediterranean (Portugal being the tenth largest): together, they produce 95% of the world's olives. The olive yields bitter fruits, made edible by curing and fermentation, and olive oil. Some 90% of the fruit production (1996) goes into olive oil. The Mediterranean region accounts for the world's highest consumption of olive oil: in 2014, the highest-consuming country, Greece, used 17 kg per head; Italy, 12 kg, Spain, 13 kg; the United States for comparison used only 1 kg per",
"title": "Mediterranean cuisine"
},
{
"id": "320754",
"text": "(plural \"lagana\"), which in Latin refers to a thin sheet of dough, and gives rise to Italian \"lasagna\". In North Africa, a food similar to pasta, known as couscous, has been eaten for centuries. However, it lacks the distinguishing malleable nature of pasta, couscous being more akin to droplets of dough. At first, dry pasta was a luxury item in Italy because of high labor costs; durum wheat semolina had to be kneaded for a long time. There is a legend of Marco Polo importing pasta from China which originated with the \"Macaroni Journal\", published by an association of food",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "6854577",
"text": "specialty coffee drinks, now ubiquitous in American life), tiramisu, and Nutella. On the other hand, e.g. Pasta alla Carbonara, a dish unrecorded in Italy before World War II may be due to an American influence in relationship to the allied liberation of Rome in 1944. Many Italians then were happy to use powdered eggs and bacon supplied the United States and their armed forces for pasta dishes. Italian-American food and Mediterranean cuisine has been highly influential in the American diet. It is one of the top three cuisines in the United States, according to the National Restaurant Association. Rated high",
"title": "Italian-American cuisine"
},
{
"id": "443602",
"text": "City were citizens. There was a total of 572 Vatican citizens, of whom 352 were not residents, mainly apostolic nuncios and diplomatic staff. , there were about 30 female citizens. More wine is drunk per person in the Vatican City than in any other country in the world, according to statistics released by the California Wine Institute. The figures show that residents of the Vatican consume 74 litres of wine on average – roughly equivalent to 105 bottles over the course of a year. That amount is around double the amount drunk by the average person in France or Italy",
"title": "Vatican City"
},
{
"id": "320789",
"text": "grams (without the shells) per kilogram of semolina, or a liquid egg product produced only with hen’s eggs. Pasta made and sold in Italy under this category must be labeled egg pasta. Fresh and stabilized pastas (\"paste alimentari fresche e stabilizzate\") – Includes fresh and stabilized pastas, which may be made with soft-wheat flour without restriction on the amount. Prepackaged fresh pasta must have a water content not less than 24%, must be stored refrigerated at a temperature of not more than 4 °C (with a 2 °C tolerance), must have undergone a heat treatment at least equivalent to pasteurisation,",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "16374901",
"text": "Tourism in Sardinia Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus) and an autonomous region of Italy. Tourism in Sardinia is one of the fastest growing sectors of the regional economy. The island attracts more than a million tourists from both Italy (particularly from Lombardy, Piedmont and Lazio), from the rest of Europe (especially from Germany and France), and, to a lesser degree, from the rest of the world. According to statistics, tourist arrivals in 2016 were 2.9 million. Modern tourism in Sardinia began in 1948, when the first investments and development plans",
"title": "Tourism in Sardinia"
},
{
"id": "1757512",
"text": "in this list. Among EU nations, Greece is the per capita leader in consumption at 12.3kg, while the UK's annual per capita lamb consumption is 4.7kg.. Outside of the OECD, the largest per capita consumer overall is Mongolia, with 45.1kg. The table below gives a sample of producing nations, but many other significant producers in the 50-120 KT range are not given. Source: Helgi Library, World Bank, FAOSTAT Meat from sheep features prominently in several cuisines of the Mediterranean, for example in Greece, where it is an integral component of many meals, including religious feasts such as Easter (see \"avgolemono\",",
"title": "Lamb and mutton"
},
{
"id": "192969",
"text": "share, are Germany (12.6%), France (11.1%), United States (6.8%), Switzerland (5.7%), United Kingdom (4.7%), and Spain (4.4%). In the post-war period, Italy was transformed from an agricultural based economy which had been severely affected by the consequences of the World Wars, into one of the world's most advanced nations, and a leading country in world trade and exports. According to the Human Development Index, the country enjoys a very high standard of living, and has the world's 8th highest quality of life according to \"The Economist\". Italy owns the world's third-largest gold reserve, and is the third net contributor to",
"title": "Economy of Italy"
},
{
"id": "192970",
"text": "the budget of the European Union. Furthermore, the country's private wealth is one of the largest in the world. Italy is a large manufacturer (overall the second in EU behind Germany) and exporter of a significant variety of products including machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals, furniture, food, clothing, and robots.. Italy has therefore a significant trade surplus. The country is also well known for its influential and innovative business economic sector, an industrious and competitive agricultural sector (Italy is the world's largest wine producer), and for its creative and high-quality automobile, naval, industrial, appliance and fashion design. Italy is the largest hub",
"title": "Economy of Italy"
},
{
"id": "17780723",
"text": "teams needed police protection to leave the field in safety. Chile defeated European champions USSR, to earn a semi-final against defending World Champions Brazil, but a capacity crowd of 76,600 watched Brazil beat the hosts 4–2. Chile eventually went on to take third place in a 1–0 victory over Yugoslavia in the playoff. The team is said to have eaten Swiss cheese before beating Switzerland, spaghetti before beating Italy, and drank vodka before beating the USSR. They also drank coffee before the match against Brazil, although they did not win that match. This was Chile's best performance in a World",
"title": "History of the Chile national football team"
},
{
"id": "4359250",
"text": "Turkey 4.2 mt, and Germany 1.2 mt. Wine production for Southern Europe was 37% of the world total in 2014, with Italy producing 4.8 mt, Spain 4.6 mt, France 4.3 mt, and Germany 0.9 mt. The concept of a Mediterranean cuisine is very recent, probably dating from the publication of David's \"A Book of Mediterranean Food\" (1950). David herself did not use the term, speaking instead of Mediterranean \"food\", \"cookery\", or \"cooking\". The usefulness of the concept is disputed. Carol Helstosky, author of the book \"Food Culture in the Mediterranean\" (2009), is among the authors who use \"Mediterranean cuisine\" interchangeably",
"title": "Mediterranean cuisine"
},
{
"id": "658987",
"text": "Italy, which has the highest consumption of equine meat in Europe and where donkey meat is the main ingredient of several regional dishes, about 1000 donkeys were slaughtered in 2010, yielding approximately 100 tonnes of meat. Asses' milk may command good prices: the average price in Italy in 2009 was €15 per litre, and a price of €6 per 100 ml was reported from Croatia in 2008; it is used for soaps and cosmetics as well as dietary purposes. The niche markets for both milk and meat are expanding. In the past, donkey skin was used in the production of",
"title": "Donkey"
},
{
"id": "17461502",
"text": "towards France is \"cowardly, arrogant, chauvinistic, erotomaniacs\", and they see Germany as \"uber-efficient, diligent [and] disciplined\". To Europe, Italy is \"tax-dodging, Berlusconi-style and mama's boys, incapable of bravery\", Poland is \"heavy-drinking ultracatholics with a whiff of antisemitism\", and Spain is \"macho men and fiery woman prone to regular siestas and fiestas\". While some countries such as Germany proudly own their stereotype, others like Spain argue that theirs is a warped view based on experiences while on holiday instead of having actually lived there. A Pew Global survey of the European countries Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece, Poland, and the",
"title": "National stereotypes"
},
{
"id": "190187",
"text": "in itself takes heavy influences, including Etruscan, ancient Greek, ancient Roman, Byzantine, and Jewish. Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the New World with the introduction of items such as potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers and maize, now central to the cuisine but not introduced in quantity until the 18th century. Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity, abundance of difference in taste, and is known to be one of the most popular in the world, wielding strong influence abroad. The Mediterranean diet forms the basis of Italian cuisine, rich in pasta, fish, fruits and vegetables and characterised by",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "8220526",
"text": "and Japan. Barilla's Italian production facilities are located at Parma, Foggia, Marcianise, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Cremona, Melfi, Rubbiano, Novara, and Ascoli Piceno. Its plant in Greece (near Thiva) is the third largest in Europe. The plant where the pasta was made is noted on the packaging by a code letter, whereas products made in Italy are explicitly labeled as such. The wheat used to make the final product is purchased from around the world. Barilla Pasta has elected Sir Chef Bruno Serato to represent Barilla Group as their ambassador for World Pasta Day 2018. On September 25, 2013, in an",
"title": "Barilla Group"
},
{
"id": "7713208",
"text": "that the social problems were far more serious than what the authorities believed. Argentina has the world's second-highest consumption rate of beef, with yearly consumption at 55 kg per person. In 2006, livestock farmers kept between 50 and 55 million head of cattle, mostly in the fertile pastures of the Pampas. The country is currently the third-largest beef exporter in the world after Brazil and Australia. The national government applies a 15% tax on beef exports and has applied further restrictions since March 2006 to keep domestic prices low. On 8 March 2006, after unsuccessfully trying to control the rising",
"title": "Argentine beef"
},
{
"id": "19557390",
"text": "than vice versa. A striking example can be found in tomato exports from Italy to Ghana by virtue of the Economic Partnership Agreements where the artificially cheap vegetables play a significant role in the destruction of indigenous agriculture and a corresponding further decline in the already ailing economic power. The Numbeo database \"allows you to see, share and compare information about food prices worldwide and gives estimation of minimum money needed for food per person per day\". The FAO food price index is a measure of the monthly change in international prices of a market basket of food commodities. It",
"title": "Food prices"
},
{
"id": "16443424",
"text": "higher than in France and almost twice as high as in Germany. Bottled water. Italians are among the greatest consumers of bottled water in the world, drinking 194 liters (51 gallons) per capita a year, according to Giorgio Temporelli, research director of the environmental foundation AGMA. Wastewater treatment. Several Italian cities are in breach of EU wastewater treatment standards. Therefore, the European Commission sued the Italian government at the European Court of Justice in 2010 and again in 2012. As of 2010, 178 towns and cities in Italy with more than 15,000 inhabitants are in breach of wastewater standards. These",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Italy"
},
{
"id": "190110",
"text": "economy, ranking as the third-largest in the Eurozone and the eighth-largest in the world. A founding member of the G7, the Eurozone and the OECD, it is regarded as one of the world's most industrialised nations and a leading country in world trade and exports. It is a highly developed country, with the world's 8th highest quality of life in 2005 and the 26th Human Development Index. The country is well known for its creative and innovative business, a large and competitive agricultural sector with the world's largest wine production, and for its influential and high-quality automobile, machinery, food, design",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "320790",
"text": "and must be sold within 5 days of the date of manufacture. Stabilized pasta has a lower allowed water content of 20%, and is manufactured using a process and heat treatment that allows it to be transported and stored at ambient temperatures. The Italian regulations under Presidential Decree N° 187 apply only to the commercial manufacturing of pastas both made and sold within Italy. They are not applicable either to pasta made for export from Italy or to pastas imported into Italy from other countries. They also do not apply to pastas made in restaurants. In the US, regulations for",
"title": "Pasta"
},
{
"id": "4150905",
"text": "in bigger cities. International burger chains, as well as Chinese and Greek restaurants, are widespread. Indian, Thai, Japanese, and other Asian cuisines have gained popularity in recent decades. Among high-profile restaurants in Germany, the Michelin guide has awarded nine restaurants three stars, the highest designation, while 15 more received two stars. German restaurants have become the world's second most decorated eateries after France. Although German wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, the national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person is declining but—at 116 litres annually—it is still among the highest in the world.",
"title": "Culture of Germany"
},
{
"id": "6922564",
"text": "of risotto with Arborio rice or Maratelli rice, the typical kind of Saluggia beans, onion, Barbera wine, lard, salami, salt, and pepper), \"taglierini\" (thinner version of tagliatelle), \"bagna cauda\" (sauce of garlic, anchovies, olive oil, and butter), and \"bicerin\" (hot drink made of coffee, chocolate, and whole milk). Piedmont is one of the Italian capitals of pastry and chocolate in particular, with products like Nutella, \"gianduiotto\", and \"marron glacé\" that are famous worldwide. Apulia is a massive food producer: major production includes wheat, tomatoes, zucchini, broccoli, bell peppers, potatoes, spinach, eggplants, cauliflower, fennel, endive, chickpeas, lentils, beans, and cheese (like",
"title": "Italian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "9677978",
"text": "from 3964 in 2009 (4.2% increase), 639 of which were special needs children. The first country of origin is the Russian Federation with 707 children, but there was a particularly high increase in the number of children from Colombia, who numbered 592 compared to 444 of 2009. Colombia is therefore the second largest country of origin, followed by Ukraine with 426 adoptions, Brazil with 318, Ethiopia with 274, Vietnam with 251 and Poland with 193. There was a significant increase of children from Latin America (+16.34%) and Asia (+34.71%) despite changes in domestic laws taking place in countries such as",
"title": "Adoption in Italy"
},
{
"id": "190145",
"text": "low rate of adult obesity (below 10%), as there are several health benefits of the Mediterranean diet. The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2012, down from 24.4% in 2000 but still slightly above the OECD average. Smoking in public places including bars, restaurants, night clubs and offices has been restricted to specially ventilated rooms since 2005. In 2013, UNESCO added the Mediterranean diet to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of Italy (promoter), Morocco, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Cyprus and Croatia. For centuries divided by politics and geography until its eventual unification in 1861, Italy's",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "8918451",
"text": "is considered vital to the survival of a state. Similar cross-border groundwater flow also occurs. Competition for these resources, particularly where limited, have caused or been additive to conflicts in the past. With nearly of water used per person per year, the United States leads the world in water consumption per capita. Among the developed OECD countries, the U.S. is highest in water consumption, then Canada with of water per person per year, which is about twice the amount of water used by the average person from France, three times as much as the average German, and almost eight times",
"title": "Water politics"
},
{
"id": "3500650",
"text": "Alfredo. Fettuccine Fettuccine (; literally \"little ribbons\" in Italian; sing. \"Fettuccina\") is a type of pasta popular in Roman and Tuscan cuisine. It is a flat thick pasta made of egg and flour (usually one egg for every 100 g of flour), wider than but similar to the tagliatelle typical of Bologna. It is often eaten with \"sugo d'umido\" (beef ragù) and \"ragù di pollo\" (chicken ragù). Fettuccine is traditionally made fresh (either at home or commercially) but dried fettuccine can also be bought in stores. Spinach fettuccine is made from spinach, flour, and eggs. Dishes made with fettuccine include",
"title": "Fettuccine"
},
{
"id": "12370079",
"text": "in the world, a total of 987 Gm3/yr. In relative terms (i.e. taking population size into account), the people of the USA have the largest water footprint, with 2480 m3/yr per capita, followed by the people in south European countries such as Greece, Italy and Spain (2300–2400 m3/yr per capita). High water footprints can also be found in Malaysia and Thailand. In contrast, the Chinese people have a relatively low per capita water footprint with an average of 700 m3/yr. (These numbers are also from the period 1996-2005) The internal water footprint is the amount of water used from domestic",
"title": "Water footprint"
},
{
"id": "6383338",
"text": "to the championship is the presence of Miss Italia (Miss Italy), who crowns the winning pizzaiolos. It is the largest pizza show in the world with over 6,500 independent chain and franchise owners from all around the world attending. The winners are inducted into their Hall of Fame and are sometimes invited back to judge the next World Pizza Championship. They also win a cash prize totaling about $10,000. There are different categories including Best Vegetarian Pizza, Best Meat pizza, and more. At the end of the competition, the best pizza overall is selected. Whoever wins not only receives the",
"title": "World Pizza Championship"
},
{
"id": "4359249",
"text": "Crete in the fifth millennium BC and Spain by the last millennium BC. Winemaking started in Italy in the ninth century BC, and in France around 600 BC. Grapes are mostly grown for making wine and vinegar as basic components of the Mediterranean diet, as well for drying as raisins or for eating as table grapes. Raisins and table grape varieties are chosen for their flavour. Grape production remains important in the Mediterranean area, with Southern Europe accounting for 21% of the world's harvest. In 2014, Italy produced 6.9 million tonnes (mt) of grapes, Spain 6.2 mt, France 6.2 mt,",
"title": "Mediterranean cuisine"
},
{
"id": "14427428",
"text": "designed for Food Service, launched in 2015. The range includes authentic products from Italy from Pesto to Black eyed peas & as well as Galvanina soft drinks, which Sacla' import into the UK The Sacla' family has fitted solar panels on the roof of one of the main buildings to harness the Italian sunshine. Most Saclà products are packed in glass so are fully recyclable. Saclà Italia Saclà Italia is an Italian pesto and pasta sauce brand. Saclà was founded by Secondo and his wife Piera in Asti, Piedmont in north-west Italy in 1939. Saclà is still run by the",
"title": "Saclà Italia"
},
{
"id": "190144",
"text": "by a mixed public-private system. The public part is the \"Servizio Sanitario Nazionale\", which is organised under the Ministry of Health and administered on a devolved regional basis. Healthcare spending in Italy accounted for 9.2% of the national GDP in 2012, very close the OECD countries' average of 9.3%. Italy in 2000 ranked as having the world's 2nd best healthcare system, and the world's 2nd best healthcare performance. Life expectancy in Italy is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country 5th in the world for life expectancy. In comparison to other Western countries, Italy has a relatively",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "2801637",
"text": "these countries have their specialities. Austria is famous for their Wiener Schnitzel - a breaded veal cutlet served with a slice of lemon, the Czech Republic for their world renowned beers. Germany for their world-famous wursts, Hungary for their goulash. Slovakia is famous for their gnocchi-like Halusky pasta. Slovenia for their German and Italian influenced cuisine, Poland for their world-famous Pierogis which are a cross between a Ravioli and an Empanada. Liechtenstein and German speaking Switzerland are famous for their Rösti and French speaking Switzerland for their Raclettes. European cuisine European cuisine, or alternatively western cuisine, is a generalised term",
"title": "European cuisine"
},
{
"id": "7839197",
"text": "and Italy was subject to significant political turmoil. Italians saw in Argentina a chance to build for themselves a brand new life. The Italian population in Argentina is the second largest in the world, by numbers, outside of Italy, some 25 million people (62.5% of Argentina’s population). Italians form a majority of the population of Argentina and neighbouring Uruguay as up to two-third have some Italian background; among the Latin American countries, only Brazil has more people of Italian descent (28 million, approximately 15 percent of Brazil's total population). German immigration to Argentina occurred during five main time periods: pre–1870,",
"title": "Ethnic groups of Argentina"
},
{
"id": "768623",
"text": "produced in the United States annually. Today, the nut's demand outstrips supply. The United States imported 4,056 metric tons of European in-shell chestnuts worth $10 million in 2007. The U.S. chestnut industry is in its infancy, producing less than 1% of total world production. Since the mid-20th century, most of the US imports are from Southern Italy, with the large, meaty, and richly flavored Sicilian chestnuts being considered among the best quality for bulk sale and supermarket retail. Some imports come from Portugal and France. The next two largest sources of imports are China and South Korea. The French varieties",
"title": "Chestnut"
},
{
"id": "1969551",
"text": "by Disney. After World War II, such brands as Ferrari and Alfa Romeo became well known for racing and sports cars. Since then Italy has experienced a strong economic growth, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s, which lifted the country to the position of being one of the most industrialized nations in the world. Italian product design, fashion, film, and cuisine and the notion of Italy as the embodiment of \"la dolce vita\" for German tourism — all left an imprint on contemporary Italophilia. The Italian peninsula has been at the heart of Western cultural development at least since Roman",
"title": "Culture of Italy"
},
{
"id": "14715988",
"text": "Obesity in Italy Obesity in Italy has been increasingly cited as a major health issue in recent years. Overall, the Italians, along with the French and the Swiss, are considered among the slimmest people in Europe on average. In Europe, Italy was the only country where the average weight dropped. Obesity rates in Italian two-year-olds are the highest in Europe with a rate of 42%. Causes are lack of a Mediterranean diet and lifestyle choices such as exercise and getting enough sleep. Several studies have shown that obese men tend to have a lower sperm count, fewer rapidly mobile sperm",
"title": "Obesity in Italy"
},
{
"id": "6922537",
"text": "In Tuscany, pasta (especially pappardelle) is traditionally served with meat sauce (including game meat). In Southern Italy, tomatoes (fresh or cooked into tomato sauce), peppers, olives and olive oil, garlic, artichokes, oranges, ricotta cheese, eggplants, zucchini, certain types of fish (anchovies, sardines and tuna), and capers are important components to the local cuisine. Italian cuisine is also well known (and well regarded) for its use of a diverse variety of pasta. Pasta include noodles in various lengths, widths, and shapes. Most pastas may be distinguished by the shapes for which they are named—penne, maccheroni, spaghetti, linguine, fusilli, lasagne, and many",
"title": "Italian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "12659523",
"text": "due to poverty and wars. In 2011, over 25 million Argentine citizens (approx. 62% of the population) claim Italian ancestry. Italian culture has penetrated Argentine society in food and language as Argentine Spanish is heavily influenced by Italian. Several Argentine politicians, sports figures, actors, models and literary authors, among others (including the current Catholic Pope), are of Italian descent. Argentina hosts the second biggest Italian diaspora community in the world after Brazil. In 1973, Argentina and Italy signed an Agreement on dual citizenship. The Argentine community in Italy totals 11,200; however, many Argentine citizens have dual citizenship with Italy and",
"title": "Argentina–Italy relations"
},
{
"id": "2059348",
"text": "standards for the PDO, the Consorzio also sponsors marketing activities. , about 3.6m wheels (approx. 137,000 metric tons) of parmesan are produced every year; they use about 18% of all the milk produced in Italy. Most workers in the Italian dairy industry (\"bergamini\") belong to the Italian General Confederation of Labour. As older dairy workers retire, younger Italians have tended to work in factories or offices. Immigrants have filled that role, with 60% of the workers in the Parmesan industry now immigrants from India, almost all Sikhs. Parmigiano-Reggiano is commonly grated over pasta dishes, stirred into soups and risottos, and",
"title": "Parmigiano-Reggiano"
},
{
"id": "1295936",
"text": "had the second highest (after the U.S.) vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, with 690 vehicles per 1000 people. Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 people, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007. Portugal, between 1991 and 2002 grew up 220% on its motorization rate, having had in 2002, 560 cars per 1000 people. Italy also leads in alternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 779,090 natural gas vehicles , the",
"title": "Motor vehicle"
},
{
"id": "6383337",
"text": "World Pizza Championship The World Pizza Championship is an event held annually to determine the world's best pizza makers. It began in 1991 and is organised by the magazine \"Pizza e Pasta Italiana\" and PizzaNew. In 2008, over 20 countries competed Pizzas are judged by preparation, taste, bake and presentation. Pizza competitions include those for fastest pizza maker, freestyle acrobatics and the largest dough stretch. Salsomaggiore Terme (Parma), Italy, is the site of the championships, although several other cities likewise claim to be the home of the ultimate international pizza games including Naples and Paris. One of the main attractions",
"title": "World Pizza Championship"
},
{
"id": "9439805",
"text": "oils mislabeled as extra virgin in a study by University of California, Davis. Bertolli's market share in pasta sauce in 2015 is 7.2% behind Ragu and Prego. In 2018, Deoleo paid a $7 million settlement to resolve a class action lawsuit that had alleged that the company had misrepresented Bertolli olive oil, and committed to undertake several actions to correct such misrepresentation. The suit alleged that it was misleading for Bertolli to advertize its olive oil as being “Imported from Italy” when the oils actually came from olives grown and pressed in Greece, Chile, Spain, Australia, Turkey, and Tunisia, and",
"title": "Bertolli"
},
{
"id": "11910438",
"text": "of the population in state and federal prisons. Comparing some countries with similar percentages of immigrants, Germany has an incarceration rate of 76 per 100,000 population (as of 2014), Italy is 85 per 100,000 (as of 2015), and Saudi Arabia is 161 per 100,000 (as of 2013). Comparing other countries with a zero tolerance policy for illegal drugs, the rate of Russia is 455 per 100,000 (as of 2015), Kazakhstan is 275 per 100,000 (as of 2015), Singapore is 220 per 100,000 (as of 2014), and Sweden is 60 per 100,000 (as of 2014). A 2014 report by the National",
"title": "United States incarceration rate"
},
{
"id": "14578943",
"text": "Pastafazoola Pastafazoola (also known as Pastafazula) is a 1927 novelty song written by the early 20th-century American songwriting duo of Van and Schenck. Borrowing heavily from the Italian standard \"Funiculì, Funiculà\", the song tells of the masterful feats of world-leading individuals who ate the traditional Italian dish, \"pasta fagioli\", which is simple \"peasant fare\" of pasta and navy beans. Among the individuals mentioned in the song are Babe Ruth, who had hit a record 60 home runs during the 1927 season, singer John McCormack, John D. Rockefeller, Jack Dempsey, Charles Lindbergh, Christopher Columbus and Benito Mussolini. Van and Schenck recorded",
"title": "Pastafazoola"
},
{
"id": "15689739",
"text": "clone that underwent population expansion by vegetative propagation. East African Highland bananas are one of the most important staple food crops in the African Great Lakes region, particularly for Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. \"Per capita\" annual consumption of bananas in Uganda is the highest in the world at daily per person. Including Rwanda and Burundi, consumption is about per person annually (about three to 11 bananas each day). Uganda is the second-largest producer of bananas in the world. It is, however, one of the smallest exporters, with the crops being used mostly for domestic consumption. East African Highland bananas",
"title": "East African Highland bananas"
},
{
"id": "17889007",
"text": "islands. On the western Adriatic coast does not go beyond Ancona. In the eastern dates back much further north reaching the entire coast of Istria. Italy is the world's largest wine producer. Italian food products Italy produces many food products. Italy is the second largest producer in Europe and in the world of olive oil production with a national average of more than 464,000 tons, of which two thirds extra virgin and less than 41 PDO and PGI recognized by the EU. In Italy, the olive tree is spread over approximately one million hectares in the primary culture and on",
"title": "Italian food products"
},
{
"id": "6922549",
"text": "all take on the flavor of volcanic soil. The Gulf of Naples offers fish and seafood. Campania is one of the largest producers and consumers of pasta in Italy, especially spaghetti. In the regional cuisine, pasta is prepared in various styles that can feature tomato sauce, cheese, clams, and shellfish. \"Spaghetti alla puttanesca\" is a popular dish made with olives, tomatoes, anchovies, capers, chili peppers, and garlic. The region is well-known also for its \"mozzarella\" production (especially from the milk of water buffalo) that's used in a variety of dishes, including \"parmigiana\" (shallow fried eggplant slices layered with cheese and",
"title": "Italian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "65062",
"text": "were the second lowest among the 34 OECD countries, and the lowest in 2010. Chile has an inequality-adjusted human development index of 0.661, compared to 0.662, 0.680 and 0.542 for neighboring Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil, respectively. In 2008, only 2.7% of the population lived on less than US $2 a day. The Global Competitiveness Report for 2009–2010 ranked Chile as being the 30th most competitive country in the world and the first in Latin America, well above Brazil (56th), Mexico (60th), and Argentina which ranks 85th; it has since fallen out of the top 30. The ease of doing business",
"title": "Economy of Chile"
},
{
"id": "16439106",
"text": "coastal Karnataka call them \"pedvo\" (Konkani) or \"bhootai\" (Tulu). Sardines are cheaper in India than larger fish like seer or pomfret, making them a low-cost delicacy. They are consumed in various forms, including deep-fried and pan-fried preparations, or made into curries of various types. Owing to proximity with Sardinia, both the northern and southern regions of Italy claim main courses or appetizers with sardine fish as a primary ingredient. Sicily's national dish, \"pasta con le sarde\", is a spaghetti or bucatini entree with sardines, fennel seed, saffron, raisins, garlic, onion, olive oil, white wine, lemon juice, pureed tomato, toasted breadcrumbs,",
"title": "Sardines as food"
},
{
"id": "2084620",
"text": "that person's health and showing concern for them. If a person does not look his or her best, then many Brazilians assume the person must be sick or going through emotional distress.\" Vanity does not carry a negative connotation, as it does in many other places. The average weight of a Brazilian woman is 62 kilos (137 lbs), as opposed to 75 kilos (166 lbs) in the United States and 68 kilos (152 lbs) in the United Kingdom. Brazil has more plastic surgeons per capita than anywhere else in the world. In 2001, there were 350,000 cosmetic surgery operations in",
"title": "Culture of Brazil"
},
{
"id": "3500649",
"text": "Fettuccine Fettuccine (; literally \"little ribbons\" in Italian; sing. \"Fettuccina\") is a type of pasta popular in Roman and Tuscan cuisine. It is a flat thick pasta made of egg and flour (usually one egg for every 100 g of flour), wider than but similar to the tagliatelle typical of Bologna. It is often eaten with \"sugo d'umido\" (beef ragù) and \"ragù di pollo\" (chicken ragù). Fettuccine is traditionally made fresh (either at home or commercially) but dried fettuccine can also be bought in stores. Spinach fettuccine is made from spinach, flour, and eggs. Dishes made with fettuccine include Fettuccine",
"title": "Fettuccine"
},
{
"id": "6922519",
"text": "is known for its risottos, Bologna (the central/middle of the country) is known for its tortellini and Naples (the south) is famous for its pizzas and spaghettis. The first known Italian food writer was a Greek Sicilian named Archestratus from Syracuse in the 4th century BCE. He wrote a poem that spoke of using \"top quality and seasonal\" ingredients. He said that flavors should not be masked by spices, herbs or other seasonings. He placed importance on simple preparation of fish. Simplicity was abandoned and replaced by a culture of gastronomy as the Roman Empire developed. By the time \"De",
"title": "Italian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "6922539",
"text": "made without eggs can be stored for up to two years under ideal conditions, while fresh pasta will keep for a couple of days in the refrigerator. Pasta is generally cooked by boiling. Under Italian law, dry pasta (pasta secca) can only be made from durum wheat flour or durum wheat semolina, and is more commonly used in Southern Italy compared to their Northern counterparts, who traditionally prefer the fresh egg variety. Durum flour and durum semolina have a yellow tinge in color. Italian pasta is traditionally cooked \"al dente\" (Italian: \"firm to the bite\", meaning not too soft). Outside",
"title": "Italian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "8524899",
"text": "United States 27 million travelers, or 17% of American leisure travelers, engaged in culinary or wine-related activities. In Italy the figure stands at approximately five million travelers, generating 2.5 billion euros in revenue. A private initiative by Recevin holds an annual \"Enotourism Day\" on the second Sunday of November each year to promote cellar visits in Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Spain, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, and Portugal. In North America, the first Wine Tourism Day was established for May 11, 2013 with events scheduled throughout the continent. Chile has grown its enotourism industry in recent years, with several tourist routes being",
"title": "Enotourism"
},
{
"id": "1969515",
"text": "rest of the country. Italy's center includes the celebrated culinary regions of Tuscany — famous for its olive oil and bean dishes — and Emilia-Romagna — home of \"prosciutto di Parma,\" \"parmigiano-reggiano,\" and \"ragù\" — the latter now produced (and traduced) worldwide as \"spaghetti alla bolognese.\" Southern Italy includes the hearty food of Lazio in which meat and offal frequently figure, but also the vegetable-focused fare of Basilicata, historically one of Italy's poorest regions. The islands of Sicily and Sardinia have distinctively different foodways. The former is notable for its many sweet dishes, seafood, and citrus fruit, while Sardinian cuisine",
"title": "Culture of Italy"
},
{
"id": "13735213",
"text": "(notably in Southern Italy), water shortages can frequently occur. Italians consume a very high amount of mineral water, the highest compared to equivalent neighbours: in 1992, the average person in Italy drank 116 litres, compared to 105 in Belgium, 93 in Germany and 80 in France. According to studies, 18 million people in Italy annually are confronted with at least one slight water shortage, and 18% of Italian families have been recorded as having irregular distribution patterns. Some water distribution is also uneven, and can be explained by economic factors; for example, people in Lombardy, Italy's richest region, drink nine",
"title": "Health in Italy"
},
{
"id": "13735212",
"text": "Health in Italy Italy is known for its generally very good health system, considering the fact that it has the world's 6th highest life expectancy in 2015 (according to World Health Organization), low infant mortality, relatively healthy cuisine and diet, and healthcare system that is ranked 2nd according to World Health Organization and which has the third best medical performance worldwide. As with any developed country, Italy has adequate and sufficient water and food distribution, and levels of nutrition and sanitation are high. Italy has a good and sufficient water supply, yet, especially due to droughts, common in the summer",
"title": "Health in Italy"
},
{
"id": "192918",
"text": "most important area of immigration to Italy has always been the neighbouring North Africa (in particular, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the Arab Spring. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from the Far East (notably, China and the Philippines) and Latin America (Ecuador, Peru) have been recorded. Currently, circa one million Romanians (around one tenth of them being Roma) are officially registered as living in Italy, representing thus the most important individual country of origin, followed by Albanians and Moroccans with about 500,000 people each. The number of unregistered Romanians is difficult to",
"title": "Demographics of Italy"
},
{
"id": "6922516",
"text": "Italian cuisine Italian cuisine is food typical of Italy. It has developed through centuries of social and economic changes, with roots stretching to antiquity. Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the New World and the introduction of potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, maize and sugar beet, this last introduced in quantity in the 18th century. Italian cuisine is known for its regional diversity, especially between the north and the south of the Italian peninsula. It offers an abundance of taste, and is one of the most popular and copied in the world. It influenced several cuisines around the world, chiefly",
"title": "Italian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "13735214",
"text": "times more bottled water than Campania, one of the country's poorest. A problem which often presents itself regarding drinking water is water pollution and the presence of harmful purifying chemicals and/or herbicides, which can cause several health problems. According to a decree issued by the state, the maximum presence of herbicides or similar materials in Italy drinking water is 0.5 μg per litre. Italy's nutritious and generally healthy cuisine ensures that Italians are well-nourished and eat good food. The relatively recent addition of several drugs to meats has meant that controls have increased from 4,000 in 1988 to 56,831 in",
"title": "Health in Italy"
},
{
"id": "5731412",
"text": "capybara, as it is specifically exempted from this rule. Horse meat is part of the cuisine of countries as widespread as Italy, with an average of 900 grams consumed per person annually; Belgium, France, Spain and Switzerland, where horse meat is common in supermarkets; Germany with only 50 grams consumed per person on average annually. It is still sold in some specialized butcher shops in eastern Austria, and also eaten in Polynesia , Serbia, Slovenia, Kazakhstan , but is taboo in some religions and many countries. It is forbidden by Jewish law, because the horse is not a ruminant, nor",
"title": "Food and drink prohibitions"
},
{
"id": "190131",
"text": "most notably in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela, the United States, Canada, Australia and France. Source: In 2016, Italy had about 5.05 million foreign residents, making up 8.3% of the total population. The figures include more than half a million children born in Italy to foreign nationals—second generation immigrants, but exclude foreign nationals who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship; In 2016, about 201,000 people acquired Italian citizenship (130,000 in 2014). The official figures also exclude illegal immigrants, that were estimated in 2008 to number at least 670,000. Starting from the early 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "13735216",
"text": "in the north than in the south (80.6 compared to 79.8). Central Italy has the highest average, with 74.7 for men and 81.0 for women. In 2003, the average national life expectancy at birth for a woman was 78~84, and for a man 71~77. By 2009, this average had increased to 77.26 for men, and 83.33 for women. Italy also has a very low rate of infant mortality, that of 5.51 out of 1000 people, the 185th lowest in the world. From 1970 to 1989, the death rate went down dramatically, from 11 and 10.3 for men and women, to",
"title": "Health in Italy"
},
{
"id": "12279112",
"text": "France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United States. The United States have been the top-ranking nation for eight of the Paralympic Summer Games: 1964, 1968, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992 and 1996. China have been the top-ranking nation for the four most recent Games, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016. Italy (1960), West Germany (1972) and Australia (2000) have been the top-ranking nation one time each. Qualification rules for each of the Paralympic sports are set by the International Federation (IF) that governs that sport's international competition. The first official Paralympic Games, was held in Rome, Italy, in 1960.",
"title": "Summer Paralympic Games"
},
{
"id": "14427424",
"text": "Saclà Italia Saclà Italia is an Italian pesto and pasta sauce brand. Saclà was founded by Secondo and his wife Piera in Asti, Piedmont in north-west Italy in 1939. Saclà is still run by the founding family, and all products are made in Italy to traditional recipes using fresh ingredients. Sacla' UK are the distributors of the products in the UK and have been doing so since 1991. The Saclà product range includes Pesto, Big Bold Italian Sauces, Intense Pastes, Risotto Sauces, Free From, Whole Cherry Tomato sauces and Antipasti. In 2009 Saclà teamed up with Lawrence Dallaglio to produce",
"title": "Saclà Italia"
},
{
"id": "65659",
"text": "are similar to those produced in neighbouring Italy, while further south in Dalmatia, Mediterranean-style red wines are the norm. Annual production of wine exceeds 140 million litres. Croatia was almost exclusively a wine-consuming country up until the late 18th century when a more massive production and consumption of beer started; the annual consumption of beer in 2008 was 83.3 litres per capita which placed Croatia in 15th place among the world's countries. There are more than 400,000 active sportspeople in Croatia. Out of that number, 277,000 are members of sports associations and nearly 4,000 are members of chess and contract",
"title": "Croatia"
},
{
"id": "9694018",
"text": "has made four state visits to the Italian Republic during her reign, in 1961, 1980, 2000, and April 2014, when she was received by President Giorgio Napolitano. Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK. There are about 30,000 British nationals living in Italy, and 200,000 Italians living in the UK. In 2011, 7,100 Italian students were studying in UK universities, this is the seventh-highest figure amongst EU countries and fifteenth globally. Association football, in its modern form, was said to have been introduced to Italy by British expatriates",
"title": "Italy–United Kingdom relations"
},
{
"id": "1350271",
"text": "of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view. With an expenditure of €67 billion on international travel in 2008, Germans spent more money on travel than any other country. The most visited destinations were Spain, Italy and Austria. The event",
"title": "Germans"
},
{
"id": "1969513",
"text": "and maize, now central to the cuisine but not introduced in quantity until the 18th century. Italian cuisine, like other facets of the culture, speaks with highly inflected regional accents. There are certain self-consciously national constants: you can find spaghetti with tomato sauce and pizza pretty much everywhere, but this nationalisation of culinary identity didn't really take hold until after the Second World War, when southern immigrants flooded to the north in search of work, and even those classics vary from place to place; small enclaves still hold fast to their unique local forms of pasta and particular preparations. Classics",
"title": "Culture of Italy"
},
{
"id": "3404675",
"text": "of storing and transporting pelmeni in frozen form. Store-bought pelmeni are made on industrial machinery, much of which is made by Italian companies such as Arienti and Cattaneo, Ima, Ostoni, Zamboni, etc. These pelmeni usually weigh around 15 grams (½ oz) each and look like a larger version of tortellini, which is why, for industrial production, Italian pasta machines are commonly used. Pelmeni are also commonly made at home. The easiest (if somewhat laborious) way is simply to make them by hand; many cooks use specialized \"pelmeni makers\" (), which are essentially molds that resemble muffin pans or ravioli molds,",
"title": "Pelmeni"
},
{
"id": "17889006",
"text": "thorn, ivy; rare as Barena honey, fruit of the Venetian lagoon and the small flowers that appear when the tide retreats, or more widespread such as sunflower. Italy boasts an unbeatable record: 51 varieties, all surveyed by the Ministry of Agriculture, compared with only 10 to 15 other countries. Produced throughout the boot, including the islands, but especially in the northern and central regions, particularly Emilia Romagna, Lombardy, Veneto and Piedmont. Less than in the south, despite the enviable climate. Blame the smaller presence of beekeepers. Mastic in Italy it is diffused in Liguria, on the peninsula and in the",
"title": "Italian food products"
},
{
"id": "12119765",
"text": "is different from its Italian counterpart, and the addition of cheese to make the dish (fugaza con queso or fugazzeta) started in Argentina or Uruguay. \"Fainá\" is a type of thin bread made with chickpea flour (adopted from northern Italy). The name comes from the Ligurian word for the Italian \"farinata\". Pizzerias in Buenos Aires often offer fainá, which is eaten with pizza, a wedge of fainá on top of a wedge of pizza. Nevertheless, the \"pastas\" (pasta, always in the plural) surpass pizzas in consumption levels. Among them are \"tallarines\" (fettuccine), \"ravioles\" (ravioli), \"ñoquis\" (gnocchi), and \"canelones\" (cannelloni). For",
"title": "Italian Argentines"
},
{
"id": "19351144",
"text": "of 189 destinations, Japan takes the top spot in the Henley Passport Index. Germany and Singapore come in joint second place while third place is shared by seven countries: Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, South Korea, Spain, and Sweden. Iraq and Afghanistan have once again been labelled by the index as the worst passports in the world. However, there are several other countries not included in the Henley Passport Index that offer even less travel freedom; these are mostly unrecognised countries such as Somaliland. European countries are notable for their stability over the past decade, and Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain",
"title": "Henley Passport Index"
},
{
"id": "9558210",
"text": "but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person. The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population",
"title": "World energy consumption"
},
{
"id": "346887",
"text": "2.1 needed for population replacement. Compared to the G7 countries, in 2015, Russian TFR of 1.78 children/ woman was lower than that of France (1.93), the USA (1.84), the UK (1.82). Yet its TFR is higher than in other G7 countries like Canada (1.61), Germany (1.50), Japan (1.46) and Italy (1.35). Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than Nigeria (5.37), Pakistan (3.42), Indonesia (2.5), India (2.30), Mexico (2.19), the USA (1.84), and higher TFR than Brazil (1.74), and China (1.5-1.6). Experts were puzzled with a sharp increase in deaths coincided with a sharp increase in",
"title": "Demographics of Russia"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: P context: (3.4 million tonnes), followed by United States (2 million tonnes) and 3 countries in the one million tonnes range: Brazil, Turkey, and Russia. The largest per capita consumers of pasta in 2015 were Italy (23.5 kg/person), Tunisia (16.0 kg/person), Venezuela (12.0 kg/person) and Greece (11.2 kg/person). Nationally, the United States is the largest consumer of pasta with 2.7 million tons consumed in 2017. In the European Union, total pasta sales in 2008 were US $8.361 billion, of which $5.722 billion was for dried pasta, $2.244 billion was for fresh or chilled pasta, and $395 million was for canned or preserved\n\nItaly leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second?",
"compressed_tokens": 224,
"origin_tokens": 224,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Spaghetti context: from per person before World War II to . By that year, Italy produced 1,432,990 tons of spaghetti, of which 74,000 were exported, and had a production capacity of 3 million tons. Pasta carbohydrates, along with some protein, iron, dietary fiber, potassium and B vitamins. Pasta prepared with whole wheat grain provides more dietary fiber than that prepared with degermed flour. The world record for the largest bowl of spaghetti was set in March 2009 and reset in March 2010 when a Buca di Beppo restaurant in Garden Grove, California, filled a swimming pool with more than of pasta.\n\ntitle: Pasta context: (3.4 tonnes), followed United States (2 t3 in the one t range:, Turkey and Russia. per capita consumers of past in 2015 were Italy23.5 kgperson), Tunisia (16.0 kg/person), Venezuela (12.0 kg/person) and Greece (11.2 kg/person).ally United States largest consumer of pasta with . million tons consum in 2017 In European Union, total past sales in 2008 were US $8.361 billion, of which $5.722 billion dried past, $2.244 billion was for or chilled pasta, and $395 million was for canned or preserved\ntitle P context: person, per year, easily Americans, who about person Pasta so bel Italy consumption exceeds average production of wheat of imports whe past making In contemporary pastabiquitous, and individuals find variety of in superets.wide demand thisap food past now largely mass-produ fact and only tiny proportion crafted by Pasta of European cu With an increase in popularity a, past has\n: B culture: del Pan of\"), in the to Gu, of world of0 199.6 kg (440 lb) per person; Turkey is followed in bread consumption by Serbia and Montenegro with 135 kg (297 lb 9.9 oz), and Bulgaria with 133.1 kg (293 lb 6.9 oz). Flat breads of many flours are a widespread along Latin America, the most common probably being sopaipillas. Chile is the second bread consumer worldwide.\n\nItaly leads the world in pasta consumption with 61.7 pounds eaten per person per year. What country is second?",
"compressed_tokens": 511,
"origin_tokens": 15031,
"ratio": "29.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
147 | When Birdseye introduced the first frozen food in 1930, what did the company call it/ | [
"Frosted food"
] | Frosted food | [
{
"id": "4183995",
"text": "was issued US Patent #1,773,079, marking the beginning of today's frozen foods industry. Birdseye patented other machinery which cooled even more quickly. In 1927, he extended the process to quick-freezing meat, poultry, fruit, and vegetables. In 1929, Birdseye sold his company and patents for $22 million to Goldman Sachs and the Postum Company, which eventually became General Foods Corporation, which founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company. Birdseye continued to work with the company, further developing frozen food technology. In 1930, the company began sales experiments in 18 retail stores around Springfield, Massachusetts, to test consumer acceptance of quick-frozen foods.",
"title": "Clarence Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "5414765",
"text": "for commercially viable quick-freezing: packing fish in cartons, then freezing the contents between two refrigerated surfaces under pressure. Birdseye created a new company, General Seafood Corporation, to promote this method. In 1929, Birdseye sold his company and patents for $22 million to Goldman Sachs and the Postum Company, which eventually became General Foods Corporation, and which founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company. Birdseye continued to work with the company, further developing frozen food technology. As part of General Foods, Birds Eye merged with Kraft Foods and Philip Morris USA to form the Altria Group. Birds Eye was sold to",
"title": "Birds Eye"
},
{
"id": "14707759",
"text": "be sunglasses were invented. In 1929, Sam Foster invented and mass-produced the first tinted eyewear pieces solely intended to block out sunlight. 1929 Frozen food Frozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing. Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for most bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions. Clarence Birdseye offered his quick-frozen foods to the public. Birdseye got the idea during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916, where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods.",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)"
},
{
"id": "4183996",
"text": "The initial product line featured 26 items, including 18 cuts of frozen meat, spinach and peas, a variety of fruits and berries, blue point oysters, and fish fillets. Consumers liked the new products, and today this is considered the birth of retail frozen foods. The \"Birds Eye\" name remains a leading frozen-food brand. Birdseye was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2005. Birdseye died on October 7, 1956, of a heart attack at the Gramercy Park Hotel. He was 69 years old. Birdseye was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea off Gloucester, Massachusetts. In 2012",
"title": "Clarence Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "5414764",
"text": "Birds Eye Birds Eye is an American international brand of frozen foods owned by Pinnacle Foods in the United States and by Nomad Foods in Europe. The brand and its underlying business are held by different owners in various territories: In the early 1900s, Clarence Frank Birdseye II of Montclair, New Jersey, USA, conducted experiments and received patents for the development of greatly improved methods to freeze fish for commercial production. In 1922, he formed a company, Birdseye Seafood, Inc., to freeze fish fillets with chilled air at -45 °F (-43 °C). In 1924, he developed an entirely new process",
"title": "Birds Eye"
},
{
"id": "18321930",
"text": "where his produce was sold, such as Philadelphia and New York City. Seabrook expanded his father's business of growing and selling fresh vegetables by buying out surrounding plots of land. In the 1930s, he expanded the company to include the production of canned and frozen vegetables. His frozen food venture led to a partnership with Clarence Birdseye. By the 1940s, Seabrook was operating one of the largest farm and food businesses in the United States. At its height, it was producing agriculture on over 54,000 acres of land across three states and employing over 4,000 workers. The company also pioneered",
"title": "Charles F. Seabrook"
},
{
"id": "4185396",
"text": "to General Foods Corporation. Goldman sold its share back to General Foods in 1932, apparently at a slight loss. Shortly after the acquisition, General Foods began test-marketing an expanded line of frozen foods, but the company quickly realized that a packaging process alone would not be sufficient to market frozen products in stores. To be sold, the packages had to be kept frozen while on display, so Birdseye engineers began development of a freezer cabinet designed specifically to hold frozen foods. The cabinet, which first appeared in 1934, required a great deal of space and electricity, which were not readily",
"title": "General Foods"
},
{
"id": "4183994",
"text": "freeze fish fillets with chilled air at -43 °C (-45 °F). In 1924, his company went bankrupt for lack of consumer interest in the product. That same year he developed an entirely new process for commercially viable quick-freezing: packing fish in cartons, then freezing the contents between two refrigerated surfaces under pressure. Birdseye created General Seafood Corporation to promote this method. In 1925, General Seafood Corporation moved to Gloucester, Massachusetts. There it employed Birdseye's newest invention, the double belt freezer, in which cold brine chilled a pair of stainless steel belts carrying packaged fish, freezing the fish quickly. His invention",
"title": "Clarence Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "2938880",
"text": "now known as Gorton's, was the first company to introduce a frozen ready-to-cook fish finger; the product, named \"Gorton's Fish Sticks\", won the \"Parents\" magazine Seal of Approval in 1956. There was an abundance of herring in the United Kingdom after World War II. Clarence Birdseye test-marketed herring fish fingers, a product he had discovered in the United States, under the name \"herring savouries\". These were tested in Southampton and South Wales against \"cod sticks\", a comparatively bland product used as a control. Shoppers, however, confounded expectations by showing an overwhelming preference for the cod. The snack was nearly called",
"title": "Fish finger"
},
{
"id": "867127",
"text": "a patient in the late 1800s. While there, he grew deeply impressed with their all-grain diet. Upon his release, he began experimenting with grain products, beginning with an all-grain coffee substitute called Postum. In 1898 he introduced Grape-nuts, the concentrated cereal with a nutty flavor (containing neither grapes nor nuts). Good business sense, determination, and powerful advertising produced a multimillion-dollar fortune for Post in a few years. After his death, his company acquired the Jell-O company in 1925, Baker's Chocolate in 1927, Maxwell House coffee in 1928, and Birdseye frozen foods in 1929. In 1929, the company changed its name",
"title": "Breakfast cereal"
},
{
"id": "1431683",
"text": "Glenn Close. Post was married for a second time, in 1920, to financier Edward Francis Hutton. In 1923, he became the chairman of the board of the Postum Cereal Company, and they developed a larger variety of food products, including Birdseye Frozen Foods. The company became the General Foods Corporation in 1929. Post and Hutton divorced in 1935. They had one daughter: In 1935, Post married her third husband, Joseph E. Davies, a Washington, D.C. lawyer. They had no children and were divorced in 1955. From 1937 to 1938, in a crucial period leading up to World War II, Davies",
"title": "Marjorie Merriweather Post"
},
{
"id": "1654348",
"text": "known as General Foods. They kept the same Birdseye name, but it was split into two words (Birds eye) for use as a trademark. Birdseye was paid $20 million for the patents and $2 million for the assets. Birdseye was one of the pioneers in the frozen food industry. Birdseye Company used vertical integration to manage their business. Because during these times, there was not a well-developed infrastructure to produce and sell, Birdseye developed its own system by using vertical integration. As many members of the supply chain, such as farmers and small food retailers, couldn't afford high costs to",
"title": "Vertical integration"
},
{
"id": "2205624",
"text": "Birdseye introduced \"flash freezing\" to the American public. Birdseye first became interested in food freezing during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916, where he saw the natives use natural freezing to preserve foods. The Icelandic Fisheries Commission was created in 1934 to initiate innovation in the industry, and encouraged fishermen to start quick-freezing their catch. Íshúsfélag Ísfirðinga, one of the first frozen fish companies, was formed in Ísafjörður, Iceland by a merger in 1937. More advanced attempts include food frozen for Eleanor Roosevelt on her trip to Russia. Other experiments, involving orange juice, ice cream and vegetables were",
"title": "Frozen food"
},
{
"id": "219501",
"text": "and in 1927 Postum acquired Clarence Birdseye's frozen foods company to form the General Foods Corporation. By 1930, there appeared a vogue in American cuisine for congealed salads, and the company introduced lime-flavored Jell-O to complement the add-ins that cooks across the country were combining in these aspics and salads. Popular Jell-O recipes often included ingredients like cabbage, celery, green peppers, and even cooked pasta. By the 1950s, salads would become so popular that Jell-O responded with savory and vegetable flavors such as celery, Italian, mixed vegetable and seasoned tomato. These flavors have since been discontinued. In 1934, sponsorship from",
"title": "Jell-O"
},
{
"id": "4183993",
"text": "and Special Collections at Amherst College. Conventional freezing methods of the time were commonly done at higher temperatures, thus the freezing occurred much more slowly, giving ice crystals more time to grow. It is now known that fast freezing produces smaller ice crystals, which cause less damage to the tissue structure. When 'slow' frozen foods thaw, cellular fluids leak from the ice crystal-damaged tissue, giving the resulting food a mushy or dry consistency upon preparation. Birdseye solved this problem. In 1922, Birdseye conducted fish-freezing experiments at the Clothel Refrigerating Company, and then established his own company, Birdseye Seafoods Inc., to",
"title": "Clarence Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "3866681",
"text": "Postum products stopped making such claims. The Postum Cereals company, after acquiring Jell-O gelatin in 1925, Baker's Chocolate in 1927, Maxwell House coffee in 1928, and other food brands, changed its name to General Foods Corporation in 1929. By far the most important acquisition of 1929 was of the frozen-food company owned by Clarence Birdseye, called General Foods Company. Chairman E. F. Hutton changed the name to General Foods Corporation after the acquisition of Birdseye and eventually moved the corporate headquarters to Park Avenue in New York City. General Foods was acquired by Philip Morris Companies in 1985. In 1989,",
"title": "Post Consumer Brands"
},
{
"id": "3846160",
"text": "freezing by the Postum Company (the forerunner of General Foods), which had acquired the technology when it bought the rights to Clarence Birdseye's successful fresh freezing methods. The first successful application of frozen foods occurred when General Foods heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post (then wife of Joseph E. Davies, United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union) deployed commercial-grade freezers in Spaso House, the US Embassy in Moscow, in advance of the Davies’ arrival. Post, fearful of the USSR's food processing safety standards, fully stocked the freezers with products from General Foods' Birdseye unit. The frozen food stores allowed the Davies to",
"title": "Refrigerator"
},
{
"id": "1654347",
"text": "are too risky or the contracts to support these risks are too costly to administer, such as frequent transactions and a small number of buyers and sellers. During a hunting trip, an American explorer and scientist, Clarence Birdseye, discovered the beneficial effects of \"quick-freezing\". For example, fish caught a few days previously that were kept in ice remained in perfect condition. In 1924, Clarence Birdseye patented the \"Birdseye Plate Froster\" and set up the General Seafood Corporation. In 1929, Birdseye's company and the patent were bought by Postum Cereals and the Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation. It later came to be",
"title": "Vertical integration"
},
{
"id": "1807144",
"text": "off\" policy towards the subsidiaries, and left American management to its own devices. Sunsilk was first launched in the UK in 1954. Dove was first launched in the US in 1957. Unilever took full ownership of Frosted Foods in 1957, which it renamed Birds Eye. The US-based Good Humor ice cream business was acquired in 1961. By the mid-1960s, laundry soap and edible fats still contributed around half of Unilever's corporate profits. However, a stagnant market for yellow fats and increasing competition in detergents and soaps from Procter & Gamble forced Unilever to diversify. In 1971, Unilever acquired the British-based",
"title": "Unilever"
},
{
"id": "18928330",
"text": "in 1922, Clarence Birdseye founded the modern frozen food industry, by pioneering fast freezing (now called blast freezing), based on learning the benefits of low temperature freezing of fish practiced by the Inuit in Arctic regions. Americold's history began in the early 20th century, around the time of the first ice and coal companies. Americold came from mergers and acquisitions involving Atlanta Ice and Coal Company, Atlanta City Brewing Company (later known as Atlanta Brewing and Ice Company,) Versacold, Munford, Jackson Atlantic, United Refrigerated Services, Atlas Cold Storage, and others. In 1903, entrepreneur Ernest Woodruff merged three cold storage warehouses",
"title": "Americold"
},
{
"id": "3204469",
"text": "than the poly-crystalline solid that flash freezing results in. Flash freezing is used in the food industry to quickly freeze perishable food items (see frozen food). In this case, food items are subjected to temperatures well below water's melting/freezing point. Thus, smaller ice crystals are formed, causing less damage to cell membranes. Flash freezing techniques are used to freeze biological samples quickly so that large ice crystals cannot form and damage the sample. This rapid freezing is done by submerging the sample in liquid nitrogen or a mixture of dry ice and ethanol. American inventor Clarence Birdseye developed the \"quick-freezing\"",
"title": "Flash freezing"
},
{
"id": "2239903",
"text": "in 1928, \"Whole Nut\" in 1930, \"Cadbury Roses\" in 1938, and the \"Cadbury Creme Egg\" in 1971. George and Richard Cadbury built their factory in 1879 and Bournville in 1893, named after the Bourn brook. Iceland (supermarket) opened its first store in Oswestry in 1970 – heralding the onset of frozen food in the UK. Alfred Bird invented egg-free custard in 1837 in Birmingham – accidentally given to guests at his home, being created as his wife had an allergy to eggs; he then invented baking powder in 1843 as his wife also had an allergy to yeast. J. R.",
"title": "West Midlands (region)"
},
{
"id": "4185394",
"text": "company owned by Clarence Birdseye, called General Foods Company. Birdseye (December 9, 1886 - October 7, 1956) was one of the most important entrepreneurs in the history of the food industry. Born in New York City, he became interested in the frozen preservation of food during the course of working as a fur trader in Labrador between 1912 and 1916. By 1923, he had developed a commercially viable process for quick-freezing foods using a belt mechanism, which he patented. In 1924, with backing from three investors, he formed the General Seafoods Company, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to produce frozen haddock fillets",
"title": "General Foods"
},
{
"id": "5414766",
"text": "Dean Foods in 1993 and was independently owned by Birds Eye Foods of Rochester, New York until it was purchased by Pinnacle Foods in 2009. In March 2010, Pinnacle announced it would be closing the Rochester headquarters and moving operations to New Jersey. The Birds Eye brand is used extensively throughout the UK and Ireland. In other parts of Europe the Iglo brand is used. Unilever announced in August 2006 that the UK subsidiary brand was sold to UK-based private equity group Permira. The company's staple product, the fish finger, was developed in 1955 at its factory in Great Yarmouth,",
"title": "Birds Eye"
},
{
"id": "13761998",
"text": "and the depot and head office of Cooltrader. The Cooltrader outlets have been converted to the Heron Foods fascia and branding. In August 2017, it was announced that Heron Foods had been sold to B & M for £152 million. Heron Foods Heron Foods Ltd. (formerly Heron Frozen Foods Ltd and Grindells Butchers Ltd) is an English retail chain founded in 1979 and based in Melton with 243 stores. It primarily sells frozen food, but has a wide range of dry and chilled stock with named brands including Muller, Birds Eye and McCain Foods, as well as several lines using",
"title": "Heron Foods"
},
{
"id": "2992108",
"text": "appliances like microwave oven, blender, and rotimatic paved way for convenience cooking. In western Europe and North America, the second half of the 20th century witnessed a rise in the pursuit of convenience. Food processing companies marketed their products especially towards middle-class working wives and mothers. Frozen foods (often credited to Clarence Birdseye) found their success in sales of juice concentrates and \"TV dinners\". Processors utilised the perceived value of time to appeal to the postwar population, and this same appeal contributes to the success of convenience foods today. Benefits of food processing include toxin removal, preservation, easing marketing and",
"title": "Food processing"
},
{
"id": "6552363",
"text": "Captain Birdseye Captain Birdseye, also known as Captain Iglo, is the advertising mascot for the Birds Eye (known as Iglo in parts of Europe) frozen food brand founded by Clarence Birdseye. Appearing in numerous television and billboard commercials, he has been played or modeled by various actors and is generally depicted as a clean living, older sailor with a white beard, dressed in merchant naval uniform and with a seafaring accent. The mascot is a reference to the brand's extensive and well-known range of frozen seafood products, of which fish fingers is probably the most-widely known. Because the Birds Eye",
"title": "Captain Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "335169",
"text": "strong sunlight for drying. Sometimes fires were made to create heat to dry foods. Drying prevents yeasts and bread molds (\"Rhizopus\") from growing by removing moisture so bacteria cannot grow. Cellars, caves, and cool streams were used for freezing. American estates had ice houses built to store ice and food on the ice. Icehouse was then converted to an “icebox”. Icebox was converted in the 1800s to mechanical refrigeration. Clarence Birdseye found in the 1800s that freezing meats and vegetables at a low temperature made them taste better. Fermenting was discovered when a few grains of barley were left in",
"title": "Preservative"
},
{
"id": "14695842",
"text": "resulting in signs in shop windows stating when the next fresh fish delivery was due. Food rationing in the UK finally ended in 1954, and together with the wider introduction of American-developed frozen products such as Unilever's own Birds Eye fish fingers, meant a decline in wet-fish sales, and a decline for Mac Fisheries. The management turned the chain towards multi-line retailing, introducing fresh vegetables, dairy products and some canned produce. But now shop size proved a problem, as the originally purchased retail estate from 1920 had not been expanded. This resulted in the chain moving to larger scale shops",
"title": "Mac Fisheries"
},
{
"id": "13761995",
"text": "Heron Foods Heron Foods Ltd. (formerly Heron Frozen Foods Ltd and Grindells Butchers Ltd) is an English retail chain founded in 1979 and based in Melton with 243 stores. It primarily sells frozen food, but has a wide range of dry and chilled stock with named brands including Muller, Birds Eye and McCain Foods, as well as several lines using the Heron Foods brand. B&M announced in August 2017 that it had purchased Heron foods for £152 million, a deal that was described as a \"no brainer\" by B&M's CEO Simon Arora. The company's head office is at Melton in",
"title": "Heron Foods"
},
{
"id": "11005777",
"text": "other food types, such as pasta or cheese. Some popular brands include Birds Eye, Sunbulah and Green Giant, as well as supermarkets' 'store brand' items. Frozen vegetables have some advantages over fresh ones, in that they are available when the fresh counterpart is out-of-season, they have a very long shelf life when kept in a freezer and that they often have been processed a step or more closer to eating. In many cases, they may be more economical to purchase than their fresh counterparts. The history of frozen fruits can date back to the Liao Dynasty of China, with the",
"title": "Frozen vegetables"
},
{
"id": "18321931",
"text": "the use of gasoline-powered tractors and trucks. Seabrook Farms became the supplier of frozen food for General Foods Corporation under their Birdseye brand, and under this name began supplying food for national and international markets. Seabrook had previously filled labor shortages with people of diverse backgrounds from the United States, including Italian immigrants and southern African Americans. During the Second World War, Seabrook worked with the War Relocation Authority to employ Japanese Americans released from internment camps. These laborers helped fill government orders of food to feed the troops overseas. After one year, over 1,000 Japanese Americans had relocated to",
"title": "Charles F. Seabrook"
},
{
"id": "7042291",
"text": "Scandinavian confectionery maker) to expand overseas as its business was heavily dependent on the U.S. In 1993, it acquired RJR Nabisco's cold cereal business (mainly Shredded Wheat and Shreddies cereals) while selling its Breyers ice-cream division to Unilever and its Birds Eye unit to Dean Foods. In 1994, it sold its frozen dinners unit to H.J. Heinz and in 1995, it sold its foodservice unit. In 1995, it changed its name to the present name, Kraft Foods. The same year, it sold its bakery division (except Lender's Bagels, which was sold in 1996 to CPC International), its candy division and",
"title": "Kraft Foods Inc."
},
{
"id": "5414772",
"text": "band Madness has been the face of Birds Eye products. The slogan \"Good Mood Food\" and the Madness song \"Our House\" is used in advertisements. In 2013, DNA tests revealed that horsemeat was present in Birds Eye chili con carne that was sold in Belgium and was produced and supplied by a Belgian group named Frigilunch. As a result, Birds Eye withdrew all other products produced by the same supplier in the UK and Ireland. Birds Eye Birds Eye is an American international brand of frozen foods owned by Pinnacle Foods in the United States and by Nomad Foods in",
"title": "Birds Eye"
},
{
"id": "6552368",
"text": "in Portugal as \"Capitão Iglo\", in Italy as \"Capitan Findus\", and in Greece as \"Kaptain Iglo\" (\"Κάπταιν Ίγκλο\"). Captain Birdseye Captain Birdseye, also known as Captain Iglo, is the advertising mascot for the Birds Eye (known as Iglo in parts of Europe) frozen food brand founded by Clarence Birdseye. Appearing in numerous television and billboard commercials, he has been played or modeled by various actors and is generally depicted as a clean living, older sailor with a white beard, dressed in merchant naval uniform and with a seafaring accent. The mascot is a reference to the brand's extensive and well-known",
"title": "Captain Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "10062131",
"text": "1961, then bid £15.5 million in December 1965, and £17 million in January 1966. The bid was referred to the Monopolies Commission, and rejected in May 1966. By the 1970s, the three largest producers of frozen food were Birds Eye (UK), Findus (who opened a plant in Grimsby in June 1960) and Ross Group. By 1973, Findus and Ross were selling £41 million of goods per year, and Birds Eye sold £109 million. Ross Poultry was producing around £4 million per year, with its \"Buxted\" (now based in Suffolk) and \"Premier Farm\" brands. On 16 March 1988 the company was",
"title": "Ross Group"
},
{
"id": "19577149",
"text": "are in operation in the latter two locations. Prior to 1926, perishable seafood was difficult to transport from the East and West coasts to Middle America due to the absence of proper refrigeration techniques. In 1926, Albert E. Burhop partnered with his friend Clarence Birdseye to use the latter's \"plate freezer\" technology to transport refrigerated fish from New York to Chicago. Burhop's was subsequently founded as a wholesale seafood distribution concern on Chicago's North State Street in late 1926. \"The Chicago Tribune\" notes that \"Burhop's seemed positively exotic for serving seafood so far inland.\" By 1933, Burhop's had grown sufficiently",
"title": "Burhop's Seafood"
},
{
"id": "1807143",
"text": "were launched in Africa and Latin America. The Nazi occupation of Europe during the Second World War meant that Unilever was unable to reinvest its capital into Europe, so it instead acquired new businesses in the UK and the US. In 1943, it acquired T. J. Lipton, a majority stake in Frosted Foods (owner of the Birds Eye brand) and Batchelors Peas, one of the largest vegetables canners in the UK. In 1944, Pepsodent was acquired. After 1945, Unilever's once successful US businesses (Lever Brothers and T.J. Lipton) began to decline. As a result, Unilever began to operate a \"hands",
"title": "Unilever"
},
{
"id": "10357388",
"text": "Victory Birdseye Victory Birdseye (December 25, 1782 – September 16, 1853) was an American politician and a U. S. Representative from New York. Birdseye was born in Cornwall, Litchfield County, Connecticut attended the public schools at Cornwall, Connecticut. He graduated from Williams College in 1804. Then he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1807, and commenced practice in partnership with Daniel Wood, Esquire, in Pompey Hill, New York until 1814. In 1813, he married Electa Beebee of Pompey. His great-grandson Clarence Birdseye developed the process for freezing food and founded Birds Eye Frozen Foods. Elected as a Democratic-Republican",
"title": "Victory Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "4183988",
"text": "Clarence Birdseye Clarence Frank Birdseye II (December 9, 1886 – October 7, 1956) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, and naturalist, and is considered to be the founder of the modern frozen food industry. Clarence Birdseye was the sixth of nine children of Clarence Frank Birdseye, a lawyer in an insurance firm, and Ada Jane Underwood. His first years were spent in Brooklyn, New York, where his family owned a townhouse in Cobble Hill. From childhood, Birdseye was obsessed with natural science and with Taxidermy, which he taught himself by correspondence. At the age of eleven he advertised his courses in",
"title": "Clarence Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "5043928",
"text": "Campbell Soup granted Pinnacle a ten-year license to use the Swanson name on frozen meals and pot pies. That agreement expired in mid-2009, just before Pinnacle purchased Birds Eye Foods. Pinnacle continued to produce frozen meals, but it discontinued the use of the Swanson name in favor of the Hungry-Man brand; however, it remains in use for pot pies. Swanson's frozen breakfast line was re-branded Aunt Jemima several years before. Swanson products were the subject of a 2016 comedy routine by Jerry Seinfeld on \"The Late Show\". A branch of the Omaha Public Library is named for W. Clarke Swanson.",
"title": "Swanson"
},
{
"id": "20108611",
"text": "Goodfella's Goodfella's is an Irish well-known and popular brand of frozen pizzas. It had been the leading brand of frozen pizza in the UK until 2005 and is still the leading brand of frozen pizza in Ireland. The UK frozen pizza market is worth around £400m. Green Isle, headquartered in Naas, created the brand in 1993. In the early 1990s, varieties of frozen food in the UK was fairly limited to fish fingers, beefburgers and frozen chips. Frozen food in the UK was largely provided by Birds Eye. Northern Foods bought Green Isle Foods of the Republic of Ireland in",
"title": "Goodfella's"
},
{
"id": "4183997",
"text": "the first book-length biography of Birdseye, Mark Kurlansky's \"Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man\", was published by Doubleday. Clarence Birdseye Clarence Frank Birdseye II (December 9, 1886 – October 7, 1956) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, and naturalist, and is considered to be the founder of the modern frozen food industry. Clarence Birdseye was the sixth of nine children of Clarence Frank Birdseye, a lawyer in an insurance firm, and Ada Jane Underwood. His first years were spent in Brooklyn, New York, where his family owned a townhouse in Cobble Hill. From childhood, Birdseye was obsessed with natural science",
"title": "Clarence Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "19577157",
"text": "food products, the last two of which are specially developed by the company and sold under its name: Burhop's Seafood Burhop's Seafood is a privately owned seafood retailer and one-time wholesaler and full-service restaurant founded in 1926 by Albert E. Burhop in Chicago, Illinois. The company is best known for having partnered with Clarence Birdseye in the 1920s to transport refrigerated seafood into the Midwestern United States for the first time. As a result of this partnership, Burhop's became the largest supplier of seafood to fine restaurants, hotels, and private clubs in Chicago for much of the twentieth century. Per",
"title": "Burhop's Seafood"
},
{
"id": "19577147",
"text": "Burhop's Seafood Burhop's Seafood is a privately owned seafood retailer and one-time wholesaler and full-service restaurant founded in 1926 by Albert E. Burhop in Chicago, Illinois. The company is best known for having partnered with Clarence Birdseye in the 1920s to transport refrigerated seafood into the Midwestern United States for the first time. As a result of this partnership, Burhop's became the largest supplier of seafood to fine restaurants, hotels, and private clubs in Chicago for much of the twentieth century. Per the \"Chicago Tribune\", by 1988 Burhop's was the largest group of retail seafood stores in the United States.",
"title": "Burhop's Seafood"
},
{
"id": "5025893",
"text": "Green Giant Green Giant and Le Sueur are brands of frozen and canned vegetables owned by B&G Foods. The company's mascot is the Jolly Green Giant. The Minnesota Valley Canning Company was founded in 1903 in Le Sueur, Minnesota. It used the brand name \"Le Sueur Z\" for canned vegetables starting in 1903; \"Le Sueur\" by itself was first used in 1933. The brand \"Green Giant Great Big Tender Peas\" was first used in 1925, and the figure of a giant was introduced three years later by Carly Stanek (Bingum). The brand was created in response to the discovery of",
"title": "Green Giant"
},
{
"id": "3832590",
"text": "New Zealand manufacturing operations were to close. The announcement affected 275 jobs in Christchurch. In November 2010 the Company has returned 3.2 acres of the former orchard land alongside the railway line to the city to be used as a public wetlands. The delicatessen meat company, Verkerks, built a factory on Vagues Road in 1961, and has been stocking the small goods shelves ever since. Though both of these factories are still in operation today but not so for the Ovaltine factory on the Main North Road and the Birdseye Frozen Foods factory which used to be sited next to",
"title": "Papanui"
},
{
"id": "5414769",
"text": "brand in Italy, where frozen food is still popular. On 28 August 2006, it was confirmed that Unilever had agreed to the sale of the UK brand, held since the late 1930s, to private equity house Permira for £1.2bn. Birds Eye has acquired many well-established brands, some of which are distributed regionally and not nationally. The following brands are owned and distributed by Birds Eye: In the United Kingdom, Captain Birdseye was an advertising mascot of the brand, from the 1960s to late 1990s. Appearing in numerous television and billboard commercials since 1967, he was played by the actor John",
"title": "Birds Eye"
},
{
"id": "6202066",
"text": "the NYSE. In March 2004, Pinnacle Foods acquired Aurora Foods of St. Louis, Missouri. Two years later, it acquired the food business of Dial Corporation including the Armour Star canned meats business. In 2009, the Swanson brand was discontinued in the United States, but remained in use in Canada. That same year, Pinnacle Foods also acquired Birds Eye Foods, Inc. adding a mix of frozen and specialty brands to its portfolio. In November 2014, Pinnacle Foods announced that it would acquire Garden Protein International, Inc., maker of Gardein, from founder Yves Potvin, for $154 million. In November 2015, Pinnacle Foods",
"title": "Pinnacle Foods"
},
{
"id": "9281589",
"text": "Harold Wass Ray House The Harold Wass Ray House is a historic home in Hillsboro in the U.S. state of Oregon. Built in 1935 for businessman Harold Wass Ray (1884-1969), it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The two-story structure is of a Prairie School and Crafstman in architectural style. In 1920, Ray and his father Albert started what became the Ray-Mailing Cannery, which later became part of Birdseye Frozen Foods. The younger Ray bought the Hawthorn Farm from Rachel Hawthorn in 1933. The farm, then east of Hillsboro, was around and grew over the",
"title": "Harold Wass Ray House"
},
{
"id": "963518",
"text": "Birds Eye frozen foods which employs 700 workers. The company has been located in the town for over 60 years. The food-processing company Wessex Foods closed its Lowestoft plant in 2010 after a fire destroyed the factory and it was unable to find alternative premises. A number of other local employers have had to make redundancies in recent years. The Sanyo plant in the town closed down in 2009 with the loss of 60 jobs. The plant once employed 800 people. Timber company Jeld-Wen closed its factory in the town in 2010. From the mid-1960s to the late 1990s, the",
"title": "Lowestoft"
},
{
"id": "2206729",
"text": "which fly in the air by moving air with electromagnetic fields. In 1948 businessman Roger Babson (founder of Babson College) formed the Gravity Research Foundation to study ways to reduce the effects of gravity. Their efforts were initially somewhat \"crankish\", but they held occasional conferences that drew such people as Clarence Birdseye known for his frozen-food products and Igor Sikorsky, inventor of the helicopter. Over time the Foundation turned its attention away from trying to control gravity, to simply better understanding it. The Foundation nearly disappeared after Babson's death in 1967. However, it continues to run an essay award, offering",
"title": "Anti-gravity"
},
{
"id": "10905636",
"text": "edible tender strings. In 2003, the Friskies brand was re-launched with new packaging. By this time, Friskies was the largest market-share holder in the cat food segment, with a 60 percent share of the wet food market and 49.3 percent share for dry food. Friskies Friskies is a brand of wet and dry cat food and treats. It is owned by Nestlé Purina PetCare Company, a subsidiary of Nestlé global. Friskies was initially introduced by Carnation Company in the 1930s as a dog food brand. When Friskies cat food was introduced in the 1950s, it was the first dry pet",
"title": "Friskies"
},
{
"id": "19990513",
"text": "instead. Alaska pollock is commonly used in the fast food industry; in products such as McDonald's Filet-O-Fish sandwich and (now-discontinued) Fish McBites, Arby's Classic Fish sandwich, Long John Silver's Baja Fish Taco, and Birds Eye's Fish Fingers in Crispy Batter. Trident Seafoods and Chuck Bundrant were instrumental in popularizing the fish in the US in the 1980s; prior to then it had been most popularly consumed in Asia. Alaska pollock is considered the national fish of Korea. Its Korean name, myeongtae (), has also spread to some neighbouring countries: It is called \"mintay\"() in Russia, and the roe is referred",
"title": "Alaska pollock as food"
},
{
"id": "8095939",
"text": "Other activities include ownership of the restaurants Eleven Madison Park, which has been voted the number 1 restaurant in the world by \"The World's 50 Best Restaurants\" magazine publication, and Shuko, which \"New York Magazine\" voted the \"Best Sushi in New York\". He also owns Nomad, and the eponymous investment vehicle also named \"Nomad\" that he cofounded, which purchased Iglo Group, purveyor of Birds Eye Frozen Products. Gottesman married Geraldine Gottesman and had four children. They later divorced. Gottesman comes from a family of art collectors, and is among the 200 most notable collectors according to ARTnews. He owns pieces",
"title": "Noam Gottesman"
},
{
"id": "7630701",
"text": "the IU student body, and was a member of Sigma Chi fraternity. He graduated in 1939. Kelley ran Bird's Eye, a division of General Foods, and thought up adding pearl onions to frozen peas. He later headed Fairmont Foods, where he helped develop the Klondike Bar, directed the roll-outs of Tang and Cool Whip, created parts of the Lean Cuisine line, and brought Grey Poupon to America. He was founding partner of Kelley & Partners, Ltd. and taught at the Columbia Business School. Kelley was always philanthropic, giving millions of dollars to IU and Howard Community Hospital, now known as",
"title": "E. W. Kelley"
},
{
"id": "3705927",
"text": "it lost $450,262 the first two years. Last year it finally turned the corner. Says Vacuum’s President John M. Fox: “Why, this orange juice thing is the wonder of the grocery world. Ask anybody.” Anybody in the frozen food industry agreed—and Birds Eye, Snow Crop and others began to put out their own concentrate. Nevertheless, Vacuum’s sales increased so much that President Fox announced last week that the net profit for its last fiscal year was $179,865. Demand is so great, said Fox, that Vacuum has had to allocate shipments and is thinking of setting up a California plant. The",
"title": "Minute Maid"
},
{
"id": "4578569",
"text": "to buy Iglo from Permira in 2012. In April 2015 Permira agreed a majority sale to United States-based investment vehicle Nomad Foods, valuing the group at €2.6bn (£1.9bn). Following the purchase of Findus by Iglo's parent Nomad Foods, the Findus brand is due to be brought back under the same ownership across Europe. Iglo Iglo is a frozen food brand based in the United Kingdom, with products sold across the European continent. It is owned by Nomad Foods Europe, which also owns the rights to the Birds Eye brand in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and Findus across Europe. Formerly",
"title": "Iglo"
},
{
"id": "6870501",
"text": "new products, new refrigerators were quickly developed with bigger freezer sections Shock resistant refrigerator units for trucks had to be invented and used by the military before frozen products could distributed and marketed around the country and around the world. These developments forced farmers to change what they grew and how they grew their products to meet new consumer demands. In the following are there a few of the foods that were first produced and sold in the 1940s. – Mrs. Paul's frozen fish sticks – Cheerios (first sold as Cheeri Oats, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal) and Kellogg's Raisin",
"title": "American modernism"
},
{
"id": "1954917",
"text": "– Swindon, Merry Hill Shopping Centre, Blackpool, Southampton and Great Yarmouth – to try to understand why the company was struggling. At the end of the programme, Simovic promised big changes in a bid to turn around the company's fortunes, along with promoting a number of employees who had impressed her. Simovic left the company in 2011. The Harry Ramsden's brand is licensed to Princes Group for tinned mushy peas and to Birds Eye for frozen fish. Harry Ramsden's Harry Ramsden's is a fast food restaurant chain based in the United Kingdom which offers fish and chips and assorted themed",
"title": "Harry Ramsden's"
},
{
"id": "4183992",
"text": "interested in food preservation by freezing, especially fast freezing. He purchased land at Muddy Bay where he built a ranch for raising foxes. He was taught by the Inuit how to ice fish under very thick ice. In -40 °C weather, he discovered that the fish he caught froze almost instantly, and when thawed, tasted fresh. He recognized immediately that the frozen seafood sold in New York was of lower quality than the frozen fish of Labrador. He saw that this knowledge would be lucrative. His journals from this period, which meticulously record these observations, are held in the Archives",
"title": "Clarence Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "9470984",
"text": "was born. This landmark invention ushered in the era of frozen foods, large supermarkets and the restaurant industry as we know it today. Refrigerated transport also made the delivery of fresh produce anywhere in the country a possibility, regardless of the season. The concept of continuous cooling of perishables is often referred to as the \"Farm to Fork\" cold chain. With mobile refrigeration compressors driven by fuel-powered engines and stationary refrigeration compressors driven by grid-sourced electricity, the food is kept cold from the point of production through to the point of distribution to consumers. In 1942, Jones developed the first",
"title": "Thermo King"
},
{
"id": "867128",
"text": "to General Foods. In 1985, Philip Morris Tobacco Company bought General Foods for $5.6 billion and merged it with its Kraft division. Because of Kellogg and Post, the city of Battle Creek, Michigan is nicknamed the \"Cereal Capital of the World\". In 1902 Force wheat flakes became the first ready-to-eat breakfast cereal introduced into the United Kingdom. The cereal, and the Sunny Jim character, achieved wide success in Britain, at its peak in 1930 selling 12.5 million packages in one year. In the 1930s, the first puffed cereal, Kix, went on the market. At the 1904 World Fair, the Quaker",
"title": "Breakfast cereal"
},
{
"id": "4578567",
"text": "Iglo Iglo is a frozen food brand based in the United Kingdom, with products sold across the European continent. It is owned by Nomad Foods Europe, which also owns the rights to the Birds Eye brand in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and Findus across Europe. Formerly owned by private equity firm Permira, the company was sold to the food company Nomad Foods in June 2015, valuing the group at €2.6bn (£1.9bn). Nomad purchased the operations of Findus in all markets except the United Kingdom in November 2015, and merged the businesses of Iglo and Findus in 2016 to form",
"title": "Iglo"
},
{
"id": "15607130",
"text": "Rochester, New York from 1966 to 1994, part of holding company Pro-Fac Cooperative, Inc. from nearby Pittsford, New York which included the Birds Eye frozen foods brand. In 1999, Agway sold or closed all its retail outlets and sold their warehouse system to Southern States Cooperative. On October 1, 2002 the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The brand name is currently owned by Southern States Cooperative. Agway Agway of DeWitt, New York, is an American agricultural business that offers feed for livestock and poultry, as well as seed, fertilizers, and herbicides. Agway was formed on July 25, 1964, from",
"title": "Agway"
},
{
"id": "10062127",
"text": "of deep sea fish; it would be enough fish for one million meals. By the end of the 1950s it was landing 100 million lbs of fish per year; at this time, Ross Group was a subsidiary of Trawlers Grimsby – in March 1959, the company changed its name to Ross Group, and all food was now branded under this name. In October 1965, it opened a division in the Netherlands with Eurofrost NV called Ross Diepvries in Breda, to distribute and make its products in the Dutch market. By the early 1960s, Ross's holdings included poultry, frozen and fresh",
"title": "Ross Group"
},
{
"id": "20167338",
"text": "The recipe book named \"Anchor Ann\" was released by the company in 1925. By the 1930s, the range of products released by the company was extensive including dried fruit, jellies, pastry products, tea and coffee. The company still produces an extensive of products for the retail, food service and commercials markets including; flour, vinegar, birdseed, cordial, herbs and spices and cooking aids. Currently it has a range of 800 products. The current factory and office buildings located in Carrington Street in Fremantle were built in the 1970s. The offices were significantly upgraded in 2011 to a more modern open plan.",
"title": "Anchor Foods"
},
{
"id": "10061843",
"text": "an estimated £1 billion ($1.7 billion), confirming the company's position as the leader in the UK frozen fish sector, having surpassed rivals Bird's Eye, then owned by Permira. Most of the group's sales are of its Young's brand of frozen and chilled fish, shrimp, and shellfish. The company is also the owner of Macrae in Scotland. The Young's Foodservice subsidiary focuses on the restaurant and catering industry whilst Polarfrost Seafoods specializes in fish frozen at sea. Sister business, The Seafood Company, now specialises in chilled fish for UK retailers own label. Young's is the official club sponsor of Grimsby Town",
"title": "Young's Seafood"
},
{
"id": "9755637",
"text": "Ovson Egg Ovson Egg was an American food processing company founded in 1919 to provide frozen, canned and dried eggs to manufacturers of products such as cookies, cakes, custards, egg noodles, beverages, ice cream, macaroni, mayonnaise, salad dressing and puddings. The National Dairy Products Corporation became a majority investor in the company in 1929, and it became part of Kraft Foods in 1952. Breaking and freezing of eggs began in U.S. in the 1890s in Minneapolis, Minnesota. George Dole, who owned one of the first cold storage facilities in the United States, and former school teacher H. J. Keith were",
"title": "Ovson Egg"
},
{
"id": "2704638",
"text": "Arctic Roll, Birds Eye, stopped producing the dessert. The 2008 economic downturn saw the reappearance of Arctic Roll as consumers increasingly looked for low-cost foods. While some consumers view the Arctic Roll as comfort food, others view it as old fashioned and the food writer Nigel Slater has even described it as tasting of \"frozen carpet\". Nonetheless, Birds Eye reported \"overwhelming consumer demand\" for the dessert. Indeed, from when Birds Eye started marketing Arctic Rolls again in December 2008 until April 2009, sales of the product were estimated at £3.5 million, or 3 million boxes (around of Arctic Roll). Commentators",
"title": "Arctic roll"
},
{
"id": "17215637",
"text": "the United States. Canned fruit juice became prominent as a breakfast beverage after the discovery of vitamins. Circa 1900, orange juice as a breakfast beverage was a new concept. The development of frozen orange juice concentrate began in 1915, and in the 1930s it was produced by several companies. Additionally, mass-produced tomato juice began to be marketed in the mid-1920s, and became a popular breakfast drink a few years thereafter. History of breakfast Breakfast is the first meal taken after rising from a night's sleep, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day's work. The Old English",
"title": "History of breakfast"
},
{
"id": "18895353",
"text": "Nomad Foods Nomad Foods is a UK-headquartered frozen foods company. The company's jurisdiction of incorporation is the British Virgin Islands. In 2015, Nomad acquired the Iglo Group. Five countries – the UK, Italy, Germany, France and Sweden – accounted for a combined 75% of its total sales in 2016. Nomad Foods was founded on 1 April 2014 as an investment vehicle without operational business by Noam Gottesman and Martin E. Franklin. Its shares were listed on the London Stock Exchange. On 20 April 2015, Nomad Holding announced it would acquire the Iglo Group (with its brands Iglo, Birds Eye and",
"title": "Nomad Foods"
},
{
"id": "4185395",
"text": "packed in plain cardboard boxes. The founder's daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, was first to become excited about the prospects for the frozen foods business. In 1926, she had put into port at Gloucester on her yacht, \"Sea Cloud\", and was served a luncheon meal which, she learned to her amazement, had been frozen six months before. Despite her enthusiasm, it took Post three years to convince Postum's management to acquire the company. Postum paid $10.75 million for a 51% interest and its partner, Goldman Sachs, paid $12.5 million for the other 49%. Following this acquisition, Postum, Inc changed its name",
"title": "General Foods"
},
{
"id": "5414768",
"text": "frozen brand. Birds Eye products are produced at the company's processing facilities in Devonport and Ulverstone, Tasmania, and Bathurst, New South Wales, as well as from imported ingredients. Some seafood items are processed overseas and the completed product imported. On 9 February 2006 Unilever announced it was looking to sell the UK Birds Eye brand, as well as the European version - Iglo (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands and Portugal). These brands were worth £836M in sales, with profits of £115M a year, and employ 3,500 staff across Europe with 1,800 located in the UK. Unilever will retain the Iglo",
"title": "Birds Eye"
},
{
"id": "6552364",
"text": "brand is marketed to families, many of the advertising campaigns feature Captain Birdseye as having a 'crew' composed mostly of children in the preteen to teenage age groups, encouraging brand loyalty from children and emphasizing to parents the convenience of serving the company's products. An advertising campaign in the UK in 2005 features Captain Birdseye categorically proclaiming that Birds Eye frozen ready-made meals contain no artificial flavors or preservatives, with obvious references to the products being healthy and nutritious to children. The actor most associated with Captain Birdseye was John Hewer, who played the character from 1967 to 1998. His",
"title": "Captain Birdseye"
},
{
"id": "11601650",
"text": "200g packets sold in Australia as (Nestlé) Allens Minties in 2010 are clearly labelled \"Made in New Zealand\". Newspaper advertising appears to have dropped off considerably, both in quantity and quality, between 1931 and 1940. During World War II and until 1946, supply of confectionery was restricted; what output there was went to serving troops. Advertising resumed after cessation of hostilities, anticipating eventual availability. Rationing may have been on a state-by-state basis. Minties had been available in shops from 1923 or earlier, but became the subject of prominent advertising as \"The Universal Sweet\" in June 1926. Coincident with this launch,",
"title": "Minties"
},
{
"id": "14695840",
"text": "estate for £300. It is estimated the project cost Leverhulme £500,000. In 1930, a merger of the major palm oil consumers, the British soapmaker Lever Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, created the foods conglomerate known as Unilever. The company′s main focus was overseas expansion by distribution of its manufactured foods products outside its two core markets. The company allowed its in-country operations considerable independence, as long as they made a profit. The head office of Mac Fisheries Ltd was at Ocean House, Pudding Lane, London EC3; its emblem was a roundel in blue and white showing the Scottish",
"title": "Mac Fisheries"
},
{
"id": "2144456",
"text": "early electronic media age arrived with the opening of commercial radio station 2BS on 1 January 1937. Bathurst Aerodrome was opened in 1942, initially to benefit the war effort providing parking for aircraft overflowing from Richmond air force base. The first commercial airline service departed for Sydney on 16 December 1946. A famous Australian brand name of frozen foods began in Bathurst. Robert Gordon Edgell arrived in Bathurst in 1902. By 1906, he was growing pears, apples and asparagus and experimenting with canning and preserving fruit and vegetables, eventually opening a small cannery in 1926. In 1930, he formed the",
"title": "Bathurst, New South Wales"
},
{
"id": "3746140",
"text": "dates back to at least 1935, at which time it was used in advertisements for Hax brand iodine pencils and Hax brand aspirin. The plastic lemon container and the idea of marketing lemon juice in this manner was also undertaken independently by Stanley Wagner, a businessperson in the frozen food industry, and also a former Royal Air Force fighter pilot. Wagner's plastic lemon was produced by Shipton, a plastics company. Wagner was with the company Coldcrops, Ltd., which produced Realemon. The Realemon trademark was developed and used for a lemon juice product based upon reconstitution in the 1940s. Realemon was",
"title": "Jif (lemon juice)"
},
{
"id": "4578568",
"text": "Nomad Foods Europe. In November 2006, private equity fund Permira acquired the BirdsEye and Iglo businesses from Unilever for €1.7bn, forming the BirdsEye Iglo Group. In 2010 BirdsEye Iglo Group purchased the Italian frozen food business Compagnia Surgelati Italiana SPA from Unilever for €0.8bn, and reunited the Findus brand in Sweden into the group that had previously been managed as one business under Unilever until 2006. On 24 June 2011 BirdsEye Iglo Group changed its legal name to Iglo Foods Group Limited, and began trading as the Iglo Group. Blackstone Group and BC Partners made an unsuccessful bid of €2.5bn",
"title": "Iglo"
},
{
"id": "15151001",
"text": "a loss of markets. This led to the merger of two major players, William Davies and the Harris Abattoir, to form Canada Packers in Toronto. By 1930, \"The Big Three\", meat packers in Canada were Canada Packers, Swift Canadian and P.Burns and Company in Calgary, Alberta. The increasing popularity of the electric refrigerator in Canadian restaurants and homes made it practical for manufacturers to make available various frozen foods. The first such offering, a frozen strawberry pack was produced in Montreal and Ottawa beginning in 1932 by Heeney Frosted Foods Ltd. Cold breakfast cereal became increasingly popular during these years.",
"title": "Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada"
},
{
"id": "6906331",
"text": "They had been neighbors in Pompey. He was 25 and she was 18. She was the second of twelve children of Electa (\"née\" Beebee) and Victory Birdseye. The father was one of Onondaga County's leading politicians. Birdseye practiced law and served two terms in Congress. He was postmaster of Pompey Hill for 22 years, district attorney of Onondaga County for 14 years, and held numerous other political offices. The original Birdseye House is now part of the Onondaga County Freedom Trail. A descendant founded Birds Eye Frozen Foods. Charles and Ellen Wheaton had twelve children together, including Cornelia (b. 1835),",
"title": "Charles Augustus Wheaton"
},
{
"id": "2221435",
"text": "Bird's Custard Bird's Custard is the brand name for the original powdered, egg-free imitation custard powder, now owned by Premier Foods. Custard powder and instant custard powder are the generic product names for similar and competing products. The product is a cornflour-based powder which thickens to form a custard-like sauce when mixed with milk and heated. Bird's Custard was first formulated and first cooked by Alfred Bird in 1837 at his chemist shop in Birmingham. He developed the recipe because his wife was allergic to eggs, the key ingredient used to thicken traditional custard. The Birds continued to serve real",
"title": "Bird's Custard"
},
{
"id": "16824134",
"text": "Kool-Aid, Crystal Light, and Tang powdered beverage mixes, Post Cereals, Shake 'n Bake flavored coatings, and other packaged foods) as Kraft General Foods. Product development slowed after the merger, due to the company's size. In 1990, the company acquired Jacobs Suchard (a large European coffee and confectionery company) and Freia Marabou (a Scandinavian confectionery maker) to expand overseas. Three years later it acquired RJR Nabisco's cold-cereal business (primarily Shredded Wheat and Shreddies cereals), selling the Breyers ice-cream division to Unilever and the Birds Eye unit to Dean Foods. In 1994 the company sold its frozen-dinner unit to Heinz, and the",
"title": "Mondelez International"
},
{
"id": "11000830",
"text": "the most common use of surimi in the United States is imitation crabmeat (also known as crab stick). Alaska pollock is commonly used in the fast food industry, in products such as McDonald's Filet-O-Fish sandwich and (now-discontinued) Fish McBites, Arby's Classic Fish sandwich, Long John Silver's Baja Fish Taco, and Birds Eye's Fish Fingers in Crispy Batter. Alaska pollock is considered the \"national fish\" of Korea. The Korean name of the fish, myeongtae (), has also spread to some neighbouring countries: It is called \"mintay\" () in Russia, and its roe is called \"mentaiko\" () in Japan although the Japanese",
"title": "Alaska pollock"
},
{
"id": "4482325",
"text": "now also includes milk. The product is sold frozen and must be defrosted in the refrigerator before being used. Cool Whip was introduced in 1966 by the Birds Eye division of General Foods, now part of Kraft Heinz. Within two years of introduction, it became the largest and most profitable product in the Birds Eye line of products. Cool Whip is now the most consumed brand of whipped topping in the U.S. Cool Whip was created in 1966 by food scientist George Lorant. The key advantage of his invention was that the product could be distributed frozen. Cool Whip is",
"title": "Cool Whip"
},
{
"id": "5929005",
"text": "Lender's Bagels Lender's Bagels is a brand of bagels that pioneered the pre-packaged bagel industry in the United States. Established in 1927 in New Haven, Connecticut by the Lender family, it became a North American leader in the marketing, distribution and sales of bagels. Lender's introduced frozen bagels and sold the first packaged bagels in supermarkets, eventually becoming the world's biggest bagel producer. The company was sold to Kraft Foods in 1984. Since 2003 it has been part of Pinnacle Foods. In 1994 it began production of room temperature fresh bagels. In 2012, Lender's revenue was about $70 million. Lender's",
"title": "Lender's Bagels"
},
{
"id": "11634975",
"text": "Bumble Bee Foods Bumble Bee Foods, LLC, is a company that produces canned tuna, salmon, other seafoods, and chicken under the brand names \"Bumble Bee,\" \"Wild Selections,\" \"Beach Cliff,\" \"Brunswick,\" and \"Snow's.\" The company is headquartered in San Diego, California, United States. The brand is marketed as Clover Leaf in Canada. It is now owned by the British private equity firm Lion Capital. The Bumble Bee company began in 1899 when seven salmon canners in Astoria, Oregon, formed the Columbia River Packers Association (CRPA) under the leadership of Andrew B. Hammond. The Bumble Bee brand was introduced in 1910. The",
"title": "Bumble Bee Foods"
},
{
"id": "18928331",
"text": "to form Atlantic Ice and Coal Company. Later, Woodruff bought and ran the Coca Cola Company, among other projects and businesses. In 1935, Atlantic Ice & Coal Company changed names to Atlantic Company and began to expand into a variety of different businesses, including cold storage and beer production, the latter contributing up to 50% of the company's revenues at its peak. Atlantic Company diversified into ice convenience store development under the name EZ stores, before household refrigerators were commonplace. It also ran a fast food operation called Wishbone Fried Chicken. Atlantic Company merged with Munford Do it Yourself stores",
"title": "Americold"
},
{
"id": "5157778",
"text": "determine which company had first claim so as not to lose their right to the name \"Sunshine\" for their own products. Finally in 1946, the Loose-Wiles Company officially changed its name to Sunshine Biscuit, Inc. The early part of the company's history was dominated by developing new items and acquiring established brands from other smaller companies. Many of the products and their names are similar to those of their largest competitor, the National Biscuit Company. For example, Nabisco's first individually packaged cracker was named \"Uneeda\". Loose-Wile's cracker was \"Takhoma\". Loose-Wiles made \"Trumps Cookies\". Nabisco produced \"Aces\". Sunshine Biscuit had \"Animal",
"title": "Sunshine Biscuits"
},
{
"id": "10905624",
"text": "Friskies Friskies is a brand of wet and dry cat food and treats. It is owned by Nestlé Purina PetCare Company, a subsidiary of Nestlé global. Friskies was initially introduced by Carnation Company in the 1930s as a dog food brand. When Friskies cat food was introduced in the 1950s, it was the first dry pet food product specifically for cats. The brand was acquired by Nestlé in 1985. From the 1970s to the 2000s, variations in Friskies cat food proliferated as the competition for consumer spending intensified. Friskies is produced and marketed by Nestlé Purina Petcare, a subsidiary of",
"title": "Friskies"
},
{
"id": "5813722",
"text": "Frusen Glädjé Frusen Glädjé was a company that made ice cream for the United States market, founded in 1980 by Richard E. Smith. Although the ice cream was made in the U.S., it used a quasi-Swedish name. \"Frusen glädje\", without the acute accent, is Swedish for \"frozen delight\". However the acute accent changes the word into a nonsensical word in Swedish, or at least a strange/dialectal intonation. After being sold several times, the brand is no longer in use. Frusen Glädjé was produced at a Dairy Lea plant with special equipment and sold in 10 states in 1981, including New",
"title": "Frusen Glädjé"
},
{
"id": "3101059",
"text": "Cream Show\" that her father sat at the kitchen table for hours saying nonsensical words until he came up with a combination he liked. The reason he chose this method was so that the name would be unique and original. In 1980, Häagen-Dazs unsuccessfully sued Frusen Glädjé, an American ice cream maker founded that year, for using foreign branding strategies. The phrase \"frusen glädje\"—without the acute accent—is Swedish for \"frozen delight\". In 1985, Frusen Glädjé was sold to Kraft General Foods. A Kraft spokeswoman stated that Kraft sold its Frusen Glädjé license to the Unilever corporation in 1993, but a",
"title": "Häagen-Dazs"
},
{
"id": "2704637",
"text": "Arctic roll An Arctic roll is a British dessert made of vanilla ice cream wrapped in a thin layer of sponge cake to form a roll, with a layer of raspberry flavoured sauce between the sponge and the ice cream. The dessert was invented in the 1950s by Dr. Ernest Velden, an immigrant from then Czechoslovakia. He set up a factory in Eastbourne producing Arctic Roll in 1968, and the dessert quickly became very popular. During the 1980s more than of Birds Eye Arctic Roll were sold each month. However, sales slumped during the 1990s and eventually the manufacturer of",
"title": "Arctic roll"
},
{
"id": "4185390",
"text": "she ran through her coffee grinder. Later that year, she sold the rights to John Whitman, of Orange, Massachusetts, who changed its name to \"Minute Tapioca\". In 1908, he changed the name of his company to that of his product. The \"Minute\" brand would later become better known for a General Foods innovation introduced in 1949 known as Minute Rice, a brand of parboiled rice. As a consequence of the Jell-O and Minute Tapioca acquisitions, Postum Cereal's revenues in 1926 jumped to $46.9 million. The number of shares stood at 1.375 million, including shares issued to acquire Jell-O and Minute",
"title": "General Foods"
},
{
"id": "16736629",
"text": "Chun King Chun King was an American line of canned Chinese food products founded in the 1940s by Jeno Paulucci, who also developed \"Jeno's Pizza Rolls\" and frozen pizza, and the \"Michelina's\" brand of frozen food products, among many others. By 1962, Chun King was bringing in $30 million in annual revenue and accounted for half of all U.S. sales of prepared Chinese food. Chun King was sold to the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, in 1966 for $63 million. R. J. Reynolds merged with Nabisco Brands in 1985 and the new company changed its name to RJR Nabisco in",
"title": "Chun King"
},
{
"id": "19705156",
"text": "school, in food technology with the Birdseye Fisheries Lab Division of General Foods in 1951 as a team member in the development of the first frozen precooked foods including fish sticks. While a graduate student, he worked part-time for Raytheon Manufacturing Company where he was a member of a team that developed the first microwave oven, leading to microwave cooking, heating, and browning of foods. After he earned his graduate degree, Brody worked for the Whirlpool Corporation in Benton Harbor, Michigan. He led the development of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), invented an odor control system for refrigerators, a thermoelectric refrigerator/freezer,",
"title": "Aaron L. Brody"
},
{
"id": "4169331",
"text": "as the bar melts, it is available in many different flavours, and various forms including Aero Bubbles and Aero Biscuits. The process of manufacture was patented in 1935 by Rowntree's in York, England. In 1935, Rowntree's launched Aero into the United Kingdom, followed by the Peppermint Aero in the 1960s. The wrapping was brown (green in the mint version) and displayed the \"Rowntree's\" script logo and the large word \"AERO\", along with the slogan \"Hold on tight or I'll fly away!\" below the \"AERO\" name. The words \"Aerated Mint Chocolate\" (\"Aerated Milk Chocolate\" for the chocolate version) were seen multiple",
"title": "Aero (chocolate)"
},
{
"id": "2938879",
"text": "Fish finger Fish fingers (British English) or fish sticks (American English), are a processed food made using a whitefish, such as cod, hake, haddock or pollock, which has been battered or breaded. They are commonly available in the frozen food section of supermarkets. They can be baked in the oven, grilled, shallow fried, or deep-fried. The term \"fish fingers\" is first referenced in a recipe given in a British popular magazine in 1900, and the dish is often considered symbolic of the United Kingdom. The commercialization of fish fingers may be traced to 1953 when the American company Gorton-Pew Fisheries,",
"title": "Fish finger"
},
{
"id": "20785833",
"text": "Hilton Food Group Hilton Food Group plc is a food packaging business. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. The company was established to operate a beef and lamb central meat packing facility in Huntingdon in 1994. It was the subject of an initial public offering in May 2007 which valued the business at circa £105 million. It went on to acquire Seachill, a supplier of chilled and frozen salmon, in November 2017. The company has six factories and sells its products in supermarkets across fourteen countries in Europe. It",
"title": "Hilton Food Group"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Clarence Birdseye context: was issued US Patent #1,773,079, marking beginning of today's frozen foods industry. Birdseye patented other machinery which cooled even more quickly. In 1927, he extended the process to quick-freezing meat, poultry, fruit, and vegetables. In 1929, Birdseye sold his company and patents for $22 million to Goldman Sachs and the Postum Company, which eventually became General Foods Corporation, which founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company. Birdseye continued to work with the company, further developing frozen food technology. In 1930, the company began sales experiments in 18 retail stores around Springfield, Massachusetts, to test consumer acceptance of quick-frozen foods.\n\nWhen Birdseye introduced the first frozen food in 1930, what did the company call it/",
"compressed_tokens": 208,
"origin_tokens": 209,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Vertical integration context: known as General Foods. They kept the same Birdseye name, but it was split into two words (Birds eye) for use as a trademark. Birdseye was paid $20 million for the patents and $2 million for the assets. Birdseye was one of the pioneers in the frozen food industry. Birdseye Company used vertical integration to manage their business. Because during these times, there was not a well-developed infrastructure to produce and sell, Birdseye developed its own system by using vertical integration. As many members of the supply chain, such as farmers and small food retailers, couldn't afford high costs to\n\ntitle Clarence Birdseye context: was US Pat1773,79 marking beginning of today's frozen foods industry. Birdse patented machinery which cooled even more quickly. In 127, the process quick-freezing meat, poultry, fruit, and vegetables. In 129, Birdse sold his company and patents for $2 million Goldman Sachs and Post Company, eventually became General Foods Corporation, the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company. Birdse continued to work with the company further developing frozen food technology. In 190, the company began in 1 retail stores around Springfield, Massachusetts to test accept quick-frozen foods\ntitle United States inventions (8–1945) context: beunglass invent. In9 invent massproduced firstintedwear pieces solely sunlight.1929 Frozen food Frozen food food preserved by the free Freezing food is common method of food preservation slows decay and, turning water ice, makes it for bial growth slow re. Clar Birdseye offered quickrozen the. Birdye got the-trapping expedr12 and 11 where the n use.\ntitle:s:s.man sold its shares932 a.ly after test ans, but the company quickly realized that a packaging process alone would not be sufficient to market frozen products in stores. To be sold, the packages had to be kept frozen while on display, so Birdseye engineers began development of a freezer cabinet designed specifically to hold frozen foods. The cabinet, which first appeared in 1934, required a great deal of space and electricity, which were not readily\n\nWhen Birdseye introduced the first frozen food in 1930, what did the company call it/",
"compressed_tokens": 503,
"origin_tokens": 14560,
"ratio": "28.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
148 | What two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree? | [
"Nutmeg, which is produced from he kernel; and mace, which is produced from the kernel's lacy covering"
] | Nutmeg, which is produced from he kernel; and mace, which is produced from the kernel's lacy covering | [
{
"id": "498181",
"text": "if used only in flavoring amounts. However, if consumed in large quantities, it contains hallucinogens that may affect the fetus, and consequently nutmeg is recommended for avoidance during pregnancy. While the spicy scent of nutmeg may be attractive to pets, there is potential for toxicity if large amounts are consumed. Nutmeg Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus \"Myristica\". \"Myristica fragrans\" (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "498157",
"text": "Nutmeg Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus \"Myristica\". \"Myristica fragrans\" (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial source of an essential oil and nutmeg butter. The California nutmeg, \"Torreya californica\", has a seed of similar appearance, but is not closely related to \"Myristica fragans\", and is not used as a spice. If consumed in amounts exceeding its typical use as a spice, nutmeg powder may produce allergic",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "12367841",
"text": "In Alaska, the sap of the sweet birch (\"Betula lenta\") is made into a syrup with a sugar content of 67%. Sweet birch sap is more dilute than maple sap; a hundred litres are required to make one litre of birch syrup. Various parts of trees are used as spices. These include cinnamon, made from the bark of the cinnamon tree (\"Cinnamomum zeylanicum\") and allspice, the dried small fruits of the pimento tree (\"Pimenta dioica\"). Nutmeg is a seed found in the fleshy fruit of the nutmeg tree (\"Myristica fragrans\") and cloves are the unopened flower buds of the clove",
"title": "Tree"
},
{
"id": "498158",
"text": "reactions, cause contact dermatitis, or have psychoactive effects. Although used in traditional medicine for treating various disorders, nutmeg has no known medicinal value. Nutmeg is the spice made by grinding the seed of the fragrant nutmeg (\"Myristica fragrans\") tree into powder. The spice has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm slightly sweet taste; it is used to flavor many kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and such beverages as eggnog. The seeds are dried gradually in the sun over a period of six to eight weeks. During this time the nutmeg shrinks away from",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "12787291",
"text": "shiny seed, long by about across, with a red or crimson covering (an aril). The seed is the source of nutmeg, the aril the source of mace. \"Myristica fragrans\" was given a binomial name by the Dutch botanist Maartyn Houttuyn in 1774. It had earlier been described by Georg Eberhard Rumphius, among others. The specific epithet \"fragrans\" means \"fragrant\". Myristica fragrans Myristica fragrans is an evergreen tree indigenous to the Moluccas (or the Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is important as the main source of the spices nutmeg and mace. It is widely grown across the tropics including Guangdong and",
"title": "Myristica fragrans"
},
{
"id": "6096748",
"text": "Run (island) Run (also known as Pulau Run, Pulo Run, Puloroon, or Rhun) is one of the smallest islands of the Banda Islands, which are a part of Moluccas, Indonesia. It is about long and less than wide. According to historian John Keay, Run is comparable in its significance in the history of the English overseas possessions as Runnymede is to British constitutional history. In the 17th century, Run was of great economic importance because of the value of the spices nutmeg and mace, which are obtained from the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans), once found exclusively in the Banda Islands,",
"title": "Run (island)"
},
{
"id": "682235",
"text": "The tree is an evergreen with dark green leaves and small yellow flowers, and grows up to 12 meters tall. It starts bearing fruit after seven or eight years and continues to do so for up to 40 years. The fruit looks like an apricot and when ripe, slit to reveal a walnut-sized seed. Covering the shell of the seed are lacy, red-orange strips, which are mace, and inside the shell is the seed itself - nutmeg. It is used extensively for cooking to enhance the flavor of cakes, soups, desserts, drinks and sauces. This comes from the inner bark",
"title": "St. George's, Grenada"
},
{
"id": "498159",
"text": "its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The shell is then broken with a wooden club and the nutmegs are picked out. Dried nutmegs are grayish brown ovals with furrowed surfaces. The nutmegs are roughly egg-shaped, about long and wide, weighing dried. Two other species of genus \"Myristica\" with different flavors, \"M. malabarica\" and \"M. argentea\", are sometimes used to adulterate nutmeg as a spice. Mace is the spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed. Its flavour is similar to nutmeg but more delicate; it is used to flavour",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "15438342",
"text": "visit the Spice Islands in Indonesia, the original home of these two spices. In the first half we look at nutmeg and discover it has many layers. There is the outer fruit which is used for jam. When ripe the fruit opens revealing a red nut and this is the best time to pick it we are told. However in the program we see examples of fruit being cut open when it has been picked early. We see the outer red skin of the nut being removed and dried to create mace. The inner skin or black shell of the",
"title": "The Spice Trail"
},
{
"id": "682234",
"text": "they parade through the streets. St. George's has a humid tropical savanna climate. The average temperature is about . There are two seasons: the 'dry' season is from January to May and the 'rainy' season lasts for the rest of the year. There are short spells of rain in the dry period but they last no more than 5 minutes or so. Gray clouds over the mountains are the first sign of rain. Nutmeg and mace come from the fruit of the aromatic Myrristica fragrans tree. The alien tree was adopted as from March 3, 1967 to the Spice Island.",
"title": "St. George's, Grenada"
},
{
"id": "1599615",
"text": "Allspice Allspice, also called pimenta, Jamaica pimenta, or myrtle pepper, is the dried unripe fruit (berries, used as a spice) of \"Pimenta dioica\", a midcanopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world. The name \"allspice\" was coined as early as 1621 by the English, who thought it combined the flavour of cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves. Several unrelated fragrant shrubs are called \"Carolina allspice\" (\"Calycanthus floridus\"), \"Japanese allspice\" (\"Chimonanthus praecox\"), or \"wild allspice\" (\"Lindera benzoin\"). \"Allspice\" is also sometimes used to refer to the herb costmary (\"Tanacetum balsamita\").",
"title": "Allspice"
},
{
"id": "12182090",
"text": "soaps. Perfumes also are made from some of these oils; ylang-ylang comes from the flowers of \"Cananga odorata\", and is used by Arab and Swahili women. A compound called nutmeg butter is produced from the same tree as the spice of that name, but the sweet-smelling \"butter\" is used in perfumery or as a lubricant rather than as a food. Magnoliids are also important sources of spices and herbs used to flavor food, including the spices black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and the herb bay laurel. Magnoliids Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae or Magnolianae) are a group of flowering plants. Until recently,",
"title": "Magnoliids"
},
{
"id": "4539667",
"text": "Nutmegger Nutmegger is a nickname for people from the US state of Connecticut. The official nickname for Connecticut is \"The Constitution State\", as voted in 1958 by the Connecticut state legislature; however \"The Nutmeg State\" is an unofficial nickname for the state, hence the nickname \"Nutmegger\". The origin of the appellation is unknown. One theory is that it comes from Yankee peddlers selling nutmegs in colonial times. These nutmegs may have been the real thing, i.e., the hard aromatic seed of the nutmeg tree (\"Myristica fragrans\"), an East Indian evergreen tree, or counterfeit wooden nutmegs; or, as has been suggested,",
"title": "Nutmegger"
},
{
"id": "60412",
"text": "the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree. The islands are also popular destinations for scuba diving and snorkeling. The first documented human presence in the Banda Islands comes from a rockshelter site on Pulau Ay that was in use at least 8,000 years ago. Before the arrival of Europeans, Banda had an oligarchic form of government led by \"orang kaya\" ('rich men') and the Bandanese had an active and independent role in trade throughout the archipelago. Banda was the world's only source of nutmeg and mace, spices used as flavourings, medicines, and preserving agents that were at",
"title": "Banda Islands"
},
{
"id": "672182",
"text": "to mimic the popular strawberry rhubarb pie. Rhubarb root produces a rich brown dye similar to walnut husks. It is used in northern regions where walnut trees do not survive. For cooking, the stalks are often cut into small pieces and stewed (boiled in water) with added sugar, until soft. Little water is added, as rhubarb stalks already contain a great deal of water. Rhubarb should be processed and stored in containers which are unaffected by residual acid content, such as glass or stainless steel. Spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger are sometimes added. Stewed rhubarb or rhubarb sauce,",
"title": "Rhubarb"
},
{
"id": "6053015",
"text": "stamens. However, \"Myristica\" is probably pollinated by true ants, a case of myrmecophily. A few New Guinea \"Myristica\" species have evolved hollow stem swellings in which ants reside. This facilitates a mutualistic relationship known as myrmecophily, and is similar to that of \"Cecropia\". The most important products of the family by far are the nutmeg and mace spices, both respectively derived from the seed and aril of \"Myristica fragrans\", a tree native to the Moluccas. A hallucinogenic snuff (containing a derivative of tryptamine) that is used by certain Amazonian tribes is obtained from the bark of \"Virola elongata\" and other",
"title": "Myristicaceae"
},
{
"id": "5730409",
"text": "The company prosecutes those it feels are infringing on its intellectual property. The manufacturing process involves several distillations which are then blended. The recipe of Bénédictine is a commercial secret, but it is known to contain 27 herbs and spices, of which the following 21 are publicly known: \"Angelica\", hyssop, juniper, myrrh, saffron, mace, fir cones, aloe, arnica, lemon balm, tea, thyme, coriander, clove, lemon, vanilla, orange peel, honey, red berries, cinnamon, and nutmeg; leaving six unknown ingredients. The same company also produces \"B & B\" (or Bénédictine and Brandy), developed in the 1930s in response to a shift in",
"title": "Bénédictine"
},
{
"id": "6053010",
"text": "Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the \"nutmeg family\", after its most famous member, \"Myristica fragrans\", the source of the spices nutmeg and mace. The best known genera are \"Myristica\" in Asia and \"Virola\" in the Neotropics. The family consists of about 21 genera with about 520 species of trees, shrubs and rarely lianas (\"Pycnanthus\") found in tropical forests across the world. Most of the species are large trees that are valued in the timber industry. They",
"title": "Myristicaceae"
},
{
"id": "9883047",
"text": "throughout the tropics is mango, native to India (valuable in many parts) and from Southeast Asia (includes root tubers used as spice and perfumes). Mung bean is also native to India, is a potentially prosperous food. Nutmeg comes from the trees of an island in Maluku. Mace is formed of nutmeg, and is used as spice. The peanut, native to South America, is commercially spread in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions—it is used as a chief source of oils and protein. Another important tropical and subtropical plant is pineapple, likely domestic by the Guarani of Brazil and Paraguay during the",
"title": "Tropical Asia"
},
{
"id": "6053017",
"text": "southern England is the earliest record of Myristicaceae. Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the \"nutmeg family\", after its most famous member, \"Myristica fragrans\", the source of the spices nutmeg and mace. The best known genera are \"Myristica\" in Asia and \"Virola\" in the Neotropics. The family consists of about 21 genera with about 520 species of trees, shrubs and rarely lianas (\"Pycnanthus\") found in tropical forests across the world. Most of the species are large trees",
"title": "Myristicaceae"
},
{
"id": "485053",
"text": "mead may be known by the style represented; for instance, a mead made with cinnamon and apples may be referred to as either a cinnamon \"cyser\" or an apple metheglin. A mead that also contains spices (such as cloves, cinnamon or nutmeg), or herbs (such as meadowsweet, hops, or even lavender or chamomile), is called a \"metheglin\" . A mead that contains fruit (such as raspberry, blackberry or strawberry) is called a \"melomel\", which was also used as a means of food preservation, keeping summer produce for the winter. A mead that is fermented with grape juice is called a",
"title": "Mead"
},
{
"id": "15326474",
"text": "). It is sometimes referred to as African pepper or Guinea pepper, but these are ambiguous terms that may refer to Ashanti pepper and grains of paradise, among others. As a spice, the whole fruit (pod) is used, as the hull of the fruit lends an aromatic note (with the taste being described as an admixture of cubeb pepper and nutmeg with overtones of resin) whilst the seeds lend pungency (they are also quite bitter). Typically the dried fruit is lightly crushed before being tied in a \"bouquet garni\" and added to West African soups (stews). In Senegal, the spice",
"title": "Grains of Selim"
},
{
"id": "6847216",
"text": "Extract An extract is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures, absolutes or in powder form. The aromatic principles of many spices, nuts, herbs, fruits, etc., and some flowers, are marketed as extracts, among the best known of true extracts being almond, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, lemon, nutmeg, orange, peppermint, pistachio, rose, spearmint, vanilla, violet, rum, and wintergreen. The majority of natural essences are obtained by extracting the essential oil from the blossoms, fruit, roots, etc., or the whole plants, through",
"title": "Extract"
},
{
"id": "155384",
"text": "million (1995) Currency: 1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 – 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976) Fiscal year: calendar year Economy of Grenada Grenada has a largely tourism-based, small, open economy. Over the past two decades, the economy has shifted from one of agriculture-dominant into that of services-dominant, with tourism serving as the leading foreign currency earning sector. The country's principal export crops are the spices nutmeg and mace (Grenada is the world’s second largest producer of nutmeg after Indonesia). Other crops for export include cocoa, citrus fruits, bananas, cloves, and",
"title": "Economy of Grenada"
},
{
"id": "498160",
"text": "baked goods, meat, fish, vegetables and in preserving and pickling. In the processing of mace, the crimson-colored aril is removed from the nutmeg seed that it envelops and is flattened out and dried for 10 to 14 days. Its color changes to pale yellow, orange, or tan. Whole dry mace consists of flat pieces—smooth, horny, and brittle—about 40 mm (1.6 in) long. The most important commercial species is the common, true or fragrant nutmeg, \"Myristica fragrans\" (Myristicaceae), native to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is also cultivated on Penang Island in Malaysia, in",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "18337863",
"text": "Myristica argentea Myristica argentea is a tree that grows in the primary rain forests of New Guinea. It is occasionally a source of nutmeg, and it (or its seed) is called Macassar nutmeg, Papua(n) nutmeg, long nutmeg or silver nutmeg. \"M. malabarica\" is used to adulterate true nutmeg, which comes from \"Myristica fragrans\". The leaves are simple and spiral. The petiole is stout, cracked transversally, channeled, and 2.8 cm long. The blade is glossy, 20 cm × 6.4 cm – 13.5 cm × 5.6 cm – 19 cm × 6 cm, elliptic, acuminate at the apex in a tail, and",
"title": "Myristica argentea"
},
{
"id": "168489",
"text": "Popular botanicals or flavouring agents for gin, besides the required juniper, often include citrus elements, such as lemon and bitter orange peel, as well as a combination of other spices, which may include any of anise, angelica root and seed, orris root, licorice root, cinnamon, almond, cubeb, savory, lime peel, grapefruit peel, dragon eye (longan), saffron, baobab, frankincense, coriander, grains of paradise, nutmeg, cassia bark or others. The different combinations and concentrations of these botanicals in the distillation process cause the variations in taste among gin products. Chemical research has begun to identify the various chemicals that are extracted in",
"title": "Gin"
},
{
"id": "10725543",
"text": "of the \"Monodora myristica\" seed is similar to nutmeg and it is used as a popular spice in the West African cuisine. The fruits are collected from wild trees and the seeds are dried and sold whole or ground to be used in stews, soups, cakes and desserts. For medicinal purposes they are used as stimulants, stomachic, for headaches, sores and also as insect repellent. The seeds are also made into necklaces. \"Monodora myristica\" timber is hard but easy to work with and is used for carpentry, house fittings and joinery. In medicine, the bark is used in treatments of",
"title": "Monodora myristica"
},
{
"id": "155372",
"text": "Economy of Grenada Grenada has a largely tourism-based, small, open economy. Over the past two decades, the economy has shifted from one of agriculture-dominant into that of services-dominant, with tourism serving as the leading foreign currency earning sector. The country's principal export crops are the spices nutmeg and mace (Grenada is the world’s second largest producer of nutmeg after Indonesia). Other crops for export include cocoa, citrus fruits, bananas, cloves, and cinnamon. Manufacturing industries in Grenada operate mostly on a small scale, including production of beverages and other foodstuffs, textiles, and the assembly of electronic components for export. Economic growth",
"title": "Economy of Grenada"
},
{
"id": "12787289",
"text": "Myristica fragrans Myristica fragrans is an evergreen tree indigenous to the Moluccas (or the Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is important as the main source of the spices nutmeg and mace. It is widely grown across the tropics including Guangdong and Yunnan in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Grenada in the Caribbean, Kerala in India, Sri Lanka and South America. \"Myristica fragrans\" is a evergreen tree, usually tall, but occasionally reaching and rarely reaching up to find only in Tidore. The alternately arranged leaves are dark green, long by wide with petioles about long. The species is dioecious, i.e. \"male\" or",
"title": "Myristica fragrans"
},
{
"id": "18337864",
"text": "shows 13–18 pairs of secondary nerves. The inflorescences are 4.5 cm-long racemes. The fruits are globose and 6mm long. Myristica argentea Myristica argentea is a tree that grows in the primary rain forests of New Guinea. It is occasionally a source of nutmeg, and it (or its seed) is called Macassar nutmeg, Papua(n) nutmeg, long nutmeg or silver nutmeg. \"M. malabarica\" is used to adulterate true nutmeg, which comes from \"Myristica fragrans\". The leaves are simple and spiral. The petiole is stout, cracked transversally, channeled, and 2.8 cm long. The blade is glossy, 20 cm × 6.4 cm – 13.5",
"title": "Myristica argentea"
},
{
"id": "11916901",
"text": "of total revenues in 2017, Grenada was listed 9th worst in a study of 126 developing countries. Tourist facilities are being expanded; tourism is the leading foreign exchange earner. Major short-term concerns are the rising fiscal deficit and the deterioration in the external account balance. Grenada shares a common central bank and a common currency (the East Caribbean dollar) with seven other members of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). Grenada is a globally important producer of several different spices. Most notably nutmeg and mace, of which Grenada is the world's second largest producer (after Indonesia), providing 20% of",
"title": "Grenada"
},
{
"id": "81835",
"text": "are Quinnipiac University, Fairfield University, Central Connecticut State University, Sacred Heart University, and the University of Hartford. The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" whose origin is unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries. It may have",
"title": "Connecticut"
},
{
"id": "498176",
"text": "transplanted to their other colonial holdings elsewhere, notably Zanzibar and Grenada. The national flag of Grenada, adopted in 1974, shows a stylised split-open nutmeg fruit. The Dutch retained control of the Spice Islands until World War II. It has been suggested that Connecticut received its nickname (\"the Nutmeg State\", \"Nutmegger\") from the claim that some unscrupulous Connecticut traders would whittle \"nutmeg\" out of wood, creating a \"wooden nutmeg\", a term which later came to mean any type of fraud. This narrative may have to do with the issue that one has to grate to obtain the spice powder, not crack",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "5419056",
"text": "were becoming available. The recipe for \"Elder-Shoots, in Imitation of Bamboo\" makes use of a homely ingredient to substitute for a foreign one that English travellers had encountered in the Far East. The same recipe also calls for a variety of imported spices to flavour the pickle: \"an Ounce of white or red Pepper, an Ounce of Ginger sliced, a little Mace, and a few Corns of Jamaica Pepper.\" There are two recipes for making chocolate, calling for costly imported ingredients like musk (an aromatic obtained from musk deer) and ambergris (a waxy substance from sperm whales), vanilla and cardamon:",
"title": "The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy"
},
{
"id": "11618685",
"text": "an essential element in Indonesian cuisine. In Indonesian, spice is called \"rempah\", while the mixture of spices is called \"bumbu\", they are chopped finely or ground into paste using traditional stone mortar and pestle, and spread over vegetables, meat, poultry, fish and seafood to add aroma and taste. Known throughout the world as the \"Spice Islands\", the Indonesian islands of Maluku contributed to the introduction of its native spices to the world. Spices such as \"pala\" (nutmeg/mace), \"cengkeh\" (clove), \"daun\" \"pandan\" (Pandan leaves), \"kluwek\" (Pangium edule) and \"laos\" (galangal) are native to Indonesia. However, surprisingly nutmeg, mace and cloves are",
"title": "Agriculture in Indonesia"
},
{
"id": "13937207",
"text": "modern rise of local food movements have resulted in the Oxford sausage being revived, albeit in a revised form. As with most regional foodstuffs, different recipes for Oxford sausages vary in many aspects, but all follow a similar ingredient list. The modern Oxford sausage is considered, typically, to consist of a mixture of pork and veal, seasoned with lemon and herbs. Nott's 1723 recipe calls for pork \"or\" veal, seasoned with salt, pepper, clove, mace and sage. The spice content also appears in many other late 18th and early 19th century recipes, with mace or nutmeg (derived from the same",
"title": "Oxford sausage"
},
{
"id": "8648077",
"text": "ambor (mulberry, or Morus alba) has Chinese origins. Kalljirem (black cumin, Nigella sativa) is again of Indian origin. Kiraitem (canscora in English, or Canscora decussata) is from India, but the zaifoll (nutmeg, Mystica fragans) comes from the Moluccas, the so-called Spice Islands of past centuries, in the Far East. Gozgo (the fever nut or Caesalpinia bonduc) is, again, of Indian origin. Naik says he has already found the names of 325 species from among the 329 he planted. \"Some don't have names in Konknni (the local language),\" he is quoted as saying, obviously because of their exotic origins. Thomas Stephens",
"title": "Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr"
},
{
"id": "12654558",
"text": "in an oven, over an open fire, on a stove top, or in a microwave oven. Sometimes the pumpkin halves are brined to soften the pulp instead of being cooked. At this point the pulp is scooped out and puréed. The pulp is mixed with eggs, evaporated and/or sweetened condensed milk, sugar, and a spice mixture called pumpkin pie spice, which includes nutmeg and other spices (e.g., ginger, cinnamon, cloves, allspice, mace), then baked in a pie shell. Similar pies are made with butternut squash or sweet potato fillings. The pumpkin is native to the continent of North America. The",
"title": "Pumpkin pie"
},
{
"id": "16858905",
"text": "\"karha\". For example, some \"masala chai\" found on the street, in restaurants, or in homes may also incorporate one or more of cinnamon, star anise, fennel seeds, peppercorn, nutmeg, and cloves. In the Western world, using allspice, to either replace or complement the cinnamon and clove, is also common. Traditionally, cardamom and ginger play a dominant note, supplemented by other spices such as cloves, or black pepper; the latter two add a heat to the flavour and the utilization of cloves is more typical and popular throughout India. The traditional composition of spices often differs by climate and region in",
"title": "Masala chai"
},
{
"id": "5848286",
"text": "celebration at December 5. \"Koekkruiden\" contain cardamom. Mixed spice typically contains: It may also contain, or commonly have added to it: Boston Spice The British Are Coming! English Mixed Spice Blend Mixed spice Mixed spice, also called pudding spice, is a British blend of sweet spices, similar to the pumpkin pie spice used in the United States. Cinnamon is the dominant flavour, with nutmeg and allspice. It is often used in baking, or to complement fruits or other sweet foods. The term \"mixed spice\" has been used for this blend of spices in cookbooks at least as far back as",
"title": "Mixed spice"
},
{
"id": "15438343",
"text": "nut is then removed and discarded and what is left is the hard brown \"nut\" we call nutmeg. We also find out that Almond trees are important for shade and a species of Dove is responsible for planting most of the almonds trees and nutmeg trees. The second half of the programme looks at Cloves. We are introduced to the pink flower buds on the tall trees and are told that the best cloves are pink and not yet opened. A mixture of long poles, rope pulling and tree climbing are used so the pickers can collect the clusters of",
"title": "The Spice Trail"
},
{
"id": "15041973",
"text": "of the 1990s resulted in frequent conflicts among Buru people over religious grounds. So within a few days in December 1999, 43 people were killed and at least 150 houses burned in the Wainibe village. Most Buru people are engaged in farming rice, millet, sago, sweet potato and various spice, such as allspice, nutmeg and Eucalyptus tree, which is used for aromatic oil. In the inland areas, they also hunt the wild pig Buru babirusa, deer and possum, and take part in tuna fishing on the coast. In the urban areas, the growing number of Buru people take jobs in",
"title": "Buru people"
},
{
"id": "19669283",
"text": "clear, non-vintage, un-aged gin distilled from apple spirits. It contains a blend of 11 botanicals, including Juniper, Coriander seeds, Liquorice, Lemon and Orange peels, Hops, elderflower and Bramley apples, among others. Launched in Spain in 2012, Chase GB Extra Dry Gin uses Chase Vodka as its base. To create the gin, the vodka is infused with juniper buds and berries, along with 10 botanicals including Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Ginger, Almond, Coriander, Liquorice and Lemon. In 2016, it won a double gold award at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition. Other gin products made by Chase Distillery include: Since 2012, Chase Distillery",
"title": "Chase Distillery"
},
{
"id": "498168",
"text": "as a natural food flavoring in baked goods, syrups, beverages, and sweets. It is used to replace ground nutmeg, as it leaves no particles in the food. The essential oil is also used in the manufacturing of toothpaste and cough syrups. Nutmeg butter is obtained from the nut by expression. It is semisolid, reddish-brown in colour, and has the taste and smell of nutmeg itself.About 75% (by weight) of nutmeg butter is trimyristin, which can be turned into myristic acid, a 14-carbon fatty acid, which can be used as a replacement for cocoa butter, can be mixed with other fats",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "370760",
"text": "used in Mesopotamia by 1700 BCE. The ancient Indian epic Ramayana mentions cloves. The Romans had cloves in the 1st century CE, as Pliny the Elder wrote about them. The earliest written records of spices come from ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian cultures. The Ebers Papyrus from Early Egyptians that dates from 1550 describes some eight hundred different medicinal remedies and numerous medicinal procedures. Historians believe that nutmeg, which originates from the Banda Islands in Southeast Asia, was introduced to Europe in the 6th century BCE. Indonesian merchants traveled around China, India, the Middle East, and the east coast of",
"title": "Spice"
},
{
"id": "13301652",
"text": "tuber foods) and vegetables. Other popular local dishes include callaloo, Accra, green fig salad, cocoa tea (a traditional breakfast spiced hot drink) and bakes(very similar to Johhny cakes) among others. The island's British and Indian influences are seen in the variety of spices used in its cuisine, which include garlic, cinnamon, nutmeg, cocoa, parsley, cloves, and allspice.A wide range of local fruits like golden apples, mangoes, starfruit, tamarind are used to make juices, although lime juice (lime squash) seems a more popular choice to be enjoyed in conjunction with the local delicacies. Saint Lucian cuisine Saint Lucian cuisine is a",
"title": "Saint Lucian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "6565515",
"text": "Elemicin Elemicin is a phenylpropene, a natural organic compound, and is a constituent of several plant species' essential oils. Elemicin is a constituent of the oleoresin and the essential oil of \"Canarium luzonicum\" (also referred to as elemi). Elemicin is named after this tree. One study found it to compose 2.4% of the fresh essential oil. Elemicin is also present in the oils of the spices nutmeg and mace, with it composing 2.4% and 10.5% of those oils respectively. Elemicin was first isolated from elemi oil using vacuum distillation. Specifically, the substance was collected between 162-165 °C at a reduced",
"title": "Elemicin"
},
{
"id": "16412977",
"text": "absolutes (cassie, jasmine, rose, orange blossom), green notes (galbanum), violet-smelling ionones and fine qualities of orris, vanilla and ylang-ylang. He had a fondness for aromatic spices (cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, croton, nutmeg) and certain herbes de Provence (absinthe, angelica, basil, bay leaf, caraway, coriander, cumin, tarragon). He was a specialist on aromatic resins (benzoin, labdanum); indeed he used opoponax in most of his formulae, sometimes in mere trace quantities - imperceptible in and of itself though lending to the overall texture of the perfume. His base notes often consisted of strong artificial musks (musk ketone, musk ambrette, musk xylene), which he",
"title": "Jacques Guerlain"
},
{
"id": "7152881",
"text": "Daucus carota (carrot), Piper nigrum (black pepper), Piper longum (long pepper), Juniperus (juniper), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), Canary Island wine, Agaricus Gums, oils and resins: Acaciae (acacia), Styrax benzoin, Gummi arabicum, Sagapeni (wax of an unknown tree, possibly some kind of Ferula), Gummi Opopanax chironium, Gummi Ferula foetida, Commiphora (a tree from which myrrh is derived), incense, Turpentine from Cyprus, oil from Myristica fragans (nutmeg), Papaver somniverum (opium poppy) Animal parts and products: Castoreum, Trochisci Viperarum, Narbonne white honey Mineral substances: Boli armen. verae, Chalciditis (copper-containing substance), Dead sea bitumen Theriac Theriac or theriaca was a medical concoction originally formulated by",
"title": "Theriac"
},
{
"id": "328211",
"text": "in addition to black pepper to impart a particularly refined aroma with hints of nutmeg and saffron. Sometimes it is used in the East African \"berbere\" spice mix. This species, despite being traded more extensively in earlier times, is very hard to get outside Africa today. More readily available in the West is long pepper (\"P. longum\"), commonly traded under its Indian name \"pipalli\". This is possibly the secondmost popular \"Piper\" spice internationally; it has a rather chili-like \"heat\" and the whole inflorescence is used as the fruits are tiny. Not only the seeds of \"Piper\" are used in cooking.",
"title": "Piper (plant)"
},
{
"id": "10834060",
"text": "The ripe seeds contain fatty acid glycerides, especially laurodimyristin and trimyristin. The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT. The \"juice or gum\" of the bark seems to have the highest concentrations of alkaloids (up to 8%). Seeds from \"V. sebifera\" are processed to obtain the fats, which are yellow and aromatic. They smell like nutmeg. The fats also become rancid quickly. They are used industrially in the production of fats, candles, and soaps. This virola fat possesses properties similar to cocoa butter and shea butter. The wood of \"V. sebifera\" has a density",
"title": "Virola sebifera"
},
{
"id": "8098358",
"text": "Claus tradition. In Germany, the pfeffernuss is more closely associated with Christmas. The cookie has been part of European yuletide celebrations since the 1850s. The name peppernut (Pfeffernüsse, pebernød etc.) does not mean it contains nuts, though some varieties do. The cookies are roughly the size of nuts and can be eaten by the handful, which may account for the name. Throughout the years, the popularity of the pfeffernüsse has caused many bakers to create their own recipes. Though recipes differ, all contain aromatic spices - most commonly cinnamon, cloves, mace, nutmeg, cardamom, and anise. Some variations are dusted with",
"title": "Pfeffernüsse"
},
{
"id": "5150940",
"text": "around the world. The varieties of chili peppers, potatoes, tomatoes and maize that the Spanish brought back to Europe, however, were native to Peru: Many foods from Spain are now considered Peruvian staples, including wheat, barley, oats, rice, lentils, chickpeas (garbanzo beans), broad beans, garlic, cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, artichokes, onions, cucumbers, carrots, celery, lettuce, eggplant, wine, vinegar, olives, beef, pork, chicken, numerous spices (including coriander, cumin, parsley, cilantro (green coriander), laurel, mint, thyme, marjoram, turmeric, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, anise (fennel), black pepper and oregano), bananas, quince, apples, oranges, limes, apricots, peaches, plums, cherries, melons, figs, pomegranates, honey, white sugar, almonds,",
"title": "Peruvian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "8797139",
"text": "as lakes. The name is sometimes related to the Sufi saint, 'Peer Mohammed', as \"hill of the Peer\" (പീരുമേട്). The area is extremely fertile and until recently featured lush plantations of coffee, tea, cardamon, and coconut. With a long history of spice growing, the focus is now on the production of organic black pepper, white pepper, ginger and turmeric. At a 2006 show, spice growers from Peermade displayed samples of organically grown spices including cardamom, black pepper, white pepper, nutmeg, mace, cloves, turmeric, ginger, vanilla beans, vanilla powder and herbs such as oregano, sage, thyme and rosemary. Oils of thyme",
"title": "Peermade"
},
{
"id": "498169",
"text": "like cottonseed oil or palm oil, and has applications as an industrial lubricant. The earliest known usage of nutmeg is on the island of Pulau Ay around 3,500 years ago based on residue found on ceramic potsherds. Until the mid-19th century, the small island group of the Banda Islands, which are also known under the name \"Spice Islands,\" was the only location of the production of nutmeg and mace in the world. The Banda Islands are situated in the eastern part of Indonesia, in the province of Maluku. They consist of eleven small volcanic islands, called Neira, Gunung Api, Banda",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "5514868",
"text": "with them and resume his old faith. But Varthema declined, saying he wished to remain a Muslim convert. His Persian partner, Cazizioner, expressed his wish to visit the famed Spice Islands and see for himself the source of cloves and nutmeg, the glorious spices, and prevailed on the two Chinese Christians to join them. A pair of local \"sampans\" (flat-bottomed boats) were procured and they proceeded to sail east, weaving through the Indonesian islands, and after fifteen days, reached the Banda Islands, the world's only source of nutmeg. From there, they sailed north for another twelve days and reached the",
"title": "Ludovico di Varthema"
},
{
"id": "5317662",
"text": "Latin (black), referring to the seeds. In English, \"N. sativa\" and its seed are variously called black caraway, black seed, black cumin, fennel flower, nigella, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, and \"kalonji\" (from Hindi-Urdu). Blackseed and black caraway may also refer to \"Bunium persicum\". The seeds of \"N. sativa\" are used as a spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisines. The black seeds taste like a combination of onions, black pepper, and oregano. They have a pungent, bitter taste and smell. The dry-roasted seeds flavor curries, vegetables, and pulses. They can be used as a \"pepper\" in recipes with pod fruit,",
"title": "Nigella sativa"
},
{
"id": "4377100",
"text": "Apple cake Apple cake is a popular dessert produced with the main ingredient of apples. Such a cake is made through the process of slicing this sweet fruit to add fragrance to a plain cake base. Traditional apple cakes go a step further by including various spices such as nutmeg or cinnamon, which give a unique flavour. Upon the addition of spices the batter can also be accompanied by crushed nuts, the most popular being walnuts and almonds. Dorset apple cake, Devon apple cake and Somerset apple cake are traditional forms of this cake, respectively from Dorset, Devon and Somerset,",
"title": "Apple cake"
},
{
"id": "20431968",
"text": "first unisex fragrance to gain wide popularity in the US. CK One CK One is a citrus aromatic chypre fragrance developed by Alberto Morillas and Harry Fremont for Calvin Klein. It was launched in 1994 and became a best-seller, selling about $90 million (USD) annually in the mid-1990s. As of 2007, the scent's sales in the United States were still about $30 million annually. Its top notes include pineapple, mandarin orange, papaya, bergamot, cardamom and lemon. Its middle notes include nutmeg, violet, orris root, jasmine, lily-of-the-valley and rose. Its base notes include sandalwood, amber, musk, cedar and oakmoss. CK One",
"title": "CK One"
},
{
"id": "4700865",
"text": "well. There is no definitive composition of spices that makes up ras el hanout. Each shop, company, or family may have their own blend. The mixture usually consists of over a dozen spices, in different proportions, although some purists insist that it must contain exactly 12 items. Commonly used ingredients include cardamom, cumin, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, allspice, dry ginger, chili peppers, coriander seed, peppercorn, sweet and hot paprika, fenugreek, and dry turmeric. Some spices may be particular to the region, such as ash berries, chufa, grains of paradise, orris root, monk's pepper, cubebs, dried rosebud, fennel seed or aniseed,",
"title": "Ras el hanout"
},
{
"id": "4377102",
"text": "restaurants and cafes it is usually served hot with whipped cream and coffee. Apple cake Apple cake is a popular dessert produced with the main ingredient of apples. Such a cake is made through the process of slicing this sweet fruit to add fragrance to a plain cake base. Traditional apple cakes go a step further by including various spices such as nutmeg or cinnamon, which give a unique flavour. Upon the addition of spices the batter can also be accompanied by crushed nuts, the most popular being walnuts and almonds. Dorset apple cake, Devon apple cake and Somerset apple",
"title": "Apple cake"
},
{
"id": "2479188",
"text": "serving typical Italian dishes as part of the court's daily menus. Court records show that Queen Bona imported large volumes of southern European, American and Western Asian fruits (oranges, lemons, pomegranates, olives, figs, tomatoes), vegetables (potatoes and corn), nuts (chestnuts, raisins and almonds, including marzipan), along with grains (such as rice), cane sugar and Italian olive oil. The court also imported various herbs and spices including black pepper, fennel, saffron, ginger, nutmeg, cloves and cinnamon. Until the Partitions perpetrated by the neighbouring empires, Poland was one of the largest countries in the world, and encompassed many regions with their own,",
"title": "Polish cuisine"
},
{
"id": "498177",
"text": "a nutmeg, and this may not have been widely known by some purchasers of the product. World production of nutmeg is estimated to average between 10,000 and 12,000 tonnes per year, with annual world demand estimated at over 9,000 tonnes; production of mace is estimated at 1,500 to 2,000 tonnes. Indonesia, with world market share of 75%, and Grenada, with 20%, dominate production and exports of both products. Other producers include India, Malaysia (especially Penang, where the trees grow wild within untamed areas), Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, and Caribbean islands such as St. Vincent. The principal import markets are",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "19036885",
"text": "or dried fruits. Butter and clarified butter (also known as smen) are, traditionally, the preferred medium of cooking. Olive oil is prevalent in the Mediterranean coastal areas. Christians use it during Lent, when meat and dairy products are excluded, and Jews use it in place of animal fats such as butter to avoid mixing meat and dairy products. Most regions in the Middle East use spices. Typically, a stew will include a small amount of cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, cumin, and coriander. Black pepper is common, and chili peppers are used occasionally, especially as a separate sauce or as a pickle.",
"title": "Middle Eastern cuisine"
},
{
"id": "2053660",
"text": "Annatto Annatto ( or ) is an orange-red condiment and food coloring derived from the seeds of the achiote tree (\"Bixa orellana\") native to tropical regions from Mexico to Brazil. It is often used to impart a yellow or orange color to foods, but sometimes also for its flavor and aroma. Its scent is described as \"slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg\" and flavor as \"slightly nutty, sweet and peppery\". The color of annatto comes from various carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin, found in the reddish waxy coating of the seeds. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding",
"title": "Annatto"
},
{
"id": "12379018",
"text": "uncertain whether the nutmeg tree would produce fruit, I have now the satisfaction to say, this doubt is removed, as there is a fine nutmeg on a tree belonging to Mr. Caunter, and many more in his grounds in blossom.\" In his letter, Leith points out that Captain Francis Light was the first to introduce cinnamon, clove and nutmeg trees, from Mauritius, to the island, 'procured at great expense,' but notes that the clove and nutmeg trees died shortly after. Light noted that there were 500 nutmeg trees between 3 and 10 years of age, at Caunter's estate, a few",
"title": "George Caunter"
},
{
"id": "10609424",
"text": "Prunus mahaleb Prunus mahaleb, the mahaleb cherry or St Lucie cherry, is a species of cherry tree. The tree is cultivated for a spice obtained from the seeds inside the cherry stones. The seeds have a fragrant smell and have a taste comparable to bitter almonds with cherry notes. The tree is native in the Mediterranean region, Iran and parts of central Asia. It is adjudged to be native in northwestern Europe or at least it is naturalized there. It is a deciduous tree or large shrub, growing to 2–10 m (rarely up to 12 m) tall with a trunk",
"title": "Prunus mahaleb"
},
{
"id": "13972687",
"text": "\"pungency\" are rarely used in colloquial speech but are preferred by scientists as they eliminate the potential ambiguity arising from use of the words \"hot\" and \"spicy\", which can also refer to temperature and the presence of spices, respectively. For instance, a pumpkin pie can be both hot (out of the oven) and spicy (due to the common inclusion of spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, mace, and cloves), but it is not \"pungent\". (A food critic may nevertheless use the word \"piquant\" to describe such a pie, especially if it is exceptionally well-seasoned.) Conversely, pure capsaicin is pungent, yet",
"title": "Pungency"
},
{
"id": "17398622",
"text": "are widely consumed. As Hindus however, Balinese never or rarely consume beef. This restriction is especially observed by those who belong to Brahmin and Kshatriya castes. Nevertheless, lesser Gusti (nobles) and common Balinese people might consume beef, albeit rarely. Spices include Kaempferia galanga (galangal), shallots, garlic, turmeric, ginger and Kaffir lime are used in Balinese cuisine. Balinese 8-spice is made with white pepper, black pepper, coriander, cumin, clove, nutmeg, sesame seed, and candlenut. Palm sugar, fish paste, and basa gede (a spice paste) are used. Fruits include rambutan, mangoes, mangosteen, bananas, jackfruit, passion fruit, \"nangka\", pineapple, salak (snake fruit), duku,",
"title": "Balinese cuisine"
},
{
"id": "139429",
"text": "these sea mammals were eaten. Artificial freshwater ponds (often called \"stews\") held carp, pike, tench, bream, eel, and other fish. Poultry was kept in special yards, with pigeon and squab being reserved for the elite. Game was highly prized, but very rare, and included venison, wild boar, hare, rabbit, and birds. Kitchen gardens provided herbs, including some, such as tansy, rue, pennyroyal, and hyssop, which are rarely used today. Spices were treasured and very expensive at that time – they included pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and mace. Some spices used then, but no longer today in French cuisine are cubebs,",
"title": "French cuisine"
},
{
"id": "13954173",
"text": "cloves, allspice, butter, and hot water. The second is simply called Hot Rum, and the recipe is the same as for Hot Spiced Rum but omits the spices. In their stead a bit of nutmeg is grated over the top of the drink. Hot buttered rum Hot buttered rum is a mixed drink containing rum, butter, hot water or cider, a sweetener, and various spices (usually cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves). It is especially popular in the fall and winter and is traditionally associated with the holiday season. In the United States, the drink has a venerable history which dates back",
"title": "Hot buttered rum"
},
{
"id": "12379014",
"text": "ancient Kingdom of Kedah. History tells us negotiations had stalled for some time until Caunter made a present of $2,000 to the Royal ladies of Kedah. That treaty influenced the East India Company's attitude towards Kedah and Siam, and expanded the resources of Prince of Wales' Isle, the opportunities for, and the sphere of influence of its mainly planting and mercantile inhabitants. But it is not only for that expansion, as important and enduring as it is, that Penang is indebted to George Caunter. He also played an important role in encouraging planting of spices, particularly nutmeg, on the island.",
"title": "George Caunter"
},
{
"id": "682236",
"text": "of the cinnamon tree (Cinnamonum verum). Whole or ground, it is a popular household spice internationally. It is used to flavor beverages and cakes. This dried flavored flower bud, whole or ground (Syzygium aromaticum) is used at home to season hams, sausages, meats, mincemeat pies, fish, turtle preserves and pickles. From June to December, cuttings from the tops of cane are laid in holes about five inches deep by five feet square then covered with soil. As the cane grows taller, fertilizer is used. Between planting and harvesting, bananas, corn, peas, potatoes, and other crops are cultivated. January to May,",
"title": "St. George's, Grenada"
},
{
"id": "11255284",
"text": "Berber or the Stella brand - now owned by Heineken of the Netherlands), brandy (Boukha - fig liqueur, Thibarine - herbal date liqueur, or other liqueurs made from pomegranates, dates, lotos (jujube), carobs or prickly pears), and apple ciders. Scented waters with dark rose or blossom petals, similar to agua fresca with flowers, have been called \"scents from heaven\". Tabil, pronounced \"tebel,\" is a word in Tunisian Arabic meaning \"seasoning\" (similar to 'adobo' in Spanish) and now refers to a particular Tunisian spice mix, although earlier it only meant ground coriander. Paula Wolfert makes the plausible claim that tabil is",
"title": "Tunisian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "498161",
"text": "the Caribbean, especially in Grenada, and in Kerala, a state formerly known as Malabar in ancient writings as the hub of spice trading, in southern India. In the 17th-century work \"Hortus Botanicus Malabaricus\", Hendrik van Rheede records that Indians learned the usage of nutmeg from the Indonesians through ancient trade routes. Nutmeg trees are dioecious plants which are propagated sexually (seeds) and asexually (cuttings or grafting). Sexual propagation yields 50% male seedlings, which are unproductive. As there is no reliable method of determining plant sex before flowering in the sixth to eighth year, and sexual reproduction bears inconsistent yields, grafting",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "18433397",
"text": "a pear cider based beverage and other creations using a range of additive flavoring ingredients such as marionberry, cinnamon, rhubarb, nutmeg, and ginger. In addition to its year round product line, 2 Towns makes specialized seasonal varieties and sometimes making use of barrel-aging techniques associated with the making of wine and liquor. 2 Towns products are distributed in 22-ounce bottles, 12-ounce cans, and kegs. The company's total production for 2013 was estimated at 4,500 barrels (140,000 gallons). In 2014 2 Towns Ciderhouse signed on as an official sponsor of the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer. According to terms of",
"title": "2 Towns Ciderhouse"
},
{
"id": "498162",
"text": "is the preferred method of propagation. Epicotyl grafting (a variation of cleft grafting using seedlings), approach grafting, and patch budding have proved successful, with epicotyl grafting being the most widely adopted standard. Air layering is an alternative though not preferred method because of its low (35–40%) success rate. The first harvest of nutmeg trees takes place seven to nine years after planting, and the trees reach full production after twenty years. Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more delicate flavour. Mace is often preferred in light dishes for the bright",
"title": "Nutmeg"
},
{
"id": "6222652",
"text": "techniques for their cultivation and cuisine. Sugar cane, rice, and cotton were among the major crops transferred, along with citrus and other fruit trees, nut trees, vegetables such as aubergine, spinach and chard, and the use of spices such as cumin, coriander, nutmeg and cinnamon. Intensive irrigation, crop rotation, and agricultural manuals were widely adopted. Irrigation, partly based on Roman technology, made use of noria water wheels, water mills, dams and reservoirs. The Middle Ages saw further improvements in agriculture. Monasteries spread throughout Europe and became important centers for the collection of knowledge related to agriculture and forestry. The manorial",
"title": "History of agriculture"
},
{
"id": "20431967",
"text": "CK One CK One is a citrus aromatic chypre fragrance developed by Alberto Morillas and Harry Fremont for Calvin Klein. It was launched in 1994 and became a best-seller, selling about $90 million (USD) annually in the mid-1990s. As of 2007, the scent's sales in the United States were still about $30 million annually. Its top notes include pineapple, mandarin orange, papaya, bergamot, cardamom and lemon. Its middle notes include nutmeg, violet, orris root, jasmine, lily-of-the-valley and rose. Its base notes include sandalwood, amber, musk, cedar and oakmoss. CK One is considered to be a unisex fragrance, and was the",
"title": "CK One"
},
{
"id": "18717177",
"text": "add flavor. Pickled peaches may be used to accompany meats and in salads, and also have other uses. Pickled pears may be prepared with sugar, cinnamon, cloves and allspice to add flavor, and may be referred to as spiced pears. They may be prepared from underripe pears. Pickled pears may be used to accompany dishes such as roasts and salads, among others. In Malaysia, some fruits are pickled when they are unripe, such as \"belimbing\", \"kedondong\", \"chermai\", lime, pineapple, papaya, mango and nutmeg. Pickled fruit Pickled fruit refers to fruit that has been pickled. Pickling is the process of food",
"title": "Pickled fruit"
},
{
"id": "4791478",
"text": "purchase, slaughter, cook and eat. Beef being the most prized meat, for weddings, affluent families often purchase a live steer for slaughter at home. Vegetarianism is generally met with puzzlement among Black South Africans, although most meals are served with vegetables such as pumpkin, beans and cabbage. During the pioneering days of the 17th century, new foods such as biltong, \"droëwors\" (dried sausage) and rusks evolved locally out of necessity. A very distinctive regional style of South African cooking is often referred to as \"Cape Dutch\". This cuisine is characterized by the use of spices such as nutmeg, allspice and",
"title": "South African cuisine"
},
{
"id": "370773",
"text": "natural preservatives, preventing or slowing the spoilage of food, leading to a higher nutritional content in stored food. India contributes 75% of global spice production. The International Organization for Standardization addresses spices and condiments, along with related food additives, as part of the International Classification for Standards 67.220 series. The Indian Institute of Spices Research in Kozhikode, Kerala, is devoted exclusively to conducting research for ten spice crops: black pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, garcinia, ginger, nutmeg, paprika, turmeric, and vanilla. Books Articles Spice A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring",
"title": "Spice"
},
{
"id": "10609432",
"text": "spelled it \"mahaleb\". Today its cultivation and use is largely restricted to the region that in the 19th and earlier centuries formed the Ottoman Empire. Syria is the main exporting country. Prunus mahaleb Prunus mahaleb, the mahaleb cherry or St Lucie cherry, is a species of cherry tree. The tree is cultivated for a spice obtained from the seeds inside the cherry stones. The seeds have a fragrant smell and have a taste comparable to bitter almonds with cherry notes. The tree is native in the Mediterranean region, Iran and parts of central Asia. It is adjudged to be native",
"title": "Prunus mahaleb"
},
{
"id": "13221820",
"text": "juices and nectars are available in glass and/or PET bottles. ACE (Orange-Carrot-Lemon), Apple, Apricot, Banana, Bilberry, Blackcurrant, Blood Orange-Lime, Cloudy Apple, Cloudy Cherry, Cranberry, Grapefruit, Honey Melon, Kiwi, Lemon Lime, Mango, Multifruit Tropical, Multifruit Tropical Red, Orange, Peach, Pear, Pear-Pineapple, Pineapple, Pink Grapefruit, Plum ACE, Raspberry, Strawberry, Tomato, White Grape. Smoothies: Red Berry Mix, Gardenfruit, Mango-Maracuja, Superfruit (limited edition) Sparkling: Apple, Apricot, Mango, Orange Passion fruit. Pago juices are produced at the factories located in Klagenfurt (Pago Fruchsäfte) in Austria and at La Selva del Camp in Tarragona, in Spain. The headquarters of Pago (Pago International GmbH) is located in",
"title": "Pago International"
},
{
"id": "1740259",
"text": "version of Coca-Cola syrup contains kola nut extract; originally included for its caffeine content, modern Coca-Cola uses caffeine citrate produced by the decaffeination of coffee. The primary taste of Coca-Cola is thought to come from vanilla and cinnamon, with trace amounts of essential oils, and spices such as nutmeg. A 2015 study identified and measured 58 aroma compounds in common colas, confirming significant amounts of compounds corresponding to cinnamon, vanilla, nutmeg, orange and lemon essential oils in Coca Cola. During the 1980s, most U.S. Coca-Cola bottlers switched their primary sweetening ingredient from cane sugar (sucrose) to the cheaper high-fructose corn",
"title": "Coca-Cola formula"
},
{
"id": "11851735",
"text": "references to sugar consumption in late medieval Western writings. But cane sugar remained an expensive import. Its price per pound in 14th and 15th century England was about equally as high as imported spices from tropical Asia such as mace (nutmeg), ginger, cloves, and pepper, which had to be transported across the Indian Ocean in that era. Ponting traces the spread of the cultivation of sugarcane from its introduction into Mesopotamia, then the Levant and the islands of the eastern Mediterranean, especially Cyprus, by the 10th century. He also notes that it spread along the coast of East Africa to",
"title": "History of sugar"
},
{
"id": "1599621",
"text": "become naturalized on Kauai and Maui. Allspice (\"P. dioica\") was encountered by Christopher Columbus on the island of Jamaica during his second voyage to the New World, and named by Diego Álvarez Chanca. It was introduced into European and Mediterranean cuisines in the 16th century. It continued to be grown primarily in Jamaica, though a few other Central American countries produced allspice in comparatively small quantities. Allspice Allspice, also called pimenta, Jamaica pimenta, or myrtle pepper, is the dried unripe fruit (berries, used as a spice) of \"Pimenta dioica\", a midcanopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, and",
"title": "Allspice"
},
{
"id": "18526589",
"text": "tamala\", or \"Cinnamomum zeylanicum\", syn. \"C. verum\"). The famous Talmudic commentator, RASHI, also calls \"\"qelufah\"\" by the name of cinnamon. A lesser known opinion states that קלופה = \"\"qelufah\"\" was the aromatic spice, nutmeg (\"Myristica fragrans\"). Borith Karshinah, or what is translated as \"\"Karshinah\" Soap, was made by burning great quantities of barilla plants in ovens, and the dripping exudate then collected and allowed to congeal and to become stone-like, before being broken-up into smaller fragments for use as a cleansing agent. It was not necessary to turn the ashes into an actual bar soap, such as those now mixed",
"title": "Incense offering in rabbinic literature"
},
{
"id": "6612249",
"text": "weeks. A blend of some twenty herbs and spices is added by hand every day. The exact mix of herbs and spices that goes into Noilly Prat is a closely guarded secret, but includes camomile, bitter orange peel, nutmeg, centaury (Yellow Gentian), coriander, and cloves. After a further six weeks, the finished product is ready for bottling and is shipped in tankers to Beaucaire, Gard, where it is bottled by Martini & Rossi. The vast bulk of Noilly Prat wine is the Original French Dry vermouth. It is enjoyed as a chilled aperitif and in Martini Cocktails. However, three special",
"title": "Noilly Prat"
},
{
"id": "265346",
"text": "coriander, saffron, mace, cloves, fennel, anise, nutmeg, cayenne pepper, fenugreek, caraway, black pepper and sesame seeds. Twenty-seven spices are combined for the famous Moroccan spice mixture \"ras el hanout\". Common herbs in Moroccan cuisine include mint, parsley, coriander, oregano, peppermint, marjoram, verbena, sage and bay laurel. A typical lunch meal begins with a series of hot and cold salads, followed by a tagine or Dwaz. Often, for a formal meal, a lamb or chicken dish is next, or couscous topped with meat and vegetables. Moroccans either eat with fork, knife and spoon or with their hands using bread as a",
"title": "Moroccan cuisine"
},
{
"id": "1432990",
"text": "mulled wine has evolved with the tastes and fashions of the time. One Victorian example of this is Smoking Bishop, mentioned by Charles Dickens but no longer drunk or known in contemporary culture. A more traditional recipe can be found in \"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\" at paragraph 1961 on page 929 to 930 of the revised edition dated 1869: In contemporary British culture, there is no specific recipe for mulled wine and the spices involved in its recipe. It is commonly a combination of orange, lemon, cinnamon, nutmeg, fennel seed (or star anise), cloves, cardamom, and ginger. The",
"title": "Mulled wine"
},
{
"id": "5848285",
"text": "Mixed spice Mixed spice, also called pudding spice, is a British blend of sweet spices, similar to the pumpkin pie spice used in the United States. Cinnamon is the dominant flavour, with nutmeg and allspice. It is often used in baking, or to complement fruits or other sweet foods. The term \"mixed spice\" has been used for this blend of spices in cookbooks at least as far back as 1828 and probably much earlier. Mixed spice is very similar to a Dutch spice mix called \"koekkruiden\" or \"speculaaskruiden\", which are used mainly to spice food associated with the Dutch Sinterklaas",
"title": "Mixed spice"
},
{
"id": "155353",
"text": "consists of some 600 islets; those south of the Martinique Channel belong to Grenada, while those north of the channel are part of the nation of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Located about 160 kilometers north of Venezuela, at approximately 12° north latitude and 61° west longitude, Grenada and its territories occupy a small area of 433 square kilometers. Grenada, known as the Spice Isle because of its production of nutmeg and mace, is the largest at 310 square kilometers, or about the size of Detroit. The island is oval shaped and framed by a jagged southern coastline; its maximum",
"title": "Geography of Grenada"
},
{
"id": "3851542",
"text": "refrigerated. The same name is also given both to a flavouring essence whose taste resembles bitter almonds and a light biscuit. Ratafia Ratafia is a term used for two types of sweet alcoholic beverage, either a fortified wine or a fruit-based beverage. The former is a type of \"mistelle\", a mixture of marc brandy and the unfermented juice of the grape, and is the type produced in France. The latter is a liqueur or cordial flavoured with lemon peel and herbs in various amounts (nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, mint, rosemary, anise, etc.), typically combined with sugar. It may also be prepared",
"title": "Ratafia"
},
{
"id": "10991986",
"text": "rice, long-grained glutinous rice, red glutinous rice, and non-glutinous rice varieties. Traditionally, the Pa Then grew rice, maize, cassava, sesame, cassava, taro, lettuce, calabash, luffa, colocynth, sweet gourd, beans, and Chinese peas as food crops. The Pa Then also planted various spices such as basil, shallot, spring onion, garlic, ginger, crocus, red pepper, lesser galangal, citronella, eryngium, perilla, and marjoram. Sugarcane was also planted as well as fruit trees such as tangerine, guava, banana, grapefruit, lychee, longan, jackfruit, orange, and papaya. In traditional Pa-Then slash-and-burn cultivation, crops that are to be harvested earlier are planted on the outside of the",
"title": "Pa Then people"
},
{
"id": "11475213",
"text": "arró is considered nutritious and great (special to improve the intelligence) because of the use of the cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum or Cinnamomum verum, a tree of perennial leaves of about 10 or 15 meters tall, originary of Sri Lanka and from which its internal cortex is used as spice, extracted peeling and rubbing its branches. It is used indistinctly in branches or in powder). Kamby arro Kamby arro is a popular dessert in Paraguay. It is a thick cream obtained from cooking rice and cow's milk according to a precise process. The name is Spanish relates directly to the two",
"title": "Kamby arro"
},
{
"id": "16931806",
"text": "Mulling spices Mulling spices is a spice mixture used in drink recipes. The spices are usually used to spice hot apple cider, mulled wine, wassail, and other drinks (such as juices) during the autumn or winter. A \"mulled\" drink is a drink which has been prepared with these spices (usually through heating the drink in a pot with mulling spices and then straining). Mulling spices may also be added to the brewing process to make spiced beer. The combination of spices varies, but it usually consists of cinnamon, cloves, allspice, and nutmeg; and less frequently star anise, peppercorn or cardamom.",
"title": "Mulling spices"
},
{
"id": "4570273",
"text": "with grains such as wheat, buckwheat or flax seed. Due to their relative simplicity to make, they are frequently sewn by hand, often with a custom shape to fit the intended area of use. Often, aromatic compounds will also be added to the filler mixture to create a pleasant or soothing smell when heated. The source of these can vary significantly, ranging from adding essential oils to ground up spices such as cloves and nutmeg, or even dried rose petals. Phase change materials can be used for heating pads intended to operate at a fixed temperature. The heat of fusion",
"title": "Heating pad"
},
{
"id": "20460720",
"text": "of high caste Hindu families of some districts of Bengal. Some families prepared kasundi with just salt, ground mustard, dry chillies, turmeric and mustard oil. Others used combinations of different dry and ground spices like black caraway (\"kalonji\"), fennel, wild celery (\"radhuni shaak\") seed, ajwain, long pepper (\"pippali\"), chilli, black pepper, fenugreek (\"methi\"), clove, green and black cardamom, cumin (\"jeera\"), coriander, nutmeg (\"jaiphal\"), mace (\"javitri\"), Java pepper (\"kabab chini\"), dried mango, dried kul etc. The base kasundi is used to make tomato-kasundi, unripe mango-kasundi and other variations. Tomato kasundi or \"Tamtar kasundi\" is typically a spicy and savory tomato and",
"title": "Kasundi"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Nutmeg context: if used only in flavoring amounts. However, if consumed in large quantities, it contains hallucinogens that may affect the fetus, and consequently nutmeg is recommended for avoidance during pregnancy. While the spicy scent of nutmeg may be attractive to pets, there is potential for toxicity if large amounts are consumed. Nutmeg Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus \"Myristica\". \"Myristica fragrans\" (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial\n\nWhat two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree?",
"compressed_tokens": 196,
"origin_tokens": 196,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Nutmeg context: Nutmeg Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus \"Myristica\". \"Myristica fragrans\" (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial source of an essential oil and nutmeg butter. The California nutmeg, \"Torreya californica\", has a seed of similar appearance, but is not closely related to \"Myristica fragans\", and is not used as a spice. If consumed in amounts exceeding its typical use as a spice, nutmeg powder may produce allergic\n\ntitle. George' Grenada context they parade through the streets St. George's aid savanna climate. The average temperature There are two seasons: 'd' season is from January to May and the 'rainy' season last for the rest of the year There short spells of rain in the but they no more than or so. Gray clouds over the are the first sign of rain. Nutmeg and mace come from the fruit of arom Myristica fragr tree The al tree was adopted as3, 1967 Sp.\ntitle: Nuteg its hard seed coat the kernelsattle their shell when shaken is with and themegs are out. Driedmegs arevals with furrowed surfaces. The nutegs are egg-aped, about,ingried. other species of genus \"\" different flav,. malabarica\" and arga\", are sometimesterate nutmeg as a spice M the them seed. similar nutm del; it used\ntitle: Myristans sh ason covering (). the\" given by Maartyn4. It had earlier been described by Georg Eberhard Rumphius, among others. The specific epithet \"fragrans\" means \"fragrant\". Myristica fragrans Myristica fragrans is an evergreen tree indigenous to the Moluccas (or the Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is important as the main source of the spices nutmeg and mace. It is widely grown across the tropics including Guangdong and\n\nWhat two spices are derived from the fruit of the nutmeg tree?",
"compressed_tokens": 509,
"origin_tokens": 15499,
"ratio": "30.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
149 | Who was Zambia's first president? | [
"Kenneth Kuanda"
] | Kenneth Kuanda | [
{
"id": "231556",
"text": "bicycle for hundreds of miles singing his songs. Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Buchizya Kaunda (born 28 April 1924), also known as KK, is a Zambian former politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. Kaunda is the youngest of eight children born to an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher. He followed his father's steps in becoming a teacher. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from British rule. Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula's leadership of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he broke away and founded the Zambian African National Congress,",
"title": "Kenneth Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "231514",
"text": "Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Buchizya Kaunda (born 28 April 1924), also known as KK, is a Zambian former politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. Kaunda is the youngest of eight children born to an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher. He followed his father's steps in becoming a teacher. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from British rule. Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula's leadership of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he broke away and founded the Zambian African National Congress, later becoming the head of the United National",
"title": "Kenneth Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "16796672",
"text": "evening. Her burial was planned initially was Lubwa Mission, but was moved to the capital Lusaka on account of waning health of Dr. Kaunda. Betty Kaunda Betty Kaunda, born Beatrice Kaweche Banda (17 November 1928 – 18 September 2012), was the wife of Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda, and the First Lady of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. She was locally called Mother of Zambia. Betty was born on 17 November 1928 to Kaweche Banda and Milika Sakala Banda at Mpika. She had her early education at Mbereshi Girls, underwent training at Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation’s Women’s programme and worked as",
"title": "Betty Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "465974",
"text": "known as the Lumpa Uprising led by Alice Lenshina – Kaunda's first internal conflict as leader of the nation. Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with Kenneth Kaunda as the first president. At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. This expertise was provided in part by John Willson CMG There were over 70,000 Europeans resident in Zambia in 1964, and they remained of disproportionate economic significance. Kaunda's endorsement of",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "465961",
"text": "peoples, the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century, the region became the British protectorates of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. These were merged in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. For most of the colonial period, Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company. On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "16796664",
"text": "Betty Kaunda Betty Kaunda, born Beatrice Kaweche Banda (17 November 1928 – 18 September 2012), was the wife of Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda, and the First Lady of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. She was locally called Mother of Zambia. Betty was born on 17 November 1928 to Kaweche Banda and Milika Sakala Banda at Mpika. She had her early education at Mbereshi Girls, underwent training at Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation’s Women’s programme and worked as a teacher in Mufulira. Betty was married to Dr. Kenneth Kaunda in 1946, who was involved in freedom struggle at the time and later",
"title": "Betty Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "2589430",
"text": "President of Zambia The President of Zambia is the head of state and the head of government of Zambia. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964. Since 1991, when Kaunda left the Presidency, the office has been held by five others: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, and current President Edgar Lungu. In addition, Acting President Guy Scott served in an interim capacity after the death of President Michael Sata. Since 31 August 1991 the President is also the head of government, as the position of Prime Minister was abolished in the last",
"title": "President of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "7851413",
"text": "Kenneth Kaunda International Airport Kenneth Kaunda International Airport is an international airport in Lusaka, Zambia. It was officially known as the Lusaka International Airport before being renamed in 2011 in honour of Kenneth Kaunda, the nation's first president. The airport has a capacity of two million passengers per year. The airport is located off the Great East Road, approximately northeast of the city centre of Lusaka, the capital and largest city of Zambia. Taxis are the most common form of transport to and from the city, as it is a 15 to 20-minute ride to the city centre. In 2015,",
"title": "Kenneth Kaunda International Airport"
},
{
"id": "6728071",
"text": "and Lukusashi river valleys and Lukanga Swamp. Central Province is considered the birthplace of the national movement of Zambia. The United National Independence Party (UNIP) was founded in Kabwe by Kenneth Kaunda, who later became the first President of Zambia and remained in office from 1964 to 1991. The provincial capital is Kabwe, home of the Mulungushi Rock of Authority. This is a historic site, an isolated flat-topped hill, where in 1960, UNIP met for the first time, away from the eye of the colonial administration. It is still used for political gatherings, but the open air assemblies have been",
"title": "Central Province, Zambia"
},
{
"id": "11617148",
"text": "in payments were forgiven. United States–Zambia relations The diplomatic relationship between the United States of America and Zambia can be characterized as warm and cooperative. Several U.S. administrations cooperated closely with Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, in hopes of facilitating solutions to the conflicts in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. The United States works closely with the Zambian Government to defeat the HIV/AIDS pandemic that is ravaging Zambia, to promote economic growth and development, and to effect political reform needed to promote responsive and responsible government. The United States is also supporting the government's efforts to root out corruption. Zambia",
"title": "United States–Zambia relations"
},
{
"id": "17947657",
"text": "Chilenje House 394 Chilenje House 394, located in Chilenje, Lusaka, Zambia a Museum, a house in which Dr Kenneth Kaunda lived from January 1960 to December 1962. He later became the first President of Zambia. From this house, he directed the struggle for Independence of Zambia, which was finally achieved on 24 December 1964. It is described as a simple two-bed roomed residential house with a small living room and a kitchen. It lies in a spacious compound littered with giant trees that seem to thrive on a stony ground.\" Three houses are included in the protected monument, and have",
"title": "Chilenje House 394"
},
{
"id": "11617141",
"text": "United States–Zambia relations The diplomatic relationship between the United States of America and Zambia can be characterized as warm and cooperative. Several U.S. administrations cooperated closely with Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, in hopes of facilitating solutions to the conflicts in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. The United States works closely with the Zambian Government to defeat the HIV/AIDS pandemic that is ravaging Zambia, to promote economic growth and development, and to effect political reform needed to promote responsive and responsible government. The United States is also supporting the government's efforts to root out corruption. Zambia is a beneficiary of",
"title": "United States–Zambia relations"
},
{
"id": "2581616",
"text": "Luba kingdom, which existed in what is now the Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in north-eastern Zambia. Bemba is one of the most widely spoken languages in Zambia, spoken by many people who live in urban areas, and is one of Zambia's seven recognized regional languages. Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, though Malawian by descent, was raised in a Bemba-speaking community, and two of the four Zambian president since have been Bemba-speakers. The third president, Levy Mwanawasa, was a Lenje, who belong to the Bantu Botatwe [three people] ethnic grouping that comprises the Tonga-Lenje-Ila peoples. The",
"title": "Bemba language"
},
{
"id": "231521",
"text": "in July 1961, Kaunda organised a civil disobedience campaign in Northern Province, the so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson and obstructing significant roads. Kaunda subsequently ran as a UNIP candidate during the 1962 elections. This resulted in a UNIP–ANC Coalition Government, with Kaunda as Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare. In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals and securing Kaunda's position as prime minister. On 24 October 1964 he became the first President of an independent Zambia, appointing Reuben Kamanga as his Vice-President. At the time of its independence, Zambia's modernisation",
"title": "Kenneth Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "16796665",
"text": "went on to become the first President of independent Zambia in 1964. Betty was the strength behind Dr. Kuanda all through their 66 years of relationship. As the First Lady, she was part of many diplomatic visits and matron of many organizations. As per political observers, she led a very simple life as the First Lady. She authored her auto biography along with Stephen A. Mpashi during 1969. She was involved in many charitable initiatives and she received the Indira Gandhi Non-violence award from UNIP for her efforts. Betty was suffering from diabetes for many years and she died in",
"title": "Betty Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "19337585",
"text": "a strong understanding of Kaunda's development of his political career, and highlighting the tension between Kaunda's participation in violence in the Zambia African Congress and his subsequent justification of that violence in seeking independence. Zambia Shall Be Free Zambia Shall Be Free is a 1962 political autobiography by Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda that was published as part of the Heinemann African Writers Series. The biography is a critique of colonial rule, and the power of democracy in liberating the varied people ruled in the new Zambia. The contemporary journal reviewer for \"African Affairs\" called the work a \"haphazard sketch",
"title": "Zambia Shall Be Free"
},
{
"id": "16796667",
"text": "who was involved in freedom struggle and later went on to become the first President of independent Zambia. In his own words in his book \"Letter to My Children\", Betty was the strength behind him all through their 66 years of relationship as she took care of the children in his absence. The colonial administration sent Dr. Kaunda to jail and she took to charcoal burning to feed the family. She is believed received multiple threats and coercions during those days, but she never gave up to the threats. In her own words, \"The colonial administrators threatened to send us",
"title": "Betty Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "2589431",
"text": "months of Kaunda's presidential term. The President is elected for a term of five years. Since 1991, the officeholder has been restricted to two consecutive terms. There are two living former Zambian Presidents and one living former acting president: President of Zambia The President of Zambia is the head of state and the head of government of Zambia. The office was first held by Kenneth Kaunda following independence in 1964. Since 1991, when Kaunda left the Presidency, the office has been held by five others: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, and current President Edgar Lungu. In addition,",
"title": "President of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "19337584",
"text": "Zambia Shall Be Free Zambia Shall Be Free is a 1962 political autobiography by Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda that was published as part of the Heinemann African Writers Series. The biography is a critique of colonial rule, and the power of democracy in liberating the varied people ruled in the new Zambia. The contemporary journal reviewer for \"African Affairs\" called the work a \"haphazard sketch of the victorious approach of Northern Rhodesia to emancipation\". The reviewer called the narrative \"polemical\" and \"factually unreliable\". \"The Journal of Modern African Studies\" reviewer J.G. Markham was more sympathetic, reading the biography as",
"title": "Zambia Shall Be Free"
},
{
"id": "231515",
"text": "Independence Party. He was the first President of the independent Zambia. In 1973 following tribal and inter-party violence, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an amendment of the constitution after the signing of the Choma Declaration. At the same time, Kaunda oversaw the acquisition of majority stakes in key foreign-owned companies. The oil crisis of 1973 and a slump in export revenues put Zambia in a state of economic crisis. International pressure forced Kaunda to change the rules that had kept him in power. Multi-party elections took place in 1991, in which Frederick Chiluba, the leader of the",
"title": "Kenneth Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "17947659",
"text": "the public daily except on Monday afternoons and Tuesdays, from 10:00hrs to 13:00hrs and from 14:00hrs to 17:00hrs The site was declared as a National Monument and its doors opened to the public on 23 October, 1968 . It has since been managed by the National Heritage Conservation Commission. Chilenje House 394 Chilenje House 394, located in Chilenje, Lusaka, Zambia a Museum, a house in which Dr Kenneth Kaunda lived from January 1960 to December 1962. He later became the first President of Zambia. From this house, he directed the struggle for Independence of Zambia, which was finally achieved on",
"title": "Chilenje House 394"
},
{
"id": "6348157",
"text": "Zambian African National Congress The Zambian African National Congress was a political party in Zambia. The party was formed in 1948, as the Northern Rhodesia Congress (NRC), and Godwin Lewanika, a Barotseland native from an aristocratic background, became the first president. It was the first African political party in the country. NRC had its roots in the Federation of Welfare Societies, active between 1942 and 1946. In 1951 the party adopted the name Northern Rhodesian African National Congress under the presidency of Harry Nkumbula, and was linked to the African National Congress in South Africa. In 1953 Kenneth Kaunda became",
"title": "Zambian African National Congress"
},
{
"id": "13461992",
"text": "of the United National Independence Party and as Minister of Labour and Mines. Following the attainment of independence on 24th, October 1964, Kamanga was appointed and became Zambia's first Vice-President under President Kenneth Kaunda. As the country's first Vice President, Kamanga served for three years before Kenneth Kaunda changed him to serve in a different cabinet post. Thus, he was demoted to Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1967, and then became Minister of Rural Development in 1969. In 1983 Kamanga was appointed to the Central Committee in charge of Rural Development. He retired from politics in 1991 following the political",
"title": "Reuben Kamanga"
},
{
"id": "16682788",
"text": "safer sex for women, often handing out condoms at public events. First Lady of Zambia The First Lady of Zambia is the title attributed to the wife of the President of Zambia. Zambia's current First Lady is Esther Lungu, who has held the office since 25 January 2015. The First Lady of Zambia plays the ceremonial role of the spouse of the head of state, but has often expanded their influence beyond that. For example, the wife of the country's founding president, Betty Kaunda, was viewed as the mother of the nation and known as \"Mama Kaunda.\" Maureen Mwanawasa used",
"title": "First Lady of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "12902160",
"text": "study economics. Kasonde was appointed assistant labour commissioner of Northern Rhodesia upon his return from the United Kingdom. Kenneth Kaunda, the first President of Zambia, appointed Kasonde as the Finance permanent secretary (Minister of Finance) in 1967. He remained at the government post until 1971, when he left to rejoin private sector. He returned to the United Kingdom in 1987 to continue his advanced educational studies. Kasonde formally entered politics in 1990, when he became Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) provincial chairman for Northern Province. He was appointed Finance Minister by President Frederick Chiluba following the victory of Chiluba and",
"title": "Emmanuel Kasonde"
},
{
"id": "8826360",
"text": "and to me, despite everything we've been through, a friend. Above all, Michael Sata was a Zambian, in body, soul, and spirit. We have gone through this before as a country and we made it to the other side because we were united. Let this be a time that we set aside the ideas that separate us, and embrace the humanity and dignity that unites us as a country and defines us as a people.\" Mark Chona, former special assistant to Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia's first president, said: \"We are very devastated because he was a very hard working and committed",
"title": "Michael Sata"
},
{
"id": "4511950",
"text": "when Zambia became independent on 24 October 1964. General elections in 1968 included the first vote for president, with Kaunda defeating Zambian African National Congress (a renamed NRANC) leader Harry Nkumbula with 82% of the vote. The ten reserved seats in the National Assembly were abolished and the number of elected seats increased to 105, with an additional five members appointed by the President. UNIP won 81 of the elected seats. In 1973 the country became a one-party state; general elections in the same year saw Kaunda run unopposed for the presidency, with voters voting yes or no to his",
"title": "Elections in Zambia"
},
{
"id": "14654993",
"text": "Kaunda, whose parents were Malawian and had previously served as the country's first president from 1964 to 1991. The changes would have also excluded UNIP's vice president, a chief. Subsequently, the ruling Movement for Multi-Party Democracy won a comfortable victory in both elections, taking 131 of the 150 elected seats in the National Assembly, and its candidate, Frederick Chiluba, winning 73% of the vote in the presidential election. Out of about 4,500,000 eligible voters, only 2,267,382 million registered. Amongst registered voters, turnout was 58%. 1996 Zambian general election General elections were held in Zambia on 18 November 1996 to elect",
"title": "1996 Zambian general election"
},
{
"id": "7758533",
"text": "and the United Free Church of Scotland, based at Lubwa from 1905. One of the Lubwa missionaries was David Kaunda, father of Kenneth Kaunda who became the first president of Zambia and who was a firm opponent of the Lumpa sect. Lenshina was a member of the Church of Scotland until she became very ill with cerebral malaria in September 1953 and fell into a deep coma. On regaining consciousness, she claimed that, during her coma, she met Jesus Christ, who gave her the task of spreading a special message. She became the focus of a revival movement at Lubwa",
"title": "Alice Lenshina"
},
{
"id": "8826343",
"text": "a member of parliament for Kabwata constituency in Lusaka. Though once close with President Kenneth Kaunda, he became disillusioned by Kaunda's dictatorial style and he left the UNIP to join the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) during the campaign for multi-party politics in 1991. Sata's first marriage was to Margaret Manda. He later married his second wife, Christine Kaseba, who became First Lady of Zambia during his presidency. Michael Sata reportedly had at least ten children between his two marriages. In 2016, Sata's widow, Christine Kaseba, denied claims by another woman that she too had also been married to Michael",
"title": "Michael Sata"
},
{
"id": "16682787",
"text": "First Lady of Zambia The First Lady of Zambia is the title attributed to the wife of the President of Zambia. Zambia's current First Lady is Esther Lungu, who has held the office since 25 January 2015. The First Lady of Zambia plays the ceremonial role of the spouse of the head of state, but has often expanded their influence beyond that. For example, the wife of the country's founding president, Betty Kaunda, was viewed as the mother of the nation and known as \"Mama Kaunda.\" Maureen Mwanawasa used her platform as First Lady to be a strong advocate for",
"title": "First Lady of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "3868172",
"text": "Zambia national football team The Zambia national football team represents Zambia in association football and is governed by the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ). During the 1980s, they were known as the KK 11, after founding president Dr. Kenneth Kaunda (\"KK\") who ruled Zambia from 1964 to 1991. After the country adopted , the side was nicknamed \"Chipolopolo\", the \"Copper Bullets\". The team has three Africa Cup of Nations final appearances to its credit. They were once holders of the Africa Cup of Nations, winning in the 2012 final against Ivory Coast. After the departure of George Lwandamina in 2016,",
"title": "Zambia national football team"
},
{
"id": "676914",
"text": "the first kwacha was issued in 1968. The series comprised five banknotes of 50 ngwee, 1, 2, 10, and 20 kwacha. The obverse of the five banknotes featured a portrait of president Kenneth Kaunda in tribal outfit on the right, together with the Coat of Arms of Zambia on the left on the 50 ngwee banknote, or at upper center on the kwacha banknotes. The reverse showed different activity based themes reflecting life in Zambia. The banknotes were printed by Thomas De La Rue & Co. Limited, and bore the signature of Dr Justin B. Zulu, Bank of Zambia's second",
"title": "Zambian kwacha"
},
{
"id": "19701799",
"text": "her 30s. Thandiwe and Rupiah Banda are the parents of twin boys, Temwani and Dunia, whose conception came as a surprise to both, according to an interview she gave with BBC Africa. Banda was elected President in 2008, making Thandiwe Banda the youngest First Lady in Zambia's history. During her tenure, Banda advocated for the creation of an official office for the First Lady with a government-funded budget to support her public duties and charities. She focused on women's issues, including healthcare and child care, during her tenure. Banda campaigned for stronger legislation to punish perpetrators of domestic and sexual",
"title": "Thandiwe Banda"
},
{
"id": "19687290",
"text": "made Charlotte Scott the First Lady of Zambia during this time. The couple became the country's first white President and First Lady. Despite their new positions, the Scotts did not move into Government House, the residence of the country's president. Guy Scott was barred by law from running for the remainder of Sata's unexpired presidential term because the Constitution of Zambia banned presidential candidates whose parents were not born in Zambia. His parents had immigrated to present-day Zambia from England and Scotland in the United Kingdom. Charlotte Scott left the position of First Lady on 26 January 2015 and was",
"title": "Charlotte Harland Scott"
},
{
"id": "7699033",
"text": "Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality (formerly Southern District Municipality) is one of the 4 districts of North West province of South Africa. The seat of Kaunda District is Klerksdorp. A plurality of its 742 821 people speak Setswana (2016 Census). The majority of its people live in the City of Matlosana Municipality. The district code is DC40. The district was formerly known as the Southern District Municipality. It is named after Kenneth Kaunda, the first President of Zambia. The Chief Director of Cutural Affairs is Taz Liwane. Dr Kenneth Kaunda District is surrounded (clockwise) by:",
"title": "Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality"
},
{
"id": "5936917",
"text": "Kabompo Kabompo is a town in north-western Zambia, lying on the Kabompo River with a population over 88,000 people. It is surrounded by teak forest and is home to a Roman Catholic mission. Its most significant activity is the production of honey. You also find a water falls called Chikata. Kabompo House, No. J11a, Kabompo Township, to which Kenneth Kaunda (first president of post independence Zambia) was restricted by the Colonial authorities from March to July 1959 is a noted national monument. Kabompo has six main local languages these being Lunda, Luvale, Nkoya, Luchazi, Chokwe and Mbunda. The main tradition",
"title": "Kabompo"
},
{
"id": "1974792",
"text": "the election with the Federal party that their voters would vote for the other's candidates in some \"national\" constituencies, Nkumbula agreed to work in a coalition which had Kaunda as Prime Minister, and the two and their parties worked in reasonable harmony until a pre-independence election on 1964 where, with a much wider franchise, the United National Independence Party gained 55 of the 75 parliamentary seats. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formally dissolved on 31 December 1963, and the country became the independent Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with Kaunda as President. Source: Whitaker's Almanack The",
"title": "Northern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "5769255",
"text": "be no appeal from Barotseland's courts to the courts of Zambia. Within a year of taking office as president of the newly-independent Zambia on 24 October 1964, President Kenneth Kaunda began to introduce various acts that abrogated most of the powers allotted to Barotseland under the agreement. Notably, the Local Government Act of 1965 abolished the traditional institutions that had governed Barotseland and brought the kingdom under the administration of a uniform local government system. Then in 1969 the Zambian Parliament passed the Constitutional Amendment Act, annulling the Barotseland Agreement of 1964. Later that year the government changed Barotseland’s name",
"title": "Barotseland"
},
{
"id": "8781282",
"text": "by prison officials when she took food for him. Hichilema’s arrest was the subject of the episode of Al Jazeera's The Stream tv program titled \"Is Zambia’s democracy in danger\" which aired on 30 May 2017. Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda was turned away when he visited Hichilema in Prison. Mmusi Maimane, leader of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa) was also turned away when he came to Zambia to attend Hichilema's court appearance, he was not allowed to disembark from the plane by state agents, had his phone confiscated and was roughed up. This prompted South Africa's Foreign Ministry to",
"title": "Hakainde Hichilema"
},
{
"id": "423178",
"text": "(née Dlamini) at Farnham Castle in the United Kingdom. They have no children. After the banning of the ANC, the organisation decided it would be better for Mbeki to go into exile. In 1962, Mbeki and a group of comrades left South Africa disguised as a football team. They travelled in a minibus to Botswana and flew from there to Tanzania, where Mbeki accompanied Kenneth Kaunda, who later became Zambia's post-independence president, to London. Mbeki stayed with Oliver Tambo, who would later be elected the longest serving president of the ANC in the absence of the jailed Rivonia trialists. Mbeki",
"title": "Thabo Mbeki"
},
{
"id": "5936920",
"text": "school. Kabompo Kabompo is a town in north-western Zambia, lying on the Kabompo River with a population over 88,000 people. It is surrounded by teak forest and is home to a Roman Catholic mission. Its most significant activity is the production of honey. You also find a water falls called Chikata. Kabompo House, No. J11a, Kabompo Township, to which Kenneth Kaunda (first president of post independence Zambia) was restricted by the Colonial authorities from March to July 1959 is a noted national monument. Kabompo has six main local languages these being Lunda, Luvale, Nkoya, Luchazi, Chokwe and Mbunda. The main",
"title": "Kabompo"
},
{
"id": "8951467",
"text": "immunity removed. This was due to accusations of abuse of authority, corruption and the misappropriation of oil revenue. Rupiah Banda Rupiah Bwezani Banda (born 13 February 1937) is a Zambian politician who was President of Zambia from 2008 to 2011. During the Presidency of Kenneth Kaunda, Banda held important diplomatic posts and was active in politics as a member of the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Years later, he was appointed as Vice-President by President Levy Mwanawasa in October 2006, following the latter's re-election. He took over Mwanawasa's presidential responsibilities after Mwanawasa suffered a stroke in June 2008, and following",
"title": "Rupiah Banda"
},
{
"id": "466343",
"text": "independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. Most of Zambia's neighbouring countries were still colonies or under white minority rule. The United National Independence Party (UNIP) won the pre-independence elections, gaining 55 of the 75 seats. The Zambian African National Congress won 10 seats, and the National Progressive Party won all the 10 seats reserved for whites. Kenneth Kaunda was elected Prime Minister, and later the same year president, as the country adopted a presidential",
"title": "History of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "466344",
"text": "system. Kaunda adopted an ideology of African socialism, close to that of Julius Nyerere in Tanzania. Economical policies focused on central planning and nationalisation, and a system of one party rule was put in place. In 1968 Kaunda was re-elected as president, running unopposed. During the following years Zambia adopted a one party system. In 1972 all political parties except UNIP were banned, and this was formalised in a new constitution that was adopted in 1973. The constitution framed a system called \"one-party participatory democracy\", which in practise meant that UNIP became the sole political factor in the country. It",
"title": "History of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "8951459",
"text": "together. Hope Mwansa Banda (born 29 August 1941), died in South Africa on 11 October 2000. She was buried in Leopards Hill Cemetery. His second wife, Thandiwe Banda, a political science teacher, is more than thirty years younger than Banda. Thandiwe Banda served as th First Lady of Zambia during his presidency from 2008 to 2011. In addition to his sons with his first wife, Hope Mwansa Banda, Banda also has two sons from previous relationships and a set of twins from his current marriage to Thandiwe Banda. Banda was elected as a Member of Parliament for Munali Constituency in",
"title": "Rupiah Banda"
},
{
"id": "8802976",
"text": "4 August 1967. He was buried at Shiwa Ngandu two days later in Zambia's only to date state funeral for a white person. Kenneth Kaunda, then President of Zambia, gave the eulogy. Lady Lorna Gore-Browne died in London in 2002 at the age of 93. Stewart Gore-Browne Lieutenant Colonel Sir Stewart Gore-Browne, DSO, (3 May 1883 – 4 August 1967), called Chipembele by Zambians, was a soldier, pioneer white settler, builder, politician and supporter of independence in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Gore-Browne was born in London, England. His father was Francis Gore Browne, a lawyer and writer on company law,",
"title": "Stewart Gore-Browne"
},
{
"id": "16796668",
"text": "back to the villages after our husbands were arrested, but we refused\". She mentioned that the letters she received from her husband during those days were source of strength to her. He instructed her not to move from their house in Chilenje. She was the First Lady of Zambia from October 1964 to November 1991. As the First Lady, she was part of many diplomatic visits and matron of many organizations. As per political observers, she led a very simple life even after becoming the First Lady and never gave in to the luxuries of the position. She authored her",
"title": "Betty Kaunda"
},
{
"id": "8951455",
"text": "Rupiah Banda Rupiah Bwezani Banda (born 13 February 1937) is a Zambian politician who was President of Zambia from 2008 to 2011. During the Presidency of Kenneth Kaunda, Banda held important diplomatic posts and was active in politics as a member of the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Years later, he was appointed as Vice-President by President Levy Mwanawasa in October 2006, following the latter's re-election. He took over Mwanawasa's presidential responsibilities after Mwanawasa suffered a stroke in June 2008, and following Mwanawasa's death in August 2008, he became acting President. As the candidate of the governing Movement for Multiparty",
"title": "Rupiah Banda"
},
{
"id": "465962",
"text": "(UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991. Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy, cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto \"One Zambia, One Nation\". Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation. Levy Mwanawasa, Chiluba's chosen successor, presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008, and",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "20273912",
"text": "Thus, the two critics of British policy within the Commonwealth of Nations in southern Africa were pushed into the defensive .On January 26, 1971, Simbule declared that the words of the first Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda were considered the joke of the day. In 1980, Simbule was sentenced to 18 months of hard labor for illegal possession of emeralds. Ali Simbule Ali Simbule is a former Zambian politician and diplomat. Simbule was born in 1935. He studied at the University of Oxford. On January 7, 1965 he was accredited as a High Commissioner in Daressalam. In April 1966 the British",
"title": "Ali Simbule"
},
{
"id": "465980",
"text": "foreign investment in mining and to higher world copper prices. All this led to Zambia being courted enthusiastically by aid donors, and saw a surge in investor confidence in the country. Politics in Zambia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is both head of state and head of government in a pluriform multi-party system. The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. From 2011 to 2014, Zambia's president had been Michael",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "7887390",
"text": "Fathers' Mission (based at Ilondola from 1934). Chinsali's first missionary was David Kaunda from Malawi, the father of Kenneth Kaunda (who became the first African Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia in 1963 and then the first president of Zambia in 1964). Simon Kapwepwe became the country's second vice-president. Kapwepwe started his primary education in Chinsali. He did his Standard 3 and 4 at Mwenzo, another mission of Livingstonia. In 1942 and 1943 he did his Standard 5 and 6 in Lubwa. In 1944 he became driver at the Public Works Department, and in 1945 a primary school teacher at Lubwa.",
"title": "Simon Kapwepwe"
},
{
"id": "14651179",
"text": "1991 Zambian general election General elections were held in Zambia on 31 October 1991 to elect a President and National Assembly. They were the first multi-party elections since 1968, and only the second multi-party elections since independence in 1964. The United National Independence Party (UNIP), which had led the country since independence (from 1973 to 1990 as the sole legal party), was comprehensively beaten by the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). Kenneth Kaunda, who had been President since independence, was defeated in a landslide by MMD challenger Frederick Chiluba in the presidential elections, whilst the MMD won 125 of the",
"title": "1991 Zambian general election"
},
{
"id": "676910",
"text": "Zambian currency suffered high rates of inflation forcing the Bank of Zambia to introduce high value denominations in 2003, including 20,000 and 50,000 kwacha bills to facilitate transactions. In 2013, a new, redenominated kwacha was introduced. In 1968, bronze 1 and 2 ngwee and cupro-nickel 5, 10 and 20 ngwee were introduced. These coins all depicted president Kenneth Kaunda on the obverse and flora and fauna on the reverse. A twelve sided 50 ngwee coin was introduced in 1979 to replace the 50 ngwee note and featured commemorative FAO themes. (click for image). In 1982, copper-clad-steel replaced bronze in the",
"title": "Zambian kwacha"
},
{
"id": "466378",
"text": "referendum and signed a constitutional amendment making Zambia a multi-party state. Zambia's first multi-party elections for parliament and the presidency since the 1960s were held on October 31, 1991. MMD candidate Frederick Chiluba resoundingly carried the presidential election over Kenneth Kaunda with 76% of the vote. To add to the MMD landslide, in the parliamentary elections the MMD won 125 of the 150 elected seats and UNIP the remaining 25. However, UNIP swept the Eastern Province, gathering 19 of its seats there. By the end of Chiluba's first term as president (1996), the MMD's commitment to political reform had faded",
"title": "Politics of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "4511949",
"text": "members elected by an upper roll, 15 elected by a lower roll and 15 by both rolls together. Although the UFP won the most seats, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) and the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress (NRANC) were able to form a coalition government. The next elections in 1964 were held under another new system, with 65 seats elected by an African \"main roll\" and ten seats by a \"reserved roll\" primarily for Europeans. The result was a victory for UNIP, which won 55 of the 75 seats, allowing Kenneth Kaunda to become Prime Minister, and subsequently President",
"title": "Elections in Zambia"
},
{
"id": "466403",
"text": "1990 Kaunda was forced to make a major policy volteface: he announced the intention to partially privatize the parastatals. Time, however, was running out for him. Like many African independence leaders Kaunda tried to hang on to power but unlike many he called multiparty elections and lost them (to the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD))and abided by the results. Kaunda left office with the inauguration of MMD leader Frederick Chiluba as president on 2 November 1991. Zambia's Economic System of Government is Unitary because of that the Frederick Chiluba government (1991–2001), which came to power after democratic multi-party elections in",
"title": "Economy of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "6728107",
"text": "Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), who went on to become the President of Zambia in 1991, obtained majority mandate during the 1991 elections. The province was the least affected among all areas in the country during the 1991 famine. Agriculture suffered in the region on account of removal of agricultural subsidies and rural credit schemes during the 1990s. The province is bordered along the Luapula River, through Lake Mweru and to its north by DR Congo. The Congo Pedicle is located between the province and the industrial and commercial heartland of the Copperbelt. The issues in transportation was partly resolved with the",
"title": "Luapula Province"
},
{
"id": "13376503",
"text": "painting career took off after that, and using water colours, Tayali begun to produce varied, vibrant, dynamic works such as \"Sunset Road\" and \"Destiny\". He also produced sculptures - amongst them \"The Graduate\" at the University of Zambia campus in Lusaka, as well as silk-screens and woodcuts, a few of these were printed as greeting cards and sold through newsagents and book stores. Tayali held exhibitions in Lusaka, Bulawayo, Aachen, Düsseldorf, London (Commonwealth Institute, 1983), Alberta, and Toronto as well as in Zambia, where a few of his exhibitions were opened by Kenneth Kaunda, the first President of Zambia. He",
"title": "Henry Tayali"
},
{
"id": "676921",
"text": "La Rue & Co. Limited, and specimen banknotes were issued for each denomination, with the word SPECIMEN overprint in red sans on both the obverse and reverse. <br> Until 1991, all Zambian banknotes featured a portrait of President Kenneth Kaunda on the obverse. After 1992, all notes have instead featured a fish eagle on the obverse. After 1989, all the reverses featured the Chainbreaker statue. In 2003, Zambia became the first African country to issue polymer banknotes. The 500 and 1000 kwacha were both printed on polymer. Although the old 20 kwacha note was still in circulation until 2012, such",
"title": "Zambian kwacha"
},
{
"id": "19699460",
"text": "Vera Tembo Vera Tembo (born July 25, 1953) is a Zambian politician and member of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). She served as the First Lady of Zambia from 1991 until her separation from her former husband, President Frederick Chiluba. In 2006, she made her political comeback by being elected to the National Assembly of Zambia from Kasenengwa constituency. Tembo was married to Frederick Chiluba, with whom she had nine children, for thirty-three years, until he announced their separation in 2000. Chiluba became President of Zambia in 1991, making Tembo the country's First Lady from 1991 until their divorce.",
"title": "Vera Tembo"
},
{
"id": "16443826",
"text": "others. Apart from the Copperbelt and Western Province, he served as Cabinet Minister in Eastern Province. The Constitution for Zambia implemented at the start of Independence was drawn up by the outgoing colonial power, Britain. This Constitution agreed to by the President in waiting, Kenneth David Kaunda, gave him sole power over the affairs of the Nation. No opportunity was given to the Provincial leaders or the UNIP National Council to discuss or debate the merits or failures in this imposed Constitution. As a result, the Constitution was a bone of dissension from the beginning. Luapula Province in particular was",
"title": "Sylvester Chisembele"
},
{
"id": "1979318",
"text": "of Zambia and this contributed to his taking up of unionism. In 1997 his government survived a coup attempt after which Chiluba immediately declared a state of emergency and began jailing, without charges, persons suspected of involvement in the coup. These included several Zambian politicians, including those from opposition parties and the country's previous President, Kenneth Kaunda. In late 2001, Chiluba divorced his second wife, Vera, with whom he had nine children, namely Helen, Miko, Hortensia, Castro, Chongo, Kaindu, Huldah, Frederick Jr and Verocia . With his first wife he had Tito and Nikombe. He later married the MMD Women's",
"title": "Frederick Chiluba"
},
{
"id": "676929",
"text": "photocopying or scanning. Since its inauguration in 1964 and until the second half of 2016, the Bank of Zambia had issued two commemorative banknotes. The first commemorative banknote was a One Kwacha banknote issued in 1973, commemorating the birth of the second republic, an incident in which the regime, led by president Kenneth Kaunda, decided on December 13, 1972, to set up a One-party state as from January 1, 1973. Apart from the issued note, a specimen banknote was also issued in celebration of the same occasion. On October 23, 2014, one day before the celebrations of the independence day,",
"title": "Zambian kwacha"
},
{
"id": "466386",
"text": "leader Michael Sata, to complete the remainder of Mwanawasa's term. Rupiah Banda lost re-election in the 2011 Presidential and Parliamentary elections to Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front bringing an end to a total of 20 years rule by 3 presidents from the MMD. Edgar Chagwa Lungu was sworn in as president of Zambia on January 25, 2015, succeeding acting-president Guy Scott who briefly held the office after the passing of Michael Chiluyfa Sata. Lungu's presidency has thus far been criticised for failing to halt the depreciating Kwacha. There have also been unsubstantiated reports of Lungu's alleged alcoholism, stemming from",
"title": "Politics of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "7533965",
"text": "and a subsequent blaze destroyed the aircraft completely. In August 2016, The internationally recognized government bought a Boeing 757-200 registered 7O-VIP that previously operated as a VIP transport for Uzbekistan Airways with UK75700 as its registration. The 757 underwent refit and repaint in Yemen government's livery at GMF AeroAsia's maintenance facility at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta, prior to delivery to Yemen. Former Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito used many aircraft during his term as president. The most notable aircraft types in service were the Douglas DC-6, Ilyushin Il-18, Sud Aviation Caravelle and Boeing 727. First Zambian president, Kenneth Kaunda used",
"title": "Air transports of heads of state and government"
},
{
"id": "466376",
"text": "parties: UNIP, the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, and the United Progressive Party (UPP). The ANC drew its strength from western and southern provinces, while the UPP found some support among Bemba speakers in the copperbelt and northern provinces. Although not strongly supported in all areas of the country, only UNIP had a nationwide following. In February 1972, Zambia became a one-party state, and all other political parties were banned. Kaunda, the sole candidate, was elected president in the 1973 elections. Elections also were held for the National Assembly. Only UNIP members were permitted to run, but these seats were",
"title": "Politics of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "1979310",
"text": "Frederick Chiluba Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba (April 30, 1943 – June 18, 2011) was a Zambian politician who was the second President of Zambia from 1991 to 2002. Chiluba, a trade union leader, won the country's multi-party presidential election in 1991 as the candidate of the Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD), defeating long-time President Kenneth Kaunda. He was re-elected in 1996. As he was unable to run for a third term in 2001, former Vice President Levy Mwanawasa instead ran as the MMD candidate and succeeded him. After leaving office, Chiluba was the subject of a long investigation and trial",
"title": "Frederick Chiluba"
},
{
"id": "9805933",
"text": "3 May 2001 an attempt to impeach Chiluba was made to the Zambian parliament and backed by 158 MPs. The next day Chiluba, \"announced 'I will leave office at the end of my term. Let's take national interests into consideration, this is in the best interest of the nation'… his presidency of Zambia as a Christian Nation ended with his reputation both as a Christian and as a democrat in ruins.\" He handed over power to the newly elected president Levy Mwanamasa, the leader of the MMD, in December 2001. In his first address to the Nation, the new president",
"title": "Christianity in Zambia"
},
{
"id": "11127964",
"text": "Chiluba (a Pentecostal Christian) became President in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country. While the initial constitution did not specify religion, the amendment in 1996 declared the nation as \"a Christian nation while upholding the right of every person to enjoy the person's freedom of conscience and religion\". As per the Article 1 of the constitution, the nation is a Sovereign Secular Republic and as per Article 25, citizens free to express thoughts and practice any religion. Christianity is believed to have arrived in Zambia in the form of European Protestant missionaries and African explorers during the mid",
"title": "Religion in Zambia"
},
{
"id": "7504093",
"text": "as the KK 11, after founding president Dr. Kenneth Kaunda (\"KK\") who ruled Zambia from 1964 to 1991. After the country adopted , the side was nicknamed \"Chipolopolo\", the \"Copper Bullets\". The team has three Africa Cup of Nations final appearances to its credit. They were once holders of the Africa Cup of Nations, winning in the 2012 final against Ivory Coast. Football Association of Zambia The Football Association of Zambia (FAZ) is the governing body of football in Zambia. It was founded in 1929 and affiliated to FIFA in 1964. It is also a member of the Confederation of",
"title": "Football Association of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "7633317",
"text": "Republican President of Zambia, Dr. Kenneth Kaunda, who himself is a former “Munalian”. The former President Mr. Rupiah Banda is also a former “Munalian”. One unofficial slogan is \"Once a Munalian, always a Munalian\". Classes are called M, U, N, A, L, I, S, E, C from Grade 8 to Grade 9 and M, U, N, A, L from grades 10 to 12. This nomenclature is derived from the name of the school: Munali Secondary School. 12M was known as the Kim Jong Il Class, named after the first President of the North Korea. The class had temporarily received financial",
"title": "Munali Secondary School"
},
{
"id": "7886042",
"text": "coins were issued in 1966 with a portrait of J. K. Nyerere on the obverse and African wildlife animals on the reverse. This set included circulation and commemorative sets. The last circulation coins with this first portrait were dated 1984. All regular types with this portrait have the word \"TANZANIA\" and the date above the portrait and the Swahili words \"RAIS WA KWANZA\" (roughly meaning \"First President\") below. Both the obverse and reverse were designed by Christopher Ironside. Description These coins were struck as: In the beginning of the 1960s, there was a proposal by the Royal Mint Advisory Committee",
"title": "Christopher Ironside"
},
{
"id": "466371",
"text": "Politics of Zambia The politics of Zambia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is head of state, head of government and leader of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Formerly Northern Rhodesia, Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Zambia as \"hybrid regime\" in 2016. The constitution promulgated on August 25, 1973, abrogated the original 1964 constitution. The new constitution and the national elections that",
"title": "Politics of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "19701798",
"text": "Thandiwe Banda Thandiwe Banda is a Zambian political science teacher who served as the First Lady of Zambia from June 2008 until September 2011. Banda, who was in her 30s when she took over the position in 2008, was the youngest First Lady in Zambia's history. She is the current wife of former President Rupiah Banda. Rupiah Banda's first wife, Hope Mwansa Makulu, died in 2000. He and his second wife, Thandiwe Banda, married during the 2000s, despite an age gap of nearly forty years. He was around 70 years at the time of their wedding, while she was in",
"title": "Thandiwe Banda"
},
{
"id": "465963",
"text": "is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living. After Mwanawasa's death, Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008. Holding office for only three years, Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata. Sata died on 28 October 2014, the second Zambian president to die in office. Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015, in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President. In 2010, the World Bank named Zambia one of",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "13766520",
"text": "Mushaukwa Mukunyandela Mushaukwa Mukunyandela (3 June 1945 – 28 March 2018) was the first Zambian neurologist and the first Zambian to be admitted as a full Member of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP UK), at the age of 31. In October 2003, he was honoured by the Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa with the Grand Commander of the Order of Distinguished Service, First Division. Following this, in October 2014, he was again honoured along with 1,356 others including former President Kaunda, with the first ever special Single Class Golden Jubilee at an Investiture ceremony to mark Zambia's 50th Independence anniversary.",
"title": "Mushaukwa Mukunyandela"
},
{
"id": "14645685",
"text": "multiparty elections held in Zambia until 1991. 1968 Zambian general election General elections were held in Zambia on 19 December 1968 to elect the National Assembly and President. The first post-independence polls saw incumbent Kenneth Kaunda retain his post as president, whilst his United National Independence Party, the only party to field candidates in all 105 constituencies, won 81 of the 105 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 82.5% in the parliamentary election, but 87.1% in the presidential election. The only other contestants in the National Assembly elections were the Zambian African National Congress (73 candidates), and three",
"title": "1968 Zambian general election"
},
{
"id": "10481309",
"text": "government. From September 1953 to 1963, Southern Rhodesia was part of the multiracial Central African Federation, also known as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The federation was set up in an effort to pool resources and markets. The economy was prosperous at the time due to a post-World War II boom. The African population opposed it because they feared that they would not be able to achieve self-government with the federal structure dominated by white Southern Rhodesians. The federation fell apart in 1963 after much crisis and turmoil, and Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland became the independent states of Zambia",
"title": "Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "265091",
"text": "the newly elected British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, to withhold recognition of the internal settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia government; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it. Subsequently, the Lancaster House Agreement was signed and Robert Mugabe was elected leader of an independent Zimbabwe at the inaugural 1980 election. Duncan Campbell, a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was \"the principal architect\" in the ending of white minority rule. The President of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, said that he considered Fraser's role \"crucial in many parts\" and the President of Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, called",
"title": "Malcolm Fraser"
},
{
"id": "466375",
"text": "Kenneth Kaunda, who led the fight for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups. Kaunda tried to base government on his philosophy of \"humanism\", which condemned human exploitation and stressed cooperation among people, but not at the expense of the individual. During Kaunda's presidency, members of all ethnic groups were represented by ministers in the government, in relation to their demographic size. Kaunda's political party, the United National Independence Party (UNIP), was founded in 1959 and was in power under Kaunda's leadership from 1964 to 1991. Before 1972, Zambia had three significant political",
"title": "Politics of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "16113232",
"text": "This constitution would have to result in majority rule at the end of the two-year interim period. This plan was supported by Kenneth Kaunda and Julius Nyerere, the presidents of Zambia and Tanzania respectively, which South African Prime Minister B. J. Vorster said guaranteed its acceptance by the black nationalists. Vorster had no reply when Smith ventured that he had said the same thing before the Victoria Falls talks in 1975, when Kaunda and Nyerere had agreed on no preconditions for talks, then allowed the nationalists to seek them. Smith met Kissinger in Pretoria on 18 September 1976 to discuss",
"title": "Geneva Conference (1976)"
},
{
"id": "5038563",
"text": "France and Bulgaria. However, his projects were heavily subsidized by Dame Ethel Locke King, with whom he was obsessively attached and corresponded from his childhood until her death. This source of revenue ended in 1958 when the citrus trees were attacked by a blight. Stewart Gore-Browne died in Kasama, Zambia in 1967, and to this date is the only white man to have been given a state funeral in the history of Zambia, with a eulogy given by then President Kenneth Kaunda. After his death the estate was managed by one of his daughters, Lorna, and her husband John Harvey.",
"title": "Shiwa Ngandu"
},
{
"id": "14645683",
"text": "1968 Zambian general election General elections were held in Zambia on 19 December 1968 to elect the National Assembly and President. The first post-independence polls saw incumbent Kenneth Kaunda retain his post as president, whilst his United National Independence Party, the only party to field candidates in all 105 constituencies, won 81 of the 105 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 82.5% in the parliamentary election, but 87.1% in the presidential election. The only other contestants in the National Assembly elections were the Zambian African National Congress (73 candidates), and three independents. The United Party, which had been",
"title": "1968 Zambian general election"
},
{
"id": "466383",
"text": "awarded MMD with 72 seats, the remaining 84 seats split among other parties with the majority of those seats going to the Patriotic Front. The presidency of Levy Mwanawasa until his death in office in mid-2008, was different than the flamboyant expenditure and increasingly apparent corruption of the later years of Frederick Chiluba's terms in office. Indeed, the former president was arrested and charged with several counts of embezzlement and corruption, firmly quashing initial fears that President Mwanawasa would turn a blind eye to the allegations of his predecessor's improprieties. Mwanawasa was accused by some observers of demonstrating an authoritarian",
"title": "Politics of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "466003",
"text": "technical positions (e.g. physicians), Western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers. After Frederick Chiluba (a Pentecostal Christian) became president in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country. Zambia has one of the largest percentage of Seventh-day Adventist per capita in the world, accounting for about 1 in 18 Zambians. The Lutheran Church of Central Africa has over 11,000 members in the country. One in 11 Zambians is member of the New Apostolic Church. With membership above 1,200,000 the Zambia district of the church is the third largest after Congo East and East Africa (Nairobi). The Baha'i population",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "16247477",
"text": "institute a Joint Industrial Council. Cham Joof was appointed Chairman of the Joint Industrial Council in the early 1960s. From the 1960s, Cham Joof stood out as one of the leading Pan-Africanist in the Gambia. He attended the first Pan-African Youth Movement Conference that was held in Tunisia in 1960 and the second conference in 1961 at Tanzania. In these conferences, he got to meet Julius Nyerere and Kenneth Kaunda (who later became first presidents of Tanzania and Zambia respectively) and held political discussions with Kenneth Kaunda (whom he shared a plane with) about gaining independence for Africa. In the",
"title": "Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof"
},
{
"id": "904465",
"text": "became that of Senior Attorney-at-Law. In 1984 the position became the President's Counsel. The holder can use the post-nominal letters \"PC\" after his or her name. In Zambia the designation was changed to State Counsel after independence from Britain since 1964. Legal practitioners who enjoy the rank and dignity of State Counsel may use \"SC\" after their names. The procedure for appointment is more or less based on the English system, however it has been alleged that this merit-based system has recently been influenced by political patronage and that the last three presidents have mainly appointed their supporters. In 2013",
"title": "Queen's Counsel"
},
{
"id": "3984765",
"text": "United National Independence Party The United National Independence Party (UNIP) is a political party in Zambia. It governed the country from 1964 to 1991 under the presidency of Kenneth Kaunda, and was the sole legal party between 1973 and 1990. UNIP was founded in October 1959 by Mainza Chona as a successor of the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC), banned earlier that year. UNIP was initially led Chona as the ZANC leader, Kaunda, had been imprisoned. Kaunda later assumed power as leader of UNIP after he was released from prison in 1960. In the general elections, UNIP won 14 seats,",
"title": "United National Independence Party"
},
{
"id": "14651180",
"text": "150 elected seats in the expanded National Assembly. Voter turnout was 45%. In 1973, Kaunda had declared UNIP the only legally permitted party in Zambia. From then until 1990, the government and UNIP were effectively one. Every five years, Kaunda was automatically elected to a five-year term as president by virtue of being leader of UNIP. Voters also chose between three UNIP candidates for each of the 125 seats in the National Assembly. However, by the summer of 1990 discontent had built to a fever pitch. In July, following three days of riots in Lusaka, Kaunda announced a referendum on",
"title": "1991 Zambian general election"
},
{
"id": "465964",
"text": "the world's fastest economically reformed countries. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka. The territory of what is now Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia from 1911. It was renamed Zambia at independence in 1964. The new name of Zambia was derived from the Zambezi river (Zambezi may mean \"Grand River\"). The area of modern Zambia is known to have been inhabited by the Khoisan until around AD 300, when migrating Bantu began to settle around these areas. These early hunter-gatherer groups were later either annihilated or absorbed by subsequent more organised Bantu groups.",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "9728560",
"text": "people and animals to share the same cars. Despite the low speed, the rail service was still in demand by the local residents, especially during the rainy season, when local roads are impassable. The British artist and conservationist David Shepherd made a well-known painting of a Mulobezi steam locomotive and when the railway ceased working in the early seventies, Kenneth Kaunda, then President of Zambia, gave two of the locomotives to him. One of those, the \"Mulobezi Princess\" is kept at the Railway Museum, Livingstone where it has been restored to working order. The other locomotive Shepherd transported, together with",
"title": "Mulobezi Railway"
},
{
"id": "15170880",
"text": "2011, first white Zambian leader after its independence. Shortly after his election, \"The Guardian\" quoted Scott as saying: \"I have long suspected Zambia is moving from a post-colonial to a cosmopolitan condition. People's minds are changing: they are no longer sitting back and dwelling on what was wrong about colonialism\". In a 2012 meeting with former US President George W. Bush (who sponsors various charity initiatives in Zambia), he said, \"when they introduced me as Vice President, he thought they were kidding\". After Michael Sata's death on 28 October 2014, Scott became acting president for an interim period of no",
"title": "Guy Scott"
},
{
"id": "19306050",
"text": "Gwendoline Konie Gwendoline Chomba Konie (9 October 1938 – 14 March 2009) was a Zambian poet, diplomat and politician. She was the Zambian ambassador to Scandinavia, the United Nations and Germany. She formed her own party in 2000 and stood as a candidate to be the President of Zambia in 2001. When she died she was given a state funeral. Konie was born in 1938 in Lusaka in what was then Northern Rhodesia and is now Zambia. She was educated at Cardiff University in Cardiff, Wales and the American University in Washington D.C., United States. In 1962 she was chosen",
"title": "Gwendoline Konie"
},
{
"id": "676915",
"text": "governor. Apart from the 50 ngwee banknote, the kwacha banknotes had president Kenneth Kaunda as a watermark. Specimen banknotes were issued for each denomination, with the word SPECIMEN overprint in red sans on both the obverse and reverse. <br> In 1969, a second emission of the Zambian kwacha was issued. Initially, the emission comprised the same five banknotes of the first emission, and all five denominations bore the signatures of Dr Justin B. Zulu, Mr Valentine S. Musakanya, and that of Mr Bitwell R. Kuwani, the second, third, and forth governors of the Bank of Zambia, respectively, except for the",
"title": "Zambian kwacha"
},
{
"id": "7887402",
"text": "politics and returned to Chinsali. He died on 26 January 1980, after suffering from a stroke two days earlier. Taylor, I. (200.6). China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise. Routledge. Simon Kapwepwe Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe (April 12, 1922 – January 26, 1980) was the first vice-president of Zambia from 1967 to 1970. Simon Kapwepwe was born on 12 April 1922 in the Chinsali district of the Northern Province of Northern Rhodesia (which then included the present day Luapula Province) . Although Chinsali was remote from the country's urban centres, it was an area of early educational development, because of the presence",
"title": "Simon Kapwepwe"
},
{
"id": "12057300",
"text": "included: Guy Scott served as acting president of Zambia after the death of Michael Sata. A good example of segregation in Zambia before independence was in the city of Livingstone, on the border with Zimbabwe. This featured a white town, with black townships, which were also found in South Africa and Namibia. In Zambia, however, Livingstone was one of the few places in the country that used this system and was close to the Rhodesian border. British colonists were reflected in town and city names. Livingstone (which is currently the only town left with a British name) was nearly changed",
"title": "White Africans of European ancestry"
},
{
"id": "465981",
"text": "Sata, until Sata died on 28 October 2014. After Sata's death, Vice President Guy Scott, a Zambian of Scottish descent, became acting President of Zambia. On 24 January 2015 it was announced that Edgar Chagwa Lungu had won the election to become the 6th President in a tightly contested race. He won 48.33% of the vote, a lead of 1.66% over his closest rival, Hakainde Hichilema, with 46.67%. 9 other candidates all got less than 1% each. After independence in 1964 the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "2518649",
"text": "Movement for Multi-Party Democracy The Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD) is a political party in Zambia. Originally formed to oust the previous government, MMD controlled an absolute majority in parliament between 1991 and 2001, when its past leader, Frederick Chiluba was President of Zambia. Its election into power in 1991 ended the 27-year rule of President Kenneth Kaunda and his United National Independence Party (UNIP). It remained the dominant party within Zambian politics until the general elections of September 2011. It is a centre-left political party. Growing opposition to UNIP's monopoly on power, due in part to economic problems and",
"title": "Movement for Multi-Party Democracy"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kenneth Kaunda context: bicycle for hundreds of miles singing his songs. Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth David Buchizya Kaunda (born 28 April 1924), also known as KK, is a Zambian former politician who served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. Kaunda is the youngest of eight children born to an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher. He followed his father's steps in becoming a teacher. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from British rule. Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula's leadership of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he broke away and founded the Zambian African National Congress,\n\nWho was Zambia's first president?",
"compressed_tokens": 184,
"origin_tokens": 184,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Zamb context: the world's fastest economically reformed countries. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka. The territory of what is now Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia from 1911. It was renamed Zambia at independence in 1964. The new name of Zambia was derived from the Zambezi river (Zambezi may mean \"Grand River\"). The area of modern Zambia is known to have been inhabited by the Khoisan until around AD 300, when migrating Bantu began to settle around these areas. These early hunter-gatherer groups were later either annihilated or absorbed by subsequent more organised Bantu groups.\n\ntitleushkwaunandela context: Mushaukwa Munyauk Mukunyandela (3 June 45 – 8 March28) was the Zamburologist and the first Zambian to as a full Member of the Royal College of Physicians (MR UK), at the age of31. In October 2003, he honoured by the Zambian President Levy Mwanawasa with the Grand Commander of the Order Distinguished, Division Following this, in October 2014, he again honoured along with 1356 others including Kaunda, with first ever special Single Class Golden Jubilee at Investiture ceremony to mark Zamb's 50th Independ anniversary.\ntitleandu context:. However, projects were subsid Dame, with whom he wasively corresponded from child her This source of re8 the cit trees were blightBrow in Kas Z6 date is the man to a state funeral in the history Z, a eulogy given by then Kenneth Kaund After his managed one of his, Harvey.\ntitle–Z relations:ments. The and. Several U.S. administrations cooperated closely with Zambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, in hopes of facilitating solutions to the conflicts in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. The United States works closely with the Zambian Government to defeat the HIV/AIDS pandemic that is ravaging Zambia, to promote economic growth and development, and to effect political reform needed to promote responsive and responsible government. The United States is also supporting the government's efforts to root out corruption. Zambia\n\nWho was Zambia's first president?",
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150 | Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the Red Sea? | [
"Suez Canal Zone",
"Suez Channel",
"Suez canal",
"Nile Canal",
"Suez Canal",
"Suez Canal (Egypt)",
"Egypt's Canal Zone",
"The suez canal"
] | Suez Canal | [
{
"id": "1274014",
"text": "Isthmus An isthmus ( or ; plural: isthmuses; from ) is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated. A tombolo is an isthmus that consists of a spit or bar, and a strait is the sea counterpart of an isthmus. Canals are often built across isthmuses, where they may be a particularly advantageous shortcut for marine transport. For example, the Panama Canal crosses the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; the Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, cutting across",
"title": "Isthmus"
},
{
"id": "400709",
"text": "Suez Canal The Suez Canal ( \"\") is a sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it was officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red Seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans, reducing the journey by approximately . It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "400727",
"text": "recorded in the \"Description de l'Égypte\", include detailed maps that depict the discovery of an ancient canal extending northward from the Red Sea and then westward toward the Nile. Later, Napoleon, who would become French Emperor in 1804, contemplated the construction of a north–south canal to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. But the plan was abandoned because it wrongly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate. These would be very expensive and take a long time to construct. This decision was based on an erroneous belief that the Red Sea was higher than the Mediterranean. The",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "14686187",
"text": "International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez The International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez (\"Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme des Suez\") was the commission consisting of various European experts convened in 1855 by Ferdinand de Lesseps as instructed by the viceroy of Egypt Muhammad Sa'id in order to ascertain the feasibility of a canal between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea and to evaluate the best alternative for such a canal. The idea of digging a canal through the isthmus of Suez was attracting widespread interest throughout Europe in the early",
"title": "International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez"
},
{
"id": "8398106",
"text": "would not have occurred had it not been for the presence of an artificial structure. The opening of the Suez Canal created the first saltwater passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Constructed in 1869 to provide a more direct trade route from Europe to India and the Far East, the canal is long, with a depth of and a width varying between . Because the surface of the Red Sea is slightly higher in elevation than the Eastern Mediterranean, the canal serves as a tidal strait by which Red Sea water pours into the Mediterranean. The Bitter",
"title": "Lessepsian migration"
},
{
"id": "576003",
"text": "construction projects in Susa, Egypt and Persepolis. He had linked the Red Sea to the river Nile by building a canal (Darius Canal) which ran from modern Zaqāzīq to modern Suez. To open this canal, he travelled to Egypt in 497 BCE, where the inauguration was carried out with great fanfare and celebration. Darius also built a canal to connect the Red Sea and Mediterranean. On this visit to Egypt he erected monuments and executed Aryandes on the charge of treason. When Darius returned to Persis, he found that the codification of Egyptian law had been finished. Additionally, Darius sponsored",
"title": "Darius I"
},
{
"id": "120358",
"text": "canals (1,600 km.) are important locally for transportation. People still travel via the Nile, mainly between Cairo and Aswan. The Suez Canal is a major waterway for international commerce and navigation, linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. Major ports are Alexandria, Port Said, Damietta on the Mediterranean and Suez and Safaga on the Red Sea. With regards to driving, Egypt has one of the highest incidents of road fatalities, per miles driven, in the world. The badly maintained road network has expanded rapidly to over 21,000 miles, covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the",
"title": "Transport in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "722166",
"text": "Bab-el-Mandeb The Bab-el-Mandeb (Arabic: , \"Gate of Tears\") is a strait located between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden. The strait derives its name from the dangers attending its navigation, or, according to an Arab legend, from the numbers who were drowned by the earthquake which separated Arabia from the Horn of Africa. The Bab-el-Mandeb acts as a strategic link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In 2006, an estimated of oil",
"title": "Bab-el-Mandeb"
},
{
"id": "15369867",
"text": "Société d'Études du Canal de Suez The Société d'études du Canal de Suez (more correctly the Société d'études de l'Isthme de Suez) was a society set up in 1846 by the Saint-Simonist Prosper Enfantin in Paris to study the Isthmus of Suez and the possibility of a Suez Canal. In the 1820s, the Saint-Simonists got caught by the idea of creating a canal between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. In 1833, Enfantin and some of his followers travelled to Egypt hoping, amongst other matters, to further this idea. He did not succeed in getting the Khedive Muhammad Ali Pasha",
"title": "Société d'Études du Canal de Suez"
},
{
"id": "9194767",
"text": "at Cairo International Airport, its main hub, operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 75 destinations in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The Current EgyptAir fleet includes 80 aeroplanes. The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "252056",
"text": "when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as \"Mare Nostrum\" (\"Our Sea\"). For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant. Darius I of Persia, who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. Darius's canal was wide enough for two triremes to pass each other with oars extended, and required four days to traverse. The Western Roman Empire collapsed around AD 476. Temporarily the east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in",
"title": "Mediterranean Sea"
},
{
"id": "9194727",
"text": "the west, the Sudan to the south, and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position: a transcontinental nation, it possesses a land bridge (the Isthmus of Suez) between Africa and Asia, traversed by a navigable waterway (the Suez Canal) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea. Apart from the Nile Valley, the majority of Egypt's landscape is desert, with a few oases scattered about. Winds create prolific sand dunes that peak at more than high. Egypt includes parts of the Sahara",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "1822458",
"text": "includes Al-Ataka Fishing Port, which is the city's main fish production port. There was a canal from the Nile delta to the Gulf of Suez in ancient times, when the gulf extended further north than it does today. This fell into disuse, and the present canal was built in the nineteenth century. The Suez Canal offers a significantly shorter passage for ships than passing round the Cape of Good Hope. The construction of the Suez Canal was favoured by the natural conditions of the region: the comparatively short distance between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, the occurrence of a",
"title": "Suez"
},
{
"id": "1947480",
"text": "years passed. On this basis the Indian Post Office was established on 1 October 1837. The urgent European mails were carried overland \"via\" Egypt at the isthmus of Suez. This route, pioneered by Thomas Waghorn, linked the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, and thence by steamer \"via\" Marseilles, Brindisi or Trieste to European destinations. The Suez Canal did not open until much later (17 November 1869). The time in transit for letters using the Overland Mail route was dramatically reduced. Waghorn's route reduced the journey from 16,000 miles \"via\" the Cape of Good Hope to 6,000 miles; and reduced the",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of India"
},
{
"id": "400725",
"text": "of the most prominent losers in the new order, as former middlemen, was the former spice trading center of Venice. Despite entering negotiations with Egypt's ruling Mamelukes, the Venetian plan to build the canal was quickly put to rest by the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, led by Sultan Selim I. During the 16th century, the Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha attempted to construct a canal connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. This was motivated by a desire to connect Constantinople to the pilgrimage and trade routes of the Indian Ocean, as well as by strategic concerns",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "3229679",
"text": "Great Bitter Lake The Great Bitter Lake (; transliterated: al-Buhayrah al-Murra al-Kubra) is a saltwater lake in Egypt, connected to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. It is connected to the Small Bitter Lake (Arabic: البحيرة المرة الصغرى; transliterated: al-Buhayrah al-Murra as-Sughra), through which the canal also runs. Before the canal was built (1869), the site was a dry salt valley or basin. References are made to the Great Bitter Lake in the ancient Pyramid Texts. Ships traveling through the Suez Canal use the Great Bitter Lake as a \"passing lane\", where they can change",
"title": "Great Bitter Lake"
},
{
"id": "120319",
"text": "The road network has expanded rapidly to over , covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Sinai, and the Western oases. In addition to overseas routes, Egypt Air provides reliable domestic air service to major tourist destinations from its Cairo hub. The Nile River system (about .) and the principal canals (1,600 km.) are used for local transportation. The Suez Canal is a major waterway for international commerce and navigation, linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. It is run by the Suez Canal Authority, headquartered in Port Said. The ministry of transportation, along with",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "400762",
"text": "greater period each summer. The Bremen-based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers, cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan, Korea and Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Israel has declared that it will construct a railroad through the Negev desert to compete with the canal, with construction partly financed by China. The opening of the canal created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Although the Red Sea is about higher than the eastern Mediterranean, the current between the Mediterranean and",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "10054751",
"text": "crossing the desert to the Nile in the customary four days. Back in Britain Elphinstone joined the campaign, promoted by the visionary new commander of the Bombay Marine (renamed the Indian Navy on 1 May 1830), Sir Charles Malcolm, to introduce steam to the Red Sea, which would enable boats to navigate up the Gulf of Suez against those tiresome northerlies. Waghorn and other entrepreneurs in Britain and Egypt were meanwhile working at linking Mediterranean steam crossings (already overcoming its infuriating calms) with the Red Sea via an \"overland route\" through Egypt. An experimental vessel, HEICS Hugh Lindsay, was built",
"title": "Robert Moresby"
},
{
"id": "12329085",
"text": "Lake Timsah Lake Timsah, also known as Crocodile Lake, is a lake in Egypt on the Nile delta. It lies in a basin developed along a fault extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Gulf of Suez through the Bitter Lakes region. In 1800, a flood filled the Wadi Tumilat, which caused Timsah's banks to overflow and moved water south into the Bitter Lakes about nine miles (14 km) away. In 1862, the lake was filled with waters from the Red Sea. Lake Timsah lies within a depression that spans the isthmus between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.",
"title": "Lake Timsah"
},
{
"id": "44712",
"text": "Marmara further connects to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming in from Russia. The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain the subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the Black Sea deluge hypothesis, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by",
"title": "Bosporus"
},
{
"id": "9243636",
"text": "Canal of the Pharaohs The Canal of the Pharaohs, also called the Ancient Suez Canal or Necho's Canal, is the forerunner of the Suez Canal, constructed in ancient times. It followed a different course than its modern counterpart, by linking the Nile to the Red Sea via the Wadi Tumilat. Work began under the Pharaohs. According to Suez Inscriptions and Herodotus, the first opening of the canal was under Persian king Darius the Great, but later ancient authors like Aristotle, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder claim that he failed to complete the work. Another possibility is that it was finished",
"title": "Canal of the Pharaohs"
},
{
"id": "2098451",
"text": "Ferdinand de Lesseps Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte de Lesseps, GCSI (; 19 November 1805 – 7 December 1894) was a French diplomat and later developer of the Suez Canal, which in 1869 joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas, substantially reducing sailing distances and times between Europe and East Asia. He attempted to repeat this success with an effort to build a Panama Canal at sea level during the 1880s, but the project was devastated by epidemics of malaria and yellow fever in the area, as well as beset by financial problems, and the planned de Lesseps Panama Canal was never completed.",
"title": "Ferdinand de Lesseps"
},
{
"id": "2098483",
"text": "series \"Seven Wonders of the Industrial World\". De Lesseps appears as a great engineer in the game \"Civilization V\". Notes Sources Further reading Ferdinand de Lesseps Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte de Lesseps, GCSI (; 19 November 1805 – 7 December 1894) was a French diplomat and later developer of the Suez Canal, which in 1869 joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas, substantially reducing sailing distances and times between Europe and East Asia. He attempted to repeat this success with an effort to build a Panama Canal at sea level during the 1880s, but the project was devastated by epidemics of malaria",
"title": "Ferdinand de Lesseps"
},
{
"id": "6193443",
"text": "Faithful\" referring to the title of the Caliph 'Umar. Amr proposed another project: digging a canal that would join the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The project was once again sent to 'Umar for approval, but Umar viewed it as a threat to national security and rejected on the basis that it would open a way for Byzantine navy to enter the Red Sea via that canal and posing a threat to Madinah itself. This project however was completed in the form of what is now known as the Suez Canal 1300 years later. Each year the caliph instructed",
"title": "Muslim conquest of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "8249211",
"text": "presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with France's ally Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore in India. As France was not ready for a head-on attack on Great Britain itself, the Directory decided to intervene indirectly and create a \"double port\" connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, prefiguring the Suez Canal. At the time, Egypt had been an Ottoman province since 1517, but was now out of direct Ottoman control, and was in disorder, with dissension among the ruling Mamluk elite. In France, \"Egyptian\" fashion was in full swing – intellectuals believed that Egypt",
"title": "French campaign in Egypt and Syria"
},
{
"id": "354539",
"text": "Red Sea The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea, ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley. The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km",
"title": "Red Sea"
},
{
"id": "9243643",
"text": "Mountains transhipping on the Caspian Sea and thence to India. During his Egyptian expedition, Napoleon found the canal in 1799. Canal of the Pharaohs The Canal of the Pharaohs, also called the Ancient Suez Canal or Necho's Canal, is the forerunner of the Suez Canal, constructed in ancient times. It followed a different course than its modern counterpart, by linking the Nile to the Red Sea via the Wadi Tumilat. Work began under the Pharaohs. According to Suez Inscriptions and Herodotus, the first opening of the canal was under Persian king Darius the Great, but later ancient authors like Aristotle,",
"title": "Canal of the Pharaohs"
},
{
"id": "10283506",
"text": "north, Libya to the west and Sudan to the south. To the east lies the Red Sea, and the Sinai Peninsula, the Asian part of the country, which is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel. Egypt is a transcontinental nation, providing a land bridge between Africa and Asia. This is traversed by the Suez Canal which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea. This results in the flora and fauna having influences from both Africa and Asia, and the marine life from both the Atlantic / Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea",
"title": "Wildlife of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "5098549",
"text": "a significant percentage of the salt from Earth's oceans; this decreased the average salinity of the world ocean and raised its freezing point. The notion of a completely waterless Mediterranean Sea has some corollaries. There is an opinion that during the Messinian, the Red Sea was connected at Suez to the Mediterranean, but was not connected with the Indian Ocean, and dried out along with the Mediterranean. When the Strait of Gibraltar was ultimately breached, the Atlantic Ocean would have poured a vast volume of water through what would have presumably been a relatively narrow channel. This refill has been",
"title": "Messinian salinity crisis"
},
{
"id": "8249251",
"text": "Great Lord's firman, the French posted a proclamation in all the cities of Egypt, ending in the words: Stop founding your hopes on Ibrahim and Mourad, and put your trust in He who has empires in his discretion and who creates men. With Egypt quiet again and under his control, Bonaparte used this time of rest to visit Suez and see with his own eyes the possibility of a canal (known as the Canal of the Pharaohs) said to have been cut in antiquity between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean by order of the pharaohs. Before setting out on",
"title": "French campaign in Egypt and Syria"
},
{
"id": "13784030",
"text": "in 1569 is also considered to be a part of these expeditions (\"see\" Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis). However, that expedition was not a military expedition. It is known that Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, the grand vizier of the empire between 1565–1579, had proposed a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Seas. If that project could have been realized, it would be possible for the navy to pass through the canal and eventually into the Indian Ocean. However, this project was beyond the technological capabilities of the 16th century. The Suez Canal was not opened until some three centuries later, in 1869, by",
"title": "Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean"
},
{
"id": "15329779",
"text": "to be the oldest known ocean crust worldwide. The Suez Canal was completed in 1869, linking the Levantine Sea to the Red Sea. The Red Sea's level is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes, which are hypersaline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalized with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and",
"title": "Levantine Sea"
},
{
"id": "1389664",
"text": "coastline. To the east, the Red Sea defines the boundary between Africa and Asia, and thus also between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from Egypt's Sinai peninsula southeast to the Bab-el-Mandeb strait between Djibouti in Africa and Yemen in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide. Though the sea is navigable along its length, historically much contact between Arab Africa and the Arab Middle East has been either overland across the Sinai or by sea across the Mediterranean or the narrow Bab",
"title": "Arab world"
},
{
"id": "105770",
"text": "from Helle, the daughter of Athamas, who was drowned here in the mythology of the Golden Fleece. As a maritime waterway, the Dardanelles connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia, and specifically connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. The Marmara further connects to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus, while the Aegean further links to the Mediterranean. Thus, the Dardanelles allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making",
"title": "Dardanelles"
},
{
"id": "20210251",
"text": "continues with ray and eel species. The exhibit also includes a huge tank of 1,500,000 liters of water with an underwater viewing tunnel and a large hall with a huge viewing window measuring 17 meters long and 5 meters high. The Gallery connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea presents a four-minute film documentary explaining the construction of the Suez Canal and its environmental effects. The film focuses mainly on the phenomenon of Lessepsian migration - migration of species from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. In this gallery you can see hundreds of clownfish (immortalized in the film",
"title": "Israel Aquarium"
},
{
"id": "17512338",
"text": "ran into local militants and a battle erupted. Meir Pa'il told the Associated Press, \"There was never a killing of such a degree. Nobody was murdered. I was there. I don't know of any massacre.\" In 1956 Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser decided to nationalize the Suez Canal, an important waterway that allowed trade to flow to and from Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean, via the Red Sea. In a secret meeting at Sèvres on October 24, Britain, France and Israel agreed to launch a three-pronged offensive against Egypt. The attack began with an Israeli strike on Egyptian positions in",
"title": "Khan Yunis massacre"
},
{
"id": "400719",
"text": "doubtless exaggerated. According to Pliny the Elder, Necho's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles, equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake, allowing for winding through valleys. The length that Herodotus tells, of over 1000 stadia (i.e., over ), must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time. With Necho's death, work was discontinued. Herodotus tells that the reason the project was abandoned was because of a warning received from an oracle that others would benefit from its successful completion. Necho's war with Nebuchadnezzar",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "3229683",
"text": "the desert sands which soon covered their decks. The crews of the ships would eventually organize, share resources, and later set up their own post office and stamp. Two German-flagged ships eventually sailed out of the canal on their own power. Stranded cargo included various perishables (like eggs and fruit), T-shirts, and a load of toys destined for Woolworth's. Great Bitter Lake The Great Bitter Lake (; transliterated: al-Buhayrah al-Murra al-Kubra) is a saltwater lake in Egypt, connected to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. It is connected to the Small Bitter Lake (Arabic: البحيرة",
"title": "Great Bitter Lake"
},
{
"id": "10343167",
"text": "Sea was along the Spanish Atlantic coast and through the Strait of Gibraltar. This route, more than 3,000 kilometers long, subjected sailors to the risks of attack and storms. Nero and Augustus in ancient times, then Charlemagne, Francis I of France, Charles IX of France, and Henry IV of France were all interested in constructing a canal which avoided the passage around Spain. They asked for the idea to be studied and many projects resulted, but none were realised. The primary difficulty was in supplying sufficient water at the watershed between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic to ensure continuous navigation.",
"title": "Canal Latéral de la Garonne"
},
{
"id": "10343176",
"text": "contributes €26m per year. The canal was extensively featured on the BBC television series \"Rick Stein's French Odyssey\" (2005). Canal Latéral de la Garonne The Canal de Garonne, formerly known as Canal latéral à la Garonne, is a French canal dating from the mid-19th century which connects Toulouse to Castets-en-Dorthe. The remainder of the route to Bordeaux uses the river Garonne. It is the continuation of the Canal du Midi which connects the Mediterranean with Toulouse. Together they and the Garonne form the Canal des Deux Mers which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The canal runs along",
"title": "Canal Latéral de la Garonne"
},
{
"id": "5208122",
"text": "flow to about 100 million cubic metres a year (MCM/yr) (mainly brackish water and sewage). The decline of the Dead Sea level is creating major environmental problems, including sink holes and receding sea shores. Other routes for a conduit for the same objectives as the Red - Dead Conduit, the Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal, were proposed in Israel in the 1980s, but were discarded. The project costs $10 billion in all of its phases, with the first phase, which is slated to begin construction in 2021, will cost $1.1 billion. The Jordanian government is currently in the process of shortlisting consortiums",
"title": "Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance"
},
{
"id": "1688549",
"text": "canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. In Egypt at that time, Muhammad Ali, the Egyptian Viceroy, was at odds with the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople, and also practiced public-private contracts known as concessions with mostly European companies to build cheap infrastructure. Ali did not agree to a project linking the two seas because he did not want to cut out the duties he collected from overland trade in Egypt, but did allow Enfantin's group to work on the Delta Barrage - a type of dam - north of Cairo - with unpaid laborers - that would act",
"title": "Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin"
},
{
"id": "4130323",
"text": "Thomson published, in two volumes as \"A Narrative of the Expedition sent by H.M.'s Government to the River Niger in 1841\". In 1849 he travelled through Syria and Palestine, and published the results in two volumes (1855) as \"The Dead Sea, a New Route to India, with other Fragments and Gleanings in the East\", in which he advocated the construction of a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Sea by the Jordan Valley and Dead Sea, and compared that route with the proposed Suez Canal. In 1846 Allen published a pamphlet on \"Mutual Improvement\", advocating the institution of good-conduct prizes",
"title": "William Allen (Royal Navy officer)"
},
{
"id": "15947039",
"text": "have come into direct touch with one another” and that the Canal “…connects two oceans having each different fauna from the other”. Steinitz was among the first to call for monitoring the impact of the opening of the Suez Canal on the Levant biota. Studies of the invasions of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean Sea, and their ecological consequences for the Mediterranean marine biota, have proliferated since then and are ongoing in the twenty first century. The phenomenon of migration of marine species form the Red Sea through the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean Sea is now termed Lessepsian",
"title": "Walter Steinitz"
},
{
"id": "9243637",
"text": "in the Ptolemaic period under Ptolemy II, when Greek engineers solved the problem of overcoming the difference in height through canal locks. Probably first cut or at least begun by Necho II, in the late 6th century BC, Darius the Great either re-dug or completed it. Classical sources disagree as to when it was finally completed. Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions comprise five Egyptian monuments, including the Chalouf Stele, commemorate the construction and completion of the canal linking the Nile River with the Red Sea by Darius I of Persia. They were located along the Darius Canal through the valley",
"title": "Canal of the Pharaohs"
},
{
"id": "252094",
"text": "factors. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The Red Sea is higher than the Eastern Mediterranean, so the canal serves as a tidal strait that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red",
"title": "Mediterranean Sea"
},
{
"id": "400761",
"text": "Africa rather than the canal. Before the canal's opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. In recent years, the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six-to-eight-week window in the summer months, shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal. According to polar climate researchers, as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack recedes the route will become passable without the help of icebreakers for a",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "252047",
"text": "crisis, before being refilled by the Zanclean flood about 5.3 million years ago. It covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km (965,000 sq mi), but its connection to the Atlantic (the Strait of Gibraltar) is only wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa. In oceanography, it is sometimes called the \"Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea\" or the \"European Mediterranean Sea\" to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of and the deepest recorded",
"title": "Mediterranean Sea"
},
{
"id": "6034432",
"text": "Conveyance is a joint Jordanian, Israeli and Palestinian project. It is currently under a World Bank study. Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal The Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal (MDSC) is a proposed project to dig a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea, taking advantage of the 400-metre difference in water level between the seas. It is not to be confused with the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance. The project could correct the drop in the level of the Dead Sea observed in recent years. The canal could also be used to generate hydroelectric power because of surface difference and maybe by",
"title": "Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal"
},
{
"id": "9161528",
"text": "in Yanbu. Sumed pipeline The Sumed pipeline (also known as \"Suez-Mediterranean pipeline\") is an oil pipeline in Egypt, running from the Ain Sukhna terminal on the Gulf of Suez to offshore Sidi Kerir, Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea. It provides an alternative to the Suez Canal for transporting oil from the Persian Gulf region to the Mediterranean. The project for an oil pipeline from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean commenced after the extended closure of the Suez Canal in June 1967. Establishment of the pipeline company was agreed in 1973 between five Arab governments. The Sumed pipeline was opened",
"title": "Sumed pipeline"
},
{
"id": "9389656",
"text": "al-'As the governor of Egypt, during the reign of Caliph Umar, even proposed the digging of a canal to join the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. This proposal, however, did not materialize due to unknown reasons, and it was 1200 years later that such a canal was dug, today's Suez Canal. Shuaibia was the port for Mecca. but it was inconvenient, so Caliph Uthman selected Jeddah as the site of the new seaport, and a new port was built there. Uthman also reformed the city's police departments. The Rashidun army was the primary military body of the Islamic armed forces",
"title": "Rashidun Caliphate"
},
{
"id": "9161526",
"text": "Sumed pipeline The Sumed pipeline (also known as \"Suez-Mediterranean pipeline\") is an oil pipeline in Egypt, running from the Ain Sukhna terminal on the Gulf of Suez to offshore Sidi Kerir, Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea. It provides an alternative to the Suez Canal for transporting oil from the Persian Gulf region to the Mediterranean. The project for an oil pipeline from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean commenced after the extended closure of the Suez Canal in June 1967. Establishment of the pipeline company was agreed in 1973 between five Arab governments. The Sumed pipeline was opened in 1977.",
"title": "Sumed pipeline"
},
{
"id": "11095594",
"text": "and Africa and that between North and South America are today navigable, via the Suez and Panama canals, respectively, diversions and canals of human origin generally are not accepted on their own accord as continent-defining boundaries; the Suez Canal happens to traverse the isthmus between the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, dividing Asia and Africa. The remaining boundaries concern the association of islands and archipelagos with specific continents, notably: The European and African mainlands are non-contiguous, and the delineation between these continents is thus merely a question of which islands are to be associated with which continent. At its nearest",
"title": "Boundaries between the continents of Earth"
},
{
"id": "6792164",
"text": "Egyptian Navy The Egyptian Navy (, ), also known as the Egyptian Naval Force (ENF), is the maritime branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces. It is the largest navy in the Middle East and Africa, and is the sixth largest in the world measured by the number of vessels. The navy's missions include protection of more than 2,000 kilometers of coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, defense of approaches to the Suez Canal, and support for army operations. The majority of the Egyptian Navy was created with the help of the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The",
"title": "Egyptian Navy"
},
{
"id": "18830192",
"text": "Ziki Shaked Ziki Shaked (; born 1955) is an Israeli captain, sailing instructor, and founder of the school of sailing in Eilat. In 2010–2012, he traveled around the world on his yacht, \"Lorraine-D\", and joined a small group of Israeli captains who traveled around the world under the Israeli flag. The yacht \"Lorraine-D\" started from Eilat and two years later came back to Eilat. The route passed through the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, through the Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Aden, and the Red Sea. The boat travelled",
"title": "Ziki Shaked"
},
{
"id": "9481950",
"text": "including traversing the Drakensberg mountains. A high-speed line from Johannesburg to Cape Town is also under study. On the 12th of March, 2018, Egypt’s Transport Minister Hisham Arafat said that Egypt is in the process of launching a new high-speed railway linking the Mediterranean (Most likely referring to the northern coastal governates like Alexandria, Beheira) and the Red Sea with the participation of more than 10 international companies. Bangladesh considered building a high speed rail link between Dhaka and Chittagong in 2005. The government short-listed France's SNCF and Japan Railways for the project. But the plan was then shelved. Spain",
"title": "Planned high-speed rail by country"
},
{
"id": "105767",
"text": "Dardanelles The Dardanelles (; , ), also known from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (; , \"Hellespontos\", literally \"Sea of Helle\"), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. One of the world's narrowest straits used for international navigation, the Dardanelles connects the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, while also allowing passage to the Black Sea by extension via the Bosphorus. The Dardanelles is long, and wide, averaging deep with a maximum depth of",
"title": "Dardanelles"
},
{
"id": "369696",
"text": "Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually ) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people. Administratively, the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern",
"title": "Sinai Peninsula"
},
{
"id": "6034425",
"text": "Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal The Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal (MDSC) is a proposed project to dig a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea, taking advantage of the 400-metre difference in water level between the seas. It is not to be confused with the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance. The project could correct the drop in the level of the Dead Sea observed in recent years. The canal could also be used to generate hydroelectric power because of surface difference and maybe by salinity gradient power, and desalinate water by reverse osmosis. The idea was first proposed by William Allen",
"title": "Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal"
},
{
"id": "5647124",
"text": "from the Rhône to the Rhine crosses Sundgau by Montreux-Vieux, Dannemarie and Illfurth. It has existed since 1824 and was conceived by Freycinet. Nowadays, it is too narrow for large barges and serves mainly for pleasure craft. A large project for the construction of a canal linking the Rhine to the Saône, passing along the Doubs, has been abandoned. Indirectly, it would have linked central Europe (Rhine, Danube, North Sea and Baltic Sea) to the Mediterranean without having to ship merchandise through the Straits of Gibraltar. But the anger of agriculturalists and environmentalists influenced the Minister of the Environment to",
"title": "Sundgau"
},
{
"id": "12278760",
"text": "of locks. The new high-capacity Rhine-Rhône waterway would have made the canal obsolete, but the environment minister Dominique Voynet cancelled that project in 1997. The Government then funded – as compensation – the backlog of maintenance works and other improvements, but with little impact on commercial traffic in 250-tonne \"péniches\", which has all but disappeared. Rhone–Rhine Canal The Canal du Rhône au Rhin is one of the important watershed canals of the French waterways, connecting the Rhine to the Saône and the Rhône and thereby the North Sea and the Mediterranean. As built, the canal was made up of four",
"title": "Rhone–Rhine Canal"
},
{
"id": "2098467",
"text": "others that were previously presented or that were in opposition to it, provided for a direct link between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. After being slightly modified, the plan was adopted in 1856 by the civil engineers constituting the International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez. Encouraged by the engineers' approval, de Lesseps no longer allowed anything to stop him. He listened to no adverse criticism and receded before no obstacle. Neither the opposition of Lord Palmerston, who considered the projected disturbance as too radical and a danger to the commercial position of Great Britain. De",
"title": "Ferdinand de Lesseps"
},
{
"id": "14731753",
"text": "predicted growth of just 1% for that year, compared with 5.2% in the previous year, but analysts expected Egypt to regain its growth trajectory once political stability returned. Egypt has many assets, including fast-growing ports on the Mediterranean and Red Sea linked by the Suez Canal, a growing tourism network, and vast untapped natural gas reserves. Egypt's 82 million population has a median age of 25. In 2011, Turkey had the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP and 18th largest Nominal GDP. The country is a founding member of the OECD (1961) and the G-20 major economies (1999). Since December 31, 1995,",
"title": "CIVETS"
},
{
"id": "11204410",
"text": "Sea brought it to the attention of various geographers, engineers and diplomats. These figures looked to create an inland \"Sahara Sea\" by channelling the waters of the Mediterranean into Sahara Desert basins which lay below sea level. A noted proposal to this effect was put forward in the late 1800s by French geographer François Élie Roudaire and the creator of the Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps, but stalled after the French government withdrew funding. Later proposals, made as part of Operation Plowshare, posited that nuclear explosives could be used to dig the proposed canal from the Mediterranean to the Chott",
"title": "Tunisian salt lakes"
},
{
"id": "377406",
"text": "Strait of Gibraltar The Strait of Gibraltar ( , ) is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco and Ceuta (Spain) in Africa. The name comes from the Rock of Gibraltar, which in turn originates from the Arabic (meaning \"Mount Tariq\") named after Tariq ibn Ziyad. It is also known as the Straits of Gibraltar, the Gut of Gibraltar (although this is mostly archaic), the STROG (Strait Of Gibraltar) in naval use, and (), \"Gate of the West\". In the Middle Ages, Muslims called it",
"title": "Strait of Gibraltar"
},
{
"id": "15946796",
"text": "launched a joint program on the role of the Suez Canal as a waterway for the passage of marine species between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. After Steinitz's death in 1971, the survey and monitoring of the invasion of biota from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea (and to a smaller extent biota migration in the opposite direction) proliferated, and it continues into the 21st century. The phenomenon of the continuous flow of marine biota across the Suez Canal is termed Lessepsian migration. To this day, hundreds species native to the Red Sea have been identified in",
"title": "Heinz Steinitz"
},
{
"id": "6034431",
"text": "arid areas around the Dead Sea. The idea was revived during the 1980s for the purpose of power generation following the 1973 oil crisis. The Mediterranean–Dead Sea Company studied various alternatives and recommended a route from the Gaza Strip to Masada. However, the project did not commence due to economic and financial doubts. The idea was brought up again during the 1990s. In addition to the Gaza Strip–Masada route, two other alternatives were considered, namely a Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance and a northern route from the Mediterranean to the Bet She'an Valley. At present, the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water",
"title": "Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal"
},
{
"id": "3459343",
"text": "Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign The Naval Operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (17 February 1915 – 9 January 1916) took place against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Ships of the Royal Navy, French \"Marine nationale\", Imperial Russian Navy (\"Российский императорский флот\") and the Royal Australian Navy, attempted to force the defences of the Dardanelles Straits. The straits are a narrow waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Black Sea, via the Aegean, Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus. The Dardanelles Campaign began as a naval operation but the success of the Ottoman defence led to the",
"title": "Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign"
},
{
"id": "1572309",
"text": "Canal du Midi The (, meaning \"canal of the two seas\") is a long canal in Southern France (). Originally named the \"Canal royal en Languedoc\" (Royal Canal in Languedoc) and renamed by French revolutionaries to \"Canal du Midi\" in 1789, the canal was at the time considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century. The canal connects the Garonne to the on the Mediterranean and along with the long Canal de Garonne forms the Canal des Deux Mers, joining the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. The canal runs from the city of Toulouse down to the Étang",
"title": "Canal du Midi"
},
{
"id": "16035205",
"text": "precise geographical borders are given which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea (see debate below), the \"Sea of the Philistines\" \"i.e.\", the Mediterranean, and the \"River\", the Euphrates), the traditional furthest extent of the Kingdom of David. Genesis gives the border with Egypt as \"Nahar Mitzrayim\" – \"nahar\" in Hebrew denotes a large river, never a wadi. A slightly more detailed definition is given in , which describes the borders as \"from the sea of reeds (Red Sea) to the Sea of the Philistines (Mediterranean sea) and from the desert to the Euphrates River\", though the Hebrew text",
"title": "Land of Israel"
},
{
"id": "8857313",
"text": "The Pillars of Hercules (book) The Pillars of Hercules: A Grand Tour of the Mediterranean is a travelogue written by the American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux, first published 1995. It concerns a year-and-a-half long expedition around the shoreline of the Mediterranean Sea from one of Hercules' Pillars (Gibraltar) to the other (Ceuta) undertaken during 1993-94. Theroux recounts his experiences from the many diverse countries that border the shores of the sea, including the war-torn Yugoslavia (this was shortly before the break-up of the former republic), the troubled Levant and the recently liberated Albania. The Pillars of Hercules consists",
"title": "The Pillars of Hercules (book)"
},
{
"id": "4112962",
"text": "initial lake filling ceremony but while the lake was still filling and toured the canal zone. The prince of Wales stayed in a chalet in Ismailia while in the region. The southern dam in the rocky Chalufa ridge would not connect the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea until it was broken on August 15, 1869. Prior to that, hand digging was used to remove soil in the remaining 10 miles between Suez and the southern dam. The average final width of the canal was 200 feet - 300 feet at the top with a depth of at least 26",
"title": "Suez Canal Company"
},
{
"id": "44707",
"text": "Bosporus The Bosporus () or Bosphorus ( or ; Ancient Greek: Βόσπορος \"Bosporos\" ; also known as The Strait of Istanbul; ) is a narrow, natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in northwestern Turkey. It forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara, and, by extension via the Dardanelles, the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. Most of the shores of the strait are heavily settled, straddled by the city of Istanbul's",
"title": "Bosporus"
},
{
"id": "252066",
"text": "Mediterranean Sea as follows: Stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the west to the entrances to the Dardanelles and the Suez Canal in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins: Being nearly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranean Sea: for instance, tides are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour. Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to",
"title": "Mediterranean Sea"
},
{
"id": "722171",
"text": "with architect studio Dissing+Weitling, both from Denmark. It was announced in 2010 that Phase 1 had been delayed and as of mid-2016 nothing more has been heard about the project. The Bab-el-Mandeb is also a sub-region in the Arab League, which includes Djibouti, Yemen, and Eritrea. The most significant towns and cities along both the Djiboutian and Yemeni sides of the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait: Region: Bab-el-Mandeb The Bab-el-Mandeb (Arabic: , \"Gate of Tears\") is a strait located between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of",
"title": "Bab-el-Mandeb"
},
{
"id": "9351465",
"text": "commerce, politics, and warfare, the Turkish Straits have played a significant role in European and world history, and have since been governed in accordance with the 1936 Montreux Convention. As maritime waterways, the Turkish Straits connect various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and Western Eurasia. Specifically, the Straits allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making them crucial international waterways, in particular for the passage of goods coming in from Russia. The Turkish",
"title": "Turkish Straits"
},
{
"id": "18001686",
"text": "left traces in the fossil record after just 200 years and evaporite deposits after 600 years. Neither have been detected. A strong current flows from the Red Sea into the Indian Ocean and crossing would have been difficult without a land connection. Oldowan grade tools are reported from Perim Island, implying that the strait could have been crossed in the Early Pleistocene, but these finds have yet to be confirmed. The Strait of Gibraltar is the Atlantic entryway to the Mediterranean, where Spanish and Moroccan banks are only 14 km apart. A decrease in sea levels in the Pleistocene due",
"title": "Early expansions of hominins out of Africa"
},
{
"id": "10343164",
"text": "Canal Latéral de la Garonne The Canal de Garonne, formerly known as Canal latéral à la Garonne, is a French canal dating from the mid-19th century which connects Toulouse to Castets-en-Dorthe. The remainder of the route to Bordeaux uses the river Garonne. It is the continuation of the Canal du Midi which connects the Mediterranean with Toulouse. Together they and the Garonne form the Canal des Deux Mers which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The canal runs along the right bank of the Garonne, crosses the river in Agen via the Agen aqueduct, then continues along the",
"title": "Canal Latéral de la Garonne"
},
{
"id": "400724",
"text": "8th century The Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching Arabian detractors. Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah is claimed to have repaired the Cairo to Red Sea passageway, but only briefly, circa 1000 AD, as it soon \"became choked with sand\". However, we are told that parts of this canal still continued to fill in during the Nile's annual inundations. The successful 1488 navigation of southern Africa by Bartolomeu Dias opened a direct maritime trading route to India and the spice islands, and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade. One",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "8398104",
"text": "Lessepsian migration The Lessepsian migration (also called Erythrean invasion) is the migration of marine species across the Suez Canal, usually from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and more rarely in the opposite direction. When the canal was completed in 1869, fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other marine animals and plants were exposed to an artificial passage between the two naturally separate bodies of water, and cross-contamination was made possible between formerly isolated ecosystems. The phenomenon is still occurring today. It is named after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French diplomat in charge of the canal's construction. The migration of invasive",
"title": "Lessepsian migration"
},
{
"id": "15466617",
"text": "at the other end of the Mediterranean in Northern Palestine, and Aden on the Indian Ocean coast of Yemen at the southern entrance to the Red Sea to control access into the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal. To patrol the Mediterranean and the Red Sea access to the Indian Ocean, Britain would work together with the French, whose own navy was the world's fourth largest, and comprised a good number of modern, powerful vessels with others nearing completion. It was agreed that the French would hold the Western Mediterranean Basin via Marseilles and its base at Mers El Kébir (Oran)",
"title": "Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)"
},
{
"id": "377425",
"text": "African Monsoon. Strait of Gibraltar The Strait of Gibraltar ( , ) is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco and Ceuta (Spain) in Africa. The name comes from the Rock of Gibraltar, which in turn originates from the Arabic (meaning \"Mount Tariq\") named after Tariq ibn Ziyad. It is also known as the Straits of Gibraltar, the Gut of Gibraltar (although this is mostly archaic), the STROG (Strait Of Gibraltar) in naval use, and (), \"Gate of the West\". In the Middle Ages, Muslims",
"title": "Strait of Gibraltar"
},
{
"id": "12627989",
"text": "following a line parallel to the maritime Suez canal and empties into the channel of the port of Suez. The line of the Ismailia canal conforms at many points to the direction followed by the ancient canal, which, according to historians, put the Nile in communication with Lake Timsah, or with the Red Sea itself, and of which traces have been found on the surface. The length of the canal between the Nile and Lake Timseh is 136 kilometers, and the length of the Suez branch is 89 kilometers. During the reign of Ismail Pasha (1863–1879), many great public works",
"title": "Egyptian Public Works"
},
{
"id": "18102637",
"text": "Canal d’Entreroches The Canal d’Entreroches (English: \"canal between the cliffs\") was planned in the 17th century as a link between the Rhine and Lake Geneva, and would have enabled inland waterway communication between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. It linked the river Thielle (German: \"Zihl\") at Yverdon-les-Bains with the Venoge at Cossonay, a distance of 25 kilometres. It was completed in 1648, and remained in operation until 1829. Traces of some five kilometres of it still remain. The Thirty Years War led to a number of projects to link the Protestant Netherlands to the Mediterranean without the dangerous sea",
"title": "Canal d’Entreroches"
},
{
"id": "15946808",
"text": "believed that a research base in the Golf of Eilat would be best placed to conduct investigations into the phenomenon of migration of marine biota from the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea (a northern branch of the Indian Ocean) through the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, a marine station in the Gulf of Eilat would facilitate analysis of the environmental and ecological changes resulting from man-made connection between the two global water bodies. (c) Polluting spills from the cities of Eilat and Aqaba into the Gulf waters, and pollutants discharged by ships and oil tankers that traffic",
"title": "Heinz Steinitz"
},
{
"id": "17544426",
"text": "University) or \"UMET\" as it is commonly known by its initials. The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow body of water that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar and Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa. Europe and Africa are separated by of ocean at the strait's narrowest point. The Strait's depth ranges between which possibly interacted with the lower mean sea level of the last major glaciation 20,000 years ago when the level of the sea is believed to have been lower than the present level by . Fernández was inspired and motivated to",
"title": "Orlando Fernández"
},
{
"id": "334970",
"text": "diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was able to raise considerable funds in France as a result of the huge profits generated by his successful construction of the Suez Canal. Although the Panama Canal needed to be only 40 percent as long as the Suez Canal, it was much more of an engineering challenge due to the combination of tropical rain forests, debilitating climate, the need for canal locks, and the lack of any ancient route to follow. De Lesseps wanted a sea-level canal (like the Suez), but he visited the site only a few times, during the dry season which",
"title": "Panama Canal"
},
{
"id": "1572400",
"text": "du Midi in 1787. As the United States Ambassador to France he envisaged the construction of a similar work to link the Potomac River to Lake Erie. English: French: Canal du Midi The (, meaning \"canal of the two seas\") is a long canal in Southern France (). Originally named the \"Canal royal en Languedoc\" (Royal Canal in Languedoc) and renamed by French revolutionaries to \"Canal du Midi\" in 1789, the canal was at the time considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century. The canal connects the Garonne to the on the Mediterranean and along with",
"title": "Canal du Midi"
},
{
"id": "14686196",
"text": "lines to be installed along the canal, ferries to be introduced and finally the lighting of the Mediterranean coast and of the whole of the Red Sea to be provided, complete with lighthouses, buoys and so on. As already mentioned in the preliminary report, the name of \"Port Said\" was suggested as the name for the port on the northern entrance. In the report, the Commission expressly declared to have fulfilled their duties and to have finalised all their activities. They expressed their desire to have the canal be built in the near future, but have not in any way",
"title": "International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez"
},
{
"id": "3274666",
"text": "Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and the northern portion of the Arabian Sea. No untoward events marred her sojourn in the region, and she concluded her assignment on 30 October by turning her responsibilities over to the destroyer . Retracing her outward-bound voyage via the Red Sea, the Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean, \"Aubrey Fitch\" steamed into Mayport on 4 December. Post-deployment standdown took up the remainder of 1986. Over the next ten years, Aubrey Fitch continued to the Middle East and the West Indies. During a 1988 deployment to the Persian Gulf, the frigate",
"title": "USS Aubrey Fitch (FFG-34)"
},
{
"id": "1572316",
"text": "residents. Under the Act of 27 November 1897, the State of France owns the Canal du Midi and its management is delegated to the public body Voies Navigables de France, attached to the Ministry of Transport. The building of a canal was an old idea. Numerous and sometimes utopian projects were devised to build a canal between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Leaders such as Augustus, Nero, Charlemagne, François I, Charles IX and Henry IV have dreamed of it as it is a true political and economic issue. King François I brought Leonardo da Vinci to France in",
"title": "Canal du Midi"
},
{
"id": "16111640",
"text": "Hatshepsut's funerary temple at Deir el-Bahri. Several of her successors, including Thutmoses III, also organized expeditions to Punt. The legendary Sesostris (likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt) is said to have started work on an ancient \"Suez\" Canal joining the River Nile with the Red Sea. This ancient account is corroborated by Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo. One of their kings tried to make a canal to it (for it would have been of no little advantage to them for the whole region to have become navigable; Sesostris is said to",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian trade"
},
{
"id": "11313891",
"text": "(1769–1826), engineers and surveyors, who were to see whether Napoleon's planned project of linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea across the Nile delta could be realised and if the difference in sea level between the two was sufficiently small to make such a canal possible. Jean-Baptiste Lepère Jean-Baptiste Lepère (December 1, 1761 – July 16, 1844) was a French architect, father-in-law of the architect Jacques Hittorff. He was the designer of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul church, Paris, largely revised by Hittorf during its protracted execution, and one of the architects who worked on raising the colonne Vendôme. Lepère was one of",
"title": "Jean-Baptiste Lepère"
},
{
"id": "4446059",
"text": "commenced writing \"Pharaoh\". But, as Prus was aware when writing chapter one, the Suez Canal had had a predecessor in a canal that had connected the Nile River with the Red Sea — during Egypt's Middle Kingdom, centuries before the period of the novel. A third dually determined feature of \"Pharaoh\" is the historical Egyptian Labyrinth, which had been described in the fifth century BCE in Book II of \"The Histories of Herodotus\". The Father of History had visited Egypt's entirely stone-built administrative center, pronounced it more impressive than the pyramids, declared it \"beyond my power to describe\"—then proceeded to",
"title": "Pharaoh (novel)"
},
{
"id": "8857314",
"text": "of eighteen chapters: The Pillars of Hercules (book) The Pillars of Hercules: A Grand Tour of the Mediterranean is a travelogue written by the American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux, first published 1995. It concerns a year-and-a-half long expedition around the shoreline of the Mediterranean Sea from one of Hercules' Pillars (Gibraltar) to the other (Ceuta) undertaken during 1993-94. Theroux recounts his experiences from the many diverse countries that border the shores of the sea, including the war-torn Yugoslavia (this was shortly before the break-up of the former republic), the troubled Levant and the recently liberated Albania. The Pillars",
"title": "The Pillars of Hercules (book)"
},
{
"id": "400726",
"text": "-- as the European presence in the Indian Ocean was growing, Ottoman mercantile and strategic interests were increasingly challenged, and the Sublime Porte was increasingly pressed to assert its position. A navigable canal would allow the Ottoman Navy to connect its Red Sea, Black Sea, and White Sea fleets. However, this project was deemed too expensive, and was never completed. During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798, Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage. This culminated in a cadre of archaeologists, scientists, cartographers and engineers scouring northern Egypt. Their findings,",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "3459402",
"text": "and men on board and was torpedoed by near the Dodecanese, with 935 lives lost. Books Websites Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign The Naval Operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (17 February 1915 – 9 January 1916) took place against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. Ships of the Royal Navy, French \"Marine nationale\", Imperial Russian Navy (\"Российский императорский флот\") and the Royal Australian Navy, attempted to force the defences of the Dardanelles Straits. The straits are a narrow waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Black Sea, via the Aegean, Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus. The",
"title": "Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign"
},
{
"id": "7084406",
"text": "as well as Africa and the Middle East. In the same year Abbas died and was succeeded by Sa'id Pasha, in whose reign the section between Kafr el-Zayyat and Cairo was completed in 1856 followed by an extension from Cairo to Suez in 1858. This completed the first modern transport link between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, as Ferdinand de Lesseps did not complete the Suez Canal until 1869. At Kafr el-Zayyat the line between Cairo and Alexandria originally crossed the Nile with an 80 feet (24 m) car float. This was the single largest project of the South",
"title": "Robert Stephenson and Company"
},
{
"id": "400713",
"text": "Sea. One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II. Another canal, probably incorporating a portion of the first, was constructed under the reign of Necho II, but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by Darius I. The legendary Sesostris (likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt) may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea (1897 BCE – 1839 BCE), when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1850 BCE that was navigable during the",
"title": "Suez Canal"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Isthmus context: Isthmus An isthmus ( or ; plural: isthmuses; from ) is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water by which they are otherwise separated. A tombolo is an isthmus that consists of a spit or bar, and a strait is the sea counterpart of an isthmus. Canals are often built across isthmuses, where they may be a particularly advantageous shortcut for marine transport. For example, the Panama Canal crosses the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; the Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, cutting across\n\nWhich 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the Red Sea?",
"compressed_tokens": 191,
"origin_tokens": 191,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Suez Canal context: Sea. One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II. Another canal, probably incorporating a portion of the first, was constructed under the reign of Necho II, but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by Darius I. The legendary Sesostris (likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt) may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea (1897 BCE – 1839 BCE), when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1850 BCE that was navigable during the\n\ntitle: Suez context Africa rather than the Before the canal's opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. In recent years, shr Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for cargo ships between Europe and East six-to-eight-week in the summer months, shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal According polar climate researchers, as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack recedes the route will become passable without the help of icebreakers for a\n\ntitle Suez: greater period summer Beluga claimed in 20 the company to attempt Northern Sea Route assistance from icebreak cutting000 nautical miles off Ulsan, Korea and Rotterdam the. has declared it will construct railroad through Negev compete with the canal with fin by The of the canal created the first salt-water passage between Mediterrane and Sea Although Red Sea is higher than eastern Mediterranean, current the Mediterrane anduez: th Theasph ordered closed7 to prevent supplies Arabianors-Him isired the to Sea passage only 0 as soon, we told continued tosund successful 8 of Africa opened a directitimeing route to India and the spice islands, and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade. One\n\nWhich 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the Red Sea?",
"compressed_tokens": 456,
"origin_tokens": 14179,
"ratio": "31.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
151 | In which country is the Aswan Dam? | [
"EGY",
"Arab Republic of Egypt",
"A .R . EGYPT",
"The Arab Republic of Egypt",
"Eygpt",
"Etymology of Egypt",
"مصر",
"Kemmet",
"Gift of the Nile",
"Arab Republic Of Egypt",
"Names of Egypt",
"Miṣr",
"A .R . Egypt",
"Eytp",
"National identity of Egyptians",
"Jumhuriyat Misr al'Arabiyah",
"Eypt",
"Egyptian Republic",
"Ejipt",
"Name of Egypt",
"Egipto",
"Kimet",
"جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة",
"Egypte",
"Egypt (name)",
"Egypt",
"جمهورية مصرالعربية",
"A.R. Egypt",
"Republic of Eygpt",
"Égypte",
"Second Egyptian Republic",
"Egipt",
"ISO 3166-1:EG",
"Egypt info"
] | Egypt | [
{
"id": "27854",
"text": "Aswan Aswan (; ) is a city in the south of Egypt, and is the capital of the Aswan Governorate. Aswan is a busy market and tourist centre located just north of the Aswan Dams on the east bank of the Nile at the first cataract. The modern city has expanded and includes the formerly separate community on the island of Elephantine. The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of craft and folk art. \"Aswan\" is pronounced (. Spellings in other languages include ' ; Ancient Egyptian: '; '; '), and it was formerly",
"title": "Aswan"
},
{
"id": "1586209",
"text": "Aswan Dam The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is an embankment dam built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952; with its ability to control flooding better, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "120299",
"text": "EuroAfrica Interconnector pointing out its importance for energy security of three countries.< Irrigation plays a major role in a country the very livelihood of which depends upon a single river, the Nile. Most ambitious of all the irrigation projects is that of the Aswan High Dam, completed in 1971. A report published in March 1975 by the National Council for Production and Economic Affairs indicated that the dam had proved successful in controlling floodwaters and ensuring recurring water supply, but that water consumption had been more than needed and shall be controlled. Some precious land was lost below the dam",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "15201423",
"text": "Aswan Low Dam The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is located about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted; on completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater and augment dry season flows to support greater irrigation development and population growth",
"title": "Aswan Low Dam"
},
{
"id": "555482",
"text": "Italy, with 54 sites, has the most of any country, followed by China (53), Spain (47), France (44), Germany (44), India (37), and Mexico (35). In 1954, the government of Egypt decided to build the new Aswan High Dam, whose resulting future reservoir would eventually inundate a large stretch of the Nile valley containing cultural treasures of ancient Egypt and ancient Nubia. In 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the member states for an",
"title": "World Heritage Site"
},
{
"id": "11752865",
"text": "by the completion of three big Soviet-assisted projects: the 500-megawatt thermal plant at Pha Lai (now in Hải Dương Province); the 300-megawatt hydroelectric plant at Trị An, Đồng Nai Province, and the giant, 1,900-megawatt hydroelectric plant at Hòa Bình, Hòa Bình Province, which has been called the \"Asian Aswan Dam.\" Petroleum is the main source of commercial energy, followed by coal, which contributes about 25 percent of the country’s energy (excluding biomass). Vietnam’s oil reserves are presently estimated at 600 million tonnes. Oil production rose rapidly to in 2004, but output is believed to have peaked and is expected to",
"title": "Energy in Vietnam"
},
{
"id": "1586246",
"text": "have suffered even if the dam had not been built. Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment. Apparently few experts had expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam. Aswan Dam The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is an embankment dam built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt,",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "15477466",
"text": "Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (Egypt) The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation is the ministry in charge of managing the water resources of the Arab Republic of Egypt mainly the Nile. It also manages irrigation projects in Egypt, such as the Aswan Dam and Al-Salam Canal. Its headquarters are in Cairo. On 23 March 2016, Mohamed Abdel-Ati was appointed Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation.<ref name=\"minister as of 3/23/2016\"></ref> In 2014, the ministry wrote a paper titled \"\"Water Scarcity in Egypt: The Urgent Need for Regional Cooperation among the Nile Basin Countries\"\". In it, the ministry describes why",
"title": "Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "13995273",
"text": "\"new lands\" in the desert. Water resources management in Egypt depends on a complex set of infrastructure along the entire length of the river. The key element of this infrastructure is the Aswan High Dam that forms Lake Nasser. The High Dam protects Egypt from floods, stores water for year-round irrigation and produces hydropower. With a live storage capacity of 90 billion cubic the dam stores more than one and a half the average annual flow of the Nile River, thus providing a high level of regulation in the river basin compared to other regulated rivers in the world. Downstream",
"title": "Water resources management in modern Egypt"
},
{
"id": "10233353",
"text": "to promote Saudi Arabia's King Saud as the dominant Arab leader Cohen points out that after Egypt recognized Communist China, the Eisenhower administration decided that the Omega Plan was not working and that Nasser seemed to be drawing nearer to the Soviets. The Omega plan was dropped and the U.S. ended talks about financing Egypt's much-desired Aswan Dam. OMEGA Memorandum The 'OMEGA' memorandum of March 28, 1956, was a secret United States informal policy memorandum drafted by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles for President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The goal was to reduce the influence in the Middle East of",
"title": "OMEGA Memorandum"
},
{
"id": "16125054",
"text": "control management, but are build to for permanent pooling to control sediment and pollutants in the flood water. In the past, large dams have often been the focus of water storage efforts. Many large dams and their reservoirs have brought significant social and economic benefits. For example, Egypt's Aswan High Dam, built in the 1960s, has protected the nation from drought and floods and supplies water used to irrigate some 15 million hectares. However, dams can also have great negative impacts. Because sediment is trapped by the Aswan High Dam, the Nile no longer delivers nutrients in large quantities to",
"title": "Water storage"
},
{
"id": "120211",
"text": "these flows and thereby moderate the severity of floods. The construction of dams on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam, transformed the mighty river into a large and predictable irrigation ditch. Lake Nasser, the world's largest artificial lake, has enabled planned use of the Nile regardless of the amount of rainfall in Central Africa and East Africa. The dams have also affected the Nile Valley's fertility, which was dependent for centuries not only on the water brought to the arable land but also on the materials left by the water. Researchers have estimated that beneficial silt deposits in the",
"title": "Geography of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "11625725",
"text": "Mubarak (1981–2011). In 1956, the U.S. was alarmed at the closer ties between Egypt and the Soviet Union, and prepared the OMEGA Memorandum as a stick to reduce the regional power of President Gamal Abdel Nasser. When Egypt recognized Communist China, the U.S. ended talks about funding the Aswan Dam, a high prestige project much desired by Egypt. The dam was later built by the Soviet Union. When Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, the Suez Crisis erupted with Britain and France threatening war to retake control of the canal and depose Nasser. Israel did invade the Suez in",
"title": "Egypt–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "15477468",
"text": "Damietta governorates. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (Egypt) The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation is the ministry in charge of managing the water resources of the Arab Republic of Egypt mainly the Nile. It also manages irrigation projects in Egypt, such as the Aswan Dam and Al-Salam Canal. Its headquarters are in Cairo. On 23 March 2016, Mohamed Abdel-Ati was appointed Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation.<ref name=\"minister as of 3/23/2016\"></ref> In 2014, the ministry wrote a paper titled \"\"Water Scarcity in Egypt: The Urgent Need for Regional Cooperation among the Nile Basin Countries\"\". In it, the ministry",
"title": "Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "2191788",
"text": "preferring to call their smaller body of water Lake Nubia ( \", ). The lake is some long and across at its widest point, which is near the Tropic of Cancer. It covers a total surface area of and has a storage capacity of some of water. The lake was created as a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam across the waters of the Nile between 1958 and 1970. The lake is named after Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and the second President of Egypt, who initiated the High",
"title": "Lake Nasser"
},
{
"id": "9194756",
"text": "media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad, mainly in Libya, Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honoured place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population, limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy. The government has invested in communications and physical infrastructure. Egypt has received United States foreign aid since 1979 (an average of $2.2",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "15849987",
"text": "of the Suez Canal in 1956, and Egypt's political victory in the subsequent Tripartite Aggression, but was damaged badly by Israel's successful invasion and occupation of Egyptian and Arab territory in the Six-Day War of 1967. The era is regarded as a time where ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment as well as other forms of social welfare, while aristocratic influence waned. The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernisation projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam and nationalisation schemes such as that of the Suez Canal.",
"title": "History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser"
},
{
"id": "13636684",
"text": "of the Republic of Egypt in 1956, holding power until his death in 1970. Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser, and after his assassination in 1981 was succeeded as fourth president by Hosni Mubarak, who was in power until the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Egypt has a large and growing population, estimated at 83 million in July 2009, but has limited resources. With a much smaller population of 6.3 million in 2009, Libya is rich in oil and natural gas. Nasser pursued a non-aligned policy during the cold war and accepted aid from the USSR, notably with the Aswan High Dam project. However,",
"title": "Egypt–Libya relations"
},
{
"id": "13582169",
"text": "The majority of Egypt’s electricity supply is generated from thermal and hydropower stations. The four main hydroelectric generating stations currently operating in Egypt are the Aswan Low Dam, the Esna Dam, the Aswan High Dam, and the Naga Hamady Barrages. The Asyut Barrage hydropower plant is scheduled to be commissioned and added as a fifth station in 2016. Almost all hydroelectric generation in Egypt comes from the Aswan High Dam. The Aswan High Dam has a theoretical generating capacity of 2.1GW; however, the dam is rarely able to operate at full design capacity due to low water levels. An ongoing",
"title": "Energy in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "9194771",
"text": "treatment plants, as well as limited government accountability and transparency, are also issues. Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. The main source of irrigation water is the river Nile of which the flow is controlled by the high dam at Aswan. It releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre·ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre·ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals. In the Nile valley and delta, almost 33,600 square kilometres (13,000 sq mi) of land benefit from these irrigation waters producing on average 1.8 crops per",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "1586222",
"text": "links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is long and at its widest, with a surface area of . It holds of water. Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year. The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, water per year, of which some are diverted into the irrigation canals. In the Nile valley and delta, almost benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "7382158",
"text": "nuclear weapons procurement programs. This trend lasted until the early 1980s, when changing geopolitical circumstances as well as environmental, safety, economic concerns over nuclear power plants reduced demand somewhat. The production of a series of large hydro-electric power stations has also helped to depress the global market since the early 1970s. This phenomenon can be traced back to the construction of the vast Aswan Dam in Egypt, and to a certain extent with the ambitious Three Gorges Dam in China. During this time, large uranium inventories accumulated. In fact, until 1985 the Western uranium industry was producing material much faster",
"title": "Uranium market"
},
{
"id": "9194731",
"text": "the south and blows in the spring or in the early summer. It bringing scorching sand and dust particles, and usually brings daytime temperatures over and sometimes over more in the interior, while the relative humidity can drop to 5% or even less. The absolute highest temperatures in Egypt occur when the Khamaseen blows. The weather is always sunny and clear in Egypt, especially in cities such as Aswan, Luxor and Asyut. It is one of the least cloudy and least rainy regions on Earth. Prior to the construction of the Aswan Dam, the Nile flooded annually (colloquially \"The Gift",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "14994524",
"text": "Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (Egypt) The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Egypt is the government ministry in charge of managing and regulating the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Egypt. Its headquarters are in Cairo. The current minister is Mohamed Shaker. The ministry was established in 1964 with presidential decree No. 147. An agreement was made with Siemens, a German company, to implement power stations in Beni Suef, the New Administrative Capital, and Borollos by mid 2018. The Aswan Dam, inaugurated in 1971, \"can generate 10 billion kilowatt-hours annually.\". A new high dam to pump",
"title": "Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "10661913",
"text": "of time was carrying out multimillion-dollar projects in Kuwait, Libya, Iraq, and the UAE, amassing a great deal of wealth. Osman mentions that in most of these countries, he found the construction markets dominated by monopolies and cartels of foreign companies. In 1956, Osman returned to Egypt. By this time, the Egyptian revolution, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, had taken place. Osman returned with a bang, winning a $48 million contract for Nasser's pet project, the Aswan Dam. However, Osman's entrepreneurial style was not compatible with Nasser's socialist revolution. Despite this, the Arab Contractors continue to thrive in Egypt, since",
"title": "Osman Ahmed Osman"
},
{
"id": "120300",
"text": "because the flow of Nile silt was stopped, and increased salinity remains a major problem. Furthermore, five years of drought in the Ethiopia highlands—the source of the Nile River's water—caused the water level of Lake Nasser, the Aswan High Dam's reservoir, to drop to the lowest level in 1987. In 1996, the level of water behind the High Dam and in Lake Nasser reached the maximum level since the completion of the dam. Despite this unusual abundance of water supply, Egypt can only use 55.5 billion cu m (1.96 trillion cu ft) every year, according to the Nile Basin Agreement",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "10661909",
"text": "Osman Ahmed Osman Osman Ahmed Osman () (April 6, 1917 – May 1, 1999) was an Egyptian engineer, contractor, entrepreneur, and politician. Known commonly as el-mo'alim (\"the boss\"), Osman founded the Arab Contractors (the largest Arab contracting firm between the 1960s and 1980s) and led the Egyptian effort to build the Aswan Dam. He went on to become the Egyptian Minister of Housing and Development and later a member of the Egyptian Parliament. Osman was born on April 6, 1917, in the town of Ismailia in Egypt. Osman was born to an impoverished family, whose situation was made worse",
"title": "Osman Ahmed Osman"
},
{
"id": "13995298",
"text": "about 3.5 BCM/year of municipal wastewater was being discharged into the Nile and the sea in 2002, out of which only 1.6 BCM/year (about 45%) were treated. Industrial effluents contribute to about 1.3 BCM/yr of wastewater being discharged to surface waters, only some of which is being treated. Hydropower. An important use of water in Egypt is for the production of hydropower. This use is non-consumptive and is thus available for other uses further downstream. Hydropower plants exist at the Aswan High Dam (2100 MW), the old Aswan Dam (270 MW)and power plants at the Esna (90 MW) and Naga",
"title": "Water resources management in modern Egypt"
},
{
"id": "1586228",
"text": "environmental problems, these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people.\" Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for \"continually combating the dam's consequential damage\" and 500,000 hectares of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "10852669",
"text": "Egyptian agriculture requirements, and was capable of holding a summer water supply for lands reasonably expected to be converted to summer irrigation in the immediate future. By 1905 however, it appeared that Egypt was experiencing a cycle of low years in regard to the volume of water passing down the river during the summer. The Government was thus very soon faced with the problem of finding additional storage room to meet possible demands for the existing area, as well as making adequate provision for future extension. A scheme for thickening and heightening the existing Aswan Dam was prepared by Benjamin",
"title": "Murdoch Macdonald"
},
{
"id": "120301",
"text": "signed in 1959 between Egypt and Sudan. Another major project designed to address the water scarcity problem is the New Valley Project (the \"second Nile\"), aimed at development of the large artesian water supplies underlying the oases of the Western Desert. In 2010 Egypt's fertile area totaled about 3.6 million hectares (8.9 million acres), about one-quarter of which has been reclaimed from the desert after the construction of the Aswan High Dam. The government aims to increase this number to 4.8 million hectares by 2030 through additional land reclamation. Even though only 3 percent of the land is arable, it",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "4284007",
"text": "some of these areas. At some point in the 20th century, the Nile crocodile appeared to have been extirpated as a breeding species from Egypt, but has locally re-established in some areas such as the Aswan Dam. Additional factors are a loss of wetland habitats, which is addition to direct dredging, damming and irrigation by humans, has retracted in the east, south and north of the crocodile’s range, possibly in correlation with global warming. Retraction of wetlands due both to direct habitat destruction by humans and environmental factor possibly related to global warming is perhaps linked to the extinction of",
"title": "Nile crocodile"
},
{
"id": "4112970",
"text": "Liquide, colonial sugar refineries, coal mining companies, railroad companies, electric companies, the African forest and agriculture Society, and the Lyonnaise de Madagascar. King Farouk of the Muhammad Ali line was overthrown in a military coup in 1952 and Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser eventually emerged as the leader of Egypt. By the mid-1950s, canal traffic reached 122 million tons annually, over half of which was oil shipments. In response to the World Bank denying a loan to build a dam across the Nile at Aswan, Nasser declared on July 26, 1956 that Egypt was nationalizing the canal. In response, Britain, France,",
"title": "Suez Canal Company"
},
{
"id": "3556599",
"text": "and the Soviets struggled for preeminence in the Third World through proxies in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. In the Middle East, the US feared the spread of Communism starting in Egypt and attempted to secure the region's most populous and politically powerful country for the West by guarantees of funding for construction of the Aswan Dam but it was eventually the Soviets who prevailed. Soviet diplomatic and political successes in the Third World left the West worried about losing one country after another to Communism according to the domino theory evoked by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was in",
"title": "The Ugly American"
},
{
"id": "5201548",
"text": "waste of resources: Another example of misspent money is the Aswan High Dam. The dam was supposed to have modernized Egypt and Sudan immediately. Instead, the block of the natural flow of the Nile River meant that the Nile's natural supply of nitrate fertilizer and organic material was blocked. Now, about one-third of the dam's electric output goes directly into fertilizer production for what was previously the most fertile area on the planet. Moreover, the dam is silting up and may cease to serve any useful purpose within the next few centuries. In addition, the Mediterranean Sea is slowly becoming",
"title": "Poverty in Africa"
},
{
"id": "13995318",
"text": "quality, economic and financial framework, research, raising awareness, monitoring and evaluation and transboundary cooperation. The physical interventions mentioned include irrigation improvement and rural sanitation without mentioning the government's mega-projects that are at the heart of Egypt's actual water policy. External cooperation has played an important role in shaping Egypt's modern water resources management through both investment financing and technical assistance. Concerning investment financing, the Soviet Union financed the Aswan High Dam during the 1960s. After Egypt opened itself to the West in the 1970s, the United States, various European countries and the World Bank provided major investment financing for water",
"title": "Water resources management in modern Egypt"
},
{
"id": "4524581",
"text": "1955, Secretary Dulles announced that the United States, together with Great Britain, was providing nearly $75 million in aid to Egypt to help in the construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River. In response to Nasser's increasing attacks on Western colonialism and imperialism and Egypt's continued alliance with the Soviet Union, Britain and the United States withdrew funds for the Aswan Dam in July 1956. That action drove Egypt further toward an alliance with the Soviet Union and was a contributing factor to the Suez Crisis later in 1956. Nasser responded to the aid cut by nationalizing the",
"title": "Foreign relations of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"id": "3365825",
"text": "by the Aswan High Dam (Sad al-Aali) in Egypt, which flooded 500 km of the Nile Valley in southern Egypt and northern Sudan. Construction on a $1.9 billion twin dam project about 20 km upstream from the confluence of the Upper Atbara and Setit rivers, the Rumela and Burdana dams, began in 2011 and was inaugurated by President Omar al-Bashir in February 2017. Average monthly flow (1912–1982) of the Atbarah measured approximately 25 km upstream of its mouth, measured in m/s: Atbarah River The Atbarah River (; transliterated: Nahr 'Atbarah) in northeast Africa rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km",
"title": "Atbarah River"
},
{
"id": "12627996",
"text": "hundred meters downstream from the original barrage location, and would again be relegated to the status of a romantic river crossing. Harold Edwin Hurst's work in Egypt started in 1906 and lasted 62 years doing his best work after he reached 65. He championed the prelude to the new Aswan High Dam project which was built using his calculations of the required long-term storage capacity. Egyptian engineers operated the Department after Egypt was liberated from the British rule. The biggest and most complicated of all public works in Egyptian history (Aswan High Dam) was constructed during this period. This period",
"title": "Egyptian Public Works"
},
{
"id": "4524577",
"text": "conflict for its own confrontation with the West. On February 2, 1958 Egypt, Iraq, and Syria declared the establishment of a common federation: The United Arab Republic. The destruction of Israel was their main goal. In 1955, the USSR made an arms deal with Egypt. This angered Israel. While Britain sided with the US and agreed to withhold further funding for the construction of Egypt's Aswan Dam in July 1956, Britain was also furious at the action and believed that America's withdrawal of aid had provided the opening for Soviet penetration of Egypt. Both Britain and Israel now saw Egypt",
"title": "Foreign relations of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"id": "14994526",
"text": "Hamrawein, Egypt and will take at least six years to complete and become operational. Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (Egypt) The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Egypt is the government ministry in charge of managing and regulating the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Egypt. Its headquarters are in Cairo. The current minister is Mohamed Shaker. The ministry was established in 1964 with presidential decree No. 147. An agreement was made with Siemens, a German company, to implement power stations in Beni Suef, the New Administrative Capital, and Borollos by mid 2018. The Aswan Dam, inaugurated",
"title": "Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "7458371",
"text": "and opposition to Israel served as a source of friction between the United States and Egypt. One of Nasser's main goals was the construction of the Aswan Dam, which would provide immense hydroelectric power and help irrigate much of Egypt. Eisenhower attempted to use American aid for the financing of the construction of the dam as leverage for other areas of foreign policy, but aid negotiations collapsed. In July 1956, just a week after the collapse of the aid negotiations, Nasser nationalized the British-run Suez Canal, sparking the Suez Crisis. The British strongly protested the nationalization, and formed a plan",
"title": "Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower"
},
{
"id": "1586211",
"text": "destroy the whole crop, while low-water years could create widespread drought and associated famine. Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As Egypt's population grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support farmland and its economically important cotton crop. With the greatly increased reservoir storage provided by the High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years. The Aswan Dam was designed by the Moscow-based Hydroproject Institute. The earliest recorded attempt to build a",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "2674833",
"text": "the boycotted 1950 election of Egypt, the new Wafd government unilaterally abrogated the treaty in October 1951. Three years later, and with new government leadership under Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, the UK agreed to withdraw its troops in the Anglo–Egyptian Agreement of 1954; the British withdrawal was completed in June 1956. This date is seen as when Egypt gained full independence, although Nasser had already established an independent foreign policy that caused tension with several Western powers. Following the abrupt withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam, Egypt nationalised",
"title": "Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936"
},
{
"id": "5549288",
"text": "A group calling itself the Nubian Liberation Front is threatening armed resistance in order to thwart the series of dams along the Nile, and particularly at Kajbar. The resettlement area is a vast area with an expected 50,000–70,000 inhabitants who would be going through a transitional period for a few years before the get acclimatised and psychologically adapted to their new life. Governing by the two eminent health impact experiences of New Halfa resettlement projects and Aswan Dam in Egypt, strategic health planning ought to start early to foresee what water born diseases and other ecological health problems (such as",
"title": "Merowe Dam"
},
{
"id": "628981",
"text": "policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project. Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news",
"title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"
},
{
"id": "1586226",
"text": "High Dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts, an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems. The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion was E£255 million, $587 million using the",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "120199",
"text": "Gulf of Aqaba. Egypt is divided into 27 governorates, which include two city-governorates: Alexandria (Alexandria Governorate) and Cairo (Cairo Governorate). There are nine governorates of Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta region, ten of Upper Egypt along the Nile river south from Cairo to Aswan and five frontier governorates covering Sinai and the deserts that lie west and east of the Nile river. Egypt is predominantly desert. 35,000 km - 3.5% - of the total land area is cultivated and permanently settled. Most of the country lies within the wide band of desert that stretches eastwards from Africa's Atlantic Coast",
"title": "Geography of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "1748431",
"text": "Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1958, and became the Executive Secretary to its International Action Committee for the Preservation of Nubia in 1961. This initiative brought together archaeologists from Eastern Europe and the West at the height of the Cold War. The construction of the Aswan Dam threatened ancient Egyptian treasures including Abu Simbel, the temples of Philae and Kalabsha, and the Christian churches of Nubia. He would later describe it as \"one of UNESCO's great achievements\" because of the challenging historical context in which it took place—in particular the ongoing tensions in the Middle East and",
"title": "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan"
},
{
"id": "1838464",
"text": "modern Egypt. Nubians have been resettled in large numbers (an estimated 50,000 people) away from southern Egypt since the 1960s, when the Aswan High Dam was built on the Nile, flooding ancestral lands. Some resettled Nubians continue working as farmers (sharecroppers) on resettlement farms whose landowners live elsewhere; most work in Egypt's cities. Whereas Arabic was once only learned by Nubian men who travelled for work, it is increasingly being learned by Nubian women who have access to school, radio and television. Nubian women are working outside the home in increasing numbers. In the 1973 Arab–Israeli War Egypt employed Nubian",
"title": "Nubians"
},
{
"id": "15201429",
"text": "previous Old Dam reservoir level was also lowered and now provides control of tailwater for the High Dam. The Aswan Low Dam supports two hydroelectric power plants, Aswan I (1960) and Aswan II (1985–1986). Aswan I contains 7 X generators with Kaplan turbines for a combined capacity of and is located west of the dam. Aswan II contains 4 x generators for an installed capacity of and is located at the toe of the dam. Aswan Low Dam The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a gravity masonry buttress dam on the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. The",
"title": "Aswan Low Dam"
},
{
"id": "5866444",
"text": "a major industrial city, as part of President Gamal Abdel Nasser's attempts to industrialize Egypt. Throughout the 1960s, it developed into a massive steelworks zone, with numerous automobile factories being built. The site continues to use electricity from the Aswan Dam and iron ore from Egypt's western deserts. Helwan was gradually transformed into a mass suburb of Cairo for the working class. In April 2008, the Helwan Governorate was split from the Cairo Governorate. It encompassed most of the suburbs, new compounds and villages located in the southern part of Cairo. The city of Helwan became the capital of the",
"title": "Helwan"
},
{
"id": "8205911",
"text": "having to deal with many foreign countries. The required size of the reservoir was calculated using Hurst's figures and mathematical methods. In 1970, with the completion of the Aswan High Dam which was able to store the highest floods, the annual flooding cycle in Egypt came to an end in Lake Nasser. In the meantime, Egyptian population has risen to 92.5 million inhabitants (2016 estimate). Flooding of the Nile The flooding of the Nile () has been an important natural cycle in Egypt since ancient times. It is celebrated by Egyptians as an annual holiday for two weeks starting August",
"title": "Flooding of the Nile"
},
{
"id": "14291286",
"text": "dam 98% of that sediment fell under the dam. Environmentally, the Aswan Dam has contributed to numerous issues for Egyptians. The expansion of desert areas since the Aswan High Dam's construction in 1970 has increased in soil salinity which allowed for waterborne diseases to emerge. In 1994, 28% of Egypt's soils were damaged by significant levels of salinity. The importance of water resources for Egyptians has contributed to the creation of agencies, such as the Egyptian Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, that promote and protect Egypt's natural resources. Environmental issues in Egypt Egypt's environmental problems include water scarcity, air",
"title": "Environmental issues in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "1586221",
"text": "technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams. On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half. The Aswan High Dam is long, wide at the base, wide at the crest and tall. It contains of material. At maximum, of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra , and the Toshka Canal",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "1586227",
"text": "exchange rate in 1970 of $2.30 per E£1): £140 million from agricultural production, £100 million from hydroelectric generation, £10 million from flood protection, and £5 million from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified \"subsidiary projects\" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to £450 million. Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: \"The impacts of the Aswan High Dam (...) have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "10112582",
"text": "in the country. The involvement that the U.S. would take in Egyptian business and politics in return for aid, Nasser thought \"smacked of colonialism.\" Indeed, as political scholar B.M. Bleckman argued in 1978, \"Nasser had ambivalent feelings toward the United States. From 1952 to 1954 he was on close terms with U.S. officials and was viewed in Washington as a promising moderate Arab leader. The conclusion of an arms deal with the USSR in 1955, however, had cooled the relationship between Cairo and Washington considerably, and the Dulles-Eisenhower decision to withdraw the offer to finance the Aswan High Dam in",
"title": "United States foreign policy in the Middle East"
},
{
"id": "14476890",
"text": "Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, following the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam, which was in response to Egypt's new ties with the Soviet Union. Britain, France, and Israel responded by occupying the Canal but were forced to back off in what is known as the Suez Crisis. Nasser \"emerged\" from the crisis with great prestige, as the \"unchallenged leader of Arab nationalism\". Nasser employed a number of political instruments in order to raise his profile across the Arab world – from radio programs such as the Voice",
"title": "Arab Cold War"
},
{
"id": "8178608",
"text": "world conditions. Elegant in his simplicity, Bicar explained, “To understand is to appreciate”. Amongst the most magnificent works of Bicar is the set of paintings done by Bicar for \"The Eighth Wonder\", a documentary narrating the tale of Ramses II Temple in Abu Simbel in southern Egypt. While the construction of The Aswan Dam, begun in 1960, to stabilize the water supply of Egypt, the flooding which would result threatened the existence of irreplaceable ancient temples. Such temples are a unique legacy, not only to Egypt but to humanity as a whole. Thus, many countries came forward to participate in",
"title": "Hussein Bicar"
},
{
"id": "12404894",
"text": "as did the completion in the early 1960s of the Manaqil Extension on the western side of the Gezira Scheme. By 1990 the Manaqil Extension had an irrigated area of nearly hectares, and with the eventually attained by the original Gezira Scheme, the combined projects accounted for half the country's total land under irrigation. In the early 1960s, the government set up a program to resettle Nubians displaced by Lake Nubia (called Lake Nasser in Egypt), which was formed by the construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. To provide farmland for the Nubians, the government constructed the Khashm",
"title": "Agriculture in Sudan"
},
{
"id": "1586230",
"text": "droughts in 1972–73 and 1983–87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 ha that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares),",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "2191789",
"text": "Dam project. It was President Anwar Sadat who inaugurated the lake and dam in 1970. Egypt lacks the water it needs for agriculture. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, currently being constructed in Ethiopia will most likely adversely affect Lake Nasser. While the Renaissance Dam will benefit Sudan and Ethiopia, it has caused tensions between Egypt and Sudan and Ethiopia. Egypt is worried that the new dam will stop the Nile River from adequately filling Lake Nasser. The water supply of Lake Nasser produces electricity, and there is concern that diminishing water flowing into Lake Nasser will adversely affect Aswan Dam's",
"title": "Lake Nasser"
},
{
"id": "1823213",
"text": "he did not resign. He never \"publicly\" opposed Suez, either at the time or later. He was party to the two crucial Cabinet decisions: the first was the decision on 21 March for a policy of hostility to Nasser, who was seen as a threat to British interests in the Middle East, and of building new alliances with Jordan and Iraq; this led to the withdrawal of American and British financial aid for the Aswan High Dam, which in turn triggered Nasser's nationalisation of the Canal. Macleod was also party to the Cabinet decision on 27 July, the day after",
"title": "Iain Macleod"
},
{
"id": "1586219",
"text": "allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were irritated and jealous that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid. In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $1.12 billion at 2% interest for the construction of the dam. On 19 July the U.S. State Department announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was \"not feasible in present circumstances.\" On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal as well as fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal helping",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "15838447",
"text": "expected a long-term occupation from the outset; however, Lord Cromer, Britain's Chief Representative in Egypt at the time, viewed Egypt's financial reforms as part of a long-term objective. Cromer took the view that political stability needed financial stability, and embarked on a programme of long term investment in Egypt's agricultural revenue sources, largest of which, cotton. To accomplish this, Cromer worked to improve the Nile's irrigation system through multiple large projects such as, the construction of the Aswan Dam, the Nile Barrage, and an increase of canals available to agricultural focused lands. In 1906 the Denshawai Incident provoked a questioning",
"title": "History of Egypt under the British"
},
{
"id": "693607",
"text": "of China, which angered the U.S. and Secretary Dulles, a sponsor of the Republic of China. This move, coupled with the impression that the project was beyond Egypt's economic capabilities, caused Eisenhower to withdraw all American financial aid for the Aswan Dam project on 19 July. The Eisenhower administration believed that if Nasser were able to secure Soviet economic support for the high dam, that would be beyond the capacity of the Soviet Union to support, and in turn would strain Soviet-Egyptian relations. Eisenhower wrote in March 1956 that \"If Egypt finds herself thus isolated from the rest of the",
"title": "Suez Crisis"
},
{
"id": "2200952",
"text": "used by the later civilizations that held sway in Egypt. Some were constructed in Roman times. In the 20th century, the Nile's annual inundation was first greatly reduced, and then eliminated entirely, with the construction of the Aswan dams. While the Aswan High Dam's impact on Egypt and its agriculture has been controversial for other, more complex reasons, it has also had the additional effect of rendering the nilometer obsolete. Nilometer A nilometer was a structure for measuring the Nile River's clarity and water level during the annual flood season. There were three main types of nilometers, calibrated in Egyptian",
"title": "Nilometer"
},
{
"id": "11696425",
"text": "Aswan (horse) Aswan (1958–1984), originally named Raafat in Egypt. Aswan was a highly influential grey Egyptian-bred Arabian stallion who stood at the Tersk Stud in Russia. Sired by Nazeer out of Yosreia, he was given as a gift to the Soviet Union by the Egyptian government in 1963, in return for Soviet help in building the Aswan Dam. He sired 296 foals over 19 seasons, more than any other stallion at Tersk Stud. His offspring were exported all over the world. A life-size commemorative bronze statue of him stands at the entrance to the Tersk Stud. Though classified as \"Straight",
"title": "Aswan (horse)"
},
{
"id": "13995291",
"text": "and municipal wastewater reuse <nowiki>*</nowiki>) See also: Irrigation from the Aswan dam for agriculture and the It is forecasted that in 2025 the population of Egypt will increase to about 95 million from about 75 million in 2008, leading to a decrease in per capita water availability from 800 to 600 m per year assuming that total water availability remains constant. Developments in Sudan, Ethiopia or other riparian countries could reduce water availability to Egypt, for example through increased abstractions for irrigation. However, they could also increase water availability, for example through the draining of swamps such as the Sudd",
"title": "Water resources management in modern Egypt"
},
{
"id": "7036368",
"text": "Aswan Governorate Aswan Governorate ( ) is one of the governorates of Egypt. The southernmost governorate in Upper Egypt, its capital is Aswan. The Aswan Governorate borders Qena to the north, Red Sea Governorate to the east, New Valley Governorate to the west, and Sudan's Northern state to the south. It has a population of 1,394,687 inhabitants (2014), and occupies an area of 62,726 km². The rate of poverty is more than 60% in this governorate but recently some social safety networks have been provided in the form of financial assistance and job opportunities. The funding has been coordinated by",
"title": "Aswan Governorate"
},
{
"id": "6108654",
"text": "promoted lieutenant colonel in 1918 (although he had temporarily also held the rank in 1916), and made a baronet in 1922. After the First World War, his business and engineering career faltered. His construction firm took on a contract to carry out the heightening of the Aswan Low Dam at an unrealistically low price. He was facing the possibility of financial ruin and perhaps even criminal prosecution. On 27 September 1930, while in Egypt dealing with some problems which had arisen with this dam project, Sir John took a rowboat from the beach of the Casino Hotel near Alexandria, Egypt.",
"title": "John Norton-Griffiths"
},
{
"id": "8581305",
"text": "Cairo goes a major line south along the east bank of the Nile to Aswan (Sellel) in Upper Egypt. Neighboring Israel uses the same standard gauge but has been disconnected since 1948. In the South the railway system of Sudan operates on a narrow gauge and is reached after using the ferry past the Aswan dam. Rail service is a critical part of the transportation infrastructure of Egypt but of limited service for transit. of the network is electrified, namely commuter lines between Cairo-Helwan and Cairo-Heliopolis. ENR buys locomotives and rail abroad but passenger coaches are built and refurbished in",
"title": "Egyptian National Railways"
},
{
"id": "13995270",
"text": "water management in Egypt begins with the construction of the Old Aswan Dam in 1902 and barrages on the Nile in the 19th and early 20th century. The Old Aswan Dam partially stored the waters of the Nile to allow the growing of multiple crops per year in the Nile Delta, while the barrages raised the water level of the Nile so that water could be diverted into large irrigation channels running in parallel to the river. The water regime of the river was changed fundamentally in 1970 when the Aswan High Dam was completed, eliminating the annual Nile flood.",
"title": "Water resources management in modern Egypt"
},
{
"id": "400743",
"text": "Campaign, during which the canal was closed to Axis shipping. In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty and in October 1954 the UK agreed to remove its troops. Withdrawal was completed on 18 July 1956. Because of Egyptian overtures towards the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser responded by nationalizing the canal on 26 July 1956 and transferring it to the Suez Canal Authority, intending to finance the dam project using revenue from the canal. On the same day that the canal",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "290546",
"text": "north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed. Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell, the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south-west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert. At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the 'S'-shaped Great Bend of the Nile already mentioned by Eratosthenes. In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser (known in Sudan as Lake Nubia), the larger part of which is in Egypt. Below the Aswan High Dam, at the northern limit",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "12722722",
"text": "Assiut Barrage The Assiut Barrage is a dam on the Nile River in the city of Assiut in Upper Egypt (250 miles to the south of Cairo). It was completed in 1903. It was designed by the famous British engineer Sir William Willcocks who also concurrently designed and built the Aswan Low Dam, the first Nile reservoir, about up-stream. The Assiut dam was constructed between 1898 and 1903, and in conjunction with the reservoir, provided for the diversion of river water into Egypt's largest irrigation canal, the Ibrahimiya Canal, during the low water season. The dam was estimated to cost",
"title": "Assiut Barrage"
},
{
"id": "10852673",
"text": "Barrage, and he advised on various schemes for land drainage and irrigation in Greece and Portugal. After World War II, he was again consulted by the Government of Egypt about the Aswan Dam, and submitted a report advising that a third heightening was practicable, though never carried out. Between 1951 and 1953, he was engaged on the design of four new schemes, for the Egyptian Government, involving barrages and storage reservoirs on the Nile. Despite advancing years, he twice visited Egypt to discuss these works. MacDonalds's principal work in his later years also included domestic projects associated with some of",
"title": "Murdoch Macdonald"
},
{
"id": "1586232",
"text": "the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year. The dam powers twelve generators each rated at , with a total of . Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by 1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "14374376",
"text": "the largest companies in Egypt. Arab Contractors Arab Contractors ( \"\") is an Egyptian construction and contracting company established in 1955 by Osman Ahmed Osman, an Egyptian entrepreneur and politician who served as Egypt's Housing Minister under Sadat's presidency. It was nationalized after the Egyptian revolution of 1952. The company participated in the construction of the Aswan High Dam and aided the war efforts during the 1973 War. It has been involved in the construction of several government buildings in Egypt. The company also owns a football club, El Mokawloon SC, that plays in the Egyptian Premier League. Today, the",
"title": "Arab Contractors"
},
{
"id": "628936",
"text": "justice and Arab unity, modernization policies and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan city. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his human rights violations and his dominance of military over civil institutions, establishing a pattern of military and dictatorial rule in Egypt. Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, Egypt. Nasser's father was Abdel Nasser Hussein and his mother was Fahima Nasser. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and",
"title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"
},
{
"id": "769050",
"text": "under Egyptian rule. Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser signed the Egyptian-Czech arms deal and purchased a large amount of modern arms. The Israelis responded by arming themselves with help from France. Nasser blocked the passage of Israeli ships through the Straits of Tiran and the Suez Canal. In July 1956, the United States and Britain withdrew their offer to fund the Aswan High Dam project on the Nile and a week later, Nasser ordered the nationalization of the French and British-controlled Suez Canal. In late 1956, the bellicosity of statements Arab prompted Israel to remove the threat of the concentrated",
"title": "David Ben-Gurion"
},
{
"id": "16427910",
"text": "signed the Agreement for the Full Utilization of the Nile Waters (Nile Waters Treaty) on November 8, 1959. The Nile Waters Treaty, based on an average annual water flow of 84 bcm/y provided the following: Additionally, the 1959 treaty established a Permanent Joint Technical Committee to resolve any future conflicts. Both Sudan and Egypt agreed that the water needs of the other eight riparians would not exceed 1 to 2 bcm/y and further agreed to meet any threat to Nile resources with a unified Egyptian-Sudanese response. The building of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s was contentious as it",
"title": "Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa"
},
{
"id": "9146835",
"text": "1872, and joined the Indian Public Works Department the same year. Following the British invasion and occupation of Egypt, he began work with the long-established Egyptian Public Works Department in 1883. He was serving as director general of reservoirs for Egypt when he completed his studies and plans in 1896 to construct the Aswan Low Dam, the first true storage reservoir on the river. He supervised its construction from 1898 to its completion in 1902. He also designed and constructed another dam on the Nile, the Assiut Barrage, also completed in 1902. He later became chairman of the Cairo Water",
"title": "William Willcocks"
},
{
"id": "14374375",
"text": "Arab Contractors Arab Contractors ( \"\") is an Egyptian construction and contracting company established in 1955 by Osman Ahmed Osman, an Egyptian entrepreneur and politician who served as Egypt's Housing Minister under Sadat's presidency. It was nationalized after the Egyptian revolution of 1952. The company participated in the construction of the Aswan High Dam and aided the war efforts during the 1973 War. It has been involved in the construction of several government buildings in Egypt. The company also owns a football club, El Mokawloon SC, that plays in the Egyptian Premier League. Today, the Arab Contractors is one of",
"title": "Arab Contractors"
},
{
"id": "6086471",
"text": "water for irrigation, low revenues, shortage of fuel, machinery and spare parts, and rising production costs. The failed New Halfa Project has been largely viewed as inadequate compensation for the inundation of Wadi Halfa that occurred after the agreement with Egypt to allow construction of the Aswan Dam. The inhabitants of New Halfa have not managed to attain the same standard of living that they previously possessed in Wadi Halfa. The developmental benefits of the Aswan Dam have arguably been vested in Egypt and not Sudan, as manifested by the disappointing New Halfa Project and its impoverished inhabitants. New Halfa",
"title": "New Halfa Scheme"
},
{
"id": "12047657",
"text": "goods. Besides as a goodwill gesture, India has also constructed a new Parliament complex for the Afghan government at a cost of INR 710 crores ($115 million). This building was inaugurated on 25 December 2015. Since Pakistan refused land access, India & Afghanistan have established two air corridors to facilitate bilateral trade. Salma Dam, officially the Afghan-India Friendship Dam, is a hydroelectric and irrigation dam project located on the Hari River in Chishti Sharif District of Herat Province in western Afghanistan. The Afghan cabinet renamed the Salma Dam to the Afghan-India Friendship Dam in a move to strengthen relations between",
"title": "Afghanistan–India relations"
},
{
"id": "120282",
"text": "border, behind the Aswan High Dam. Just north of Cairo, the Nile spreads out over what was once a broad estuary that has been filled by riverine deposits to form a fertile delta about wide at the seaward base and about from south to north. Before the construction of dams on the Nile, particularly the Aswan High Dam (started in 1960, completed in 1970), the fertility of the Nile Valley was sustained by the water flow and the silt deposited by the annual flood. Sediment is now obstructed by the Aswan High Dam and retained in Lake Nasser. The interruption",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "628998",
"text": "results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds. Despite his popularity with the people of the Arab",
"title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"
},
{
"id": "15305614",
"text": "coast one goes. For example the depth of the seabed at a fixed distance off the coast(8km)changes depending on how far from the Nile Delta it is: being 55 meters off Nahariya, 45 meters off Tel Aviv and only 31 meters off the shores of the Gaza strip. The situation changed starting in 1971 when the Aswan Dam was completed. Since then, most sediment sinks in Lake Nasser, and never reaches the Eastern Mediterranean. The Northeastern Mediterranean enjoys strong river flows originating from snow thaw in the Taurus Mountains in Anatolia, Turkey. The waters of these rivers bring alluvial deposits",
"title": "Fishing in Israel"
},
{
"id": "12209255",
"text": "financial assistance for Egypt's Aswan Dam project, leading Egypt to nationalize the Suez Canal Company. In September, the Security Council convened to consider \"the situation created by the unilateral action of the Egyptian government in bringing to an end the system of international operation of the Suez Canal\" and \"actions against Egypt by some Powers, particularly France and the United Kingdom, which constitute a danger to international peace and security and are serious violations of the Charter of the United Nations\". In October the Security Council passed Resolution 118 calling on the sovereignty of Egypt to be respected and the",
"title": "First emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly"
},
{
"id": "1586214",
"text": "Abdel Nasser. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping the development of the dam, but this movement happened in the midst of the Cold War, as well as of growing intra-Arab rivalries. In 1955, Nasser was trying to portray himself as the leader of Arab nationalism, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. At",
"title": "Aswan Dam"
},
{
"id": "9722682",
"text": "construction of river dams for flood control and hydropower reduces sediment supply to many coastlines due to the trapping of sediment and the decrease in flood peaks and flood intensity. In places such as Southern California of the United States, in particular the San Luis Rey River, dams are built to control flooding of properties along the river. Ironically, in doing so, this is contributing to the damage of coastal properties due to a lack of sediment produced to protect the beaches. Another example is the Aswan Dam constructed on the Nile River, Egypt in 1964. Prior to the construction",
"title": "Sedimentary budget"
},
{
"id": "15201424",
"text": "in the lower Nile. The dam, originally limited in height by conservation concerns, worked as designed, but provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907 and 1912 and again in 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped in an effort to maximize pool elevation. This led to the investigation and construction of the Aswan High Dam upstream. The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as \"Alhazen\" in the West)",
"title": "Aswan Low Dam"
},
{
"id": "10283518",
"text": "of lizards. Above the Aswan Dam, the shores of Lake Nasser are largely barren, but the lake does support the last remaining Nile crocodiles and African softshell turtle in Egypt. Over one hundred species of fish live in the Nile and the Delta region. Egypt also has a large aquaculture industry producing tilapia in semi-intensive pond systems. Wildlife of Egypt The wildlife of Egypt is composed of the flora and fauna of this country in northeastern Africa and southwestern Asia, and is substantial and varied. Apart from the fertile Nile Valley, which bisects the country from south to north, the",
"title": "Wildlife of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "4778864",
"text": "had moved in to protect it in 1882. Under the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, the United Kingdom insisted on retaining control over the canal. In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty, and by 1954 Great Britain had agreed to pull out. After the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam, president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, which caused Britain, France and Israel to invade in the week-long Suez War. As a result of damage and sunken ships, the canal was closed until April 1957, after it had been cleaned up",
"title": "History of North Africa"
},
{
"id": "10283507",
"text": "/ Indian Ocean. The River Nile enters Egypt as it flows through Lake Nasser, formed by the building of the Aswan Dam. In its lower reaches, the river is about wide and the alluvial plain about wide. The annual flooding of the Nile no longer occurs and the fertility of the Nile Valley is now maintained by irrigation rather than the deposition of silt. Much of the Nile is bordered by flat land but in some places there are low cliffs. Where the river flows into the Mediterranean, there is an extensive fan-shaped delta area with channels, lakes and salt",
"title": "Wildlife of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "10375966",
"text": "traffic, sparking the Suez Crisis. This was in response to the withdrawal of funding for the Aswan Dam by the UK and United States due to Egypt's ties to the Soviet Union. The canal was owned by the UK and French investors and had been a neutral zone under British control. The nationalisation and closure to Israeli traffic prompted a military response by the UK, France and Israel, a move opposed by the United States. It was a military success but a political disaster for the UK and France. The UK in particular saw it could not operate alone, instead",
"title": "History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–57)"
},
{
"id": "12858604",
"text": "an increased risk of flooding. With natural forest cover the flood duration should decrease. Reducing the rate of deforestation should improve the incidents and severity of floods. In Egypt, both the Aswan Dam (1902) and the Aswan High Dam (1976) have controlled various amounts of flooding along the Nile River. Following the misery and destruction caused by the 1910 Great Flood of Paris, the French government built a series of reservoirs called Les Grands Lacs de Seine (or Great Lakes) which helps remove pressure from the Seine during floods, especially the regular winter flooding. London is protected from flooding by",
"title": "Flood control"
},
{
"id": "628986",
"text": "nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping. France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 percent likely. Nasser dismissed their claims, and believed that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at",
"title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"
},
{
"id": "5600383",
"text": "Qasr Ibrim Qasr Ibrim (, Old Nubian: Silimi) is an archaeological site in Lower Nubia, located in the modern country of Egypt. The name dates far back into antiquity; it was Pedeme to the Meroitic inhabitants, and Primis to the Romans. The site has a long history of occupation, ranging from as early as the eighth century BCE to 1813 CE, and was an economic, political, and religious center. Originally it was a major city perched on a cliff above the Nile, but the flooding of Lake Nasser after the construction of the Aswan High Dam transformed it into an",
"title": "Qasr Ibrim"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Aswan context: Aswan Aswan (; ) is a city in the south of Egypt, and is the capital of the Aswan Governorate. Aswan is a busy market and tourist centre located just north of the Aswan Dams on the east bank of the Nile at the first cataract. The modern city has expanded and includes the formerly separate community on the island of Elephantine. The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of craft and folk art. \"Aswan\" is pronounced (. Spellings in other languages include ' ; Ancient Egyptian: '; '; '), and it was formerly\n\nIn which country is the Aswan Dam?",
"compressed_tokens": 173,
"origin_tokens": 173,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Water resources management in modern Egypt context: water management in Egypt begins with the construction of the Old Aswan Dam in 1902 and barrages on the Nile in the 19th and early 20th century. The Old Aswan Dam partially stored the waters of the Nile to allow the growing of multiple crops per year in the Nile Delta, while the barrages raised the water level of the Nile so that water could be diverted into large irrigation channels running in parallel to the river. The water regime of the river was changed fundamentally in 1970 when the Aswan High Dam was completed, eliminating the annual Nile flood.\n\ntitle: Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser context of the S Canal in 1956's the Tripartite, but was damaged badly by's successful invasion and occupation ofian and Arab territory in Six-Day War of 1967. is regarded as a time where citizens enjoyed unpreced access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment as well other forms of social welfare, while aristocratic influence waned. The economy grew significantly agrarian reform major modern projects such as Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam and nationalisation schemes such that of the Suez Canal.\ntitle: Aswan Dam context have even the built. of the lower turbid of waterlight penetr in N Because of this and increased presenceents fertil in waterae Nile in turn increases drink treatment. Apparently few exper qualityile would of the Dam. As Dam The As Dam, or specifically96 the Aswan, is an embankment built across the N in Aswan,\n of Water (gypt) context governorates (ation theaging the resources theile. also, as thewan- Canal Its,Aation.<=\"minister/2/2016\"></ref> In 2014, the ministry wrote a paper titled \"\"Water Scarcity in Egypt: The Urgent Need for Regional Cooperation among the Nile Basin Countries\"\". In it, the ministry\n\nIn which country is the Aswan Dam?",
"compressed_tokens": 446,
"origin_tokens": 13834,
"ratio": "31.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
152 | Where did Idi Amin rule from 1971-1979? | [
"Ugandese",
"Ugandans",
"Republic of uganda",
"Ouganda",
"ISO 3166-1:UG",
"Republic of Uganda",
"People of Uganda",
"Ugandan people",
"Uganda",
"Ugandan",
"The Republic of Uganda"
] | Uganda | [
{
"id": "795915",
"text": "Idi Amin Idi Amin Dada Oumee (; 2816 August 2003) was a Ugandan politician and military officer. He was the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, and his rule gained notoriety for its sheer brutality and oppressiveness. Amin was born either in Koboko or Kampala to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother. In 1946 he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army. Initially a cook, he rose to the position of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels in the Shifta War and then the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. Following Uganda's independence",
"title": "Idi Amin"
},
{
"id": "2465106",
"text": "History of Uganda (1971–79) The history of Uganda between 1971 and 1979 comprises the history of Uganda during Idi Amin's military dictatorship over Uganda. The Ugandan economy was devastated by Idi Amin's policies, including the expulsion of Asians, the nationalisation of businesses and industry, and the expansion of the public sector. The real value of salaries and wages collapsed by 90% in less than a decade. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is unknown; estimates from international observers and human rights groups range from 100,000 to 500,000. From Uganda's independence from Great Britain in 1962",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "5875771",
"text": "The Last King of Scotland The Last King of Scotland is a 1998 novel by journalist Giles Foden. Focusing on the rise of Ugandan President Idi Amin and his reign as dictator from 1971 to 1979, the novel is written as the memoir of a fictional Scottish doctor in Amin's employ. Giles Foden's novel received critical acclaim and numerous awards when it was published by Faber and Faber in 1998. It interweaves fiction and historical fact. In 2006, a film by the same name was produced based on the novel. The protagonist is a fictional character named Nicholas Garrigan, a",
"title": "The Last King of Scotland"
},
{
"id": "1816004",
"text": "Milton Obote Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial administration. Following the nation's independence, he served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. He was overthrown by Idi Amin in 1971, but regained power after Amin's 1979 overthrow. His second period of rule was marred by repression and the deaths of many civilians as a result of a civil war known as the Ugandan Bush War.",
"title": "Milton Obote"
},
{
"id": "9153176",
"text": "Rise and Fall of Idi Amin Rise and Fall of Idi Amin, also known as Amin: The Rise and Fall, is a 1981 biographical film directed by Sharad Patel and starring Joseph Olita as Idi Amin. Olita also played Amin in the 1991 film \"Mississippi Masala\". It details the controversial actions and atrocities of the former dictator of Uganda, Idi Amin Dada, during his violent rise to power in 1971 until his overthrow in 1979 as the result of the Uganda–Tanzania War. \"Rise and Fall of Idi Amin\" was a co-production of the United Kingdom, Kenya, and Nigeria, with most",
"title": "Rise and Fall of Idi Amin"
},
{
"id": "21011595",
"text": "Battle of Entebbe The Battle of Entebbe was a battle of the Uganda–Tanzania War that took place on 7 April 1979 on the Entebbe peninsula in Uganda between Tanzanian units and Ugandan and Libyan units. The Tanzanians successfully occupied the area, killing hundreds of Libyans and ending their airlift in support of the Ugandan government. In 1971 Idi Amin launched a military coup that overthrew the President of Uganda, Milton Obote, precipitating a deterioration of relations with the neighbouring state of Tanzania. Amin installed himself as President and ruled the country under a brutal dictatorship. In October 1978 Amin launched",
"title": "Battle of Entebbe"
},
{
"id": "8869543",
"text": "Ugandan Bush War The Ugandan Bush War, also known as the Luwero War, the Ugandan civil war or the Resistance War, was a civil war fought in Uganda between the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) and a number of rebel groups, most importantly the National Resistance Army (NRA), from 1981 to 1986. The unpopular President Milton Obote was overthrown in a coup d'état in 1971 by General Idi Amin, who established a military dictatorship. Amin was overthrown in 1979 following the Uganda-Tanzania War. Subsequent elections saw Obote return to power in an UNLA-ruled government. Several opposition groups claimed the elections",
"title": "Ugandan Bush War"
},
{
"id": "1629210",
"text": "Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, and his Chief of Staff Fevzi Çakmak, both for their successes in the Turkish War of Independence. Field Marshal Idi Amin Dada was the military dictator and third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somalia and Kenya. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the",
"title": "Field marshal"
},
{
"id": "2465112",
"text": "in effect, governed from a collection of military barracks scattered across the country, where battalion commanders, acting like local warlords, represented the coercive arm of the government. The Ugandan General Service Unit (GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous government, was disbanded and replaced by the Ugandan State Research Bureau (SRB). SRB headquarters at Nakasero became the scene of torture and executions over the next couple of years. Despite its outward display of a military chain of command, Amin's government was arguably more consumed with rivalries, regional divisions, and ethnic politics than the Uganda People's Congress (UPC) coalition that",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "9322840",
"text": "had hoped for failed to materialize, however, and the invasion was defeated. Nevertheless, the conflict resulted in a sharp detoriation of relations between Uganda and Tanzania, which ultimately resulted in the Uganda–Tanzania War and the fall of Amin's regime in 1979. 1971 Ugandan coup d'état The 1971 Ugandan coup d'état was a military coup d'état executed by the Ugandan military, led by general Idi Amin, against the government of President Milton Obote on January 25, 1971. The seizure of power took place while Obote was abroad attending the Commonwealth Heads of State conference in Singapore. Amin was afraid that Obote",
"title": "1971 Ugandan coup d'état"
},
{
"id": "21009590",
"text": "Battle of Masaka The Battle of Masaka was a battle of the Uganda–Tanzania War that took place from 23 February to 24 February 1979 in the town of Masaka, Uganda. Following an artillery bombardment, most of the Ugandan government forces fled and Tanzanian and Ugandan rebel forces seized the town. Idi Amin had seized power in Uganda in 1971 and established a brutal dictatorship. Seven years later he attempted to invade Tanzania to the south. The attack was repulsed, and Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere, unsatisfied with Amin's refusal to renounce his claims to Tanzanian territory and the international community's failure",
"title": "Battle of Masaka"
},
{
"id": "795946",
"text": "Army (UNLA). Amin's army retreated steadily, and, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Amin was forced to flee into exile by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when Kampala was captured. He escaped first to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in Saudi Arabia, where the Saudi royal family allowed him sanctuary and paid him a generous subsidy in return for staying out of politics. Amin lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the Novotel Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah. Brian Barron, who covered the Uganda–Tanzania war for the BBC as",
"title": "Idi Amin"
},
{
"id": "2465110",
"text": "which Obote had attempted to dismantle. They seemed willing to forget that their new president, Idi Amin, had been the tool of that military suppression. Amin made the usual statements about his government's intent to play a mere \"caretaker role\" until the country could recover sufficiently for civilian rule. Amin repudiated Obote's non-aligned foreign policy, and his government was quickly recognized by Israel, Britain, and the United States. By contrast, presidents Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) initially refused to accept the legitimacy of the new military",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "8926207",
"text": "Fall of Kampala The Fall of Kampala, also known as the Liberation of Kampala, was a battle during the Uganda–Tanzania War in 1979, in which the combined forces of Tanzania and the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) attacked and captured the Ugandan capital, Kampala. As a result, Ugandan President Idi Amin was deposed, his forces were scattered, and a UNLF government was installed. Amin had seized power in Uganda in 1971 and established a brutal dictatorship. Seven years later he attempted to invade Tanzania to the south. Tanzania repulsed the assault and launched a counter-attack into Ugandan territory. After routing",
"title": "Fall of Kampala"
},
{
"id": "2003195",
"text": "Yoweri Museveni Yoweri Museveni (; born 15 September 1944) is a Ugandan politician who has been the President of Uganda since 1986. Museveni was involved in rebellions that toppled Ugandan leaders Idi Amin (1971–79) and Milton Obote (1980–85). In the mid to late 1990s, Museveni was celebrated by the West as part of a new generation of African leaders. During Museveni's presidency, Uganda has experienced relative stability and economic growth. His presidency has been marred, however, by involvement in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other Great Lakes region conflicts; the rebellion in Northern Uganda",
"title": "Yoweri Museveni"
},
{
"id": "5875772",
"text": "young Scottish doctor who goes to work in Uganda out of a sense of idealism and adventure. He relates how he came to be the personal physician and confidant of Amin, the president of Uganda from his coup d'état in 1971 until his deposal in 1979. The novel focuses on Garrigan's relationship and fascination with the president, who soon grows into a brutal and ruthless dictator. Garrigan acts repeatedly against his better judgment, remaining in Amin's employment until he is far past the point of easy escape physically or morally. He is gradually drawn into the corruption and paranoia of",
"title": "The Last King of Scotland"
},
{
"id": "7820092",
"text": "Uganda–Tanzania War The Uganda–Tanzania War or Kagera War (commonly known in Uganda as the Liberation War) was fought between Uganda and Tanzania in 1978–1979, and led to the overthrow of Idi Amin's regime. Idi Amin's forces included thousands of troops sent by Libya. Relations between Tanzania and Uganda had been strained for several years before the war started. After Amin seized power in a military coup in 1971, the Tanzanian leader Julius Nyerere offered sanctuary to Uganda's ousted president, Milton Obote. As Amin launched a massive purge of his enemies in Uganda that saw 30,000 to 50,000 Ugandans killed, Obote",
"title": "Uganda–Tanzania War"
},
{
"id": "15687614",
"text": "Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. D'Arbela was a lecturer and later a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Medicine at Makerere University, from the late 1960s until 1978, serving as Head of Department for most of that period. During the same timeframe he worked as a Consultant Cardiologist and later as a Senior Consultant Cardiologist at Mulago National Referral Hospital, the teaching hospital of Makerere University. He also served as a personal physician to Idi Amin, who ruled Uganda from 1971 until 1979. After leaving Makerere, D'Arbela started private practice, as well as consulting services at Lubaga Hospital.",
"title": "Paul D'Arbela"
},
{
"id": "2465107",
"text": "to early 1971, Milton Obote's regime had terrorized, harassed, and tortured people. Frequent food shortages had blasted food prices through the ceiling. Obote's persecution of Indian traders had contributed to this. During Obote's regime, flagrant and widespread corruption had emerged. The regime was disliked, particularly in Buganda where people had suffered the most. By January 1971, Milton Obote, then President of Uganda, was prepared to rid himself of the potential threat posed by Idi Amin. Departing for the 1971 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting at Singapore, he relayed orders to loyal Langi officers that Amin and his supporters in the",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "391313",
"text": "awarded it observer status. The governments-in-exile of many European states (for instance, Norway, Netherlands or Czechoslovakia) during the Second World War were regarded as sovereign despite their territories being under foreign occupation; their governance resumed as soon as the occupation had ended. The government of Kuwait was in a similar situation \"vis-à-vis\" the Iraqi occupation of its country during 1990–1991. The government of Republic of China was recognized as sovereign over China from 1911 to 1971 despite that its mainland China territory became occupied by Communist Chinese forces since 1949. In 1971 it lost UN recognition to Chinese Communist-led People's",
"title": "Sovereignty"
},
{
"id": "8454659",
"text": "of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population at 48,200. In 2011, UBOS estimated the mid-year population at 51,300. In 2014, the national population census put Koboko's population at 37,825. The following points of interest lie within the town limits or close to the edges of town: Koboko Koboko is a town in Northern Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative and commercial centre of Koboko District. Koboko is also the hometown of former dictator Idi Amin who ruled Uganda between 1971 and 1979. Koboko is approximately , by road, north of Arua, the largest city in the West Nile",
"title": "Koboko"
},
{
"id": "2465130",
"text": "government in the 1970s resembled the governments of nineteenth-century African monarchs, with the same problems of enforcing orders at a distance, controlling rival factions at court, and rewarding loyal followers with plunder. Amin's regime was possibly less efficient than those of the pre-colonial monarchs. Religious conflict was another characteristic of the Amin regime that had its origins in the nineteenth century. After rediscovering his Islamic allegiance in the effort to gain foreign aid from Libya and Saudi Arabia, Amin began to pay more attention to the formerly deprived Muslims in Uganda, a move which turned out to be a mixed",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "2465126",
"text": "of government and leader of the banned DP, was seized directly from his courtroom. Like many other victims, he was forced to remove his shoes and then bundled into the trunk of a car, never to be seen alive again. Whether calculated or not, the symbolism of a pair of shoes by the roadside to mark the passing of a human life was a bizarre yet piercing form of state terrorism. During the eight years under Amin's rule, the Ugandan environment and ecological system was subjected to abuse and destruction by widespread poaching and deforesting committed by both smugglers and",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "795917",
"text": "group designed to promote solidarity among African states. During the 1977–1979 period, Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. In 1977, when the UK broke diplomatic relations with Uganda, Amin declared he had defeated the British and added \"CBE\", for \"Conqueror of the British Empire\", to his title. Radio Uganda then announced his entire title: \"His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Alhaji Dr. Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, CBE\". As Amin's rule progressed into the late 1970s, growing dissent against his persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents, along with Uganda's very",
"title": "Idi Amin"
},
{
"id": "795928",
"text": "him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore. Troops loyal to Amin sealed off Entebbe International Airport and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on Radio Uganda accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the Lango region. Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast. Amin announced that he was a soldier, not a politician, and that the military government would remain only as a caretaker regime until new",
"title": "Idi Amin"
},
{
"id": "3747211",
"text": "the two \"lost counties\" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following a 1964 referendum. It was, however, forcefully disbanded in 1967. The kingdom, together with three others, Buganda, Busoga, Toro, remained banned during the regime of dictator Idi Amin (1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985) and remained banned until 1993. In 1993 the Kingdom was re-established and in 1995 the new constitution of Uganda was made, allowing and recognizing the Kingdoms. The current Kingdom covers the districts of Buliisa District, Hoima district, Kibaale District, Kakumiro District, Kagadi District, Kiryandongo District and Masindi District. According to 1997 projections, the total",
"title": "Bunyoro"
},
{
"id": "2465111",
"text": "government. Nyerere, in particular, opposed Amin's regime, and he offered hospitality to the exiled Obote, facilitating his attempts to raise a force and return to power. Amin's military experience, which was virtually his only experience, determined the character of his rule. He renamed Government House \"the Command Post\", instituted an advisory defence council composed of military commanders, placed military tribunals above the system of civil law, appointed soldiers to top government posts and parastatal agencies, and even informed the newly inducted civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to military discipline. Uganda then became a military dictatorship which was,",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "7820771",
"text": "relations with them. Switzerland thus recognized North Vietnam in 1971 but also turned its consulate in Saigon (South Vietnam) into an embassy until the end of the war in 1975. In 1979, Vietnam invaded and occupied Cambodia (at that time was ruled by the Khmer Rouge as Democratic Kampuchea) establishing the People's Republic of Kampuchea, but it was dismissed by the People's Republic of China as a \"puppet state\". At the time, both of the countries had disputed the claims of being the sole legitimate representative of all the Khmer people of Cambodia in the United Nations. This resulted in",
"title": "Exclusive mandate"
},
{
"id": "16227372",
"text": "for around 300,000 deaths under his rule from 1971-1979 and guerrilla warfare from 1980-1985 under Milton Obote killed 100,000 people. Human rights abuses under both of these rulers led to even more deaths from 1971 to 1985. In the early 1990s, Uganda experienced large-scale violent dissent as the country experienced more rebellions and guerrilla warfare. As a result of the warring, the government called for non-party presidential and legislative elections in the mid-1990s. A period of relative peace followed as a common law legal system was instituted in 1995. During this period, Uganda transitioned from an authoritarian regime to a",
"title": "Anocracy"
},
{
"id": "953152",
"text": "the People's Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Mahabad (1946), as well as the Marxist-Leninist states straddling the Second and Third Worlds before the end of the Cold War: the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (from 1967), the People's Republic of the Congo (from 1969), the People's Republic of Benin, the People's Republic of Angola and People's Republic of Mozambique from 1975, the People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada from 1979 to 1983, the Derg/People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1974, and the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 until the Ogaden War in 1977. Many states were also accused by the",
"title": "Eastern Bloc"
},
{
"id": "2465128",
"text": "was a severe blow to Amin. Humiliated, he retaliated against an elderly hostage—75-year-old Dora Bloch— who was hospitalized in poor health at the time of the raid and was left behind. Bloch was kidnapped from her hospital bed and killed on Amin's orders, along with the entire civilian staff of Entebbe airport. Amin's government, conducted by often erratic personal proclamation, continued on. Because he was illiterate his entire life — a disability shared with most of his fellow military officers and soldiers — Amin relayed orders and policy decisions orally by telephone, over the radio, and in long rambling speeches",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "671195",
"text": "within Kampala, and within the British colonies on the east coast of Africa. Following the 1962 independence, Milton Obote became president of Uganda, and held the position until 1971, when former sergeant Idi Amin deposed his government in a military coup. Idi Amin proceeded to expel all Asian residents living within Kampala, and attacked the Jewish population living within the city. In 1978, he invaded the neighboring country of Tanzania, and in turn, the government there started the Uganda–Tanzania War, which created severe damage to the buildings of Kampala. The city has since then been rebuilt with new construction of",
"title": "Kampala"
},
{
"id": "5275672",
"text": "\"My Life's Journey\", in 2011. Janet Kainembabazi Kataaha Museveni was born in Bwongyera village in Kajara county, Ntungamo District, Western Uganda to Mr. and Mrs. Edward Kataaha. She attended Kyamate Primary School, and Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School. Janet Museveni went into exile in 1971, when Idi Amin toppled the Milton Obote regime in a military coup. She married Yoweri Museveni in August 1973. When Idi Amin's regime fell from power in April 1979, she moved back to Uganda from Tanzania where she had been living in exile with her husband. In February 1981 when Yoweri Museveni launched his guerrilla",
"title": "Janet Museveni"
},
{
"id": "5008733",
"text": "escaped to London and Obote declared himself President of Uganda. This action more than anything else began the decline of the UPC as a popular party in Uganda. As his unpopularity grew Obote increasingly turned to his Northern home support rather than trying to strengthen the party in the South. The 1969 elections were cancelled and Obote became dictatorial. His government was overthrown in 1971 by Idi Amin. The UPC returned in 1979 after Idi Amin was overthrown. Obote as leader of the UPC was closely aligned to the Military Junta that had replaced Idi Amin and rather than strengthen",
"title": "Uganda People's Congress"
},
{
"id": "17829701",
"text": "Thai protectorship in Cambodia and established the kingdom under full Vietnamese suzerainty. To prevent the two neighbors, Siam and Vietnam, from swallowing Cambodia, King Norodom invited France to make Cambodia its protectorate, on 11 August 1863. Cambodia remained under France's rule until 9 November 1953. During the 1970s, Khmer Rouge ruled Cambodia as Democratic Kampuchea carrying out the Cambodian genocide. This caused many Cambodian refugees fleeing to the Thai border to escape Pol Pot's regime. On 1 January 1979, Vietnam invaded Kampuchea and removed Khmer Rouge from power replacing it with the Soviet-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea escalating into an",
"title": "Cambodia–Thailand relations"
},
{
"id": "2003248",
"text": "and autocratic regime in Uganda Museveni is an Evangelical Christian and preaches a few times at the Miracle Centre Cathedral, a church he inaugurated in 2004. He is married to Janet Museveni (full name Janet Kataaha Museveni (née Kainembabazi) with whom he has 4 children: Yoweri Museveni Yoweri Museveni (; born 15 September 1944) is a Ugandan politician who has been the President of Uganda since 1986. Museveni was involved in rebellions that toppled Ugandan leaders Idi Amin (1971–79) and Milton Obote (1980–85). In the mid to late 1990s, Museveni was celebrated by the West as part of a new",
"title": "Yoweri Museveni"
},
{
"id": "6458714",
"text": "its name from being located on the western side of the Albert Nile. Military leader and former president of Uganda, Idi Amin, first gained prominence in the West Nile region before staging a military coup and usurping Milton Obote in 1971. West Nile sub-region West Nile sub-region (previously known as West Nile Province and West Nile District) is a region in north-western Uganda, Northern Uganda. The sub-region is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south and west, by South Sudan to the north and by the Albert Nile to the east. The town of Arua, is",
"title": "West Nile sub-region"
},
{
"id": "8926213",
"text": "the Sudanese border and eliminated the last resistance. In 1971 Idi Amin launched a military coup that overthrew the President of Uganda, Milton Obote, precipitating a deterioration of relations with the neighbouring state of Tanzania. Amin installed himself as President and ruled the country under a brutal dictatorship. In October 1978 he launched an invasion of Tanzania. Tanzania blunted the assault, unified anti-Amin opposition groups, and launched a counter-offensive. The President of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, told foreign diplomats that he did not intend to depose Amin, but only \"teach him a lesson\". The claim was not believed; Nyerere despised Amin,",
"title": "Fall of Kampala"
},
{
"id": "8454658",
"text": "Koboko Koboko is a town in Northern Region of Uganda. It is the main municipal, administrative and commercial centre of Koboko District. Koboko is also the hometown of former dictator Idi Amin who ruled Uganda between 1971 and 1979. Koboko is approximately , by road, north of Arua, the largest city in the West Nile sub-region. This location is approximately , by road, northwest of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The coordinates of the town are 3°24'36.0\"N, 30°57'36.0\"E (Latitude:3.4100; Longitude:30.9600). In 2002, the national census estimated the population of Koboko at 29,730. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau",
"title": "Koboko"
},
{
"id": "2465135",
"text": "aid Amin, but the Libyans soon found themselves on the front line, while behind them Ugandan Army units were using supply trucks to carry their newly plundered wealth in the opposite direction. Tanzania and the UNLA took Kampala on 11 April 1979, and Amin fled by air, first to Libya and later to a permanent exile at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Though pro-Amin forces were left scattered and disjointed by the seizure of the capital, combat operations in the country continued until 3 June, when Tanzanian forces reached the Sudanese border and eliminated the last resistance. History of Uganda (1971–79) The",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "2465123",
"text": "summed up to Amin's treatment of his army: \"A dog with a bone in its mouth can't bite.\" With the Ugandan economy faltering, the rural African producers and farmers, particularly of coffee, turned to smuggling, especially to Kenya. The smuggling problem became an obsession with Amin; toward the end of his rule, he appointed his mercenary and political adviser, the former British citizen Bob Astles, to take all necessary steps to eliminate the problem. These steps included orders to the Ugandan police and army to shoot smugglers on sight. Another near-obsession for Amin was the threat of a counter-attack by",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "827882",
"text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( ), also known as DR Congo, the DRC, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo, is the southernmost country located in Central Africa. It is sometimes referred to by its former name of Zaire, which was its official name between 1971 and 1997. The DRC borders the Central African Republic to the north; South Sudan to the northeast; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania to the east; Zambia to the south; Angola to the southwest; and the Republic of the Congo and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It is the",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "11626483",
"text": "Uganda–United States relations Uganda – United States relations are bilateral relations between Uganda and the United States. According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 79% of Ugandans approve of U.S. leadership, with 11% disapproving and 10% uncertain. Although U.S.–Ugandan relations were strained during the rule of Idi Amin in the 1970s, relations improved after Amin's fall. In mid-1979, the United States reopened its embassy in Kampala. Relations with successor governments were cordial, although Milton Obote and his administration rejected strong U.S. criticism of Uganda's human rights situation. Bilateral relations between the United States and Uganda have been good since",
"title": "Uganda–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "13174095",
"text": "and DRA politics was to serve as a legislature of such, approving state decisions before the Revolutionary Council could ratify them. The Presidium office also watched over the Council of Ministers. None to few Presidium members were members of the Council of Ministers, suggesting a deliberate attempt of separating power between the two governmental bodies. Not much is known about the Presidium during Taraki and Amin's rule from 1978-1979. Right after the Soviet invasion it consisted of seven members, in which four of them were Parchams and three of them Khalqs. The Presidium was the permanent ruling body of the",
"title": "Revolutionary Council (Afghanistan)"
},
{
"id": "2465083",
"text": "History of Uganda (1962–71) The history of Uganda from 1962 through 1971 comprises the history of Uganda from Ugandan independence from the United Kingdom to the rise of the dictator Idi Amin. Early independent Uganda during this period was dominated by the regime of Milton Obote, Uganda's first Prime Minister and subsequently President, who after being deposed by Amin returned to power in the 1980s. Uganda's approach to independence was unlike that of most other colonial territories where political parties had been organized to force self-rule or independence from a reluctant colonial government. In Uganda there had been some demands",
"title": "History of Uganda (1962–71)"
},
{
"id": "2465129",
"text": "to which civil servants were told to pay close attention. The bureaucracy soon became paralysed as government administrators feared to make what might prove to be a wrong decision that would displease or anger Amin in the slightest which would result in their immediate arrest and imprisonment or summary execution. Shortly after Amin seized power, the Minister of Defence demanded, and was given, command of the Ministry of Education office building, but then the decision was reversed by Amin for no clear reason. Important education files were lost during their transfer back and forth by wheelbarrow. In many respects, Amin's",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "676090",
"text": "Minister, suspended the constitution and assumed all government powers, removing the positions of president and vice president. In September 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic, gave the president even greater powers, and abolished the traditional kingdoms. After a military coup on 25 January 1971, Obote was deposed from power and the dictator Idi Amin seized control of the country. Amin ruled Uganda with the military for the next eight years and carried out mass killings within the country to maintain his rule. An estimated 300,000 Ugandans lost their lives at the hands of his regime, many of them",
"title": "History of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "12971656",
"text": "Uganda Human Rights Commission that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and murdered by two army officers on Idi Amin's orders. Mrs Bloch had been shot and her body dumped in the trunk of a car which had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Bloch's remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles (32 km) east of Kampala in 1979, after the Ugandan–Tanzanian War led to the end of Amin's rule. The government of Uganda, led by Juma Oris, the Ugandan Foreign Minister at the time, later convened a session of the United Nations Security Council to seek",
"title": "History of the Jews in Uganda"
},
{
"id": "2777937",
"text": "such a conflict. Because of this, Aflaq returned to Lebanon in self-imposed exile. The government of Hafez al-Assad, the President of Syria, condemned Aflaq to death in absentia in 1971. After four years of self-imposed exile Aflaq returned to Iraq In 1974, a year before the Lebanese Civil War broke out. He refrained from taking part in Iraqi politics. He published several works during this period, the most notable being \"The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution\" in 1975. Aflaq regained some of his influence when he befriended Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003. During",
"title": "Michel Aflaq"
},
{
"id": "4550963",
"text": "government kept the name of its daily publication as \"Uganda Argus\". Following the rise to power of Idi Amin in 1971, the government paper was renamed \"Voice of Uganda\". When Amin was deposed in 1979, the second Obote government named its paper \"Uganda Times\". When the National Resistance Movement seized power in 1986, the name of the daily newspaper was changed to \"New Vision\". The \"Uganda Argus\" and its successors always presented as the \"official\" newspaper of the regime in power. The Vision Group incorporated as the New Vision Printing & Publishing Company Limited (NVPPCL), started business in March 1986.",
"title": "New Vision (newspaper)"
},
{
"id": "4113544",
"text": "for Uganda's Muslim community. Then in 1972, Amin's expulsion of Asians from Uganda reduced the Muslim population significantly. As his administration deteriorated into a brutal and unsuccessful regime, Uganda's Muslims began to distance themselves from those in power. After Amin's overthrow in 1979, Muslims became the victims of the backlash that was directed primarily against the Kakwa and Nubian ethnic groups who had supported Amin. Yusuf Lule, who served a brief term as president from 1979 to 1980, was also a Muslim (and a Muganda). He was not a skillful politician, but he was successful in reducing the public stigma",
"title": "Islam in Uganda"
},
{
"id": "436857",
"text": "government and King Muteesa, Obote suspended the constitution and removed the ceremonial president and vice-president. In 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic and abolished the traditional kingdoms. Obote was declared the president. After a military coup on 25 January 1971, Obote was deposed from power and General Idi Amin seized control of the country. Amin ruled Uganda as dictator with the support of the military for the next eight years. He carried out mass killings within the country to maintain his rule. An estimated 80,000–500,000 Ugandans lost their lives during his regime. Aside from his brutalities, he forcibly",
"title": "Uganda"
},
{
"id": "1131646",
"text": "(NP)-controlled apartheid Government. Both the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), and South African security forces routinely engaged in bombings and targeted killings, both at home and abroad. Particularly notorious apartheid death squads were the Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) and the South African Police's counter-insurgency unit C10, commanded by Colonel Eugene de Kock and based at the Vlakplaas farm west of Pretoria. After the end of Apartheid, death squad violence conducted by both the National Party and the ANC was investigated by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. From 1971 to 1979, Ugandan dictator Idi Amin set up death squads",
"title": "Death squad"
},
{
"id": "12126298",
"text": "with over two dozen other groups. Soon the Uganda-Tanzania War broke out in 1978 and President Amin was overthrown by early 1979. As part of a sweep across several Sub-Saharan countries, the Bahá'í Faith was banned in the 1970s in several countries: Burundi, 1974; Mali 1976; Uganda 1977; Congo, 1978; Niger, 1978. Uganda had had the largest Bahá'í community in Africa at the time and Olinga had returned and sought the protection of the community during this difficult time when Idi Amin's regime ruled Uganda. See also Uganda under Idi Amin. \"This was principally the result of a campaign by",
"title": "Bahá'í Faith in Uganda"
},
{
"id": "9412457",
"text": "Literary Society, and the American Academy of Diplomacy. Currently, Keeley is Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Council for the National Interest. In addition he works as a free-lance writer, lecturer, and consultant, based in Washington. His interests are not confined to foreign affairs, but extend to issues of domestic politics, economics, and social policy. He has written two memoirs covering portions of his career: Uganda under the rule of Idi Amin Dada (1971–73), and Greece under \"the Colonels\" (1966–68), both of which remain mostly unpublished because of sensitivity concerns. One chapter of the Uganda book has been",
"title": "Robert V. Keeley"
},
{
"id": "14178689",
"text": "Idi Amin in 1971, the hotel was renamed the Kampala International Hotel. Following the overthrow of Amin by Tanzanian forces, who made the hotel their headquarters, and the Uganda National Liberation Army in 1979, and the return to power of Obote in 1980, the hotel reverted to the Apolo Hotel name. There were other regime changes in the country in 1985 and 1986. The National Resistance Movement, which ascended into power in 1986, liberalized the economy and Middle Eastern investors won the rights to lease the hotel from the government of Uganda and manage it for the next 25 years,",
"title": "Sheraton Kampala Hotel"
},
{
"id": "21009593",
"text": "for welcoming the invasion partly contributed to Nyerere's decision to attack Kampala. Much of Masaka was later rebuilt. In 1971 Idi Amin launched a military coup that overthrew the President of Uganda, Milton Obote, precipitating a deterioration of relations with the neighbouring state of Tanzania. Amin installed himself as President and ruled the country under a brutal dictatorship. In October 1978 he launched an invasion of Tanzania. Tanzania blunted the assault, mobilised anti-Amin opposition groups, and launched a counter-offensive. Though many international actors were sympathetic with the Tanzanian position, numerous African states and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) strongly",
"title": "Battle of Masaka"
},
{
"id": "836755",
"text": "policies of those dictatorships. The term also applied to other authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War, more appropriately referred to as U.S. proxy states, such as South Vietnam, Indonesia (1966-1998) under the Suharto Regime, Iran until 1979, Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986, and Saudi Arabia. U.S. - Iran relations under the Shah (reigned 1941 to 1979) have been cited as a modern political-science case-study. A school of thought saw an earlier incarnation of Canada as a client state",
"title": "Client state"
},
{
"id": "2465165",
"text": "crimes court. On 12 October 2011, US President Obama authorized the deployment to Uganda of approximately 100 combat-equipped US forces to help regional forces \"remove from the battlefield\" – meaning capture or kill – Lord’s Resistance Army leader Joseph Kony and senior leaders of the LRA. History of Uganda (1979–present) The history of Uganda since 11 April 1979 comprises the history of Uganda since the end of the dictatorship of Idi Amin. This period has seen the second rule of Milton Obote and the presidency of Yoweri Museveni since 1986, in which Ugandan politics have been dominated by the National",
"title": "History of Uganda (1979–present)"
},
{
"id": "9760130",
"text": "sector\" that oversaw the government. They were not subject to election, since they held office by virtue of having led the 1969 coup--officially described as \"the Revolution.\" As a result, although Gaddafi held no formal governmental post after 1979, he continued to have the most important role in the government of the country until his overthrow and execution in the Libyan Civil War in 2011. Libyan Revolutionary Command Council The Libyan Revolutionary Command Council was the twelve-person governing body that ruled the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977. Its chairman was Muammar Gaddafi, who had the most influence. In",
"title": "Libyan Revolutionary Command Council"
},
{
"id": "748277",
"text": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle Anastasio \"Tachito\" Somoza DeBayle (; 5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was a Nicaraguan dictator and officially the 73rd and 76th President of Nicaragua from 1 May 1967 to 1 May 1972 and from 1 December 1974 to 17 July 1979. As head of the National Guard, he was de facto ruler of the country from 1967 to 1979. He was the last member of the Somoza family to be President, ending a dynasty that had been in power since 1936. After being overthrown in an insurrection led by the FSLN, he fled Nicaragua and power",
"title": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle"
},
{
"id": "748257",
"text": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle Anastasio \"Tachito\" Somoza DeBayle (; 5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was a Nicaraguan dictator and officially the 73rd and 76th President of Nicaragua from 1 May 1967 to 1 May 1972 and from 1 December 1974 to 17 July 1979. As head of the National Guard, he was de facto ruler of the country from 1967 to 1979. He was the last member of the Somoza family to be President, ending a dynasty that had been in power since 1936. After being overthrown in an insurrection led by the FSLN, he fled Nicaragua and power",
"title": "Anastasio Somoza Debayle"
},
{
"id": "17781727",
"text": "1977 Uganda National League The 1977 Uganda National League was the tenth season of the Ugandan football championship, the top-level football league of Uganda. The 1977 Uganda National League was contested by 13 teams and was won by Kampala City Council FC, while Gangama were relegated. Express FC defeated the Army side Simba FC 2-0 in a crucial league match but were subsequently banned for allegedly being involving in anti-government activities, by the Governor of the Central Province, Col. Abdallah Nasur, who was unhappy about his side's loss. In 1979 the ban was lifted after the regime of Idi Amin",
"title": "1977 Uganda National League"
},
{
"id": "540876",
"text": "Chile. Similarly, Saddam Hussein's formal rule of Iraq is often recorded as beginning in 1979, the year he assumed the Presidency of Iraq. However, his de facto rule of the nation began earlier: during his time as vice president, he exercised a great deal of power at the expense of the elderly Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, the de jure president. In Argentina, the successive military coups that overthrew constitutional governments installed de facto governments in 1930–1932, 1943–1946, 1955–1958, 1966–1973 and 1976–1983, the last of which combined the powers of the presidential office with those of the National Congress. The subsequent legal",
"title": "De facto"
},
{
"id": "19339854",
"text": "came to convert to Judaism and how he founded the community During many years, Oded kept in contact with members of the community, except during Idi Amin's regime (1971–1979). From the 1960s onwards, Oded had published books and articles on the Abayudaya in both Hebrew and English. Oded began his diplomatic career in Uganda in 1961. In the 1970s, during the rupture in relations between Israel and Africa, Oded served as Israeli Interest Officer in Kenya and as Israel's Permanent Representative at the United Nations Environment Program and UN-HABITAT Centre in Nairobi. In the 1990s, Oded served as Israel's Ambassador",
"title": "Arye Oded"
},
{
"id": "1816017",
"text": "a state funeral. He was survived by his wife and five children. On 28 November 2005, his wife Miria Obote was elected UPC party president. Milton Obote was the third born of nine children. Milton Obote Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial administration. Following the nation's independence, he served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. He was overthrown by Idi Amin in 1971, but",
"title": "Milton Obote"
},
{
"id": "13533133",
"text": "coup which later became known as April Revolution, and became the country's President, along with Hafizullah Amin being Deputy-Prime Minister and Vice-President. On 5 December of that same year, Taraki compared the April Revolt to the Russian Revolution, which struck Vladimir Kryuchkov, the FCD chief of that time. On 27 March 1979, after losing the city of Herat, Amin became the next Prime Minister, and by 27 July became Minister of Defence as well. The centre though was concerned of his powers since the same month he issued them a complaint about lack of funds and demanded US$400,000,000. Furthermore, it",
"title": "KGB"
},
{
"id": "192471",
"text": "Empire administered Iraq as Mandatory Iraq until the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1933. A republic formed in 1958 following a coup d'état. Saddam Hussein governed from 1979 to 2003, into which period fall the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War. Saddam Hussein was deposed following the 2003 US-led invasion of the country. Over the following years, Iraq came to the brink of civil war, and the situation deteriorated after the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011. By 2015, Iraq was effectively divided, the central and southern part being controlled by the government, the northwest by the Kurdistan",
"title": "History of Iraq"
},
{
"id": "12891339",
"text": "they felt about it because no one could express support openly. On 25 January 1971, Obote was deposed in a coup by the head of the army, Idi Amin. After a brief flirtation with restoration, Idi Amin also refused to consider restoration of the kingdoms. By the 1980s, Obote had once again returned to power and more than half of all Baganda had never lived under their king. The Conservative Party, a marginal group led by the last man to serve as Buganda's prime minister under a king, contested the 1980 elections but received little support. In 1986, the National",
"title": "History of Buganda"
},
{
"id": "1896924",
"text": "since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania and Uganda fought the Uganda-Tanzania War in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin. Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1993 Burundi Genocide and subsequent Burundi Civil War. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. Djibouti, as well as the",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "2465117",
"text": "Military Tribunal chairman Juma Butabika, chief technical officer of the airforce Captain Taban, Minister of Transport Juma Sabuni, and Minister of Regional administration Fadur Ali. Amin never forgot the source of his power. He spent much of his time rewarding, promoting, and manipulating the officers and soldiers of the Ugandan army. Financing his ever-increasing military expenditures was a continuing concern. Early in 1972, he reversed foreign policy — never a major issue for Amin — to secure financial and military aid from Muammar Gaddafi of Libya. Amin expelled the remaining Israeli advisers, to whom he was much indebted, and became",
"title": "History of Uganda (1971–79)"
},
{
"id": "2381352",
"text": "living in exile in Jeddah, the same city where Idi Amin, the late dictator of Uganda, lived in exile until his death in 2003, after being removed from power in 1979, at the end of the Ugandan-Tanzanian War. Other close associates and family members who attempted to leave the country via Tunis-Carthage International Airport were prevented from doing so by the army, which had seized the airport. At about 18:00, Prime Minister Mohammed Ghannouchi went on state television to say \"Since the president is temporarily unable to exercise his duties, it has been decided that the prime minister will exercise",
"title": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
},
{
"id": "5770665",
"text": "of Uganda's traditional kingdoms and the declaration of Uganda as a republic. The Speaker during the Second Parliament was Narendra M. Patel, a Ugandan of Indian descent. This Parliament ended when Idi Amin overthrew Milton Obote's government in January 1971. Following the overthrow of Idi Amin in April 1979, a new legislative body known as the Uganda Legislative Council was established. With an initial membership of 30, the membership was later increased to 120. This was the Third Parliament and was chaired by Professor Edward Rugumayo. This legislative body continued to function until the general elections of December 1980. This",
"title": "Parliament of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "21014878",
"text": "Isaac Maliyamungu Isaac Maliyamungu, also known as Isaac Lugonzo, was a general of the Uganda Army (UA) who served as one of Idi Amin's most important officials and supporters during the Ugandan military dictatorship of 1971–79. Born in Zaire, Maliyamungu was one of the members of the 1971 coup that brought Amin to power, and was thereafter responsible for brutally suppressing dissidents throughout the country. Rising in the ranks, Maliyamungu amassed great power and earned a feared reputation. He also held important commands during the Uganda–Tanzania War, but had little success in combat against the Tanzania People's Defence Force. When",
"title": "Isaac Maliyamungu"
},
{
"id": "14073480",
"text": "the location of Pakuba Lodge, then a member of the now defunct Uganda Hotels chain. During the 1970s Idi Amin turned the lodge into a State Lodge, for his personal use and enjoyment, as the President of Uganda. Over the years, since his ouster from power in 1979, the facilities went into disrepair. The property is now managed by the Uganda Wildlife Authority and is undergoing renovations. It is expected to re-open for the use of the touring public in 2010. In 2009, oil exploration in the region around Pakuba, has resulted in oil strikes. The commercial viability of the",
"title": "Pakuba"
},
{
"id": "2514224",
"text": "National Resistance Movement The National Resistance Movement (; abbreviated NRM), commonly referred to simply as NRM, is the ruling political party in Uganda. The National Resistance Movement (NRM) was founded as a liberation movement that waged a guerrilla war through its rebel wing National Resistance Army that toppled government in 1986. The National Resistance Movement restored political stability,security, law and order, Constitutionalism and the rule of law; The party's leader, Yoweri Museveni was involved in the war that deposed Idi Amin, ending his rule in 1979, and in the rebellion that subsequently led to the demise of the Milton Obote",
"title": "National Resistance Movement"
},
{
"id": "676109",
"text": "80,000 people, and they dominated trade, industry, and the professions. This caused resentment among the Black majority, which was exploited by post-Independence leaders. After Idi Amin came to power in 1971, he declared \"economic war\" on the Indians, culminating in the Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972. Since Amin's overthrow in 1979 some Asians have returned. There are between 15,000 and 25,000 in Uganda today, nearly all in the capital Kampala. There are also about 3,000 Arabs of various national origins in Uganda. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. 39,570,125 (July 2017",
"title": "Demographics of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "11809540",
"text": "Makindye Prison Makindye Prison was a Uganda Government state-run prison which became notorious as a hell hole for extrajudicial killings and execution of government opponents during the time of Ugandan dictator, Idi Amin. Makindye Prison started and was built as a normal civilian prison. But it was turned into a military prison in 1971 when dictator Idi Amin came into power. Amin's authorities then started detaining opponents of the government there. John Kakonge, Uganda’s former Minister of Agriculture under Milton Obote, was taken to Makindye Prison where his skull was crushed by a hammer. Prisoners were told that by doing",
"title": "Makindye Prison"
},
{
"id": "7110889",
"text": "in a charity fashion show. The princess was a smash hit, and soon became a highly successful fashion model, being featured in many magazines. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis met Elizabeth at a party, and convinced her to move to New York City. In 1971, Obote was overthrown by General Amin, and Elizabeth returned to Uganda. Amin's rule was arguably even more repressive than Obote's, with Amin executing and imprisoning many people. In 1974, Amin appointed Elizabeth minister of foreign affairs. In February 1975, Elizabeth escaped to Kenya, then to Vienna, then to London. Four years later, Elizabeth returned to Uganda to",
"title": "Princess Elizabeth of Toro"
},
{
"id": "18165225",
"text": "in London and who was an in-law to Idi Amin. Kibedi was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. In February 1973, one year and eight months on the job, Rugumayo resigned from Amin's cabinet; the first member of the cabinet to resign. He went into exile in Nairobi, Kenya, staying there until 1979, when Amin's regime was toppled. After the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) and the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) captured power in Kampala, with the assistance of the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF), Rugumayo was appointed chairman of the \"National Consultative Council\" (NCC), the parliament of the time.",
"title": "Edward Rugumayo"
},
{
"id": "2265382",
"text": "Durán, who won the title in 1972 and vacated it in 1979 to seek championships at other weights; the Jr. Welterweights had Antonio Cervantes, who reigned twice; the Middleweights had Carlos Monzón, sometimes referred to as \"King Carlos\" because of his seven-year reign as champion; the Light-Heavyweights had Bob Foster. The Heavyweights, of course, had Muhammad Ali, who ruled twice between 1974 and 1979. Another aspect of boxing in the 1970s is that the decade is considered by a few to be the best ever for the Heavyweight division: Ali returned in 1970 from his forced retirement, and Joe Frazier",
"title": "Boxing in the 1970s"
},
{
"id": "5643788",
"text": "Rwanda and Burundi). The incumbent Bishop of Uganda, Leslie Brown, was the first Metropolitan Archbishop of the Province. Brown was succeeded in 1966 by the first Ugandan Archbishop, Erica Sabiti. Relationships between the Anglicans and Roman Catholics that have been strained since the fighting of 1892 saw a new turn with the establishment of Uganda Joint Christian Council. This has included the small Orthodox Church of Uganda. In 1971, Idi Amin gained power in a coup d'état and was initially greeted with enthusiasm by the general population of Uganda. The brutal and corrupt nature of the regime became evident soon",
"title": "Church of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "14089740",
"text": "Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran The Imperial state of Iran, the government of Iran during the Pahlavi dynasty, lasted from 1925 to 1979. During that time two monarchs — Reza Shah Pahlavi and his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi — employed secret police, torture, and executions to stifle political dissent. The Pahlavi dynasty has sometimes been described as a \"royal dictatorship\", or \"one man rule\". According to one history of the use of torture by the state in Iran, abuse of prisoners varied at times during the Pahlavi reign. While the shah's violation of the constitution, \"trampling",
"title": "Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran"
},
{
"id": "8224856",
"text": "course made up of used automobile tires. In June 1999, this effort received dubious recognition as one of the magazine feature's \"100 Worst Ideas of the Century\". Idi Amin's government also developed an interest in UFO activity, and he even claimed to have personally witnessed a UFO over Lake Victoria in 1973. In 1971, at the beginning of his regime, United Nations ambassador Grace Ibingira advocated an early form of post-detection policy to prevent Cold War provocation of hostilities with UFOs. Near the end of the Amin era, Uganda also became the only other country to support Eric Gairy of",
"title": "Ugandan space initiatives"
},
{
"id": "2396111",
"text": "Minister of the United Arab Emirates first from the country's independence on 9 December 1971 until 25 April 1979, when he was replaced by his father, who had been Vice President since 1971. Following his father's death on 7 October 1990, he resumed his position as Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, and also took over as Ruler of Dubai and Vice President of the United Arab Emirates. He served in all three positions until his death on 4 January 2006. Sheikh Maktoum also briefly served as acting President of the United Arab Emirates on 2–3 November 2004 between",
"title": "Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum"
},
{
"id": "2352239",
"text": "and became a strident advocate of decolonisation and independence. Returning to office in 1971, he immediately set about renegotiating Malta's defence agreement with Britain. The difficult negotiations with Britain, which later resulted in the departure of British forces in 1979 and the attendant losses in rent, were coupled with a policy of Cold War brinksmanship which saw Mintoff seek to play rivals off each other and look increasingly east and south, courting Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Muammar Gaddafi. Recently declassified CIA reports show US fears that a Mintoff-led government in Malta could see the country fall under",
"title": "Dom Mintoff"
},
{
"id": "2871149",
"text": "unrest was sparked by the Language Movement and fuelled by discriminatory practices against the Bengali people; this led to East Pakistan's declaration of independence. The Bangladesh Liberation War, as it is now known, escalated as India and Pakistan formally acknowledged the \"existence of a state of war between the two countries\", even though neither government had formally issued a declaration of war. As the situation in his home district of East Pakistan worsened, Amin was appointed Prime Minister by President General Yahya Khan on 6 December 1971. On 20 December 1971, however, Yahya Khan resigned, leaving the Deputy Prime Minister",
"title": "Nurul Amin"
},
{
"id": "3630443",
"text": "sent into de facto exile by being assigned to serve overseas as ambassadors. Taraki launched a land reform on 1 January 1979 which proved to be highly unpopular. His regime also brutally locked up dissidents and oversaw massacres of villagers. These factors, among others, led to a popular backlash which initiated a rebellion. Despite repeated attempts throughout his reign, Taraki proved unable to persuade the Soviet Union to intervene in support of the restoration of civil order. His reign was marked by a dictator-like personality cult centered on himself that had been cultivated by Amin. The state press and subsequent",
"title": "Nur Muhammad Taraki"
},
{
"id": "2465153",
"text": "win the civil war, however, sapped its economic strength, and the occupation of a large part of the country by an army hostile to the Ugandans living there furthered discontent with the regime. Abductions by the police, as well as the detentions and disappearances so characteristic of the Amin period, recurred. In place of torture at the infamous State Research Bureau at Nakasero, victims met the same fate at so-called \"Nile Mansions.\" Amnesty International, a human rights organization, issued a chilling report of routine torture of civilian detainees at military barracks scattered across southern Uganda. The overall death toll from",
"title": "History of Uganda (1979–present)"
},
{
"id": "795918",
"text": "poor international standing due to Amin's support for the terrorist hijackers in Operation Entebbe, led to unrest. When Amin attempted to annex Tanzania's Kagera Region in 1978, Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere had his troops invade Uganda; they captured Kampala and ousted Amin from power. Amin then went into exile, first in Libya and then in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death on 16 August 2003. Amin's rule was characterized by rampant human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is",
"title": "Idi Amin"
},
{
"id": "11690473",
"text": "the 17th century, the Ottomans took control of the islands and UAE was known as the \"Pirate Coast.\" By the 19th century, the British Empire had taken complete control of the land then called the Trucial States. Oil was discovered in 1959. The Trucial States were under the control of the British Empire until 1971. Consequently, with weakening British control, the Trucial States became the UAE in 1971 with Ras al-Khaimah joining in 1972. The term \"Emirati\" comes from the Arabic word \"emir\" () which means \"commander\". Each emirate is ruled by an emir. The Bani Yas tribe forms the",
"title": "Emiratis"
},
{
"id": "9823919",
"text": "of 1971, which vested legislative powers in Amin and his council of Ministers. The legal status of the 1967 constitution following Amin's overthrow in 1979 was not clear. Legal Notice No. 1 of 1979 nullified Legal Notice No. 1 of 1971, and fundamentally recognised the 1967 Constitution as once again supreme, but also suspended parts of it and transferred numerous executive powers to incoming President Yusuf Lule. All legislative powers referred to in the Constitution were to be vested in the National Consultative Council (NCC) until such a time as a Legislative Assembly could be elected. Despite this, the NCC",
"title": "Constitution of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "7588336",
"text": "Persian Gulf Residency The Persian Gulf Residency was an official colonial subdivision (i.e., residency) of the British Raj from 1763 until 1947 (and remained British protectorates after Indian independence in 1947, up to 1971), whereby the United Kingdom maintained varying degrees of political and economic control over several states in the Persian Gulf, including what is today known as the United Arab Emirates (formerly called the \"Trucial States\") and at various times southern portions of Persia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. British interest in the Persian Gulf originated in the sixteenth century and steadily increased as British India's importance rose",
"title": "Persian Gulf Residency"
},
{
"id": "637726",
"text": "\"Congo\" in their names, the Republic of the Congo is sometimes called Congo-Brazzaville, as opposed to Congo-Kinshasa (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known from 1971 to 1997 as Zaïre, the capital of which is Kinshasa). Kinshasa lies on the southern bank of the Congo, directly across from Brazzaville. This is the only place in the world where two national capital cities are on opposite banks of a river, within sight of each other. Since the mid-19th century the two cities have been rivals in trade, sports and power. There have been proposals to connect the two capitals by a",
"title": "Brazzaville"
},
{
"id": "2871137",
"text": "Nurul Amin Nurul Amin (, ; 1893–1974), referred to as the Patriot of Pakistan, was a prominent Pakistani leader, and a jurist. He is noted as being the last Bengali leader of Pakistan. Starting his statesmanship in 1948 as Chief Minister of East Bengal, he headed the Ministry of Supply. After participating in parliamentary elections in 1970, Amin was appointed and served as Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was the first and the only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 till 1972, leading Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. An anti-war and principal , Amin is considered a patriot",
"title": "Nurul Amin"
},
{
"id": "2750755",
"text": "Uganda National Liberation Front The Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) was a political group formed by exiled Ugandans opposed to the rule of Idi Amin with an accompanying military wing, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). UNLA fought alongside Tanzanian forces in the Uganda–Tanzania War that led to the overthrow of Idi Amin's regime. The group ruled Uganda from the overthrow of Amin in April 1979 until the disputed national elections in December 1980. The UNLF was formed as an outcome of a meeting of Ugandan exiles from 24 to 26 March 1979 in the northern Tanzanian town of Moshi.",
"title": "Uganda National Liberation Front"
},
{
"id": "12579489",
"text": "military conflicts was resulted in the early years. The various government bodies previously in Nanjing were re-established in Taipei as the KMT-controlled government actively claimed sovereignty over all China. The Republic of China in Taiwan retained China's seat in the United Nations until 1971 . Until the 1970s, KMT successfully pushed ahead with land reforms, developed the economy, implemented a democratic system in a lower level of the government, improved cross-Taiwan Strait relations, and created the Taiwan economic miracle. However KMT controlled the government under a one-party authoritarian state until reforms in the late 1970s through the 1990s. As a",
"title": "History of the Kuomintang"
},
{
"id": "11411835",
"text": "Catholic mission was set up in the area. This saw the establishment of St. Joseph's Technical college. Later, in the early 1970s, the technical school was transformed into a government aided secondary school. Following the overthrow of Idi Amin Dada, the then President of Uganda, in 1979, who happened to have his origins there (Amin was a son of the soil, so to speak), Ombaci became the scene of a bloody massacre. After Amin's overthrow during the war, many of his ethnic community sought refuge at the Catholic mission for fear of their lives. However, in 1982, forces of the",
"title": "Ombaci"
},
{
"id": "760847",
"text": "name of the Republic of China (ROC) but commonly known as \"Taiwan\". The ROC, which took control of Taiwan (including Penghu and other nearby islands) in 1945, ruled mainland China and claimed sovereignty over Outer Mongolia (now Mongolia) and Tannu Uriankhai (part of which is present day Tuva, Russia) before losing the Chinese Civil War to the communist People's Republic of China (PRC) and relocating its government to their new national capital city of Taipei in December 1949. Since the ROC lost its United Nations seat as \"China\" in 1971 (replaced by the PRC), most sovereign states have switched their",
"title": "Political status of Taiwan"
},
{
"id": "205556",
"text": "were alarmed by the brutality of the Afghan communists, and suspected Amin of being an agent of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), although that was not the case. By December, Amin's government had lost control of much of the country, prompting the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan, execute Amin, and install Parcham leader Babrak Karmal as president. Carter was surprised by the invasion, as the consensus of the U.S. intelligence community during 1978 and 1979—reiterated as late as September 29, 1979—was that \"Moscow would not intervene in force even if it appeared likely that the Khalq government was about",
"title": "Jimmy Carter"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Idi Amin context: Idi Amin Idi Amin Dada Oumee (; 2816 August2003) was a Ugandan politician and military officer. He was the President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, and his rule gained notoriety for its sheer brutality and oppressiveness. Amin was born either in Koboko or Kampala to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother. In 1946 he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army. Initially a cook, he rose to the position of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels in the Shifta War and then the Mau Mau rebels in Kenya. Following Uganda's independence\n\nWhere did Idi Amin rule from 1971-1979?",
"compressed_tokens": 204,
"origin_tokens": 205,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Milton Obote context: Milton Ob Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial administration. Following the nation's independence, he served as Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. He was overthrown by Idi Amin in 1971, but regained power after Amin's 1979 overthrow. His second period of rule was marred by repression and the deaths of many civilians as a result of a civil war known as the Ugandan Bush War.\n\ntitle Edwardugay context: London and who in-law to Idi Aib was Minister of Foreign Affairs February 193, eight months on job, Rugumayo res from A' first member of cabinet to resign. He into exile in Nairobi, Kenya, stay until 199, when A's regime toppled the Uanda National Liber Army (UNLA) and Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) power in Kampala the assistance the Tania People's Defence Force (TPDF), Rugumayo appointed chairman of \"National Consultative Council (NCC), the of time.\ntitle: History of Ug (7–79) context: was a blow Amin. Humiliated he retali anlyage—5yearora who was hospital in time ofid was. was kidapped from hospital bed on As orders, along with the staff oftebbe air. Amins conducted by often erratic personal continued. Because was ill a with most of his military Amined orders and or byphone, over the radio in rling speeches\ntitle National Front:anda Front The was political group formed by exiled Ugandans opposed to the rule of Idi Amin with an accompanying military wing, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). UNLA fought alongside Tanzanian forces in the Uganda–Tanzania War that led to the overthrow of Idi Amin's regime. The group ruled Uganda from the overthrow of Amin in April 1979 until the disputed national elections in December 1980. The UNLF was formed as an outcome of a meeting of Ugandan exiles from 24 to 26 March 1979 in the northern Tanzanian town of Moshi.\n\nWhere did Idi Amin rule from 1971-1979?",
"compressed_tokens": 542,
"origin_tokens": 14866,
"ratio": "27.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
153 | Which country has the rand as its currency? | [
"South africa",
"South Africa's",
"Southafrica",
"Third Republic (South Africa)",
"Republiek van Suid-Afrika",
"Sou'frica",
"Zuid Afrika",
"Zuid-Afrika",
"ISO 3166-1:ZA",
"South-African",
"S Africa",
"Zuid Africa",
"Mzansi",
"Afrique du sud",
"Zuidafrika",
"Ningizimu Afrika",
"Capital of South Africa",
"Suid-Afrika",
"South-Africa",
"Rep. of SOUTH AFRICA",
"The Republic of South Africa",
"Suid Africa",
"Azania/South Africa",
"S Afr",
"Saffa",
"South African",
"Seth efrika",
"South Africa",
"Soufrica",
"Republic of south africa",
"South Africaà",
"The Beloved Country",
"S. Africa",
"Rep. of South Africa",
"South Africans",
"Republic of South Africa"
] | South Africa | [
{
"id": "2035111",
"text": "South African rand The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The Rand is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: \"c\"). The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch \"Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand\" (South African Rand). The Rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland (Eswatini), Lesotho, and Namibia, although the last three countries do have their own currencies pegged at par with rand. Before 1976, the rand was legal tender in Botswana. The Rand takes its name from the WitwatersRand (\"white waters' ridge\" in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "14731756",
"text": "of the whole region. The South African economy has a large volume of capital (public and private) in close relation to the global economic marketplaces. The currency of South Africa is the rand, which is also used in other countries of Southern Africa. The Johannesburg Stock Exchange is the biggest in Africa and tenth globally. Major sectors of the economy are mining (especially coal extraction), diamonds, gold and platinum. It is among the countries with the greatest reserves and diversity of mineral wealth. It has the most powerful and diversified industry in Africa, from processing of agricultural goods and minerals",
"title": "CIVETS"
},
{
"id": "12073800",
"text": "is less important which currency is adopted than that the government standardise on a single currency. The US dollar, the euro, and the South African rand were candidates; the US dollar had the most credibility and was the most widely traded within Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe could have joined the nearby nations of Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland, which constitute the Common Monetary Area, or \"Rand Zone\" by formally deciding to use the rand to promote trade and stability. In 2009, the government abandoned printing Zimbabwean dollars at all. This implicitly solved the chronic problem of lack of confidence in the",
"title": "Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "2207766",
"text": "Namibian dollar The Namibia dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD; ) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. The dollar replaced the South African rand, which had been the country's currency while it was under South African rule as South-West Africa from 1920 until 1990, at par. The rand is still legal tender, as the Namibian dollar is linked to the South African rand and can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis locally. Namibia was",
"title": "Namibian dollar"
},
{
"id": "382437",
"text": "in December/January, are the nation's most important events. Eswatini is a developing country with a small economy. With a GDP per capita of $9,714, it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa; in order to ensure economic stability, Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Eswatini's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided",
"title": "Eswatini"
},
{
"id": "2207771",
"text": "of Namibian pattern coins denominated in South African Rand dated 1990. This short-lived tender was cited in the 2005 edition of Krause's 'Unusual World Coins'. Namibian dollar The Namibia dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD; ) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively N$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is divided into 100 cents. The dollar replaced the South African rand, which had been the country's currency while it was under South African rule as South-West Africa from 1920 until 1990, at par. The rand is",
"title": "Namibian dollar"
},
{
"id": "2035134",
"text": "him has been erected (50-Rand); the place of Mandela's 27-year imprisonment at Robben Island, showing a pile of quarried limestone (100-Rand); the statue of Mandela at the Union Buildings in remembrance of when he was inaugurated there in 1994 (200-Rand). South African rand The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The Rand is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: \"c\"). The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch \"Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand\" (South African Rand). The Rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland (Eswatini), Lesotho, and Namibia, although the last three countries",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "238215",
"text": "South African economy and contraction of the mining sector and related job losses in South Africa. In 2009, GDP growth slowed to 0.9 percent. The official currency is the loti (plural: maloti), but can be used interchangeably with the South African rand. Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Common Monetary Area (CMA). The loti is at par with the rand. One hundred lisente (singular: sente) equal one loti. Lesotho is a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), in which tariffs have been eliminated on the trade",
"title": "Lesotho"
},
{
"id": "6608448",
"text": "South African pound The pound (symbol £) was the currency of the Union of South Africa from the creation of the country as a British Dominion in 1910. It was replaced by the rand in 1961, the same year that South Africa became a republic. In 1825, an imperial order-in-council made sterling coinage legal tender in all the British colonies. At that time, the only British colony in Southern Africa was the Cape of Good Hope Colony. As time went on, the British pound sterling and its associated subsidiary coinage became the currency of every British territory in Southern Africa.",
"title": "South African pound"
},
{
"id": "238286",
"text": "Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Rand Monetary Area that uses the South African rand as the common currency. In 1980, Lesotho introduced its own currency, the loti (plural: maloti). One hundred lisente equal one loti. The Loti is at par with the rand. Until the political insecurity in September 1998, Lesotho's economy had grown steadily since 1992. The riots, however, destroyed nearly 80% of commercial infrastructure in Maseru and two other major towns in the country, having a disastrous effect on the country's economy. Nonetheless, the country has",
"title": "Economy of Lesotho"
},
{
"id": "382475",
"text": "middle-income countries in other regions. They compare more favourably with firms from lower middle income countries, but are hampered by inadequate governance arrangements and infrastructure. Eswatini's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand, subsuming Eswatini's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Eswatini is not poor enough to merit an IMF programme; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs",
"title": "Eswatini"
},
{
"id": "465695",
"text": "January 2009, in an effort to counteract runaway inflation, acting Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa announced that Zimbabweans will be permitted to use other, more stable currencies to do business, alongside the Zimbabwe dollar. In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth the Zimbabwean Dollar was suspended indefinitely on 12 April 2009. In 2016 Zimbabwe allowed trade in the United States dollar and various other currencies such as the rand (South Africa), the pula (Botswana), the euro, and the Pound Sterling (UK). After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe",
"title": "Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "4401679",
"text": "Lesotho loti The Loti (plural: maLoti) is the currency of the Kingdom of Lesotho. It is subdivided into 100 \"Lisente\" (sg. \"Sente\"). It is pegged to the South African rand on a 1:1 basis through the Common Monetary Area, and both are accepted as legal tender within Lesotho. The loti was first issued in 1966, albeit as a non-circulating currency. In 1980, Lesotho issued its first coins denominated in both loti and lisente (dated 1979) to replace the South African Rand, but the Rand remains legal tender. The name derives from the Sesotho \"loti\", \"mountain,\" while \"sente\" is from English",
"title": "Lesotho loti"
},
{
"id": "553884",
"text": "by the UK following the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806, and British possession affirmed with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. The Cape of Good Hope then remained in the British Empire, becoming self-governing in 1872, and uniting with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. It then was renamed the Province of the Cape of Good Hope. South Africa became a sovereign state in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster. In 1961 it became the Republic of South Africa and obtained its own monetary unit called the Rand. Following the 1994 creation of the present-day",
"title": "Cape Colony"
},
{
"id": "11775242",
"text": "administered essentially as a fifth province of South Africa, as it was integrated economically and militarily under the apartheid regime. Upon independence in 1990, Namibia's economy was still tied to South Africa's. To this day, the economy of Namibia is still closely connected to South Africa through both institutional relationships (Southern African Customs Union, for example) and privately owned mining concessions. The South African rand is still legal currency within Namibia, while the Namibian dollar is not so in South Africa and the currencies are traded on par locally. In 2010, trade between the two states totaled 436,689 South African",
"title": "Namibia–South Africa relations"
},
{
"id": "6532613",
"text": "Coins of the South African rand The coins of the South African rand are part of the physical form of South Africa's currency, the South African rand. In 1961, South Africa replaced the pound with a decimal currency: 100 cents (100c) = 1 rand (R1), 1 rand being valued at 10 shillings and 1 cent at 1.2 pence. The rand was introduced in the then Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, shortly before the establishment of the Republic on 31 May 1961. The coins bore the forward-facing portrait of Jan van Riebeeck on the obverse. The initial circulation",
"title": "Coins of the South African rand"
},
{
"id": "2035122",
"text": "losses in the currency to look for higher-yield investments elsewhere and due to concerns over the impact of the economic slowdown in China, South Africa's largest export partner. By mid-January, economists were speculating that the Rand could expect to see further volatility for the rest of 2016. By 29 April, it reached its highest performance over the previous five months, exchanging at a rate of 14.16 to the United States dollar. Following the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union (EU), the Rand dropped in value over 8% against the United States dollar on 24 June 2016, the currency's",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "6715063",
"text": "Lesotho, and Swaziland. In that year Swaziland and Lesotho stablished their own national currencies, now called the lilageni and the loti, respectively. In 1980 Lesotho established its own central bank and began issuing its national currency at a one to one rate to the rand. In 1989 the CMA changed its exchange restrictions because of some limitations in the conversion of balances consequence of the termination of the agreement of one party. The CMA was replaced by the present Multilateral Monetary Area (MMA) in February 1992, when Namibia formally joined the monetary union. In 1993 Namibia issued its own currency,",
"title": "Common Monetary Area"
},
{
"id": "12767540",
"text": "denominations up to a $100 trillion banknote issued. The final redenomination produced the \"fourth dollar\" (ZWL), which was worth 10 ZWD (first dollars). Use of the Zimbabwean dollar as an official currency was effectively abandoned on 12 April 2009. It was demonetised in 2015, with outstanding accounts able to be reimbursed until April 30, 2016. In place of the Zimbabwean dollar, currencies including the South African rand, Botswana pula, pound sterling, Indian rupee, euro, Japanese yen, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, and the United States dollar are now regularly used. The Zimbabwean dollar's predecessor, the Rhodesian dollar, was essentially equal to",
"title": "Zimbabwean dollar"
},
{
"id": "6414646",
"text": "Postal orders of Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana began issuing its own Postal Orders shortly after gaining independence from South Africa in 1977. As Bophuthatswana did not have its own banknotes (because its currency was the Rand), postal orders are the closest things to banknotes Bophuthatswana ever had. The last day of issue was 26 April 1994. Some Bophuthatswanan postal order forms bear issue dates of 27 April 1994 and later, but these are classified as remainder issues, as Bophuthatswana was reincorporated into South Africa. Postal orders on hand when Bophuthatswana reincorporated into South Africa are classified into two series: Bophuthatswana Remainder Issue",
"title": "Postal orders of Bophuthatswana"
},
{
"id": "6715061",
"text": "Common Monetary Area The Common Monetary Area (CMA) links South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland into a monetary union. It is allied to the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). The main purpose of this trade is that all of the parties can have the same development and equitable economic advance so they can be treated as a whole. Although the South African rand is legal tender in all states, the other member states issue their own currencies: the Lesotho loti, Namibian dollar and Swazi lilangeni. However, these are exchanged at par with the rand and there is no immediate prospect",
"title": "Common Monetary Area"
},
{
"id": "10348230",
"text": "the South African currency, the rand. The currency decline made imports more expensive which in turn caused inflation in South Africa to rise at a very steep 12-15% per year. The South African government did attempt to restrict the damaging outflow of capital. Knight writes that \"in September 1985 it imposed a system of exchange control and a debt repayments standstill. Under exchange control, South African residents are generally prohibited from removing capital from the country and foreign investors can only remove investments via the financial rand, which is traded at a 20% to 40% discount compared to the commercial",
"title": "Disinvestment from South Africa"
},
{
"id": "37384",
"text": "financial services to Wholesaling and Retailing, Tourism and Information Technology. To date, the BSE is one of Africa’s best performing stock exchanges, averaging 24% aggregate return in the past decade. This has allowed the BSE to be the third largest stock exchange, in terms of market capitalisation, in Southern Africa. Given Botswana's lack of exchange controls, stable currency and exceptionally performing stock market, the financial sector has attracted a host of global investors seeking better returns. Botswana's currency, the pula, is fully convertible and is valued against a basket of currencies heavily weighted toward the South African Rand. Profits and",
"title": "Economy of Botswana"
},
{
"id": "2850405",
"text": "series of notes was introduced on 23 August 2009 and contains for the first time, a 200-pula banknote. In response to the concern of the poor quality of the paper of the 10 pula banknote, the Bank of Botswana revealed a 10 pula banknote in polymer in November 2017 and was issued to the public on February 1, 2018. Due to hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2006 to 2008, the government has allowed circulation of foreign currency since September 2008. Local currency became obsolete on April 12, 2009. Several currencies, including the South African rand and Botswana pula circulate in Zimbabwe,",
"title": "Botswana pula"
},
{
"id": "12767553",
"text": "least a year. On 29 January 2014, the Zimbabwe central bank announced that the US dollar, South African rand, Botswana pula, Pound sterling, Euro, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan (renminbi), Indian rupee, and Japanese yen would all be accepted as legal currency within the country. In June 2015, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe began to formally demonetise the Zimbabwean dollar, to officially value the fiat currency at zero, in order to complete a switch to the US dollar by the end of September 2015. The Zimbabwean government stated that it would credit 5 US dollars to domestic bank accounts, with balances",
"title": "Zimbabwean dollar"
},
{
"id": "13039401",
"text": "Turkish being the official languages of the Republic of Cyprus. Some in northern Cyprus have called for the unilateral adoption of the euro (similar to other states). Since April 2009, the Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar (US$), South African rand (R), Botswanan pula (P), Pound sterling (£), Euro (€), Indian rupees (INR), Australian dollars (A$), Chinese yuan (元/¥), and Japanese yen (¥) are now used instead, along with US-cent denominated Zimbabwean bond coins and bond notes. In 1998, Cuba announced that it",
"title": "International status and usage of the euro"
},
{
"id": "2035112",
"text": "where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found. The Rand was introduced in the-then Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, three months before the Republic of South Africa was established. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings, and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 Rand to 1 pound, or 10 shillings to the Rand. The government introduced a mascot, Decimal Dan, \"the Rand-cent man\" (known in Afrikaans",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "6715064",
"text": "the Namibian dollar. In 2002 a new revenue-sharing formula was introduced, which included a development component. In 2003 Swaziland reauthorized the use of the rand as legal tender in the interest of facilitating exchange between these countries. The currency agreement made between these countries is one of the most important issues in the agreement. As issued before, each country has the right to have their own national currencies. These currencies are only legal tender in their own countries. However, the South African Rand is tender throughout the CMA. According to the agreement the CMA countries can have access to the",
"title": "Common Monetary Area"
},
{
"id": "20106557",
"text": "low, and on 8 July became the worst performing currency of the year, against 31 other major currencies, performing worse than the Argentine peso, the previous lowest currency. By contrast, the pound's trade-weighted index is only back at levels seen in the period 2008–2013. The referendum result also had an immediate economic effect on a number of other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping in value by over 8% against the US dollar. Other countries negatively affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%, Nigeria, and Kenya. This was partly due to a",
"title": "Economic effects of Brexit"
},
{
"id": "15573664",
"text": "Two British dependencies also use the U.S. dollar: the British Virgin Islands (1959) and Turks and Caicos Islands (1973). The islands Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, now collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands, adopted the dollar on January 1, 2011, as a result of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The U.S. dollar is an official currency in Zimbabwe, along with the Euro, the Pound Sterling, the Pula, the Rand, and several other currencies. Some countries that have adopted the U.S. dollar issue their own coins: See Ecuadorian centavo coins, Panamanian Balboa and East Timor centavo coins. A series of",
"title": "International use of the U.S. dollar"
},
{
"id": "2035113",
"text": "as Daan Desimaal). This was accompanied by a radio jingle, to inform the public about the new currency. One Rand was worth US$1.40 from the time of its inception in 1961 until late 1971. Its value thereafter fluctuated as various exchange rate dispensations were implemented by the South African authorities. By the early-1980s, high inflation and mounting political pressure combined with sanctions placed against the country due to international opposition to the apartheid system started to erode its value. The currency broke above parity with the dollar for the first time in March 1982, and continued to trade between R",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "20135911",
"text": "bond notes were also released. Further plans for a $10 and $20 bond notes were ruled out by the central bank's governor John Mangudya. Zimbabwean bonds Zimbabwean Bonds are a form of legal tender near money released by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe which attempts to resolve Zimbabwe's lack of currency. Bonds are pegged against the U.S. dollar at a 1:1 fixed exchange rate and backed by the country's reserve. Since abandoning the Zimbabwean dollar in 2009 after it went into hyperinflation the country began using a number of foreign currencies including the U.S. dollar, South African rand, British pound",
"title": "Zimbabwean bonds"
},
{
"id": "2035123",
"text": "largest single-day decline since the 2008 economic crash. This was partly due to a general global financial retreat from currencies seen as risky to the US dollar and partly due to concerns over how the UK's withdrawal from the EU would impact South Africa's economy and trade relations. In April 2017, a \"Reuters\" poll estimated that the Rand would remain relatively stable for the rest of the year, as two polls found that analysts had already factored in a possible downgrade to \"junk\" status. At the time, Moody's graded South Africa two notches above junk status. When President Jacob Zuma",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "291944",
"text": "they are estimated to contribute 13.9 billion NAD in 2012. The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged to the South African rand. Privatisation of several enterprises in coming years may stimulate long-run foreign investment, although with the trade union movement opposed, so far most politicians have been reluctant to advance the issue. In September 1993, Namibia introduced its own currency, the Namibia Dollar (N$), which is linked to the South African Rand at a fixed exchange rate of 1:1. There has been widespread acceptance of the Namibia Dollar throughout the country and, while",
"title": "Economy of Namibia"
},
{
"id": "18982888",
"text": "opened there was a dramatic fall from Canada to Brazil. The referendum result also had an immediate negative economic impact on a number of other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since the Great Recession in 2008, dropping in value by over 8% against the United States dollar. Other countries negatively affected include Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%, Nigeria, and Kenya. This was partly due to a general global financial shift out of currencies seen as risky and into the US dollar, and partly due to concerns over how the UK's withdrawal from the EU",
"title": "2015–16 stock market selloff"
},
{
"id": "6973774",
"text": "Central African CFA franc The Central African CFA franc (French: \"franc CFA\" or simply \"franc\", ISO 4217 code: XAF) is the currency of six independent states in Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. These six countries have a combined population of 48.0 million people (as of 2014), and a combined GDP of US$88.2 billion (as of 2012). CFA stands for \"Coopération financière en Afrique centrale\" (\"Financial Cooperation in Central Africa\"). It is issued by the BEAC (\"Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale\", \"Bank of the Central African States\"), located in Yaoundé,",
"title": "Central African CFA franc"
},
{
"id": "6727883",
"text": "Coins of Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana was an independent Bantustan between 1977 and 1994. There were only two coins struck. Both of them were issued in proof coinage only. Bophuthatswana was the only Bantustan to have had their own coins, but the official currency was the South African rand. This piece was struck to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Bophuthatswana's independence in 1987. The obverse of the coin depicts a portrait of the President of Bophuthatswana, Lucas Mangope, who was a Tswana chief in South Africa. The reverse of this coin depicts the Bophuthatswanan Coat-of-Arms. The Lowe, which was issued in proof",
"title": "Coins of Bophuthatswana"
},
{
"id": "2850401",
"text": "Botswana pula The pula is the currency of Botswana. It has the ISO 4217 code \"BWP\" and is subdivided into 100 \"thebe\". \"Pula\" literally means \"rain\" in Setswana, because rain is very scarce in Botswana — home to much of the Kalahari Desert — and therefore valuable and a blessing. The word also serves as the national motto of the country. A sub-unit of the currency is known as \"thebe\", or \"shield\", and represents defence. The names were picked with the help of the public. The pula was introduced in 1976, replacing the South African rand at par. Despite a",
"title": "Botswana pula"
},
{
"id": "17983532",
"text": "well as a range of commodity prices. These appear in Foreign Exchange Consensus Forecasts and Energy and Metals Consensus Forecasts. The publication provides coverage for over 90 currencies, which includes the following: US dollar, Euro, Japanese yen, Argentinian peso, Australian dollar, Brazilian real, Canadian dollar, Chilean peso, Chinese renminbi, Colombian peso, Czech Koruna, Danish krone, Hong Kong dollar, Hungarian forint, Indian rupee, Indonesian rupiah, Israeli shekel, Malaysian ringgit, Mexican peso, New Zealand dollar, Norwegian krone, Peruvian sol, Philippine peso, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Russian rouble, Singaporean dollar, South African rand, South Korean won, Swedish krona, Swiss franc, Taiwanese dollar, Thai",
"title": "Consensus Economics"
},
{
"id": "2035119",
"text": "by the Eskom electricity crisis, which arose from the utility being unable to meet the country's rapidly growing energy demands. A stalled mining industry in late-2012 led to new lows in early 2013. In late-January 2014, the Rand slid to R11.25 to the dollar, with analysts attributing the shift to \"word from the US Federal Reserve that it would trim back stimulus spending, which led to a massive sell-off in emerging economies.\" In 2014, South Africa experienced its worst year against the US dollar since 2009, and in March 2015, the Rand traded at its worst since 2002. At the",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "10906701",
"text": "a single currency by 2023. There are two existing regional currency unions in Africa, using the West African CFA franc, and the Central African CFA franc, respectively. Additionally, the Common Monetary Area links several countries in southern Africa based on the South African rand. The African Union's plans for further integration encourage the development of more such regional unions as an intermediate step to full monetary union. One proposed union is the eco, a proposed currency for members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In 2002, Mansour Ciss and Baruch Gottlieb created a \"prototype\" currency, called the",
"title": "African Monetary Union"
},
{
"id": "255251",
"text": "to 62 New Meticals), which replaced old Meticals at the rate of a thousand to one. The old currency was redeemable at the Bank of Mozambique until the end of 2012. The US$, South African rand, and recently the euro are also widely accepted and used in business transactions. The minimum legal salary is around US$60 per month. Mozambique is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The SADC free trade protocol is aimed at making the Southern African region more competitive by eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers. The World Bank in 2007 talked of Mozambique's 'blistering",
"title": "Mozambique"
},
{
"id": "20135909",
"text": "Zimbabwean bonds Zimbabwean Bonds are a form of legal tender near money released by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe which attempts to resolve Zimbabwe's lack of currency. Bonds are pegged against the U.S. dollar at a 1:1 fixed exchange rate and backed by the country's reserve. Since abandoning the Zimbabwean dollar in 2009 after it went into hyperinflation the country began using a number of foreign currencies including the U.S. dollar, South African rand, British pound and Chinese yuan as a means of exchange. The inability to print these currencies led to a shortage of money with banks issuing limits",
"title": "Zimbabwean bonds"
},
{
"id": "4552377",
"text": "and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan, both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee. The rupee is divided into 100 paisas. The highest-denomination banknote is the 2,000 note; the lowest-denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin. Since 30 June 2011, all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency. India's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the country's central bank. Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949, the RBI serves as the nation's monetary authority, regulator and supervisor of",
"title": "Economy of India"
},
{
"id": "2996399",
"text": "to profitability its goals include having a positive social impact. The national bank in Colombia is the Bank of the Republic. Its primary role is to control the flow of money inside and outside the country and to issue the Colombian currency, the peso. Danmarks Nationalbank is the central bank of the Kingdom of Denmark. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an Indian government development bank that was established on 18 July 1981 to implement the \"National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981\". Iran's national bank is Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of",
"title": "National bank"
},
{
"id": "415653",
"text": "currency weakened 17% that day and has lost nearly 40% of its value against the dollar till that time. The crash of the lira has sent ripples through global markets, putting more pressure on the euro and increasing investors' risk aversion to emerging-market currencies across the board. On Aug. 13, South Africa’s rand slumped nearly 10%, the biggest daily drop since June 2016. Lira crisis spotlighted deeper concerns about the Turkish economy that have long signaled turmoil long ago. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation under 5 % is in green. As of 2016, Turkey",
"title": "Economy of Turkey"
},
{
"id": "6532618",
"text": "transactions are rounded to the nearest 10c. A bi-metallic R5 coin with added security features, including a grooved edge and micro-lettering on the reverse, was introduced in 2004. The gold Krugerrand coin is produced in 1/10 oz, 1/4 oz, 1/2 oz and 1 oz denominations. Coins of the South African rand The coins of the South African rand are part of the physical form of South Africa's currency, the South African rand. In 1961, South Africa replaced the pound with a decimal currency: 100 cents (100c) = 1 rand (R1), 1 rand being valued at 10 shillings and 1 cent",
"title": "Coins of the South African rand"
},
{
"id": "2035120",
"text": "time, Trading Economics released data that the Rand \"averaged R4.97 to the dollar between 1972 and 2015, reaching an all time high of R12.45 in December of 2001 and a record low of R0.67 in June of 1973.\" By the end of 2014, the Rand had weakened to R 15.05 per dollar, partly due to South Africa's consistent trade account deficit with the rest of the world. From 9 December 2015 to 13 December 2015, over a four-day period, the Rand dropped over 10% due to what some suspected was President Zuma's surprise announcement that he would be replacing the",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "3043695",
"text": "Dubai Internet City servers. As well as USD, EUR, GBP, Yen, CHF, e-gold and gold, the DMT offered a private currency known as the rand , named after Ayn Rand (not related to the South African Rand). It was a private currency and unit of account, defined in terms of highly liquid assets whose prices, or values, were readily determined in markets around the world. In June 2004, claims were made that DMT had failed to deliver services. After an independent investigation as of August 2004 this was resolved with no indication of fraud on DMT's part (see last external",
"title": "Digital Monetary Trust"
},
{
"id": "443079",
"text": "USD = 22,769 VND)\" Vietnam has two stock trading centers, the Ho Chi Minh City Securities Trading Center and the Hanoi Securities Trading Center, which run the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE) and the Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX), respectively. Vietnam's currency is the Vietnamese đồng. The exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Vietnamese đồng is important because the dong, although not freely convertible, is loosely pegged to the dollar through an arrangement known as a \"crawling peg\". This mechanism allows the dollar–dong exchange rate to adjust gradually to changing market conditions. As of December 5, 2018, a",
"title": "Economy of Vietnam"
},
{
"id": "6973780",
"text": "in 1993. Since then, the banknotes have been issued with only a letter prominently displayed to distinguish between the issues of the different states. 2000 franc notes were introduced in 1993. General: Central African CFA franc The Central African CFA franc (French: \"franc CFA\" or simply \"franc\", ISO 4217 code: XAF) is the currency of six independent states in Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. These six countries have a combined population of 48.0 million people (as of 2014), and a combined GDP of US$88.2 billion (as of 2012). CFA stands",
"title": "Central African CFA franc"
},
{
"id": "6973781",
"text": "West African CFA franc The West African CFA franc (; or simply \"franc\", ISO 4217 code: XOF) is the currency of eight independent states in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012). The acronym CFA stands for ' (\"Financial Community of Africa\") or ' (\"African Financial Community\"). The currency is issued by the BCEAO (\"Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest\", \"Central Bank of the West African States\"), located in",
"title": "West African CFA franc"
},
{
"id": "69110",
"text": "two CFA franc currencies is widely assumed. CFA francs is used in fourteen countries: twelve nations formerly ruled by France in West and Central Africa (excluding Guinea and Mauritania, which withdrew), plus Guinea-Bissau (a former Portuguese colony), and Equatorial Guinea (a former Spanish colony). These fourteen countries have a combined population of 147.5 million people (as of 2013), and a combined GDP of US$166.6 billion (as of 2012). The ISO currency codes are XAF for the Central African CFA franc and XOF for the West African CFA franc. The currency has been criticized for making economic planning for the developing",
"title": "CFA franc"
},
{
"id": "673939",
"text": "Guinea. BPNG is engaged in developing policies to promote financial inclusion and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion, which had been formed in 2008. In 2013, BPNG made a Maya Declaration Commitment to create an enabling environment for building an inclusive financial sector in Papua New Guinea. The currency of Papua New Guinean, issued by the BPNG, is the kina, which was introduced on 19 April 1975 to replace the Australian dollar. In 2014, Papua New Guinea's merchandise exports were: Major destinations for merchandise exports include Australia (39.9%), the European Union (20.2%), Japan (11.7%), China (6.7%), and",
"title": "Economy of Papua New Guinea"
},
{
"id": "1749350",
"text": "Rupee The rupees is the common name for the currencies of India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and formerly those of Afghanistan, Tibet, Burma and British East Africa, German East Africa and Trucial States and all Gulf Arab Countries as Gulf rupee. In Indonesia and the Maldives the unit of currency is known as rupiah and rufiyaa respectively, which is a cognate of the Sanskrit \"rūpya\". The Indian rupees () and Pakistani rupees () are subdivided into one hundred paise (singular \"paisa\") or pice. The Mauritian, Seychellois and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents. The Nepalese",
"title": "Rupee"
},
{
"id": "7711311",
"text": "Efficient Group, a South African financial services company, is currently tasked with developing the digital currency in order to reduce costs that are incurred by printing notes. Ora (currency) The Ora (symbol:Φ, ) is the local currency of Orania, an Afrikaner enclave in South Africa. It is pegged at par with the South African rand. The name, recalling that of the town where it circulates, derives from Latin \"aurum\", meaning \"gold\". The currency is not sanctioned by the South African Reserve Bank. The first notes were issued in April 2004 to provide an internal currency for Orania as part of",
"title": "Ora (currency)"
},
{
"id": "67568",
"text": "to 10% and official reserves quadrupled to over US$3 billion. Cameroon is part of the Bank of Central African States (of which it is the dominant economy), the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Its currency is the CFA franc. Unemployment was estimated at 4.4% in 2014, and about a third of the population was living below the international poverty threshold of US$1.25 a day in 2009. Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)",
"title": "Cameroon"
},
{
"id": "2878046",
"text": "Swazi lilangeni The lilangeni (plural: emalangeni, ISO 4217 code: \"SZL\") is the currency of Eswatini and is subdivided into 100 cents. It is issued by the Central Bank of Eswatini (in Swazi \"Umntsholi Wemaswati\"). The South African rand is also accepted in Swaziland. Similar to the Lesotho loti, there are singular and plural \"abbreviations\", namely L and E, so where one might have an amount L1, it would be E2, E3, or E4. It was introduced in 1974 at par with the South African rand through the Common Monetary Area, to which it remains tied at a one-to-one exchange rate.",
"title": "Swazi lilangeni"
},
{
"id": "1680523",
"text": "of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand = 1 pound or 10 shillings to the rand. Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia also chose ten shillings as the base unit of their new currency. Australia decimalised on 14 February 1966, with the new Australian dollar equivalent to ten shillings or half an Australian pound in the previous currency. Since a shilling became equal to ten cents, the Australian cent was equal to 1.2 Australian pence, although they were usually exchanged on",
"title": "Decimalisation"
},
{
"id": "6715062",
"text": "of change. Foreign exchange regulations and monetary policy throughout the CMA continue to reflect the influence of the South African Reserve Bank. Of the SACU members, only Botswana is currently out of the CMA, having replaced the rand with the pula in 1976. Botswana wanted to implement its own monetary policy and to adjust the exchange rate in case of any future problem in the economy that will affect their economy as well. The CMA, enacted in July 1986, originated from the Rand Monetary Area (RMA), which was established in December 1974; the signatories of the latter were South Africa,",
"title": "Common Monetary Area"
},
{
"id": "1440151",
"text": "in 1994, the \"BDF\" and the \"Bophuthatswana Police\" were incorporated into the South African National Defence Force and the South African Police Service, respectively. Bophuthatswana was the first and only Bantustan to produce its own coins. Two coins were minted as a proof set only, the South African Rand remained the official currency. Bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana (, meaning \"gathering of the Tswana people\"), officially the Republic of Bophuthatswana (Tswana: \"Repaboleki ya Bophuthatswana\"; Afrikaans: \"Republiek van Bophuthatswana\"), was a Bantustan (also known as \"Homeland\"; an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity) which was declared nominally independent by the apartheid",
"title": "Bophuthatswana"
},
{
"id": "6719810",
"text": "and 20s = 1 pound (£1). On 14 February 1961 South Africa adopted a decimal currency, replacing the pound with the Rand. The term \"tickey\" was used as a nickname for the 3d coin. It was also used for its replacement, the 2½c coin. The Cape of Good Hope was a Dutch Colony administered by the Dutch East India Company between 1652 and 1795. In that year it was seized by British forces, returned to the Dutch under the Treaty of Amiens, seized again in 1806 and seceded to Britain under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. After the 1806 seizure,",
"title": "Coins of the South African pound"
},
{
"id": "69118",
"text": "issued by the BEAC (, i.e., \"Bank of the Central African States\"), located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, for the six countries of the CEMAC (, i.e., \"Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa\"): These six countries have a combined population of 45.0 million people (as of 2013), and a combined GDP of US$88.2 billion (as of 2012). In 1975, Central African CFA banknotes were issued with an obverse unique to each participating country, and common reverse, in a fashion similar to euro coins. Equatorial Guinea, the only former Spanish colony in the zone, adopted the CFA in 1984. General: CFA franc",
"title": "CFA franc"
},
{
"id": "64844",
"text": "Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Chad's currency is the CFA franc. In the 1960s, the Mining industry of Chad produced sodium carbonate, or natron. There have also been reports of gold-bearing quartz in the Biltine Prefecture. However, years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who left Chad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000 major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting the country's economic prospects. Over 80% of Chad's",
"title": "Chad"
},
{
"id": "2719073",
"text": "replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act of 1 May 1959. The creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain on India's foreign reserves from gold smuggling. After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) – replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 with Kuwaiti dinar and in 1965 with Bahraini dinar, respectively. The",
"title": "Indian rupee"
},
{
"id": "2035121",
"text": "then-Finance Minister Nhlanhla Nene with the little-known David van Rooyen. The rapid drop in value was stemmed when Zuma backtracked and announced that the better-known previous Minister of Finance, Pravin Gordhan, would instead be appointed to the post. Zuma's surprise sacking of Nene damaged international confidence in the Rand, with it experiencing significant exchange volatility throughout much of January 2016, reaching an all-time low of R 17.9169 to the US dollar on the 9 January 2016 before rebounding to R 16.57 later the same day. The January drop in value was also partly caused by Japanese retail investors cutting their",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "64682",
"text": "income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine. The currency of Central African Republic is the CFA franc, which is accepted across the former countries of French West Africa and trades at a fixed rate to the euro. Diamonds constitute the country's most important export, accounting for 40–55% of export revenues, but it is estimated that between 30% and",
"title": "Central African Republic"
},
{
"id": "106288",
"text": "a decimalized monetary system. Examples include the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar, the Jamaican dollar, the Cayman Islands dollar, the Fiji dollar, the Namibian dollar, the Rhodesian dollar, the Zimbabwe dollar, and the Solomon Islands dollar. Dollar Dollar (often represented by the dollar sign $) is the name of more than 20 currencies, including those of Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Liberia, Namibia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, and the United States, whose US dollar is also the official currency of Caribbean Netherlands, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Panama, and Zimbabwe. One dollar",
"title": "Dollar"
},
{
"id": "2035126",
"text": "and 2-cent coins was discontinued in 2002, primarily due to inflation having devalued them, but they remain legal tender. Shops normally round the total purchase price of goods to the nearest 10 cents (in favour of the consumer). In an effort to curb counterfeiting, a new 5-Rand coin was released in August 2004. Security features introduced on the coin include a bimetal design (similar to the €1 and €2 coins, the Thai 10-baht coin, the Philippine ten peso coin [the coin was changed the composition], the British £2 coin, and the Canadian $2 coin), a specially serrated security groove along",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "4417405",
"text": "free market development are called the Pacific Pumas of which consist of Mexico, Chile, Peru & Colombia. For emerging economies in Africa, the term \"lion economy\" is used as an analogy. Countries considered to be \"lion economies\" are Nigeria, South Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Botswana, Ghana, Egypt, Mauritius, Angola, Rwanda and Tunisia. The term \"wolf economy\" is used to describe Mongolia's rapidly growing economy. Tiger economy A tiger economy is the economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. The term was originally used for the Four Asian Tigers (South",
"title": "Tiger economy"
},
{
"id": "17389356",
"text": "each successive report). Each dollar pair that constitutes at least 1% of global currency turnover is included in the index, and weighted based on their proportion of volume within the group of currency pairs used in the index. The index was updated in December 2013 with the release of the latest survey. The index now includes 16 dollar currency pairs, up from seven in the previous iteration. Mexico's peso, China's yuan, Russia's ruble, Turkey's lira, South Korea's won, South Africa's rand and New Zealand's, Hong Kong's and Singapore's dollars are now all included in the index for the first time.",
"title": "Wall Street Journal Dollar Index"
},
{
"id": "4401681",
"text": "anniversary, the Central Bank of Lesotho launched a new series of banknotes dated 2010 aimed at fighting the spread of counterfeits. The notes feature a portrait of the three royal family members: the current king, His Majesty Letsie III is in the middle, his father King Moshoeshoe II is on the left, and the founder of the Basotho nation, King Moshoeshoe I, on the right. Lesotho loti The Loti (plural: maLoti) is the currency of the Kingdom of Lesotho. It is subdivided into 100 \"Lisente\" (sg. \"Sente\"). It is pegged to the South African rand on a 1:1 basis through",
"title": "Lesotho loti"
},
{
"id": "61465",
"text": "members of the Eurozone include Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland use their currencies (Croatian kuna, Czech koruna, Hungarian forint, Polish złoty), but are obliged to adopt the Euro. Switzerland uses its own currency, Swiss franc. Countries in descending order of Human Development Index (2014 data): The index of globalization in Central European countries (2015 data): Legatum Prosperity Index demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in Central Europe (2016 data): Most countries in Central Europe score tend to score above the average in the Corruption Perceptions Index (2015 data): According to",
"title": "Central Europe"
},
{
"id": "192129",
"text": "Order government against supporters of democracy, now called the \"Reformasi\" or Reform movement. In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, which had dire consequences for the Indonesian economy and society, as well as Suharto's presidency. At the same time, the country suffered a severe drought and some of the largest forest fires in history burned in Kalimantan and Sumatra. The rupiah, the Indonesian currency, took a sharp dive in value. Suharto came under scrutiny from international lending institutions, chiefly the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the United States, over",
"title": "History of Indonesia"
},
{
"id": "3085292",
"text": "Croatian kuna The kuna is the currency of Croatia, in use since 1994 (sign: kn; code: HRK). It is subdivided into 100 lipa. The kuna is issued by the Croatian National Bank and the coins are minted by the Croatian Monetary Institute. The word \"\"kuna\"\" means \"marten\" in Croatian, referring to the historical use of marten pelts as units of value in medieval trading. The word \"lipa\" means \"linden (lime) tree\", a species that was traditionally planted around marketplaces in Croatia and elsewhere in the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the early modern period. During Roman times, in the provinces of upper",
"title": "Croatian kuna"
},
{
"id": "3085298",
"text": "7.4:1 (HRK to EUR) rate. The country joined the European Union on 1 July 2013 and it plans to join the European Monetary System. The kuna is expected to be replaced by the euro, even though the initial time estimate of two to three years after joining the European Union proved too short. In 1994, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 lipa (Croatian word for linden or tilia tree), 1, 2, 5 and 25 kuna. The coins are issued in two versions: one with the name of the plant or animal in Croatian",
"title": "Croatian kuna"
},
{
"id": "189957",
"text": "8.1% in 2010. Many political parties remain opposed to EU membership, primarily due to Icelanders' concern about losing control over their natural resources (particularly fisheries). The national currency of Iceland is the Icelandic króna (ISK). Iceland is the only country in the world to have a population under two million yet still have a floating exchange rate and an independent monetary policy. A poll released on 5 March 2010 by Capacent Gallup showed that 31% of respondents were in favour of adopting the euro and 69% opposed. Another Capacent Gallup poll conducted in February 2012 found that 67.4% of Icelanders",
"title": "Iceland"
},
{
"id": "147328",
"text": "during 1984–1985 were largely the result of economic sanctions in response to apartheid. At the same time, the government enacted the exchange controls. Investments in South Africa by foreigners could only be sold for financial rand. The financial rand system provided for two exchange rates for the rand — one for current account transactions and one for capital account transactions for non-residents. Investments made in South Africa by non-residents could only be sold for financial rand, and limitations were placed on the convertibility of financial rand into foreign currencies. Financial rand had the ISO 4217 currency code ZAL. Financial rand",
"title": "Financial rand"
},
{
"id": "17983531",
"text": "Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay. Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Detailed coverage of the US economy, showing forecasts for 20 macroeconomic variables. In addition, monthly forecast data is also available for currency exchange rates as",
"title": "Consensus Economics"
},
{
"id": "2446330",
"text": "two more, heavily subsidizing veterinary services, vaccines, and cattle fence construction. It set up the Botswana Meat Commission as the sole seller of beef in the country, setting prices and selling beef to regional and international markets. With Khama's direct intervention, it negotiated a lucrative trade deal with the European Economic Community, gaining prices far above world levels. The Botswana Development Corporation was established in 1970 to attract foreign investment in crop agriculture, tourism, and secondary industries. In 1976, the Botswana pula was introduced, replacing the South African rand as the national currency. Due to Khama's dedication to development, very",
"title": "Seretse Khama"
},
{
"id": "2035125",
"text": "is highly susceptible to global investor sentiment as the country relies on foreign money to cover it's large budget and current account deficits.\" On November 13, 2017, the Rand \"tumbled\" over a full percent when the budget chief Michael Sachs stood down from his position in Zuma's administration. Coins were introduced in 1961 in denominations of , 1, , 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents. In 1965, 2-cent coins replaced the -cent coins. The -cent coin was last struck for circulation in 1973. The 2-Rand coin was introduced in 1989, followed by 5-Rand coins in 1994. Production of the 1-",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "2035115",
"text": "and by the end of 1989, the Rand was trading at levels more than R 2.50 per dollar. As it became clear in the early-1990s that the country was destined for Black majority rule and one reform after the other was announced, uncertainty about the future of the country hastened the depreciation until the level of R 3 to the dollar was breached in November 1992. A host of local and international events influenced the currency after that, most notably the 1994 presiential election which had it weaken to over R 3.60 to the dollar, the election of Tito Mboweni",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "16925541",
"text": "recovered by 29 June and subsequently rose above its pre-referendum levels. The referendum result also had an immediate impact on some other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping over 8% against the United States dollar. Other countries affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%, Nigeria and Kenya. On 28 June 2016, former governor of Bank of England Mervyn King said that current governor Mark Carney would help to guide Britain through the next few months, adding that the BOE would undoubtedly lower the temperature of the post-referendum uncertainty, and that British citizens",
"title": "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum"
},
{
"id": "6973787",
"text": "from blue to green. On November 30, 2012, the Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Central Bank of the West African States) issued a 500-franc banknote. General: West African CFA franc The West African CFA franc (; or simply \"franc\", ISO 4217 code: XOF) is the currency of eight independent states in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. These eight countries had a combined population of 105.7 million people in 2014, and a combined GDP of US$78.4 billion (as of 2012). The acronym CFA stands for ' (\"Financial Community of Africa\")",
"title": "West African CFA franc"
},
{
"id": "432983",
"text": "for setting interest rates, quantitative easing, and forward guidance. The currency of the UK is the pound sterling, which is the world's fourth-largest reserve currency after the United States Dollar, the Euro and the Japanese Yen, and is also one of the ten most-valued currencies in the world. The UK is a member of the Commonwealth, the European Union (currently until 30 March 2019), the G7, the G20, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the United Nations. After the Second World War,",
"title": "Economy of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "4957579",
"text": "Canadian dollar, New Zealand dollar, Norwegian krone, South African rand, Brazilian real, Russian ruble and the Chilean peso. Due to the nature of commodity currencies being tied to commodities, being tied to any one good can be beneficial as well as problematic for the country. While naturally, falling or rising exports will lead to deflation or inflation respectively in any country the impacts are more severe in countries with commodity currencies at their currency is so heavily tied to a set few commodities. According to a 2009 study on commodity currency titled “Can Exchange Rates Forecast Commodity Prices?” by Yu-chin",
"title": "Commodity currency"
},
{
"id": "7711308",
"text": "Ora (currency) The Ora (symbol:Φ, ) is the local currency of Orania, an Afrikaner enclave in South Africa. It is pegged at par with the South African rand. The name, recalling that of the town where it circulates, derives from Latin \"aurum\", meaning \"gold\". The currency is not sanctioned by the South African Reserve Bank. The first notes were issued in April 2004 to provide an internal currency for Orania as part of its quest for self-determination. The idea of the Ora originated in 2002, when Professor Johan van Zyl argued that a community that intended to empower itself should",
"title": "Ora (currency)"
},
{
"id": "69242",
"text": "currency for each note of a foreign government held, as Ecuador currently does. Each currency typically has a main currency unit (the dollar, for example, or the euro) and a fractional unit, often defined as of the main unit: 100 cents = 1 dollar, 100 centimes = 1 franc, 100 pence = 1 pound, although units of or occasionally also occur. Some currencies do not have any smaller units at all, such as the Icelandic króna. Mauritania and Madagascar are the only remaining countries that do not use the decimal system; instead, the Mauritanian ouguiya is in theory divided into",
"title": "Currency"
},
{
"id": "2035117",
"text": "the end of 2004 was trading under R 5.70 to the dollar. The currency softened somewhat in 2005, and was trading around R 6.35 to the dollar at the end of the year. At the start of 2006, however, the currency resumed its rally, and as of 19 January 2006, was trading under R 6 to the dollar again. However, during the second and third quarters of 2006 (i.e. April through September), the Rand weakened significantly. In sterling terms, it fell from around 9.5p to just over 7p, losing some 25% of its international trade-weighted value in just six months.",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "2035114",
"text": "1 and R 1.30 to the dollar until June 1984, when depreciation of the currency gained momentum. By February 1985, it was trading over R 2 per dollar, and in July that year, all foreign exchange trading was suspended for three days to try to stop the depreciation. By the time that State President P. W. Botha made his Rubicon speech on 15 August 1985, it had weakened to R 2.40 per dollar. The currency recovered somewhat between 1986–88, trading near the R 2 level most of the time and even breaking beneath it sporadically. The recovery was short-lived, however,",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "14519973",
"text": "South African rand. The 1954 set was reissued with the new currency inscribed from 1961 to 1963. After that, all the commemorative sets except for one (New Constitution) were omnibus issues. The New Constitution set was inscribed \"LESOTHO BASUTOLAND\" instead of just \"BASUTOLAND\". The first stamps of independent Lesotho were issued on 4 October 1966. On 1 November of that year, the 1961-1963 set of Basutoland was overprinted \"LESOTHO\". In 1979, the currency was changed from South African rand to lisente (s) and maloti (m). In 1980-1981 the then current 1976-1978 definitives were overprinted with the new currency, and this",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Lesotho"
},
{
"id": "2035116",
"text": "as the new governor of the South African Reserve Bank, and the inauguration of President Thabo Mbeki in 1999 which had it quickly slide to over R 6 to the dollar. The controversial land reform programme that was initiated in Zimbabwe, followed by the September 11, 2001 attacks, propelled it to its weakest historical level of R 13.84 to the dollar in December 2001. This sudden depreciation in 2001 led to a formal investigation, which in turn led to a dramatic recovery. By the end of 2002, the currency was trading under R 9 to the dollar again, and by",
"title": "South African rand"
},
{
"id": "465563",
"text": "U.S. dollar–yen spot rate (JPY per USD) at 17:00 JST: Japanese yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro, and the pound sterling. The concept of the yen was a component of the Meiji government's modernization program of Japan's economy; which postulated the pursuit of a uniform currency throughout the country modeled after the European decimal currency system. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs",
"title": "Japanese yen"
},
{
"id": "465531",
"text": "Japanese yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro, and the pound sterling. The concept of the yen was a component of the Meiji government's modernization program of Japan's economy; which postulated the pursuit of a uniform currency throughout the country modeled after the European decimal currency system. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, \"hansatsu\", in an array of",
"title": "Japanese yen"
},
{
"id": "465825",
"text": "currency rather than introducing a new currency. In February 2009, the newly installed national unity government (which included the opposition to Mugabe) allowed foreign currency transactions throughout the economy as a measure to stimulate the economy and end inflation. The Zimbabwean dollar quickly lost all credibility, and by April 2009, the Zimbabwean dollar was suspended entirely, to be replaced by the US dollar in government transactions. In 2014 there were eight legal currencies - US dollar, South African rand, Botswana pula, British pound sterling, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee and Japanese yen. Dollarization reversed inflation, permitting the banking system",
"title": "Economy of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "6517697",
"text": "governments wishing to consolidate regional economic integration based on a vision of social welfare, bartering and mutual economic aid. The ten member countries are Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Venezuela. Suriname was admitted to ALBA as a guest country at a February 2012 summit. ALBA nations may conduct trade using a virtual regional currency known as the SUCRE. Venezuela and Ecuador made the first bilateral trade deal using the Sucre, instead of the US dollar, on July 6, 2010. Ecuador withdrew from the group in",
"title": "ALBA"
},
{
"id": "283173",
"text": "Italy, Spain, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Communities also exist in Australia and New Zealand. Canada, Brazil and Argentina host small groups of these communities. In Asia, Japan hosts a small Nicaraguan community. Due to extreme poverty at home, many Nicaraguans are now living and working in neighboring El Salvador, a country that has the US dollar as currency. Although Nicaragua's health outcomes have improved over the past few decades with the efficient utilization of resources relative to other Central American nations, healthcare in Nicaragua still confronts challenges responding to its populations' diverse healthcare needs. The Nicaraguan government guarantees",
"title": "Nicaragua"
},
{
"id": "17551716",
"text": "II and the colony's coat of arms were issued, and in 1961 these were overprinted in the new currency, the South African rand. Later that year similar designs inscribed in rand instead of just overprinted were issued, and a further surcharge was issued around 1967. Basutoland became independent as Lesotho in 1966. A year later, the country's first revenues were issued, with the main design being the coat of arms. These continued to be used for many years, until around 2006 a new design featuring a bird was issued. These remain in use to this day. Revenue stamps of Basutoland",
"title": "Revenue stamps of Basutoland and Lesotho"
},
{
"id": "10801345",
"text": "diversity. There is a significant difference between, on the one hand, the rich oil states of the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, and on the other hand, the poor countries like the Comoros, Mauritania and Djibouti. For instance, the GDP per capita of the wealthiest Arab country, Qatar at purchasing power parity, is 35 times higher than that of Djibouti. Based on latest figures and estimates, the Arab League has a total GDP of approximately Int$7.695 trillion (6.0% of the world) at purchasing power parity, or US$2.841 trillion (3.55% of the world) at nominal values. The member state with",
"title": "Economy of the Arab League"
},
{
"id": "854261",
"text": "Australian dollar The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The Australian dollar was legal tender of Papua New Guinea until 1 January 1976, when the Papua New Guinean kina became the sole legal tender. Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It is subdivided into 100 cents.",
"title": "Australian dollar"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: South African rand context: South African rand The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the currency of South Africa. The Rand is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: \"c\"). The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch \"Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand\" (South African Rand). The Rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland (Eswatini), Lesotho, and Namibia, although the last three countries do have their own currencies pegged at par with rand. Before 1976, the rand was legal tender in Botswana. The Rand takes its name from the WitwatersRand (\"white waters' ridge\" in English), the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and\n\nWhich country has the rand as its currency?",
"compressed_tokens": 206,
"origin_tokens": 206,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: South African rand context: end of 2004 was trading under R 5.70 to the dollar. The currency softened somewhat in 2005, and was trading around R 6.35 to the dollar at the end of the year. At the start of 2006, however, the currency resumed its rally, and as of 19 January 2006, was trading under R 6 to the dollar again. However, during the second and third quarters of 2006 (i.e. April through September), the Rand weakened significantly. In sterling terms, it fell from around 9.5p to just over 7p, losing some 25% of its international trade-weighted value in just six months.\n\ntitle: Monet Area context: Namibian dollar In2002 a re-sh formula introduced, which included a. In 2003 Swaziland reauthorized the use of the rand legal tender in interest of facilitating exchange. The currency agreement made between countries is one of the most important issues in agreement As issued before, each country the right to their own currencies. These currencies are only legal tender in their own countries However, the South African Rand is tender throughout CMA. According to the agreement the C countries can have access to the\n\ntitle: South p context: Southound Theound ( £ was the currency of Union of South Africa creation of the country as a British Dominion in 11 It by the in 1961, Africa a. In18, imperial-inccil sterlingage legal tender in all colon that time the col Cape Col. As went on, British sterling and associated subsidi coin became currency of every territory in Africa\n South African rand: him (0-R); the7 at showing ariedestone (1);ings of heated there South rand The rand. into 100 cents (sign: \"c\"). The ISO 4217 code is ZAR, from Dutch \"Zuid-Afrikaanse Rand\" (South African Rand). The Rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area between South Africa, Swaziland (Eswatini), Lesotho, and Namibia, although the last three countries\n\nWhich country has the rand as its currency?",
"compressed_tokens": 488,
"origin_tokens": 14795,
"ratio": "30.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
154 | What is the former name of the People's Republic of Venin? | [
"Dahomey kingdom",
"Dohomey",
"Danhome",
"Dahomey",
"Kingdom of Dahomey",
"DHY",
"Dahomeyan"
] | Dohomey | [
{
"id": "36487",
"text": "has had a tumultuous history since then, with many different democratic governments, military coups, and military governments. A Marxist–Leninist state called the People's Republic of Benin existed between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by the current multi-party Republic of Benin. During the colonial period and at independence, the country was known as Dahomey. On 30 November 1975, it was renamed to Benin, after the body of water on which the country lies—the Bight of Benin. This had been named by Europeans after the Benin Empire in present-day Nigeria. The country of Benin has no connection to Benin",
"title": "Benin"
},
{
"id": "8377055",
"text": "People's Republic of Benin The People's Republic of Benin () was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day Benin. The People's Republic was established on 30 November 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey. It effectively lasted until 1 March 1990, with the adoption of a new constitution, and the abolition of Marxism-Leninism in the nation in 1989. On 26 October 1972, the army led by Commander Mathieu Kérékou overthrew the government, suspended the constitution and dissolved both the National Assembly and the Presidential Council. On",
"title": "People's Republic of Benin"
},
{
"id": "778749",
"text": "Foreign relations of Benin After seizing power in 1972, Major Mathieu Kérékou declared Dahomey a Marxist-Leninist state and sought financial support from communist governments in Eastern Europe and Asia. To distance the modern state from its colonial past, the country became the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. However, Benin dropped the socialist ideology in 1989 following pressure from creditors and domestic unrest related to economic hardship. In recent years Benin has strengthened ties with France, the former colonial power, as well as the United States and the main international lending institutions. Benin has also adopted a mediating role in",
"title": "Foreign relations of Benin"
},
{
"id": "11641129",
"text": "Republic of Dahomey The Republic of Dahomey ( ) was established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Prior to attaining autonomy it had been French Dahomey, part of the French Union. On August 1, 1960, it attained full independence from France. In 1975, the country was renamed Benin after the Bight of Benin (which was in turn named after the Benin Empire which had its seat of power in Benin City, modern-day Nigeria), since \"Benin\" was deemed politically neutral for all ethnic groups in the state, whereas \"Dahomey\" recalled the Fon-dominated Kingdom of Dahomey.",
"title": "Republic of Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "11641134",
"text": "Doc\"). Dahomey resembled Haiti in many ways, both geographically and culturally, and it was safer to film there than in Haiti. Republic of Dahomey The Republic of Dahomey ( ) was established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Prior to attaining autonomy it had been French Dahomey, part of the French Union. On August 1, 1960, it attained full independence from France. In 1975, the country was renamed Benin after the Bight of Benin (which was in turn named after the Benin Empire which had its seat of power in Benin City, modern-day Nigeria),",
"title": "Republic of Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "11112072",
"text": "Constitution of Benin The Constitution of Benin was adopted by referendum 23 December 1956. The constitution is made up of a preamble, twelve titles, and 160 articles. (Preamble text comes from the English translation of the Beninese Constitution via the Constitution Projec Dahomey, proclaimed a Republic on December 4, 1958, acceded to international sovereignty August 1, 1960. Having become the People's Republic of Bénin on November 30, 1975, and then the Republic of Bénin on March 1, 1990, it has known a turbulent constitutional and political evolution since its accession to independence. Only the option in favor of the Republic",
"title": "Constitution of Benin"
},
{
"id": "2480559",
"text": "Flag of Benin The national flag of Benin is a flag consisting of two horizontal yellow and red bands on the fly side and a green vertical band at the hoist. Adopted in 1959 to replace the French Tricolour, it was the flag of the Republic of Dahomey until 1975, when the People's Republic of Benin was established. The new regime renamed the country and changed the flag to a green field with a red star in the canton. This version was utilized until the regime collapsed in 1990, coinciding with the Revolutions of 1989. The new government promptly restored",
"title": "Flag of Benin"
},
{
"id": "14177891",
"text": "had no freedom of speech or of the press and a very poor human-rights record. It changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin in 1975. In 1990 the word \"People's\" was removed from the country's official name, and in December 1991 a new constitution was ratified with the goal of establishing a nation in which \"the rule of law, fundamental rights, public liberties, human dignity and justice are guaranteed, protected and promoted as the prerequisite for the harmonious development of each Benin citizen\". Under the new constitution, democracy was restored in Benin in 1991. In the elections held",
"title": "Human rights in Benin"
},
{
"id": "7504620",
"text": "a Dutch ship. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (\"Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën\"; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 (but was formally recognised in 1648) and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands. From an economic and military perspective, the Republic of the United Provinces was extremely successful. This time period is known in the Netherlands as the Golden Age. The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern stock market in the Low Countries. At first the Dutch had a",
"title": "Military history of the Netherlands"
},
{
"id": "527914",
"text": "Dahomey became an overseas territory with its own parliament and representation in the French national assembly. On December 4, 1958, it became the République du Dahomey, self-governing within the French Community. On 11 July 1960 France agreed to Dahomey becoming fully independent. Dahomey declared independence on 1 August 1960. Between 1960 and 1972, a succession of military coups brought about many changes of government. The last of these brought to power Major Mathieu Kérékou as the head of a regime professing strict Marxist-Leninist principles. By 1975 the Republic of Dahomey changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin. The",
"title": "History of Benin"
},
{
"id": "20789716",
"text": "Justice, Legislative Affairs and Human Rights. <nowiki>*</nowiki>The country was known as Dahomey until 1975 when its name was changed to Benin. Ministry of Justice (Benin) The Ministry of Justice of Benin provide public safety and legal services that \"promote the rule of law, ensure the safety and security of the public and uphold the interest of the government and people of the Republic of Benin.\" According to Article 6 of the Law on the Statute of the Judiciary, the Minister of Justice is the direct superior of the Magistrates of the Public Prosecutor's Office and the Central Administration of the",
"title": "Ministry of Justice (Benin)"
},
{
"id": "14152640",
"text": "years to build. These were apparently raised to mark out territories for towns and cities. 13 years after Ewuare's death tales of Benin's splendors, more Portuguese traders were lured to the city gates. At its height, Benin dominated trade along the entire coastline from the Western Niger Delta, through Lagos to modern-day Ghana. It was for this reason that this coastline was named the Bight of Benin. The present-day Republic of Benin, formerly Dahomey, decided to choose the name of this bight as the name of its country. Benin ruled over the tribes of the Niger Delta including the Western",
"title": "Kingdom of Benin"
},
{
"id": "778751",
"text": "remain strained by rival cross-border gang clashes; talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River. Refugees (country of origin): 9,444 (Togo) (2007) Transshipment point used by traffickers for cocaine destined for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to poorly enforced financial regulations (2008) Foreign relations of Benin After seizing power in 1972, Major Mathieu Kérékou declared Dahomey a Marxist-Leninist state and sought financial support from communist governments in Eastern Europe and Asia. To distance the modern state from its colonial past, the country became the People's Republic of Benin in 1975.",
"title": "Foreign relations of Benin"
},
{
"id": "778723",
"text": "century until the colonial period, the Kingdom of Dahomey (whose borders encompassed more than present day Benin) was ruled by an \"Oba\". The French were the colonial power from 1892 to 1960, when independence was finally achieved. Between 1960 and 1972, a series of military coups in Benin (known until 1975 as the Republic of Dahomey) brought about many changes of government. The last of these brought Major Mathieu Kérékou to power as the head of a regime professing strict Marxist-Leninist principles. The Revolutionary Party of the People of Benin (PRPB) remained in complete power until the beginning of the",
"title": "Politics of Benin"
},
{
"id": "8377057",
"text": "purges in the state apparatus. President Kérékou condemned, and sometimes executed, various representatives of the former political regime, and some of its own employees: Captain Michel Aipké, Interior minister, was sentenced to death and executed on a charge of adultery with the wife of the head of state. He was shot, and activists invited to file past his body. On 30 November 1975, with the first anniversary of the speech of Abomey, Kérékou changed the country's name to Benin, named after the Benin Empire that had once flourished in neighboring Nigeria (south-central). The National Day was set for 30 November",
"title": "People's Republic of Benin"
},
{
"id": "2586239",
"text": "next project to be a biography of Francisco Félix de Sousa, a 19th-century slave trader born in Brazil, who became the Viceroy of Ouidah in Dahomey. Chatwin had first heard of De Sousa during a visit to Dahomey in 1972. He returned to the country, by then renamed the People's Republic of Benin, in December 1976 to conduct research. In January 1977, during the 1977 Benin coup d'état attempt, Chatwin was accused of being a mercenary and detained for three days. Chatwin later wrote about this experience in \"A Coup — A Story,\" which was published in \"Granta\" and included",
"title": "Bruce Chatwin"
},
{
"id": "14152627",
"text": "Kingdom of Benin The Kingdom of Benin, also known as the Benin Kingdom, was a pre-colonial kingdom in what is now southern Nigeria. Its capital was Edo, now known as Benin City in Edo state. It should not be confused with the modern-day Republic of Benin, formerly the Republic of Dahomey. The Benin Kingdom was \"one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE\", until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897. The original people and founders of the Benin Kingdom, the Edo people,",
"title": "Kingdom of Benin"
},
{
"id": "11641125",
"text": "French Dahomey French Dahomey was a French colony of and a part of French West Africa from 1904 to 1958. After World War II, by the establishment of the French Fourth Republic in 1947, Dahomey became part of the French Union with an increased autonomy. On 11 December 1958, the French Fifth Republic was established and the French Union became the French Community. The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey within the Community, and two years later on 1 August 1960 it gained full independence (and in 1975 changed its name to Benin). During the 13th century, the indigenous",
"title": "French Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "4307348",
"text": "Vexin Vexin () is a historical county of northwestern France. It covers a verdant plateau on the right bank (north) of the Seine running roughly east to west between Pontoise and Romilly-sur-Andelle (about 20 km from Rouen), and north to south between Auneuil and the Seine near Vernon. The plateau is crossed by the Epte and the Andelle river valleys. The name \"Vexin\" is derived from a name for a Gaulish tribe now known as the Veliocasses. They had inhabited the area and made Rouen their most important city. The Norse nobleman Rollo of Normandy (ca. 846–ca. 931), the first",
"title": "Vexin"
},
{
"id": "113981",
"text": "Republic of Dahomey and gained full independence in 1960. It was renamed in 1975 the People's Republic of Benin, and in 1991 the Republic of Benin. The Dahomey kingship exists as a ceremonial role to this day. Early writings, predominantly written by European slave traders, often presented the kingdom as an absolute monarchy led by a despotic king. However, these depictions were often deployed as arguments by different sides in the slave trade debates, mainly in the United Kingdom, and as such were probably exaggerations. Recent historical work has emphasized the limits of monarchical power in the Kingdom of Dahomey.",
"title": "Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "7596281",
"text": "explore the numerous alien ruins that dot the planet’s surface. A government is established called the Dawning Star Republic. However, some of the rebellious colonists break away to form the Eos Freedom League. In 2248, the Tentaari make contact with the humans. They are very secretive about the history of the planet and are cautious about helping the humans. In 2249, humans first encounter the Velin, an indigenous species similar in appearance to humans. The following species of aliens exist in the Dawning Star setting. This list is not exhaustive. The game went into development shortly after the announcement by",
"title": "Dawning Star"
},
{
"id": "2976956",
"text": "Bight of Benin The Bight of Benin or Bay of Benin is a bight in the Gulf of Guinea area on the western African coast. It extends eastward for about from Cape St. Paul to the Nun outlet of the Niger River. To the east it is continued by the Bight of Bonny (formerly Bight of Biafra). The Republic of Benin and this bight were both named after the Benin Empire. On December 25, 2003, UTAGE Flight 141 crashed in the Bight. Historical associations with the Atlantic slave trade led to the region becoming known as the Slave Coast. As",
"title": "Bight of Benin"
},
{
"id": "2115948",
"text": "Oba of Benin The Oba of Benin is the traditional ruler of the Edo people and all Edoid people and head of the historic Eweka dynasty of the Benin Empire - a West African empire centred on Benin City, in modern-day Nigeria. The ancient Benin homeland (not to be confused with the modern-day and unrelated Republic of Benin, which was then known as Dahomey) has been and continues to be mostly populated by the Edo (also known as the Bini or Benin ethnic group). The title of Oba was used after the Ogiso title and was created by Oranmiyan, Benin",
"title": "Oba of Benin"
},
{
"id": "2976962",
"text": "joined as a united British protectorate, ultimately to be merged into Nigeria. Bight of Benin The Bight of Benin or Bay of Benin is a bight in the Gulf of Guinea area on the western African coast. It extends eastward for about from Cape St. Paul to the Nun outlet of the Niger River. To the east it is continued by the Bight of Bonny (formerly Bight of Biafra). The Republic of Benin and this bight were both named after the Benin Empire. On December 25, 2003, UTAGE Flight 141 crashed in the Bight. Historical associations with the Atlantic slave",
"title": "Bight of Benin"
},
{
"id": "14413148",
"text": "issued in 1892 for French colonies on the coast of the Bight of Benin called the \"Établissments du Golfe de Benin\". In 1904, the colony of French Dahomey was established, as part of French West Africa. Stamps inscribed Dahomey were issued between 1899 and 1942. Stamps of French West Africa were then used until 1960. The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey, and two years later on 1 August 1960 it gained full independence. Stamps inscribed Dahomey were issued again in 1960. Ⅰn 1975, the country was renamed Benin. Postage stamps and postal history of Benin This is a",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Benin"
},
{
"id": "36496",
"text": "copying foreign ideology, and wants neither Capitalism, Communism, nor Socialism\". On 30 November 1974 however, he announced that the country was officially Marxist, under control of the Military Council of the Revolution (CMR), which nationalized the petroleum industry and banks. On 30 November 1975, he renamed the country to the People's Republic of Benin. The CMR was dissolved in 1979, and Kérékou arranged show elections in which he was the only allowed candidate. Establishing relations with China, North Korea, and Libya, he put nearly all businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment in Benin to dry up.",
"title": "Benin"
},
{
"id": "36484",
"text": "Benin Benin ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its",
"title": "Benin"
},
{
"id": "16828637",
"text": "Fon ancestor worship and ceremonies. He was not allowed to reside in Abomey or travel freely, but was allowed to visit Abomey to perform ceremonial functions during the Annual Customs by the French administration. French Dahomey administration remained over the area from 1900 until 1960 when the country gained independence and took the name Republic of Dahomey. In 1975, the name of the country was changed from Republic of Dahomey to Benin. The King of Dahomey remains an important ceremonial position and continued through both French administration and independence. Since 2000, there has been a struggle over the position with",
"title": "History of the Kingdom of Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "3870977",
"text": "the Sanskrit word \"Waas\", meaning 'dwelling' or 'residence'. The oldest known name for the region is \"Vesalé\" (Latinised spelling). The name was changed to \"Basai\", which was named under Bahadur Shah of Gujarat after the Gujarat Sultanate took over the region. This is also the first Latinised record of the name, which was spelt as \"Baxay\" by Barbosa (1514). The name was short-lived as it was changed under Portuguese rule, approximately two decades later, to \"Baçaim\" (also first official Latin name) following the signing of the Treaty of Baçaim in 1534. This name was again changed after over 200 years",
"title": "Vasai"
},
{
"id": "527912",
"text": "History of Benin The Republic of Benin was formed in 1960 when the colony of French Dahomey gained independence from France. Prior to this, the area that is now the Republic of Benin was divided largely between two coastal kingdoms, Dahomey and Porto-Novo, and a large area of various tribes in the north. The French assembled these various groups together into the colony of French Dahomey, which was part of the various colonies of French West Africa from 1904 until 1960. In the independence era, the republic was extremely unstable for the first decade and a half of existence, with",
"title": "History of Benin"
},
{
"id": "799907",
"text": "Abomey Abomey is a city in the Zou Department of Benin. Abomey is also the former capital of the Kingdom of Dahomey (\"c.\" 1600–1904), which would later become a French colony, then the Republic of Dahomey (1960–1975), and is the modern-day Republic of Benin. Abomey houses the Royal Palaces of Abomey, a collection of small traditional houses that were inhabited by the Kings of Dahomey from 1600 to 1900, and which were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985. The commune of Abomey covers an area of 142 square kilometres and as of 2012 had a population of",
"title": "Abomey"
},
{
"id": "2286349",
"text": "yet reached. The communist parties in these countries often governed in coalitions with other progressive parties. During the postcolonial period a number of former European colonies that had achieved independence and adopted Marxist-Leninist governments took the name \"people's republic\". Angola, Benin, Congo-Brazzaville, Ethiopia, Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique and South Yemen followed this route. Following the Revolutions of 1989, the people's republics of Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland) along with Mongolia dropped the term \"people's\" from their names as it was associated with their former communist governments. They became known simply as republics and adopted liberal democracy as",
"title": "People's Republic"
},
{
"id": "16828618",
"text": "and the French took over the Kingdom of Dahomey in 1894. The throne was vacated by the French in 1900, but the royal families and key administrative positions of the administration continued to have a large impact in the politics of the French administration and the post-independence Republic of Dahomey, renamed Benin in 1975. Historiography of the kingdom has had a significant impact on work far beyond African history and the history of the kingdom forms the backdrop for a number of novels and plays. Prior to the centralization of the kingdom of Dahomey, the evidence suggests that the Abomey",
"title": "History of the Kingdom of Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "767578",
"text": "sway not only over most of the other kingdoms in Yorubaland, but also over nearby African states, notably the Fon Kingdom of Dahomey in the modern Republic of Benin to the west. The Benin Empire was a pre-colonial empire located in what is now southern Nigeria. Its capital was Edo, now known as Benin City, Edo. It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey. The Benin Empire was \"one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of West Africa, dating perhaps to the eleventh century CE\". The Benin Empire",
"title": "West Africa"
},
{
"id": "953152",
"text": "the People's Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Mahabad (1946), as well as the Marxist-Leninist states straddling the Second and Third Worlds before the end of the Cold War: the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (from 1967), the People's Republic of the Congo (from 1969), the People's Republic of Benin, the People's Republic of Angola and People's Republic of Mozambique from 1975, the People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada from 1979 to 1983, the Derg/People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1974, and the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 until the Ogaden War in 1977. Many states were also accused by the",
"title": "Eastern Bloc"
},
{
"id": "16355288",
"text": "developed.\". Nevertheless, it lasted only for a short time and was replaced by May 1959 far more modestly by the Conseil de l'Entente. \"This article is partly or fully translated from the French Wikipedia article \"Union Sahel-Bénin\"\". Sahel-Benin Union Sahel-Benin Union was a short-lived union of four former French colonies of French West Africa, that were the four Republics of Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, Dahomey (Benin) and Côte d’Ivoire. This union \"was the grouping that worked in the most efficient way for the cause of African unity. This union [...] was provided with modest but functional institutions; a Council",
"title": "Sahel-Benin Union"
},
{
"id": "14152657",
"text": "destroying much of the country's treasured art and dispersing nearly all that remained. The stolen portrait figures, busts, and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called the \"Benin Bronzes\") are now displayed in museums around the world. Kingdom of Benin The Kingdom of Benin, also known as the Benin Kingdom, was a pre-colonial kingdom in what is now southern Nigeria. Its capital was Edo, now known as Benin City in Edo state. It should not be confused with the modern-day Republic of Benin, formerly the Republic of Dahomey. The Benin Kingdom was \"one of the",
"title": "Kingdom of Benin"
},
{
"id": "2274928",
"text": "the late 14th century, Kotor was seized by the Venetian Republic. Part of the area was conquered by the Ottomans at the end of the 15th century, and the Venetian Republic held the southern part including Kotor. The Ottoman part was retaken at the end of the 17th century and the whole area became part of the Venetian Republic, with the name of Albania Veneta. Until the 20th century the difference between the two parts was visible because the former Ottoman part had an Orthodox majority, while the part that was under Venetian rule had a Catholic majority. With the",
"title": "Bay of Kotor"
},
{
"id": "527920",
"text": "the National Assembly. The Force Cowrie for an Emerging Benin (FCBE), a coalition of parties, closely linked to President Yayi, won a plurality of the seats in the National Assembly, providing the president with considerable influence over the legislative agenda. History of Benin The Republic of Benin was formed in 1960 when the colony of French Dahomey gained independence from France. Prior to this, the area that is now the Republic of Benin was divided largely between two coastal kingdoms, Dahomey and Porto-Novo, and a large area of various tribes in the north. The French assembled these various groups together",
"title": "History of Benin"
},
{
"id": "2375394",
"text": "pharmacopoeia and the World Health Organization (WHO). Antivenoms have been developed for the venoms associated with the following animals: The name \"antivenin\" comes from the French word \"venin\", meaning venom, which in turn was derived from Latin \"venenum\", meaning poison. Historically, the term \"antivenin\" was predominant around the world, its first published use being in 1895. In 1981, the World Health Organization decided that the preferred terminology in the English language would be \"venom\" and \"antivenom\" rather than \"venin\" and \"antivenin\" or \"venen\" and \"antivenene\". Antivenom Antivenom, also known as antivenin, venom antiserum and antivenom immunoglobulin, is a medication made",
"title": "Antivenom"
},
{
"id": "2236662",
"text": "and is undercover as a student. Hogan's real work is as a \"synthesist\", although he is a commissioned officer and can be called up for active duty. The two main plots concern the fictional African state of Beninia (a name reminiscent of the real-life Benin, though that nation in the Bight of Benin was known as the Republic of Dahomey when the book was written) making a deal with General Technics to take over the management of their country, in a bid to speed up development from third world to first world status. A second major plot is a break-through",
"title": "Stand on Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "113972",
"text": "Dahomey The Kingdom of Dahomey () was an African kingdom (located within the area of the present-day country of Benin) that existed from about 1600 until 1894, when the last king, Béhanzin, was defeated by the French, and the country was annexed into the French colonial empire. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau amongst the Fon people in the early 17th century and became a regional power in the 18th century by conquering key cities on the Atlantic coast. For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Dahomey was a key regional state, eventually ending tributary status",
"title": "Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "7606403",
"text": "First Franco-Dahomean War The First Franco-Dahomean War, which raged in 1890, was a conflict between France, led by General Alfred-Amédée Dodds, and the Dahomey under King Béhanzin. The French emerged triumphant after winning the Battle of Abomey. At the close of the 19th century, European powers were busy conquering and colonizing much of Africa. In what is today Benin, the main colonial power was the French Third Republic. The French had established commercial ties with the indigenous peoples of the area including one of West Africa's most powerful states at the time, the Kingdom of Dahomey. In 1851, a Franco-Dahomean",
"title": "First Franco-Dahomean War"
},
{
"id": "14177890",
"text": "including the police, as well as harsh prison conditions and long pre-trial detention periods\", as well as \"by reports of serious restrictions on the right to strike in the public sector and authorities' frequent anti-union statements, fueling social tensions and protest actions\". In addition, the report noted \"the government's slow progress in addressing the worst forms of child labor\". Benin was formerly a French colony known as Dahomey, which won its independence in 1960. From 1972 to 1990 it was a Marxist–Leninist state that was ruled by dictator Mathieu Kérékou, who took power in a coup. Under Kérékou, the country",
"title": "Human rights in Benin"
},
{
"id": "3080230",
"text": "and the first meeting of the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia on 2 August 1944. The day is also celebrated as St. Elijahs Day, or \"Ilinden\". The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was founded on 9 September 1948 following its release from Soviet occupation and a provisional government. The national holiday is known locally as the Day of the Foundation of the Republic (\"Korean\": 인민정권 창건일) and is celebrated annually. Trinidad and Tobago officially became a republic on 1 August 1976. Republic Day is celebrated on 24 September every year because that is when the first parliament",
"title": "Republic Day"
},
{
"id": "7606411",
"text": "Franco-Dahomean War two years later. First Franco-Dahomean War The First Franco-Dahomean War, which raged in 1890, was a conflict between France, led by General Alfred-Amédée Dodds, and the Dahomey under King Béhanzin. The French emerged triumphant after winning the Battle of Abomey. At the close of the 19th century, European powers were busy conquering and colonizing much of Africa. In what is today Benin, the main colonial power was the French Third Republic. The French had established commercial ties with the indigenous peoples of the area including one of West Africa's most powerful states at the time, the Kingdom of",
"title": "First Franco-Dahomean War"
},
{
"id": "6782287",
"text": "Tchaourou Tchaourou (Saworo in Yoruba etymology, meaning rattle) is a commune, arrondissement, and city located in the Borgou Department of Benin, a country in Western Africa, formerly known as Dahomey (until 1975). It is the birthplace of former Beninese president Yayi Boni. It is south of Parakou. The commune covers an area of and as of 2013 had a population of 221,108 people., while the Tchaourou city proper has a population of 106,852 people, making it the 10th largest settlement in Benin. As an arrondissement and commune, Tchaourou is one of the largest municipalities in the Borgu department of Benin.",
"title": "Tchaourou"
},
{
"id": "3599444",
"text": "the local language of the Aja-Tado area in Benin. However, use of this single language's name for the language cluster as a whole was not only not acceptable to all speakers but also rather confusing. Since the establishment of a working group at the West African Languages Congress at Cotonou in 1980, H. B. Capo's name suggestion has been generally accepted: \" 'Gbe\"', which is the word for 'language/dialect' in each of the languages. Ketu, settlement in present-day Benin Republic (formerly known as Dahomey), might be an appropriate starting point for a brief history of the Gbe-speaking peoples. Ewe traditions",
"title": "Gbe languages"
},
{
"id": "8377066",
"text": "which became the Republic of Benin. Prime Minister Nicephore Soglo won 67.7% of the votes and defeated Kérékou in the presidential election in March 1991. Kérékou accepted the election results and left his office. He became president again by winning the election in 1996, having meanwhile dropped all references to Marxism and atheism and having become an evangelical pastor. His return to power involved no recovery of a Marxist-Leninist regime in Benin. People's Republic of Benin The People's Republic of Benin () was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day",
"title": "People's Republic of Benin"
},
{
"id": "6782237",
"text": "to as the Alaketu of Ketu. Kétou, Benin Kétou is a Yoruba town, arrondissement, and commune located in the Plateau Department of the Republic of Benin (previously called 'Dahomey'). The commune covers an area of 2183 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 156,497 people, making it the 13th largest settlement in Benin. Kétou (Ketu) is said to have been founded by Ede, son of Sopasan and grandson of Oduduwa (also known as Odudua, Oòdua and Eleduwa), who ruled the Yoruba kingdom of Ile-Ife (also known as Ife) in present-day Nigeria. The oba (meaning 'king' or 'ruler'",
"title": "Kétou, Benin"
},
{
"id": "6022725",
"text": "British-sponsored Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and had him deposed. Lahej ended up joining the Federation and later the Federation of South Arabia in 1963. In 1967 the new Communist regime expelled the Abdali Sultan. The dynasty of the Sultanate of Lahej was abolished with the founding of the Socialist state of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990). The former territory of the Sultanate has been within the Republic of Yemen since its unification in 1990. The Sultans of Lahej had the title of \"Sultan Lahj\". The Sultanate of Lahej and others surrounding the Port of Aden had",
"title": "Sultanate of Lahej"
},
{
"id": "14477437",
"text": "Halkevleri Halkevleri (singular \"Halkevi\" literally meaning \"people's houses\", also translatable as \"community centres\") is the name of a Turkish community civil rights project. Its history can be reviewed in three distinct eras; between 1932-1951 (1st era), 1963-1980 (2nd era) and after 1987 (3rd era). The Turkish Republic was proclaimed in 1923 after a series of costly wars involving the Ottoman Empire. The human loss was great, especially among the intellectuals. Also, the most profitable agricultural land had been lost and the country was economically bankrupt. After the republic was proclaimed, measures were taken to raise the low literacy rate and",
"title": "Halkevleri"
},
{
"id": "11727751",
"text": "1349 Bechuana 1349 Bechuana, provisional designation , is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 June 1934, by South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for the former Bechuanaland, what is now the Republic of Botswana. \"Bechuana\" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,912 days; semi-major axis of 3.01 AU). Its orbit has",
"title": "1349 Bechuana"
},
{
"id": "18966622",
"text": "Ogu people The Ogu people, sometimes called Egun people, are an ethnic group located majorly in Lagos and Ogun State in the South-Western part of Nigeria. The Ogu people have varieties of dialects including Thevi, Xwela, Seto and Toli and they also account for about 15% of the indigenous population of Lagos State. The Ogu people were settlers in the old Dahomey presently known as Republic of Benin. Oral history has it that the Ogu people are a descendant of those who migrated from Whydah, Allada and Weme which are now part of the Republic of Benin as a result",
"title": "Ogu people"
},
{
"id": "5429444",
"text": "Hyphen War The Hyphen war (, ) was the tongue-in-cheek name given to the conflict over what to call Czechoslovakia after the fall of the Communist government. The official name of the country during the last 30 years of Communist rule was \"Czechoslovak Socialist Republic\" (in Czech and in Slovak , or \"ČSSR\"). In December 1989—a month after the Velvet Revolution—President Václav Havel announced that the word \"Socialist\" would be dropped from the country's official name. Conventional wisdom suggested that it would be known as simply the \"Czechoslovak Republic\"—its official name from 1920 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1960.",
"title": "Hyphen War"
},
{
"id": "9365026",
"text": "People's Republic of the Congo The People's Republic of the Congo () was a Marxist–Leninist socialist state that was established in 1969 in the Republic of the Congo. Led by the Congolese Party of Labour (, \"PCT\"), it existed until 1991 when, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country's earlier name was restored and André Milongo was named transitional prime minister. The People's Republic of the Congo had 2,153,685 inhabitants in 1988. There were 15 different ethnic groups, although most people were Kongo, Sangha, M'Bochi, or Teke. 8,500 Europeans were present as well, mostly of French extraction. French",
"title": "People's Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "13657654",
"text": "Bus Vannin Bus Vannin () - styled as \"bus\" vannin - is the government-owned and operated bus service on the Isle of Man. The name was adopted in June 2009 to replace Isle of Man Transport. The company was founded on 1 October 1976, as National Transport, which was an amalgamation of two other operating companies. The first omnibus services on the island were provided by the Manxland Bus Co Limited, in addition to several smaller operators which operated independently. The primary means of longer-distance travel were the Isle of Man Railway to the west, south and north (via the",
"title": "Bus Vannin"
},
{
"id": "11643188",
"text": "French Upper Volta Upper Volta () was a colony of French West Africa established on 1 March 1919, from territories that had been part of the colonies of Upper Senegal and Niger and the Côte d'Ivoire. The colony was dissolved on 5 September 1932, with parts being administered by the Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and the Colony of Niger. After World War II, on 4 September 1947, the colony was revived as a part of the French Union, with its previous boundaries. On 11 December 1958, it was reconstituted as the self-governing Republic of Upper Volta within the French Community,",
"title": "French Upper Volta"
},
{
"id": "14464544",
"text": "Igodomigodo Igodomigodo is the historical first name of the now fallen Benin Empire, as called by its own inhabitants (nowadays known as the Edo people of Nigeria). According to oral history of the Edo, Igodomigodo was the name of the kingdom as given by Igodo, the first \"ogiso\" (King). The \"ogiso\" era, started by Igodo, would be the first dynasty of what would later be known as the Benin Empire (which itself existed from around 1180 until 1897 in the area of the present-day Federal Republic of Nigeria (and remarkably not in the area of the unrelated, current Republic of",
"title": "Igodomigodo"
},
{
"id": "146499",
"text": "formulated their own constitutional governments and became the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and the Republic of Palau (ROP). The FSM has a seat in the United Nations. The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over four thousand years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious culture centered on Yap Island. Nan Madol, consisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located on the eastern periphery of the island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial",
"title": "Federated States of Micronesia"
},
{
"id": "3066798",
"text": "eastern counterparts, others resisted. General Gowon responded by asking Colonel Murtala Mohammed (who later became head of state in 1975) to form another division (the 2nd Infantry Division) to expel the Biafrans from the Mid-West, as well as to defend the West side and attack Biafra from the West as well. As Nigerian forces retook the Mid-West, the Biafran military administrator declared the Republic of Benin on 19 September, though it ceased to exist the next day. (The present country of Benin, west of Nigeria, was still named Dahomey at that time.) Although Benin City was retaken by the Nigerians",
"title": "Nigerian Civil War"
},
{
"id": "9479908",
"text": "were withdrawn from the country and the U.S. embassy was closed. On December 1, 1970, the regime changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. The United States resumed diplomatic relations with the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen on April 30, 1990. On May 22, 1990, the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen united to form the Republic of Yemen. For subsequent ambassadors to the Republic of Yemen, see United States Ambassador to Yemen. For ambassadors to the Yemen Arab Republic, see United States Ambassador to North Yemen. United",
"title": "United States Ambassador to South Yemen"
},
{
"id": "2606299",
"text": "Emblem of Algeria The national emblem of Algeria () is the seal used by the government, as other states use coats of arms. The current form of the emblem with Arabic writing was adopted on 1 November 1976, but was only differentiated from previous one by the changing of the motto from French to Arabic. Contained on the emblem is the crescent that is also found on the flag of Algeria, and is a symbol of Islam. The text that encircles the emblem says in Arabic: (\"The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria\", the country's official name). The hand of Fatima,",
"title": "Emblem of Algeria"
},
{
"id": "3947866",
"text": "between two cogwheels. The crest was a dove of peace perched on two clasped hands; the supporters were a lion and a zebra standing on a grassy base strewn with veld flowers; and the motto was \"Per pacem ad industriam\". Vereeniging Vereeniging () is a city in Gauteng province, South Africa, situated where the Klip River empties into the northern loop of the Vaal River. It is also one of the constituent parts of the Vaal Triangle region and was formerly situated in the Transvaal province. The name \"Vereeniging\" is derived from the Dutch word meaning \"association\" or \"union\". Vereeniging",
"title": "Vereeniging"
},
{
"id": "14053136",
"text": "National League of Patriotic Youth The National League of Patriotic Youth (, L.N.J.P.) was a political movement in Dahomey (later renamed Benin). The organization was founded in 1967. Its followers were nicknamed \"ligueurs\". The League aligned itself with the military rulers of the country. The organization succeeded in convincing militaries to adopt a Marxist-Leninist political discourse. During the rule of the People's Revolutionary Party of Benin, the erstwhile \"ligueurs\" represented the hardline radical factions within the system. The group was highly influential in the years of 1974-1975. The \"ligueur\" faction fell out of line with President Kérékou from 1981 onwards.",
"title": "National League of Patriotic Youth"
},
{
"id": "2603647",
"text": "emblems are all enclosed within a circle whose right half is formed by cog-wheel, representing the industrial workers, and whose left half is a half-wreath of maize and cotton leaves, representing agriculture. At the bottom is an open book that represents education. The banner at the bottom reads ', Portuguese for \"Republic of Angola\". This was changed from ' (\"People's Republic of Angola\") in 1990; at the same time the cog-wheel was also changed from gold to silver. Details of the insignia are laid down in Article 163 of the Constitution of Angola. When Angola was a Portuguese colony and",
"title": "Emblem of Angola"
},
{
"id": "16885739",
"text": "located in the Central Niger Delta region, south-south Nigeria. The Oni (Onikwu/Ndoni) people migrated from Benin, during the empire of Benin (1440–1897) a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria(\"Benin empire,\" ). It should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey. The mythic origins of Benin state that the city was originally under the rule of Ogisos, meaning \"Kings of the Sky\". When the last Ogiso died, the nobles and chiefs disagreed over who would be the next Ogiso, so the Benin sent a message to Ife to the Oni of Ile-Ife. Oba",
"title": "Onikwu"
},
{
"id": "1543259",
"text": "(1945) and the country was then divided. In 1948, the South adopted the provisional government's name of Daehan Minguk (, ; see above), known in English as the Republic of Korea. Meanwhile, the North became the Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk (, ) literally the \"Chosŏn Democratic People Republic\", known in English as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The name itself was adopted from the short-lived People's Republic of Korea (PRK) formed in Seoul after liberation and later added the word \"democratic\" to its title. Today, South Koreans use \"Hanguk\" (, ) to refer to just South Korea or Korea",
"title": "Names of Korea"
},
{
"id": "16986706",
"text": "until 1991. Books and Journal articles News articles (organized chronologically) Presidential Council (Benin) The Presidential Council () was a triumvirate system of government in the Republic of Dahomey (present-day Benin) from 7 May 1970 until 26 October 1972. The Presidential Council included Hubert Maga (former president from 1960-1963), Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin (former prime minister from 1964-1965), and Sourou-Migan Apithy (former president from 1964-1965) as equal members of a council which held all legislative and executive power in the state of Dahomey. Following independence from France, the Republic of Dahomey saw a division of the country between different political/ethnic parties with one",
"title": "Presidential Council (Benin)"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "6087916",
"text": "raise the dead, and he founded his church in September 1947. Having appointed himself through the guidiance the Prophet, Reverend, Pastor, and Founder, he occupied the highest office of the movement he had just founded. The hegemony he exercised on doctrine and discipline issues made succession difficult after his death in 1985 in Lagos, Nigeria. The Celestial Church of Christ (CCC) was recognized and authorized by the Republic of Dahomey (former name of Benin) in 1965. From 1976, the church launched an evangelistic campaign in the former colony of the French West Africa, which became independent in 1960. From the",
"title": "Celestial Church of Christ"
},
{
"id": "899264",
"text": "for France, Philippe de Villiers. He held the office from 1988 to 2010 and was seen as the department's political strongman. He has been replaced by Bruno Retailleau. 2. \"The Guillotine And The Cross\" by Warren H. Carroll Vendée The Vendée () is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west-central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name \"Vendée\" is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the southeastern part of the department. The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the \"Bas-Poitou\" and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the southeast corner, the",
"title": "Vendée"
},
{
"id": "20875573",
"text": "d'Amblève\", who were founded 1721 in Aywaille. Chênée Chênée (, \"Tchinnêye\" Walloon) is a former Walloon commune in Belgium that was merged into Liège in 1977. Chênée is part of the province and arrondissement of Liège. Chênée lays at the river mouth of the two rivers Vesdre and Ourthe. It had around 9.101 inhabitants in 2015. The postal code of Chênée is 4032 and is situated around 72 meters above sea level. The name \"Chênée\" comes from the French \"chênaie\" (oak-grove, a place many oak trees grew). The three diamonds in the coat of arms symbolize oak leaves or grains",
"title": "Chênée"
},
{
"id": "8377060",
"text": "social development without getting results. Mismanagement and corruption undermined the country's economy. The industrialization strategy by the internal market of Benin caused an escalation of foreign debt. Between 1980 and 1985, the annual service of its external debt raised from 20 to 49 million, while its GNP dropped from 1.402 to 1.024 billion and the stock of debt exploded from 424 to 817 million. The three former presidents, Hubert Maga, Sourou Migan Apithy, and Justin Ahomadegbe (imprisoned in 1972) were released in 1981. A new constitution was adopted in 1978, and the first elections for the National Revolutionary Assembly were",
"title": "People's Republic of Benin"
},
{
"id": "13657670",
"text": "the Sea Terminal in Douglas. As at January 2015, the fleet consisted of 67 vehicles. Bus Vannin Bus Vannin () - styled as \"bus\" vannin - is the government-owned and operated bus service on the Isle of Man. The name was adopted in June 2009 to replace Isle of Man Transport. The company was founded on 1 October 1976, as National Transport, which was an amalgamation of two other operating companies. The first omnibus services on the island were provided by the Manxland Bus Co Limited, in addition to several smaller operators which operated independently. The primary means of longer-distance",
"title": "Bus Vannin"
},
{
"id": "573384",
"text": "name of a province in Uppland, Sweden, which is also eponymous of the Vendel Period of Swedish prehistory, corresponding to the late Germanic Iron Age leading up to the Viking Age. The connection would be that Vendel is the original homeland of the Vandals prior to the Migration Period, and retains their tribal name as a toponym. Further possible homelands of the Vandals in Scandinavia are Vendsyssel in Denmark and Hallingdal in Norway. The etymology of the name may be related to a Germanic verb \"*wand-\" \"to wander\" (English \"wend\", German \"wandeln\"). The Germanic mythological figure of \"Aurvandil\" \"shining wanderer;",
"title": "Vandals"
},
{
"id": "2286348",
"text": "ceased to use the term \"people's\" in their official name, replacing it with the term \"socialist\" as a mark of their ongoing political development. Czechoslovakia also added the term \"socialist\" into its name during this period; it had become a people's republic in 1948 but had not used that term in its official name. Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991. In the West these countries are often referred to as communist states. However, none of them described themselves in that way; they regarded communism as a level of political development that they had not",
"title": "People's Republic"
},
{
"id": "114008",
"text": "his exile to the Caribbean. The novel \"Thread of Gold Beads\" (2012) by Nike Campbell-Fatoki centers on a daughter of Behanzin; through her eyes, the end of his reign is observed. Dahomey The Kingdom of Dahomey () was an African kingdom (located within the area of the present-day country of Benin) that existed from about 1600 until 1894, when the last king, Béhanzin, was defeated by the French, and the country was annexed into the French colonial empire. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau amongst the Fon people in the early 17th century and became a regional power in the",
"title": "Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "19724990",
"text": "Khanate of Mongolia was eliminated. A Provisional People's Government under the control of the Bolsheviks was established, which would become the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924. Soviet occupation of Mongolia The Soviet occupation of Mongolia was a period of time from 1921 to 1924 when Soviet troops fully occupied the territory of Outer Mongolia after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. It was the third in a series of occupations of Mongolia after the 1911 revolution, first by the Beiyang government of China, and then by the White Russian Army. The period saw the quick establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic, and",
"title": "Soviet occupation of Mongolia"
},
{
"id": "6782236",
"text": "Kétou, Benin Kétou is a Yoruba town, arrondissement, and commune located in the Plateau Department of the Republic of Benin (previously called 'Dahomey'). The commune covers an area of 2183 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 156,497 people, making it the 13th largest settlement in Benin. Kétou (Ketu) is said to have been founded by Ede, son of Sopasan and grandson of Oduduwa (also known as Odudua, Oòdua and Eleduwa), who ruled the Yoruba kingdom of Ile-Ife (also known as Ife) in present-day Nigeria. The oba (meaning 'king' or 'ruler' in the Yoruba language) is referred",
"title": "Kétou, Benin"
},
{
"id": "14867640",
"text": "\"Republic of the Congo\" was issued on 28 November 1959. Congo gained full independence on 15 August 1960. Between 1970 and 1991, the country was known as \"The People's Republic of the Congo\". Postage stamps and postal history of the Republic of the Congo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Republic of the Congo, a former French colony known as Middle Congo or French Congo, and now often known simply as \"The Congo\". The Republic of the Congo is a country in central Africa bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of the Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "12580535",
"text": "been so good\" as at present. At that time, France was Vanuatu's second largest aid provider, behind Australia. France–Vanuatu relations The French Republic and the Republic of Vanuatu have long-standing bilateral relations which have varied over the years between tense and amicable. Vanuatu, then known as the New Hebrides, was a Franco-British condominium from 1906 to 1980, and maintained formal relations with both of its former colonial masters after gaining independence. Franco–ni-Vanuatu relations were rocked by a series of crises in the 1980s, and broke down completely on several occasions, with Vanuatu expelling the French ambassador in 1981, in 1984",
"title": "France–Vanuatu relations"
},
{
"id": "11641128",
"text": "Dahomey became an overseas territory with its own parliament and representation in the French national assembly. On 4 December 1958, it became the Republic of Dahomey (\"République du Dahomey\"), self-governing within the French Union. On 1 August 1960, the Republic of Dahomey gained full independence from France. The republic's first president was Hubert Maga, who had been the Prime Minister during the overseas territory's last year under French rule. French Dahomey French Dahomey was a French colony of and a part of French West Africa from 1904 to 1958. After World War II, by the establishment of the French Fourth",
"title": "French Dahomey"
},
{
"id": "1754",
"text": "colonisation. It began with, and was for centuries limited to, coastal settlements and trading posts established starting in the 16th century. In the 19th century, European settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not have its present borders until the early 20th century because of resistance by groups such as the Cuamato, the Kwanyama and the Mbunda. After a protracted anti-colonial struggle, independence was achieved in 1975 as the Marxist–Leninist People's Republic of Angola, a one-party state supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba. The civil war between the",
"title": "Angola"
},
{
"id": "4134534",
"text": "Benin national football team The Benin national football team, nicknamed \"Les Écureuils (The Squirrels)\", is the national football team of Benin and is controlled by the Fédération Béninoise de Football. They were known as the Dahomey national football team until 1975, when Republic of Dahomey became Benin. They have never qualified for the World Cup, but have reached three recent African Nations Cups – 2004, 2008, and 2010. On 8 February 2010 after the preliminary competition from the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola, the Benin Football Federation dissolved the national team, coach Henri Dussuyer and his complete staff",
"title": "Benin national football team"
},
{
"id": "2286346",
"text": "its use is not unique to such states. A number of republics with liberal democratic political systems, such as Bangladesh and Algeria, adopted the title after popular wars of independence given its rather generic nature. The first Marxist–Leninist people's republics that came into existence were those formed following the Russian Revolution. Ukraine was briefly declared a people's republic in 1917, and in 1920 the Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara, both territories of the former Russian Empire, were declared people's republics. In 1921 the Russian protectorate of Tuva became a people's republic, followed in 1924 by neighbouring Mongolia.",
"title": "People's Republic"
},
{
"id": "3366767",
"text": "former council was not. Maga, Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Apithy spent more than nine years in prison before being freed by Kérékou in 1981. After being released on amnesty, Apithy moved to Paris, where he lived out the rest of his life. On December 3, 1989, he died. Just days afterward, Kerekou proclaimed the end to socialism in Dahomey (renamed Benin in 1975), which he had established in November 1974. Sourou-Migan Apithy Sourou-Migan Marcellin Joseph Apithy (April 8, 1913 – December 3, 1989) was a Beninese political figure most active when his country was known as Dahomey. He arose on a political",
"title": "Sourou-Migan Apithy"
},
{
"id": "2609125",
"text": "quadrant, is the Star of Benin, the highest award of the nation. Below this is a ship, that stands for the arrival of Europeans in Benin. In the lower left quadrant is a palm tree. The shield is supported by a pair of leopards, the national animal of Benin. Below the shield is the motto of Benin (Fellowship, Justice, Work) in French. In 1975, the People's Republic of Benin (as the country was then known - see \"history of Benin\" for more details) adopted a new coat of arms which reflected the country's adherence to Marxism-Leninism. The symbolism of the",
"title": "Coat of arms of Benin"
},
{
"id": "12580522",
"text": "France–Vanuatu relations The French Republic and the Republic of Vanuatu have long-standing bilateral relations which have varied over the years between tense and amicable. Vanuatu, then known as the New Hebrides, was a Franco-British condominium from 1906 to 1980, and maintained formal relations with both of its former colonial masters after gaining independence. Franco–ni-Vanuatu relations were rocked by a series of crises in the 1980s, and broke down completely on several occasions, with Vanuatu expelling the French ambassador in 1981, in 1984 and in 1987. Relations improved from the 1990s onwards and, today, France provides development aid to Vanuatu. The",
"title": "France–Vanuatu relations"
},
{
"id": "3458656",
"text": "Biya government was unconstitutional and announced the former Southern Cameroons should become independent as the Republic of Ambazonia. Dinka was incarcerated the following January without trial and in the process became a \"martyr\" for separatist cause . The name Ambazonia was used in 1984 by Fon Gorji-Dinka (leader of the Ambazonia advocacy group), when the parliament and government of the Republic of Cameroon changed the name of the country from the \"United Republic of Cameroon\" back to the pre-reunification name of the French Cameroun, the \"Republic of Cameroun\". In the view of some, including Gorji-Dinka, Bernard Fonlon, and Carlson Anyangwe,",
"title": "Ambazonia"
},
{
"id": "3458632",
"text": "The term \"Ambazonia\" is derived from the word \"Ambozes\", the local name for the bay area at the mouth of the Wouri (now Douala) river. Ambazonia is the territory formerly known as the British Southern Cameroons (West Cameroon). The name is derived from Ambas Bay, the bay at the territory's sea coast directly facing the Equatoguinean Island of Bioko. Strategically located in the Gulf of Guinea at the hinge of Africa, Ambazonia is bordered to the east by French-speaking Republic of Cameroun, to the west and north by Nigeria and to the south by the sea, sharing a maritime border",
"title": "Ambazonia"
},
{
"id": "291164",
"text": "diplomatic presence in the other country, and relations are strained, due to disputes such as over the DPRK's nuclear program and alleged drug trafficking. In April 2017, the DPRK claimed that Darwin in Australia was being used by the United States to prepare for nuclear war, following the deployment of 1250 US troops to the area. After the People's Republic of Benin was proclaimed in 1975, the government established good relations with several Communist countries, including the DPRK. These good relations have continued to the present day. Botswana had good relations with the DPRK from 1974. In years that followed,",
"title": "Foreign relations of North Korea"
},
{
"id": "616650",
"text": "Batavian Republic The Batavian Republic (; ) was the successor of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795, and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis I to the throne of Holland. From October 1801 onward, it was known as the Batavian Commonwealth (). Both names refer to the Germanic tribe of the \"Batavi\", representing both the Dutch ancestry and their ancient quest for liberty in their nationalistic lore. In early 1795, intervention by French revolutionary forces led to the downfall of the old Dutch Republic. The new Republic enjoyed",
"title": "Batavian Republic"
},
{
"id": "5853493",
"text": "and the gross reproduction rate was 1.80. The département of Littoral was created in 1999 when it was split off from Atlantique Department and Contou was made the capital. It is the smallest of all departments in the country. Littoral is only subdivided into just one commune/city, Cotonou, the largest in the country and the economic capital; which is further subdivided into 13 arrondissements; which are further subdivided into 165 neighborhoods. Benin, formerly known as Dahomey, was a French colony till 1894. It gained independence during 1960 and was admitted to the United Nations. From 1960 to 1972, there was",
"title": "Littoral Department"
},
{
"id": "2381799",
"text": "military coup by the Venda Defence Force in 1990, after which the territory was ruled by the Council of National Unity. Venda was re-absorbed into South Africa on 27 April 1994. In 1982, the University of Venda known as Univen was established as an institution of higher learning for the Vhavenda people. Being nominally independent it was able to set up a casino in the early 1980s, staffed mainly by British workers. This would not have been legally possible in South Africa proper. Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census. Venda Venda () was a Bantustan in",
"title": "Venda"
},
{
"id": "9397317",
"text": "the above concerns confronting the views of Yugoslavia during the 1980s and until the Revolutions of 1989. In 1963 the People's Republic of Macedonia was renamed the \"Socialist Republic of Macedonia\" when the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It dropped the \"Socialist\" from its name a few months before declaring independence from Yugoslavia in September 1991. Strong Greek opposition delayed the newly independent republic's accession to the United Nations and its recognition by the European Community (EC). Although the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the former Yugoslavia declared that the",
"title": "Macedonia naming dispute"
},
{
"id": "16355287",
"text": "Sahel-Benin Union Sahel-Benin Union was a short-lived union of four former French colonies of French West Africa, that were the four Republics of Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, Dahomey (Benin) and Côte d’Ivoire. This union \"was the grouping that worked in the most efficient way for the cause of African unity. This union [...] was provided with modest but functional institutions; a Council seating with the Chiefs of States, the ministers of common affairs and the presidents of the National Assemblies [Assemblées Nationales]. A customs union was set up as well as sinking fund. A political, economic and military coordination",
"title": "Sahel-Benin Union"
},
{
"id": "1810983",
"text": "the Transvaal Province in the new union. Half a century later, in 1961, the union ceased to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations and became the Republic of South Africa. The PWV (Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) conurbation in the Transvaal, centred on Pretoria and Johannesburg, became South Africa's economic powerhouse, a position it still holds today as Gauteng Province. In 1994, after the fall of apartheid, the former provinces were abolished, and the Transvaal ceased to exist. The south-central portion (including the PWV) became Gauteng, the northern portion became Limpopo and the southeastern portion became Mpumalanga. Most of the North West came",
"title": "Transvaal (province)"
},
{
"id": "16986675",
"text": "Presidential Council (Benin) The Presidential Council () was a triumvirate system of government in the Republic of Dahomey (present-day Benin) from 7 May 1970 until 26 October 1972. The Presidential Council included Hubert Maga (former president from 1960-1963), Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin (former prime minister from 1964-1965), and Sourou-Migan Apithy (former president from 1964-1965) as equal members of a council which held all legislative and executive power in the state of Dahomey. Following independence from France, the Republic of Dahomey saw a division of the country between different political/ethnic parties with one party representing the northern part of the country, one party",
"title": "Presidential Council (Benin)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Benin context: has had a tumultuous history since then, with many different democratic governments, military coups, and military governments. A Marxist–Leninist state called the People's Republic of Benin existed between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by the current multi-party Republic of Benin. During the colonial period and at independence, the country was known as Dahomey. On 30 November 1975, it was renamed to Benin, after the body of water on which the country lies—the Bight of Benin. This had been named by Europeans after the Benin Empire in present-day Nigeria. The country of Benin has no connection to Benin\n\nWhat is the former name of the People's Republic of Venin?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: People's Republic of Benin context: which became the Republic of Benin. Prime Minister Nicephore Soglo won 67.7% of the votes and defeated Kérékou in the presidential election in March 1991. Kérékou accepted the election results and left his office. He became president again by winning the election in 1996, having meanwhile dropped all references to Marxism and atheism and having become an evangelical pastor. His return to power involved no recovery of a Marxist-Leninist regime in Benin. People's Republic of Benin The People's Republic of Benin () was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day\n\ntitle: Ben context: foreign ideology and neither Capitalism Communism, nor Social\".3 November 19 however that the was Marxist, of the Military Council of Revolution (CMR), nationalized petroleum industry banks 30 November 1975 he renamed the country to the People's Republic of Benin. CMR was dissolved in 179, and Kérékou arranged show elections in which he was the only allowed candidate Estlish relations China North Korea, and Libya, put nearly all businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment Benin to dry up.\ntitle:'s ofin context's Republic ofin The's Republic Benin () was a socialist in G continent,' was established 95 after972 coupétat in the of Dome last until 190 with the ad new constitution and the abolition MarxismLenin the.61, the army led by Mathieuérék overth government suspended the constitution dissol both National Assembly and theial Council\n: Constitution ofininendum39 of1 ( from the translationinese theec,laimed a Republic on December 4, 1958, acceded to international sovereignty August 1, 1960. Having become the People's Republic of Bénin on November 30, 1975, and then the Republic of Bénin on March 1, 1990, it has known a turbulent constitutional and political evolution since its accession to independence. Only the option in favor of the Republic\n\nWhat is the former name of the People's Republic of Venin?",
"compressed_tokens": 495,
"origin_tokens": 15441,
"ratio": "31.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
155 | In which country are Tangier and Casablanca? | [
"ISO 3166-1:MA",
"Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya",
"Maroc",
"Royaume du Maroc",
"Norocco",
"Moraco",
"Sultanate of Fez",
"Etymology of Morocco",
"المغرب",
"Al-Mamlaka al-Maġribiyya",
"Maroc (disambiguation)",
"Morroco",
"Al-Maġrib",
"Lmaġrib",
"Sherifian Empire",
"Maroco",
"Name of Morocco",
"Morrocco",
"Moroccan Kingdom",
"Morocco",
"Morrocan",
"Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyah",
"Moroco",
"Marokko",
"المملكة المغربية",
"Marocko",
"Sultanate of Morocco",
"Al-Mamlaka al-Maghrebia",
"Kingdom of Morocco"
] | Morocco | [
{
"id": "9006326",
"text": "border controls which are expected to be removed around 2020), however Britain plans to leave the EU. Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays. Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the \"Aurora\" cruise ship incident and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel \"Piraña\" were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters. , Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London, Manchester and Bristol in the UK, and with Casablanca and Tangier in Morocco. GB Airways operated a service between Gibraltar and London",
"title": "Gibraltar"
},
{
"id": "608012",
"text": "three separate high-speed lines from Ankara to Istanbul, Konya and Sivas, as well as taking an Ankara–İzmir line to the launch stage, form part of the Turkish Ministry of Transport's strategic aims and targets. Turkey plans to construct a network of high-speed lines in the early part of the 21st century, targeting a network of high-speed lines by 2013 and a network by the year 2023. In November 2007 the Moroccan government decided to undertake the construction of a high-speed rail line between the economic capital Casablanca and Tangier, one of the largest harbour cities on the Strait of Gibraltar.",
"title": "High-speed rail"
},
{
"id": "275326",
"text": "plans for the construction of a 450 million dirham military hospital in Marrakesh. Marrakesh is twinned with: Marrakesh Marrakesh ( or ; \"Murrākuš\"; \"Meṛṛakec\"), also known by the French spelling Marrakech, is a major city of the Kingdom of Morocco. It is the fourth largest city in the country, after Casablanca, Fez and Tangier. It is the capital city of the mid-southwestern region of Marrakesh-Safi. Located to the north of the foothills of the snow-capped Atlas Mountains, Marrakesh is situated southwest of Tangier, southwest of the Moroccan capital of Rabat, south of Casablanca, and northeast of Agadir. Marrakesh is possibly",
"title": "Marrakesh"
},
{
"id": "254894",
"text": "Spanish colony that was annexed by Morocco in 1975 (see Green March). Morocco claims that the Western Sahara is part of its territory and refers to that as its Southern Provinces. Morocco's capital city is Rabat; its largest city is its main port, Casablanca. Other cities recording a population over 500,000 in the 2014 Moroccan census are Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes, Salé and Tangier. Morocco is represented in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 geographical encoding standard by the symbol \"MA\". This code was used as the basis for Morocco's internet domain, .ma. The country's Mediterranean climate is similar to that of southern",
"title": "Morocco"
},
{
"id": "11551646",
"text": "Casablanca–Tangier high-speed rail line The Casablanca—Tangier high-speed rail line is a high-speed rail line in Morocco that is the first on the African continent. The line was inaugurated on 15 November 2018 by King Mohammed VI of Morocco following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the first phase of what is planned to eventually be a high-speed rail network in Morocco. Early studies into the feasibility of high-speed rail in Morocco began in 2003, and by 2006 the route between Tangier and Kenitra had been identified as being among the first",
"title": "Casablanca–Tangier high-speed rail line"
},
{
"id": "9388782",
"text": "Port of Casablanca The Port of Casablanca ( , ) refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Casablanca's harbours and which handle Casablanca's shipping. The port is located at near Hassan II Mosque. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in Morocco and in the world, though it was eclipsed when Tangiers-Med—a cargo port 40 km east of Tangiers and the largest on the Mediterranean coast of Africa in terms of capacity—went into service in 2007. The Port of Casablanca's initial capacity was 3.5 million shipment containers. Casablanca's port",
"title": "Port of Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "255172",
"text": "1808 kilometers of highways (August 2016). Principal national roads: total: 35 ships ( or over) by type: Foreign-owned: 14 (France 13, Germany 1) (2007) Transport in Morocco There are around of roads (national, regional and provincial) in Morocco. In addition to of highways (August 2016). The Tangier–Casablanca high-speed rail link marks the first stage of the ONCF’s high-speed rail master plan, pursuant to which over of new railway lines will be built by 2035. The high speed train - TGV - will have a capacity of 500 passengers and will carry 8 million passengers per year. The work on the",
"title": "Transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "255072",
"text": "4.9% year-on-year growth in 2003–2007 the Moroccan economy is much more robust than just a few years ago. Economic growth is far more diversified, with new service and industrial poles, like Casablanca and Tangier, developing. The agriculture sector is being rehabilitated, which in combination with good rainfalls led to a growth of over 20% in 2009. In a statement, released in July 2008, the IMF called Morocco \"a pillar of development in the region\" and congratulated King Mohammed VI and the Central Bank on Morocco's continued strong economic progress and effective management of monetary policy. Morocco's economy is expected to",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "255138",
"text": "the Strait of Gibraltar. When king Hassan II passed on, his son, Mohammed VI, made it his duty to develop the Northern Region, and especially its biggest city, Tangier. The state-owned railway company will engage some $755 million in investment in the northern region, including building a railway line between Tangier and Tangier-Med port (43 km), improving the Tangier-Casablanca railway line and modernizing many train stations over the next few years. Before 1956, Tangier was a city with international status. It had a great image and attracted many artists. After Morocco regained control over Tangier, this attention slacked off. Investment",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "275229",
"text": "Marrakesh Marrakesh ( or ; \"Murrākuš\"; \"Meṛṛakec\"), also known by the French spelling Marrakech, is a major city of the Kingdom of Morocco. It is the fourth largest city in the country, after Casablanca, Fez and Tangier. It is the capital city of the mid-southwestern region of Marrakesh-Safi. Located to the north of the foothills of the snow-capped Atlas Mountains, Marrakesh is situated southwest of Tangier, southwest of the Moroccan capital of Rabat, south of Casablanca, and northeast of Agadir. Marrakesh is possibly the most important of Morocco's four former imperial cities. The region has been inhabited by Berber farmers",
"title": "Marrakesh"
},
{
"id": "12092258",
"text": "that French visitors topped the list with 927,000 followed by Spaniards (587,000) and Britons (141,000). Morocco, which is close to Europe, has a mix of culture and the exotic that makes it popular with Europeans buying holiday homes.[15] The country's attractions can be divided into seven regions: While Morocco was a French Protectorate (from 1912 to 1956) tourism was focused on urban areas such as the Mediterranean cities of Tangier and Casablanca. Tangier attracted many writers, such as Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs. There was a period of beach resort development at places such as Agadir on the Atlantic",
"title": "Tourism in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "255043",
"text": "family status code. It has given women the right to make decisions on marriage, divorce, and custody of children in the case of remarriage/divorce. Nevertheless, gender bias is still commonplace in education, employment and the law. Most Moroccans live west and north of the Atlas Mountains, a range that insulates the country from the Sahara Desert. Casablanca is the largest city and the centre of business and industry, and has the leading seaport and airport. Rabat is the seat of government. Tangier and Nador are the two major northern seaports on the Mediterranean. Fez is a cultural, religious and industrial",
"title": "Demographics of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "255167",
"text": "Transport in Morocco There are around of roads (national, regional and provincial) in Morocco. In addition to of highways (August 2016). The Tangier–Casablanca high-speed rail link marks the first stage of the ONCF’s high-speed rail master plan, pursuant to which over of new railway lines will be built by 2035. The high speed train - TGV - will have a capacity of 500 passengers and will carry 8 million passengers per year. The work on the High Speed Rail project was started in September 2011. Construction of infrastructure and delivery of railway equipment will end in 2014 and the HSR",
"title": "Transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "91769",
"text": "in 1990, Hicham Arazi in 1997, Younes El Aynaoui in 2002, and Stanislas Wawrinka in 2010. The Casablanca tramway is the rapid transit tram system in Casablanca. The route is long, with 49 stops, and Y-shaped; further lines are planned. Casablanca's main airport is Mohammed V International Airport, Morocco's busiest airport. Regular domestic flights serve Marrakech, Rabat, Agadir, Oujda, Tangier, Al Hoceima, and Laayoune, as well as other cities. Casablanca is well-served by international flights to Europe, especially French and Spanish airports, and has regular connections to North American, Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African destinations. New York City, Montreal, Paris,",
"title": "Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "91740",
"text": "Casablanca Casablanca (; ; local informal name: \"Kaẓa\"), located in the central-western part of Morocco and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest city in Morocco. It is also the largest city in the Maghreb region, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers on the continent. According to the 2014 population estimate, the city has a population of about 3.35 million in the urban area and over 6.8 million in the Casablanca-Settat region. Casablanca is considered the economic",
"title": "Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "9388787",
"text": "1950's until the 1980s. Many other works are ongoing since 2013, ordered by the Marsa-Maroc. Port of Casablanca The Port of Casablanca ( , ) refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Casablanca's harbours and which handle Casablanca's shipping. The port is located at near Hassan II Mosque. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in Morocco and in the world, though it was eclipsed when Tangiers-Med—a cargo port 40 km east of Tangiers and the largest on the Mediterranean coast of Africa in terms of capacity—went into service",
"title": "Port of Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "12774580",
"text": "Economy of Tangier Tangier's economy is the third biggest of all Moroccan cities, after the economic capital Casablanca and the political capital Rabat. Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial center after Casablanca. The industrial sectors are diversified: textile, chemical, mechanical, metallurgical and naval. Currently, the city has four industrial parks of which two have the status of free economic zone (see Tangier Free Zone). The years 2007 and 2008 will be particularly important for the city because of the completion of large construction projects currently being built. These include the Tangier-Mediterranean port (\"Tanger-med\") and its industrial parks, a 45,000-seat",
"title": "Economy of Tangier"
},
{
"id": "255168",
"text": "will be operational by December 2015. With billions of dollars committed to improving the country's infrastructure, Morocco aims to become a world player in terms of marine transport. The 2008-2012 investment plan aims to invest $16.3 billion and will contribute to major projects such as the combined port and industrial complex of the Tanger-Med and the construction of a high-speed train between Tangier and Casablanca. The plan will also improve and expand the existing highway system and expand the Casablanca Mohammed V International Airport. Morocco's transport sector is one of the kingdom's most dynamic, and will remain so for years",
"title": "Transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "91741",
"text": "and business center of Morocco, although the national political capital is Rabat. The leading Moroccan companies and international corporations doing business in the country have their headquarters and main industrial facilities in Casablanca. Recent industrial statistics show Casablanca retains its historical position as the main industrial zone of the country. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world, and the second largest port of North Africa, after Tanger-Med east of Tangier. Casablanca also hosts the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy. The original name of Casablanca was \"Anfa\", in Berber language, by",
"title": "Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "11551653",
"text": "travel time to 1 hour and 30 minutes. The 12 Alstom Euroduplex trainsets operating on the line are bilevel trains, each comprised two power cars and eight passenger cars. The passenger capacity is 533 across two first-class cars, five second-class cars, and a food-service car. Casablanca–Tangier high-speed rail line The Casablanca—Tangier high-speed rail line is a high-speed rail line in Morocco that is the first on the African continent. The line was inaugurated on 15 November 2018 by King Mohammed VI of Morocco following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the",
"title": "Casablanca–Tangier high-speed rail line"
},
{
"id": "8818552",
"text": "passive RFID tags is used in Chaloem Mahanakhon, Si Rat, Chalong Rat, and Burapha Withi Expressway while Uttraphimuk Tollway employs passive IC-card-based Touch-and-Go system. There are plans to upgrade and expand ETC systems in the near future. The toll system Salik started in Dubai in July 2007. Morocco has an extensive system of toll roads or Autoroutes. These were for the most part recently built, and from Casablanca connect all of Moroccos major cities such as Marrakech, Rabat, and Tangier. Operator Autoroutes Du Maroc runs the network on a pay-per-use basis, with toll stations placed along its length. Goal is",
"title": "Geography of toll roads"
},
{
"id": "15198691",
"text": "of the following aircraft: Med Airlines Med Airlines is a cargo airline based in Casablanca, Morocco. It operates cargo charters in Europe and West Africa. Its main base is Mohammed V International Airport, Casablanca. Med Airlines has 550 destinations on 6 continents. Med Airlines continues its diversification in the area of national and international transport and logistics. Med Airlines has resumed scheduled operations to 8 destinations from their hub in Casablanca and Tangier. As well as the 8 scheduled destinations, Med Airlines has also introduced charter flights on special request to various countries throughout Europe: As of October 2011, the",
"title": "Med Airlines"
},
{
"id": "12774587",
"text": "terminal, a soccer stadium with seating for 45,000 spectators, a high-speed train line and a new highway that connects the city with Rabat and Casablanca. Additionally, a new train station was constructed, called Tanger-Ville. The high-speed \"TGV\" rail linking Tangier with Casablanca will be operational by 2018, and is expected to carry 8 million passengers the first year. This TGV line will require a USD 2.7Bn investment. 18 TGV cars are needed for this project that will contribute to reducing the duration of the trip between the two economic poles to 2h10 instead of 4h40 now. Tangier is also home",
"title": "Economy of Tangier"
},
{
"id": "255139",
"text": "was low and the city lost its economic importance. But when Mohammed VI became king in 1999, he developed a plan for the economic revival of Tangier. New developments include a new airport terminal, a soccer stadium with seating for 45,000 spectators, a high-speed train line and a new highway to connect the city with Casablanca. Additionally, a new train station was constructed, called Tanger-Ville. The creation of a free economic zone increased the economic output of the city significantly. It allowed Tangier to become an industrial pillar of the country. But the biggest investment was the creation of the",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "12774590",
"text": "It also wins part of the strong growth market of container transshipment and has become the leading hub for cereal transshipment, a facility which is non-existent in the north-west African region at present. The complex is implemented, coordinated and managed by TMSA, a private company with public prerogatives, operating under an agreement with the State and interacting with the different ministries involved. Economy of Tangier Tangier's economy is the third biggest of all Moroccan cities, after the economic capital Casablanca and the political capital Rabat. Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial center after Casablanca. The industrial sectors are diversified:",
"title": "Economy of Tangier"
},
{
"id": "254969",
"text": "and continue to lower infant and maternal mortality rates in the country. Morocco is receptive to healthcare reforms and change. The nation is continuously taking steps to improve health and sets an example for other developing countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Morocco Morocco (; ; ), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (; ), is a country located in the Maghreb of North West Africa with an area of . Its capital is Rabat, the largest city Casablanca. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, bordered to the east by",
"title": "Morocco"
},
{
"id": "15198690",
"text": "Med Airlines Med Airlines is a cargo airline based in Casablanca, Morocco. It operates cargo charters in Europe and West Africa. Its main base is Mohammed V International Airport, Casablanca. Med Airlines has 550 destinations on 6 continents. Med Airlines continues its diversification in the area of national and international transport and logistics. Med Airlines has resumed scheduled operations to 8 destinations from their hub in Casablanca and Tangier. As well as the 8 scheduled destinations, Med Airlines has also introduced charter flights on special request to various countries throughout Europe: As of October 2011, the Med Airlines fleet consists",
"title": "Med Airlines"
},
{
"id": "1987984",
"text": "Tangier Tangier (Arabic: طنجة, Berber: ⵟⴰⵏⴵⴰ) is a major city in northwestern Morocco. It is on the Maghreb coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. The town is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region, as well as the Tangier-Assilah prefecture of Morocco. Many civilisations and cultures have influenced the history of Tangier, starting from before the 5th century. Between the period of being a strategic Berber town and then a Phoenician trading centre to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a nexus for",
"title": "Tangier"
},
{
"id": "1988021",
"text": "Tanger-Ville railway station with Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakesh in the south, and with Fes and Oujda in the east. The service is operated by ONCF. In November 2018 Africa's first high-speed train, the Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line, was inaugurated, linking Tangier to Casablanca in 2 hours and 10. By 2020 improvements between Casablanca and Kenitra are planned to further reduce the journey to 1 hour and 30 minutes. The Rabat–Tangier expressway connects Tangier to Fès via Rabat , and Settat via Casablanca and Tanger-Med port. The Ibn Batouta International Airport (formerly known as Tangier-Boukhalef) is south-west of the city centre.",
"title": "Tangier"
},
{
"id": "255141",
"text": "the country into a platform of investment and exports to the European Union and United States. Morocco's road network effectively integrates the country's diverse regions. Established during the colonial period, the network has been well maintained and gradually expanded since. The railway system connects the principal urban centres of the north, and new rail links, together with improved roads, are being established to Laâyoune in Western Sahara. Morocco has some two dozen ports along its lengthy coastline. Casablanca alone accounts for about half of all port tonnage handled, although port facilities in Tangier are of increasing significance. Other major ports",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "254860",
"text": "Morocco Morocco (; ; ), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (; ), is a country located in the Maghreb of North West Africa with an area of . Its capital is Rabat, the largest city Casablanca. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, bordered to the east by Algeria and to the south by Mauritania. Morocco claims the areas of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, all of them currently under Spanish jurisdiction. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country",
"title": "Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7952027",
"text": "250,000 Spaniard Catholics lived in Morocco. Most Spaniards left Morocco after independence and their numbers were reduced to about 13,000. Today the expatriate Christian community (Roman Catholic and Protestant) consists of 5,000 practicing members, although estimates of Christians residing in the country at any particular time range up to 25,000. Most Christians reside in the Casablanca, Tangier, and Rabat urban areas. The majority of Christians in Morocco are foreigners, although Voice of the Martyrs reports there is a growing number of native Moroccans (45,000) converting to Christianity, especially in the rural areas. Many of the converts are baptized secretly in",
"title": "Christianity in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "11547955",
"text": "contains both African as well as European influences and is in this respect unique in the world. This ecoregion is densely settled, and much transformed by agriculture, grazing, fire, and timber cutting and firewood gathering. It is home to several large cities, including Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, and Fez in Morocco, Algiers and Oran in Algeria, Tunis in Tunisia, and Derna in Libya and Spain. Mediterranean woodlands and forests The Mediterranean woodlands and forests is an ecoregion, of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, in the coastal plains, hills, and mountains bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean in North",
"title": "Mediterranean woodlands and forests"
},
{
"id": "12922254",
"text": "Economy of Casablanca Casablanca is a port city on the Atlantic coast of western Morocco. Casablanca is Morocco's biggest city, principal port, and economic capital. The town of Casablanca was founded in 1515 by the Portuguese, who had destroyed the original ancient town of Anfa years earlier. It was an important strategic port during World War II and hosted the Anglo-American Summit in 1943. The city is served by Mohammed V International Airport. Casablanca covers the richest and most sophisticated aspects of Morocco life, style, and architecture. Casablanca boasts one of the most extensive and diverse displays of art deco",
"title": "Economy of Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "2220191",
"text": "Maghreb The Maghreb (; ), also known as Northwest Africa or Northern Africa, Greater Arab Maghreb (), Arab Maghreb () or Greater Maghreb (), or by some sources the Berber world, Barbary and Berbery, is a major region of North Africa that consists primarily of the countries Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania. It additionally includes the disputed territories of Western Sahara (mostly controlled by Morocco) and the cities of Melilla and Ceuta (both controlled by Spain and claimed by Morocco). As of 2018, the region has a population of over 100 million people. In historical English and European literature,",
"title": "Maghreb"
},
{
"id": "19347593",
"text": "of an assistant coach and an interpreter as the main language was Arabic. The team has been active since at least 2004, and made its international debut in 2006, at the 2006 Africa Division Three tournament. Although Morocco falls into the ICC Africa development region, the national federation also has links with European countries – a development team from the Gibraltar Cricket Association toured in 2003, and England's Marylebone Cricket Club toured the following year. In 2016, it was reported that there were twelve active clubs, spread across six cities (Bouznika, Casablanca, Khemisset, Rabat, Salé, and Tangier). In the early",
"title": "Cricket in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "12187054",
"text": "the French protectorate of Morocco. It has 8 platforms. It is the largest railway hub in the country, serving direct trains within Morocco (Aïn Sebaâ, Fes, Khouribga, Marrakech, Rabat, Tangier) and Casablanca's Mohammed V International Airport. When the Tangier—Kenitra LGV line opens in 2018, Casa-Voyageurs will become the terminus for the TGV service to Tangier with a journey time estimated at 2 hours, 10 minutes. From Casa Voyageurs direct services are available to and from: The station connects with Casablanca Tramway Line T1, the tram stop is in front of the station. It is served by M'dina Buses and by",
"title": "Casa-Voyageurs railway station"
},
{
"id": "17385341",
"text": "Fez, Morocco Fez (, Berber: Fas, ⴼⴰⵙ, ) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fas-Meknas administrative region. It is the second largest city in Morocco after Casablanca, with a population of 1.1 million (2014). Located to the northeast of Atlas Mountains, Fez is situated at the crossroad of the important cities of all regions; from Tangier to the northwest, Fez was founded under the Idrisid rule during the 8th-9th century. It consisted of two autonomous and competing settlements. The migration of 2000 Arab families in the early 9th century gave the nascent city its",
"title": "Fez, Morocco"
},
{
"id": "6826503",
"text": "core population of North Africa is Berber. More than rural areas, the cities were a melting pot of different ethnicities, so the city dwellers are more likely to have non-pure Berber ancestry. By tracing the history of certain Maghrebian areas, historians are able to make assertions about its inhabitants. For instance, even though Casablanca (Berber name: Anfa) and Rabat were both built and originally settled by Berbers, we know that the area's original inhabitants were ousted by the Almohads and subsequently resettled with nomadic Banu Hilal Arabs. Other, traditionally Berber, cities like Tangiers, Meknes and Marrakesh have never had such",
"title": "Arabized Berber"
},
{
"id": "20296445",
"text": "high speed network (TGV) via Marrakech, and to connect Tetouan to the classic rail network via Tangier. All the selected cities (except El Jadida and Meknes) have their own airports; see list of airports in Morocco. The Mohamed V International Airport in Casablanca is the main international gateway into Morocco. The bid committee showed that 97% of Moroccans were in favour of the World Cup, including 81% with strong support. 93% of Moroccans thought the event would have had a positive impact on economy and employment, 91% of Moroccans thought the event would have had a positive impact on sports",
"title": "Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "13949507",
"text": "2009 private companies provided water and sanitation services to 38% of the urban population of the country. At the time of the French protectorate of Morocco beginning in 1912 the water supply of Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangiers and Meknes was provided by the French private company \"Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'électricité\" (SMD), a subsidiary of , under concession contracts. These contracts were terminated when Morocco became independent in 1956, at which time municipal public utilities became responsible for water supply and electricity distribution in the major cities of the Kingdom. Casablanca. In the early 1990s the",
"title": "Water privatization in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "12774616",
"text": "by Souraya Ouali of the Direction of Investments. 19.3% of the investments came from Arab countries, whose share in Morocco's FDI showed a marked rise, as they only represented 9.9% of the entire FDIs in 2006. A number of Arab countries, mainly from the Persian Gulf are involved in large-scale projects in Morocco, including the giant Tanger Med port on the Mediterranean. Morocco remains the preferred destination of foreign investors in the Maghreb region (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia), with a total of $13.6mln between 2001 and 2007, which puts it largely on the top of the list. The",
"title": "Investment in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "255132",
"text": "of the investments came from Arab countries, whose share in Morocco's FDI showed a marked rise, as they only represented 9.9% of the entire FDIs in 2006. A number of Arab countries, mainly from the Persian Gulf region are involved in large-scale projects in Morocco, including the giant Tanger Med port on the Mediterranean. Morocco remains the preferred destination of foreign investors in the Maghreb region (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia), with a total of $13.6 billion between 2001 and 2007, which puts it largely on the top of the list. In terms of sectors, tourism has the biggest",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "17670618",
"text": "(a quarter of the population), cast ballots to become \"sovereign and independent\" of Ethiopia. This vote was the result of thirty years of war by Eritreans during their War of Independence. The result was a vote for independence by 99.8% of the voters. There have been several referendums in Morocco, most of which were related to the Moroccan constitution. Since becoming King, Mohammed VI has led many reforms that made Morocco an exception from all the other Arab countries. On February 20, 2011, thousands took to the streets of Rabat, Casablanca, Tangier and Marrakesh in peaceful protests demanding a new",
"title": "Referendums by country"
},
{
"id": "2269790",
"text": "Tétouan Tétouan (, , \", ) (nicknamed the \"White Dove\" - Arabic: الحمامة البيضاء) is a city located in northern Morocco. It lies along the Martil Valley and is one of the two major ports of Morocco on the Mediterranean Sea, a few miles south of the Strait of Gibraltar, and about 60 km (40 mi) E.S.E. of Tangier. In the 2014 Moroccan census the city recorded a population of 380,787 inhabitants. It is part of the administrative division Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima. The city has witnessed many development cycles spanning over more than 2000 years. The first settlements discovered a few",
"title": "Tétouan"
},
{
"id": "255142",
"text": "include Safi, Mohammedia, Agadir, Nador, Kenitra, and El Jorf Lasfar. About a dozen airports capable of accommodating large aircraft service the country; the principal international airport is located near Casablanca. The state-owned Royal Air Maroc airline provides regular service to Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Western Africa. Morocco plans to implement a USD 16.3 billion transport infrastructure program in the period 2008–2012. This program covers several projects such as developing the Tangier-Med port complex, modernizing the rail network, and achieving the first high speed train connection between Tangiers and Casablanca in 2015. The program also touches on developing",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "2509130",
"text": "auto-free areas in the world. Fes-al-Bali, a medina of Fes, Morocco, with its population of 156,000, may be the world's largest contiguous completely carfree area, and the medinas of Cairo, Tunis, Casablanca, Meknes, Essaouira, and Tangier are quite extensive. In Australia, as in the US, these zones are commonly called pedestrian malls and in most cases comprise only one street. Most pedestrian streets were created in the late 1970s and 1980s, the first being City Walk, Garema Place in Canberra in 1971. Of 58 pedestrian streets created in Australia in the last quarter of the 20th century, 48 remain today,",
"title": "Pedestrian zone"
},
{
"id": "6788856",
"text": "are Air Europa, Norwegian, Scandinavian Airlines, Ryanair and Vueling. Málaga Airport is one of the oldest Spanish airports that has stayed in its original location. Málaga Airport opened on 9 March 1919. After test flights, the first scheduled air service from Málaga began on 1 September 1919 when Didier Daurat began regular flights between Toulouse, Barcelona, Alicante, Tangier and Casablanca. The single runway was extended in the 1960s, and a new terminal was erected in the centre of the site. During this period of development, new navigational equipment was installed, including radar system at the end of the decade, in",
"title": "Málaga Airport"
},
{
"id": "255170",
"text": "be approved, the 1,500 kilometres of track may take until 2035 to complete at a cost of around 100 billion dirhams ($10 billion). Potential speed gains are large, with travel time from Casablanca to Marrakesh down from 3 hours to 1:20, and from the capital Rabat to Tangier from 4:30 to 1:30. The second High-Speed Rail (HSR) which is planned to be built after Tangier-Kenitra is the HSR Marrakech-Essaouira (180 km) followed by a new HSR Rabat-Meknes (130 km). The last high-speed lines will connect these two old empire cities to the Atlantique coast in less than one hour instead",
"title": "Transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "14036147",
"text": "20% in 2004. According to the same survey data access to an improved water source in rural areas remained constant between 1995 and 2004 at 58%. It remains unclear how the survey data and the data of PAGER can be reconciled. In 2007, the private concessionaires in Casablanca, Tangiers and Tetouan, as well as the public water utility of Meknes began to implement water supply and sanitation pilot projects on the basis of an innovative output-based aid approach. The objective is to extend water and sewer connections to 11.300 households in poor, unzoned, periurban neighbourhoods. The pilot projects are part",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "17366831",
"text": "Often the sexual harassment takes the form of name callings, such as \"whore\" or even catcalling. To fight this abusive misogynistic culture, a number of Moroccan women have stood up to their abusers. Women are also subject to the male gaze by both young and old men in the streets. The culture of sitting at a café had been dominated by men for a long time. It is only during the recent two decades that seeing women mixing with men in cafés in urban cities; Marrakech, Tangier, Rabat or Casablanca became socially acceptable. There is also a demand to uphold",
"title": "Women in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "1988016",
"text": "of the English. The current prefecture is divided administratively into the following: Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial centre after Casablanca. The industrial sectors are diversified: textile, chemical, mechanical, metallurgical and naval. Currently, the city has four industrial parks of which two have the status of free economic zone (see Tangier Free Zone). Tangier's economy relies heavily on tourism. Seaside resorts have been increasing with projects funded by foreign investments. Real estate and construction companies have been investing heavily in tourist infrastructures. A bay delimiting the city centre extends for more than . The years 2007 and 2008 were",
"title": "Tangier"
},
{
"id": "2402318",
"text": "mountains of the Middle Atlas mountains with the cities Ifrane and Azrou; and more to the south are the rich oases of Tafilalt. To the west are the two largest metropolitan areas of Morocco: Casablanca and Rabat. To the north is the mountainous north of Morocco with the cities of Tangier and Tétouan. Oujda and Fes lie east of Meknes. Meknes has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification \"Csa\") with continental influences. Its climate is similar to some areas of southern Spain and inland southern Portugal. The temperatures shifts from cool in winter to hot days in the summer",
"title": "Meknes"
},
{
"id": "9481710",
"text": "traffic comes from Europe, where France is responsible for 30-35% of all traffic and the rest of Europe produces 40-45% of all traffic. Domestic flights are responsible for 10% of traffic. Other destinations to/from Morocco are North America (2-2,5%), Middle & Far-East (5%) and Africa (Maghreb: 3,5; rest of Africa: 6%) Moroccan Airports Authority The Moroccan Airports Authority (, ONDA, ) is the Moroccan airport operator and administrator. The company headquarters are in Mohammed V International Airport in Casablanca. ONDA was established in July 1990 under parliamentary law 14-89. Prior to then, Morocco's airports were administered by the Moroccan Ministry",
"title": "Moroccan Airports Authority"
},
{
"id": "7729042",
"text": "Jet4you Jet4you was a low-cost airline based in Casablanca, Morocco. It operated services between Moroccan cities and destinations in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Ireland (Sunway charter) and Italy. Its main base was Casablanca Mohammed V International Airport, with focus cities at Agadir, Nador, Paris and Tangier. The airline started operations on 26 February 2006. It was owned by TUI Travel (40%), Attijariwafa Bank (20%), Investima-SGMB (20%) and MM.Marrache et Benabbes Taarji (20%). The shareholders jointly established a Moroccan company, Societe d'Investissement Aerienne, the investment vehicle behind the airline. The objective was to widen the network to other European countries",
"title": "Jet4you"
},
{
"id": "15777183",
"text": "Fes railway station The Fes Railway station is the main station in the Moroccan city of Fes. There are secondary stations for local connections, but this is the station used for the long-distance main-line trains. Fes lies on the East-West mainline in Northern Morocco and offers direct connections with Oujda and Nador in the East, Tangier in the North and via transfer at Meknes, the main North-West line to Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakech. A part of the Moroccan mainline network is electrified. On the West to East mainline Fes is the endpoint of the electrified tracks. The trains going to",
"title": "Fes railway station"
},
{
"id": "7952028",
"text": "Morocco’s churches. There are around 30,000 Catholics in Morocco, most of them are European expatriates, with a big majority of French and Spanish from colonization and post-independence, the second group is composed of Sub-Saharan immigrants, mainly students. Whilst most areas of Africa (including eastern North Africa) have independent Anglican dioceses and provinces, the western part of North Africa, including the Anglican Church of Morocco, is part of the Diocese of Europe, which is itself part of the Province of Canterbury in the Church of England. There are two permanent chaplaincies, one in Casablanca and one in Tangier. Small groups of",
"title": "Christianity in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "91773",
"text": "all southern intercity train services to and from Casa-Voyageurs now call at Casa-Oasis. ONCF stated in 2005 that the refurbishment and upgrading of Casa-Oasis to intercity standards was intended to relieve passenger congestion at Casa-Voyageurs station. Casablanca is twinned with: Casablanca Casablanca (; ; local informal name: \"Kaẓa\"), located in the central-western part of Morocco and bordering the Atlantic Ocean, is the largest city in Morocco. It is also the largest city in the Maghreb region, as well as one of the largest and most important cities in Africa, both economically and demographically. Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one",
"title": "Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "1989090",
"text": "Mohammed V International Airport Mohammed V International Airport (; , , ) is an international airport serving Casablanca, Morocco. Located in Nouaceur Province, it is operated by ONDA (). With just under 8 million passengers passing through the airport in 2014, it was the busiest airport in Morocco and the fourth busiest in Africa. In August 2014, ONDA reported a year-on-year increase of 7.28% passenger traffic, to 918,238. The airport serves as hub for Morocco's flag carrier Royal Air Maroc, Jetairfly, Air Arabia Maroc and RAM Express. It is named after King Mohammed V of Morocco. Mohammed V is one",
"title": "Mohammed V International Airport"
},
{
"id": "6270426",
"text": "Casablanca Stock Exchange The Casablanca Stock Exchange (; ) is a stock exchange in Casablanca, Morocco. The Casablanca Stock Exchange (CSE), which achieves one of the best performances in the region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), is Africa's third largest Bourse after Johannesburg Stock Exchange (South Africa) and Nigerian Stock Exchange in Lagos. It was established in 1929 and currently has 19 members and 81 listed securities with a total market capitalisation of $71.1 billion in 2018. The exchange is relatively modern, having experienced reform in 1993. The CSE installed an electronic trading system, and is now",
"title": "Casablanca Stock Exchange"
},
{
"id": "12179063",
"text": "Beer in Morocco Beer production in Morocco was introduced by the French in the 20th century. Société des Brasseries du Maroc is part of the Castel Group and oversees the production and distribution of beer. Popular beers include \"Spéciale Flag\" (pilsner) and \"Stork\" (light lager). The Moroccan premium beer is \"Casablanca\" (also a lager), which costs more than the other two. \"Casablanca\" is also exported and, for instance, served in the Morocco pavilion at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Orlando, FL. The breweries of Brasseries du Maroc are located in Fes, Tangier, and Casablanca, also a bottling unit exists in",
"title": "Beer in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "16539236",
"text": "Even within the Moroccan Minhag there are variations, most notably those between the Spanish-Moroccan community and the French-Moroccan community. Furthermore, there are variations from city to city (Fes versus Meknes, for example). The Spanish community historically resided in the northern tip of Morocco in such cities as Tangiers and Tetouan while the French community resided in the larger southern zone which included Casablanca, Marrakesh, Fes, Meknes, among others. The Moroccan Minhag is extant today in the small Jewish community that remains in Morocco as well as in many \"diaspora\" communities outside of Morocco. As Moroccan Jews emigrated to Israel, France,",
"title": "Minhag Morocco"
},
{
"id": "12092256",
"text": "Casablanca and Tangier. Morocco is close to Europe and attracts visitors to its beaches. Because of its proximity to Spain, tourists in southern Spain's coastal areas take one- to three-day trips to Morocco. Air services between Morocco and Algeria have been established, many Algerians have gone to Morocco to shop and visit family and friends. Morocco is relatively inexpensive because of the devaluation of the dirham and the increase of hotel prices in Spain. Morocco has an excellent road and rail infrastructure that links the major cities and tourist destinations with ports and cities with international airports. Low-cost airlines offer",
"title": "Tourism in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "4859680",
"text": "conducted Holland America Line's first standalone transatlantic crossing since 1971, making a single trip both eastbound and westbound. In the Fall of 2014, \"Rotterdam\" sailed around South Africa for 88 days. From Nov. 12 to Dec. 20, 2014, the last segment of the cruise went from Cape Town, South Africa to Southampton, England. The ports of call were: Cape Town, Lüderitz and Walvis Bay in Namibia, Luanda in Angola, two islands in Cape Verde, three islands in the Canary Islands, Agadir, Casablanca and Tangier in Morocco, then on to Cádiz and Vigo in Spain, and Lisbon, Portugal. \"Rotterdam\" sails around",
"title": "MS Rotterdam"
},
{
"id": "5408601",
"text": "also announced in November 2014 that the short intercontinental air connection between Gibraltar and Tangier would be restored after many years and operated by Royal Air Maroc with services beginning in March 2015 on a twice weekly basis. Unlike the previous Marrakech flights these would be operated by RAM for themselves, and offer connecting flights to their Casablanca hub and onwards, and be available via normal sales channels. Overnight work to resurface the runway started on the evening of September 4, 2015, and work was completed in January 2016. In November 2015, easyJet announced that they would begin a new",
"title": "Gibraltar International Airport"
},
{
"id": "254940",
"text": "majority at 67% with non-denominational Muslims being the second largest group of Muslims at 30%. There are an estimated 3,000 to 8,000 Shia Muslims, most of them foreign residents from Lebanon or Iraq, but also a few citizen converts. Followers of several Sufi Muslim orders across the Maghreb and West Africa undertake joint annual pilgrimages to the country. Christians are estimated at 1% (~380,000) of the Moroccan population. The predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant foreign-resident Christian community consists of approximately 40,000 practising members. Most foreign resident Christians reside in the Casablanca, Tangier, and Rabat urban areas. Various local Christian leaders",
"title": "Morocco"
},
{
"id": "11551649",
"text": "passenger trains to access Casablanca from the high-speed line to Tangier. In addition to the rail construction, stations in four locations (Tangiers, Kenitra, Rabat/Agdal, and Casablanca) were either constructed from the ground up or rebuilt from existing facilities. On 19 June 2015, rolling stock deliveries began with the arrival of the first trainset in Tangier. In September, the service facility for the trains in Tangier was completed and a joint venture between ONCF and French rail operator SNCF was established to maintain the trains for a 15-year contract. In February 2017, testing of the trains at revenue speeds began; during",
"title": "Casablanca–Tangier high-speed rail line"
},
{
"id": "12271795",
"text": "make overtaking hazardous or impossible. The completion of the Marrakesh–Agadir section complete a north-south corridor of toll-roads / expressways that shortens the travel-distance on the route Tangier to Agadir by nearly 50 km (via toll-roads the distance is 776 and via the Route Nationale 824 km. But the biggest save is driving-time: the average travelling time Tangier–Agadir over national (free) roads is 14.5 hours while the same via the different toll-roads is under 7.5 hours Casablanca–Agadir expressway The Autoroute Casablanca–Agadir is a new main road in Morocco. Building began in 2000 and the road was inaugurated on 21 June 2010",
"title": "Casablanca–Agadir expressway"
},
{
"id": "14082872",
"text": "to Apex-BP. Currently, only 55 percent of outlying villages have access to electricity. Alstom, a French company building a high speed rail link between Tangier and Casablanca, will also build power generation facilities with a capacity of 470 megawatts to energize the rail link. While most of the capacity will come from standard gas combined cycle combustion, 20 megawatts will be from solar power. In recent years, most efforts have gone into the development of wind energy, which currently accounts for 800 MW of installed capacity and is expected to reach 1554 MW by 2020. The Tangier wind farm, which",
"title": "Renewable energy in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "15866781",
"text": "2007 again set back relations. The two neighbours also have an unresolved dispute concerning territorial waters between Morocco and the Spanish Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco's \"super port\" at Tangier will pose competition that concerns Spanish ports. Financed by Arab states of the Persian Gulf, its construction began in June 2009. It is expected to achieve full capacity in 2014. Territorial disputes, despite their drama, are subordinate to the continuing and productive economic cooperation between both countries, there is also shared interests in counterterrorism, counternarcotics, and efforts to stem illegal immigration. Morocco notably assisted Spanish authorities in the",
"title": "Morocco–Spain relations"
},
{
"id": "17760923",
"text": "Narrow-gauge railways in former French Morocco French Morocco had from 1912 to 1935 one of the largest gauge network in Africa with a total length of more than 1700 kilometres. After the treaty of Algeciras where the representatives of Great Powers agreed not to build any standard-gauge railway in Morocco until the standard-gauge Tangier–Fes railway being completed, the French begun to build military gauge lines in their part of Morocco French Morocco. The 948 km Marrakech–Casablanca–Kenitra–Fes–Oujda line became known as Chemins de fer stratégiques du Maroc and the branch lines diverting from the line as Chemins de fer de pénétration",
"title": "Narrow-gauge railways in former French Morocco"
},
{
"id": "15777186",
"text": "line but this train won't call at Fes Fes railway station The Fes Railway station is the main station in the Moroccan city of Fes. There are secondary stations for local connections, but this is the station used for the long-distance main-line trains. Fes lies on the East-West mainline in Northern Morocco and offers direct connections with Oujda and Nador in the East, Tangier in the North and via transfer at Meknes, the main North-West line to Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakech. A part of the Moroccan mainline network is electrified. On the West to East mainline Fes is the endpoint",
"title": "Fes railway station"
},
{
"id": "14581647",
"text": "Route 1 is a part of a major transport corridor which runs from Morocco via Western Sahara and Mauritania to Dakar in Senegal. National Route 1 (Morocco) National Route 1 (N1) is a national highway of Morocco and Western Sahara. It connects Dakhla in the south of the Western Sahara near the border with Mauritania to Tangier on the northwest coast of Morocco. It is an important highway running along the western Atlantic coast of the country. It passes through Rabat, Larache and other important cities and for a substantial part of the Rabat-Tangier leg runs parallel with the A1",
"title": "National Route 1 (Morocco)"
},
{
"id": "12774767",
"text": "and 500 tonnes of thread and materials made from fibres and cotton from less developed Sub-Saharan African countries. Morocco is looking to expand its textile markets outside the EU due to strong competition after the EU abolished quotas for Asian textiles in January 2005. Moroccan exports to the US rose by 25% in 2007, and noted that trade has been facilitated and promoted by the FTA between the 2 countries. The establishment of a direct merchant maritime line between Tangier and ports on the US East coast would be an essential step to taking trade to the next level. Morocco",
"title": "Trade in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7898989",
"text": "Occidental\" (Western Sahara) or \"Sahara Occ. R.A.S.D.\" relate to the disputed region of Western Sahara occupied by Morroco. The Moroccan post office, in a Universal Postal Union circular, has stated that they do not regard these stamps as legitimate. Postage stamps and postal history of Morocco The postal history of Morocco is complex due to the country's political development in the 20th century. Mails were sent via post offices operated by the European powers. After the partition of Morocco into French and Spanish protectorate and the international zone of Tangier in 1912, France and Spain established postal services in their",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "10719380",
"text": "the development of a high-speed railway from Tangier via Rabat and Casablanca to Marrakech. Also a (passenger) rail connection between Tangier and Tangier MED, the port on the Mediterranean near Tangier, will give passengers arriving by ferry a connection to the main lines. A train will operate every 2 hours between the port and Tangier city. A freight-line from the Renault factory at Tangier MED is already operational Rail transport in Morocco Rail transport in Morocco is operated by the national railway operator ONCF. It was initially developed during the colonial era. The main network for passenger-transport consists of a",
"title": "Rail transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "14120336",
"text": "still offered on a voluntary basis. Privatization has stimulated activity on the Casablanca Stock Exchange(Bourse de Casablanca) notably through trade in shares of large former state-owned operation. Founded in 1929, it is one of the oldest stock exchanges in Africa, but it came into reckoning after financial reforms in 1993, making it the third largest in Africa. The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Morocco was valued at $75,495 billion in 2007 by the World Bank. That is an increase of 74% compared with the year 2005. Having weathered the global financial meltdown, the Casablanca Stock Exchange is stepping",
"title": "Finance in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "15725",
"text": "Algeria Algeria (; ', Algerian Arabic '; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the",
"title": "Algeria"
},
{
"id": "10719374",
"text": "Rail transport in Morocco Rail transport in Morocco is operated by the national railway operator ONCF. It was initially developed during the colonial era. The main network for passenger-transport consists of a North–South link from Tangier via Rabat and Casablanca to Marrakech and the East–West connection linking Oujda in the East via Fes to Rabat. The North–South and East–West links interconnect at Sidi-Kacem. Major destinations currently not linked by rail are usually served by Supratours, a bus company operated by the ONCF. The most important long-distance train services are: The ONCF operates special night-trains on the long-distance main-line links. The",
"title": "Rail transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "12236151",
"text": "areas:Casablanca, Rabat, Tangier, Fes and Marrakech are considered Morocco's biggest metropolises. Of these, Casablanca is the largest. In Argentina, Buenos Aires is the principal metropolis with a population of around fifteen and a half million. The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America. Buenos Aires is the main political, financial, industrial, commercial, and cultural hub of Argentina. In Brazil, São Paulo is the principal metropolis with over 20 million inhabitants. In the larger cities, such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (population 6.3 million), favelas (slums) grew",
"title": "Metropolis"
},
{
"id": "14036150",
"text": "provision, key actors are the national electric and water utility ONEE, 3 private operators and 13 municipally owned utilities. The country's largest city, Casablanca, is served by the private operator Lydec. In addition to the above institutions, seven basin agencies are in charge of water resources management. These institutions are, however, still relatively weak. Overall, the sector is characterized by a complex and fragmented institutional framework, which - according to a 2004 World Bank report - \"has hindered the formulation of a comprehensive sector-wide vision and the establishment of coherent policy objectives\". The highest political authority in the Moroccan water",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "16680644",
"text": "like Mohammad. The series consists of 30 episodes and was originally aired in the month of Ramadan since July 20, 2012. It was made at a cost of 200 million Saudi riyals and filmed in Morocco, primarily in the cities of Marakesh, Tangiers, El Jadida, Casablanca and Mohammedia. After the series was broadcast on MBC, it was dubbed into several languages for international broadcast and subtitled in English on YouTube; it received great support from many different scholarly bodies and people watching it. As the series depended largely on reliable historical established facts, the series did not face criticism in",
"title": "Omar (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "10719379",
"text": "trains all stop at Taourirt and as the link to Nador is actually before the station of Taourirt (coming from Fes) the direction of travel has to change, including moving the locomotive from one end to the other. Timetable for this section:<br> Northbound: Nador (19:43), Fez (1:00), Casablanca (06:15).<br> Southbound: Casablanca (19:45), Fez (0:15), Nador (06:00). Trains on this section normally run to and from Bin Anşār or Nador Port. Timetable for this section: Northbound: Nador (17:43), Fes (23:00), Tangier (07:00)<br> Southbound: Tangier (21:35), Fes (2:30), Nador(09:32). The national railway-operator ONCF is working on several projects. The largest project is",
"title": "Rail transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "19185894",
"text": "European Moroccans European Moroccans are Moroccans whose ancestry lies within the continent of Europe, most notably France and Spain. Many European families settled in the country during French and Spanish rule, from 1912 to 1955. Prior to independence, Morocco was home to half a million Europeans, and European Christians formed almost half the population of the city of Casablanca. Since the kingdom's independence in 1955, the European population has decreased substantially. At the beginning of the 20th century, 250,000 Spaniards lived in Morocco. Most left Morocco after its independence and their numbers were reduced to 13,000. Today European Moroccans are",
"title": "European Moroccans"
},
{
"id": "255200",
"text": "regional economy, as the city of Casablanca contains North Africa's busiest port and serves as the country's economic center. Morocco rejoined the AU on 30 January 2017 the AU admitted Morocco as a member state. There are significant ties with West African and Sahel countries and Morocco entertains good relationships with Senegal, Gabon and Burkina Faso. However, the country rejoined the African Union on January 30, 2017 following a change in AU leadership. The following lists contain the following states and entities: Some states are listed in both lists, for example when a state is supportive of the \"right of",
"title": "Foreign relations of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "12922255",
"text": "architecture in the world. Casablanca is the leading force in the economic development of Morocco and represents the key economic trading node for the African-European region. Casablanca is the industrial center of Morocco, with more than half of the country's factories, investment and commerce operations. Half of all of Morocco's commercial banking transactions occur in Casablanca. Casablanca's phosphate exporting industry is one of the main global ports and the administrative center for its trade. Casablanca also has the highest concentration of light and heavy industrial activity, food processing, textiles, leather production and tourism. Figures published in 2010 by the financial",
"title": "Economy of Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "8435391",
"text": "In Morocco the expatriate Christian community (Roman Catholic and Protestant) consists of 5,000 practicing members, although estimates of Christians residing in the country at any particular time range up to 25,000. Most Christians reside in the Casablanca, Tangier and Rabat urban areas. The majority of Christians in Morocco are foreigners, although Voice of the Martyrs reports there is a growing number of native Moroccans (45,000) converting to Christianity, especially in the rural areas. Many of the converts are baptized secretly in Morocco’s churches. The Christian community in Tunisia, composed of indigenous residents, Tunisians of Italian and French descent, and a",
"title": "Christianity in Africa"
},
{
"id": "255140",
"text": "new port Tanger-Med. It's the largest port in Africa and on the Mediterranean. The city is undergoing an economic boom. This increased the need for a commercial district, Tangier City Center, which was inaugurated in 2016. Since 2012, the City has made it clear that it wants to invested in automobile industry by creating Tangier Automotive city. Today, it is home to the largest Renault car plant in North Africa. Morocco plans to invest more than $15 billion to upgrade its basic infrastructure, including roads, ports, airports for the 2002–2015 period to bolster its economic competitiveness amid efforts to turn",
"title": "Economy of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7829750",
"text": "carry the high-speed-network, from Tangier via Fes to Rabat and Marrakech are currently already electrified. The lines to the east of Fes are diesel powered only and the majority of the track is single: opposite trains pass each other at selected train-stations. For the Tangier-Casablanca line the ONCF will invest 20 billion Moroccan dirham (approx.US$2.5 bln.). Half of this money is needed to construct the track. From the other half 5.6 bln. dirham is needed for technology around the tracks and the remaining 4.4 bln. is needed for the rolling stock. The funding of this project is coming from the",
"title": "ONCF"
},
{
"id": "10719377",
"text": "train on the Marrakech-Tangier section in each direction. On this route the standard 6 or 8 person compartments are available as well as the 4 person couchette-compartments. Timetable for this section: Northbound: Marrakech (21:00), Casablanca Voyageurs (0:45), Rabat-Ville (1:57), Kentira (2:37), Sidi-Kacem (3:33), Tangier (7:25).<br> Southbound: Tangier (21:05), Sidi-Kacem (1:30), Kentira (2:35), Rabat (3:15), Casablanca (4:30), Marrakech (08:05). Besides normal running trains, this section also runs a special hotel train service. This train only offers reserved sleeping compartments, compared to other normal services. The train service opened on 29 June 2010. It was also featured in the James Bond film",
"title": "Rail transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "19900192",
"text": "increased by 20.6% in only one year and is expected to keep on rising almost every year, due to the current higher demand on the company’s product. The company is focusing on exporting almost all of the products made here in Morocco to Europe and some countries in the MENA region, currently the company is exporting cars to more than 22 countries around the globe and are aiming to increase this number by 2020. The factory in Tangier exports almost 94% of its cars abroad compared to the 68% of the export in the Casablanca Somaca factory. Renault-Nissan currently controls",
"title": "Automotive industry in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "14036137",
"text": "were managed under a concession to the private company \"Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'electricité\" (SMD). SMD, a consortium led by Lyonnaise des Eaux, provided services in Casablanca, Rabat, Salé, Tangiers and Meknes. Since 1950 SMD also managed a vital bulk water transfer project: The supply of water from the Oum er-Rbia river to Casablanca. Bulk water supply to other cities that were not able to supply themselves from local water sources was a responsibility of a public company called \"Régie d'exploitation industrielle du protectorat\" (REIP) created in the early 1930s. The foundations for two important elements",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "14581646",
"text": "National Route 1 (Morocco) National Route 1 (N1) is a national highway of Morocco and Western Sahara. It connects Dakhla in the south of the Western Sahara near the border with Mauritania to Tangier on the northwest coast of Morocco. It is an important highway running along the western Atlantic coast of the country. It passes through Rabat, Larache and other important cities and for a substantial part of the Rabat-Tangier leg runs parallel with the A1 Rabat–Tangier expressway. It is the longest national motorway in the country. Between Tan-Tan and Tarfaya, the route runs through Khenifiss National Park. National",
"title": "National Route 1 (Morocco)"
},
{
"id": "275322",
"text": "The major highway connecting Marrakesh with Casablanca to the south is A7, a toll expressway, in length. The road from Marrakesh to Settat, a stretch, was inaugurated by King Mohammed VI in April 2007, completing the highway to Tangiers. Highway A7 connects also Marrakesh to Agadir, to the south-west. The Marrakesh-Menara Airport (RAK) is southwest of the city centre. It is an international facility that receives several European flights as well as flights from Casablanca and several Arab nations. The airport is located at an elevation of at . It has two formal passenger terminals, but these are more or",
"title": "Marrakesh"
},
{
"id": "14082876",
"text": "installed power generation by 2020. Funding would be from a mix of private and state capital. The ceremony was attended by U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and the Moroccan king. The project will involve five solar power generation sites across Morocco and will produce 2,000 megawatts of electricity by 2020. The project would add in terms of power generation the equivalent of the current electricity consumption of the country's commercial capital Casablanca. Germany has expressed its willingness to participate in the development of Morocco's solar energy project which the country has decided to carry out, as did the World",
"title": "Renewable energy in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "13949506",
"text": "Water privatization in Morocco Water privatization in Morocco goes back to the times of the French Protectorate when most water supply systems were run under a private concession. After independence the private utility was nationalized, but in the mid-1990s the Moroccan government privatized water and sewer services again, alongside electricity distribution, in four cities. The privatization process began with the award of the Casablanca concession to Lyonnaise des Eaux (now SUEZ) in 1997, followed by the award of a concession for the capital Rabat in 1998 and the award of another concession for Tangiers and Tetouan to Veolia Environnement. In",
"title": "Water privatization in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "258182",
"text": "and of unimproved tracks. The country's size and harsh climate make road maintenance and repair especially problematic. Overland travel is difficult and roadside assistance is almost nonexistent. Public transportation is not safe and road conditions in Mauritania are poor, particularly in the interior. Driving in Mauritania can be treacherous, and many Mauritanians drive without regard to traffic signs or rules. Roadway obstructions and hazards caused by drifting sand, animals, and poor roads often plague motorists. The Cairo-Dakar Highway in the Trans-African Highway network passes through Mauritania, linking Nouakchott to Rabat, Tangiers, Algiers, and Tripoli. The section between the capital Nouakchott",
"title": "Transport in Mauritania"
},
{
"id": "5129698",
"text": "in 2002. In July 2005, 12 years after the start of construction, the totality of the axis was completed. The axis technically comprises also the Rabat bypass, although it does not conform with motorway regulations. Before its opening in 1997, getting to the origin of the road was a hard task for traffic coming from Casablanca, as the centre of Rabat had to be crossed. In 2007 the toll-revenues for this road totaled 269 million dirhams (2006: 212 MDh), taking 2nd place in list of \"top earners\" in Morocco (Figure includes sections Tangier-RN2 and Tétouan - M'diq). <br> Figures regarding",
"title": "Rabat–Tangier expressway"
},
{
"id": "255169",
"text": "to come. The improvements in infrastructure will boost other sectors and will also help the country in its goal of attracting 10 million tourists by 2010. 1907 km standard gauge, 1003 km electrified with 3 kV DC. There are plans for several high-speed lines. Work by ONCF began in September 2011 on a first section from Tangier to Kenitra. There are plans to construct two core lines, one from Tangier in the north via Marrakesh to Agadir in the south, and a second from Casablanca on the Atlantic to Oujda on the Algerian border. If all of these plans will",
"title": "Transport in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "8238839",
"text": "Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport Tangier Ibn Battuta Airport (, ) is an international airport serving Tangier (\"Tanger\" in French), the capital city of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region in Morocco. The airport is named for Ibn Battouta (1304–1368), a Moroccan traveler who was born in Tangier. The airport was formerly known as Tanger-Boukhalef Airport. A new airport terminal building was opened in 2008 to provide for many more flights and increased passenger capability, as Tangier has grown rapidly and modernised. The airport is certified by ISO 9001/2000 quality standards. The airport handled over passengers in the year 2017. Aircraft parking space",
"title": "Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Gibraltar context: border controls which are expected to be removed around 2020), however Britain plans to leave the EU. Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays. Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the \"Aurora\" cruise ship incident and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel \"Piraña\" were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters. , Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London, Manchester and Bristol in the UK, and with Casablanca and Tangier in Morocco. GB Airways operated a service between Gibraltar and London\n\nIn which country are Tangier and Casablanca?",
"compressed_tokens": 178,
"origin_tokens": 178,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tourism in Morocco context: Casablanca and Tangier. Morocco is close to Europe and attracts visitors to its beaches. Because of its proximity to Spain, tourists in southern Spain's coastal areas take one- to three-day trips to Morocco. Air services between Morocco and Algeria have been established, many Algerians have gone to Morocco to shop and visit family and friends. Morocco is relatively inexpensive because of the devaluation of the dirham and the increase of hotel prices in Spain. Morocco has an excellent road and rail infrastructure that links the major cities and tourist destinations with ports and cities with international airports. Low-cost airlines offer\n\ntitle: Tangier context Tille railway Rabat, Casablan and Marrak in the south, and with Fes and Oujda in the east. The service is operated by ONCF. In November 201 Africa's first high-speed train, the Ken–Tang high- rail line, inaugur, linking Tangier to Casablanca in 2 hours and 0 By 202 improvements between Casablanca and Kenitra planned further reduce the journey to 1 hour and 30 minutes. The Rabat–Tangier expressway connect Tangier toès via Rabat ,ettat Casablan and T-Med port. Thebn Batouta International Airport (formerly known as TangierBoukhalef) is-west of the centre.oc–Spain relations context:207 two an unresolved territorialocco and the Spanishary Islands the \" at Tang will competition that concerns Spanish portsanced by Arab states Gulf its construction began June9 It is expected to achieve full capacity204orial disput,ordinate the and economic cooperation both countries there is interests in counter, efforts to illegal immcoablyed Spanish authorities\n High-speed rail: three separate, the, Turkish and targets. Turkey plans to construct a network of high-speed lines in the early part of the 21st century, targeting a network of high-speed lines by 2013 and a network by the year 2023. In November 2007 the Moroccan government decided to undertake the construction of a high-speed rail line between the economic capital Casablanca and Tangier, one of the largest harbour cities on the Strait of Gibraltar.\n\nIn which country are Tangier and Casablanca?",
"compressed_tokens": 503,
"origin_tokens": 15126,
"ratio": "30.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
156 | Who was the Egyptian president who was assassinated in 1981? | [
"Sadat"
] | Sadat | [
{
"id": "15323362",
"text": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the",
"title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "600297",
"text": "Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat (; \"\", ]; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970. In his eleven years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many of the political and economic tenets",
"title": "Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "15640487",
"text": "peace treaty, which was supported by the vast majority of Egyptians, in exchange for the complete Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat was assassinated in Cairo by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 1981, and was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak. Hosni Mubarak was the president from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011, when he resigned under pressure of popular protest. Although power was ostensibly organized under a multi-party semi-presidential system, in practice it rested almost solely with the president. In late February 2005, for the first time since the 1952 coup d'état, the Egyptian people had an apparent chance",
"title": "Egyptians"
},
{
"id": "15862322",
"text": "was banned as well. The round up missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who succeeded in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October. Sadat was succeeded by his Vice president Hosni Mubarak. History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat Sadat era refers to the presidency of Anwar Sadat, the eleven-year period of Egyptian history spanning from the death of president Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970, through Sadat's assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat's presidency saw many changes in Egypt's direction, reversing some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by breaking with",
"title": "History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "15366163",
"text": "Israel had been in control of since 1967. Because of these negotiations and their outcome, both he and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978, which made Sadat the first Muslim Nobel laureate. On 6 October 1981, President Sadat was assassinated in Cairo during the annual celebrations of Operation Badr by members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, an Islamist terrorist group. About a week after Sadat's assassination, then Vice-President Hosni Mubarak took office as President, an action that was approved through a referendum of the People's Assembly. During his presidency, Mubarak pursued policies similar to",
"title": "Egyptian Crisis (2011–14)"
},
{
"id": "15862302",
"text": "History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat Sadat era refers to the presidency of Anwar Sadat, the eleven-year period of Egyptian history spanning from the death of president Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970, through Sadat's assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat's presidency saw many changes in Egypt's direction, reversing some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by breaking with Soviet Union to make Egypt an ally of the United States, initiated the peace process with Israel, re-instituting the multi-party system, and abandoning socialism by launching the Infitah economic policy. The October War of 1973 launched",
"title": "History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "629065",
"text": "Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (, , \"\"; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. He assumed presidency after the assassination of Anwar Sadat. Mubarak's presidency lasted",
"title": "Hosni Mubarak"
},
{
"id": "2328719",
"text": "of Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat, the eleven-year period of Egyptian history spanning from the death of president Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1970, through Sadat's assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat's presidency saw many changes in Egypt's direction, reversing some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by breaking with Soviet Union to make Egypt an ally of the United States, initiated the peace process with Israel, re-instituting the multi-party system and abandoning socialism by launching the Infitah economic policy. After Nasser's death, another of the original revolutionary \"free officers,\" Vice President Anwar el-Sadat, was elected President",
"title": "History of modern Egypt"
},
{
"id": "15323373",
"text": "October 1981, when Sadat's Vice President, Hosni Mubarak, became the new Egyptian President for nearly 30 years until resigning as a result of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Islambouli and the other assassins were tried before an Egyptian court-martial, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad in April 1982. In 2012, Khaled Al-Islambouli's mother spoke highly of her son's actions to the Iranian Fars News Agency. She said \"I am very proud that my son killed Anwar Al-Sadat… The government called him a terrorist, a criminal, and a murderer.\" Assassination of Anwar Sadat The assassination of Anwar",
"title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "32044",
"text": "because a German court publicly implicated senior members of the government and issued arrest warrants for Ali Fallahian, the head of the Iranian Intelligence. Evidence indicates that Fallahian's personal involvement and individual responsibility for the murders were far more pervasive than his current indictment record represents. Anwar Sadat, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt (formerly President of the United Arab Republic), was assassinated October 6, 1981, during the annual parade celebrating Operation Badr, the opening maneuver of the Yom Kippur War. Swedish prime minister Olof Palme was murdered by a gun-wielding man close to midnight on February 28, 1986,",
"title": "Assassination"
},
{
"id": "629075",
"text": "antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice. Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring the Sinai Peninsula back into Egyptian control, Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab figureheads and opposed the Camp David Accords for failing to address other issues relating to the Arab–Israeli conflict. Sadat even transferred his decisionmaking authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations. Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became the fourth president of Egypt. Until Libya's suspension from the Arab",
"title": "Hosni Mubarak"
},
{
"id": "2328703",
"text": "revolution. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades: by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination in 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. In 2012, after more than a year under the interim government of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, with Field Marshal Tantawi as its chairman, elections were held and the Islamist Mohamed Morsi became the first democratically elected head of state in the entire history of Egypt. In 2013, after",
"title": "History of modern Egypt"
},
{
"id": "12243186",
"text": "The Zionists themselves define the Israeli as a soldier who is on leave for 11 months every year.\" In an interview with Al-Jazeera TV and Al-Jadid/New TV, which aired on 26 July 2008 (as translated by the MEMRI), Kuntar was asked how he viewed the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981. Kuntar stated that: \"[The assassination of Sadat was] a most wonderful operation – to the point that all the prisoners cheered together when Sadat was assassinated. This man symbolized treason and apostasy. Ever since Camp David. … Look at the history – Camp David, the 1982 invasion,",
"title": "Samir Kuntar"
},
{
"id": "4951851",
"text": "notwithstanding the fact his wife wished to remain married to him. The case went to the Cairo Appeals Court where his marriage was declared null and void in 1995. After the verdict, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization (which had assassinated Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981) declared Abu Zayd should be killed for abandoning his Muslim faith. Abu Zayd was given police protection, but felt he could not function under heavy guard, noting that one police guard referred to him as \"the kafir\". On 23 July 1995, he and his wife flew to Europe, where they lived in exile but",
"title": "Apostasy in Islam"
},
{
"id": "4075331",
"text": "\"theological centre of Egypt\", issued a joint statement calling for Abu Zayd's execution. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization (which assassinated Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981 and was engaged in a guerrilla war with the government at the time) issued a statement saying the professor should be killed for abandoning his Muslim faith. But calls for his death were not limited to insurgents. Even a newspaper published by the ruling political party of the ostensibly secular anti-fundamentalist regime, \"The Islamic Banner\", declared that `execution` was a fitting penalty if Abu Zayd failed to repent. In addition Abu Zayd received threats",
"title": "Nasr Abu Zayd"
},
{
"id": "1531874",
"text": "opportunity to accept or reject the agreement with a free vote or a representative majority. President Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords on 17 September 1978 and his shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Israeli Prime Minister Begin led to his assassination on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. The president's personal protection was infiltrated by four members of this organization, who were hiding in a truck passing through the military parade with other military vehicles. As the truck",
"title": "Camp David Accords"
},
{
"id": "238666",
"text": "March 1982, the U.S. government prohibited imports of Libyan crude oil into the United States and expanded the controls on U.S.-origin goods intended for export to Libya. Licenses were required for all transactions, except food and medicine. In March 1984, U.S. export controls were expanded to prohibit future exports to the Ra's Lanuf petrochemical complex. In April 1985, all Export-Import Bank financing was prohibited. In October 1981, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated. Gaddafi applauded the murder and remarked that it was a \"punishment\" for Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords with the United States and Israel. In April",
"title": "Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi"
},
{
"id": "2285802",
"text": "parting of the Red Sea has led to the Pharaohs being portrayed across the ages as a symbol of tyranny. When President Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981 reviewing a military parade in Cairo, his Muslim fundamentalist assassins were heard to shout: \"We have killed the Pharaoh!\" In Arabic, the verb \"tafar'ana\" meaning to act tyrannically literally translates as \"acting Pharaohically\". Wood wrote that even the surviving ruins of ancient Egypt consisting mostly of \"tombs, palaces and temples, the relics of a death-obsessed, aristocratic, pagan society\" seem to confirm the popular image of a \"slave state\" as the \"more",
"title": "Pharaonism"
},
{
"id": "6316378",
"text": "Khālid al-Islāmbūlī Khalid Ahmed Showky Al-Islambouli (, ) (15 January 1955 – 15 April 1982) was an Egyptian army officer who planned and participated in the assassination of Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat, during the annual 6th October victory parade on 6 October 1981. Islambouli stated that his primary motivation for the assassination was Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords with the State of Israel and Sadat's plan for a more progressive Egypt. Islambouli was tried before an Egyptian court-martial, found guilty, and sentenced to death by firing squad. Following his execution, he was declared a martyr by many radicals",
"title": "Khālid al-Islāmbūlī"
},
{
"id": "15867192",
"text": "History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak The history of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak spans a period of 29 years, beginning with the 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat and lasting until the Egyptian revolution of January 2011, when Mubarak was overthrown in a popular uprising as part of the broader Arab Spring movement. His presidency was marked by a continuation of the policies pursued by his predecessor, including the liberalization of Egypt's economy and a commitment to the 1979 Camp David Accords. The Egyptian government under Mubarak also maintained close relations with the other member states of the Arab League,",
"title": "History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak"
},
{
"id": "6664681",
"text": "President Anwar El Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981, Abu Taleb became Acting President, as the Egyptian constitution ruled that the Speaker would assume that role in the case of a vacancy of the presidential office, pending an election in 60 days. Not being considered a serious candidate for the presidency, he stepped aside after just eight days in favor of Vice-President Hosni Mubarak. Previous Posts: Other Occupations: Sufi Abu Taleb died on February 21, 2008, in Malaysia at the age of 83. He had been visiting Malaysia for an alumni reunion for graduates of Cairo's al-Azhar University. He",
"title": "Sufi Abu Taleb"
},
{
"id": "178961",
"text": "in 1977, which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it was supported by most Egyptians. On 6 October 1981, Sadat and six diplomats were assassinated while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth anniversary of the October 1973 War. He was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak. Mubarak started many projects such as Cairo International Airport and the Cairo metro. Mubarak made many new cities including: In 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, terrorist attacks in Egypt became",
"title": "History of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "4573903",
"text": "the October War, and the later years of Anwar El-Sadat's presidency, which were characterised by significant political, economic, and social upheaval and discontent. In total, the state of emergency declared during the 1967 war lasted for 13 years. After Sadat's assassination on 6 October 1981, his Vice-President and successor, Hosni Mubarak, declared another state of emergency, which he kept in place for the entire duration of his three decades in office. President Mubarak argued in his Presidential Public Address in 1998 that emergency law is required \"in order to confront terrorism [and] protect democracy and stability.\" In practice, though, the",
"title": "National Democratic Party (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "600303",
"text": "to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the National Assembly (1960–1968) and then vice president and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969. Some of the major events of Sadat's presidency were his \"Corrective Revolution\" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the USSR, the 1973 October War with Israel, the Camp David peace treaty with Israel, the \"opening up\" (or Infitah) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his assassination in 1981. Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in October 1970. Sadat's",
"title": "Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "13437228",
"text": "due process and the legal banning of torture. Sadat dismantled much of the existing political machine and brought to trial a number of former government officials accused of criminal excesses during the Nasser era. Sadat tried to expand participation in the political process in the mid-1970s but later abandoned this effort. In the last years of his life, Egypt was wracked by violence arising from discontent with Sadat's rule and sectarian tensions, and it experienced a renewed measure of repression including extra judicial arrests. On 6 October 1981, President Sadat was assassinated by Islamic extremists. Hosni Mubarak, Vice President since",
"title": "History of the Republic of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "10442557",
"text": "wanted to join in—40,000 people paid their respects when the former president lay in state, even though the mood during the state funeral was one of intense recrimination because the wounds of the Vietnam War were still raw. Because of SAM 26000, the final services honoring LBJ on January 25 were completed in one day, despite taking place in different parts of the country. On October 6, 1981, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated. Because of security concerns, then-President Ronald Reagan did not attend the funeral. Instead, he sent Secretary of State Alexander Haig and the living former presidents—Nixon, Ford,",
"title": "VC-137C SAM 26000"
},
{
"id": "3435402",
"text": "Republican opponent. In March 1981, President Reagan was shot during an assassination attempt by John Hinckley Jr. outside the Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., Hinckley being brought to trial fourteen months afterward. Heflin espoused the view that the time between the incident and the trial was part of the need for an overhauling of the criminal justice system \"so it can more efficiently and effectively deal with the rising epidemic of violent crime in this nation\" and noted the shootings of Pope John Paul II and President of Egypt Anwar Sadat as incidents that had happened after the Reagan shooting",
"title": "Howell Heflin"
},
{
"id": "9194716",
"text": "Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Sadat's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt's expulsion from the Arab League, but it was supported by most Egyptians. Sadat was assassinated by an Islamic extremist in October 1981. Hosni Mubarak came to power after the assassination of Sadat in a referendum in which he was the only candidate. Hosni Mubarak reaffirmed Egypt's relationship with Israel yet eased the tensions with Egypt's Arab neighbours. Domestically, Mubarak faced serious problems. Even though farm and industry output expanded, the economy could not keep pace with the population boom. Mass poverty and unemployment",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "13636684",
"text": "of the Republic of Egypt in 1956, holding power until his death in 1970. Anwar Sadat succeeded Nasser, and after his assassination in 1981 was succeeded as fourth president by Hosni Mubarak, who was in power until the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Egypt has a large and growing population, estimated at 83 million in July 2009, but has limited resources. With a much smaller population of 6.3 million in 2009, Libya is rich in oil and natural gas. Nasser pursued a non-aligned policy during the cold war and accepted aid from the USSR, notably with the Aswan High Dam project. However,",
"title": "Egypt–Libya relations"
},
{
"id": "11502527",
"text": "culture, a high culture, great beauty. An enormous suction effect.\" Jansen was married twice. His first wife Eefje van Santen was daughter of the communist politician Joop van Santen. With his second wife he had three children. One of his sons is a cabaret artist. Jansen died of a cerebral infarction at the age of 72. While his university studies Jansen was member of a leftist group and left the room under protest when somebody only mentioned the word \"Israel\". The turning point of his opinion about Islam was the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981. Some of",
"title": "Hans Jansen"
},
{
"id": "10250644",
"text": "Mustafa Ahmed Hassan Hamza Mustafa Hamza (born 1956) is an Egyptian commander of the military branch of the Islamic Group. He was sentenced to death in absentia by an Egyptian court in the Returnees from Afghanistan case. It is believed he took part in the 1981 assassination of Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat, the attempted assassination of President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa in June 1995, and the Luxor massacre, which killed more than 60 tourists and Egyptians in 1997. He was in Iran until May 2004, when he was extradited to Egypt. He was pardoned in 2012. In November",
"title": "Mustafa Ahmed Hassan Hamza"
},
{
"id": "15294606",
"text": "more radical Qutb-inspired Islamist groups blossomed, and after Sadat signed a peace agreement with Israel in 1979, the Muslim Brotherhood became confirmed enemies of Sadat. Sadat was assassinated by a violent Islamist group Tanzim al-Jihad on 6 October 1981, shortly after he had Brotherhood leaders (and many other opposition leaders) arrested. Again with a new president, (Hosni Mubarak), Brotherhood leaders (Supreme Guide Umar al-Tilmisani and others) were released from prison. Mubarak cracked down hard against radical Islamists but offered an \"olive branch\" to the more moderate Brethren. The brethren reciprocated, going so far as to endorse Mubarak's candidacy for president",
"title": "Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "7531339",
"text": "Abu-Ali Urbuti Abu-Ali Urbuti (born November 3, 1918) is an Egyptian Muslim sheikh who is best known for his fiery anti-American rhetoric and his unabashed support of Khalid Islambouli, the man convicted of assassinating Egyptian president Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat in 1981. Originally a pacifist and known as a proponent of non-violent change within the Muslim world, he was transformed by the torturous persecution he suffered at the hands of the Egyptian government into an advocate for terroristic jihad. In January 1982, Urbuti and seven of his followers were arrested and charged with \"Seditious Conspiracy\" in the assassination of Sadat for",
"title": "Abu-Ali Urbuti"
},
{
"id": "4381239",
"text": "of three members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad executed for the assassination of Anwar Sadat, the autocratic President of Egypt in 1981. Even both Hipparchus's assassins were themselves killed, Harmodius on the spot and Aristogeiton after being tortured, and the major conspirators in the plot to kill Caesar were likewise killed or forced to commit suicide. Outright revolt was the context for other tyrannicides, and allowed individual killers to escape or remain anonymous. During World War II and the Italian resistance movement, Walter Audisio claimed to have led his team of partisans in the abduction and execution by firing squad of",
"title": "Tyrannicide"
},
{
"id": "187372",
"text": "of Israel was founded. Egypt went to war again in the Six-Day War of 1967 and lost the Sinai Peninsula to Israel. They went to war yet again in the Yom Kippur War of 1973. In 1979, President of Egypt Anwar Sadat and Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords, which gave back the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for the recognition of Israel. The accords are still in effect today. In 1981, Sadat was assassinated by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad under Khalid Islambouli. The assassins were Islamists who targeted Sadat for his",
"title": "History of Africa"
},
{
"id": "15283894",
"text": "Emergency law in Egypt An emergency law was first enacted in Egypt in 1958, as \"Law No. 162 of 1958\". A state of emergency was declared in 1967 during the 1967 Arab–Israeli War which lasted until 1980. After a break of 18 months, a state of emergency was reimposed following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat in 1981, and was repeatedly extended every three years. The continuous state of emergency was one of the grievances of demonstrators giving rise to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. After Hosni Mubarak was deposed, the emergency law expired on 31 May 2012 and with",
"title": "Emergency law in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "5516079",
"text": "basic foodstuffs. On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during a military parade in Cairo. Infitah Infitah ( \"\", \"openness\") was Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's policy of \"opening the door\" to private investment in Egypt in the years following the 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) with Israel. Infitah was accompanied by a break with longtime ally and aid-giver the USSR — which was replaced by the United States — and by a peace process with Israel symbolized by Sadat's dramatic flight to Jerusalem in 1977. Infitah ended the domination of Egypt's economy by the public sector and encouraged both",
"title": "Infitah"
},
{
"id": "7754598",
"text": "Spécial Dalida Spécial Dalida is a French studio album released by Dalida at the start of 1982. After recording five new songs for a TV special Dalida headlined on New Year's Eve surrounded by other fellow French stars, Orlando Productions decided to release a full album containing the recorded songs from the TV show plus other songs that would eventually be released as singles. The album contains a French-language version of Dalida's big Arab hit \"Helwa ya balady\". The French version is dedicated to the late Egyptian President Anwar Sadat who was assassinated in 1981. Dalida went on to record",
"title": "Spécial Dalida"
},
{
"id": "15359921",
"text": "Egypt in March 1980, where they remained until the Shah's death four months later on 27 July 1980. After the Shah's death, the exiled Shahbanu remained in Egypt for nearly two years. President Anwar Sadat gave her and her family use of Koubbeh Palace in Cairo. A few months after President Sadat's assassination in October 1981, the Shahbanu and her family left Egypt. President Ronald Reagan informed her that she was welcome in the United States. She first settled in Williamstown, Massachusetts, but later bought a home in Greenwich, Connecticut. After the death of her daughter Princess Leila in 2001,",
"title": "Farah Pahlavi"
},
{
"id": "2699087",
"text": "Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya From 1992 to 1998, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya fought an insurgency against the Egyptian government during which at least 796 Egyptian policemen and soldiers, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya fighters, and civilians including dozens of tourists were killed. During the fighting al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya was given support by the governments of Iran and Sudan, as well as from al-Qaeda. The Egyptian government received support during that time from the United States. The group(s) is said to have constituted \"the Islamist movement's only genuine mass organizations\" in Egypt. While the assassination of the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in 1981 is generally thought to have been",
"title": "Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya"
},
{
"id": "9957571",
"text": "Adel Abdel Bari Adel Mohammed Abdel Magid Abdel Bari (; born 24 October 1960) is an Egyptian militant who, together with fellow Egyptian citizen Ibrahim Hussein Abdel Hadi Eidarous until the latter's death, was in custody in the United Kingdom from 1999, fighting extradition to the United States, where they were wanted in connection with the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa. Both men were extradited to the United States in October 2012. Bari came to the attention of Egyptian authorities as early as 1981, when he was imprisoned and tortured following the murder of President Anwar Sadat",
"title": "Adel Abdel Bari"
},
{
"id": "7826056",
"text": "also sought to increase Libyan influence, especially in states with an Islamic population, by calling for the creation of a Saharan Islamic state and supporting anti-government forces in sub-Saharan Africa. In the 1970s and the 1980s, this support was sometimes so freely given that even the most unsympathetic groups could obtain Libyan support; often the groups represented ideologies far removed from Gaddafi's own. Gaddafi's approach often tended to confuse international opinion. In October 1981 Egypt's President Anwar Sadat was assassinated. Gaddafi applauded the murder and remarked that it was a \"punishment\". In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US",
"title": "History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi"
},
{
"id": "6664679",
"text": "Sufi Abu Taleb Sufi Abu Taleb ( ; January 27, 1925 – February 21, 2008) was an Egyptian politician. He served as Speaker of the People's Assembly from 1978 to 1983 and, following the assassination of Anwar El Sadat on 6 October 1981, assumed the duties of acting head of state for eight days, until the accession of Hosni Mubarak. Abu Taleb was born in Tamiya in Faiyum Governorate. Upon completion of high school, he joined the Faculty of Law at Cairo University, where he received a bachelor's degree in 1946. He received also a diploma in Public Law in",
"title": "Sufi Abu Taleb"
},
{
"id": "2182875",
"text": "Prime Minister in the process of presidential succession, when the former post of Vice President still existed it was a tradition for the People's Assembly to nominate the vice-president for the vacant office of the president. Both Sadat and Mubarak served as vice-presidents at the time the presidential office became vacant, however on Mubarak's succession in 1981 as president he did not appoint a vice-president until 29 January 2011 when during substantial protests demanding reforms he appointed Omar Suleiman to the role. President Gamal Abdel Nasser submitted his resignation after the overwhelming Egyptian defeat in 1967 war with Israel, before",
"title": "President of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "2377559",
"text": "October. Two days later, while \"America\" steamed toward the Bab el Mandeb Strait, the ship went to general quarters, in view of threats issued by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. The ship passed without incident, and continued her journey through the Red Sea unhindered. On 21 October 1981, \"America\" commenced the northbound transit of the Suez Canal. This transit, unlike the comparatively light-hearted one of 6 May, proved more tense. As a result of the unsettled conditions in Egypt following the 6 October 1981 assassination of President Anwar Sadat, the Egyptian government accorded \"America\"s passage through the Suez Canal",
"title": "USS America (CV-66)"
},
{
"id": "4094673",
"text": "Alaa Mubarak Alaa Mubarak ( ) (born 26 November 1960 in Cairo) is an Egyptian businessman and the elder of two sons of Hosni Mubarak, the former President of Egypt who served from 1981 to 2011, and his wife Suzanne Mubarak. Alaa Mubarak was born in Cairo to Suzanne Mubarak and Hosni Mubarak, who became President of Egypt in 1981, ousted in 2011. However, controversy sparked whether the two sons were called by their British names \" Alan and Jimmy\". Alaa attended St. George's College, Cairo and graduated from the American University in Cairo. Mubarak has kept a much lower",
"title": "Alaa Mubarak"
},
{
"id": "2429808",
"text": "with its own discretion to avoid clashes with the Egyptian President and Authorities, which inevitably took place, which included the detainment of Fouad Serag el Deen, the party's chairman at then, by a decision of the president in September 1981, which included many Egyptian political figures and some founders of New Wafd Party. After the assassination of Anwar el Saddat, after which, Hosni Mubarak became president, change in Egyptian political life was needed, as such Hosni Mubarak decided to free all those detained by Anwar Sadat's decisions. Consequently, New Wafd party took the chance its chance for revival, and decided",
"title": "New Wafd Party"
},
{
"id": "15262649",
"text": "at the Giza Criminal Court in Cairo. In March 2011 Abbud al-Zumar, one of Egypt's best-known political prisoners, was freed after 30 years. Founder and first emir of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, he was implicated in the 6 October 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat. On 24 May, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors during the revolution; if convicted, he could face the death penalty. The list of charges, released by the public prosecutor, was \"intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence and deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully",
"title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011"
},
{
"id": "13360133",
"text": "to his meetings with Menachem Begin (Barry Morse). While the resulting Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty normalizes relations between Egypt and the west, in the midst of the Israeli occupation of Palestine greatly alienates Sadat from the rest of the Arab world. On October 6, 1981, Sadat is assassinated as he and several foreign dignitaries review a military procession marking the 1973 crossing of the Suez. The film was negatively received in Egypt and was accused there of distorting history and slandering the Egyptian people, and was also criticized for the casting of a black actor, Lou Gossett, Jr., as Sadat. The",
"title": "Sadat (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "8717632",
"text": "1973, Darwish became a Middle East-based correspondent, and went on to cover that year's Yom Kippur War, in which Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Syria invaded Israel to recapture land lost in the 1967 Six-Day War. Adel Darwish is currently the Political Editor of the \"Middle East\" Group, based at the Parliamentary Press Gallery at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in Westminster. A prolific writer, Darwish covered the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (1980), the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Al Sadat (1981) and his state funeral, and the Gulf War",
"title": "Adel Darwish"
},
{
"id": "11406143",
"text": "that the surrender of the two hostage-takers had already been secured at the time of the failed Egyptian attack, and the two men were taken prisoner by the Cypriots and later extradited to Egypt, where they received death sentences, later commuted to life sentences. On 20 February, Egypt recalled its diplomatic mission and requested the Cyprus government to do the same in Cairo. Cyprus requested the withdrawal of Egypt's military attaché. Egypt and Cyprus severed political ties for several years after the incident, until President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in 1981. President Kyprianou offered reconciliation and apologies but maintained that",
"title": "Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airport"
},
{
"id": "600299",
"text": "favorable among Egyptians, it was rejected by the country's Muslim Brotherhood and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a Palestinian state. With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states. His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants",
"title": "Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "13184347",
"text": "Bolivia, Argentine communist guerrilla leader Guevara was shot dead by the Bolivian army. On 20 March 1974 in central London, a gunman attempted to kidnap The Queen's daughter, believing he could receive a multi-million pound ransom by doing so. On 6 October 1981 in Cairo, Egyptian President Sadat was shot dead by Islamic extremist soldiers. On 27 August 1979 in County Sligo, Republic of Ireland, Prince Philip's uncle Louis Mountbatten was killed by an IRA bomb. On 30 March 1981 in Washington D.C., John Hinckley, Jr. shot US President Reagan, wrongly believing that doing so would make actress Jodie Foster",
"title": "Infamous Assassinations"
},
{
"id": "9049838",
"text": "Talaat Sadat Talaat Sadat (; February 26, 1954 – November 20, 2011) was an Egyptian politician, lawyer and former political prisoner. He was the nephew of former Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. Talaat was arrested on 4 October 2006 after giving an interview in which he implicated Egyptian military forces in his uncle's 1981 assassination. His trial by military authorities ended on 31 October with a conviction for defaming the Egyptian armed forces, resulting in a one-year prison sentence. His arrest and conviction was criticized by the United States State Department. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, even though he was",
"title": "Talaat Sadat"
},
{
"id": "9049836",
"text": "Talaat Sadat Talaat Sadat (; February 26, 1954 – November 20, 2011) was an Egyptian politician, lawyer and former political prisoner. He was the nephew of former Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. Talaat was arrested on 4 October 2006 after giving an interview in which he implicated Egyptian military forces in his uncle's 1981 assassination. His trial by military authorities ended on 31 October with a conviction for defaming the Egyptian armed forces, resulting in a one-year prison sentence. His arrest and conviction was criticized by the United States State Department. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, even though he was",
"title": "Talaat Sadat"
},
{
"id": "10250645",
"text": "2017, Swiss TV reports that Mustafa Hamza is held in Tora Prison since three years. His advocate Adel Moawad expects him to be released in 2018 due to lack of evidence. Also goes by the aliases Abu Hazem, Mohamed Gamal El-Sayed, Mohamed Gamal El-Sayed Ali Khalil. Mustafa Ahmed Hassan Hamza Mustafa Hamza (born 1956) is an Egyptian commander of the military branch of the Islamic Group. He was sentenced to death in absentia by an Egyptian court in the Returnees from Afghanistan case. It is believed he took part in the 1981 assassination of Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat, the",
"title": "Mustafa Ahmed Hassan Hamza"
},
{
"id": "20399976",
"text": "the Camp David Accords contributed to the statelessness of the Palestinians. During an August 9, 1981 ceremony honoring President of Egypt Anwar Sadat, Carter stated it was \"time for all Palestinian leaders to forego the use of violence and to recognize Israel's right to exist in peace.\" He also said peace was still possible through Sadat but progress toward this endeavor had not been sustained in the aftermath of the Camp David Accords. In October, after Sadat's assassination, Carter attended the latter's funeral and stated his belief that Sadat's successor Hosni Mubarak was dedicated to carrying out the \"peace process",
"title": "Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter"
},
{
"id": "600323",
"text": "Egypt and Sudan. The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures. Although Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt, it has been said that he was assassinated \"at the peak\" of his unpopularity. Earlier in his",
"title": "Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "1578123",
"text": "ineffective. Sadat was assassinated a month later, on 6 October 1981, by Islamic extremists, and in January 1985 Pope Shenouda III was fully reinstated by Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak. Pope Shenouda III had arguments with then President Anwar Sadat over both the Camp David Accords and what he said was the president's deficient response to growing Islamism. After a series of protests that led president Sadat to depose Pope Shenouda III, he was exiled by Sadat and sent to the Nitrian Desert, to return three years after Sadat's assassination following an amnesty by Sadat's successor Hosni Mubarak. His stance toward",
"title": "Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria"
},
{
"id": "9570794",
"text": "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. He issued a fatwa sanctioning \"the robbery and killing of Copts in furtherance of the jihad\". By 1981 President Anwar Sadat had become unpopular among Egyptians and enraged Islamists by signing a peace treaty with Israel. On 6 October 1981, Sadat and six diplomats were assassinated while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth anniversary of the October 1973 War. Lieutenant Colonel Khalid Islambouli and two other members of the Tanzim al-Jihad movement fired machine guns and threw grenades into the reviewing stand. In conjunction with the assassination of Sadat, Tanzim al-Jihad began an insurrection in Asyut in",
"title": "Terrorism in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "4792227",
"text": "Jehan Sadat Jehan Sadat ( \"Jihān es-Sadāt\"; born 29 August 1933), a human rights activist, is the widow of Anwar Sadat, and was First Lady of Egypt from 1970 until Sadat's assassination in 1981. Jehan Sadat, also spelled Jihan, was born Jehan Safwat Raouf (Arabic: جيهان صفوت رؤوف \"Jīhān Ṣafwat Raʼūf\") in Cairo, Egypt, as the first girl and third child of an upper-middle-class family of an Egyptian surgeon father, Safwat Raouf, and English music teacher mother, Gladys Cotterill. Her mother was the daughter of Charles Henry Cotterill, a Sheffield City police superintendent. She was raised as a Muslim according",
"title": "Jehan Sadat"
},
{
"id": "4025521",
"text": "order. Qutb becomes a leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and, after being tortured in one of Nasser's jails, comes to believe that western-influenced leaders can be justifiably killed to remove their corruption. Qutb is executed in 1966, but he influences Ayman al-Zawahiri, the future mentor of Osama bin Laden, to start his own secret Islamist group. Inspired by the 1979 Iranian revolution, Zawahiri and his allies assassinate Egyptian president Anwar Al-Sadat in 1981 in the hopes of starting their own revolution. However, the revolution does not materialise, and Zawahiri comes to believe that a majority of Muslims have been corrupted,",
"title": "The Power of Nightmares"
},
{
"id": "7600781",
"text": "Montasser el-Zayat Montasser el-Zayat () or Muntasir al-Zayyat ( \"\") (born 1956) is an Egyptian lawyer and author whose former clients, according to press reports, included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011 the leader of al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization, and al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. Following the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat, as a young man, el-Zayat was one of the hundreds of politically active Egyptians who were rounded up. He was detained for three years although he was never tried or convicted. Montasser al-Zayat was born in 1956 in Egypt and educated there. His family is of Nubian descent. As a young man of",
"title": "Montasser el-Zayat"
},
{
"id": "15262595",
"text": "Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as millions of Egyptians took to the streets in support of early elections. El-Sisi went on to become Egypt's president by popular election in 2014. In Egypt and other parts of the Arab world, the protests and governmental changes are also known as the ( \"Thawrat 25 Yanāyir\"), ( \"Thawrat Horeya\") or ( \"Thawrat al-Ġaḍab\"), and (less frequently) the ( \"Thawrat al-Shabāb\"), () or ( \"al-Thawrah al-bayḍāʾ\"). Hosni Mubarak became President of Egypt after the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Mubarak's National Democratic Party (NDS) maintained one-party rule under a continual state of emergency. His government",
"title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011"
},
{
"id": "15323368",
"text": "two weeks before the killing, but they did not disclose the existing plans and Islambouli succeeded in assassinating Sadat. On 6 October 1981, a victory parade was held in Cairo to commemorate the eighth anniversary of Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and eight bodyguards, and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. As Egyptian Air Force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, Egyptian Army soldiers and troop trucks towing artillery paraded by. One truck contained the assassination squad, led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. As it passed",
"title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "5252806",
"text": "Suzanne Mubarak Suzanne Mubarak ( ; born 28 February 1941) is the wife of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and was the First Lady of Egypt during her husband's presidential tenure from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011. She has served as Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, and founded the Cairo Child Museum in collaboration with the British Museum. Born to an Egyptian father and a British mother, she is a sociologist by education. Suzanne Mubarak was born in Al Minya Governorate, located on the Nile River about 250 kilometres to the south of",
"title": "Suzanne Mubarak"
},
{
"id": "9891347",
"text": "Foley on assignment to Egypt, where he worked for the next several years, primarily covering the presidency of Anwar Sadat. Foley was present at the 6 October 1981 military parade in which Sadat was assassinated, and photographed him only moments before his death, calling the photograph \"The Last Smile\". At Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon in September 1982, Foley shot a \"series of pictures of victims and survivors of the [Sabra and Shatila] massacre\", for which he and AP won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography. He later described the scene he found upon",
"title": "Bill Foley"
},
{
"id": "1702945",
"text": "from the Arab League in 1979–1989, and Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. The peace between Egypt and Israel has lasted since the treaty went into effect, and Egypt has become an important strategic partner of Israel. Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, a former Israeli defense minister known for his close ties to Egyptian officials, has stated that \"Egypt is not only our closest friend in the region, the co-operation between us goes beyond the strategic.\" As part of the agreement, the U.S. began economic and military aid to Egypt, and political backing for its",
"title": "Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty"
},
{
"id": "9189215",
"text": "Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt) Many Unknown Soldier Memorials for Egyptian and Arab soldiers were constructed inside and outside Egypt. The most famous is the one in Cairo. The Unknown Soldier Memorial in Cairo is a pyramid-shaped monument in Nasr City. Its construction was ordered by president Anwar Sadat in 1974 in honour of Egyptians and Arabs who lost their lives in the 1973 October War. It was inaugurated in October 1975. The site was also chosen for the president's tomb after his assassination in October 1981. The monument is made of concrete and resembles a hollow pyramid, with a height",
"title": "Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "9189208",
"text": "Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt) Many Unknown Soldier Memorials for Egyptian and Arab soldiers were constructed inside and outside Egypt. The most famous is the one in Cairo. The Unknown Soldier Memorial in Cairo is a pyramid-shaped monument in Nasr City. Its construction was ordered by president Anwar Sadat in 1974 in honour of Egyptians and Arabs who lost their lives in the 1973 October War. It was inaugurated in October 1975. The site was also chosen for the president's tomb after his assassination in October 1981. The monument is made of concrete and resembles a hollow pyramid, with a height",
"title": "Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "15323458",
"text": "1974. Between 1967 and 1974, SCAF was composed of almost 25 senior officers, and totally controlled and planned Egypt's military policy vis-a-vis Israel. After 1974 the SCAF went into semi-permanent dormancy, until it was revived in 1981 after the assassination of President Anwar Sadat. The Supreme Council released its first statement on Thursday, 10 February 2011, stating that the council \"in affirmation and support for the legitimate demands of the people\" is in \"continuous session to consider what procedures and measures that may be taken to protect the nation\". It was noted that then-president Hosni Mubarak was not present in",
"title": "Supreme Council of the Armed Forces"
},
{
"id": "15323364",
"text": "them into Egyptian society, Egypt's Islamists now felt betrayed and publicly called for the overthrow of the Egyptian president and the replacement of the nation's system of government with a government based on Islamic theocracy. The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising. Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power. Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the",
"title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "16428244",
"text": "at the Ministry of Awqaf, a government ministry in charge of religious endowments. Kishk’s sermons became so popular that extra buildings had to be constructed for his Friday sermons, and they began recording his sermons to be publicly aired on the radio in 1972. After about a decade of popularity amongst the Egyptian people, he was arrested again in 1981, and many of his tapes were banned. Kishk was released in 1982, after the assassination of Sadat, and the new regime has given him access to the media yet again. On 6 October 1981, President Anwar Sadat was assassinated during",
"title": "Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt"
},
{
"id": "12233160",
"text": "him to run as their presidential candidate, but he refused due to their different ideological backgrounds. Abu Ghazala died on 6 September 2008 at El-Galla Military Hospital in Cairo at the age of 78, from throat cancer. Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala Mohamed Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala (1930–2008) (محمد عبد الحليم أبو غزاله) was Defense Minister of Egypt from 1981 to 1989. Abu Ghazala was seated next to Anwar Sadat when the president was assassinated. He was born in Zuhur Al Omara Village, Dilingat, Behera governorate, in February 1930. His family descended from \"Awlad Aly\" tribe. After completing his secondary education,",
"title": "Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala"
},
{
"id": "5520459",
"text": "key in the assassination of Anwar Sadat. In the 1970s, a large student Islamic activist movement took shape, independently from the Brotherhood. Sadat himself became the enemy of the Brotherhood and other Islamist groups after signing a peace agreement with Israel in 1979, and was assassinated by a violent Islamist group Tanzim al-Jihad on October 6, 1981. In the 1980s, during Hosni Mubarak's presidency, many of the student Islamist activists joined the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood dominated the professional and student associations of Egypt and was famous for its network of social services in neighborhoods and villages. In order to quell",
"title": "History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "8720609",
"text": "between 40,000-200,000 lives had been lost, and the once broad and enthusiastic support by voters for the anti-government Islamism was replaced \"with a deep fear of instability\". Algeria was one of the few in the Arab world not to participate in the Arab Spring. In Egypt, \"fundamentalists fighting the government in the 1990s included \"several hundred `Afghan` guerrillas\". The main group was led by Ayman al-Zawahiri and Mohammed Shawky al-Istambouli—brother of the army lieutenant who led the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in October 1981. Al-Istambouli established a base in Jalalabad, in eastern Afghanistan, during the war. (The Islamist",
"title": "Afghan Arabs"
},
{
"id": "17650087",
"text": "the country will have to sell oil eventually. Iran and other members of fundamentalist Muslim governments praised the killing of the Algerian leader, while the United States, the Organization of African Unity, France and other western nations condemned it. French leaders in particular voiced fears of civil war or a full military takeover of the former French colony. The attack on Boudiaf was the Arab world's most dramatic political killing since Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamic fundamentalists in 1981. Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf Boudiaf was killed by one of his own bodyguards, Lambarek Boumaarafi, presented officially as",
"title": "Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf"
},
{
"id": "2182861",
"text": "2011 Egyptian revolution, Hosni Mubarak, who held office from 14 October 1981 until 11 February 2011, was forced to resign following calls for his removal from office. On 10 February 2011 Mubarak transferred presidential powers to then-Vice President Omar Suleiman, briefly making Suleiman \"de facto\" president. Following Mubarak's resignation, the position of President of Egypt was officially vacated and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, assumed executive control of the state. On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as President of Egypt, having won the 2012 Egyptian presidential election on",
"title": "President of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "13247528",
"text": "negotiated the terms for the Egyptian President's visit. His colleague in those preparations was Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who later went on to become Secretary-General of the United Nations. El-Baz represented the Arab nationalist, while Boutros-Ghali was a cautious pro-Westerner. Following Sadat's assassination in 1981, Egypt's new president Hosni Mubarak took El-Baz as an advisor, where he headed the Presidential Office for Political Affairs. El-Baz was considered an \"éminence grise\", and was more influential than most members of the Cabinet, especially in foreign-policy matters. He was sent on sensitive missions which would be inappropriate for the Foreign Minister to undertake. According to",
"title": "Osama El-Baz"
},
{
"id": "9972056",
"text": "Returnees from Albania The case of the Returnees from Albania was a massive criminal trial in an Egyptian military court from February to April 1999. The trial is one of the principal sources of information about Sunni terrorist groups in the 1990s, especially al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya and its offshoot Egyptian Islamic Jihad. The largest trial in Egypt since the 1981 trials surrounding the assassination of President Anwar Sadat, it was a landmark case in the topics of extraordinary rendition and the credibility of the testimony of terrorism detainees. The local Egyptian press coined the phrase \"Returnees from Albania\" to describe the",
"title": "Returnees from Albania"
},
{
"id": "10301240",
"text": "enhance Saudi Arabian air defenses during the dispute between Iran and Iraq. Support of “ELF One” continued for 8.5 years. Throughout the remainder of the 1980s, E-3, aircrew, and support personnel deployed to Ramstein Air Base, Germany to participate in joint training w/elements of the NATO air defense network in December 1980. Personnel deployed to Egypt following the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in October 1981, and to Grenada in November 1983 to support Operation Urgent Fury. The wing supported Operation Just Cause, the ouster of Manuel Noriega in December 1989. Also in accordance with President Ronald Reagan’s National",
"title": "552d Air Control Wing"
},
{
"id": "179998",
"text": "Egypt in April 1982. The final piece of territory to be repatriated was Taba, adjacent to Eilat, returned in 1989. The Arab League reacted to the peace treaty by suspending Egypt from the organization and moving its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by Islamic fundamentalist members of the Egyptian army who opposed peace with Israel. Following the agreement Israel and Egypt became the two largest recipients of US military and financial aid (Iraq and Afghanistan have now overtaken them). In December 1978 the Israeli Merkava battle tank entered use with the IDF. In 1979, over",
"title": "History of Israel"
},
{
"id": "15262599",
"text": "run as the NDP candidate in 2011. However, after the January–February 2011 protest Gamal Mubarak said that he would not run for president in the 2011 elections. Emergency law (Law No. 162 of 1958) was enacted in the country after the 1967 Six-Day War. Although it was suspended for 18 months during the early 1980s, it has otherwise continuously been in effect since Anwar Sadat's 1981 assassination. Emergency law extended police powers, suspended constitutional rights, legalised censorship and abolished \"habeas corpus\". It limits non-governmental political activity, including demonstrations, unapproved political organizations and unregistered financial donations. The Mubarak government has cited",
"title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011"
},
{
"id": "15262618",
"text": "and Israel. Gamal Abdel Nasser's defeat brought Anwar Sadat to power after Nasser's death in 1970. Sadat undid Nasser's social reforms and dependence on the Soviet Union, predicting its collapse nearly two decades before it occurred. Sadat neglected the modernization of Egypt, and his cronyism cost the country infrastructure industries which could generate new jobs. He was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak after Sadat's 1981 death. With no academic or governmental experience, Mubarak implemented emergency rule throughout his 30 years in office, not appointing a vice president until he was pressured to resign. Communications media such as the internet, cell phones",
"title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011"
},
{
"id": "13266958",
"text": "Muhammad al-Zawahiri Muhammad Rabee al-Zawahiri (born 1953) is an Egyptian Islamist who was a member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and one of 14 people subjected to extraordinary rendition by the CIA prior to the 2001 War on Terror. He is the younger brother of Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri. A 1974 graduate of the engineering college at Cairo University, al-Zawahiri moved to Saudi Arabia and took work with a construction firm. In 1981, his name was among those indicted \"in absentia\" for the assassination of Anwar Sadat after his brother implicated him in recruiting the Egyptians Mustafa Kamel Mustafa and",
"title": "Muhammad al-Zawahiri"
},
{
"id": "15323366",
"text": "strategist of El-Jihad was Abbud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose \"plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing—he expected—a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country.\" In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1500 people, including many Jihad",
"title": "Assassination of Anwar Sadat"
},
{
"id": "5711173",
"text": "many emigrated because they were concerned about the political developments that were occurring in Egypt after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Thousands of Egyptians, mainly Copts, left Egypt in 1967 after its defeat in the Six-Day War of 1967. From 1967 to 1977, more than 15,000 Egyptians immigrated to the United States alone. Since the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat and consequential inauguration of Hosni Mubarak as the President, the Egyptian economy has endured three decades of economic stagnation that has prompted a significant number of Egyptians to emigrate to more prosperous countries, such as the United States. Attracted by",
"title": "Egyptian Americans"
},
{
"id": "178933",
"text": "lasted until 1954, with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954. The modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953, and with the complete withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956, it marked the first time in 2300 years that Egypt was both fully independent and ruled by native Egyptians. President Gamal Abdel Nasser (president from 1956 to 1970) introduced many reforms and created the short-lived United Arab Republic (with Syria). His terms also saw the Six-Day War and the creation of the international Non-Aligned Movement. His successor, Anwar Sadat (president from 1970 to 1981) changed Egypt's trajectory, departing",
"title": "History of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "18443668",
"text": "2011. Specialties of the agency include reconnaissance to discover enemy movements, collecting information on enemy formations and preparations in wartime and peacetime, and geographical surveys. The agency has also, since the time of Abdul Nasser, conducted an internal mission to detect anti-regime elements within the military. Historically, the agency suffered two major blows: failing to predict the Israeli attack on Egypt in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, and failing to stop the assassination of President Anwar Sadat by Islamists linked to the military in 1981. According to General Mohammad Sadiq (1917-1991), director of intelligence during the 1967 war, the most important",
"title": "Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance (Egypt)"
},
{
"id": "14934455",
"text": "what would prove to be his final speech, Sadat ridiculed the Islamic garb worn by pious women, which he called a \"tent\". In a response to a series of demonstrations orchestrated by the Islamists, Sadat banned Islamist student organisations and prohibited women from wearing the \"niqab\" on Egypt's university campuses. There were rumours of veiled women (and even men) taking examinations in others' places, but it was the symbol of the \"niqab\" and its political statement that seemed to disturb the regime. After Sadat's assassination by Islamists in 1981, President Mubarak executed Sadat's assassins and kept in force the 1979",
"title": "Niqāb in Egypt"
},
{
"id": "4792233",
"text": "Maryland, College Park (where The Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development has also been endowed). She also published an autobiography, \"A Woman of Egypt\" () in 1987, published by Simon & Schuster Inc., as well as poetry in Arabic, under a pseudonym, and has written a second book, \"My Hope for Peace\", released in March 2009. Jehan Sadat Jehan Sadat ( \"Jihān es-Sadāt\"; born 29 August 1933), a human rights activist, is the widow of Anwar Sadat, and was First Lady of Egypt from 1970 until Sadat's assassination in 1981. Jehan Sadat, also spelled Jihan, was born Jehan Safwat",
"title": "Jehan Sadat"
},
{
"id": "7315565",
"text": "equipment. The Egyptian government subsequently came to rely on the CSF to quell any source of instability within the country and to uphold the emergency laws imposed on Egypt since the 1981 assassination of the President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat. The CSF was especially deployed to tackle armed Islamist insurgents. From the 1990s onwards, CSF has become operationally coordinated with the State Security, meaning CSF units can be ordered to deploy by State Security officers, and has been called the \"battering ram of State Security\". In 1986, hundreds of third category, low ranking, CSF personnel (soldiers) staged a four-day mutiny,",
"title": "Central Security Forces"
},
{
"id": "12233156",
"text": "Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala Mohamed Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala (1930–2008) (محمد عبد الحليم أبو غزاله) was Defense Minister of Egypt from 1981 to 1989. Abu Ghazala was seated next to Anwar Sadat when the president was assassinated. He was born in Zuhur Al Omara Village, Dilingat, Behera governorate, in February 1930. His family descended from \"Awlad Aly\" tribe. After completing his secondary education, he joined the Egyptian Royal Military Academy, then he received the battalion command diploma from Stalin Academy in the Soviet Union in 1949. He also graduated from Nasser Academy for higher military education (Cairo 1961). On the",
"title": "Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala"
},
{
"id": "11658945",
"text": "Khalid Abdel Nasser Khalid Abdel Nasser (, also spelled Khalid 'Abd al-Nasir; December 13, 1949 – September 15, 2011) was the eldest son of Egypt's second President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser's public profile became pronounced in his early adulthood on account of his often troubled relationship with late Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, his father's successor. \"Time Magazine\" stated that when Sadat asked to acquire Gamal Abdel Nasser's bulletproof limousine, Khalid refused and after a heated argument with Sadat, he set the car on fire, destroying it. In later years, Nasser became a vocal critic of Sadat, and his presidential successor,",
"title": "Khalid Abdel Nasser"
},
{
"id": "6130650",
"text": "formed his own band named Electric Sun, which released three albums. The first, \"Earthquake\" (1979), was dedicated to the spirit of Jimi Hendrix. A second album released two years later, \"Fire Wind\" (1981), was dedicated to Anwar Sadat (the assassinated President of Egypt who had tried to make peace in the Middle East), and featured a song called \"Enola Gay (Hiroshima Today?)\" about the atomic bombing of Japan by an airplane of that name. In 1985, Roth released his third and final Electric Sun album, \"Beyond the Astral Skies\", dedicated to Martin Luther King and to Roth's fans. After Electric",
"title": "Uli Jon Roth"
},
{
"id": "16298407",
"text": "he participated in the February 1968 student protests against the government. After serving in the military for two years, el-Shater studied for a master's degree and worked as a lecturer at the Mansoura University. After the then president Anwar Sadat's assassination in 1981, el-Shater was exiled as an Islamist dissident, and left for England. After returning in the mid-1980s, he became an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1995, he became head of the Brotherhood's Greater Cairo branch. El-Shater led a successful furniture and textile business with branches in Cairo's luxurious shopping malls, which earned him a fortune of",
"title": "Khairat el-Shater"
},
{
"id": "10488540",
"text": "Office. Marwan was nominated to head the Arab Organization for Industrialization, an arms production complex in Cairo that was financed by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar. Following additional political pressures, Sadat had to relieve him from this position in October 1978. Following Sadat's assassination in October 1981, Marwan left Egypt and started a business career in London. He gained a reputation as a mysterious man who did not play according to the rules of the City. Among others he was involved in the failed attempt by Tiny Rowland to take over the House of Fraser – a group of",
"title": "Ashraf Marwan"
},
{
"id": "5520330",
"text": "would be able to help prevent extremism by providing Islamic education to young people. These arguments fell on deaf ears; in the months before his assassination, while his popularity was plummeting, Sadat ordered massive arrests among all opposition forces, including the Brotherhood. The arrested Brothers were released in January 1982, having been cleared of any wrongdoing. During the presidency of Hosni Mubarak, who succeeded Sadat in 1981 and remained in power until 2011, the Brotherhood's relations with the government are still essentially what they were under Sadat: the Brotherhood is tolerated to a degree, but is officially illegal, is not",
"title": "History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)"
},
{
"id": "19093512",
"text": "Wahhabism — Ibn Taymiyyah — were distributed for free throughout the world starting in the 1950s. Critics complain that Ibn Taymiyyah has been cited by perpetrators of violence or fanaticism: \"Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj, the spokesperson for the group that assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981; in GIA tracts calling for the massacre of `infidels`during the Algerian civil war in the 1990s; and today on Internet sites exhorting Muslim women in the west to wear veils as a religious obligation.\" Insofar as curriculum used by foreign students in Saudi Arabia or in Saudi-sponsored schools mirrors that of Saudi schools, critics",
"title": "International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism"
},
{
"id": "4573921",
"text": "his economic reforms, and peace initiative with Israel. Sadat reacted with repression and open hostility toward opposition. In response to the 1977 bread riots, Sadat said that people should \"understand that democracy has its own teeth. The next time I'm going to be ten times as ruthless.\" In 1980 he declared Law 95, known as the Law of Shame, which criminalized many forms of expression. In September 1981, he arrested more than 1,000 of his critics from across the political spectrum. This crackdown is often cited in conjunction with Egypt's peace with Israel as a step leading to his assassination",
"title": "National Democratic Party (Egypt)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Assassination of Anwar Sadat context: Assassination of Anwar Sadat The assassination of Anwar Sadat occurred on 6 October 1981. Anwar Sadat, the President of Egypt, was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The assassination was undertaken by members of the\n\nWho was the Egyptian president who was assassinated in 1981?",
"compressed_tokens": 192,
"origin_tokens": 192,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Adel Ab Bari context: Adel Abdel Bari Adel Mohammed Abdel Magid Abdel Bari (; born 24 October 1960) is an Egyptian militant who, together with fellow Egyptian citizen Ibrahim Hussein Abdel Hadi Eidarous until the latter's death, was in custody in the United Kingdom from 1999, fighting extradition to the United States, where they were wanted in connection with the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa. Both men were extradited to the United States in October 2012. Bari came to the attention of Egyptian authorities as early as 1981, when he was imprisoned and tortured following the murder of President Anwar Sadat\n\ntitlehal-lāmbūli context:ālidslālī K Ah Show Al-Islambouli ) (1 January 15 –1 April 192) was an Egyptian army officer who planned and participated in the assassination of Egyptian President, Anwar Sadat, during the 6th victory parade on 6 October 1981. Islambouli stated that primary motivation for assassination was Sadat's signing of Camp David Accords with the State of Israel and Sadat's plan for progress. Islambouli was tried Egypt court-martial, found guilty, and sentenced to death by firing squad Following his execution, he was declared a martyr many radicals\ntitle: National Democratic Party (Egypt) context his economic re, and peaceative with Israel. reacted withessionility toward opposition In 977ots, said shouldocracy has. The I be as rless.\" In 98 he declared Law95, known as the Sh, which forms of. In September 191 arrested more than 1 critics across political spectrum. This crackdown is c in conjunction Egypt's with Israel as step leading to his assassination\ntitle:at the.at was the906) andial in6.appointed as vice president again in December 1969. Some of the major events of Sadat's presidency were his \"Corrective Revolution\" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the USSR, the 1973 October War with Israel, the Camp David peace treaty with Israel, the \"opening up\" (or Infitah) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his assassination in 1981. Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in October 1970. Sadat's\n\nWho was the Egyptian president who was assassinated in 1981?",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
157 | Which country unilaterally declared independence in November 1965? | [
"Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe"
] | Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe | [
{
"id": "20616646",
"text": "Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 The Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 c. 76 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was designed to reaffirm British legal rule in Southern Rhodesia after Rhodesia had unilaterally declared independence. In practice it only enforced the status of Southern Rhodesia as a British colony in British constitutional theory as the Rhodesian government did not recognise it. On 11 November 1965, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia Ian Smith declared Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the British Empire after the British government refused to grant independence while white minority rule was still",
"title": "Southern Rhodesia Act 1965"
},
{
"id": "355068",
"text": "quickly broke down, and final efforts in October to achieve a settlement floundered; the Rhodesian Front remained unwilling to accept what were regarded as unacceptably drastic terms and the British would settle for nothing less – it was a formula doomed to failure. On 11 November 1965, following a brief but solemn consensus, Rhodesia's leading statesmen issued a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI). This was immediately denounced as an \"act of rebellion against the Crown\" in the United Kingdom, and Wilson promised that the illegal action would be short-lived. However, few seemed to initially realise that Rhodesia was no longer",
"title": "Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "4997651",
"text": "Prime Minister Harold Macmillan revealed Britain's new policy to only permit independence to its African colonies under majority rule. But many white Rhodesians were concerned that such immediate change would cause chaos as had resulted in the former Belgian Congo after its independence in 1960. Britain's unwillingness to compromise led to Rhodesia's unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) on 11 November 1965. Although Rhodesia had the private support of neighbouring South Africa and Portugal, which still owned Mozambique, it never gained formal diplomatic recognition from any country. Although the vote in Rhodesia was constitutionally open to all, regardless of race, property",
"title": "Rhodesian Bush War"
},
{
"id": "11102548",
"text": "Air Rhodesia Flight 827, another civilian flight, in an almost identical incident. A dispute over the terms for the granting of full sovereignty to the self-governing colony of Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) led the colonial government, headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith, to unilaterally declare independence from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The idea of \"no independence before majority rule\" had recently gained ground in Britain and elsewhere amid decolonisation, and Rhodesia's government was dominated by the country's white minority, so the unilateral declaration went unrecognised internationally. Britain and the United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia. Two",
"title": "Air Rhodesia Flight 825"
},
{
"id": "10481324",
"text": "if necessary illegally and unilaterally. The Rhodesian Front swept 79.3 percent of the vote (up from 56.5 percent in 1962), and its victory confirmed that the old UFP—now the Rhodesia party—was a spent force. On 11 November 1965, Ian Smith and the RF made a unilateral declaration of independence and the British colony of Southern Rhodesia became the recognized state of Rhodesia. On 1 June 1979, the white minority that ruled Republic of Rhodesia was briefly replaced by the Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. In preparation for majority rule, the Lancaster House Agreement stipulated that control over the country be returned",
"title": "Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "2251384",
"text": "Rhodesia\" in 1974. The national anthem lost its legal status in December 1979, when the UK took interim control of the country pending its internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe five months later. Rhodesia's use of the well-known Beethoven tune has since caused the playing of \"Ode to Joy\" to be controversial in modern-day Zimbabwe. A dispute over the terms for the granting of full statehood to the self-governing colony of Rhodesia led its predominantly white minority government, headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith, to unilaterally declare independence from the UK on 11 November 1965. As Whitehall had been insisting on",
"title": "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "2251248",
"text": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965, announcing that Rhodesia, a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923, now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state. The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent, it was the first unilateral break from the United Kingdom by one of its colonies since the United States Declaration of Independence nearly two centuries before. The UK, the Commonwealth",
"title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "3234845",
"text": "Prime Minister of Rhodesia The Prime Minister of Rhodesia (before 1964, of Southern Rhodesia) was the head of government in Rhodesia. Rhodesia, which became a self-governing colony of Britain in 1923, unilaterally declared independence on 11 November 1965, and was thereafter an unrecognized state in practice until 1979. In December 1979, the country came under temporary British control, and in April 1980 the country gained recognized independence as Zimbabwe. Rhodesia's political system was modeled on the Westminster system, and the Prime Minister's role was similar to that of the same position in other countries with similar constitutional histories – Canada,",
"title": "Prime Minister of Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "20616649",
"text": "Act 1979 after Rhodesia voluntarily returned to its former status as a British colony in order for elections and the eventual independence of Zimbabwe. Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 The Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 c. 76 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was designed to reaffirm British legal rule in Southern Rhodesia after Rhodesia had unilaterally declared independence. In practice it only enforced the status of Southern Rhodesia as a British colony in British constitutional theory as the Rhodesian government did not recognise it. On 11 November 1965, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia Ian Smith",
"title": "Southern Rhodesia Act 1965"
},
{
"id": "10481211",
"text": "History of Rhodesia (1965–79) The history of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1979 covers Rhodesia's time as a state unrecognised by the international community following the predominantly white minority government's Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965. Headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front remained in government until 1 June 1979, when the country was reconstituted as Zimbabwe Rhodesia. After several unsuccessful attempts to persuade Britain to grant independence, the government announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November 1965. Smith had sought to retain Rhodesia's link with the British monarchy by keeping Queen Elizabeth II",
"title": "History of Rhodesia (1965–79)"
},
{
"id": "16234144",
"text": "Following a dispute with the British government regarding terms for the granting of full independence, the predominantly white minority government of the self-governing colony of Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia), led by Ian Smith, unilaterally declared independence on 11 November 1965. Britain and the United Nations refused to recognise this and each imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia. Meanwhile, the country's two most prominent communist-backed black nationalist groups, the Zimbabwe African National Union and the Zimbabwe African People's Union, mobilised their respective guerrilla armies, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), for what they called",
"title": "7 Independent Company (Rhodesia)"
},
{
"id": "355145",
"text": "negotiate independence rapidly with several of its colonies. During this period, it adopted a foreign policy called NIBMAR, or No Independence Before Majority African Rule, mandating democratic reforms that placed governance in the hands of the majority black Africans. The governing white minority of Rhodesia, led by Ian Smith, opposed the policy and its implications. On 11 November 1965, Rhodesia's minority white government made a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom, as it became apparent that negotiations would not lead to independence under the white regime. The United Kingdom government immediately brought in legislation (Southern Rhodesia Act",
"title": "Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "355149",
"text": "comprehensive. Malawi, Israel, South Africa, Portugal, and Iran did not comply with economic sanctions against Rhodesia. The US, despite voting in favor of the sanctions at the UNSC, violated them to buy chrome ore from Rhodesia. Kenneth Kaunda, president of Zambia, also accused western oil companies of violating the sanctions and selling oil to Rhodesia. Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 was promptly condemned by the international community. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 of 12 November 1965 called \"upon all States not to recognise this illegal racist minority regime in Southern",
"title": "Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "17162106",
"text": "Malaya, Aden and Cyprus, as well as Operation \"Vantage\" in Kuwait. The colonial government's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 was deliberately made on 11 November, Armistice Day, in an attempt to emphasise the territory's prior war record on Britain's behalf. The proclamation was signed at 11:00 local time, during the customary two-minute silence to remember the fallen. After the country's reconstitution and recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980, Robert Mugabe's administration pulled down many monuments and plaques making reference to the fallen of the First and Second World Wars, perceiving them as reminders of white minority rule and colonialism",
"title": "Southern Rhodesia in World War I"
},
{
"id": "2251362",
"text": "when the UK granted independence to Zimbabwe as a republic within the Commonwealth in April 1980. Footnotes References Speeches Newspaper and journal articles Online sources Bibliography Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence The Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was a statement adopted by the Cabinet of Rhodesia on 11 November 1965, announcing that Rhodesia, a British territory in southern Africa that had governed itself since 1923, now regarded itself as an independent sovereign state. The culmination of a protracted dispute between the British and Rhodesian governments regarding the terms under which the latter could become fully independent, it was the first",
"title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "7566949",
"text": "his career; he had also represented the British government at the independence celebrations. His final posting was as High Commissioner in Canada (1974–78). From 1978 to 1985, he was a Governor of the BBC. John Baines Johnston Sir John Baines Johnston (13 May 1918 – 16 October 2005) was a British diplomat. He is best known for being Britain's High Commissioner to Rhodesia when that colony made its Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965. Johnston was born at Maryport, Cumberland, the son of a Church of England clergyman, and was educated at Banbury Grammar School and The Queen's College,",
"title": "John Baines Johnston"
},
{
"id": "11459230",
"text": "of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union, under restriction on 16 April 1964. Northern Rhodesia gained its independence and Southern Rhodesia became the colony of Rhodesia on 24 October. Ian Smith unilaterally declared the independence (UDI) of Rhodesia from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The Rhodesian government then established a new constitution. Harold Wilson, the British Prime Minister, declared the UDI illegal and an act of rebellion on 12 November. The United Nations Security Council declared the UDI illegal on 19 November, calling on Britain to end the rebellion. The British government suspended the Governor and Directors of Reserve",
"title": "1960s in Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "7566944",
"text": "John Baines Johnston Sir John Baines Johnston (13 May 1918 – 16 October 2005) was a British diplomat. He is best known for being Britain's High Commissioner to Rhodesia when that colony made its Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965. Johnston was born at Maryport, Cumberland, the son of a Church of England clergyman, and was educated at Banbury Grammar School and The Queen's College, Oxford. He served with the Gordon Highlanders in the Second World War. In 1947 Johnston joined the British Colonial Office, and three years later was sent to the Gold Coast (now Ghana) for 18",
"title": "John Baines Johnston"
},
{
"id": "7566986",
"text": "Andrew Skeen (Rhodesia) Brigadier Andrew Skeen, ICD, OBE (1906 – 11 May 1984) was the last High Commissioner from Rhodesia to the United Kingdom, succeeding Evan Campbell. Skeen was the son of General Sir Andrew Skeen. A brigadier in the Rhodesian Army, Skeen served as the High Commissioner for Rhodesia in London from July to November 1965. His total tenure lasted 115 days. On November 11, 1965, when Rhodesia announced its Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia), Skeen was declared \"Persona Non Grata\" by the British government and was expelled from London, although Rhodesia House (the High Commission) still continued to",
"title": "Andrew Skeen (Rhodesia)"
},
{
"id": "187596",
"text": "Rhodesia. Growing African nationalism and general dissent, particularly in Nyasaland, persuaded the UK to dissolve the Union in 1963, forming three colonies. As colonial rule was ending throughout the continent and as African-majority governments assumed control in neighbouring Northern Rhodesia and in Nyasaland, the white-minority Rhodesian government led by Ian Smith made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965. The United Kingdom deemed this an act of rebellion, but did not re-establish control by force. The white minority government declared itself a republic in 1970. A civil war ensued, with Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU",
"title": "History of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "3413394",
"text": "Beira Patrol The Beira Patrol was a blockade of oil shipments to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) through Beira, Mozambique, resulting from United Nations trade sanctions on Rhodesia. Rhodesia's government unilaterally declared the former colony's independence on 11 November 1965, after rejecting British preconditions for independence that involved racial equality and rule by the black majority. Ian Smith, the country's elected prime minister, continued in that role. The United Nations Security Council reacted by passing Resolution 217, calling for sanctions on Rhodesia. The resolution was later used by the British as legal justification for the blockade. Britain imposed its own national sanctions,",
"title": "Beira Patrol"
},
{
"id": "5298521",
"text": "income tax at a marginal rate of 5% — making them one of the richest communities in the world. In 1965, in order to avoid the introduction of Black majority rule (commonly referred to at the time as the Wind of Change), the Government of what was then the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia issued the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, upon which the country became the \"de facto\" independent — albeit unrecognised — state of Rhodesia. As was the case (to varying degrees) in most European colonies, White immigrants took a privileged position in all areas of society. However, the",
"title": "White people in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "12828761",
"text": "federation, and, even though federal Prime Ministers had attended during federation, and Southern Rhodesian Prime Ministers had before federation, this invitation was not extended to Prime Minister Ian Smith. This was seen as the utmost slight, particularly as newly independent Malawi – Southern Rhodesia's former federal partner – was in attendance. Before federation, the Southern Rhodesian government had attended every meeting since 1932, and its official position was that it was already a member of the Commonwealth, hence entitled to attend as a matter of right. On 11 November 1965, Smith issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). On the",
"title": "Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations"
},
{
"id": "17250699",
"text": "his life\", R. W. Johnson wrote, caused Smith to feel profoundly betrayed when the British government proved one of his main adversaries as Prime Minister. After talks repeatedly broke down, Smith's government unilaterally declared independence on 11 November 1965. In 1970, following the results of a referendum, he declared Rhodesia a republic. He argued that Britain was to blame for all of this—\"Rhodesia did not want to seize independence from Britain. It was forced upon us,\" he said. For many in Britain during this time, attitudes towards the breakaway colony were complicated by the fact that \"Plucky Little Rhodesia\", often",
"title": "Military service of Ian Smith"
},
{
"id": "12785935",
"text": "Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formally dissolved and its assets distributed among the territorial governments. Southern Rhodesia obtained the vast majority of these including the assets of the Federal army, to which it had overwhelmingly contributed. In 1964, Northern Rhodesia gained independence as the Republic of Zambia, obtaining majority rule and led by Kenneth Kaunda. The same year, the Nyasaland Protectorate became independent Malawi led by Hastings Banda. On 11 November 1965, Southern Rhodesia's government led by Prime Minister Ian Smith proclaimed a Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom. This attracted the world's attention and created outrage",
"title": "Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland"
},
{
"id": "1650463",
"text": "rejected these conditions on 5 November, saying they made the whole exercise pointless. After waiting a few days for new terms from Wilson, Smith made a consensus decision with his Cabinet to break ties unilaterally on 11 November 1965, and signed the Unilateral Declaration of Independence at 11:00 local time. UDI, while received calmly by most Rhodesians, prompted political outrage in Britain and overseas. It astonished Wilson, who called on the people of Rhodesia to ignore the post-UDI government, which he described as \"hell-bent on illegal self-destroying\". Following orders from Whitehall and the passage of the Southern Rhodesia Act 1965,",
"title": "Ian Smith"
},
{
"id": "465642",
"text": "Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy minority rule. With Zambian independence, Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front (RF) dropped the designation \"Southern\" in 1964 and issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (commonly abbreviated to \"UDI\") from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of \"no independence before majority rule\". It was the first such course taken by a British colony since the American declaration of 1776, which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions. After the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), the British government petitioned",
"title": "Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "10382281",
"text": "posts in the Rhodesian Army, and attending the British Army's Staff College in England for training as a future senior officer. In November 1964 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed to be the Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion of the Rhodesian Light Infantry. With the advent of global decolonisation, Rhodesia came under increasing political pressure from the Colonial Office and the United Nations to introduce universal suffrage and majority rule. In response, Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith and his cabinet issued a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom in November 1965. During this period",
"title": "Peter Walls"
},
{
"id": "623487",
"text": "1970–1974 hiatus. Another associate was West German Chancellor Willy Brandt; all three were members of the Socialist International. The British \"retreat from Empire\" had made headway by 1964 and was to continue during Wilson's administration. Southern Rhodesia was not granted independence, principally because Wilson refused to grant independence to the white minority government headed by Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith which was not willing to extend unqualified voting rights to the native African population. Smith's defiant response was a Unilateral Declaration of Independence, on 11 November 1965. Wilson's immediate recourse was to the United Nations, and in 1965, the Security",
"title": "Harold Wilson"
},
{
"id": "17162002",
"text": "entry in many histories of the colony, and a great source of pride for the white community, as well as for some black Rhodesians. It played a part in the UK government's decision to grant self-government in 1923, and remained prominent in the national consciousness for decades. When the colonial government unilaterally declared independence from Britain in 1965, it deliberately did so on Armistice Day, 11 November, and signed the proclamation at 11:00 local time. Since the territory's reconstitution and recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980, the modern government has removed many references to the war, such as memorial monuments",
"title": "Southern Rhodesia in World War I"
},
{
"id": "4997656",
"text": "took over from the British South Africa Company and granted self-governing status to a locally elected government, made up predominantly of whites. Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front party was elected to power in 1962 and unilaterally declared independence on 11 November 1965 to preserve what it saw as the self-government it had possessed since 1923. The Rhodesian government contended that it was defending Western values, Christianity, the rule of law and democracy by fighting Communists; however, it was unwilling to compromise on most political, economic and social inequalities. The Smith administration claimed that the legitimate voice of the black Shona and",
"title": "Rhodesian Bush War"
},
{
"id": "17833700",
"text": "Rhodesia and Nyasaland and used its revenue stamps from 1953 to 1963. Following Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965, the country became independent and issued its first revenues a year later. They used the 1954 Southern Rhodesia design but with altered inscriptions. One of the values - the 6d red and black - is very rare despite it being one of the most commonly used rates as it was the stamp duty tax on cheques. Its rarity is probably because old stocks of Southern Rhodesian revenues continued to be used instead of it. In 1970 the set was",
"title": "Revenue stamps of Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "9944736",
"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 12 November 1965, the day after the British Dependency of Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the British Empire as the state of Rhodesia. The vote was ten to none, with one member, France, abstaining. In the resolution's two operative paragraphs, the Security Council: Resolution 216 was followed on 20 November by United Nations Security Council Resolution 217, in which the Security Council further elaborated on its condemnation of the UDI regime and proposed steps to be taken",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 216"
},
{
"id": "16524660",
"text": "Rhodesian passport Rhodesian passports were passports issued by the government of Rhodesia to its citizens for purposes of international travel. They are no longer issued, having been superseded by Zimbabwean passports in 1980, with the country's reconstitution and renaming as Zimbabwe. Rhodesian passports were ostensibly valid for travel by Rhodesians anywhere in the world, but in practice they were accepted by very few countries. Following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain on 11 November 1965, Rhodesia's predominantly white minority government was unrecognised, causing the legality of its passports to become ambiguous. From 1968, United Nations Security Council Resolution 253",
"title": "Rhodesian passport"
},
{
"id": "3259035",
"text": "more antipathy for the British Government than his RF opponents, and was disgusted at their treatment of the Rhodesians during constitutional talks: On 1 October Welensky was soundly defeated by his RF opponent, with 633 votes to Dupont's 1079. In December he resigned the leadership of his party. When the RF declared unilateral independence on 11 November 1965, Welensky was upset at the constitutional break with Britain. He believed that Rhodesia was entitled to her independence, and disagreed with the British government's demand for 'no independence before majority rule', but was opposed to illegal action. Welensky continued living in Rhodesia",
"title": "Roy Welensky"
},
{
"id": "2273971",
"text": "odds with most other African nationalists. Nyerere signed his country to the British Commonwealth. In September 1965, Nyerere threatened to withdraw Tanzania from the Commonwealth if the British government negotiated for the independence of Rhodesia with Ian Smith's white minority government rather than with representatives of the indigenous black majority. When Smith's government made its unilateral declaration of independence in November, Nyerere demanded that the British take immediate direct action to stop this. When the UK failed to act effectively, in December Tanzania broke off diplomatic relations with them. This resulted in the loss of British aid, but Nyerere thought",
"title": "Julius Nyerere"
},
{
"id": "8963332",
"text": "Independence Decoration (Rhodesia) The Independence Decoration was a Rhodesian civil decoration awarded to persons who played a notable and significant part in the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. The award was instituted in 1970 by Presidential Warrant, the first awards being made the same year. The medal was a sterling silver circular medal worn on the breast. The obverse bore the arms of Rhodesia and the legend RHODESIA INDEPENDENCE ELEVENTH NOVEMBER 1965, while the reverse was blank. The medal was impressed in small capitals with the recipient's name on the rim, and was awarded with a case of issue,",
"title": "Independence Decoration (Rhodesia)"
},
{
"id": "6674206",
"text": "1979 resulted in a ceasefire and the end of the Rhodesian Bush War. The country returned to legality under direct British rule with Lord Christopher Soames as Governor, thereby ending the rebellion against the British Crown caused by the signing of Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965. Under the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement, fresh elections were held in February 1980 following which the country attained its independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980 with Robert Mugabe as its first Prime Minister. The internal settlement was condemned by United Nations Security Council Resolution 423",
"title": "Internal Settlement"
},
{
"id": "3413404",
"text": "when Mozambique gained independence from Portugal and assured Britain that it would not allow transship oil to Rhodesia. The operation had cost an estimated 100 million pounds, and 76 Royal Navy ships took part in the operation. A total of 47 oil tankers were intercepted, of which 42 were allowed to proceed. Beira Patrol The Beira Patrol was a blockade of oil shipments to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) through Beira, Mozambique, resulting from United Nations trade sanctions on Rhodesia. Rhodesia's government unilaterally declared the former colony's independence on 11 November 1965, after rejecting British preconditions for independence that involved racial equality",
"title": "Beira Patrol"
},
{
"id": "6749720",
"text": "world opinion. In September 1965, it was announced that he would tour the United Kingdom to promote Rhodesian independence. According to David Steel, he claimed then that France and the United States would lead the international recognition of the UDI government. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Information on 22 October and so was present at, but did not sign, the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965. Van der Byl was greeted by a speech strongly critical of the Rhodesian government from the Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey, who supported the use of armed force to bring the",
"title": "P. K. van der Byl"
},
{
"id": "1822558",
"text": "the Australian Minister of External Territories. The minister for external territories consulted with the territory's chief minister as part of the appointment process. On 11 November 1965, the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia made a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) although it continued to recognise the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as head of state, with oaths of allegiance to \"Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth, Queen of Rhodesia, her heirs and successors\". However, the Rhodesian Front government of Ian Smith ceased to recognise the authority of her \"de jure\" representative, Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs. Instead, on 17 November, it",
"title": "Administrator of the government"
},
{
"id": "4335272",
"text": "the Federation, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland became the independent states of Zambia and Malawi respectively. Southern Rhodesia became known simply as Rhodesia, although its legal name remained the Colony of Southern Rhodesia. In April 1964 Rhodesia adopted a light air force ensign with the shield from the coat of arms of Rhodesia in the fly. This was the first time the lighter shade of blue ensign was used by a British colony, although Fiji and Tuvalu both adopted the colour after independence. Following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November 1965, the flag was retained, but three years",
"title": "Flag of Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "16685116",
"text": "Rhodesian mission in Lisbon The Rhodesian mission in Lisbon (), the capital of Portugal, operated from September 1965 to May 1975. It was a diplomatic mission representing Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia), initially as a self-governing colony of Britain and, after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965, as an unrecognised state. Rhodesia informed Britain of its intent to open a Lisbon mission headed by an accredited representative, independent from the Britain Embassy in the city, in June 1965. Whitehall refused to endorse the idea but Rhodesia continued nonetheless, and later that month appointed Harry Reedman to head the mission.",
"title": "Rhodesian mission in Lisbon"
},
{
"id": "16361896",
"text": "Britain opposed, but proved unable to stop. Soon after Smith visited London in October 1965, Wilson resolved to curb his rival's ambitions. During his own visit to Salisbury later that month, he proposed to safeguard future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament by withdrawing control over the Rhodesian parliamentary structure to London. Salisbury had held these powers since 1923. This proved the last straw for Smith's Rhodesian government, which issued the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November. The Rhodesians modelled their independence document on that of the American Thirteen Colonies in 1776, which remains the only other such",
"title": "Constitutional history of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "20700136",
"text": "to black majority rule. Her husband's right-wing views were no problem for Smith, whose views on race were even more hardline than his. Ian became Deputy Prime Minister following the Rhodesian Front's December 1962 election victory, and stepped up to the premiership after Field resigned in April 1964. The Smiths left management of the farm to others, and relocated to Salisbury to move into State House, the premier's official residence. On 11 November 1965, in the wake of a number of failed negotiations with Britain, Ian Smith and his Cabinet unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. Smith would hold the premiership",
"title": "Janet Smith (Rhodesia)"
},
{
"id": "15959630",
"text": "British Labour government broke down repeatedly throughout the year, leading the Rhodesian government to issue the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965. Most RLI men supported Smith, the RF and UDI, and so saw this step as cause for celebration. On instructions from Gibbs, Putterill ordered all military personnel to remain at their posts and go about their normal duties. These instructions were followed but Gibbs's forbidding of any army or police servicemen to \"assist the illegal régime ... in its rebellion against the Crown\" was roundly ignored. Although the declaration had clearly stated that Rhodesia's loyalty to",
"title": "History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1961–72)"
},
{
"id": "9944737",
"text": "to address the crisis. United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 12 November 1965, the day after the British Dependency of Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the British Empire as the state of Rhodesia. The vote was ten to none, with one member, France, abstaining. In the resolution's two operative paragraphs, the Security Council: Resolution 216 was followed on 20 November by United Nations Security Council Resolution 217, in which the Security Council further elaborated on its condemnation of the UDI regime and proposed",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 216"
},
{
"id": "10423695",
"text": "of the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia on its formation in 1923, then part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland military in 1953. After the break-up of the Federation at the end of 1963, the security forces assumed the form they would keep until 1980. As the armed forces of Rhodesia (as Southern Rhodesia called itself from 1964), the Rhodesian Security Forces remained loyal to the Salisbury government after it unilaterally declared independence from Britain on 11 November 1965. Britain and the United Nations refused to recognise this, and regarded the breakaway state as a rebellious British colony",
"title": "Rhodesian Security Forces"
},
{
"id": "5298517",
"text": "1950s that white rule would continue for longer in Rhodesia than it would in other British colonies such as Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) and Kenya. Many of the new immigrants had a \"not here\" attitude to majority rule and independence. Rhodesia was run by a white minority government. In 1965, that government declared itself independent through a Unilateral Declaration of Independence ('UDI') under Prime Minister Ian Smith. The UDI project eventually failed, after a period of UN economic sanctions and a civil war known as the Chimurenga (Shona) or Bush War. British colonial rule returned in December 1979, when the country",
"title": "White people in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "17388665",
"text": "and 1970s. His batting, bowling and fielding were all regarded as excellent by contemporaries, but his decision making and tactics were occasionally criticised. Rhodesia was an unrecognised state in southern Africa, run by a predominantly white minority government headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith. Taking exception to the UK's insistence on majority rule as a condition for independence, Smith's colonial administration had unilaterally declared independence in 1965 following a long dispute over the terms. International uproar and the first ever United Nations economic sanctions had ensued, making Rhodesia deeply isolated. This quarantine variously extended to sports. Rhodesian athletes, including the",
"title": "Salisbury Sports Club tournament in 1970"
},
{
"id": "16524673",
"text": "in 'difficult' countries\". Rhodesian passport Rhodesian passports were passports issued by the government of Rhodesia to its citizens for purposes of international travel. They are no longer issued, having been superseded by Zimbabwean passports in 1980, with the country's reconstitution and renaming as Zimbabwe. Rhodesian passports were ostensibly valid for travel by Rhodesians anywhere in the world, but in practice they were accepted by very few countries. Following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain on 11 November 1965, Rhodesia's predominantly white minority government was unrecognised, causing the legality of its passports to become ambiguous. From 1968, United Nations Security",
"title": "Rhodesian passport"
},
{
"id": "10481303",
"text": "Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia The colonial history of Southern Rhodesia is considered to be a time period from the British government's establishment of the government of Southern Rhodesia on 1 October 1923, to Prime Minister Ian Smith's unilateral declaration of independence in 1965. The territory of 'Southern Rhodesia' was originally referred to as 'South Zambezia' but the name 'Rhodesia' came into use in 1895. The designation 'Southern' was adopted in 1901 and dropped from normal usage in 1964 on the break-up of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and Rhodesia became the name of the country until the creation",
"title": "Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "1650404",
"text": "to form the all-white, firmly conservative Rhodesian Front (RF), which called for independence without an immediate shift to majority rule. Smith became Deputy Prime Minister following the Rhodesian Front's December 1962 election victory, and stepped up to the premiership after Field resigned in April 1964. With the UK government refusing to grant independence while Rhodesia did not devise a set timetable for the introduction of majority rule, talks with the UK Prime Minister Harold Wilson repeatedly broke down, leading Smith and his Cabinet to declare independence on 11 November 1965. His government endured in the face of United Nations economic",
"title": "Ian Smith"
},
{
"id": "16684762",
"text": "Unilateral declaration of independence A unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) is a formal process leading to the establishment of a new state by a subnational entity which declares itself independent and sovereign without a formal agreement with the national state from which it is seceding. The term was first used when Rhodesia declared independence in 1965 from the United Kingdom (UK) without an agreement with the UK. Prominent examples of a unilateral declaration of independence other than Rhodesia's UDI in 1965 include that of the United States in 1776, the Irish Declaration of Independence of 1919 by a revolutionary parliament,",
"title": "Unilateral declaration of independence"
},
{
"id": "3310652",
"text": "of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. When Rhodesia's government issued the Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain on 11 November 1965, Dupont, as Deputy Prime Minister, was the second to sign. Smith attempted to have Dupont named as Governor-General in place of the British-appointed Governor, Humphrey Gibbs, but failing this instead made him Officer Administering the Government. He held this post until 1970, when he became President following the declaration of a republic. After suffering from ill health during this last appointment, he retired at the end of 1975 and died in 1978. Of Huguenot ancestry, Dupont was born in London on",
"title": "Clifford Dupont"
},
{
"id": "18956192",
"text": "The first King's Medal Competition in Southern Rhodesia was held in 1926 and the first medal to a Rhodesian was won by Sergeant F.G. Elliott of the British South Africa Police. From 1940 to 1947 the competition was interrupted by the Second World War. After Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965, the competition and the award of the Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces continued for another four years, until Rhodesia severed its ties with the British Crown on 2 March 1970 and, in that same year, instituted the President's Medal for Shooting of",
"title": "Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces"
},
{
"id": "16685185",
"text": "and the Rhodesians. The two Prime Ministers' talks were largely unproductive, and little common ground was found before Smith flew home on 12 October. Two weeks later, Wilson travelled to Salisbury to continue the talks. The British Prime Minister proposed that future black representation in the Rhodesian parliament might be safeguarded by the revocation of some of Salisbury's self-governing powers, held since 1923. This was a horrific prospect in the eyes of his Rhodesian opponents, and proved the final straw for Smith's government. The Unilateral Declaration of Independence was signed by the Rhodesian Cabinet on 11 November 1965, to almost",
"title": "Rhodesian mission in Lisbon"
},
{
"id": "6037955",
"text": "broke up to be replaced by the separate nations of Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi. The RAR came under sole command of the Rhodesian Army and its deployments were mostly made along its Zambezi Valley border in response to the first nationalist rumblings emanating from countries to the north. By the time of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Rhodesia from Britain, on 11 November 1965, the African nationalist movement as it affected Rhodesia had split into two factions. The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was mainly Shona, led initially by Ndabaningi Sithole but ultimately by Robert Mugabe, supported by China",
"title": "Rhodesian African Rifles"
},
{
"id": "2251314",
"text": "on 11 November 1965, Armistice Day, during the traditional two minutes' silence to remember the fallen of the two World Wars, Smith declared Rhodesia independent and signed the proclamation document, with Dupont and the other 10 ministers of the Cabinet following. The timing was intended to emphasise the sacrifices Rhodesia had made for Britain in wartime. As Ken Flower later said, \"the rebellion was made to appear as though it was not a rebellion\". Smith and his ministers still pledged allegiance to Queen Elizabeth II, whose official portrait hung prominently behind them as they signed; the declaration even ended \"God",
"title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "10985001",
"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 217 United Nations Security Council Resolution 217, adopted unanimously on November 20, 1965, determined that the situation resulting from the Unilateral Declaration of Independence was extremely grave and that the Government of the United Kingdom should put an end to it as it constitutes a threat to international peace and security. The Council also called upon nations not to recognize what it deemed \"this illegal authority\" or entertain diplomatic relations with it. It also asked all states to refrain from economic relations with Rhodesia. The resolution was adopted by ten votes to one; France abstained.",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 217"
},
{
"id": "3684165",
"text": "higher authority consisting of transport ministers from the three separate governments. Independent subsidiaries of CAA were formed to operate in the three countries: Air Malawi Ltd, based in Blantyre; Zambia Airways Ltd, based in Lusaka; and Air Rhodesia (Pvt) Ltd, based in Salisbury. The administrative arrangements that operated between the three companies proved to be successful and profitable for all three. On 11 November 1965, the Rhodesian Government formalised the Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain, and sanctions were imposed on Rhodesia shortly afterwards by Britain and independent African states, including Malawi and Zambia; this closed down almost all international",
"title": "Air Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "7578415",
"text": "was too slow or too fast and by 1961, it became clear that the Federation was doomed. Following the dissolution of the CAF in 1963, the British government granted independence to Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Nyasaland (Malawi) but refused Southern Rhodesia independence until more progress was made towards multiracial democracy. White settler opinion hardened and Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front government issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. Chief of the Air Staff Air Vice Marshal 'Raf' Bentley was representing Rhodesia in Washington, D.C, and resigned immediately. Bentley's reluctant successor, former Royal Australian Air Force pilot Harold Hawkins had come",
"title": "Rhodesian Air Force"
},
{
"id": "7578406",
"text": "Rhodesian Air Force The Rhodesian Air Force (RhAF) was an air force based in Salisbury (now Harare) which represented several entities under various names between 1935 and 1980: originally serving the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, it was the air arm of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland between 1953 and 31 December 1963; of Southern Rhodesia once again from 1 January 1964; and of the unrecognised nation of Rhodesia following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain on 11 November 1965. Named the Royal Rhodesian Air Force (RRAF) from 1954, the \"Royal\" prefix was dropped in 1970 when",
"title": "Rhodesian Air Force"
},
{
"id": "12802559",
"text": "to share a single place with Asia. North Korea, winners of the Asian qualifiers got an automatic spot in the finals, representing the two continents as a result. The other notable contentious issue in successive meetings was the demand by most African nations for the suspension of Rhodesia. The African Football Confederation was again the first International sports institution to expel the Rhodesia Football Association from membership, only four days after the country's unilateral declaration of independence on 11 November 1965. Five years later, the effort to expel Rhodesia from FIFA was taken to the Congress in Mexico City, 1970;",
"title": "History of CAF"
},
{
"id": "17436840",
"text": "References Bibliography William Harper (Rhodesian politician) William John Harper (22 July 1916 – 8 September 2006) was a politician, general contractor and Royal Air Force fighter pilot who served as a Cabinet minister in Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) from 1962 to 1968, and signed that country's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from Britain in 1965. Born into a prominent Anglo-Indian merchant family in Calcutta, Harper was educated in India and England and joined the RAF in 1937. He served as an officer throughout the Second World War and saw action as one of \"The Few\" in the Battle of Britain,",
"title": "William Harper (Rhodesian politician)"
},
{
"id": "6067012",
"text": "a certain (fairly low) standard of education, and to property owners, and to people of \"importance\", i.e., chiefs and indunas – in other words, you needed to qualify for a vote – which many natives did. Smith's defiant response was a Unilateral Declaration of Independence, timed to coincide with Armistice Day at 11.00 am on 11 November 1965, an attempt to garner support in the UK by reminding people of the contribution of the colony to the war effort (Smith himself had been a Spitfire pilot). Smith was personally vilified in the British media. Wilson's immediate recourse was to the",
"title": "Labour government, 1964–1970"
},
{
"id": "2251326",
"text": "God save the Queen!\" Gondo and eight other opposition MPs followed Palley out; all ten of them rejoined the Legislative Assembly in February 1966. Gibbs received threatening letters from the Rhodesian public, and on 26 November 1965 Smith's government cut off the telephones at Government House, and removed the ceremonial guard, the official cars \"and even the typewriters\", Wood records. Gibbs nevertheless refused to step down or to leave Government House, issuing a statement that he would remain there \"as the lawful Governor of Rhodesia until such time as constitutional government is restored, which I hope will be soon.\" He",
"title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "17436808",
"text": "William Harper (Rhodesian politician) William John Harper (22 July 1916 – 8 September 2006) was a politician, general contractor and Royal Air Force fighter pilot who served as a Cabinet minister in Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) from 1962 to 1968, and signed that country's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) from Britain in 1965. Born into a prominent Anglo-Indian merchant family in Calcutta, Harper was educated in India and England and joined the RAF in 1937. He served as an officer throughout the Second World War and saw action as one of \"The Few\" in the Battle of Britain, during which",
"title": "William Harper (Rhodesian politician)"
},
{
"id": "14166119",
"text": "first Minister of Internal Affairs beginning in 1964. In October of that year, he oversaw the \"indaba\" (conference) of chiefs and headmen at Domboshawa in October 1964, at the end of which the tribal leaders unanimously announced their support for Southern Rhodesia's independence, which was unilaterally declared on 11 November 1965. Harper, a staunch conservative seen as a rival to Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith, resigned from political office on 11 July 1968. Harper was replaced as Minister of Internal Affairs by Lance Smith, another member of Ian Smith's ruling Rhodesian Front party. In 1970, he oversaw the implementation of",
"title": "INTAF"
},
{
"id": "3234847",
"text": "held the post until the end of Federation on 31 December 1963. When Northern Rhodesia gained independence as Zambia on 24 October 1964, Southern Rhodesia began to refer to itself simply as \"Rhodesia\". Prime Minister Ian Smith's government issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain in 1965, and he remained Prime Minister when the country was declared a republic in 1970. Under the Internal Settlement in 1979, after a long period of conflict, the country became known as Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, with Abel Muzorewa as its first black Prime Minister. None of these acts were recognised internationally, and under the Lancaster",
"title": "Prime Minister of Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "11939906",
"text": "became self-governing in 1923, but was not granted Dominion status like Australia or South Africa, and broke away from the United Kingdom in 1965, with the minority white government of Ian Smith issuing a Unilateral Declaration of Independence as the state of Rhodesia. This new state of Rhodesia, despite gaining unofficial support from apartheid South Africa and Estado Novo Portugal (until 1974), failed to gain any international recognition and became increasingly isolated. The Australian government of Robert Menzies did not recognise the declaration, noting \"there can be no diplomatic recognition by the Australian Government of a government so formed.\" Despite",
"title": "Australia–Zimbabwe relations"
},
{
"id": "10985002",
"text": "The interception of Joanna V was an action of the British Navy Beira Patrol carried out in accordance to this resolution on 4 April. However this action proved ineffective and United Nations Security Council Resolution 221 was then adopted on 9 April to grant more powers to the Beira Patrol. United Nations Security Council Resolution 217 United Nations Security Council Resolution 217, adopted unanimously on November 20, 1965, determined that the situation resulting from the Unilateral Declaration of Independence was extremely grave and that the Government of the United Kingdom should put an end to it as it constitutes a",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 217"
},
{
"id": "466417",
"text": "gained independence as Zambia. For example, Zambia received half the federal armoured car squadron as well as some light patrol aircraft. Zambia also inherited the command structures of the Northern Rhodesia Regiment as well as the Northern Rhodesian Air Wing, which formed the basis for the new Zambian Army and Zambian Air Force, respectively. Relations almost immediately soured between Zambia and Southern Rhodesia, now known simply as \"Rhodesia\", which had issued its own unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) in 1965. Reports that Rhodesian security forces had occupied Kariba Dam prompted Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda to mobilise the ZDF for the",
"title": "Zambian Defence Force"
},
{
"id": "6037931",
"text": "civil power' in response to civil unrest occurring in Salisbury, Bulawayo and Wankie, and in Northern Rhodesia. By 1961, these duties had extended to internal security operations in Northern Rhodesia including deployment along the Congolese/Northern Rhodesia border to prevent fighting spilling over from the Katangese secessionist war. After the Central African Federation was dissolved in 1962, to be replaced by the separate nations of Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi, the RAR was returned to the sole command of the Rhodesian Army. With the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Rhodesia from Britain, on 11 November 1965, members of the military wings of",
"title": "Rhodesian African Rifles"
},
{
"id": "1630305",
"text": "trenchantly expressed views on such subjects as juvenile delinquency, apartheid and Rhodesia's defiance of the Commonwealth (he was a strong supporter of Ian Smith's white minority regime) attracted much criticism. During the Suez Crisis, Bader travelled to New Zealand. Some of the more recent African Commonwealth countries had been critical of British military intervention; he replied that they could \"bloody well climb back up their trees\". During a trip to South Africa in November 1965, Bader said that if he had been in Rhodesia when it made its declaration of independence, he \"would have had serious thoughts about changing my",
"title": "Douglas Bader"
},
{
"id": "355055",
"text": "sanctions put increasing pressure on the country as time went on. The Parliament of Rhodesia, which included the lower House of Assembly and later a senate, was predominantly white, with minority of seats reserved for blacks. After 1970, the country used a semi-presidential system, with a president, prime minister, and cabinet. The official name of the country, according to the constitution adopted concurrently with the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965, was Rhodesia. This was not the case under British law, however, which considered the territory's legal name to be Southern Rhodesia, the name given to the country in",
"title": "Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "18787340",
"text": "Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke [1969] AC 645 is a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, relevant for UK constitutional law, on the legality of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence made by Rhodesia in 1965. The case is often cited in relation to the legal status of constitutional conventions in United Kingdom constitutional law. The British crown colony of Southern Rhodesia, which had been self-governing since 1923, declared independence from Britain in 1965. The British government considered its Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) to be illegal and refused to recognize the legitimacy of the post-UDI Rhodesian",
"title": "Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke"
},
{
"id": "16303801",
"text": "weekend\". Shangani Day was replaced as a public holiday by Occupation Day in 1920, but continued to be unofficially marked thereafter. Occupation Day, held on 12 September each year, marked the anniversary of the arrival of the Pioneer Column at Fort Salisbury in 1890, and their raising of the Union Jack on the kopje overlooking the site. It was renamed Pioneers' Day in 1961. Southern Rhodesia effectively became the entirety of Rhodesia in 1964 when Northern Rhodesia became independent as Zambia. After Southern Rhodesia's colonial government unilaterally declared independence from Britain on 11 November 1965, the anniversary became celebrated as",
"title": "Public holidays in Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "18354358",
"text": "during the 1940s. During the Second World War, Baron was a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force, and was stationed in Southern Rhodesia. He settled there after the war and in 1952 set up a law practice in the self-governing colony's second city, Bulawayo. His clients over the next decade and a half included the prominent black nationalist Joshua Nkomo. When Ian Smith's government unilaterally declared independence on 11 November 1965, Baron, who challenged the Smith administration's legality, was arrested and kept in solitary confinement until April 1967. He returned to Britain following his release. During the 1970s he",
"title": "Leo Baron"
},
{
"id": "11010522",
"text": "1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum A double referendum was held in Rhodesia on 20 June 1969, in which voters were asked whether they were in favour of or against a) the adoption of a republican form of government and b) the proposals for a new Constitution, as set out in a White paper and published in a \"Gazette\" Extraordinary on 21 May 1969. Both proposals were approved. The country was subsequently declared a republic on 2 March 1970. On 11 November 1965, the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) although it continued to recognise",
"title": "1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum"
},
{
"id": "4552689",
"text": "British colonies and protectorates in Africa eventually became self-governing, but not necessarily with majority rule. Often aided by Soviet expertise and weapons, black nationalist guerrilla forces such as the Mau Mau in Kenya, ZANU in Rhodesia and MK in South Africa fought for majority rule, which normally meant \"one man, one vote\". A unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) occurred in 1965. Civil war lasted until 1979. In 1980, the first democratic general election was held in independent Zimbabwe and the country joined the Commonwealth. Subsequently, the country's white population declined sharply – thousands were intimidated, attacked and driven off their",
"title": "British diaspora in Africa"
},
{
"id": "159867",
"text": "or other member of the Royal Family is present, or on some occasions such as Anzac Day. The Maori version was written by Edward Marsh Williams under the title, E te atua tohingia te kuini When Rhodesia issued its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the UK on 11 November 1965, it did so while still maintaining loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II as the Rhodesian head of state, despite the non-recognition of the Rhodesian government by the United Kingdom and the United Nations; \"God Save the Queen\" therefore remained the Rhodesian national anthem. This was supposed to demonstrate the continued allegiance",
"title": "God Save the Queen"
},
{
"id": "2251340",
"text": "the High Court in Salisbury between 1966 and 1968. The first of these, \"Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke N. O. and Others\", concerned Daniel Madzimbamuto, a black Rhodesian who was detained without trial by the Rhodesian government on 6 November 1965, the day after the declaration of a state of emergency and five days before UDI, on the grounds that he might pose a danger to the public. Desmond Lardner-Burke, the Rhodesian Minister of Justice and Law and Order, prolonged the state of emergency in February 1966, prompting Madzimbamuto's wife to appeal for his release, arguing that since the United Kingdom had",
"title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "355069",
"text": "within the Commonwealth's direct sphere of influence and British rule was now a constitutional fiction; Salisbury remained virtually immune to credible metropolitan leverage. On 12 October 1965, the United Nations General Assembly had noted the repeated threats of the Rhodesian authorities \"to declare unilaterally the independence of Southern Rhodesia, in order to perpetuate minority rule\", and called upon Wilson to use all means at his disposal (including military force) to prevent the Rhodesian Front from asserting independence. After UDI was proclaimed, UN officials branded Ian Smith's government as an \"illegal racist minority regime\" and called on member states to sever",
"title": "Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "17052954",
"text": "symbol of white supremacy as it was created by Prime Minister Ian Smith's minority government and the British government did not veto the change despite having the power to do so. Following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965, Rhodesia continued to use the flag of Southern Rhodesia as a symbol of loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II, despite the British government not recognising UDI. Smith said: \"Let there be no doubt that we in this country stand second to none in our loyalty to the Queen, and whatever else other countries may have done or may yet do, it",
"title": "Flag of Southern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "8098091",
"text": "Air Trans Africa Air Trans Africa was formed by Jack Malloch in 1964 after his first company, Rhodesian Air Services failed in 1962. It operated a Super Constellation, a Douglas C-54 and a DH114 Heron aircraft before Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). The airline's financial crises were compounded when Ian Smith's government declared independence (UDI) on November 11, 1965. It was a charter airline flying cargo and/or passengers to many different destinations throughout Europe and Africa. The company (in chronological order): call sign was PG Non IATA Web page: www.jackmalloch.com CL44: TR-LVO DC-8-55F: TR-LVK and TR-LQR (later to",
"title": "Air Trans Africa"
},
{
"id": "18787347",
"text": "recognized if such acts are necessary for \"the ordinary orderly running of the country\". Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke [1969] AC 645 is a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, relevant for UK constitutional law, on the legality of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence made by Rhodesia in 1965. The case is often cited in relation to the legal status of constitutional conventions in United Kingdom constitutional law. The British crown colony of Southern Rhodesia, which had been self-governing since 1923, declared independence from Britain in 1965. The British government considered its Unilateral Declaration of Independence",
"title": "Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke"
},
{
"id": "8963334",
"text": "of the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organization. Recipients were entitled to the post-nominal letters: ID. The Independence Decoration fell into abeyance following Zimbabwe Rhodesia's adoption of majority rule in 1979, and the country's transformation into Zimbabwe a year later. Independence Decoration (Rhodesia) The Independence Decoration was a Rhodesian civil decoration awarded to persons who played a notable and significant part in the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. The award was instituted in 1970 by Presidential Warrant, the first awards being made the same year. The medal was a sterling silver circular medal worn on the breast. The obverse bore the",
"title": "Independence Decoration (Rhodesia)"
},
{
"id": "17302506",
"text": "nuclear proliferation debate is a contemporary example. The current United Nations Security Council passed on June 9, Resolution 1929 providing restrictions on missile and weaponry materials that could be used for the creation of destructive weapons. This principle of restriction is to contain the possibility of Iranian aggression within the neighboring region. The third category involves the United Nations Security Councils condemnation of actions of a specific action or policy of a member/non-member nation. The white minority declared a declaration of Rhodesian Independence on November 11, 1965. The General assemble and United Nations in a 107 to 2 vote took",
"title": "International sanctions"
},
{
"id": "3310657",
"text": "politician Ian Smith, Dupont assisted in the latter's becoming Prime Minister in 1964 and was consequently promoted to become Smith's deputy. As Deputy Prime Minister, he held the portfolio of External Affairs, and added Defence in June 1965. From August 1964 Dupont was Deputy Prime Minister of Rhodesia, and served as Smith's Minister of External Affairs (adding also the Defence portfolio from June 1965). When Smith issued the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965, Dupont was the second signatory to the UDI document. Smith's government still continued to recognise the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as head of",
"title": "Clifford Dupont"
},
{
"id": "8098092",
"text": "be changed to PAA40 under CargOman, another company of Affretair's) Fin and upper fuselage was medium blue fin, later green replaced the blue. Air Trans Africa photos and info to be found in this website. Www.a2oxford.info Air Trans Africa Air Trans Africa was formed by Jack Malloch in 1964 after his first company, Rhodesian Air Services failed in 1962. It operated a Super Constellation, a Douglas C-54 and a DH114 Heron aircraft before Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI). The airline's financial crises were compounded when Ian Smith's government declared independence (UDI) on November 11, 1965. It was a",
"title": "Air Trans Africa"
},
{
"id": "2251309",
"text": "reply. On 9 November, the Rhodesian Cabinet sent a letter to Queen Elizabeth II, assuring her that Rhodesia would remain loyal to her personally \"whatever happens\". The Rhodesian Minister for Justice and Law and Order, Desmond Lardner-Burke, presented the rest of the Cabinet with a draft for the declaration of independence on 5 November 1965. When Jack Howman, Minister of Tourism and Information, said that he was also preparing a draft, the Cabinet decided to wait to see his version too. The ministers agreed that if an independence proclamation were issued, they would all sign it. On 9 November, the",
"title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "16113226",
"text": "declared independence from Britain on 11 November 1965. Because British prime minister Harold Wilson and Whitehall had been insisting on an immediate transfer to majority rule before independence, this declaration went unrecognised and caused Britain and the United Nations (UN) to impose economic sanctions on Rhodesia. The two most prominent black nationalist parties in Rhodesia were the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)—a predominantly Shona movement, influenced by Chinese Maoism—and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), which was Marxist–Leninist, and mostly Ndebele. ZANU and its military wing, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), received considerable backing in training, materiel and",
"title": "Geneva Conference (1976)"
},
{
"id": "1974858",
"text": "which was situated on the Southern Rhodesian side of the Zambezi Gorge. This situation caused some embarrassment for the Zambian government later when it was a \"front line state\" in support of insurgents into Rhodesia in that its major source of electric power was controlled by the Rhodesian state. With the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia no longer in existence, in 1964 Southern Rhodesia reverted to the name \"Rhodesia\" (see next section). In 1965, Rhodesia unilaterally declared itself independent under a white-dominated government led by Ian Smith. After a long civil war between the white (until 1979) government and two African",
"title": "Southern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "366433",
"text": "Rhodesia, governed by a predominantly white minority government, unilaterally declared independence in 1965. Led by Prime Minister Ian Smith, it endured as an unrecognized state under white rule for the next 14 years, with majority rule coming in 1979 with the Internal Settlement between Smith's government and moderate black nationalists, the associated multiracial elections and the reconstitution of the country as Zimbabwe Rhodesia, with Bishop Abel Muzorewa at the helm of a coalition cabinet comprising 12 blacks and five whites. This new order also failed to win legitimacy in the eyes of the world, and British control returned to the",
"title": "Racial segregation"
},
{
"id": "3668128",
"text": "was first used to refer to the region by white settlers in the 1890s who informally named their new home after Cecil Rhodes, the Company's founder and managing director. It was used in newspapers from 1891 and was made official by the Company in 1895. To confuse matters, Southern Rhodesia, which became a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom in 1923, referred to itself simply as \"Rhodesia\" from 1964 to 1979, and in 1965 unilaterally declared independence under that name. It thereafter briefly renamed itself \"Zimbabwe Rhodesia\" in 1979. The usage of the term Rhodesia to refer to the historical",
"title": "Rhodesia (region)"
},
{
"id": "355081",
"text": "free world\" reflected these beliefs. African parties displayed initial horror at Smith's declaration, with one ZANU official stating, \"...for all those who cherish freedom and a meaningful life, UDI has set a collision course that cannot be altered. 11 November 1965 [has] marked the turning point of the struggle for freedom in that land from a constitutional and political one to primarily a military struggle.\" It would, however, be several years before even the most radical nationalists chose to develop a coherent strategy revolving around armed resistance, preferring instead to create opportunities for external intervention. Because Rhodesian exports were generally",
"title": "Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "6779379",
"text": "Following government service, he retired to Inyanga with his wife, Mary Eleanor (née McGarry), married in 1946, and who was the widow of Bruno C. Catella who had died at El Alamain, 1942, and he was a Member, Umtali Club. He had one stepson, Anthony John Bruno Catella, and one daughter, Barbara Anne Francis Clarke, and one son, Duncan Godfrey Clarke. Clarke organised and ran the sub-committee that drew up the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, which Smith and his Cabinet signed on 11 November 1965. Gerald B. Clarke Gerald Bryan Clarke, GCLM, CMG, 1964, ISO, 1954 was born as Gerald",
"title": "Gerald B. Clarke"
},
{
"id": "7919065",
"text": "Tunisia and Morocco won their independence from France. Ghana followed suit the next year (March 1957), becoming the first of the sub-Saharan colonies to be granted independence. Most of the rest of the continent became independent over the next decade. Portugal's overseas presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (most notably in Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and São Tomé and Príncipe) lasted from the 16th century to 1975, after the Estado Novo regime was overthrown in a military coup in Lisbon. Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965, under the white minority government of Ian Smith, but was not",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "16685120",
"text": "of an independent Rhodesian mission. The Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which insisted it was neutral regarding Rhodesia, outraged Whitehall by accepting Reedman's letter of accreditation—though Lisbon was careful to avoid provoking Britain, omitting the word \"diplomatic\" from the titles given to both Reedman and his mission. The Rhodesians still regarded themselves as victorious, saying they had set out to gain an independent diplomatic representative in Lisbon, and now had one. The historian J R T Wood later called this \"Rhodesia's first independent and indeed unilateral act—the veritable straw in the wind.\" On 11 November 1965, less than two months",
"title": "Rhodesian mission in Lisbon"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 context: Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 The Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 c. 76 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was designed to reaffirm British legal rule in Southern Rhodesia after Rhodesia had unilaterally declared independence. In practice it only enforced the status of Southern Rhodesia as a British colony in British constitutional theory as the Rhodesian government did not recognise it. On 11 November 1965, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia Ian Smith declared Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the British Empire after the British government refused to grant independence while white minority rule was still\n\nWhich country unilaterally declared independence in November 1965?",
"compressed_tokens": 188,
"origin_tokens": 188,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle:ternal Settlement context: 1979 resulted in a ceasefire and the end of the Rhodesian Bush War. The country returned to legality under direct British rule with Lord Christopher Soames as Governor, thereby ending the rebellion against the British Crown caused by the signing of Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in November 1965. Under the terms of the Lancaster House Agreement, fresh elections were held in February 1980 following which the country attained its independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980 with Robert Mugabe as its first Prime Minister. The internal settlement was condemned by United Nations Security Council Resolution 423\n\ntitle: Nations Security Resolution 217 context: United Nations Security Council Resolution 217 United Nations Security Council Resolution 217, adopted unanimously on November 20, 1965, determined that situation resulting from Unilateral Declaration of Independ was extremely grave that the Government of the United Kingdom should put an end to it itutes threat to international peace and security The Council also called upon nations not to recognize what it deemed \"this authority\" or entertain diplomatic relations with it It also asked all states to refrain from relations Rhodesia. The resolution adopted by ten votes to; France abstained.\n: Rh in Lisbon context Lis The Rhodesian mission in Lisbon), capital of Portugal operated September965 to May1. It was a diplomatic Rhodesiaor Southern Rhia as a selfgoverning col Britain theilallaration ofence in95 as anised state Britain intent to Lisboned accredited fromass in city, in June 15.hall endorse the idea butia noneth, later month Harry Reedman to the mission.\nrol: whenique gained independence and Britain that would trans oilia. The had cost estimated million6 Royal Navy part.7 oil wereed toiraments to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) through Beira, Mozambique, resulting from United Nations trade sanctions on Rhodesia. Rhodesia's government unilaterally declared the former colony's independence on 11 November 1965, after rejecting British preconditions for independence that involved racial equality\n\nWhich country unilaterally declared independence in November 1965?",
"compressed_tokens": 470,
"origin_tokens": 14320,
"ratio": "30.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
158 | Which country was called Upper Volta until 1984? | [
"Bourkina-Fasso",
"Maximes, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi",
"Burkina Fasso",
"Burkina",
"Bourkina Faso",
"Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi",
"Burkinabè",
"Berkina faso",
"ISO 3166-1:BF",
"Burkina faso",
"Faso",
"Burkina Fasoan",
"Bourkina Fasso",
"Burkinafaso",
"Burkino Faso",
"Burkina-Faso",
"Burkina Faso",
"Burkina Fatso"
] | Burkina Faso | [
{
"id": "3944382",
"text": "have been called up for Burkina Faso in the last 12 months. Burkina Faso national football team The Burkina Faso national football team, is the national team of Burkina Faso and is controlled by the Fédération Burkinabé de Foot-Ball. They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984, when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso. They finished fourth in the 1998 Africa Cup of Nations, when they hosted the tournament. Their best ever finish in the tournament was the 2013 edition, reaching the final. The country made their first appearance in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1978,",
"title": "Burkina Faso national football team"
},
{
"id": "3944379",
"text": "Burkina Faso national football team The Burkina Faso national football team, is the national team of Burkina Faso and is controlled by the Fédération Burkinabé de Foot-Ball. They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984, when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso. They finished fourth in the 1998 Africa Cup of Nations, when they hosted the tournament. Their best ever finish in the tournament was the 2013 edition, reaching the final. The country made their first appearance in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1978, but it was 1996 before they returned to the biennial tournament. They",
"title": "Burkina Faso national football team"
},
{
"id": "37038",
"text": "Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "18373432",
"text": "the sole legitimate representative of all of China. On May 24, 2018, Burkina Faso derecognized the Republic of China. Burkina Faso, known as the Republic of Upper Volta prior to 1984, entered diplomatic relations with the Republic of China in 1961 , the year after the country gained independence from its former colonial power, France. Relations continued for over a decade, until 15 September 1973 when the regime of Upper Volta – led by Major General Sangoulé Lamizana, who had come to power in a 1966 military coup – derecognized the ROC and instead opened relations with the People's Republic",
"title": "Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations"
},
{
"id": "14377163",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Burkina Faso This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Burkina Faso, known as Upper Volta until July 1984. The story of the posts in Burkina Faso begins in the 1890s, with French penetration into the area and the establishment of military posts. Prior to the creation of French Upper Volta in 1919, postal service in the area was administered by Senegambia and Niger and then Upper Senegal and Niger. Upper Volta's first stamps were issues of Upper Senegal and Niger overprinted \"HAUTE-VOLTE\", appearing in 1920. Overprints and surcharges continued",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "1126017",
"text": "of black, white, and red. These colours represented the three major tributaries of the Volta River, which flows south through the country: the Black Volta, the White Volta and the Red Volta. It is similar to the tricolor flag used by the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. The flag was changed when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso on 4 August 1984. From 1984 until 1997, the official Burkina Faso coat of arms used a revolutionary central crest featuring a mattock crossed with a Soviet AK-47 assault rifle, along with an open book symbolising the importance of education and the",
"title": "Flag of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "11643189",
"text": "and two years later on 5 August 1960, it attained full independence. On 4 August 1984, the name was changed to Burkina Faso. The name Upper Volta indicates that the country contains the upper part of the Volta River. The river is divided into three parts, called the Black Volta, White Volta and Red Volta. Until the end of the 19th century, the history of Upper Volta was dominated by the empire-building Mossi/Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come up to their present location from present-day Northern Ghana. For centuries, the Mossi peasant was both farmer and soldier, and",
"title": "French Upper Volta"
},
{
"id": "14377165",
"text": "1st anniversary of the Republic, and memorializing governing council president Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly, who had died recently. In 1960 it issued a definitive series of 18 stamps showing native animal masks, and generally followed a stamp program consistent with other African members of the French Community. On August 5, 1960, it attained full independence from France. Postage stamps and postal history of Burkina Faso This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Burkina Faso, known as Upper Volta until July 1984. The story of the posts in Burkina Faso begins in the 1890s, with French penetration",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "529099",
"text": "to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption and anti-desertification projects. On 4 August 1984, on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name was changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso (\"land of the upright/honest people\"). Sankara's government formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with Sankara as its president, and established popular Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs). The Pioneers of the Revolution youth programme was also established. Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change, one of the largest ever undertaken on",
"title": "History of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "37044",
"text": "and Michel Kafando was reinstated as Acting President. In the general election held on 29 November 2015, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré won in the first round with 53.5% of the vote and was sworn in as President on 29 December 2015. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. The words \"Burkina\" and \"Faso\" both stem from different languages spoken in the country: \"Burkina\" comes from Mossi and means \"upright\" showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while \"Faso\" comes from the Dyula language and",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "37058",
"text": "Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP. The leader of the leftists, Capt. Thomas Sankara, was appointed prime minister in January 1983, but subsequently arrested. Efforts to free him, directed by Capt. Blaise Compaoré, resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983. The coup brought Sankara to power and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption and anti-desertification projects. On 4 August 1984, on President Sankara's initiative, the country's name was changed from Upper Volta to",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "529116",
"text": "President and the National Assembly for a term of five years. Shortly after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the Alliance for Democracy. Thomas Sankara came to power by a coup on August 4, 1983. After coming to power, he formed the National Council of the Revolution (NCRC), and became the president of the twenty-man council. Under his rule, the name of the state was changed on August 4, 1984, from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, meaning \"the homeland of upright men.\" From 1958 to 1960, the Republic of Upper Volta was headed by a High",
"title": "Republic of Upper Volta"
},
{
"id": "18373063",
"text": "congratulating the Burkinabé people for their victory, and calling for Compaoré to be prosecuted for his crimes against the people. She ended the letter by stating: \"Long live the Republic and long live Burkina! The motherland or death, we shall overcome.\" Mariam Sankara Mariam Sankara (née Sereme, born 26 March 1954) is the widow of Thomas Sankara, the President of Burkina Faso (previously named Upper Volta) from 4 August 1983 until his assassination on 15 October 1987. During this time she was First Lady of the country. Thomas Sankara, a Marxist and pan-Africanist army officer, became President of what was",
"title": "Mariam Sankara"
},
{
"id": "529115",
"text": "1984, from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, which means \"Land of Incorruptible People\". The name Upper Volta indicated that the country contains the upper part of the Volta River. The colors of the national flag corresponded to the names of its three main tributaries — the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. Upper Volta obtained independence on August 5, 1960. The first president of the country, Maurice Yaméogo, is at the head of the Alliance for Democracy and the Federation / African Democratic Rally . The 1960 Constitution establishes the election by direct universal suffrage of the",
"title": "Republic of Upper Volta"
},
{
"id": "11210263",
"text": "Hama Arba Diallo Hama Arba Diallo (23 March 1939 – 30 September 2014) was a Burkinabé politician, diplomat and civil servant. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 1983 to 1984. Diallo, an opponent of President Blaise Compaoré, stood as a candidate in the 2010 presidential election. Diallo began entered the United Nations as the Director of the United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office from 1979 to 1983. After leaving the U.N., Diallo was appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Captain Thomas Sankara on 24 August 1983, serving in that position until 1984. From 1988",
"title": "Hama Arba Diallo"
},
{
"id": "6229029",
"text": "tonnes, rice was 20,356 tonnes and sorghum was 84,588 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 69.00 per cent. The region has three provinces which together include 16 departments. Burkina Faso got independence from French Colonial Empire during 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso",
"title": "Centre-Sud Region"
},
{
"id": "6228962",
"text": "was 18 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 4.4. There were 118 boys and 112 girls enroled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 17 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 500 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years until 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law",
"title": "Centre-Est Region"
},
{
"id": "6228846",
"text": "post-secondary level. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years until 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The",
"title": "Boucle du Mouhoun Region"
},
{
"id": "17028762",
"text": "conduct of National Olympic Committees to have been transgressed in Upper Volta. The executive decided to provisionally suspend the Committee. At the 86th Session of the IOC at New Delhi, India in 1983, the suspension was lifted. In 1984, with the change of the nation's name to Burkina Faso, the committee changed its name to the Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Council (). Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Committee Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Committee () (IOC code: BUR) is the National Olympic Committee representing Burkina Faso. It was created on 10 June 1965 and recognized by the International Olympic",
"title": "Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Committee"
},
{
"id": "5118529",
"text": "Agacher Strip War The Agacher Strip War was fought over a long strip of land located in northern Burkina Faso, in the province of Oudalan. The area, thought to contain considerable amounts of natural gas and mineral resources, was the center of a long running border dispute between Upper Volta (renamed Burkina Faso in 1984) and Mali that erupted into an armed conflict on two occasions (in 1974 and 1985). The Agacher Strip was thought to contain substantial natural resources. Both sides hoped that the exploitation of these resources would help improve the dire economic situations in their respective countries.",
"title": "Agacher Strip War"
},
{
"id": "7220588",
"text": "and order and by stimulating trade. They also tended to regard Muslims as culturally and educationally more advanced than non-Muslim Africans, and appointed Muslim chiefs and clerks as administrators in non-Muslim areas. In Upper Volta at the end of the 19th century there were only some 30,000 Muslims, but by 1959 there were 800,000, approximately 20 percent of the population. In 1984, Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. After a succession of military coups, a constitutional republic was established in 1991. In Burkina Faso the Arabist and Islamist movement is viewed a counter-culture to the European style of modernity, and",
"title": "Islam in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "12157746",
"text": "cycling event held annually in November that covers 811 miles. The stage race takes place at temperatures up to 40°C. It has been part of the UCI Africa Tour since 2005. Burkina Faso has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1988. Under its previous name of Upper Volta, the country also competed in 1972. Despite appearing in six different Olympics, Burkina Faso has never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Burkina Faso have competed in any Winter Olympic Games. Sport in Burkina Faso Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football, basketball, cycling, rugby union,",
"title": "Sport in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "16112139",
"text": "Leonardo Neher Leonardo Neher (December 5, 1922 – May 11, 2015) was an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Burkina Faso from 1984 to 1987 (then the Republic of Upper Volta). Neher was born on December 5, 1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio. He attended Akron University from 1940 to 1941, and later graduated from Bowling Green State University with a B.A. in 1948 and the University of Chicago with a M.A. in 1952. Neher served in the U.S. Army in 1943 and left in 1946. He was a personnel technician at the Department of the Navy from 1952",
"title": "Leonardo Neher"
},
{
"id": "6228937",
"text": "from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural",
"title": "Centre Region, Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "11046884",
"text": "acclaim thy beauty. Raise thine eyes towards the future Vibrating with tumultuous voices Of thy proud children, standing ready, The promise of a happy future. CHORUS The toil on thy burning soil Will never cease to brace the fervent hearts, And the virtues of thy children Will circle it with a triumphal crown. CHORUS May God protect thee in His goodness; For the happiness of thy beloved land, May brotherly love be the key And honour, unity and liberty. Hymne National Voltaïque The Hymne National Voltaïque was the national anthem of Upper Volta from 1960 until 1984, when the country's",
"title": "Hymne National Voltaïque"
},
{
"id": "6229135",
"text": "28.5 per cent, compared with a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 50.4 per cent, pos-primary was 15.7 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 3.7. There were 424 boys and 137 girls enroled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 43 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 489 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was",
"title": "Est Region (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "6229020",
"text": "Koudougou is also located in the region and had around 5,400 students in 2010/2011. In 2010/11 10,1% of the population (aged 13–19) attended secondary school, which was below the national average of 10.7%. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative",
"title": "Centre-Ouest Region"
},
{
"id": "16112227",
"text": "Julius Waring Walker Jr. Julius Waring Walker Jr. (February 21, 1927 – December 5, 2003) was an American diplomat and United States Ambassador to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 1981 to 1984. Walker was born February 21, 1927, in Plainview, Texas. He was employed in Texas in the private industry, serving successively as assistant manager of a grocery store, claims adjuster of an insurance company, newspaper reporter, and television announcer from 1950 to 1956. In 1950, he received his B.F.A. from the University of Texas and later on his M.S. in 1973 from George Washington University. Walker entered the",
"title": "Julius Waring Walker Jr."
},
{
"id": "1992377",
"text": "Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani. He was discharged from the army two days later. Sankara changed the name of Upper Volta to Burkina Faso in 1984, and three years later he was killed and replaced by Compaoré. Ouédraogo was granted clemency on 4 August 1985 and returned to medical work, taking a job at the Hôpital Yalgado-Ouédraogo. Nevertheless, the Sankara regime monitored his activities and restricted him from reentry into the army. In 1992 he successfully secured a loan of 250 million West African CFA francs from a French bank and founded a clinic, the Notre-Dame de la Paix, in the Somgandé",
"title": "Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo"
},
{
"id": "18373060",
"text": "Mariam Sankara Mariam Sankara (née Sereme, born 26 March 1954) is the widow of Thomas Sankara, the President of Burkina Faso (previously named Upper Volta) from 4 August 1983 until his assassination on 15 October 1987. During this time she was First Lady of the country. Thomas Sankara, a Marxist and pan-Africanist army officer, became President of what was then known as the Republic of Upper Volta after a military coup in August 1983. He carried out what he proclaimed to be, the \"Democratic and Popular Revolution\" (), implementing many radical reforms. Sankara was killed in a coup in October",
"title": "Mariam Sankara"
},
{
"id": "1436952",
"text": "Thomas Sankara Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara (; 21 December 1949 – 15 October 1987) was a Burkinabé revolutionary, Marxist, pan-Africanist and President of Burkina Faso from 1983 to 1987. Viewed by supporters as a charismatic and iconic figure of revolution, he is sometimes referred to as \"Africa's Che Guevara\". A group of revolutionaries seized power on behalf of Sankara (who was under house arrest at the time) in a popularly-supported coup in 1983. Aged just 33, Sankara became the President of the country that still retained its colonial name, Upper Volta, with the goal of promoting the wellbeing of the",
"title": "Thomas Sankara"
},
{
"id": "18377490",
"text": "of the Committees. The tribunals, which have been alleged to have been only show trials, were intended to be held very openly with oversight from the public. Despite this, some of the trials are said to have been held in secret. The TPRs were initially popular with the people, but became heavy-handed and inefficient. Sankara himself self-critically admitted that the tribunals often were used as occasions to settle private scores, rather than deal revolutionary justice. Among those tried by the Popular Revolutionary Tribunals was Colonel Saye Zerbo, military ruler and President of Upper Volta between 1980 and 1982, who was",
"title": "Popular Revolutionary Tribunal (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "16353839",
"text": "Thomas Sankara: The Upright Man Thomas Sankara: The Upright Man (French:Thomas Sankara, l'homme intègre) is a 2006 documentary film about Thomas Sankara, former president of Burkina Faso. Sankara was known as \"the African Che\", and became famous in Africa due to his innovative ideas, his devastating humour, his spirit and his altruism. With a gun in one hand and Karl Marx's works in the other, Sankara became president at the age of 34 and served from 1983 to 1987. He immediately set out to shake the foundations of the country that he renamed from the French colonial Upper Volta to",
"title": "Thomas Sankara: The Upright Man"
},
{
"id": "7611887",
"text": "until 1984, when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso. The establishment in Burkina welcomed the German coach and because of the natural interest in football, the Government’s commitment and Pfister's ability, Burkina Faso qualified for their first ever African Cup of Nations in 1978 in Ghana. It was the success with the Burkina team that opened the way for Pfister to traverse Africa, the Middle East, and Asia over the following years since his first landing Africa. In 1982, Pfister became Coach of the Cote d'Ivoire,(commonly known as Ivory Coast in English). He repaid his new employers’ confidence in him by",
"title": "Otto Pfister"
},
{
"id": "11046882",
"text": "Hymne National Voltaïque The Hymne National Voltaïque was the national anthem of Upper Volta from 1960 until 1984, when the country's name was changed to Burkina Faso, and the existing anthem \"Une Seule Nuit\" was adopted. Both the words and music were by Robert Ouedraogo. \"\"Fière Volta de mes aieux,\" \"Ton soleil ardent et glorieux\" \"Te revêt d'or et de fierté\" \"Ô Reine drapée de loyauté!\" CHORUS: \"Nous te ferons et plus forte, et plus belle\" \"A ton amour nous resterons fidèles\" \"Et nos coeurs vibrant de fierté\" \"Acclameront ta beauté\" \"Vers l'horizon lève les yeux\" \"Frémis aux accents tumultueux\"",
"title": "Hymne National Voltaïque"
},
{
"id": "1992488",
"text": "Sangoulé Lamizana Aboubakar Sangoulé Lamizana (January 31, 1916 – May 26, 2005) was a Burkinabé military officer who served as the President of Upper Volta (since 1984 renamed Burkina Faso), in power from January 3, 1966 to November 25, 1980. He held the additional position of Prime Minister from February 8, 1974 to July 7, 1978. After Upper Volta achieved complete independence from the French Union in 1960, opposition parties either merged with the governing party, \"Union démocratique voltaïque\" (UDV), or were banned, transforming Upper Volta into a single party state, headed by Maurice Yaméogo as President. Yaméogo's one-party regime",
"title": "Sangoulé Lamizana"
},
{
"id": "6229170",
"text": "As of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 27 per cent, compared to a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 93.1 per cent, pos-primary was 24 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 7.6. There were 233 boys and 372 girls enroled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 35 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 715 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara",
"title": "Nord Region (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "6228877",
"text": "a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 67.7 per cent, pos-primary was 27.5 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 9.4. There were 192 boys and 110 girls enroled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 4 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 493 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who",
"title": "Cascades Region"
},
{
"id": "6229147",
"text": "per cent, compared to a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 80 per cent, post-primary was 35.1 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 16.2. There were 2289 boys and 2258 girls enroled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 143 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 2170 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was ousted",
"title": "Hauts-Bassins Region"
},
{
"id": "1436953",
"text": "poorest people in the country by eliminating corruption and the dominance of the former French colonial power among other things. He immediately launched one of the most ambitious programmes for social, ecological, gender and economic change ever attempted on the African continent. To symbolise this new autonomy and rebirth, he renamed the country from the French colonial Upper Volta to Burkina Faso (\"Land of Upright Man\"). His foreign policies were centred on anti-imperialism, with his government eschewing all foreign aid, pushing for odious debt reduction, nationalising all land and mineral wealth and averting the power and influence of the International",
"title": "Thomas Sankara"
},
{
"id": "18535883",
"text": "to match action with rhetoric”. Sankara called for a Marxist anti-colonial revolution. His anti-colonial revolutionary program consisted of independence from foreign imports, political reforms to fight corruption, environmental justice, and placed a huge emphasis on a women’s liberation movement. Before Sankara changed the name on the first anniversary of his coup, Burkina Faso was known as the Republic of Upper Volta and before that Upper Volta. Upper Volta was a French colony that remained underdeveloped because it provided a migrant labor force to other nearby French colonies on the coast such as Côte d'Ivoire and Mali. After decades under colonial",
"title": "Thomas Sankara and the Burkinabe Women's Liberation Movement"
},
{
"id": "6229241",
"text": "originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies. He was outsed by Blaise Compaore, who continued for 27 years till 2014, when a popular uprising ended his rule. As per Law No.40/98/AN in 1998, Burkina Faso adhered to decentralization to provide administrative and financial autonomy to local communities. There are 13 administrative regions, each governed by a Governor. The regions are subdivided into 45 provinces, which are further subdivided into 351 communes. The communes may be urban or rural and are interchangeable. There are other",
"title": "Sahel Region"
},
{
"id": "16112142",
"text": "nominated to be the United States Ambassador to Upper Volta by President Ronald Reagan while he was a resident in Maryland. He remained in that post until August 1, 1987, where he was succeeded by David H. Shinn. His foreign languages are Spanish and French. Neher died on May 11, 2015. Leonardo Neher Leonardo Neher (December 5, 1922 – May 11, 2015) was an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Burkina Faso from 1984 to 1987 (then the Republic of Upper Volta). Neher was born on December 5, 1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio. He attended Akron University from",
"title": "Leonardo Neher"
},
{
"id": "18377488",
"text": "Popular Revolutionary Tribunal (Burkina Faso) The Popular Revolutionary Tribunals (, TPR, alternatively the People's Revolutionary Tribunals) were a system of courts, through which the workers and peasants of Burkina Faso were intended to be able to participate in and monitor the trials of various enemies of the new marxist and pan-Africanist regime of Thomas Sankara and his National Council for the Revolution. Among these were members of the previous government, corrupt officials, \"lazy workers\", and supposed counter-revolutionaries. Sankara came to power in what was then the Republic of Upper Volta through a military coup in 1983, and immediately set about",
"title": "Popular Revolutionary Tribunal (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "529119",
"text": "acclaim your beauty Towards the horizon look up Frisks with the tumultuous accents Of your proud children all trained Caressed promises of future Refrain: The work of your burning ground Endless will soak the ardent hearts, And the virtues of your children The girdle of a triumphant diadem. Refrain: May God keep you in his goodness, May the happiness of your beloved soil, The love of the brethren be the key, Honor, Unity and Freedom. This anthem has been replaced since 1984 by a new anthem, the Ditanyè. Republic of Upper Volta The Republic of Upper Volta (), now Burkina",
"title": "Republic of Upper Volta"
},
{
"id": "18386098",
"text": "amounted to 4.3 million rubles. Burkina Faso recognized the Russian Federation as the USSR's successor state following its dissolution in 1991. The old respective Burkinabé–Soviet embassies closed down later during the 1990s due to funding issues. Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations refers to the historical relationship between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Republic of Burkina Faso (formerly the Republic of Upper Volta). Relations between the countries were relatively close during some parts of the late Cold War. The Soviet Union maintained an embassy in the Burkinabé capital Ouagadougou, and Burkina Faso maintained an",
"title": "Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations"
},
{
"id": "18370740",
"text": "Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso) The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (, CDRs) were a system of local revolutionary cells, established in Burkina Faso by the Marxist-Leninist and pan-Africanist leader Thomas Sankara, President of the country from 1983 until his assassination in 1987. Committees were established in each workplace. They were inspired by the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution in Cuba, and functioned as \"organs of political and social control.\" Two decades after decolonization from France, the Republic of Upper Volta had suffered numerous military regimes and uprisings (primarily led by the",
"title": "Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "37881",
"text": "at an elevation of . The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than . Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country. Its elevation extremes are a lowest point at the Mouhoun (Black Volta) River (200 m) and highest point at Tena Kourou (749 m). The country is divided into 13 administrative regions. These regions encompass 45 provinces and 351 departments. The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the Black",
"title": "Geography of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "6228993",
"text": "first set of two-wheeler traffic was 3,605 and the total classified road network was 1,161. The total corn produced during 2015 was 10,053 tonnes, cotton was 041 tonnes, cowpea was 63,787 tonnes, ground nut was 15,474 tonnes, millet was 69,722 tonnes, rice was 9,746 tonnes and sorghum was 142,311 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 70.00 per cent. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies.",
"title": "Centre-Nord Region"
},
{
"id": "5795051",
"text": "Culture of Burkina Faso The culture of Burkina Faso in West Africa is also called the Burkinabé culture. Two key elements of culture in Burkina Faso (a country once known as Upper Volta) are its indigenous masks and dancing. The masks used in this region of the western Sahel are made for rites of sacrifice to gods and animal spirits in the villages. Native dance, on the other hand, is employed to demonstrate the villagers' desire for blessings by the spirits. Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation, Dim-Dolobsom",
"title": "Culture of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "37886",
"text": "droughts and floods are a significant natural hazard. Current environmental issues include: recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation. Burkina Faso is party to the following international environmental agreements: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands. It has signed, but not ratified, the Law of the Sea and the Nuclear Test Ban. Geography of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of",
"title": "Geography of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "20731626",
"text": "Burkina Faso–China relations Burkina Faso–China relations or Sino-Burkinabé relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Burkina Faso and China. From 1961 until 1973, Burkina Faso recognized the Republic of China as the sole legitimate representative in China. From September 15, 1973 to February 4, 1994, Ouagadougou and its five successive presidents will maintain a modest relationship with Beijing (in terms of projects and financing). Opportunistic, this recognition came two years after the accession of so-called mainland China to the UN Security Council. In 1971, Burkina Faso (then still \"Upper Volta\") opposed with the United States to the Resolution 2758 of",
"title": "Burkina Faso–China relations"
},
{
"id": "5795056",
"text": "are members of various Protestant denominations. Culture of Burkina Faso The culture of Burkina Faso in West Africa is also called the Burkinabé culture. Two key elements of culture in Burkina Faso (a country once known as Upper Volta) are its indigenous masks and dancing. The masks used in this region of the western Sahel are made for rites of sacrifice to gods and animal spirits in the villages. Native dance, on the other hand, is employed to demonstrate the villagers' desire for blessings by the spirits. Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, which remains important.",
"title": "Culture of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "17960233",
"text": "Sankarism Sankarism (also written Sankaraism) is a term sometimes applied to denote a left-wing ideological trend within the political milieu of Burkina Faso, a landlocked country in West Africa, as well as the policies of the military government led by Captain Thomas Sankara. Sankara came to power in what was then the Republic of Upper Volta in a popularly-supported 1983 military coup, and ruled until his assassination in a coup led by Blaise Compaoré in 1987. There is a strong political dissonance between the movements which ascribe to Sankara's political legacy and ideals, a fact which the Burkinabé opposition politician",
"title": "Sankarism"
},
{
"id": "1126016",
"text": "The yellow star placed over the red and green stripes is the guiding light of the revolution. The flag was adopted following the coup of 1983 which brought Thomas Sankara to power. The current coat of arms of Burkina Faso features a shield with the national flag colors, with a scroll bearing the name \"BURKINA FASO\" accompanied by two stallions on each side, with an open book at the bottom. A lower banner bears the national motto in French: \"\"Unité – Progrès – Justice\"\" (unity, progress, justice). The original flag of Upper Volta, adopted at independence, contained three horizontal stripes",
"title": "Flag of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "8123660",
"text": "to the Third World in 1980 to 28 percent in the first nine months of 1986. Afghanistan, a recipient of Soviet machinery and military equipment, was the Soviet Union's most significant partner in this group. By contrast, trade with Mozambique and South Yemen was negligible. Countries that had privileged affiliations with Comecon countries were Algeria, Benin, Burma, Congo, Guinea (until 1984), Iraq, Madagascar, Nicaragua (1979–85), Nigeria, Syria, and Tanzania and, at times, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Seychelles, and Zimbabwe. Throughout the 1980s, Soviet exports to these countries oscillated, for example, from 27 percent in 1981 to 15 percent in 1983. This fluctuation,",
"title": "Foreign trade of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"id": "7688843",
"text": "Blaise Compaoré, at the time serving as Minister of State for Justice of Burkina Faso, on 15 January 1985, when the young military officer visited the Ivorian capital Abidjan and President Houphouët-Boigny. Compaoré had been a part of the Burkinabé government for one and a half years, since he launched a military coup against Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo in what was then the Republic of Upper Volta on 4 August 1983 together with other members of the \"Communist Officer's Group\". After the coup he put his close friend Captain Thomas Sankara in the position of President. The two had previously been involved",
"title": "Chantal Compaoré"
},
{
"id": "11449684",
"text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics The Democratic Republic of the Congo (\"DR Congo\") first participated at the Olympic Games in 1968, when it was known as \"Congo Kinshasa\". The nation's next Olympic appearance was sixteen years later in 1984, when it was known as Zaire. The nation has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, but has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. By the 2000 Games, the nation was once again designated \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\". No athlete from DR Congo has ever won an Olympic medal, making it the",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "18379470",
"text": "Compaoré would remain the ruler of Burkina Faso for 27 years, until he was forced to resign and flee the country following the 2014 Burkinabé uprising, an event largely inspired by Sankara's legacy. Tout-à-Coup Jazz Tout-à-Coup Jazz was a musical group formed in the Republic of Upper Volta (today Burkina Faso) in the 1970s, during the military rule of Colonel General Sangoulé Lamizana. In French, \"tout à coup\" is an adverb, meaning roughly \"all of a sudden\" or \"out of the blue\". As the name indicates, the band played jazz, and is said to have been relatively popular. The band's",
"title": "Tout-à-Coup Jazz"
},
{
"id": "6229209",
"text": "set of car traffic was 15, first set of two-wheeler traffic was 1,136 and the total classified road network was 645. The total corn produced during 2015 was 26,551 tonnes, cotton was 6,424 tonnes, cowpea was 65,486 tonnes, ground nut was 26,668 tonnes, millet was 59,427 tonnes, rice was 15,863 tonnes and sorghum was 120,260 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 111.00 per cent. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups till 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control",
"title": "Plateau-Central Region"
},
{
"id": "18403268",
"text": "the \"Burkinabé Revolution\", a process in which Sankara and his new junta attempted to radically transform Upper Volta – soon renamed \"Burkina Faso\" – according to left-wing revolutionary principles. Sankara would himself be overthrown in 1987 by his old friend Compaoré, who remained in power until the 2014 Burkinabé uprising. 1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état The 1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état took place in the Republic of Upper Volta (today Burkina Faso) on 7 November 1982. The coup, led by the little-known Colonel Gabriel Yoryan Somé and a slew of other junior officers within the military, many of them political",
"title": "1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état"
},
{
"id": "18370742",
"text": "programme of social, cultural, economic and political reform, which he dubbed the \"Democratic and Popular Revolution\" (, or RDP). The policies enacted by Sankara included the abolition of tribal chiefs' privileges, heavy advances in women's rights, anti-HIV/AIDS efforts, anti-corruption campaigns, a foreign policy based on anti-imperialism, land redistribution from feudal landlords to the peasantry, mass vaccinations of children, a nationwide literacy campaign, the promotion of reforestation, and so on. Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso, to promote a new national identity. In order to achieve this radical transformation of society, he increasingly exerted government control over the nation, eventually banning",
"title": "Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "14314280",
"text": "from IBI and by the end of 1986 Spain also withdrew. This was the start of a crisis within the IBI which led to the dissolution of this organisation in 1969. The archives of the IBI were deposited at the UNESCO. The member countries of the IBI at the time when it had the most members were the following: Algeria, Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso (formerly the Republic of Upper Volta), Cameroon, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Iraq, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Morocco, Mexico, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,",
"title": "Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics"
},
{
"id": "1436968",
"text": "fighting corruption, promoting reforestation, averting famine and making education and health real priorities. On the first anniversary of his accession in 1984, he renamed the country Burkina Faso, meaning \"the land of upright people\" in Moré and Djula, the two major languages of the country. He also gave it a new flag and wrote a new national anthem (\"Une Seule Nuit\"). Immediately after Sankara took office, he suppressed most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. These feudal landlords were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed",
"title": "Thomas Sankara"
},
{
"id": "18386095",
"text": "USSR was sometimes derisively referred to as \"Upper Volta with rockets\", coined by a journalist Xan Smiley, referencing USSR's disproportion of defence sector over relatively undeveloped civilian economy. Bamina Georges Nebie, a later prominent government minister, served as the Voltaic ambassador to the USSR for some time. One of his successors was Oubkiri Marc Yao. In 1983, Captain Thomas Sankara came to power in a military coup. While a radical left-wing revolutionary who had studied Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, Sankara – who attempted to implement what he dubbed the \"Democratic and Popular Revolution\" () – did not align with",
"title": "Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations"
},
{
"id": "5619154",
"text": "the Burkina Faso parliament was ruined during a military coup. In October, banning was cancelled. Many new parties arose like Union Progressiste Voltaique (UPV) under the control of Ki-Zerbo that replaced MLN. UPV was in opposition to the government party (Union Democratique Voltaique-Rassemblement Democratique Africain (UDV-RDA).) In 1983, a group of young officers took power by a military coup under the control of the Captain Thomas Sankara. A new stage started for Upper Volta which became Burkina Faso (“Land of the upright”). Under the power of the new government, Ki-Zerbo was obliged to go into exile. In 1985 he was",
"title": "Joseph Ki-Zerbo"
},
{
"id": "529114",
"text": "Republic of Upper Volta The Republic of Upper Volta (), now Burkina Faso, was a landlocked West African country established on December 11, 1958, as a self-governing colony within the French Community. Before attaining autonomy it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On August 5, 1960, it attained full independence from France. Thomas Sankara came to power through a military coup d'état on August 4, 1983. After the coup, he formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with himself as president. Under the direction of Sankara, the country changed its name on August 4,",
"title": "Republic of Upper Volta"
},
{
"id": "12157745",
"text": "best year in 2013 when it qualified for the AfroBasket, the continent's most prestigious basketball event. Rugby union, or just rugby, in Burkina Faso is relatively new, but growing more popular every year. Rugby was introduced by the French, who had ruled Burkina Faso, or Upper Volta, as it was known at the time, for many years. Rugby in Burkina Faso is, like many other nations in Africa, centered around the capital, Ouagadougou. Cycling is widespread both as a sport and as a cheap means of transport. The Tour du Faso, approved by the Fédération internationale de cyclisme, is a",
"title": "Sport in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "37045",
"text": "means \"fatherland\" (lit. \"father's house\"). The \"bè\" suffix added onto \"Burkina\" to form the demonym \"Burkinabè\" comes from the Fula language and means \"men or women\". The French colony of Upper Volta was named for its location on the upper courses of the Volta River (the Black, Red and White Volta). The northwestern part of today's Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers between 14,000 and 5,000 BC. Their tools, including scrapers, chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archaeological excavations. Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC. The Bura culture was an Iron-Age civilization centred in the",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "37076",
"text": ". Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country. The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the Black Volta (or \"Mouhoun\"), the White Volta (\"Nakambé\") and the Red Volta (\"Nazinon\"). The Black Volta is one of the country's only two rivers which flow year-round, the other being the Komoé, which flows to the southwest. The basin of the Niger River also drains 27% of the country's surface. The Niger's tributaries – the Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo, and Dargol – are seasonal streams and flow for only four to six months a year. They",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "7487558",
"text": "at the Sorbonne in 1990. He is married, and has one child. Michel Kafando was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Upper Volta (as Burkina Faso was then known) from 1982 to 1983, becoming the only cabinet member to retain his portfolio after the November 1982 coup of Major Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo. He was also a Vice-President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1982. He headed many delegations to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and was Vice-President of the African Centre for Environmental Protection (an NGO). He served as Upper Volta's Permanent Representative to the UN and as its",
"title": "Michel Kafando"
},
{
"id": "6229280",
"text": "production of the region was 156.00 per cent. As of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 18.1 per cent, compared to a national average of 28.3 per cent. The gross primary enrolment was 68.8 per cent, pos-primary was 27 per cent and gross secondary school enrolment was 7.1. There were 121 boys and 66 girls enroled in the primary and post-secondary level. There were 5 teachers in primary & post-secondary level, while there were 370 teachers in post-primary and post-secondary level. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been",
"title": "Sud-Ouest Region (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "13895498",
"text": "Bura culture The Bura culture (Bura system) refers to a set of archeological sites in the lower Niger River valley of Niger and Burkina Faso. More specifically, the Iron-Age civilization exemplified by the Bura culture was centered in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso (formerly known as Upper Volta). Iron industry, in both smelting and forging for tools and weapons, had developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC. The first-millennium Bura-Asinda culture in the West African Sahel has been radio-carbon dated as starting in the 3rd century AD and lasting until",
"title": "Bura culture"
},
{
"id": "37878",
"text": "Geography of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea, south of the loop of the Niger River, mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E. The land is green in the south, with forests and fruit trees, and desert in the north. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. Burkina Faso's game preserves—the most important of",
"title": "Geography of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "6112192",
"text": "111 seats. Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso) The Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6",
"title": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "16870312",
"text": "by a bi-national public enterprise, the Régie des chemins de fer Abidjan-Niger (RAN), jointly owned by Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina (then Upper Volta). RAN was operated successfully and was financially viable until the middle of the 1970s. From the late 1970s, operational and financial performance declined because of inadequate funding, management and increasing road competition. In the 1980s, RAN was facing critical financial difficulties, and in 1989, for political reasons, RAN split into two separate state-owned companies, the Société Ivoirienne des Chemins de Fer (SICF) and the Société des Chemins de Fer du Burkina (SCFB). This separation exacerbated the inefficiencies",
"title": "Régie du Chemin de Fer Abidjan-Niger"
},
{
"id": "6112191",
"text": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso) The Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6 out of",
"title": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "11449685",
"text": "second most populous country in the world never to have done so, after Bangladesh. The National Olympic Committee for DR Congo was created in 1963 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1968. Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics The Democratic Republic of the Congo (\"DR Congo\") first participated at the Olympic Games in 1968, when it was known as \"Congo Kinshasa\". The nation's next Olympic appearance was sixteen years later in 1984, when it was known as Zaire. The nation has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, but has never participated",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20941904",
"text": "Military Committee of National Restoration The Military Committee of National Restoration (, CMRN) was the ruling junta of Guinea which seized power in a coup d'état on 3 April 1984, following the death of President Ahmed Sékou Touré on 26 March. It was composed of 18 members who represented the three tribes of the country, including Col. Lansana Conté, President from 1984 to 2008, Kerfalla Camara, Facinet Touré and Diarra Traoré, Prime Minister in 1984, who was executed following a failed coup attempt in 1985. It was dissolved on 16 January 1991 and replaced by the Transitional National Recovery Committee",
"title": "Military Committee of National Restoration"
},
{
"id": "1992381",
"text": "other national figures met with leaders of the Coalition for Democracy and National Reconciliation, an opposition coalition formed out of Compaoré's supporters, to discuss political reconciliation. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo Jean-Baptiste Philippe Ouédraogo (born 30 June 1942), also referred to by his initials JBO, is a Burkinabé physician and retired military officer who served as President of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 8 November 1982 to 4 August 1983. He has since mediated a few national political disputes and operates a clinic in Somgandé. Ouédraogo received his early education in Upper Volta before joining the Upper Voltan Army and studying medicine",
"title": "Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo"
},
{
"id": "16112482",
"text": "Pierre R. Graham Pierre Robert Graham (August 10, 1922 – April 24, 1988) was an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 1974 to 1978. Graham was born on August 10, 1922 at St. Nazaire, Brittany, France. His father, William H. Graham, who died in 1940, met and married his wife Jeanne Marie Augereau while serving in the US military during World War I in St. Nazaire. At the age of 19, Pierre left France for the United States enrolled in the Merchant Marine Academy in Kingsport, New York; after graduating, he",
"title": "Pierre R. Graham"
},
{
"id": "18370748",
"text": "before being ousted from power by the 2014 Burkinabé uprising (at least partially inspired by Thomas Sankara), immediately set out to reverse most of the reforms made in the name of the \"Democratic and Popular Revolution\". Among other changes, the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution were quickly abolished. Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso) The Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (, CDRs) were a system of local revolutionary cells, established in Burkina Faso by the Marxist-Leninist and pan-Africanist leader Thomas Sankara, President of the country from 1983 until his assassination in 1987. Committees",
"title": "Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso)"
},
{
"id": "18386094",
"text": "Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations refers to the historical relationship between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Republic of Burkina Faso (formerly the Republic of Upper Volta). Relations between the countries were relatively close during some parts of the late Cold War. The Soviet Union maintained an embassy in the Burkinabé capital Ouagadougou, and Burkina Faso maintained an embassy in Moscow. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established for the first time on 18 February 1967, during the first years of Colonel General Sangoulé Lamizana's military rule in Upper Volta. During the 1960s,",
"title": "Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations"
},
{
"id": "1992245",
"text": "Compaoré resigned, whereupon he fled to the Ivory Coast. Compaoré was born in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso (then named Upper Volta) and grew up in nearby Ziniaré. He reached the rank of captain in the Voltaïc army. Compaoré met Thomas Sankara in 1976 in a military training center in Morocco, and subsequently Compaoré and Sankara were considered close friends. Compaoré played a major role in the coups d'état against Saye Zerbo and Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo. He has been married to Chantal Compaoré (née Chantal Terrasson) since 1985. Under Sankara's leadership, which lasted from 1983 to 1987, Compaoré was his",
"title": "Blaise Compaoré"
},
{
"id": "254376",
"text": "in 1971 followed by two Antonov An-24 transports. In 1974, 12 MiG-21Bis were obtained for the Soviet Union, with a pair of two-seat MiG-21UMs to follow a couple of years later. These initial Fishbeds served alongside the four remaining MiG-17Fs and saw combat on two occasions during the Agacher Strip War in 1974 against Upper Volta, and again in 1985 when the same country, was renamed Burkina Faso. In 2005, another three MiG-21MFs were delivered from the Czech Republic, reinforcing the surviving jets. By 2010, the Fishbeds were only flown on ceremonial occasions. By January 2012, only one MiG-21MF and",
"title": "Military of Mali"
},
{
"id": "20634458",
"text": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/africa/bf-rsp.htm https://theodora.com/wfbcurrent/burkina_faso/burkina_faso_military.html Air Force of Burkina Faso The Air Force of Burkina Faso was founded in 1964 as the \"Escadrille de la République de Haute-Volta\" (EHV) or the Republic of Upper Volta Air Squadron, a subordinate unit of the Army. That year a transient air support base was created with the assistance of the French Air Force. After acquiring an initial fleet of utility and transport aircraft the squadron was attached to an inter-army support regiment. In 1970 the \"Escadrille\" was renamed the \"Force Aérienne de Haute-Volta\", or FAHV, and in 1977 became an autonomous force. In October 1985, the",
"title": "Air Force of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "6190064",
"text": "placing seventh and receiving 2.07% of the vote. He led the PUSD until his assassination in 1999. Victor Saúde Maria \"This name uses Portuguese naming customs. the first or maternal family name is Saúde and the second or paternal family name is Maria.\" Victor Saúde Maria (1939 – 25 October 1999) was a Guinea-Bissau politician. He was the country's first Foreign Minister (1974–1982) and then went on to be Prime Minister from 14 May 1982 until 10 March 1984, when he fled to Portugal after a power struggle with President João Bernardo Vieira. Maria returned from exile in late 1990",
"title": "Victor Saúde Maria"
},
{
"id": "7237044",
"text": "Gérard Kango Ouédraogo Gérard Kango Ouédraogo ( ]; September 19, 1925 – July 1, 2014) was a Burkinabé statesman and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 13 February 1971 to 8 February 1974. He was subsequently President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from October 1978 to November 25, 1980. Gérard Ouédraogo was born in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso. He served in the French National Assembly from 1956 to 1959. In May 1998, he was the Honorary President for Life of the Alliance for Democracy and Federation–African Democratic Rally (ADF/ADR), which is led",
"title": "Gérard Kango Ouédraogo"
},
{
"id": "6927988",
"text": "Fédération Burkinabé du Scoutisme The Fédération Burkinabé du Scoutisme, the national federation of two Scouting organizations in Burkina Faso, was founded in 1943, and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1972 under the name of Upper Volta. The coeducational Fédération Burkinabé du Scoutisme has 9,398 members as of 2011. The Scout Federation of Burkino Faso consists of \"Les Scouts du Burkina Faso\" and \"Les Éclaireurs et Éclaireuses du Burkina Faso.\" Scouting pays particular attention to rural Scouting and community development in rural areas. Scouts participate in development projects run by the government by running",
"title": "Fédération Burkinabé du Scoutisme"
},
{
"id": "953152",
"text": "the People's Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Mahabad (1946), as well as the Marxist-Leninist states straddling the Second and Third Worlds before the end of the Cold War: the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (from 1967), the People's Republic of the Congo (from 1969), the People's Republic of Benin, the People's Republic of Angola and People's Republic of Mozambique from 1975, the People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada from 1979 to 1983, the Derg/People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1974, and the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 until the Ogaden War in 1977. Many states were also accused by the",
"title": "Eastern Bloc"
},
{
"id": "13895500",
"text": "Songhai. Bura culture The Bura culture (Bura system) refers to a set of archeological sites in the lower Niger River valley of Niger and Burkina Faso. More specifically, the Iron-Age civilization exemplified by the Bura culture was centered in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso (formerly known as Upper Volta). Iron industry, in both smelting and forging for tools and weapons, had developed in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BC. The first-millennium Bura-Asinda culture in the West African Sahel has been radio-carbon dated as starting in the 3rd century AD and lasting",
"title": "Bura culture"
},
{
"id": "16112485",
"text": "Graham (1928-2016) until he died on April 24, 1988. Graham left behind his sister and three daughters, Diane Lyn Cooper, Katherine Joan Graham, and Patricia Ann Reed, as well as five grandchildren in the United States, two nephews and their 3 daughters in France. Pierre R. Graham Pierre Robert Graham (August 10, 1922 – April 24, 1988) was an American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador to Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 1974 to 1978. Graham was born on August 10, 1922 at St. Nazaire, Brittany, France. His father, William H. Graham, who died in 1940, met and",
"title": "Pierre R. Graham"
},
{
"id": "20744547",
"text": "were delivered in 1971 followed by two Antonov An-24 transports. In 1974, 12 MiG-21Bis were obtained for the Soviet Union, with a pair of two-seat MiG-21UMs to follow a couple of years later. These initial Fishbeds served alongside the four remaining MiG-17Fs and saw combat on two occasions during the Agacher Strip War in 1974 against Upper Volta, and again in 1985 when the same country, was renamed Burkina Faso. In 2005, another three MiG-21MFs were delivered from the Czech Republic, reinforcing the surviving jets. By 2010, the Fishbeds were only flown on ceremonial occasions. By January 2012, only one",
"title": "Military of Mali Air Force"
},
{
"id": "20746654",
"text": "widespread stratigraphic research of the Congo Basin in the late 1950s, with drill cores preserved at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Belgium. Oil related research continued in the 1970s and up until 1984, spanning into Zaire (the former name of the Democratic Republic of Congo), by Shell, Texaco and Japan National Oil Company. Natural resources, both minerals and petroleum, are important contributors to the economy of the Republic of Congo. Crude oil makes up 50% percent of the government's revenue and 90% of exports, with almost all drilling offshore. Two metal mines, at Djenguile and Yanga-Koubenza, west of",
"title": "Geology of the Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "18403263",
"text": "1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état The 1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état took place in the Republic of Upper Volta (today Burkina Faso) on 7 November 1982. The coup, led by the little-known Colonel Gabriel Yoryan Somé and a slew of other junior officers within the military, many of them political radicals, overthrew the regime of Colonel Saye Zerbo. Zerbo had previously taken power just under two years prior to his own downfall. Upper Volta, formerly a colony of France, had gone through several coups since independence in 1960. In 1966, the single-party dictatorship of President Maurice Yaméogo had been ended",
"title": "1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état"
},
{
"id": "7823752",
"text": "with different designs of impressed stamp applied to show that postage had been pre-paid. Except for limited early usage of previously issued British postal stationery, which were not overprinted like the postage stamps, all post-paid impressed stamps before 1984 were based on variations of a design showing the country's name in Irish, \"Éire\", with appropriate values in text and numeral tablets centred around an Irish harp motif. This was initially superseded by a shamrock design that later became loosely based on the logo of wavy lines and the word \"POST\" used by An Post from 1984. An Post has also",
"title": "Postage stamps of Ireland"
},
{
"id": "9813062",
"text": "Military administration of General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1978. He became Minister for Internal Affairs under Major General Muhammadu Buhari, the military ruler from January 1984 to August 1985. He was also a member of the Supreme Military Council. As Minister for Internal Affairs, in May 1985 he oversaw the exodus of close to a million foreign nationals from Nigeria. Half had come from Ghana, and the rest from other West African countries where they were escaping from drought and starvation. Magoro was not retained as minister under Ibrahim Babangida's new regime which took power in August 1985, but was appointed",
"title": "Mohammed Magoro"
},
{
"id": "20941905",
"text": "(CTRN), which was chaired and composed on equal basis by civilians and military. Military Committee of National Restoration The Military Committee of National Restoration (, CMRN) was the ruling junta of Guinea which seized power in a coup d'état on 3 April 1984, following the death of President Ahmed Sékou Touré on 26 March. It was composed of 18 members who represented the three tribes of the country, including Col. Lansana Conté, President from 1984 to 2008, Kerfalla Camara, Facinet Touré and Diarra Traoré, Prime Minister in 1984, who was executed following a failed coup attempt in 1985. It was",
"title": "Military Committee of National Restoration"
},
{
"id": "7220583",
"text": "Islam in Burkina Faso Islam in Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) has a long and varied history. According to the 2010 census, the population of the country is 61.5% Muslim. Although the vast majority of Muslims are Sunni belonging to Maliki madhhab, Shia Islam and Ahmadiyya movement also have some following. Until the end of the 19th century, the Upper Volta was dominated by the Mossi Kingdoms, who are believed to have come from central or eastern Africa sometime in the 11th century. The Mossi initially defended their religious beliefs and social structure against Islamic influences from Muslims from the northwest.",
"title": "Islam in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "18221498",
"text": "Bhutan, British Virgin Islands, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Grenada, Mauritania, Mauritius, North Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and the United Arab Emirates. The People's Republic of China made its first appearance at the Summer Olympics since 1952, while the Republic of China participated for the first time under the name \"Chinese Taipei\" as a result of the IOC agreement. Thirteen countries, namely Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Laos, Mongolia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Poland, and Vietnam, joined the Soviet Union on a boycott of these Games, in retaliation for the U.S.-led",
"title": "1984 Summer Olympics national flag bearers"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Burkina Faso national football team context: have been called up for Burkina Faso in the last 12 months. Burkina Faso national football team The Burkina Faso national football team, is the national team of Burkina Faso and is controlled by the Fédération Burkinabé de Foot-Ball. They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984, when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso. They finished fourth in the 1998 Africa Cup of Nations, when they hosted the tournament. Their best ever finish in the tournament was the 2013 edition, reaching the final. The country made their first appearance in the Africa Cup of Nations in 1978,\n\nWhich country was called Upper Volta until 1984?",
"compressed_tokens": 198,
"origin_tokens": 198,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Hymne National Voltaïque context: Hymne National Voltaïque The Hymne National Voltaïque was the national anthem of Upper Volta from 1960 until 1984, when the country's name was changed to Burkina Faso, and the existing anthem \"Une Seule Nuit\" was adopted. Both the words and music were by Robert Ouedraogo. \"\"Fière Volta de mes aieux,\" \"Ton soleil ardent et glorieux\" \"Te revêt d'or et de fierté\" \"Ô Reine drapée de loyauté!\" CHORUS: \"Nous te ferons et plus forte, et plus belle\" \"A ton amour nous resterons fidèles\" \"Et nos coeurs vibrant de fierté\" \"Acclameront ta beauté\" \"Vers l'horizon lève les yeux\" \"Frémis aux accents tumultueux\"\n\ntitle Burkina F context: are Protest denominations Culture of Burkina F culture of Burkina Faso in West also called Burkinab culture. key elements in Burkina Faso (a country once known as Upper Volta) its indigenous masks and dancing. The masks used in region of Sahel are for rites of sacrifice to gods and animal in the villages. Native dance on the other hand, is employed to demonstrate vill' desire for bless by the spirits Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, remains.title Est (Burkinaaso: cent national average of per Thement 5 per,primary was1 per cent gross en 3 There were 424 boys and 17 girls in the primary and post level. There were 43 teachers & postsecond in post-primary and postsecond level Buraso gained independence. It was originally called Upper Vol There have been military when implemented radical left wing policies He was\ntitle: Centreord: set two-heeler total1,161. The total corn produced during 2015 was 10,053 tonnes, cotton was 041 tonnes, cowpea was 63,787 tonnes, ground nut was 15,474 tonnes, millet was 69,722 tonnes, rice was 9,746 tonnes and sorghum was 142,311 tonnes. The coverage of cereal need compared to the total production of the region was 70.00 per cent. Burkina Faso gained independence from France in 1960. It was originally called Upper Volta. There have been military coups until 1983 when Captain Thomas Sankara took control and implemented radical left wing policies.\n\nWhich country was called Upper Volta until 1984?",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
159 | Who was the Egyptian king whose tomb an treasures were discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922? | [
"King Tut",
"Tutanhamon",
"Tutankamun",
"Tutankhamen",
"Nebkheprure",
"Tut-Anj-Amon",
"King Tutankhamun",
"Tutankhaten",
"Tutankamen",
"King tut",
"Tutankhaumen",
"Tutenkhamun",
"King Tut's Death",
"Tut-ankh-amun",
"Tutankhamen's Death Mask",
"Tutankamon",
"Kingtut",
"Tutenkamen",
"Living Image of Amun",
"Tutankhamum",
"Tutankhamun",
"Come on, Tutan",
"Tuthankamun",
"Tut Anj Amon",
"Tutankhaton",
"King Tutankhamen",
"Pharaoh Tutankhamun",
"The Boy King",
"Living Image of Aten",
"Tutankhamon",
"Tuthankamen",
"Nebkheperure Tutankhamun",
"Tutenkhamen",
"Nebkheperure",
"Tutankhanum"
] | Tutankhamen | [
{
"id": "15028824",
"text": "Tutankhamun's mummy Tutankhamun's mummy was discovered by English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team on October 28, 1925 in tomb KV62 of Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamun was the 11th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making his mummy over 3,300 years old. The burial chamber was found in 1922, but was not opened until a year later. Two years passed between the discovery of the tomb and that of the mummy and its famous death mask. The discovery of the tomb as a whole was one of the most significant and famous archeological",
"title": "Tutankhamun's mummy"
},
{
"id": "18522817",
"text": "Lotus chalice The Lotus chalice or Alabaster chalice, called the Wishing Cup by Howard Carter, derives from the tomb of the Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun (18th dynasty, New Kingdom). The object received the find number 014 and is now on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, with the inventory number JE 67465. The tomb of the young king in the East Valley of the Kings (KV62) was uncovered almost untouched in the Valley of the Kings in West Thebes by Howard Carter on 4 November 1922. The lotus chalice was one of the first objects which Carter and his",
"title": "Lotus chalice"
},
{
"id": "15028846",
"text": "in the Valley of the Kings in his KV62 chamber. Tutankhamun's mummy Tutankhamun's mummy was discovered by English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team on October 28, 1925 in tomb KV62 of Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamun was the 11th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making his mummy over 3,300 years old. The burial chamber was found in 1922, but was not opened until a year later. Two years passed between the discovery of the tomb and that of the mummy and its famous death mask. The discovery of the tomb as a",
"title": "Tutankhamun's mummy"
},
{
"id": "6357644",
"text": "to doubts that any undiscovered tombs are left in the valley the funding is finally cut in 1922. Tutankhamun's tomb was well concealed to ensure his undisturbed afterlife. Carter convinces Carnarvon to fund one last season during which the tomb is finally unearthed. When the tomb is opened in the presence of Carnarvon and his daughter it is revealed to be the only unplundered pharaoh's tomb in the valley. In 1922 Carter goes to the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo to announce his discovery but disagrees with Director Pierre Lacau over the clearance and cataloguing of the contents. The discovery",
"title": "Egypt (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "412489",
"text": "After a systematic search, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. King Tutankhamun's mummy still rests in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. On 4 November 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, the 19-year-old pharaoh went on display in his underground tomb at Luxor, when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb. His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but",
"title": "Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "1994046",
"text": "KV62 KV62 is the standard Egyptological designation for the tomb of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, now renowned for the wealth of valuable antiquities it contained. The tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of workmen's huts built during the Ramesside Period; this explains why it was largely spared from desecration and from the tomb clearances at the end of the 20th Dynasty, although the tomb was robbed and resealed twice in the period after its completion. The tomb was densely packed with items in great disarray, partly due to its",
"title": "KV62"
},
{
"id": "15028828",
"text": "just Lord Carnarvon, Howard Carter and his team set out to Egypt in 1922 to discover the tomb of Tutankhamun, and because of other recent discoveries during that time in a particular area of the Valley of the Kings, Carter believed he had a good idea of where he would find it. Theodore M. Davis, an archeologist contemporary with Carter, discovered pottery with Tutankhamun's name a short distance from where Carter would on November 4, 1922 discover KV62. The location at the Valley of the Kings was significant to the New Kingdom because it is where the pharaohs of the",
"title": "Tutankhamun's mummy"
},
{
"id": "17909936",
"text": "Anubis Shrine The Anubis Shrine was part of the grave goods of Tutankhamun (18th Dynasty, New Kingdom). The tomb was discovered almost intact on 4 November 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in west Thebes by Howard Carter. Today the object, with the find number 261, is an exhibit at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, with the inventory number JE 61444. The Anubis Shrine was found behind the unwalled entrance which leads from the grave chamber (J) into the so-called \"Store Room\" (Ja). The shrine, with a figure of Anubis on top, was facing towards the west. Behind it",
"title": "Anubis Shrine"
},
{
"id": "6352774",
"text": "the centre of the East Valley, with a possible mummy cache (KV55) that may contain the burials of several Amarna Period royals—Tiy and Smenkhkare or Akhenaten. In close proximity is the burial of Tutankhamun. This is perhaps the most famous discovery of modern Western archaeology. It was discovered here by Howard Carter on November 4, 1922, with clearance and conservation work continuing until 1932. This was the first royal tomb to be discovered that was still largely intact, although tomb robbers had entered. And until the excavation of KV63 on 10 March 2005, it was considered the last major discovery",
"title": "Valley of the Kings"
},
{
"id": "1539991",
"text": "been found and Lord Carnarvon decided this would be the final year he would fund the work. However, on 4 November 1922, Carter was able to send a telegram to Lord Carnarvon, in England, saying:<br>\"At last we have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations\". Although a semi-invalid due to injuries sustained in a serious automobile accident in 1903, Lord Carnarvon, accompanied by his daughter Lady Evelyn Herbert, returned to Egypt. The tomb was to be officially opened under the supervision of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities on 29 November.",
"title": "George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon"
},
{
"id": "20386925",
"text": "Egypt, where they bought antiquities for their collection in England. In 1906 Lord Carnarvon obtained a concession to excavate a site near Luxor, and later one within the Valley of the Kings. From 1907, Lord Carnarvon employed Howard Carter to supervise the excavation work. By 1922 little of significance had been found and Lord Carnarvon decided this would be the final year he would fund the work. However on 4 November 1922, Carter was able to send a telegram to Lord Carnarvon, in England at the time, saying:<br>\"At last have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals",
"title": "Evelyn Beauchamp"
},
{
"id": "1994074",
"text": "restoration work was undertaken by the Getty Conservation Institute, and was once again open to the public by 2013. The tomb is expected to be definitively closed to the public in the near future, but a reproduction will be placed nearby at the Valley of the Kings and will be available to the public. KV62 KV62 is the standard Egyptological designation for the tomb of the young pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, now renowned for the wealth of valuable antiquities it contained. The tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of workmen's huts",
"title": "KV62"
},
{
"id": "16387746",
"text": "occurred in December 1922 when the Egyptian government laid claim to the treasures found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun, which had been discovered by a British archaeologist Howard Carter in November 1922, arguing that they belonged to Egypt and Carter could not take them to Britain as he planned. The dispute finally led to the Egyptians posting an armed guard outside of Tutankhaum's tomb to prevent Carter from entering it. In February 1924, the Egyptian government seized control of the tomb and with it all of the artifacts found there, saying that they belonged to Egypt. On 6 March",
"title": "Egyptian nationalism"
},
{
"id": "16408792",
"text": "Tutankhamun's trumpets Tutankhamun's trumpets are a pair of trumpets found in the burial chamber of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The trumpets, one of sterling silver and one of bronze or copper, are considered to be the oldest operational trumpets in the world, and the only known surviving examples from ancient Egypt. The trumpets were found in 1922 by Howard Carter during the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb. The bronze trumpet was discovered in the tomb's antechamber in a large chest containing various military objects and walking sticks. The silver trumpet was subsequently found in the burial chamber. Both are finely",
"title": "Tutankhamun's trumpets"
},
{
"id": "176189",
"text": "millions of years, you who love Thebes, sitting with your face to the north wind, your eyes beholding happiness\"\", a quotation taken from the Wishing Cup of Tutankhamun, and \"\"O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars\".\" Carter has been portrayed in many film and television productions: Howard Carter Howard Carter (9 May 18742 March 1939) was a British archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world-famous after discovering the intact tomb (designated KV62) of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as \"King Tut\" and \"the boy king\"), in November 1922. Howard Carter was born in Kensington on",
"title": "Howard Carter"
},
{
"id": "176176",
"text": "Howard Carter Howard Carter (9 May 18742 March 1939) was a British archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world-famous after discovering the intact tomb (designated KV62) of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as \"King Tut\" and \"the boy king\"), in November 1922. Howard Carter was born in Kensington on 9 May 1874, the son of Samuel John Carter, an artist, and Martha Joyce Carter (née Sands). His father trained and developed Howard's artistic talents. Carter spent much of his childhood with relatives in the Norfolk market town of Swaffham, the birthplace of both his parents. Nearby was the mansion",
"title": "Howard Carter"
},
{
"id": "11095133",
"text": "have been used where possible, including gold. The story line is based around the famous English archaeologist Howard Carter. The Exhibition reveals history from Carter's point of view as he entered the tomb in Valley of the Kings in November 1922. The \"Discovering Tutankhamun\" exhibition at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, was a temporary exhibition, open from July until November 2014, exploring Howard Carter’s excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922. Original records, drawings and photographs from the Griffith Institute are on display. The complete records of the ten year excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun were deposited",
"title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "19180959",
"text": "royal name (Ankhkheperure) was found in a partly erased cartouche on the inside of the mask. Tutankhamun's burial chamber was found at the Theban Necropolis in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 and opened in 1923. It would be another two years before the excavation team, led by the English archaeologist Howard Carter, was able to open the heavy sarcophagus containing Tutankhamun's mummy. On 28 October 1925, they opened the innermost of three coffins to reveal the gold mask, seen by people for the first time in approximately 3,250 years. Carter wrote in his diary: The pins removed, the",
"title": "Mask of Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "12106536",
"text": "the excavator all the rest. Lacau oversaw the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 by the English archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in the Valley of the Kings. Relations with Carter were rarely cordial and were exacerbated by both the monopoly of publication rights which Lord Carnarvon sold to \"The Times\", and pressure from the Egyptian government who resented the lack of Egyptian involvement in the Tutankhamen excavation. In 1924 Lacau, acting under the orders of the new Minister of Public Works, forbade the wives of Howard Carter's team to enter the tomb. Carter closed the tomb",
"title": "Pierre Lacau"
},
{
"id": "11095128",
"text": "others. Items from the largely intact tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (King Tut's great-grandparents; the parents of Tiye who was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III) are also included. Yuya and Tjuyu's tomb was one of the most celebrated historical finds in the Valley of the Kings until Howard Carter's discovery in 1922. This exhibition does not include either the gold death mask that was a popular exhibit from \"The Treasures of Tutankhamun\" exhibition, or the mummy itself. The Egyptian Government has determined that these artifacts are too fragile to withstand travel, and thus they will",
"title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "22812",
"text": "Maccabean treasure at Jebel al-Madhbah, and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire, England taking the treasure with him. During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant—the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill. In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (KV62) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. Among the artifacts was a processional ark, listed as",
"title": "Ark of the Covenant"
},
{
"id": "4259912",
"text": "search for meaning in life. The novel was well received commercially and critically, winning Phillips the 2003 Los Angeles Times/Art Seidenbaum Award for Best First Fiction, as well as other honors. \"The Egyptologist\" is structured as journals, letters, telegrams, and drawings, from several different points of view. The main story is set in 1922 and follows a hopeful explorer who, working near Howard Carter (the man who discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamun), risks more and more of his life and savings on an apparently quixotic effort to find the tomb of an apocryphal Egyptian king. The book was an",
"title": "Arthur Phillips"
},
{
"id": "16408799",
"text": "items stolen from the Cairo museum during the Egyptian looting and riots of 2011, mysteriously returned to the museum some weeks later. Tutankhamun's trumpets Tutankhamun's trumpets are a pair of trumpets found in the burial chamber of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The trumpets, one of sterling silver and one of bronze or copper, are considered to be the oldest operational trumpets in the world, and the only known surviving examples from ancient Egypt. The trumpets were found in 1922 by Howard Carter during the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb. The bronze trumpet was discovered in the tomb's antechamber in a",
"title": "Tutankhamun's trumpets"
},
{
"id": "14911595",
"text": "controlled by the Temple of Amun, and that the Temple had complete control over Egypt's finances. Ramesses VI is best known for his tomb which, when built, inadvertently buried the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun underneath, keeping it safe from grave robbing until its discovery by Howard Carter in 1922. Ramesses VII's only monument is his tomb, KV1. Almost nothing is known about Ramesses VIII's reign, which lasted for a single year. He is only attested at Medinet Habu and through a few plaques. The only monument from his reign is his modest tomb, which was used for Mentuherkhepeshef, son of",
"title": "Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "4655777",
"text": "her body, Walter, nicknamed and popularly known as Ramses, and two others of her heart: Nefret Forth (3 years older than Ramses) and Sennia (ca. 25 years younger). The stories all relate to the \"Golden Age\" of Egyptology and nearly all are set in Egypt, with the excavations providing the backdrop for the mystery/adventure plots. The timeline begins in the 1880s with Amelia's decision to see the world as an unexpectedly-wealthy, feminist spinster, and ends with the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in late 1922. (Peters had planned additional books in the series to \"fill in the blanks\" in the chronology,",
"title": "Barbara Mertz"
},
{
"id": "412463",
"text": "beginning of a phrase to show appropriate reverence. He is possibly also the \"Nibhurrereya\" of the Amarna letters, and likely the 18th dynasty king Rathotis who, according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years—a figure that conforms with Flavius Josephus's version of Manetho's \"Epitome\". The 1922 discovery by Howard Carter of Tutankhamun's nearly intact tomb, funded by Lord Carnarvon, received worldwide press coverage. It sparked a renewed public interest in ancient Egypt, for which Tutankhamun's mask, now in the Egyptian Museum, remains the popular symbol. Exhibits of artifacts from his tomb have toured the world. In February",
"title": "Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "7154083",
"text": "Harry Burton (Egyptologist) Harry Burton (13 September 1879 – 27 June 1940) was an English Egyptologist and archaeological photographer. Born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England, to journeyman cabinet maker William Burton and Ann Hufton, he is best known for his photographs of excavations in Egypt's Valley of the Kings at the beginning of the 20th century. His most famous photographs are the 1400 he took documenting Howard Carter's excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922. \"The Times\" published 142 of these images on 21 February 1923. He remained in Egypt after the tomb's excavations, dying there in 1940. He is buried in",
"title": "Harry Burton (Egyptologist)"
},
{
"id": "8981101",
"text": "began his archaeological work in 1966 when he participated in the University of Chicago’s Epigraphic Survey at the temples and tombs of the ancient Egyptian site of Thebes (modern-day Luxor). From 1977 to 1979 he originated and organised a major expedition to the Valley of the Kings which carried out the first excavation there since the discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922. In 1979 he headed the Brooklyn Museum’s expedition to excavate the tomb of Ramesses XI. In 1979 Romer and his wife (Elizabeth Romer, also an archaeologist and designer) founded The Theban Foundation, in Berkeley, California, a body dedicated",
"title": "John Romer (Egyptologist)"
},
{
"id": "20671352",
"text": "and studied by Bernard Bruyère, who published the results of his work every year. In 1922, Bernard Bruyère discovered the tomb TT290 in the necropolis of Deir el-Medina. This tomb had been stripped of almost everything in ancient times. The only remaining funeral equipment, discovered in the tomb, were some fragments of stelae and fragments of a wooden coffin belonging to Irunefer, a servant in the Place of Truth. One morning in October 1922, British archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard Carter visited the site to express his despair to his colleague, Bruyère: Lord Carnarvon, Carter's patron, had ended their collaboration, giving",
"title": "Bernard Bruyère"
},
{
"id": "5397420",
"text": "discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, this was the richest and best preserved tomb found in the valley, and the first to be found with major items \"in situ\" apart from the Tomb of Kha or TT8 which was rather the tomb of an Egyptian nobleman. Located in a small branch of the main valley between two later Ramesside tombs, KV46 contained the mostly intact sarcophagi of Yuya and Tjuyu. Differences in the embalming techniques used for Yuya and Tjuyu indicates that they died at different times and were placed in the tomb accordingly. KV46 was robbed in antiquity, most",
"title": "KV46"
},
{
"id": "6030431",
"text": "Pierre Montet Montet was born in Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône, and began his studies under Victor Loret at the University of Lyon. He excavated at Byblos (modern Jbail) in Lebanon between 1921 and 1924, excavating tombs of rulers from Middle Kingdom times. Between 1929 and 1939, he excavated at Tanis, Egypt, finding the royal necropolis of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Dynasties — the finds there almost equalled that of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings. In the 1939-1940 Egypt excavation season, he discovered the completely intact tombs of 3 Egyptian pharaohs at Tanis: Psusennes I, Amenemope, and Shoshenq II along",
"title": "Pierre Montet"
},
{
"id": "4101517",
"text": "probes and shovels, then finally explosives. After 10 days, adepts have the chance to assist an instructor in a real tomb robbery”. Ancient Egyptian tombs are one of the most common examples of tomb or grave robbery. Most of the tombs in Egypt's Valley of the Kings were robbed within one hundred years of their sealing (including the tomb of the famous King Tutankhamen, which was raided at least twice before it was discovered in 1922). As most of the artifacts in these ancient burial sites have been discovered, it is through the conditions of the tombs and presumed articles",
"title": "Grave robbery"
},
{
"id": "14911527",
"text": "Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1549/1550 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmosid Dynasty for the four pharaohs named Thutmose. Several of Egypt's most famous pharaohs were from the Eighteenth Dynasty, including Tutankhamun, whose tomb was found by Howard Carter in 1922. Other famous pharaohs of the dynasty include Hatshepsut (c. 1479",
"title": "Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "14747607",
"text": "lead singer in college band Dr and the Glasscocks. His novels have been translated into 33 languages and are set mainly in Egypt, where he worked for many years as a field archaeologist, notably with the Amarna Royal Tombs Project in the Valley of the Kings. Among other finds, at Tomb KV56, in the Valley of the Kings, he unearthed the only items of pharaonic jewellery to have been excavated in the Valley since the discovery of Tutankhamun in 1922. As a journalist he was a long-time contributor to \"The Big Issue\", where he won a Periodical Publishers Association Columnist",
"title": "Paul Sussman"
},
{
"id": "12106534",
"text": "Pierre Lacau Pierre Lacau (25 November 1873 – 26 March 1963) was a French Egyptologist and philologist. He served as Egypt's director of antiquities from 1914 until 1936, and oversaw the 1922 discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter. Pierre Lacau was born in the French commune of Brie-Comte-Robert. He was raised and educated as a Jesuit. Lacau's first appointment in Cairo was to the International Commission for drafting the general catalogue of the Museum of Cairo. In 1912 he was appointed director of the French Institute of Eastern Archaeology, succeeding Émile",
"title": "Pierre Lacau"
},
{
"id": "6560721",
"text": "has to kill herself in order to travel to the land of the dead. She drinks some poison and is judged by Anubis but goes on without further trouble as she is pure of heart. At the end of the Egyptian saga back at her present time, her father's mechanic friend comes around, saying that Tutankhamun's tomb has been found. Clementine mentions jokingly that someone has finally found her husband's tomb. Everyone laughs upon hearing this when it turns out to be actually true. The date is wrong, however, as Tutankhamun's tomb was found in 1922, not 1925. In some",
"title": "Clémentine"
},
{
"id": "176183",
"text": "discovered Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62). The next several months were spent cataloguing the contents of the antechamber under the \"often stressful\" supervision of Pierre Lacau, director general of the Department of Antiquities of Egypt. On 16 February 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun. The tomb was considered the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings, and the discovery was eagerly covered by the world's press, but most of their",
"title": "Howard Carter"
},
{
"id": "6217778",
"text": "Carter to explore it. After a systematic search they discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. At the end of the century, the Theban Mapping Project re-discovered and explored tomb KV5, which has since been discovered to be probably the largest in the valley (having at least 120 rooms) and was either a cenotaph or real burial for the sons of Ramesses II. Elsewhere in the eastern and western branches of the valley, several other expeditions cleared and studied other tombs. Until 2002 the \"Amarna Royal Tombs Project\" explored the area around KV55 and KV62, the Amarna",
"title": "Exploration of the Valley of the Kings"
},
{
"id": "5402859",
"text": "Vanessa James. She received a record-breaking advance for her first novel, \"Destiny\", which became an international best-seller. Her subsequent novels include \"Dark Angel\", in which a country-house and a family is almost destroyed by the orphan child it has taken in; \"Rebecca's Tale\" and \"The Landscape of Love\", a novel with multiple narrators that examines the post-1960's lives of three very different and antagonistic sisters. Her novel \"The Visitors\" (2014) concerns the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings in 1922, the subterfuge that attended it, and the political turmoil it caused. She was first married to",
"title": "Sally Beauman"
},
{
"id": "7146025",
"text": "KV57 (tomb of Horemheb) and KV54 (Tutankhamun embalming cache). With Carter's discovery of KV62, Tutankhamun's tomb, in 1922 Davis's opinion that the \"valley had been exhausted\", was proved wrong. Burton later recalled that when Davis terminated his last excavation in the valley, out of fear of undercutting nearby tombs and pathways, he was only two metres away from discovering the entrance to KV62. Davis was portrayed by William Hope in the 2005 BBC docudrama \"Egypt\". Davis and the tomb of Queen Tiyi also feature prominently in \"The Ape Who Guards the Balance\" by Elizabeth Peters, where he is portrayed as",
"title": "Theodore M. Davis"
},
{
"id": "20386926",
"text": "intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations\". Lady Evelyn accompanied her father, and by 24 November 1922 both had arrived in Egypt and were present when the full extent of the stairway to the tomb was cleared and a seal containing the Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s cartouche was found over the doorway. This door was opened and the rubble filled corridor behind cleared, revealing the door to the main tomb. This door, and the main tomb, were to be officially opened under the supervision of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities on 29 November. However on the 26th and 27th, Carter, his assistant",
"title": "Evelyn Beauchamp"
},
{
"id": "5266376",
"text": "WV22 Tomb WV22, in the Western arm of the Valley of the Kings, was used as the resting place of one of the rulers of Egypt's New Kingdom, Amenhotep III. The tomb is unique in that it has two subsidiary burial chambers for the pharaoh's wives Tiye and Sitamen (who was also his daughter). The tombs layout and decoration follow the tombs of the kings predecessors Amenhotep II and Thutmoses IV however the decoration is much finer in quality. It was officially discovered by Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage, engineers with Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in August",
"title": "WV22"
},
{
"id": "1994099",
"text": "KV5 Tomb KV5 is a subterranean, rock-cut tomb in the Valley of the Kings. It belonged to the sons of Ramesses II. Though KV5 was partially excavated as early as 1825, its true extent was discovered in 1995 by Kent R. Weeks and his exploration team. The tomb is now known to be the largest in the Valley of the Kings. Weeks' discovery is widely considered the most dramatic in the valley since the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922. Standing near the entrance to the Valley, KV5 was robbed in antiquity. In addition, over the centuries, it",
"title": "KV5"
},
{
"id": "656403",
"text": "States to use the story as a denunciation of American capitalism (\"Tintin in America\"). For his fourth \"Adventure\", Hergé was eager to write a mystery story. The 1930s saw mystery novels flourish across Western Europe with the success of authors like Agatha Christie and Ellery Queen. The decision to create a scenario around the tomb of Kih-Oskh was influenced by the 1922 discovery of Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter and the surrounding tabloid claims regarding a Curse of the Pharaohs. Hergé returned to this theme for \"The Seven Crystal Balls\" (1948). The name Kih-Oskh was an allusion to the",
"title": "Cigars of the Pharaoh"
},
{
"id": "412486",
"text": "willed the throne to Paramessu, who founded the Ramesside family line of pharaohs. Tutankhamun was nine years old when he became Pharaoh, and he reigned for about ten years. Historically, Tutankhamun is significant because his reign was near the apogee of Egypt as a world power and because he rejected the radical religious innovations introduced by his predecessor and father, Akhenaten. Secondly, his tomb in the Valley of the Kings was discovered by Carter almost completely intact—the most complete ancient Egyptian royal tomb found. As Tutankhamun began his reign so young, his vizier and eventual successor, Ay, was probably making",
"title": "Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "14665001",
"text": "Norfolk. Elizabeth Howard's brother was Esmé Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith. Herbert was a younger full brother of the writer and politician Aubrey Herbert and was a younger half-brother of George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, the noted Egyptologist who in 1922, together with Howard Carter, discovered Tutankhamen's tomb. He was educated at Eton College and at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1921 he married Mary Elizabeth Willard, a daughter of Joseph E. Willard, the US ambassador to Spain, and younger sister of Kermit Roosevelt, son of the former US president Theodore. By whom he had three children. Herbert was",
"title": "Mervyn Herbert"
},
{
"id": "20386923",
"text": "Evelyn Beauchamp Lady Evelyn Leonora Almina Beauchamp (; 15 August 1901 – 31 January 1980) was the daughter of George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon. In November 1922, she, her father and the archaeologist Howard Carter were the first people in modern times to enter both the tomb and inner burial chamber of the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun. She later married Sir Brograve Beauchamp and had a daughter. Lady Evelyn died in 1980, at the age of 79. Lady Evelyn Leonora Almina Herbert was born on 15 August 1901, the second child and only daughter of George Herbert, 5th Earl of",
"title": "Evelyn Beauchamp"
},
{
"id": "19537354",
"text": "J. W. B. Barns John Wintour Baldwin Barns (12 May 1912 – 23 February 1974) was a British Egyptologist, papyrologist, Anglican priest, and academic. From 1965 to 1974, he was Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford. Barns was born on 12 May 1912 in Bristol, England. Having won a scholarship, he was educated at Fairfield School, then an independent school on Bristol. Though he had an interest in Egyptology from an early age, since the discover of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, his father encouraged him to study classics. He taught himself Ancient Greek because it was not a",
"title": "J. W. B. Barns"
},
{
"id": "9599153",
"text": "Christiane Desroches Noblecourt Christiane Desroches Noblecourt (; 17 November 1913 – 23 June 2011) was a French Egyptologist. She was the author of many books on Egyptian art and history and was also known for her role in the preservation of the Nubian temples from flooding caused by the Aswan Dam. She was born Christiane Desroches on 17 November 1913, in Paris. In 1922 she was fascinated by Howard Carter’s discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamon, and encouraged by Father Étienne Drioton, she joined the Egyptian Antiquities department at the Louvre. She was the first woman to be a fellow",
"title": "Christiane Desroches Noblecourt"
},
{
"id": "6830632",
"text": "Living image of Amon.\" This message likely represents the fervor with which the public associated Egypt with the child Pharaoh, King Tut (Tutankhamen), who was discovered in 1922, very near to when this interior was remodeled. Egyptian Building The Egyptian Building is a historic college building in Richmond, Virginia, completed in 1845. It was the first permanent home of the Medical Department of Hampden-Sydney College (later renamed the Medical College of Virginia, MCV) and now is a part of Virginia Commonwealth University. It is considered by architectural scholars to be one of the finest surviving Egyptian Revival-style buildings in the",
"title": "Egyptian Building"
},
{
"id": "1708654",
"text": "Petrie sold his large collection of Egyptian antiquities to University College, London, where it is now housed in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. One of his trainees, Howard Carter, went on to discover the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922. In his teenage years, Petrie surveyed British prehistoric monuments (commencing with the late Romano-British 'British Camp' that lay within yards of his family home in Charlton) in attempts to understand their geometry (at 19 producing the most accurate survey of Stonehenge). His father had corresponded with Piazzi Smyth about his theories of the Great Pyramid and Petrie travelled to Egypt",
"title": "Flinders Petrie"
},
{
"id": "9938268",
"text": "to write and produce a film based on his acclaimed screenplay \"Love in Vain\", a poetic account of the mysterious blues genius Robert Johnson. \"Love in Vain\" was also the first screenplay ever published by a major house (Doubleday) as literature. Greenberg's latest screenplay, \"Tutankhamun – Lord of Two Lands\", a radically researched vision of the Boy King's murder intertwined with the intrigue surrounding his tomb's discovery in 1922, was to have been produced in 2013. Alan Greenberg (film director) Alan Greenberg (October 14, 1950January 27, 2015) was an American film director, screenwriter, photographer and author. Greenberg visited Jamaica from",
"title": "Alan Greenberg (film director)"
},
{
"id": "20671351",
"text": "Bernard Bruyère Bernard Bruyère (born November 10, 1879 in Besancon, died December 4, 1971 in Chatou) was a French Egyptologist. Bruyère devoted a large part of his career to archaeological excavations of Deir el-Medina and the scientific publication of his findings at the site. Deir el-Medina was a village of artisans who worked on digging and decorating the tombs of the Valley of the Kings. Bruyère excavated the village and its surrounding area from 1922 to 1940 and from 1945 to 1951, where he undertook a systematic and rational exploration of the archaeological zone. The site has been thoroughly excavated",
"title": "Bernard Bruyère"
},
{
"id": "176184",
"text": "representatives were kept in their hotels, much to their annoyance. Only H. V. Morton of The Times was allowed on the scene, and his vivid descriptions helped to cement Carter's reputation with the British public. Carter's own notes and photographic evidence indicate that he, Lord Carnarvon, and Lady Evelyn Herbert entered the burial chamber in November 1922, shortly after the tomb's discovery and before the official opening. Towards the end of February 1923 a rift between Lord Carnarvon and Carter, probably caused by a disagreement on how to manage the supervising Egyptian authorities, temporarily closed excavation. Work recommenced in early",
"title": "Howard Carter"
},
{
"id": "2849288",
"text": "\"The Seven Crystal Balls\" was designed as part of a twofold story arc, to be concluded with the then yet unnamed \"Prisoners of the Sun\". Hergé planned for the former story to outline a mystery, while the latter would see his characters undertake an expedition to solve it. His use of an ancient mummy's curse around which the narrative revolved was inspired by tales of a curse of the pharaohs which had been unearthed during the archaeologist Howard Carter's 1922 discovery of Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb. This was not the first time that Hergé had been inspired by this tabloid story,",
"title": "The Seven Crystal Balls"
},
{
"id": "176185",
"text": "March after Lord Carnarvon apologised to Carter. Later that month Lord Carnarvon contracted blood poisoning while staying in Luxor near the tomb site. He died in Cairo on 5 April 1923. Lady Carnarvon retained her late husband’s concession in the Valley of the Kings, allowing Carter to continue his work. Carter’s painstaking cataloguing of the thousands of objects in the tomb continued until 1932, most being moved to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. There were a number of breaks in the work, including one lasting nearly a year in 1924-25, caused by to a dispute over what Carter saw as",
"title": "Howard Carter"
},
{
"id": "6217779",
"text": "Period tombs in the main valley. Various expeditions have continued to explore the valley, adding greatly to the knowledge of the area. In 2001 the Theban Mapping Project designed new signs for the tombs, providing information and plans of the open tombs. On February 8, 2006, the Supreme Council of Antiquities announced that an American team led by the University of Memphis had uncovered a pharaonic-era tomb (KV63), the first uncovered there since King Tutankhamun's in 1922. The 18th Dynasty tomb included five intact sarcophagi with coloured funerary masks along with 28 large storage jars, sealed with pharaonic seals. It",
"title": "Exploration of the Valley of the Kings"
},
{
"id": "17826014",
"text": "J.O. Kinnaman John Ora \"J.O.\" Kinnaman (February 23, 1877 – September 7, 1961) was an American biblical scholar and biblical archaeologist. Born in Bryan, Ohio, Kinnaman graduated from Tri-State College, Indiana in 1894, and received his Ph.D. in Archeology from the University of Rome in 1907. He then accepted a teaching position at Benton Harbor College, where he would be later be made Dean. Kinnaman was one of the 20 people to be on the expedition led by Howard Carter that discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, and the last remaining survivor of the expedition. He would later pursue",
"title": "J.O. Kinnaman"
},
{
"id": "16000159",
"text": "Kings, Egypt, assisted by Almina's wealth. In November 1922, her husband and daughter were present with the archaeologist Howard Carter at the opening of the tomb. In March 1923, Lady Carnarvon travelled to Egypt to join her husband, who had developed pneumonia. He died on 5 April 1923, and Almina returned to Britain with his body later that month. She continued to provide financial support for Carter's excavation of the tomb until 1925, when she reached a settlement with the Egyptian authorities whereby she gave up any claim on the contents of the tomb in return for £36,000 compensation. The",
"title": "Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon"
},
{
"id": "15958791",
"text": "Arthur Cruttenden Mace Arthur Cruttenden Mace (17 July 1874 – 6 April 1928) was a Tasmanian-born British Egyptologist. A student and cousin of W. M. Flinders Petrie, Mace began his career excavating for Petrie at Dendera, Hiw and Abydos, then excavated with George A. Reisner at Giza and Naga el-Deir. Examples of his finds are in many museums in the United Kingdom. In 1901 he became Assistant Curator of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.<br> He was a member of Howard Carter's team during the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb (KV62) in 1922, and provided an invaluable",
"title": "Arthur Cruttenden Mace"
},
{
"id": "12419914",
"text": "of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and sarcophagus were opened, only eight died within a dozen years. All the others were still alive, including Howard Carter, who died of lymphoma in 1939 at the age of 64. The last survivors included Lady Evelyn Herbert, Lord Carnarvon's daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980, and American archaeologist J.O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, a full 39 years after the event. The tomb was opened on 29",
"title": "Curse of the pharaohs"
},
{
"id": "6357643",
"text": "which only Davis has a permit. Amidst the flurry of construction that marked the beginning of Tutankhamun's reign the most important to the boy Pharaoh would have been that of his tomb. An ailing Davis announces his discovery of this, the final Pharaoh's tomb, prior to his retirement. Carter doubts the find and convinces Carnarvon to take up the concession. The methodical and meticulous excavation commences in 1914 but is quickly interrupted by World War I. The Carnarvons return to Egypt at the end of the war and Carter recommences his excavation but with a continued lack of results leading",
"title": "Egypt (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "5040047",
"text": "a Polish feature film. In 1912, the discovery of an exquisite painted limestone bust of Nefertiti, unearthed from its sculptor's workshop near the royal city of Amarna, added the first new celebrity of Egypt. The bust, now in Berlin's Egyptian Museum, became so famous through the medium of photography that it became the most familiar, most copied work of ancient Egyptian sculpture; Nefertiti's strong-featured profile was a notable influence on new ideals of feminine beauty in the 20th century. The 1922 discovery of the undamaged tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun introduced a new celebrity to join Nefertiti — \"King Tut\". The",
"title": "Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination"
},
{
"id": "6357641",
"text": "the Curse of the Pharaohs, a supposed result of Carter's disturbing Tutankhamen's resting place. The episodes include short dramatizations of the life of Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun vanished from history in 1324 BC following his hurried burial and the erasure of his name from all monuments. In the winter of 1898 Carter is at the temples of Deir el Bahri recording wall reliefs threatened by a freak storm when he is thrown from his horse and makes a discovery in the sand. Retired Boston lawyer Theodore M. Davis funds Carter's excavation of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb but it is found to be empty",
"title": "Egypt (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3626484",
"text": "the hotel and speeches. The architect was Leon Stienon, the Italian construction company G.GAROZZO & Figli Costruzioni in Cemento Armato, Sistema SIACCI brevettato. During World War I the hotel was temporarily closed to paying guests and employed as a hospice for convalescing soldiers. A regular guest at the hotel from 1907 on was George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, better known simply as Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon was the patron of Egyptologist Howard Carter, who in 1922 discovered the intact tomb of Tutankhamun. After the discovery was announced the Winter Palace played host to the international press corps and foreign visitors",
"title": "Sofitel Winter Palace Hotel"
},
{
"id": "6250277",
"text": "cache, representing the refuse left over from the mummification of the pharaoh, rather than his \"tomb\". The food and other related items likely came from a funerary banquet held at the pharaoh's interment. He estimated that there had been a total of eight official mourners who had attended the burial. When Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in 1922, similar items were found in the entrance corridor, and it is thought that after the first robbery attempt of the tomb, the embalming cache material was moved to the pit that was KV54, and the corridor filled with rocky debris in order to",
"title": "KV54"
},
{
"id": "656396",
"text": "and reveal the secrets of an international drug smuggling enterprise. Following the publication of \"Tintin in America\", Hergé had been keen to produce a mystery story, and had been inspired by the tabloid speculation surrounding an alleged Curse of the Pharaohs following the 1922 discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. The first \"Adventure\" in the series to follow a singular story compared to the looser, vignette-based structure of the previous three volumes, \"Cigars of the Pharaoh\" proved a commercial success in Belgium. Hergé followed it with \"The Blue Lotus\", a story which continues many of the plot elements that began",
"title": "Cigars of the Pharaoh"
},
{
"id": "9465265",
"text": "Egyptian Theatre (DeKalb, Illinois) The Egyptian Theatre in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, is an Egyptian Revival theatre that is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The theatre was built in 1928 and 1929 as part of a much larger wave of national fascination with Ancient Egypt throughout the United States, due, in large part, to the discovery of King Tut's tomb in 1922. The theatre was added to the National Register in 1978 and its 1,430-seat auditorium is currently DeKalb County's largest. The building was designed by architect Elmer F. Behrns, who had an interest in Egyptology.",
"title": "Egyptian Theatre (DeKalb, Illinois)"
},
{
"id": "2236737",
"text": "observe that the aforementioned statue: It appears that one of Horemheb's undertakings as Pharaoh was to eliminate all references to the monotheistic experiment, a process that included expunging the name of his immediate predecessors, especially Ay, from the historical record. Horemheb desecrated Ay's burial and had most of Ay's royal cartouches in his WV23 Tomb Wall paintings erased while his sarcophagus was smashed into numerous fragments. However, the sarcophagus lid was discovered in 1972 by Otto Schaden, the American Egyptologist who opened Tomb KV63 in the Valley of the Kings in 2006. It still preserved Ay's cartouche. The sarcophagus had",
"title": "Ay"
},
{
"id": "4148874",
"text": "5th Earl, an enthusiastic amateur Egyptologist, sponsored the excavation of nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahari (Thebes) in 1907. He later accompanied archaeologist Howard Carter during the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922. During World War II the castle provided a home for dozens of evacuee children. The estate was the location of several crashes of allied aircraft, including a B-17 Flying Fortress parts of which are now in the possession of Highclere. In 1969, Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon, became racing manager to Elizabeth II. The 7th Earl was \"great friends\" with the Queen; she was a",
"title": "Highclere Castle"
},
{
"id": "412494",
"text": "chamber, which was purported to possibly contain a burial of Nefertiti. For many years, rumors of a \"curse of the pharaohs\" (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon who died on 5 April 1923, 5 months after the discovery of the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922. A study of documents and scholarly sources led \"The Lancet\" to conclude as unlikely that Carnarvon's death had anything",
"title": "Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "2859451",
"text": "As with two previous stories, \"The Secret of the Unicorn\" and \"Red Rackham's Treasure\", Hergé developed the idea of a twofold story arc, resulting in the two-part \"The Seven Crystal Balls\" and \"Prisoners of the Sun\". Hergé planned for the former story to outline a mystery, while the latter would see his characters undertake an expedition to solve it. His use of an ancient mummy's curse around which the narrative revolved was inspired by tales of a curse of the pharaohs which had been unearthed during the archaeologist Howard Carter's 1922 discovery of Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb. This was not the",
"title": "Prisoners of the Sun"
},
{
"id": "20386928",
"text": "that Lady Evelyn, being the smallest of the party, was the first person to enter the burial chamber. Lady Evelyn and her father travelled to England in December 1922, the two returning in January 1923 to be present at the official opening of the inner burial chamber on 16 February. The same month Brograve Beauchamp visited with his parents, Howard Carter providing a tour of Tutankhamun’s Tomb. Soon afterwards Lord Carnarvon contracted blood poisoning and died in Cairo on 5 April 1923. Lady Evelyn left Egypt to return to England with her brother, Lady Carnarvon following with Lord Carnarvon's remains",
"title": "Evelyn Beauchamp"
},
{
"id": "5601458",
"text": "kinship of Yuya and Ay, although certainly, both men came from the town of Akhmim. Yuya and Tjuyu also are known to have had a son named Anen, who carried the titles Chancellor of Lower Egypt, Second Prophet of Amun, sm-priest of Heliopolis, and Divine Father. The tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu was, until the discovery of Tutankhamun's, one of the most spectacular ever found in the Valley of the Kings despite Yuya not even being a pharaoh. Although the burial site was robbed in antiquity, many objects not considered worth plundering by the robbers remained. Both the mummies were",
"title": "Yuya"
},
{
"id": "1993885",
"text": "KV55 KV55 is a tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. It was discovered by Edward R. Ayrton in 1907 while he was working in the Valley for Theodore M. Davis. It has long been speculated, as well as much-disputed, that the body found in this tomb was that of the famous Pharaoh Akhenaten, who moved the capital to Akhetaten (modern day Amarna). The results of genetic and other scientific tests published in February 2010 have confirmed that the person buried there was both the son of Amenhotep III as well as the father of Tutankhamun. Furthermore, the",
"title": "KV55"
},
{
"id": "412496",
"text": "system was easily overwhelmed by erysipelas\". A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and sarcophagus were opened, only eight died within a dozen years. All the others were still alive, including Howard Carter, who died of lymphoma in 1939 at the age of 64. The last survivors included Lady Evelyn Herbert, Lord Carnarvon's daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980, and American archaeologist J. O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, 39 years",
"title": "Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "7729599",
"text": "was phenomenal. He had that innate talent to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art. After Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt in ever increasing numbers. Mansoor's business flourished; there was a constant demand for antiquities. The stories he told of these years were fabulous. These were the years when he made the acquaintance of eminent persons in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers. But above all, he was serving the better interest of Egyptology. M. A. Mansoor",
"title": "M. A. Mansoor"
},
{
"id": "8559386",
"text": "tablet into four pieces and sending the pieces to the far corners of the world. However, the tradeoff is that he must remain in the Underworld. In 1922, Danny Fremont, an archaeologist, is searching for the last piece of the tablet, which is believed to be in Tutankhamun's tomb. He found the first three pieces earlier, but they were seized from him by his rival, Morgan Sinclair. Sinclair is in the service of the Hellfire Council, a secret committee formed by a group of influential men from around the world, and they wish to use the tablet's powers to achieve",
"title": "The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (2006 film)"
},
{
"id": "19743067",
"text": "Tutankhamun (miniseries) Tutankhamun is a 2016 adventure-drama miniseries based on the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter, directed by Peter Webber from a screenplay by BAFTA award-winning writer Guy Burt. Archaeologist Howard Carter (Max Irons) stumbles upon evidence of an undiscovered tomb of one of Egypt's forgotten Pharaohs, Tutankhamun. His peers, however, scorn it as being impossible, save for one man: the wealthy Lord Carnarvon (Sam Neill), a born gambler and thrill-seeker, who agrees to fund Carter's digs. The series was released by ITV on DVD on 7 November 2016. It was made available on the streaming service Britbox",
"title": "Tutankhamun (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "2589009",
"text": "The exterior of the theatre is in the Egyptian Revival style. However, the attentive visitor will notice roof pans above the main entrance, items which are not in ancient Egyptian style. The original plans for the theater show a Hispanic-themed theatre, but at some point these plans were changed to an Egyptian style. It's probable that this was due to public fascination with the multiple expeditions searching for the tomb of Tutankhamun by archaeologist Howard Carter over the preceding years. (Carter eventually discovered the tomb on November 4, 1922—just two weeks after the Egyptian opened.) At that time, the change",
"title": "Grauman's Egyptian Theatre"
},
{
"id": "5813457",
"text": "Shoshenq II Heqakheperre Shoshenq II or Shoshenq IIa was a pharaoh of the 22nd dynasty of Egypt. He was the only ruler of this Dynasty whose tomb was not plundered by tomb robbers. His final resting place was discovered within an antechamber of Psusennes I's tomb at Tanis by Pierre Montet in 1939. Montet removed the coffin lid of Shoshenq II on March 20, 1939, in the presence of king Farouk of Egypt himself. It proved to contain a large number of jewel-encrusted bracelets and pectorals, along with a beautiful hawkheaded silver coffin and a gold funerary mask. The gold",
"title": "Shoshenq II"
},
{
"id": "2691350",
"text": "world's press was concentrating on Howard Carter's discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, a team led by Bernard Bruyère began to excavate the site. This work has resulted in one of the most thoroughly documented accounts of community life in the ancient world that spans almost four hundred years. There is no comparable site in which the organisation, social interactions, working and living conditions of a community can be studied in such detail. The site is located on the west bank of the Nile, across the river from modern-day Luxor. The village is laid out in a small",
"title": "Deir el-Medina"
},
{
"id": "6942974",
"text": "Winlock graduated from Harvard before becoming the youngest member of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art’s expedition to the royal necropolis at El-Lisht 25 miles south of Cairo in 1906. He was later transferred to the Kharga Oasis 100 miles west of Luxor, where he helped restore a temple of the god Amun. In 1911 Winlock began excavating the mortuary complex of the 11th Dynasty pharaoh Mentuhotep II (2010–1998 B.C.) at Deir el-Bahri in the Valley of the Kings, where he discovered the bodies of 60 soldiers slain in battle and buried in linen shrouds decorated with the cartouche",
"title": "Herbert Eustis Winlock"
},
{
"id": "412497",
"text": "after the event. If Tutankhamun is the world's best known pharaoh, it is largely because his tomb is among the best preserved, and his image and associated artifacts the most exhibited. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's \"The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun\", \"The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharoahs has become in death the most renowned.\" The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism, \"King Tut\". Ancient Egyptian references became common",
"title": "Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "412488",
"text": "to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult. Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a grander royal tomb, so that his mummy was buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary 70 days between death and burial. In 1915, George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings, employed English archaeologist Howard Carter to explore it.",
"title": "Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "6357647",
"text": "to continue his work. Tutankhuman's death came before the royal tomb could be completed so he was hastily buried in the tomb Ay had prepared for himself. Lacau takes over the running of the tomb in 1924 when Carter and his team stop work to protest continued Egyptian interference. The following year Carter is called back by Lacau to reopen the tomb with funding from Lady Canarvon. The team start to extract the nested coffins revealing one of them to be made of pure gold that confirms the presence of a Pharaoh. The team begin to notice evidence that the",
"title": "Egypt (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1993970",
"text": "years 2 and 3, but lack a king's name. A few Egyptologists have argued these should be attributed to Smenkhkare. However, these are open to interpretation and cannot be considered decisive. Clear evidence for a sole reign for Smenkhkare has not yet been found. In 1907, a tomb was discovered by Edward R. Ayrton while working in the Valley of the Kings for Theodore M. Davis. Within it was found a number of funerary objects for various people—in particular, a shrine built for Queen Tiye by Akhenaten, and a mummy. This caused Davis to refer to it as The Tomb",
"title": "Smenkhkare"
},
{
"id": "1858303",
"text": "on \"Unsolved Mysteries\" during a segment on the curse of Tutankhamun's tomb. In 2010, Hawass appeared on a reality-based television show on The History Channel called \"Chasing Mummies\". Hawass also worked alongside Egyptologist Otto Schaden during the opening of Tomb KV63 in February 2006 – the first intact tomb to be found in the Valley of the Kings since 1922. In June 2007 Hawass announced that he and a team of experts may have identified the mummy of Hatshepsut, in KV60, a small tomb in the Valley of the Kings. The opening of the sealed tomb was described in 2006",
"title": "Zahi Hawass"
},
{
"id": "1994048",
"text": "M. Davis's team uncovered a small site containing funerary artifacts with Tutankhamun's name and some embalming parts. Erroneously assuming that this site, numbered finally as KV54, was Tutankhamun's complete tomb, Davis concluded the dig. The details of both findings are documented in Davis's 1912 publication, \"The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou\"; the book closes with the comment, \"I fear that the Valley of the Kings is now exhausted.\" But Davis was to be proven spectacularly wrong. The British Egyptologist Howard Carter (employed by Lord Carnarvon) hired a crew to help him excavate at the site of KV62. Carter went back",
"title": "KV62"
},
{
"id": "6593032",
"text": "anywhere.\" Now, he's flipped that equation: \"Once a week I spend about eight hours spaying and neutering trapped feral cats for the Sacramento Council of Cats. All I do with my veterinary degree now is remove genitalia.\" Rollins found the authors of the Doc Savage series inspirational as a youth and acquired an extensive collection of the popular 1930s and 1940s pulp magazine stories. Rollins was fascinated by stories of the exploits of Howard Carter and his discovery of the tomb of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh, King Tutankhamun (King Tut); this true-life tale later inspired Rollins' novel \"Excavation\", in which",
"title": "James Rollins"
},
{
"id": "11150172",
"text": "about a dozen large sealed storage jars. Within them were contained pottery, dishes, bags of natron, animal bones, floral collars and linen containing text dated to the final years of the then little-known 18th dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun. It was later determined that that material not only contained material used in the embalming process (such as bags of natron and linen), but the remains of food used in the funerary banquet held at the conclusion of the pharaoh's interment. When Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in 1922, many small items similar to those found in the KV54 cache were found in the",
"title": "Embalming cache"
},
{
"id": "18522822",
"text": "of the inscription, Howard Carter called the lotus chalice the \"King's Wishing Cup\". The wish inscription from the lotus chalice is quoted on the second gravestone of Howard Carter. In addition to being displayed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the lotus chalice was among the original finds selected for the first temporary exhibition of the grave goods of Tutankhamun. It was also on display with the exhibition number 39 in the world-touring \"Treasures of Tutankhamun\" exhibition. Lotus chalice The Lotus chalice or Alabaster chalice, called the Wishing Cup by Howard Carter, derives from the tomb of the Ancient Egyptian",
"title": "Lotus chalice"
},
{
"id": "6102045",
"text": "is home to an important and unique set of Egyptology resources. Built upon Griffith's original collection of manuscripts and excavation records, it contains and preserves early copies of inscriptions, drawings, watercolours, old negatives, photographs, squeezes, and rubbings. Among some seventy major groups of material the Institute holds the papers of Sir Alan H. Gardiner, Battiscombe Gunn and Jaroslav Černý, records made by Howard Carter during his discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, as well as the documentation from the Nubian expeditions of Griffith and Sir Henry Wellcome. The Institute edits and publishes two major research projects, the \"Topographical",
"title": "Griffith Institute"
},
{
"id": "11095113",
"text": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun have been held at museums in several countries, notably the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States, Canada, Japan, and France. The artifacts had sparked widespread interest in ancient Egypt when they were discovered between 1922 and 1927, but most of them remained in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo until the 1960s, when they were first exhibited outside of Egypt. Because of these exhibitions, relics from the tomb of Tutankhamun are among the most travelled artifacts in the world. Probably the best-known tour was the",
"title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun"
},
{
"id": "5585747",
"text": "case the father is most likely to have been Akhenaten himself, marrying his daughter), but it cannot be proven. Large amounts of the decoration have been destroyed by flooding. His body was probably removed after the court returned to Thebes, and reburied somewhere in the Valley of the Kings, possibly in KV55. His sarcophagus was destroyed, but has since been reconstructed — and now sits in the garden of the Egyptian Museum. The tomb was excavated by Alessandro Barsanti, in 1893/1894. Royal Tomb of Akhenaten The Royal Tomb of Akhenaten is the burial place of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, in the",
"title": "Royal Tomb of Akhenaten"
},
{
"id": "2782027",
"text": "Launceston Synagogue and the Adelaide Hebrew Congregation, all by 1850. The earliest obelisk in Australia was erected at Macquarie Place, Sydney in 1818. The expeditions that eventually led to the discovery in 1922 of the treasure of Tutankhamun's tomb by the archaeologist Howard Carter resulted in a 20th-century revival. The revival during the 1920s is sometimes considered to be part of the art deco decorative arts style. This phase gave birth to the Egyptian theatre movement, largely confined to the United States. The Egyptian revival decorative arts style was present in furniture and other household objects, as well as in",
"title": "Egyptian Revival architecture"
},
{
"id": "8582829",
"text": "long-buried KV21 with its two female and likely royal occupants, and tombs KV27, KV28, KV44, KV45 and KV48. In 2017, he rediscovered three small tombs (KV50, KV51 and KV52) in the Valley of the Kings which when first encountered in 1906 contained the mummies of animals including a dog and monkeys. The mummy found within KV60 was identified as that of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut by Zahi Hawass and his Egyptian team in 2007. Between 1995 and 2002, Ryan worked closely with the Norwegian explorer, archaeologist and writer Thor Heyerdahl (1914-2002). Among their many projects, the two directed excavations at",
"title": "Donald P. Ryan"
},
{
"id": "10213867",
"text": "Josef W. Wegner Josef William Wegner (born October 1967) is an American Egyptologist, archaeologist and associate professor in Egyptology at the department of near eastern languages and civilizations of the University of Pennsylvania, where he obtained his Ph.D. degree in Egyptology. His father is the astrophysicist, Gary A. Wegner. He is noted for his continued research at Abydos, where he excavated the tomb of pharaoh Sobekhotep IV in 2013 and discovered that of pharaoh Seneb Kay in 2014. Later, he excavated an entire royal necropolis dating to the Second Intermediate Period, possibly belonging to kings of the Theban sixteenth dynasty",
"title": "Josef W. Wegner"
},
{
"id": "19743068",
"text": "in October 2017. The Guardian found the series \"not 100% historically accurate, ... It’s just a bit of fun.\" and recommended it for fans of Downton Abbey. Tutankhamun (miniseries) Tutankhamun is a 2016 adventure-drama miniseries based on the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter, directed by Peter Webber from a screenplay by BAFTA award-winning writer Guy Burt. Archaeologist Howard Carter (Max Irons) stumbles upon evidence of an undiscovered tomb of one of Egypt's forgotten Pharaohs, Tutankhamun. His peers, however, scorn it as being impossible, save for one man: the wealthy Lord Carnarvon (Sam Neill), a born gambler and thrill-seeker,",
"title": "Tutankhamun (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "17873991",
"text": "UK. In 1919 Hilda and Flinders resumed excavations in Egypt, and in the season of 1921, Hilda excavated a Coptic hermit's cell in the Western hills at Abydos, with her plans and drawings of the cave being published in the excavation report for that year, along with her description of the cave and its painted decorations. The focus of the Petries' excavations shifted in 1926 to the frontier fortresses in Palestine, following the restrictions placed on excavating bodies in Egypt and the exportations of antiquities after the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922. Hilda arrived in Gaza on 26 November",
"title": "Hilda Petrie"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tutankhamun' mummy context: Tutankhamun's mummy Tutankhamun's mummy was discovered by English Egyptologist Howard Carter and his team on October 28, 1925 in tomb KV62 of Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Tutankhamun was the 11th pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, making his mummy over 3,300 years old. The burial chamber was found in 1922, but was not opened until a year later. Two years passed between the discovery of the tomb and that of the mummy and its famous death mask. The discovery of the tomb as a whole was one of the most significant and famous archeological\n\nWho was the Egyptian king whose tomb an treasures were discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922?",
"compressed_tokens": 211,
"origin_tokens": 211,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tutankhamun context: the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult. Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a grander royal tomb, so that his mummy was buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary 70 days between death and burial. In 1915, George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings, employed English archaeologist Howard Carter to explore it.\n\ntitle: Tutankhamun context After system search, Carter discovered the actual tomb TutankhamunKV62) in November 1922. King Tutankham' mummy still rests his tomb in the Valley of the Kings4 November2007, 85 to the day Carter's discovery, the9-year-old pharaoh went on display under tomb Luxor when linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus a climate-controlled glass box The case designed to prevent height rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb His tomb robbed twice in antiquity, but\n Exitionss the tombun: Ex artifact Tutank Exitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutank have been held museums in notably the United Union,,,, and had spark widespread when they were 19 192 but of them in Egypt in Cairo when they exhibited. of exhiblics from the Tutankhamun are the mostled artifact was\n: Egypt ( series): tots that anys are left in the valley the fund is finally in 22aled hiscesvon fund last finally unearthed. When the tomb is opened in the presence of Carnarvon and his daughter it is revealed to be the only unplundered pharaoh's tomb in the valley. In 1922 Carter goes to the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo to announce his discovery but disagrees with Director Pierre Lacau over the clearance and cataloguing of the contents. The discovery\n\nWho was the Egyptian king whose tomb an treasures were discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922?",
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} |
160 | Name the East African country which lies on the equator. | [
"Kenyan",
"Prehistory of Kenya",
"Kenya-Africa",
"ISO 3166-1:KE",
"Jamhuri ya Kenya",
"Kenya",
"Republic of Kenya",
"Kenya (disambiguation)",
"Etymology of Kenya"
] | Kenya | [
{
"id": "1566812",
"text": "Kenya Kenya (; ), officially the Republic of Kenya (), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south-west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya's capital",
"title": "Kenya"
},
{
"id": "1566914",
"text": "population for lunch or supper. Regional variations and dishes also exist. In western Kenya: among the Luo, fish is a common dish; among the Kalenjin who dominate much of the Rift Valley Region, mursik—sour milk—is a major drink. In cities such as Nairobi, there are fast food restaurants, including Steers, KFC, and Subway. There are also many fish and chip shops. Kenya Kenya (; ), officially the Republic of Kenya (), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and",
"title": "Kenya"
},
{
"id": "4985799",
"text": "Somali Plate The Somali Plate is a minor tectonic plate, which straddles the equator in the eastern hemisphere. It is approximately centered on the island of Madagascar and includes about half of the East coast of Africa, from the Gulf of Aden in the North through the East African Rift Valley. The southern boundary with the Nubian-African plate is a diffuse plate boundary consisting of the Lwandle plate. The Arabian plate diverges to the north forming the Gulf of Aden. The Indian Plate, Australian Plate, and Antarctic Plate all diverge from the Somali plate forming the eastern Indian Ocean. The",
"title": "Somali Plate"
},
{
"id": "346041",
"text": "Rwanda Rwanda (; ), officially the Republic of Rwanda (; Swahili: \"Jamhuri ya Rwanda\"; ), is a country in Central and East Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry",
"title": "Rwanda"
},
{
"id": "346128",
"text": "report noted that the country was not on target to meet goal 4 on infant mortality, despite it having \"fallen dramatically\"; the country is \"making good progress\" towards goal 5, which is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio, while goal 6 is not yet met as HIV prevalence has not started falling. Rwanda Rwanda (; ), officially the Republic of Rwanda (; Swahili: \"Jamhuri ya Rwanda\"; ), is a country in Central and East Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by",
"title": "Rwanda"
},
{
"id": "4985801",
"text": "and Congo cratons. From 1000 to 600 Ma the super-continent Gondwana was formed and the Pan-African orogeny sutured the Tanzanian and Kalahari cratons. The rifting of Gondwana occurred from 190 Ma to 47 Ma separating Madagascar from the eastern coast of Africa and placing the Seychelles/Mascarene Plateau northeast of Madagascar. The rifting of the Red Sea started rifting around and the first rifting occurred in the northern East African Rift System around . Somali Plate The Somali Plate is a minor tectonic plate, which straddles the equator in the eastern hemisphere. It is approximately centered on the island of Madagascar",
"title": "Somali Plate"
},
{
"id": "9371300",
"text": "The randomly selected countries could be any country (or territory) in the world. This included the large and well-known regions (Russia, Canada, United States, etc.) as well as smaller and more obscure nations (Palau, Djibouti, Togo, etc.). Most participants had little trouble recognizing the major European and Asian countries but many people on both teams had trouble locating small Pacific Islands and some African countries. The trivia questions were sometimes related directly to geography, e. g., \"Made up of 33 atolls, which country straddles both the equator and the International Date Line?\". However, some were about current events to test",
"title": "Geography Cup"
},
{
"id": "722259",
"text": "Doha, Qatar devoted several days of discussion to ways in which countries in the Horn region and the adjacent Arabian peninsula could further strengthen these historically close economic, social, cultural and religious ties. National history: Sultanates and kingdoms: Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (, , , , ) (shortened to HOA; alternatively Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "827928",
"text": "bases near Masisi in 2017, after the US led a push to cut costs. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is located in central sub-Saharan Africa, bordered by (clockwise from the southwest) Angola, the South Atlantic Ocean, the Cabinda Province exclave of Angola, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania across Lake Tanganyika, and Zambia. The country lies between latitudes 6°N and 14°S, and longitudes 12° and 32°E. It straddles the Equator, with one-third to the North and two-thirds to the South. The size of Congo, , is slightly greater than",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "98700",
"text": "Geography of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. To the east is its coastline on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Rainfall is sparse, and most of the territory has a semi-arid to arid environment. Lake Assal is a saline lake which lies 155 m (509 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest point on land in Africa and the third-lowest point on Earth after the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Djibouti's",
"title": "Geography of Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "13713123",
"text": "Chile, Peru, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, the United States, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Australia, Indonesia, North Korea. In 2003, Lysenko duplicated the path of the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897–1898, travelling by foot and kayak. Lysenko had circumnavigated the globe from west to east, straying no more than two degrees of latitude from the Equator. Starting in Libreville (Gabon), Vladimir had successfully crossed (in a car, a motor boat, a yacht, a ship, a kayak, a bicycle, and by foot) Africa (from Libreville (Gabon) to Kiunga (Kenya) through Gabon, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda",
"title": "Vladimir Lysenko"
},
{
"id": "468908",
"text": "in parts of the African coast. Investigation into folios 19V to 20R of the Mao Kun Map which covers the Indian Ocean including South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and East Africa suggests that it is a composite of four maps, one for Sri Lanka, one for South India one for the Maldives and one for around 400 km of the East African coast, no further south than 6 degrees south of the Equator. Each of these maps is positioned at a different orientation to fit with the ocean currents and winds required of a sailing chart, rather than a",
"title": "Zheng He"
},
{
"id": "1896895",
"text": "increases from around at Garoowe to over at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. Unusually, most of the rain falls in \"two\" distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam and the Brazilian Nordeste. West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "16105926",
"text": "Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.",
"title": "Energy in Africa"
},
{
"id": "11916649",
"text": "April. The EPLF declared the new nation of Eritrea the following month. In February 1994 the EPLF renamed itself the People's Front for Democracy and Justice as part of its transformation into Eritrea's ruling political party. Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa in East Africa. It is bordered to the northeast and east by the Red Sea, Sudan to the west, Ethiopia to the south, and Djibouti to the southeast. Eritrea lies between latitudes 12° and 18°N, and longitudes 36° and 44°E. The country is virtually bisected by a branch of the East African Rift. It has fertile",
"title": "Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "1896894",
"text": "lake, Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika. The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around at Mogadishu and at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "6352821",
"text": "government in Somalia in the Somali Civil War, the territory asserted its independence as the self-described \"Republic of Somaliland\". However, the region's self-declared independence remains unrecognized by any country or international organization. History of Somaliland The history of Somaliland, a region in the eastern horn of Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, and the east African land mass, begins with human habitation tens of thousands of years ago. It includes the civilizations of Punt, the Ottomans, and colonial influences from Europe and the Middle East. Somaliland has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic. During the Stone",
"title": "History of Somaliland"
},
{
"id": "7919073",
"text": "– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "373069",
"text": "Seychelles Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: \"Repiblik Sesel\"), is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean. The capital of the 115-island country, Victoria, lies east of mainland East Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros, Mayotte (region of France), Madagascar, Réunion (region of France) and Mauritius to the south. With a population of roughly , it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country. Seychelles is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. After proclamation of independence from",
"title": "Seychelles"
},
{
"id": "543926",
"text": "is pending. In Africa, as of September 2018, homosexuality is legal in 20 of 54 countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles and South Africa) and in all 8 territories (Canary Islands, Ceuta, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Madeira, Mayotte, Melilla, Réunion and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) by a total of 28. However, in a few countries in Africa where homosexuality is illegal the penalty is not enforced",
"title": "Violence against LGBT people"
},
{
"id": "6620623",
"text": "multi-media services: IRIN covers the following countries: AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan,",
"title": "IRIN"
},
{
"id": "344021",
"text": "of raw sewage, tap water not being potable, and deforestation. Congo is party to the international agreements on Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands. It has signed but not ratified the Law of the Sea. This is a list of the extreme points of the Republic of Congo, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Geography of the Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo is located in the western part of Central Africa. Situated on the Equator, it is bordered",
"title": "Geography of the Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "13493072",
"text": "East African Air East African Air is an airline based in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and is a start-up airline planning to operate from Dar-es Salaam as hub to regional destinations and Europe and America. The company was founded by African Diaspora businessmen originally from the Eastern part of Africa which comprises Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda. Fly East African will obtain traffic rights to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. East African Air Limited is a registered UK Private Limited Company with plans of floating on the AIM stock market in 2010, and has received investment over £2m primarily from European",
"title": "East African Air"
},
{
"id": "13493075",
"text": "East African Air East African Air is an airline based in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and is a start-up airline planning to operate from Dar-es Salaam as hub to regional destinations and Europe and America. The company was founded by African Diaspora businessmen originally from the Eastern part of Africa which comprises Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda. Fly East African will obtain traffic rights to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. East African Air Limited is a registered UK Private Limited Company with plans of floating on the AIM stock market in 2010, and has received investment over £2m primarily from European",
"title": "East African Air"
},
{
"id": "722197",
"text": "Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (, , , , ) (shortened to HOA; alternatively Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as \"Land of the Berbers\" and \"Habesha\", the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. It covers approximately 2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) and is inhabited by roughly 115 million people",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "1566326",
"text": "Africa, which is the easternmost part of the African landmass. Bordering Ethiopia are Sudan and South Sudan to the west, Djibouti and Eritrea to the north, Somalia to the east and Kenya to the south. Within Ethiopia is a vast highland complex of mountains and dissected plateaus divided by the Great Rift Valley, which runs generally southwest to northeast and is surrounded by lowlands, steppes, or semi-desert. The great diversity of terrain determines wide variations in climate, soils, natural vegetation, and settlement patterns. Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border to the tropical",
"title": "Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "1367832",
"text": "Cape Guardafui Cape Guardafui (), also known historically as Aromata promontorium, is a headland in the autonomous Puntland region in Somalia. Coextensive with the Gardafuul administrative province, it forms the geographical apex of the Horn of Africa. Its shore at 51°27'52\"E is the second easternmost point on mainland Africa after Ras Hafun. Its adjacent locality is called Ras Asir. The offshore oceanic strait Guardafui Channel (or \"Marinka Gardafuul\") is named after it. Cape Guardafui is located at , next to the Guardafui Channel. The archipelago of Socotra lies off the cape in the Indian Ocean. Fifteen leagues (45 miles) west",
"title": "Cape Guardafui"
},
{
"id": "1896900",
"text": "and agriculture from spreading southwards. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, northern Somalia, and the Red Sea coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the Ancient Egyptians as \"Punt\". The old kingdom's first mention",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "11916613",
"text": "Eritrea Eritrea (; ), officially the State of Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its toponym \"Eritrea\" is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea ( ), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890. Eritrea is",
"title": "Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "10318273",
"text": "the East African Rift which is roughly 5,900 kilometers in length and spans several countries in East Africa including Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. The use of biomass fuels endangers biodiversity and risks further damaged or destruction to the landscape. 86% of Africa’s biomass energy is used in the sub-Saharan region, excluding South Africa. Even where other forms of energy are available, it is not harnessed and utilized efficiently, underscoring the need to promote energy efficiency where energy access is available. There is, however, an urgent need to address the current levels of respiratory illness from burning biomass",
"title": "Renewable energy in Africa"
},
{
"id": "12774147",
"text": "satellite had shown the equatorial \"diameter\" from longitude 11° West to 169° East to be greater than its \"diameter\" ninety degrees away. The Equator passes through the land of 11 countries. Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the Equator passes through: Despite its name, no part of Equatorial Guinea lies on the Equator. However, its island of Annobón is south of the Equator, and the rest of the country lies to the north. Seasons result from the tilt of the Earth's axis compared to the plane of its revolution around the Sun. Throughout the year the northern and",
"title": "Equator"
},
{
"id": "16639949",
"text": "as the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone are by far the least favoured in solar power of all the continent and except for these eight quoted nations, each other African country experiences over 2,700 hours of bright sunshine on at least a part of its territory. Many perpetually sunny African nations like Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Niger, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia for instance could rely on developing their tremendous solar resources on a large scale thanks to the immense surface of their territory and at reduced prices. South Africa is a",
"title": "Solar power in Africa"
},
{
"id": "14862999",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea. Eritrea is a country in the North East of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Its size is just under with an estimated population of 5 million. The first",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "14073383",
"text": "belonging to Ivory Coast), southwestern tip of British Gold Coast (now Ghana), Príncipe Island in Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe, southern Spanish Guinea (now Equatorial Guinea), French Equatorial Africa (the parts now belonging to Gabon and R. Congo, including Libreville), Belgian Congo (now DR Congo), northeastern Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), northern tip of Nyasaland (now Malawi), German East Africa (now belonging to Tanzania) and northeastern Portuguese Mozambique (now Mozambique), ending near sunset in eastern Africa. Albert Einstein's prediction of the bending of light by the gravity of the Sun, one of the components of his general theory of relativity, can",
"title": "Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919"
},
{
"id": "15676451",
"text": "3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa",
"title": "Emigration from Africa"
},
{
"id": "4386257",
"text": "Ras Hafun Ras Hafun (, ), also known as Cape Hafun, is a promontory in the northeastern Bari region of Somalia. Jutting out into the Guardafui Channel, it constitutes the easternmost point in Africa. The area is situated near the Cape Guardafui headland. It is joined to the mainland at the town of Foar, by a sand spit long, in width, and above sea level. The fishing town of Hafun is located on the promontory, east of the sand spit. Ras Hafun is home to numerous ancient structures and ruins. The peninsula is believed to be the location of the",
"title": "Ras Hafun"
},
{
"id": "10106687",
"text": "current time convention persists despite inroads of international norms. Time in Ethiopia The time zone in Ethiopia is East Africa Time (EAT) (UTC+03). The IANA time zone database identifier is \"Africa/Addis Ababa\". Almost all Ethiopians use a 12-hour clock, with one cycle of 1 to 12 from dawn to dusk, and the other cycle from dusk to dawn. Unlike the convention in most countries, the start of the day is dawn, rather than midnight. Thus, 7:00 AM in East Africa Time corresponds to 1:00 in daylight hours in local Ethiopian time. 12:00 noon EAT is 6:00 in daylight hours, and",
"title": "Time in Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "16163264",
"text": "same time, a Schools Sevens Championship was introduced to ensure a consistent conveyor-belt of the nation's best talent. Previously the tournaments took place at the end of the regular season in November and December (Kenya straddles the Equator but the country has always aligned with the Southern Hemisphere rugby season) but as of 2010, following a complete restructure of the rugby calendar throughout East Africa, the tournaments now occur in August and September. The first seven-a-side competition in Kenya was the 1937 RAF Sevens. The cup for this annual competition was presented by 223 Squadron, Royal Air Force and the",
"title": "Kenya National Sevens Circuit"
},
{
"id": "50103",
"text": "of these follow the normal \"Big Brother\" rules, except that contestants must come from each of the countries in the region where it airs: \"Big Brother Albania\" of Albania and Kosovo, \"Big Brother Angola e Moçambique\" of Angola and Mozambique, \"Big Brother Africa\" of Africa (includes Angola, Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe), of the Middle East (includes Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria and Tunisia), \"Gran Hermano del Pacífico\" of South America (includes Chile, Ecuador and Peru), \"Big Brother\" of Scandinavia",
"title": "Big Brother (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "18887021",
"text": "Visa requirements for Somali citizens Visa requirements for Somali citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Somalia by the authorities of other states. As of 1 January 2018, Somali citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 32 countries and territories, ranking the Somali passport 100th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra",
"title": "Visa requirements for Somali citizens"
},
{
"id": "1896897",
"text": "minima of at an altitude of . At altitudes of above , frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about or less. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economical importance. According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "2295227",
"text": "Mount Kenya Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second-highest in Africa, after Kilimanjaro. The highest peaks of the mountain are Batian (), Nelion () and Point Lenana (). Mount Kenya is located in the former Eastern and central provinces of Kenya, now Meru, Embu, Laikipia, Kirinyaga, Nyeri and Isiolo counties, about south of the equator, around north-northeast of the capital Nairobi. Mount Kenya is the source of the name of the Republic of Kenya. Mount Kenya is a stratovolcano created approximately 3 million years after the opening of the East African rift. Before glaciation, it was",
"title": "Mount Kenya"
},
{
"id": "9476061",
"text": "State University. Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more than 30 African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. The Afrobarometer is carried on in Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Afrobarometer achieves this measurement through a series of face-to-face interviews with a random sample of either 1,200, 1,600 or 2,400 people in each country. Because the instrument",
"title": "Afrobarometer"
},
{
"id": "7888119",
"text": "found in 21 countries in Africa (Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) and in two countries in South East Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia). Non-human Great ape populations are declining worldwide. The continuing destruction of habitat, in combination with the growth in the commercial bushmeat trade in Africa and increased logging activities in Indonesia, have led scientists to suggest that the majority of great ape populations may be extinct in our lifetime. Even if",
"title": "Great Apes Survival Partnership"
},
{
"id": "7439398",
"text": "Kilimanjaro National Park attracts hundreds of visitors each year, many of whom access the mountain from the coffee-growing town of Moshi. The mountains were discovered by Europeans in order of distance from the coast, which also happens to be in decreasing order of height. They were also explored and climbed in this order. Eastern Rift mountains The East African mountains are a mountain region in the African Great Lakes, within Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. The mountains are related to the East African Rift, and are in two chains, the Western Rift includes the",
"title": "Eastern Rift mountains"
},
{
"id": "436829",
"text": "Uganda Uganda ( ), officially the Republic of Uganda (), is a landlocked country (except for its borders with Lake Victoria and Lake Albert) in East-Central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but",
"title": "Uganda"
},
{
"id": "1896893",
"text": "typically included Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the \"big five\": the elephant, buffalo, lion, black rhinoceros, and leopard, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "14867727",
"text": "the source of the Nile. This was the only set issued by Uganda as a self-governing state. The first stamps of independent Uganda were issued on 9 October 1962. Uganda regularly issues both commemorative and definitive stamps. Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda. Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania.",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "346074",
"text": "is comparable in size to Burundi, Haiti and Albania. The entire country is at a high altitude: the lowest point is the Rusizi River at above sea level. Rwanda is located in Central/Eastern Africa, and is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, and Burundi to the south. It lies a few degrees south of the equator and is landlocked. The capital, Kigali, is located near the centre of Rwanda. The watershed between the major Congo and Nile drainage basins runs from north to south through Rwanda, with",
"title": "Rwanda"
},
{
"id": "1896892",
"text": "East Africa East Africa or Eastern Africa is the eastern region of the African continent, variably defined by geography. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 20 territories make up Eastern Africa: Due to colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term \"East Africa\" is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "345799",
"text": "Geography of Réunion Réunion is an island in Southern Africa, in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar. It is an overseas region of France. The total area of the island is 2,512 km², of which 10 km² is water. The island has a coastline of 207 km. The maritime claims of Réunion include an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles, and a territorial sea of . Reunion is geologically situated in the Somali plate. The climate in Réunion is tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation. The weather is cool and dry from May to November, and hot and rainy",
"title": "Geography of Réunion"
},
{
"id": "7346027",
"text": "the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In",
"title": "Françafrique"
},
{
"id": "1566265",
"text": "Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some",
"title": "Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "19411478",
"text": "Burundi and Rwanda. Emblem of the East African Community The emblem of the East African Community is the emblem used since 2008 by the East African Community, an intergovernmental organisation composed of six countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa. The emblem features a map of Lake Victoria with the member states Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda around it. This is surrounded by an industrial wheel with a leave arch on either side with the letters 'EAC' at the top. At the bottom of the emblem is a pictogram of a handshake. Below this is written",
"title": "Emblem of the East African Community"
},
{
"id": "1777416",
"text": "Ras Hafun, the easternmost place on the continent. The name \"Puntland\" is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned in ancient Egyptian sources, although the exact location of the fabled territory is still a mystery. Many studies suggest that the Land of Punt was located in Horn of Africa, separated from Somalia, whereas others propose that it was situated elsewhere. The Warsangali Sultanate was an imperial ruling house centred in northeastern and in some parts of southeastern Somalia. It was one of the largest sultanates ever established in the territory, and, at the height of its power, included the Sanaag",
"title": "Puntland"
},
{
"id": "676105",
"text": "widespread poaching Environment - international agreements: \"party to:\" \"signed, but not ratified:\" Geography - note: Uganda is one of six African states that lies on the equator. Most of Uganda is north of the equator. Uganda's population density is 172.44 person/km2. Uganda's mostly populated cities are located in the Central and Eastern regions of the country. Kampala is Uganda's most populated city, also it's national and commercial capital. It's population is around 1,353,189. Uganda Top 10 Cities (By Population) Uganda climate is a warm tropical place with temperatures around 25-29°C (77- 84°F). With the hottest days in December to February,",
"title": "Geography of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "362944",
"text": "Somalia Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Federal Republic of Somalia (; ; ), is a country with its territory located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. It is separated from Socotra by the Guardafui Channel in the northeast. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Climatically, hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and",
"title": "Somalia"
},
{
"id": "10160114",
"text": "to flooding and landslides that killed 10 people directly or indirectly. Two of the deaths occurred when a saturated cliff collapsed onto a coastal road. The final storm, Elia, dissipated on April 17 after previously entering from the Australian basin. Météo-France's meteorological office in Réunion (MFR) – the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the South-West Indian Ocean – tracked and named all tropical cyclones from the east coast of Africa to 90° E, and south of the equator. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that",
"title": "2005–06 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season"
},
{
"id": "98397",
"text": "to:\" Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands \"signed, but not ratified:\" Environmental Modification Geography: D.R. Congo is one of 6 African states that straddles the Equator; it's the largest African state that has the Equator passing through it. Very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is the only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense tropical rainforest in central river basin and eastern highlands. This is a list of the extreme points of the Democratic",
"title": "Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "6228581",
"text": "all African Union (AU) countries. Accession begins with an expression of interest in membership followed by the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the country and the APR Forum. 37 Member Countries Algeria Angola Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Republic of Niger Namibia Nigeria Republic of Congo Rwanda Sao Tome & Principe Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia The APRM has entered into special support agreements with partner institutions designated by the Forum as Strategic",
"title": "African Peer Review Mechanism"
},
{
"id": "11907801",
"text": "Djibouti Djibouti ( ; , ', , , officially the Republic of Djibouti) is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of . Djibouti has always been a very active member in the African Union and the Arab League. In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt and then the Kingdom of Aksum.",
"title": "Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "4218828",
"text": "East African Community The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organization composed of six countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. John Magufuli, the president of Tanzania, is the EAC's chairman. The organisation was founded in 1967, collapsed in 1977, and was revived on 7 July 2000. In 2008, after negotiations with the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the EAC agreed to an expanded free trade area including the member states of all three organizations. The EAC is",
"title": "East African Community"
},
{
"id": "10653475",
"text": "East African Federation The East African Federation (Swahili: \"Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki\") is a proposed political union of the six sovereign states of the East African CommunityBurundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Ugandaas a single federated sovereign state. In September 2018 a committee was formed to begin the process of drafting a regional constitution. At , the East African Federation would be the largest country in Africa and 10th-largest in the world. With a population of 178,978,883, it would also be the second most populous nation in Africa (after Nigeria) and eighth in the world. Its population would be",
"title": "East African Federation"
},
{
"id": "13440089",
"text": "plantation located east of Lake Victoria in British East Africa (now known as Kenya). The relocation likely takes place between the intervening books, \"The Son of Tarzan\" and \"Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar\". As the protagonist of \"Son\" enters Africa near the west coast, \"a little below the equator,\" the plantation shown therein is presumably the original one. In \"Jewels\", the plantation's proximity to the Belgian Congo is compatible with either location, but the intervention of Abyssinian soldiers from the north appears to indicate an east African setting. The prominent presence in both books of Arab raiders from the",
"title": "Waziri (fictional tribe)"
},
{
"id": "17741225",
"text": "or Taba airports valid for 15 days except for the citizens of the following 81 countries and territories: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, R Congo, DR Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, DPR Korea, R Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent",
"title": "Visa policy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "11775801",
"text": "eastern arm extends through the Gulf of Aden and connects to the Mid-Indian Ocean ridge further to the east. Both of these rifting arms are below sea level and are similar to a mid-ocean ridge. The third rifting arm runs south extending around 4000 km through the countries of Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi and, finally, Mozambique. This southern rifting arm is better known as the East African Rift or the East African Rift System (EARS), when it includes the Afar Triangle. A rift is the result of pulling apart or extension of",
"title": "Afar Triple Junction"
},
{
"id": "14235434",
"text": "require a visa to the following countries: <br> <br> The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. Many countries require passport validity of",
"title": "Visa requirements for Russian citizens"
},
{
"id": "10106686",
"text": "Time in Ethiopia The time zone in Ethiopia is East Africa Time (EAT) (UTC+03). The IANA time zone database identifier is \"Africa/Addis Ababa\". Almost all Ethiopians use a 12-hour clock, with one cycle of 1 to 12 from dawn to dusk, and the other cycle from dusk to dawn. Unlike the convention in most countries, the start of the day is dawn, rather than midnight. Thus, 7:00 AM in East Africa Time corresponds to 1:00 in daylight hours in local Ethiopian time. 12:00 noon EAT is 6:00 in daylight hours, and 6:00 PM EAT is 12:00 in local time. The",
"title": "Time in Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "14804239",
"text": "Africae in Lucem Producta\", engraved by Johann Baptist Homann and Frederick de Wit and published by Jacob von Sandrart in Nürnberg in 1702. The name Aethiopian was related to the fact that, historically, Africa west and south of Egypt was known as Aethiopia. Nowadays the classical use of the term has become obsolete. Also the nation of Ethiopia, then known as Abyssinia, is located nowhere near its namesake body of water but in the opposite eastern end of Africa which is much closer to Indian Ocean and its subset the Red Sea. Ancient Greek historians Diodorus and Palaephatus mentioned that",
"title": "Aethiopian Sea"
},
{
"id": "407752",
"text": "is the governing body for football in the country. Other popular sports include basketball, netball, boxing, volleyball, athletics, and rugby. Tanzania has a popular film industry known as Bongo Movie. Tanzania Tanzania (, ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania (), is a country in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in north-eastern",
"title": "Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "14863001",
"text": "B.A. ERITREA to reflect the change from British military to British civil administration. Stamps overprinted in this way were in use from 1942 to 1952. Between 1952 and 1991, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia and used the stamps of Ethiopia. The first stamps of independent Eritrea were those issued to mark the independence referendum in 1993. Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea. Eritrea is a country in the North East of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "14867725",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda. Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania. The first stamps used in Uganda were the 1890 issues of the British East Africa Company.",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "671304",
"text": "coral reefs; former home of the dodo, a large flightless bird related to pigeons, driven to extinction by the end of the 17th century through a combination of hunting and the introduction of predatory species notes: excludes Tromelin and other îles éparses This is a list of the extreme points of Mauritius, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Geography of Mauritius Mauritius is an island of Africa's southeast coast located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar. It is geologically located within the Somali plate. The local climate is tropical, modified by",
"title": "Geography of Mauritius"
},
{
"id": "1566392",
"text": "by reaching the last 10 African football teams in the last stage of qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Noted players include captain Adane Girma and top scorer Saladin Said. Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa's longest basketball tradition as it established a national basketball team in 1949. Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the",
"title": "Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "275385",
"text": "terrain of the reserve is primarily open grassland with seasonal riverlets. In the south-east region are clumps of the distinctive acacia tree. The western border is the Esoit (Siria) Escarpment of the East African Rift, which is a system of rifts some long, from Ethiopia's Red Sea through Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and into Mozambique. Wildlife tends to be most concentrated here, as the swampy ground means that access to water is always good, while tourist disruption is minimal. The easternmost border is from Nairobi, and hence it is the eastern regions which are most visited by tourists. Altitude: ; Rainfall:",
"title": "Maasai Mara"
},
{
"id": "363027",
"text": "in far higher than normal cases of respiratory infections, mouth ulcers and bleeding, abdominal haemorrhages and unusual skin infections among many inhabitants of the areas around the northeastern towns of Hobyo and Benadir on the Indian Ocean coast — diseases consistent with radiation sickness. UNEP adds that the current situation along the Somali coastline poses a very serious environmental hazard not only in Somalia, but also in the eastern Africa sub-region. Due to Somalia's proximity to the equator, there is not much seasonal variation in its climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Mean",
"title": "Somalia"
},
{
"id": "10653476",
"text": "greater than that of Russia, Japan and Mexico, and roughly half that of the United States. Swahili would be the lingua franca and the official language would be English. The proposed capital is the Tanzanian city of Arusha, which is close to the Kenyan border. Arusha is the current headquarters of the East African Community. The union's proposed currency would be the East African shilling, which according to a 2013 published report is slated to become the common currency of five of the six member countries by 2023. The GDP (PPP) estimate would be US$472.238 billion and be the fifth",
"title": "East African Federation"
},
{
"id": "346163",
"text": "rate was 588 francs to the United States dollar. Rwanda joined the East African Community in 2007 and there are plans for a common East African shilling, which has been hoped to be in place by 2015. Rwanda is a country of few natural resources, and the economy is based mostly on subsistence agriculture by local farmers using simple tools. An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 42.0% of GDP in 2010. Since the mid-1980s, farm sizes and food production have been decreasing, due in part to the resettlement of displaced people. Despite Rwanda's",
"title": "Economy of Rwanda"
},
{
"id": "14239460",
"text": "use ABTC to enter Mainland China, instead they are required to use Taiwan Compatriot Permits. The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.",
"title": "Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens"
},
{
"id": "17295779",
"text": "landform is considered an isolated outlier of the Ethiopian montane forest ecological zone, an important island of forest in a sea of semi-desert. Lake Assal (literally translated to \"honey lake\") is a crater lake in central-eastern Djibouti. It is a saline lake which lies 155 m (509 ft) below sea level in the Afar Triangle, making it the lowest point on land in Africa and the third lowest land depression on Earth after the Dead Sea and Sea of Galilee. There is no outflow from the lake and, due to high evaporation, the salinity level of its waters is ten",
"title": "Tourism in the Arab world"
},
{
"id": "7689955",
"text": "Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Philippines, China, Iraq, Lebanon and Yemen. African Countries: Uganda, Chad, Tanzania, Comoros, South Africa, Lesotho, South Sudan, Mozambique, Niger, Benin, Djibouti, Senegal, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Guinea Bissau, Guinea Conakry, Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Togo, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Egypt, Mauritania and Nigeria. European Countries: Germany, Switzerland, Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosova and Macedonia. South American Countries: Brazil. In the wake of the 9/11 destruction of the World Trade Centre twin towers, it was alleged that one of Osama bin-Laden's brothers-in-law (Mohammed Jamal Khalifa who was subsequently",
"title": "International Islamic Relief Organization"
},
{
"id": "363017",
"text": "Channel and Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It lies between latitudes 2°S and 12°N, and longitudes 41° and 52°E. Strategically located at the mouth of the Bab el Mandeb gateway to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, the country occupies the tip of a region that, due to its resemblance on the map to a rhinoceros' horn, is commonly referred to as the Horn of Africa. Somalia has the longest coastline on the mainland of Africa, with a seaboard that stretches . Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. The nation has",
"title": "Somalia"
},
{
"id": "407665",
"text": "Tanzania Tanzania (, ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania (), is a country in eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in north-eastern Tanzania. Some prehistoric population migrations into Tanzania include Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from Ethiopia; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000",
"title": "Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "6352800",
"text": "History of Somaliland The history of Somaliland, a region in the eastern horn of Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Aden, and the east African land mass, begins with human habitation tens of thousands of years ago. It includes the civilizations of Punt, the Ottomans, and colonial influences from Europe and the Middle East. Somaliland has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here a country formed by Maxamed Mahamoud Abdulkadir Mahamud Gurey. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in",
"title": "History of Somaliland"
},
{
"id": "18995041",
"text": "Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa), Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, the European Union, Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guinea, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and Yemen. India (54th member) signed this MoU on 9 March 2016. Other countries where species covered by the agreement occur include: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon,",
"title": "Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia"
},
{
"id": "5763052",
"text": "examine including requests for advisory opinion. As of 2018 February, eight state parties to the protocol had made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The eight states are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Altogether, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, and Uganda. The African Court",
"title": "African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights"
},
{
"id": "3368390",
"text": "27 February and performed repairs until 3 March when she put to sea for duty in the Indian Ocean. She reached the British outpost on Diego Garcia Island on 13 March and worked at that location for 16 days. On 29 March, \"Acadia\" headed for the east coast of Africa. She visited Mombasa, Kenya from 4 to 11 April, called at Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, between the 13 and 16 April, and paused overnight at Masirah, an island off the coast of Oman near the Horn of Africa, on 22 and 23 April. The destroyer tender returned to the",
"title": "USS Acadia (AD-42)"
},
{
"id": "382095",
"text": "Poland, a country of similar population size, publishes on the order of 10,000 papers per year. Sudan has a life expectancy of 64.5 years (62.9 for males and 66.1 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the World Bank. Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000. Sudan Sudan (, ; \"as-Sūdān\"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( \"Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān\"), is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the",
"title": "Sudan"
},
{
"id": "14239465",
"text": "of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. When in a non-EU country where there is no Swedish embassy, Swedish",
"title": "Visa requirements for Swedish citizens"
},
{
"id": "15228137",
"text": "great valley (occupied by Lake Nyasa, or Lake Malawi), the southern part of which is less distinct due to rifting and subsidence than the rest of the system. East African Plateau East African Plateau is a huge plateau in the eastern part of central Africa in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Its elevation is mostly between 1000 and 1500 metres. It is subdivided into a number of zones running north and south and consisting in turn of mountain ranges, tablelands and hollows. The most striking feature is the existence of two great lines of hollows, due largely to the subsidence of",
"title": "East African Plateau"
},
{
"id": "10628446",
"text": "(<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Sub-Saharan Africa and south-western Arabian Peninsula. Western Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo Eastern Africa: Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Yemen This is a monotypic species. Three subspecies are recognised by some authorities: \"C. i.",
"title": "Plain nightjar"
},
{
"id": "11277012",
"text": "South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone In the south-west Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones form south of the equator and west of 90° E to the coast of Africa. Each year, the Météo-France office (MFR) based on Réunion island issues warnings on tropical cyclones within the basin, which is defined as the waters of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa to 90° E, south of the equator. The agency issues the warnings as part of its role as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, designated as such in 1993 by the World Meteorological Organization. Intensities are estimated through the Dvorak technique,",
"title": "South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone"
},
{
"id": "983442",
"text": "the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following: Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "18442063",
"text": "that more than 1,000 individuals are resident in the Serengeti/Maasai Mara ecosystem of Tanzania and Kenya. Formerly widespread in East Africa, the East African cheetah lost a high percent of ranges and has gone extinct in three countries; the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (the North Kivu province and the South Kivu province), Rwanda and Burundi. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several cheetah type specimens from East Africa were described and proposed as subspecies: Other naturalists and zoologists also described cheetahs from other parts of East Africa that were all considered synonyms of \"A. j. raineyi\". In 2005,",
"title": "East African cheetah"
},
{
"id": "4682834",
"text": "Tanzania in southern East Africa. The architecture of these commercial urban settlements are now a subject of study for urban planning. For centuries the coastal settlements were a source of ivory, gold, and slaves, from sections of the conquered hinterland, to the Indian Ocean world. Geographers historically divided the eastern coast of Africa at large into several regions based on each region's respective inhabitants. Arab and Chinese sources referred to the general area that was located to the south of Al-Misr (Egypt), Al-Habasha (Abyssinia) and Barbara (Somalia) as \"Zanj\". \"Zanj\" (meaning the \"country of the blacks\"), also transliterated as Zenj",
"title": "Zanj"
},
{
"id": "613981",
"text": "Geography of Madagascar Madagascar is a large island in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of southern Africa, east of Mozambique. It is the fourth largest island in the world. The highest point is Maromokotro, in the Tsaratanana Massif region in the north of the island, at . The capital Antananarivo is in the Hauts Plateaux near the centre of the island. Madagascar has a total area of with of land and of water. Madagascar is 400 kilometres (250 miles) east of mainland Africa. Madagascar originated as part of the Gondwana supercontinent. Its west coast was formed when Africa",
"title": "Geography of Madagascar"
},
{
"id": "1900644",
"text": "\"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\", mentioned the island of \"Menuthias\" (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς) as a trading port on the east African coast, which is probably the small island of Unguja on which Zanzibar is located. The oldest proven archaeological site in the Southern Hemisphere is Sechin Bajo, located on the coast of northern Peru, and dates back to 3600 BCE. Sechin Bajo may also be the oldest site for monumental architecture in the Americas. Southern Hemisphere The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents (Antarctica, Australia,",
"title": "Southern Hemisphere"
},
{
"id": "98699",
"text": "situated at Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport and home to the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) of the U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM). In 2011, Japan also opened a local naval base staffed by 180 personnel to assist in marine defense. This initiative is expected to generate $30 million in revenue for the Djiboutian government. History of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somalia to the southeast, Eritrea and the Red Sea to the north and northeast, Ethiopia to the west and south, and the Gulf of Aden to the east.",
"title": "History of Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "11916736",
"text": "national cycling teams of both men and women are ranked first on the continent. In 2018, the men's team won African Continental Road Championship golden medal. In 2013, the women's team won the gold medal in the African Continental Cycling Championships for the first time, and for the second time in 2015. Eritrea was one of the few African countries to have been represented at 2018 Winter Olympic games by Eritrean-Canadian alpine skier Shannon-Ogbani Abeda. Eritrea Eritrea (; ), officially the State of Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered",
"title": "Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "1839714",
"text": "with 150 men disappeared without a trace. The fleet crossed the Equator on 9 April, and sailed westward as far as possible from the African continent in what was known as the \"volta do mar\" (literally \"turn of the sea\") navigational technique. Seaweed was sighted on 21 April, which led the sailors to believe that they were nearing the coast. They were proven correct the next afternoon, Wednesday 22 April 1500, when the fleet anchored near what Cabral christened the Monte Pascoal (\"Easter Mount\", it being the week of Easter). The spot is on the northeast coast of present-day Brazil.",
"title": "Pedro Álvares Cabral"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Kenya context: Kenya Kenya (; ), officially the Republic of Kenya (), is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift, covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and south-west, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers has a population of approximately 48 million. Kenya's capital\n\nName the East African country which lies on the equator.",
"compressed_tokens": 176,
"origin_tokens": 176,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda context: the source of the Nile. This was the only set issued by Uganda as a self-governing state. The first stamps of independent Uganda were issued on 9 October 1962. Uganda regularly issues both commemorative and definitive stamps. Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda. Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania.\n\n:a citizens contextTC Mainland, they required to Compatriot Permits The must be conjunction a pass has African, Angola Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali Mauritania, Niger Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone Uganda, Zambia all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other vaccination only if the passenger is coming from infected area\n\n: context – a coastline mostia' to sou pointul in South5\" is distance of approximatelyde,17°33'22 W, westernmost a of approximately Ras Hafun, 517'52\" E, theours Cape Guardui, tip the Horn of Africa. largest countryia Seelles an off east nation onland The. Theate is\n\ntitle: of wread po: \"ified states that lies theatorganda is north of the equator. Uganda's population density is 172.44 person/km2. Uganda's mostly populated cities are located in the Central and Eastern regions of the country. Kampala is Uganda's most populated city, also it's national and commercial capital. It's population is around 1,353,189. Uganda Top 10 Cities (By Population) Uganda climate is a warm tropical place with temperatures around 25-29°C (77- 84°F). With the hottest days in December to February,\n\nName the East African country which lies on the equator.",
"compressed_tokens": 499,
"origin_tokens": 14886,
"ratio": "29.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
161 | What are the two main arms of the River Nile called? | [
"Blue Nile and White Nile"
] | Blue Nile and White Nile | [
{
"id": "15975088",
"text": "civilization of ancient Egypt developed in the arid climate of northern Africa. This region is distinguished by the Arabian and Libyan deserts, and the River Nile. The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world, flowing northward from Lake Victoria and eventually emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile has two main tributaries: the Blue Nile which originates in Ethiopia, and the White Nile that flows from Rwanda. While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse, the Blue Nile actually carries about two thirds of the water volume of the river. The names",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian agriculture"
},
{
"id": "1624823",
"text": "White Nile The White Nile ( \"\") is a river in Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile; the other is the Blue Nile. The name comes from colouring due to clay carried in the water. In the strict meaning, \"White Nile\" refers to the river formed at Lake No, at the confluence of the Bahr al Jabal and Bahr el Ghazal Rivers. In the wider sense, \"White Nile\" refers to all the stretches of river draining from Lake Victoria through to the merger with the Blue Nile. These higher stretches being named the \"Victoria Nile\" (via",
"title": "White Nile"
},
{
"id": "290533",
"text": "Nile The Nile (, written as al-Nīl, pronounced as an-Nīl) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an \"international\" river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan. The river Nile has two major tributaries, the White",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "1624833",
"text": "north to Khartoum. Downstream from Malakal lies Kodok, the site of the 1898 Fashoda Incident that marked an end to the Scramble for Africa. In Sudan the river lends its name to the Sudanese state of White Nile, before merging with the larger Blue Nile at Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, and forming the River Nile. White Nile The White Nile ( \"\") is a river in Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile; the other is the Blue Nile. The name comes from colouring due to clay carried in the water. In the strict meaning, \"White",
"title": "White Nile"
},
{
"id": "290538",
"text": "of between the region of Lake Victoria and the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile is the longest river on the African continent. The drainage basin of the Nile covers , about 10% of the area of Africa. The Nile basin is complex, and because of this, the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather, diversions, evaporation and evapotranspiration, and groundwater flow. Above Khartoum, the Nile is also known as the White Nile, a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between Lake No and Khartoum. At Khartoum the river is",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "290547",
"text": "of Lake Nasser, the Nile resumes its historic course. North of Cairo, the Nile splits into two branches (or distributaries) that feed the Mediterranean: the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east, forming the Nile Delta. Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River, roughly halfway to the sea, which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana, and is around long. The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly. During the dry period of January to June, it typically dries up north of",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "16427899",
"text": "world. The Nile is the only significant source of water in North Africa and 40% of Africa’s population lives in the Nile River Basin. The Nile has two major tributaries: the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The White Nile is the longer of the two, rising in the Great Lakes Region of central Africa. Its most distant source is unknown, located in either Burundi or Rwanda. From there, it flows through Tanzania, Lake Victoria, Uganda, and South Sudan. The Blue Nile originates from Ethiopia’s Lake Tana, flowing into Sudan from the southeast. In total, Ethiopian headwaters provides 86% of",
"title": "Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa"
},
{
"id": "382161",
"text": "also has significant deposits of chromium ore, copper, iron ore, mica, silver, gold, tungsten, and zinc. The Nile is the dominant geographic feature of Sudan, flowing 3,000 kilometers from Uganda in the south to Egypt in the north. Most of the country lies within its catchment basin. The Blue Nile and the White Nile, originating in the Ethiopian highlands and the Central African lakes, respectively, join at Khartoum to form the Nile River proper that flows to Egypt. Other major tributaries of the Nile are the Bahr el Ghazal, Sobat, and Atbarah rivers. Sudan's total land area amounts to some",
"title": "Geography of Sudan"
},
{
"id": "1780063",
"text": "Lower Egypt Lower Egypt ( \"\") is the northernmost region of Egypt: the fertile Nile Delta, between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea — from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur. In ancient times, Pliny the Elder (N.H. 5.11) said that upon reaching the delta the Nile split into seven branches (from east to west): the Pelusiac, the Tanitic, the Mendesian, the Phatnitic, the Sebennytic, the Bolbitine, and the Canopic. Today there are two principal channels that the Nile takes through the river's delta: one in the west at Rashid and one in the east at Damietta. The",
"title": "Lower Egypt"
},
{
"id": "290536",
"text": "or \"phiaro\" (Bohairic), means \"the river\" (lit. p(h).iar-o \"the.canal-great\"), and comes from the same ancient name. In Egyptian Arabic, the Nile is called \"en-Nīl\" while in Standard Arabic it is called \"an-Nīl\". The river is also called in , \"P(h)iaro\"; in Ancient Egyptian: \"Ḥ'pī\" and \"Jtrw\"; and in Biblical Hebrew: , \"Ha-Ye'or\" or , \"Ha-Shiḥor\". The English name \"Nile\" and the Arabic names \"en-Nîl\" and \"an-Nîl\" both derive from the Latin ' and the Ancient Greek . Beyond that, however, the etymology is disputed. Hesiod at his \"Theogony\" refers that Nilus (Νεῖλος) was one of the Potamoi (river gods), son",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "231213",
"text": "Khartoum Khartoum (; ) () is the capital and largest city of Sudan. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile, flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as \"\"al-Mogran\"\" (; English: \"The Confluence\"). The main Nile continues to flow north towards Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. Divided by the two Rivers Nile, Khartoum is a tripartite metropolis with an estimated overall population of over five million people, consisting of Khartoum proper, and linked by bridges to Khartoum North (; ') and Omdurman",
"title": "Khartoum"
},
{
"id": "16427900",
"text": "Nile River waters. The two major tributaries meet near the Sudanese capital of Khartoum and flow north through Egypt and into the Mediterranean Sea. Access to key resources, mainly water, is a primary source of the Civil War in Sudan. Ecologically, Sudan is divided into a northern and southern region. The North is densely populated with Arab Muslims. Although the Nile flows through the northern part of Sudan, it is largely beyond the drainage basins of the feeder streams and rivers that consolidate themselves into the White and Blue Niles further to the south. The South is lightly populated, but",
"title": "Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa"
},
{
"id": "599979",
"text": "Nile stretched out with its several branches to form the Nile Delta. To the south was Upper Egypt, stretching to Aswan. The terminology \"Upper\" and \"Lower\" derives from the flow of the Nile from the highlands of East Africa northwards to the Mediterranean Sea. The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but each maintained its own regalia: the \"hedjet\" or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the \"deshret\" or Red Crown for Lower Egypt. Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the \"pschent\", a double crown, each",
"title": "Upper and Lower Egypt"
},
{
"id": "290534",
"text": "Nile and Blue Nile. The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself. The Blue Nile, however, is the source of most of the water and silt. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi. It flows north through Tanzania, Lake Victoria, Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast. The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "120281",
"text": "Foreign partners and shareholders may be involved in ownership of the desert land, provided Egyptians own at least 51% of the capital. \"Egypt\", wrote the Greek historian Herodotus 25 centuries ago, \"is the gift of the Nile.\" The land's seemingly inexhaustible resources of water and soil carried by this mighty river created in the Nile Valley and Delta the world's most extensive oasis. Without the Nile, Egypt would be little more than a desert wasteland. The river carves a narrow, cultivated floodplain, never more than 20 kilometers wide, as it travels northward toward Cairo from Lake Nasser on the Sudanese",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "2731467",
"text": "of the Nile Delta, it could be considered as one of the most data-poor regions with respect to sea level rise. From north to south, the delta is approximately in length. From west to east, it covers some of coastline. The delta is sometimes divided into sections, with the Nile dividing into two main distributaries, the Damietta and the Rosetta, flowing into the Mediterranean at port cities with the same name. In the past, the delta had several distributaries, but these have been lost due to flood control, silting and changing relief. One such defunct distributary is Wadi Tumilat. The",
"title": "Nile Delta"
},
{
"id": "4247273",
"text": "did not age. Howard's Hyborian epoch, described in his essay \"The Hyborian Age\", is a mythical time before any civilization known to anthropologists. Its setting is prehistoric Europe and North Africa (with occasional references to Asia and other continents). On a map Howard drew conceptualizing the Hyborian Age, his vision of the Mediterranean Sea is dry. The Nile, which he renamed the River Styx, takes a westward turn at right angles just beyond the Nile Delta, plowing through the mountains so as to be able to reach the Straits of Gibraltar. Although his Black Sea is also dry, his Caspian",
"title": "Hyborian Age"
},
{
"id": "2731470",
"text": "of years, and it has been intensively farmed for at least the last five thousand years. The Delta used to flood annually, but this ended with the construction of the Aswan Dam. Records from ancient times (such as by Pliny the Elder) show that the delta had seven distributaries or branches, (from east to west): There are now only two main branches, due to flood control, silting and changing relief: the Damietta (corresponding to the Phatnitic) to the east, and the Rosetta (corresponding to the Bolbitine) in the western part of the Delta. The Rosetta Stone was found in the",
"title": "Nile Delta"
},
{
"id": "2731466",
"text": "Nile Delta The Nile Delta ( ' or simply ') is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers of Mediterranean coastline and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo. The Nile Delta is an area of the world that lacks detailed ground truth data and monitoring stations. Despite the economic importance",
"title": "Nile Delta"
},
{
"id": "290582",
"text": "bridges cross from Omdurman: to Khartoum North: The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities Other bridges The following is an annotated bibliography of key written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile. 17th century 18th century 1800–1850 1850–1900 Nile The Nile (, written as al-Nīl, pronounced as an-Nīl) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an \"international\" river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely,",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "12221087",
"text": "at the end of the last ice age, broke its banks 12,500 years ago and flowed into Lake Albert creating a new river that cut north into the flatlands of Sudan where it joined by the sediment filled Blue Nile before following into the Egyptian desert where it gave birth to a civilisation 7,000 years later. Nile (TV series) Nile is a 2004 BBC Television documentary that tells the history and natural history of the Nile. The series was produced by the BBC Natural History Unit in co-production with the Discovery Channel. Episode three includes footage from the 1971 BBC",
"title": "Nile (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "290535",
"text": "of Khartoum. The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt, then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks. In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called \"Ḥ'pī\" or \"Iteru\" (Hapy), meaning \"river\". In Coptic, the word ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, pronounced \"piaro\" (Sahidic)",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "13872384",
"text": "continues down the gently sloped battlefield to the campsite and cityscape by the water, gravitating toward the mountainous rise at the scene's centre. Beyond is the Mediterranean Sea and the island of Cyprus. Here, a transition in hue is made, from the browns that prevail in the lower half of the painting to the aquas that saturate the upper half. The Nile River meanders in the far distance, emptying its seven arms into the Mediterranean at the Nile Delta. South of Cyprus is the Sinai Peninsula, which forms a land bridge between Africa and Southwest Asia. The Red Sea lies",
"title": "The Battle of Alexander at Issus"
},
{
"id": "1384174",
"text": "Blue Nile The Blue Nile (Ge'ez: ጥቁር ዓባይ \"Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy\" (Black Abay) to Ethiopians; ; transliterated: an-Nīl al-Azraq) is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. With the White Nile, it is one of the two major tributaries of the Nile. The Blue Nile supplies about 80% of the water in the Nile during the rainy season. The Blue Nile is so-called because floods during the summer monsoon erode a vast amount of fertile soil from the Ethiopian Highlands and carry it downstream as silt, turning the water dark brown or almost black. The distance of the river from",
"title": "Blue Nile"
},
{
"id": "290537",
"text": "of Oceanus and Tethys. Another derivation of \"Nile\" might be related to the term \"Nil\" (; ), which refers to Indigofera tinctoria, one of the original sources of indigo dye; or Nymphaea caerulea, known as \"The Sacred Blue Lily of the Nile\", which was found scattered over Tutankhamen’s corpse when it was located in 1922. Another possible etymology derives it from a Semitic \"Nahal\", meaning \"river\". The standard English names \"White Nile\" and \"Blue Nile\", to refer to the river's source, derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum. With a total length",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "12221082",
"text": "areas of cultivated land in Africa and it is washed downstream to the lake where pelicans gather to feed and weaver birds build papyrus nests. The Christian highland farmers beg the pagan river spirit Guion for mercy at times of great flood. Ancient Egyptians had heard rumours of Lake Tana but had no idea how important the Blue Nile that flows over the \"Smoking Fire Falls\" with its fertile volcanic soil was to their civilisation. From the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea runs the world’s longest river. Since the Egyptians first settled along its banks men have dreamt",
"title": "Nile (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "120202",
"text": "river and its seemingly inexhaustible sources. Without the topographic channel that permits the Nile to flow across the Sahara, Egypt would be entirely desert. The length within Egypt of the River Nile in its northwards course from three central African sources – the White Nile, the Blue Nile, and the Atbara – totals some 1,600 km. The White Nile, which begins at Lake Victoria in Uganda, supplies about 28% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. In its course from Lake Victoria to Juba in South Sudan, the White Nile's channel drops more than 600 m. In its 1,600-km course from Juba",
"title": "Geography of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "120209",
"text": "first century AD, seven branches of the Nile once ran through the delta. According to later accounts, the Nile had, by around the twelfth century, just six branches. Since then, nature and man have closed all but two main outlets: the east branch, Damietta (also seen as Dumyat; 240 km long), and the west branch, Rosetta (235 km long). Both outlets are named after the ports located at their respective mouths. A network of drainage and irrigation canals supplements these remaining outlets. In the north, near the coast, the Nile delta embraces a series of salt marshes and lakes, the",
"title": "Geography of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "12627974",
"text": "raise the water surface by erecting a dam (or, as the French called it, a barrage) across the apex of the Nile Delta, north of Cairo. In 1843 the foundations were laid for the two great barrages across the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile at the point where they divide north of Cairo. The project engineer was the French engineer Mougel Bey, whose objective was to regulate the entire hydraulic system of the Nile Delta. While initially unsuccessful, the two barrages would ultimately permit conversion of over of the Nile Delta from seasonal basin irrigation to perennial irrigation;",
"title": "Egyptian Public Works"
},
{
"id": "14709245",
"text": "2015.Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,2016 and 2017 in its current format. a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria Falls are not connected contrary to some reports. The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and runs south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls",
"title": "Victoria Cup (rugby union)"
},
{
"id": "231234",
"text": "as the Blue Nile Sailing Club, the German Club, the Greek Hotel, the Coptic Club, the Syrian Club and the International Club. There are also two football clubs situated in Khartoum – Al Khartoum SC and Al Ahli Khartoum. Khartoum Khartoum (; ) () is the capital and largest city of Sudan. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile, flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as \"\"al-Mogran\"\" (; English: \"The Confluence\"). The main Nile continues to flow north towards Egypt and",
"title": "Khartoum"
},
{
"id": "1384189",
"text": "zones, regions known for bandits, and encountered multiple hazards and rapids. Blue Nile The Blue Nile (Ge'ez: ጥቁር ዓባይ \"Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy\" (Black Abay) to Ethiopians; ; transliterated: an-Nīl al-Azraq) is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. With the White Nile, it is one of the two major tributaries of the Nile. The Blue Nile supplies about 80% of the water in the Nile during the rainy season. The Blue Nile is so-called because floods during the summer monsoon erode a vast amount of fertile soil from the Ethiopian Highlands and carry it downstream as silt, turning the water",
"title": "Blue Nile"
},
{
"id": "290539",
"text": "joined by the Blue Nile. The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia. Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift. The source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria, but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size. The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba, is the longest feeder, although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile itself. It is either the Ruvyironza,",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "631577",
"text": "a free trade Agreement (GAFTA) is to be completed by 1 January 2008, making 95% of all Arab Products tax free of customs. The Arab League is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East being entirely connected by air, sea, roads and railways. Another part of the League is the Nile Valley, made up of Egypt and Sudan. These two member states have started to improve the River Nile's navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading. A new railway system is also set to connect the southern Egyptian",
"title": "Arab League"
},
{
"id": "290569",
"text": "Liverpool sent an iron steamer to the Nile in the 1830s. With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Egypt in the 1870s, more British river steamers followed. The Nile is the area's natural navigation channel, giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer. The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose-built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city. After this came regular steam navigation of the river. With British Forces in Egypt in the First World War and the inter-war years, river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "1384180",
"text": "the Nile Valley and the consequent rise of Ancient Egypt and Egyptian mythology. With the completion in 1970 of the Aswan Dam in Egypt, the Nile floods ended for lower Egypt. The Blue Nile is vital to the livelihood of Egypt. The Blue Nile, the most significant tributary of the Nile, contributes more than half of the Nile's streamflow. Though shorter than the White Nile, 59% of the water that reaches Egypt originates from the Blue Nile branch of the great river. The river is also an important resource for Sudan, where the Roseires Dam and Sennar Dams produce 80%",
"title": "Blue Nile"
},
{
"id": "12221078",
"text": "and fertile volcanic soil that made the Ancient Egyptian civilisation possible, but impassable rapids made it impossible for them to discover the source of this bounty they attributed to the gods. The river stretches into Sudan through a forbidding desert known as the \"Belly of Stones\" that was home to the \"Black Pharaohs\" of the Nubian kingdom of Kush who once ruled over their Egyptian neighbours. The Blue and White Niles merge in the \"Longest Kiss in History\" at the crossroad city of Khartoum. The White Nile flows through the impenetrable swamps of the Sudd where shifting islands of papyrus",
"title": "Nile (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16427898",
"text": "the military. The result is, that more than 33% of the water supplied to the Palestinian territories \"leaks from internal pipelines\". Both sides contest that the laws established in Oslo are no longer being followed. As the Palestinian population is not allocated enough water, the work of the Joint Water Commission can be considered as insufficient. The Nile River is an international water basin, running through 10 different sovereign nations. The Nile runs through Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Egypt and is considered to be the longest river in the",
"title": "Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa"
},
{
"id": "2731477",
"text": "delta, there has been a tremendous human effect internally with the rise of fisheries, the increased salt production, the building of roads, the heightened agricultural production, and the natural increase in human population in the region. Large cities located in the Nile Delta: Nile Delta The Nile Delta ( ' or simply ') is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers of Mediterranean coastline and is",
"title": "Nile Delta"
},
{
"id": "15975089",
"text": "of the tributaries derive from the color of the water that they carry. The tributaries come together in Khartoum and branches again when it reaches Egypt, forming the Nile delta. The Egyptians took advantage of the natural cyclical flooding pattern of the Nile. Because this flooding happened fairly predictably, the Egyptians were able to develop their agricultural practices around it. The water levels of the river would rise in August and September, leaving the floodplain and delta submerged by 1.5 meters of water at the peak of flooding. This yearly flooding of the river is known as inundation. As the",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian agriculture"
},
{
"id": "12221083",
"text": "of discovering where the Nile was born, but for centuries the river kept its secrets close. The obsession grew and by the mid-19th century some were prepared to risk their lives to be the first to discover the source of the Nile. Nomads first settled along the banks of the Nile around 5000 BC and replenished by annual floodwaters grew into the Ancient Egyptian civilisation but the source of the miraculous waters remained a mystery to them. The Royal Geographical Society dispatched Richard Burton and John Speke to Lake Tanganyika to find the source in 1857 but unable to complete",
"title": "Nile (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "11473212",
"text": "Bahr el Zeraf The Bahr el Zeraf (, also spelt Bahr az-Zaraf, Bahr ez Zeraf, and Baḩr az Zarāf), or Zeraf River in the English language, is an arm of the White Nile in the Sudd region of South Sudan. It is completely contained within the South Sudanese state of Jonglei. Its name is Arabic for \"Giraffe River\". The Bahr el Zeraf forms in the southern Sudd wetlands as an arm of the Bahr al Jabal (\"Mountain Nile\") section of the White Nile. A pair of man-made canals known as the Zeraf Cuts were dug in 1910 and 1913 to",
"title": "Bahr el Zeraf"
},
{
"id": "10102376",
"text": "Water politics in the Nile Basin The Nile river is subject to political interactions. It is the world's longest river flowing 6,700 kilometers through ten countries in northeastern Africa – Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt with varying climates. Considering the basin area of the Nile, Sudan has the largest size (1.9 million km²) whereas, of the four major tributaries to the Nile, three originate from Ethiopia – the Blue Nile, Sobat and Atbara. The modern history of hydropolitics in the Nile basin is very complex and has had",
"title": "Water politics in the Nile Basin"
},
{
"id": "120203",
"text": "to Khartoum, Sudan's capital, the river descends just 75 m. In South Sudan, the White Nile passes through the Sudd, a wide, flat plain covered with swamp vegetation and slows almost to the point of stagnation. The Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, provides on average some 58% of the Nile's Egyptian waters. This river has a steeper gradient and therefore flows more swiftly than the White Nile, which it joins at Khartoum. Unlike the White Nile, the Blue Nile carries a considerable amount of sediment. For several kilometres north of Khartoum, water closer to the eastern",
"title": "Geography of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "302267",
"text": "a Berber language, in which \"gher\" means \"watercourse\", confusion could easily arise. Pliny connected these two rivers as one long watercourse which flowed (via lakes and underground sections) into the Nile, a notion which persisted in the Arab and European worlds – and further added the Senegal River as the \"Ger\" – until the 19th century. The connection to the Nile River was made not simply because this was then known as the great river of \"Aethiopia\" (by which all lands south of the desert were called by Classical writers), but because the Nile flooded every summer. In Europe and",
"title": "Niger River"
},
{
"id": "16111641",
"text": "have been the first of the ancient kings to try), but he found that the sea was higher than the land. So he first, and Darius afterwards, stopped making the canal, lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it. 165. Next comes the Tyro tribe and, on the Red Sea, the harbour of the Daneoi, from which Sesostris, king of Egypt, intended to carry a ship-canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta; this is a distance of over 60 miles. Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea, and",
"title": "Ancient Egyptian trade"
},
{
"id": "120319",
"text": "The road network has expanded rapidly to over , covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta, Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts, the Sinai, and the Western oases. In addition to overseas routes, Egypt Air provides reliable domestic air service to major tourist destinations from its Cairo hub. The Nile River system (about .) and the principal canals (1,600 km.) are used for local transportation. The Suez Canal is a major waterway for international commerce and navigation, linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. It is run by the Suez Canal Authority, headquartered in Port Said. The ministry of transportation, along with",
"title": "Economy of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "5809432",
"text": "where he recounts the exploits of the British trying to return to the Sudan between 1896 and 1898, after they were forced to leave in 1885. Cataracts of the Nile The Cataracts of the Nile are shallow lengths (or white water rapids) of the Nile River, between Aswan and Khartoum, where the surface of the water is broken by many small boulders and stones jutting out of the river bed, as well as many rocky islets. In some places, these stretches are punctuated by whitewater, while at others the water flow is smoother, but still shallow. Counted going upstream (from",
"title": "Cataracts of the Nile"
},
{
"id": "852011",
"text": "and the Massif Central. At Arles, the Rhône divides into two major arms forming the Camargue delta, both branches flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, the delta being termed the Rhône Fan. The larger arm is called the \"Grand Rhône\", the smaller the \"Petit Rhône\". The average annual discharge at Arles is . The Rhône has been an important highway since the times of the Greeks and Romans. It was the main trade route from the Mediterranean to east-central Gaul. As such, it helped convey Greek cultural influences to the western Hallstatt and the later La Tène cultures. Celtic tribes living",
"title": "Rhône"
},
{
"id": "5424515",
"text": "Dahabeah A dahabeah, also spelled dahabeeyah, dahabiah, dahabiya, dahabiyah and dhahabiyya, as well as dahabiyeh and dahabieh (Arabic ذهبية /ðahabīya/), is a passenger boat used on the River Nile in Egypt. The term is normally used to describe a shallow-bottomed, barge-like vessel with two or more sails. The vessels have been around in one form or another for thousands of years, with similar craft being depicted on the walls of the tombs of Egyptian Pharaohs. Indeed, the name derives from the Arabic word for \"gold\", owing to similar, gilded state barges used by the Muslim rulers of Egypt in the",
"title": "Dahabeah"
},
{
"id": "302257",
"text": "Niger River The Niger River (; , ) is the principal river of West Africa, extending about . Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. It runs in a crescent through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta or the Oil Rivers, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River (also known as the Zaïre River). Its main tributary",
"title": "Niger River"
},
{
"id": "6792165",
"text": "navy received ships in the 1980s from China and other, western, sources. In 1989, the Egyptian Navy had 18,000 personnel as well as 2,000 personnel in the Coast Guard. Egypt has had a navy since Ancient Egyptian times. The Ancient Egyptian Navy was a vital part of the military of ancient Egypt, helping to transport troops along the Nile River and fighting many battles such as the Battle of the Delta against the Sea Peoples. The Ancient Egyptian Navy imported many of their ships from countries such as the Kingdom of Cyprus. Several Ancient Egyptian solar ships are still present",
"title": "Egyptian Navy"
},
{
"id": "2468781",
"text": "confluence but is \"in a location that is the farthest, along water miles, from where that river ends.\" Under this definition neither a lake (excepting lakes with no inflows) nor a confluence of tributaries can be a true river source, though both often provide the starting point for the portion of a river carrying a single name. For example, National Geographic and virtually every other geographic authority and atlas define the source of the Nile River not as Lake Victoria's outlet where the name \"Nile\" first appears, which would reduce the Nile's length by over (dropping it to fourth or",
"title": "River source"
},
{
"id": "2037630",
"text": "which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall and span length. They were most of the time at least 2 metres above the body of water. An example of temporary military bridge construction are the two Caesar's Rhine bridges. Roman engineers built stone arch or stone pillar bridges over all major rivers of their \"Imperium\", save two: the Euphrates which lay at the frontier to the rival Persian empires, and the Nile, the longest river in the world, which was 'bridged' as late as 1902 by the British Old Aswan",
"title": "Roman bridge"
},
{
"id": "17799534",
"text": "of 22°), and longitudes 21° and 39°E. The terrain is generally flat plains, broken by several mountain ranges; in the west the Jebel Marra is the highest range; in the south is the highest mountain, Mount Kinyeti Imatong (), near the border with Uganda; in the east are the Red Sea Hills. The Blue and White Nile rivers meet in Khartoum to form the River Nile, which flows northwards through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. The Blue Nile's course through the Sudans is nearly long and is joined by the Dinder and Rahad Rivers between Sennar and Khartoum. The White",
"title": "The Sudans"
},
{
"id": "18378",
"text": "outer ranges. The main drainage of the continent is to the north and west, or towards the basin of the Atlantic Ocean. To the main African rivers belong: Nile (the longest river of Africa), Congo (river with the highest water discharge on the continent) and the Niger, which flows half of its length through the arid areas. The largest lakes are the following: Lake Victoria (Lake Ukerewe), Lake Chad, in the centre of the continent, Lake Tanganyika, lying between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia. There is also the considerably large Lake Malawi stretching along the eastern",
"title": "Geography of Africa"
},
{
"id": "1384179",
"text": "Cha, Shita, Suha, Muga, Gulla, Temcha, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter and the Beles. After flowing past Er Roseires inside Sudan, and receiving the Dinder on its right bank at Dinder, the Blue Nile joins the White Nile at Khartoum and, as the Nile, flows through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea at Alexandria. The flow of the Blue Nile reaches maximum volume in the rainy season (from June to September), when it supplies 70-80% of the water of the Nile proper. The Blue Nile was a major source of the flooding of the Nile that contributed to the fertility of",
"title": "Blue Nile"
},
{
"id": "11522615",
"text": "to the border of the Central African Republic and northwest to the Darfur region. The river was first mapped in 1772 by French geographer Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, although it was vaguely known to early Greek geographers. Bahr el Ghazal River The Bahr el Ghazal (بحر الغزال) (also spelled Bahr al Ghazal and Baḩr al Ghazāl) is a river in South Sudan. The name translates as \"sea of gazelles\" from Arabic. The South Sudanese region of Bahr el Ghazal takes its name from the river. The Bahr el Ghazal is the main western tributary of the Nile. It is long, flowing",
"title": "Bahr el Ghazal River"
},
{
"id": "813177",
"text": "a European in 1858 when the British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while on his journey with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the Great Lakes. Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this \"vast expanse of open water\" for the first time, Speke named the lake after Queen Victoria. Burton, who had been recovering from illness at the time and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to have been the true source of the Nile River,",
"title": "Lake Victoria"
},
{
"id": "290556",
"text": "of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history. The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile, the Atbara and the Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times. Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods (66 million to 2.588 million years ago) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System: Mellut rift, White Nile rift, Blue Nile rift, Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift. The Mellut",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "382049",
"text": "Nile rivers meet in Khartoum to form the Nile, which flows northwards through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea. The Blue Nile's course through Sudan is nearly long and is joined by the Dinder and Rahad Rivers between Sennar and Khartoum. The White Nile within Sudan has no significant tributaries. There are several dams on the Blue and White Niles. Among them are the Sennar and Roseires Dams on the Blue Nile, and the Jebel Aulia Dam on the White Nile. There is also Lake Nubia on the Sudanese-Egyptian border. Rich mineral resources are available in Sudan including asbestos, chromite, cobalt,",
"title": "Sudan"
},
{
"id": "813141",
"text": "Lake Victoria Lake Victoria (' in Luo; ' in Uganda; \"\" in Kinyarwanda and some Bantu languages) is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, the first Briton to document it. Speke accomplished this in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton to locate the source of the Nile River. With a surface area of approximately , Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropical lake, and the world's second largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior in North",
"title": "Lake Victoria"
},
{
"id": "3679362",
"text": "be to infill sites, or the material can be used constructively to replenish eroded sand that has been lost to coastal erosion, or constructively create sea-walls, building land or whole new landforms such as viable islands in coral atolls. Ancient authors refer to habour dredging. The seven arms of the Nile were channelled and wharfs built at the time of the pyramids (4000 BC), there was extensive harbour building in the eastern Mediterranean from 1000 BC and the disturbed sediment layers gives evidence of dredging. At Marseille, dredging phases are recorded from the third century BC onwards, the most extensive",
"title": "Dredging"
},
{
"id": "400715",
"text": "Darius afterwards, stopped making the canal, lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it. Strabo wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal, and Pliny the Elder wrote: 165. Next comes the Tyro tribe and, the harbour of the Daneoi, from which Sesostris, king of Egypt, intended to carry a ship-canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta; this is a distance of over 60 miles. Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea, and yet again Ptolemy II, who made a trench 100 feet wide, 30 feet deep and",
"title": "Suez Canal"
},
{
"id": "18380",
"text": "rivers including the Congo, Niger, Nile, Orange, Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The upper Nile receives its chief supplies from the mountainous region adjoining the Central African trough in the neighborhood of the equator. From there, streams pour eastward into Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa (covering over 26,000 square m.), and to the west and north into Lake Edward and Lake Albert. To the latter of these, the effluents of the other two lakes add their waters. Issuing from there, the Nile flows northward, and between the latitudes of 7 and 10 degrees north it traverses a vast marshy",
"title": "Geography of Africa"
},
{
"id": "5809427",
"text": "Cataracts of the Nile The Cataracts of the Nile are shallow lengths (or white water rapids) of the Nile River, between Aswan and Khartoum, where the surface of the water is broken by many small boulders and stones jutting out of the river bed, as well as many rocky islets. In some places, these stretches are punctuated by whitewater, while at others the water flow is smoother, but still shallow. Counted going upstream (from north to south): The word cataract is a Greek word καταρρέω (\"to flow down\") although the original Greek term was Κατάδουποι(, οἱ - only masculine plural",
"title": "Cataracts of the Nile"
},
{
"id": "11484831",
"text": "British in Alexandria during World War II, achieved international success with the publication of The Alexandria Quartet (1957–1960). History of Alexandria The history of Alexandria dates back to the city's founding, by Alexander the Great, in 331 BC. Yet, before that, there were some big port cities just east of Alexandria, at the western edge of what is now Abu Qir Bay. The Canopic (westernmost) branch of the Nile Delta still existed at that time, and was widely used for shipping. After its foundation, Alexandria became the seat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, and quickly grew to be one of the",
"title": "History of Alexandria"
},
{
"id": "12770153",
"text": "Pyramid.J. H. Breasted posited that this early trade relationship could have been realized through overland trade down the Nile and its tributaries (i.e. the Blue Nile and Atbara). The Greek historian and geographer Agatharchides had documented seafaring among the early Egyptians: \"During the prosperous period of the Old Kingdom, between the 30th and 25th centuries B. C., the river-routes were kept in order, and Egyptian ships sailed the Red Sea as far as the myrrh-country.\" The first known voyage to Punt occurred in the 25th century BC under the reign of Pharaoh Sahure. The most famous expedition to Punt, however,",
"title": "History of Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "302260",
"text": "the Niger River and visited the great Sahelian empires of his day, that Europeans correctly identified the course of the Niger and extended the name to its entire course. The modern nations of Nigeria and Niger take their names from the river, marking contesting national claims by colonial powers of the \"Upper\", \"Lower\" and \"Middle\" Niger river basin during the Scramble for Africa at the end of the 19th century. The Niger River is a relatively \"clear\" river, carrying only a tenth as much sediment as the Nile because the Niger's headwaters lie in ancient rocks that provide little silt.",
"title": "Niger River"
},
{
"id": "10102384",
"text": "share the river – Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo with Eritrea as an observer. During the colonial period, Britain effectively controlled the Nile through its military presence in Africa. Since Sudanese independence, Sudan has renegotiated with Egypt over the use of the Nile waters. The 1959 agreement between Sudan and Egypt allocated the entire average annual flow of the Nile to be shared among the Sudan and Egypt at 18.5 and 55.5 billion cubic meters respectively, but ignored the rights to water of the remaining eight Nile countries. Ethiopia contributes 80%",
"title": "Water politics in the Nile Basin"
},
{
"id": "11522613",
"text": "Bahr el Ghazal River The Bahr el Ghazal (بحر الغزال) (also spelled Bahr al Ghazal and Baḩr al Ghazāl) is a river in South Sudan. The name translates as \"sea of gazelles\" from Arabic. The South Sudanese region of Bahr el Ghazal takes its name from the river. The Bahr el Ghazal is the main western tributary of the Nile. It is long, flowing through the Sudd wetlands to Lake No, where it joins the White Nile. The Bahr al Ghazal's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile's sub-basins, measuring 520,000 km² (200,800 mi²) in size, but",
"title": "Bahr el Ghazal River"
},
{
"id": "8090051",
"text": "by water. However, he definitely disagreed with his predecessors and contemporaries about its presumed circular shape. He based his theory on the story of Pharaoh Necho II, the ruler of Egypt between 609 and 594 BC, who had sent Phoenicians to circumnavigate Africa. Apparently, it took them three years, but they certainly did prove his idea. He speculated that the Nile River started as far west as the Ister River in Europe and cut Africa through the middle. He was the first writer to assume that the Caspian Sea was separated from other seas and he recognised northern Scythia as",
"title": "History of cartography"
},
{
"id": "9243637",
"text": "in the Ptolemaic period under Ptolemy II, when Greek engineers solved the problem of overcoming the difference in height through canal locks. Probably first cut or at least begun by Necho II, in the late 6th century BC, Darius the Great either re-dug or completed it. Classical sources disagree as to when it was finally completed. Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions comprise five Egyptian monuments, including the Chalouf Stele, commemorate the construction and completion of the canal linking the Nile River with the Red Sea by Darius I of Persia. They were located along the Darius Canal through the valley",
"title": "Canal of the Pharaohs"
},
{
"id": "290578",
"text": "African national Hendrik Coetzee, navigated the White Nile's entire length of approximately . The expedition began at the White Nile's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda, on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta, four and a half months later. On the 30th of April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee, following again in the footsteps of John Goddard, navigated the major remote source of the White Nile, the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province, Burundi, and ends at Lake Victoria, Uganda. In April 2006, the",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "11651983",
"text": "then conclude that you can go motor racing with less investment than golfing (all the cars, including race modifications, costs less than £2000, whereas golf costs more than that). Winner: Hammond \"Series Nineteen, Episode Six and Seven\" The three were given a budget of £1,500 to buy a second hand estate car in Britain which they would then be using to find the source of the River Nile in Africa. Jeremy bought a 1999 BMW 528i, James a 1996 Volvo 850 R and Hammond a 2002 Subaru Impreza WRX. The Backup car was a 1998 Ford Scorpio,a car loathed by",
"title": "Top Gear challenges"
},
{
"id": "290571",
"text": "ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil, fundamentally changing farming practices. The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks, enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara. The rivers's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile, which are sections of faster-flowing water with many small islands, shallow water, and rocks, which form an obstacle to navigation by boats. The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow, to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize (the Jonglei",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "15670084",
"text": "This is the \"western Nile\" described by Arabic sources, notably the geographers al-Bakri and al-Idrisi. The western Nile is essentially the Senegal River and the Niger River, which were long assumed to be connected to each other, flowing through the gold-producing heart of the Mali Empire. The Pizzigani brothers called it the \"Palolus\" river, and place its source at a large lake in the \"Mountains of the Moon\" in the east (from which the Egyptian Nile was also believed to stem). The Pizzigani show the river running west, pouring into the Atlantic Ocean somewhere south of \"Caput finis Gozola\" (Cape",
"title": "Domenico and Francesco Pizzigano"
},
{
"id": "9243643",
"text": "Mountains transhipping on the Caspian Sea and thence to India. During his Egyptian expedition, Napoleon found the canal in 1799. Canal of the Pharaohs The Canal of the Pharaohs, also called the Ancient Suez Canal or Necho's Canal, is the forerunner of the Suez Canal, constructed in ancient times. It followed a different course than its modern counterpart, by linking the Nile to the Red Sea via the Wadi Tumilat. Work began under the Pharaohs. According to Suez Inscriptions and Herodotus, the first opening of the canal was under Persian king Darius the Great, but later ancient authors like Aristotle,",
"title": "Canal of the Pharaohs"
},
{
"id": "11736785",
"text": "rhinoceros. The compartment depicted local crops and the waters of the River Nile with a scroll bearing the motto \"JUSTICE, EQUALITY, DIGNITY\". Coat of arms of South Sudan The coat of arms of the Republic of South Sudan consists of an escutcheon with the tincture or (gold). The supporter is an African fish eagle holding a crossed spear and spade, symbolizing the people’s resolve to protect the sovereignty of their republic and work hard to feed it, described in some press accounts as a shield and two spears. The eagle is depicted as looking towards its right shoulder with wings",
"title": "Coat of arms of South Sudan"
},
{
"id": "6742511",
"text": "Alexandria Port The Port of Alexandria is on the West Verge of the Nile Delta between the Mediterranean Sea and Mariut Lake in Alexandria, Egypt and is considered the second most important city and the main port in Egypt. It handles over three quarters of Egypt’s foreign trade. Alexandria port consists of two harbours (East and West) separated by a T-shaped peninsula. The East harbour is shallow and is not navigable by large vessels. The West harbour is used for commercial shipping. The harbour is formed by two converging breakwaters. Alexandria Port is one of the oldest ports in the",
"title": "Alexandria Port"
},
{
"id": "12329051",
"text": "Wadi Tumilat Wadi Tumilat (Old Egyptian Tjeku/Tscheku/Tju/Tschu) is the dry river valley (wadi) to the east of the Nile delta. In prehistoric times, it was a distributary of the Nile. It starts from the area of modern Ismaïlia and continues from there to the west. In ancient times, this was a major communication artery for caravan trade between Egypt and points to the east. The Canal of the Pharaohs was built there. A little water still flows along the wadi. The Arabic name 'Wadi Tumilat' is believed to reflect the existence in the area, in ancient times, of an important",
"title": "Wadi Tumilat"
},
{
"id": "813145",
"text": "lake near Jinja, Uganda. In terms of contributed water, this makes Lake Victoria the principal source of the longest branch of the Nile. However, the most distal source of the Nile Basin, and therefore the ultimate source of the Nile, is more often considered to be one of the tributary rivers of the Kagera River (the exact tributary remains undetermined), and which originates in either Rwanda or Burundi. The uppermost section of the Nile is generally known as the Victoria Nile until it reaches Lake Albert. Although it is a part of the same river system known as the White",
"title": "Lake Victoria"
},
{
"id": "290546",
"text": "north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed. Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell, the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south-west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert. At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the 'S'-shaped Great Bend of the Nile already mentioned by Eratosthenes. In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser (known in Sudan as Lake Nubia), the larger part of which is in Egypt. Below the Aswan High Dam, at the northern limit",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "12052203",
"text": "initially superior Carthaginian seamanship and ships. Egyptian naval warfare goes back millennia with the use of river vessels and ships on the Nile, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Three types of boats are documented in the Pre-Dynastic period: papyrus, ceremonial, and war canoes. Papyrus style craft are still found in Africa, such as in Lake Tana in Ethiopia and some waterways of Chad. The war canoes were the most important manifestations of naval forces during this early period. They were typically a long, thin shape with two rows of paddlers, papyrus shelters in the middle and steering oar in",
"title": "African military systems to 1800"
},
{
"id": "18747059",
"text": "Levison Wood Major Levison James Wood (born 5 May 1982) is a British Army officer and explorer. He is best known for his extended walking expeditions in Africa, Asia, and Central America; over the course of nine months, from 2013-2014, he undertook the first ever expedition to walk the entire length of the river Nile from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda, beginning in December 2013. The expedition was commissioned as a four-part documentary series for Channel 4 in the UK. He also wrote \"The Sunday Times\" bestselling book detailing the expedition, \"Walking the Nile\". In 2015, he walked the length of",
"title": "Levison Wood"
},
{
"id": "12221072",
"text": "Nile (TV series) Nile is a 2004 BBC Television documentary that tells the history and natural history of the Nile. The series was produced by the BBC Natural History Unit in co-production with the Discovery Channel. Episode three includes footage from the 1971 BBC Television mini-series \"The Search for the Nile\". \"The Times\" calls it an, \"enlightening BBC series,\" that, \"uses stunning photography and restrained dramatisations to pay homage to the longest river on Earth.\" The reviewer concludes, \"never mind the cardboard dramatisations — this is an heroic story.\" Since the dawn of history the miraculous annual floodwaters have risen",
"title": "Nile (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "8205898",
"text": "Flooding of the Nile The flooding of the Nile () has been an important natural cycle in Egypt since ancient times. It is celebrated by Egyptians as an annual holiday for two weeks starting August 15, known as \"Wafaa El-Nil\". It is also celebrated in the Coptic Church by ceremonially throwing a martyr's relic into the river, hence the name, The Martyr's Finger (, ). Ancient Egyptians believed that the Nile flooded every year because of Isis's tears of sorrow for her dead husband, Osiris. The flooding of the Nile is the result of the yearly monsoon between May and",
"title": "Flooding of the Nile"
},
{
"id": "382261",
"text": "to return to Canada, as he became the target for warring political factions, opponents of the World Bank, UNHCF, and other contributors of aid. There were repeated attempts by the Lord's Resistance Army to capture, and kidnap, Churchill. He escaped Sudan wrapped in a roll of carpet in the back of a pickup. 4,068 km navigable The Nile River, traversing Sudan from south to north, provides an important inland transportation route. However, its overall usefulness has been limited by natural features, including a number of cataracts on the main Nile between Khartoum and the Egyptian border. The White Nile to",
"title": "Transport in Sudan"
},
{
"id": "55555",
"text": "Battle of the Nile The Battle of the Nile (also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay; ) was a major naval battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the Navy of the French Republic at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast off the Nile Delta of Egypt from 1 to 3 August 1798. The battle was the climax of a naval campaign that had raged across the Mediterranean during the previous three months, as a large French convoy sailed from Toulon to Alexandria carrying an expeditionary force under General Napoleon Bonaparte. The British fleet was led in the",
"title": "Battle of the Nile"
},
{
"id": "19907850",
"text": "In Northern Africa \"Alestes baremoze\" was formerly distributed along the whole of the River Nile in Egypt, including the Nile Delta lakes, Rosetta Branch and Lower Nile, but it has now been confined to the upper Nile after the construction of the Aswan High Dam, and no longer occurs in northern Egypt. \"Alestes baremoze\" occurs in the Bahr el Ghazal River and Bahr el Jebel systems; the White and Blue Niles in Sudan, north to Lake Nasser. It has also been recorded in Ethiopia's Baro River. It is widespread in West Africa in the basins of Chad, Niger, Volta, Comoé,",
"title": "Alestes baremoze"
},
{
"id": "290548",
"text": "Khartoum. The Blue Nile (, \"ʿĀbay\") springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands. The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile. Ninety percent of the water and ninety-six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia, with fifty-nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile (the rest being from the Tekezé, Atbarah, Sobat, and small tributaries). The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer, however, when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian",
"title": "Nile"
},
{
"id": "2398196",
"text": "Sudd The Sudd (' or ') is a vast swamp in South Sudan, formed by the White Nile's \"Baḥr al-Jabal\" section. The Arabic word ' is derived from ' (), meaning \"barrier\" or \"obstruction\". The term \"the sudd\" has come to refer to any large solid floating vegetation island or mat. The area which the swamp covers is one of the world's largest wetlands and the largest freshwater wetland in the Nile basin. For many years the swamp, and especially its thicket of vegetation, proved an impenetrable barrier to navigation along the Nile. In AD 61, a party of Roman",
"title": "Sudd"
},
{
"id": "618548",
"text": "in earnest when men took to the sea in planked boats and ships propelled by sails hung on masts, like the Ancient Egyptian Khufu ship from the mid-3rd millennium BC. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent out an expedition of Phoenicians, which in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa to the mouth of the Nile. Many current historians tend to believe Herodotus on this point, even though Herodotus himself was in disbelief that the Phoenicians had accomplished the act. Hannu was an ancient Egyptian explorer (around 2750 BC) and the first explorer of whom",
"title": "Ancient history"
},
{
"id": "983396",
"text": "Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "6742516",
"text": "in 1986 to keep pace with the evolution of the movement of ships, means of shipping and unloading and containerization. The western port is divided into several zones: Alexandria Port The Port of Alexandria is on the West Verge of the Nile Delta between the Mediterranean Sea and Mariut Lake in Alexandria, Egypt and is considered the second most important city and the main port in Egypt. It handles over three quarters of Egypt’s foreign trade. Alexandria port consists of two harbours (East and West) separated by a T-shaped peninsula. The East harbour is shallow and is not navigable by",
"title": "Alexandria Port"
},
{
"id": "1624830",
"text": "built. A ferry connects the roads between Adjumani and Moyo, and navigation of the river is otherwise done by small boat or canoe. From the point at which the river enters South Sudan from Uganda the river goes under the name of \"Mountain Nile\". From Lake No in South Sudan the river becomes the \"White Nile\" in its strictest sense, and so continues northwards into Sudan where it ends at its confluence with the Blue Nile. From Nimule in South Sudan, close to the border with Uganda, the river becomes known as the \"Mountain Nile\" or \"Baḥr al-Jabal\" (also \"Baḥr",
"title": "White Nile"
},
{
"id": "17923691",
"text": "Nile Delta, accompanied only by the young slave boy Djet. There he ends up having to join the criminal gang known as The Cuckoo's Nest, led by the young but charismatic Artemon, and must go with them back to Alexandria to help Artemon steal the golden sarcophagus of Alexander the Great while the city is erupting in violence around them. The story is set against the backdrop of the struggle between the brothers Ptolemy X Alexander and Ptolemy IX Lathyros over the throne of Egypt, as well as the struggle between Rome and Mithridates. Writing in \"USA Today\", Robert Bianco",
"title": "Raiders of the Nile"
},
{
"id": "6333805",
"text": "single servant. He gains the Mahdi's respect and, in the verbal fencing at the parley, discovers that the rebel leader intends to make an example of Khartoum by taking the city and killing all its inhabitants. The River Nile city of Khartoum lies at the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile. A qualified military engineer, Gordon wastes no time upon his return in digging a ditch between the two to provide a protective moat. In Britain, Gladstone, apprised of how desperate the situation has become, orders Gordon to leave, but, as he had feared, his command is",
"title": "Khartoum (film)"
},
{
"id": "532529",
"text": "levee it is known as a \"cradge\". Some of the earliest levees were constructed by the Indus Valley Civilization (in Pakistan and North India from circa 2600 BC) on which the agrarian life of the Harappan peoples depended. Levees were also constructed over 3,000 years ago in ancient Egypt, where a system of levees was built along the left bank of the River Nile for more than , stretching from modern Aswan to the Nile Delta on the shores of the Mediterranean. The Mesopotamian civilizations and ancient China also built large levee systems. Because a levee is only as strong",
"title": "Levee"
},
{
"id": "10283507",
"text": "/ Indian Ocean. The River Nile enters Egypt as it flows through Lake Nasser, formed by the building of the Aswan Dam. In its lower reaches, the river is about wide and the alluvial plain about wide. The annual flooding of the Nile no longer occurs and the fertility of the Nile Valley is now maintained by irrigation rather than the deposition of silt. Much of the Nile is bordered by flat land but in some places there are low cliffs. Where the river flows into the Mediterranean, there is an extensive fan-shaped delta area with channels, lakes and salt",
"title": "Wildlife of Egypt"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ancient Egyptian agriculture context: civilization of ancient Egypt developed in the arid climate of northern Africa. This region is distinguished by the Arabian and Libyan deserts, and the River Nile. The Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world, flowing northward from Lake Victoria and eventually emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile has two main tributaries: the Blue Nile which originates in Ethiopia, and the White Nile that flows from Rwanda. While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse, the Blue Nile actually carries about two thirds of the water volume of the river. The names\n\nWhat are the two main arms of the River Nile called?",
"compressed_tokens": 173,
"origin_tokens": 173,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Niger River context: the Niger River and visited the great Sahelian empires of his day, that Europeans correctly identified the course of the Niger and extended the name to its entire course. The modern nations of Nigeria and Niger take their names from the river, marking contesting national claims by colonial powers of the \"Upper\", \"Lower\" and \"Middle\" Niger river basin during the Scramble for Africa at the end of the 19th century. The Niger River is a relatively \"clear\" river, carrying only a tenth as much sediment as the Nile because the Niger's headwaters lie in ancient rocks that provide little silt.\n\ntitle: Nile (TV series) context: fert volcanic soil that made Ancientian civilisation possible impass rapids made it for them discover the source of this bounty they attributed to the gods The river stretches into Sudan through forbidding desert known as \"Belly of Stones that was home the \" Pharaohs\" of the Nubian kingdom of Kush who once ruled over their Egyptian neighb Blue and White Niles merge in the \"Longest Kiss in History at the crossroad city of Khartou White Nile flows through the impenetrable swamps of the Sudd whereifting islands papyrus\n\ntitle: Blue Nile context:, knownits,z rapids Nile Blue Nile (' ������� ������Ṭqūr āy\"Black Abay Eth; ;: an-Nīl al-ra at Lake in Ethiop With the White N, it one of the two tributaries of N. The Blue Nile about 0% of the Nile rainy. Blue Nile is-called because flo monsoon er a amount of fert soil Ethiop Highlands carry itstream s the water\n\ncient Egyptian agriculture: civilization of ancient Egypt developed of Africa. distinguished Arab the. The the,ward Victoria eventually. Theile two theile which in Ethiopia, and the White Nile that flows from Rwanda. While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse, the Blue Nile actually carries about two thirds of the water volume of the river. The names\n\nWhat are the two main arms of the River Nile called?",
"compressed_tokens": 473,
"origin_tokens": 14159,
"ratio": "29.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
162 | In which country did King Hassan II ascend the throne in 1961? | [
"ISO 3166-1:MA",
"Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya",
"Maroc",
"Royaume du Maroc",
"Norocco",
"Moraco",
"Sultanate of Fez",
"Etymology of Morocco",
"المغرب",
"Al-Mamlaka al-Maġribiyya",
"Maroc (disambiguation)",
"Morroco",
"Al-Maġrib",
"Lmaġrib",
"Sherifian Empire",
"Maroco",
"Name of Morocco",
"Morrocco",
"Moroccan Kingdom",
"Morocco",
"Morrocan",
"Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyah",
"Moroco",
"Marokko",
"المملكة المغربية",
"Marocko",
"Sultanate of Morocco",
"Al-Mamlaka al-Maghrebia",
"Kingdom of Morocco"
] | Morocco | [
{
"id": "9694129",
"text": "Years of Lead (Morocco) The Years of Lead ( \"Sanawāt ar-Ruṣāṣ\", ) is the term used to describe a period of the rule of King Hassan II of Morocco, mainly the 1960s through the 1980s, marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists. Hassan II was king from 1961 until his death in 1999. His reign was marked by political unrest and a heavy-handed government response to criticism and opposition. While some perceive the Years of Lead to have begun with Moroccan independence in 1956 under Mohammed V, political oppression plateaued in the 1960s and wound down only in",
"title": "Years of Lead (Morocco)"
},
{
"id": "2446108",
"text": "Hassan II of Morocco King Hassan II (, MSA: (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, Maghrebi Arabic: el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961), and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1909–1992). Hassan was known to be one of the most severe rulers of Morocco. Hassan was educated at the Imperial College at Rabat, and earned a law degree from the University of Bordeaux. He was exiled to Corsica by French authorities on 20 August 1953,",
"title": "Hassan II of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "255011",
"text": "political role. He acted cautiously, intent on preventing the Istiqlal from consolidating its control and establishing a one-party state. He assumed the monarchy in 1957. Mohammed V's son Hassan II became King of Morocco on March 3, 1961. His rule saw significant political unrest, and the ruthless government response earned the period the name \"the years of lead\". Hassan took personal control of the government as prime minister, and named a new cabinet. Aided by an advisory council, he drew up a new constitution, which was approved overwhelmingly in a December 1962 referendum. Under its provisions, the king remained the",
"title": "History of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "255049",
"text": "new elections, or rule by decree, the only time this happened was in 1965. The King is formally the chief of the military. Upon the death of his father Mohammed V, King Hassan II succeeded to the throne in 1961. He ruled Morocco for the next 38 years, until he died in 1999. His son, King Mohammed VI, assumed the throne in July 1999. Following the March 1998 elections, a coalition government headed by opposition socialist Abderrahmane Youssoufi and composed largely of ministers drawn from opposition parties, was formed. Prime Minister Youssoufi's government is the first government drawn primarily from",
"title": "Politics of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "254883",
"text": "ceded most of its protectorate in Northern Morocco to the new state but kept its two coastal enclaves (Ceuta and Melilla) on the Mediterranean coast. Sultan Mohammed became king in 1957. Upon the death of Mohammed V, Hassan II became King of Morocco on 3 March 1961. Morocco held its first general elections in 1963. However, Hassan declared a state of emergency and suspended parliament in 1965. In 1971, there was a failed attempt to depose the king and establish a republic. A truth commission set up in 2005 to investigate human rights abuses during his reign confirmed nearly 10,000",
"title": "Morocco"
},
{
"id": "16087260",
"text": "Order of the Throne The Order of the Throne (Arabic: \"Wissam al-Arch\", French: \"Ordre du Trône\") is a state decoration of the Kingdom of Morocco awarded for distinguished services of a civil or military nature. The Order was instituted on 16 May 1963 by King Hassan II of Morocco, who reigned between 1961 and 1999. The Order of the Throne is awarded in five classes, one exceptional and four ordinary classes : The ordinary classes: The \"breast star\" is the five-pointed green star of the Alaouite. The Alaouite dynasty, descendants of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, have ruled Morocco since 1664.",
"title": "Order of the Throne"
},
{
"id": "11631840",
"text": "“My Government renews its wishes for the peace and prosperity of Morocco, and has asked me to express its gratification that Morocco has freely chosen, as a sovereign nation, to continue in the path of its traditional friendships.” In November 1957, King Mohammed V traveled to Washington to pay an official call on President Eisenhower. Two years later, Eisenhower's vice president, Richard Nixon, traveled to Rabat to meet with the King. In 1961, King Hassan II, Mohammed V's successor, made the first of several diplomatic visits to the United States to confer with President John F. Kennedy. King Hassan II",
"title": "Morocco–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "2446110",
"text": "Sultan to King in 1957. Hassan was proclaimed Crown Prince on 19 July 1957, and became King on 26 February 1961, after his father's death. Hassan's conservative rule, one characterized by a poor human rights record, strengthened the Alaouite dynasty. In Morocco's first constitution of 1963, Hassan II reaffirmed Morocco's choice of a multi-party political system, the only one in the Maghreb at that time. The constitution gave the King large powers he eventually used to strengthen his rule, which provoked strong political protest from the UNFP and the Istiqlal parties that formed the backbone of the opposition. In 1965,",
"title": "Hassan II of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7022014",
"text": "Morocco began its rediscovered independence as a constitutional monarchy, headed by Sultan Mohammed V. In 1957, Mohammed V became King of Morocco, reorganizing the state to promote reform and growth, particularly in the legislature with the inclusion of representation for the indigenous population. However, King Mohammed V soon feared opposition movements and reacted by violently quelling any dissenting groups or individuals. This was the beginning of forced \"disappearances\" and arbitrary arrests. While Mohammed V only ruled for five years before his death in 1961, his son, King Hassan II came to power with an even heavier hand, that soon resulted",
"title": "Equity and Reconciliation Commission"
},
{
"id": "7828514",
"text": "Human rights in Morocco Morocco's human rights record is mixed. On the one hand, Morocco has made considerable improvements since the repressive Years of Lead under King Hassan II's reign (1961–99); on the other hand, there are still complaints about abuses of power under his relatively modernizing son, Mohammed VI. There has been a greater degree of modernisation, and more rights have been granted to the population in general, and particularly women and children. This article deals with Morocco and not the disputed Western Sahara. See Human rights in Western Sahara in that regard. Morocco administers 80% of the territory,",
"title": "Human rights in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7828534",
"text": "annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is \"free\"; 7, \"not free\". Morocco's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows: Human rights in Morocco Morocco's human rights record is mixed. On the one hand, Morocco has made considerable improvements since the repressive Years of Lead under King Hassan II's reign (1961–99); on the other hand, there are still complaints about abuses of power under his relatively modernizing son, Mohammed VI. There has been a greater degree of modernisation, and more rights have been granted to the population in general, and particularly women and children. This article deals",
"title": "Human rights in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "18599042",
"text": "1965 Moroccan riots The 1965 Moroccan riots were street riots in the cities of Morocco, originating in Casablanca on March 1965. They began with a student protest, which expanded to include marginalized members of the population. The number of casualties incurred is contested. Moroccan authorities reported a dozen deaths, whereas the foreign press and the \"Union nationale des forces populaires\" (UNFP) counted more than 1000 deaths. Hassan II became King of Morocco upon the death of Mohammed V on February 26, 1961. In December 1962, his appointees drafted a constitution which kept political power in the hands of the monarchy.",
"title": "1965 Moroccan riots"
},
{
"id": "19891364",
"text": "V, and was thereafter held on November 18 each year. The date moved to March 3 during the rule of the late King Hassan II (1961-1999). When King Mohammed VI took the throne in 1999, it moved again to July 30. The Throne Speech is given on the 30 July, when the King addresses the nation on official State TV, giving an inventory of events and projects completed during the previous year, and discusses the future vision and foreign policies of the kingdom. According to Article 52 of the Constitution of Morocco of 2011, the King has to address both",
"title": "Throne Day (Morocco)"
},
{
"id": "4619843",
"text": "the 1960s, when \"Hassan II\" took rule over Morocco. In 1956, \"King Mohammed V\" first claimed independence for Morocco from France and was known as a fairly forward ruler. Then, in 1961, Hassan took over and reinstated deeply conservative traditions in the period known as “The year of the Iron Fist”. This period was marked by violence against women and girls. Much has changed since \"Mohammed VI\" took over in 1999. \"The Sand Child\" takes as its focus the belief that male children (Ahmed) in early-to mid-20th-century Moroccan culture were more valuable than female children. This is seen throughout the",
"title": "The Sand Child"
},
{
"id": "254916",
"text": "Government repression of political dissent has dropped sharply since the mid-1990s. The decades previous to this time are called the Years of Lead (\"Les Années de Plomb\"), and included forced disappearances, assassinations of government opponents and protesters, and secret internment camps such as Tazmamart. To examine the abuses committed during the reign of King Hassan II (1961–1999), the government has set up an Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER). According to Human Rights Watch annual report 2016, Moroccan authorities restricted the rights to peaceful expression, association and assembly through several laws. The authorities continue to prosecute both printed and online media",
"title": "Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7828520",
"text": "as the Years of Lead (\"Les Années de Plomb\"), and included forced disappearances, killings of government opponents and secret internment camps such as Tazmamart. To examine the abuses committed during the reign of King Hassan II (1961–1999), the government has set up an Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER), which is to rehabilitate the victims, and pay compensation for state outrages against them. This has been hailed internationally as a big step forward, and an example to the Arab world. However, the IER has also come under attack from parts of the human rights-community, since its mission was not to reveal",
"title": "Human rights in Morocco"
},
{
"id": "17284935",
"text": "was achieved without difficulty. He became governor of Casablanca and then Minister of Posts. King Hassan II succeeded to the throne on 26 February 1961. Medbouh was made the king's chief aide-de-camp. In July 1963 an alleged plot by the leftist National Union of Popular Forces party to kill the king in his bed was foiled. The plotters were said to have obtained detailed plans of the palace from Major Mohamed Medbouh, although Medbouh was not implicated. He was made head of the Royal Military Cabinet in 1967. He often went riding with Hassan II, or played golf with him.",
"title": "Mohamed Medbouh"
},
{
"id": "2446118",
"text": "writing. National orders: King Hassan II had five children with his wife Lalla Latifa Hammou, a member of the Zayane tribe, whom he married in 1961: The king had one other wife, Lalla Fatima bint \"Qaid\" Ould Hassan Amhourak (cousin of Latifa Hammou), whom he also married in 1961. They had no children. The father of Hassan II was Mohammed V of Morocco and his mother was Lalla Abla bint Tahar. He had five sisters and one brother: Hassan II of Morocco King Hassan II (, MSA: (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, Maghrebi Arabic: el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999)",
"title": "Hassan II of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "3907995",
"text": "designed madrasa occupies an area of including the basement. Two stories in height, it is constructed in a semi-circular shape, with abutting qibla wall and the mihrab section. The historical context of the mosque began with the death of King Mohammed V in 1961. King Hassan II had requested for the best of the country's artisans to come forward and submit plans for a mausoleum to honour the departed king; it should \"reflect the fervor and veneration with which this illustrious man was regarded.\" In 1980, during his birthday celebrations, Hassan II had made his ambitions very clear for creating",
"title": "Hassan II Mosque"
},
{
"id": "16143611",
"text": "Operation Yachin Operation Yakhin was an operation to secretly emigrate Moroccan Jews to Israel, conducted by Israel's Mossad between November 1961 and spring 1964. About 97,000 left for Israel by plane and ship from Casablanca and Tangier via France and Italy. The accession of Hassan II on 26 February 1961 enabled negotiations to begin on a secret agreement between Mossad's \"Misgeret\" division and the Moroccan authorities (principally Prince Moulay Ali and labour minister ), together with the American organisation HIAS. An economic arrangement was agreed between Israel and Morocco, with the agreement of Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and King",
"title": "Operation Yachin"
},
{
"id": "2090271",
"text": "Casablanca, a 1959 WJC report concluded that in spite of repeated assurances by the new government that Jewish rights would be safeguarded, \"internal political conflicts have obstructed a solution\" to the problem that Moroccan Jews willing to leave the country were denied passports by the authorities. In 1959, Morocco became a member of the Arab League, and all communications with Israel were stopped. However, both King Mohammed V and his successor, Hassan II of Morocco continued to emphasize that Jews enjoyed equal rights in their country. Delegates from 43 countries attended the Fourth WJC Plenary Assembly held in Stockholm in",
"title": "World Jewish Congress"
},
{
"id": "1667728",
"text": "Hassan I of Morocco. She married Mohammed V in 1929 and died in Rabat on 1 March 1992. She gave birth to five children: the future King Hassan II, Lalla Aicha, Lalla Malika, Moulay Abdallah and Lalla Nuzha. His third wife was Lalla Bahia bint Antar, mother of his last daughter Lalla Amina. He died on 26 February 1961 following complications of a surgery he had undergone. The Mohammed V International Airport and Stade Mohamed V of Casablanca are named after him, as well as numerous universities and various public spaces across Morocco. There is an Avenue Mohammed V in",
"title": "Mohammed V of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "17007121",
"text": "voyage, the \"Egoz\" set sail from Al Hoceima with 44 Jewish immigrants on board. All the immigrants drowned, along with an Israeli radio operator and one of the ship's Spanish crew members. Three other crew members, all Spaniards, were rescued. 22 bodies were recovered and the rest were lost at sea. After accession of Hassan II of Morocco on 26 February 1961, it became possible to reach an agreement, through the mediation of the HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society), an American Jewish organization, sanctioning the departure of the Jews of Morocco under certain conditions, including the payment of a ransom",
"title": "Egoz (ship)"
},
{
"id": "17024066",
"text": "around 70,000 Jews left Morocco Between the years 1955 - 1961 around 60,000 Jews left Morocco Policy changed with the accession of Hassan II of Morocco in 1961. Hassan agreed to accept a large per-capita bounty from the international Jewish community for each Jew who emigrated from Morocco, and under this agreement Jews were allowed the freedom to emigrate. Between the years 1961 - 1967 around 120,000 Jews left Morocco. The Six-Day War in 1967 led to another wave of emigration of Jews from Morocco, primarily to France, but also to Canada, the United States, Israel and other countries. In",
"title": "Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel"
},
{
"id": "2446116",
"text": "because of Moroccan claims on the country (see Great Morocco). Economically, Hassan II adopted a market-based economy, where agriculture, tourism, and phosphates mining industries played a major role. The period from the 1960s to the late 1980s was labelled as the \"years of lead\" and saw thousands of dissidents jailed, killed, exiled or forcibly disappeared. King Hassan II had extended many parliamentary functions by the early 1990s and released hundreds of political prisoners in 1991, and allowed the Alternance, where the opposition assumed power, for the first time in the Arab World. He set up a Royal Council for Human",
"title": "Hassan II of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "20933204",
"text": "the rule of King Mohammed V after he assumed the throne in 1957.His son, King Hassan II, continued these policies. In the 1990s, under local and international pressure, he established an Advisory Council on Human Rights (CCDH) to investigate human rights violations and provide advice. In 2003, the CCDH asked for the creation of a truth commission to investigate violations in depth. The purpose of the commission was to provide recommendations, medical care and money compensations to the victims. However, the commission did not give any names and was limited in its investigations. It concluded that 742 disappeared people were",
"title": "Commission of Inquiry in Algeria"
},
{
"id": "2030040",
"text": "throne. King Zog's son was Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, known as King Leka I. With the death in exile of King Zog in 1961 he was succeeded as claimant to the throne and head of the House of Zogu by his only son Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939), who was proclaimed \"King of the Albanians\" by the Albanian National Assembly in exile. King Leka remained head of the house and claimant to the throne until his death in 2011 when he was succeeded by his only son, Leka II. The current head of the dynasty is the",
"title": "House of Zogu"
},
{
"id": "8751504",
"text": "flee the country following an invasion by Mussolini's Italy. With the death in exile of King Zog in 1961 he was succeeded as claimant to the throne and head of the House of Zogu by his only son Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, who was proclaimed \"King of the Albanians\" by the Albanian National Assembly in exile. King Leka remained head of the house and claimant to the throne until his death in 2011 when he was succeeded by his only son, Leka II. The following articles of the Albanian kingdom's constitution of 1928 set out the succession to the",
"title": "Line of succession to the former Albanian throne"
},
{
"id": "1667723",
"text": "Mohammed V of Morocco Mohammad Al-Khamis Ben Youssef Ben Mohammed Al-Alaoui () known as Mohammed V (10 August 1909 – 26 February 1961) () was Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to 1953; he was recognized as Sultan again upon his return from exile in 1955, and as King from 1957 to 1961. His full name was Sidi Mohammed ben Yusef, or Son of (Sultan) Yusef, upon whose death he succeeded to the throne. He was a member of the Alaouite Dynasty. On 20 August 1953, the French who were occupying Morocco at the time forced Mohammed V and his family",
"title": "Mohammed V of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "11631839",
"text": "quest for independence from France. Since gaining independence from France on March 2, 1956, Morocco has been committed to nurturing a special relationship with the United States, based on both nations' historical ties and on a succession of personal friendships between Mohammed V, Hassan II, and now Mohammed VI and their American Presidential counterparts. Morocco has also played a critical role in explaining the larger role of Arab policy to the United States. This was particularly true under the reign of King Hassan II. After Morocco gained independence, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent a congratulatory message to King Mohammed V:",
"title": "Morocco–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "3505525",
"text": "as part of Rwanda's historical tradition in 2013, he labelled Kigeli's activities in titles \"very sad\", calling on them to not be awarded. The King's Secretary General of the time replied, \"Who has the right to question his authorities but God and his countrymen?\" Foreign orders and decorations received by the King: Kigeli V of Rwanda Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King (\"Mwami\") of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy on 25 September 1961, shortly before the country acceded to independence from",
"title": "Kigeli V of Rwanda"
},
{
"id": "1493488",
"text": "an armed uprising: he was unsuccessful and was forced into exile, although he later returned and lived in Tirana until his death on 30 November 2011. A main street in Tirana was later renamed \"Boulevard Zog I\" by the Albanian government. In October 2012, the government of Albania decided to bring back the remains of the former king from France, where he died in 1961. Zog's body was exhumed from the Thiais Cemetery, Paris on 15 November 2012. A guard of honour was provided by the French President, in the form of French Legionnaires in ceremonial dress. Zog's remains were",
"title": "Zog I of Albania"
},
{
"id": "14151198",
"text": "He refused to hire an attorney and defended himself before court, receiving a standing ovation from an audience of Damascus University students who came to support their former professor. He was tried by Chief of Staff Bizreh. Bizreh's military tribunal sentenced him to death on the charge of treason. Three Arab leaders, King Faysal II of Iraq, King Husayn of Jordan, and President Kamil Sham'un of Lebanon, intervened on his behalf, and as a result, Ajlani's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment but was then reduced to 20 years. He served at the Mezzeh Prison from 1956 to 1961. During",
"title": "Munir al-Ajlani"
},
{
"id": "3505511",
"text": "Kigeli V of Rwanda Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King (\"Mwami\") of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy on 25 September 1961, shortly before the country acceded to independence from Belgium. After a brief period of moveabouts after leaving Rwanda, the titular King lived in exile during the final part of his life in the town of Oakton, Virginia, United States. In exile, he was known for heading the King Kigeli V Foundation, an organisation promoting humanitarian work for Rwandan refugees. He",
"title": "Kigeli V of Rwanda"
},
{
"id": "11631842",
"text": "use of an old abandoned U.S. Strategic Air Command Base at Ben Guérir as a transoceanic abort landing site for NASA's space shuttles during emergencies. On the military side, Morocco signed agreements with the U.S. government allowing U.S. forces access and transit rights to Moroccan Air Force bases. President Clinton personally flew to Rabat in July 1999 to attend King Hassan II's funeral, and to meet the son who succeeded him, King Mohammed VI. Upon taking the throne, King Mohammed VI made it quite clear that he wanted to continue his nation's centuries-old friendship with the United States. In his",
"title": "Morocco–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "2273940",
"text": "loss of around £500,000 a year for Tanganyika, Nyerere regarded it as a necessary act in expressing opposition to the apartheid system of white-minority rule and racial segregation implemented in South Africa. On 9 December 1961, Tanganyika gained independence. A ceremony marking the transition was held at National Stadium and was attended by the UK's Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Six weeks after the proclamation of independence, Nyerere resigned as Prime Minister, intent on focusing on restructuring TANU and trying to \"work out our own pattern of democracy\". Retreating to become a back bencher in the Tanganyikan parliament, in his",
"title": "Julius Nyerere"
},
{
"id": "13377232",
"text": "without son or appointed brother, the throne devolves upon the person whom the National Assembly selects from amongst the descendants of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, the founder of the Arab Revolt. A person can be barred from succession by Royal Decree on the ground of unsuitability. His descendants would not be automatically excluded. King Hussein's brother, Prince Muhammad, was the heir presumptive to the throne until the birth of Hussein's eldest son, Abdullah. Abdullah was his father's heir apparent from his birth in 1962 until 1965, when King Hussein decided to appoint his 18-year-old brother Hassan as heir",
"title": "Succession to the Jordanian throne"
},
{
"id": "20360001",
"text": "1961 in Thailand The year 1961 was the 180th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 16th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2504 in the Buddhist Era. An advance party of the 6010th Tactical Group, USAF, arrived at Don Muang at the request of the Royal Thai government to establish an aircraft warning system. Six F-100s from the 510TFS/405FW based at Clark Air Base were deployed to Don Muang in operation \"Bell Tone\". Four RF-101C reconnaissance aircraft of the 45th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron stationed at Misawa AB,",
"title": "1961 in Thailand"
},
{
"id": "6674107",
"text": "reciprocal support of the French colonial authorities. At the height of his power, the Glaoui family had considerable wealth, making him one of the country's leading figures. But this commitment turns against him during the increasing rise towards the independence of Morocco. He died in oblivion in Marrakech in 1953. The funeral procession is then presided over by Crown Prince Moulay Hassan ben Mohammed, the future ruler of Morocco as Hassan II. Since then, mainly because of such political connotation, the kasbah has been almost abandoned. The kasbah is still visited today, via local guides. Entry is monitored by a",
"title": "Telouet Kasbah"
},
{
"id": "16238076",
"text": "the subsequent five-year period Landau published \"Invitation to Morocco\" (1950); \"Moroccan Journal\" (1951); \"The Beauty of Morocco\" (1951); \"The Sultan of Morocco\" (1951); \"Morocco\" (for the Carnegle Endowment for International Peace, 1952); \"Portrait of Tangier\" (1952); and \"France and the Arabs\" (1953). Later he would publish a historical study \"The Moroccan Drama 1900–1955\" (1956), biographies of King Mohammed V (1957) and King Hassan II (1962), as well as a \"History of Morocco in the Twentieth Century\" (1963). Landau also wrote numerous essays and book reviews for \"The Reporter\", the \"New Statesman\", \"The Spectator\", and other British and American periodicals of",
"title": "Rom Landau"
},
{
"id": "2287062",
"text": "State President of South Africa The State President of the Republic of South Africa () was the head of state of South Africa from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1961, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be monarch of South Africa. The position of Governor-General of South Africa was accordingly abolished. From 1961 to 1984, the post was largely ceremonial. After constitutional reforms enacted in 1983 and taking effect in 1984, the State President became an executive post, and its holder was both head of state and head of government. The",
"title": "State President of South Africa"
},
{
"id": "12643363",
"text": "became the preeminent leader of the Middle East, and self-styled \"Guardian\" of the Persian Gulf. In 1961 he defended his style of rule, saying \"When Iranians learn to behave like Swedes, I will behave like the King of Sweden.\" During the last years of his regime, the Shah's government became more autocratic. In the words of a U.S. Embassy dispatch, \"The Shah's picture is everywhere. The beginning of all film showings in public theaters presents the Shah in various regal poses accompanied by the strains of the National Anthem ... The monarch also actively extends his influence to all phases",
"title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi"
},
{
"id": "20360002",
"text": "Japan, and their photo lab arrived at Don Muang under \"Operation Able Marble\". The RF-101s were sent to assist RTAF RT-33 aircraft in performing aerial reconnaissance flights over Laos. Detachment 10, 13th Air Force was established to support USAF operations. 1961 in Thailand The year 1961 was the 180th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 16th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2504 in the Buddhist Era. An advance party of the 6010th Tactical Group, USAF, arrived at Don Muang at the request of the Royal Thai",
"title": "1961 in Thailand"
},
{
"id": "1667729",
"text": "nearly every Moroccan city and a major one in Tunis, Tunisia. In December 2007, \"The Jewish Daily Forward\" reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the Moroccan government to have Mohammed V admitted to the Righteous Among the Nations. Mohammed V of Morocco Mohammad Al-Khamis Ben Youssef Ben Mohammed Al-Alaoui () known as Mohammed V (10 August 1909 – 26 February 1961) () was Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to 1953; he was recognized as Sultan again upon his return from exile in 1955, and as King from 1957 to 1961. His full name was Sidi Mohammed ben Yusef, or",
"title": "Mohammed V of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "2615196",
"text": "for the first time in 2004 in the United Kingdom, officially launched in Kuwait in 2005, and has not been surpassed since. The current Emir of Kuwait is known to have a personal royal standard. The flag of the Emir was the national one with a yellow crown on the green stripe which as used from the 1980s to this day. Flag of Kuwait The flag of Kuwait () was adopted on September 7, 1961, and officially hoisted November 24, 1961. Before 1961, the flag of Kuwait was red and white, like those of other Persian Gulf states at the",
"title": "Flag of Kuwait"
},
{
"id": "2287069",
"text": "in 1961, most non-South African sources had referred to the State President as simply the \"President\". The leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela, was sworn in as President on 10 May 1994. There is one living former South African State President: State President of South Africa The State President of the Republic of South Africa () was the head of state of South Africa from 1961 to 1994. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1961, and Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be monarch of South Africa. The position of Governor-General of South Africa",
"title": "State President of South Africa"
},
{
"id": "435915",
"text": "to UN peacekeeping operations were the United States (28.47%), China (10.25%), Japan (9.68%), Germany (6.39%), France (6.28%), United Kingdom (5.77%), Russian Federation (3.99%) and Italy (3.75%). Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals. A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two Secretaries-General, Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize (in 1961 and 2001, respectively), as were Ralph Bunche (1950), a UN",
"title": "United Nations"
},
{
"id": "17010149",
"text": "Zanzibar in 1964 after the Zanzibar Revolution to form Tanzania. The Queen visited Tanzania on 19–22 July 1979, visiting Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, and Kilimanjaro. Queen of Tanganyika From 1961 to 1962, Tanganyika was an independent sovereign state with Elizabeth II as its queen. The Queen was formal head of state and was represented in Tanganyika by the Governor-General. Tanganyika shared the Sovereign with the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. The monarchy was created by the Tanganyika Independence Act 1961 which transformed the United Nations trust territory of Tanganyika into an independent sovereign constitutional monarchy. The monarchy",
"title": "Queen of Tanganyika"
},
{
"id": "15739347",
"text": "foreign princes and princesses. But with great exception also ordinary Moroccans can be taken up in this order. Order of Muhammad The Order of Muhammad, also referred to as Order of Sovereignty (Arabic: \"Wissam al-Mohammadi\", French: \"Ordre de la Souverainete\" or \"Ordre de Mohammed\"), is the highest state decoration of the Kingdom of Morocco. The Order was instituted on 16 November 1956 by King Mohammed V of Morocco, who reigned between 1955 and 1961. The Order of the Mohammedi is issued in three classes, one special and two ordinary: The ordinary classes: There is no ribbon attached to the order.",
"title": "Order of Muhammad"
},
{
"id": "2446114",
"text": "General Mohamed Oufkir, Morocco's defense minister, was the man behind the coup and was officially declared to have committed suicide after the attack. His body, however, was found with several bullet wounds. In the Cold War era, Hassan II allied Morocco with the West generally, and with the United States in particular. There were close and continuing ties between Hassan II's government and the CIA, who helped to reorganize Morocco's security forces in 1960. Hassan served as a back channel between the Arab world and Israel, facilitating early negotiations between them. This was made possible due to the presence in",
"title": "Hassan II of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "15739346",
"text": "Order of Muhammad The Order of Muhammad, also referred to as Order of Sovereignty (Arabic: \"Wissam al-Mohammadi\", French: \"Ordre de la Souverainete\" or \"Ordre de Mohammed\"), is the highest state decoration of the Kingdom of Morocco. The Order was instituted on 16 November 1956 by King Mohammed V of Morocco, who reigned between 1955 and 1961. The Order of the Mohammedi is issued in three classes, one special and two ordinary: The ordinary classes: There is no ribbon attached to the order. The Order is only eligible for monarchs and foreign heads of state, members of the Royal Family and",
"title": "Order of Muhammad"
},
{
"id": "7318259",
"text": "aged 48, in Rabat. Stade Moulay Abdellah stadium is named after him. Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco Prince Moulay Abdellah of Morocco, KCVO, (30 July 1935 – 20 December 1983) was the brother of Moulay Hassan, later King Hassan II of Morocco and the son of King Mohammed V of Morocco (1909–1961) and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1909–1992). On November 9, 1961, he married Lamia Solh, the daughter of Riad Solh, the first Prime Minister of Lebanon. He is the father of Moulay Hicham, Princess Lalla Zineb and Moulay Ismail who are cousins of prince Al-Waleed bin",
"title": "Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "11529251",
"text": "Ben-Yehuda. The first woman honored was Henrietta Szold (1960), the first rabbi was the Baal Shem Tov (1961), and the first non-Jew was Eleanor Roosevelt (1964). In 1998, Israel was the first country to honor Chiune Sugihara, who has since been honored on stamps from Gambia, Grenada, Guinea, Japan, Liberia, Lithuania, and Sierra Leone. Stamps were issued in memory of two Arab leaders, King Hassan II of Morocco and King Hussein of Jordan, in 2000. Researchers at Emory University found that, through 2005, 161 Israeli stamps deal with women, though most do so anonymously. Of the 45 stamps dedicated to",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Israel"
},
{
"id": "2569255",
"text": "the Irish Guards. In the years after the war, Charlotte showed a lot of public activity which contributed to raising Luxembourg's profile on the international stage, by hosting visits from foreign heads of state and other dignitaries, such as Eleanor Roosevelt (1950), Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (1951), René Coty (1957), King Baudouin of Belgium (1959), King Bhumibol of Thailand (1961), and King Olav V of Norway (1964). Likewise, she visited Pius XII (1950), Charles de Gaulle (1961), and John F. Kennedy (1963). In 1951 Charlotte by decree admitted into the nobility of Luxembourg three Swedish relatives who were not",
"title": "Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg"
},
{
"id": "13147770",
"text": "provided financial and logistical support to secessionist movement Polisario through its Lebanese proxy Hezbollah. Iran–Morocco relations Iran–Morocco relations have often been tarred by disputes. On several occasions Iran and Morocco have mostly or completely severed diplomatic relations. Iran cut off all diplomatic ties with Rabat in 1981. This was in response to King Hassan II's decision to give asylum to the exiled Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. It was almost a decade before relations would thaw enough to renew ties. It was almost one decade after that before Abderrahmane Youssoufi, Prime Minister of Morocco at the time, would lead the first",
"title": "Iran–Morocco relations"
},
{
"id": "5472140",
"text": "Dominique Mbonyumutwa Dominique Mbonyumutwa (January 1921 – 26 July 1986) was a Rwandan politician who served on an interim basis as the first President of Rwanda, from 28 January to 26 October 1961, following the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy. He took over by overthrowing the monarchy under King Kigali V Ndahindurwa and declaring Rwanda a republic, resulting in the 1961 referendum. Mbonyumutwa was of Hutu ethnicity, and was respected by the population both before and after his presidency. On 1 November 1959, while serving as a \"sous-chef\" (equivalent to a district mayor today), he was assaulted by a group",
"title": "Dominique Mbonyumutwa"
},
{
"id": "255012",
"text": "central figure in the executive branch of the government, but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary was guaranteed. In May 1963, legislative elections took place for the first time, and the royalist coalition secured a small plurality of seats. However, following a period of political upheaval in June 1965, Hassan II assumed full legislative and executive powers under a \"state of exception,\" which remained in effect until 1970. Subsequently, a reform constitution was approved, restoring limited parliamentary government, and new elections were held. However, dissent remained, revolving around complaints of widespread corruption and malfeasance",
"title": "History of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7814673",
"text": "national pride and enthusiasm which had been lowered by the war. Elizabeth II has now been the monarch for . She celebrated her diamond jubilee, marking 60 years since her ascension to the throne, in 2012. In March 1951, the Iranian parliament (the Majlis) voted to nationalise the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and its holdings by passing a bill strongly backed by Mohammad Mosaddegh, who was elected Prime Minister the following April by a large majority of the parliament. The International Court of Justice was called in to settle the dispute, but a 50/50 profit-sharing arrangement, with recognition of nationalisation,",
"title": "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)"
},
{
"id": "17283353",
"text": "planned. There was a historic struggle to achieve the intended British sovereignty that was achieved in other parts of the commonwealth. State sovereignty belonged to the Union of South Africa (1910-61), followed by the Republic of South Africa (1961-present day). As of 2014, the South African government has re-opened the period for land claims under the Restitution of Land Rights Amendment Act. For decades, Saddam Hussein 'Arabized' northern Iraq, an act often referred as \"internal colonialism\". The policy of Saddam Hussein in North Iraq during the Ba'athist rule was described by Dr. Francis Kofi Abiew as a \"Colonial 'Arabization'\" program,",
"title": "Settler colonialism"
},
{
"id": "493172",
"text": "should simultaneously carry on a \"democratic policy\" and \"social and economic policies which limited their sovereignty\", in a clear allusion to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank's \"structural adjustment programs\". Hassan II, the king of Morocco, said for his part that \"Africa was too open to the world to remain indifferent to what was happening around it\", but that Western countries should \"help young democracies open out, without putting a knife under their throat, without a brutal transition to multipartyism.\" All in all, the La Baule speech has been said to be on one hand \"one of the",
"title": "François Mitterrand"
},
{
"id": "857258",
"text": "Hussein during his stay at the Mayo Clinic to keep him updated. Batikhi discredited the King's brother Hassan, and often voiced his support for Hussein's eldest son Abdullah as successor. Abdullah, who was 36 years old at the time, enjoyed great support from the army. He was crown prince when he was born in 1962, but Hussein transferred the title to his brother Hassan in 1965 due to political uncertainty back then. On his way back to Jordan in January 1999, Hussein stopped in London. Doctors advised him to rest and stay in England for a few weeks, as he",
"title": "Hussein of Jordan"
},
{
"id": "14822685",
"text": "to the UN. After the republican coup, he proclaimed himself King and travelled to Saudi Arabia, where he learned his nephew, King Muhammad was still alive. He subsequently withdrew his claim to the throne. He was appointed prime minister of the government-in-exile, and served two terms (1962–1967, 1969–1970). He died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on his 95th birthday. His title was \"Saif Al-Islam\". Hassan ibn Yahya Hassan Hamid al-Din ibn Yahya (13 June 1908 – 13 June 2003) was Prime Minister of North Yemen from April 1948 to August 1955. Born at Al-Qafla, Hashid. He was the third oldest of",
"title": "Hassan ibn Yahya"
},
{
"id": "16587429",
"text": "industry. Spain began to catch up economically with its European neighbours. Franco ruled until his death on 20 November 1975, when control was given to King Juan Carlos. In the last few months before Franco's death, the Spanish state went into a paralysis. This was capitalised upon by King Hassan II of Morocco, who ordered the 'Green March' into Western Sahara, Spain's last colonial possession.\" Málaga experienced an explosive demographic and economic expansion with the boom in tourism on the Costa del Sol between 1959 and 1974. The name \"Costa del Sol\" was created specifically to market the Mediterranean coastline",
"title": "History of Málaga"
},
{
"id": "3061515",
"text": "many languages he also studied economics at the Sorbonne and passed out of the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, England. Following this he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the British Army. He had since made his money with successful business deals in commodities. Leka became heir apparent of the abolished throne on 5 April 1957. On the death of King Zog in 1961, Leka was proclaimed King of the Albanians by a convened Albanian National Assembly-in-Exile, in a function room at the Hotel Bristol, Paris. In 1975, Leka married Australian citizen and former teacher Susan Cullen-Ward in Biarritz. They",
"title": "Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939)"
},
{
"id": "7303710",
"text": "the Pahlavi era. HIM the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi paid a state visit to the United Kingdom in May 1959. HM Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid a state visit to Iran in March 1961. The British forces began to withdraw from the Gulf in 1968. As part of this policy, in 1971, the then British government decided not to support the Shah and eventually, the patronage of the United Kingdom ended, and consequently, this role was filled by the US. On 30 April 1980, the Iranian Embassy in London was overtaken by six-man terrorist team",
"title": "Iran–United Kingdom relations"
},
{
"id": "204580",
"text": "Portuguese, led by Afonso de Albuquerque, seized Goa on the coast of India, which Portugal held until 1961, along with Diu and Daman (the remaining territory and enclaves in India from a former network of coastal towns and smaller fortified trading ports added and abandoned or lost centuries before). The Portuguese soon acquired a monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean. Portuguese viceroy Albuquerque (1509–1515) resolved to consolidate Portuguese holdings in Africa and Asia, and secure control of trade with the East Indies and China. His first objective was Malacca, which controlled the narrow strait through which most Far Eastern",
"title": "Western imperialism in Asia"
},
{
"id": "16728461",
"text": "Princess Lalla Malika of Morocco Princess Lalla Malika (born 14 March 1933) is a sister of the late King Hassan II of Morocco, and daughter of King Mohammed V of Morocco and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar. She has been the chairwoman of the Moroccan Red Crescent since 1967. At the Dar al-Makhzin in Rabat, on 16 August 1961, she was married (in a triple ceremony with her sisters, Aisha and Fatima) to Lieutenant-General \"Sharif Moulay\" Muhammad Cherkaoui (1921–2002), Ambassador to France 1961–1964, President of the Permanent Consultative Committee of the Maghreb 1964, Minister for Finance and the",
"title": "Princess Lalla Malika of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "11832052",
"text": "governments rooted in the old war, as authoritarian dictatorships, rather than the democracy that was being established or re-established throughout the rest of Western Europe. While the other European colonial powers, such as France, Britain and the Netherlands, gave up their colonial empires in the post-war years, both Spain and Portugal clung to their possessions around the globe. Portugal fought a costly colonial war in Africa and in 1961 saw its territory of Goa invaded by India. Despite their apparent mutual self-interest, there was very little co-operation between Spain and Portugal when it came to defending their empires. In 1974",
"title": "Portugal–Spain relations"
},
{
"id": "768267",
"text": "over 1,000 individuals for their alleged participation in the incidents and proceeded to hold them without trial. Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa assumed the throne in March 1999 upon the death of his father, Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the ruler of Bahrain since 1961. He continued to implement democratic reforms, including the transformation of Bahrain from a hereditary emirate to a constitutional monarchy, and in so doing changed his status from emir to king. He also pardoned all political prisoners and detainees, including those who had been arrested for their unsubstantiated participation in the 1996 bombings as",
"title": "Politics of Bahrain"
},
{
"id": "17024067",
"text": "1961 the ship \"Egoz\" (nut) which held 44 illegal immigrants drowned in the sea on its way to Israel. After the sinking of \"Egoz\" pressure was exerted on Morocco and a secret treaty was signed with King Hassan II and consequently a massive exodus of Jews from Casablanca port was carried out under the supervision of General Oufkir. Some Jews came to Israel and some migrated to France and other countries. Immigration of Moroccan Jews to Israel encountered many difficulties. The new immigrants who were housed in transit camps, brought different ways of life and thought with them, that were",
"title": "Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel"
},
{
"id": "9727080",
"text": "Tangier disease, which he had himself described in the 1960s. He was personal physician to Hassan II of Morocco, and had a close personal friendship with the king until the latter's death in 1999. He was found dead, face-down, in his swimming pool in 2002. He is buried in Leiden, the Netherlands. His papers are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland. Donald S. Fredrickson Donald Sharp \"Don\" Fredrickson (August 8, 1924 – June 7, 2002) was an American medical researcher, principally of the lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and director of National Institutes of Health and subsequently",
"title": "Donald S. Fredrickson"
},
{
"id": "19349600",
"text": "about the Iranian communists living in the GDR. While he was trying to deliver this information to the secret service in West Berlin, he was arrested at Checkpoint Charlie on 26 October 1961, and isolated in solitary confinement in Bautzen II, a secret prison run by the Stasi, the Ministry for State Security in the GDR. Despite intense efforts of the International Society for Human Rights and his parents living in Tehran, it took over 15 years, until the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi could arrange his release in 1978. The documentary was shot in Germany and the United States in",
"title": "Prisoner 382 - The Fate of a Persian Spy"
},
{
"id": "5472142",
"text": "site where the Republic was proclaimed in 1961, as a recognition to the country. In 2010 his remains were exhumed and reburied in a public cemetery due to the plans to re-develop the stadium. Dominique Mbonyumutwa Dominique Mbonyumutwa (January 1921 – 26 July 1986) was a Rwandan politician who served on an interim basis as the first President of Rwanda, from 28 January to 26 October 1961, following the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy. He took over by overthrowing the monarchy under King Kigali V Ndahindurwa and declaring Rwanda a republic, resulting in the 1961 referendum. Mbonyumutwa was of Hutu",
"title": "Dominique Mbonyumutwa"
},
{
"id": "16387753",
"text": "the Arab peoples should be united together in a single state under his leadership. Egypt was briefly united with Syria under the name the United Arab Republic from 1958 until 1961 when Syria abandoned the union. Nasser saw himself as the successor of Mohammad Ali the Great, the illiterate Albanian tobacco merchant turned Ottoman \"vali\" (governor) of Egypt, who had sought to found a new dynasty to rule the Ottoman empire in the 19th century. Nasser came to embrace pan-Arabism as the best way of justifying a greater Egypt that would stretch from the Atlantic to Indian oceans. After the",
"title": "Egyptian nationalism"
},
{
"id": "14651747",
"text": "Europe and planned the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination on November 22, 1963. Few American Presidents have quotes that are remembered long after their deaths, and Kennedy was among those few for saying to the nation, \"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.\" He was the second-youngest President (after",
"title": "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps"
},
{
"id": "1741266",
"text": "Forces, he is generally referred to as the \"Commander-in-Chief.\" National orders: Mohammed VI has received numerous honours and decorations from various countries, some of which are listed below. On 22 June 2000, Mohammed VI received an honorary doctorate from George Washington University. Mohammed VI of Morocco Mohammed VI (; born 21 August 1963) is the King of Morocco. He ascended to the throne on 23 July 1999 upon the death of his father, King Hassan II. Mohammed was the second child and oldest son of Hassan II and his second wife, Lalla Latifa Hammou. On the day of his birth,",
"title": "Mohammed VI of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "7022015",
"text": "in arbitrary rule. This period would become known as the \"Years of Lead\". After an opposition party won a small number of seats in the 1965 election, King Hassan II took complete control over the legislature. From this point on, forced disappearances, secret detention, arbitrary arrest, killings and forced exile of political opponents became common practices within the state. In 1975, the King repressed independent advocates located in the Western Sahara region, demonstrating the monarchy's fear of opposition movements. By 1990, the repression began to ease in response to pressure by domestic and international communities. King Hassan II appointed an",
"title": "Equity and Reconciliation Commission"
},
{
"id": "255019",
"text": "1990s culminated in the constitutional reform of 1996, which created a new bicameral legislature with expanded, although still limited, powers. Elections for the Chamber of Representatives were held in 1997, reportedly marred by irregularities. With the death of King Hassan II of Morocco in 1999, the more liberal Crown Prince Sidi Mohammed took the throne, assuming the title Mohammed VI. He enacted successive reforms to modernize Morocco, and human-rights record of the country improved markedly. One of the new king’s first acts was to free approximately 8,000 political prisoners and reduce the sentences of another 30,000. He also established a",
"title": "History of Morocco"
},
{
"id": "18086475",
"text": "studied in Lycée Lyautey in Casablanca. On 16 August 1961 he married his cousin Princess Lalla Fatima Zohra, an older sister of Hassan II, with whom he had a daughter and two sons: Moulay Ali Alaoui \"Prince\" Moulay Ali (1924–1988) was a member of the reigning Alaouite dynasty of Morocco. He held many senior positions including ambassador to France (1964–1966), CEO of ONA Group (1980–1985), President of Cosumar and CEO of banks such as \"Banque Marocaine pour l’Expansion Economique\" and \"Soc de Banque et de Crédit\". He was the son of Prince Moulay Idriss (son of Sultan Moulay Youssef) and",
"title": "Moulay Ali Alaoui"
},
{
"id": "6988417",
"text": "for ceremonial occasions. It was removed from Hong Kong by the Royal Navy immediately following the handover to China on 1 July 1997. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, owned a Phantom V. Since his exile, the car has been kept in his royal residence in Tehran and is occasionally shown to the public among the other luxurious cars owned by the Shah, including a unique Rolls-Royce Phantom VI and a Phantom IV. King Olav V of Norway owned a 1962 limousine as a state car. Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito had Rolls-Royce Phantom V in presidential collection for",
"title": "Rolls-Royce Phantom V"
},
{
"id": "254886",
"text": "1982 and 1985. Algerian authorities have estimated the number of Sahrawi refugees in Algeria to be 165,000. Diplomatic relations with Algeria were restored in 1988. In 1991, a UN-monitored ceasefire began in Western Sahara, but the territory's status remains undecided and ceasefire violations are reported. The following decade saw much wrangling over a proposed referendum on the future of the territory but the deadlock was not broken. Political reforms in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997 and Morocco's first opposition-led government came to power in 1998. King Hassan II died in 1999 and was",
"title": "Morocco"
},
{
"id": "11206464",
"text": "killed, with Rutford himself being the last to fall when he attempts to throw a spear at the escaping Eron but is pierced with at least a dozen Viking arrows. With peace restored, Queen Alice reclaims her throne and allows Erik to leave England to claim his title as King of the Vikings. Erik returns to Viking land with Rama, while Daya sails alone with the dead Eron. \"Erik the Conqueror\" was shot in Rome's Titanus Studios. \"Erik the Conqueror\" was released theatrically in Italy on 7 December 1961 with a 98 minute running time. It was released in the",
"title": "Erik the Conqueror"
},
{
"id": "1304880",
"text": "to establish a sovereign state. Portugal thus militarily occupied some key cities on the Indian coast, and Goa became the headquarters of the Portuguese Empire in the East as of 1512. Goa became a starting point for the introduction of European cultural and religious values in India, and churches, schools and hospitals were built. Goa remained an overseas possession of Portugal until India reclaimed it in 1961. The Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543. Japan had been known in Portugal since the time of Marco Polo, who called it \"Cipango\". Whether Portuguese nationals were the first Europeans to arrive in",
"title": "John III of Portugal"
},
{
"id": "7048748",
"text": "politics allowed his state to enter into the modern era. As a consequence, uprisings began eventually to explode. A repressed revolt in 1959 is reported in Maraini's account. Another insurrection in 1960 led to the death of 200 soldiers and put the Nawab in bad light in the view of the press. General Yahya decided to exile Jahan Khan, who would die in 1968. His throne passed in October 1961 to his eldest son, Mohammad Shah Khosru Khan, educated in India and a serving Major General of Pakistan Army. However, the effective rule of Dir was taken by the Pakistani",
"title": "Dir (princely state)"
},
{
"id": "2719126",
"text": "1960, Sultan Mohamed Fareed I ordered coins from the Royal Mint in England. The new issue consisted of denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 laari. Unlike his predecessors, Sultan Fareed did not embellish his title on the coins; instead he used the National Emblem on the reverse side with the traditional title of the state (, State of Maldives) and the denomination value on the obverse side. The currency was put into circulation in February 1961 and all the previously traded coins, with the exception of Shamshudeen III's 1 and 4 laari, were withdrawn from circulation on",
"title": "Maldivian rufiyaa"
},
{
"id": "18289920",
"text": "of having strong leadership like that of Bismarck and Hitler, and wanted to create ties with West Germany to deal with the problems of increasing population growth and economic hardships and to receive an inflow of foreign capital for domestic development. Upon an agreement in 1961, South Korea sent labor forces to Germany, including more than 8,000 mine workers and 10,000 nurses, which continued until 1977. Among Park's first actions upon assuming control of South Korea in 1961 was to pass strict legislation metrifying the country and banning the use of traditional Korean measurements like the li and pyeong. Despite",
"title": "Park Chung-hee"
},
{
"id": "2010725",
"text": "was held to approve a new \"organic law\", or constitution, supposedly limiting and clearly defining Franco's powers as well as formally creating the modern office of Prime Minister of Spain. By delaying the issue of republic versus monarchy for his 36-year dictatorship and by refusing to take up the throne himself in 1947, Franco sought to antagonise neither the monarchical Carlists (who preferred the restoration of a Bourbon) nor the republican \"old shirts\" (original Falangists). In 1961, Franco offered Otto von Habsburg the throne, but was refused and ultimately followed Otto's recommendation by selecting the young Juan Carlos of Bourbon",
"title": "Francoist Spain"
},
{
"id": "9604962",
"text": "the region, including U.S. Presidents Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. Additional rooms were built in order to accommodate Queen Elizabeth II's visit in 1961, one year after Ghana became a republic. The present castle is made up of various extensions to the original and is thus in an unorthodox shape. It has many facilities for the use of employees, including a clinic, café, shopping centre and a post office. It also still accommodates a permanent garrison. The extensive gardens feature a wide variety of plants, both local and imported, and employ 30 people.",
"title": "Osu Castle"
},
{
"id": "2663642",
"text": "leading character in \"The Feast of the Goat\", and also Vargas Llosa's subsequent book \"The Way to Paradise\", \"both are utterly unlike any of the other female characters in his previous novels\". The novel examines the dictatorial regime of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina in the Dominican Republic. Trujillo was, in historian Eric Roorda's words, \"a towering influence in Dominican and Caribbean history\" who presided over \"one of the most durable regimes of the twentieth century\" during the thirty-one years between his seizure of power in 1930 and his assassination in 1961. Trujillo had trained with the United States Marine Corps",
"title": "The Feast of the Goat"
},
{
"id": "15486927",
"text": "were: The Prime Ministers (and heads of government) of Sierra Leone during this period were: Elizabeth II visited Sierra Leone from 25 November to 1 December 1961, shortly after independence. The link with the British monarchy was abolished on the promulgation of the 1971 constitution and Prime Minister Siaka Stevens became the first President of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone became a republic within the Commonwealth. Sierra Leone (1961–1971) Sierra Leone was a sovereign state with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state between independence on 27 April 1961 and becoming the Republic of Sierra Leone on 19 April 1971.",
"title": "Sierra Leone (1961–1971)"
},
{
"id": "357145",
"text": "take matters into their own hands. The National Assembly was dissolved and military officers replaced the civilian officials. In May 1961, the junta declared \"Pledges of the Revolution\": anticommunism was to be the nation's main policy; friendly relations would be strengthened with allies of the free world, notably the United States; all corruption and government misdeed would be disposed and \"fresh and clean morality\" would be introduced; the reconstruction of a self-reliant economy would be priority; the nation's ability would be nurtured to fight against communism and achieve reunification; and that government would be returned to a democratic civilian government",
"title": "History of South Korea"
},
{
"id": "9694134",
"text": "the same forcefulness as with Moroccans. On January 6, 2006, King Mohammed VI expressed regret for the human rights abuses that had occurred during his father's reign and spoke of the need for lessons to be drawn from the past. The commission's work, and the emotional legacy of the Years of Lead on four families, is also explored in the 2008 documentary film \"Our Forbidden Places\" (\"Nos lieux interdits\"). Years of Lead (Morocco) The Years of Lead ( \"Sanawāt ar-Ruṣāṣ\", ) is the term used to describe a period of the rule of King Hassan II of Morocco, mainly the",
"title": "Years of Lead (Morocco)"
},
{
"id": "857176",
"text": "to open it to know that my days as a schoolboy were over\", Hussein later wrote in his memoirs. He returned home to cheering crowds. A three-man regency council made up of the prime minister and heads of the Senate and the House of Representatives was appointed until he became 18 (by the Muslim calendar). Meanwhile, Hussein pursued further study at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was enthroned on 2 May 1953, the same day that his cousin Faisal II assumed his constitutional powers as king of Iraq. The teenaged king inherited not only the throne to Jordan, but",
"title": "Hussein of Jordan"
},
{
"id": "13950398",
"text": "talks with both sides separately in London.<nowiki> - </nowiki>November 7–15 UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan visits Maghrebi countries in a search for a solution. - </nowiki>July Death of King Hassan II. His son King Mohammed VI succeeds to the throne.<nowiki> - </nowiki>June 28 Further talks in London end without agreement.<nowiki> - </nowiki>May 16 Morocco announces that it had presented a plan for Saharan autonomy to the UN.<nowiki> - </nowiki>March MINURSO's total expenditure exceeds $500 million.<nowiki> - </nowiki>July UN Security Council Resolution 1495 announces support for Baker's latest plan, and extends the mandate of MINURSO to January 31, 2004. - </nowiki>April The",
"title": "Timeline of Western Saharan history"
},
{
"id": "15203667",
"text": "eye over the thorny and often violent ideological interchange between postmodern Europe and postcolonial Africa. But Taïa's words are not scrawled with the bellicose politics of a partisan; rather, they are auguries of a familial world imbued with both magic and poverty; lilting and resolute; a prose of stark divinity and apostasy.” \"Une mélancolie árabe\" (\"An Arab Melancholia\") is an “autobiographical novel of self-discovery…about an openly gay man who lives between cultures in Egypt and France. His novel \"Le jour de roi\" (\"The King’s Day), about King Hassan II, “was banned in Morocco.” But after it received the 2010 Prix",
"title": "Abdellah Taïa"
},
{
"id": "65324",
"text": "covered under Article 98). Costa Rica is an observer of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. On 10 September 1961, some months after Fidel Castro declared Cuba a socialist state, Costa Rican President Mario Echandi ended diplomatic relations with Cuba through \"Executive Decree Number 2\". This freeze lasted 47 years until President Óscar Arias Sánchez re-established normal relations on 18 March 2009, saying, \"If we have been able to turn the page with regimes as profoundly different to our reality as occurred with the USSR or, more recently, with the Republic of China, how would we not do it with",
"title": "Costa Rica"
},
{
"id": "171681",
"text": "of Franco's rule saw some economic and political liberalization (the Spanish miracle), including the birth of a tourism industry. Spain began to catch up economically with its European neighbors. Franco ruled until his death on 20 November 1975, when control was given to King Juan Carlos. In the last few months before Franco's death, the Spanish state went into a paralysis. This was capitalized upon by King Hassan II of Morocco, who ordered the 'Green March' into Western Sahara, Spain's last colonial possession. The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the",
"title": "History of Spain"
},
{
"id": "8141040",
"text": "request, Prince Muhammed led a palace coup which ousted the King in late 1964. Despite problems that led to his nickname \"The Father of the Two Evils\", Prince Mohammed was an intelligent and dynamic personality, leaving the possibility of another royal feud. During one of the times Faisal had taken over the government, he had appointed his half brother Khalid as Deputy Prime Minister in 1962, bypassing Muhammed. Secret negotiations as to the conditions to which Muhammed would step aside would last well after the reign of Faisal had begun, and Muhammed was technically Crown Prince from 1964 to 1965,",
"title": "Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne"
},
{
"id": "2129139",
"text": "Hendrik Verwoerd Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (8 September 1901 – 6 September 1966), also commonly referred to as H. F. Verwoerd and Dr. Verwoerd, was a South African politician, sociologist and journalist. As leader of South Africa's National Party he served as the last prime minister of the Union of South Africa from 1958 until 1961. In 1961 he proclaimed the founding of the Republic of South Africa, and continued as its prime minister from 1961 until his assassination in 1966 by Dimitri Tsafendas. Verwoerd was an authoritarian, socially conservative leader and an Afrikaner nationalist. His goal in founding the Republic",
"title": "Hendrik Verwoerd"
},
{
"id": "2362029",
"text": "whose economy had been until that time based upon agriculture, started its industrial development, mainly in northern Italy. But World War II soon destroyed Italy and its colonial power. Between 1945 and 1948, the outlines of a new Italy began to appear. Victor Emmanuel III gave up the throne on 9 May 1946, and his son, Umberto II, became king. On 2 June Italy held its first free election after 20 years of Fascist rule (the so-called \"Ventennio\"). Italians chose a republic to replace the monarchy, which had been closely associated with Fascism. They elected a Constituent Assembly to prepare",
"title": "Italians"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Years of Lead (Morocco) context: Years of Lead (Morocco) The Years of Lead \"Sanawāt ar-Ruṣāṣ\", ) is the term used to describe a period of the rule of King Hassan II of Morocco, mainly the 1960s through the 1980s, marked by state violence against dissidents and democracy activists. Hassan II was king from 1961 until his death in 1999. His reign was marked by political unrest and a heavy-handed government response to criticism and opposition. While some perceive the Years of Lead to have begun with Moroccan independence in 1956 under Mohammed V, political oppression plateaued in the 1960s and wound down only in\n\nIn which country did King Hassan II ascend the throne in 1961?",
"compressed_tokens": 204,
"origin_tokens": 205,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Moh Medbouh context: was achieved without difficulty. He became governor of Casablanca and then Minister of Posts. King Hassan II succeeded to the throne on 26 February 1961. Medbouh was made the king's chief aide-de-camp. In July 1963 an alleged plot by the leftist National Union of Popular Forces party to kill the king in his bed was foiled. The plotters were said to have obtained detailed plans of the palace from Major Mohamed Medbouh, although Medbouh was not implicated. He was made head of the Royal Military Cabinet in 1967. He often went riding with Hassan II, or played golf with him.\n\ntitle95 Moroc riots context: 195 Moroccan riots The 1965 Moroccan ri street ri in the cities of Moroc originating in Casablanca March1965 They with a student, to include marginal members the. number casualtiescurred is cont. Moroc authorities reported dozen deaths whereas the foreign and the \" nationale des forces populaires\" (UNFP) counted more than 100 death Hass II became of Morocco upon the death Mohammed on February 26, 196 192,ointe drafted a kept political power in the hands of mon.title: Hassan II of Morocco writing: King Hassan had five hisallaifa Hamm a member of the Zay, he married6: had wife,imaQid Ouldanhouousin Latifa Hammou), also married in 961.. father II was Mohammed V his motherlaint Tahar had sisters and one: Hassan IIco King II ( M: (a-ḥ-ḥas ett(2 29\ntitle: IIl-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, Maghrebi Arabic: el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961), and his second wife, Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1909–1992). Hassan was known to be one of the most severe rulers of Morocco. Hassan was educated at the Imperial College at Rabat, and earned a law degree from the University of Bordeaux. He was exiled to Corsica by French authorities on 20 August 1953,\n\nIn which country did King Hassan II ascend the throne in 1961?",
"compressed_tokens": 565,
"origin_tokens": 14761,
"ratio": "26.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
163 | Which British general was killed at Khartoum in 1885? | [
"Gordon (disambiguation)",
"Gordon",
"Gordon (name)",
"Gordons"
] | Gordon | [
{
"id": "2181059",
"text": "to Higginson. Higginson was associated for many years with the Gordon Boys' Home (now Gordon's School) at West End near Woking, Surrey, which was founded as the national memorial to Major General Charles Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum, Sudan, in 1885. Higginson wrote an autobiography in 1916, entitled \"71 Years of a Guardsman's Life\". Higginson died in February 1927, and his funeral, with full military honours, was described by observers as the grandest Marlow had seen, with hundreds lining the streets. George Higginson General Sir George Wentworth Alexander Higginson, (21 June 1826 – 1 February 1927) was a British",
"title": "George Higginson"
},
{
"id": "20950136",
"text": "depicts Gordon in his army uniform with a sabre; and there is a Grade II listed monument to Gordon in Southampton. Major-General Gordon was lionised as a British war hero after his death at the end of the Siege of Khartoum in January 1885. The statue was made in 1887-88. Gordon's brother, Sir Henry Gordon, advised Thornycroft to minimise the military character of the statue, and emphasis Gordons qualities of strength of mind, love, kindness and affection. The original statue in London was first unveiled in Trafalgar Square on 16 October 1888 without a formal ceremony. It was sited halfway",
"title": "Statue of General Gordon"
},
{
"id": "14585702",
"text": "Charles George Gordon, a British army officer who was killed in 1885, in Khartoum. The given name \"Gordon\" originates from a transferred use of the Scottish surname \"Gordon\". The origin of this surname is debated. While it is considered to be derived from a place name, it is not certain that the place name of Gordon, in Berwickshire, Scotland, is the origin of the surname. Berwickshire was once the home of Clan Gordon, and the earliest member of the family on record is of Richer de Gordun, who was lord of the barony of Gordon, in the mid-12th century. This",
"title": "Gordon (given name)"
},
{
"id": "8437407",
"text": "called on by the British to return to Sudan to quell the rising tensions in the region. Gordon disagreed with Britain on how best to deal with the situation and as a result was trapped in the city of Khartoum. The public rallied behind Gordon and entreated the British army to send him relief, but it arrived too late - the city had been captured and Gordon killed. His death was romanticised and he became a Victorian hero. Gordon's death in 1885 produced a swell of British loyalty in Australia. Troops were sent from NSW to Sudan to assist the",
"title": "Booloominbah"
},
{
"id": "14585704",
"text": "\"-o\", \"-onis\". The given name is thought to have been used in honour of Major-General Charles George Gordon (1833–85), who was killed at Khartoum. The masculine given name can be represented in Scottish Gaelic as Gòrdan. The diminutive Gord may also be used as a nickname. Gordon (given name) Gordon is a masculine given name in the English language. The name is derived from the Scottish surname \"Gordon\". It is uncertain if this surname originated from a place name in Scotland or in France. The Gordon in Berwickshire, where the family who bore the surname held lands in the 12th",
"title": "Gordon (given name)"
},
{
"id": "4183334",
"text": "1946, and some mediaeval stained glass roundels from a tower in the demolished old Church at Bicton were inserted into the side windows in 1947. The almshouses were extended in 1980. At the apex of the Livery Dole triangle, where the two roads meet, was formerly situated a toll house. On that spot since 1885 and still standing today is a Victorian memorial lamp post bearing the inscription: \"Charles George Gordon, 26th January 1885\". It was erected in memory of General Gordon who was killed in the Siege of Khartoum in 1885, and paid for by Prebendary Barnes, vicar of",
"title": "Livery Dole"
},
{
"id": "1680302",
"text": "acronym, \"G.O.M.\" (for \"Grand Old Man\"), to \"M.O.G.\" (for \"Murderer of Gordon\"). Gladstone told the Cabinet that the public cared much about Gordon and nothing about the Sudan, so he ordered Wolseley home after learning of Gordon's death. Wolseley, who had been led to believe that his expedition was the initial phase of the British conquest of the Sudan, was furious, and in a telegram to Queen Victoria contemptuously called Gladstone \"...the tradesman who has become a politician\". In 1885, Gordon achieved the martyrdom he had been seeking at Khartoum as the British press portrayed him as a saintly Christian",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "8263719",
"text": "General Gordon Elementary School General Gordon Elementary School is an elementary school in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The school opened in 1912. It was named for British General Charles George Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum in January 1885. It is located at 2268 Bayswater Street, at the intersection with West 6th Avenue in Kitsilano. As of 2017, the principal is Hope Sterling and the school does not have a vice-principal. It offers a late-start French immersion program for sixth-grade and seventh-grade students. Since September 2008, it has also been a home for a district French immersion Multi Age Cluster",
"title": "General Gordon Elementary School"
},
{
"id": "382129",
"text": "association with the single largest political grouping, the [[National Umma Party Sudan|Umma Party]] (once led by a descendant of the Mahdi, [[Sadiq al Mahdi]]). Taking advantage of conditions resulting from Ottoman-Egyptian exploitation and maladministration, the Mahdi led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of [[Khartoum]] on 26 January 1885. The interim governor-general of the Sudan, the British Major-General [[Charles George Gordon]], and many of the fifty thousand inhabitants of Khartoum were massacred. The Mahdi died in June 1885. He was followed by [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad]], known as the [[Caliph|Khalifa]], who began an expansion of Sudan's area into Ethiopia. Following",
"title": "History of Sudan"
},
{
"id": "9368858",
"text": "Gordon's School Gordon's School is a secondary school with academy status in West End near Woking, Surrey, England. It was founded as the Gordon Boys' Home in 1885 by public subscription as a National Memorial to Gordon of Khartoum, an officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers, who was killed in 1885. According to the school, the idea came from Queen Victoria, who was its first patron. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom has been patron ever since. Its first commandant was Colonel Henry Tyndall, CB, 2nd Punjab Infantry and its first home was Fort Wallingford. It is now",
"title": "Gordon's School"
},
{
"id": "9368871",
"text": "of various school tutors who are on hand to assist pupils. Gordon's School Gordon's School is a secondary school with academy status in West End near Woking, Surrey, England. It was founded as the Gordon Boys' Home in 1885 by public subscription as a National Memorial to Gordon of Khartoum, an officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers, who was killed in 1885. According to the school, the idea came from Queen Victoria, who was its first patron. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom has been patron ever since. Its first commandant was Colonel Henry Tyndall, CB, 2nd Punjab",
"title": "Gordon's School"
},
{
"id": "17237265",
"text": "Ernest Gambier-Parry Major Ernest Gambier-Parry (25 October 1853 – 15 April 1936) was a British military officer who participated in an expedition to the Sudan to avenge the grisly death of a renowned general in 1885. However, the wounds he sustained in that campaign ended his military career. Gambier-Parry was also known for his work as an author, musician, and artist. He succeeded to the manor at Highnam Court following the death of his half-brother Sir Hubert Parry. In addition, he preserved and archived the art collection that had been amassed by his father Thomas Gambier Parry; the masterpieces were",
"title": "Ernest Gambier-Parry"
},
{
"id": "17237268",
"text": "as a lieutenant, and joined the Devon Yeomanry, the Royal 1st Devon. On 12 February 1885, he was given the rank of captain in the army. Gambier-Parry participated as a special service officer in the Suakin Expedition of March 1885 commanded by Major-General Sir Gerald Graham VC, following the Siege of Khartoum, to avenge the murder of General Charles George Gordon in January 1885. The moments before Gordon's death and beheading were portrayed in the painting \"General Gordon's Last Stand\" \"(pictured)\" by George William Joy. The Suakin Expedition was also an attempt to change the course of the Mahdist War.",
"title": "Ernest Gambier-Parry"
},
{
"id": "12851136",
"text": "100 casualties. It became a hollow victory however, when two months later, the British government changed tack and withdrew the bulk of its forces from the Sudan, leaving the Mahdi's successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (the Khalifa), in control of the region for the next 13 years. The sacking of Khartoum and the killing of General Gordon and the massacre of thousands of civilians at the hands of Mahdist warriors in January 1885, together with the failure of the relief effort of General Wolseley's Nile Expedition, prompted the British government to revive plans to build a railway between the port of",
"title": "Battle of Tofrek"
},
{
"id": "1680303",
"text": "hero and martyr who had died nobly resisting the Islamic onslaught of the Mahdi. As late as 1901 on the anniversary of Gordon's death, \"The Times\" wrote in a leader (editorial) that Gordon was \"that solitary figure holding aloft the flag of England in the face of the dark hordes of Islam\". Gordon's death caused a huge wave of national grief all over Britain with 13 March 1885 being set aside as a day of mourning for the \"fallen hero of Khartoum\". In a sermon, the Bishop of Chichester stated: \"Nations who envied our greatness rejoiced now at our weakness",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "19385337",
"text": "dimension in British journalism when he interviewed General Gordon in 1884. His use of sensationalist headlines is exemplified with the death of Gordon in Khartoum in 1885, when he ran the first 24-point headline in newspaper history, \"TOO LATE!\", bemoaning the relief force's failure to rescue a national hero. He is also credited as originating the modern journalistic technique of creating a news event rather than just reporting it, with his most famous 'investigation', the Eliza Armstrong case. Matthew Arnold, the leading critic of the day, declared in 1887 that the New Journalism, \"is full of ability, novelty, variety, sensation,",
"title": "History of journalism in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "1680316",
"text": "fall of Khartoum in 1899. In 1885 at a meeting in London, £3,000 were allocated to a Gordon Memorial Mission in Sudan. In the Presidential Palace in Khartoum (built in 1899), in the west wing on the ground floor, there was, at least until 1936, a stone slab against the wall on the left side of the main corridor when coming from the main entrance with the text: \"Charles George Gordon died—26 Jan 1885,\" on the spot where Gordon was killed, at the foot of the stairs in the old Governor-General's Palace (built around 1850). Charlton Heston played Gordon in",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "9046475",
"text": "Herbert Stewart. After Stewart was mortally wounded Brigadier-General Wilson took command of this group of about 1,400 men. On two Nile steamers Wilson's Desert Column reached Khartoum in the afternoon of 28 January 1885. It came two days too late: Khartoum had been seized by the Mahdists in the early hours of 26 January. Between 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants were slaughtered, among them Major-General Charles George Gordon. He was appointed director of the Ordnance Survey in Ireland and was director-general from 1886 to 1894. From 1895 until his retirement in 1898, he served as the director-general of military education. He",
"title": "Charles William Wilson"
},
{
"id": "20950138",
"text": "The larger than life size statue depicts the British Army officer Charles George Gordon standing in his army uniform, carrying a cane and a bible, with his head resting on his raised right hand, and his left foot resting on a cannon. The plinth of Portland stone bears inscriptions and two bronze plaques, one on each side. The main inscription in the stone on the front of the plinth reads: \"CHARLES G. GORDON C.B. / MAJOR-GEN. ROYAL ENGINEERS // KILLED AT KHARTOUM / XXVI JANUARY / MDCCCLXXXV\". Further inscriptions on the stone plinth list his actions, clockwise from the south",
"title": "Statue of General Gordon"
},
{
"id": "2836038",
"text": "friend of his late father, who is an imposing retired general. He questions his own motives, but says he will redeem himself by acts that will convince his critics to take back the feathers. He travels on his own to Egypt and Sudan, where in 1882 Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed himself the Mahdi (Guided One) and raised a Holy War. On 26 January 1885, his Dervish forces captured Khartoum and killed its British governor, General Charles George Gordon. Most of the action over the next six years takes place in the eastern Sudan, where the British and Egyptians held Suakin. Durrance",
"title": "The Four Feathers"
},
{
"id": "3759562",
"text": "revolt culminated in the fall of Khartoum and the death of the British General Charles George Gordon (Gordon of Khartoum) in 1885. Tewfik's forces and those of the United Kingdom were forced to withdraw from almost all of Sudan with Abdalla establishing a theocratic state. Abdalla's religious government imposed traditional Islamic laws upon Sudan and stressed the need to continue the armed struggle until the British had been completely expelled from the country and all of Egypt and Sudan was under his Mahdiya. Though he died six months after the fall of Khartoum, Abdalla's call was fully echoed by his",
"title": "Anglo-Egyptian Sudan"
},
{
"id": "458210",
"text": "attempt to rescue General Gordon's force in Khartoum in Sudan in January 1885 proved a major blow to Gladstone's popularity. Queen Victoria sent him a telegram of rebuke which found its way into the press. Critics said Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon. Critics inverted his acronym, \"G.O.M.\" (for \"Grand Old Man\"), to \"M.O.G.\" (for \"Murderer of Gordon\"). He resigned as Prime Minister in June 1885 and declined Queen Victoria's offer of an earldom. Gladstone espoused the policy of Home Rule in late 1885 (the \"Hawarden Kite\"), which resulted in",
"title": "William Ewart Gladstone"
},
{
"id": "19920642",
"text": "Charles Gordon to co-ordinate the evacuation, but he was killed on 26 January 1885 during the fall of Khartoum. When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885, the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent's expenses. The British government subsequently accepted the offer, although similar commitments from Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia were declined. The New South Wales Contingent consisted of an infantry battalion of 522 men and 24 officers, and an artillery battery of 212 men, a small field ambulance detachment, and 200 horses, led by Colonel John Soame Richardson, sailed from",
"title": "New South Wales Contingent"
},
{
"id": "15528540",
"text": "William Earle (British Army officer) Major General William Earle (18 May 1833 – 10 February 1885) was a British Army officer of the 19th century. He was born in Liverpool, the son of the merchant Sir Hardman Earle, 1st Baronet and his wife Mary (née Langton), and married Mary Codrington on 21 July 1864. He had a successful military career, recognised by honours including a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He fought in the Crimean War, was later part of the Nile Expedition attempting to relieve General Gordon at Khartoum. He was killed following the Battle of Kirbekan.",
"title": "William Earle (British Army officer)"
},
{
"id": "10012315",
"text": "the Expeditionary Force, and I ask for no more than 200 men, does not come in ten days, the town may fall; and I have done my best for the honour of our country. Good bye.” On 26 January 1885, Khartoum fell to the Mahdist army of 50,000 men. At that time of year the Nile was shallow enough to cross by wading and the Mahdists were able to breach the city’s defences by attacking the poorly-defended approaches from the river. The entire garrison was slaughtered, including General Gordon. His head was cut off and delivered to the Mahdi. Two",
"title": "Nile Expedition"
},
{
"id": "3001616",
"text": "capital. A Royal Commission recommended that the government should clear the slums and encourage low-cost housing in their place. It was Stead's first success. He also introduced the interview, creating a new dimension in British journalism when he interviewed General Gordon in 1884. In 1884, Stead pressured the government to send his friend General Gordon to the Sudan to protect British interests in Khartoum. The eccentric Gordon disobeyed orders, and the siege of Khartoum, Gordon's death, and the failure of the hugely expensive Gordon Relief Expedition was one of the great imperial disasters of the period. After General Gordon's death",
"title": "W. T. Stead"
},
{
"id": "8666034",
"text": "of Khartoum, only to find they were too late: the city had fallen two days earlier, and Gordon and the garrison had been massacred. Liberal Party Prime Minister William Gladstone suffered a deep loss in popularity due to his reluctance to support Gordon. The Conservative Party would win the following election. The British also sent an expeditionary force under Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Graham, including an Indian contingent, to Suakin in March 1885. It became known as the Suakin Expedition. Although it was successful in the two actions it fought, it failed to change the military situation and was withdrawn. These",
"title": "Mahdist War"
},
{
"id": "5367529",
"text": "College. The college had its beginnings in 1885, when 500 people met at the Geelong Town Hall to decide upon a memorial to General Charles George Gordon, who died at Khartoum in January 1885. William Humble (owner of the Vulcan Foundry) and George link (Matthew Flinders school headmaster) decided that a school of art be erected in his honour. The foundation stone was laid in July 1887 for the first building, Davidson Hall. The land selected for the school was originally part of Johnstone Park, Geelong. January 16, 1888 saw the first term at the Gordon Memorial Technical College commence.",
"title": "Gordon Institute of TAFE"
},
{
"id": "2652095",
"text": "male. On Lord St Vincent's death in 1823 the barony and earldom became extinct while he was succeeded in the viscountcy according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second viscount. In 1823 he assumed by royal licence the surname of Jervis in lieu of Ricketts. His great-grandson, the fourth viscount, was part of the force that was sent in 1884 to rescue General Gordon at Khartoum, and died from wounds received at the Battle of Abu Klea in January 1885. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifth viscount. the title is held by the eighth viscount,",
"title": "Viscount St Vincent"
},
{
"id": "9973622",
"text": "Corps and Signals Corps were established while in 1882 and in 1891 the Commissariat and Transport Corps, later to be known as the Army Service Corps, were raised. The physical infrastructure of defence in the colony was also improved, largely due to the recommendations of Jervois and Scratchley, with new forts such as Fort Scratchley and Bare Island being built, while existing locations were upgraded with new rifled muzzle loading guns. When the government of New South Wales received news in February 1885, of the death of General Charles Gordon at Khartoum during the short-lived British campaign against the Dervish",
"title": "Colonial forces of Australia"
},
{
"id": "3846512",
"text": "accommodate new magazines, which were connected via lift shafts to serving rooms adjoining the emplacements. Colonel (later General) Charles George Gordon, who was to become famous for his death in the Siege of Khartoum in 1885, lived in Fort House in the grounds of the fort between 1865-71 while he was overseeing the project. The fort had lost much of its importance by the turn of the 20th century. Advances in naval firepower meant that the principal line of defence for the Thames had been moved downriver to the batteries at Grain and Shoeburyness, where bigger guns with a longer",
"title": "New Tavern Fort"
},
{
"id": "19797196",
"text": "After much delay, the British government reluctantly dispatched a relief expedition under Sir Garnet Wolseley that would rapidly follow the Nile to Khartoum. Wolseley's column arrived on 28 January 1885, two days after Khartoum had fallen and General Charles Gordon's head delivered to the Mahdi. The Mahdi died less than six months later, but not before establishing his Islamic state in Sudan and relocating its capital to Omdurman. A subordinate known as the Khalifa succeeded him after a violent power struggle, and prevented the collapse of the state following the Mahdi's death through ruthless and effective administration. The British and",
"title": "Battle of Abu Hamed"
},
{
"id": "17003399",
"text": "Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army The Australian Army and its forerunners have won many battle and theatre honours since its formation. The first honour given to an Australian unit came prior to Federation and was awarded to forces from the colony of New South Wales, which contributed a small contingent consisting of an infantry battalion, with artillery and support units to take part in the short-lived British campaign against the Dervish revolt in the eastern Sudan in 1885 following the death of General Charles Gordon at Khartoum. The next conflict that saw Australian units receive battle or",
"title": "Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army"
},
{
"id": "16354380",
"text": "of Canadian voyageurs be organised and sent to Africa to participate in the mission. It wasn't until almost November that the Nile Expedition, the British and Canadian relief force, was ready. The expedition was attacked by Sudanese rebels at Abu-Klea; the Battle of Abu-klea was fought on 17 January 1885. When the expedition arrived in Khartoum on 28 January 1885, the city had already fallen two days previously and General Gordon had been killed. The monument was erected by the officers and men of the First Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment in 1888. The Egyptian Campaign Memorial was protected",
"title": "Old Steine Gardens"
},
{
"id": "3206402",
"text": "composition in his honour by poetaster William Topaz McGonagall. On 1 September 1884, Wolseley was again called away from his duties as adjutant-general, to command the Nile Expedition for the relief of General Gordon and the besieged garrison at Khartoum. Wolseley's unusual strategy was to take an expedition by boat up the Nile and then to cross the desert to Khartoum, while the naval boats went on to Khartoum. The expedition arrived too late; Khartoum had been taken, and Gordon was dead. In the spring of 1885, complications with Imperial Russia over the Panjdeh Incident occurred, and the withdrawal of",
"title": "Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley"
},
{
"id": "15864704",
"text": "north of Khartoum declared for the Mahdi, cutting the telegraph and blocking river traffic. Khartoum was besieged, falling on 25 January 1885 after a siege of 313 days. A relief column arrived two days after the city had fallen and Gordon had been killed. Despite a short-lived public outcry in Britain over Gordon's death, Britain took no further action in Sudan for several years. Muhammad Ahmad died of typhus a few months after his victory, leaving power to his three deputies, or \"Kalifas\". Abd al-Rahman was born on 15 July 1885 in Omdurman, three weeks after his father's death. His",
"title": "Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi"
},
{
"id": "12370027",
"text": "minority of European and Egyptian inhabitants. Instead of evacuating the city, Gordon prepared for a siege and held out from 1884 to 1885. However, Khartoum eventually fell, and he was killed. The British Gordon Relief Expedition was delayed by several battles, and was thus unable to reach Khartoum and save Gordon. The fall of Khartoum resulted in the proclamation of an Islamic state, ruled over first by the Mahdi and then by his successor Khalifa Abdullahi. In 1896, during the reign of Tewfik's son, Abbas II, a massive Anglo-Egyptian force, under the command of General Herbert Kitchener, began the reconquest",
"title": "Khedivate of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "5633737",
"text": "Second Gladstone ministry After campaigning against the foreign policy of the Beaconsfield ministry, William Gladstone led the Liberal Party to victory in the 1880 general election. The nominal leader of the Party, Lord Hartington, resigned in Gladstone's favour and Gladstone was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a second time by Queen Victoria. He pursued a policy of parliamentary reform, but his government became wildly unpopular after the murder of General Gordon in 1885. Gladstone was held responsible, and resigned, leaving the way free for the Conservatives under Lord Salisbury to form a government. †Created Earl of Selborne",
"title": "Second Gladstone ministry"
},
{
"id": "4334143",
"text": "of native Muhammad Ahmad (or Ahmed), known as Mahdi to his followers. In 1883, as part of the Mahdist War, the Egyptians sent an army to deal with the revolt, but they were defeated and faced a difficult campaign of extracting their forces. The British instructed the Egyptians to abandon the Sudan, and sent General Charles Gordon to co-ordinate the evacuation, but he was killed in January 1885. When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885, the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent's expenses. The New South Wales Contingent consisted of an",
"title": "Military history of Australia"
},
{
"id": "1680119",
"text": "Charles George Gordon Major-General Charles George Gordon CB (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885), also known as Chinese Gordon, Gordon Pasha, and Gordon of Khartoum, was a British Army officer and administrator. He saw action in the Crimean War as an officer in the British Army. However, he made his military reputation in China, where he was placed in command of the \"Ever Victorious Army,\" a force of Chinese soldiers led by European officers. In the early 1860s, Gordon and his men were instrumental in putting down the Taiping Rebellion, regularly defeating much larger forces. For these accomplishments, he",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "3289784",
"text": "Burnaby. Besides Burnaby's bust, in relief, it carries only the word \"Burnaby\", and the dated place names \"Khiva 1875\" and \"Abu Klea 1885\". These refer to the Khanate of Khiva and Battle of Abu Klea, respectively; he was killed at the latter. The obelisk was unveiled by Lord Charles Beresford on 13 November 1885. Upon completion of the building, it was decided to prohibit monuments from being added to the interior. As of 19 January 2018: The organ, originally built by Thomas Swarbrick, still dates in part from 1715. It underwent repairs during the late 19th century and was moved",
"title": "St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham"
},
{
"id": "8666033",
"text": "'beaches' at the foot of the walls were exposed. With starvation and cholera rampant in the city and the morale of the Egyptian troops shattered, Gordon's position became untenable and the city fell on 26 January 1885, after a siege of 313 days. The British Government, reluctantly and late, but under strong pressure from public opinion, sent a relief column under Sir Garnet Wolseley to relieve the Khartoum garrison. This was described in some British papers as the 'Gordon Relief Expedition', a title which Gordon strongly objected to. After defeating the Mahdists at Abu Klea, the column arrived within sight",
"title": "Mahdist War"
},
{
"id": "5633738",
"text": "in 1882. Cabinet members are listed in bold face. Second Gladstone ministry After campaigning against the foreign policy of the Beaconsfield ministry, William Gladstone led the Liberal Party to victory in the 1880 general election. The nominal leader of the Party, Lord Hartington, resigned in Gladstone's favour and Gladstone was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a second time by Queen Victoria. He pursued a policy of parliamentary reform, but his government became wildly unpopular after the murder of General Gordon in 1885. Gladstone was held responsible, and resigned, leaving the way free for the Conservatives under Lord",
"title": "Second Gladstone ministry"
},
{
"id": "12721983",
"text": "HMVS Victoria (1884) HMVS \"Victoria\" was a gunboat that served with the Victorian Naval Forces and Western Australia before being sold into private use. This class was built to a type D flat-iron gunboat design from builders Armstrong Mitchell and Co. In late February 1884, \"Victoria\" was in Malta on her delivery voyage to Australia with the gunboat \"Albert\" and the torpedo boat \"Childers\" when news of General Charles Gordon's death at Khartoum reached the British Empire. The three ships were immediately offered for service in the Sudan Campaign. The offer was accepted and the smaller less seaworthy \"Childers\" was",
"title": "HMVS Victoria (1884)"
},
{
"id": "2345421",
"text": "the Narrabri district. In early 1885, in response to the fall of Khartoum and the death of General Charles Gordon during the British campaign against the Dervish revolt in Sudan, the colony of New South Wales raised a military contingent consisting of an infantry battalion, with artillery and supporting units, for service with the British. In an effort to enlist, Bridges travelled to Sydney from Narrabri, but by the time he had arrived, the force had already been raised. Nevertheless, due to concerns about Russian intentions in Afghanistan, the Australian colonies began expanding their military forces, and on 19 May",
"title": "William Bridges (general)"
},
{
"id": "328370",
"text": "against any similar attempts against the Sovereign. Sir Walter Raleigh was executed at the Palace of Westminster on 29 October 1618. The previous Palace of Westminster was also the site of a prime-ministerial assassination on 11 May 1812. While in the lobby of the House of Commons, on his way to a parliamentary inquiry, Spencer Perceval was shot and killed by a Liverpool merchant adventurer, John Bellingham. Perceval remains the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated. The New Palace became the target of Fenian bombs on 24 January 1885, along with the Tower of London. The first bomb,",
"title": "Palace of Westminster"
},
{
"id": "231217",
"text": "March 1884, troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad started a siege of Khartoum, against defenders led by British General Charles George Gordon. The siege ended in a massacre of the Anglo-Egyptian garrison when on 26 January 1885 the heavily-damaged city fell to the Mahdists. On 2 September 1898, Omdurman was the scene of the bloody Battle of Omdurman, during which British forces under Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist forces defending the city. In 1973, the city was the site of an anomalous hostage crisis in which members of Black September held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five",
"title": "Khartoum"
},
{
"id": "2086490",
"text": "stopped while they refit the steamers to hold more troops. They finally arrived in Khartoum on 28 January 1885 to find the town had fallen during the Battle of Khartoum two days earlier. When the Nile had receded from flood stage, one of Gordon's pashas (officers), Faraz Pasha, had opened the river gates and let the Ansār in. The garrison was slaughtered, and Gordon was killed fighting the Mahdi's warriors on the steps of the palace, hacked to pieces and beheaded. When Gordon's head was unwrapped at the Mahdi's feet, he ordered the head transfixed between the branches of a",
"title": "Muhammad Ahmad"
},
{
"id": "10012318",
"text": "Drive just west of the Champlain Bridge in 1966. Lance Corporal Jones in the T.V. sitcom \"Dad's Army\" claimed to have been involved in the Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan in 1896–1899. Nile Expedition The Nile Expedition, sometimes called the Gordon Relief Expedition (1884–85), was a British mission to relieve Major-General Charles George Gordon at Khartoum, Sudan. Gordon had been sent to the Sudan to help Egyptians evacuate from Sudan after Britain decided to abandon the country in the face of a rebellion led by self-proclaimed Mahdi, Mahommed Ahmed. A contingent of Canadians was recruited to help the British navigate their",
"title": "Nile Expedition"
},
{
"id": "10468211",
"text": "hold the capital, Khartoum. At first Gladstone refused to send a relief expedition but a few months later he consented and in October 1884 General Wolseley embarked from Cairo to Khartoum but arrived there too late to save Gordon, who had died when Khartoum fell to the Mahdi. \"No single event in Gladstone's career made him more unpopular\" and a vote of censure in the Commons reduced the government's majority to fourteen. Enormous publicity was accorded the case of Charles Bradlaugh, who was elected as a Liberal to Parliament again and again but could not be seated because he was",
"title": "Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone"
},
{
"id": "11996987",
"text": "Bishop Hannington Memorial Church Bishop Hannington Memorial Church is an Anglican church in the West Blatchington area of Hove, in the English city of Brighton and Hove. Built between 1938 and 1939, it commemorates James Hannington, First Bishop of East Equatorial Africa, who was murdered in Uganda in 1885 on the orders of King Mwanga II while engaged in missionary work. It was built to a design by Sir Edward Maufe. Although born at Hurstpierpoint, a few miles north of Brighton and Hove, James Hannington was part of the Brighton family which owned the long-established Hanningtons department store in Brighton.",
"title": "Bishop Hannington Memorial Church"
},
{
"id": "13969160",
"text": "Khartoum and the death of the British governor General Gordon (Gordon of Khartoum) in 1885. The Egyptians and British withdrew their forces from Sudan and the country was left with no postal service until the reconquest of Sudan began in 1896. When the campaign started in March 1896, postal service was made available to the troops but no stamps were used. Until the issue of Sudan stamps in 1897 the available stamps were Egyptian stamps. The amount of mail was small and only a few stamps were used. Between March and July 1885 2½d and 5d British postage stamps were",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Sudan"
},
{
"id": "3840949",
"text": "larger force of approximately 13,000 Sudanese. The battle only lasted about 15 minutes and the attackers were repelled. After crossing the Bayuda Desert some British officers, Stuart-Wortley among them, plus some indigenous troops embarked on two Nile steamers and made a dash for Khartoum. They arrived there on 28 January 1885, two days after the town had been taken by the besiegers led by the Madhdi. Between 5000 and 10.000 citizens of Khartoum had been massacred by the Mahdi's men, as well as most of the garrison, including Gordon. In 1885 he accompanied Conservative politician Sir Henry Drummond Wolff to",
"title": "Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley"
},
{
"id": "589709",
"text": "was defeated. She thought his government was \"the worst I have ever had\", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a \"half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man\". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again. In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's",
"title": "Queen Victoria"
},
{
"id": "2429324",
"text": "(in theory jointly administered by Britain and Egypt) self-government for three years as a stepping-stone to a decision on full independence. Lloyd visited Cairo in March 1953, where he met the new Egyptian leader General Neguib, and his right-hand man Colonel Nasser. In February 1954 Lloyd met Neguib again in Khartoum. His visit to the Sudan saw riots in Khartoum and worries that he might meet the same fate as General Gordon in 1885. He wrote of the Sudan: \"It is futile to try and outstay one's welcome\". Later in February 1954 Neguib was ousted by Nasser. The Suez Base",
"title": "Selwyn Lloyd"
},
{
"id": "12868842",
"text": "HMVS Childers HMVS \"Childers\" was a torpedo boat of the Victorian Naval Forces, Commonwealth Naval Forces and the Royal Australian Navy. \"Childers\", a first-class torpedo boat, was constructed for the colony of Victoria by Thornycroft of Chiswick, England at a cost of £10,500. She was laid down in 1883, and completed by the start of 1884. HMVS \"Childers\" sailed from Portsmouth on 3 February 1884. Later that month, she was in Malta on her delivery voyage to Victoria with HMVS \"Albert\" and HMVS \"Victoria\" when news of General Gordon's death at Khartoum arrived. The colony of Victoria immediately offered the",
"title": "HMVS Childers"
},
{
"id": "1638486",
"text": "aristocracy in Europe through her Bentick great grandmother and at the age of eighteen she joined London society and married her first husband Captain Fred Burnaby, a British Army intelligence officer, in 1879. She gave birth to her son Harry Burnaby in 1880. A few months after the birth, she and her husband began leading primarily separate lives until his death in the battle of Sudan on 17 January 1885. In the time leading up to his death, Elizabeth had been spending her time searching for a cure to the lung difficulty she was experiencing. In 1881 she moved to",
"title": "Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed"
},
{
"id": "19792685",
"text": "Battle of Abu Kru The Battle of Abu Kru (also known as the Battle of Gubat) was part of the British Sudan campaigns. It was fought on 19 January 1885, two days after the Battle of Abu Klea, between the British and the Mahdists. The British force under General Sir Herbert Stewart numbered 1,200 while a large number of Mahdists, probably around 13-14,000 were in pursuit. The British were moving to rescue Gordon from Khatoum, and were cutting the Great Bend of the Nile, they came under attack a short distance from rejoining the Nile. The British formed a square,",
"title": "Battle of Abu Kru"
},
{
"id": "15889495",
"text": "Suakin Expedition The Suakin Expedition refers to two military expeditions led by Major-General Sir Gerald Graham V.C. to Suakin in Sudan with the intention of destroying the power of Osman Digna, the first in February 1884 and the second in March 1885. The first expedition, in February 1884, led to several notable British victories (the Second Battle of El Teb and the Battle of Tamai). Following the fall of Khartoum, Graham led a second expedition in March 1885. This expedition is sometimes referred to as the Suakin Field Force. Its purpose was to clear Mahdist forces under Osman Digna from",
"title": "Suakin Expedition"
},
{
"id": "4640039",
"text": "of Khartoum. After supporting a policy of ‘rescue and retire’ Lawson quickly withdrew his support he could find no relationship between what Gladstone described as \"a small service to humanity,\" and the killing of thousands of Arabs. After the death of Gordon, Lawson applauded Gladstone's decision to evacuate the Sudan. In 1885, after the reduction of the Carlisle seat to one member Lawson decided to contest the Lowther dominated Cockermouth constituency. However, his attitude towards Gladstone's imperialist policies in Egypt had made enemies in his Cockermouth constituency and on 5 December, the newly enfranchised electorate rejected his appeal by a",
"title": "Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Brayton"
},
{
"id": "1680305",
"text": "not just confined to Britain. In New York, Paris and Berlin, pictures of Gordon appeared in shop windows with black lining as all over the West the fallen general was seen as a Christ-like man who sacrificed himself resisting the advance of Islam. Despite the popular demand to \"avenge Gordon\", the Conservative government that came into office after the 1885 election did nothing of the sort. The Sudan was judged to be not worth the huge financial costs it would have taken to conquer it, the same conclusion that the Liberals had reached. After Khartoum, the Mahdi established his Islamic",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "1680289",
"text": "\"the town may fall\"; and I have done my best for the honour of our country. Goodbye, C. G. Gordon\". A chain-smoking Gordon constantly paced the roof of his palace during the day, looking vainly for smoke on the Nile indicating that the steamers were coming, while spending much of the rest of his time in prayer. On 5 January 1885, the \"Ansar\" took the fort at Omdurman, which allowed them to use their Krupp artillery to bring down enfilading fire on the defences of Khartoum. In one of the last letters Gordon had smuggled out, he wrote: \"I expect",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "2378922",
"text": "killed and Khartoum taken on 26 January 1885. A tribute to their heroic commanding officer was written by Private Cameron, The Blues:\"The soldier's friend, the best of men; Beloved of all his corps; So mourn you Royal Horse Guards Blues; Brave Burnaby no more.\" Since being made colonel of the Blues, Lord Wolseley took great care to ask the Queen permission to send a squadron from each of the three Household regiments to South Africa. In total 35,000 men left, a corps, trained at Aldershot in summer 1899 making it a foregone conclusion, they thought of a quick victory. Many",
"title": "Royal Horse Guards"
},
{
"id": "1680294",
"text": "either storm Khartoum or retreat. As dawn broke on the morning of 26 January 1885, the \"Ansar\" regiments led by their riflemen and followed by their spearmen marched out of their camps under their black banners. The \"Ansar\" began their final attack by storming the city via the gap in the defence caused by the low Nile and after an hour's fighting, the starving defenders had abandoned the fight and the city was theirs. The \"Ansar\" took no prisoners and all of the approximately 7,000 defenders were killed. On arriving at Khartoum on 28 January, the relief force found that",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "1679219",
"text": "Battle of Omdurman At the Battle of Omdurman (2 September 1898), an army commanded by the British General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. Kitchener was seeking revenge for the 1885 death of General Gordon. It was a demonstration of the superiority of a highly disciplined army equipped with modern rifles, machine guns, and artillery over a force twice their size armed with older weapons, and marked the success of British efforts to re-conquer the Sudan. However, it was not until the 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat that the",
"title": "Battle of Omdurman"
},
{
"id": "15889497",
"text": "an ongoing presence in Suakin where between 1886 and 1888 the then brevet Lt. Col. Herbert Kitchener acted out the role of Governor General of Eastern Sudan. Suakin Expedition The Suakin Expedition refers to two military expeditions led by Major-General Sir Gerald Graham V.C. to Suakin in Sudan with the intention of destroying the power of Osman Digna, the first in February 1884 and the second in March 1885. The first expedition, in February 1884, led to several notable British victories (the Second Battle of El Teb and the Battle of Tamai). Following the fall of Khartoum, Graham led a",
"title": "Suakin Expedition"
},
{
"id": "2410540",
"text": "Gordon Memorial College Gordon Memorial College was an educational institution in Sudan. It was built between 1899 and 1902 as part of Lord Kitchener's wide-ranging educational reforms. Named for General 'Chinese' Charles George Gordon of the British army, who was killed during the Mahdi uprising in 1885, it was officially opened on 8 November 1902 by Kitchener himself. The first students which entered the school in 1903 were primary school students. In 1905 secondary education courses for assistant engineers and land surveyors were added and in 1906 a four-year course for training primary school teachers was started. By 1913 there",
"title": "Gordon Memorial College"
},
{
"id": "12721985",
"text": "Fenwicks, who used her as a towing vessel. She was scrapped in 1920 after 18 years of service on Sydney Harbour. HMVS Victoria (1884) HMVS \"Victoria\" was a gunboat that served with the Victorian Naval Forces and Western Australia before being sold into private use. This class was built to a type D flat-iron gunboat design from builders Armstrong Mitchell and Co. In late February 1884, \"Victoria\" was in Malta on her delivery voyage to Australia with the gunboat \"Albert\" and the torpedo boat \"Childers\" when news of General Charles Gordon's death at Khartoum reached the British Empire. The three",
"title": "HMVS Victoria (1884)"
},
{
"id": "19382379",
"text": "2 March 1907 / whom God’s hand rests on / has God at his right hand One fortunate escape from the 1885 explosion was that of Major John Bally, who was walking near to the smith’s shop at the time; ‘a splinter flying over the roof of the shop struck him, but was embedded in a book in his side-pocket and he was saved from serious injury’. Major Bally later became Major-General Commanding Artillery Gibraltar (1902-5). He died at Shoeburyness and is buried close to the south porch at St. Andrew’s church: Monumental inscription: John Ford Bally C.V.O. / Major-General",
"title": "Royal Artillery explosion Shoeburyness Essex 1885"
},
{
"id": "17197191",
"text": "Hutcheson Poë Sir William Hutcheson Poë, 1st Baronet (20 September 1848 – 30 November 1934) was an Irish soldier and politician. He was born the younger son of William T. Poë in Donaghadee, County Down. He joined the Royal Marines in 1867 and served in the Sudan in 1884, commanding a unit of the Camel Corps in the Relief of Khartoum in 1885. He retired in 1888. He was a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Queen's County and was appointed High Sheriff of Queen's County for 1891 and High Sheriff of Tyrone for 1893. He was a",
"title": "Hutcheson Poë"
},
{
"id": "10015054",
"text": "Clifton, in the City and County of Bristol, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 21 July 1896 for the banker Charles Cave. He was a descendant of General Sir Richard Cave, who was killed at the Battle of Naseby during the Civil War. The first Baronet's great-grandfather, John Cave (1736–1800), was the founder of the Cave bank of Bristol. As of 2018 the title is held by the first Baronet's great-great-great-grandson (the baronetcy having succeeded from father to son), the sixth Baronet, who succeeded in 2018. Stephen Cave, elder brother of the first Baronet, was a",
"title": "Cave baronets"
},
{
"id": "18689191",
"text": "Government by Journalism Government by Journalism was a form of New Journalism pioneered by William Thomas Stead in which he began to think of journalism as more than just a position to report information, but through the paper the journalist or editor could become ruler. In 1883, Stead launched a crusade which resulted in General Gordon being sent to Sudan, where he was killed. According to Stead's biographer Grace Eckley, this was an exhibit of Stead's \"journalistic prowess\". Stead published an article titled \"Lord Cromer and Government by Journalism\" detailing his viewpoint of the affair. The Maiden Tribute of Modern",
"title": "Government by Journalism"
},
{
"id": "8016639",
"text": "Yokohama silver exchange. From 1884 to 1885 Beato was the official photographer of the expeditionary forces led by Baron (later Viscount) G.J. Wolseley to Khartoum, Sudan, in relief of General Charles Gordon. Briefly back in England in 1886, Beato lectured the London and Provincial Photographic Society on photographic techniques. He arrived in Burma probably in December 1886, after Upper Burma had been annexed by the British in late 1885. Much publicity had been made in the British press about the three Anglo-Burmese Wars, which had started in 1825 and culminated in December 1885 with the fall of Mandalay and the",
"title": "Felice Beato"
},
{
"id": "3001617",
"text": "in Khartoum in January 1885, Stead ran the first 24-point headline in newspaper history, \"TOO LATE!\", bemoaning the relief force's failure to rescue a national hero. 1885 saw him force the British government to supply an additional £5.5million to bolster weakening naval defences, after which he published a series of articles. Stead was no hawk however; instead he believed Britain's strong navy was necessary to maintain world peace. He distinguished himself in his vigorous handling of public affairs and his brilliant modernity in the presentation of news. However, he is also credited as originating the modern journalistic technique of creating",
"title": "W. T. Stead"
},
{
"id": "8486917",
"text": "learned of this a few weeks later when he received a letter from the Mahdi that quoted from letters that Stewart had been carrying with him on the \"Abbas\". Richard Johnson portrayed Stewart in the film \"Khartoum\". J. D. H. Stewart John Donald Hamill Stewart, CMG (15 October 1845 – September 1884) was a British soldier. He accompanied General Gordon to Khartoum in 1884 as his assistant. He died in September 1884 attempting to run the blockade from the besieged city at the hands of the Manasir tribesmen and followers of Muhammad Ahmad Al-Mahdi. Stewart was appointed a Cornet in",
"title": "J. D. H. Stewart"
},
{
"id": "1680293",
"text": "to guess that the \"Ansar\" had been defeated in battle and that Wolseley must be close. On 24 January two of the steamers, carrying 20 soldiers of the Sussex Regiment wearing red tunics to clearly identify them as British, were sent on a reconnaissance mission to Khartoum, with orders from Wolseley not to attempt to rescue Gordon or bring him ammunition or food. On the evening of 24 January 1885, the Mahdi met with his generals whose leading spokesman was his uncle Muhammad Abd al-Karim, who told him that, with the Nile low and Wolseley close, it was time to",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "11996994",
"text": "Road and Westbourne Street), Rowan Avenue, Hangleton Road, Nevill Avenue and Hove Park. Bishop Hannington Memorial Church Bishop Hannington Memorial Church is an Anglican church in the West Blatchington area of Hove, in the English city of Brighton and Hove. Built between 1938 and 1939, it commemorates James Hannington, First Bishop of East Equatorial Africa, who was murdered in Uganda in 1885 on the orders of King Mwanga II while engaged in missionary work. It was built to a design by Sir Edward Maufe. Although born at Hurstpierpoint, a few miles north of Brighton and Hove, James Hannington was part",
"title": "Bishop Hannington Memorial Church"
},
{
"id": "15875378",
"text": "Ali wad Hilu Ali wad Hilu (died 25 November 1899) was one of the three Kalifas or lieutenants of Muhammad Ahmad (1844-1885), who styled himself the Mahdi, the others being Muhammad Sharif and 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad. Ali wad Hilu's followers included the Dighaym, Kianan and al-Lahiwiyin Baqqara Arabs from the Gezira region, which lies between the Blue Nile and the White Nile. He joined the Mahdi in 1881, and his warriors were the first of the Baqqara to join the cause. His forces participated in the sack of Khartoum in January 1885 in which General Gordon died, and which",
"title": "Ali wad Hilu"
},
{
"id": "17197193",
"text": "at a by-election to replace him. He married Mary Adelaide, only surviving daughter of Sir William Compton Domvile, 3rd Baronet. He was succeeded by his son Hugo, the 2nd and last Baronet. Hutcheson Poë Sir William Hutcheson Poë, 1st Baronet (20 September 1848 – 30 November 1934) was an Irish soldier and politician. He was born the younger son of William T. Poë in Donaghadee, County Down. He joined the Royal Marines in 1867 and served in the Sudan in 1884, commanding a unit of the Camel Corps in the Relief of Khartoum in 1885. He retired in 1888. He",
"title": "Hutcheson Poë"
},
{
"id": "6333806",
"text": "ignored. Colonel Stewart is sent by Gordon to London to explain the situation in Khartoum. Over the next several months, a public outcry forces Gladstone to send a relief force, but he sees to it that there is no urgency, hoping to the last that Gordon will come to his senses and save himself. Gordon, however, has other ideas. News arrive in Karthoum about a relief force lead by General Wolseley being sent from England. When the waters recede in winter, drying up his moat, the small Egyptian army is finally overwhelmed by 100,000 Mahdist tribesmen. On 26 January 1885,",
"title": "Khartoum (film)"
},
{
"id": "11359841",
"text": "Battle of Kirbekan The Battle of Kirbekan was a battle in the Mahdist War. It was fought February 10, 1885, when the British Nile Column, about 1,000 strong, under General Earle, stormed the heights of Kirbekan, which were held by a strong Mahdist force, and totally routed them, with heavy loss. The British lost 60, among whom was General Earle, killed. It was the first appearance of the Egyptian Army Camel Corps under Bimbashi Marriott in action. A brass plaque on the North wall of Lichfield Cathedral commemorates the death of Lieutenant colonel Philip Eyre of the First South Staffordshire",
"title": "Battle of Kirbekan"
},
{
"id": "3806320",
"text": "on the \"Red Jacket\" travelling from England to Melbourne. Their elder son, Sir Eldon Gorst, became Consul-General in Egypt. Gorst died in London in April 1916, aged 80, and lies buried in St Andrew's churchyard, Castle Combe, Wilts. An account of his connection with Lord Randolph Churchill will be found in the \"Fourth Party\" (1906), by his younger son, Harold E. Gorst. John Eldon Gorst Sir John Eldon Gorst (24 May 1835 – 4 April 1916) was a British lawyer and politician. He served as Solicitor General for England and Wales from 1885 to 1886 and as Vice-President of the",
"title": "John Eldon Gorst"
},
{
"id": "18932624",
"text": "of the city. Wolseley sailed up the River Nile from Cairo in early January 1885, but was too late to save Gordon who was murdered by Mahdist forces on 26 January. The idea of building a military railway to provide a supply route for Wolseley's force was promulgated in June 1884 when the British government sent a company of Royal Engineers to Suakin to build jetties and to prepare the port as a railway depot. Wolseley, however, argued against the idea, preferring to use the Nile for transportation. Thus it was only after the failure of his expedition in January",
"title": "Suakin-Berber Railway"
},
{
"id": "19792686",
"text": "and continued moving towards the Nile, repelling all attacks until they reached the river. The British losses were 121, including Stewart, who was fatally wounded. The Mahdist losses are unknown but thought to be considerably higher. Battle of Abu Kru The Battle of Abu Kru (also known as the Battle of Gubat) was part of the British Sudan campaigns. It was fought on 19 January 1885, two days after the Battle of Abu Klea, between the British and the Mahdists. The British force under General Sir Herbert Stewart numbered 1,200 while a large number of Mahdists, probably around 13-14,000 were",
"title": "Battle of Abu Kru"
},
{
"id": "1680309",
"text": "News of Gordon's death led to an \"unprecedented wave of public grief across Britain.\" A memorial service, conducted by the Bishop of Newcastle, was held at St. Paul's Cathedral on 14 March. The Lord Mayor of London opened a public subscription to raise funds for a permanent memorial to Gordon; this eventually materialised as the Gordon Boys Home, now Gordon's School, in West End, Woking. Statues were erected in Trafalgar Square, London, in Chatham, Gravesend, Melbourne (Australia), and Khartoum. Southampton, where Gordon had stayed with his sister, Augusta, in Rockstone Place before his departure to the Sudan, erected a memorial",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "1680300",
"text": "the branches of a tree \". . . where all who passed it could look in disdain, children could throw stones at it and the hawks of the desert could sweep and circle above.\" His body was desecrated and thrown down a well. In the hours following Gordon's death an estimated 10,000 civilians and members of the garrison were killed in Khartoum. The massacre was finally halted by orders of the Mahdi. Many of Gordon's papers were saved and collected by his two sisters, Helen Clark Gordon, who married Gordon's medical colleague in China, Dr. Moffit, and Mary Augusta and",
"title": "Charles George Gordon"
},
{
"id": "2733138",
"text": "John Babbacombe Lee John Henry George Lee (1864 – c. 19 March 1945), better known as John \"Babbacombe\" Lee or \"The Man They Couldn't Hang\", was an Englishman famous for surviving three attempts to hang him for murder. Born in Abbotskerswell, Devon, Lee served in the Royal Navy, and was a known thief. In 1885, he was convicted of the brutal murder of his employer, Emma Keyse, at her home at Babbacombe Bay near Torquay on 15 November 1884 with a knife. The evidence was weak and circumstantial, amounting to little more than Lee having been the only male in",
"title": "John Babbacombe Lee"
},
{
"id": "19624229",
"text": "the government's inactivity in supporting Gordon. Sir Henry Gordon required, contractually, that substantial redaction of the text removed a large number of personal references. Heavy criticism of Evelyn Baring remained. Hake took advice from Wilfrid Meynell, and consulted Wilfred Scawen Blunt the Arabist on background. Hake then lectured on Gordon and the failure of the Liberal government to rescue him in Khartoum, before the United Kingdom general election, 1885. He undertook a tour in England and Scotland, from the late summer to November: the election campaign started on 24 November. The Conservatives supported the tour covertly through Richard Middleton; and",
"title": "Alfred Egmont Hake"
},
{
"id": "12851135",
"text": "Battle of Tofrek The Battle of Tofrek was fought on 22 March 1885 some 5 miles inland from the port of Suakin on the Red Sea coast of Sudan. A contingent of some 3000 troops from the British and Indian \"Suakin Field Force\" led by Major General Sir John Carstairs McNeill VC, GCVO, KCB, KCMG (under the overall command of General Gerald Graham) was attacked by a Mahdist force under the leadership of Osman Digna. The Mahdists were heavily defeated, losing some 1000 of their 2000 fighters as compared to the loss of 70 British and Indian soldiers plus over",
"title": "Battle of Tofrek"
},
{
"id": "17071506",
"text": "1884). In September he was placed in charge of a division of boats as part of the Nile Expedition under General Earle. The expedition was unsuccessful in its aim of relieving the Siege of Khartoum, and was attacked at Kirbekan in February 1885. MacRae was mentioned in despatches after the engagement, in which the Mahdists were defeated. He also received the Egypt Medal and a bronze Khedive's Star. The British subsequently withdrew from Sudan, and MacRae was sent with his regiment to Malta, returning to Perth in 1889. The following year he was promoted to Captain, and in 1901 he",
"title": "John MacRae-Gilstrap"
},
{
"id": "6914289",
"text": "was noted by Townshend at the time. In January 1885, he fought at the Battle of Abu Klea, which was his first battle and the first time he killed a man. In 1886, he transferred from the Royal Marines to the British Army, largely because he felt it offered better prospects of promotion. The American historian John Semple Galbraith wrote that \"Townshend was an inveterate self-advertiser, constantly and actively promoting his own brilliance in the hope of recognition by a grateful country, preferably in the form of a KCB.\" A passionate Francophile who spoke fluent French, Townshend preferred to be",
"title": "Charles Townshend (British Army officer)"
},
{
"id": "16354378",
"text": "Wounds Or Of Disease Contracted During The Egyptian Campaign 1882 And Nile River Expedition 1884–85.\" On the north face of the lower section, the base of the obelisk, the word \"Egypt\" is in raised letters. On the south face of the base, the word \"Abu-klea\" is in raised letters. The Egyptian Campaign Memorial commemorates not only those involved in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, but also the Nile Expedition of 1884 to 1885. In early 1884, British Major General Charles George Gordon (1833–1885) was sent by the British government to Khartoum, Sudan to evacuate the British and Egyptian forces, civilian",
"title": "Old Steine Gardens"
},
{
"id": "17949151",
"text": "of civil rights; \"Public Companies\" (2002), a book he co-authored about making public companies responsible following recent corporate scandals; and \"Never Give In: Battling Cancer in the Senate\" (2010), which documented Sen. Arlen Specter's cancer treatment while he was still in office. Scaturro is currently working on a book about the Alabama Claims dispute between the United States and Great Britain following the Civil War, and how the ensuing arbitration inspired international peacekeeping efforts in future generations. Civil War general and 18th U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant died in 1885 and was interred in New York City's Riverside Park. Grant's",
"title": "Frank Scaturro"
},
{
"id": "11359842",
"text": "Regiment in the battle. Battle of Kirbekan The Battle of Kirbekan was a battle in the Mahdist War. It was fought February 10, 1885, when the British Nile Column, about 1,000 strong, under General Earle, stormed the heights of Kirbekan, which were held by a strong Mahdist force, and totally routed them, with heavy loss. The British lost 60, among whom was General Earle, killed. It was the first appearance of the Egyptian Army Camel Corps under Bimbashi Marriott in action. A brass plaque on the North wall of Lichfield Cathedral commemorates the death of Lieutenant colonel Philip Eyre of",
"title": "Battle of Kirbekan"
},
{
"id": "10012305",
"text": "Nile Expedition The Nile Expedition, sometimes called the Gordon Relief Expedition (1884–85), was a British mission to relieve Major-General Charles George Gordon at Khartoum, Sudan. Gordon had been sent to the Sudan to help Egyptians evacuate from Sudan after Britain decided to abandon the country in the face of a rebellion led by self-proclaimed Mahdi, Mahommed Ahmed. A contingent of Canadians was recruited to help the British navigate their small boats up the Nile River. The Nile Expedition was the first overseas expedition by Canadians in a British imperial conflict, although the Nile Voyageurs were civilians employees and did not",
"title": "Nile Expedition"
},
{
"id": "2337919",
"text": "Emin Pasha Relief Expedition The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition of 1886 to 1889 was one of the last major European expeditions into the interior of Africa in the nineteenth century, ostensibly to the relief of Emin Pasha, General Charles Gordon's besieged governor of Equatoria, threatened by Mahdist forces. The expedition was led by Henry Morton Stanley and came to be both celebrated for its ambition in crossing \"darkest Africa\", and notorious for the deaths of so many of its members and the disease unwittingly left in its wake. The Mahdists captured Khartoum in 1885 and Egyptian administration of the Sudan",
"title": "Emin Pasha Relief Expedition"
},
{
"id": "6358964",
"text": "to allow the Ansar a victory there would invite the movement to spread elsewhere. Increasing British popular support for Gordon eventually forced Prime Minister William Gladstone to mobilize a relief force under the command of Lord Garnet Joseph Wolseley. A \"flying column\" sent overland from Wadi Halfa across the Bayuda Desert bogged down at Abu Tulayh (commonly called Abu Klea), where the Hadendowa broke the British line. An advance unit that had gone ahead by river when the column reached Al Matammah arrived at Khartoum on 28 January 1885, to find the town had fallen two days earlier. The Ansar",
"title": "Mahdist State"
},
{
"id": "6634149",
"text": "population of Khartoum was about 34,000. Gordon's plight excited great concern in the British press, and even Queen Victoria intervened on his behalf. The government ordered him to return, but Gordon refused, saying he was honour-bound to defend the city. By July 1884, Gladstone reluctantly agreed to send an expedition to Khartoum. The expedition, led by Sir Garnet Wolseley, took several months to organise and only entered Sudan in January 1885, but by then the situation of the Egyptian garrison and civilians had become desperate, with food supplies running low, many inhabitants dying of hunger and the defenders' morale at",
"title": "Siege of Khartoum"
},
{
"id": "4381504",
"text": "of . From oldest to youngest: The most recent death of a former Prime Minister was that of Baroness Thatcher (served 1979–90) on 8 April 2013 (aged 87 years, 177 days). Seven Prime Ministers have died in office: Spencer Perceval is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated. Sir Robert Peel, Margaret Thatcher and John Major survived assassination attempts in 1843, 1984 and 1991 respectively. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and Bonar Law each resigned during their respective final illnesses. Law died five months after his resignation, but Campbell-Bannerman lived only another 19 days, dying at 10 Downing Street, the",
"title": "Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "5562022",
"text": "attempt was made to use him to induce the commander Charles George Gordon, now Governor General of Sudan, to surrender. This failing, Slatin was placed in chains, and on the morning of 26 January 1885, an hour or two after the fall of Khartum, Gordon's head was brought to the camp and shown to the captive. After the sudden death of the Mahdi the same year, Slatin was kept at Omdurman by his successor, the Khalifa Abdullahi, being treated alternately with savage cruelty and comparative indulgence. During his captivity, he worked as adviser and interpreter for the Khalifa, and was",
"title": "Rudolf Carl von Slatin"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: George Higginson context: to Higginson. Higginson was associated for many years with the Gordon Boys' Home (now Gordon's School) at West End near Woking, Surrey, which was founded as the national memorial to Major General Charles Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum, Sudan, in 1885. Higginson wrote an autobiography in 1916, entitled \"71 Years of a Guardsman's Life\". Higginson died in February 1927, and his funeral, with full military honours, was described by observers as the grandest Marlow had seen, with hundreds lining the streets. George Higginson General Sir Georgeentworth Alexander Higginson, (21 June 1826 – 1 February 1927) was a British\n\nWhich British general was killed at Khartoum in 1885?",
"compressed_tokens": 223,
"origin_tokens": 223,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: William Earle (British Army officer) context: William Earle (British Army officer) Major General William Earle (1 May 1833 – 10 February 1885) was a British Army officer of the 19th century. He was born in Liverpool, the son of the merchant Sir Hardman Earle, 1st Baronet and his wife Mary (née Langton), and married Mary Codrington on 21 July 1864. He had a successful military career, recognised by honours including a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He fought in the Crimean War, was later part of the Nile Expedition attempting to relieve General Gordon at Khartoum. He was killed following the Battle of Kirbekan.\n\ntitle T. Ste context: capital A Commission recommended that the government should clear the slums encourage low-cost housing their place It's first success. He introduced the, creating a new dimension in British journalism when he interviewed General Gordon in 1884. In 184, Stead pressured the government to his friend General Gordon to the Sudan to protect British interests in Khartoum. The eccentric Gordonobeyed orders, and siege of Khartoum Gordon' death, and failure of the hugely Gordon Relief Exped one of the great imperial disasters of the period. General Gordon's death\n\ntitle: General Elementary context: General Gordon Elementary School General Gordon Elementary School elementary schoolancouver, British Canada. The opened91. It was for British Gordon, who was killed at Khartoum January1885. is228 B at the with itsilano. 27 the principal Ster school not have a-pr. It- French immersion program- and sevent28, also been French imm Multi Cl\ntitle:on\". is to have been used ofGeneral Gordon5), who was killed at. The name.utive used. Gordon (given name) Gordon is a masculine given name in the English language. The name is derived from the Scottish surname \"Gordon\". It is uncertain if this surname originated from a place name in Scotland or in France. The Gordon in Berwickshire, where the family who bore the surname held lands in the 12th\n\nWhich British general was killed at Khartoum in 1885?",
"compressed_tokens": 497,
"origin_tokens": 14669,
"ratio": "29.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
164 | On the border of which two countries is Victoria Falls? | [
"Zambia and Zimbabwe"
] | Zambia and Zimbabwe | [
{
"id": "5937093",
"text": "Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side. ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language and the name is now used throughout Zambia, and in parts of",
"title": "Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"
},
{
"id": "5937101",
"text": "augur buzzard, which all breed there. This park is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean",
"title": "Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"
},
{
"id": "4308195",
"text": "Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as",
"title": "Victoria Falls Bridge"
},
{
"id": "4308202",
"text": "known as the Victoria Falls Bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he",
"title": "Victoria Falls Bridge"
},
{
"id": "1587595",
"text": "of raptors. The Taita falcon, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons, fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common. The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 84 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi. Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "1587567",
"text": "Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Lozi language name, \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\"—\"The Smoke That Thunders\"—continues in",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "16118323",
"text": "is less favourable, stressing Smith's perceived intransigence: \"We went to great lengths to offer conditions that the Rhodesian régime might find acceptable, but Smith would not budge.\" Victoria Falls Conference (1975) The Victoria Falls Conference took place on the 26th August 1975 aboard a South African Railways train halfway across the Victoria Falls Bridge on the border between the unrecognised state of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) and Zambia. It was the culmination of the \"détente\" policy introduced and championed by B. J. Vorster, the Prime Minister of South Africa, which was then under apartheid and was attempting to improve its relations",
"title": "Victoria Falls Conference (1975)"
},
{
"id": "15831674",
"text": "35,000 gallons a minute. This water helped cool the park's air conditioning units, stored in a 100 by 40 foot room inside the mountain. The waterfall itself is named Victoria Falls, and was reportedly based on Victoria Falls, the largest waterfall in the world, which straddles the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. In 2011, the park's \"Victoria Falls\" was still listed as powering its air conditioning. The mountain itself was slow to be named. Park publicist Mike Filey suggested in July 1980 that it might be named after Canadian-born Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook. Beaverbrook is typically associated with New Brunswick,",
"title": "International Street"
},
{
"id": "16118298",
"text": "Victoria Falls Conference (1975) The Victoria Falls Conference took place on the 26th August 1975 aboard a South African Railways train halfway across the Victoria Falls Bridge on the border between the unrecognised state of Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) and Zambia. It was the culmination of the \"détente\" policy introduced and championed by B. J. Vorster, the Prime Minister of South Africa, which was then under apartheid and was attempting to improve its relations with the Frontline States to Rhodesia's north, west and east by helping to produce a settlement in Rhodesia. The participants in the conference were a delegation led",
"title": "Victoria Falls Conference (1975)"
},
{
"id": "983396",
"text": "Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "1587589",
"text": "a visa each time they cross the border; visas can be obtained at both border posts. Costs vary from US$50–$80 (). Visa regulations change frequently; visitors are advised to check the rules currently in effect in both countries before crossing the border in either direction. Additionally, foreign tourists may purchase a KAZA visa for US$50 that will permit visitors to travel between Zambia and Zimbabwe for up to 30 days as long as they remain within the covered countries. A famous feature is the naturally formed \"Armchair\" (now sometimes called \"Devil's Pool\"), near the edge of the falls on Livingstone",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "1587588",
"text": "gorges, bungee jumping from the bridge, game fishing, horse riding, kayaking, and flights over the falls. By the end of the 1990s almost 400,000 people were visiting the falls annually, and this was expected to rise to over a million in the next decade. Unlike the game parks, Victoria Falls has more Zimbabwean and Zambian visitors than international tourists; the attraction is accessible by bus and train, and is therefore comparatively inexpensive to reach. Both countries permit tourists to make day trips across the border to view the falls from both viewpoints. Visitors with single-entry visas are required to purchase",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "12057301",
"text": "to \"Maramba\", but the decision was later dismissed. When Zambia became independent in 1964, the majority of white settlers left for Rhodesia, just by crossing the border. An almost identical town of Victoria Falls lies on the other side, and benefited from the white people's crafts and abilities. This enabled them to improve the situation on the white-controlled Rhodesian side, and therefore Livingstone soon became desolate and unused. However, since the economic problems in Zimbabwe since the start of the 21st century, the situation has very much turned around as the Zambian side has become more attractive to tourists and",
"title": "White Africans of European ancestry"
},
{
"id": "17896310",
"text": "their investment (with profits). Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station The proposed Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station is a hydroelectric power station, planned to be on the Zambezi River across the International border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. The proposed power station will be located on the Zambezi River, approximately , downstream of Victoria Falls, straddling the international border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Currently, the proposal is for two power plants, each with an installed capacity of ; one on the Zambian side and another on the Zimbabwean side. The dam to supply the reservoir with water will be a tall arch-gravity",
"title": "Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station"
},
{
"id": "265713",
"text": "states of Victoria and New South Wales. Where it does, the border is the top of the bank of the Victorian side of the river (i.e., none of the river itself is actually in Victoria). This was determined in a 1980 ruling by the High Court of Australia, which settled the question as to which state had jurisdiction in the unlawful death of a man who was fishing by the river's edge on the Victorian side of the river. This boundary definition can be ambiguous, since the river changes its course over time, and some of the river banks have",
"title": "Murray River"
},
{
"id": "1624826",
"text": "for an event on 28–29 April 1994, when 250,000 Rwandans crossed the bridge at Rusumo Falls into Ngara, Tanzania in 24 hours, in what the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees called \"the largest and fastest refugee exodus in modern times\". The Kagera forms part of the Rwanda–Tanzania and Tanzania–Uganda borders before flowing into Lake Victoria. The White Nile in Uganda goes under the name of \"Victoria Nile\" from Lake Victoria via Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, and then as the \"Albert Nile\" from there to the border with South Sudan. The Victoria Nile starts at the outlet of Lake",
"title": "White Nile"
},
{
"id": "17896306",
"text": "Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station The proposed Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station is a hydroelectric power station, planned to be on the Zambezi River across the International border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. The proposed power station will be located on the Zambezi River, approximately , downstream of Victoria Falls, straddling the international border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. Currently, the proposal is for two power plants, each with an installed capacity of ; one on the Zambian side and another on the Zimbabwean side. The dam to supply the reservoir with water will be a tall arch-gravity type. The project is",
"title": "Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station"
},
{
"id": "6362154",
"text": "is to replace it in 2020; the ground-breaking ceremony was held on 12 September 2014. Kazungula lies just from the Livingstone-Sesheke road which connects to the Katima Mulilo Bridge linking Zambia and Namibia. The border post between Zimbabwe and Botswana, (by road) south-east of the Kazungula Ferry, is called Kazungula Road; it is the most direct route leading to Victoria Falls. Kazungula Kazungula is a small border town in the Southern Province of Zambia, lying on the north bank of the Zambezi River about west of Livingstone. At Kazungula the territories of four countries (Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Namibia) come",
"title": "Kazungula"
},
{
"id": "11997152",
"text": "the country with several other students (including Armando Emilio Guebuza) with the intention of joining the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), which is based in Tanzania. They manage to travel as far as the border between Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Zambia at Victoria Falls, a distance of some 800 miles, when they were apprehended, returned to the police in Lourenço Marques, and jailed. Five months later, in the month of her 19th birthday, Josina was released from jail as a result of an international campaign carried out by FRELIMO. She resumed attending secondary school, but she was watched by police agents.",
"title": "Josina Machel"
},
{
"id": "17302696",
"text": "\"Am I Wrong\" was directed and edited by Kavar Singh. The video for \"Am I Wrong\" was filmed in Botswana and at the Victoria Falls between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was put together in a deliberate effort to present a positive side of Africa when the image of the continent is too often mired in negative news stories. The music video was released via YouTube on June 20, 2013. In early 2014, Nico & Vinz received the European Border Breakers Award (EBBA) at Eurosonic Festival, performed at the Spellemann Awards, completed a Scandinavian tour, and launched \"Am I Wrong\" worldwide.",
"title": "Nico & Vinz"
},
{
"id": "1587586",
"text": "Hotel was opened to accommodate visitors arriving on the new railway. The falls became an increasingly popular attraction during British colonial rule of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), with the town of Victoria Falls becoming the main tourist centre. In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia. The following year, Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence. This was not recognized by Zambia, the United Kingdom nor the vast majority of states and led to United Nations-mandated sanctions. In response to the emerging crisis, in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings; it did not re-open the border completely",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "10141545",
"text": "Pungwe Gorge & Falls, Nyamuziwa Falls, Nyangwe & Chawomera Forts and the Trout Hatchery near Purdon Dam. The Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, are located on the western edge of Zimbabwe; the two together cover an area of bounded by the Zambezi River, which borders with Zambia. The Falls and the Pa National Park are on the southern bank of the Zambezi River. The Victoria Falls, one of seven natural wonders of the world, is wide, cascades into the gorge and is formed by five different \"falls\", out of which four are in",
"title": "Wildlife of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "466419",
"text": "the month Kaunda brought the first of several complaints before the United Nations Security Council charging that Rhodesian security forces were violating Zambia's sovereignty and territorial integrity with South African support. Tensions flared again when Zambian troops fired across the border and killed two Canadian tourists on the Rhodesian side of Victoria Falls in May 1973. The increasing prospect of war with Rhodesia posed several unique security dilemmas for the ZDF. Firstly, Zambia lacked the manpower or conventional hardware necessary to provide a suitable deterrent to a Rhodesian incursion. It also remained dependent on a relatively small pool of white",
"title": "Zambian Defence Force"
},
{
"id": "5414854",
"text": "combination of height and water volume, and Kaieteur is among the most powerful waterfalls in the world with an average flow rate of 663 cubic metres per second (23,400 cubic feet per second). Kaieteur Falls is about four times higher than Niagara Falls, on the border between Canada and the United States, and about twice the height of Victoria Falls, on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe in Africa. It is a single drop waterfall. Upriver from the falls, the Potaro Plateau stretches out to the distant escarpment of the Pakaraima Mountains. The Potaro River empties into the Essequibo River",
"title": "Kaieteur Falls"
},
{
"id": "10930467",
"text": "Elgon Cup The Elgon Cup is contested between the rugby union teams of Kenya and Uganda. The men's and women's teams of these countries each compete annually for their respective cups on a \"Home-and-Away\" basis. The competition and the cups are named after Mount Elgon, a mountain on the border of the two countries. The men's competition started in 2004 while the women's Elgon Cup followed it a few years later, starting in 2006. The Elgon cup has now been subsumed into the recently instituted Victoria Cup; just as the Bledisloe Cup (Australia and New Zealand), Freedom Cup (New Zealand",
"title": "Elgon Cup"
},
{
"id": "1657168",
"text": "of darkness give more opportunity for the phenomenon to be observed. One good location for viewing 'true moonbows' is Waimea 'Kamuela', Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Numerous places in the world feature spray-, fog- or mist-induced bows. In the United States such bows may be seen in relation to various waterfalls including Yosemite National Park, California and Cumberland Falls, near Corbin, Kentucky. Victoria Falls, in Africa on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe and Plitvice Lakes in Croatia is also widely known for spray moonbows. Spray moonbows are also seen with some regularity in the cloud forests of Costa Rica, in mountain",
"title": "Moonbow"
},
{
"id": "465701",
"text": "flights to Harare. The country's flagship airline Air Zimbabwe, which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia, ceased operations in February 2012. As of 2017, several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions. Victoria Falls on the Zambezi, which are shared with Zambia, are located in the north west of Zimbabwe. Before the economic changes, much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side but now Zambia is the main beneficiary. The Victoria Falls National Park is also in this area and is one of",
"title": "Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "12884103",
"text": "Geography of Victoria Victoria is the southernmost mainland state of Australia. With an area of 227,594 km² (87,874.5 sq mi), it is Australia's sixth largest state or territory. The State is comparable in size to the US state of Utah or the island of Great Britain. It is bound to the northwest by South Australia, directly north by New South Wales, and also shares a maritime border with Tasmania to the south, across the Bass Strait. Most of Victoria's northern border lies along the Murray River. The eastern half of the state is dominated by the Great Dividing Range and",
"title": "Geography of Victoria"
},
{
"id": "16764650",
"text": "Namibia, Angola and Botswana are expected to join the project. In third stage three SADC pilot countries are expected to join and in fourth stage all SADC countries are expected to become part of the universal visa project. The universal visa project was suspended in 2015 due to running out of visa stickers and the expiry of the Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries. The new Memorandum was signed in December 2016, extending the list of eligible countries (including territories) from 40 to 65. In Zambia it is issued at Livingstone Airport, Victoria Falls, Kazungula and Lusaka Airport border",
"title": "Visa policy of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "17598094",
"text": "visa project. The universal visa project was suspended in 2015 due to running out of visa stickers and the expiry of the Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries. The new Memorandum was signed in December 2016, extending the list of eligible countries (including territories) from 40 to 65. In Zimbabwe it is issued at Kazungula, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, Harare International Airport and Victoria Falls Airport border crossings. Eligible countries are: Nationals of Bangladesh and Pakistan require a visa at all times, including for transit. Nationals of all other countries may transit through any International Airports of Zimbabwe up to",
"title": "Visa policy of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "9807888",
"text": "about between Zambia and Botswana was apparently agreed to during various meetings involving heads of state and/or officials from all four states in the 2006-10 period and is clearly shown in the African Development Fund project map, matching the US Department of State Office of the Geographer depiction in Google Earth. The planned route for the new bridge crosses this boundary without entering Zimbabwe or Namibia. Zimbabwe already has a bridge into Zambia at Victoria Falls, from Kazungula. Namibia already has a bridge into Zambia at Katima Mulilo about upriver. This proposed bridge will give a direct connection between Zambia",
"title": "Kazungula Ferry"
},
{
"id": "7550378",
"text": "the question as to which state had jurisdiction in the unlawful death of a man on an island in the middle of the river. The ruling clarified that no part of the watercourse is in Victoria. The border also rests at the southern end of the Great Dividing Range, which stretches along the east coast and terminates west of Ballarat. It is bordered by South Australia to the west and shares Australia's shortest land border with Tasmania. The official border between Victoria and Tasmania is at 39°12' S, which passes through Boundary Islet in the Bass Strait for 85 metres.",
"title": "Victoria (Australia)"
},
{
"id": "14012324",
"text": "Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA) is situated in a region of Southern Africa where the international borders of five countries converge. It includes a major part of the Upper Zambezi River and Okavango basins and Delta, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, the southeastern part of Angola, southwestern Zambia, the northern wildlands of Botswana and western Zimbabwe. The centre of this area is at the confluence of the Zambezi Chobe Rivers where the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. It incorporates Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, and the Victoria Falls. The initiative was created",
"title": "Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area"
},
{
"id": "16118312",
"text": "to attend a conference on ground they perceived as not neutral. The Rhodesians, however, were keen to adhere to the accord and meet at a Rhodesian venue. In an effort to placate both sides, Kaunda and Vorster relaxed the terms so that the two sides would instead meet aboard a train provided by the South African government, placed halfway across the Victoria Falls Bridge, on the Rhodesian–Zambian border. The Rhodesian delegates could therefore take their seats in Rhodesia and the nationalists, on the opposite side of the carriage, would be able to attend without leaving Zambia. As part of the",
"title": "Victoria Falls Conference (1975)"
},
{
"id": "18687583",
"text": "as of 2007. About 100 cheetahs were killed by livestock farmers in Zimbabwe's lowveld per year. Following years later, about 150 to 170 adult cheetahs are found there, and the human-cheetah conflict is no longer a major threat to the species. Most of the Zimbabwean cheetahs live in protected areas today. Cheetahs are mainly found in the southern to central regions. Isolated populations are found in northwestern Zimbabwe, such as Victoria Falls, Matetsi, and Kazuma Pan, also near the Mozambican border. Hwange National Park, the largest reserve with an area of , is the main stronghold for the Zimbabwean cheetahs.",
"title": "Southeast African cheetah"
},
{
"id": "466363",
"text": "country. There is a rainy season that runs from October/November to March/April. The terrain of Zambia is mostly high plateau, with some hills and mountains. The lowest point is the Zambezi river, at above sea level, with the highest being Mafinga Central in the Mafinga Hills, at above sea level. Zambia a landlocked country bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Congo DR in the north, Tanzania on the northeast, Malawi on the east and Mozambique on the southeast. The general topography of the country is characterized by uplifted plantation surfaces. The general elevation of the nation",
"title": "Geography of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "436829",
"text": "Uganda Uganda ( ), officially the Republic of Uganda (), is a landlocked country (except for its borders with Lake Victoria and Lake Albert) in East-Central Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but",
"title": "Uganda"
},
{
"id": "14857035",
"text": "be done jointly by both sides. Even though in Vietnam the two falls are considered as one fall with the name Bản Giốc, the physical fact is that the water fall is named under two ownership divisions namely, \"Detian - Banyue Falls\" (Chinese: 德天瀑布 & 板約瀑布) or \"Ban Gioc Falls\" (Vietnamese: thác Bản Giốc). This water fall is the 4th largest waterfall along a national border in the world, the other three are Iguazu Falls, Victoria Falls, and Niagara Falls, in that order. It was also one of the crossing points for China's army during the brief Sino-Vietnamese War. Nearby",
"title": "Cao Bằng Province"
},
{
"id": "983405",
"text": "east. Here, the river is broad and shallow, and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge. The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about , cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "291825",
"text": "Namibia Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia ( ; ), is a country in southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek,",
"title": "Namibia"
},
{
"id": "1343880",
"text": "would I\". Nullarbor Plain The Nullarbor Plain ( ; Latin: \"nullus\", \"no\", and \"arbor\", \"tree\") is part of the area of flat, almost treeless, arid or semi-arid country of southern Australia, located on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single exposure of limestone bedrock, and occupies an area of about . At its widest point, it stretches about from east to west across the border between South Australia and Western Australia. Historically, the Nullarbor, considered by Europeans to be almost uninhabitable, was used by the semi-nomadic Aborigines, the",
"title": "Nullarbor Plain"
},
{
"id": "11845466",
"text": "branch line railway, is one of the largest rail networks within the region The Zambia Concession, which covers the entire network from the Sakania Border to Victoria Falls, including the Copper Belt and other branch lines, not only constitutes one of the largest ever acquisitions in Zambia’s history, but is also unique, as it is Zambia’s first railway concession. The Concession should not be viewed in isolation but as part of a global effort by NLPI to alleviate railway, and other related transport, problems within the region. The Government of the Republic of Zambia terminated the concession contract on 11",
"title": "Railway Systems of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "14867725",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uganda. Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania. The first stamps used in Uganda were the 1890 issues of the British East Africa Company.",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Uganda"
},
{
"id": "9615699",
"text": "on the following day (13 August) via Nigerian Airways to get to Lagos, Nigeria. On 14 August 1960 she arrived at Ibadan where she paid visits to tropical forests and the Olokemeji Forest Reserve. Later that month she also travelled to Minna, Nigeria from Jebba railway station to see the savannah zone. Between 27 January and 5 February 1994, Gillham spent time travelling around Zimbabwe, as well as spending a full day in Botswana, joining a sail along the River Chobe boundary of Namibia and also participating in a walk across Victoria Falls bridge to Zambia. In 1970 Gillham took",
"title": "Mary Gillham"
},
{
"id": "11642823",
"text": "South Africa, Mozambique, and Zambia are subjected to sex trafficking in brothels catering to long-distance truck drivers on both sides of the borders. Zimbabwean women and children are subjected to sex trafficking in cities and surrounding towns. Reports indicate that adults have recruited girls for child sex trafficking in Victoria Falls. The practice of ngozi, giving a family member to another family to avenge the spirits of a murdered relative, creates a vulnerability to trafficking. Zimbabwean women are lured into hospitality largely in neighbouring countries and some women become victims of forced prostitution. Women are exploited in sex trafficking in",
"title": "Prostitution in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "11215491",
"text": "another 10 kilometres to end at the Victoria Falls Border Post with Zimbabwe, where it crosses the Zambezi River. The entire T1 Road (Lusaka-Livingstone Road) is part of Trans-African Highway number 4 or Cape to Cairo Road, which links Cairo in Egypt with Cape Town in South Africa. It is also part of the route that motorists and business trucks from Botswana and Namibia (& western & central South Africa) use in order to reach Lusaka, Zambia's Capital City, and countries in the east and north, like Tanzania, Malawi and DR Congo. As a result, the road may be very",
"title": "Lusaka–Livingstone road"
},
{
"id": "5058478",
"text": "is the longer and hence the ultimate source of the Nile. From the confluence, the Kagera flows north along the Rwanda-Tanzania border, over Rusumo Falls and through Akagera National Park. It then takes a turn to the east, following the Tanzania-Uganda border and emptying into Lake Victoria in Uganda. The river has featured prominently in the histories of the countries it runs through, particularly Rwanda. In 1894, German Gustav Adolf von Götzen crossed the Kagera at Rusumo Falls, beginning the Rwandan colonial era; and in 1916, during World War I, the Belgians defeated the Germans, entering Rwanda by the same",
"title": "Kagera River"
},
{
"id": "9807885",
"text": "Kazungula Ferry The Kazungula Ferry is a pontoon ferry across the Zambezi River between Botswana and Zambia. It is one of the largest ferries in south-central Africa, having a capacity of . The service is provided by two motorised pontoons and operates between border posts at Kazungula, Zambia and Kazungula, Botswana. It links the Livingstone-Sesheke road (which connects to the Trans–Caprivi Highway at Katima Mulilo and forms part of the Walvis Bay Corridor) to the main north-south highway of Botswana through Francistown and Gaborone to South Africa, and also to the Kasane-Victoria Falls road through Zimbabwe. It serves the international",
"title": "Kazungula Ferry"
},
{
"id": "4945554",
"text": "Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. The settlement began in 1901 when the possibility of using the waterfall for hydro-electric power was explored, and expanded when the railway from Bulawayo reached the town shortly before the Victoria Falls Bridge was opened in April 1905, connecting Zimbabwe to what is now Zambia. It became the principal tourism centre for the Falls,",
"title": "Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "4134156",
"text": "status on 29 March 2001, in the cultural category. Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve has been listed as a World Heritage Site in both Guinea and Ivory Coast, under the criteria for natural heritage. Mount Richard-Molard Mount Richard-Molard, also known as Mount Nimba, is a mountain along the border of Ivory Coast and Guinea in West Africa. The highest peak for both countries and the Nimba Range is at . The mountain is a part of the Guinea Highlands, which straddles the borders between the two countries and Liberia. The nearest major settlements are the town Yekepa to the west",
"title": "Mount Richard-Molard"
},
{
"id": "14527507",
"text": "the title \"Nicholas Range\" during the joint Russo-British Pamir Boundary Commission of 1895 that delineated the border between Russian and Afghan territory. In exchange for a British agreement to use the term \"Nicholas Range,\" in honor of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, on official maps, the Russians agreed to refer to Lake Zorkul as \"Lake Victoria\" in honor of Queen Victoria of England. Nicholas Range (Pamir Mountains) The Nicholas Range (Persian: سلسله کوه نیکلاس), known locally as Selselehi-i Koh-i-Wakhan (سلسله کوه واخان) is a range of mountains in the Pamir Mountains on the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan that crosses",
"title": "Nicholas Range (Pamir Mountains)"
},
{
"id": "265712",
"text": "system which drains most of inland Victoria, New South Wales, and southern Queensland. Overall the catchment area is one seventh of Australia's total land mass. The Murray carries only a small fraction of the water of comparably-sized rivers in other parts of the world, and with a great annual variability of its flow. In its natural state it has even been known to dry up completely during extreme droughts, although that is extremely rare, with only two or three instances of this occurring since official record keeping began. The Murray River makes up most of the border between the Australian",
"title": "Murray River"
},
{
"id": "9807889",
"text": "and Botswana. But there is still no direct connection between Namibia and Zimbabwe, nor is one planned. Traffic from Namibia to Zimbabwe has to cross to Zambia at Katimo Mulilo, and then from Zambia into Zimbabwe at the Victoria Falls; or over this new bridge into Botswana, and thence into Zimbabwe at Pandamatenga. In practice, though, there is very little such traffic along this route, or demand. Most traffic between Namibia and Zimbabwe goes through Botswana via Maun, which is a considerably shorter route. For those travelling from South Africa to Zambia's copperbelt or Lusaka by road, routes through Zimbabwe",
"title": "Kazungula Ferry"
},
{
"id": "13277616",
"text": "Winston Churchill Avenue Winston Churchill Avenue is an arterial road in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. It is the only road in and out of the territory, connecting it with Spain. Once the customs are crossed, the avenue becomes the dual carriageway () CA-34 (former national road N-351). The northern end of the road starts at Gibraltar's border with Spain and passes Gibraltar International Airport at Victoria Stadium, which is Gibraltar's major sporting venue. The road intersects the airport's runway at surface level; movable barricades close when aircraft land or take off. In 2009, the Government of Gibraltar announced",
"title": "Winston Churchill Avenue"
},
{
"id": "17655612",
"text": "lighter water, thus creating a downward flow of water, or waterfall. It is thought that the Denmark Strait cataract has a flow rate exceeding 175 million cubic feet (5.0 million cubic meters) per second, making it 350 times as voluminous as the extinct Guaíra Falls on the border of Brazil and Paraguay, which was once thought to be the most voluminous waterfall on Earth, which was 12 times more voluminous than Victoria Falls. The waterfall was jokingly called The Alan Davies Cascade, after the regular panelist on the television quiz show \"QI\", in response to host Stephen Fry's mentioning its",
"title": "Denmark Strait cataract"
},
{
"id": "983438",
"text": "nutrients. Wetland ecosystems downstream of the dam shrank considerably. Wildlife in the delta was further threatened by uncontrolled hunting during the civil war in Mozambique. The Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area will cover parts of Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Botswana, including the famous Okavango Delta in Botswana and Mosi-oa-Tunya (The Smoke That Thunders, or Victoria Falls). It is thought that the cross-border park will help with animal migration routes and assist in the preservation of wetlands which clean water, as sewage from communities is a problem. Funding was boosted for cross-border conservation along the Zambezi in 2008. The Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "6362152",
"text": "Kazungula Kazungula is a small border town in the Southern Province of Zambia, lying on the north bank of the Zambezi River about west of Livingstone. At Kazungula the territories of four countries (Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Namibia) come close to meeting at a quadripoint. It has now been agreed that the international boundaries contain two tripoints joined by a short line roughly long forming a boundary between Zambia and Botswana. The ever-shifting river channels and the lack of any known agreements addressing the issue before 2000, led to some uncertainty in the past as to whether or not a",
"title": "Kazungula"
},
{
"id": "1587568",
"text": "common usage as well. The World Heritage List officially recognizes both names. Livingstone also cites an older name, \"Seongo\" or \"Chongwe\", which means \"The Place of the Rainbow\" as a result of the constant spray. The nearby national park in Zambia is named \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", whereas the national park and town on the Zimbabwean shore are both named Victoria Falls. While it is neither the highest nor the widest waterfall in the world, Victoria Falls is classified as the largest, based on its combined width of and height of , resulting in the world's largest sheet of falling water. Victoria Falls",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "10297602",
"text": "tried to maintain good relations with both countries. Relations between the two countries continued after the fall of the Soviet Union. The relationship gained some importance again after Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia in 2000. Kim Jong-un also accepted an invitation to visit Russia in mid 2015. The two states share a border along the lower Tumen River (Туманная), which is long and was formed in 1860 when the Tsar Alexander II acquired territory ceded from China in the Convention of Peking. Favorable perceptions of North Korea in Russia are gradually declining, with only 34% of Russians viewing",
"title": "North Korea–Russia relations"
},
{
"id": "12831080",
"text": "Wymah Ferry The Wymah Ferry is a cable ferry across the upper reach of Lake Hume, on the Murray River and on the border between the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria. The ferry crosses from the community of Wymah on the New South Wales side of the river, to Granya, and is approximately east of Albury. The ferry is controlled by the New South Wales Roads & Maritime Services, but is jointly funded by both states. It operates seven days a week, and is free of tolls. From September to April, the ferry operates on demand from",
"title": "Wymah Ferry"
},
{
"id": "14709245",
"text": "2015.Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,2016 and 2017 in its current format. a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria Falls are not connected contrary to some reports. The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and runs south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls",
"title": "Victoria Cup (rugby union)"
},
{
"id": "13277619",
"text": "were lawful. Winston Churchill Avenue Winston Churchill Avenue is an arterial road in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. It is the only road in and out of the territory, connecting it with Spain. Once the customs are crossed, the avenue becomes the dual carriageway () CA-34 (former national road N-351). The northern end of the road starts at Gibraltar's border with Spain and passes Gibraltar International Airport at Victoria Stadium, which is Gibraltar's major sporting venue. The road intersects the airport's runway at surface level; movable barricades close when aircraft land or take off. In 2009, the Government of",
"title": "Winston Churchill Avenue"
},
{
"id": "4388952",
"text": "Hwange Hwange (formerly Wankie) is a town in Zimbabwe, located in Hwange District, in Matabeleland North Province, in northwestern Zimbabwe, close to the international borders with Botswana and Zambia. It lies approximately , by road, southeast of Victoria Falls, the nearest large city. The town lies on the railway line from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, to Victoria Falls. Hwange sits at an elevation of , above sea level. The town houses the offices of Hwange Town Council, as well as the headquarters of Hwange District Administration. Hwange and the surrounding countryside is a centre for the industry in Zimbabwe. Hwange",
"title": "Hwange"
},
{
"id": "20657389",
"text": "Division of Nicholls The Division of Nicholls is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria, which will be contested for the first time at the 2019 federal election. The division is named in honour of Douglas and Gladys Nicholls, in recognition of their contributions to the advocacy of Aboriginal rights. The Division of Nicholls was created in 2018 after the Australian Electoral Commission oversaw a mandatory redistribution of divisions in Victoria. Nicholls replaced the division of Murray in the same location. It is located in the north of the state, adjoining the Murray River, which forms Victoria's border",
"title": "Division of Nicholls"
},
{
"id": "1343858",
"text": "Nullarbor Plain The Nullarbor Plain ( ; Latin: \"nullus\", \"no\", and \"arbor\", \"tree\") is part of the area of flat, almost treeless, arid or semi-arid country of southern Australia, located on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single exposure of limestone bedrock, and occupies an area of about . At its widest point, it stretches about from east to west across the border between South Australia and Western Australia. Historically, the Nullarbor, considered by Europeans to be almost uninhabitable, was used by the semi-nomadic Aborigines, the Spinifex and",
"title": "Nullarbor Plain"
},
{
"id": "5769502",
"text": "the bridge but does not have to enter Namibia, as the bridge is entirely located on Zambian territory. Sesheke Sesheke is a border town in the Western Province of Zambia, and a district of the same name. It lies on the northern bank of the Zambezi River which forms the border with Namibia's Caprivi Strip at that point. The Katima Mulilo Bridge, completed in May 2004, spans the river here, connecting Sesheke with the Namibian town of Katima Mulilo. The paved road from Sesheke to Livingstone and the Victoria Falls 200 km east has been upgraded in 2004. The new",
"title": "Sesheke"
},
{
"id": "778983",
"text": "independence in 1971. The two states have agreed to develop hydropower in the Himalayas, as well as initiate free trade and transhipment through Bangladeshi ports. They also cooperate in water resources management. Both Bhutan and Bangladesh are members of SAARC and BIMSTEC. Canada established diplomatic ties with Bhutan in 2003. Canada has a representative office in Thimphu. Bhutan has no diplomatic relations with its northern neighbor, the People's Republic of China, and is one of the few countries to not recognise or have relations with either China or Taiwan. The border between Bhutan and China has been closed since the",
"title": "Foreign relations of Bhutan"
},
{
"id": "14291422",
"text": "School, and Linda High School. Africa's highest waterfall, Victoria Falls, is found in the Livingstone District. Located by Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, the waterfalls cascade past Livingstone Island along the Zambezi River. Then, the river passes underneath Victoria Falls Bridge on the road T1. Victoria Falls forms part of the district's border with Zimbabwe. Livingstone District Livingstone District is a district of Zambia, located in Southern Province. The capital lies at Livingstone, Zambia. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 103,288 people. Its border with Zimbabwe is formed by the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls. Although",
"title": "Livingstone District"
},
{
"id": "465766",
"text": "Geography of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa lying wholly within the tropics. It straddles an extensive high inland plateau that drops northwards to the Zambezi valley where the border with Zambia is and similarly drops southwards to the Limpopo valley and the border with South Africa. The country has borders with Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km and almost meets Namibia at its westernmost point. The climate is markedly varied by altitude. There is a dry season, including a short cool season during the period May to September when",
"title": "Geography of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "373069",
"text": "Seychelles Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: \"Repiblik Sesel\"), is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean. The capital of the 115-island country, Victoria, lies east of mainland East Africa. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros, Mayotte (region of France), Madagascar, Réunion (region of France) and Mauritius to the south. With a population of roughly , it has the smallest population of any sovereign African country. Seychelles is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. After proclamation of independence from",
"title": "Seychelles"
},
{
"id": "5709718",
"text": "Beitbridge Beitbridge is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, which forms the political border between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The main roads are the A6 highway to Bulawayo and Victoria Falls, being 321km and 758km away respectively and the A4 to Masvingo and Harare. According to the 2002 population census, the town had a",
"title": "Beitbridge"
},
{
"id": "5769499",
"text": "Sesheke Sesheke is a border town in the Western Province of Zambia, and a district of the same name. It lies on the northern bank of the Zambezi River which forms the border with Namibia's Caprivi Strip at that point. The Katima Mulilo Bridge, completed in May 2004, spans the river here, connecting Sesheke with the Namibian town of Katima Mulilo. The paved road from Sesheke to Livingstone and the Victoria Falls 200 km east has been upgraded in 2004. The new bridge and road were financed by German donor bank Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau and were the last missing link",
"title": "Sesheke"
},
{
"id": "4133127",
"text": "to a military conflict. The President of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, was one of the top world leaders to visit New Delhi after Narendra Modi took over as Prime Minister of India in 2014. India's insistence to raise South China Sea in various multilateral forums subsequently did not help that beginning once again, the relationship facing suspicion from Indian administration and media alike. China and India are separated by the Himalayas. China and India today share a border with Nepal and Bhutan acting as buffer states. Parts of the disputed Kashmir region claimed by India are claimed",
"title": "China–India relations"
},
{
"id": "14318812",
"text": "in the west, and on Fish Point Road at Fish Point in the east. There are no crossings to the island over the Murray from New South Wales. Pental Island is one of two areas (the other is Beveridge Island) which were the subject of border disputes between the states of Victoria and New South Wales. When the Murray was opened for navigation the question arose as to whether all navigable channels were part of New South Wales, as claimed by that state, or whether the Little Murray River was a continuation of the Loddon River enclosing Pental Island as",
"title": "Pental Island, Victoria"
},
{
"id": "13981718",
"text": "on what failures caused the outage, and responses under consideration. President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva arranged an emergency commission to enquire into the cause of the blackout. The blackout also unleashed a political stir as the Minister of Energy has been summoned to testify before Congress. The Itaipu Dam is shared with Paraguay. In the immediate aftermath of its failure, interconnecting lines to Paraguay's other large powerplant, the Yacyreta Dam (in the border with Argentina), also failed. All of the country's territory was affected by the blackout. 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout The 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout was",
"title": "2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout"
},
{
"id": "265714",
"text": "been modified. West of the line of longitude 141°E, the river continues as the border between Victoria and South Australia for approximately , where this is the only stretch where a state border runs down the middle of the river. This was due to a miscalculation during the 1840s, when the border was originally surveyed. Past this point, the Murray River is entirely within the state of South Australia. The following major settlements are located along the course of the river, with population figures from the 2011 Census: The Murray River (and associated tributaries) support a variety of river life",
"title": "Murray River"
},
{
"id": "13742978",
"text": "member of their group who was not granted asylum. The large number of border crossers led to long queues at checkpoints near Victoria Falls as early as August 2007. The 2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak led to further delays due to Zambian authorities' need to screen border-crossers for the disease. Many Zimbabweans in Zambia engage in shuttle trade, bringing products such as game meat, fruit, sweets, and mobile phones for sale. Zimbabweans living in the border area also cross Lake Kariba into Zambia in search of food, selling or bartering chickens for mealie meal. Zimbabwean cross-border traders who buy mealie meal",
"title": "Zimbabweans in Zambia"
},
{
"id": "19456167",
"text": "Halfway House, 335 km from Bulawayo and 105 km before Victoria Falls. ( ) In this town are Hwange Colliery Mine and Hwange Thermal Power Station. Victoria Falls is 105 km from Hwange and about 3 km from the border with Zambia where the A8 Highway ends. The P14 Highway to Kazungula runs west for 69 km to the Border Post with Botswana and Namibia. At Kazungula transit vehicles from Botswana and Namibia into Zambia are transported by a ferry across the Zambezi River. There are a number of high level bridges o the A8 Highway and these are a",
"title": "A8 road (Zimbabwe)"
},
{
"id": "11904997",
"text": "Operation Noah (Kariba) Operation Noah was a wildlife rescue operation on the Zambezi River, (then in Rhodesia, now the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe) lasting from 1958 to 1964. In the late 1950s, North and South Rhodesia (present-day Zambia and Zimbabwe) constructed the Kariba Dam hydroelectric power station across the Zambezi River, at the Kariba Gorge, about 400 km from Victoria Falls. The Kariba Dam mostly provided electric power to both countries, created Lake Kariba, the world's largest man-made lake, and flooded the Kariba Gorge - home to thousands of native animals and the local Tonga people. In a wildlife",
"title": "Operation Noah (Kariba)"
},
{
"id": "10229426",
"text": "1884. An ongoing issue in the border region was the exact boundary between Mexico and the U.S., particularly because the channel of the Rio Grande shifted at intervals. In 1889, the International Boundary and Water Commission was established, and still functions in the twenty-first century. In 1909, William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a historic first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president, the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico, and only the second international trip by a sitting president Diaz requested the",
"title": "Mexico–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "371663",
"text": "described in Lord Baden-Powell's book, titled \"African Adventures\". St Helena, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was named after the island. Saint Helena Saint Helena ( ) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,534 (2016 census). It",
"title": "Saint Helena"
},
{
"id": "983397",
"text": "Falls at the border between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls, near Sioma in Western Zambia. There are two main sources of hydroelectric power on the river, the Kariba Dam, which provides power to Zambia and Zimbabwe, and the Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique, which provides power to Mozambique and South Africa. There are additional two smaller power stations along the Zambezi River in Zambia, one at Victoria Falls and the other one near Kalene Hill in Mwinilunga District. The river rises in a black marshy dambo in dense undulating miombo woodland north of Mwinilunga and south of Ikelenge in",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "2383199",
"text": "an 1890 exchange with the United Kingdom. Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River and a route to Africa's east coast, where the colony of German East Africa (now part of Tanzania) was situated. The river later proved unnavigable and inaccessible to the Indian Ocean due to the Victoria Falls. The transfer of territory was a part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890, in which Germany gave up its interest in Zanzibar in return for the Caprivi Strip and the island of Heligoland",
"title": "Caprivi Strip"
},
{
"id": "777437",
"text": "Victoria Island (Canada) Victoria Island (or Kitlineq) is a large island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago that straddles the boundary between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is the eighth largest island in the world, and at in area, it is Canada's second largest island. It is nearly double the size of Newfoundland (), and is slightly larger than the island of Great Britain () but smaller than Honshu (). It contains the world's largest island within an island within an island. The western third of the island belongs to the Inuvik Region in the Northwest Territories; the",
"title": "Victoria Island (Canada)"
},
{
"id": "6842516",
"text": "same shield as used by Northern Rhodesia and in the coat of arms of Malawi there is a rising sun, albeit on a black field and a yellow, rather than red, lion passant in its shield. The current coat of arms of Zimbabwe has white palets on a blue (as opposed to black) background representing the importance of water and symbolic of the Victoria Falls. Coat of arms of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland The coat of arms of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was designed by M.J. Morris (later Information Attaché to the Federal High Commission in",
"title": "Coat of arms of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland"
},
{
"id": "18928157",
"text": "Kazungula Bridge Kazungula Bridge is a road and rail bridge under construction over the Zambezi river between the countries of Zambia and Botswana at Kazungula. In August 2007 the governments of Zambia and Botswana announced a deal to construct a bridge to replace the existing ferry. Construction of the US$259.3 million project, which includes international border facilities in Zambia and Botswana officially began on 12 October 2014 and was due to be completed by 2020. The bridge is being financed by the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the African Development Bank. The by bridge will have a longest span of",
"title": "Kazungula Bridge"
},
{
"id": "14867479",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Early European explorers, missionariies and traders, in the area that became Zimbabwe, hired private couriers, or made other arrangements to have their mail carried to the nearest post office which first meant one in the Cape of",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "2383179",
"text": "with the United Kingdom. Leo von Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The German motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tanganyika (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British colonisation of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) stopped them well upstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier to navigation on the Zambezi.",
"title": "Zambezi Region"
},
{
"id": "14867484",
"text": "until 1978. No stamps were issued in 1979 during the Rhodesia-Zimbabwe period. The first stamps with the name Zimbabwe were issued on 18 April 1980, they were a set of definitives and featured the same designs as the previous definitive stamps of Rhodesia. Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "13626501",
"text": "agreement with Federation of Malaya in forming the Federation of Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula and surrounding islands. Its area is , which is nearly 40% of the total area of the country - - or slightly smaller than England and Java island. It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the Sumatra Island (Indonesia) and across the South China Sea to the",
"title": "Peninsular Malaysia"
},
{
"id": "14923348",
"text": "Bhutan–Nepal relations Bhutan–Nepal relations refer to the bilateral relations between the Bhutan and Nepal. Relations were formally established in 1983. The two Himalayan countries are both landlocked, separated only by the Indian state of Sikkim. Both countries are bordered by India and the People's Republic of China. However, the current state of relations remains strained owing to the Bhutanese refugee crisis. Bhutan and Nepal are both Himalayan countries and until 2008, Nepal was also a monarchy. Both nations were founding members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). The Nepal-Bhutan Friendship and Cultural Society was established in Kathmandu",
"title": "Bhutan–Nepal relations"
},
{
"id": "5452689",
"text": "Division of Murray The Division of Murray is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is located in the north of the state, adjoining the Murray River, which forms Victoria's border with New South Wales. It includes the towns of Shepparton, Echuca, Cobram, Yarrawonga, Boort and Bridgewater. The Division was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the 1949 election. It was named after the Murray River, which itself was named after British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Sir George Murray. Murray has been in the hands of",
"title": "Division of Murray"
},
{
"id": "4552687",
"text": "proclaimed a British colony in 1843. Following the defeat of the Boers in the Second Boer War in 1902, Britain annexed the Boer Republics of the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State. Scottish medical missionary David Livingstone famously explored Africa, and it is believed he was the first European to set eyes on Victoria Falls in 1855. He is a key character in African history, being one of the first well-known Britons to believe his heart was in Africa. In the late nineteenth century, the discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand and diamonds in Kimberley encouraged further settlement by",
"title": "British diaspora in Africa"
},
{
"id": "1587569",
"text": "is roughly twice the height of North America's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil's Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons. For a considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley, bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, escarpments, or deep valleys; only a flat plateau extending hundreds",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "6698991",
"text": "Kasane Kasane is a town in Botswana, close to Africa's 'Four Corners', where four countries almost meet: Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is at the far north-eastern corner of Botswana where it serves as the administrative center of the Chobe District. The population of Kasane was 7,638 in 2001 census. Kasane briefly obtained international fame as the location of the remarriage of Elizabeth Taylor to Richard Burton, in 1975. The town lies on the south bank of the wide Chobe River which forms the border with the extreme tip of Namibia's Caprivi Strip. The Namibian island of Impalila lies",
"title": "Kasane"
},
{
"id": "14224620",
"text": "Seychelles–Tanzania Maritime Boundary Agreement The Seychelles–Tanzania Maritime Boundary Agreement is a 2002 treaty between Seychelles and Tanzania which delimits the maritime boundary between the two countries. The agreement was signed in Victoria, Seychelles on 23 January 2002. The boundary set out by the text of the treaty is a relatively short 17 nautical miles long. It consists of nine straight-line maritime segments defined by ten individual coordinate points. The precision of the treaty is unusual, with the boundary being defined to the nearest three millimetres of the Earth's surface (to the fourth decimal place of one second of the latitude",
"title": "Seychelles–Tanzania Maritime Boundary Agreement"
},
{
"id": "14224622",
"text": "Seychelles–Tanzania Maritime Boundary Agreement The Seychelles–Tanzania Maritime Boundary Agreement is a 2002 treaty between Seychelles and Tanzania which delimits the maritime boundary between the two countries. The agreement was signed in Victoria, Seychelles on 23 January 2002. The boundary set out by the text of the treaty is a relatively short 17 nautical miles long. It consists of nine straight-line maritime segments defined by ten individual coordinate points. The precision of the treaty is unusual, with the boundary being defined to the nearest three millimetres of the Earth's surface (to the fourth decimal place of one second of the latitude",
"title": "Seychelles–Tanzania Maritime Boundary Agreement"
},
{
"id": "14217287",
"text": "France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement The France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement is a 2001 treaty between France and Seychelles which delimits the maritime boundary between Seychelles and the uninhabited Glorioso Islands which are claimed by France. The treaty was signed in Victoria, Seychelles on 19 February 2001. The boundary set out by the text of the treaty identifies two straight-line maritime segments defined by three individual coordinate points. The boundary is an approximately equidistant line between the two territories. The north end of the boundary stops short of the tripoint with Comoros and the south end stops short of the tripoint with",
"title": "France–Seychelles Maritime Boundary Agreement"
},
{
"id": "9807890",
"text": "are several hundred kilometres shorter. Kazungula Ferry The Kazungula Ferry is a pontoon ferry across the Zambezi River between Botswana and Zambia. It is one of the largest ferries in south-central Africa, having a capacity of . The service is provided by two motorised pontoons and operates between border posts at Kazungula, Zambia and Kazungula, Botswana. It links the Livingstone-Sesheke road (which connects to the Trans–Caprivi Highway at Katima Mulilo and forms part of the Walvis Bay Corridor) to the main north-south highway of Botswana through Francistown and Gaborone to South Africa, and also to the Kasane-Victoria Falls road through",
"title": "Kazungula Ferry"
},
{
"id": "13626497",
"text": "Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia also known as Malaya or West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula and surrounding islands. Its area is , which is nearly 40% of the total area of the country - - or slightly smaller than England and Java island. It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the Sumatra Island (Indonesia) and across the South China Sea to the east lies the Natuna Islands (Indonesia). Peninsular Malaysia accounts for the",
"title": "Peninsular Malaysia"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park context: Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National ParkSotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side. ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language and the name is now used throughout Zambia, and in parts of\n\nOn the border of which two countries is Victoria Falls?",
"compressed_tokens": 216,
"origin_tokens": 217,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Josina Machel context: the country with several other students (including Armando Emilio Guebuza) with the intention of joining the Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), which is based in Tanzania. They manage to travel as far as the border between Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Zambia at Victoria Falls, a distance of some 800 miles, when they were apprehended, returned to the police in Lourenço Marques, and jailed. Five months later, in the month of her 19th birthday, Josina was released from jail as a result of an international campaign carried out by FRELIMO. She resumed attending secondary school, but she was watched by police agents.\n\ntitle: (rugby union) context: 2015Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,206 and 201 in its current format a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria F connected contrary to reports The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world While the Victoria Falls\n\ntitle: Region context: with the Kingdom. Leo von Caprivi for the Capriv to annexed West in to access the Zambezi as part of HeligolandZanzib Tre The motiv behind the swap was to acquire strip land German West Africa Zambe River, providing easyania) an out the Indian. Unfortunately Germans, British colon of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zamb) stopped them wellstream of Victoria Falls, proved a bar to navigation on the Zambe.\n\nalls: usage as well Heritagestoneites older \"ongo \"The of Rain aray park named\", the townwe., Victoria Falls is classified as the largest, based on its combined width of and height of , resulting in the world's largest sheet of falling water. Victoria Falls\n\nOn the border of which two countries is Victoria Falls?",
"compressed_tokens": 467,
"origin_tokens": 14156,
"ratio": "30.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
165 | What is the name of the volcanic valley that runs from the Sinai peninsula to central Mozambique? | [
"Syrian-African rift",
"Great rift valley",
"Great Rift Valley",
"Syrian-East African Rift",
"Great Rift Valley (geographical concept)",
"Syrian-African Rift Valley",
"Great Rift Valley, geographical concept",
"Great Rift valley",
"The Great Rift Valley"
] | Great Rift Valley | [
{
"id": "5300272",
"text": "Makhtesh A makhtesh ( (), plural: ( – \"Makhteshim\") is a geological landform considered typical for the Negev desert of Israel and the Sinai peninsula of Egypt. A makhtesh has steep walls of resistant rock surrounding a deep closed valley, which is usually drained by a single wadi. The valleys have limited vegetation and soil, containing a variety of different colored rocks and diverse fauna and flora. The best known and largest makhtesh is Makhtesh Ramon. Although commonly referred to as \"craters\", these formations are \"erosion cirques\" (steephead valleys or box canyons). Craters are formed by the impact of a",
"title": "Makhtesh"
},
{
"id": "5300275",
"text": "similar geological formations are also found in Wadi Rum in southern Jordan. Makhtesh A makhtesh ( (), plural: ( – \"Makhteshim\") is a geological landform considered typical for the Negev desert of Israel and the Sinai peninsula of Egypt. A makhtesh has steep walls of resistant rock surrounding a deep closed valley, which is usually drained by a single wadi. The valleys have limited vegetation and soil, containing a variety of different colored rocks and diverse fauna and flora. The best known and largest makhtesh is Makhtesh Ramon. Although commonly referred to as \"craters\", these formations are \"erosion cirques\" (steephead",
"title": "Makhtesh"
},
{
"id": "5433071",
"text": "in the restoration project, and many others are seeing the park for the first time. In July 2010, the Government of Mozambique made public the decision to increase the area of the Gorongosa National Park and to incorporate Mount Gorongosa (above 700 m) making true an old desire that had been presented in the 60s by the then Park ecologist, Kenneth Tinley. The Government also announced the official establishment of a Park buffer zone of 3,300 square km. The Park is in a 4,000-square-km section of the Great African Rift Valley system. The Rift extends from Ethiopia to central Mozambique.",
"title": "Gorongosa National Park"
},
{
"id": "1270525",
"text": "13,000 km² (4,700 sq mi) or at least 55% of the country's land area. It forms an inverted triangle shape whose western side is contiguous with the desert of the Sinai Peninsula, and whose eastern border is the Arabah valley. The Negev has a number of interesting cultural and geological features. Among the latter are three enormous, craterlike makhteshim (box canyons), which are unique to the region: Makhtesh Ramon, HaMakhtesh HaGadol, and HaMakhtesh HaKatan. The Negev is a rocky desert. It is a melange of brown, rocky, dusty mountains interrupted by wadis (dry riverbeds that bloom briefly after rain) and",
"title": "Negev"
},
{
"id": "5300273",
"text": "meteor or volcanic eruption, whereas makhteshim are created by erosion. The word makhtesh is the Hebrew word for a mortar grinder (). The geological landform was given this name because of its similarity to a grinding bowl. Where a hard outer layer of rock covers softer rocks, erosion removes the softer minerals relatively quickly, and they are washed away from under the harder rock. The harder rocks eventually collapse under their own weight, and a crater-like valley structure is formed. In Negev and Sinai makhteshim, the hard rocks are limestone and dolomite, while the inner softer rocks are chalk or",
"title": "Makhtesh"
},
{
"id": "354539",
"text": "Red Sea The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea, ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley. The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km",
"title": "Red Sea"
},
{
"id": "722233",
"text": "in the Middle East during this period of change. Zenawi died in 2012, but his Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) party remains the ruling political coalition in Ethiopia. The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valley, a fissure in the Earth's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. Mostly mountainous, the region arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley. Geologically, the Horn and Yemen once formed a",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "120218",
"text": "Suez and the Red Sea. This elevated region has a natural drainage pattern that rarely functions because of insufficient rainfall. It also has a complex of irregular, sharply cut wadis that extend westward toward the Nile. The desert environment extends all the way to the Red Sea coast. The Sinai Peninsula is a triangular-shaped peninsula, about 61,100 km in area (slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia). Similar to the desert, the peninsula contains mountains in its southern sector that are a geological extension of the Red Sea Hills, the low range along the Red Sea coast that",
"title": "Geography of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "16176852",
"text": "Tanzania Craton The Tanzania Craton is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere in central Tanzania. Some of the rocks are over 3 billion years old. The Tanzania Craton forms the highest part of the East African Plateau. The craton is surrounded by Proterozoic mobile belts of various ages and grades of metamorphism. These include the Ubendian, Usagaran, Karagwe-Ankolean and Bukoban systems. The Mozambique Belt lies to the east. The craton divides the east and west branches of the East African Rift. The southern end of the Gregory Rift Valley terminates against the craton. The volcanic area of",
"title": "Tanzania Craton"
},
{
"id": "9634708",
"text": "the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques. The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures . A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean Basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin. The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan",
"title": "Israel"
},
{
"id": "10283509",
"text": "smaller Eastern Desert, a high mountain ridge running parallel with the Red Sea, seamed with wadis on either flank. At the border with Sudan this rises to the rocky massif of Gebel Elba. The Sinai Peninsula is a mountainous area, deeply cleft by canyon-like wadis that flow towards the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean Sea. In general, Egypt is a very dry country. The Western Desert receives only occasional rainfall, the winters being mild and the summers very hot. The Eastern Desert receives some precipitation in the south in the form of orographic rainfall from",
"title": "Wildlife of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "120219",
"text": "includes Mount Catherine (Jabal Katrinah), the country's highest point, at 2,642 m above sea-level. The Red Sea may have been named after these mountains, which are red. The southern side of the peninsula has a sharp escarpment that subsides after a narrow coastal shelf that slopes into the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The elevation of Sinai's southern rim is about 1,000 m. Moving northward, the elevation of this limestone plateau decreases. The northern third of Sinai is a flat, sandy coastal plain, which extends from the Suez Canal into the Gaza Strip and Israel. Before the Israeli",
"title": "Geography of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "5769456",
"text": "is one of the best-known national parks in Africa for walking safaris. Founded as a game reserve in 1938, it became a national park in 1972 and now covers 9,050 km. The Park is unfenced and bordered to the west by a steep escarpment and to the east by the Luangwa River. The Luangwa Valley lies at the tail end of the Great African Rift Valley system, which extends 4,000 km all the way from the Red Sea down to the Pungwe River mouth in Mozambique. The Muchinga Escarpment in Northern and Central Provinces forms the park's western or north-western",
"title": "South Luangwa National Park"
},
{
"id": "152386",
"text": "was forecast due to damage sustained by the agricultural sector. On 5 June 2014, Fatah signed a unity agreement with the Hamas political party. Egypt's Sinai Peninsula borders the Gaza Strip and Israel. Its vast and desolate terrain has transformed it into a hotbed of illicit and militant activity. Although most of the area's inhabitants are tribal Bedouins, there has been a recent increase in al-Qaeda inspired global jihadi militant groups operating in the region. Out of the approximately 15 main militant groups operating in the Sinai desert, the most dominant and active militant groups have close relations with the",
"title": "Gaza Strip"
},
{
"id": "164482",
"text": "Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a continuous geographic trench, approximately in length, that runs from Lebanon's Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in Southeastern Africa. The name continues in some usages, although it is today considered geologically imprecise as it combines features that are today regarded as separate, although related, rift and fault systems. Today, the term is most often used to refer to the valley of the East African Rift, the divergent plate boundary which extends from the Afar Triple Junction southward across eastern Africa, and is in the process of splitting the African Plate into",
"title": "Great Rift Valley"
},
{
"id": "164483",
"text": "two new separate plates. Geologists generally refer to these incipient plates as the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate. The Great Rift Valley as originally described was thought to extend from Lebanon in the north to Mozambique in the south, where it constitutes one of two distinct physiographic provinces of the East African mountains. It included what we would call today the Lebanese section of the Dead Sea Transform, the Jordan Rift Valley, Red Sea Rift and the East African Rift. Today these rifts and faults are seen as distinct, although connected. These were only formed 35 million years ago.",
"title": "Great Rift Valley"
},
{
"id": "372741",
"text": "the fault, called the Great Rift, the Red Sea was formed. The Great Rift runs from the Mediterranean along both sides of the Red Sea south through Ethiopia and the lake country of East Africa, gradually disappearing in the area of Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Scientists analyzing photographs taken by United States astronauts on the joint United States-Soviet space mission in July 1975 detected a vast fan-shaped complex of cracks and fault lines extending north and east from the Golan Heights. These fault lines are believed to be the northern and final portion of the Great Rift and are presumed",
"title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia"
},
{
"id": "7547498",
"text": "Ras Siyyan Ras Siyyan or Ras Siyan () is a peninsula in the Obock Region of Djibouti, on the Bab-el-Mandeb strait (between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden), about 20 km southwest of Perim Island. The peninsula consists of a reddish volcanic hill about 1.2 by 0.5 km and 138 m high, connected towards to the mainland by a low sandy strip that stretches south by about 5 km while widening from 500 to 800 m. The Ras Siyyan volcano is currently inactive but young, having erupted through a 21,000-year-old coral reef formation. To the west of Ras",
"title": "Ras Siyyan"
},
{
"id": "2990576",
"text": "\"extends from the Taurus range in the northwest and the Zagros mountains in the northeast to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the south and includes the Sinai peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba, and from the Syrian Sea in the west, including the island of Cyprus, to the arch of the Arabian Desert and the Persian Gulf in the east.\" (Kader, H. A.). Saadeh rejected both language and religion as defining characteristics of a nation, and instead argued that nations develop through the common development of a people inhabiting a specific geographical region. He was thus a",
"title": "Antoun Saadeh"
},
{
"id": "7547500",
"text": "about 4.5 km to 14.5 km to the east. Ras Siyyan Ras Siyyan or Ras Siyan () is a peninsula in the Obock Region of Djibouti, on the Bab-el-Mandeb strait (between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden), about 20 km southwest of Perim Island. The peninsula consists of a reddish volcanic hill about 1.2 by 0.5 km and 138 m high, connected towards to the mainland by a low sandy strip that stretches south by about 5 km while widening from 500 to 800 m. The Ras Siyyan volcano is currently inactive but young, having erupted through a",
"title": "Ras Siyyan"
},
{
"id": "1927745",
"text": "Gulf of Suez The Gulf of Suez (; formerly , \"\", \"Sea of Calm\") is a gulf at the northern end of the Red Sea, to the west of the Sinai Peninsula. Situated to the east of the Sinai Peninsula is the smaller Gulf of Aqaba. The gulf was formed within a relatively young but now inactive Gulf of Suez Rift rift basin, dating back about 26 million years. It stretches some north by northwest, terminating at the Egyptian city of Suez and the entrance to the Suez Canal. Along the mid-line of the gulf is the boundary between Africa",
"title": "Gulf of Suez"
},
{
"id": "6672727",
"text": "that the cave is in fact the diamond mine. Leaving, he becomes lost in the deserts of Kalahari and nearly dies of thirst. Fortunately, he is rescued by a survey team and taken to a hospital in Salisbury, Rhodesia, from where he sets sail for home. Before going back, he writes his account in a newspaper, earning him money. He names the volcano after Alvarez. He ends the book saying that he will return to the cave one day with a large team, and continue the legacy of Alvarez, Carter, and Gatti. Director Kamaleshwar Mukherjee mentioned \"Chander Pahar\" as his",
"title": "Chander Pahar"
},
{
"id": "164488",
"text": "support its current biological variety. The southern section of the Rift Valley includes Lake Malawi, the third-deepest freshwater body in the world, reaching in depth and separating the Nyassa plateau of Northern Mozambique from Malawi; it ends in the Zambezi valley. Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a continuous geographic trench, approximately in length, that runs from Lebanon's Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in Southeastern Africa. The name continues in some usages, although it is today considered geologically imprecise as it combines features that are today regarded as separate, although related, rift and fault systems. Today, the",
"title": "Great Rift Valley"
},
{
"id": "19065666",
"text": "Wadi Feiran Wadi Feiran is Sinai's largest and widest wadi (valley or dry riverbed). It rises from the mountains around Saint Catherine's Monastery, at 2500 m above sea level. It is important because according to Hebrew Scriptures' Rephidim, Moses struck a rock, creating a spring to provide people with drinking water. Wadi Feiran is an wadi on Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. Its upper reaches, around the Jebel Musa, are known as the Wadi el-Sheikh. It empties into the Red Sea's Gulf of Suez southeast of Abu Zenima. Ptolemy identified the area as the site of Paran. The nearby hill is the",
"title": "Wadi Feiran"
},
{
"id": "5300274",
"text": "sandstone. The center of the Negev is dominated by northeast-southwest anticlinal ridges. The crests of four ridges host five deep valleys surrounded by steep walls. The upper half consists of hard limestone and dolomite, and the bottom of friable sandstone. Each valley, known as a makhtesh, is drained by a narrow river bed. The Negev has five makhteshim: Makhtesh Ramon, Makhtesh Gadol, Makhtesh Katan, and two small makhteshim on Mount Arif, south of Makhtesh Ramon. The two makhteshim in Sinai, Egypt, have no names for the basin, but their walls have several names including \"Jabal al-Manzur\" or \"Gebel Maghara\". Many",
"title": "Makhtesh"
},
{
"id": "13529696",
"text": "began the formal search for Flight 626. They were sent from Réunion and Mayotte. The Comoros consists of three volcanic islands, Grande Comore, the main island; Anjouan; and Moheli. It is located in the Mozambique Channel, northwest of Madagascar and a similar distance east of the African mainland. The wreckage was spotted off the coast of the town of Mitsamiouli, including a few bodies and large amounts of floating debris in the ocean. A 14-year-old girl, Bahia Bakari, was rescued after being spotted clinging to a piece of debris among bodies and wreckage. She was picked up during rescue efforts",
"title": "Yemenia Flight 626"
},
{
"id": "183382",
"text": "later Parthian client kingdom. Following the installation of client kingdoms under the Herodian dynasty, the Province of Judea was wracked by civil disturbances, which culminated in the First Jewish–Roman War, the destruction of the Second Temple, the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity. The eastern Mediterranean seaboard – the Levant – stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai Peninsula, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian Desert. The coastal plain of the southern Levant, broad in the south and narrowing to the north, is backed in",
"title": "History of ancient Israel and Judah"
},
{
"id": "1960940",
"text": "thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula\". The gulf is one of two gulfs created by the Sinai Peninsula's bifurcation of the northern Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez lying to the west of the peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba to its east. Geologically, the gulf forms the southern end of the Dead Sea Transform. It contains three small pull-apart basins, the Elat Deep, Aragonese Deep and Dakar Deep, formed between four left lateral strike-slip fault segments. Movement on one of these faults caused the 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake. Trade",
"title": "Gulf of Aqaba"
},
{
"id": "5544626",
"text": "caravanserai) as they proceeded further westwards to the Mediterranean seaport city of Gaza. Makhtesh Ramon Makhtesh Ramon (; \"lit.\" Ramon Crater/Makhtesh ; ) is a geological feature of Israel's Negev desert. Located at the peak of Mount Negev, some 85 km south of the city of Beersheba, the landform is not an impact crater from a meteor nor a volcanic crater formed by a volcanic eruption, but rather is the world's largest \"erosion cirque\" (steephead valley or box canyons). The formation is 40 km long, 2–10 km wide and 500 meters deep, and is shaped like an elongated heart. The",
"title": "Makhtesh Ramon"
},
{
"id": "9999892",
"text": "the shantytown of Fontainhas to deliver the letters and became enraptured with the environment, its smells and sensations (which he called spicy). Down to Earth (1995 film) Down to Earth () is a 1995 Portuguese drama film directed by Pedro Costa. The film is set in Cape Verde Islands, a former Portuguese colony. This drama film is characterized by its reduced narrative, and photographies of the volcano in the Cape Verde islands. The title literally means \"a house of lava\". The film has been described by some reviewers as Costa's remake of Jacques Tourneur's 1943 film, \"I Walked with a",
"title": "Down to Earth (1995 film)"
},
{
"id": "2141801",
"text": "Sahara The Sahara (, ; , ', 'the Great Desert') is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for \"desert\", ' ( ). The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in",
"title": "Sahara"
},
{
"id": "8831527",
"text": "large The AU has two land borders: Morocco borders the Spanish semi-enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula borders the Gaza Strip for 11 km (6.8 mi) and Israel for 400 km (248 mi) on its western frontier. Since it is Asian, the Sinai is the only territorial region of the AU on another geopolitical continent. The AU is the successor to the Organisation of African Unity, an international organization that gradually included sovereign African states as the continent was decolonized. The membership of the African Union, and consequently its borders, have",
"title": "Geography of the African Union"
},
{
"id": "234714",
"text": "Plate, it is sometimes geopolitically grouped together with nations with adjacent tectonic proximations such as Syria, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the Egyptian Sinai, Palestine and the UAE. The physical geography of Lebanon is influenced by natural systems that extend outside the country. Thus, the Beqaa Valley is part of the Great Rift system, which stretches from southern Turkey to Mozambique in Africa. Like any mountainous country, Lebanon's physical geography is complex. Land forms, climate, soils, and vegetation differ markedly within short distances. There are also sharp changes in other elements of the environment, from good",
"title": "Geography of Lebanon"
},
{
"id": "18155582",
"text": "subjects including the Iranian Revolution, the Israeli-Palestinian Crisis and the Italian foreign policy towards Asia and Oceania. He has organized expeditions off the beaten track, from the Persian to the Australian deserts, from the Hindu Kush to the Karakorum, from the Gobi to Papua New Guinea, from the Tibetan Plateau to the Himalaya Mountains, from the Andes Ranges to the Bengal and Yucatán jungles but, above all, into the Sahara, over a span of time of about forty years. Pacifico has published several travel journals particularly on the Sahara. His last book, \"Dieci Anni in Egitto Libia, e Sudan\" (Ten",
"title": "Claudio Pacifico"
},
{
"id": "6034431",
"text": "arid areas around the Dead Sea. The idea was revived during the 1980s for the purpose of power generation following the 1973 oil crisis. The Mediterranean–Dead Sea Company studied various alternatives and recommended a route from the Gaza Strip to Masada. However, the project did not commence due to economic and financial doubts. The idea was brought up again during the 1990s. In addition to the Gaza Strip–Masada route, two other alternatives were considered, namely a Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance and a northern route from the Mediterranean to the Bet She'an Valley. At present, the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water",
"title": "Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal"
},
{
"id": "1923308",
"text": "Straits of Tiran The Straits of Tiran ( \"\") are the narrow sea passages between the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas which separate the Gulf of Aqaba from the Red Sea proper. The distance between the two peninsulas is about . The body is named after Tiran Island located at its entrance from the Sinai, on which the Multinational Force and Observers has an observation post to monitor the compliance of Egypt in maintaining freedom of navigation of the straits as provided under the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. Sanafir Island lies to the east of Tiran, southeast of the shallow strait between",
"title": "Straits of Tiran"
},
{
"id": "11775829",
"text": "at the mouth of the Red Sea, about halfway between Yemen and Eritrea. The volcano erupted on 30 September 2007, after 124 years of dormancy. The axial deep of the rift was the location of the first known hot hydrothermal brines discovered on the sea floor. Workers from 1949 through the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot () saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. Red Sea Rift The Red Sea Rift is a spreading center between two tectonic plates, the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It extends from the",
"title": "Red Sea Rift"
},
{
"id": "5243593",
"text": "Jordan Rift Valley The Jordan Rift Valley, often just Jordan Valley ( Bik'at HaYarden, Al-Ghor or Al-Ghawr), also called the Syro-African Depression, is an elongated depression located in modern-day Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. This geographic region includes the entire length of the Jordan River – from its sources, through the Hula Valley, the Korazim block, the Sea of Galilee, the (Lower) Jordan Valley, all the way to the Dead Sea, the lowest land elevation on Earth – and then continues through the Arabah depression, the Gulf of Aqaba whose shorelines it incorporates, until finally reaching the Red Sea proper at",
"title": "Jordan Rift Valley"
},
{
"id": "3137432",
"text": "a team of reporters in journeys of discovery to some of the most colourful and intense locations on earth, \"Explore\" blended travel with current affairs. The tag line for the series was \"Don't just visit... Explore!\" Programmes include: Patagonia to the Pampas, Africa's Great Rift Valley, Istanbul to Anatolia and Manila to Mindanao. Issues covered in the series range from forced farming to global fashion retailers, World Heritage rice terraces to dwindling honey industries, extreme hunger to extreme football. The visit to Manila included a special interview with Imelda Marcos in which she unwittingly shared a document with Reeve which",
"title": "Simon Reeve (British TV presenter)"
},
{
"id": "7295615",
"text": "Israel, unique for its dense concentration of stalactites Some of the stalactites found in the cave are four meters long, and some have been dated as 300,000 years old. Some meet stalagmites to form stone pillars Har Karkom (\"Mountain of Saffron\", also called Jabal Ideid) is a mountain in the southwest Negev desert in Israel, halfway between Petra and Kadesh Barnea. On the basis that the Israelites travelled across the Sinai peninsula towards Petra in a fairly straight line, a number of scholars have contemplated the possibility of Har Karkom being the Biblical Mount Sinai. Following this theory, Emmanuel Anati",
"title": "Tourism in Israel"
},
{
"id": "4116372",
"text": "Major lava flows have formed vast plateaus that overlie Paleozoic sandstone. The volcanic activity was the result of a continental hotspot that arose during the Oligocene and continued in some places until the Holocene, creating fumaroles, hot springs, mud pools and deposits of natron and sulfur. Erosion has shaped volcanic spires and carved an extensive network of canyons through which run rivers subject to highly irregular flows that are rapidly lost to the desert sands. Tibesti, which means \"place where the mountain people live,\" is the domain of the Toubou people. The Toubou live mainly along the wadis, on rare",
"title": "Tibesti Mountains"
},
{
"id": "11775800",
"text": "Afar Triple Junction The Afar Triple Junction (also called the Afro-Arabian Rift System) is located along a divergent plate boundary dividing the Nubian, Somalian, and Arabian plates. This area is considered a present-day example of continental rifting leading to seafloor spreading and producing an oceanic basin. Here, the Red Sea Rift meets the Aden Ridge and the East African Rift. It extends a total of in three arms from the Afar Triangle to Mozambique. The connecting three arms form a triple junction. The northern most branching arm extends North through the Red Sea and into the Dead Sea, while the",
"title": "Afar Triple Junction"
},
{
"id": "737033",
"text": "of Saint Catherine in the Sinai region. It is next to Mount Catherine (at , the highest peak in Egypt). It is surrounded on all sides by higher peaks of the mountain range. Mount Sinai's rocks were formed in the late stage of the Arabian-Nubian Shield's (ANS) evolution. Mount Sinai displays a ring complex that consists of alkaline granites intruded into diverse rock types, including volcanics. The granites range in composition from syenogranite to alkali feldspar granite. The volcanic rocks are alkaline to peralkaline and they are represented by subaerial flows and eruptions and subvolcanic porphyry. Generally, the nature of",
"title": "Mount Sinai"
},
{
"id": "20744549",
"text": "Geology of the Comoros The Comoros island chain in the Mozambique Channel is the result of the rifting of Madagascar away from Africa as well as \"hotspot\" mantle plume activity. The region is also impact by seismicity and deformation associated with the East African Rift system and the Comoros region is one of the best places in the world to study rift-hotspot interactions. The islands remain volcanically active. The Comoros location in the Mozambique Channel is tectonically complex, due to the displacement of the Malagasarian microcontinent from the margin of the supercontinent Gondwana. From the Permian until the Early Jurassic,",
"title": "Geology of the Comoros"
},
{
"id": "11789699",
"text": "began to collide with the Eurasian Plate leading to changes in the plate configuration, the development of the Dead Sea Transform and cessation in rifting in the Gulf of Suez. The basement consists of Precambrian rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Gneisses, volcanics and metasediments are intruded by granites, granodiorites and a suite of dolerite dykes. These rocks contain shear zones, such as the Rehba Shear Zone of western Sinai, that are interpreted to have partly controlled the orientation and location of rift structures. Cambrian rocks of Araba and Naqus Formations occur throughout the region above a planar unconformity, a result",
"title": "Gulf of Suez Rift"
},
{
"id": "275385",
"text": "terrain of the reserve is primarily open grassland with seasonal riverlets. In the south-east region are clumps of the distinctive acacia tree. The western border is the Esoit (Siria) Escarpment of the East African Rift, which is a system of rifts some long, from Ethiopia's Red Sea through Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and into Mozambique. Wildlife tends to be most concentrated here, as the swampy ground means that access to water is always good, while tourist disruption is minimal. The easternmost border is from Nairobi, and hence it is the eastern regions which are most visited by tourists. Altitude: ; Rainfall:",
"title": "Maasai Mara"
},
{
"id": "16159267",
"text": "Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia The Great Rift Valley of Ethiopia, (or Main Ethiopian Rift or Ethiopian Rift Valley) is a branch of the East African Rift that runs through Ethiopia in a southwest direction from the Afar Triple Junction. In the past, it was seen as part of a \"Great Rift Valley\" that ran from Mozambique to Syria. The Great Rift Valley lies between the Ethiopian Plateau to the north and the Somalia Plateau to the south. The rift developed as the Nubian and Somali plates began to separate during the Miocene Period along the East African rift system. Rift",
"title": "Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "11776020",
"text": "Dead Sea Transform The Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system, also sometimes referred to as the Dead Sea Rift, is a series of faults that run from the Maras Triple Junction (a junction with the East Anatolian Fault in southeastern Turkey) to the northern end of the Red Sea Rift (just offshore of the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula). The fault system forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. It is a zone of left lateral displacement, signifying the relative motions of the two plates. Both plates are",
"title": "Dead Sea Transform"
},
{
"id": "5544619",
"text": "Makhtesh Ramon Makhtesh Ramon (; \"lit.\" Ramon Crater/Makhtesh ; ) is a geological feature of Israel's Negev desert. Located at the peak of Mount Negev, some 85 km south of the city of Beersheba, the landform is not an impact crater from a meteor nor a volcanic crater formed by a volcanic eruption, but rather is the world's largest \"erosion cirque\" (steephead valley or box canyons). The formation is 40 km long, 2–10 km wide and 500 meters deep, and is shaped like an elongated heart. The only settlement in the area is the small town of Mitzpe Ramon (מצפה",
"title": "Makhtesh Ramon"
},
{
"id": "2854085",
"text": "which the major part (9 Sv) flow eastward and a smaller part (2 Sv) northward through the Agulhas Undercurrent and into the Natal Valley (the basin between South Africa and the Mocambique Plateau); remnants of NADW has been observed in the Mozambique Basin and Channel. The undercurrent is more leaky than the Agulhas above, resulting in a relatively well-mixed composition of water masses — at intermediate depth there is a mixture of Antarctic Intermediate Water and Read Sea Water. The periodicity of the meanders and Natal pulses of the Agulhas is matched by the Agulhas Undercurrent. More research is needed",
"title": "Agulhas Current"
},
{
"id": "369701",
"text": "African continent by the Isthmus of Suez, wide strip of land, containing the Suez Canal. The eastern isthmus, linking it to the Asian mainland, is around wide. The peninsula's eastern shore separates the Arabian plate from the African plate. The southernmost tip is the Ras Muhammad National Park. Most of the Sinai Peninsula is divided among the two governorates of Egypt: South Sinai (Ganub Sina) and North Sinai (Shamal Sina). Together, they comprise around 60,000 square kilometres (23,000 sq mi) and have a population (January 2013) of 597,000. Three more governates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez",
"title": "Sinai Peninsula"
},
{
"id": "5433072",
"text": "Massive tectonic shifts began forming the Rift about 30 million years ago. Other warpings, uplifts, and sinkings of the Earth's crust over millennia shaped the plateaus on both sides and the mountain to the west. Mozambique's tropical savanna climate, with an annual cycle of wet and dry seasons, has added another factor to the complex equation: constant change in soil moisture that varies with elevation. The valley is located 21 km west of Mount Gorongosa at 14 m above sea level. Gorongosa National Park protects a vast ecosystem defined and shaped by the rivers that flow into Lake Urema. The",
"title": "Gorongosa National Park"
},
{
"id": "6588577",
"text": "distinct saddle between them. No other high ground stands between Mount Selinda and the Indian Ocean some 400 kilometres away – a major factor influencing Mount Selinda's wet climate. To the north east of Chirinda Forest lies the Ngungunyana Forest and eucalyptus plantation C. To the east of Mount Selinda the land descends gradually into Mozambique, while to the west of Mount Selinda the geography changes suddenly and dramatically. After some 30 km the mountain range plunges down to the flat, arid lowlands of the Sabi River Valley where, in searing summer temperatures of 40°C and higher, heat-tolerant baobab, acacia",
"title": "Mount Selinda"
},
{
"id": "20763237",
"text": "edge of the Tanzania Craton and formed during the Neoproterozoic. The formation of the belt is related to the widespread Pan-African orogeny and most rocks are highly metamorphosed pyroxene-gneiss, charnockite, biotite, hornblende. It also contains smaller occurrences of graphitic schist, quartzites and crystalline limestone. During the Paleozoic, after the Pan-African orogeny and the formation of the supercontinent Gondwana the Mozambique Belt experienced millions of years of erosion. This erosive period continued as Gondwana joined with Euramerica to become the supercontinent Pangaea. In the Mesozoic, a major rift valley spanning what is today southern Africa and southern South America began to",
"title": "Geology of Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "5433078",
"text": "However, almost all naturally occurring species—including more than 400 kinds of birds and a wide variety of reptiles—have survived. With effective management and reintroductions of key species, wildlife populations will regain their natural numbers and help restore the park's ecological balance. Gorongosa National Park Gorongosa National Park is at the southern end of the Great African Rift Valley in the heart of central Mozambique, Southeast Africa. The over park includes the valley floor and parts of surrounding plateaus. Rivers originating on nearby Mount Gorongosa () water the plain. Seasonal flooding and waterlogging of the valley, which is composed of a",
"title": "Gorongosa National Park"
},
{
"id": "11501642",
"text": "suph\" is translated as \"Sea of Reeds\" (\"near Eloth\" \"in the land of Edom\"). This may refer to a large lake close to the Red Sea, which has since dried up due to the Suez Canal. It was in Egypt, specifically in the Suez valley next to the Sinai Peninsula, and north of the Gulf of Suez. It could also be the Gulf of Eilat, which is referred to in the Books of Kings (). The Lake of Tanis, a former coastal lagoon fed by the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, has also been proposed as the place Moses parted",
"title": "Yam Suph"
},
{
"id": "12722464",
"text": "Batoka Formation The Batoka Formation is a geological formation in the Zambezi valley in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is predominantly a volcanic unit comprising mainly basalts. It was formerly thought to contain sand stones containing the dinosaur \"Vulcanodon\", however this was shown to be in error resulting from interpreting folding of the rocks as separate layers, with the sandstone layers actually being from the underlying Forest Sandstone. The formation is a volcanic unit, consisting mainly of high-titanium, low-potassium tholeiitic basalt flows, The lavas are dark, vesicular and porphyritic or massive basalts, with occasional pillows, although rare dacites and rhyolites",
"title": "Batoka Formation"
},
{
"id": "20714269",
"text": "for the field; activity commenced in the Eocene with the basaltic plateau and continued in the late Eocene and later with lava domes and individual volcanoes. Volcanic activity has been subdivided in several separate cycles. Gharyan volcanic field Gharyan volcanic field is a volcanic field in northwestern Libya, with the towns of Bani Walid, Gharyan, Mizdah and Tarhunah close by. Gharyan is one among several intraplate volcanic fields in Africa, which include Haruj, Hoggar, Jebel Marra and Tibesti. They are linked either with crustal domes or rifts and appear to be the consequence of lithosphere-mantle processes such as mantle plumes.",
"title": "Gharyan volcanic field"
},
{
"id": "1927746",
"text": "and Asia. The entrance of the gulf lies atop the mature Gemsa oil and gas field. The gulf occupies the northwestern arm of the Red Sea between Africa and the Sinai Peninsula. It is the third arm of the triple junction rift system, the second arm being the Gulf of Aqaba. The length of the gulf, from its mouth at the Strait of Gubal (alternate name: Strait of Jubal) to its head at the city of Suez, is , and it varies in width from . The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southern limit of the gulf as \"A line",
"title": "Gulf of Suez"
},
{
"id": "20714267",
"text": "Gharyan volcanic field Gharyan volcanic field is a volcanic field in northwestern Libya, with the towns of Bani Walid, Gharyan, Mizdah and Tarhunah close by. Gharyan is one among several intraplate volcanic fields in Africa, which include Haruj, Hoggar, Jebel Marra and Tibesti. They are linked either with crustal domes or rifts and appear to be the consequence of lithosphere-mantle processes such as mantle plumes. Haruj and Wau en Namus in Libya may be still active. The field has covered an area of about with lava domes, lava flows and volcanic cones such as the shield volcanoes Ras el-Mohor and",
"title": "Gharyan volcanic field"
},
{
"id": "5433057",
"text": "Gorongosa National Park Gorongosa National Park is at the southern end of the Great African Rift Valley in the heart of central Mozambique, Southeast Africa. The over park includes the valley floor and parts of surrounding plateaus. Rivers originating on nearby Mount Gorongosa () water the plain. Seasonal flooding and waterlogging of the valley, which is composed of a mosaic of different soil types, creates a variety of distinct ecosystems. Grasslands are dotted with patches of acacia trees, savannah, dry forest on sands and seasonally rain-filled pans and termite hill thickets. The plateaus contain miombo and montane forests and a",
"title": "Gorongosa National Park"
},
{
"id": "12798390",
"text": "Gruta do Natal Gruta do Natal (\"Christmas Cave\"), also known as \"Galeria Negra\" or \"Gruta do Cavalo\", is a cave system in municipality of Praia da Vitória, on the island of Terceira in Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The caves formation is unclear. Its genesis can be explained by the ancient lava fields that developed from fissural vents, that flowed through the valley between the larger volcanic peaks. Initially known as the \"Galeria Negra\" (\"Black Gallery\"), was baptised as the \"Gruta do Cavalo\" following the first exploratory investigation, when the explorers discovered the remains of a horse, which may have",
"title": "Gruta do Natal"
},
{
"id": "10841635",
"text": "least as early as the 9th-century al-Khwārizmī but the conception returned to Europe following Jacobus Angelus's Latin translation of Maximus Planudes's restored Ptolemaic text and was not (openly) dispensed with until after Bartholomew Dias's successful circumnavigation of Africa in 1488. Cape Delgado gives its name to Cabo Delgado Province of Mozambique. Cape Delgado Cape Delgado () is the northernmost point of Mozambique and a coastal promontory on the country's border with Tanzania. It is the arc-shaped delta of the Rovuma River and was created from sediment deposited by the Rovuma as it empties into the Indian Ocean. It is sometimes",
"title": "Cape Delgado"
},
{
"id": "6917204",
"text": "local area. The prehistoric mammal \"Moeritherium\" was found in this area. When the Mediterranean Sea was a hot dry hollow near the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the late Miocene, Faiyum was a dry hollow, and the Nile flowed past it at the bottom of a canyon (2,400 m deep or more where Cairo is now). After the Mediterranean reflooded at the end of the Miocene, the Nile canyon became an arm of the sea reaching inland farther than Aswan. Over geological time that sea arm gradually filled with silt and became the Nile valley. Eventually, the Nile",
"title": "Lake Moeris"
},
{
"id": "14925531",
"text": "center of Dahab, where restaurants and shops are located along the beach promenade. Lagona Lagona Village is located close to the centre of Dahab on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. Restaurants and shops are inviting along the beach promenade. The small Bedouin village of Dahab, with its unique topographic position as one of the most beautiful desert oasis in Sinai, can be reached within one hour by car from Sharm El Sheikh’s International Airport. Right in front of amazing Sinai mountain ranges and beside different bays along the coast of Aqaba, the coral reef is dropping down to 800 metres",
"title": "Lagona"
},
{
"id": "603399",
"text": "the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Tropical rainforests exist in Southeast Asia (from Myanmar (Burma)) to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka; also in Sub-Saharan Africa from the Cameroon to the Congo (Congo Rainforest), South America (e.g. the Amazon rainforest), Central America (e.g. Bosawás, the southern Yucatán Peninsula-El Peten-Belize-Calakmul), Australia, and on Pacific Islands (such as Hawaii). Tropical forests have been called the \"Earth's lungs\", although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net oxygen addition to the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Tropical forests cover a large part of the",
"title": "Rainforest"
},
{
"id": "6819910",
"text": "of locations in north western Saudi Arabia reasonable candidates. In 1873, Charles Beke proposed that Sinai was the \"Jabal al-Nour\" (meaning \"mountain of light\"), a volcanic mountain at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba, and which has great significance in Islam for other reasons; Beke died the following year, but his writings (published posthumously) retracted this identification four years later in favour of Jebel Baggir, with Horeb being argued to be a different mountain - the nearby Jebel Ertowa. Beke's suggestions have not found as much scholarly support as the candidature of Hala-'l Badr; the equation of Sinai",
"title": "Biblical Mount Sinai"
},
{
"id": "737038",
"text": "so many scholars favour a location in Nabatea (modern Arabia). Alternatively, the biblical descriptions of Sinai can be interpreted as describing a volcano, and so a small number of scholars have considered equating Sinai with locations in northwestern Saudi Arabia, such as Jabal al-Lawz, as there are no volcanoes on the Sinai peninsula. Saint Catherine's Monastery (Greek: ) lies on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of an inaccessible gorge at the foot of modern Mount Sinai in Saint Catherine at an elevation of 1550 meters. The monastery is Greek Orthodox and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to",
"title": "Mount Sinai"
},
{
"id": "16173925",
"text": "northern Tanzania. When rifting reached the Tanzanian Craton, the rift split into the eastern Gregory Rift and the western Albertine Rift, which are separated by the wide East African Plateau. Large shield volcanoes near the margins of the craton and in the adjacent Mozambique belt issued large volumes of basaltic to trachytic magmatism between five and one million years ago, with faulting around 1.2 million years ago. Volcanic activity started in the central Ethiopian plateau around 30 million years ago, long before rifting began. The first period of activity deposited flood basalts and rhyolites from to thick. Uplift of the",
"title": "Gregory Rift"
},
{
"id": "20744552",
"text": "material. In some cases, coral is mined to produce lime for concrete. Geology of the Comoros The Comoros island chain in the Mozambique Channel is the result of the rifting of Madagascar away from Africa as well as \"hotspot\" mantle plume activity. The region is also impact by seismicity and deformation associated with the East African Rift system and the Comoros region is one of the best places in the world to study rift-hotspot interactions. The islands remain volcanically active. The Comoros location in the Mozambique Channel is tectonically complex, due to the displacement of the Malagasarian microcontinent from the",
"title": "Geology of the Comoros"
},
{
"id": "10283513",
"text": "Desert grows the tree \"Balanites aegyptiaca\", the open patchy woodland being remnants of forests that used to cover this region. In the Gulf of Suez coastal area the rainfall is supplemented by condensation from clouds. Water may ooze from cracks, flow down runnels and collect in potholes. Here mosses, ferns and various vascular plants grow, and \"Ficus pseudosycamorus\" and stunted date palms grow from cracks. The flora of the Sinai Peninsula mountains is very varied and is largely of Irano-Turanian origin. Here soil and plant litter accumulates in crevices and depressions in the rock and provides anchorage for roots. The",
"title": "Wildlife of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "8592323",
"text": "Gabal Sin Bishar Gabal Sin Bishar (or Mount Sin Bishar) is a mountain located in west-central Sinai. It was proposed to be the Biblical Mount Sinai by Menashe Har-El, a Biblical geographer at Tel Aviv University in his book \"The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus\". This location was used for Zondervan's \"NIV Atlas of the Bible\". Menashe Har-El examined the pros and cons of various theories on where Mount Sinai is located. These include the southern Sinai peninsula (including the traditional location of Gabal Horeb); the northern Sinai peninsula: the central Sinai peninsula; the Suder valley in the",
"title": "Gabal Sin Bishar"
},
{
"id": "164698",
"text": "History of the ancient Levant The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,",
"title": "History of the ancient Levant"
},
{
"id": "16063972",
"text": "Chagos-Laccadive Ridge The Chagos-Laccadive Ridge (CLR), also known as Chagos-Laccadive Plateau, is a prominent volcanic ridge and oceanic plateau extending between the Northern and the Central Indian Ocean. Extending from 10°S to 15°N, the CLR includes the Laccadive, Maldives, and Chagos archipelagos and can be divided into three corresponding blocks, of which the first is continental and the two latter are oceanic. The CLR is asymmetrical with a steeper eastern slope and has an average depth of less than . It formed south of or near the Equator together with the remaining western continental margin of India, when India separated",
"title": "Chagos-Laccadive Ridge"
},
{
"id": "8198763",
"text": "known as the Strydpoort Mountains. The absence of the Great Escarpment for about to the north of Tzaneen (to reappear on the border between Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the Chimanimani Highlands), is due to a failed westerly branch of the main rift that caused Antarctica to start drifting away from Southern Africa during the breakup of Gondwana about 150 million years ago. The lower Limpopo River and Save River drain into the Indian Ocean through what remains of this relict incipient rift valley, which now forms part of the South African Lowveld. The eastern portion of the Great Escarpment within",
"title": "Great Escarpment, Southern Africa"
},
{
"id": "14672946",
"text": "1992 Cairo earthquake had a much more destructive impact. One person was killed and two were injured slightly at Al-Bad', Saudi Arabia and damage was reported there as well as the towns of Al-`Ula and Haql. The Gulf of Aqaba lies between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula, both mostly desert regions with very few permanent settlements. The seismologists who work with historical events gather macroseismic data from written records from cities that may not have been anywhere near the epicentral area. This can result in the mislocation of events when significant damage was reported in a particular location",
"title": "1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake"
},
{
"id": "3827925",
"text": "Oyo - Nigeria 1982. Guinea-Bissau - Star of the African Revolution 1984.Tanzania 1985.Mozambique 1986.Cuba 1987.Egypt of the Pharaohs 1988.Madagascar 1989.Nubia, Axum and Ethiopia 1990. Sahara Desert to the northeast of Brazil 1991. From Atlantis to Bahia, The Sea is the Way 1992. India - The Paths of Faith 1993. The Treasures of Tutankhamun 1994. Tropicalismo - The Movement 1995. The Children of the Sun 1996. The Children of the Sea 1997. Black Rome - Gladiators of Negritude 1998. The Revolt of Buzios - 200 years of the Freedom Route 1999.The Children of the Fire 2000. From Egypt to Bahia -",
"title": "Olodum"
},
{
"id": "14672936",
"text": "1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake The 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake (also known as Nuweiba earthquake) occurred on November 22 at 06:15 local time (04:15 UTC) and registered 7.3 on the scale. The epicenter was located in the central segment of the Gulf of Aqaba, the narrow body of water that separates Egypt's Sinai Peninsula from the western border of Saudi Arabia. At least 8 people were killed and 30 were injured in the meizoseismal area. The earthquake occurred along the Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system, an active tectonic plate boundary with seismicity that is characterized by long-running quiescent",
"title": "1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake"
},
{
"id": "2804127",
"text": "the \"Arab Plate\". The Arabian Plate consists mostly of the Arabian Peninsula; it extends eastward at the Sinai and the Red Sea and northward to the Levant. The plate borders are: The Arabian Plate was part of the African plate during much of the Phanerozoic Eon (Paleozoic–Cenozoic), until the Oligocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era. Red Sea rifting began in the Eocene, but the separation of Africa and Arabia occurred approximately in the Oligocene, and since then the Arabian Plate has been slowly moving toward the Eurasian Plate. The opening of the Red Sea rift led to extensive volcanic activity.",
"title": "Arabian Plate"
},
{
"id": "4117630",
"text": "rocks of volcanic origin. The Baetic System as a geological feature belongs to a larger orogeny usually called the Gibraltar Arc, which represents the westernmost edge of the Alpine Orogeny. The geodynamic mechanisms responsible for its formation are so far relatively unknown. Geologically the Rif mountains in Morocco and the Serra de Tramuntana in the island of Majorca are extensions of the Baetic System. The Gibraltar Arc geological region follows the Moroccan coast from Oujda in the east to Tanger in the west, then crosses the Strait of Gibraltar and goes east again from Cádiz to Valencia and the Balearic",
"title": "Baetic System"
},
{
"id": "9999889",
"text": "Down to Earth (1995 film) Down to Earth () is a 1995 Portuguese drama film directed by Pedro Costa. The film is set in Cape Verde Islands, a former Portuguese colony. This drama film is characterized by its reduced narrative, and photographies of the volcano in the Cape Verde islands. The title literally means \"a house of lava\". The film has been described by some reviewers as Costa's remake of Jacques Tourneur's 1943 film, \"I Walked with a Zombie\", and Costa himself has suggested that his original intention for \"Down to Earth\" was for it to be a remake of",
"title": "Down to Earth (1995 film)"
},
{
"id": "1389655",
"text": "worth at least $2.8 trillion in 2011. This is only smaller than the GDP of US, China, Japan and Germany. The Arab World stretches across more than of North Africa and the part of North-East Africa and South-West Asia. The Asian part of the Arab world is called the \"Mashriq\". Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and often Mauritania are the \"Maghreb\" or \"Maghrib\", while Egypt and Sudan are referred to as \"Nile Valley\", Egypt is a transcontinental country by virtue of the Sinai Peninsula, which is in Asia. The term \"Arab\" often connotes the Middle East, but the larger (and more",
"title": "Arab world"
},
{
"id": "13037948",
"text": "longitude (E) on Mars. The feature was named after a mountainous region in southern Greece. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union(IAU) in 1958. The quadrangle contains Alba Patera, the largest volcano (by area and volume) in the solar system and Tempe Terra, a highly fractured block of ancient crust about the size of Alaska. Large troughs (long narrow depressions) are called fossae in the geographical language used for Mars. This term is derived from Latin; therefore fossa is singular and fossae are plural. These troughs form when the crust is stretched until it breaks. The stretching can",
"title": "Arcadia quadrangle"
},
{
"id": "5119191",
"text": "the fact that, in Israel’s earliest belief, Yahweh was the god of the Sinai volcano.\" This possibility would exclude all the peaks on the Sinai Peninsula and Mount Seir, but would match a number of places in northwestern Saudi Arabia, of which Hala-'l Badr is the most prominent. Beke renounced his theory that Sinai was a volcano when he learned that Mount Baghir (also \"Mountain of Light\"), his volcanic Mount Sinai which was just northeast of the Gulf of Aqaba, was not a volcanic mountain after all. In part, Humphreys' argument that Hallat al Badr is Mount Sinai rests on",
"title": "Hala-'l Badr"
},
{
"id": "14900681",
"text": "Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago The Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago is a chain of 10 sparsely inhabited barrier islands and two coral reef complexes situated in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mozambique and near the coastal city of Angoche. The islands lie in two groups along the western side of the Mozambique Channel. The islands lie in a string along Africa's continental shelf. The five Segundas islands are in the north, separated by a stretch of open water and reefs from the five islands of the Primeiras chain to the south. The eastern sides of the islands are fringed",
"title": "Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago"
},
{
"id": "15002417",
"text": "mercury. The Kuril arc is a 2,300 kilometre (1,400 mi) long chain of volcanic islands stretching from the Kamchatka peninsula to Hokkaido (Japan). The islands formed as a part of the Kurile-Kamchatkan subduction system when the Pacific Plate started to subduct under the Okhotsk Plate during the Paleogene. This process is still active today with 40 of its 100 volcanoes being active. Currently the subduction is oblique and progressing at per year. The Kuril-Kamchatka Trench on the pacific side of the islands is one of the deepest ones known, with parts reaching in depth. In the north the Kurile island",
"title": "Geology of Russia"
},
{
"id": "2617048",
"text": "Ternate and Tidore. Logging has occurred more recently on Halmahera and Morotai. The North Maluku Islands are formed by the movement of three tectonic plates, namely Eurasia, the Pacific and Indo-Australia which have occurred since the time of lime. this movement formed the archipelago volcanic archipelago that stretched from north to south in western Halmahera, including Ternate Island, Tidore Island, Moti Island, Mare Island and Makian Island. Halmahera Island itself is a volcanic island even though volcanic activity occurs only in a part of its territory. North Maluku Province was subdivided into seven regencies and two autonomous cities, listed below",
"title": "North Maluku"
},
{
"id": "737040",
"text": "mountain has a mosque that is still used by Muslims. It also has a Greek Orthodox chapel, constructed in 1934 on the ruins of a 16th-century church, that is not open to the public. The chapel encloses the rock which is considered to be the source for the biblical Tablets of Stone. At the summit also is \"Moses' cave\", where Moses was said to have waited to receive the Ten Commandments. Mount Sinai Mount Sinai (, \"Har Sinai\"; or ; or ; ; ), also known as Mount Horeb or Gabal Musa, is a mountain in the Sinai Peninsula of",
"title": "Mount Sinai"
},
{
"id": "1934412",
"text": "meridian. It is situated north of the Tropic of Cancer, occupying a central position between the other Canary Islands of Gran Canaria, La Gomera and La Palma. The island is about from the African coast, and approximately from the Iberian Peninsula. Tenerife is the largest island of the Canary Islands archipelago, with a surface area of and has the longest coastline, amounting to . In addition, the highest point, Mount Teide, with an elevation of above sea level is the highest point in all of Spain, is also the third largest volcano in the world from its base in the",
"title": "Tenerife"
},
{
"id": "16838261",
"text": "of Gibraltar, a long and narrow limestone peninsula that rises to a height of above sea level. The Rock is part of the Betic Cordillera, formed about 200 million years ago. From the crest of the rock there is a dramatic view of the area, including Spain across the Bay of Gibraltar and Jebel Musa of Morocco across the Strait of Gibraltar. It is an area of considerable natural beauty and one of the main tourist attractions in Gibraltar. The Upper Rock area of the nature reserve can be reached by road or by the Gibraltar Cable Car, next to",
"title": "Gibraltar Nature Reserve"
},
{
"id": "6819892",
"text": "of all the mountains that are in that country, and is not only very difficult to be ascended by men, on account of its vast altitude but because of the sharpness of its precipices\". The traditional Mount Sinai, located in the Sinai Peninsula, is actually the name of a collection of peaks, sometimes referred to as the Holy Mountain peaks which consist of Jebel Musa, Mount Catherine and Ras Sufsafeh. Etheria (circa 4th century CE) wrote, \"The whole mountain group looks as if it were a single peak, but, as you enter the group, [you see that] there are more",
"title": "Biblical Mount Sinai"
},
{
"id": "7546967",
"text": "Seven Brothers Islands The Seven Brothers Islands, also known as the Sawabi Islands or Seba Islands, is an archipelago in the Dact-el-Mayun section of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait (between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden). They are within the Obock District of Djibouti, and are a notable diving site. Even in English publications, the group is often called by its French name, Sept Frères. The archipelago proper is a chain of six volcanic islands spanning about in a rough east-west line: The \"seventh brother\" is not an island, but the volcanic hill at the northern tip of the Ras",
"title": "Seven Brothers Islands"
},
{
"id": "1927748",
"text": "synrift and postrift Miocene to Holocene clastics and evaporites. Three large oil fields are in the gulf: the El Morgan discovered in 1964, Belayim discovered in 1955, and the October Field discovered in 1977. The October Field produces from the Cretaceous Nubia Formation, the Upper Cretaceous Nezzazat Formation, the Miocene Nukhul Formation, and the Miocene Asl Member of the Upper Rudeis Formation. Gulf of Suez The Gulf of Suez (; formerly , \"\", \"Sea of Calm\") is a gulf at the northern end of the Red Sea, to the west of the Sinai Peninsula. Situated to the east of the",
"title": "Gulf of Suez"
},
{
"id": "15499932",
"text": "one of the five \"branches\" of Afroasiatic, a pivotal world language family, which stretches from Mesopotamia and Arabia to the Nile river and to the Horn of Africa, across northern Africa to Lake Chad and to the Atlas Mountains by the Atlantic Ocean. The other four branches of Afroasiatic are: Ancient Egyptian, Semitic (which includes Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, and Amharic), Cushitic (around the Horn and the lower Red Sea), and Chadic (e.g., \"Hausa\"). The Afroasiatic language family has great diversity among its member idioms and a corresponding antiquity in time depth, both as to the results of analyses in",
"title": "History of early Tunisia"
},
{
"id": "10401300",
"text": "first of hundreds of volcanoes in a km row, arranged NW to SE, parallel to the Pacific Ocean coast of Central America, known as the Central America Volcanic Arc, formed by an active subduction zone along the western boundary of the Caribbean Plate. The agricultural valley at its NNE foothills is covered with thick deposits of lahars. From its headwaters in Guatemala, the valley drains through Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. Consequently, mudflows from future eruptions could be dangerous to those in their path in both countries. Tacaná is a stratovolcano (composite volcano) that is surrounded by deeply dissected plutonic",
"title": "Volcán Tacaná"
},
{
"id": "7073404",
"text": "laws, and visitors may be subject to heavy fines for not abiding. Listed in geographic order, from north to south: On the Sinai Peninsula: Sinai's nearby islands include: On the Western Red Sea shore: Red Sea islands include: Red Sea Riviera The Red Sea Riviera, Egypt's eastern coastline along the Red Sea, consists of resort cities on the western shore of the Gulf of Aqaba and along the eastern coast of mainland Egypt, south of the Gulf of Suez. The combination of a favorable climate, warm sea, thousands of kilometers of shoreline and abundant natural and archaeological points of interest",
"title": "Red Sea Riviera"
},
{
"id": "10919257",
"text": "a downthrown structural block south-west of the Bahariya oasis. Basement features present a dominant control on the complex's structural and sedimentological form. Despite many structural complications, the Nubian Sandstone likely constitutes a single hydrogeological system west of the Suez Gulf. To the east, on the Sinai Peninsula, a second system might exist with some connection to the primary western system in the north. The main western system, extending into Libya and Sudan, consists of a multi-layered artesian basin where massive groundwater reserves accumulated, principally during pluvials of the Quaternary. Locally, carbonate rocks overlying complex karst features and are recharged from",
"title": "Nubian Sandstone"
},
{
"id": "4183482",
"text": "the migration traverses almost the entire plains in search of food. Ngorongoro Conservation Area The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) is a protected area and a World Heritage Site located west of Arusha in the Crater Highlands area of Tanzania. The area is named after Ngorongoro Crater, a large volcanic caldera within the area. The conservation area is administered by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, an arm of the Tanzanian government, and its boundaries follow the boundary of the Ngorongoro Division of the Arusha Region. The 2009 Ngorogoro Wildlife Conservation Act placed new restrictions on human settlement and subsistence farming in",
"title": "Ngorongoro Conservation Area"
},
{
"id": "15459628",
"text": "Ridge island arc system and the Lau Basin back-arc basin. To the southwest of Fiji the Australian Plate is subducting beneath the Pacific Plate forming the Vanuatu Ridge island arc system and the North Fiji back-arc basin. Hence, the region has undergone a complex process of plate convergence, subduction, and arc volcanism from the Middle Eocene to the Early Pliocene. Many of the larger islands, such as Viti Levu, are of volcanic origin. Volcanism still exists, and there are Holocene volcanos in Fiji. The Fiji Platform lies in a zone bordered with active extension fault lines around which most of",
"title": "1953 Suva earthquake"
},
{
"id": "6057032",
"text": "Ras Sedr Ras Sedr (Also spelled: Ras Sidr, Ras Sudr, or Ras Sudar; \"\" ) is an Egyptian town located on the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea coast. It is a part of the South Sinai Governorate, and consists of three areas: Wadi Sidr, Abu Sidr and Soerp. The region has been known since ancient biblical times. Ras Sidr is 200 km from Cairo and approx 60 km from the Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel crossing in Suez, on the western side of the Sinai Peninsula, and almost opposite the resort of El Ayn An Sokhna on the opposite Red",
"title": "Ras Sedr"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Makhtesh context: Makhtesh A makhtesh ( (), plural: ( – \"Makhteshim\") is a geological landform considered typical for the Negev desert of Israel and the Sinai peninsula of Egypt. A makhtesh has steep walls of resistant rock surrounding a deep closed valley, which is usually drained by a single wadi. The valleys have limited vegetation and soil, containing a variety of different colored rocks and diverse fauna and flora. The best known and largest makhtesh is Makhtesh Ramon. Although commonly referred to as \"craters\", these formations are \"erosion cirques\" (steephead valleys or box canyons). Craters are formed by the impact of a\n\nWhat is the name of the volcanic valley that runs from the Sinai peninsula to central Mozambique?",
"compressed_tokens": 206,
"origin_tokens": 206,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Great Rift Valley context support its current biological variety. The southern section of the Rift Valley includes Lake Malawi, the third-deepest freshwater body in the world, reaching in depth and separating the Nyassa plateau of Northern Mozambique from Malawi; it ends in the Zambezi valley. Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a continuous geographic trench, approximately in length, that runs from Lebanon's Beqaa Valley in Asia to Mozambique in Southeastern Africa. The name continues in some usages, although it is today considered geologically imprecise as it combines features that are today regarded as separate, although related, rift and fault systems. Today, the\n\ntitle: Great Rift Valley context: new separate pl. Geologists generally refer to thesecip plates as Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate. The Great Rift Valley as originally described thought to extend from Lebanon in the north to Mozambique in the south, where it constitutes one of two physi provinces of the East African mountains. It included what we would call today Lebanese section of the Dead Transform, the Jordan Rift Valley Red Sea Rift and the East African Rift. Today rifts and faults are seen as distinct, although connected. These were only formed 35 million years ago.\n: Arab Plate: the Plian Plate of Penins extendsward at the Sina Seaward to the Lev. borders are: Theian Pl was of African plate during muchanerozoic Eonaleozoic–enozoic), until theeno Era. Seating in the Eocene but separation occurred approximately the Oocene since theate been moving toward Euras Plate opening Red Sea rift led extensive volcan.: Valley The Valley approximately. to valleygent plate boundary which extends from the Afar Triple Junction southward across eastern Africa, and is in the process of splitting the African Plate into\n\nWhat is the name of the volcanic valley that runs from the Sinai peninsula to central Mozambique?",
"compressed_tokens": 429,
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} |
166 | Which actor won an Academy Award for his performance in The African Queen? | [
"Humphrey boggart",
"Stephen Bogart",
"Humphrey bogart",
"Humphry Bogart",
"Humphrey DeForest Bogart",
"Tennis anyone",
"Bogart",
"Humphrey Bogart",
"Humprey Bogart"
] | Humphrey Bogart | [
{
"id": "772305",
"text": "The African Queen (film) The African Queen is a 1951 British-American adventure film adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel and John Woolf. The screenplay was adapted by James Agee, John Huston, John Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score by Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bogart (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar), and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "181307",
"text": "\"Dark Passage\" (1947) and \"Key Largo\" (1948). His other significant films included \"The African Queen\", \"The Caine Mutiny\", \"Sabrina\" and \"The Barefoot Contessa\". Bogart won the Academy Award for Best Actor for \"The African Queen\", and was nominated for \"Casablanca\" and \"The Caine Mutiny\". Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City, the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart (1867–1934) and Maud Humphrey (1868–1940). Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Watkins Bogart, a Canandaigua, New York innkeeper, and his wife, Julia, a wealthy heiress. The name \"Bogart\" derives from the Dutch surname",
"title": "Humphrey Bogart"
},
{
"id": "5370900",
"text": "occurred in or before 1950, or whose screen debut occurred after 1950, but whose death has marked a completed body of work. The top stars of their respective gender are Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. They starred together in the classic adventure 1951 film \"The African Queen\", for which Bogart won his only Academy Award. AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars is a list of the top 25 male and 25 female greatest screen legends of American film history. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute on June 15,",
"title": "AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars"
},
{
"id": "545660",
"text": "dying. Huston agreed, and the ending was rewritten. It became Huston's most successful film financially, and \"it remains one of his finest works.\" Huston was nominated for two Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Bogart, meanwhile, won his only Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Charlie Allnut. Hepburn wrote about her experiences shooting the film in her memoir, \"The Making of the African Queen: Or How I went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall, and Huston and almost lost my mind\". Clint Eastwood directed and starred in the film \"White Hunter, Black Heart\", based on Peter Viertel's novel",
"title": "John Huston"
},
{
"id": "2654554",
"text": "London and admired the British, as is reflected in his films \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" (1957) and \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), both of which won seven Academy Awards including Best Picture. Starting with the 1951 film \"The African Queen\", he produced films through his British-based production company Horizon Pictures. In a review in Variety of a Natasha Fraser-Cavassoni's biography of Spiegel, Wendy Smith notes: \"It's all here: the sleazy financial maneuvers and creepy taste for underage girls that make Spiegel a decidedly flawed protagonist, as well as the wit, sophistication, and Old World charm that make him a",
"title": "Sam Spiegel"
},
{
"id": "772327",
"text": "remarkable performances, and it's fortunate that they do, for the movie concentrates on them so single-mindedly that any conspicuous uncertainty in their acting would have left the whole thing high and dry.\" Richard L. Coe wrote in the March 8, 1952 edition of \"The Washington Post\" that \"Huston has tried a risky trick and most of the time pulls it off in delicious style. And from both his stars he has drawn performances which have rightly been nominated for those Academy Awards on the [20th].\" \"Harrison's Reports\" printed a negative review, writing that the film \"has its moments of comedy",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "538778",
"text": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy. The screen partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies. Hepburn challenged herself in the latter half of her life, as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions and tackled a range of literary roles. She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters, such as in \"The African Queen\" (1951), a persona the public embraced. Three more Oscars came for her work in \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\" (1967), \"The Lion in Winter\" (1968), and \"On Golden Pond\" (1981). In the 1970s, she began appearing in television films, which became",
"title": "Katharine Hepburn"
},
{
"id": "538821",
"text": "She played Rose Sayer, a prim spinster missionary living in German East Africa at the outbreak of World War I. Co-starring Humphrey Bogart, \"The African Queen\" was shot mostly on location in the Belgian Congo, an opportunity Hepburn embraced. It proved a difficult experience, however, and Hepburn became ill with dysentery during filming. Later in life, she released a memoir about the experience. The movie was released at the end of 1951 to popular support and critical acclaim, and gave Hepburn her fifth Best Actress nomination at the Academy Awards. The first successful film she had made without Tracy since",
"title": "Katharine Hepburn"
},
{
"id": "7206358",
"text": "Wilfred Shingleton Wilfred Shingleton (January 24, 1914 – June, 1983) was an English art director. He enjoyed a distinguished career in the British film industry from his debut in 1937. Some of his early assignments were several George Formby vehicles – hugely popular with wartime audiences. His career really kicked off into a higher gear in 1947 when he won the Academy Award for his atmospheric sets for David Lean's \"Great Expectations\". This led to a string of high-profile projects, including \"Anna Karenina\" (1948), \"The African Queen\" (1951) and \"Beat the Devil\" (1953), both for director John Huston, \"Hobson's Choice\"",
"title": "Wilfred Shingleton"
},
{
"id": "3076181",
"text": "learned to play the accordion, and immersed himself in research. He read books about Amin, watched news and documentary footage featuring Amin, and spent time in Uganda meeting with Amin's friends, relatives, generals, and victims; he also learned Swahili and mastered Amin's East African accent. His performance earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor, making him the fourth African-American actor in history to do so, joining the ranks of Sidney Poitier, Denzel Washington, and Jamie Foxx. For that same role, he was also recognized with the British Academy Film Award, Golden Globe Award, National Board of Review Award, Screen",
"title": "Forest Whitaker"
},
{
"id": "545659",
"text": "audience got up and walked out of the theater.\" Despite the \"butchering\" and weak public response, film historian Michael Barson describes the movie as \"a minor masterpiece.\" Before the \"Asphalt Jungle\" opened in theaters, Huston was already in Africa shooting \"The African Queen\" (1951), a story based on C. S. Forester's popular novel. It starred Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn in a combination of romance, comedy and adventure. Barson calls it \"one of the most popular Hollywood movies of all time.\" The film's producer, Sam Spiegel, urged Huston to change the ending to allow the protagonists to survive, instead of",
"title": "John Huston"
},
{
"id": "181371",
"text": "never to try to win another one ... too many stars ... win it and then figure they have to top themselves ... they become afraid to take chances. The result: A lot of dull performances in dull pictures\". \"The African Queen\" marked the first Technicolor film starring Bogart. He appeared in relatively few color films of any kind during the rest of his career, which continued for another five years. Bogart dropped his asking price to get the role of Captain Queeg in Edward Dmytryk's 1954 drama \"The Caine Mutiny\". Though he griped with some of his old bitterness",
"title": "Humphrey Bogart"
},
{
"id": "545631",
"text": "John Huston John Marcellus Huston (; August 5, 1906 – August 28, 1987) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor. Huston was a citizen of the United States by birth but renounced U.S. citizenship to become an Irish citizen and resident. He returned to reside in the United States where he died. He wrote the screenplays for most of the 37 feature films he directed, many of which are today considered classics: \"The Maltese Falcon\" (1941), \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), \"The Asphalt Jungle\" (1950), \"The African Queen\" (1951), \"The Misfits\" (1961), \"Fat City\" (1972) and \"The",
"title": "John Huston"
},
{
"id": "545689",
"text": "in it. Ahab, in \"Moby Dick\". Marlon Brando's career Army officer in \"Reflections in a Golden Eye\", even Bogart and Hepburn in \"The African Queen\" – they all fall short of their plans. \"The African Queen\" does have a happy ending, but it feels tacked-on and ridiculous, and the Queen destroys itself in destroying the German steamer. So this \"[Fat City]\" is a theme we find in Huston's work, but rarely does he fit it to characters and a time and place so well as in \"Fat City\". Maybe that's because Huston knows the territory: he was a professional boxer",
"title": "John Huston"
},
{
"id": "772317",
"text": "the casting of Bogart; his character's lines in the original screenplay were rendered with a thick Cockney dialect but the script had to be completely rewritten because the actor was unable to reproduce it. The rewrite made the character Canadian. The film was partially financed by John and James Woolf of Romulus Films, a British company. Michael Balcon, Honorary Adviser to the National Film Finance Corporation, advised the NFFC to refuse a loan to John Woolf’s The African Queen (1951) unless it starred John McCallum and Googie Withers, rather than Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn as Woolf wanted. This was",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "2582225",
"text": "Shoot Horses, Don't They?\", and his second in 1982 for \"Tootsie\". For his 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" starring Meryl Streep and Robert Redford, Pollack won Academy Awards for directing and producing. During his career, he directed 12 different actors in Oscar-nominated performances: Jane Fonda, Gig Young, Susannah York, Barbra Streisand, Paul Newman, Melinda Dillon, Jessica Lange, Dustin Hoffman, Teri Garr, Meryl Streep, Klaus Maria Brandauer and Holly Hunter. Only Young and Lange won Oscars for their performances in one of Pollack's films. His disputes with Hoffman during the filming of \"Tootsie\" became well known. Eventually Hoffman began pushing the",
"title": "Sydney Pollack"
},
{
"id": "11449837",
"text": "government in 2014 during the centenary celebration. Kanayo O. Kanayo Anayo Modestus Onyekwere (popularly known as Kanayo O. Kanayo, born March 1, 1962 in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria) is a Nigerian actor. In 2006 he won the African Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. In 1992, Kanayo made his debut film appearance in the film \"Living in Bondage\". Kanayo has starred in over 100 films. He is currently a United Nations ambassador and bears the title of MFR. Kanayo along with Kenneth Nnebue (producer of Living in Bondage), Olu Jacobs, Enoch Adeboye, Queen Elizabeth and Fela",
"title": "Kanayo O. Kanayo"
},
{
"id": "12326881",
"text": "of granite, and his acting is only slightly more expressive, but the man gets the job done. Welcome back.\" Michael H. Price of \"Fort Worth Business Press\" wrote, \"Stallone invests the role with a realistic acceptance of the aging process, and with traces reminiscent of Humphrey Bogart in 1951’s \"The African Queen\" and Clint Eastwood in 1992’s \"Unforgiven\" — to say nothing of the influences that the original \"First Blood\" had absorbed from Marlon Brando in 1953’s \"The Wild One\" and Tom Laughlin in 1971’s \"Billy Jack\".\" Jonathan Garret (a former writer for the Atlanta Journal Constitution) said in an",
"title": "Rambo (2008 film)"
},
{
"id": "181365",
"text": "final film for Bogart and John Huston. Co-written by Truman Capote, the eccentrically filmed tale follows an amoral group of rogues chasing an unattainable treasure. Bogart sold his interest in Santana to Columbia for over $1 million in 1955. Working outside of his own Santana Productions, Bogart starred with Katharine Hepburn in the John Huston directed \"The African Queen\" in 1951. The C.S. Forester novel on which it was based was overlooked and left undeveloped for fifteen years until producer Sam Spiegel and Huston bought the rights. Spiegel sent Katharine Hepburn the book and she suggested Bogart for the male",
"title": "Humphrey Bogart"
},
{
"id": "16276791",
"text": "Panavision, FujiFilm, and Technicolor. A request from Buckingham Palace led to a 35mm film copy of 'The Troop' being supplied to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to view at Sandringham over Christmas 1999. Following its involvement in The Troop, FujiFilm commissioned Glory Film Co. to make a series of films to demonstrate its new motion picture filmstocks. For these projects Glory employed leading cinematographers: Oscar-winners Jack Cardiff OBE, BSC, ASC, (\"The African Queen\") and Ronnie Taylor BSC (\"Gandhi\") together with Phedon Papamichael ASC (\"Walk the Line\"), John de Borman BSC (\"The Full Monty\"), Sue Gibson BSC (\"Spooks\"), Thierry Arbogast AFC",
"title": "Glory Film Co."
},
{
"id": "772328",
"text": "and excitement, but on the whole the dialogue is childish, the action silly, and the story bereft of human appeal. The characters act as childishly as they talk, and discriminating picture-goers will, no doubt, laugh at them. There is nothing romantic about either Katharine Hepburn or Humphrey Bogart, for both look bedraggled throughout.\" \"The Monthly Film Bulletin\" was also negative, writing: \"Huston seems to have been aiming at a measured, quiet, almost digressive tempo, but the material does not support it, and would have benefited by the incisiveness his previous films have shown. In spite of Hepburn's wonderful playing, and",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "11449836",
"text": "Kanayo O. Kanayo Anayo Modestus Onyekwere (popularly known as Kanayo O. Kanayo, born March 1, 1962 in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria) is a Nigerian actor. In 2006 he won the African Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. In 1992, Kanayo made his debut film appearance in the film \"Living in Bondage\". Kanayo has starred in over 100 films. He is currently a United Nations ambassador and bears the title of MFR. Kanayo along with Kenneth Nnebue (producer of Living in Bondage), Olu Jacobs, Enoch Adeboye, Queen Elizabeth and Fela Kuti were among Nigerians honored by the",
"title": "Kanayo O. Kanayo"
},
{
"id": "772326",
"text": "whopping as its tale of off-beat love ... This is not noted with disfavor.\" Crowther added that \"Mr. Huston merits credit for putting this fantastic tale on a level of sly, polite kidding and generally keeping it there, while going about the happy business of engineering excitement and visual thrills.\" \"Variety\" called it \"an engrossing motion picture ... Performance-wise, Bogart has never been seen to better advantage. Nor has he ever had a more knowing, talented film partner than Miss Hepburn.\" John McCarten of \"The New Yorker\" declared that \"Katharine Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart come up with a couple of",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "772306",
"text": "and Theodore Bikel. \"The African Queen\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1994, with the Library of Congress deeming it \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\". The film holds a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 41 reviews. Samuel Sayer (Robert Morley) and his sister Rose (Katharine Hepburn) are British Methodist missionaries in the village of Kungdu in German East Africa at the beginning of World War I in September 1914. Their mail and supplies are delivered by a small steam launch named the \"African Queen\", helmed by the rough-and-ready Canadian boat captain Charlie",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "19220345",
"text": "in 1993 and 1994 and the Film BAFTA for Best Leading Actress for \"The Queen\" in 2007. She was the sixth of seven people to have won the British Triple Crown of Acting, with Peggy Ashcroft, Judi Dench, Nigel Hawthorne, Albert Finney and Julie Walters all preceding her to the honour and Mark Rylance succeeding her. American actress Frances McDormand (born 1957) completed the triple crown in 2015. She is a 5-time Oscar (2), 2-time Tony (1), and 2-time (1) acting Emmy nominee, for a total of nine TC nominations. McDormand has won four awards. American actress Jessica Lange (born",
"title": "Triple Crown of Acting"
},
{
"id": "10291206",
"text": "a promotional force for the film. The film features an impressive cast and crew, including several real Academy Award winners: eight-time costume design winner Edith Head (who would also be nominated, but not win, for \"The Oscar\"); Best Actor winners Borgnine and Crawford; Best Supporting Actor winners Begley, Brennan (three wins), Sinatra, and James Dunn, and cinematographer Joseph Ruttenberg. Also in the cast were Oberon and Parker, who had been nominated for Oscars but did not win. As movie star Frankie Fane (Boyd) is about to hear if he won a best acting Oscar, his friend Hymie Kelly (Bennett) reminisces",
"title": "The Oscar (film)"
},
{
"id": "4717261",
"text": "film \"a high-class example of the low Hollywood art of recycling\". He praised the performances by the two leads—Wayne for his continuation of his Oscar-winning role as Cogburn, and Hepburn for a performance that recalls her \"marvelous characterization opposite Humphrey Bogart in \"The African Queen\"\". Canby felt that the film's lighthearted tone and convincing performances allows the viewer to accept the film on its own terms. He concluded that the film is \"a cheerful, throwaway Western, featuring two stars of the grand tradition who respond to each other with verve that makes the years disappear\". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film",
"title": "Rooster Cogburn (film)"
},
{
"id": "772325",
"text": "the 1951 Oscars. Its New York City opening was on February 20, 1952 at the Capitol Theatre. Contemporary reviews from critics were mostly positive. Upon the film's premiere, Edwin Schallert of the \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote that it \"should impress for its novelty both in casting and scenically,\" and found the ending \"rather contrived and even incredible, but melodramatic enough, with almost a western accent, to be popularly effective.\" Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" called the film \"a slick job of movie hoodwinking with a thoroughly implausible romance, set in a frame of wild adventure that is as",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "19992345",
"text": "\"Variety\" opined that the leads \"Both turn in pro jobs but are necessarily haunted by their predecessors.\" Though intended to be a pilot for a television series, it received disappointing ratings and was not picked up. The African Queen (1977 film) The African Queen is a television film which aired on CBS on March 18, 1977. It stars Warren Oates as Captain Charlie Allnut and Mariette Hartley as Rose Sayer, reprising roles originated by Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn in the 1951 film of the same name. Rather than being a remake, the plot continues after the events of the",
"title": "The African Queen (1977 film)"
},
{
"id": "5060549",
"text": "Josh Goldstein and John Norville was reportedly rewritten by Al Gough and Miles Millar. The film plot follows a group's riverboat journey through a jungle in search of a cure. Though initially announced to star \"Toy Story\" duo Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, a new iteration of the project is moving forward with Dwayne Johnson starring. The film is described as a \"period piece in the vein of Humphrey Bogart's \"The African Queen\".\" Later, Johnson signed on as a producer in addition to his starring role, and the film is scheduled to start filming in spring 2018. In April 2017,",
"title": "Jungle Cruise"
},
{
"id": "17232763",
"text": "Academy Award for Best Actor. By virtue of his win, he became the first African American actor to win two competitive Academy Awards, and the first since Sidney Poitier in 1964 to win the leading actor award. Washington reteamed with Scott on the thriller \"Man on Fire\", and starred opposite Meryl Streep in \"The Manchurian Candidate\" (both in 2004). In 2005, he returned to the stage in the Shakespearean play \"Julius Caesar\". Washington played drug kingpin Frank Lucas in \"American Gangster\", and poet and educator Melvin B. Tolson in \"The Great Debaters\" (both in 2007). In 2010, Washington received the",
"title": "Denzel Washington on screen and stage"
},
{
"id": "7646817",
"text": "Humphrey Bogart as Charlie Allnutt and Katharine Hepburn as Rose Sayer. Allnutt is changed to a Canadian in the film to explain Bogart's accent. In the film the German captain attempts to hang Rose and Charlie. They are married by the captain before the execution. The \"Königin Luise\", however, crashes into the capsized \"African Queen\" and the torpedoes detonate, destroying the ship. Charlie and Rose escape in the confusion. The African Queen (novel) The African Queen is a 1935 novel written by English author C. S. Forester. It was adapted into the 1951 film of the same name. The story",
"title": "The African Queen (novel)"
},
{
"id": "4445775",
"text": "films shot in Kenya in the recent past include the Academy Award winning \"Nowhere in Africa\" and \"\". \"Sheena, Queen of the Jungle\" won great acclaim in the 1980s and was one of the first foreign movies to be shot entirely on location in Kenya. Other highly acclaimed films set (and shot) in Kenya include Karen Blixen's \"Out of Africa\", starring Robert Redford and Meryl Streep and directed by Sydney Pollack, and \"Born Free\", an adaptation of the autobiography of Joy Adamson. In 1999, part of the movie \"To Walk With Lions\", which featured actor Richard Harris, was shot on",
"title": "Culture of Kenya"
},
{
"id": "2166830",
"text": "Christian Bale Christian Charles Philip Bale (born 30 January 1974) is an English-American actor. He is known for his intense method acting style, often transforming his body drastically for his roles. The recipient of many awards, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe, he was featured in the Time 100 list of 2011. Born in Haverfordwest, Wales, to English parents, Bale had his first starring role at age 13 in Steven Spielberg's war film \"Empire of the Sun\" (1987). Following a decade of leading and supporting roles, including in \"Little Women\" (1994), he gained wider recognition for portraying the",
"title": "Christian Bale"
},
{
"id": "8207899",
"text": "Two, and later HMS \"King Alfred\"; he served as an officer in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, later commanding Landing Craft (Flak) 16 in the Mediterranean. During his service, he achieved the rank of Lieutenant-Commander and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Returning to acting after the war, he both narrated and had a small on-screen role in \"Scrooge\" (1951), and portrayed the captain of the ship the Katharine Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart characters Rose and Charlie set out to destroy, who they persuade to legally marry them just before they are to be executed, in \"The African Queen\" (1951).",
"title": "Peter Bull"
},
{
"id": "19992344",
"text": "The African Queen (1977 film) The African Queen is a television film which aired on CBS on March 18, 1977. It stars Warren Oates as Captain Charlie Allnut and Mariette Hartley as Rose Sayer, reprising roles originated by Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn in the 1951 film of the same name. Rather than being a remake, the plot continues after the events of the original story, with Allnut and Sayer being recaptured by the Germans and forced to transport a 75mm cannon. Television critic Cecil Smith described the film's concept as \"maybe the silliest in the history of the medium.\"",
"title": "The African Queen (1977 film)"
},
{
"id": "4105213",
"text": "White Hunter Black Heart White Hunter Black Heart is a 1990 American adventure drama film directed by and starring Clint Eastwood and based on the 1953 book of the same name by Peter Viertel. Viertel also co-wrote the script with James Bridges and Burt Kennedy. The film is a thinly disguised account of writer Peter Viertel's experiences while working on the classic 1951 film \"The African Queen\", which was shot on location in Africa at a time when location shoots outside of the United States for American films were very rare. The main character, brash director John Wilson, played by",
"title": "White Hunter Black Heart"
},
{
"id": "5650164",
"text": "Anna Paquin, at age 11, became the second youngest winner of a competitive acting Oscar, behind Tatum O'Neal, who won at age 10 for \"Paper Moon\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double-dagger (). The following 16 films had multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers: Due the negative reception received from the preceding year's ceremony, actor Billy Crystal announced that after overseeing four consecutive Oscar ceremonies, he would not be hosting the 1994 telecast. In a statement released",
"title": "66th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "8768802",
"text": "was refurbished in 2012, including installation of an interior steel hull frame and new boiler, and restored to service as a tourist boat. African Queen (boat) The African Queen (also known as S/L Livingstone) is the boat used in the 1951 movie \"The African Queen\" starring Humprey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. It is located in Key Largo, Florida. On February 18, 1992, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The boat was built of riveted sheet iron in 1912 in the United Kingdom for service in Africa on the Victoria Nile and Lake Albert where the",
"title": "African Queen (boat)"
},
{
"id": "20006756",
"text": "include \"Motswana: Africa, Dream Again\" (2012) and \"Damn Yankees\" (2004). His hollywood engagements which are not limited to \"A United Kingdom\" 2016 with David Oyelowo, Given 2009, \"Green Zone\" (2007) with Academy-Award winner Matt Damon and \"Breakfast in Hollywood\" (2006) with award-winning actor Paul Boocock of Law & Order is expanding his acting career. In a 2012 interview with the BBC, Molosi described his work as “critical love letters” to humanity. The New York Times has considered Molosi’s acts as “inflamed with passion,” especially his captivating portrayal of a Ugandan child soldier in his one-man show,\"No Idea\" 2010. Molosi won",
"title": "Donald Molosi"
},
{
"id": "1454932",
"text": "Ben Kingsley Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor with a career spanning over 50 years. He has won an Oscar, Grammy, BAFTA, two Golden Globes, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. He is known for his starring role as Mohandas Gandhi in the 1982 film \"Gandhi\", for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. He has appeared in \"Schindler's List\" (1993), \"Twelfth Night\" (1996), \"Sexy Beast\" (2000), \"House of Sand and Fog\" (2003), \"Lucky Number Slevin\" (2006), \"Shutter Island\" (2010), \"\" (2010), \"Hugo\" (2011), \"Iron Man 3\" (2013), \"The Boxtrolls\"",
"title": "Ben Kingsley"
},
{
"id": "4105221",
"text": "earnings reached just over $2 million, well below the film's $24 million budget. White Hunter Black Heart White Hunter Black Heart is a 1990 American adventure drama film directed by and starring Clint Eastwood and based on the 1953 book of the same name by Peter Viertel. Viertel also co-wrote the script with James Bridges and Burt Kennedy. The film is a thinly disguised account of writer Peter Viertel's experiences while working on the classic 1951 film \"The African Queen\", which was shot on location in Africa at a time when location shoots outside of the United States for American",
"title": "White Hunter Black Heart"
},
{
"id": "26418",
"text": "Anthony Hopkins Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor, director, and producer. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1992, and was nominated three additional times. Hopkins has also won three BAFTA Awards, two Emmys, and the Cecil B. DeMille Award. In 1993, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. Hopkins received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, and in 2008, he received the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. After graduating from the Royal Welsh",
"title": "Anthony Hopkins"
},
{
"id": "539306",
"text": "would appear with Eastwood again in the poorly-received comedy \"Pink Cadillac\" (1989). The film is about a bounty hunter and a group of white supremacists chasing an innocent woman (Bernadette Peters) who tries to outrun everyone in her husband's prized pink Cadillac. The film failed both critically and commercially, earning barely more than \"Bird\" and marking a low point in Eastwood's career. Eastwood directed and starred in \"White Hunter Black Heart\" (1990), an adaptation of Peter Viertel's \"roman à clef\", about John Huston and the making of the classic film \"The African Queen\". Shot on location in Zimbabwe in the",
"title": "Clint Eastwood"
},
{
"id": "7350059",
"text": "and would be nominated for a record seventeen times in the following decades. Louis Gossett Jr. became the first African-American actor to win Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the tough and principled drill sergeant Emil Foley in \"An Officer and a Gentleman\". This marked the first of 28 consecutive years where a Barbara Walters interview special aired before the ceremony. Walters had previously aired an interview special in 1981 and, in subsequent years, her special aired prior to the Academy's formal broadcast of celebrities walking the red carpet. It was also the only time George C. Scott attended",
"title": "55th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "7301519",
"text": "ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. \"Crash\" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's \"Rocky\" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his",
"title": "78th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "4366074",
"text": "2007, \"The Departed\" won four Academy Awards: Best Picture (Graham King), Best Director (Martin Scorsese), Best Film Editing (Thelma Schoonmaker), and Best Adapted Screenplay (William Monahan). Mark Wahlberg was also nominated for the Best Supporting Actor award for his performance, but he lost to Alan Arkin for his role in \"Little Miss Sunshine\". The film marked the first time Scorsese won an Oscar after six previous losses. Many felt that he deserved it years earlier for prior efforts. Some have even gone further, calling it a Lifetime Achievement Award for a lesser film. Scorsese himself joked that he won because:",
"title": "The Departed"
},
{
"id": "900356",
"text": "Bonnie Franklin, Melissa Gilbert, Danielle Brisebois, Erika Eleniak, Max Pomeranc, Christina Ricci, Shelley Fabares, Candace Cameron Bure, Karron Graves, Gaby Hoffmann, Hilary Duff, Molly Ringwald, Stacy Ferguson, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Lisa Whelchel, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Soleil Moon Frye, Melissa Joan Hart, Dean Stockwell, Fred Savage, Neil Patrick Harris, Michelle Chia, Shawn Lee, Joshua Ang, Aloysius Pang, and other Academy Award winners and nominees include; Mickey Rooney, Judy Garland, Jake Gyllenhaal, Joaquin Phoenix, Helen Hunt, Irene Cara, Reese Witherspoon, Hilary Swank, Christian Bale, Saoirse Ronan, Brie Larson, Elizabeth Taylor, and Leonardo DiCaprio. Many actors' careers are short-lived and this is also",
"title": "Child actor"
},
{
"id": "1576346",
"text": "Omar Sharif Omar Sharif (, ; born Michel Dimitri Chalhoub ; 10 April 193210 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor of Lebanese origin. He began his career in his native country in the 1950s, but is best known for his appearances in both English and American productions. His films included \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), \"Doctor Zhivago\" (1965), and \"Funny Girl\" (1968). He was nominated for an Academy Award for best supporting actor for \"Lawrence of Arabia\". He won three Golden Globe Awards and a César Award. Sharif, who spoke Arabic, English, French, Spanish and Italian fluently, was often cast as",
"title": "Omar Sharif"
},
{
"id": "1466360",
"text": "year's Best Actress Oscar for playing Queen Elizabeth II in \"The Queen\"), Day-Lewis knelt before her, and she tapped him on each shoulder with the Oscar statuette, to which he quipped: \"That's the closest I'll come to ever getting a knighthood.\" Day-Lewis was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to drama. On 14 November 2014, he was knighted by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace. Daniel Day-Lewis Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis (born 29 April 1957) is a retired English actor who holds both British and Irish citizenship. Born",
"title": "Daniel Day-Lewis"
},
{
"id": "2711200",
"text": "Theodore Bikel Theodore Meir Bikel ( ; May 2, 1924 – July 21, 2015) was an Austrian-American actor, folk singer, musician, composer, unionist and political activist. He appeared in films including \"The African Queen\" (1951), \"Moulin Rouge\" (1952), \"The Enemy Below\" (1957), \"I Want to Live!\" (1958), \"My Fair Lady\" (1964) and \"The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming\" (1966). For his portrayal of Sheriff Max Muller in \"The Defiant Ones\" (1958), he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He made his stage debut in \"Tevye the Milkman\" in Tel Aviv, Israel, when he was",
"title": "Theodore Bikel"
},
{
"id": "772329",
"text": "some engaging scenes, the film must be accounted a misfire.\" The film earned an estimated £256,267 at UK cinemas in 1952, making it the 11th most popular movie of the year. It earned an estimated $4 million in US and Canadian theatrical rentals. American Film Institute recognition AFI has also honored both Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn as the greatest American screen legends. The film has been released on Region 2 DVD in the United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia. The British DVD includes a theatrical trailer and an audio commentary by cinematographer Cardiff in which he details many of the",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "8207898",
"text": "Peter Bull Peter Cecil Bull, (21 March 1912 – 20 May 1984) was a British character actor who appeared in supporting roles in such film classics as The African Queen, Tom Jones and Dr. Strangelove. He was the fourth and youngest son of William Bull, later Sir William Bull, 1st Baronet, who was Member of Parliament for Hammersmith. Bull was educated at Winchester College. His first professional stage appearance was in \"If I Were You\" at the Shaftesbury Theatre in 1933. He was a friend of Alec Guinness, who he first met at HMS \"Raleigh\" during training in World War",
"title": "Peter Bull"
},
{
"id": "8768800",
"text": "African Queen (boat) The African Queen (also known as S/L Livingstone) is the boat used in the 1951 movie \"The African Queen\" starring Humprey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. It is located in Key Largo, Florida. On February 18, 1992, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The boat was built of riveted sheet iron in 1912 in the United Kingdom for service in Africa on the Victoria Nile and Lake Albert where the movie was filmed in 1950. Originally named the \"Livingstone\", she was built for the British East Africa Railway and used from 1912 to",
"title": "African Queen (boat)"
},
{
"id": "2166861",
"text": "talked after the incident and \"resolved this completely\". Bale acknowledged that the two worked together for several hours after the incident, and \"at least a month after that... I've seen a rough cut of the movie and he has done a wonderful job. It looks fantastic.\" Bale starred alongside Mark Wahlberg in David O. Russell's 2010 drama film \"The Fighter\". Bale's portrayal of Dicky Eklund, for which he lost , was universally acclaimed: he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and 30 other awards in 2011 for the performance. Near",
"title": "Christian Bale"
},
{
"id": "9646546",
"text": "performer to receive double acting nominations in the same year. By virtue of her nomination for her role as the title character in \"\", she also was the first actress and fifth performer overall to be nominated for portraying the same character in two different films (she previously earned a nomination for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1998's \"Elizabeth\"). At age 82, Best Supporting Actor nominee Hal Holbrook was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Robert F. Boyle became the oldest recipient of the Academy Honorary award at the age of 98. Winners are listed first,",
"title": "80th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "772307",
"text": "Allnut (Humphrey Bogart), whose coarse behavior they tolerate in a rather stiff manner. When Charlie warns them that war has broken out between Germany and Britain, the Sayers choose to stay on, only to witness the Germans burn down the mission village and herd the villagers away. When Samuel protests, he is beaten by a German soldier. After the Germans leave, Samuel becomes delirious with fever and soon dies. Charlie returns shortly afterward. He helps Rose bury her brother, and they set off in the \"African Queen\". Charlie mentions to Rose that the Germans have a gunboat, the \"Königin Luise\"",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "1648893",
"text": "as well as the Golden Globe and Screen Actor's Guild Award. She holds the distinction of being the only actress who has both posed nude in \"Playboy\" and won an Academy Award. In a 2000 interview with Charlie Rose, Basinger said that \"L.A. Confidential\" and her next film, \"I Dreamed of Africa\" (2000), were the most pleasurable of her career. In \"I Dreamed of Africa\", Basinger portrayed writer and environmentalist Kuki Gallmann, with Vincent Pérez, who she called the \"most incredible actor she had ever worked with\". The film was described as a \"passion project\" for her, and she told",
"title": "Kim Basinger"
},
{
"id": "11423504",
"text": "his career, Walken was credited as \"Ken Walken\" and later as \"Ronnie Walken\", until he finally settled on \"Christopher Walken\". He began acting in films in 1969 and, after a series of increasingly larger roles, won an Academy Award in 1978 as Best Supporting Actor for his role in \"The Deer Hunter\". Since then, Walken has become a highly sought-after actor, typically performing in numerous films every year. Walken has been a primary character in two film franchises: as Gabriel the fallen angel in \"The Prophecy\" series, and as Jacob Witting in the made-for-television films based on Patricia MacLachlan's \"Sarah,",
"title": "Christopher Walken on stage and screen"
},
{
"id": "6025004",
"text": "Peter Swanwick Walter Peter Swanwick (29 September 1922 – 14 November 1968) was a British actor best remembered as the \"Supervisor\" (sometimes called the Controller) in the 1967 TV series, \"The Prisoner\". Swanwick's film career began with bit parts in films such as \"The African Queen\" (1951), and he became a recognisable face on British TV during the mid-1960s when he featured in a number of series, including \"The Avengers\" and \"Danger Man\" where he first worked with later \"Prisoner\" star and co-creator, Patrick McGoohan. According to several biographies Swanwick endured major health problems in the 1960s that resulted in",
"title": "Peter Swanwick"
},
{
"id": "19333933",
"text": "received the most nominations in eleven categories, including Best Film, Best Director (Damien Chazelle), Best Actor in a Leading Role (Ryan Gosling), Best Actress in a Leading Role (Emma Stone), and Best Original Screenplay (Chazelle). \"Arrival\" and \"Nocturnal Animals\" followed with nine nominations each. The leading British films were Ken Loach's \"I, Daniel Blake\" and the \"Harry Potter\" spin-off \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\" with five nominations apiece and winning one award each. Following criticism at the lack of representation of ethnic minorities for the previous ceremony, BAFTA had announced steps to increase diversity across the industry, on",
"title": "70th British Academy Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "7493146",
"text": "on such films as \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), \"Key Largo\" (1948), \"The African Queen\" (1951), and \"Beat the Devil\" (1953). Bogart's convincing interpretation became the archetype for a private detective in the \"film noir\" genre, providing him near-instant acclaim and rounding and solidifying his onscreen persona. It was \"The Maltese Falcon\" that Ingrid Bergman watched over and over again while preparing for \"Casablanca\", in order to learn how to interact and act with Bogart. The role of the deceitful \"femme fatale\" Brigid O'Shaughnessy was originally offered to Geraldine Fitzgerald, but went to Mary Astor when Fitzgerald decided",
"title": "The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)"
},
{
"id": "566410",
"text": "Charlton Heston Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4, 1923 – April 5, 2008) was an American actor and political activist. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in almost 100 films over the course of 60 years. He played Moses in the epic film \"The Ten Commandments\" (1956), for which he received his first nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. He also starred in \"Touch of Evil\" (1958) with Orson Welles, \"Ben-Hur\" (1959), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, \"El Cid\" (1961), \"Planet of the Apes\" (1968), \"The",
"title": "Charlton Heston"
},
{
"id": "12258065",
"text": "Academy. Nicholson's acting career spans over sixty years. He has won three Academy Awards, and with twelve nominations, he is the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Among his most notable films are \"Easy Rider\" (1969), \"Five Easy Pieces\" (1970), \"The Last Detail\" (1973), \"Chinatown\" (1974), \"The Passenger\" (1975), \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), \"The Shining\" (1980), \"Terms of Endearment\" (1983), \"Batman\" (1989), \"A Few Good Men\" (1992), \"As Good as It Gets\" (1997), \"About Schmidt\" (2002), \"Something's Gotta Give\" (2003), \"The Departed\" (2006), and \"The Bucket List\" (2007). Jack Nicholson John Joseph Nicholson (born April",
"title": "Jack Nicholson"
},
{
"id": "772322",
"text": "Queen\" was built in 1912, in Britain, for service in Africa. At one time it was owned by actor Fess Parker. In December 2011, plans were announced to restore the boat. Restoration was completed by the following April and the \"African Queen\" is now on display as a tourist attraction at Key Largo, Florida. Because of the dangers involved with shooting the rapid scenes, a small-scale model was used in the studio tank in London. The vessel used to portray the German gunboat \"Königin Luise\" in the film was the steam tug \"Buganda\", owned and operated on Lake Victoria by",
"title": "The African Queen (film)"
},
{
"id": "5650308",
"text": "Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and actor Denzel Washington. \"Dances with Wolves\" led the nominations with twelve total; \"Dick Tracy\" and \"The Godfather Part III\" tied for second with seven each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 25, 1991. Kevin Costner became the fifth person to earn the Best Director Award for his directorial debut and to earn nominations for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film. Best Supporting Actress winner Whoopi Goldberg was the second African American woman to win an award. Hattie McDaniel",
"title": "63rd Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "181387",
"text": "lips together and blow\". The inscription read: \"If you want anything, just whistle.\" The probate value of Bogart's estate was $910,146 gross and $737,668 net ($ million and $ million in , respectively). On August 21, 1946, Bogart was honored in a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. On February 8, 1960, he was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion pictures star located at 6322 Hollywood Boulevard. Bogart was nominated for several awards, including the BAFTA award for Best Foreign Actor in 1952 for \"The African Queen\" and",
"title": "Humphrey Bogart"
},
{
"id": "901298",
"text": "did not resume the anamorphic 2.39:1 widescreen format until his movie, \"The Interpreter\", in 2005. \"Out of Africa\" received mixed reviews from critics. The film currently holds a 57% \"rotten\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. \"Out of Africa\" is one of only a handful of films that won the Academy Award for Best Picture but currently have \"rotten\" (below 60%) scores on Rotten Tomatoes. The film won seven Academy Awards and was nominated in a further four categories. The film won three Golden Globe Awards (Best Picture, Supporting Actor, Original Score).",
"title": "Out of Africa (film)"
},
{
"id": "930565",
"text": "Worton Road, Isleworth. Known variously as Worton Hall Studios and Isleworth Studios, its most notable film was \"The African Queen\" starring Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn. After the Studio closed, the premises became a Mining Research Establishment for the National Coal Board. It is now an industrial estate. Isleworth has been home to satellite television broadcaster Sky since its launch in 1989 by Rupert Murdoch. Originally centred on Grant Way, the sprawling campus around Gilette Corner now takes in New Horizons Court and Centaurs Business Park, with offices, studios, production space, research and development facilities, plus a dedicated energy centre",
"title": "Isleworth"
},
{
"id": "141560",
"text": "Harry Cohn had been inundated by appeals from people across Hollywood to give Sinatra a chance to star as \"Maggio\" in the film. During production, Montgomery Clift became a close friend, and Sinatra later professed that he \"learned more about acting from him than anybody I ever knew before\". After several years of critical and commercial decline, his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor win helped him regain his position as the top recording artist in the world. His performance also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. The \"Los Angeles Examiner\" wrote that Sinatra",
"title": "Frank Sinatra"
},
{
"id": "8118911",
"text": "24th Academy Awards The 24th Academy Awards honored the best in film in 1951, as recognized by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Best Picture was awarded to \"An American in Paris\", which, like \"A Place in the Sun\", received six Academy Awards. \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" won four Oscars, including three of the acting awards. The film's only unsuccessful acting nomination was that of Marlon Brando, whose performance as Stanley Kowalski was later considered one of the most influential of modern film acting. Humphrey Bogart was the last man born in the 19th century to win",
"title": "24th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "1951152",
"text": "Daldry, Edgar Wright, Martin McDonagh, Matthew Vaughn, Richard Curtis, Danny Boyle, Stephen Frears, Ken Loach, Mike Leigh, John Boorman, Gareth Edwards, Steve McQueen and Sam Mendes. British actors and actresses have always been significant in international cinema. Well-known currently active performers include Tom Hardy, Jude Law, Daniel Craig, Kate Winslet, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Hugh Grant, Colin Firth, Ewan McGregor, Ian McKellen, Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Keira Knightley, Ralph Fiennes, Tilda Swinton, Andy Serkis, Orlando Bloom, Christian Bale, Idris Elba, Sacha Baron Cohen, Luke Evans, Emma Thompson, Simon Pegg, Paul Bettany, Kate Beckinsale, Michael Sheen, Helena Bonham Carter, Hugh Laurie, Ben Kingsley,",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "5650166",
"text": "the show writing that he \"has charm, dignity, wit, intelligence and, it's worth mentioning, he's a movie star!\" Cates also offered the role to performers Steve Martin, Bette Midler, and Johnny Carson, but they all turned down the opportunity. After several days of speculation, Cates announced that he hired Oscar-winning actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg to host the festivities for the first time. By virtue of her selection, Goldberg became both the first African American to host as well as the first woman to host the telecast solo. In an interview with the \"Los Angeles Times\", Cates explained the decision",
"title": "66th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "2582232",
"text": "his ashes were scattered along the runway at the Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles. Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and \"Tootsie\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known",
"title": "Sydney Pollack"
},
{
"id": "9109311",
"text": "Ramsey Nouah Ramsey Nouah (born Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah Jr.; 19 December 1970) is a Nigerian actor. He won the Africa Movie Academy Award for \"Best Actor in a Leading Role\" in 2010. Nouah was born in Edo State to an Israeli father and a Yoruba mother who hails from Owo, Ondo State. He grew up in Surulere, Lagos, where he attended Atara Primary School and Community Grammar School. He obtained a diploma in mass communications at the University of Lagos, after which he pursued a career in acting. Nouah's acting career kicked off when he starred in the Nigerian TV",
"title": "Ramsey Nouah"
},
{
"id": "7210795",
"text": "\"' \"Elizabeth\" - \"Jenny Shircore\" \"' \"Elizabeth\" - \"David Hirschfelder\" 52nd British Academy Film Awards The 52nd BAFTA Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 11 April 1999, honoured the best in film for 1998. Shakespeare in Love won the award for Best Film (also won the Academy Award for Best Picture) and Best Editing. \"Elizabeth\" was voted Best British Film. Both Judi Dench and Cate Blanchett won awards for their portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I. Geoffrey Rush won the award for Best Supporting Actor. Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the award for Best",
"title": "52nd British Academy Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "5592477",
"text": "a Movie for \"Sherlock\". His performance in \"The Imitation Game\" earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. In addition, he has received seven BAFTA nominations, five Screen Actors Guild Award nominations and two Golden Globe Award nominations among others. In 2014, \"Time\" magazine included him in its annual \"Time\" 100 as one of the \"Most Influential People in the World\". He was appointed with a CBE by Elizabeth II in June 2015 for his services to the performing arts and to charity. Cumberbatch was born at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in the White City district of West",
"title": "Benedict Cumberbatch"
},
{
"id": "1353094",
"text": "John Mills Sir John Mills, (born Lewis Ernest Watts Mills, 22 February 190823 April 2005) was an English actor who appeared in more than 120 films in a career spanning seven decades. On screen, he often played people who are not at all exceptional, but become heroes because of their common sense, generosity and good judgment. He received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in \"Ryan's Daughter\" (1970). Mills was born in Norfolk, the son of Edith (Baker), a theatre box office manager, and Lewis Mills, a mathematics teacher. His spent his early years in the",
"title": "John Mills"
},
{
"id": "16958212",
"text": "feature films \"Robin Hood\" (1973), \"The Rescuers\" (1976) and \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" (1977), one of many Disney to draw on A. A. Milne's characters. Many UK actors have achieved international fame and critical success, including Julie Andrews, Christian Bale, Richard Burton, Helena Bonham Carter, Kenneth Branagh, Michael Caine, Charlie Chaplin, Ronald Colman, Sean Connery, Daniel Day-Lewis, Denholm Elliott, Ralph Fiennes, Albert Finney, Colin Firth, Joan Fontaine, Cary Grant, John Gielgud, Alec Guinness, Rex Harrison, Olivia de Havilland, Audrey Hepburn, Anthony Hopkins, Bob Hoskins, John Hurt, Jeremy Irons, Ben Kingsley, Angela Lansbury, Stan Laurel, Vivien Leigh, James",
"title": "Hollywood and the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "6343596",
"text": "soundtrack, by Alfred Newman, won that year's Academy Award for Original Music Score. It is also featured at the beginning of \"The African Queen\" (film), with Katharine Hepburn singing and playing the organ. Only Men Aloud! also sang an arrangement by Tim Rhys-Evans and Jeffrey Howard on the BBC 1 Show \"Last Choir Standing\" in 2008. They subsequently released it on their self-titled début album. The hymn was the informal anthem of Wales in the \"Green and Pleasant Land\" section of the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. The BBC sitcom One Foot In The Grave used this song on the",
"title": "Cwm Rhondda"
},
{
"id": "17777134",
"text": "awarded the Best Actor in a leading role posthumously. A total of 29 award categories were given out. Below is a full list of all the winners. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface: 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards The 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony honouring movies of 2012 was held in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State on 20 April 2013. The event was hosted by actress and former AMAA winner Ama K. Abebrese and Ayo Makun with many celebrities in attendance. The awards' nomination party was held in Lilongwe, Malawi; it was hosted by Her Excellency, President Joyce Banda.",
"title": "9th Africa Movie Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "4150891",
"text": "(2004), and \"Der Baader Meinhof Komplex\" (2008) have enjoyed international success. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to the German production \"Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum)\" in 1979, to \"Nowhere in Africa\" in 2002, and to \"Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others)\" in 2007. Among the most famous German actors are Marlene Dietrich, Klaus Kinski, Hanna Schygulla, Armin Mueller-Stahl, Jürgen Prochnow, Thomas Kretschmann, Til Schweiger and Daniel Brühl. The Berlin Film Festival, held annually since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film festivals. An international jury places emphasis on representing films from all over",
"title": "Culture of Germany"
},
{
"id": "1353118",
"text": "ten British stars at the box office via an annual poll in the \"Motion Picture Herald\". John Mills Sir John Mills, (born Lewis Ernest Watts Mills, 22 February 190823 April 2005) was an English actor who appeared in more than 120 films in a career spanning seven decades. On screen, he often played people who are not at all exceptional, but become heroes because of their common sense, generosity and good judgment. He received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in \"Ryan's Daughter\" (1970). Mills was born in Norfolk, the son of Edith (Baker), a theatre",
"title": "John Mills"
},
{
"id": "9680659",
"text": "rests on the shoulders of this brilliant young British actor who communicates universal anxieties without ever losing the essential home address of his beleaguered African-American hero.\" Richard Lawson of \"Vanity Fair\" called Kaluuya's performance a \"masterful, telling piece of acting.\" For his performance, he received numerous accolades, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. He also received nominations for a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe, a SAG Award, and a Critics' Choice Award for his role. In 2018 he received the BAFTA Rising Star Award. In December 2016, Kaluuya was cast in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film \"Black Panther\".",
"title": "Daniel Kaluuya"
},
{
"id": "181369",
"text": "film apparently rekindled Bogart's early love of boats. On his return to California he bought a classic mahogany Hacker-Craft runabout, which he kept until his death. The role of cantankerous skipper Charlie Allnutt won Bogart his only Academy Award in three nominations, for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 1951. Bogart considered his performance to be the best of his film career. He had vowed to friends that if he won, his speech would break the convention of thanking everyone in sight. He advised Claire Trevor, when she had been nominated for \"Key Largo\", to \"just say you did",
"title": "Humphrey Bogart"
},
{
"id": "1361353",
"text": "each in global box office receipts. As of 2016, his films have grossed $7.5 billion at the global box office. For his performances as boxer Muhammad Ali in \"Ali\" (2001) and stockbroker Chris Gardner in \"The Pursuit of Happyness\" (2006), Smith received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Smith was born on September 25, 1968 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Caroline (Bright), a Philadelphia school board administrator, and Willard Carroll Smith Sr., U.S. Air Force veteran and refrigeration engineer. He grew up in West Philadelphia's Wynnefield neighborhood, and was raised Baptist. He has an elder sister named Pamela and",
"title": "Will Smith"
},
{
"id": "538820",
"text": "into Shakespeare, playing Rosalind on stage in \"As You Like It\". She hoped to prove that she could play already established material, and said, \"It's better to try something difficult and flop than to play it safe all the time.\" It opened at the Cort Theatre in New York to a capacity audience, and was virtually sold out for 148 shows. The production then went on tour. Reviews for Hepburn varied, but she was noted as the only leading lady in Hollywood who was performing high-caliber material onstage. In 1951, Hepburn filmed \"The African Queen\", her first movie in Technicolor.",
"title": "Katharine Hepburn"
},
{
"id": "565324",
"text": "Sidney Poitier Sir Sidney Poitier, (; born February 20, 1927) is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author, and diplomat. In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first black actor to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor for his role in \"Lilies of the Field\". The significance of these achievements was bolstered in 1967, when he starred in three successful films, all of which dealt with issues involving race and race relations: \"To Sir, with Love\"; \"In the Heat of the Night\"; and \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\", making him the",
"title": "Sidney Poitier"
},
{
"id": "15220763",
"text": "boxing drama won four Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress (Hilary Swank), and Best Supporting Actor (Morgan Freeman). Eastwood received a nomination for Best Actor, and the trio was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. Eastwood also received a Grammy nomination for composing the film's score. After four years away from acting, Eastwood ended his \"self-imposed acting hiatus\" with \"Gran Torino\". Eastwood directed, starred, held a producer role, and co-wrote the theme song for the film. The film grossed close to $30 million during its wide release",
"title": "Clint Eastwood in the 2000s"
},
{
"id": "8552702",
"text": "most of her acceptance speeches, she expressed her admiration for the real Queen, and dedicated both her Golden Globe and her Oscar to Elizabeth II. 79th Academy Awards (2006) 2006 British Academy Film (BAFTA) Awards 2006 Screen Actors Guild Awards 2006 Directors Guild of America Awards 2006 Writers Guild of America Awards 2006 Producers Guild of America Awards 64th Golden Globe Awards 2006 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006 Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2006 New York Film Critics Circle Awards 2006 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2006 National Society of Film Critics Awards 2006 Satellite Awards 2006 National",
"title": "The Queen (2006 film)"
},
{
"id": "541570",
"text": "the offer of a CBE in 1980 and a knighthood in 2000. He has criticised the honours system for \"perpetuating snobbery\". He has five Oscar nominations but has never won. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor four times, for \"Tom Jones\" (1963), \"Murder on the Orient Express\" (1974), \"The Dresser\" (1983), and \"Under the Volcano\" (1984); and was nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in \"Erin Brockovich\" (2000). Julia Roberts mentioned Albert Finney in her Oscar acceptance speech for Best Actress in \"Erin Brockovich\", thanking him and sharing the Oscar with",
"title": "Albert Finney"
},
{
"id": "970096",
"text": "Denzel Washington Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. (born December 28, 1954) is an American actor, director, and producer. He has received three Golden Globe awards, a Tony Award, and two Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actor for the historical war drama film \"Glory\" (1989) and Best Actor for his role as a corrupt cop in the crime thriller \"Training Day\" (2001). Washington has received much critical acclaim for his film work since the 1980s, including his portrayals of real-life figures, such as South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in \"Cry Freedom\" (1987), Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X in \"Malcolm",
"title": "Denzel Washington"
},
{
"id": "733263",
"text": "daughter Barbara Davis Sherry (known as B. D.), and later wrote in her memoir that she became absorbed in motherhood and considered ending her career. As she continued making films, however, her relationship with her daughter B. D. began to deteriorate, and her popularity with audiences was steadily declining. Among the film roles offered to Davis following her return to film-making was Rose Sayer in \"The African Queen\" (1951). When informed that the film was to be shot in Africa, Davis refused the part, telling Jack Warner, \"If you can't shoot the picture in a boat on the back lot,",
"title": "Bette Davis"
},
{
"id": "5650259",
"text": "\"Big Five\" major categories for picture, directing, lead acting performances, and screenwriting. The other two films to achieve this feat were 1934's \"It Happened One Night\" and 1975's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eleventh person to win the aforementioned category twice and at the age of 28, became only the second person after Luise Rainer to win two Academy Awards before the age of 30. \"Boyz n the Hood\"'s John Singleton became the first African-American to be",
"title": "64th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "1406613",
"text": "Ryan O'Neal Charles Patrick Ryan O'Neal (born April 20, 1941) is an American actor and former boxer. O'Neal trained as an amateur boxer before beginning his career in acting in 1960. In 1964, he landed the role of Rodney Harrington on the ABC nighttime soap opera \"Peyton Place\". The series was an instant hit and boosted O'Neal's career. He later found success in films, most notably \"Love Story\" (1970), for which he received Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations as Best Actor, Peter Bogdanovich's \"What's Up, Doc?\" (1972) and \"Paper Moon\" (1973), Stanley Kubrick's \"Barry Lyndon\" (1975), and Richard Attenborough's",
"title": "Ryan O'Neal"
},
{
"id": "720251",
"text": "\"Out of Africa\" (1985), with Redford in the male lead role opposite Meryl Streep, became an enormous critical and box office success and won seven Oscars including Best Picture, proving to be Redford's biggest success of the decade and Redford and Pollack's most successful of their six movies together. His next film, \"Legal Eagles\" (1986), was only a minor success at the box office. Redford continued as a major star throughout the 1990s and 2000s. He released his third film as a director, \"A River Runs Through It\", in 1992, which was a return to mainstream success for Redford as",
"title": "Robert Redford"
},
{
"id": "15220727",
"text": "Clint Eastwood in the 1990s Clint Eastwood directed the film \"White Hunter Black Heart\", an adaptation of Peter Viertel's \"roman à clef\" about John Huston and the making of the classic film \"The African Queen\". The film received some critical attention but only had a limited release and earned just $8.4 million. In 1993, Eastwood played Frank Horrigan, a guilt-ridden Secret Service agent in the CIA thriller \"In the Line of Fire\", co-starring John Malkovich and Rene Russo and directed by Wolfgang Petersen. Eastwood's character, Horrigan, is haunted by his failure to react in time to save John F. Kennedy's",
"title": "Clint Eastwood in the 1990s"
},
{
"id": "7210793",
"text": "52nd British Academy Film Awards The 52nd BAFTA Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 11 April 1999, honoured the best in film for 1998. Shakespeare in Love won the award for Best Film (also won the Academy Award for Best Picture) and Best Editing. \"Elizabeth\" was voted Best British Film. Both Judi Dench and Cate Blanchett won awards for their portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I. Geoffrey Rush won the award for Best Supporting Actor. Italian actor Roberto Benigni won the award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in \"La vita è bella",
"title": "52nd British Academy Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "1490221",
"text": "the expensive production staff at other studios. They had two hits, \"The African Queen\" and \"High Noon\", turning a profit in their first year. Among their first clients were Sam Spiegel and John Huston, whose Horizon Productions gave UA one major hit, \"The African Queen\" (1951) and a substantial success, \"Moulin Rouge\" (1952). Others followed, among them Stanley Kramer, Otto Preminger, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions, and actors newly freed from studio contracts and seeking to produce or direct their own films. With the instability in the film industry due to theater divestment, the business was considered risky. In 1955, movie attendance reached",
"title": "United Artists"
},
{
"id": "3072969",
"text": "for \"A Beautiful Mind\", DreamWorks became the second film studio to release three consecutive Best Picture winners; the studio had previously released \"American Beauty\" and \"Gladiator\". Denzel Washington was the second African-American to win Academy Award for Best Actor, following Sidney Poitier for 1963's \"Lilies of the Field\". Halle Berry became the first African-American to win Academy Award for Best Actress. Nominated for their performances as the title character in \"Iris\", Best Actress nominee Judi Dench, and Best Supporting Actress nominee Kate Winslet became the second pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film. Winners",
"title": "74th Academy Awards"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The African Queen (film) context: The African Queen (film) The African Queen is a 1951 British-American adventure film adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel and John Woolf. The screenplay was adapted by James Agee, John Huston, John Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score by Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bogart (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar), and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Walter Gotell, Richard Marner\n\nWhich actor won an Academy Award for his performance in The African Queen?",
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The African Queen (1977 film) context: The African Queen (1977 film) The African Queen is a television film which aired on CBS on March 18, 1977. It stars Warren Oates as Captain Charlie Allnut and Mariette Hartley as Rose Sayer, reprising roles originated by Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn in the 1951 film of the same name. Rather than being a remake, the plot continues after the events of the original story, with Allnut and Sayer being recaptured by the Germans and forced to transport a 75mm cannon. Television critic Cecil Smith described the film's concept as \"maybe the silliest in the history of the medium.\"\n\ntitle: The African Queen (film context: The African Queenfilm) The African Queen is a 1951-American adventure adapted from the 1935 novel of the same name by C. S. Forester. The film was directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Sp and Woolf. The screenplay was adapted James Agee, John Huston, Collier and Peter Viertel. It was photographed in Technicolor by Jack Cardiff and had a music score Allan Gray. The film stars Humphrey Bog (who won the Academy Award for Best Actor – his only Oscar and Katharine Hepburn with Robert Morley, Peter Bull, Gotell, Richard Marner\ntitle The African (film context:odore Bikel African was pres the United States National Film Reg in19 Library of Congress deeming \"culturally, historically or aesthet significant\". The film a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 1. Samuel Sbert Morley) sister Rose (Katharine Hepburn) are Methodist missionaries villagedu in East Africa at beginning of World September 1914. Their mail supplies delivered steam thefrican Queen\", helmed by rough-and- boat captain\n: Peter Bull, later HMS \" Alfred\"; as an officer the, latering Landing) thean During his service ofander was the Service. acting both a small on-screen role in \"Scrooge\" (1951), and portrayed the captain of the ship the Katharine Hepburn and Humphrey Bogart characters Rose and Charlie set out to destroy, who they persuade to legally marry them just before they are to be executed, in \"The African Queen\" (1951).\n\nWhich actor won an Academy Award for his performance in The African Queen?",
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167 | Who wrote the novel Cry, the Beloved Country about South Africa? | [
"Alan Paton",
"Alan paton",
"Alan Stewart Paton"
] | Alan Paton | [
{
"id": "11957884",
"text": "the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's \"Mhudi\", written in 1930. During the 1950s, \"Drum\" magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to urban black culture. Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" in 1948. Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1991. JM Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee \"in innumerable",
"title": "South Africa"
},
{
"id": "12930767",
"text": "began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, \"Wide Sargasso Sea\", was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" dates from 1948. Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century. She won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007. Salman Rushdie is another post Second World War writer from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain. Rushdie achieved fame with \"Midnight's Children\" 1981. His most controversial novel \"The Satanic Verses\" 1989, was inspired",
"title": "Commonwealth of Nations"
},
{
"id": "18231955",
"text": "Mary Benson (campaigner) Mary Benson (8 December 1919 – 19 June 2000) was a South African civil rights campaigner and author. Born in 1919 in Pretoria, Benson served in the South African Women's Army during World War II. After the war, she was secretary to film director David Lean. Benson became acquainted with the author Alan Paton, and read his novel \"Cry, the beloved country\" (1948), whose main theme was racial discrimination in South Africa. This affected her greatly, and she became a campaigner for the rights of black people there. She worked with Michael Scott (who, in 1946, was",
"title": "Mary Benson (campaigner)"
},
{
"id": "12375245",
"text": "Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories, \"In a German Pension\", in 1911. The first major novelist, writing in English, from the Indian sub-continent, R.K. Narayan, began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist Graham Greene. Caribbean writer Jean Rhys's writing career began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, \"Wide Sargasso Sea\", was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" dates from 1948. Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from",
"title": "English literature"
},
{
"id": "19498132",
"text": "began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, \"Wide Sargasso Sea\", was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" dates from 1948. Salman Rushdie is among a number of post Second World War writers from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain. Rushdie achieved fame with \"Midnight's Children\" 1981, which was awarded both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Booker prize, and was named Booker of Bookers in 1993. His most controversial novel \"The Satanic Verses\" 1989, was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. V. S. Naipaul",
"title": "Twentieth-century English literature"
},
{
"id": "11957060",
"text": "found in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia. Too Late the Phalarope Too Late the Phalarope is the second novel of Alan Paton, the South African author who is best known for writing \"Cry, the Beloved Country\". It was published in 1953, and was the last novel he published before \"Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful\" in 1981. The summary on the dust jacket of the first UK edition reads, in part; 'The setting is again South Africa, but the tragedy this time is of a white man who, for complicated reasons, some of them not unconnected with his childhood",
"title": "Too Late the Phalarope"
},
{
"id": "900418",
"text": "Publications of Paton's work include a volume of his travel writing, \"The Lost City of the Kalahari\" (2006), and a complete selection of his shorter writings, \"The Hero of Currie Road\". The Alan Paton Award for non-fiction is conferred annually in his honour. Alan Paton Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist. His works include the novels \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" and \"Too Late the Phalarope\". Paton was born in Pietermaritzburg in the Colony of Natal (now South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province), the son of a civil servant. After attending",
"title": "Alan Paton"
},
{
"id": "2293149",
"text": "\"July's People\", was released in 1981, depicting the collapse of white-minority rule. Athol Fugard, whose plays have been regularly premiered in fringe theatres in South Africa, London (The Royal Court Theatre), and New York City. Olive Schreiner's \"The Story of an African Farm\" (1883) was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form. Alan Paton published the acclaimed novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" in 1948. He told the tale of a black priest who comes to Johannesburg to find his son, which became an international best-seller. During the 1950s, \"Drum\" magazine",
"title": "Culture of South Africa"
},
{
"id": "18231959",
"text": "Other papers, including material relating to her biography of Nelson Mandela and correspondence with fellow anti-apartheid activists, forms part of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies archive collections held at Senate House Library. Mary Benson (campaigner) Mary Benson (8 December 1919 – 19 June 2000) was a South African civil rights campaigner and author. Born in 1919 in Pretoria, Benson served in the South African Women's Army during World War II. After the war, she was secretary to film director David Lean. Benson became acquainted with the author Alan Paton, and read his novel \"Cry, the beloved country\" (1948), whose main",
"title": "Mary Benson (campaigner)"
},
{
"id": "11957058",
"text": "Too Late the Phalarope Too Late the Phalarope is the second novel of Alan Paton, the South African author who is best known for writing \"Cry, the Beloved Country\". It was published in 1953, and was the last novel he published before \"Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful\" in 1981. The summary on the dust jacket of the first UK edition reads, in part; 'The setting is again South Africa, but the tragedy this time is of a white man who, for complicated reasons, some of them not unconnected with his childhood and training, succumbs to the very temptations he",
"title": "Too Late the Phalarope"
},
{
"id": "1940937",
"text": "worked with many other writers. He was the first to publish J. P. Marquand and Erskine Caldwell. His advice was responsible for the success of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, whose \"The Yearling\" (1938) grew out of suggestions made by Perkins. It became a best-seller and won the Pulitzer Prize. Alan Paton's \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" (1946) was another Perkins find. His penultimate discovery was James Jones, who approached Perkins in 1945. Perkins persuaded Jones to abandon the autobiographical novel he was working on and launched him on what would become \"From Here to Eternity\" (1951). By this time, Perkins' health was",
"title": "Maxwell Perkins"
},
{
"id": "4679266",
"text": "is best known for his \"Unto Dust\" and \"In the Withaak's Shade\", capturing a portrait of Afrikaner storytelling skills and social attitudes. Bosman also wrote poetry, with a predominantly satirical tone. Alan Paton’s world-renowned and highly poetic novel \"Cry, The Beloved Country\", came into publication, just four months after the separatist National Party came to power in South Africa. Although Paton was most prolific in other literary genre, poetry was a form that interested him throughout his life, as documented in Peter Alexander's biography of him. Some of the best known poets of this violently oppressive and politically turbulent period",
"title": "South African poetry"
},
{
"id": "9301950",
"text": "of the first literary works of note is Olive Schreiner's 1883 \"The Story of an African Farm\", which can be linked to Van den Heever's \"Laat Vrugte\" as a \"plaasroman\". The novel was a revelation in Victorian literature: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form. However, Mossman (1990: 41) argues that \"The most frequently taught work of South African literature in American classrooms is \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" (1948) by Alan Paton\". A possible reason for this is that it was made into a film starring James Earl Jones, and it depicts a typical racist",
"title": "South African literature"
},
{
"id": "12163840",
"text": "Ah, But Your Land Is Beautiful Ah, But Your Land is Beautiful is the third novel of Alan Paton, the South African author who is best known for writing \"Cry, the Beloved Country\". \"Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful\" is an anti-apartheid novel, in a similar vein to \"Cry, the Beloved Country\". It is a fictional reworking of Paton's own years working as a political activist and of the experience he gained working as the president of the Liberal Party of South Africa. In the foreword, Paton describes how the book contains both real and fictitious characters, but that two",
"title": "Ah, But Your Land Is Beautiful"
},
{
"id": "3847553",
"text": "was captured in many statements that Hofmeyr made, particularly concerning the rights of non-white people in South Africa. Honorary degrees were conferred on him by the University of Cape Town (D.Sc), Witwatersrand (LLD) and Oxford (D.C.L.). The University of the Witwatersrand has turned the one-time administrator's house into a museum and restaurant, called Hofmeyr House. His papers are housed at the University of Natal as part of its Alan Paton collection. Paton's world-famous novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" is dedicated to his friend Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr. A suburb in the city of Johannesburg, Jan Hofmeyr was named after him. Jan",
"title": "Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894–1948)"
},
{
"id": "18966819",
"text": "novel \"manages to register a good many symptomatic ideas and subtle feelings which lose nothing in transition to the page; they remain instantaneous and sharp.\" The Late Bourgeois World The Late Bourgeois World is a 1966 novella by Nadine Gordimer. The novel follows an egocentric white woman, as she negotiates a failing marriage, \"half-hearted' love affairs and political intrigue. The novel was banned by the Censorship board in South Africa. \"The New York Times\" described the novel as the most \"overtly political\" of Gordimer's novels comparing it to \"Cry, The Beloved Country\" in its potential for shocking those outside of",
"title": "The Late Bourgeois World"
},
{
"id": "18966818",
"text": "The Late Bourgeois World The Late Bourgeois World is a 1966 novella by Nadine Gordimer. The novel follows an egocentric white woman, as she negotiates a failing marriage, \"half-hearted' love affairs and political intrigue. The novel was banned by the Censorship board in South Africa. \"The New York Times\" described the novel as the most \"overtly political\" of Gordimer's novels comparing it to \"Cry, The Beloved Country\" in its potential for shocking those outside of South Africa into acting about apartheid in South Africa. \"Kirkus\" reviews gave it a strong and positive reception, focusing on the engaging style, saying the",
"title": "The Late Bourgeois World"
},
{
"id": "6498931",
"text": "of General Louis Botha (1862-1919), first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. Botha's Hill Botha's Hill is a small town outside Hillcrest in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is the gateway to the Valley of a Thousand Hills. Kearsney College moved to Botha's Hill in 1939. Alan Paton, a famous author who wrote novels such as Cry, the Beloved Country and Too Late the Phalarope moved here and resided here until his death on the 12th of April, 1988. He was aged 85. The village is 37km north-west of Durban, on the old main road to Pietermaritzburg before the",
"title": "Botha's Hill"
},
{
"id": "10011192",
"text": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film) Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1995 South African-American drama film directed by Darrell Roodt, based on the novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" by Alan Paton. It stars James Earl Jones and Richard Harris. The film was made in 1995, shortly after the fall of apartheid and the free election of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa. Set in South Africa in October 1946, before the implementation of apartheid, this is the story of church minister Steven Kumalo who is requested from his village to Johannesburg. There he discovers that his son Absolom",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film)"
},
{
"id": "900411",
"text": "Scandinavia, England, continental Europe, Canada, and the United States. During his time in Norway, he began work on his seminal novel \"Cry, The Beloved Country\", which he completed over the course of his journey, finishing it on Christmas Eve in San Francisco in 1946. There, he met Aubrey and Marigold Burns, who read his manuscript and found a publisher: the editor Maxwell Perkins, noted for editing novels of Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe, guided Paton's first novel through publication with Scribner's. Paton published numerous books in the 1950s and became wealthy from their sales. On 11 January 2018, a Google",
"title": "Alan Paton"
},
{
"id": "12163842",
"text": "resisting National Party rule in South Africa during the 1950s. The book is divided into six parts: Part One: The Defiance Campaign Part Two: The Cleft Stick Part Three: Come Back, Africa Part Four: Death of a Traitor Part Five: The Holy Church of Zion Part Six: Into the Golden Age It was originally conceived as the first part of a trilogy. Ah, But Your Land Is Beautiful Ah, But Your Land is Beautiful is the third novel of Alan Paton, the South African author who is best known for writing \"Cry, the Beloved Country\". \"Ah, but Your Land is",
"title": "Ah, But Your Land Is Beautiful"
},
{
"id": "900408",
"text": "Alan Paton Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist. His works include the novels \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" and \"Too Late the Phalarope\". Paton was born in Pietermaritzburg in the Colony of Natal (now South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province), the son of a civil servant. After attending Maritzburg College, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Natal in his hometown, followed by a diploma in education. After graduation, Paton worked as a teacher, first at the Ixopo High School, and subsequently at Maritzburg College While at",
"title": "Alan Paton"
},
{
"id": "6498930",
"text": "Botha's Hill Botha's Hill is a small town outside Hillcrest in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is the gateway to the Valley of a Thousand Hills. Kearsney College moved to Botha's Hill in 1939. Alan Paton, a famous author who wrote novels such as Cry, the Beloved Country and Too Late the Phalarope moved here and resided here until his death on the 12th of April, 1988. He was aged 85. The village is 37km north-west of Durban, on the old main road to Pietermaritzburg before the N3 highway was built. It was named after a settler, Philip Rudolph Botha, grandfather",
"title": "Botha's Hill"
},
{
"id": "11533732",
"text": "new, delicate, unfashionable and fly in the face of power; and, intellectual and moral integrity. The award is named for Alan Paton, author of \"Cry, The Beloved Country\". The award is given in conjunction with the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize. Sunday Times Literary Awards The \"Sunday Times\" Literary Awards are composed of two awards, fiction and non-fiction, given by the South African newspaper the \"Sunday Times\". The awards are the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize (formerly \"Sunday Times\" Fiction Prize 2001–14) and the Alan Paton Award for works of non-fiction (1989-present). The prize was restructured in 2015 with the \"Sunday Times\"",
"title": "Sunday Times Literary Awards"
},
{
"id": "10011386",
"text": "courage and skill of Mr. Korda in transmitting such a difficult and sobering theme.\" Cry, the Beloved Country (1951 film) Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1951 British drama film directed by Zoltán Korda. Based on the novel of the same name by Alan Paton, it stars Canada Lee, Sidney Poitier, and Charles Carson. This film was Canada Lee's last film. From the back country of South Africa, black minister Stephen Kumalo (Canada Lee) journeys to Johannesburg to help his sister, who has been reported to be ill, and to search for his son, who left home and has not",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "18947632",
"text": "Lying Days\" in 1953 were generally positive. \"New York Times\" critic James Stern compared the novel favourably to the works of Alan Paton, especially \"Cry, the Beloved Country\", describing \"The Lying Days\" as the better of the two novels. Stern described the novel as less \"novel\" and more \"biography\", following the style and form of biographical writing. In a review in the \"Fitchburg Sentinel\", W. G. Rogers wrote that in \"The Lying Days\" Gordimer shows that South Africa \"is a land not of a single problem, race, but of many problems which that one central issue seems to magnify and",
"title": "The Lying Days"
},
{
"id": "10011382",
"text": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1951 film) Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1951 British drama film directed by Zoltán Korda. Based on the novel of the same name by Alan Paton, it stars Canada Lee, Sidney Poitier, and Charles Carson. This film was Canada Lee's last film. From the back country of South Africa, black minister Stephen Kumalo (Canada Lee) journeys to Johannesburg to help his sister, who has been reported to be ill, and to search for his son, who left home and has not kept in contact. He is also asked to visit the daughter of someone who",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "5109144",
"text": "Cry, the Beloved Country Cry, the Beloved Country is a novel by Alan Paton, published in 1948. American publisher Bennett Cerf remarked at that year's meeting of the American Booksellers Association that there had been \"only three novels published since the first of the year that were worth reading… \"Cry, The Beloved Country\", \"The Ides of March\", and \"The Naked and the Dead\".\" Two cinema adaptations of the book have been made, the first in 1951 and the second in 1995. The novel was also adapted as a musical called \"Lost in the Stars\" (1949), with a book by the",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "8115522",
"text": "Glimmerglass Opera and City Opera in 2002 and 2004, respectively, as well as other works. He was nominated for an Emmy in 2006 as Best Director for the televised production of his \"Porgy and Bess\" produced at Arena Stage in Washington, DC. In August 2012, he directed Maxwell Anderson and Kurt Weill's \"Lost in the Stars\" (1949) for Glimmerglass Opera, based on the South African classic, \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" by Alan Paton. As a playwright, Thompson has also received recognition, with numerous productions of his \"Constant Star\" (2002) about the activist Ida B. Wells. His new play, \"Mary T.",
"title": "Tazewell Thompson"
},
{
"id": "900414",
"text": "attach to the party. Paton's passport was confiscated on his return from New York in 1960, where he had been presented with the annual Freedom Award. It was not returned for ten years. Paton retired to Botha's Hill, where he resided until his death. He is honoured at the Hall of Freedom of the Liberal International organisation. \"Cry, The Beloved Country\" has been filmed twice (in 1951 and 1995) and was the basis for the Broadway musical \"Lost in the Stars\" (adaptation by Maxwell Anderson, music by Kurt Weill). Paton's second and third novels, \"Too Late the Phalarope\" (1953) and",
"title": "Alan Paton"
},
{
"id": "5109154",
"text": "frequent use of literary and linguistic devices such as microcosms, intercalary chapters and dashes instead of quotation marks for dialogue to indicate the start of speech acts to portray the devastating conditions in South Africa. The novel is filled with Biblical references and allusions. The most evident are the names Paton gives to the characters. Absalom, the son of Stephen Kumalo, is named for the son of King David, who rose against his father in rebellion. Also, in the New Testament Book of Acts, Saint Stephen was a martyr who died rather than give up his beliefs. The Gospel of",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "2234638",
"text": "of Anderson and Weill's \"Lost in the Stars\", a story of South Africa based on the Alan Paton novel \"Cry, The Beloved Country\". Anderson's long-running 1927 comedy-drama about married life, \"Saturday's Children\", in which Humphrey Bogart made an early appearance, was filmed three times – in 1929 as a part-talkie, in 1935 (in almost unrecognizable form) as a B-film \"Maybe It's Love\" and once again in 1940 under its original title, starring John Garfield in one of his few romantic comedies, along with Anne Shirley and Claude Rains. The play was also adapted for television in three condensed versions in",
"title": "Maxwell Anderson"
},
{
"id": "51090",
"text": "prize, and a winner is chosen. Unlike the real Man Booker (1969 through 2014), writers from outside the Commonwealth are also considered. In 2008, the winner for 1948 was Alan Paton's \"Cry, the Beloved Country\", beating Norman Mailer's \"The Naked and the Dead\", Graham Greene's \"The Heart of the Matter\" and Evelyn Waugh's \"The Loved One\". In 2015, the winner for 1915 was Ford Madox Ford's \"The Good Soldier\", beating \"The Thirty-Nine Steps\" (John Buchan), \"Of Human Bondage\" (W. Somerset Maugham), \"Psmith, Journalist\" (P. G. Wodehouse) and \"The Voyage Out\" (Virginia Woolf). Booker Prize The Man Booker Prize for Fiction",
"title": "Booker Prize"
},
{
"id": "15067625",
"text": "Journey Continued: An Autobiography Journey Continued: An Autobiography is the second part of Alan Paton's autobiography, the first being \"Towards the Mountain\". Paton had completed the writing and correction of the volume, but he died before its publication in 1988. The book addresses a wide variety of topics, personal, professional, philosophical, and political. For example, it discusses the way in which Paton's \"Cry, The Beloved Country\" was adapted for Broadway, but it also discusses the Christian basis for Paton's activism. \"Journey Continued\" outlines long Paton's and deep involvement with the Liberal Party of South Africa, and his views on liberalism",
"title": "Journey Continued: An Autobiography"
},
{
"id": "16297315",
"text": "ensuing national furor, the absurdities of legalised racial discrimination are gently, but tellingly, revealed. A Drink in the Passage A Drink in the Passage is an English-language film released in 2002. Adapted from a short story by Alan Paton, also the author of \"Cry, The Beloved Country,\" this short film is a stark reminder of the inhumanity and indignities of apartheid. \"A Drink in the Passage\" is the story of Edward Simelane who is awarded first prize in a national fine arts competition for his remarkable stone sculpture, called Mother and Child. But unbeknownst to him, the competition is for",
"title": "A Drink in the Passage"
},
{
"id": "18001087",
"text": "The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1948 This is a list of adult fiction books that topped \"The New York Times\" Fiction Best Seller list in 1948. The American publisher Bennett Cerf noted that there had been \"only three novels published [in 1948] that were worth reading ... \"Cry, The Beloved Country\", \"The Ides of March\", and \"The Naked and the Dead\".\" Only \"Cry\" did not top the list that year. A total of ten other novels did, however, with most titles spending only a few weeks at the top. The strongest performing title was \"The Naked and",
"title": "The New York Times Fiction Best Sellers of 1948"
},
{
"id": "5109153",
"text": "affected by \"native crime\" while blacks suffer from social instability and moral issues due to the breakdown of the tribal system. It shows many of the problems with South Africa such as the degrading of the land reserved for the natives, which is sometimes considered to be the main theme, the disintegration of the tribal community, native crime, and the flight to urban areas. Another prevalent theme in \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" is the detrimental effects of fear on the characters and society of South Africa as indicated in the following quotation from the narrator in Chapter 12: Paton makes",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "5265444",
"text": "with Distinction and also received the prize for the best student in the program. She moved to the United States, in 1963 where she had been accepted into an interdisciplinary PhD program at Harvard University. Her research focused on sociology and the study of revolution. Russell's research focus probably stems from her own involvement in the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. In 1963, Russell had joined the Liberal Party of South Africa that had been founded by Alan Paton, the author of \"Cry the Beloved Country\". While participating in a peaceful protest in Cape Town, Russell was arrested with other",
"title": "Diana E. H. Russell"
},
{
"id": "16297314",
"text": "A Drink in the Passage A Drink in the Passage is an English-language film released in 2002. Adapted from a short story by Alan Paton, also the author of \"Cry, The Beloved Country,\" this short film is a stark reminder of the inhumanity and indignities of apartheid. \"A Drink in the Passage\" is the story of Edward Simelane who is awarded first prize in a national fine arts competition for his remarkable stone sculpture, called Mother and Child. But unbeknownst to him, the competition is for whites only. Nonetheless, the judging panel decides to stick to its decision. In the",
"title": "A Drink in the Passage"
},
{
"id": "15195589",
"text": "Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality is an administrative area in the Harry Gwala District of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Ubuhlebezwe is an isiZulu name meaning \"The Beauty of the Land\". The name is derived from Alan Paton's novel, Cry, The Beloved Country. The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places: The municipal council consists of twenty-seven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Fourteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in fourteen wards, while the remaining thirteen are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes",
"title": "Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality"
},
{
"id": "5109145",
"text": "American writer Maxwell Anderson and music composed by the German emigre Kurt Weill. In the remote village of Ndotsheni, in the Natal province of eastern South Africa, the Reverend Stephen Kumalo receives a letter from a fellow minister summoning him to Johannesburg. He is needed there, the letter says, to help his sister, Gertrude, who the letter says has fallen ill. Kumalo undertakes the difficult and expensive journey to the city in the hopes of aiding Gertrude and of finding his son, Absalom, who traveled to Johannesburg from Ndotsheni and never returned. In Johannesburg, Kumalo is warmly welcomed by Msimangu,",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "15195590",
"text": "received. In the election of 3 August 2016 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of twenty seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election. Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality is an administrative area in the Harry Gwala District of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Ubuhlebezwe is an isiZulu name meaning \"The Beauty of the Land\". The name is derived from Alan Paton's novel, Cry, The Beloved Country. The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places: The municipal council consists of twenty-seven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Fourteen councillors are",
"title": "Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality"
},
{
"id": "12009975",
"text": "Lost in the Stars (film) Lost in the Stars is the 1974 film version of the Kurt Weill-Maxwell Anderson musical adaptation of the Alan Paton novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\". The film was produced and released as part of the American Film Theatre, which adapted theatrical works for a subscription-driven cinema series. Directed by Daniel Mann, the film follows a Zulu preacher, Reverend Stephen Kumalo (Brock Peters), in his journey to Johannesburg to search for his long-missing son, Absalom (Clifton Davis). He discovers his son is a paroled felon living in a shantytown with his pregnant girlfriend (Melba Moore). Absolom",
"title": "Lost in the Stars (film)"
},
{
"id": "2293151",
"text": "& Times of Michael K. His 1999 novel \"Disgrace\" won him his second Booker Prize as well as the 2000 Commonwealth Writers' Prize. He is also the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2003. English writer J. R. R. Tolkien, author of \"The Hobbit\", \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Silmarillion\", was born in Bloemfontein in 1892. South Africa has a rich tradition of oral poetry. Several influential African poets became prominent in the 1970s such as Mongane Wally Serote, whose most famous work, \"No Baby Must Weep\", gave insight into the everyday lives of black South",
"title": "Culture of South Africa"
},
{
"id": "5109152",
"text": "mountains to await the appointed time in solitude. On the way, he encounters Jarvis, and the two men speak of the village, of lost sons, and of Jarvis's bright young grandson, whose innocence and honesty have impressed both men. When Kumalo is alone, he weeps for his son’s death and clasps his hands in prayer as dawn breaks over the valley. \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" is a social protest against the structures of the society that would later give rise to apartheid. Paton attempts to create an unbiased and objective view of the dichotomies it entails: he depicts whites as",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "15053882",
"text": "Lauren Liebenberg Lauren Liebenberg (born 3 August 1972) is a Zimbabwe-born South African writer. Her debut novel \"The Voluptuous Delights of Peanut Butter and Jam\" was nominated for the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2008. Her subsequent novels, \"The West Rand Jive Cats Boxing Club\" and \"Cry Baby\", have also received international critical acclaim. Liebenberg was born and raised in Rhodesia but in her adolescence, left newly-independent Zimbabwe for neighbouring South Africa, where her father worked in the gold-mining industry. She attended Brescia House, a Catholic school for girls in Johannesburg. After completing her under-graduate degree at the University of",
"title": "Lauren Liebenberg"
},
{
"id": "900417",
"text": "his life and work: the title of one work is \"Instrument of Thy Peace\". Paton also wrote two autobiographies: \"Towards the Mountain\" deals with Paton's life leading up to and including the publication of \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" (an event that changed the course of his life) while \"Journey Continued\" takes its departure from that time onwards. He also wrote biographies of his friends Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (\"Hofmeyr\"), and Geoffrey Clayton (\"Apartheid and the Archbishop\"). Another literary form that interested him throughout his life was poetry; the biographer Peter Alexander includes many of these poems in his biography of Paton.",
"title": "Alan Paton"
},
{
"id": "9301952",
"text": "dramas. Several influential black poets became prominent in the 1970s such as Mongane Wally Serote, whose most famous work, \"No Baby Must Weep\", gave insight into the everyday lives of black South Africans under Apartheid. Lewis Nkosi, essentially an essayist, made a crossover to novel writing and published three novels: \"Mating Birds\" (1986), \"Underground People\" (2002) and \"Mandela's Ego\" (2006). Another famous black novelist, Zakes Mda, transitioned from poetry and plays to becoming a novelist. His novel \"The Heart of Redness\" won the 2001 Commonwealth Writers Prize and was made a part of the school curriculum across South Africa. Miriam",
"title": "South African literature"
},
{
"id": "8951651",
"text": "when writing horizontally: White corner brackets are used to mark quote-within-quote segments in case that the corner brackets are used. Another typographical style is to omit quotation marks for lines of dialogue, replacing them with an initial dash: This style is particularly common in Bulgarian, French, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Vietnamese. James Joyce always insisted on this style, although his publishers did not always respect his preference. Alan Paton used this style in \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" (and no quotation marks at all in some of his later work). Charles Frazier used this style",
"title": "Quotation mark"
},
{
"id": "18258937",
"text": "of Cape Town, and Alan Paton, author of \"Cry the Beloved Country\". After a hospitalisation during which he was visited by Alan Paton he underwent a religious conversion on Christmas Eve in St Mary's Cathedral, Johannesburg, where the dean had locked the door to keep drunken revellers from the Midnight Mass: In 1936, aged 24 and a year after his conversion experience, ffrench-Beytagh was sent by Bishop Clayton to St Paul’s Theological College, Grahamstown He later recalled: Clayton urged him to persevere, and made him deacon in 1938 and ordained him priest in 1939. He served in a number of",
"title": "Gonville ffrench-Beytagh"
},
{
"id": "5109149",
"text": "tends his bountiful land and hopes for rain. The local police bring him news of his son's death, and he leaves immediately for Johannesburg with his wife. In an attempt to come to terms with what has happened, Jarvis reads his son's articles and speeches on social inequality and begins a radical reconsideration of his own prejudices. He and Kumalo meet for the first time by accident, and after Kumalo has recovered from his shock, he expresses sadness and regret for Jarvis's loss. Both men attend Absalom’s trial, a fairly straightforward process that ends with the death penalty for Absalom",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "1550605",
"text": "complete the writing of a non-fiction guide book for the South African Tourist Board. He died in Cape Town in 1954. His ashes were returned to England, and are buried in Worcester Cathedral. Like many authors he uses the places and occupations he knew as the backdrops for his work. There is much description of the sea, war and medical practice set in places as far apart as the West Midlands and West Country of England and South Africa. His first published novel \"Deep Sea\" (1914) has Brixham as a background while \"Portrait of Clare\" (1927) is set in the",
"title": "Francis Brett Young"
},
{
"id": "15053886",
"text": "compelling\". \"Cry Baby\" her third and latest novel, a satire on contemporary sububia with a strong feminist theme, was published in February 2014. Liebenberg is married with two children and lives in Johannesburg, South Africa. Lauren Liebenberg Lauren Liebenberg (born 3 August 1972) is a Zimbabwe-born South African writer. Her debut novel \"The Voluptuous Delights of Peanut Butter and Jam\" was nominated for the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2008. Her subsequent novels, \"The West Rand Jive Cats Boxing Club\" and \"Cry Baby\", have also received international critical acclaim. Liebenberg was born and raised in Rhodesia but in her adolescence,",
"title": "Lauren Liebenberg"
},
{
"id": "7435790",
"text": "In the Heart of the Country In the Heart of the Country (1977) is an early novel by South African-born writer J. M. Coetzee. The book is one of Coetzee's more experimental novels and is narrated through 266 numbered paragraphs rather than chapters. The novel is narrated from the point of view of Magda, the white daughter of a widowed farmer in the Karoo semi-desert of the Western Cape. Much of the novel is narrated from within the claustrophobic confines of Magda's bedroom and throughout the narrative the unreliability of Magda's narration means the reader cannot be certain what is",
"title": "In the Heart of the Country"
},
{
"id": "4451836",
"text": "carries large amounts of brown sediment into the Indian Ocean. Some of this sedimentation is due to anthropogenic (human-made) pressures on the local ecosystem. These pressures include soil erosion caused by over-grazing, intensive cultivation, sewage disposal, informal farming and settlements, timber plantations, and the removal of sand or topsoil from the river's basin. The Umkomaas river valley is mentioned in an early chapter of Alan Paton's 1948 novel Cry, The Beloved Country. Probably derived from the Zulu word uMkhamazi, the name relates to the sighting of a whale in the river estuary at some point in history. The river's tributaries",
"title": "Umkomaas"
},
{
"id": "12930766",
"text": "gaining international recognition, including some who migrated to the United Kingdom. There had been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then British Empire. The South African writer Olive Schreiner's famous novel \"The Story of an African Farm\" was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories, \"In a German Pension\", in 1911. The first major novelist, writing in English, from the Indian sub-continent, R. K. Narayan, began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist Graham Greene. Caribbean writer Jean Rhys's writing career",
"title": "Commonwealth of Nations"
},
{
"id": "12653497",
"text": "Iris Morley Iris Vivienne Morley (10 May 1910 – 27 July 1953) was an English historian, writer and journalist. Morley was born at Carshalton, Surrey, the daughter of Colonel Lyddon Charteris Morley CBE and Gladys Vivienne Charteris Braddell. She married Ronald Gordon Coates of the Devonshire Regiment on 10 January 1929. They were divorced in 1934 and she married Alaric Jacob on 2 August 1934. With Jacob she went to America where he was a foreign correspondent, and they stayed there until the beginning of World War II. During the war, she wrote her trilogy of historical novels - \"Cry",
"title": "Iris Morley"
},
{
"id": "10011196",
"text": "become so invested in the unleashing of violent emotion and the escalation of hostility, that expressions of restraint, reconciliation and forgiveness can easily be read as corny cop-outs. \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" is not corny, and it doesn't cop out.\" Conversely, Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" had a less positive view of the film, giving it only two and half out of four stars, and commenting, \"The film has genuine qualities. Its photography and tone evoke a South Africa that is indeed beloved by its inhabitants ('If the climate and the landscape were not so beautiful, we would have",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film)"
},
{
"id": "9134131",
"text": "were worth reading ... \"Cry, the Beloved Country\", \"The Ides of March\", and \"The Naked and the Dead\". Wilder himself once wrote that the book was \"a kind of crossword puzzle\" that \"only begins to speak at its second reading.\" Edmund Fuller called the novel \"a text so rich that it requires exploration rather than reading.\" The novel is divided into four books, each of which starts earlier and ends later than the previous book. Catullus' poems and the closing section by Suetonius are the only documents of the book which are not imagined; however, many of the events are",
"title": "The Ides of March (novel)"
},
{
"id": "5616250",
"text": "of office as Vice-Chancellor and Principal of the University of the North in Sovenga, in the then Northern Province. Previously he served as Vice-Rector of the University of the Western Cape. Earlier positions include Chair of the Department of African Literature at the University of the Witwatersrand; and Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Dean, and Head of the English Department at the National University of Lesotho. An established novelist, Ndebele published \"The Cry of Winnie Mandela\" in 2004 to critical acclaim. An earlier publication \"Fools and Other Stories\" won the Noma Award, Africa’s highest literary award for the best book published in Africa in",
"title": "Njabulo Ndebele"
},
{
"id": "2230360",
"text": "entire work. About \"Lost in the Stars\", Paton thought that the opening lines were \"profoundly unchristian and tantamount to an invitation to despair, and therefore they [were] an expression of something directly opposed to what Paton intended his character to embody.\" Lost in the Stars Lost in the Stars is a musical with book and lyrics by Maxwell Anderson and music by Kurt Weill, based on the novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" (1948) by Alan Paton. The musical premiered on Broadway in 1949; it was the composer's last work for the stage before he died the following year. \"Lost in",
"title": "Lost in the Stars"
},
{
"id": "4451459",
"text": "described by Alan Paton in the opening lines of Cry, The Beloved Country: \"There is a lovely road which runs from Ixopo into the hills. These hills are grass covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it.\" The town houses two schools including a high school with a large proportion of boarding pupils who live in surrounding villages (such as Bulwer, Underberg, Creighton) which are too small to justify the erection and staffing of a high school. In the 1990s, before South Africa became completely democratic, Ixopo was the centre of a number of armed clashes",
"title": "Ixopo"
},
{
"id": "4279128",
"text": "J. M. Keynes and E. M. Forster. In 1934 the Woolfs published van der Post's first novel. Called \"In a Province\", it portrayed the tragic consequences of a racially and ideologically divided South Africa. Later that year he decided to become a dairy farmer and, possibly with the help of the independently wealthy poet Lilian Bowes Lyon, bought Colley Farm, near Tetbury, Gloucestershire, with Lilian as his neighbor. There he divided his time between the needs of the cows and occasional visits to London, where he was a correspondent to South African newspapers. He considered this a directionless phase in",
"title": "Laurens van der Post"
},
{
"id": "4279138",
"text": "the remote Kalahari Desert for cattle ranching. There van der Post for the first time met the hunter-gatherer bush people known as Bushmen or San. He repeated the journey to the Kalahari in 1952. In 1953 he published his third book, \"The Face Beside the Fire\", a semi-autobiographical novel about a psychologically \"lost\" artist in search of his soul and soul-mate, which clearly shows Jung's influence on his thinking and writing. \"Flamingo Feather\" (1955) was an anti-communist novel in the guise of a Buchanesque adventure story, about a Soviet plot to take over South Africa. It sold very well. Alfred",
"title": "Laurens van der Post"
},
{
"id": "10011383",
"text": "has not heard from her for some time. With the help of fellow minister, Reverend Msimangu (Sidney Poitier), he discovers that his sister, who has a young son, who left home to find her husband who left in search of work, failed to find him and has been in prison and is a prostitute. He finds out that his son has got a young girl pregnant and is a thief and murderer. Both live in a poverty stricken urban community. The ministers confront the harsh reality of apartheid and its inimical effects on both white and black inhabitants. Cast and",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "16056631",
"text": "NGG3, NG11, NG16. In the movie \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" based on the novel of the same name by Alan Paton the Reverend Stephen Kumalo travels on the narrow gauge train between Carisbrooke and Donnybrook en route to Johannesburg. Umzinto–Donnybrook narrow-gauge railway The Umzinto–Donnybrook narrow-gauge railway is a closed narrow-gauge railway line in South Africa. It runs from Umzinto to Donnybrook, passing through Highflats and Ixopo, with a branch from Ixopo to Madonela (Union Bridge). The line was built in 1908 and was in length. The main line was constructed using second-hand rails becoming available from track upgrades on Cape",
"title": "Umzinto–Donnybrook narrow-gauge railway"
},
{
"id": "3916721",
"text": "The following year she married Ashvin Desai, the director of a computer software company and author of the book \"Between Eternities: Ideas on Life and The Cosmos\". They have four children, including Booker Prize-winning novelist Kiran Desai. Her children were taken to Thul (near Alibagh) for weekends, where Desai set her novel \"The Village by the Sea\". For that work she won the 1983 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, a once-in-a-lifetime book award judged by a panel of British children's writers. Desai published her first novel, \"Cry The Peacock\", in 1963. She considers \"Clear Light of Day\" (1980) her most autobiographical",
"title": "Anita Desai"
},
{
"id": "7435794",
"text": "the 1977 British version, the 1977 American version which was the same but published under the title \"From The Heart Of The Country\", and the 1978 South African version. In the South African version the novel's dialogue is in Afrikaans. The novel was awarded the 1977 CNA Prize. Marion Hänsel directed a motion picture adaptation, \"Dust,\" in 1985. In the Heart of the Country In the Heart of the Country (1977) is an early novel by South African-born writer J. M. Coetzee. The book is one of Coetzee's more experimental novels and is narrated through 266 numbered paragraphs rather than",
"title": "In the Heart of the Country"
},
{
"id": "8786292",
"text": "\"excellence in the field of non-fiction books\" was awarded to him four times. On the retirement of President Nelson Mandela in 1999, Schoeman was one of only two writers to be awarded the State President Award: Order for Excellent Service. In more recent years, his fiction garnered much praise in France, winning inter alia the prestigious Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger in 2009. In the last years of his life, it was rumored that he was a possible candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. His 1972 novel, \"Na die Geliefde Land\" (literally: To the Beloved Country), was made into",
"title": "Karel Schoeman"
},
{
"id": "900416",
"text": "expected of them. In this novel, for example, we meet the supposedly obdurate Afrikaner who contravenes the infamous Immorality Act. There are other Afrikaners, too, who are led by their consciences and not by rules, and regulations promulgated by a faceless, monolithic parliament.\" Paton was a prolific essay writer on race and politics in South Africa. In \"Save the Beloved Country\" he plays on the famous title of his first novel, but keeps a serious tone in discussing many of the famous personalities and issues on different sides of South Africa's apartheid struggle. His Anglican faith was another factor in",
"title": "Alan Paton"
},
{
"id": "18838459",
"text": "Rayda Jacobs Rayda Jacobs (born March 6, 1947) is a South African writer and film-maker. She was born in Diep River, Cape Town and began writing at a young age. In 1968, she moved to Toronto, Canada. She married there, had two children and later divorced. Her first book \"The Middle Children\", a collection of short stories, was published in Canada in 1994. Jacobs returned to South Africa the following year. Her novel \"Eyes of the Sky\", published in 1996, received the Herman Charles Bosman Prize for English fiction. She wrote a series of feature articles for the \"Cape Times\"",
"title": "Rayda Jacobs"
},
{
"id": "5109156",
"text": "collection of books on Abraham Lincoln, and the writings of Lincoln are featured several times in the novel. Paton describes Arthur's son as having characteristics similar to his when he was a child, which may allude to the resurrection of Christ. In 1951, the novel was adapted into a motion picture of the same name, directed by Zoltan Korda. Paton wrote the screenplay with John Howard Lawson, who was left out of the original credits because he was blacklisted in Hollywood for refusing to give information to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Kumalo was played by Canada Lee, Jarvis",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "5109146",
"text": "the priest who sent him the letter, and given comfortable lodging by Mrs. Lithebe, a Christian woman who feels that helping others is her duty. Kumalo visits Gertrude, who is now a prostitute and liquor seller, and persuades her to come back to Ndotsheni with her young son. A more difficult quest follows, when Kumalo and Msimangu begin searching the labyrinthine metropolis of Johannesburg for Absalom. They visit Kumalo's brother, John, who has become a successful businessman and politician, and he directs them to the factory where his son and Absalom once worked together. One clue leads to another, and",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country"
},
{
"id": "71204",
"text": "C. S. Forester Cecil Louis Troughton Smith (27 August 1899 – 2 April 1966), known by his pen name Cecil Scott \"C. S.\" Forester, was an English novelist known for writing tales of naval warfare such as the 12-book Horatio Hornblower series, depicting a Royal Navy officer during the Napoleonic wars. Two of the Hornblower books, \"A Ship of the Line\" and \"Flying Colours\", were jointly awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction in 1938. His other works include \"The African Queen\" (1935; filmed in 1951 by John Huston). Forester was born in Cairo and, after a family",
"title": "C. S. Forester"
},
{
"id": "9301953",
"text": "Tlali was the first black woman to publish a novel in South Africa with \"Muriel at Metropolitan\" (1975) (also known as \"Between Two Worlds\"). John Maxwell (J. M.) Coetzee was also first published in the 1970s. He became internationally recognised in 1983 with his Booker Prize-winning novel \"Life & Times of Michael K\". His 1999 novel \"Disgrace\" won him his second Booker Prize as well as the 2000 Commonwealth Writers' Prize. He is also the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2003. South African English writing has produced two Nobel Prize winners: Nadine Gordimer and JM Coetzee. Other",
"title": "South African literature"
},
{
"id": "7269876",
"text": "Sheila Fugard published her first novel, \"The Castaways\", which won the Olive Schreiner Prize. Subsequently, she published other novels, including \"Rite of Passage\", in 1976, and \"A Revolutionary Woman\", in 1983. \"A Revolutionary Woman\", her best-known novel, takes place in the 1920s in the Karoo district of South Africa and tells the story of a female disciple of Mahatma Gandhi who gets entangled in a rape case between a young colored boy and a young retarded Boer girl. \"Rite of Passage\" concerns a doctor and a young boy traumatized by a tribal circumcision ceremony. Fugard has also published collected poems,",
"title": "Sheila Meiring Fugard"
},
{
"id": "11293089",
"text": "Darrell Roodt Darrell James Roodt (born in Johannesburg, April 28, 1962) is a South African film director, screenwriter and producer. He is probably most well known for his 1992 film \"Sarafina!\" which starred actress Whoopi Goldberg. Also regarded as South Africa's most prolific film director, Roodt has worked with the late Patrick Swayze in \"Father Hood\", James Earl Jones in \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" and Ice Cube in \"Dangerous Grounds\". Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, Darrell James Roodt grew up during the height of apartheid-era South Africa. His early films like \"Place of weeping\" strongly condemned apartheid. Roodt was astounded",
"title": "Darrell Roodt"
},
{
"id": "19498134",
"text": "(born 1954) was born in Japan, but his parents immigrated to Britain when he was six. His works include \"The Remains of the Day\" 1989, \"Never Let Me Go\" 2005. From Nigeria a number of writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including novelist Chinua Achebe, who published \"Things Fall Apart\" in 1958, as well as playwright Wole Soyinka and novelist Buchi Emecheta. Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1986, as did South African novelist Nadine Gordimer in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist J.M. Coetzee (Nobel Prize 2003) and playwright Athol",
"title": "Twentieth-century English literature"
},
{
"id": "2731340",
"text": "Wilbur Smith Wilbur Addison Smith (born 9 January 1933) is a Zambian novelist specialising in historical fiction about the international involvement in Southern Africa across four centuries, seen from the viewpoints of both black and white families. An accountant by training, he gained a film contract with his first published novel \"When the Lion Feeds\". This encouraged him to become a full-time writer, and he developed three long chronicles of the South African experience which all became best-sellers. He still acknowledges his publisher Charles Pick's advice to \"write about what you know best\", and his work takes in much authentic",
"title": "Wilbur Smith"
},
{
"id": "19498131",
"text": "than America which had been producing significant writers from at least the Victorian period. There had of course been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then British Empire. The South African writer Olive Schreiner's famous novel \"The Story of an African Farm\" was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories, \"In a German Pension\", in 1911. The first major English-language novelist from the Indian sub-continent, R. K. Narayan, began publishing in England in the 1930s, encouraged by English novelist Graham Greene. Caribbean writer Jean Rhys's writing career",
"title": "Twentieth-century English literature"
},
{
"id": "4463706",
"text": "Odendaalsrus Odendaalsrus is the oldest gold mining town in the Lejweleputswa District Municipality in the goldfields of the Free State province in South Africa. It started out in 1912 as a ramshackle collection of farms and a central church that became a town. In April 1946 gold was struck on the farm \"Geduld\" near the town. This discovery was mentioned in Alan Paton's novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\". On the 5 December 2000, Odendaalrus was incorporated into the Matjhabeng Local Municipality along with the city of Welkom and the towns of Allanridge, Hennenman, Ventersburg and Virginia. Odendaalsrus celebrated its 100th",
"title": "Odendaalsrus"
},
{
"id": "10011197",
"text": "had a revolution 50 years ago,' Paton is said to have observed). The performances by Jones and Harris have a quiet dignity, suitable to the characters if not reflecting a larger reality. But the film contains little that would have concerned the South African censors under apartheid. [...] \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" reflects a sentimentality that motivates many people, but it fails as a portrait of what it used to be like in South Africa, what happened and what it's like now.\" Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film) Cry, the Beloved Country is a 1995 South African-American drama film directed",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film)"
},
{
"id": "6935570",
"text": "Life & Times of Michael K Life & Times of Michael K is a 1983 novel by South African-born writer J. M. Coetzee. The novel won the Booker Prize for 1983. The novel is a story of a man named Michael K, who makes an arduous journey from Cape Town to his mother's rural birthplace, amid a fictitious civil war during the apartheid era, in the 1970-80s. The novel is split into three parts. The novel begins with Michael K, a poor man with a cleft lip who has spent his childhood in institutions and works as a gardener in",
"title": "Life & Times of Michael K"
},
{
"id": "2293148",
"text": "apartheid, and the lives of people in the \"new South Africa\". Many of the first black South African print authors were missionary-educated, and many thus wrote in either English or Afrikaans. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's \"Mhudi\", written in 1930. Notable white English-language South African authors include Nadine Gordimer who was, in Seamus Heaney's words, one of \"the guerrillas of the imagination\", and who became the first South African and the seventh woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1991. Her novel,",
"title": "Culture of South Africa"
},
{
"id": "13629858",
"text": "Summertime (novel) Summertime is a 2009 novel by South African-born Nobel laureate J. M. Coetzee. It is the third in a series of fictionalized memoirs by Coetzee (the first two being \"\" and \"\") and details the life of one John Coetzee from the perspective of five people who have known him. The novel largely takes place in the mid to late 1970s, largely in Cape Town, although there are also important scenes in more remote South African settings. While there are obvious similarities between the actual writer of the novel, J. M. Coetzee, and the subject of the novel,",
"title": "Summertime (novel)"
},
{
"id": "4519670",
"text": "social worker, a black teacher, and simply a human being who found himself in a set of inhumane circumstances. In 1973, the South African ban on Braithwaite's books was lifted and he subsequently visited the country. While there he was granted the status of \"honorary white\" which gave him significantly more privileges than the indigenous black population, but less than the whites, an honorific he found detestable. He recorded the experiences and horror he witnessed during the six weeks he spent in South Africa in his book \"Honorary White\" (London: The Bodley Head, 1975, ). Braithwaite continued to write novels",
"title": "E. R. Braithwaite"
},
{
"id": "10011193",
"text": "has been arrested for the murder of a white man. The white man's father James Jarvis, supports apartheid. When the two meet, they come to unexpected understandings about their sons and their own humanity. Although this is a South African film, the majority of the main characters in the movie are played by Westerners, specifically Americans. The score was composed by veteran English composer John Barry, who dedicated it to Nelson Mandela. It has been described by film score reviewer Christian Clemmensen of \"Filmtracks.com\" as \"one of Barry's last truly enjoyable efforts.\" Barry, who had previously composed music for such",
"title": "Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film)"
},
{
"id": "10825944",
"text": "\"Cry of the Justice Bird\" was published in 2007 by Essex's PaperBooks, who signed Haylett to a three-book deal. The novel is an action/adventure thriller based in the fictional African state of Boromundi. Jon Haylett Jon Haylett is a novelist born in Dar-es-Salaam (in what was Tanganyika Territory). He moved to Mombasa, Kenya in 1950 but was educated in England from the age of nine. He gained a degree at Keele University and a PGCE at Bristol University before returning to Africa to teach. The author then returned from Africa to teach in Maldon, Essex before retiring in 1996 to",
"title": "Jon Haylett"
},
{
"id": "7112608",
"text": "met the English novelist Arnold Bennett, who encouraged her to write fiction about South Africa. Eventually she published the two works for which she’s best known: the story collection \"The Little Karoo\" (1925), and the novel \"The Beadle\" (1926). She died on 29 January 1959 in Dorset, England. Pauline Smith Pauline Janet Smith (2 April 1882 – 29 January 1959) was a South African novelist. Pauline Smith was born on 2 April 1882 in Oudtshoorn, South Africa, and grew up in the Little Karoo. At the age of thirteen she was sent to boarding school in England and never lived",
"title": "Pauline Smith"
},
{
"id": "20649512",
"text": "sisters. However, Nthunya cherished the female friendships she had in Basotho society. \"Publishers Weekly\" called Nthunya's narration \"eloquent\", and described her writing as having a \"dignified emotional distance... punctuated by her very human humor and pain.\" \"Kirkus\" called the book \"poignant and beautifully crafted\", a \"commanding and important work that will captivate readers with its unique voice, narrative power, and unforgettable scenes of life in southern Africa.\" In \"Women's Studies Quarterly\", Nthunya's book was favorably compared with two novels by African writers, \"So Long a Letter\" by Mariama Bâ and \"Petals of Blood\" by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, which also deal",
"title": "Singing Away the Hunger"
},
{
"id": "4802717",
"text": "most important African-American writers of the 20th century. Her first novel, \"The Bluest Eye\", was published in 1970. Among her most famous novels is \"Beloved\", which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. This story describes a slave who found freedom but killed her infant daughter to save her from a life of slavery. Another important novel is \"Song of Solomon\", a tale about materialism, unrequited love, and brotherhood. Morrison is the first African American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. In the 1970s novelist and poet Alice Walker wrote a famous essay that brought Zora Neale Hurston",
"title": "African-American literature"
},
{
"id": "18947631",
"text": "The Lying Days The Lying Days is the debut novel of Nobel winning South African novelist, Nadine Gordimer. It was published in 1953 in London by Victor Gollancz and New York by Simon & Schuster. It is Gordimer's third published book, following two collections of short stories, \"Face to Face\" (1949), and \"The Soft Voice of the Serpent\" (1952). The novel is semi-autobiographical, with the main character coming from a small mining town in Africa similar to Gordimer's own childhood. The novel is also a bildungsroman \"about waking up from the naivete of a small colonial town.\" Reviews of \"The",
"title": "The Lying Days"
},
{
"id": "900412",
"text": "Doodle honored the researcher on what would have been his 115th birthday. In 1948, four months after the publication of \"Cry, The Beloved Country\", the separatist National Party came to power in South Africa. Paton, together with Margaret Ballinger, Edgar Brookes, and Leo Marquard, formed the Liberal Association in early 1953. On May 9 of that year it became the Liberal Party of South Africa, with Paton as a founding co-vice-president, which fought against the apartheid legislation introduced by the National Party. He served as president of the LPSA until its forced dissolution by the apartheid regime in the late",
"title": "Alan Paton"
},
{
"id": "12584061",
"text": "his distinguished political and diplomatic career, Lopes has earned distinction as a literary author. Perhaps his most acclaimed work is the satirical novel \"Le Pleurer-rire\" (\"The Laughing Cry\", 1982). Other works include the short-story collection \"Tribaliques\" (\"Tribaliks,\" 1971), as well as the novels \"La Nouvelle romance\" (1975) and \"Sans tam-tam\" (1977). His most recent novel, \"Le Méridional\" (2015), has been praised as \"a fine portrayal of the life of an African long residing in France, narrated by a writer whose life bears some resemblances to Lopes's own\". \"Tribaliques\" received the \"Grand Prix Littéraire de l'afrique noire\" in 1972, and in",
"title": "Henri Lopes (Congolese politician)"
},
{
"id": "17049502",
"text": "Town. She is the translator of a number of well-known South-African novelists writing in English, amongst them J.M. Coetzee, Nobel Prize Laureate. He died on 28 November 2011 after a long battle with various health issues. A very well attended service was held in the Holy Trinity Church Kalk Bay following his death, and his ashes were scattered from a small fishing boat in front of his beloved \"Liscard\". At the service musical tributes were paid to du Plessis by well-known classical musicians, many of whom shared his love of music. Phil du Plessis Phil du Plessis, Afrikaans poet, musician",
"title": "Phil du Plessis"
},
{
"id": "1871028",
"text": "Walter de la Mare Walter John de la Mare (; 25 April 1873 – 22 June 1956) was a British poet, short story writer and novelist. He is probably best remembered for his works for children, for his poem \"The Listeners\", and for a highly acclaimed selection of subtle psychological horror stories, amongst them \"Seaton's Aunt\" and \"All Hallows\". In 1921, his novel \"Memoirs of a Midget\" won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction, and his post-war \"Collected Stories for Children\" won the 1947 Carnegie Medal for British children's books. De la Mare was born in Kent at",
"title": "Walter de la Mare"
},
{
"id": "17559715",
"text": "Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British and Boer settlers; he travelled to the scene of another gold rush in Yukon in north-west Canada; he spent a few years cattle-ranching in Montana, USA. His first novel \"The",
"title": "Ridgwell Cullum"
},
{
"id": "2496997",
"text": "is this individualism that eventually leads to Eden's suicide. He described the novel as a parable of a man who had to die \"not because of his lack of faith in God, but because of his lack of faith in men\". When Jack London wrote \"Martin Eden\" at age 33, he had already achieved international acclaim with \"The Call of the Wild\", \"The Sea-Wolf\" and \"White Fang\". Despite the acclaim, London quickly became disillusioned with his fame and set sail through the South Pacific on a self-designed ketch called the Snark. On the grueling two-year voyage—as he struggled with tiredness",
"title": "Martin Eden"
},
{
"id": "15067626",
"text": "and its distinctness from other political philosophies. Journey Continued: An Autobiography Journey Continued: An Autobiography is the second part of Alan Paton's autobiography, the first being \"Towards the Mountain\". Paton had completed the writing and correction of the volume, but he died before its publication in 1988. The book addresses a wide variety of topics, personal, professional, philosophical, and political. For example, it discusses the way in which Paton's \"Cry, The Beloved Country\" was adapted for Broadway, but it also discusses the Christian basis for Paton's activism. \"Journey Continued\" outlines long Paton's and deep involvement with the Liberal Party of",
"title": "Journey Continued: An Autobiography"
},
{
"id": "15752282",
"text": "long periods in Tangier in Morocco, partly as a project in self-discovery and partly to live and work freely in the writers' community there, along with Paul Bowles, William S Burroughs, Alan Sillitoe, Tennessee Williams and others. This resulted in two further books, a novel entitled \"Snow in Harvest\" (1969) and a highly personal true account of his Moroccan experiences between 1962 and 1974, entitled \"Tangier: A Writer's Notebook\" (1977). A third, unpublished novel, \"The Wind Cries All Ways\", includes a \"startling first-person description of a man's incarceration in a Tangier mental asylum\", as claimed in the notes on the",
"title": "Angus John Mackintosh Stewart"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: South Africa context: the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was Solomon Thekiso Plaatje's \"Mhudi\", written in 1930. During the 1950s, \"Drum\" magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to urban black culture. Notable white South African authors include Alan Paton, who published the novel \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" in 1948. Nadine Gordimer became the first South African to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1991. JM Coetzee won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the Swedish Academy stated that Coetzee \"in innumerable\n\nWho wrote the novel Cry, the Beloved Country about South Africa?",
"compressed_tokens": 212,
"origin_tokens": 212,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Alan Paton context: his life and work: the title of one work isInstrument of Thy Peace\". Paton also wrote two autobiographies: \"Towards the Mountain\" deals with Paton's life leading up to and including the publication of \"Cry, the Beloved Country\" (an event that changed the course of his life) while \"Journey Continued\" takes its departure from that time onwards. He also wrote biographies of his friends Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (\"Hofmeyr\"), and Geoffrey Clayton (\"Apartheid and the Archbishop\"). Another literary form that interested him throughout his life was poetry; the biographer Peter Alexander includes many of these poems in his biography of Paton.\n\ntitle: Alan Paton context expected of them. In this novel for example, meet the supposedly obdur Afrikaner who contravenes theam Immorality Act There are Afrikaners, too, who are led by consciences and not by rules, and regulations promulgated by a faceless, monolithic parliament.\" Paton was prolific ess writer on race and politics in South Africa. \"Save the Beloved Country\" he plays on famous title of first novel, but keeps a serious in discussing many of the famous personalities and issues on different sides of South Africa's apartheid struggle. His Anglican faith another factor in\n\ntitle: literature: of the literary note islive Schreiner's 188 \"The Story of an African Farm\", canever'rug asplaasrom\". The novel was revel in Victor literature it heralded by many introdu into the novel form,oss (19904 argThe most frequently work South African literature American classrooms \"Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) by Alan Pat A for this is that it was made into a film Earl andict typical racist\n: Cry, the: of books Lincoln, the of Lincoln are in the novel.on describess having was the of Christ. In5, the novel was adapted a name bya Lawson, who was left out of the original credits because he was blacklisted in Hollywood for refusing to give information to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Kumalo was played by Canada Lee, Jarvis\n\nWho wrote the novel Cry, the Beloved Country about South Africa?",
"compressed_tokens": 505,
"origin_tokens": 15025,
"ratio": "29.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
168 | From which European country did Angola achieve independence in 1975? | [
"Portogało",
"Republic of Portugal",
"PORTUGAL",
"Portekiz",
"Portugallu",
"O Papagaio",
"ISO 3166-1:PT",
"Portunga",
"Phu-to-ga",
"Potigal",
"Portûnga",
"Portugul",
"An Phortaingéil",
"Portugāle",
"Portugale",
"Portingale",
"Potiti",
"Portugali",
"Portugall",
"Portekîz",
"Bo Dao Nha",
"Portuguese Republic",
"Portogallo",
"Portugaul",
"Portogalo",
"Portyngal",
"Yn Phortiugal",
"Portugalio",
"Portugál",
"Portugual",
"Portuga",
"Portgual",
"Portugalsko",
"Portugaleje",
"Phû-tô-gâ",
"Portugalujo",
"Portugalija",
"Pertual",
"Pòtigal",
"Portugal",
"Bồ Đào Nha",
"Portugalska",
"República Portuguesa",
"Portiwgal",
"Portugalėjė",
"Portúgal",
"Portegal",
"An Phortaingeil",
"Republica Portuguesa"
] | Portugal | [
{
"id": "11391664",
"text": "peace agreement did not last, as Savimbi rejected the election results and fighting resumed across the country until 2002. People's Republic of Angola The People's Republic of Angola () was the self-declared socialist state which governed Angola from its independence in 1975 until 1992, during the Angolan Civil War. The regime was established in 1975, after Portuguese Angola, a colony, was granted independence from Portugal through the Alvor Agreement. The situation in Portugal's other former large African colony, the People's Republic of Mozambique, was similar. The newly-founded nation had friendly relations with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and the People's Republic",
"title": "People's Republic of Angola"
},
{
"id": "11391662",
"text": "People's Republic of Angola The People's Republic of Angola () was the self-declared socialist state which governed Angola from its independence in 1975 until 1992, during the Angolan Civil War. The regime was established in 1975, after Portuguese Angola, a colony, was granted independence from Portugal through the Alvor Agreement. The situation in Portugal's other former large African colony, the People's Republic of Mozambique, was similar. The newly-founded nation had friendly relations with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and the People's Republic of Mozambique. The country was governed by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which was responsible",
"title": "People's Republic of Angola"
},
{
"id": "1754",
"text": "colonisation. It began with, and was for centuries limited to, coastal settlements and trading posts established starting in the 16th century. In the 19th century, European settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in the interior. The Portuguese colony that became Angola did not have its present borders until the early 20th century because of resistance by groups such as the Cuamato, the Kwanyama and the Mbunda. After a protracted anti-colonial struggle, independence was achieved in 1975 as the Marxist–Leninist People's Republic of Angola, a one-party state supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba. The civil war between the",
"title": "Angola"
},
{
"id": "469361",
"text": "world and the wider Muslim world. He was assassinated in 1981. Political tensions in Iran exploded with the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and established an Islamic republic of Iran under the leadership of the Ayatollah Khomeini. Africa saw further decolonization in the decade, with Angola and Mozambique gaining their independence in 1975 from the Portuguese Empire after the restoration of democracy in Portugal. The continent was, however, plagued by endemic military coups, with the long-reigning Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie being removed, civil wars and famine. The economies of much of the developing world continued",
"title": "1970s"
},
{
"id": "5638165",
"text": "had been administered by a provisional government, representatives of the Portuguese government and FRELIMO signed an agreement to grant independence to Mozambique, with the president of FRELIMO to assume the presidency of the newly independent nation. This was followed the next month by the announcement of the independence of Cape Verde, and the establishment of a new nation, the Republic of Cape Verde. In Angola, the Alvor Agreement was signed on January 15, 1975, granting Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975. The Alvor Agreement formally ended the war for independence. The agreement, while signed by the MPLA, the",
"title": "Portuguese Colonial War"
},
{
"id": "11111933",
"text": "and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA, with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favour of the MPLA, and the country became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, although the civil war continued. Independent Angola's first constitution dedicated the new republic to eliminating the vestiges of Portuguese colonialism. The Constitution provided numerous guarantees of individual freedom and prohibited discrimination based on color, race, ethnic",
"title": "Constitution of Angola"
},
{
"id": "11871037",
"text": "Angola–Brazil relations Angola–Brazil relations refers to the historical and current bilateral relationship between Angola and Brazil. Brazil was the first country to recognize the independence of Angola, in November 1975. Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Both countries are former colonies under the Portuguese Empire; Brazil from the early 16th century until its independence in 1822, and Angola until its independence in 1975. Due to their status as former Portuguese colonies and the transatlantic slave trade, Brazil and Angola have a long and important history of economic ties. Period of the transatlantic slave trade In 1646,",
"title": "Angola–Brazil relations"
},
{
"id": "12057304",
"text": "population of 300 in Madagascar. The British population of Angola is estimated at around 700. When Angola won independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people in Angola resettled in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Namibia (South-West Africa), Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Portugal or Brazil. Meanwhile, most from Mozambique left for either Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), South Africa or the UK. However, even before 1975, the number of British people in Angola and Mozambique was small, especially compared to the inhabiting Portuguese population. In Mozambique, the British population numbers 1,500. When Mozambique gained independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people left for either",
"title": "White Africans of European ancestry"
},
{
"id": "14305866",
"text": "conscripted into military service, and replacing the authoritarian \"Estado Novo\" (New State) regime and its secret police which repressed elemental civil liberties and political freedoms. It started as a professional class protest of Portuguese Armed Forces captains against the 1973 decree law \"Dec. Lei n. 353/73\". These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, overwhelmingly white but some \"mestiço\" (mixed race) or black, from Portugal's African territories, creating hundreds of thousands destitute refugees — the \"retornados\". Angola became a sovereign state on 11 November 1975 in accordance with the Alvor Agreement and the newly independent country was proclaimed the",
"title": "Portuguese Angola"
},
{
"id": "11392042",
"text": "Angola–Portugal relations Angola–Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-U.S. and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years, colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war for independence did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of a coup in Portugal, that replaced the Caetano regime with a National Salvation JuntaThe Portuguese government recognized the authority of the MPLA, under the command of President Agostinho Neto, on December 22, 1976 and",
"title": "Angola–Portugal relations"
},
{
"id": "11111931",
"text": "to remain president until 2022. Angola was a colony of Portugal for more than 400 years from the 15th century. Demands for independence picked up momentum during the early 1950s. The principal protagonists included the MPLA, founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the UNITA, founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the",
"title": "Constitution of Angola"
},
{
"id": "11422454",
"text": "(UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the \"retornados\". The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which was initially agreed by the movements, but later failed and resulted in a devastating",
"title": "1986 Angolan legislative election"
},
{
"id": "11422582",
"text": "Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country,",
"title": "1980 Angolan legislative election"
},
{
"id": "11359424",
"text": "that Angola's large oil reserves would serve well to make it a rich and strong backer of a Marxist expansion, Cuba focused on primarily supporting Angolan Marxist rebel movements over the liberation movements of other Portuguese colonies, thus beginning the special relationship between Cuba and Angola. Portugal set Angola's independence date for 11 November 1975. Three prominent liberation movements contended for the role of leading the newly formed independent country, namely: UNITA, FNLA and the MPLA. Each of the three movements received foreign assistance, UNITA from western countries, FNLA from China (and later from the West) and MPLA from the",
"title": "Angola–Cuba relations"
},
{
"id": "10482677",
"text": "with the nationalist movements, and a few even joined them in their fight. The Angolan author Pepetela is among these. When the Salazar regime in Portugal was abolished by a military coup in Portugal, in 1974, and independence was granted to the colonies by the new government, whites overwhelmingly left Angola after independence in 1975. Most of them went to Portugal, where they were called \"retornados\" and were not always welcomed, while others moved to neighboring Namibia (then a South African territory), South Africa or Brazil, or United States. It is estimated that around 250,000 left the country in 1975",
"title": "Portuguese Angolans"
},
{
"id": "11364388",
"text": "Angola–France relations Franco-Angolan relations are foreign relations between France and Angola. Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French President Nicolas Sarkozy's visit in 2008, relations have improved. Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. National Union for the Total",
"title": "Angola–France relations"
},
{
"id": "11871042",
"text": "independence from Portugal was a clause that Brazil would promise not to accept direct control over any Luso-African territories. When Angola gained its independence from Portugal in 1975, many of the Portuguese settlers and both black and mestizo residents of the former colony emigrated to Brazil and Portugal. As former Portuguese colonies, Angola and Brazil share many cultural ties, including language (Portuguese is the official language of each country) and religion (a majority of both countries are Roman Catholics). Both countries are members of CPLP, an association of Portuguese-speaking countries. Literature Pepetela's \"A gloriosa família\" (The glorious family, 1996) takes",
"title": "Angola–Brazil relations"
},
{
"id": "6847427",
"text": "located in the north-eastern border of Angola where it today adjoins the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Formed as a planned community to support the burgeoning mining operations, Dundo grew after the private investor company, Diamang (formed in 1917) were given the diamond mining concession in the entire region of Lunda, basing their headquarters in the town. Diamang was created under the auspices of Portugal, Angola's then colonial master, with further investment from other European nations. The region was mainly stable under colonial rule, but after independence in 1975, Angola was engulfed in civil war. This led to increased and",
"title": "Dundo"
},
{
"id": "9246037",
"text": "which at the time was an overseas province of Portugal. In 1926, the Portuguese established a separate issue bank for Angola, creating the Bank of Angola (). BNU transferred its branch in Stanleyville to this bank, which in 1934, transferred the branch to Boma, before closing it in 1947. When Angola gained its independence in 1975, the government nationalized the banking sector. \"Banco de Angola\" became \"Banco Nacional de Angola\" (BNA); \"Banco Comercial de Angola\" became \"Banco Popular de Angola\", and is now \"Banco de Poupança e Crédito\". The BNA continued to function as a central bank, bank of issue",
"title": "National Bank of Angola"
},
{
"id": "17931639",
"text": "the developments in these countries. After a successful coup d'état in Portugal on 24 April 1974 the Portuguese colonial power collapsed, and Portuguese colonies were allowed to establish majority-rule governments. This development encouraged liberation movements in other white-ruled territories as well. Following the Alvor Agreement in January 1975 Angola became independent in November, ending its war of independence but starting a devastating civil war. Mozambique likewise became independent in 1975 and saw its own civil war from 1977 to 1992. Only a few years after the \"Lusaka Manifesto\" the buffer of white-ruled countries north of South Africa disintegrated rapidly, forcing",
"title": "Lusaka Manifesto"
},
{
"id": "8918333",
"text": "Mozambican War of Independence The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique), and Portugal. The war officially started on September 25, 1964, and ended with a ceasefire on September 8, 1974, resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975. Portugal's wars against independence guerrilla fighters in its 400-year-old African territories began in 1961 with Angola. In Mozambique, the conflict erupted in 1964 as a result of unrest and frustration amongst many indigenous Mozambican populations, who perceived foreign rule to be a form of exploitation",
"title": "Mozambican War of Independence"
},
{
"id": "11383478",
"text": "declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country, leaving its once prosperous and growing economy in a state of bankruptcy. Cuban intervention in Angola is believed",
"title": "Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984"
},
{
"id": "11378032",
"text": "government, UNITA, and the UN with the governments of Portugal, the United States, and Russia observing, to oversee its implementation. Violations of the protocol's provisions would be discussed and reviewed by the commission. The protocol's provisions, integrating UNITA into the military, a ceasefire, and a coalition government, were similar to those of the Alvor Agreement which granted Angola independence from Portugal in 1975. Many of the same environmental problems, mutual distrust between UNITA and the MPLA, loose international oversight, the importation of foreign arms, and an overemphasis on maintaining the balance of power, led to the protocol's collapse. In January",
"title": "1990s in Angola"
},
{
"id": "1851902",
"text": "Angola Avante \"Angola Avante!\" (English: \"Onwards Angola\") is the national anthem of the Republic of Angola. composed the music, while the lyrics were authored by Manuel Rui Alves Monteiro. It was adopted as the national anthem in November 1975, when the country gained its independence from Portugal. The lyrics make reference to several key events of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which has been in power since independence and was the only party in Angola until 1992. \"Angola Avante\" was composed by . The lyrics to the song were penned by Manuel Rui Alves Monteiro (1941–),",
"title": "Angola Avante"
},
{
"id": "10217526",
"text": "than 400 years from the 15th century. Demands for independence picked up momentum during the early 1950s, with the principal protagonists including the MPLA, founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the UNITA, founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese",
"title": "1992 Angolan general election"
},
{
"id": "4824606",
"text": "Luanda Trial The Luanda Trial was a trial held in Luanda, Angola, in June 1976 during the Angolan Civil War. Thirteen Western mercenaries were sentenced to either long prison terms or execution by firing squad. Angola had gained its independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975, but the new country was immediately immersed in a three-sided civil war. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba, while the United States and some of its allies backed the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence",
"title": "Luanda Trial"
},
{
"id": "187368",
"text": "Egypt and Ethiopia were already independent. Many countries followed in the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in 1960 with the Year of Africa, which saw 17 African nations declare independence, including a large part of French West Africa. Most of the remaining countries gained independence throughout the 1960s, although some colonizers (Portugal in particular) were reluctant to relinquish sovereignty, resulting in bitter wars of independence which lasted for a decade or more. The last African countries to gain formal independence were Guinea-Bissau (1974), Mozambique (1975) and Angola (1975) from Portugal; Djibouti from France in 1977; Zimbabwe from the United",
"title": "History of Africa"
},
{
"id": "10389995",
"text": "Security Council endorsed the actions of the General Assembly in United Nations Security Council Resolution 264 of 1969. Meanwhile, South Africa went about creating its own regime in Namibia, without free elections or international participation. In 1975, Angola, Namibia's northern neighbour, gained its independence from Portugal and a coalition government took over there. However, the coalition quickly broke down and the Angolan Civil War began. The United States and South Africa supported one group, the National Union for the Total independence of Angola (UNITA), the Soviet Union backed the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the People's",
"title": "United Nations Transition Assistance Group"
},
{
"id": "511523",
"text": "the country. With the support of the United States, Zaïre and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA. In the meantime the South Africans and UNITA had come as close as 200 km to the south of the capital, the FNLA and Zairean forces as far as Kifangondo, 30 km to the east. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on November 11, 1975, the day the Portuguese left the country. Agostinho Neto",
"title": "History of Angola"
},
{
"id": "14318318",
"text": "the colonial war, notwithstanding the condemnation of most of the international community. The Carnation Revolution brought retreat from the colonies and acceptance of their independence, the subsequent power vacuum leading to the inception of newly independent communist states in 1975, notably the People's Republic of Angola and the People's Republic of Mozambique, which promptly began to expel all of their white Portuguese citizens. As a result, over a million Portuguese became destitute refugees – the \"retornados\". Of the colonies remaining to Portugal at the end of World War II, Goa was the first to be lost (in 1961). A brief",
"title": "António de Oliveira Salazar"
},
{
"id": "11383475",
"text": "which was called the Colonial War. The principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano. Portugal's new revolutionary leaders began in 1974 a process of political change at home",
"title": "Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984"
},
{
"id": "11352053",
"text": "1970s in Angola The 1970s in Angola, a time of political and military turbulence, saw the end of Angola's War of Independence (1961–1975) and the outbreak of civil war (1975–2002). Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and the FNLA also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. FLEC, armed and backed by the French government, declared the",
"title": "1970s in Angola"
},
{
"id": "3032989",
"text": "Prime Minister of Angola According to the 1992 constitution, the Prime Minister of Angola was a high government official in Angola, but with limited powers as head of government. Along with the rest of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister was appointed by the President. The position was originally created when Angola achieved independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975, but was abolished in 1978 when President Agostinho Neto consolidated his power. There was no Prime Minister until 1991, when President José Eduardo dos Santos reinstated the position following a peace agreement with the opposition party. The post was",
"title": "Prime Minister of Angola"
},
{
"id": "10965082",
"text": "inefficiency; infringements on citizens' privacy rights and forced evictions without compensation; restrictions on nongovernmental organizations; discrimination and violence against women; abuse of children; trafficking in persons; discrimination against persons with disabilities, indigenous people, and persons with HIV/AIDS; limits on workers' rights; and forced labor.\" A longtime Portuguese colony, Angola waged a war of independence that lasted from 1961 to 1975. Angola received its independence from Portugal in 1975, whereupon it immediately plunged into a brutal, bloody, and destructive civil war between the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which was supported principally by the Soviet Union and",
"title": "Human rights in Angola"
},
{
"id": "5330650",
"text": "Angolan Civil War The Angolan Civil War () was a civil conflict in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The war was a power struggle between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). The war was used as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War by rival states such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States. The MPLA and UNITA had different",
"title": "Angolan Civil War"
},
{
"id": "8010730",
"text": "National Air Force of Angola The National Air Force of Angola or FANA (Portuguese: \"Força Aérea Nacional de Angola\") is the air branch of the Armed Forces of Angola. With an inventory of more than 300 aircraft, FANA is (on paper) one of the largest air forces of Africa. Angola became independent from Portugal on 11 November 1975. However, the foundations for the establishment of the air force were laid before independence when members of the then Flying Club of Angola (\"Aeroclube de Angola\") were assembled at Luanda in October 1975. These people and aircraft left behind by the Portuguese",
"title": "National Air Force of Angola"
},
{
"id": "11358131",
"text": "Africa gained its independence from South Africa. Cuban military engagement in Angola ended in 1991, while the Angolan civil war continued until 2002. The Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 in Portugal took the world by surprise and caught the independence movements in its last African colonies unprepared. After smooth negotiations, Mozambique's independence was granted on 25 June 1975, but Angolan control remained disputed between the three rival independence movements: MPLA, FNLA and UNITA in Angola-proper and Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) in Cabinda. Until independence, the independence movements' priority lay in fighting the colonial",
"title": "Cuban intervention in Angola"
},
{
"id": "11392048",
"text": "recession, had made buying large corporations that they would not have been able to afford if Portugal had not been in a crisis an easy picking for the Angolan government. Portugal had also sold some real estate and port wine estates. Angola now had stakes in the Portuguese economy from banking to energy to media. Angola–Portugal relations Angola–Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-U.S. and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years, colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975.",
"title": "Angola–Portugal relations"
},
{
"id": "11413918",
"text": "Angola–Cape Verde relations Angola–Cape Verde relations refers to the historical and current bilateral relationship between the Republic of Angola and the Republic of Cape Verde. Relations are based on their shared experiences as Portuguese colonies, both before, after and during the struggle for independence. Domingos Pereira Magalhães is the ambassador of Cape Verde to Angola. Cape Verde signed a friendship accord with Angola in December 1975, shortly after Angola gained its independence. Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau served as stop-over points for Cuban troops on their way to Angola to fight UNITA rebels and South African troops. Prime Minister Pedro Pires",
"title": "Angola–Cape Verde relations"
},
{
"id": "11728846",
"text": "were confining many Africans. Many of them were relocated from their homes. In 1974 the Carnation Revolution in Portugal caused the Estado Novo regime to collapse, and Angola become independent from Portugal in 1975. Jonas Savimbi’s UNITA movement began fighting his political rivals soon after independence and gained the support of the United States and South Africa because of his rivals' ties to communism and Cuba. The MPLA leader Agostinho Neto declared himself president of the country with the backing of Cuba and founded a Marxist–Leninist inspired regime. After Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos became his successor.",
"title": "Mining industry of Angola"
},
{
"id": "2488043",
"text": "settled in Rotterdam, where he became closely associated with the Cape Verdean community. Bonga's \"Mona Ki Ngi Xica\" (1972) earned him an arrest warrant, and he began travelling between Germany, France and Belgium until Angola gained independence in 1975. After independence came civil war. Many popular musicians were killed, and some who were spared simply left the country. In the early 1980s, Angolan popular music was deeply influenced by Cuban music, especially in the work of André Mingas and brother Rui Mingas. Cuban Rumba was popular and influential across southern Africa, including Angola's neighbor Zaire (renamed the Democratic Republic of",
"title": "Music of Angola"
},
{
"id": "1881",
"text": "information on [Angola's] efforts to enforce child labor law\". Diamonds accounted for 1.48% of Angolan exports in 2014. Under Portuguese rule, Angola began mining iron in 1957, producing 1.2 million tons in 1967 and 6.2 million tons by 1971. In the early 1970s, 70% of Portuguese Angola's iron exports went to Western Europe and Japan. After independence in 1975, the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) destroyed most of the territory's mining infrastructure. The redevelopment of the Angolan mining industry started in the late 2000s. Economy of Angola The Economy of Angola is one of the fastest-growing in the world, with reported",
"title": "Economy of Angola"
},
{
"id": "511508",
"text": "mutiny and leftist coup in Lisbon, Angola's independence was achieved on November 11, 1975 through the Alvor Agreement. After independence, Angola later entered a period of civil war that lasted up until 2002. The area of current day Angola was inhabited during the paleolithic and neolithic eras, as attested by remains found in Luanda, Congo, and the Namibe desert. At the beginning of recorded history other cultures and people also arrived. The first ones to settle were the San people. This changed at the beginning of the sixth century AD, when the Bantu, already in possession of metal-working technology, ceramics",
"title": "History of Angola"
},
{
"id": "11111928",
"text": "Constitution of Angola Since its independence from Portugal in 1975, Angola has had three constitutions. The first came into force in 1975 as an \"interim\" measure; the second was approved in a 1992 referendum, and the third one was instituted in 2010. Angola was a colony of Portugal for more than 400 years, beginning the 15th century. Three principal parties, MPLA, National Front for the Liberation of Angola the FNLA and the National Union for Total Independence of Angola the UNITA, fought for independence. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on",
"title": "Constitution of Angola"
},
{
"id": "11422580",
"text": "headed by Marcelo Caetano. Portugal's new revolutionary leaders began in 1974 a process of political change at home and accepted independence for its former colonies abroad. In Angola a fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the \"retornados\". The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which was initially agreed by the movements, but later disagreed. After it gained independence in November 1975, Angola experienced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades. It",
"title": "1980 Angolan legislative election"
},
{
"id": "5665899",
"text": "the soundtrack of Cédric Klapisch's 1996 film \"When the Cat's Away\" (\"Chacun cherche son chat\"), was introduced on this album. A warrant for his arrest was issued in Angola for the seditious lyrics of the album, forcing him to move nomadically between Germany, Belgium and France until Angola's independence from Portugal in 1975, brought about by the events of the Carnation Revolution. While in Europe, Bonga met other Portuguese-speaking musicians and adapted the sounds of semba to his already diverse music style. After independence, the new Angolan government took Angola's best solo acts and founded and supported an orchestra called",
"title": "Bonga (musician)"
},
{
"id": "11383476",
"text": "and accepted independence for its former colonies abroad. In Angola a fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens, creating up to 300 000 destitute Portuguese refugees—the \"retornados\". The new Portuguese government tried to mediate an understanding between the three competing movements, which was initially agreed by the movements, but later disagreed. After it gained independence in November 1975, Angola experienced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades. It claimed millions of lives and produced many refugees; it didn't end until 2002. Following negotiations held in Portugal,",
"title": "Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984"
},
{
"id": "11352079",
"text": "governments of Angola, Zambia, and Zaire signed a non-aggression pact. 1970s in Angola The 1970s in Angola, a time of political and military turbulence, saw the end of Angola's War of Independence (1961–1975) and the outbreak of civil war (1975–2002). Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and the FNLA also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz.",
"title": "1970s in Angola"
},
{
"id": "11111946",
"text": "18 most corrupt countries, according to Transparency International. Constitution of Angola Since its independence from Portugal in 1975, Angola has had three constitutions. The first came into force in 1975 as an \"interim\" measure; the second was approved in a 1992 referendum, and the third one was instituted in 2010. Angola was a colony of Portugal for more than 400 years, beginning the 15th century. Three principal parties, MPLA, National Front for the Liberation of Angola the FNLA and the National Union for Total Independence of Angola the UNITA, fought for independence. After many years of conflict that weakened all",
"title": "Constitution of Angola"
},
{
"id": "2478493",
"text": "Flag of Angola The national flag of Angola came into use at when Angola gained independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half with an emblem resting at the center. It features a yellow half gear wheel crossed by a machete and crowned with a star. The Angolan flag is based on the flag of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which fought Portuguese colonial rule and emerged as the ruling party of Angola following the Angolan Civil War. The MPLA flag is similar to the",
"title": "Flag of Angola"
},
{
"id": "553565",
"text": "as arbitrary imprisonment, systematic political persecution and even assassination of anti-regime insurgents). The \"Carnation Revolution\" of 1974, an effectively bloodless left-wing military coup, installed the \"Third Republic\". Broad democratic reforms were implemented. In 1975, Portugal granted independence to its Overseas Provinces (\"Províncias Ultramarinas\" in Portuguese) in Africa (Portuguese Mozambique, Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese Cape Verde and Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe). Nearly 1 million Portuguese or persons of Portuguese descent left these former colonies as refugees. In that same year, Indonesia invaded and annexed the Portuguese province of Portuguese Timor (East Timor) in Asia before independence could be granted.",
"title": "History of Portugal"
},
{
"id": "5330729",
"text": "oversee its implementation. Violations of the protocol's provisions would be discussed and reviewed by the commission. The protocol's provisions, integrating UNITA into the military, a ceasefire, and a coalition government, were similar to those of the Alvor Agreement that granted Angola independence from Portugal in 1975. Many of the same environmental problems, mutual distrust between UNITA and the MPLA, loose international oversight, the importation of foreign arms, and an overemphasis on maintaining the balance of power, led to the collapse of the protocol. In January 1995, U.S. President Clinton sent Paul Hare, his envoy to Angola, to support the Lusaka",
"title": "Angolan Civil War"
},
{
"id": "2574142",
"text": "He was arrested again in 1955 and held until 1957. He finished his studies, marrying a white 23-year-old Portuguese woman who was born in Trás-os-Montes, Maria Eugénia da Silva, the same day he graduated. He returned to Angola in 1959, was arrested again in 1960, and escaped to assume leadership of the armed struggle against colonial rule. When Angola gained independence in 1975 he became President and held the position until his death in 1979. In December 1956 the Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merged with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) to form the Popular",
"title": "Agostinho Neto"
},
{
"id": "3588860",
"text": "the support of the FNLA. The FNLA saw its only alternative as a military one after having been expelled from Luanda. On 29 August 1975, the Alvor Agreement was suspended by Portugal except for independence in November, and withdrawal of its troops that signal an escalation of violence for the control of Angola prior to that date. The US government did not believe the Portuguese plan would work and the MPLA would attempt to seize power installing a Soviet back regime in power. In late January 1975, the 40 Committee, part of the executive branch of the US government, met",
"title": "National Liberation Front of Angola"
},
{
"id": "511521",
"text": "nationalist's demands for independence, thereby provoking the armed conflict that started in 1961 when guerrillas attacked colonial assets in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists were the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), founded in 1956, the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), which appeared in 1961, and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict, the nation gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon,",
"title": "History of Angola"
},
{
"id": "1851903",
"text": "an author who studied in Huambo and is affiliated with both the country's Writer Union and Union of Artists and Composers. He is one of the best-selling writers in the capital city Luanda – according to an \"informal survey\" conducted in July 2003 – and writes about \"everyday life\" in the country using satire and irony. The song was officially designated as the country's national anthem in 1975, when the country gained independence on November 11 of that year. It is enshrined under Article 164 of the constitution of Angola. Its lyrics refer to several key events in the history",
"title": "Angola Avante"
},
{
"id": "15129846",
"text": "Angola Press News Agency The Angola Press News Agency or Angola Press Agency (ANGOP; ) is the official news agency of Angola, based in Luanda. Founded in 1975, it was a former close ally of the now-defunct Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union. It is part of the . ANGOP was founded in April 1975 under the name \"Agência Nacional Angola Press\" (ANAP) and later renamed \"Agência Angola Press\" when Angola gained independence, by order dated October 30, 1975, promulgated by then president Agostinho Neto and enjoyed autonomy and editorial independence under Presidential Decree No. 9/75 of 15 September 1975.",
"title": "Angola Press News Agency"
},
{
"id": "3878729",
"text": "on 5 January 1975 and agreed to stop fighting each other, further outlining constitutional negotiations with the Portuguese. They met for a third time, with Portuguese government officials, in Alvor, Portugal from 10 till 15 January. They signed on 15 January what became known as the Alvor Agreement, granting Angola independence on 11 November and establishing a transitional government. The agreement ended the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war. The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) and Eastern Revolt never signed the agreement as they were excluded from negotiations. The coalition government",
"title": "Angolan War of Independence"
},
{
"id": "2227047",
"text": "quickly broke down and the newly independent Angola broke into a state of civil war. Maintaining control over Luanda and the lucrative oil fields of the Atlantic coastline, Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declared the independence of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola as the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and FNLA together declared Angolan independence in Huambo. These differences reiginited civil war between UNITA & FNLA and the MPLA, with the latter winning the upper hand. Agostinho Neto became the first president upon independence, and he was",
"title": "MPLA"
},
{
"id": "6471121",
"text": "Cunhal's PCP, unsuccessfully tried to turn the country toward communism. The retreat from the colonies and the acceptance of its independence terms which would create newly independent communist states in 1975 (most notably the People's Republic of Angola and the People's Republic of Mozambique) prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million destitute Portuguese refugees — the \"retornados\". The country continued to be governed by a military-civilian provisional administration until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. Processo Revolucionário Em Curso The Processo Revolucionário Em Curso (English: \"Ongoing",
"title": "Processo Revolucionário Em Curso"
},
{
"id": "2930068",
"text": "factionalism, and uncertainty in Portuguese politics, between 1974 and 1976, neither far left nor far right radicalism prevailed. However, pro-communist and socialist elements retained control of the country for several months before elections. Álvaro Cunhal's Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) remained Stalinist in outlook and unsympathetic to the sort of reforms that were emerging as \"Euro-Communism\" in other countries in Western Europe. The retreat from the colonies and the acceptance of its independence terms which would create newly independent communist states in 1975 (most notably the People's Republic of Angola and the People's Republic of Mozambique) prompted a mass exodus of",
"title": "Estado Novo (Portugal)"
},
{
"id": "18393974",
"text": "Angola–Mexico relations Angola-Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Angola and Mexico. Angola gained its independence from Portugal in November 1975. In January 1976, Mexico recognized the independence and established diplomatic relations with Angola. Soon after gaining independence, Angola entered into a civil war which lasted until 2002. Towards the end of the war, in 1997, Angola opened an embassy in Mexico City. In 2009, Mexico opened an embassy in Luanda, however, due to the global economic crisis to which Mexico was not immune, the embassy in Angola closed only after a few months. In 2014, during a visit",
"title": "Angola–Mexico relations"
},
{
"id": "5330670",
"text": "Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola as the People's Republic of Angola on 11 November 1975. UNITA declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo, and the FNLA declared the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. FLEC, armed and backed by the French government, declared the independence of the Republic of Cabinda from Paris. The FNLA and UNITA forged an alliance on 23 November, proclaiming their own coalition government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-Presidents, and José Ndelé and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Ministers. In early November 1975, the",
"title": "Angolan Civil War"
},
{
"id": "9221296",
"text": "the Republican administration of President Ford attempted to counter them. This was thwarted by the Tunney/Clark amendment, passed by a Democratic congress forbidding any involvement. The United States opposed Angola's membership in the United Nations from its declaration of independence in 1975 to its acceptance in December 1976. Angola did not have formal relations with the United States until 1993. Fidel Castro regarded the attitude of the United States: Why were they vexed? Why had they planned everything to take possession of Angola before 11 November? Angola is a country rich in resources. In Cabinda there is lots of oil.",
"title": "Angola–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "1963499",
"text": "colonial wars and began negotiations with the African independence movements. By the end of 1974, Portuguese troops had been withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea and the latter had become a UN member state. This was followed by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in 1975. The Carnation Revolution also led to Portugal's withdrawal from East Timor in south-east Asia. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees — the \"retornados\". Although the regime's political police, PIDE, killed four people",
"title": "Carnation Revolution"
},
{
"id": "4017657",
"text": "achieved great success when linked to the Copperbelt of Katanga, DR Congo and Zambia. Starting in the early 20th century, Benguela attracted, developed, and retained quality businesses and professionals into its thriving and growing economy. Sisal and fishing industries expanded and the financial, construction and services market boomed until 1974. In 1975, after the April 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, Portugal, the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola became independent. Due to the civil war in Angola (1975–2002), which lasted more than 20 years after independence from Portugal, the important Benguela railway line closed, with only the short distance of between",
"title": "Benguela"
},
{
"id": "20746467",
"text": "Angolan People's Air Force And Air Defence Force The People's Air Force of Angola / Air and Antiaircraft Defense or FAPA/DAA was the air force of Angola from 1980-2007 Angola became independent from Portugal on 11 November 1975. However, the foundations for the establishment of the air force were laid before independence when members of the then Flying Club of Angola (\"Aeroclube de Angola\") were assembled at Luanda in October 1975. These people and aircraft left behind by the Portuguese Air Force formed the basis for the air transport branch of the force. The force was formally established on 21",
"title": "Angolan People's Air Force And Air Defence Force"
},
{
"id": "20746470",
"text": "the country. This is the inventory of the FAPA/DAA from 1980-2007 Angolan People's Air Force And Air Defence Force The People's Air Force of Angola / Air and Antiaircraft Defense or FAPA/DAA was the air force of Angola from 1980-2007 Angola became independent from Portugal on 11 November 1975. However, the foundations for the establishment of the air force were laid before independence when members of the then Flying Club of Angola (\"Aeroclube de Angola\") were assembled at Luanda in October 1975. These people and aircraft left behind by the Portuguese Air Force formed the basis for the air transport",
"title": "Angolan People's Air Force And Air Defence Force"
},
{
"id": "6432724",
"text": "FRELIMO within a year and to form a transitional government in the interim. When this was made known to the public, several thousand Portuguese colonials fled the newly independent country and a clandestine group calling themselves the \"Dragons of Death\" seized the primary radio transmittor in the capital, Lourenço Marques, and demanded an independent Mozambique without FRELIMO. As a result of the mass exodus of trained professionals, the economy and social organization of Mozambique was shattered on independence. On 25 June 1975 Mozambique became independence from Portugal, with Samora Machel becoming President of the People's Republic of Mozambique. The independence",
"title": "Mozambican Civil War"
},
{
"id": "11422456",
"text": "of the United States, Zaïre and South Africa intervened militarily in favour of the FNLA and UNITA with the intention of taking Luanda before the declaration of independence. In response, Cuba intervened in favor of the MPLA, which became a flash point for the Cold War. With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. Jose Eduardo dos Santos won the 1980 elections and became the first elected President of the country. The civil war continued with UNITA fighting against the MLPA, with",
"title": "1986 Angolan legislative election"
},
{
"id": "11358133",
"text": "The disunity of the three main movements postponed the handing over of power. The Alvor Agreement, which the three and Portugal signed on 15 January, proved to be no solid foundation for the procedure. The transitional government the agreement provided for was equally composed of the three big independence movements and Portugal. It was sworn in on 31 January 1975; independence day was set for 11 November 1975, the same day of the ceasefire. FLEC was not part of the deal because it fought for the independence of Cabinda, which the Portuguese had administratively joined as an exclave to Angola.",
"title": "Cuban intervention in Angola"
},
{
"id": "7487124",
"text": "for personal use is no longer a criminal offence. The Portuguese variant of the civil law is used or is the basis of the law of various other countries and territories around the world, mostly former territories of the Portuguese Empire. The Law of Portugal was applied in Angola until its independence in 1975. Many Portuguese laws effective before 1975 are still in force, namely the Portuguese Civil Code of 1966 with changes made in some matters. The new commercial law created after the re-establishment of the market economy in Angola is also still very influenced by the Portuguese one,",
"title": "Law of Portugal"
},
{
"id": "3588858",
"text": "society without ethnic discrimination; agreeing to a transitional government, armed forces and civil service and lastly to co-operate in the country's decolonisation and defence. The FNLA and the other parties would meet in Portimao, Portugal on 10 January 1975 and resulted in the formation of the Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, which would grant Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November ending the war of independence. The plan also called for a coalition government and a united army. Within 24 hours of the Alvor Agreement, fighting broke out in Luanda amongst the FNLA and MPLA with further violence",
"title": "National Liberation Front of Angola"
},
{
"id": "11383474",
"text": "on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. José Eduardo Dos Santos became the first elected President of Angola from the MPLA-LT and continued to get the support of Cuba. Angola was a colony of Portugal for more than 400 years from the 15th century. The demand for independence in Angola picked up momentum during the early 1950s. The Portuguese régime, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armed conflict that started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola,",
"title": "Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984"
},
{
"id": "11636776",
"text": "Agriculture in Angola Agriculture in Angola has a tremendous potential. Angola is a potentially rich agricultural country, with fertile soils, a favourable climate, and about 57.4 million ha of agricultural land, including more than 5.0 million ha of arable land. Before independence from Portugal in 1975, Angola had a flourishing tradition of family-based farming and was self-sufficient in all major food crops except wheat. The country exported coffee and maize, as well as crops such as sisal, bananas, tobacco and cassava. By the 1990s Angola produced less than 1 percent the volume of coffee it had produced in the early",
"title": "Agriculture in Angola"
},
{
"id": "4385022",
"text": "square, the frigate was ordered to open fire against the armored vehicles of the revolutionary forces, but its crew refused. The new regime quickly negotiated ceasefires with the insurgents in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea, ending the Overseas wars. This is followed by the independence of the Portuguese African territories, the first one being Guinea-Bissau (ex-Portuguese Guinea) on 10 September 1974 and the last one being Angola on 11 November 1975. Most of the Portuguese small naval units based in those territories were transferred for the new countries. The Navy supported the withdrawal of many thousands of Portuguese troops and civilians",
"title": "Portuguese Navy"
},
{
"id": "11422579",
"text": "started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola, which was called the Colonial War. The principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime",
"title": "1980 Angolan legislative election"
},
{
"id": "4179150",
"text": "of Braganza. \"Isabel Inês Castro Curvello de Herédia\" was born on 22 November 1966, in Lisbon, to \"Dom\" Jorge de Heredia, an architect, and \"Dona\" Raquel Leonor Pinheiro de Castro Curvello, his wife. Since birth, she was entitled to the honorific styling of \"Dona\" (Lady), being a descendant in the male lineage of Francisco Correia de Herédia, 1st Viscount of Ribeira Brava, of the Portuguese nobility, and a famed republican, who was involved in the failed republican uprising of 28 January 1908. Castro Curvelo de Heredia lived between metropolitan Portugal and Portuguese Angola until 1975, when Angola was granted independence.",
"title": "Isabel, Duchess of Braganza"
},
{
"id": "11383472",
"text": "Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984 In the Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984, signed 19 March 1984 in Havana by president José Eduardo Dos Santos of Angola and Fidel Castro, premier of Cuba, the two countries agreed to the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola after the withdrawal of South African troops from Angola and Namibia, and after UN-Security Council resolution 435 on Namibian independence was strictly applied. Soon after getting independence from Portugal in 1975, civil war was fought among the three leading groups in Angola. Angola's three main guerrilla groups agreed to establish a transitional government in January 1975. Within two",
"title": "Angola–Cuba Declaration of 1984"
},
{
"id": "18393976",
"text": "companies such as Gurpo Gusi and Sukarne operate in Angola. Angola–Mexico relations Angola-Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Angola and Mexico. Angola gained its independence from Portugal in November 1975. In January 1976, Mexico recognized the independence and established diplomatic relations with Angola. Soon after gaining independence, Angola entered into a civil war which lasted until 2002. Towards the end of the war, in 1997, Angola opened an embassy in Mexico City. In 2009, Mexico opened an embassy in Luanda, however, due to the global economic crisis to which Mexico was not immune, the embassy in Angola closed",
"title": "Angola–Mexico relations"
},
{
"id": "1975185",
"text": "known in South Africa as the Border War. In 1972 the United Nations General Assembly recognised SWAPO as the 'sole legitimate representative' of Namibia's people. The Norwegian government began giving aid directly to SWAPO in 1974. The country of Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975 following its war for independence. The leftist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), supported by Cuba and the Soviet Union, came to power. In March 1976, the MPLA offered SWAPO bases in Angola for launching attacks against the South African military. When Namibia gained its independence in 1990, SWAPO became the",
"title": "SWAPO"
},
{
"id": "14305875",
"text": "Portuguese protectorate by the 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco. Sometime during the 1920s, it became incorporated into the larger colony (later the overseas province) of Portuguese Angola. The two colonies had initially been contiguous, but later became geographically separated by a narrow corridor of land, which Portugal ceded to Belgium allowing Belgian Congo access to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the decolonisation of Portuguese Angola with the 1975 Alvor Agreement, the short-lived Republic of Cabinda unilaterally declared its independence. However, Cabinda was soon overpowered and re-annexed by the newly proclaimed People's Republic of Angola and never achieved international recognition. Portuguese explorers and",
"title": "Portuguese Angola"
},
{
"id": "11751084",
"text": "that many of those studying abroad had either failed to complete their courses of study or had not returned to Angola. After independence from Portugal in 1975, Angolan students continued to be admitted to Portuguese high schools, polytechnical institutes and universities, through bilateral agreements between the Portuguese and the Angolan governments, most of them belong to the Angolan elites. However, many of those studying in European countries like Portugal and Russia failed to complete their courses of study or had not returned to Angola. Release of UNICEF's 1999 annual report on \"The State of the World's Children\" predicted that illiteracy",
"title": "Education in Angola"
},
{
"id": "7435477",
"text": "reflect the country as a whole, which was on the verge of anarchy. Even the command structure of the military broke down. Political parties to the right of the PCP became more confident and increasingly fought for order, as did many in the military. The granting of independence to Mozambique in September 1975, and to Angola in November meant that the colonial wars were ended. The attainment of peace, the main aim of the military during all these months of political upheaval, was thus achieved, and the military could begin the transition to civilian rule. The polling results of the",
"title": "Portuguese transition to democracy"
},
{
"id": "2107271",
"text": "(anti-British, pro-unification) side, while the thousands-strong UDA (Ulster Defence Association) were on the Loyalist (pro-British, anti-unification) side. The MPLA (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, or the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) were the political group that took control of Angola, formerly one of Portugal's African colonies, in a 1975-76 civil war, and still run the country today. When Rotten sings, “I use the enemy,” it's a deliberate homonym for “I use the NME,” or New Musical Express, the British weekly music newspaper. The lyrics endorse a particularly sensational, violent concept of anarchy that reflected the pervasive sense",
"title": "Anarchy in the U.K."
},
{
"id": "10510997",
"text": "Alvor Agreement The Alvor Agreement, signed on 15 January 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to the Angolan Civil War. The agreement, signed by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), and the Portuguese government, was never signed by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) or the Eastern Revolt as the other parties excluded them from negotiations. The coalition government established by the Alvor Agreement",
"title": "Alvor Agreement"
},
{
"id": "10141176",
"text": "the country's wildlife. Forty years ago, thousands of animals roamed the fertile bushland of Quiçama. But over the years, the animals fell prey to landmines, ivory-stalking poachers and hungry locals. Many animals were slaughtered by the country's military, which used low-flying helicopters to take pot shots at big game. The civil war between the army and UNITA rebels began after a 14-year struggle for independence from Portugal, which was granted in 1975.The war cost the lives of more than a million people and drove 2.5 million more from their homes. The avifauna of Angola includes a total of 983 species,",
"title": "Wildlife of Angola"
},
{
"id": "8791476",
"text": "He was seventy-three. The town of Kuito, founded by the Portuguese and named Belmonte at that time, was renamed Silva Porto. In 1962-63, the Angolan Yearbook, which glorified its original colonizer, referred to the town as follows: The name remained until Angola's independence in 1975. Today its importance has been bypassed, and the population was diminished substantially. António da Silva Porto António Francisco Ferreira da Silva Porto (24 August 1817 – 2 April 1890) was a Portuguese trader and explorer in Angola, in the Portuguese West Africa. Silva Porto was born to a poor family in Porto in continental Portugal;",
"title": "António da Silva Porto"
},
{
"id": "8109703",
"text": "expatriate workers, the foreign engineers, and their families for two years until the first 250,000 tons of ore were shipped out in 1967. At that time Cassinga had about twenty buildings serving as warehouses, accommodation and offices. Cassinga continued to thrive until Angola's independence from Portugal in 1975. Abandoned by its European supervisors, the mine and the settlement quickly fell into neglect during the ensuing Angolan Civil War. It is located about halfway from Huambo to the South-West African border where the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), the military wing of the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO), launched",
"title": "Cassinga"
},
{
"id": "6471113",
"text": "Timor achieved its independence in 1975, the territory was invaded by Indonesia 9 days later, and thousands of civilians were massacred. The term Retornados is seen as a derogative, as most of the refugees prefer the term \"Refugee\". After the fall of the Portuguese Empire and the overseas territories' independence, Angola would later enter into a decades long civil war which became a proxy war for the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa, and the United States. Millions of Angolans would die either as a direct consequence of the war or of malnutrition and disease; Mozambique would also enter into a",
"title": "Processo Revolucionário Em Curso"
},
{
"id": "7144545",
"text": "Operation Savannah (Angola) Operation Savannah was the South African Defence Force's 1975–1976 covert intervention in the Angolan War of Independence, and the subsequent Angolan Civil War. The so-called \"Carnation Revolution\" of the 25th April 1974 ended Portugal's colonial government, but Angola's three main independence forces, National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) began competing for dominance in the country. Fighting began in November 1974, starting in the capital city, Luanda, and spreading quickly across all of Angola, which was soon divided among",
"title": "Operation Savannah (Angola)"
},
{
"id": "11422450",
"text": "1986 Angolan legislative election Parliamentary elections were held in Angola on 9 December 1986. They had been scheduled for 1983, but were postponed due to the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola's (UNITA) military gains in the civil war. The elections were the second elections conducted in the nation after in got independence from Portugal in 1975 and after the 1980 elections. During the period of 1975 to 1980, a civil war was fought between three parties, namely, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), and the National Union",
"title": "1986 Angolan legislative election"
},
{
"id": "10538570",
"text": "15-21. Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta moderated the negotiations. The leaders \"denounce[d] the use of force as a means of solving problems\" and again agreed to put down their arms and disarm civilians. Nakuru Agreement The Nakuru Agreement, signed on June 21, 1975, in Nakuru, Kenya, was an attempt to salvage the Alvor Agreement, which granted Angola independence from Portugal and established a transitional government. While the Nakuru Agreement did produce a truce between the three nationalist movements—the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola",
"title": "Nakuru Agreement"
},
{
"id": "10577361",
"text": "government, were similar to those of the Alvor Agreement which granted Angola independence from Portugal in 1975. Many of the same environmental problems, mutual distrust between UNITA and the MPLA, loose international oversight, the importation of foreign arms, and an overemphasis on maintaining the balance of power, led to the protocol's collapse and the civil war. The Bicesse Accords largely punished the weaker signatory while the Lusaka Protocol guaranteed UNITA's hold over important governorships. United Nations Angola Verification Mission III and MONUA spent $1.5 billion overseeing implementation of the protocol. The UN largely did not enforce the provision prohibiting UNITA",
"title": "Lusaka Protocol"
},
{
"id": "8249047",
"text": "Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko called for a referendum on the future of the Cabinda. Congolese Prime Minister Henri Lopes is reported to have said at the time that \"Cabinda exists as a reality and is historically and geographically different from Angola.\" The Alvor Agreement, signed on January 15, 1975, granted Angola independence from Portugal on November 11. The agreement, signed by the MPLA, FNLA, UNITA, and the Portuguese government, was never signed by the FLEC or any representatives of Cabinda. MPLA (mainly Cuban) troops entered Cabinda via Pointe Noire on November 11, 1975 and incorporated Cabinda into Angola proper",
"title": "Republic of Cabinda"
},
{
"id": "16751185",
"text": "beliefs. The Portuguese asked about race in colonial censuses when they controlled Angola, and they provided three options: White, Mestizo, or African/Black. Africans had to then pick either \"Assimilado\" (assimilated) or \"Indigenato\" (indigenous). Angola has not used any racial categories since its independence in 1975. Tribe and language for Africans were recorded only in 1950 and 1960. Argentina enumerated its population by their country of birth from 1869 to the present day. People in Armenia (when it was still a part of the Russian Empire) were enumerated by native tongue in the 1897 Russian Empire Census. In addition to the",
"title": "Race and ethnicity in censuses"
},
{
"id": "11359423",
"text": "assist Agostinho Neto to build an army and carry out a terror campaign against the Portuguese colonial masters with the intent of gaining independence and installing a Marxist state. In 1975, in response to the demands of the Carnation Revolution, Portugal decided to pull out of its African colonies. By this time Cuba had already infiltrated and commenced large scale activities in the Portuguese colonies of Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and Angola. Of these African colonies, Angola has vast amounts of oil and an abundance of other natural resources. Given that the 1970s became the awakening of the oil age and knowing",
"title": "Angola–Cuba relations"
},
{
"id": "16113229",
"text": "Portugal and South Africa, caused the conflict's momentum to shift in the nationalists' favour. In April 1974, the Portuguese government was overthrown by a military coup and replaced with a leftist administration in favour of ending the unpopular Colonial War in Angola, Mozambique and Portugal's other African territories. The institution by Pretoria of a détente initiative in late 1974 forced a ceasefire in Rhodesia, and in June 1975 Mozambique became independent from Portugal under a communist government allied with ZANU. Unsuccessful rounds of talks were held between the Rhodesian government and the nationalists, united under the banner of Abel Muzorewa's",
"title": "Geneva Conference (1976)"
},
{
"id": "2581167",
"text": "and airport. The Cangandala National Park, was established by the Portuguese authorities on 25 June 1970, having previously been classified as an Integral Natural Reserve on 25 May 1963. The withdrawal of the Portuguese in conjunction with Angola’s independence in 1975, and, later, the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), severely hampered the production of cotton as well as that of coffee and corn (maize). Malanje was partially destroyed during the civil war, but reconstruction efforts in the years following the end of the conflict have rebuilt the city and its surroundings. Near the city is the Cangandala National Park, established by",
"title": "Malanje"
},
{
"id": "16685192",
"text": "as quickly as possible. Following hurried negotiations between Portugal and the nationalist guerrillas in each territory, both Mozambique and Angola became independent under communist governments in 1975. Lisbon's stance on Rhodesia altered accordingly. The Portuguese government ordered the closure of the Rhodesian mission in April 1975, and simultaneously withdrew its own remaining officials from Rhodesia. The Rhodesian mission in Lisbon formally closed on 1 May 1975. Notes References Newspaper and journal articles Online sources Bibliography Rhodesian mission in Lisbon The Rhodesian mission in Lisbon (), the capital of Portugal, operated from September 1965 to May 1975. It was a diplomatic",
"title": "Rhodesian mission in Lisbon"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: People's Republic of Angola context: peace agreement did not last, as Savimbi rejected the election results and fighting resumed across the country until 2002. People's Republic of Angola The People's Republic of Angola () was the self-declared socialist state which governed Angola from its independence in 1975 until 1992, during the Angolan Civil War. The regime was established in 1975, after Portuguese Angola, a colony, was granted independence from Portugal through the Alvor Agreement. The situation in Portugal's other former large African colony, the People's Republic of Mozambique, was similar. The newly-founded nation had friendly relations with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and the People's Republic\n\nFrom which European country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?",
"compressed_tokens": 194,
"origin_tokens": 194,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: 192 Angolan general election context: than 400 years from the 15th century. Demands for independence picked up momentum during the early 1950s, with the principal protagonists including the MPLA, founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the UNITA, founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained independence on 11 November 1975, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano. A fight for dominance broke out immediately between the three nationalist movements. The events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese\n\nining industry of Angola context confining many Africans. Many them were relocated from their homes. In 17 the Carnation Revolution in Portugal the Estado Novo regime collapse, independent from Portugal in 1975 Jonas Savimbi’s UNIT movement began political rivals soon after independence and gained support of United States and South because of his riv' ties to communism and Cuba MP leader Agostinho Neto declared himself president of the with the backing Cuba and founded Marxist–Lenin regime After N died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos his successor.\n\ntitle: Alementre Thevor signed 5 January 1975,ola on 11 November, foring to Angolan Civil The agreement, signed thes Movement for the Liberation of Angola Liberation of Angola ( National Union the Total Independence of AngolaUNITA and the Portuguese government, for the Liberation of the Enc ofinda (FLE) the Eastern as the other partiescluded them negoti. coalition government established byvor Ag:7s inola governola,ia, andaire Thesola, political and the ofs975) and the outbreak of civil war (1975–2002). Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), declared the independence of the People's Republic of Angola on November 11, 1975, in accordance with the Alvor Accords. UNITA and the FNLA also declared Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz.\n\nFrom which European country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?",
"compressed_tokens": 520,
"origin_tokens": 14462,
"ratio": "27.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
169 | Which country mainly makes up the Horn of Africa? | [
"Somali National Salvation Committee",
"Somolia",
"Soomaaliya",
"Somaila",
"Republic of Somalia",
"Somalia, Africa",
"The Independent Somali State",
"ISO 3166-1:SO",
"الصومال",
"Coast of Somalia",
"Somalia",
"Somaliya",
"Federal Republic of Somalia",
"As-Sumal"
] | Somalia | [
{
"id": "722197",
"text": "Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (, , , , ) (shortened to HOA; alternatively Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as \"Land of the Berbers\" and \"Habesha\", the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. It covers approximately 2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) and is inhabited by roughly 115 million people",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "722259",
"text": "Doha, Qatar devoted several days of discussion to ways in which countries in the Horn region and the adjacent Arabian peninsula could further strengthen these historically close economic, social, cultural and religious ties. National history: Sultanates and kingdoms: Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (, , , , ) (shortened to HOA; alternatively Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "722233",
"text": "in the Middle East during this period of change. Zenawi died in 2012, but his Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) party remains the ruling political coalition in Ethiopia. The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valley, a fissure in the Earth's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. Mostly mountainous, the region arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley. Geologically, the Horn and Yemen once formed a",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "1566265",
"text": "Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some",
"title": "Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "362944",
"text": "Somalia Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Federal Republic of Somalia (; ; ), is a country with its territory located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. It is separated from Socotra by the Guardafui Channel in the northeast. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Climatically, hot conditions prevail year-round, with periodic monsoon winds and",
"title": "Somalia"
},
{
"id": "11907801",
"text": "Djibouti Djibouti ( ; , ', , , officially the Republic of Djibouti) is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of . Djibouti has always been a very active member in the African Union and the Arab League. In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt and then the Kingdom of Aksum.",
"title": "Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "19888112",
"text": "countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen, occupy an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. Arab world has a combined population of around 422 million inhabitants. Arab identity can be described as consisting of many interconnected parts: Arabs belong to the Semitic branch of the Caucasian race, mostly Mediterranean race.",
"title": "Arab identity"
},
{
"id": "363017",
"text": "Channel and Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It lies between latitudes 2°S and 12°N, and longitudes 41° and 52°E. Strategically located at the mouth of the Bab el Mandeb gateway to the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, the country occupies the tip of a region that, due to its resemblance on the map to a rhinoceros' horn, is commonly referred to as the Horn of Africa. Somalia has the longest coastline on the mainland of Africa, with a seaboard that stretches . Its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. The nation has",
"title": "Somalia"
},
{
"id": "98700",
"text": "Geography of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. To the east is its coastline on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Rainfall is sparse, and most of the territory has a semi-arid to arid environment. Lake Assal is a saline lake which lies 155 m (509 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest point on land in Africa and the third-lowest point on Earth after the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Djibouti's",
"title": "Geography of Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "722172",
"text": "Geography of Somalia Somalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean and Guardafui Channel to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. With a land area of 637,657 square kilometers, Somalia's terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Its coastline is more than 3,333 kilometers in length, the longest of mainland Africa and the Middle East. It has been described as being roughly shaped \"like a tilted number seven\". In the far north, the rugged",
"title": "Geography of Somalia"
},
{
"id": "1389665",
"text": "al Mendeb strait. From northwest to southeast, Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea form the African coastline, with Djibouti marking Bab al Mendeb's African shore. Southeast along the coast from Djibouti is Somalia, but the Somali coast soon makes a 90-degree turn and heads northeast, mirroring a bend in the coast of Yemen across the water to the north and defining the south coast of the Gulf of Aden. The Somali coast then takes a hairpin turn back southwest to complete the horn of Africa. For six months of the year the monsoon winds blow from up equatorial Somalia, past Arabia and",
"title": "Arab world"
},
{
"id": "564230",
"text": "Horn of Africa, the cheetah occurs in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. The range has not reduced as much in the southern part of the continent, where it occurs in an area of , 22% of its original range. Significant populations thrive in south-western Angola, Botswana, Malawi, south-western Mozambique, Namibia, northern South Africa, southern Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Very few isolated populations occur in the Sahara; the population density in this region is as low as two to three individuals per . They occur in very low numbers in northern and western Africa. The distribution of prey may influence",
"title": "Cheetah"
},
{
"id": "1566392",
"text": "by reaching the last 10 African football teams in the last stage of qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Noted players include captain Adane Girma and top scorer Saladin Said. Ethiopia has Sub-Saharan Africa's longest basketball tradition as it established a national basketball team in 1949. Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the",
"title": "Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "17295776",
"text": "(400 ft) above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle. The city is sometimes nicknamed \"Alger la Blanche\" (\"Algiers the White\") because of the glistening white of its colonial-era buildings as seen rising up from the sea. Djibouti is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti occupies a total area of just 23,200 km2 (8,958 sq",
"title": "Tourism in the Arab world"
},
{
"id": "17799533",
"text": "The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north",
"title": "The Sudans"
},
{
"id": "98699",
"text": "situated at Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport and home to the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) of the U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM). In 2011, Japan also opened a local naval base staffed by 180 personnel to assist in marine defense. This initiative is expected to generate $30 million in revenue for the Djiboutian government. History of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somalia to the southeast, Eritrea and the Red Sea to the north and northeast, Ethiopia to the west and south, and the Gulf of Aden to the east.",
"title": "History of Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "1389608",
"text": "Arab world The Arab world ( '; formally: Arab homeland, '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere or the Arab states, currently consists of the 22 Arab countries of the Arab League. These Arab states occupy an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. The contemporary Arab world has a combined population of around 422 million inhabitants, over half of whom are under 25 years of age.",
"title": "Arab world"
},
{
"id": "7919039",
"text": "Africa Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With /1e9 round 1 billion people as of , it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "699712",
"text": "respect are Berber (North and West Africa), Jula (western West Africa), Fulfulde (West Africa), Hausa (West Africa), Lingala (Congo), Swahili (Southeast Africa), Somali (Horn of Africa) and Arabic (North Africa and Horn of Africa). After gaining independence, many African countries, in the search for national unity, selected one language, generally the former colonial language, to be used in government and education. However, in recent years, African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity. Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism. Besides the former colonial languages of English, French, Portuguese and Spanish, the following",
"title": "Languages of Africa"
},
{
"id": "13036456",
"text": "Anglican Diocese of Egypt The Anglican / Episcopal Diocese of Egypt with North Africa and the Horn of Africa is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East. It was originally part of the Diocese of Jerusalem, founded in 1841 by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Diocese of Egypt was later given autonomy and its first bishop was Llwellyn Gwynne (1920-1946). Its jurisdiction extends over North Africa and the Horn of Africa, a vast region encompassing the following countries: Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti. The diocese is part of the Province of",
"title": "Anglican Diocese of Egypt"
},
{
"id": "11957794",
"text": "South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 57 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It",
"title": "South Africa"
},
{
"id": "17799538",
"text": "protect the animals from poachers. The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and",
"title": "The Sudans"
},
{
"id": "98674",
"text": "History of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Somalia to the southeast, Eritrea and the Red Sea to the north and northeast, Ethiopia to the west and south, and the Gulf of Aden to the east. In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt. The Djibouti area, along with other localities in the Horn region, was later the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was established following treaties signed by the ruling Issa Somali and Afar Sultans",
"title": "History of Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "23919",
"text": "22 Arab states within the Arab League: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The Arab world stretches around 13 million km, from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. Beyond the boundaries of the League of Arab States, Arabs can also be found in the global diaspora. The ties that bind Arabs are ethnic,",
"title": "Arabs"
},
{
"id": "6512546",
"text": "the Arab world, and hosts the headquarters of the Arab League; Ethiopia was also one of the founding members of the United Nations and holds the seat of the African Union Commission; South Africa has the third-largest economy on the continent; and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, has the continent's largest economy, and is one of the largest contributors of military and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping missions. The UNSC \"power of veto\" is frequently cited as a major problem within the UN. By wielding their veto power (established by Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter),",
"title": "Reform of the United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"id": "9114575",
"text": "led to strategic and political gains for Egypt and Israel. The Horn of Africa faces the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. As such, it has long had interactions with areas in Western Asia, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula, the Near East, and even as far east as the Indian subcontinent. Its coastal plain is hemmed in by mountain ranges which make the movement of large armies difficult and cumbersome and favor local forces that resist. Countries and areas with ancient histories, such as Ethiopia and Somalia, all have had eras of great empires. Various ancient empires",
"title": "Military history of Africa"
},
{
"id": "357967",
"text": "while those above the Sahara, in North Africa, are predominantly Islamic. There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa (Djibouti and Somalia) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions (the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Senegal), as well as significant Muslim communities in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and on the Swahili Coast (Tanzania and Kenya). Mauritius is the only country in Africa to have a Hindu majority. Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups, with common themes. Among Niger–Congo-speakers is a belief in a creator God; ancestor spirits; territorial spirits; evil",
"title": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"id": "11916649",
"text": "April. The EPLF declared the new nation of Eritrea the following month. In February 1994 the EPLF renamed itself the People's Front for Democracy and Justice as part of its transformation into Eritrea's ruling political party. Eritrea is located in the Horn of Africa in East Africa. It is bordered to the northeast and east by the Red Sea, Sudan to the west, Ethiopia to the south, and Djibouti to the southeast. Eritrea lies between latitudes 12° and 18°N, and longitudes 36° and 44°E. The country is virtually bisected by a branch of the East African Rift. It has fertile",
"title": "Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "16105926",
"text": "Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.",
"title": "Energy in Africa"
},
{
"id": "767568",
"text": "West Africa West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 17 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The population of West Africa is estimated at about /1e6 round 0 million people as of . Studies of human mitochondrial DNA suggest that all humans share common ancestors from Africa, originated in the southwestern regions near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola at the",
"title": "West Africa"
},
{
"id": "15676451",
"text": "3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa",
"title": "Emigration from Africa"
},
{
"id": "283826",
"text": "Demographics of Nigeria Nigeria is one of the most densely populated country in Africa with approximately 196 million people in a million km2 area, and is also the country with the largest population in Africa, and is the country with the seventh largest population in the world. Approximately 50% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, with the rate of urbanization being estimated at 4.3%. Nigeria is home to over 250 ethnic groups, with over 500 languages, and the variety of customs, and traditions among them gives the country great cultural diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa/Fulani 29% of",
"title": "Demographics of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "7346027",
"text": "the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In",
"title": "Françafrique"
},
{
"id": "7919040",
"text": "and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \"de facto\" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "722235",
"text": "covered the Simien and Bale Mountains but melted at the beginning of the Holocene. The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean. Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. Its size is 3,600 km (1,390 sq mi) and it is a territory of Yemen. The lowlands of the Horn are generally arid in spite of their proximity to the equator. This is because the winds of the tropical monsoons that give seasonal rains to the Sahel and the Sudan blow from the west.",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "1389656",
"text": "populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. Its eight million square kilometers include two of the largest countries of the African continent, Algeria (2.4 million km) in the center of the region and Sudan (1.9 million km) in the southeast. Algeria is about three-quarters the size of India, or about one-and-a-half times the size of Alaska, the largest state in the United States. The largest country in the Arab Middle East is Saudi Arabia (2 million km). At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country in North Africa and the Middle East is Lebanon (10,452 km),",
"title": "Arab world"
},
{
"id": "722244",
"text": "complex pattern of interrelationships among the various groups. According to \"Ethnologue\", there are 10 individual languages spoken in Djibouti, 14 in Eritrea, 90 in Ethiopia, and 15 in Somalia. Most people in the Horn speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches. The former includes Oromo, spoken by the Oromo people in Ethiopia, and Somali, spoken by the Somali people in Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia; the latter includes Amharic, spoken by the Amhara people of Ethiopia, and Tigrinya spoken by the Tigrayan people of Eritrea and Ethiopia. Other Afroasiatic languages with a significant number of speakers include the Cushitic",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "120595",
"text": "Grande, and Elobey Chico. The country is a member of the African Union, Francophonie, OPEC and the CPLP. Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It is the richest country per capita in Africa, and its gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita ranks 43rd in the world; however, the wealth is distributed extremely unevenly, and few people have benefited from the oil riches. The country ranks 135th on the UN's 2016 Human Development Index. The UN says that less than half of the population has access to",
"title": "Equatorial Guinea"
},
{
"id": "382160",
"text": "Geography of Sudan Sudan is located in northeastern Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. Sudan is the third largest country in Africa, after Algeria and DR Congo. It had been the largest country on the continent until the 2011 independence of South Sudan. Geographic coordinates: The length of Sudan's borders is 6,751 kilometers. Border countries are: Petroleum is Sudan's major natural resource. The country",
"title": "Geography of Sudan"
},
{
"id": "15725",
"text": "Algeria Algeria (; ', Algerian Arabic '; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the",
"title": "Algeria"
},
{
"id": "357992",
"text": "very popular with tourists. Only seven African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco) and Sudan; they form the UN subregion of Northern Africa, which also makes up the largest bloc of the Arab World. Nevertheless, some international organisations include Sudan as part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Although a long-standing member of the Arab League, Sudan has around 30% non-Arab populations in the west (Darfur, Masalit, Zaghawa), far north (Nubian) and south (Kordofan, Nuba). Mauritania and Niger only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders. All",
"title": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"id": "10061672",
"text": "in size to other ostrich so far as is known, perhaps averaging marginally smaller in body mass than some subspecies of common ostrich (at least the nominate race, \"S. c. camelus\"). Reportedly Somali ostriches in captivity weigh about but this may not be an accurate weight for wild birds as captive animals have feeding accesses not available to wild ostriches. The Somali ostrich is mostly found in Horn of Africa, especially in north-eastern Ethiopia and across all of Somalia, its range corresponding roughly to the area known as the Horn of Africa. The Somali ostrich is differentiated ecologically from the",
"title": "Somali ostrich"
},
{
"id": "722199",
"text": "as የአፍሪካ ቀንድ yäafrika qänd in Amharic, القرن الأفريقي al-qarn al-'afrīqī in Arabic, Gaaffaa Afriikaa in Oromo and ቀርኒ ኣፍሪቃ in Tigrinya. The Horn of Africa is sometimes shortened to \"HOA\". The Horn of Africa is quite commonly designated simply the \"Horn\", while inhabitants are sometimes colloquially referred to as \"Horn Africans\". Sometimes the term \"Greater Horn of Africa\" is used, either to be inclusive of neighbouring northeast African countries, or to distinguish the broader geopolitical definition of the Horn of Africa from narrower peninsular definitions. Ancient Greeks and Romans referred to the Somali peninsula as Regio Aromatica or Regio",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "767585",
"text": "territory in the south Atlantic Ocean. In the United Nations scheme of African regions, the region includes 17 states and the island of Saint Helena, an overseas territory: Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Niger are mostly in the Sahel, a transition zone between the Sahara desert and the Sudanian Savanna, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Nigeria compose Guinea, the traditional name for the area near the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Verde is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauritania lies in the Maghreb, the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been",
"title": "West Africa"
},
{
"id": "98710",
"text": "country has three areas; Djibouti City (population 529,000), Ali Sabieh (population 55,000), and Dikhil (population 54,000). Djibouti's population is diverse demographically; 60% Somali, 35% Afar, and 3% Arabs. In terms of religion, 94% Muslim, 6% Christian. This is a list of the extreme points of Djibouti, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Geography of Djibouti Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. To the east is its coastline on the Red",
"title": "Geography of Djibouti"
},
{
"id": "382001",
"text": "Sudan Sudan (, ; \"as-Sūdān\"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( \"Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān\"), is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million people (2017) and occupies a total area of 1,861,484 square kilometres (718,722 square miles), making it the third-largest country in Africa. Sudan's predominant religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and",
"title": "Sudan"
},
{
"id": "699714",
"text": "West Africa), Somali (stretches across most of the Horn of Africa), Swahili (spoken in the African Great Lakes region), Fula (in the Sahel and West Africa) and Luo languages (in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan and Sudan). Some prominent Africans such as former Malian president and former Chairman of the African Commission, Alpha Oumar Konaré, have referred to cross-border languages as a factor that can promote African unity. Language is not static in Africa any more than on other continents. In addition to the (likely modest) impact of borders, there are also cases of",
"title": "Languages of Africa"
},
{
"id": "722236",
"text": "Consequently, they lose their moisture before reaching Djibouti and Somalia, with the result that most of the Horn receives little rainfall during the monsoon season. In the mountains of Ethiopia, many areas receive over 2,000 mm (80 in) per year, and even Asmara receives an average of 570 mm (23 in). This rainfall is the sole source of water for many areas outside Ethiopia, including Egypt. In the winter, the northeasterly trade winds do not provide any moisture except in mountainous areas of northern Somalia, where rainfall in late autumn can produce annual totals as high as 500 mm (20",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "722257",
"text": "at the 2012 London Olympics. According to the IMF, in 2010 the Horn of Africa region had a total GDP (PPP) of $106.224 billion and nominal of $35.819 billion. Per capita, the GDP in 2010 was $1061 (PPP) and $358 (nominal). States of the region depend largely on a few key exports: Over 95% of cross-border trade within the region is unofficial and undocumented, carried out by pastoralists trading livestock. The unofficial trade of live cattle, camels, sheep and goats from Ethiopia sold to other countries in the Horn and the wider Eastern Africa region, including Somalia and Djibouti, generates",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "200392",
"text": "nationalist circles still claim the former Ethiopian province of Eritrea (internationally recognized as the independent State of Eritrea in 1993 after a 30-year civil war). In North Africa, the prime examples of irredentism are the concepts of Greater Morocco and Greater Mauritania. While Mauritania has since relinquished any claims to territories outside its internationally recognized borders, Morocco continues to occupy much of Western Sahara, which it refers to as its \"Southern Provinces\". Greater Somalia refers to the region in the Horn of Africa in which ethnic Somalis are and have historically represented the predominant population. The territory encompasses The Republic",
"title": "Irredentism"
},
{
"id": "4552685",
"text": "British diaspora in Africa The British diaspora in Africa is a population group broadly defined as English-speaking white Africans of mainly (but not only) British descent who live in or come from Sub-Saharan Africa. The majority live in South Africa and other Southern African countries including Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia), Namibia (South West Africa), Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate), Zambia (Northern Rhodesia), Lesotho (Basutoland) and Swaziland (Formerly under British rule). There are also sizable numbers in Kenya (Kenya Colony), Nigeria (British Nigeria) and Ghana (Gold Coast Colony). Their first language is usually English. The majority of white Africans who speak English as a",
"title": "British diaspora in Africa"
},
{
"id": "7919073",
"text": "– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "20052149",
"text": "International and other experts to be “one of the most corrupt and inhumane court systems” globally. A 2013 report by Transparency International UK called Eritrea the “most militarised country in Africa,” with about 20% of its population in uniform. For this reason, many have called Eritrea the 'North Korea' of Africa. The army is not only large but also one of the nine most corrupt armed forces in the world, along with Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, the DRC, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. According to TI, there is a possible scheme in place of public funds earmarked for \"secret\" military purposes",
"title": "Corruption in Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "10653475",
"text": "East African Federation The East African Federation (Swahili: \"Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki\") is a proposed political union of the six sovereign states of the East African CommunityBurundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Ugandaas a single federated sovereign state. In September 2018 a committee was formed to begin the process of drafting a regional constitution. At , the East African Federation would be the largest country in Africa and 10th-largest in the world. With a population of 178,978,883, it would also be the second most populous nation in Africa (after Nigeria) and eighth in the world. Its population would be",
"title": "East African Federation"
},
{
"id": "837379",
"text": "98 per cent of women affected), Guinea (96 per cent), Djibouti (93 per cent), Egypt (91 per cent), Eritrea (89 per cent), Mali (89 per cent), Sierra Leone (88 per cent), Sudan (88 per cent), Gambia (76 per cent), Burkina Faso (76 per cent), and Ethiopia (74 per cent). Due to globalization and immigration, FGM is spreading beyond the borders of Africa and Middle East, to countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.S., and UK. The Istanbul Convention prohibits female genital mutilation (Article 38). As of 2016, FGM has been legally banned in many African countries.",
"title": "Developing country"
},
{
"id": "2843885",
"text": "Central Africa Central Africa is the core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda. Middle Africa (as used by the United Nations when categorising geographic subregions) is an analogous term that includes Angola, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and São Tomé and Príncipe. All of the states in the UN subregion of Middle Africa, plus those otherwise commonly reckoned in Central Africa (11 states in total), constitute the Economic Community of",
"title": "Central Africa"
},
{
"id": "631566",
"text": "in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia). Five countries have observer status that entitles them to express their opinion and give advice but denies them voting rights. There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century. As of 2016, there are 22 member states: and 5 observer states: Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War and",
"title": "Arab League"
},
{
"id": "16639949",
"text": "as the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone are by far the least favoured in solar power of all the continent and except for these eight quoted nations, each other African country experiences over 2,700 hours of bright sunshine on at least a part of its territory. Many perpetually sunny African nations like Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Niger, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia for instance could rely on developing their tremendous solar resources on a large scale thanks to the immense surface of their territory and at reduced prices. South Africa is a",
"title": "Solar power in Africa"
},
{
"id": "20655962",
"text": "This is similar to the lack of documentation available in Southern Africa. West Africa consists of the following 15 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Of these western countries, some have fairly stable vulture populations such as the Hooded Vultures of The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. On the other hand, there are countries like Senegal which has regions that have faced 80% vulture decline in the last half century. The trade of vultures for bushmeat, as well as belief use, is the primary factor for the decline",
"title": "African vulture trade"
},
{
"id": "6638247",
"text": "Portuguese-speaking African countries The Portuguese-speaking African countries (also referred to as Lusophone Africa) consist of six African countries in which the Portuguese language is an official language: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and, since 2011, Equatorial Guinea. The six countries are former colonies of the Portuguese Empire. From 1778 until independence, Equatorial Guinea was also a colony of the Spanish Empire. In 1992, the five Lusophone African countries formed an interstate organisation called PALOP, a colloquial acronym that translates to African Countries of Portuguese Official Language (). The PALOP countries have signed official agreements with Portugal,",
"title": "Portuguese-speaking African countries"
},
{
"id": "1819633",
"text": "clan system, to the government, leading to arrests and imprisonment. On a more symbolic level, Barre had repeated a number of times, \"Whom do you know? is changed to: What do you know?\", and this incantation became part of a popular street song in Somalia. Barre advocated the concept of a Greater Somalia (\"Soomaaliweyn\"), which refers to those regions in the Horn of Africa in which ethnic Somalis reside and have historically represented the predominant population. Greater Somalia encompasses Somalia, Djibouti, the Ogaden in Ethiopia, and Kenya's former North Eastern Province, regions of the Horn of Africa where Somalis form",
"title": "Siad Barre"
},
{
"id": "722196",
"text": "Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection \"signed, but not ratified:\" Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban Geography - note: Strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal. The Provisional Administrative Line forms the \"de facto\" southern border between Somalia and Ethiopia. This is a list of the extreme points of Somalia, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Somalia has the longest sea in Africa Geography of Somalia Somalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is",
"title": "Geography of Somalia"
},
{
"id": "11916613",
"text": "Eritrea Eritrea (; ), officially the State of Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa, with its capital at Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The nation has a total area of approximately , and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. Its toponym \"Eritrea\" is based on the Greek name for the Red Sea ( ), which was first adopted for Italian Eritrea in 1890. Eritrea is",
"title": "Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "9194680",
"text": "withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and recognising Israel. The country continues to face challenges, from political unrest, including the recent 2011 revolution and its aftermath, to terrorism and economic underdevelopment. Egypt's current government is a presidential republic headed by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, which has been described by a number of watchdogs as authoritarian. Islam is the official religion of Egypt and Arabic is its official language. With over 95 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "15897186",
"text": "second summit, the African Union adopted the Maputo Protocol promoting women's rights and calling for an end to FGM. The agreement came into force in November 2005, and by December 2008, 25 member countries had ratified it. As of 2013, according to a UNICEF report, 24 African countries have legislations or decrees against FGM/C practice; these countries are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria (since 2015), Senegal, Somalia, Sudan (some states), Tanzania, Togo and Uganda (see page 9 of the report) and Zambia and South Africa",
"title": "Prevalence of female genital mutilation by country"
},
{
"id": "283344",
"text": "Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about /1e6 round 0 million live mostly in",
"title": "Niger"
},
{
"id": "722198",
"text": "(Ethiopia: 96.6 million, Somalia: 10.4 million, Eritrea: 6.4 million, and Djibouti: 0.81 million). Regional studies on the Horn of Africa are carried out, among others, in the fields of Ethiopian Studies as well as Somali Studies. This peninsula is known by various names. In ancient and medieval times, the Horn of Africa was referred to as the \"Bilad al Barbar\" (\"Land of the Berbers\"). It is also known as the \"Somali peninsula\", or in the Somali language, \"Geeska Afrika\", \"Jasiiradda Soomaali\" or \"Gacandhulka Soomaali\". In other languages that are local or adjacent to the Horn of Africa, it is known",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "15897187",
"text": "(see page 8). In 2015, Gambia's president Yahya Jammeh has banned FGM. In 2014 The Girl Generation, an Africa-led campaign to oppose FGM worldwide, was launched. Although estimates of the prevalence of FGM vary, sources have consistently found the practice to be undergone by the majority of women in the Horn of Africa, in the West African countries of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali and Burkina Faso, as well as in Sudan and Egypt. Of these countries, all have laws or decrees against the practice, with the exception of Sierra Leone, Mali and some states of Sudan. Infibulation, the",
"title": "Prevalence of female genital mutilation by country"
},
{
"id": "11854158",
"text": "and homosexual individuals. Homosexual activity between adults has never been criminalised in Benin, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Rwanda. It has been decriminalised in Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Seychelles, and South Africa. Since 2011, some developed countries have been considering or implementing laws that limit or prohibit general budget support to countries that restrict the rights of LGBT people. In spite of this, many African countries have refused to consider increasing LGBT",
"title": "LGBT rights in Africa"
},
{
"id": "15241534",
"text": "member state, having joined in January 2017. Morocco was a founder member of the OAU but withdrew in 1984 following the organisation's acceptance of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as a member state. Morocco rules over most of the territory, but sovereignty is disputed. As of 2017, the AU spans the entirety of the African continent, with the exception of Ceuta, Melilla, and the plazas de soberanía. Also excluded are offshore islands that are integral parts of the transcontinental countries of France, Portugal, Spain and Yemen. The 55 member states are grouped into five regions. The African Union is composed",
"title": "Member states of the African Union"
},
{
"id": "9114588",
"text": "nations' trade and their military strength, both of which result in geostrategic strength. Essentially, the power that has the mightiest navy and prevails on the high seas becomes the world's greatest power, which is something nations have known for a long time, hence their commercial and naval rivalry on the high seas. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, five countries constitute Southern Africa. The most powerful is South Africa, while the others are the small countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. The region is often reckoned to include Angola (often also included in Central Africa); Mozambique and Madagascar",
"title": "Military history of Africa"
},
{
"id": "10084952",
"text": "force enhances the quality of a nation's economic productivity and guarantees its suitability for global market competitiveness. According to a recent research report by the United Nations Population Fund, countries such as Egypt, Jordan, and Algeria have invested in family planning, healthcare, and education and have subsequently experienced more rapid economic development than the countries that were reluctant to invest in social development programs. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region comprises the countries of Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, the United",
"title": "Education in the Middle East and North Africa"
},
{
"id": "3884729",
"text": "17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in emerging African economies. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession. The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world. Debt relief is being addressed by some international",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "3884758",
"text": "Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "363103",
"text": "in Somalia's early medieval history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This stimulated a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures, a practice that would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries. Somalia Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Federal Republic of Somalia (; ; ), is a country with its territory located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by",
"title": "Somalia"
},
{
"id": "17295761",
"text": "Tourism in the Arab world Tourism in the Arab World encompasses a wide array of activities and tourist attractions in an area spanning more than 13 million square kilometers. The Arab World mainly consists of the Arabic-speaking countries and populations in North Africa and Western Asia. The standard definition of the Arab world comprises the 22 countries and territories of the Arab League: 10 countries in Africa, and 12 countries in Asia. Geographically, it stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn",
"title": "Tourism in the Arab world"
},
{
"id": "18401",
"text": "south, east or west than any other location on the continent. The highest point in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro, in Tanzania. The lowest point is Lake Asal, below sea level, in Djibouti. Richard Grant 2014. Africa. Geographies of Change. New York: Oxford University Press. Geography of Africa Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of , excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro, its largest lake is Lake Victoria Separated from Europe by the",
"title": "Geography of Africa"
},
{
"id": "7888119",
"text": "found in 21 countries in Africa (Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) and in two countries in South East Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia). Non-human Great ape populations are declining worldwide. The continuing destruction of habitat, in combination with the growth in the commercial bushmeat trade in Africa and increased logging activities in Indonesia, have led scientists to suggest that the majority of great ape populations may be extinct in our lifetime. Even if",
"title": "Great Apes Survival Partnership"
},
{
"id": "6620623",
"text": "multi-media services: IRIN covers the following countries: AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan,",
"title": "IRIN"
},
{
"id": "7919099",
"text": "colonials returned to Portugal alone. Nevertheless, white Africans remain an important minority in many African states, particularly Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, and the Republic of South Africa. The country with the largest white African population is South Africa. Dutch and British diasporas represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today. European colonization also brought sizable groups of Asians, particularly from the Indian subcontinent, to British colonies. Large Indian communities are found in South Africa, and smaller ones are present in Kenya, Tanzania, and some other southern and southeast African countries. The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "283582",
"text": "Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With /1e6 round 0 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by 250 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 250 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "7911182",
"text": "Africa Day Africa Day (formerly African Freedom Day and African Liberation Day) is the annual commemoration of the foundation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) (now known as the African Union) on 25 May 1963. It is celebrated in various countries on the African continent, as well as around the world. The First Congress of Independent African States was held in Accra, Ghana on 15 April 1958. It was convened by Prime Minister of Ghana Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, and comprised representatives from Egypt (then a constituent part of the United Arab Republic), Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia",
"title": "Africa Day"
},
{
"id": "13219383",
"text": "is still debated by historians. Most scholars today believe Punt was situated to the southeast of Egypt, most likely in the coastal region of modern Djibouti, Eritrea, northeast Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Red Sea littoral of Sudan. It is also possible that the territory covered both the Horn of Africa and Southern Arabia. Puntland, the Somali administrative region situated at the extremity of the Horn of Africa, is named in reference to the Land of Punt. The earliest recorded ancient Egyptian expedition to Punt was organized by Pharaoh Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty (25th century BC). However, gold from Punt",
"title": "Land of Punt"
},
{
"id": "9194772",
"text": "year. Egypt is the most populated country in the Middle East, and the third most populous on the African continent, with about 95 million inhabitants . Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to medical advances and increases in agricultural productivity enabled by the Green Revolution. Egypt's population was estimated at 3 million when Napoleon invaded the country in 1798. Egypt's people are highly urbanised, being concentrated along the Nile (notably Cairo and Alexandria), in the Delta and near the Suez Canal. Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the fellahin,",
"title": "Egypt"
},
{
"id": "8305180",
"text": "Demographics of Africa The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries. Total population as of 2017 is estimated at more than 1.25 billion, with a growth rate of more than 2.5% p.a. The most populous African country is Nigeria with 191 million inhabitants as of 2017 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a. , the total population of Africa is estimated at 1.225 billion, representing 17% of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "10054436",
"text": "African Union The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 countries of the continent of Africa, with exception of various territories of European possessions located in Africa. The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa. The intention of the AU is to replace the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa by 32 signatory governments. The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of",
"title": "African Union"
},
{
"id": "722234",
"text": "single landmass around 18 million years ago, before the Gulf of Aden rifted and separated the Horn region from the Arabian Peninsula. The Somali Plate is bounded on the west by the East African Rift, which stretches south from the triple junction in the Afar Depression, and an undersea continuation of the rift extending southward offshore. The northern boundary is the Aden Ridge along the coast of Saudi Arabia. The eastern boundary is the Central Indian Ridge, the northern portion of which is also known as the Carlsberg Ridge. The southern boundary is the Southwest Indian Ridge. Extensive glaciers once",
"title": "Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "16643245",
"text": "inhabiting the Horn of Africa. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 28-30 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 15 million), Ethiopia (8.5 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (534,000). A Somali diaspora is also found in parts of the Middle East, African Great Lakes region, Southern Africa, North America, Oceania, and Western Europe. The Beja (Beja: Oobja; ) are an ethnic group inhabiting Sudan, as well as parts of Eritrea and Egypt in recent history",
"title": "Cushitic peoples"
},
{
"id": "17242306",
"text": "Horn Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States are Americans with ancestry from the Horn of Africa. They include Djiboutian, Eritrean, Ethiopian and Somali individuals. The Djiboutian community in the United States is small, numbering less than 300 individuals. Its constituents primarily hail from the Somali and Afar populations, Djibouti's two largest ethnic groups. Djiboutian nationals of Somali ethnicity are typically aggregated with Somali Americans. Prior to 1991, when Eritrea obtained its independence, it was a part of Ethiopia. Overall, approximately 20,000 people from Ethiopia moved to the West to achieve higher education and conduct diplomatic",
"title": "Horn Africans in the United States"
},
{
"id": "631558",
"text": "Arab League The Arab League ( '), formally the League of Arab States ( '), is a regional organization of Arab states in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia. It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members, but Syria's participation has been suspended since November 2011, as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War. The League's main goal",
"title": "Arab League"
},
{
"id": "9472813",
"text": "Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) is the United States military operation to combat militant Islamism and piracy in the Horn of Africa. It is one component of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), which includes eight African states stretching from the far northeast of the continent to the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea in the west. The other OEF mission in Africa is known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), which, until the creation of the new United States Africa Command, was run from the United States European Command. The Combined",
"title": "Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa"
},
{
"id": "8305199",
"text": "Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \"pieds-noirs\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. The African country with the largest native European African population is South Africa. The Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds are",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "15139392",
"text": "Vietnam. Noting that the U.S. Africa Command (Africom) contends that it maintains only a token presence on the African continent, Turse found recent U.S. military involvement with 49 African nations. He investigated the size and scope of U.S. military operations in Africa and concluded, \"From north to south, east to west, the Horn of Africa to the Sahel, the heart of the continent to the islands off its coasts, the U.S. military is at work. Base construction, security cooperation engagements, training exercises, advisory deployments, special operations missions, and a growing logistics network, all undeniable evidence of expansion—except at U.S. Africa",
"title": "Nick Turse"
},
{
"id": "435505",
"text": "Traditionally, one of the seats assigned to either the Asia-Pacific Group or the African Group is filled by a nation from the Arab world. Currently, elections for terms beginning in even-numbered years select two African members, and one each within Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Terms beginning in odd-numbered years consist of two Western European and Other members, and one each from Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The 2017–18 term was the first time in over five decades that two members agreed to split a term, with Italy and the Netherlands agreeing that",
"title": "United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"id": "17295762",
"text": "of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It has a combined population of around 422 million people. The Arab World is divided into five main geographic regions: the Maghreb in Northwest Africa, the Nile Valley and the Horn of Africa in Northeast Africa, the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean, and the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia. Egypt is the only transcontinental country by virtue of the Sinai Peninsula, which lies in Asia. The vast area covered by the Arab World encompasses wide and diverse geographical features ranging from deserts and shrublands to Mediterranean forests and snow-capped mountain ranges.",
"title": "Tourism in the Arab world"
},
{
"id": "3563921",
"text": "control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa's land and resources. [[Great Britain]] controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The [[France|French]] gained major ground in West Africa, and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] held colonies in southern Africa. [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and [[Spain]] established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for",
"title": "Modern history"
},
{
"id": "65502",
"text": "Geography of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is approximately square in shape. Its southern border is a coastline on the Gulf of Guinea on the north Atlantic Ocean. On the other three sides it borders five other African nations for a total of : Liberia to the southwest for , Guinea to the northwest for , Mali to the north-northwest for , Burkina Faso to the north-northeast for , and Ghana to the east for . Ivory Coast comprises , of which is",
"title": "Geography of Ivory Coast"
},
{
"id": "7557132",
"text": "of the northern half of Africa, mainly concentrated in North Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Sahel, as well as West Africa. Islam has been in Africa for so long, since its emergence on the Arabian peninsula, that some scholars have argued that it is a traditional African religion. Although the majority of Muslims in Africa are Sunni or Sufi, the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices that constantly contend for dominance in many African countries. Islam in Africa is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent",
"title": "Islam in Africa"
},
{
"id": "10054445",
"text": "for Africans. Member states of the African Union cover almost the entirety of continental Africa, except for several territories held by Spain (Canary Islands, Plazas de soberanía); France (Mayotte, Réunion, Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean); Portugal (Madeira, Savage Islands); and the United Kingdom (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha). Consequently, the geography of the African Union is wildly diverse, including the world's largest hot desert (the Sahara), huge jungles and savannas, and the world's longest river (the Nile). The AU presently has an area of , with of coastline. The vast majority of this area is on continental",
"title": "African Union"
},
{
"id": "9472846",
"text": "servicemen were killed in the Republic of Seychelles and in the Gulf of Oman, respectively. Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) is the United States military operation to combat militant Islamism and piracy in the Horn of Africa. It is one component of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), which includes eight African states stretching from the far northeast of the continent to the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea in the west. The other OEF mission in Africa is known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), which, until the creation of the",
"title": "Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Horn of Africa context: Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (, , , , ) (shortened to HOA; alternatively Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in Northeast Africa. It juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent. Referred to in ancient and medieval times as \"Land of the Berbers\" and \"Habesha\", the Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. It covers approximately 2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) and is inhabited by roughly 115 million people\n\nWhich country mainly makes up the Horn of Africa?",
"compressed_tokens": 195,
"origin_tokens": 195,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Horn of context: covered the Simien and Bale Mountains but melted at the beginning of the Holocene. The mountains descend in a huge escarpment to the Red Sea and more steadily to the Indian Ocean. Socotra is a small island in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. Its size is 3,600 km (1,390 sq mi) and it is a territory of Yemen. The lowlands of the Horn are generally arid in spite of their proximity to the equator. This is because the winds of the tropical monsoons that give seasonal rains to the Sahel and the Sudan blow from the west.\n\ntitle: of Somalia context: Geography of Somalia Somalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Indian Oceanaf Channel to the east, and Kenya to the southwest. With a land area of 637,657 square kilometers, Som's terrain consists mainly plateaus, plains and highlands Its coastline is more than 3,333 kilom in length, the mainland Africa and the Middle East. It been described being roughly sh \"like ailt number In far north, the rugged\n\ntitle context Horn of Africa (, , , ) (ened to HOAatively Penins pen N Africa j hundreds kilometers into Arabian and lies along the side of the Gulf of A. ismost projection of the continent Referred in ancient and times as \"Land Ber\" and \"ab\", the region the Djrit, It covers 0,00 km7000 sq inhab roughly 115\n: context: in East during this change. Zeni2 but hisiopian Front) remains theuling politicalition. The Africa is from the the. consists mountains through the of the extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. Mostly mountainous, the region arose through faults resulting from the Rift Valley. Geologically, the Horn and Yemen once formed a\n\nWhich country mainly makes up the Horn of Africa?",
"compressed_tokens": 464,
"origin_tokens": 14531,
"ratio": "31.3x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
170 | What is the capital of Sierra Leone? | [
"Freetown Colony",
"Freetown",
"History of Freetown, Sierra Leone",
"Free Town",
"Freetown settlement",
"Freetown, Sierra Leone",
"Capital of Sierra Leone"
] | Freetown | [
{
"id": "671011",
"text": "Freetown Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of the country. Freetown is Sierra Leone's major urban, economic, financial, cultural, educational and political centre, as it is the seat of the Government of Sierra Leone. The population of Freetown was 1,055,964 at the 2015 census. The city's economy revolves largely around its harbour, which occupies a part of the estuary of the Sierra Leone River in one of the world's largest natural deep water harbours. The population of Freetown is",
"title": "Freetown"
},
{
"id": "3007009",
"text": "The Royal Navy patrolled the Atlantic Ocean, stopping any ships that it suspected of trading African slaves to the Americas and freeing any slaves found. The British had set up a Crown Colony in West Africa—Sierra Leone—and transported freed slaves there. Freed slaves from Nova Scotia founded and named the capital of Sierra Leone \"Freetown\". William Wilberforce, Thomas Fowell Buxton and Richard Martin introduced the first legislation to prevent cruelty to animals, the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822; it pertained only to cattle and it passed easily in 1822. ) In the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 \"fighting or baiting",
"title": "Victorian morality"
},
{
"id": "13973940",
"text": "Cotton Tree (Sierra Leone) The Cotton Tree is a \"Ceiba pentandra\", also known commonly as a kapok tree, a historic symbol of Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone. According to legend, the \"Cotton Tree\" gained importance in 1792 when a group of former African American slaves, who had gained their freedom by fighting for the British during the American War of Independence, settled the site of modern Freetown. These Black Loyalist settlers, called \"Nova Scotians\" because they came from Nova Scotia after leaving the United States and before they decided to go back to Africa or, \"Navatians\" in Sierra",
"title": "Cotton Tree (Sierra Leone)"
},
{
"id": "1325274",
"text": "flags of \"friendly\" nations. The colours of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The green alludes to the country's natural resources – specifically agriculture and its mountains. – while the white epitomizes \"unity and justice\". The blue evokes the \"natural harbour\" of Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone, as well as the hope of \"contributing to world peace\" through its usage. The flag is very similar to that of the official flag of Galápagos Province, Ecuador. The difference between the flags are very insignificant, with Sierra Leone's one having a lighter blue and green than that of",
"title": "Flag of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "362135",
"text": "World Bank Convention. Legislation provides for transfer of interest, dividends, and capital. The currency is the leone. The central bank of the country is the Bank of Sierra Leone which is in the capital, Freetown. The country operates a floating exchange rate system, and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognized foreign exchange bureaux and most hotels. Credit card use is limited in Sierra Leone, though they may be used at some hotels and restaurants. There are a few internationally linked automated teller machines that accept Visa cards in Freetown operated by ProCredit Bank. Sierra",
"title": "Economy of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "4664773",
"text": "Koidu Koidu Town (or Sefadu) is the capital and largest city of the diamond-rich Kono District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. The population of Koidu Town is 124,662 based on the 2015 Sierra Leone Census. Koidu Town is the fourth largest city in Sierra Leone by population, after Freetown, Kenema and Bo. Koidu Town is a major urban, business, commercial and diamond trade center. Koidu Town lies approximately 270 miles east of Freetown, and about 54 miles north of Kenema. Two of the world’s ten largest and most famous rough diamonds were found in the Woyie River that",
"title": "Koidu"
},
{
"id": "4668091",
"text": "Bo, Sierra Leone Bo, also commonly referred to as Bo Town, is the third largest city in Sierra Leone by population (after Freetown and Kenema) and the largest city in the Southern Province. Bo is the capital and administrative center of Bo District. The city of Bo had a population of 149,957 in the 2004 census and has an estimated current population of about 175,000. Bo is an urban center, and lies approximately 160 miles (250 km) east south-east of Freetown, and about 44 miles (71 km) to Kenema. Bo is the leading financial, educational and economic center of Southern",
"title": "Bo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "4668095",
"text": "1974. From 1930 until independence in 1961, it was the capital of the Protectorate of Sierra Leone. The city is the administrative centre of the Southern Province. After Freetown, Bo is the leading transportation, commercial, and educational centre of Sierra Leone. Bo began its modern development with the coming of the railroad in 1889 and became an educational center in 1906, when the Bo Government Secondary School was established. The inhabitants of Bo are known for their resolve, resistance and hospitality. The town was named after its generosity. An elephant was killed close to what is now known as Bo",
"title": "Bo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "18557452",
"text": "2005 in Sierra Leone The following list is of events that happened during 2005 in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone, a country in West Africa, has a special significance in the history of the transatlantic slave trade as the departure point for thousands of west African captives. The capital, Freetown, was founded as a home for repatriated former slaves in 1787. But the country's modern history has been overshadowed by a brutal civil war that ended in 2002 with the help of Britain, the former colonial power, and a large United Nations peacekeeping mission. Sierra Leone has experienced substantial economic growth",
"title": "2005 in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "16934645",
"text": "land borders with Guinea and Liberia and is bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The country became a British colony in 1808, though British influence began in the late 18th century when former slaves were settled in the area that became known as Freetown, now the capital city. Freetown lies on a peninsula, and is separated from the country's main airport, Lungi, by the estuary of the Sierra Leone River, which is several miles wide. The colony was granted independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 and Sir Milton Margai was appointed its first prime minister. He was",
"title": "British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War"
},
{
"id": "9763696",
"text": "John Clarkson (abolitionist) Lieutenant John Clarkson, RN (1764–1828) was the younger brother of Thomas Clarkson, one of the central figures in the abolition of slavery in England and the British Empire at the close of the 18th century. As agent for the Sierra Leone Company, Lieutenant Clarkson was instrumental in the founding of Freetown, today Sierra Leone’s capital city, as a haven for chiefly formerly enslaved African-Americans first relocated to Nova Scotia by the British military authorities following the American Revolutionary War. John Clarkson not only founded Freetown, but was also the first governor of the settlement. Because of his",
"title": "John Clarkson (abolitionist)"
},
{
"id": "8447456",
"text": "help found Freetown in 1787, both as a province of freedom to resettle slaves liberated by activists, as well as a center of economic activity between the Europeans and the ethnic groups of Sierra Leone including the Temne people. Freetown grew to be a center of European and African abolitionists in the early 1800s, who sought to detect and stop all slave trading and shipping activity. It is now the capital of Sierra Leone. After its founding in 1840, Freetown became the site of the settlement of freed slaves of many different ethnic groups who had escaped or been liberated",
"title": "Temne people"
},
{
"id": "5572821",
"text": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freetown The Archdiocese Freetown (\"Archidioecesis Liberae Urbis\") is a Roman Catholic diocese in Sierra Leone. It is centred on the city of Freetown, the capital and most populous city of the African country of Sierra Leone. It was established as the \"Vicariate Apostolic\" of Sierra Leone, on 13 April 1858 by Pope Pius IX, taking territory from the Vicariate Apostolic of Two Guineas and Senegambia. It itself lost territory in 1897 to the Prefecture Apostolic of Guinea Francese and in 1903 to the Prefecture Apostolic of Liberia. The vicariate was elevated to the status of a",
"title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freetown"
},
{
"id": "373286",
"text": "coast has areas of low-lying Guinean mangroves swamp. The national capital Freetown sits on a coastal peninsula, situated next to the Sierra Leone Harbour, the world's third largest natural harbour. The climate is tropical, with two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: the rainy season from May to November, and a dry season from December to May, which includes harmattan, when cool, dry winds blow in off the Sahara Desert and the night-time temperature can be as low as . The average temperature is and varies from around during the year. Human activities claimed to be responsible or contributing to land",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "5572822",
"text": "diocese, taking the name of \"Freetown and Bo\" on 18 April 1950. In 1952, the Prefecture Apostolic of Makeni was split off from its territory. The diocese was elevated to an archdiocese on 11 November 1970, at which time also the diocese of Kenema was split off. On 15 January 2010, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bo was split off the \"Archdiocese of Freetown and Bo\" which is called Archdiocese of Freetown since then. The diocese covers an area of , around the Sierra Leone capital city of Freetown. The archidiocese has three suffragan dioceses, those of Bo, Kenema and",
"title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freetown"
},
{
"id": "4804297",
"text": "incorporated into the speech of the various groups of freed slaves landed in Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1855. The pidgin gradually evolved to become a stable language, the native language of descendants of the freed slaves (which are now a distinct ethnic and cultural group, the Creoles), and the lingua franca of Sierra Leone. Most ethnic and cultural Creoles live in and around Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, and their community accounts for about 3% to 6% of Sierra Leone's total population (Freetown is the province where the returned slaves from London and Nova Scotia settled). However,",
"title": "Krio language"
},
{
"id": "9623996",
"text": "Waterloo, Sierra Leone Waterloo is a city in the Western Area of Sierra Leone and the capital of the Western Area Rural District, which is one of the sixteen districts of Sierra Leone . Waterloo is located about twenty miles east of Freetown. Waterloo is the second largest city in the Western Area region of Sierra Leone, after Freetown. . The city had a population of 34,079 in the 2004 census and a 2013 estimate of 40,000 . Waterloo is part of Freetown metropolitan area. Waterloo is a major urban transport hub and lies on the main highway linking Freetown",
"title": "Waterloo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "7489794",
"text": "Lungi International Airport Freetown International Airport (officially), locally known as Lungi International Airport, is an international airport located in the coastal town of Lungi, Sierra Leone. It is the only international airport in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone River separates Lungi International Airport from Freetown, the nation's capital city. The airport is operated by the Sierra Leone Airports Authority. Prior to its use as a civilian airport, it was a British Royal Air Force base. In 2012 its management was contracted out to the British security and military company Westminster Aviation Security Services Ltd. A new international airport was planned",
"title": "Lungi International Airport"
},
{
"id": "9624002",
"text": "people from different parts of the nation. The town of Waterloo is located some 20 miles from Freetown at 8.33833 degree latitude, -13.0719 degree longitude at an elevation of 40 meters. With a population estimated at approximately 40,000. It is the second largest city in the Western Area and an important crossroad where roads connecting provincial capitals and the Sierra Leone peninsula to the nation’s capital meet. The prosperity which reigned in Waterloo throughout the 19th and 20th centuries was shattered by the outbreak of the Sierra Leone Civil War in the 1990s, during which rebel soldiers pillaged and ravaged",
"title": "Waterloo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "671048",
"text": "home games at Freetown's National Stadium, the largest stadium in Sierra Leone. Eight of the fifteen clubs in the Sierra Leone National Premier League are from Freetown, including two of Sierra Leone's biggest and most successful football clubs, East End Lions, and Mighty Blackpool. A match between these two teams is the biggest domestic-football clash in Sierra Leone. A Notable Sierra Leonian footballer is Kei Kamara, who currently plays for New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. Freetown Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is",
"title": "Freetown"
},
{
"id": "4664783",
"text": "is overwhelmingly popular in Kono District and is one of the biggest football clubs in Sierra Leone. The Diamond Stars are the champions of the 2012 Sierra Leone National Premier League season, and the first club outside Freetown to ever won the Premier League. Koidu Koidu Town (or Sefadu) is the capital and largest city of the diamond-rich Kono District in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone. The population of Koidu Town is 124,662 based on the 2015 Sierra Leone Census. Koidu Town is the fourth largest city in Sierra Leone by population, after Freetown, Kenema and Bo. Koidu Town",
"title": "Koidu"
},
{
"id": "4664717",
"text": "Kenema Kenema is the second largest city in Sierra Leone (after Freetown), and the largest city in the country's Eastern Province. It is the capital of Kenema District and a major economic center of the Eastern Province. Previously Sierra Leone's third-largest city, it surpassed Bo as the country's second-largest after the 2015 national census. Its 2015 population was 200,354. By road, it is approximately southeast of Freetown and about south of Bo. Kenema is one of Sierre Leone's most ethnically diverse cities. Its most widely spoken language is Krio. One of Sierra Leone's six municipalities, Kenema is governed by a",
"title": "Kenema"
},
{
"id": "373213",
"text": "and the head of government. The country's capital and largest city is Freetown. Sierra Leone is made up of five administrative regions: the Northern Province, North West Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area. These regions are subdivided into sixteen districts. Sierra Leone was a British Colony from 1806 to 1961. Sierra Leone became independent from the United Kingdom on 27 April 1961, led by Sir Milton Margai. In May 1962, Sierra Leone held its first general elections as an independent nation. On April 19, 1971, Siaka Stevens' government abolished Sierra Leone's parliamentary government system and declared Sierra",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "5572823",
"text": "Makeni. The cathedral of the Freetown archdiocese is the Sacred Heart Cathedral, also sometimes called simply the Cathedral of Freetown. The cathedral is located in the Howe street of the town of Freetown. Work on its construction began in November 1884 and was dedicated on October 27, 1887. The Sacred Heart Cathedral follows the Roman rite. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freetown The Archdiocese Freetown (\"Archidioecesis Liberae Urbis\") is a Roman Catholic diocese in Sierra Leone. It is centred on the city of Freetown, the capital and most populous city of the African country of Sierra Leone. It was established as",
"title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Freetown"
},
{
"id": "4664872",
"text": "from all year. The average annual temperature is around . Bunce Island Bunce Island (also spelled \"Bence,\" \"Bense,\" or \"Bance\" at different periods) is an island in the Sierra Leone River. It is situated in Freetown Harbour, the estuary of the Rokel River and Port Loko Creek, about upriver from Sierra Leone's capital city Freetown. The island measures about by and houses a castle that was built by a British slave-trading company in c.1670. Tens of thousands of Africans were shipped from here to the North American colonies of South Carolina and Georgia to be forced into slavery, and are",
"title": "Bunce Island"
},
{
"id": "11240032",
"text": "Settler Town, Sierra Leone Settler Town, Sierra Leone (Settler Tong in Krio) is the oldest part of the city of Freetown, now the capital of Sierra Leone, and was the first home of the Nova Scotian Settlers. The Settlers were African Americans, many of them ex-slaves, who had escaped to British lines during the American Revolutionary War. After the British defeat, they had first emigrated to Halifax, but did not find a warm reception or climate. As a result, on January 15, 1792, Lieutenant John Clarkson led 1,196 of them from Halifax Harbor in fifteen ships across the Atlantic to",
"title": "Settler Town, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "9763704",
"text": "is dreadful to think, after my brother and his friends have been working for forty years that such things should still be.\" Clarkson was portrayed by Stephen Campbell Moore in the BBC television drama documentary \"Rough Crossings\" (2007). John Clarkson (abolitionist) Lieutenant John Clarkson, RN (1764–1828) was the younger brother of Thomas Clarkson, one of the central figures in the abolition of slavery in England and the British Empire at the close of the 18th century. As agent for the Sierra Leone Company, Lieutenant Clarkson was instrumental in the founding of Freetown, today Sierra Leone’s capital city, as a haven",
"title": "John Clarkson (abolitionist)"
},
{
"id": "18379629",
"text": "peninsula on the coast of west Africa. The whole of Sierra Leone covers some 72,500 square kilometres. At its northern tip lies Freetown, the capital. The peninsula's mountain range is covered by tropical rain forests split by deep valleys and adorned with impressive waterfalls. White sand beaches line the Atlantic coast. As a result of normal immigration patterns, the Sierra Leone Civil War, and some discrimination at home, many Krios live abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom. What has been called the \"Creole Diaspora\" is the migration of Krios abroad. Many Krios attend formal and informal gatherings.",
"title": "Sierra Leone Creole people"
},
{
"id": "373284",
"text": "and near the country's capital Freetown. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, lying mostly between latitudes 7° and 10°N (a small area is south of 7°), and longitudes 10° and 14°W. The country is bordered by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Sierra Leone has a total area of , divided into a land area of and water of . The country has four distinct geographical regions. In eastern Sierra Leone the plateau is interspersed with high mountains, where Mount Bintumani reaches ,",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "9624001",
"text": "and under the supervision of the village headman (who enforced the rule of law), Waterloo evolved as a stable economic, cultural, and socio-political centre. In less than half a century since its inception, Waterloo emerged as an important economic hub buffering Sierra Leone’s provincial capitals and the nation’s capital. Throughout the 19th and 20th Centuries, the city continued to serve as a gateway to and from the hinterland and blossomed as a trading centre into which goods and services from Freetown and the Sierra Leone peninsula converged. Its economic prosperity coupled with its proximity to the city brought together diverse",
"title": "Waterloo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "11200717",
"text": "working, which lay along the Rokel River, was on one of the trade routes that connected the interior and the sea coast during the Atlantic slave trade period. Opala took his discoveries to Freetown, Sierra Leone's capital city. Aided by the Peace Corps country director, he was assigned as \"Staff Archaeologist\" to the Sierra Leone National Museum and the Institute of African Studies at Fourah Bay College. U.S. Ambassador Michael Samuels urged him to focus his efforts on Bunce Island. He conducted research there under the Peace Corps's aegis through 1977, then spent another year doing further research under a",
"title": "Joseph Opala"
},
{
"id": "4664848",
"text": "Bunce Island Bunce Island (also spelled \"Bence,\" \"Bense,\" or \"Bance\" at different periods) is an island in the Sierra Leone River. It is situated in Freetown Harbour, the estuary of the Rokel River and Port Loko Creek, about upriver from Sierra Leone's capital city Freetown. The island measures about by and houses a castle that was built by a British slave-trading company in c.1670. Tens of thousands of Africans were shipped from here to the North American colonies of South Carolina and Georgia to be forced into slavery, and are the ancestors of many African Americans of the United States.",
"title": "Bunce Island"
},
{
"id": "18379612",
"text": "the forest and shrub and built a new settlement on the overgrown site that had formerly contained the Granville Town settlement. They had a profound influence on Creole culture; many of the Western attributes of Creole society were conveyed by the \"Settlers\", who continued what was familiar to them from their past lives. In Sierra Leone they were called the Nova Scotians or \"Settlers\" (the 1787 Settlers were called the Old Settlers). They founded the capital of Sierra Leone in 1792. The descendants of African Americans remained an identifiable ethnic group until the 1870s, when the Creole identity was beginning",
"title": "Sierra Leone Creole people"
},
{
"id": "671038",
"text": "Foulah Town Mosque (built in the 1830s). Also in Freetown are assorted beaches and markets, and the Sierra Leone Museum featuring the Ruiter Stone. Freetown is the economic and financial centre of Sierra Leone. The country's state television and radio station, the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation, is primarily based in Freetown. They have regional headquarters in the country's other primary cities of Bo, Kailahun, Kenema, Koidu Town, Magburaka and Makeni. The other national broadcasters, such as Capital Radio, are also based in Freetown. Many of the country's largest corporations locate their headquarters' home offices in Freetown as well as the",
"title": "Freetown"
},
{
"id": "8881280",
"text": "Kambia, Sierra Leone Kambia also commonly known as Kambia Town is the capital and largest town of Kambia District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Kambia is a major trading town; and lies approximately 120 miles north-east of Freetown. The town had a population of 11,842 in the 2004 census, with a 2010 estimate being 12,471 and a current estimate of 40,000 . Kambia is a major trading route along the main highway linking Sierra Leone's capital Freetown to Conakry, the capital of Guinea. Kambia town is inhabited by several different ethnic groups. The Krio language is the primary",
"title": "Kambia, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "373212",
"text": "Sierra Leone Sierra Leone (, ), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests. The country has a total area of and a population of 7,075,641 as of the 2015 census. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. Sierra Leone has a dominant unitary central government. The president is the head of state",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "17669859",
"text": "Freetown City Council Freetown City Council is the municipal government of the city of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. The Freetown City Council was established in 1893 and is one of the oldest municipal government in Africa.The Freetown City Hall, located on Wallace-Johnson Street, is the meeting place and seat of government of the Freetown City Council The city of Freetown is politically divided into three regions: East End Freetown, Central Freetown and the West End of Freetown, which are subdivided into wards. Members of the Freetown city council, including the mayor, are directly elected every four years by",
"title": "Freetown City Council"
},
{
"id": "362039",
"text": "called 'Captured negroes', 'Recaptives' or 'Liberated Africans'. In 1808, the British Crown Colony of Sierra Leone was founded, with Freetown serving as the capital of British West Africa. The city's population expanded rapidly with freed slaves, who established suburbs on the Freetown Peninsula. They were joined by West Indian and African soldiers who settled in Sierra Leone after fighting for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars. In the early 1800s, Sierra Leone was a small colony extending a few kilometres (a few miles) up the peninsula from Freetown. The bulk of the territory that makes up present-day Sierra Leone was still",
"title": "History of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "373341",
"text": "majority of the Kono ethnic group are Christians, though with an influential Muslim minority. Sierra Leone's former Vice-President Alhaji Samuel Sam-Sumana is an ethnic Kono. The small but significant Krio people (descendants of freed African American, West Indian and Liberated African slaves who settled in Freetown between 1787 and about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. They primarily occupy the capital city of Freetown and its surrounding Western Area. Krio culture reflects the Western culture and ideals within which many of their ancestors originated – they also had close ties with British officials and colonial administration during years",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "4049325",
"text": "regularly harassed the settlement in events such as the Shelburne Riots in 1784, made life very difficult for the community. In 1791 Britain's Sierra Leone Company offered to transport dissatisfied black Loyalists to the British colony of Sierra Leone in Africa, with the promise of better land and more equality. About 1,200 left Nova Scotia for Sierra Leone, where they named the capital Freetown. After 1787 they became Sierra Leone's ruling elite. About 400 to 1,000 free blacks who joined the British side in the Revolution went to London and joined the free black community of about 10,000 there. While",
"title": "Loyalist (American Revolution)"
},
{
"id": "8881282",
"text": "Temne language. The city is predominantly Muslim. Kambia, Sierra Leone Kambia also commonly known as Kambia Town is the capital and largest town of Kambia District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Kambia is a major trading town; and lies approximately 120 miles north-east of Freetown. The town had a population of 11,842 in the 2004 census, with a 2010 estimate being 12,471 and a current estimate of 40,000 . Kambia is a major trading route along the main highway linking Sierra Leone's capital Freetown to Conakry, the capital of Guinea. Kambia town is inhabited by several different ethnic",
"title": "Kambia, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "18303985",
"text": "his clinic to accept Ebola patients. Sierra Leone's President, Ernest Bai Koroma, celebrated Khan as a \"national hero\". On 30 July, Sierra Leone declared a state of emergency and deployed troops to quarantine hot spots. In August, awareness campaigns in Freetown, Sierra Leone's capital, were delivered over the radio and through loudspeakers. Also in August, Sierra Leone passed a law that subjected anyone hiding someone believed to be infected to two years in jail. At the time the law was enacted, a top parliamentarian was critical of failures by neighboring countries to stop the outbreak. Also in early August Sierra",
"title": "Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "18303991",
"text": "which led to the estimate that by January 2015 the number of cases in Liberia and Sierra Leone could grow to 1.4 million. On 25 September there were 1940 cases and 587 deaths officially, however, many acknowledged under-reporting and there was an increasing number of cases in Freetown (the capital of Sierra Leone). WHO estimated on 21 September that Sierra Leone's capacity to treat Ebola cases fell short by the equivalent of 532 beds. There were reports that political interference and administrative incompetence had hindered the flow of medical supplies into the country. By 2 October 2014, it was estimated",
"title": "Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "5475435",
"text": "Province is the Atlantic Ocean. Sierra Leone's last remaining stand of rainforest is at Gola. Southern Province, Sierra Leone The Southern Province is one of the four provinces of Sierra Leone. It covers an area of 19,694 km² and has a population of 1,438,572 (2015 census). It consists of four districts (Bo, Bonthe, Moyamba, and Pujehun). Its capital and administrative center is Bo, which is also the second largest and second most populated city in Sierra Leone after the nation's capital Freetown. The population of the southern province is largely from the Mende ethnic group. The province is divided into",
"title": "Southern Province, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "8976019",
"text": "by the Quaker philanthropist William Allen, who worked closely with Wilberforce and with his fellow Quaker Committee members. In 1807, the British Parliament voted to abolish the international slave trade and enforce this through its maritime power. The following year a separate Act was passed to give greater British protection to Freetown in West Africa (now capital of Sierra Leone), a colony established in 1788 for the resettlement of former slaves and Poor Blacks from London, as well as Black Loyalists who had initially been relocated to Nova Scotia following the American Revolutionary War. The Timni chief Nembana sold a",
"title": "Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade"
},
{
"id": "11663620",
"text": "Africa. Joseph Gerald Adolphus Cole, better known as Daddy Saj was born in 1978 in Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone to Creole parents. At the age of eight, the young Daddy Saj joined his church choir, where he was one of the most talented singers. In his teens he found inspiration from some American based Hip hop artists. Daddy Saj fled Sierra Leone as a refugee and moved to Conakry, Guinea in 1997 when the government of the then-president Ahmad Tejan Kabbah was ousted by a group of soldiers in the Sierra Leonean army. He did this in",
"title": "Daddy Saj"
},
{
"id": "18334458",
"text": "significant Krio people (descendants of freed African American, West Indian and Liberated African slaves who settled in Freetown between 1787 and about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. They primarily occupy the capital city of Freetown and its surrounding Western Area. Krio culture reflects the Western culture and ideals within which many of their ancestors originated - they also had close ties with British officials and colonial administration during years of development. The Krio have traditionally dominated Sierra Leone's judiciacy and Freetown's elected city council. One of the first ethnic groups to become educated according to Western traditions,",
"title": "Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "373315",
"text": "airport had regularly scheduled direct flights to London, Paris, Brussels and most major cities in West Africa. In September 2014 there were many Districts with travel restrictions including Kailahun, Kenema, Bombali, Tonkolili, and Port Loko because of Ebola. As of 2016, access to electricity in Sierra Leone was at about 12% for the entire population. Of this 12%, about 10% of the population was located in the urban capital, Freetown. This leaves around 2% of the rural population with access to electricity. The majority of the population relies on biomass fuels for their daily survival, with firewood and coal used",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "2589333",
"text": "a Sierra Leonean citizen by birth; should have attained the age of 40 years; should be a member of a political party; and should be able to speak and read the English language. The current president of Sierra Leone is Julius Maada Bio. Julius Bio was sworn in as president on 12 May 2018, three weeks after the results of the 2018 Sierra Leonean general election were declared. The President of Sierra Leone official and principal workplace is at State House, located in Tower Hill in central Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. The president of Sierra Leone has two",
"title": "President of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "2888507",
"text": "Mende people The Mende people (also spelled Mendi) are one of the two largest ethnic groups in Sierra Leone; their neighbours, the Temne people, have roughly the same population. The Mende and Temne each account for slightly more than 30% of the total population . The Mende are predominantly found in the Southern Province and the Eastern Province, while the Temne are found primarily in the Northern Province and the Western Area, including the capital city of Freetown. Some of the major cities with significant Mende populations include Bo, Kenema, Kailahun, and Moyamba. The Mende belong to a larger group",
"title": "Mende people"
},
{
"id": "373308",
"text": "of the privatisation programme is also slackening and donors have urged its advancement. The currency is the leone. The central bank is the Bank of Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone operates a floating exchange rate system, and foreign currencies can be exchanged at any of the commercial banks, recognised foreign exchange bureaux and most hotels. Credit card use is limited in Sierra Leone, though they may be used at some hotels and restaurants. There are a few internationally linked automated teller machines that accept Visa cards in Freetown operated by ProCredit Bank. Sierra Leone is a country that is exposed to",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "4668099",
"text": "which is a dust laden wind from the Sahara Desert during the dry season. Average temperature ranges in Bo are from 21 degrees Celsius (73 degrees Fahrenheit) to 31 degrees Celsius (88 degrees Fahrenheit) all year. Bo has an ethnically diverse population, although the Mende make up the largest ethnic group. The city is home to a significant numbers of many of the country's ethnic groups as well as a large Liberian community. The population of the city is about equal in numbers between Muslims and Christians. In 1981 Bo District formed a 'One World Link' (OWL) with Warwick District",
"title": "Bo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "10379418",
"text": "capital city, which is on the south side of the harbor, from the country's principal airport, Lungi International Airport, which is on the north side of the harbor in an area called the \"Bullom Shore.\" The primary means of transportation from the airport to Freetown are by speed boat or ferry. Hovercraft, or helicopter services are no longer running. The of the Sierra Leone River estuary is classified as a wetland of international importance RAMSAR convention in the west of Sierra Leone. The area is mainly Mangrove swamps but also includes tidal freshwater swamp forests. Sierra Leone River The Sierra",
"title": "Sierra Leone River"
},
{
"id": "19506053",
"text": "Sacred Heart Cathedral, Freetown The Sacred Heart Cathedral also simply called Cathedral of Freetown, is the name given to a religious building that is affiliated with the Catholic Church and is located in the Howe street of the town of Freetown, capital and most populous city of the African country of Sierra Leone. Work on its construction began in November 1884 and was dedicated on October 27, 1887. It is a temple that follows the Roman or Latin rite and functions as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Freetown (\"Archidioecesis liberae Urbis\") which was created by Pope Paul VI",
"title": "Sacred Heart Cathedral, Freetown"
},
{
"id": "4664728",
"text": "Makeni Makeni is the largest city in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The city is the capital of Bombali District, and is the economic center of the Northern Province. Makeni is the fifth largest city in Sierra Leone by population. The city of Makeni had a population of 80,840 in the 2004 census and a 2015 estimate of 125,970. Makeni lies approximately 137 kilometers (85 miles) east of Freetown. The city is home to the University of Makeni, the largest private university in Sierra Leone. It also owns St. Francis Secondary School, one of the most prominent secondary schools",
"title": "Makeni"
},
{
"id": "5712132",
"text": "Freetown. This was the capital of the first British colony in West Africa, Sierra Leone. Most of the enslaved Africans freed by the squadron chose to settle in Sierra Leone as for fear of otherwise being re-enslaved. From 1821, the squadron also used Ascension Island as a supply depot, before this moved to Cape Town in 1832. As the Royal Navy began interdicting slave ships, the slavers responded by adopting faster ships, particularly Baltimore clippers. At first, the Royal Navy was often unable to catch these ships. However, when the Royal Navy started to use captured slaver clippers and new",
"title": "West Africa Squadron"
},
{
"id": "17854665",
"text": "law profession in Freetown as a State Counsel; three years later, he was made a Magistrate Judge. He soon rose his rank to a High Court Judge and Appeals Court Judge and as a Supreme Court Judge. Patrick Omolade Hamilton was born and raised in Freetown, Sierra Leone's capital city to Creole parents. Patrick Omolade Hamilton studied Law in the United Kingdom before returning to Sierra Leone in 1977. He started his law profession in Freetown as a State Counsel; three years later, he was made a Magistrate Judge. He soon rose his rank to a High Court Judge and",
"title": "Patrick Omolade Hamilton"
},
{
"id": "18303984",
"text": "11, 2014 the first case was reported in the capital of Sierra Leone, Freetown, however the person had traveled to the capital from another area of the country. By this time there were over 300 confirmed cases and 99 were confirmed to have died from Ebola. There was another case before the end of the month. On 29 July, well-known physician Sheik Umar Khan, Sierra Leone's only expert on hemorrhagic fever, died after contracting Ebola at his clinic in Kenema. Khan had long worked with Lassa fever, a disease that kills over 5,000 a year in Africa. He had expanded",
"title": "Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "383759",
"text": "Sorious Samura Sorious Samura (born 27 October 1963) is a Sierra Leonean journalist. He is best known for two CNN documentary films: \"Cry Freetown\" (2000) and \"Exodus from Africa\" (2001). The self-funded \"Cry Freetown\" depicts the most brutal period of the civil war in Sierra Leone with RUF rebels capturing the capital city (January 1999). The film won, among other awards, an Emmy Award and a Peabody. \"Exodus from Africa\" shows the harrowing effort by the best of young African male blood to break through to Europe via death- and danger-ridden paths from Sierra Leone and Nigeria, via Mali, the",
"title": "Sorious Samura"
},
{
"id": "373370",
"text": "America (Freetown only) are also broadcast. Outside the capital Freetown and other major cities, television is not watched by a great many people, although Bo, Kenema and Makeni are served by their own relays of the main SLBC service. There are two free terrestrial television stations in Sierra Leone, one run by the government SLBC and the other a private station in Freetown, Star TV which is run by the owner of the \"Standard Times\" newspaper. There are a number of religious funded TV stations that operate intermittently. Two other commercial TV operators (ABC and AIT) closed after they were",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "8342196",
"text": "Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone The Liberated Africans of Sierra Leone were illegally enslaved Africans rescued from slave ships intercepted by anti-slaving patrols in the Atlantic Ocean and near coastal trading stations on the African Coast after 1808. Born and enslaved throughout West and West Central Africa, the rescued Africans were liberated by British naval courts or bilateral tribunals established in Freetown, capital of the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate. Following liberation, most Liberated Africans were then consigned to a variety of unfree labor apprenticeships in Freetown and the interior. Some Africans liberated in Freetown were later resettled as agriculturalists",
"title": "Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "14053711",
"text": "to atrocity, like the summary execution of “rebels” in the streets of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. In that country the perpetrators were sometimes just teenagers, many of whom had themselves been abducted years beforehand. I used to speak with these kids, who were often armed to the teeth and high on drugs, to try to persuade them to release kidnapped children. More than once I came close to being killed, sometimes by being in the wrong place at the wrong time but more often for such stupid reasons as driving a faulty jeep or begging a lift on",
"title": "Michael O'Flaherty"
},
{
"id": "5475434",
"text": "Southern Province, Sierra Leone The Southern Province is one of the four provinces of Sierra Leone. It covers an area of 19,694 km² and has a population of 1,438,572 (2015 census). It consists of four districts (Bo, Bonthe, Moyamba, and Pujehun). Its capital and administrative center is Bo, which is also the second largest and second most populated city in Sierra Leone after the nation's capital Freetown. The population of the southern province is largely from the Mende ethnic group. The province is divided into 4 districts. Southern Province has the following borders: To the south and west of Southern",
"title": "Southern Province, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "18403357",
"text": "medical resources and facilities. The unsanitary conditions in the overall African region have also made it easier for Ebola to spread. Alakey Osei, a student and bank-teller from Freetown, Sierra Leone, described the Sierra Leonean capital as a ghost-town, as a result of the increasing death toll in the West African region caused by the Ebola epidemic. Osei states that \"everyone is scared to be out of their houses. No one is going to church or mosque, no one is going to work, the kids are not going to school, [and] people are not even going to the market place\".",
"title": "Cultural effects of the Ebola crisis"
},
{
"id": "20298378",
"text": "caused soil erosion. Within a decade leading up to the disaster, Sierra Leone cleared approximately 800,000 hectares of forest cover – the country's civil war, fought between 1991 and 2002, was also a cause of deforestation. The nation's Environmental Protective Agency launched a reforesting mission in the region two weeks prior to the floods and mudslides, which was ultimately unsuccessful. According to the National Weather Service's Climate Prediction Center, Sierra Leone experienced a particularly wet rainy season, with the capital city of Freetown, in the Western Area of the country, experiencing 41 inches (104 cm) of rainfall from July 1,",
"title": "2017 Sierra Leone mudslides"
},
{
"id": "362142",
"text": "mid-2011 arrival of the ACE international fiber-optic cable system in Freetown. Radio is the most-popular and most-trusted media in Sierra Leone, with 85% of people having access to a radio and 72% of people in the country listening to the radio daily. These levels vary between areas of the country, with the Western Area having the highest levels and Kailahun the lowest. Stations mainly consist of local commercial stations with a limited broadcast range, combined with a few stations with national coverage – Capital Radio Sierra Leone being the largest of the commercial stations. Outside the capital Freetown and other",
"title": "Telecommunications in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "4668106",
"text": "largest vocational school, which was officially open by Sierra Leone's president Ernest Bai Koroma in April 2013 . Bo is the second most important city in Sierra Leone, after the capital Freetown. The two main local radio stations in Bo are Kiss FM 104, and Radio New Song 97.5. The local service of the national broadcaster, SLBS, transmits on 96.5. Commercial station Capital Radio uses 102.3 and BBC World Service also has an FM relay. Like the rest of Sierra Leone, football is the most popular sport in the city. Bo has two football clubs in the Sierra Leone National",
"title": "Bo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "6372416",
"text": "the position of Chief of Defence Staff in the RUF/AFRC led junta government. In January 1999, Bockarie along with AFRC commander Johnny Paul Koroma planned and made a devastating attack on Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. On 7 July 1999, the Lomé Peace Accord was signed by president Kabbah and RUF/AFRC leader Sankoh, after Sankoh had gotten the consent of his field commanders, including Bockarie. However, tension continued in Sierra Leone, especially due to a new rebel faction called the West Side Boys, leading to more attacks in and around Freetown in May 2000. Bockarie was reluctant to ask",
"title": "Sam Bockarie"
},
{
"id": "9052434",
"text": "former African soldier of the Royal African Corps. It was constructed as four wide streets. Murray Town, Sierra Leone Murray Town is a suburb in Sierra Leone's capital of Freetown. The Amputees and War Wounded Association is based here arising from the local camp for such people. The Sierra Leone Grammar School is also located here. Murray Town contains many colonial style board houses dating back to the turn of the 20th century. Murray Town was founded in April 1829 provide accommodation for liberated enslaved Africans, who had been brought to Freetown by the British Royal Navy West Africa Squadron.",
"title": "Murray Town, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "373322",
"text": "estimated 62% of people living outside the cities. As a result of migration to cities, the population is becoming more urban with an estimated rate of urbanisation growth of 2.9% a year. Population density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. The Western Area Urban District, including Freetown, the capital and largest city, has a population density of 1,224 persons per square km. The largest district geographically, Koinadugu, has a much lower density of 21.4 persons per square km. English is the official language, spoken at schools, government administration and in the media. Krio (derived from English and several indigenous African languages,",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "373368",
"text": "published in newspapers less than that found on the radio. Radio is the most-popular and most-trusted media in Sierra Leone, with 85% of people having access to a radio and 72% of people in the country listening to the radio daily. These levels do vary between areas of the country, with the Western Area having the highest levels and Kailahun the lowest. Stations mainly consist of local commercial stations with a limited broadcast range, combined with a few stations with national coverage – Capital Radio Sierra Leone being the largest of the commercial stations. The United Nations Mission in Sierra",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "9052433",
"text": "Murray Town, Sierra Leone Murray Town is a suburb in Sierra Leone's capital of Freetown. The Amputees and War Wounded Association is based here arising from the local camp for such people. The Sierra Leone Grammar School is also located here. Murray Town contains many colonial style board houses dating back to the turn of the 20th century. Murray Town was founded in April 1829 provide accommodation for liberated enslaved Africans, who had been brought to Freetown by the British Royal Navy West Africa Squadron. It originally housed three hundred and twenty six liberated Africans, under the management of a",
"title": "Murray Town, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "17669861",
"text": "members by the mayor must be approved by the Freetown City Council before taking office. Since its founding to present, virtually all mayors of Freetown are members of the Creole ethnic group. The Freetown City Council politics has been dominated by the All People's Congress party (APC). The Freetown City Council is one of the most powerful municipal government in Africa. its powers include, but not limited to: ×Supervises and inspect restaurants and local shops Freetown City Council Freetown City Council is the municipal government of the city of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. The Freetown City Council was",
"title": "Freetown City Council"
},
{
"id": "4668108",
"text": "passports are very common in the city. Over the past year, criminal exploits have become more aggressive; increasingly operating in numbers and using weapons. Like in most West African countries, local criminals target expatriates due to their perceived wealth. Bo Airport serves the Bo District and the Southern Province. The airport is no longer in regular use. There are other towns in Sierra Leone with the same name. Bo, Sierra Leone Bo, also commonly referred to as Bo Town, is the third largest city in Sierra Leone by population (after Freetown and Kenema) and the largest city in the Southern",
"title": "Bo, Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "362122",
"text": "Politics of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Sierra Leone. The government of Sierra Leone is the governing authority of the Republic of Sierra Leone, as established by the Sierra Leone Constitution. The Sierra Leone government is divided into three branches: the executive, legislative and the judicial. The seat of government of Sierra Leone is in the capital Freetown. The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Sierra Leone as \"hybrid regime\" in 2016. Sierra Leone is divided into provinces, districts, and chiefdoms. Sierra Leone has 3 rural provinces, plus a",
"title": "Politics of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "13973942",
"text": "a lot of unique history. Under this tree is where the Nova Scotian settlers first prayed upon landing on the soil of Liberty and freedom, in other words to start their new lives as free people. They regard it as the symbol of their present situations during that period. Before these newly freed Africans arrived, Sierra Leone had already been inhabited. These newly arrived Africans gave the capital the name it bears today FREETOWN. Even today, Sierra Leoneans still pray and make offerings to their ancestors for peace and prosperity beneath the Cotton Tree. Cotton Tree (Sierra Leone) The Cotton",
"title": "Cotton Tree (Sierra Leone)"
},
{
"id": "20296143",
"text": "with many deaths reported. Sugar Loaf (Freetown) Sugar Loaf is a forested mountain in the Western Area of Sierra Leone in west Africa. The capital city of Freetown is built around its lower slopes. Parts of the mountain are protected as the Western Area Forest Reserve. The 19th-century British missionary George Thompson documented his ascent of Sugar Loaf in his 1859 book \"The Palm Land; Or, West Africa, Illustrated\". On Monday 14 August, 2017 in the 2017 Sierra Leone mudslides a landslide triggered by heavy rains swept down one of its flanks and inundated a part of the urban area",
"title": "Sugar Loaf (Freetown)"
},
{
"id": "6529030",
"text": "the major colleges in Sierra Leone is located in the city. Port Loko Port Loko is the capital and second largest town of Port Loko District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The town had a population of 21,961 in the 2004 census and current estimate of 44,900. Port Loko lies approximately 45 miles east of Freetown. The area in and around Port Loko is a major bauxite mining and trade centre. The town lies on the main highway linking Freetown to Guinea's capital Conakry. It also lies on the over-land highway between Freetown and its major airport, Lungi",
"title": "Port Loko"
},
{
"id": "16710497",
"text": "probation. Sierra Leone is home to about sixteen ethnic groups, each with its own language. The largest and most influential are the Temne at about 36%, and the Mende at about 33%. The Temne predominate in the Northern Sierra Leone and the areas around the capital of Sierra Leone. The Mende predominate in South-Eastern Sierra Leone (with the exception of Kono District). The vast majority of Temne are Muslims at over 85%; and with a small Christian minority at about 10%. The Mende are also Muslim majority at about 70℅, though with a large Christian minority at about 28%. Sierra",
"title": "Religion in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "6341869",
"text": "Solomon Musa Solomon Anthony James Musa, also known as SAJ Musa, (born 1966 in Freetown, Sierra Leone – died January 1999) was an important military and political figure in the Sierra Leone Civil War. In late April 1992, the Sierra Leone Army was in disarray. They had not been paid their monthly wages for three months, they were hungry, and morale was very low. Along with around 100 others, Lt. Solomon Musa and Valentine Strasser went to Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone to protest against president Joseph Momoh. The situation escalated to a coup, and in the confusion Strasser",
"title": "Solomon Musa"
},
{
"id": "16710503",
"text": "about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. They primarily occupy the capital city of Freetown and its surrounding Western Area. Krio culture reflects the Western culture and ideals within which many of their ancestors originated – they also had close ties with British officials and colonial administration during years of development. The Krio have traditionally dominated Sierra Leone's judiciacy and Freetown's elected city council. One of the first ethnic groups to become educated according to Western traditions, they have traditionally been appointed to positions in the civil service, beginning during the colonial years. They continue to be influential",
"title": "Religion in Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "5475472",
"text": "Western Area The Western Area or Freetown Peninsula (formerly the Colony of Sierra Leone) is one of four principal divisions of Sierra Leone. It comprises the oldest city and national capital Freetown and its surrounding towns and countryside. It covers an area of 557 km and has a population of 1,447,271. The Western Area is located mostly around the peninsula and is divided into two districts: the Western Area Rural and the Western Area Urban. The Western Area is the wealthiest region in Sierra Leone, having the largest economy, financial and cultural center, as well as the seat of the",
"title": "Western Area"
},
{
"id": "373335",
"text": "and 26% of the Christian population in Sierra Leone. The Jehovah’s Witnesses and Mormons are the two most prominent non Trinitarian Christians in Sierra Leone, and they form a small but significant minority of the Christian population in Sierra Leone. A small community of Orthodox Christians resides in the capital Freetown. Sierra Leone is home to about sixteen ethnic groups, each with its own language. The largest and most influential are the Temne at about 36%, and the Mende at about 33%. The Temne predominate in the Northern Sierra Leone and the areas around the capital of Sierra Leone. The",
"title": "Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "14559349",
"text": "intervened against ships trying the break the UN embargo against the junta in Sierra Leone. He said \"Our aircraft were shot at so we returned fire\". On 9 February 1998 the ECOMOG troops launched an all-out offensive to regain control of Freetown, capital of Sierra Leone. Abdul One Mohammed said his troops were near the Freetown city centre and would continue their advance. On 24 February 1998 Abdul One Mohammed said that commercial and humanitarian cargoes could now enter the harbour of Freetown and that the airport was also open. The embargo on arms remained in force. He said he",
"title": "Abdul One Mohammed"
},
{
"id": "6529026",
"text": "Port Loko Port Loko is the capital and second largest town of Port Loko District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The town had a population of 21,961 in the 2004 census and current estimate of 44,900. Port Loko lies approximately 45 miles east of Freetown. The area in and around Port Loko is a major bauxite mining and trade centre. The town lies on the main highway linking Freetown to Guinea's capital Conakry. It also lies on the over-land highway between Freetown and its major airport, Lungi International Airport, although most travellers complete this journey via the much",
"title": "Port Loko"
},
{
"id": "4705410",
"text": "Nzérékoré Nzérékoré, also spelled N'Zérékoré, is the second largest city in Guinea by population, after the capital Conakry and the largest city in the Guinée forestière region of south-eastern Guinea. The city is the capital of the Nzérékoré Prefecture. Nzérékoré is a commercial and economic center and lies approximately 354 miles/569 km southeast of Conakry. It was the centre of an uprising against French rule in 1911. It is now known as a market town, and for its silverworking. The population was 107,329 in 1996 (census). Growing dramatically since the civil wars in neighboring Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast,",
"title": "Nzérékoré"
},
{
"id": "5390846",
"text": "African Cup of Nations qualifying match on Sunday. They included Togolese politician Richard Attipoe who was serving as Togo's minister of sports. Paramount Airlines Paramount Airlines is an aviation company in Sierra Leone that used to provide a helicopter service between the capital, Freetown, and Lungi International Airport as well as other cities within the country. Lungi airport lies across the Sierra Leone river from Freetown, which means that helicopter, hovercraft, and sea ferry are the only practical ways to travel between the airport and the capital, unless one travels via a three-hour roadtrip. Paramount Airlines also flew helicopters to",
"title": "Paramount Airlines"
},
{
"id": "671024",
"text": "they were granted their land. Eventually the Maroons had their own district, which came to be known as Maroon Town. Indigenous Africans attacked the colony in 1801 and were repulsed. The British eventually took control of Freetown, making it a Crown Colony in 1808. This act accompanied expansion that led to the creation of Sierra Leone. From 1808 to 1874, the city served as the capital of British West Africa. It also served as the base for the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, which was charged with enforcing the ban on the slave trade. When the squadron liberated slaves on",
"title": "Freetown"
},
{
"id": "5475474",
"text": "region of Sierra Leone without a foreign border. Western Area The Western Area or Freetown Peninsula (formerly the Colony of Sierra Leone) is one of four principal divisions of Sierra Leone. It comprises the oldest city and national capital Freetown and its surrounding towns and countryside. It covers an area of 557 km and has a population of 1,447,271. The Western Area is located mostly around the peninsula and is divided into two districts: the Western Area Rural and the Western Area Urban. The Western Area is the wealthiest region in Sierra Leone, having the largest economy, financial and cultural",
"title": "Western Area"
},
{
"id": "863913",
"text": "qualified personnel. Judges are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission with the approval of Parliament. There also are magistrate and local courts and from these appeals lie to the superior courts of judicature. The 1991 constitution created an ombudsman responsible for looking into complaints of abuses and capricious acts on the part of public officials. In 2000 the government promulgated the Anti-Corruption Act to combat corruption. Sierra Leone is divided into provinces, districts, and chiefdoms. Sierra Leone has 3 rural provinces, plus a capital city administrative province. There are then 14 districts",
"title": "Government of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "16748931",
"text": "is a water-borne disease, primarily spread by the consumption of water or food contaminated by the feces of an infected person. The outbreak was triggered by heavy rainfall and flooding in Sierra Leone and Guinea, combined with poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources, and ineffective waste management. Crowded living conditions, poor sanitation and inadequate access to safe water are responsible for the higher rates of the outbreak in the Western Area including Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. Only about 40% of people in Sierra Leone have access to a private or shared latrine, where approximately seven families typically share",
"title": "2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak"
},
{
"id": "11964584",
"text": "ISO 3166-2:SL ISO 3166-2:SL is the entry for Sierra Leone in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. Currently for Sierra Leone, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 area and 4 provinces. The Western Area contains the capital of the country Freetown and has special status equal to the provinces. Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2",
"title": "ISO 3166-2:SL"
},
{
"id": "863914",
"text": "- 12 rural, 2 for the capital Freetown. Sierra Leone is further divided into 149 chiefdoms. The chiefdoms are hereditary, tribal units of local governance. The World Bank sponsored the creation of elected local councils in 2004. Government of Sierra Leone The government of Sierra Leone is the governing authority of the Republic of Sierra Leone, as established by the Sierra Leone Constitution. The Sierra Leone government is divided into three branches: the executive, legislative and the judicial. The seat of government of Sierra Leone is in the capital Freetown. The government of Sierra Leone takes place in a framework",
"title": "Government of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "5390843",
"text": "Paramount Airlines Paramount Airlines is an aviation company in Sierra Leone that used to provide a helicopter service between the capital, Freetown, and Lungi International Airport as well as other cities within the country. Lungi airport lies across the Sierra Leone river from Freetown, which means that helicopter, hovercraft, and sea ferry are the only practical ways to travel between the airport and the capital, unless one travels via a three-hour roadtrip. Paramount Airlines also flew helicopters to other places within West Africa including Abuja, Nigeria. Flights were grounded by the Sierra Leone government for safety reasons in 2007 after",
"title": "Paramount Airlines"
},
{
"id": "11279365",
"text": "biggest and most popular club from the city is the Yambatui Stars, which currently plays in Sierra Leone second division. Radio Modcar 94.8is the local radio station in the city, Sierra Leone's national radio and television stations, SLBS TV, and SLBS Radio are on the air in Moyamba. Moyamba Moyamba is the capital and largest city of Moyamba District, in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone, with a population of 11,485 in the 2004 census.. The population of the city is ethnically diverse, although the Mende people make up the majority. The city is home to the Hatford Secondary School",
"title": "Moyamba"
},
{
"id": "13942553",
"text": "Subdivisions of Sierra Leone The subdivisions of Sierra Leone are as follows: Sierra Leone is divided into 4 provinces and a Western Area for the capital Freetown. The provinces of Sierra Leone are divided into 16 districts. 14 are rural, with the capital Freetown divided into 2 districts. One traditional leader from each district occupies a seat in Sierra Leone's parliament. Sierra Leone is further divided into 149 chiefdoms. The chiefdoms are hereditary, tribal units of local governance. The World Bank sponsored the creation of elected local councils in 2004. Chiefs have the power to \"raise taxes, control the judicial",
"title": "Subdivisions of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "20642061",
"text": "Mamamah International Airport Mamamah International Airport was an airport under construction in Sierra Leone. It was part of the infrastructure to be built as Sierra Leone prepares to shift its political and administrative capital, away from over-crowded Freetown. Mamamah Airport was to be located in Mamboima, near \"Songo Village\", Koya Chiefdom in Port Loko District, approximately , by road, south-east of Freetown, the capital and largest city in the West African country. The average elevation of Songo Village is , above sea level. This airport would be a large international airport capable of handling large passenger and cargo aircraft. The",
"title": "Mamamah International Airport"
},
{
"id": "20296142",
"text": "Sugar Loaf (Freetown) Sugar Loaf is a forested mountain in the Western Area of Sierra Leone in west Africa. The capital city of Freetown is built around its lower slopes. Parts of the mountain are protected as the Western Area Forest Reserve. The 19th-century British missionary George Thompson documented his ascent of Sugar Loaf in his 1859 book \"The Palm Land; Or, West Africa, Illustrated\". On Monday 14 August, 2017 in the 2017 Sierra Leone mudslides a landslide triggered by heavy rains swept down one of its flanks and inundated a part of the urban area of Regent with mud",
"title": "Sugar Loaf (Freetown)"
},
{
"id": "362123",
"text": "capital city administrative province. There are then 14 districts - 12 rural, 2 for the capital Freetown. Sierra Leone is further divided into 149 chiefdoms. The chiefdoms are hereditary, tribal units of local governance. The World Bank sponsored the creation of elected local councils in 2004. Politics of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Sierra Leone. The government of Sierra Leone is the governing authority of the Republic of Sierra Leone, as established by the Sierra Leone Constitution. The Sierra Leone government is divided into three branches: the executive,",
"title": "Politics of Sierra Leone"
},
{
"id": "16704978",
"text": "defined as crimes in Sierra Leone, the country \"has not defined these crimes in accordance with the strictest requirements of international law\". Also, \"most crimes under international law...remain outside the scope of Sierra Leonean courts\". There is widespread discrimination in Sierra Leone against women, who are routinely denied equal access to education, medical care, employment, and credit. In 2007, 43 percent of women in Sierra Leone were married to polygamous men. Women are at a significant disadvantage under the tribal laws that are in force everywhere except in the capital. These laws forbid, for example, the ownership of land by",
"title": "Human rights in Sierra Leone"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Freetown context: Freetown Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of the country. Freetown is Sierra Leone's major urban, economic, financial, cultural, educational and political centre, as it is the seat of the Government of Sierra Leone. The population of Freetown was 1,055,964 at the 2015 census. The city's economy revolves largely around its harbour, which occupies a part of the estuary of the Sierra Leone River in one of the world's largest natural deep water harbours. The population of Freetown is\n\nWhat is the capital of Sierra Leone?",
"compressed_tokens": 186,
"origin_tokens": 186,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sierra Leoneole people context: peninsula on the coast of west Africa. The whole of Sierra Leone covers some 72,500 square kilometres. At its northern tip lies Freetown, the capital. The peninsula's mountain range is covered by tropical rain forests split by deep valleys and adorned with impressive waterfalls. White sand beaches line the Atlantic coast. As a result of normal immigration patterns, the Sierra Leone Civil War, and some discrimination at home, many Krios live abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom. What has been called the \"Creole Diaspora\" is the migration of Krios abroad. Many Krios attend formal and informal gatherings.\n\ntitle Murray Town, Sierra Leone context former African soldier of the Royal African Corps. It was constructed as four wide streets. Murray Town, Sierra Leone Murray Town is suburb in Sierra Leone's capital of Freetown. The Amputees and War Wounded Association is based hereising from the local camp for such people. The Sierra Leone Grammar School is also located here. Murray Town contains many colonial style board houses dating back to the turn of the 20th century. Murray Town was founded in April 1829 provide accommodation for liberated enslaved Africans, who had been brought to Freetown by the British Royal Navy West Africa Squadron.\ntitle: Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone Sierra Le, the Republic of Sierra Leone inform Sal country West is border Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to south has tropical, with diverse environment ranging savanna to rainests. has a total area of and a population75,641 as of 201 Sierra Leone is constitution with a president a unicameral legislature Sierra Le has unit central. is the head of\ntitle:own homeown Stadium, theiumone Eight of the clubs in the Leagueown, ofs most successful M. match two is the domestic-. Leonianara, who currently Revolutionown capital of It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is\n\nWhat is the capital of Sierra Leone?",
"compressed_tokens": 446,
"origin_tokens": 14042,
"ratio": "31.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
171 | Which country is the island of Zanzibar part of? | [
"Tanzanian",
"United Republic of Tanzania",
"Tanzania, United Republic of",
"Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania",
"Tanzania",
"Tansania",
"Tanzanie",
"United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar",
"ISO 3166-1:TZ",
"Republic of Tanzania",
"Tanganyika and Zanzibar",
"The United Republic of Tanzania",
"TNZ",
"Tanznia"
] | Tanzania | [
{
"id": "1896917",
"text": "(and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Réunion and the Comoros. Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. The German Empire",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "1687983",
"text": "Pemba Island Pemba Island ( \"al-Jazīra al-khadrā\", literally \"The Green Island\"), is an island forming part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, lying within the Swahili Coast in the Indian Ocean. With a land area of it is situated about to the north of Unguja, the largest island of the archipelago. In 1964, Zanzibar was united with the former colony of Tanganyika to form Tanzania. It lies east of mainland Tanzania, across the Pemba Channel. Together with Mafia Island (south of Unguja), these islands form the Spice Islands (not to be confused with the Maluku Islands of Indonesia). Most of the island,",
"title": "Pemba Island"
},
{
"id": "4918246",
"text": "sovereign state and the start of a period of heavy British influence. Zanzibar was an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Tanganyika; today it forms part of Tanzania. The main island, Unguja (or Zanzibar Island), had been under the nominal control of the Sultans of Oman since 1698 when they expelled the Portuguese settlers who had claimed it in 1499. Sultan Majid bin Said declared the island independent of Oman in 1858, which was recognised by Great Britain, and split the sultanate from that of Oman. Barghash bin Said, the second sultan and Khalid's father, had",
"title": "Anglo-Zanzibar War"
},
{
"id": "7872314",
"text": "with Tanganyika to form the new nation of Tanzania, an act judged by contemporary media to be an attempt to prevent communist subversion of Zanzibar. The revolution ended 200 years of Arab dominance in Zanzibar, and is commemorated on the island each year with anniversary celebrations and a public holiday. The Zanzibar Archipelago, now part of the Southeast African republic of Tanzania, is a group of islands lying in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Tanganyika. It comprises the main southern island of Unguja (also known as Zanzibar), the smaller northern island of Pemba, and numerous surrounding islets. With",
"title": "Zanzibar Revolution"
},
{
"id": "16002945",
"text": "French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. There are two sovereign island nations in the Atlantic Ocean: Sao Tome and Principe and Cape Verde. Both islands share some historical and demographic features, especially",
"title": "Islands of Africa"
},
{
"id": "4142248",
"text": "Tanzania national football team The Tanzania national football team () represents Tanzania in association football and is controlled by the Tanzania Football Federation, the governing body for football in Tanzania. Tanzania's home ground is Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Dar-es-Salaam and their head coach is Mart Nooij from the Netherlands. Tanzania has never qualified for the World Cup finals. Before uniting with Zanzibar, the team played as the Tanganyika national football team. The island of Zanzibar, part of Tanzania (and once an independent nation), is also an associate member of CAF and has played matches with other nations, but is",
"title": "Tanzania national football team"
},
{
"id": "465897",
"text": "Zanzibar Zanzibar (; ; ) is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the mainland, and consists of many small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, referred to informally as Zanzibar) and Pemba Island. The capital is Zanzibar City, located on the island of Unguja. Its historic centre is Stone Town, which is a World Heritage Site. Zanzibar's main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism. In particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the Zanzibar Archipelago, together with",
"title": "Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "465931",
"text": "national unity was adopted by 66.2 percent of voters on 31 July 2010. The autonomous status of Zanzibar is viewed as comparable to Hong Kong as suggested by some scholars, and being recognized as the \"African Hong Kong\". Zanzibar is one of the Indian Ocean islands. It is situated on the Swahili Coast, adjacent to Tanganyika (mainland Tanzania). The northern tip of Unguja island is located at 5.72 degrees south, 39.30 degrees east, with the southernmost point at 6.48 degrees south, 39.51 degrees east. The island is separated from the Tanzanian mainland by a channel, which at its narrowest point",
"title": "Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "682119",
"text": "advised the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to claim it. In 1884 Bismarck did so, thereby establishing German South West Africa as a colony (Deutsch-Südwestafrika in German). A region, the Caprivi Strip, became a part of German South West Africa after the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty on 1 July 1890, between the United Kingdom and Germany. The Caprivi Strip in Namibia gave Germany access to the Zambezi River and thereby to German colonies in East Africa. In exchange for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea, Britain took control of the island of Zanzibar in East Africa. Soon after declaring Lüderitz",
"title": "History of Namibia"
},
{
"id": "16002948",
"text": "or other scattered islands of the Indian Ocean. The United Kingdom also retains territories in the form of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha off Africa's western seaboard in the Atlantic Ocean, as does Portugal with the islands of Madeira north of the Canary Islands and Italy with the islands of Lampedusa and Lampione off the northern coast of Tunisia. Many continental African countries also include many islands within their territories. Some of these islands have witnessed rising secessionist movements, most notably the islands of Zanzibar in Tanzania and Lamu in Kenya. The total population of inhabitants of the",
"title": "Islands of Africa"
},
{
"id": "165149",
"text": "rival the great British Navy, and dramatically expanded its fleet in the early 20th century to protect the colonies and exert power worldwide. Tirpitz started a programme of warship construction in 1898. In 1890, Germany had gained the island of Heligoland in the North Sea from Britain in exchange for the eastern African island of Zanzibar, and proceeded to construct a great naval base there. This posed a direct threat to British hegemony on the seas, with the result that negotiations for an alliance between Germany and Britain broke down. The British, however, kept well ahead in the naval race",
"title": "History of Germany"
},
{
"id": "407683",
"text": "Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president. At , Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately long. It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia. The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest",
"title": "Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "1896918",
"text": "gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. German East Africa, though",
"title": "East Africa"
},
{
"id": "305746",
"text": "History of Oman Oman is the site of pre-historic human habitation, stretching back over 100,000 years. The region was impacted by powerful invaders, including other Arab tribes, Portugal and Britain. Oman once possessed the island of Zanzibar, on the east coast of Africa as a colony. In Oman, a site was discovered by Doctor Bien Joven in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools belonging to the late Nubian Complex, known previously only from archaeological excavations in Sudan. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at approximately 106,000 years old. This provides evidence",
"title": "History of Oman"
},
{
"id": "8602443",
"text": "Mittelafrika Mittelafrika (, \"Middle Africa\") is the name created for a geostrategic region in central and east Africa. Much like Mitteleuropa, it articulated Germany's foreign policy aim, prior to World War I, of bringing the region under German domination. The difference being that Mittelafrika would presumably be an agglomeration of German colonies in Africa, while Mitteleuropa was conceptualised as a geostrategic buffer zone between Germany and Russia to be filled with puppet states. German strategic thinking was that if the region between the colonies of German East Africa (Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanganyika (Tanzania minus the island of Zanzibar)), German South-West",
"title": "Mittelafrika"
},
{
"id": "8160879",
"text": "formed the historical department of Zelaya and part of the Mosquito Coast. Papua New Guinea is divided into 20 provinces. Among them Bougainville has an autonomous government. Nevis is autonomous within Saint Kitts and Nevis, with its own deputy governor and government. Príncipe has had self-government from São Tomé since 1995. Serbia has two 'autonomous provinces' defined in its constitution: Vojvodina, and Kosovo & Metochia. A partially recognized Republic of Kosovo administers the latter, resulting in a territorial dispute. Tanzania is divided in 30 regions. Five of those regions together form Zanzibar. This island is a self-governing region. It elects",
"title": "Federacy"
},
{
"id": "14865727",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zanzibar This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous part of the United Republic of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises most of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The islands were once governed by the Zanzibar Sultanate, a sovereign state with a long trading history within the Arab world. In 1964 it united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania. Any Indian stamps or covers used in Zanzibar between 1854 and 1876 are rare. A post office under Indian administration provided postal services from late",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "222400",
"text": "25 August 1846, by Dr. Johann Ludwig Krapf, a German sponsored by the Church Missionary Society of England. He established a station among the Mijikenda on the coast. He later translated the Bible into Swahili. By 1850 European explorers had begun mapping the interior. Three developments encouraged European interest in East Africa in the first half of the 19th century. First, was the emergence of the island of Zanzibar, located off the east coast of Africa. Zanzibar became a base from which trade and exploration of the African mainland could be mounted. By 1840, to protect the interests of the",
"title": "History of Kenya"
},
{
"id": "17423386",
"text": "control over Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. It retained only nominal control of Egypt. In 1875 Britain purchased the Suez canal shares from the almost bankrupt khedive of Egypt, Isma'il Pasha. The experience of Kenya is representative of the colonization process in East Africa. By 1850 European explorers had begun mapping the interior. Three developments encouraged European interest in East Africa. First was the emergence of the island of Zanzibar, located off the east coast. It became a base from which trade and exploration of the African mainland could be mounted. By 1840, to protect the interests of the various nationals",
"title": "International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)"
},
{
"id": "2383199",
"text": "an 1890 exchange with the United Kingdom. Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River and a route to Africa's east coast, where the colony of German East Africa (now part of Tanzania) was situated. The river later proved unnavigable and inaccessible to the Indian Ocean due to the Victoria Falls. The transfer of territory was a part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890, in which Germany gave up its interest in Zanzibar in return for the Caprivi Strip and the island of Heligoland",
"title": "Caprivi Strip"
},
{
"id": "20082072",
"text": "was undermined by differences between Austria and Italy, and in 1915 Italy switched sides. Meanwhile, the German Navy under Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz had ambitions to rival the great British Navy, and dramatically expanded its fleet in the early 20th century to protect the colonies and exert power worldwide. Tirpitz started a programme of warship construction in 1898. In 1890, Germany had gained the island of Heligoland in the North Sea from Britain in exchange for the eastern African island of Zanzibar, and proceeded to construct a great naval base there. This posed a direct threat to British hegemony on",
"title": "History of German foreign policy"
},
{
"id": "2273952",
"text": "Ugandan President Milton Obote in Nairobi, where they agreed to unite their respective countries into a single East African Federation by the end of the year. This, however, never materialised. In December 1963, Nyerere lamented that this failure was the major disappointment of the year. Later, Nyerere saw his inability to establish an East African Federation as the biggest failure of his career. Nyerere was also concerned by developments in Zanzibar, an island off of Tanganyika's coast. He noted that it was \"very vulnerable to outside influences\", which could in turn impact Tanganyika. Zanzibar secured independence from the British Empire",
"title": "Julius Nyerere"
},
{
"id": "16002941",
"text": "Islands of Africa The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent. The islands of Africa can be subdivided into Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean Islands. The largest number of islands of Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with the sovereign island nations of Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar located off the southeastern seaboard of Africa being the most notable. The French overseas territories of Mayotte and Réunion are also located nearby. The medium-sized islands of Zanzibar and Lamu of Tanzania and",
"title": "Islands of Africa"
},
{
"id": "13482252",
"text": "the European powers divided sub-Saharan Africa amongst themselves, indifferent to its ethnology and often with inadequate knowledge of its geography. After the conference, European governments learned more about the geography of the interior and negotiated changes to boundaries agreed upon in Berlin. In 1890, German diplomat Leo von Caprivi sought to gain access to the Zambezi River for the German colony of South West Africa, to give Germany an interior route to Africa's East Coast, where the German colony Tanganyika was located. In the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, Germany gave up its interest in Zanzibar in return for the island of Heligoland",
"title": "Caprivi treason trial"
},
{
"id": "12348521",
"text": "to have a day of the weekend shared with the rest of the world. Notable holidays in the country are listed below: Bahrain Bahrain (; ' ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( '), is an island country in the Persian Gulf. The sovereign state comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island, situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. Bahrain's population is 1,234,571 (c. 2010), including 666,172 non-nationals. It is in size, making it the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and",
"title": "Bahrain"
},
{
"id": "8089234",
"text": "Unguja Unguja (also referred to as Zanzibar Island or simply Zanzibar, in Ancient Greek Menuthias, \"Μενουθιάς\" - as mentioned in The \"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\") is the largest and most populated island of the Zanzibar archipelago, in Tanzania. Unguja is a hilly island, about long (north-south) and wide (east-west) at its widest, with an overall area of about . It is located in the southern half of the Zanzibar Archipelago, in the Indian Ocean, about south of the second largest island of the archipelago, Pemba. Unguja and mainland Tanzania are separated by the Zanzibar Channel. Unguja is surrounded by",
"title": "Unguja"
},
{
"id": "11095621",
"text": "is usually grouped with the Western Asian countries as part of the Middle East, while Egypt's western neighbor Libya is grouped with the remaining North African countries as the Maghreb. However, they are both members of the Arab League as well as the African Union. The Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros are island nations in the Indian Ocean associated with Africa. The island of Socotra may be considered African as it lies on this continent's shelf, but is part of Yemen, an Asian country. The border between North America and South America is at some point on the Isthmus of Panama.",
"title": "Boundaries between the continents of Earth"
},
{
"id": "190985",
"text": "and Dubai (UAE). Chinese companies have made investments in several Indian Ocean ports, including Gwadar, Hambantota, Colombo and Sonadia. This has sparked a debate about the strategic implications of these investments. Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the ocean are Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island), Bahrain, Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sri Lanka. The archipelago of Indonesia and the island nation of East Timor border the ocean on the east. Heading roughly clockwise, the states and territories (in italics) with a coastline on the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf) are: Africa Asia",
"title": "Indian Ocean"
},
{
"id": "4976467",
"text": "March 2017, Zanzibar were admitted to the Confederation of African Football, becoming eligible for the Africa Cup of Nations. The invite was rescinded in July when FIFA rules forbade two national teams from one country. Zanzibar national football team The Zanzibar national football team is the national football team of Zanzibar and is controlled by the Zanzibar Football Association. Zanzibar is not a member of FIFA and is therefore not eligible to enter the World Cup. The island is part of the nation of Tanzania, which holds FIFA recognition at the international level. Prior to the union of Zanzibar and",
"title": "Zanzibar national football team"
},
{
"id": "8814220",
"text": "over the last of his dominions, Zanzibar. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman after Saif bin Sultan, the Imam of Oman, defeated the Portuguese in Mombasa, in what is now Kenya. In 1832 or 1840, Omani ruler Said bin Sultan moved his court from Muscat to Stone Town on the island of Unguja (that is, Zanzibar Island). He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labour. Zanzibar's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent, whom Said encouraged to settle on the",
"title": "Sultanate of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "7145881",
"text": "power decisively in Germany's favour. The German Navy, under Tirpitz, had ambitions to rival the great British Navy and dramatically expanded its fleet in the early 20th century to protect the colonies and to exert power worldwide. Tirpitz started a programme of warship construction in 1898. In 1890, to protect its new fleet. Germany traded the strategic island of Heligoland in the North Sea with Britain. In exchange Britain gained the Eastern African island of Zanzibar, where it proceeded to construct a naval base. The British, however, were always well ahead in the naval race and introduced the highly-advanced \"Dreadnought\"",
"title": "Germany–United Kingdom relations"
},
{
"id": "12793917",
"text": "Zanzibar Channel The Zanzibar Channel is a strait in south-eastern Africa, separating the island of Unguja (also known as Zanzibar) from mainland Tanzania. The channel is 120 km long and 29-37 km wide, with depth varying from a few dozen metres (in the centre) to a few hundred metres to the north and to the south. In ancient times the overall depth of the channel has been considerably smaller (about 120 m less during the last ice age). The southern entrance to the Channel is indicated by a lighthouse located on the mainland coast on the Ras Kanzi promontory, 22",
"title": "Zanzibar Channel"
},
{
"id": "12650488",
"text": "Afro-Iraqi Afro-Iraqis are an ethnic group that is descended from people of Zanj heritage in Iraq. Most are found in the southern port city of Basra, with many speaking Arabic and adhering to Islam. There are more than 500,000 Afro-Iraqis. Most Afro-Iraqis are the descendants of sailors, traders and slaves that were brought to Iraq from the Zanj region. The term \"Zanj\" also used to describe them is attributed to Zanzibar, an island off of the coast of Tanzania. Slave trade begun by early Arab traders started in the 9th century and lasted over a millennium. Most of these slaves",
"title": "Afro-Iraqi"
},
{
"id": "6664054",
"text": "prospered on the slave trade. After defeating Pate Island in the nineteenth century, the island became a local power, but it declined after the British forced the closure of the slave markets in 1873. In 1890 the island became part of Zanzibar and remained obscure until Kenya was granted independence from Great Britain in 1963. Tourism developed from the 1970s, mainly around the eighteenth century Swahili architecture and traditional culture. Kenya, South Sudan and Ethiopia have launched the controversial LAPSSET development project to build a port, oil refinery and rail network near the island of Lamu, the Lamu Port and",
"title": "Lamu Island"
},
{
"id": "12348411",
"text": "Bahrain Bahrain (; ' ), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( '), is an island country in the Persian Gulf. The sovereign state comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island, situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. Bahrain's population is 1,234,571 (c. 2010), including 666,172 non-nationals. It is in size, making it the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilisation. It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries, which were",
"title": "Bahrain"
},
{
"id": "793543",
"text": "on Ternate. The tree is between 350 and 400 years old. Tourists are told that seedlings from this very tree were stolen by a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre in 1770, transferred to the Isle de France (Mauritius), and then later to Zanzibar, which was once the world's largest producer of cloves. Until cloves were grown outside of the Maluku Islands, they were traded like oil, with an enforced limit on exportation. As the Dutch East India Company consolidated its control of the spice trade in the 17th century, they sought to gain a monopoly in cloves as they had in",
"title": "Clove"
},
{
"id": "614065",
"text": "with the public. The British accepted the imposition of a French protectorate over Madagascar in 1890 in return for eventual British control over Zanzibar (subsequently part of Tanzania) and as part of an overall definition of spheres of influence in the area. The intention of the French was initially to maintain the protectorate in order to control the economy and foreign relations of the island. But later, the outbreak of the Menalamba rebellion and the arrival of General Gallieni responsible to \"pacify\" the country 1896 led to the colonization of the island and the exile of the queen to Algeria.",
"title": "History of Madagascar"
},
{
"id": "1687991",
"text": "less-crowded Pemba, led by dive tourists seeking the uncrowded and un-spoiled reefs the island offers the experienced diver. For the promotion of tourism the department of Surveys and Mapping at Chake-Chake has been publishing maps with tourist guides since 1992. Pemba Airport is also known as Wawi Airport or Karume Airport and connects the island to Arusha, Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. Pemba Island Pemba Island ( \"al-Jazīra al-khadrā\", literally \"The Green Island\"), is an island forming part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, lying within the Swahili Coast in the Indian Ocean. With a land area of it is situated about",
"title": "Pemba Island"
},
{
"id": "15042891",
"text": "taking place. As its name implies, Unguja Ukuu is a Bantu phrase for “central place” recognizing its importance in trade. This site also is able to provide insight to the early contact between the Swahili and the Indian Ocean world. Unguja Ukuu is an archeological site on the island of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is located south of the equator, central along the east coast of the African continent. It is positioned 25 miles from land and separated from the African continent by the Zanzibar channel (30–40 m deep). Zanzibar is the largest island of the Zanzibar archipelago. The site of Unguja",
"title": "Unguja Ukuu"
},
{
"id": "1819718",
"text": "towards conciliation of the Social Democrats on the domestic front, and towards a pro-British foreign policy, exemplified by the Anglo-German Agreement of July 1890, in which the British ceded the island of Heligoland to Germany in exchange for control of Zanzibar. This led to animosity from the colonialist pressure-groups like the \"Alldeutscher Verband\", while Caprivi's free trading policies led to opposition from conservative agrarian protectionists. The treaty also gave Germany the Caprivi Strip, which was added to German South West Africa, thus linking that territory with the Zambezi River, which he had hoped to use for trade and communications with",
"title": "Leo von Caprivi"
},
{
"id": "4976464",
"text": "Zanzibar national football team The Zanzibar national football team is the national football team of Zanzibar and is controlled by the Zanzibar Football Association. Zanzibar is not a member of FIFA and is therefore not eligible to enter the World Cup. The island is part of the nation of Tanzania, which holds FIFA recognition at the international level. Prior to the union of Zanzibar and Tanganyika in 1964, Zanzibar was a fully independent member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), but never qualified for the African Nations Cup. It was also an associate member of FIFA between 2007 and",
"title": "Zanzibar national football team"
},
{
"id": "14331692",
"text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo; Equatorial Guinea (including the island of Bioko); Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; the Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mozambique; Namibia; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa (Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal; and Swaziland); Sudan; Tanzania (including the Zanzibar Archipelago); Togo; Uganda; Zambia; and Zimbabwe); Asia (in most of the Arabian Peninsula; Bhutan; Burma; China, in the provinces of Fujian, southern Guangdong, western Guangxi, southwestern Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan; India; Indonesia; southern Japan in Kyushu prefecture and the Ryukyu Islands; Malaysia; Nepal; Papua New Guinea; the Philippines; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; and Vietnam); and",
"title": "Trema orientalis"
},
{
"id": "10997986",
"text": "Portuguese Empire was the first European power to gain control of Zanzibar, and kept it for nearly 200 years. In 1698, Zanzibar fell under the control of the Sultanate of Oman, which developed an economy of trade and cash crops, with a ruling Arab elite and a Bantu general population. Plantations were developed to grow spices; hence, the moniker of the Spice Islands (a name also used of Dutch colony the Moluccas, now part of Indonesia). Another major trade good was ivory, the tusks of elephants that were killed on the Tanganyika mainland - a practice that is still in",
"title": "History of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "12903956",
"text": "Swahili coast The Swahili Coast is a coastal area in Southeast Africa inhabited by the Swahili people. It mainly consists of littoral Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique. The term may also include some of the Indian Ocean islands, such as Zanzibar, Pate and Comoros, which lie off the Swahili Coast. The Swahili Coast has a distinct culture, demography, religion and geography, and as a result - along with other factors, including economic - has witnessed rising secessionism. The major ports along the Swahili Coast include: Off-shore island groups associated with this coastal region: Associated coastal and island people through Swahili",
"title": "Swahili coast"
},
{
"id": "2114655",
"text": "Mafia Island Mafia Island (\"Chole Shamba\") is an island in Tanzania. As one of the six districts of the Pwani Region, Mafia Island is governed from the mainland, not from the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar, of which it has never been considered to be a part politically. According to the 2002 Tanzania census, the population of the Mafia District was 40,801. The economy is based on fishing, subsistence agriculture and the market in Kilindoni. The island attracts some tourists, mainly adventure scuba divers, game fishermen, and people wanting relaxation. The Mafia archipelago consists of one large island (394 km²) and",
"title": "Mafia Island"
},
{
"id": "532467",
"text": "which were united with the rest of the country in 1994. As a German colony from 1884, it was known as German South West Africa (\"Deutsch-Südwestafrika\"). Germany had a difficult time administering the territory, which experienced many insurrections, especially those led by guerilla leader Jacob Morenga. The main port, Walvis Bay, and the Penguin Islands were annexed by the UK in 1878, becoming part of the Cape Colony in 1884. Following the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, Walvis Bay became part of the Cape Province. As part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty in 1890, a corridor of",
"title": "South West Africa"
},
{
"id": "3893033",
"text": "Zanzibar (i.e. the islands of Unguja and Pemba). In addition, the treaty established the German sphere of interest in German South West Africa (most of present-day Namibia) and settled the borders between German Togoland and the British Gold Coast (now Ghana), as well as between German Kamerun and British Nigeria. Britain divested itself of a naval base which covered the approaches to the main German naval bases in the North Sea, but which would be impossible to defend as Germany built up its navy. It immediately declared a protectorate over Zanzibar and, in the subsequent 1896 Anglo-Zanzibar War, gained full",
"title": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty"
},
{
"id": "12921251",
"text": "Tumbatu Tumbatu Island is the third-largest island making up Zanzibar, part of Tanzania in East Africa. The island is located off the north-west coast of Zanzibar's main island, Unguja. The wedge-shaped island is long but only wide at its widest point (in the south). It is surrounded by a reef, making it somewhat isolated from the rest of Zanzibar, even though its southern shore is only from Mkokotoni on Unguja Island. The island has two towns in the south, Jongowe and Kichangani. Historically, the island is of interest. Islanders who belong to the Shirazi ethnic group claim descent from Persian",
"title": "Tumbatu"
},
{
"id": "7872311",
"text": "Zanzibar Revolution The Zanzibar Revolution occurred in 1964 and led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar and his mainly Arab government by local African revolutionaries. Zanzibar was an ethnically diverse state consisting of a number of islands off the east coast of Tanganyika which had been granted independence by Britain in 1963. In a series of parliamentary elections preceding independence, the Arab minority succeeded in retaining the hold on power it had inherited from Zanzibar's former existence as an overseas territory of Oman. Frustrated by under-representation in Parliament despite winning 54% of the vote in the July 1963",
"title": "Zanzibar Revolution"
},
{
"id": "15681956",
"text": "diving and snorkelling sites. The Menai Marine Park ecosystem is a protected marine conservation area which covers . A marine reserve management plan has been developed with participation of the local communities. Tumbatu Island is part of the north-west coast of Zanzibar. This tiny island was once the capital of Zanzibar during the reign of the Sultan of Shiraz. The proud people of the island trace their ancestry to the Shiraz rulers of Persia who came to the island in the 10th century. The island is shaped like a long, thin dagger. Vegetation on the island consists of very large",
"title": "Wildlife of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "16437109",
"text": "Cup in October 2007, but the event was cancelled. The team plays domestically against men's sides in Zanzibar. The development of women's football in Zanzibar faces several challenges specific to Africa and their own islands, including efforts to politicize the game. Zanzibar is a territory consisting of two main islands, Unguja/Zanzibar and Pemba, and is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania with its own government. As of the 2002 census, it had a total population of 984,625. Women's football in Africa has not developed compared to elsewhere because of a variety of factors, including limited access to education, poverty amongst women",
"title": "Zanzibar women's national football team"
},
{
"id": "407812",
"text": "important habitat for wildlife on land and in the water. Administratively, Tanzania is divided into 30 regions, with twenty-five on the mainland, three on Unguja (known informally as Zanzibar Island), and two on Pemba Island. Tanzania has a tropical climate but has regional variations due to topography. In the highlands, temperatures range between during cold and hot seasons respectively. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than . The hottest period extends between November and February () while the coldest period occurs between May and August (). Seasonal rainfall is driven mainly by the migration of the",
"title": "Geography of Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "9469901",
"text": "to decode. The only two words they could make out were \"Bilan\" and \"Corsica.\" Miranda was shocked: Bilan was her daughter by Jacques. She was 17, and Miranda hadn't seen her in some time. After Mr. Big had killed Jacques, he had kidnapped Bilan, from a convent near Nice, France, and spirited her to his ranch in the east African island nation of Zanzibar. Mr. Big had nearly convinced Bilan that he was her biological father, which was untrue. Mr. Big was shocked to learn that Bilan knew the secrets to the fortune that he felt Jacques had kept for",
"title": "Tom Hughes (As the World Turns)"
},
{
"id": "2383178",
"text": "the area was known as \"Itenge\", and it was under the rule of the Lozi kings. In the late 19th century the strip of land was administered as part of the British protectorate of Bechuanaland (Botswana). The German Empire in 1890 laid claim to the British-administered island of Zanzibar; Britain objected and the dispute was settled at the Berlin Conference later that year. On 1 July 1890, the British acquired Zanzibar and Germany acquired the territory which became known as the Caprivi Strip. Caprivi was named after German Chancellor Leo von Caprivi, who negotiated the land in an 1890 exchange",
"title": "Zambezi Region"
},
{
"id": "1919393",
"text": "Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is a sovereign state consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of . The country's capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands (part of Papua New Guinea), but excludes outlying islands, such as Rennell and Bellona, and the Santa Cruz Islands. The islands have been inhabited for thousands",
"title": "Solomon Islands"
},
{
"id": "407795",
"text": "and 1960, with Nyerere becoming chief minister after the 1960 election. Internal self-government started on 1 May 1961 followed by independence on 9 December 1961. Zanzibar today refers to the island of that name, also known as Unguja, and the neighboring island of Pemba. Both islands fell under Portuguese domination in the 16th and early 17th centuries but were retaken by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, established a ruling Arab elite, and encouraged the development of clove",
"title": "History of Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "10997988",
"text": "led to the Anglo-Zanzibar War, also known as the shortest war in history. The islands gained independence from Britain in December 1963 as a constitutional monarchy. A month later, the bloody Zanzibar Revolution, in which several thousand Arabs and Indians were killed and thousands more expelled and expropriated, led to the Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. That April, the republic merged with the mainland Tanganyika, or more accurately, was subsumed into Tanzania, of which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region. Zanzibar was most recently in the international news with a January 2001 massacre, following contested elections. Zanzibar has been inhabited, perhaps",
"title": "History of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "8089237",
"text": "island of the Zanzibar Archipelago that has the most developed tourism industry. This accounts for a substantial part of Unguja's economy. Agriculture (including the production of spices such as cloves) and fishing are other relevant activities. All along the east coast, most villages also rely on seaweed farming. Unguja Unguja (also referred to as Zanzibar Island or simply Zanzibar, in Ancient Greek Menuthias, \"Μενουθιάς\" - as mentioned in The \"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\") is the largest and most populated island of the Zanzibar archipelago, in Tanzania. Unguja is a hilly island, about long (north-south) and wide (east-west) at its",
"title": "Unguja"
},
{
"id": "10856942",
"text": "populace had recognised the gravity, consequences and dangers of the superpower rivalry in the 1960s. This was aggravated by developments in East Africa, such as the revolution in Zanzibar, a formerly strong Arab colonial enclave. The decision by Britain and the US to remove several key strategic island from the Seychelles Group and create a new political, military strategic entity, namely the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) ensued. Those two parties were prepared to use their resources to the national and public disadvantage. Over the past 35 years some of the very important regional conflicts – past and ongoing wars,",
"title": "Seychelles community in the EU"
},
{
"id": "334204",
"text": "at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow, with a maximum depth of and an average depth of . Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran; Oman's Musandam exclave; the United Arab Emirates; Saudi Arabia Qatar, on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain, on an island; Kuwait; and Iraq in the northwest. Various small islands also lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are the subject of territorial disputes between the states of the region. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the Persian Gulf's southern limit",
"title": "Persian Gulf"
},
{
"id": "465916",
"text": "closed all slave markets and protected liberated slaves. The relationship between Britain and the German Empire, at that time the nearest relevant colonial power, was formalized by the 1890 Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, in which Germany agreed to \"recognize the British protectorate over ... the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba\". In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. This status meant it continued to be under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar. Prime minister Salisbury explained his position: From 1890 to 1913, traditional viziers were in charge; they were supervised by advisors appointed by the Colonial Office. However,",
"title": "Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "17922008",
"text": "the East Indian man Latham which rediscovered it in 1758. The island was annexed to Zanzibar on 19 October 1898 when British First Minister Sir Lloyd Mathews under the order of the Sultan of Zanzibar visited the island, planted the Zanzibar Flag, and declared it to be under the administration of Zanzibar. Lloyd Mathews arrived on the island on 18 October 1898 with the warship HHS Barawa alongside Captain Arthur Agnew, Zanzibar Port Officer, and Dr. Alfred Andrew Spurrier, a Medical Officer. Following the Plantation of Zanzibar Flag on 19 October 1898, 21-gun salutes were performed as a military honor",
"title": "Latham Island"
},
{
"id": "10877632",
"text": "only two words they could make out were \"Bilan\" and \"Corsica.\" Miranda was shocked: Bilan was her daughter by Jacques. She was 17, and Miranda hadn't seen her in some time. After Mr. Big had killed Jacques, he had kidnapped Bilan, from a convent near Nice, France, and spirited her to his ranch in the east African island nation of Zanzibar. Mr. Big had nearly convinced Bilan that he was her biological father, which was untrue. Mr. Big was shocked to learn that Bilan knew the secrets to the fortune that he felt Jacques had kept for himself and quickly",
"title": "Margo Hughes"
},
{
"id": "16002950",
"text": "European and African instruments and styles are also popular on continental Africa, most notably those of the Music of Cape Verde and Music of Zanzibar. Islands of Africa The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent. The islands of Africa can be subdivided into Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean Islands. The largest number of islands of Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with the sovereign island nations of Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar located off the southeastern seaboard of Africa being",
"title": "Islands of Africa"
},
{
"id": "14112236",
"text": "Zanzibar (G.I. Joe) Zanzibar is a fictional character from the toyline and comic book series. He is affiliated with Cobra as the Dreadnoks' pirate and debuted in 1987. His real name is Morgan Teach (a reference to two real life pirates Admiral Henry Morgan and Blackbeard). Zanzibar was born in the Cayman Islands. Zanzibar was raised on a garbage scow, spending most of his formative years picking pockets on crowded piers. He tried river piracy, stock fraud and smuggling, but felt that these were too much like real work and not nasty enough for his tastes. Zanzibar was immediately taken",
"title": "Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)"
},
{
"id": "465938",
"text": "rate slightly higher in females (0.7 percent) than males (0.5 percent). The northern part of the island presents elevated volumes of trash in the streets, beaches and the ocean—mostly plastic bottles, other plastics and cigarette butts. There is indiscriminate dumping in residential areas. Ancient pottery implies trade routes with Zanzibar as far back as the time of the ancient Assyrians. Traders from the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf region of modern-day Iran (especially Shiraz), and west India probably visited Zanzibar as early as the 1st century. They used the monsoon winds to sail across the Indian Ocean to land at",
"title": "Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "14993097",
"text": "Bawe is solely a tourist destination. Bawe Island Bawe Island is a small island in the Zanzibar Archipelago, in Tanzania. It is located about 10 km offshore Stone Town, the capital of Zanzibar on the island of Unguja. At the end of the 18th century, sultan Barghash ibn Sa'id of Zanzibar gave the island to the Eastern Telegraph Company, that used it as an operation station for the underwater telegraph cable connecting Zanzibar to Seychelles and Aden. This agreement was extended by sultan Khalifa ibn Sa'id in 1889, in favor of Cable & Wireless, that also built houses on the",
"title": "Bawe Island"
},
{
"id": "465919",
"text": "by the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba, a socialist government led by the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Over 20,000 people were killed and refugees, especially Arabs and Indians, escaped the island as a consequence of the revolution. In April 1964, the republic merged with mainland Tanganyika. This United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was soon renamed, blending the two names, as the United Republic of Tanzania, within which Zanzibar remains a semi-autonomous region. The 2002 census is the most recent census for which results have been reported. The total population of Zanzibar was 984,625 – with an annual growth rate",
"title": "Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "465898",
"text": "Tanzania's Mafia Island, are sometimes called the \"Spice Islands\" (a term also associated with the Maluku Islands of Indonesia). Zanzibar is the home of the endemic Zanzibar red colobus, the Zanzibar servaline genet, and the (possibly extinct) Zanzibar leopard. The word \"Zanzibar\" came from Arabic \"zanjibār\" ( [zandʒibaːr]), which is in turn from Persian \"zangbâr\" ( [zæŋbɒːɾ]), a compound of \"Zang\" ( [zæŋ], \"black\") + \"bâr\" ( [bɒːɾ], \"coast\"), cf. the Sea of Zanj. The name is one of several toponyms sharing similar etymologies, ultimately meaning \"land of the blacks\" or similar meanings, in reference to the dark skin of",
"title": "Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "11737851",
"text": "its surface has an albedo between 0.1316 and 0.196. The \"Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link\" adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, an albedo of 0.1316 and a diameter of 10.37 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.74. This minor planet was named for the Pemba Island, Tanzania, part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, which was once under the rule of the Sultan of Zanzibar. It is located off the East Coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (). 1429 Pemba 1429 Pemba, provisional designation ,",
"title": "1429 Pemba"
},
{
"id": "7969502",
"text": "Islam in Seychelles Islam in the Indian Ocean was established by Muslim sea merchants well before the European discovery of Seychelles. However, unlike in other island states including the Comoros and Maldives, there were no permanent inhabitants in Seychelles until the French settlement in 1770. Today, the Muslim population of the islands is reported to be only 1.1%, roughly 900 people. Many of its island neighbors in the southern Indian Ocean, including Comoros, the Maldives and Zanzibar, have a much larger Muslim influence because of their colonization by Muslims, before European colonization. Mauritius also has a much higher Muslim population",
"title": "Islam in Seychelles"
},
{
"id": "14716124",
"text": "his staff were expelled from the country on 20 February and were only allowed to return once recognition had been agreed. People's Republic of Zanzibar The People's Republic of Zanzibar ( \"Jumhūriyya Zanjibār al-Shaʾbiyya\"; ) was an African state founded in 1964, consisting of the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago. It existed for less than a year before it merged with Tanganyika to create the United Republic of Tanzania. In the wake of the Zanzibar Revolution, a Revolutionary Council was established by the ASP and Umma parties to act as an interim government, with Abeid Karume heading the council as",
"title": "People's Republic of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "15905073",
"text": "Sinking of MV Spice Islander I On 10 September 2011, , a passenger ferry carrying over 2,000 passengers, sank off the coast of Zanzibar. The ferry was travelling between Unguja and Pemba, two islands off the coast of mainland Tanzania, when it capsized. Early estimates put the death toll at around 200, but a report published by the Tanzanian government in January 2012 claimed that over 1,500 people had been killed. At 21:00 local time (19:00 UTC), MV \"Spice Islander I\" sailed from Unguja, the main island of the Zanzibar archipelago, for Pemba Island to the north. The ship's official",
"title": "Sinking of MV Spice Islander I"
},
{
"id": "1900644",
"text": "\"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\", mentioned the island of \"Menuthias\" (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς) as a trading port on the east African coast, which is probably the small island of Unguja on which Zanzibar is located. The oldest proven archaeological site in the Southern Hemisphere is Sechin Bajo, located on the coast of northern Peru, and dates back to 3600 BCE. Sechin Bajo may also be the oldest site for monumental architecture in the Americas. Southern Hemisphere The Southern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents (Antarctica, Australia,",
"title": "Southern Hemisphere"
},
{
"id": "238306",
"text": "resident diplomatic missions in Lesotho. Foreign relations of Lesotho are administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations. Lesotho has historically maintained generally close ties with Ireland (Lesotho's largest bi-lateral aid donor), the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and other Western states. Although Lesotho decided in 1990 to break relations with the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) and re-establish relations with the Republic of China (commonly known by its main island as \"Taiwan\"), it has since restored ties with the P.R.C. Lesotho, along with Brunei, Malaysia, Swaziland, and Tonga, is a Commonwealth member state with its own",
"title": "Foreign relations of Lesotho"
},
{
"id": "14993096",
"text": "Bawe Island Bawe Island is a small island in the Zanzibar Archipelago, in Tanzania. It is located about 10 km offshore Stone Town, the capital of Zanzibar on the island of Unguja. At the end of the 18th century, sultan Barghash ibn Sa'id of Zanzibar gave the island to the Eastern Telegraph Company, that used it as an operation station for the underwater telegraph cable connecting Zanzibar to Seychelles and Aden. This agreement was extended by sultan Khalifa ibn Sa'id in 1889, in favor of Cable & Wireless, that also built houses on the island to accommodate their personnel. Nowadays,",
"title": "Bawe Island"
},
{
"id": "12793918",
"text": "km south of Dar es Salaam. In 2015, the 29km solo swim across the Zanzibar Channel starting at the Pungume Sandbank was completed in 9 hrs 1 minute by Jean Craven (SA) , Robert Dunford (Kenya), Megan Harrington Johnson (SA), Samantha Whelpton (SA) and Emil Berning (SA) Zanzibar Channel The Zanzibar Channel is a strait in south-eastern Africa, separating the island of Unguja (also known as Zanzibar) from mainland Tanzania. The channel is 120 km long and 29-37 km wide, with depth varying from a few dozen metres (in the centre) to a few hundred metres to the north and",
"title": "Zanzibar Channel"
},
{
"id": "465939",
"text": "the sheltered harbor located on the site of present-day Zanzibar City. The clove, originating from the Moluccan Islands (today in Indonesia), was introduced in Zanzibar by the Omani sultans in the first half of the 19th century. Zanzibar, mainly Pemba Island, was once the world's leading clove producer, but annual clove sales have plummeted by 80 percent since the 1970s. Zanzibar's clove industry has been crippled by a fast-moving global market, international competition, and a hangover from Tanzania's failed experiment with socialism in the 1960s and 1970s, when the government controlled clove prices and exports. Zanzibar now ranks a distant",
"title": "Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "36930",
"text": "Brunei Brunei ( ), officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (, Jawi: ), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, the sovereign state is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo; the remainder of the island's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was in . At the peak",
"title": "Brunei"
},
{
"id": "20830998",
"text": "Tirpitz started a programme of warship construction in 1898. In 1890, to protect its new fleet Germany traded possessions. It obtained the strategic island of Heligoland off the German North Sea coast and gave up the island of Zanzibar in Africa. The British, however, were always well ahead in the race. The British \"Dreadnought\" battleship of 1907 was so advanced in terms of speed and firepower that all other warships were immediately made obsolete. Germany copied it but never surged ahead in quality or numbers. Berlin repeatedly and urgently called on Vienna to act quickly in response to the assassination",
"title": "German entry into World War I"
},
{
"id": "12267185",
"text": "the protection of civilians, and international humanitarian law, before their deployment as part of international peacekeeping missions. Human trafficking in Tanzania Tanzania is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation. Boys are trafficked within the country for forced labor on farms, in mines, and in the informal business sector. Tanzanian girls from rural areas are trafficked to urban centers and the island of Zanzibar for domestic servitude and commercial sexual exploitation; some domestic workers fleeing abusive employers fall prey to forced prostitution. In some regions, unregistered",
"title": "Human trafficking in Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "3893031",
"text": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty (; also known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890) was an agreement signed on 1 July 1890 between the German Empire and the United Kingdom. Under terms of this treaty, Germany gained the small but strategic Heligoland archipelago, which its new navy needed to control the new Kiel Canal and the approaches to Germany's North Sea ports. In exchange, Germany gave up its rights in the Zanzibar region in Africa, allowing Zanzibar to provide a key link in the British control of East Africa. Germany gained the islands of Heligoland () in the North Sea,",
"title": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty"
},
{
"id": "14716111",
"text": "People's Republic of Zanzibar The People's Republic of Zanzibar ( \"Jumhūriyya Zanjibār al-Shaʾbiyya\"; ) was an African state founded in 1964, consisting of the islands of the Zanzibar Archipelago. It existed for less than a year before it merged with Tanganyika to create the United Republic of Tanzania. In the wake of the Zanzibar Revolution, a Revolutionary Council was established by the ASP and Umma parties to act as an interim government, with Abeid Karume heading the council as President and Abdulrahman Mohammad Babu serving as the Minister of External Affairs. The country was renamed the People's Republic of Zanzibar;",
"title": "People's Republic of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "5312729",
"text": "Colony, which had been continuously occupied by British troops since 1806, was formally ceded to the British crown. Meanwhile, considerable changes had been made in other parts of the continent. The occupation of Algiers by France in 1830 put an end to the piracy of the Barbary states. Egyptian authority continued to expand southward, with the consequent additions to knowledge of the Nile. The city of Zanzibar, on the island of that name, rapidly attained importance. Accounts of a vast inland sea, and the discovery of the snow-clad mountains of Kilimanjaro in 1840–1848, stimulated the desire for further knowledge about",
"title": "European exploration of Africa"
},
{
"id": "3893032",
"text": "originally part of Danish Holstein-Gottorp but since 1814 a British possession, the so-called Caprivi Strip in what is now Namibia, and a free hand to control and acquire the coast of Dar es Salaam that would form the core of German East Africa (later Tanganyika, now the mainland component of Tanzania). In exchange, Germany handed over to Britain the protectorate over the small sultanate of Wituland (, on the Kenyan coast) and parts of East Africa vital for the British to build a railway to Lake Victoria, and pledged not to interfere with British actions vis-à-vis the independent Sultanate of",
"title": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty"
},
{
"id": "407753",
"text": "History of Tanzania The African Great Lakes nation of Tanzania dates formally from 1964, when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former was a colony and part of German East Africa from the 1880s to 1919, when, under the League of Nations, it became a British mandate. It served as a military outpost during World War II, providing financial help, munitions, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory under British administration, a status it kept until its independence in 1961.",
"title": "History of Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "14172291",
"text": "Forum, in 2012 Allen organized a national reading tour for South African Poet Laureate Keorapetse Kgositsile. The Pan African Literary Forum has also collaborated on readings and panel discussions at The New School and for the National Black Writers Conference at Medgar Evers College. In the essay \"Water Brought Us\" published in \"Callaloo\" in 2007, Allen examines how his travels on the African continent were reshaping his thoughts about race, slavery, and place. In subsequent interviews, he has talked about how the time he spent on the Swahili islands of Lamu (off the Kenyan coast) and Zanzibar in East Africa",
"title": "Jeffery Renard Allen"
},
{
"id": "17295782",
"text": "mandatory for all foreign nationals. As of April 2013, the re-established Somali Immigration Department requires all undocumented foreigners to register at its offices in the capital. Comoros is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa, between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar. Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast. Its capital city is Moroni, situated on Grande Comore the largest island in the archipelago. As a nation formed at a crossroads of many civilizations, the",
"title": "Tourism in the Arab world"
},
{
"id": "16447103",
"text": "technologies, sharing lessons learnt in different countries, and includes up to date information about beekeeping worldwide. The Uganda Honey Trade Project works with local beekeepers associations, including ApiTrade Africa, helping raise incomes through strengthening honey trade. In Zanzibar Bees for Development is implementing a partnership project with a Danish NGO, DANTAN, focusing on boosting the honey industry on Unguja, the main island of Zanzibar, and on the island of Pemba. In Kyrgyzstan, funding from the Darwin Initiative, who encourage biodiversity in poor countries, has been secured. Bees for Development also disseminates training resources worldwide, manages an on-line library of beekeeping",
"title": "Bees for Development"
},
{
"id": "13191349",
"text": "years earlier Crouch had made a documentary about Blessitt. Then, in the summer of 2008, Crouch and Blessitt \"ran into each other\" on the cusp of Blessitt's final trip to Zanzibar, an island off the coast of the continent of Africa, which gave them the idea to create a brand new documentary that would finish telling the story of Blessitt's journey. \"The Cross\" opened on March 27, 2009 in 221 theaters, and grossed approximately $300,000. It made $741,557 total. Most reviews of the film criticized it for not offering a balanced, unbiased insight into both Blessitt's journey or the effects",
"title": "The Cross (2009 film)"
},
{
"id": "10394410",
"text": "Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests and closed-circuit demonstrations are not included. Countries and territories which never had black and white television (i.e. the first broadcasts were in color), such as Zanzibar, Brunei, Botswana, Laos, South Africa, Grenada, Namibia, Macau, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Saint Lucia, Palau, Bhutan, Vanuatu, Faroe Islands, Malawi, Antigua and Barbuda, The Gambia, Tonga, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Liechtenstein, San Marino, Somalia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Dominica,",
"title": "Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries"
},
{
"id": "14687812",
"text": "Ali Sultan Issa and Seif Sharif Hamad, many Africans \"claimed Shirazi identity to obscure their slave ancestry, to mark their status as landowners, or to gain access to World War II rations distributed by the colonial state along ethnic lines.\" Shirazi consider themselves as of Persian ancestry primarily, and more consistently regard themselves as neither Arabs nor recent labor migrants from mainland Africa. Shirazi people The Shirazi people, also known as Mbwera, are an ethnic group inhabiting the Swahili coast and the nearby Indian ocean islands. They are particularly concentrated on the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba and Comoros. Their origins",
"title": "Shirazi people"
},
{
"id": "11833519",
"text": "Tourism in Zanzibar Tourism in Zanzibar includes the tourism industry and its effects on the islands of Unguja (known internationally as Zanzibar) and Pemba in the United Republic of Tanzania. Tourism is the top income generator for the islands, outpacing even the lucrative agricultural export industry. The government plays a major role in promoting the industry, with the official government tourist page stating \"The Vision of the Government of Zanzibar regarding tourism is “To become one of the top tourism destinations of the Indian Ocean, offering an up market, high quality product across the board within the coming 17 years”.",
"title": "Tourism in Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "15681939",
"text": "Wildlife of Zanzibar The wildlife of Zanzibar consists of terrestrial and marine flora and fauna in the archipelago of Zanzibar, an autonomous region of Tanzania. Its floral vegetation is categorized among the coastal forests of eastern Africa as the Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic and the Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic. Its faunal species are mostly small animals, birds, and butterflies. The main island of Zanzibar, Unguja, has fauna which reflects its connection to the African mainland during the last ice age. The Zanzibar leopard, an endemic subspecies of the island that may now be extinct, is conjectured to have",
"title": "Wildlife of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "10997994",
"text": "visit in 1499 marked the beginning of European influence. In 1503 or 1504, Zanzibar became part of the Portuguese Empire when Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace. Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman, falling under the control of the Sultan of Oman. The Portuguese were expelled and a lucrative trade in slaves and ivory thrived, along with an expanding plantation economy centring on cloves. With an excellent harbor and no shortage of fresh",
"title": "History of Zanzibar"
},
{
"id": "407865",
"text": "Transport in Tanzania Transport in Tanzania includes road, rail, air and maritime networks. The road network is long, of which is classified as trunk road and as regional road. The rail network consists of of track. Commuter rail service is in Dar es Salaam only. There are 28 airports, with Julius Nyerere International being the largest and the busiest. Ferries connect Mainland Tanzania with the islands of Zanzibar. Several other ferries are active on the countries' rivers and lakes. The Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) - an Executive Agency under the Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications - came into",
"title": "Transport in Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "1619400",
"text": "the ROC, said that a think tank in Beijing or Shanghai gave a proposal for United Republics of China. None of this proposal has become public. But in the same years the officials and think-tanks of the PRC have often shown an interest in the 1964 merger of mainland Tanganyika and the archipelago of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanzania. As Zanzibar has its own president, government, parliament, autonomy, etc. and the president of Zanzibar served as the vice-president of Tanzania until the first Multiparty elections in 1995, Tanzania may have provided an examplar of Deng Xiaoping's proposals",
"title": "Federalism in China"
},
{
"id": "2802427",
"text": "other countries, such as the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland; Haiti and the Dominican Republic; and Indonesia, which shares islands with Papua New Guinea, Brunei, East Timor, and Malaysia. Geographically, the country of Australia is considered a continental landmass rather than an island, covering the largest landmass of the Australian continent. In the past, however, it was considered an island country for tourism purposes (among others) and is sometimes referred to as such. Island country An island country is a country whose primary territory consists of one or more islands or parts of islands. As of 2011, 46",
"title": "Island country"
},
{
"id": "2802426",
"text": "to suffer environmental damage to infrastructure; exceptions include Japan and the United Kingdom. The dominant industry for many island countries is tourism. Island countries are typically small with low populations, although some, like Indonesia and Japan are notable exceptions. Some island countries are centred on one or two major islands, such as the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago, New Zealand, Cuba, Bahrain, Singapore, Iceland, Malta, and Taiwan. Others are spread out over hundreds or thousands of smaller islands, such as Indonesia, the Philippines, The Bahamas, Seychelles, and the Maldives. Some island countries share one or more of their islands with",
"title": "Island country"
},
{
"id": "10394411",
"text": "Tanzania and Nepal are not included in this list. Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests and closed-circuit demonstrations are not included. Countries and territories which never had black and white television (i.e. the first broadcasts were in color), such as Zanzibar, Brunei, Botswana, Laos, South Africa, Grenada, Namibia, Macau, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Saint Lucia, Palau, Bhutan, Vanuatu, Faroe Islands, Malawi, Antigua and Barbuda, The Gambia, Tonga, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Liechtenstein, San Marino,",
"title": "Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: East Africa context: (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Réunion and the Comoros. Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously under the French sovereignty. The German Empire\n\nWhich country is the island of Zanzibar part of?",
"compressed_tokens": 184,
"origin_tokens": 184,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Tourism in Zanzibar context: Tourism in Zanzibar Tourism in Zanzibar includes the tourism industry and its effects on the islands of Unguja (known internationally as Zanzibar) and Pemba in the United Republic of Tanzania. Tourism is the top income generator for the islands, outpacing even the lucrative agricultural export industry. The government plays a major role in promoting the industry, with the official government tourist page stating \"The Vision of the Government of Zanzibar regarding tourism is “To become one of the top tourism destinations of the Indian Ocean, offering an up market, high quality product across the board within the coming 17 years”.\n\n: History Tanzania context: History of Tanz Great Lakes nation of Tanz dates formally from 1964, when it out of union of much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former a colony and part German East from the 1880s to 1919 when under the League of Nations, it became a British mandate It served as a outpost during World War II providing financial help munitions, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory under British administration, a status it kept until its independence in 1961\n\ntitle: Zanzibar Channel contextanz The Zanzibar is a strait in Africa separating island Unguja (also Zanzibar mainland Tanz. channel is km long and 29-3 km wide, a few (in the centre hundred metres to the and. In ancient overall depth of the channel has considerably (120 during last ice). The southern entrance to the is indicated a lighth located the main Ras Kanzi promontory, 22\nlife of divorkelling Menai Park protected area which covers A developed withatu Island is thewest coast This island the Sultanryers of Persia who came to the island in the 10th century. The island is shaped like a long, thin dagger. Vegetation on the island consists of very large\n\nWhich country is the island of Zanzibar part of?",
"compressed_tokens": 470,
"origin_tokens": 14964,
"ratio": "31.8x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
172 | What is Africa's largest country? | [
"Sudan",
"Islamic Republic of Sudan",
"Sport in Sudan",
"Government of the Sudan",
"The Sudan",
"Republic of Sudan",
"Republic of North Sudan",
"Northern Sudan",
"Environmental issues in Sudan",
"Sudan proper",
"North Sudan",
"Environmental issues in sudan",
"As-Sūdān",
"Administrative divisions of Sudan",
"ISO 3166-1:SD",
"جمهورية السودان",
"Sudanese culture",
"As-Sudan",
"Republic of the Sudan",
"السودان",
"Islamic Republic of the Sudan",
"Clothing in Sudan",
"Official language of Southern Sudan",
"Sudanese",
"Environment of Sudan",
"Culture of Sudan",
"Sudan Foundation"
] | Sudan | [
{
"id": "17799533",
"text": "The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north",
"title": "The Sudans"
},
{
"id": "283344",
"text": "Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about /1e6 round 0 million live mostly in",
"title": "Niger"
},
{
"id": "17799538",
"text": "protect the animals from poachers. The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and",
"title": "The Sudans"
},
{
"id": "283411",
"text": "police to punish criticism of the state. Trade Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of",
"title": "Niger"
},
{
"id": "7919040",
"text": "and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \"de facto\" independent states with limited or no recognition. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "17201286",
"text": "the United Nations found, in 2005, that sexual and gender-based violence occurred throughout Darfur. At this time, there were non-governmental organizations that worked to stop this gender violence. However, the government expelled thirteen NGOs that resulted in the closure of most gender-based violence programs. Before the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the Interim National Constitution in the Darfur area explicitly prohibited discrimination based on gender. However, according to the 2009 Human Rights Report published by the U.S. State Department, the government did not effectively enforce this provision. Sudan, before the separation of South Sudan, was Africa's largest country by",
"title": "Gender inequality in Sudan"
},
{
"id": "15725",
"text": "Algeria Algeria (; ', Algerian Arabic '; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the",
"title": "Algeria"
},
{
"id": "11957794",
"text": "South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 57 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It",
"title": "South Africa"
},
{
"id": "16886753",
"text": "blank how he felt about Sudanese national unity. He replied that he was all for unity. Then I asked if he was opposed to Islam and Arabism, and his answer was no, provided they are elements of unification and not instruments of division,\" Khalid recalled. \"He said we need to go back to the drawing board.\" It is the deeply disturbing presence of war that has bedeviled Africa's largest country since independence from Britain in 1956. \"Sudan’s war is no different from wars elsewhere. It is an entangled political, cultural and social weave with equally intricate international ramifications,\" Khalid says.",
"title": "Mansour Khalid"
},
{
"id": "10653475",
"text": "East African Federation The East African Federation (Swahili: \"Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki\") is a proposed political union of the six sovereign states of the East African CommunityBurundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Ugandaas a single federated sovereign state. In September 2018 a committee was formed to begin the process of drafting a regional constitution. At , the East African Federation would be the largest country in Africa and 10th-largest in the world. With a population of 178,978,883, it would also be the second most populous nation in Africa (after Nigeria) and eighth in the world. Its population would be",
"title": "East African Federation"
},
{
"id": "283826",
"text": "Demographics of Nigeria Nigeria is one of the most densely populated country in Africa with approximately 196 million people in a million km2 area, and is also the country with the largest population in Africa, and is the country with the seventh largest population in the world. Approximately 50% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, with the rate of urbanization being estimated at 4.3%. Nigeria is home to over 250 ethnic groups, with over 500 languages, and the variety of customs, and traditions among them gives the country great cultural diversity. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa/Fulani 29% of",
"title": "Demographics of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "11882420",
"text": "Angola and Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second largest country by area on the African continent, and is one of the most mineral rich countries in the world. It produces many of the free world's minerals, such as 75% of the free world's cobalt and 70% of the diamonds. It also produces valuable agriculture, such as coffee, palm oil, and cotton. The Congo—formerly a Belgian colony—is only one-quarter the size of the United States. Though it is located in the Central African UN subregion, the nation is",
"title": "CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "1389656",
"text": "populous) part of the Arab World is North Africa. Its eight million square kilometers include two of the largest countries of the African continent, Algeria (2.4 million km) in the center of the region and Sudan (1.9 million km) in the southeast. Algeria is about three-quarters the size of India, or about one-and-a-half times the size of Alaska, the largest state in the United States. The largest country in the Arab Middle East is Saudi Arabia (2 million km). At the other extreme, the smallest autonomous mainland Arab country in North Africa and the Middle East is Lebanon (10,452 km),",
"title": "Arab world"
},
{
"id": "382160",
"text": "Geography of Sudan Sudan is located in northeastern Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. Sudan is the third largest country in Africa, after Algeria and DR Congo. It had been the largest country on the continent until the 2011 independence of South Sudan. Geographic coordinates: The length of Sudan's borders is 6,751 kilometers. Border countries are: Petroleum is Sudan's major natural resource. The country",
"title": "Geography of Sudan"
},
{
"id": "7919039",
"text": "Africa Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With /1e9 round 1 billion people as of , it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "827958",
"text": "outside the GDP data. A United Nations Human Development Index report shows that the human development index of DRC is one of the worst the country has had in decades. Through 2011 the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries. It ranked lower than Niger, despite a higher margin of improvement than the latter country over 2010's numbers. The economy of DRC, the second largest country in Africa, relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from artisanal mining occurs in the informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data. A third of",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "64804",
"text": "Chad Chad (; ; ), officially the Republic of Chad ( \"\"; \"Republic of the Chad\"), is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. It is the fifth largest country in Africa and the second-largest in Central Africa in terms of area. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad,",
"title": "Chad"
},
{
"id": "6512546",
"text": "the Arab world, and hosts the headquarters of the Arab League; Ethiopia was also one of the founding members of the United Nations and holds the seat of the African Union Commission; South Africa has the third-largest economy on the continent; and Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, has the continent's largest economy, and is one of the largest contributors of military and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping missions. The UNSC \"power of veto\" is frequently cited as a major problem within the UN. By wielding their veto power (established by Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter),",
"title": "Reform of the United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"id": "407683",
"text": "Assembly, and Benjamin Mkapa was elected as president. At , Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger Egypt and smaller Nigeria. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately long. It also incorporates several offshore islands, including Unguja (Zanzibar), Pemba, and Mafia. The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest",
"title": "Tanzania"
},
{
"id": "283633",
"text": "its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the Nigerian Stock Exchange), which is the second largest in Africa. Nigeria was ranked 21st in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2015. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "67562",
"text": "Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to evidence-based medicine. At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and the state of California; Cameroon is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. The country is located in Central and West Africa, known as the hinge of Africa, on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Cameroon lies between latitudes 1° and 13°N, and longitudes 8° and 17°E. Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean. Tourist literature describes Cameroon as \"Africa in miniature\" because",
"title": "Cameroon"
},
{
"id": "12324925",
"text": "isolated from the needs for security and expansion of democratic rights. Rational strategies to pursue these goals cannot be designed purely in terms of bilateral relations with selected countries. At the same time, it is not feasible to give equal weight to U.S. relations with each African country. Africa Action singles out five African nations as \"focus countries\" where the U.S. must be consistently involved: South Africa, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Algeria. Each \"focus country\" meets most or all of the following criteria: (1) they are large countries with large populations (usually the largest in the sub-region);",
"title": "Africa Action"
},
{
"id": "20778301",
"text": "Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Poverty is widespread and unchecked across the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Despite being the second-largest country in Africa, with an approximate area of , and being endowed with rich natural resources, the DRC is the second-poorest country in the world. The average annual income is only $785 US dollars. In 2016, the United Nations (UN) Human Development Index (HDI) ranked the DRC as the 176th least-developed country out of 188 countries with an HDI of 0.435. More than 80% of Congolese people live on less than",
"title": "Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "67615",
"text": "Geography of Cameroon At , Cameroon is the world's 54th largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is , with of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Cameroon is sometimes described as \"Africa in miniature\" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic zones. These are distinguished",
"title": "Geography of Cameroon"
},
{
"id": "8305180",
"text": "Demographics of Africa The population of Africa has grown rapidly over the past century and consequently shows a large youth bulge, further reinforced by a low life expectancy of below 50 years in some African countries. Total population as of 2017 is estimated at more than 1.25 billion, with a growth rate of more than 2.5% p.a. The most populous African country is Nigeria with 191 million inhabitants as of 2017 and a growth rate of 2.6% p.a. , the total population of Africa is estimated at 1.225 billion, representing 17% of the world's population. According to UN estimates, the",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "13362688",
"text": "Taiwan has been a key political issue for the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1971, the support of African nations was crucial in the PRC joining the United Nations (UN), taking over the seat of the ROC on Taiwan. Many African countries, such as Algeria, Egypt and Zambia have stressed their support to \"one-China policy\". Only one African country, Swaziland, still maintains relations with Taipei. For the quest of a permanent UN seat for Africa, Nigeria, the largest African country, relies on Chinese support while Egypt looks to U.S. backing. Since 1997, around 40 African heads of state have",
"title": "Africa–China relations"
},
{
"id": "10054445",
"text": "for Africans. Member states of the African Union cover almost the entirety of continental Africa, except for several territories held by Spain (Canary Islands, Plazas de soberanía); France (Mayotte, Réunion, Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean); Portugal (Madeira, Savage Islands); and the United Kingdom (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha). Consequently, the geography of the African Union is wildly diverse, including the world's largest hot desert (the Sahara), huge jungles and savannas, and the world's longest river (the Nile). The AU presently has an area of , with of coastline. The vast majority of this area is on continental",
"title": "African Union"
},
{
"id": "382048",
"text": "Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. It has land borders with Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, Chad, and Libya. With an area of , it is the third-largest country on the continent (after Algeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the sixteenth-largest in the world. Sudan lies between latitudes 8° and 23°N. The terrain is generally flat plains, broken by several mountain ranges. In the west the Deriba Caldera (), located in the Marrah Mountains, is the highest point in Sudan. In the east are the Red Sea Hills. The Blue and White",
"title": "Sudan"
},
{
"id": "67623",
"text": "than any other location. Geography of Cameroon At , Cameroon is the world's 54th largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and state of California. It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. Cameroon's landmass is , with of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Cameroon is sometimes described as \"Africa in miniature\" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic",
"title": "Geography of Cameroon"
},
{
"id": "18378",
"text": "outer ranges. The main drainage of the continent is to the north and west, or towards the basin of the Atlantic Ocean. To the main African rivers belong: Nile (the longest river of Africa), Congo (river with the highest water discharge on the continent) and the Niger, which flows half of its length through the arid areas. The largest lakes are the following: Lake Victoria (Lake Ukerewe), Lake Chad, in the centre of the continent, Lake Tanganyika, lying between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia. There is also the considerably large Lake Malawi stretching along the eastern",
"title": "Geography of Africa"
},
{
"id": "631566",
"text": "in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in the Middle East (Saudi Arabia). Five countries have observer status that entitles them to express their opinion and give advice but denies them voting rights. There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century. As of 2016, there are 22 member states: and 5 observer states: Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War and",
"title": "Arab League"
},
{
"id": "7309275",
"text": "expel more than 2 million illegal workers (mostly from Ghana, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad) in early 1983 and May 1985. Nigeria has one of the largest populations in Africa with over 200 million citizens. Its economy was booming from the oil industry in the Niger Delta, and was said to become the leading economy in Africa by 2020. Although their economy was doing well, 35 percent live in absolute poverty. Approximately 90 million Nigerians are believed to live on less than one US dollar a day. With economic insecurity, high unemployment rates, and poverty the Boko Haram was able to",
"title": "Economic history of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "20310143",
"text": "governmental policies such as salary enhancement and social security. Nigeria is Africa's most populous country at 186 million people and sporting an urban vs. rural distribution of 48.3% to 51.7% respectively. Despite its large supply of natural resources and being the second largest oil producer in the world, the Gross domestic product of Nigeria is 1,400 USD per person. Bribery and embezzlement of governmental funds from previous Nigerian leaders cost the Nigerian people the ability to afford access to the latest educational achievements. One-third of Nigeria's populace lack basic literacy, with the proportion of literate to illiterate Nigerians largely dependent",
"title": "Digital divide in Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "283835",
"text": "vital events is in Nigeria not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Life expectancy from 1950 to 2015 (\"UN World Population Prospects\"): Structure of the population (DHS 2013) (males 87 034, females 89 529 = 176 574): The following demographic statistics of Nigeria are from the World Population Review. The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. Population:<br> 190,632,261 (July 2018 est.) <br>178.5 million (2014 est.) <br>174,507,539 (July 2013 est.) Population distribution<br> Nigeria is the Africa's most populous country. Significant population clusters are scattered throughout the country, with the",
"title": "Demographics of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "3884728",
"text": "thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The World Bank reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the improvement in the region’s aggregate growth is largely attributable to a recovery in Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa, three of Africa’s largest economies. The economies of the fastest growing African nations experienced growth significantly above the global average rates. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "2150908",
"text": "Somalia, followed by Sudan and Ethiopia (as of the early 2000s). According to the Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for 1984, eastern Africa had about 10 million dromedaries, the largest population of Africa. Western Africa followed with 2.14 million, while northern Africa had nearly 0.76 million. Populations in Africa increased by 16% from 1994 to 2005. Feral dromedary populations occur in Australia, where it was introduced in 1840. The total dromedary population in Australia is 0.5 million as of 2005. Nearly 99% of the populations are feral, and have annual growth rate of 10%. Most of the",
"title": "Dromedary"
},
{
"id": "120595",
"text": "Grande, and Elobey Chico. The country is a member of the African Union, Francophonie, OPEC and the CPLP. Since the mid-1990s, Equatorial Guinea has become one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest oil producers. It is the richest country per capita in Africa, and its gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita ranks 43rd in the world; however, the wealth is distributed extremely unevenly, and few people have benefited from the oil riches. The country ranks 135th on the UN's 2016 Human Development Index. The UN says that less than half of the population has access to",
"title": "Equatorial Guinea"
},
{
"id": "15747564",
"text": "Geography of South Sudan The geography of South Sudan describes the physical features of South Sudan, a country in East Africa. South Sudan is a landlocked country and borders - clockwise - Sudan from the north, Ethiopia from the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo from the south and the Central African Republic from the west. Until July 9, 2011 it was part of Sudan, then the largest country in Africa before a referendum took place in January 2011. South Sudan is divided into 32 states which correspond to three historical regions of the Sudan: Bahr",
"title": "Geography of South Sudan"
},
{
"id": "17424894",
"text": "to earn returns that would benefit future generations of Nigerians. The fund was allocated an initial $1 billion USD in seed capital. However, an additional $0.5billion has been contributed to date by the current administration. Nigeria is the most populous country on the African continent with an estimated 170,123,740 million people. It is also one of the largest producers of oil, on which the majority of its economy relies. Petroleum exports account for approximately 90 percent of its foreign revenue and 80 percent of government revenue. Given Nigeria's dependence on oil, its economy is susceptible to shifts in oil prices.",
"title": "Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority"
},
{
"id": "1837",
"text": "competes in and once has hosted the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup, where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the martial art \"Capoeira Angola\" and \"Batuque\" which were practiced by enslaved African Angolans transported as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic",
"title": "Angola"
},
{
"id": "283861",
"text": "Economy of Nigeria Nigeria is a middle-income, mixed economy and emerging market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications, technology and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 30th-largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 23rd-largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent manufacturing sector became the largest on the continent in 2013, and it produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African subcontinent. In addition, the debt-to-GDP ratio is 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Previously hindered by years",
"title": "Economy of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "238558",
"text": "obstacle to efforts toward achieving a fully unified Libya. Area: <br>\"total:\" 1 759 540 km² <br>\"land:\" 1 759 540 km² <br>\"water:\" 0 km² Area - comparative: Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, seven times the size of the United Kingdom, and slightly larger than Alaska. Slightly smaller than Nunavut, Canada Land boundaries: <br>\"total:\" 4 348 km <br>\"border countries:\" Algeria 982 km, Chad 1 055 km, Egypt 1 115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km Coastline: 1 770 km Maritime claims: <br>\"territorial sea:\" <br>\"note:\" Gulf of Sidra closing line – 32 degrees, 30 minutes north.",
"title": "Geography of Libya"
},
{
"id": "232549",
"text": "Libya Libya (; ,), officially the State of Libya, is a country the Maghreb region in North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The sovereign state is made of three historical regions: Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and",
"title": "Libya"
},
{
"id": "2241300",
"text": "tuberculosis in 2011, with 330,000 in South Africa, 83,000 in Mozambique, 50,000 in Nigeria, 47,000 in Kenya, and 46,000 in Zimbabwe. In terms of cases per 100,000 population, Eswatini's rate of 1,010 was by far the highest in 2011. In the following 20 African countries, the cases-per-100,000 coinfection rate has increased at least 20 percent between 2000 and 2011: Algeria, Angola, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Eswatini, Togo, and Tunisia. Since 2004, however, tuberculosis-related deaths among people living with",
"title": "HIV/AIDS in Africa"
},
{
"id": "98434",
"text": "The informal sector . In her book entitled \"The Real Economy of Zaire\", MacGaffey described a second, often illegal economy, \"system D,\" which is outside the official economy (MacGaffey 1991:27). and therefore is not reflected in the GDP. exploitation of mineral substances as MIBA EMAXON and De Beers The economy of the second largest country in Africa relies heavily on mining. The Congo is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds. The Congo has 70% of the world’s coltan, and more than 30% of the world’s diamond reserves., mostly in the",
"title": "Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "1703849",
"text": "household can be placed on a continuum of food security defined by the USDA. This continuum has four categories: high food security, marginal food security, low food security, and very low food security. Economic Research Service report number 155 (ERS-155) estimates that 14.5 percent (17.6 million) of US households were food insecure at some point in 2012. The prevalence of food insecurity has been relatively in the United States since the economic recession 2008. In 2016: The Democratic Republic of Congo is the second largest country in Africa; the country is dealing with food insecurity. Although they have an abundance",
"title": "Food security"
},
{
"id": "363478",
"text": "the BRICS group of now-five emerging-market nations at the summit held in Sanya, Hainan, China. Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in",
"title": "Economy of South Africa"
},
{
"id": "98433",
"text": "recognizes that changes in tax structure and export procedures will be needed to facilitate economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has a difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which has been at the heart of many struggles within the country for many decades, but particularly in the 1990s. Although the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in the GDP data as the mining industry has suffered from long-term \"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\"",
"title": "Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "3884729",
"text": "17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Other fast growers include Rwanda, Mozambique, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia. Nonetheless, growth has been dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Burundi. Many international agencies are increasingly interested in investing in emerging African economies. especially as Africa continues to maintain high economic growth despite current global economic recession. The rate of return on investment in Africa is currently the highest in the developing world. Debt relief is being addressed by some international",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "283651",
"text": "national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security. Nigeria's population increased by 57 million from 1990 to 2008, a 60% growth rate in less than two decades. As of 2017, the population stood at 191 million. Around 42.5% of the population were 14 years or younger, 19.6% were aged 15–24, 30.7% were aged 25–54, 4.0% aged 55–64, and 3.1% aged 65 years or older. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and accounts for about 17% of the continent's total population as",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "16639949",
"text": "as the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Liberia and Sierra Leone are by far the least favoured in solar power of all the continent and except for these eight quoted nations, each other African country experiences over 2,700 hours of bright sunshine on at least a part of its territory. Many perpetually sunny African nations like Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Niger, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia for instance could rely on developing their tremendous solar resources on a large scale thanks to the immense surface of their territory and at reduced prices. South Africa is a",
"title": "Solar power in Africa"
},
{
"id": "20538387",
"text": "Algeria has an embassy in Khartoum while Sudan has an embassy in Algiers. Before 2011, Sudan and Algeria were respectively, the first and second largest African countries as well as the first and second largest Arab countries, but after 2011, Algeria became the largest African and Arab country. Sudan was accused by Algeria for meddling into the Algerian Civil War that caused the death of 200.000 Algerians. Alongside Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Morocco were also involved on supporting the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria. Thus this was the reason for the souring relationship between two nations. In response,",
"title": "Algeria–Sudan relations"
},
{
"id": "14361609",
"text": "downsized or have paralyzed operations due to the difficulty in obtaining foreign currency to import necessary auto parts. Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is",
"title": "Automotive industry by country"
},
{
"id": "13396235",
"text": "Obala foundation Obala Foundation. Org is U.S. based IRS code 501(c)(3) tax exempt non-profit organization that began as a forum for addressing what many have appreciated as the vast health care and resource gap between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the known world. With 140 million people, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country. There are many things that make it a challenging place to engage. However if only for the sheer number of people that stands to be affected by successful policy interventions, it would be almost irresponsible for any proponent of \"global health\" to ignore this country where",
"title": "Obala foundation"
},
{
"id": "20882460",
"text": "Architecture of Angola Angola, the seventh largest country in Africa is a west coast country in located in south-central Africa. Angola is roughly square, with a maximum width of about , including the Cabinda exclave located along the Atlantic coast of Angola bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Angola borders the Republic of Congo in the northwest, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north and northeast, Zambia in the southeast, Namibia in the South, and the Atlantic in the west. In addition to Luanda, the country’s capital, other significant urban areas include Malanje, a large northern city",
"title": "Architecture of Angola"
},
{
"id": "7919073",
"text": "– has a coastline of . From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia (37°21' N), to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa (34°51'15\" S), is a distance of approximately . Cape Verde, 17°33'22\" W, the westernmost point, is a distance of approximately to Ras Hafun, 51°27'52\" E, the most easterly projection that neighbours Cape Guardafui, the tip of the Horn of Africa. Africa's largest country is Algeria, and its smallest country is Seychelles, an archipelago off the east coast. The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia. The African Plate is a",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "827883",
"text": "second-largest country in Africa after Algeria (the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa) by area and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of over floor(/1e6) million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth-most-populated country in Africa, and the 16th-most-populated country in the world. Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "827929",
"text": "the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the second largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of in some places, and the area sustains the Congo Rainforest, the second-largest rain forest in the world after the Amazon. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central basin of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is",
"title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"id": "3884758",
"text": "Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "20884205",
"text": "Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A",
"title": "Poverty in Algeria"
},
{
"id": "20884225",
"text": "Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A",
"title": "Poverty in Algeria"
},
{
"id": "283831",
"text": "and space births because of a lack of political will, government financing, and the availability and affordability of services and products, as well as a cultural preference for large families. Increased educational attainment, especially among women, and improvements in health care are needed to encourage and to better enable parents to opt for smaller families. The Nigeria's Chairman of National Population Commission, Eze Duruiheoma, delivering Nigeria’s statement in New York on Sustainable Cities, Human Mobility and International Migration in the 51st Session of Commission on Population and Development, said that “Nigeria remains the most populous in Africa, the seventh globally",
"title": "Demographics of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "3884726",
"text": "been evident in recent years, however. The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since the 2000s) has been compared to the Chinese economic boom that had emerged in Asia since late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the world's fastest-growing economies. As of 2018, Nigeria is the biggest economy in terms of nominal GDP, followed by South Africa; in terms of PPP, Egypt is second biggest after Nigeria.. Equatorial Guinea possessed Africa's highest GDP per capita albeit allegations of human rights violations. Oil-rich countries such as Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "283582",
"text": "Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With /1e6 round 0 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China, with more than 90 million of its population under age 18. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by 250 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 250 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. The",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "16524984",
"text": "the Gold Coast. The Republic of Ghana is a natural resource, mineral resource and fossil fuel-rich nation and is home to one of the world's largest gold and sweet crude oil reserves and they are the second major producers of cocoa in the world. The Republic of Ghana is an economic powerhouse in West Africa, and has one of the biggest economies on the African continent and one of the world's fastest growing economies. The origin and ethnogenesis of the ancient ethnic Ghanaians is traced back to nomadic migration from Nubia along the Sahara desert then south to the Gold",
"title": "Ghanaian people"
},
{
"id": "15676451",
"text": "3. Côte d'Ivoire–Burkina Faso, 4. Uganda–Kenya, 5. Eritrea–Sudan, 6. Mozambique–South Africa, 7. Mali–Côte d'Ivoire, 8. Democratic Republic of Congo–Rwanda, 9. Lesotho–South Africa, 10. Eritrea–Ethiopia. In terms of destinations, as of 2017, nearly three-quarters (72%) of Europe’s sub-Saharan immigrant population was concentrated in just four countries: the UK (1.27 million), France (980,000), Italy (370,000) and Portugal (360,000). In the U.S., migrants from sub-Saharan Africa can be found across the country, with 42% in the American South, 24% in the Northeast, 18% in the Midwest and 17% in the West, according to the Pew Research Center. There is significant migration from Africa",
"title": "Emigration from Africa"
},
{
"id": "21003697",
"text": "agencies to tackle specific issues in low and middle income countries. Since then, Nigeria has partnered up with the IDA, specifically built to help low income countries and give out loans for very low interest rates, and the IBRD. Nigeria is currently the most populated country in Africa and it’s also the biggest oil exporter and in addition to this it is has the second biggest economy in Africa. All of these qualities make it a country with great economic potential, but Nigeria also faces great development challenges. It's not until 1999 that a democratic regime finally took over Nigeria",
"title": "Nigeria and the World Bank"
},
{
"id": "14361514",
"text": "Automotive industry by country This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is the largest manufacturer with an estimated 25.5 percent of the national car market. Other carmakers represented there include",
"title": "Automotive industry by country"
},
{
"id": "16250102",
"text": "Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until 1989. Mandour was born in Umbukole, a small village located in",
"title": "Mandour Elmahdi"
},
{
"id": "16250117",
"text": "the world in discovering the rich story of Sudan's long history. Mandour Elmahdi Mandour El Mahdi (March 1919 - October 1981) also known as \"Ustaz Mandour El Mahdi\", was one of the key pioneers in the development of Education in Sudan after the country received independence from Britain in 1956 and he later became Director of Education in Saudi Arabia. He is also the author of 'A Short History of the Sudan' (1965) which was one of the first history books to be written about Africa's biggest country and it was used for the history syllabus in Sudan up until",
"title": "Mandour Elmahdi"
},
{
"id": "12422022",
"text": "Oil reserves in Nigeria Although Libya has more reserves, there were of proven oil reserves in Nigeria as of 2011, ranking the country as the largest oil producer in Africa and the 11th largest in the world, averaging in 2006. At current rates this would be 45 years of supply if no new oil was found. Pipeline vandalism, kidnappings, and militant takeover of oil facilities have reduced production, which could be increased to in the absence of such problems. The Nigerian government hopes to increase oil production capacity to by 2010. Nigeria is the world’s eighth largest exporter of crude",
"title": "Oil reserves in Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "283623",
"text": "on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "16105926",
"text": "Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.",
"title": "Energy in Africa"
},
{
"id": "64817",
"text": "in preparation for several months. Chad is currently one of the leading partners in a West African coalition in the fight against Boko Haram. Chad has also been included on Presidential Proclamation 9645, the expanded version of United States president Donald Trump's Executive Order 13780, which restricts entry by nationals from 8 countries, including Chad, into the US. This move has angered the Chadian government. At , Chad is the world's 22nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa. Chad is in north central Africa, lying between latitudes 7° and 24°N, and 13° and",
"title": "Chad"
},
{
"id": "11957825",
"text": "with racial issues, one of the proposed solutions has been to pass legislation, such as the pending Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, to uphold South Africa's ban on racism and commitment to equality. South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At , according to the UN Demographic Yearbook, South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world. It is about the same size as Colombia, twice the size of France, three times as big as Japan, four times",
"title": "South Africa"
},
{
"id": "382001",
"text": "Sudan Sudan (, ; \"as-Sūdān\"), officially the Republic of the Sudan ( \"Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān\"), is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million people (2017) and occupies a total area of 1,861,484 square kilometres (718,722 square miles), making it the third-largest country in Africa. Sudan's predominant religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and",
"title": "Sudan"
},
{
"id": "15765",
"text": "December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.",
"title": "Algeria"
},
{
"id": "7346027",
"text": "the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In",
"title": "Françafrique"
},
{
"id": "363410",
"text": "Economy of South Africa The economy of South Africa is the second largest in Africa, after Nigeria. It is one of most industrialized countries in Africa. South Africa is an upper-middle-income economy by the World Bank – one of only four such countries in Africa (alongside Botswana, Gabon and Mauritius). Since 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's Gross Domestic Product almost tripled to peak at $400 billion in 2011, but has since declined to roughly $295 billion in both 2016 and 2017. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from $3 billion",
"title": "Economy of South Africa"
},
{
"id": "1566265",
"text": "Ethiopia Ethiopia (; , , ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (, ), is a country in the northeastern part of Africa, popularly known as the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over floor(/1e6) million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some",
"title": "Ethiopia"
},
{
"id": "513919",
"text": "Geography of Algeria Algeria comprises 2,381,741 square kilometers of land, more than four-fifths of which is desert, in northern Africa, between Morocco and Tunisia. It is the largest country in Africa. Its Arabic name, Al Jazair (the islands), derives from the name of the capital Algiers (\"Al Jazair\" in Arabic), after the small islands formerly found in its harbor. It has a long Mediterranean coastline, most of which is more properly termed the Alboran Sea, which is the westernmost element of the Mediterranean Sea. The northern portion, an area of mountains, valleys, and plateaus between the Mediterranean Sea and the",
"title": "Geography of Algeria"
},
{
"id": "11891163",
"text": "Brazil–Nigeria relations Brazil–Nigeria relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Brazil and Nigeria. Relations focus primarily upon trade and culture. The two nations, one the largest country in Latin America by size, the other the largest country in Africa by population, are remotely bordered across from one another by the Atlantic Ocean. For centuries, Brazil and Nigeria have enjoyed a warmly friendly and strong relationship on the bases of culture (since many Afro-Brazilians trace their ancestry and religious practices to Nigeria) and commercial trade. Nigeria is a major provider of petroleum to Brazil. In September 2008, the Nigerian",
"title": "Brazil–Nigeria relations"
},
{
"id": "6512545",
"text": "contenders. Currently, no country in Africa has a permanent seat on the Security Council. Although no one nation from Africa has formally been put forward as a candidate for membership on the Security Council, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa are seen as the strongest choices. Algeria has gained a great deal of respect for its neutrality over the years and its great commitment to African development; Egypt has the second-largest economy in Africa and the biggest military on the continent, was one of the founding members of the United Nations, enjoys great influence in Africa and in",
"title": "Reform of the United Nations Security Council"
},
{
"id": "7299524",
"text": "interests of determined groups include: Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a",
"title": "Nigerian Americans"
},
{
"id": "357936",
"text": "and Nile Valley. Sub-Saharan Africa has several large cities. Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos. The city, with its adjoining conurbation, is the most populous in Nigeria, and the second most populous on the African continent after Cairo, Egypt. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world, and also one of the most populous urban agglomerations. Lagos is a major financial centre in Africa; the megacity has the highest GDP, and also houses one of the largest and busiest ports on the continent. Dar es Salaam is the former capital as well as",
"title": "Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"id": "7299506",
"text": "Nigerian Americans Nigerian Americans are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. The 2016 American Community Survey estimates that 380,785 US residents report Nigerian ancestry. The 2012-2016 ACS estimates that 277,027 American residents were born in Nigeria. Nigeria is both the most populous country in Africa—190.8 million as of 2018—and the African country of origin with the most migrants in the United States, as of 2013. The first people of Nigerian ancestry in what is now the modern United States were imported as slaves or indentured laborers from the 17th century onwards. Calabar, Nigeria, became a major point of export of",
"title": "Nigerian Americans"
},
{
"id": "11743286",
"text": "Health in Sudan Sudan is still one of the largest countries in Africa even after the split of the Northern and Southern parts. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the region and is home to over 37.9 million people. With this rise in population and bearing in mind the political issues that have plagued the country with war and hostility for the last 25 years, health care has become an afterthought and basically lost in the midst of what the government might believe to be more pressing matters. Sudan still has a long way to go",
"title": "Health in Sudan"
},
{
"id": "3884727",
"text": "emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo, potentially among the world's richest nations, have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare and braindrain of workforce. Botswana remains the site of Africa's longest and one of the world's longest periods of economic boom (1966–1999). The United Nations predicts Africa’s economic growth will reach 3.5% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2019. As of 2007, growth in Africa had surpassed that of East Asia. Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth,",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "10586100",
"text": "2007 the future looks brighter, with the southern Sudan conflict being the only one currently affecting development of the network (highway 6). Lawlessness rather than war hampers progress in developing highway 3 between Libya and Chad, and though economic instability could affect maintenance of paved highways 4 and 9 though Zimbabwe, there are practical alternatives through neighbouring countries. Conflicts in Somalia do not affect the network as that is the largest African country with no trans-African highways, but they will affect the development of feeder roads to the network. Using existing national highways as much as possible, the aim of",
"title": "Trans-African Highway network"
},
{
"id": "7435783",
"text": "Algeria. (International Diabetes Federation) It is predominantly most common in 35–70 year olds, which consist of a large segment of the working population. The transition from the traditional life style to a more westernised is one of the major explanatory factors behind the rapid progression of diabetes in Algeria. Health in Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa and is estimated to have a population of around 40 million people. Algeria has a public health care system, which is accessible and free of charge to all citizens of Algeria. The public health care system is financed by the government",
"title": "Health in Algeria"
},
{
"id": "11792908",
"text": "resulted in less food available for human consumption, especially in developing and least developed countries, where a family's daily allowances for food purchases are extremely limited. The crisis can be seen, in a sense, to dichotomize rich and poor nations, since, for example, filling a tank of an average car with biofuel, amounts to as much maize (Africa's principal food staple) as an African person consumes in an entire year. Brazil, the world's second largest producer of ethanol after the US, is considered to have the world's first sustainable biofuels economy and its government claims Brazil's sugar cane based ethanol",
"title": "2007–08 world food price crisis"
},
{
"id": "13382949",
"text": "continent.\" African oil takes growing importance, mainly after the 2015 oil crisis and recent oil reserves discoveries. Sudan and Nigeria are two of the main oil producers. China owns 40% of Congo's oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by the United States Department of State at $9 billion with United States dollars. Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order of decreasing output, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Other oil producing countries are Gabon,",
"title": "Natural resources of Africa"
},
{
"id": "3884770",
"text": "exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars): Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries. The African Union is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. The confederation's goals include the creation of a free trade area, a customs union, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency (see African Monetary Union), thereby establishing economic and monetary union. The current plan is to establish an African Economic Community with a single",
"title": "Economy of Africa"
},
{
"id": "16597255",
"text": "which had led to increasing oil prices worldwide—to the disadvantage of all industrialized and oil importing countries, including China itself. In 2006, China imported 47% of its total oil consumption (145 Mt of crude oil). With such high demand, Chinese companies such as Sinopec, CNPC, and CNOOC, have looked to Africa for oil. Africa is the 2nd largest continent in the world, with 30 million square kilometers of land, and contains a vast quantity of natural resources. This trait, together with the continent's relatively low population density and small manufacturing sector has made Africa a key target for Chinese imports.",
"title": "Africa–China economic relations"
},
{
"id": "16002941",
"text": "Islands of Africa The islands of Africa are a major geographical sub-region of Africa, and represent a distinct demographic and historical cultural sphere of influence on the continent. The islands of Africa can be subdivided into Indian Ocean Islands and Atlantic Ocean Islands. The largest number of islands of Africa are found in the Indian Ocean, with the sovereign island nations of Comoros, Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar located off the southeastern seaboard of Africa being the most notable. The French overseas territories of Mayotte and Réunion are also located nearby. The medium-sized islands of Zanzibar and Lamu of Tanzania and",
"title": "Islands of Africa"
},
{
"id": "8305199",
"text": "Europeans were represented in every part of Africa. Decolonisation during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of European-descended settlers out of Africa – especially from Algeria and Morocco (1.6 million \"pieds-noirs\" in North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique and Angola. By the end of 1977, more than one million Portuguese were thought to have returned from Africa. Nevertheless, White Africans remain a minority in many African states, particularly South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. The African country with the largest native European African population is South Africa. The Afrikaners, the British diaspora and the Coloureds are",
"title": "Demographics of Africa"
},
{
"id": "20052149",
"text": "International and other experts to be “one of the most corrupt and inhumane court systems” globally. A 2013 report by Transparency International UK called Eritrea the “most militarised country in Africa,” with about 20% of its population in uniform. For this reason, many have called Eritrea the 'North Korea' of Africa. The army is not only large but also one of the nine most corrupt armed forces in the world, along with Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, the DRC, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. According to TI, there is a possible scheme in place of public funds earmarked for \"secret\" military purposes",
"title": "Corruption in Eritrea"
},
{
"id": "1753",
"text": "Angola Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and ), is a west-coast country of south-central Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda. Although inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, what is now Angola was molded by Portuguese",
"title": "Angola"
},
{
"id": "7919092",
"text": "within the continent as well as between Africa and the US. Africa's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years, and consequently, it is relatively young. In some African states, more than half the population is under 25 years of age. The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990. As of , the population of Africa is estimated at / 1e9 round 1 billion . Africa's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s, while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the",
"title": "Africa"
},
{
"id": "4498657",
"text": "reasonably similar to that of Brazil and Russia, and slightly above that of India. South Africa is a \"gateway\" to Southern Africa and Africa in general as the most developed African country. China is South Africa's largest trading partner, and India wants to increase commercial ties with Africa. South Africa is also Africa's largest economy, but as number 31 in global GDP economies it is far behind its new partners. Jim O'Neill expressed surprise when South Africa joined BRIC since South Africa's economy is a quarter of the size of Russia's (the least economically powerful BRIC nation). He believed that",
"title": "BRIC"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Sudans context: The Sudans The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans ) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan. Sudan is situated in northern Africa, with a coastline bordering the Red Sea. Possessing an area of , it is now the third largest country on the continent (Sudan lost it status as the largest country in Africa to Algeria when South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011) and the fifteenth largest in the world. The Sudans lie mostly between latitudes 3° and 22°N (the Wadi Halfa Salient and disputed Hala'ib triangle are north\n\nWhat is Africa's largest country?",
"compressed_tokens": 185,
"origin_tokens": 185,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Mansour Khalid context: blank he felt about Sudanese national unity. He replied that he was all for unity. Then I asked if he was opposed to Islam and Arabism, and his answer was no, provided they are elements of unification and not instruments of division,\" Khalid recalled. \"He said we need to go back to the drawing board.\" It is the deeply disturbing presence of war that has bedeviled Africa's largest country since independence from Britain in 1956. \"Sudan’s war is no different from wars elsewhere. It is an entangled political, cultural and social weave with equally intricate international ramifications,\" Khalid says.\n\ntitle Economy of the Democratic Republic of the context:izes that changes in structure export procedures will be needed to facil economic growth. Rich in minerals, the DRC has difficult history of predatory mineral extraction, which been at the heart of many strugg within the country for many dec, particularly in the 1990s. Although the of Democratic Republic of the Congo, second largest country in Africa who has historically relied heavily on mining, is no longer reflected in GDP the mining industry has suffered from long-term \"uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy.\"\n\ntitle Economy of Africa: been evident recent years, however. dawn African bo (which is 2s) compared the boom had emerged late 1970's. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the' fastest-growing econom. As of 208, Niger in nom GDP, followed South; terms of P, is second after Niger.. Equatorial Africa's highest G per capitaations.il-rich countries such as Alger, Libya and Gabon and mineral-rich Botsw\n\ntitle:geria: December0, inspired by similars Africa.,. with the the elected.1, Bal political., areely criticized by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. Algeria is the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara.\n\nWhat is Africa's largest country?",
"compressed_tokens": 466,
"origin_tokens": 14035,
"ratio": "30.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
173 | Who was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi? | [
"Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela",
"Winnie Madikizela-Mandela",
"Winnie Mandela",
"Nomzano Zaniewe",
"Winnie Nomzamo Mandela",
"Nomzamo Winnie Mandela",
"Mandela, Winnie",
"Winnie Madikizela Mandela",
"Winnie Madikizela",
"Winnifred Mandela"
] | Winnie Mandela | [
{
"id": "11391142",
"text": "convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \"cause célèbre\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt",
"title": "Stompie Seipei"
},
{
"id": "11391141",
"text": "birthday in jail without trial. At the age of 13 he was expelled from school. Moeketsi, together with Kenny Kgase, Pelo Mekgwe and Thabiso Mono, were kidnapped on December 29, 1988 from the Methodist manse in Orlando, Soweto, run by Paul Verryn. Moeketsi was accused of being a police informer. Screams were heard as Stompie Moeketsi was murdered, at the age of 14, by Jerry Richardson, member of Winnie Mandela's \"Football Club\". His body was recovered on waste ground near Winnie Mandela's house on January 6, 1989. His throat had been cut. Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, was",
"title": "Stompie Seipei"
},
{
"id": "4485308",
"text": "funeral was held in Tumahole. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping, but her sentence (6 years in jail) was reduced to a fine and 2 years suspended. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found her guilty on initiating and participating in the assaults but regarding to the actual murder of Stompie, she was only found “negligent”. Winnie Mandela apologized in person to his mother and the two men accused of killing Stompie also apologized on National TV. Parys Parys (pronounced ) is a town situated on the banks of the Vaal River in the Free State province of South",
"title": "Parys"
},
{
"id": "460304",
"text": "informers and apartheid government collaborators, and her security detail carried out kidnapping, torture, and murder, most notoriously the killing of 14-year-old Stompie Sepei whose kidnapping she was convicted of. Nelson Mandela was released from prison on 11 February 1990, and the couple separated in 1992; their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his final illness. As a senior ANC figure, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was dismissed from her post amid allegations of corruption. In 2003, she was convicted of theft and fraud. She temporarily withdrew from active politics before returning",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "4485307",
"text": "One of the most outstanding citizens of Parys/Tumahole is Stompie Seipei who was a freedom fighter during the time of Apartheid. Stompie joined the fight at an age of only 10 years, got arrested a few times and was kidnapped on 29th of December 1988 by Mandela United Football Club, which were Winnie Mandela's bodyguards. He was accused of being a police informer. Stompie Seipei was killed on 1st of January 1989, but the family only found out about it 2 weeks after the murder. Manankie Seipei, his mother who still lives in Tumahole, had to identify her son. The",
"title": "Parys"
},
{
"id": "460319",
"text": "killed Sepei, had been tortured and kidnapped to Zambia by her supporters, prior to the trial, to prevent him testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine on appeal. In 1992, she was accused of ordering the murder of Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, a family friend, and prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted, but before he had been killed. Mandela's role in the Asvat killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. Asvat's murderer testified that she paid the equivalent",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "11391140",
"text": "Stompie Seipei James Seipei (1974–1 January 1989), also known as Stompie Moeketsi, or Stompie Sepei was a teenage United Democratic Front (UDF) activist from Parys in South Africa. He and three other boys were kidnapped on 29 December 1988 by members of Winnie Mandela's bodyguards, known as the \"Mandela United Football Club\". Moeketsi was murdered on 1 January 1989, the only one of the boys to be killed. Moeketsi joined the street uprising against Apartheid in the mid-1980s at age ten, and soon took on a leading role. He became the country's youngest political detainee when he spent his 12th",
"title": "Stompie Seipei"
},
{
"id": "11391145",
"text": "killing was later probed as part of the TRC hearings, after Asvat's murderers as well as her associate, Katiza Cebekhulu implicated her in the murder of Asvat, as part of a cover-up of Seipei's death. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Seipei, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. In the documentary, Heslinga claimed that Richardson admitted during an interview that",
"title": "Stompie Seipei"
},
{
"id": "11391143",
"text": "a heavy blow. Appearing before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 1997, she said allegations that she was involved in at least 18 human rights abuses including eight murders were \"ridiculous\" and said that her main accuser, former comrade Katiza Cebekhulu, was a former \"mental patient\" and his allegations against her were \"hallucinations\". Cebekhulu had, himself, before the 1991 trial, been tortured, and kidnapped to Zambia, where he was detained for almost three years, at the behest of the ANC, before moving to the UK. The Commission found that the abduction of Stompie Moeketsi had been carried out on",
"title": "Stompie Seipei"
},
{
"id": "17096711",
"text": "In December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeals overturned the culpable homicide verdict and found Pistorius guilty of murder. On 6 July 2016 Judge Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, despite there being a minimum sentence of 15 years in South Africa. On 24 November 2017 the Court of Appeal extended Oscar Pistorius' jail term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp and Anene Booysen, both young South African women killed in 2013, were named SA Persons of the year 2013 by the \"Daily Maverick\". In February 2014, eNCA broadcast a half-hour documentary special about Steenkamp's",
"title": "Reeva Steenkamp"
},
{
"id": "460317",
"text": "dead, let Mrs Mandela give us the remains of our son, so that we must bury him decently.\" Sono and Shabalala's bodies were exhumed from pauper's graves in Soweto's Avalon Cemetery in 2013, by the National Prosecuting Authority's Missing People's Task Team, having been stabbed soon after their abductions. On 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson, who was coach of the Mandela United Football Club, abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Sepei) and three other youths from the home of Methodist minister Rev. Paul Verryn, with Richardson claiming that Winnie Mandela had the youths taken to her home because",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "460324",
"text": "Katiza Cebekhulu's abduction to Zambia, where he was detained without trial for almost 3 years by the Kenneth Kaunda government, before moving to the UK was done by the ANC, and in the \"interests\" of Madikizela-Mandela. The TRC found allegations against Methodist minister Paul Verryn to be \"unfounded and without any merit\" and that \"Madikizela-Mandela deliberately and maliciously slandered Verryn...in an attempt to divert attention away from herself and [her] associates...\". The TRC also found that she was responsible for the abduction of, and assaults on, Stompie Sepei, and that she had attempted to cover up his death by claiming",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "460322",
"text": "of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife, Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "460323",
"text": "TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had told her, in the context of her son Stompie's murder: \"...may God forgive me\". After the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had provided financial support to Joyce Sepei's family, and Seipei's home was furnished by the ANC. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation commission (TRC), issued in 1998, found \"Ms Winnie Madikizela Mandela politically and morally accountable for the gross violations of human rights committed by the Mandela United Football Club\" and that she \"was responsible, by omission, for the commission of gross violations of human rights.\" The TRC report also stated that Sepei trial witness",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "11391144",
"text": "Winnie Mandela's instructions, and that she had \"initiated and participated in the assaults\", had resisted efforts by the \"Mandela Crisis Committee\" to get the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's",
"title": "Stompie Seipei"
},
{
"id": "8533514",
"text": "Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human rights",
"title": "Kathleen Satchwell"
},
{
"id": "8533516",
"text": "marriage. Kathleen Satchwell Kathleen Satchwell, commonly known as Kathy Satchwell, is a judge of the Gauteng Division of the High Court (formerly the North Gauteng High Court) in South Africa. She was educated at Rhodes University in the 1960s. She was a prominent human rights attorney in the 1990s. Satchwell was also involved with court cases of the Mandela United Football Club (MUFC) and of people connected to the killing of Stompie Moeketsi, in the period 1990-1992. She gave evidence before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on the role of the legal system in contributing to the violations of human",
"title": "Kathleen Satchwell"
},
{
"id": "16694549",
"text": "police during South Africa's apartheid days.\" He also served as Chair of the Detainees Parents Support Committee during 1982-83. (South African law during this time allowed detention without trial under certain circumstances). In 1989 a media furor erupted following the abduction of four youths and the murder of James Seipei, also known as Stompie Sepei. Verryn had provided accommodation as a place of safety at the Orlando Mission house (Manse) for the four. At the time this was also his residence as the minister for the Soweto Circuit. Verryn was then also prominent as one of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela's critics. On",
"title": "Paul Verryn"
},
{
"id": "20668286",
"text": "Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was) paid for his murder as part of a cover-up of Seipei's killing, being presented to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Asvat was born in Fietas into Gujarati Indian family. His father was a shopkeeper, and he had",
"title": "Abu Baker Asvat"
},
{
"id": "4361681",
"text": "pulled over for a broken taillight. Zayd Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and",
"title": "Black Power movement"
},
{
"id": "17959559",
"text": "been enticed to the apartment in order to kill her. Joona Hasselqvist's sentence was lowered to 12 years in prison for manslaughter, and Joel Lilo's sentence was lowered to 6 years in prison for assisted manslaughter. The sentences differed, because the district court judge had sentenced both for murder. After the sentence had been declared, Lilo was released, because Finnish law grants parole for crimes committed under the age of 21 after one third of the sentence has been served. Lilo's parole caused disapproval among the public, because after being paroled, he disgraced Lepomäki's on-line memorial with indecent comments. Lepomäki's",
"title": "Murder of Jenna Lepomäki"
},
{
"id": "17900838",
"text": "his gun would have killed whoever was behind the door, regardless of who he thought it was. On 6 July 2016 Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years in prison for murder, although the prosecution has called for 15 years, the minimum prison sentence in South Africa for murder. Masipa argued that Pistorius had already served 12 months in prison for the culpable homicide conviction and was remorseful for his killing. Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court",
"title": "Trial of Oscar Pistorius"
},
{
"id": "17096704",
"text": "Reeva Steenkamp Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (; 19 August 1983 – 14 February 2013) was a South African model. On Valentine's Day 2013, Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend, Oscar Pistorius, who said he believed she was an intruder hiding in the bathroom. Pistorius was later found guilty of culpable homicide at his trial the following year, was given five years in jail and served a one-year prison sentence. On 3 December 2015, the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa overturned the conviction for culpable homicide and instead convicted Pistorius of murder. The sentencing of Pistorius began on 13",
"title": "Reeva Steenkamp"
},
{
"id": "17888351",
"text": "the trial, was subjected to threats and personal attacks by people who disagreed with the verdict. In her new sentence for Pistorius based on a murder conviction, Masipa only increased his sentence by 1 year to 6 years. The 6 year sentence for murder was appealed by the National Prosecuting Authority and they convinced South Africa's Supreme Court of Appeal to increase the sentence. The sentence was set at the minimum length for a murder conviction in South Africa - 15 years. Thokozile Masipa Thokozile Matilda Masipa (born 16 October 1947) is a judge in the Gauteng Division of the",
"title": "Thokozile Masipa"
},
{
"id": "460318",
"text": "she suspected the reverend was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless). The four were beaten to get them to admit to having had sex with the minister. Negotiations that lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get the kidnapped boys released by Winnie Mandela failed. Seipei was accused of being an informer, and his body later found in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 January 1989. In 1991, Mrs Mandela was acquitted of all but the kidnapping of Sepei. A key witness, Katiza Cebekhulu, who was going to testify that Madikizela-Mandela had",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "9900905",
"text": "daughter, and blamed him for Mark's imprisonment. Schreiber was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a non-parole period of 12 years. He became eligible for parole in 2012. Belinda van Krevel pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years' imprisonment, with a non-parole period of three and a half years. She was released from prison on 1 June 2007, saying \"I just want to get on with my life\". She was subsequently arrested in 2010 and charged with assault and theft. On 5 July 2013 she was arrested again and charged with the stabbing",
"title": "Mark Valera"
},
{
"id": "460320",
"text": "of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used in the killing, which took place on 27 January 1989. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. In a 2017 documentary about the life and activism of Winnie Mandela, former Soweto police officer Henk Heslinga alleged that former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi had instructed him to re-open the investigation into the death of Moeketsi, as well as all other cases made against Winnie Mandela, for the purpose of charging Winnie with murder. According to Heslinga, Richardson admitted during an interview that Moeketsi discovered he",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "6543106",
"text": "twenty years of his career, Ayob concentrated on human rights cases, acting for opponents of the apartheid regime. Ayob defended and represented many South African political prisoners. Ayob was one of the few people who were allowed to visit Nelson Mandela while he was imprisoned on Robben Island. His most high-profile case was that of Hélène Passtoors, a Belgian woman accused of ferrying arms for the then-banned African National Congress. Another high-profile client of Ayob's was Winnie Mandela, who he represented during the Stompie Moeketsi kidnapping trial. Ismail Ayob was asked by Nelson Mandela in May 2005 to stop selling",
"title": "Ismail Ayob"
},
{
"id": "17096705",
"text": "June 2016 and concluding arguments were made on 15 June 2016. He was sentenced to 6 years in prison on 6 July 2016, despite the minimum sentence for murder in South Africa being 15 years. On appeal by the state for a longer prison sentence, the Supreme Court of Appeal extended Pistorius's prison term to 13 years and five months. Steenkamp was born in Cape Town, to parents Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife, June (née Marshall, previously Cowburn), who was born in Blackburn, England. She had two older half-siblings from her father and mother's respective previous",
"title": "Reeva Steenkamp"
},
{
"id": "3356281",
"text": "during the exchange. Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials. According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons. The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery. Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum. Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison. The BLA was active in the US until at least 1981",
"title": "Black Liberation Army"
},
{
"id": "20835854",
"text": "Fladager was the deputy district attorney on the Douglas Mouser case and helped convict him. Fladager made national headlines as one of the attorneys on prosecution team for Scott Peterson, who was convicted in 2004 for murdering his pregnant wife, Laci Peterson. Fladager was later in the news again for not retrying corruption charages against the Modesto mayor Carmen Sabatino (in 2006) and saying she would retry George Souliotes for murder in 2013, before settling the case for involuntary manslaughter. Fladager was found to have not committed retaliation against former prosecutor Douglas Maner (Fladager's former employee). During depositions in that",
"title": "Birgit Fladager"
},
{
"id": "17526854",
"text": "night he shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. It was broadcast in Pistorius's home country of South Africa immediately after the ITV programme finished. On 11 November 2014, \"This Morning\" broadcast an exclusive interview with Jo Westwood, the ex-wife of jailed sex offender Max Clifford. In 2015 Williams-Thomas investigated the unsolved murder of BBC presenter Jill Dando. Writing in the \"Daily Mirror\" he theorized that she was murdered by the London underworld for her work on \"Crimewatch\". Williams-Thomas was the reporter for ITV's crime series \"The Investigator: A British Crime Story\", produced by Simon Cowell's Syco. The",
"title": "Mark Williams-Thomas"
},
{
"id": "16406960",
"text": "Crown Court and pleaded guilty to her murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum tariff of 25 years. The appeal court upheld the sentence on 14 December 2012. Following the guilty plea, it emerged that a second murder charge against Halliwell had been dropped as a result of an error in the police handling of the case. The body of Becky Godden-Edwards, a woman who had been reported missing in 2007, was found after Halliwell's arrest. Halliwell had led police to the body. Judge Mrs Justice Cox ruled that Halliwell's confessions to killing both women were inadmissible",
"title": "Murder of Sian O'Callaghan"
},
{
"id": "20668307",
"text": "and many women were present at his burial. The section of the road linking Soweto to Lenasia was renamed Abu Baker Asvat Drive by the post-apartheid government. A junior cricket tournament was instituted in Asvat's memory, in 2002. Abu Baker Asvat Abu Baker Asvat () (23 February 1943 – 27 February 1989), also known as Abu Asvat In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was)",
"title": "Abu Baker Asvat"
},
{
"id": "8140642",
"text": "be due in court on 13 June 2016 to begin a five-day sentencing hearing for the murder conviction, concluding on 17 June 2016. On 15 June 2016, the sentencing was adjourned by Judge Thokozile Masipa until 6 July 2016. On 6 July 2016, Judge Thokozile Masipa sentenced Pistorius to six years imprisonment for murder, rather than his original sentencing of five years imprisonment for culpable homicide; once again he was incarcerated in the hospital wing at the Kgosi Mampuru II jail. It was anticipated that Pistorius would be eligible for release on parole, after serving three years of his sentence,",
"title": "Oscar Pistorius"
},
{
"id": "1839124",
"text": "Sue Devine & Michelle Thomas as Tracey. In the closing year, Nicki Paull's character Lisa Mullins was taken over by Terrie Waddell. Viewers' introduction to the Detention Centre featured the arrival of two new prisoners, Karen Travers (Peta Toppano) and Lynn Warner (Kerry Armstrong). Travers was charged with murdering her husband in self-defence (her flashback featured a shower scene that was a nod to Alfred Hitchcock's classic \"Psycho\"), whilst Warner insisted she was innocent despite her conviction for the abduction and attempted murder of a child. Both women were sent to the prison's maximum-security wing (H Block), where they were",
"title": "Prisoner (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "17244845",
"text": "Viktor Yeremeyev, asked the court for only a 25-year prison sentence due to his poor mental state, and for him to be incarcerated in the Black Dolphin prison. On August 23, the court under judge Nikolai Kudinov found Pomazun guilty of murdering six people, illegal weapons possession, taking weapons by force and assaulting a police officer. Pomazun was sentence to life imprisonment in a high-security penal colony, and was ordered to pay 3 million rubles in compensation. When the verdict was read out Pomazun reacted to aggressively: he started swearing and threatened to kill those present in court, and promised",
"title": "2013 Belgorod shooting"
},
{
"id": "14122450",
"text": "for \"The Guardian\" on the final years of the brutal apartheid system. The British Press Awards named him International Reporter of the Year for 1985. Peter Preston, his editor at \"The Guardian\", wrote of Beresford, \"He was swiftly the finest chronicler of apartheid's disintegration, a correspondent who caught the excitement of a momentous story but always paused to analyse how and why the plates of repression were shrinking.\" Beresford undercovered major stories, including the death-row confessions of Butana Almond Nofomela about the police squads that murdered anti-apartheid activists, and Winnie Mandela's role in the abduction and murder of teenager Stompie",
"title": "David Beresford (journalist)"
},
{
"id": "13741243",
"text": "The longest non-parole period imposed for a single murder is 28 years, being served by Bradley John Murdoch, who shot dead British backpacker Peter Falconio. The only woman sentenced to life imprisonment in the Northern Territory under the current laws is Evelyn Namatjira, who stabbed her younger sister Jennifer after an argument during a drinking session and is serving a non-parole period of 15 years. Life imprisonment in Australia Life imprisonment in Australia is handed down for serious offences including treason, murder, and commercial drug trafficking by the State and Territory Supreme Courts in Australia. Life imprisonment is mandatory for",
"title": "Life imprisonment in Australia"
},
{
"id": "10276273",
"text": "off his bomb or opening fire. Ağca was sentenced in July 1981 to life imprisonment for the assassination attempt, but was pardoned by Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi in June 2000 at the Pope's request. He was then extradited to Turkey, where he was imprisoned for the 1979 murder of left-wing journalist Abdi İpekçi and two bank raids carried out in the 1970s. Despite a plea for early release in November 2004, a Turkish court announced that he would not be eligible for release until 2010. Nonetheless he was released on parole on 12 January 2006. However, on 20 January",
"title": "Pope John Paul II assassination attempt"
},
{
"id": "13022294",
"text": "Johannesburg, and moved into Winnie's large Soweto home. Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. He gained funding for her defence from the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa and from Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, but in June 1991 she was found guilty and sentenced to six years in prison, reduced to two on appeal. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC",
"title": "Nelson Mandela"
},
{
"id": "20859651",
"text": "number two is Freddy Horion, who has been imprisoned for sixfold murder since 1979. In the beginning of 2016, Eyken unintentionally provoked a great deal of commotion when Federal Public Service Justice Koen Geens, despite advice from prison management, gave him permission to leave the prison for one day to visit his sick friend, Jef Lannoo. This decision was controversial because, as a result of the tightening of the law in penitentiary leave days introduced by former Federal Public Service Justice Laurette Onkelinx in 2006, which did not allow parole. Eyken's lawyer Walter Damen, however, pointed out that in 2006",
"title": "Staf Van Eyken"
},
{
"id": "9204975",
"text": "April. The defence surprisingly did not call for Booth's diary to be produced in court. Holt was accused of withholding evidence, but it was never proven. On June 29, the eight were found guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy to kill Lincoln. Arnold, O'Laughlen and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler six years in prison and Atzerodt, Herold, Paine and Surratt were to hang. They were executed July 7, 1865. Surratt was the first woman in American history to be executed. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Andrew Johnson in",
"title": "Henry Lawrence Burnett"
},
{
"id": "13741235",
"text": "the offender's 'natural life'. If a non-parole period is fixed, it must be at least 10 years unless exceptional circumstances exist, or 20 years if the prisoner is convicted of the murder of a police officer or other public official. The longest overall non-parole period is 60 years, being served by Dieter Pfennig (South Australia), who kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Louise Bell in January 1983, kidnapped and murdered 10-year-old Michael Black in January 1989, and kidnapped and sexually abused a third child in December 1989. As Pfenning would have to live to 103 years of age to serve that term,",
"title": "Life imprisonment in Australia"
},
{
"id": "19752556",
"text": "was dead. Ryan's family held a memorial service in Bundaberg, Queensland on Ryan's 17th birthday in 2001. Leonard John Fraser, already serving a life sentence for the murder of 9-year-old Keyra Steinhardt in April 1999, confessed to five murders, including that of Natasha Ryan, in an apparent deal with police to avoid the general population in jail. After being charged with the murders of Natasha Ryan, Sylvia Benedetti, Beverly Leggo and the manslaughter of Julie Turner, Fraser stood trial in the Supreme Court of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland. He has since died in prison. On 11 April 2003, during Fraser's",
"title": "Natasha Ryan"
},
{
"id": "10025219",
"text": "Booth freed. In 1859, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the Wisconsin court's decision, Ableman v. Booth, ordering Booth arrested and confined. Milwaukee County Lawrencia Bembenek was convicted of the 1981 murder of her husband's ex-wife. She won the right to a new trial in 1992. She pleaded no contest and her sentence was commuted to time served. She was trying to get her original conviction overturned and be exonerated. On November 20, 2010 she died at a hospice facility in Portland, Oregon from liver and kidney failure. Friends, family and supporters have been trying to get her a posthumous pardon.",
"title": "Overturned convictions in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3364095",
"text": "euros in moral compensation to family members of the victims. Neither appealed their sentences. In February 2018, Fourniret confessed to killing two more women. On 16 November 2018, Fourniret and Olivier were convicted of the murder of Farida Hammiche, the last of the eight females that Fourniret had confessed to killing in 2004. Fourniret was given a second life sentence and Olivier was sentenced to a further twenty years' imprisonment. Fourniret admitted to eight murders prior to his trial in 2008. He was convicted of seven of these and sentenced to life in prison. On 11 December 1987, Fourniret and",
"title": "Michel Fourniret"
},
{
"id": "20668301",
"text": "to Brandfort in the middle of the night to treat her. Mandela would regularly dine with the Asvat family after she returned to Soweto from Brandfort, and attended parties at the Asvat home. Soon after Asvat's murder, Winnie Mandela gave an interview to a Sunday newspaper claiming that he was killed because he could corroborate (baseless) allegations that Methodist minister Paul Verryn had molested Stompie Seipei. However, media sources soon began to report on rumours that Asvat had been killed at the behest of Winnie Mandela, as he had examined the boy, and insisted that he be taken to hospital",
"title": "Abu Baker Asvat"
},
{
"id": "3925848",
"text": "and American Amanda Knox were sentenced to 26 years imprisonment for the 2007 Murder of Meredith Kercher. They were released in 2011 after an appeal court found there was no credible evidence against them. Petty burglar Rudy Guede has been convicted of murder and sexual assault in connection with the death of Ms. Kercher. The Schiedammerpark murder case, as well as the similarly overturned case of the Putten murder, led to the installation of the \"Posthumus I committee\", which analyzed what had gone wrong in the Schiedammerpark Murder case, and came to the conclusion that confirmation bias led the police",
"title": "Miscarriage of justice"
},
{
"id": "19097396",
"text": "General of Russia in 2016. The Team 29 journalists found that at least six women (Ekaterina Kharebava, Oksana Sevastidi, Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, Inga Tutisani, and Manana Kapanadze) were convicted just for SMS messages on open movements of military equipment to their acquaintances in Georgia. After that, the Team 29 attorneys entered the cases of Annik Kesyan, Marina Dzhandzhgava, and Inga Tutisani. On July 29, 2017, Vladimir Putin signed decrees on pardon for Marina Dzhandzhgava and Annik Kesyan; on November 16, 2017, the Supreme Court revised Inga Tutisani's sentence and reduced her punishment term from 6 years to 4 years",
"title": "Ivan Pavlov (lawyer)"
},
{
"id": "4462132",
"text": "29, 1865, the eight were found guilty of conspiracy to kill the President. Arnold, O'Laughlen, and Mudd were sentenced to life in prison, Spangler to six years in prison, and Atzerodt, Herold, Powell, and Surratt to be hanged, the first woman ever to be executed by the US federal government. They were executed July 7, 1865. O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867. Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd were pardoned by Johnson in early 1869. Accusations still remain that Surratt's sentence of hanging had been reduced before the hanging. Holt's public image was besmirched by the trial and his prosecution of it,",
"title": "Joseph Holt"
},
{
"id": "2920052",
"text": "Imee Marcos María Imelda Josefa Romualdez Marcos (born November 12, 1955) informally known as Imee Marcos is a Filipino politician best known for being the daughter of the late dictator and former President of the Philippines Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady Imelda R. Marcos, for her role in the torture and murder of Archimedes Trajano, and for her involvement in the 2017 Tobacco Excise Tax funds scandal. Her conviction in the 1993 Trajano v. Marcos case (978 F 2d 493) before the U.S. district court in Honolulu, Hawaii is noted in U.S. legal circles for exposing the weaknesses",
"title": "Imee Marcos"
},
{
"id": "1952174",
"text": "appeal and been released from prison, strengthening the argument of those who oppose the death penalty's reintroduction. These include the Birmingham Six (cleared in 1991 of planting an IRA bomb which killed 21 people in 1974), the Guildford Four (cleared in 1989 of murdering five people in another 1974 IRA bombing), Stephen Downing (a Derbyshire man who was freed in 2001 after serving 27 years for the murder of a woman in a churchyard) and Barry George (who was freed in 2007 when his conviction for the 1999 murder of TV presenter Jill Dando was quashed on appeal). Perhaps the",
"title": "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "460330",
"text": "Women's League. In July 2004, an appeal judge of the Pretoria High Court ruled that \"the crimes were not committed for personal gain\". The judge overturned the conviction for theft, but upheld the one for fraud, handing her a three years and six months suspended sentence. When the ANC announced the election of its National Executive Committee on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela placed first with 2,845 votes. Madikizela-Mandela criticised the anti-immigrant violence in May–June 2008 that began in Johannesburg and spread throughout the country, and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions for the sentiments behind the riots. She",
"title": "Winnie Madikizela-Mandela"
},
{
"id": "12653266",
"text": "high-profile appeal cases such as the Lockerbie bombing and the Glasgow Ice Cream Wars, in which she defended Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Thomas \"TC\" Campbell, respectively. She was also successful in the appeal case of Kim Galbraith, whose murder conviction for shooting her policeman husband was reduced to diminished responsibility. On 6 November 2008, Scott applied to the Court of Criminal Appeal for Megrahi's release on bail pending the second appeal against his conviction at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial in 2001. The three judges reserved their judgment on the application. A week later, Megrahi's bail application was refused.",
"title": "Maggie Scott, Lady Scott"
},
{
"id": "7722231",
"text": "Marlene Lehnberg Marlene Lehnberg (1955 - 2015) was a South African murderer more commonly known as The Scissor Murderess. She was 18 years old in 1974 when she and hired killer Marthinus Choegoe stabbed Susanna Magdalena van der Linde, the wife of Lehnberg’s 47-year-old lover Christiaan van der Linde, to death with a pair of scissors. At 19 she was then the youngest woman to be convicted of murder in South Africa. Both Lehnberg and Marthinus Choegoe received the death penalty, but this was later set aside and she served 11 years of her 20-year sentence in Pollsmoor Prison outside",
"title": "Marlene Lehnberg"
},
{
"id": "5529229",
"text": "a middle-class schoolgirl, whilst Williams was from a working-class background with a stud in her nose and estranged parents. Sandile Memela, chief director for social cohesion at South Africa's Department of Arts and Culture, noted amidst the Oscar Pistorius trial that there existed substantial differences between how media outlets reported on the murders of Reeva Steenkamp and Zanele Khumalo; two South African models, respectively white and black, who had been murdered by their boyfriends under nearly identical circumstances. Memela asserted that the discrepancy between the media coverage of the Steenkamp and Khumala murders amounted to \"structural racism\" within South African",
"title": "Missing white woman syndrome"
},
{
"id": "17888349",
"text": "understanding of the judicial process. She is one of the seven female South African judges featured in \"Courting Justice\", a 2008 documentary film directed by Jane Lipman. Masipa contributed to case law on the constitutional duties of local government related to housing in her 2009 ruling on \"Blue Moonlight Properties v Occupiers of Saratoga Avenue\". Masipa was the presiding judge in the trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges which commenced in the High Court in Pretoria on 3 March 2014. She appointed two assessors to assist her in the trial. According to",
"title": "Thokozile Masipa"
},
{
"id": "16994945",
"text": "was convicted in 2007 for the murders of six women and sentenced to life imprisonment. Russell Williams is a Canadian convicted murderer, rapist, and former Colonel in the Canadian Forces, who targeted women. He was sentenced in 2010 to two life sentences for first-degree murder, two 10-year sentences for other sexual assaults, two 10-year sentences for forcible confinement, and 82 one-year sentences for breaking and entering, all to be served concurrently. Following Confederation in 1867, the laws were consolidated in the Criminal Code. These dealt principally with pimping, procuring, operating brothels and soliciting. Most amendments to date have dealt with",
"title": "History of Canadian women"
},
{
"id": "16157627",
"text": "of the murder of Lesley Whittle, for which he was given a life sentence; and a further 61 years for kidnapping. Three weeks later he was convicted of the murder of three post office workers, and given three further life sentences. The offences regarding the shooting of security guard Gerald Smith were left on file, as Smith had died more than a year and a day after the shooting. In 2008, Neilson was suffering from motor neurone disease and appealed against his sentence, requesting it be commuted to a maximum of 30 years. Mr Justice Teare ruled that he must",
"title": "Kidnapping and murder of Lesley Whittle"
},
{
"id": "7241889",
"text": "Tiequon Cox Tiequon Aundray \"Lil Fee\" Cox (born December 1, 1965) is a convicted murderer currently incarcerated in San Quentin State Prison. Cox became one of the prime suspects of a mass murder investigation concerning the deaths of Ebora Alexander, aged 59, Dietra Alexander, aged 25, two boys Damon Bonner, aged 6, and Damani Garner-Alexander, aged 12. These four individuals were relatives of former NFL player and defensive back Kermit Alexander. Cox was also a noted member of the Rollin' 60, one of the many sets affiliated to the Crips, and actually still on parole on an unrelated charge. The",
"title": "Tiequon Cox"
},
{
"id": "4524821",
"text": "May 2009. According to prosecutor Holo Makwaia, Nyiramasuhuko had intended to \"destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi ethnic group in Butare\". On 24 June 2011, Nyiramasuhuko was found guilty of seven charges including genocide and incitement to rape; she was sentenced to life imprisonment and will not be eligible to apply for parole for 25 years. She was acquitted of three further charges. Although other women have been convicted of genocide by Rwandan courts, Nyiramasuhuko is the first woman to be convicted by the ICTR. Her son was also convicted and sentenced to life with no possibility of",
"title": "Pauline Nyiramasuhuko"
},
{
"id": "389200",
"text": "Sacramento, California, for all four defendants in the Opsahl murder case. Montague was sentenced to eight years for the murder (2nd degree). Her former husband, William Harris, was sentenced to seven years, and Bortin to six years. Olson was sentenced to six years, adding two consecutively to the 14-year sentence she had already received. All sentences were the maximum allowed under their plea bargains. On November 8, 2002, James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged that a",
"title": "Symbionese Liberation Army"
},
{
"id": "11239113",
"text": "the murder to Dennis Donohue. Donohue cannot be tried for the death of Crystallynn Girard, however, as he was granted immunity at her trial. In September 2007, he was arrested for Giambra's murder, 13 years after her death. In May 2008, a jury took only six hours to convict him for Giambra's murder. He was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. According to the Innocence Project, DeJac is the first woman to be exonerated of murdering someone on the basis of DNA evidence. A previous case had involved the reversal of the conviction of Paula Grey, who had",
"title": "Lynn DeJac"
},
{
"id": "10780532",
"text": "who had been sentenced to death, later gave birth to a girl, Harithra Murugan in prison. Upon the intervention of Rajiv Gandhi's widow and Congress president Sonia Gandhi, who petitioned for clemency for the sake of Nalini's daughter in 2000, the death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Nalini was treated as a class 'A' convict from September 10, 1999 till the privilege was withdrawn in May 2010 after a mobile phone was allegedly recovered from her cell during a surprise check. She \"regrets\" the killing of the former Prime Minister and claims that the real conspirators have not been",
"title": "Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi"
},
{
"id": "19646305",
"text": "recurring-guest role on \"Chicago Med\", in which she plays Denise, the older sister of head charge nurse Maggie Lockwood. She appeared as a guest star on the legal drama \"Doubt\" in 2017 with co-star Dule Hill. Grey played Delilah Johnson, a woman on trial for the murder of a famous athlete. The storyline was based off the real life story of CeCe McDonald. As a singer, Grey opened for singer-songwriter Zara Larsson in October 2016. As well as completed a 12 city summer music tour the same year. In 2017, transgender actors and actresses including Grey (with the help of",
"title": "Alexandra Grey"
},
{
"id": "819334",
"text": "die by electrocution over lethal injection. After 1966, electrocutions ceased for a time in the United States, but the method continued in the Philippines. A well-publicized triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress Maggie dela Riva. The last execution in the Philippines was in 2000, utilizing lethal injection, and the death penalty was abolished six years later. Serial killer Lizzie Halliday was the first woman sentenced to die in the electric chair, in 1894, but governor Roswell P. Flower commuted",
"title": "Electric chair"
},
{
"id": "7230346",
"text": "safe in France or not. Immigration to Israel rose as a result. A total of 27 people were accused of involvement in the crime and were tried for kidnapping and murder in 2009. One person was acquitted and the rest were convicted. Gang leader Youssouf Fofana was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years before the possibility of parole. The woman who had lured Halimi to his abduction was sentenced to nine years imprisonment. Two of his close associates, Jean-Christophe Soumbou and Samir Ait Abdel Malek, received 18 and 15 year prison terms respectively, and Malek's prison",
"title": "Killing of Ilan Halimi"
},
{
"id": "2722789",
"text": "Leslie Van Houten Leslie Louise Van Houten (born August 23, 1949) is an American convicted murderer and former member of the Manson Family. Van Houten was arrested and charged in relation to the 1969 killings of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca when she was 19 years old. She was then convicted and sentenced to death. Despite the ruling, a 1972 California Supreme Court decision on \"People v. Anderson\" ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional, resulting in her sentence being commuted to life in prison. Her conviction was then overturned in a 1976 appellate court decision which granted her a retrial.",
"title": "Leslie Van Houten"
},
{
"id": "12935859",
"text": "In February 2009 police in Poland arrested a man identified as Turpal Ali J. whom they described as an \"accomplice\" to Israilov's murderer. An Austrian court sentenced three individuals to prison for Israilov's murder on June 1, 2011. Otto Kaltenbrunner, Suleiman Dadayev and Turpal-Ali Yesherkayev received sentences of life, 19 years, and 16 years, respectively. Austrian police believe Chechen President Kadyrov ordered Israilov's abduction, an action that later ended in murder. Lecha Bogatirov, the man suspected of firing the fatal shots, remained at large. As reported by C.J. Chivers, a journalist for the \"International Herald Tribune\", in August 2008 Austrian",
"title": "Umar Israilov"
},
{
"id": "14860076",
"text": "months, Schagen and the Netherlands were shocked by the double murder of Jansje Stoel, the 55-year-old widow of Gerrit Bute, and her 17-year-old niece Anna Bei(j)ers. Berman headed a committee that would pay 750 guilders, donated by the residents, for the golden tip. As head of the local police, he conducted interrogations. After initially the wrong person was arrested, 17-year-old Klaas Boes was arrested for perpetrating the murders. His mother committed suicide. Klaas Boes was sentenced to life imprisonment, but this was later changed to 25 years. Berman was praised for the way he handled the case. The affair was",
"title": "Simon Berman"
},
{
"id": "16644679",
"text": "on 1 August to ten months' imprisonment, suspended for two years; the Judge required him to attend a two-year drug rehabilitation programme. The court heard that her heart pacemaker indicated that Eva Rausing probably died on 7 May. At the time of her death she was one of the wealthiest women in the United Kingdom. On 29 August 2012, the British journalist Ben Quinn revealed in \"The Guardian\" that in 2011 Eva Rausing had passed on information to Swedish prosecutors about the unsolved 1986 murder of Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. Scotland Yard had confirmed the day before that it",
"title": "Eva Rausing"
},
{
"id": "3530532",
"text": "trial at Winchester Crown Court in October that year. The jury's verdict was unanimous. On 22 November 1995, West was found guilty of 10 murders. The judge, Mr. Justice Mantell, sentenced her to life imprisonment, saying, \"If attention is paid to what I think, you will never be released.\" The Lord Chief Justice later decided that she should spend at least 25 years in prison, but in July 1997, Home Secretary Jack Straw subjected West to a whole life tariff. This was the second instance of a whole life tariff imposed on a woman in Britain in modern times. The",
"title": "Rosemary West"
},
{
"id": "19339010",
"text": "Emma Humphreys Emma Clare Humphreys (30 October 1967 – 11 July 1998) was a Welsh woman who was imprisoned in England in December 1985 at Her Majesty's pleasure, after being convicted of the murder of her violent 33-year-old boyfriend and pimp, Trevor Armitage. Aged 17 when convicted, Humphreys spent a decade in prison before winning an appeal against the conviction, on 7 July 1995, on the grounds of long-term provocation. The Court of Appeal reduced the conviction to manslaughter, and she was released immediately. Three years later she died, aged 30, from an accidental overdose of prescription drugs at her",
"title": "Emma Humphreys"
},
{
"id": "11369031",
"text": "19, 2009, Peagler's family members and community supporters protested outside the Los Angeles office of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, demanding Peagler's release. On August 20, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger declined to review the parole finding, allowing Peagler to be released on August 22, 2009. Peagler died of lung cancer while at home with her family on June 8, 2010. Deborah Peagler Deborah Denise Peagler (December 27, 1959, Pensacola, Florida - June 8, 2010, Compton, California ) was a battered woman who was in prison from 1983 to 2009 for her involvement in the murder of Oliver Wilson, the man who abused",
"title": "Deborah Peagler"
},
{
"id": "6566081",
"text": "Sutcliffe had been found guilty of murdering 13 women and attacking seven others in a six-year spree. Nilsen remained in prison until his death 35 years later, while Sutcliffe remains in prison. In 1976, Donald \"Black Panther\" Neilson had been convicted on four charges of murder at the end of a highly publicised trial. All of these murderers were also subjected to a whole life tariff by subsequent Home Secretaries. Like Nilsen, Neilson remained in prison until his death, dying in 2011 after serving 35 years of his life sentence. In November 2002, a successful legal challenge by convicted double",
"title": "Life imprisonment in England and Wales"
},
{
"id": "6706025",
"text": "2006. The act was also criticised by the Conservative Party for its lenient sentencing rules and handling of parole. Further fueling the controversy was the revelation that 53 prisoners who had been sentenced to life imprisonment under the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 had been freed on parole since 2000. Gill Smith, whose 18-year-old daughter Louise was murdered in December 1995, praised Mr Blunkett for giving judges the power to set longer minimum terms. Her daughter's killer, David Frost, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life but with a minimum of 14 years, as he had confessed to the crime",
"title": "Criminal Justice Act 2003"
},
{
"id": "9151543",
"text": "reconciled, planning to resume married life after being released from jail. Rousseff was convicted in the first instance to six years in prison. She had already served three years when the Supreme Military Court reduced her sentence to two years and a month. She also had her political rights suspended for eighteen years. In December 2006, the Special Commission for Reparation of the Human Rights Office for the State of Rio de Janeiro approved a request for indemnification by Rousseff and eighteen other prisoners in law enforcement agencies of the São Paulo state government in the 1970s. In her request,",
"title": "Dilma Rousseff"
},
{
"id": "17773898",
"text": "a lethal dose of the drug pentobarbital was administered. As a result of the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"Gregg v. Georgia\", capital punishment was reinstated in the United States. With her execution, Basso became: Legal documents: Newspaper articles: (\"Houston Chronicle\" articles are available from the Houston Public Library, accessible with a library card) Suzanne Basso Suzanne Margaret \"Sue\" Basso (née Burns; May 15, 1954 – February 5, 2014) was an American woman who was one of six co-defendants convicted in the August 1998 torture and murder of Louis \"Buddy\" Musso, a mentally disabled man who was killed for",
"title": "Suzanne Basso"
},
{
"id": "2933279",
"text": "John Callahan, Arthur \"Bucky\" Barrett, John McIntyre, and Deborah Hussey. The jury acquitted Bulger of killing Michael Milano, Al Plummer, William O'Brien, James O'Toole, Al Notorangeli, James Sousa and Francis Leonard. They also reported themselves unable to agree about the murder of Deborah Davis, though Bulger had already been found liable for her death in a civil suit. Following the verdict, Bulger's attorneys J. W. Carney Jr. and Hank Brennan vowed to appeal, citing Casper's ruling which prevented Bulger from claiming he had been given immunity. On November 14, 2013, Bulger was sentenced to two terms of life imprisonment, plus",
"title": "Whitey Bulger"
},
{
"id": "18878689",
"text": "1am until 2009 and 10am from 2009-2018). In 2007, Tennessee established by legislation a \"Committee to Study the Administration of the Death Penalty\". After 16 months of analysis and hearings, the study committee on the death penalty suggested reform of the death penalty without abolishing it, including the creation of an independent authority to review death sentences. Of the two women sentenced to death, Gaile Owens was pardoned in July 2010, owing to a sentence deemed \"disproportionate\" (she was convicted in 1986 for having killed her husband who beat her). The second woman, Christa Pike, who was convicted in 1996",
"title": "Capital punishment in Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "20076973",
"text": "Šefka Hodžić Šefka Hodžić (born 1943; fate unknown) was a Bosnian woman convicted of the 1969 murder of her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović. The brutality of the murder has earned Hodžić the title of one of the most \"monstrous\" women in Bosnian history. For months before the killing, since childless Hodžić had learned of her friends pregnancy, she began stuffing her shirts to appear pregnant, indicating premeditation. The murder occurred on 6 October 1969 in the village Jusići on a mountain near Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. During a village party, Hodžić secretly shot her pregnant friend Alija Hasanović three times",
"title": "Šefka Hodžić"
},
{
"id": "14563970",
"text": "on her hands and knees while Guede sexually abused her; that Knox had cut Kercher with a knife before inflicting the fatal stab wound; and that she had then stolen Kercher's mobile phones and money to fake a burglary. On 5 December 2009, Knox and Sollecito were convicted of murder and sentenced to 26 years' imprisonment. The appeal (or second grade) trial began in November 2010, presided over by Judges Claudio Pratillo Hellmann and Massimo Zanetti. A court-ordered review of the contested DNA evidence by independent experts noted numerous basic errors in the gathering and analysis of the evidence, and",
"title": "Murder of Meredith Kercher"
},
{
"id": "18007635",
"text": "Italian Nobel Prize in Literature Dario Fo dedicates to Jabbari a painting, titled \"Portrait of Reyhaneh Jabbari\". After the execution, and in response to international and domestic reactions, Tehran Prosecutor's office made a statement meant to clarify some of the details of Jabbari's legal dossier. The Prosecutor's Office, inter alia, claims: Reyhaneh Jabbari Reyhaneh Jabbari (; 1988 – 25 October 2014) was a woman convicted of murdering Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, in Iran. She was in prison from 2007 until her execution by hanging in October 2014 for killing her alleged assailant. She published her recollection of the events while in",
"title": "Reyhaneh Jabbari"
},
{
"id": "17046914",
"text": "General Mykhailo Potebenko had stated there were no grounds to open a case. On 18 January 2013, Tymoshenko was notified that she is a suspect in the murder of Scherban, his wife and two other people in 1996. Tymoshenko denied the charges and according to Tymoshenko not she, but President Yanukovych had benefited most of the murder of Shcherban. In February 2013 Tymoshenko and her lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko were fined both $2,000 for \"contempt of court\"; Tymoshenko was fined for being absent in court and Vlasenko for \"violating order in the courtroom\". On 21 January 2013 Tymoshenko's lawyer Serhiy Vlasenko",
"title": "Criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010"
},
{
"id": "11524777",
"text": "could offer no reasonable explanation. Christofi was arrested on suspicion of murder. During her interrogation, she offered an explanation: \"I wake up, smell burning, go downstairs. Hella burning. Throw water, touch her face. Not move. Run out, get help.\" Christofi was charged and remanded to HM Prison Holloway soon afterwards. Her trial began at the Old Bailey on 28 October 1954. Her counsel offered a defence of insanity but the jury rejected it. Christofi was found guilty and sentenced to death. There was a limited campaign for clemency, but to no avail. Her executioner, Albert Pierrepoint claimed in his autobiography,",
"title": "Styllou Christofi"
},
{
"id": "12888368",
"text": "Tansu Çiller, Turkey's first female prime minister, who served from June 1993 to March 1996, requested Şahin's return to the police force and said that he was owed an apology. However, on 27 January 1997 a warrant was issued for his arrest and although he initially eluded capture, on 6 March he was charged with 5–9 years in jail for felony and surrendered within five days later, ultimately being acquitted six months later, on 12 September. After a passage of eighteen months, in March 1999, he was charged for up to year's imprisonment for allegedly losing weapons donated to the",
"title": "İbrahim Şahin"
},
{
"id": "2128924",
"text": "in light of this new reasoning. The San Francisco Superior Court reinstated the conviction for second-degree murder, and on September 22, 2008, the court sentenced Knoller to 15 years to life. Knoller then appealed the trial court's actions. On August 23, 2010, the First District Court of Appeal unanimously upheld Knoller's conviction, finding that she acted with a conscious disregard for human life when her Presa Canario escaped and killed Whipple. The California Supreme Court declined to hear her appeal of that decision. Knoller is currently serving her sentence at Valley State Prison for Women in Chowchilla. In November 2015,",
"title": "Death of Diane Whipple"
},
{
"id": "14727551",
"text": "regime’s Secretary General for Human Rights, announced that Sakineh Ashtiani had been pardoned, due to good behaviour. She had spent nearly 10 years on death row. Larijani stated that the media attention surrounding her sentence to death by stoning was \"propaganda\" and that the death sentence she had initially received was for the murder of her husband and not the adultery. Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani (; born 1967), is an Iranian Azeri woman who has gained the attention of human rights groups and people throughout the world for a conviction of adultery and attempted murder and its accompanying",
"title": "Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani"
},
{
"id": "17900793",
"text": "Trial of Oscar Pistorius The trial of Oscar Pistorius for the murder of Reeva Steenkamp and several gun-related charges (The State vs Oscar Pistorius) in the High Court of South Africa in Pretoria opened on 3 March 2014. On 11–12 September 2014, Judge Thokozile Masipa delivered a verdict that Pistorius was not guilty of murder, but guilty of the culpable homicide of Steenkamp and reckless endangerment with a firearm at a restaurant. On 21 October 2014, Pistorius received a prison sentence of a maximum of five years for culpable homicide and a concurrent three-year suspended prison sentence for the separate",
"title": "Trial of Oscar Pistorius"
},
{
"id": "19878881",
"text": "sentence for assault and burglary, Powell was arrested for the June 6, 1992 shooting death of James Rutledge. In 2011,she was convicted of second degree murder and received a sentence of 25 years to life, to begin upon the completion of her 16 year sentence for assault and burglary. Powell is currently being held at The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women and will be eligible for parole in the year 2045 when she is 84 years old. Her case has been highlighted as a clear example of injustice by many social activists and black power groups. Even being mentioned",
"title": "Joy Powell"
},
{
"id": "1849254",
"text": "Irma Grese Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a female \"SS\" guard at the Nazi concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, and served as warden of the women's section of Bergen-Belsen. Grese was convicted for crimes involving the ill-treatment and murder of prisoners committed at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, and sentenced to death at the Belsen trial. Executed at 22 years of age, Grese was the youngest woman to die judicially under British law in the 20th century. Auschwitz inmates nicknamed her the \"Hyena of Auschwitz\" (). Irma Ilse Ida Grese was born",
"title": "Irma Grese"
},
{
"id": "20474656",
"text": "JFW's earliest cases was that of Emma Humphreys, who had been convicted of murder after killing her violent pimp boyfriend in 1985, when she was 17. In September 1992 she wrote to JFW from prison asking for help, and with Wistrich's and Bindel's support, she successfully appealed the conviction, claiming long-term provocation. News reports from 7 July 1995 \"(right)\" show the three women leaving the Old Bailey after the judges ordered that Humphreys be released. Wistrich told a press conference that the case had been \"a miscarriage of justice on a par with that of the Guildford Four and Judith",
"title": "Harriet Wistrich"
},
{
"id": "3406681",
"text": "Murder of Reena Virk Reena Virk (March 10, 1983 – November 14, 1997) was a resident of Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Her status as a bullied murder victim attracted substantial media scrutiny in Canada. Virk was first swarmed by a group of \"friends.\" The names of six of the girls involved in the first beating, known collectively as \"the Shoreline Six,\" have not all been released. Following the first beating, Warren Glowatski and Kerry Marie Sim (formerly, Kelly Marie Ellard) murdered Virk. Glowatski was given a life sentence after being convicted of second-degree murder. Sim (Ellard) was tried three times.",
"title": "Murder of Reena Virk"
},
{
"id": "13270713",
"text": "Facility. The 2011 novel \"The Butterfly and the Flame\" by Dana De Young was dedicated in part to Zapata's memory. Ozomatli references Zapata in their song \"Gay Vatos in Love\", on their 2010 album \"Fire Away\". Angie Zapata Angie Zapata (5 August 198917 July 2008) was an American trans woman beaten to death in Greeley, Colorado. Her killer, Allen Andrade, was convicted of first-degree murder and committing a hate crime, because he murdered her after learning she was transgender. The case was the first in the nation to get a conviction for a hate crime involving a transgender victim, which",
"title": "Angie Zapata"
},
{
"id": "10060020",
"text": "verdict of guilty on all counts with a lesser charge on count 17. He was re-sentenced to life in prison by the jury, but with the possibility of parole after 51 years. On June 4, 2013, Judge Kurtz sentenced George Thomas to two life sentences (consecutive) for the murders and 25 years (multiple concurrent) for the rapes. In January 2016, Thomas appealed to the United States Supreme Court but the court did not agree to hear the case. Vanessa Coleman, the only female charged and convicted in the crimes, is held at the Tennessee Prison for Women in Nashville. Serving",
"title": "Murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom"
},
{
"id": "389195",
"text": "safe houses. In Hearst's arrest affidavit she claimed that SLA members had used LSD to drug her and had forced her to take part in the bank raid. She was convicted of the Hibernia Bank robbery and sentenced to seven years in prison. US President Jimmy Carter commuted the sentence to time served after she had been in prison for 21 months. She was pardoned by President Bill Clinton. The Harrises were convicted for their part in the Hearst kidnapping and spent eight years in prison. On February 26, 1976, a Los Angeles county grand jury indicted Kathleen Ann Soliah",
"title": "Symbionese Liberation Army"
},
{
"id": "20448870",
"text": "years. The NSW Court of Criminal Appeal upheld a crown appeal that the sentence was manifestly inadequate, almost doubling the prison sentence. In 2014 Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Paul Mulvihill, who a jury convicted of the stabbing murder of his former lover Rachelle Yeo and Fullerton sentenced him to a maximum 29 years in prison. Fullerton was the judge in the trial of Adeel Khan, who was convicted of the murder of Chris Noble and the manslaughter of Bianka O'Brien and her baby son Jude following a fire in Khan's shop at Rozelle. Khan was sentenced",
"title": "Elizabeth Fullerton"
},
{
"id": "18720566",
"text": "stealing Allen's cash and property and expressed her intention to pawn the stolen rifles. Prosecutors ultimately took the stance that Brown had not been in danger and that she'd murdered Allen in order to steal from him. Ultimately, she was found guilty of murder and sentenced to 51 years to life in prison. Brown is currently serving her sentence at the Tennessee Prison for Women, a maximum security detention facility in Nashville, Tennessee. She will be eligible for parole when she is 67 years old. Brown's former pimp, Garion L. McGlothen, also known as Gary McGlothen and Kutthroat, died on",
"title": "Cyntoia Brown"
},
{
"id": "6774261",
"text": "by Meehan. This trial, and particularly the judge's summing-up, raised important questions about the legal meaning of a royal pardon, and Waddell was acquitted. Shortly after Bruce Millan, Secretary of State for Scotland, commented in the House of Commons about these issues. Waddell was himself later murdered by an associate, Andrew Gentle, shortly after a robbery in which they murdered a woman. Gentle was convicted of both murders and later committed suicide in prison. An inquiry into the miscarriage of justice, held due to public demand, and chaired by Lord Hunter, reported in 1982. It was widely criticised as a",
"title": "Patrick Meehan"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Stompieipei context: convicted of the murder. He stated that she had ordered him, with others, to abduct the four youths from Soweto, of whom Moeketsi was the youngest. The four were severely beaten. In 1991, Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an accessory to assault, but her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year suspended sentence on appeal. Mandela's role was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, in 1997. This incident became a \"cause célèbre\" for the apartheid government and opponents of the ANC, and Winnie Mandela's iconic status was dealt\n\nWho was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?",
"compressed_tokens": 201,
"origin_tokens": 202,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela context: of the documentary maker. In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife Evelyn Mase, called for the Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela concluded that she had been responsible for the murder of Asvat. In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she did not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder. In a subsequent interview with the UK Independent, Joyce Seipei said that she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and that during the\n\ntitle: Winnie Madikizela-Mandela context: Sepe had been tortured kidnapped to Zamb her suppor, prior to the, to prevent testifying against her. Her six-year jail sentence reduced to a fine on In 192, she accused ordering the murder Dr. Abu Baker Asvat, and prominent Sow doctor, who had examinedipei Mandela's house, Seipei had abducted but before he had killed. Mand's role in As killing was later probed as part of the Truth and Reconciliation hearings, in 197's murder testified that paid the equivalent\n: Pary: funeral was held in Tahole. In 19,ieela wasictedapping but (6 years inail a yearsended Tr Commission guilty and ins regarding to the actualpie was only found “lig Winnie apolog in person mother and two men accused killing also apolog on Nationalaryaryon a situated the banks theal the Free State South\n: Stpie:, she \" had theela to the boys released, and had attempted to cover-up the death by claiming that Moeketsi had fled to Botswana. With regard to the actual murder of Seipei, the Commission found Mandela \"negligent in that she failed to act responsibly in taking the necessary action required to avert his death\". In February 1989, Dr Abu Asvat, a prominent Soweto doctor, who had examined Seipei after his abduction, was shot dead in his surgery. Winnie Mandela's alleged role in Asvat's\n\nWho was the woman sentenced to six years in jail after the murder of Stompei Seipi?",
"compressed_tokens": 539,
"origin_tokens": 15020,
"ratio": "27.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
174 | In which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe? | [
"Zimbobwe",
"Health care in Zimbabwe",
"Zimbabwean cultural practices",
"People of Zimbabwe",
"Republic of Zimbabwe",
"Zimbabwean legends",
"Zimbabwae",
"Zimbabwian",
"Republic Of Zimbabwe",
"Cuisine of Zimbabwe",
"Zimbabwean cuisine",
"ZWE",
"Zimbabwei",
"Zimbabwe",
"Etymology of Zimbabwe",
"ISO 3166-1:ZW",
"Republic Zimbabwe",
"Zimbawean",
"Zimbabwean",
"Name of Zimbabwe",
"Chimpabwe"
] | Zimbabwe | [
{
"id": "2582325",
"text": "Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is",
"title": "Midlands Province"
},
{
"id": "20751341",
"text": "days later, Jonathan told Petersen about his writing who had the idea of turning into a theatrical piece. The play was quickly created in response to daily xenophobic attacks against Nkala and put up in Peterson's garage in 2006. The play begins with the singular actor making bead and wire figures as the audience enters the theater. He introduces himself as Khumbu and then describes the town of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, where Jonathan Nkala grew up, as being corrupt and too expensive for the average Zimbabwean. Wanting a life of abundance, Khumbu and his friend Jacob decide to use the money",
"title": "The Crossing (play)"
},
{
"id": "6453439",
"text": "Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the center of the country, roughly equidistant from Harare to the northeast and Bulawayo to the southwest. Its population stood at 47,607 in 1982, 75,425 in 1992 and the preliminary result of the 2002 census suggests a population of 88,000. In 2012, the city's population was estimated at 100,900 people. It is a centre for steel and fertiliser production in the country. Kwekwe and neighbouring Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "3292185",
"text": "Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \"The Steep Place\" because of the Gweru River's high banks, in 1894 it became the site of a military outpost established by Leander Starr Jameson. In 1914 it attained municipal status, and in 1971 it became a city. The city has a population of 141,862 as of 2013. Gweru is known for vibrant farming activities in beef cattle, crop farming, and commercial gardening of",
"title": "Gweru"
},
{
"id": "2582327",
"text": "Rural District Council. Chirumhanzu, Gokwe North and Mberengwa districts have no urban councils. The 8 rural district councils in all 8 subdivisions; Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest",
"title": "Midlands Province"
},
{
"id": "19294376",
"text": "to have met with the same fate, for he has not been heard of since the days of the Sikombela Declaration Dossier. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and",
"title": "Zhombe Joel"
},
{
"id": "6453450",
"text": "to the geographical centre of the country, Kwekwe is also strategically located within the Midlands metropolitan area. Kwekwe, together with Gweru, Munyati, Kadoma and Redcliff form a single customer base for local commercial enterprises. As elsewhere in Zimbabwe, a high proportion of the population depends on the informal sector, possibly more than half of the population. Many self-employed miners carry out illegal digging work just north of the city, panning for gold, one of the most lucrative sources of income. Other residents engage in less strenuous work as cobblers, carpenters, TV and radio repairmen, and vendors selling anything from onions",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "6453440",
"text": "Company (ZISCO), the country's largest steelworks. It also hosts the Zimbabwe Iron and Smelting Company (ZIMASCO), the largest ferrochrome producer, and one of the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, a suburb of Kwekwe. Kwekwe is Zimbabwe's richest city in terms of minerals. Kwekwe town was founded in 1898 as a gold mining town, and hosts Zimbabwe's National Mining Museum. The town remains an industrial centre of the country. The name stems from the Zulu word \"isikwekwe\", which means \"scurvy\", \"mange\" or \"scab\". Popular belief states that Kwekwe is named after the croaking noise made by the nearby river's",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "11565395",
"text": "Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately , further southwest of Kwekwe. The coordinates of Kwekwe District are:19° 0' 0.00\"S, 29° 45' 0.00\"E (Latitude:19.0000; Longitude:29.7500). Kwekwe District has two urban",
"title": "Kwekwe District"
},
{
"id": "11565402",
"text": "population was estimated at 289,039 people. The next national population census in Zimbabwe is scheduled from 18 August 2012 through 28 August 2012. Kwekwe District Kwekwe District is a district in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Midlands Province, in the central Zimbabwe. Kwekwe, with an estimated population of about 99,200 in 2004, is the capital city of the district. The district capital is located approximately , by road, southwest of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and the largest city in that country. Kwekwe lies on the main road, Highway A-5, between Harare and Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second-largest city, located approximately",
"title": "Kwekwe District"
},
{
"id": "2582326",
"text": "divided into 8 districts: The Provincial Administrator oversees all the 8 districts in the province, each district having its own district administrator. District Administrators work with local authorities in their respective districts. Local authories have their own Chairmen (mayors for municipalities). These urban councils were established in accordance with the Zimbabwe Urban Councils Act, Chapter 29.15 while rural district councils were created in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act, Chapter 29.13 Of the 8 districts Gokwe South, Gweru, Kwekwe, Shurugwi and Zvishavane have two local government administrative authorities; the Urban District Council (town council or municipality) and the",
"title": "Midlands Province"
},
{
"id": "3292190",
"text": "183 km from Masvingo, 471 km from Beitbridge, and 275 km from Harare. Road names used are by destination only, for example the Harare-Gweru Road. There are only mainroads, no highways or freeways. Brendan Ashby, Olympic swimmer × Maxwell Dube, Footballer × Edmore Makozho,Socialite Parliament Research Department, Gweru Urban Constituency Profile, 'Parliament of Zimbabwe', Published: 2011, Retrieved: 28 Apr 2014 Gweru Gweru (named Gwelo until 1982) is a city in central Zimbabwe. Located near the geographical centre of the country, it is the capital of Midlands Province. Originally an area known to the indigenous Ndebele as \"The Steep Place\" because",
"title": "Gweru"
},
{
"id": "6453457",
"text": "member of parliament (MP) for Kwekwe Central constituency was Emmerson Mnangagwa until his defeat in the elections of 2000. Since then, Blessing Chebundo of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) has represented the district in the Parliament of Zimbabwe. Kwekwe politics is mainly dominated by MDC. As with other Zimbabwean towns run by opposition parties, Kwekwe has seen a number of politically motivated incidents in which people have been killed and arrested. Kwekwe Kwekwe ( ), known until 1983 as Que Que, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "6453441",
"text": "frogs. The town is situated on Zimbabwe's Highveld at an altitude of , above sea level. It is located in the tropics but its high altitude modifies this to a warm temperate climate. The average annual temperature is . As with much of the Highveld, summers are long but not hot as the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "18349765",
"text": "these organizations finance many other efforts. These organizations include the World Bank, the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the German Government, who through its technical cooperation agency, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), gave $6 million (US) to improve the water supply and sanitation systems in the towns of Gweru, Kadoma, and Kariba. The Australian government also provided over $10 million (US) for water supply and sanitation system improvements and research. UNICEF is currently managing several programs in collaboration with the entire WASH program to ameliorate water and sewage systems. These include updating sanitation systems in the towns of Masvingo,",
"title": "Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "6453442",
"text": "the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. Kwekwe has always been a festive and social centre with a mild political atmosphere. It is a multi ethnic city. In and around the city one is assured to come across Shona, Ndebele, Karanga, Chewa, Venda, Tonga and Nambya speaking people. Association Football and cricket are the main sports in the city, just as in the rest of the country. Kwekwe hosts one of Zimbabwe's",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "6453449",
"text": "Chicago although New Town is considered the richest area in the town. This is subdivided into mini-suburbs such as Hazeldene. The homes in this area are significantly larger than most, and are usually staffed with 2–4 domestic workers and, at times, security guards. The town lies on the Bulawayo–Harare railway line. It is home to two mosques, a meetinghouse for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Seventh-day Adventist, Salvation Army, Protestant and Catholic churches. Kwekwe has paved roads leading to Gweru, Kadoma, Mvuma and Gokwe Business Centre hence it is considered a well-connected city. Besides being close",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "6453445",
"text": "the birthplace of former cricketer Norman Featherstone. A stampede at Mbizo Stadium killed 11 people in 2014. Kwekwe is well endowed with many educational facilities. Most are state-run. For university education, the closest facilities are 60 km away in Gweru, the Midlands Province capital, at Midlands State University. Like most urban areas in the country, the city of Kwekwe is serviced by many schools. Amaveni High School, Mbizo High School and Manunure High School recently expanded to offer A-level classes. Amaveni High serves the high density suburb of Amaveni while Mbizo and Manunure serve the high density suburb of Mbizo.",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "19357448",
"text": "Gweru City the 3rd largest city in Zimbabwe as its capital. Gweru City is also Midlands provincial capital. It is located 164 km northeast of Bulawayo and 275 km south-west-south of Harare via Mvuma ( A17 Highway ) or 278 km via Kwekwe ( A5 Highway ). Gwer District is home to * Roman Catholic Diocese of Gweru, * Lower Gweru,* Gweru River,* Riverside School,* Ascot Stadium, * Chapungu United, * Nalatale, * Danangombe,* Dabuka, * Chaplin High School,* Thornhill High School, * Midlands Christian College, * Nashville Secondary School, * Fletcher High School,* Midlands State University and * Gweru-Thornhill",
"title": "Gweru District"
},
{
"id": "8631482",
"text": "open in Harare, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare and Kwekwe to cater to the health needs of gay and bisexual men. The July elections were welcomed by LGBT activists, who called them a \"historic win\": \"We witnessed a reduction in homophobic hate speech and reduction in the politicisation of LGBT individuals as campaign tools.\" Homosexuality is highly taboo in the socially conservative country and Mugabe's anti-gay stance resonates with many Zimbabweans. Gays and lesbians in Zimbabwe are threatened by violence and suicide attempts are common among the gay community. A few nightclubs in urban areas such as Harare and Bulawayo are tolerant",
"title": "LGBT rights in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "11001770",
"text": "1840 the Society's work was held in such high regard by Queen Victoria that she granted her permission for the SPCA to be entitled the Royal Society for the Preventions of Cruelty to Animals. At that time, only a single Inspector had been appointed in London. By 1842 several requests had been received from other areas for the appointment of additional Inspectors. The first SPCA Centre to be officially registered as a Welfare Organisation in Zimbabwe was Bulawayo in 1967, followed by Kwekwe, Harare and Masvingo in the same year, Mutare in 1968 and Gweru in 1969. The smaller centres",
"title": "Zimbabwe Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals"
},
{
"id": "13400250",
"text": "Zimbabwean Jews accepted his offer. In 2003 the Bulawayo Synagogue burned down and the small community did not restore the building. Prayers are generally held at the Sinai Hall or Savyon Lodge in Bulawayo. In Harare the Sephardic Community have their own Synagogue and the Ashkenazi Community have a separate synagogue. Today because of small numbers of congregants the prayers alternate between the two synagogues. Today, about 120 Jews live in Zimbabwe, chiefly in Harare and Bulawayo. There are no Jews remaining in Kwekwe, Gweru, and Kadoma. Two-thirds of Zimbabwean Jews are over 65 years of age, and very few",
"title": "History of the Jews in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "20751339",
"text": "Nkala and Petersen at different theatres, universities, and festivals throughout South Africa and Zimbabwe. Playwright Jonathan Kumbulani Nkala was born in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe in 1980. Due to the high rates of political corruption in the country, which he called the \"Unstable States of Zimbabwe\", Jonathan and his childhood friend Jacob Banda decided to flee to South Africa in search of a \"life of abundance.\" While crossing the Limpopo River, the body of water separating the countries, Jacob was drowned by the currents. After receiving his Asylum Seeker Permit in Cape Town, Nkala made a living by selling bead and wire",
"title": "The Crossing (play)"
},
{
"id": "18437459",
"text": "An Extension Worker who is a government employed graduate in \"Agricultural Science and Practice\" provides technical advice to both the Irrigation Scheme Management Committee and the farmers. Main crops are vegetables, okra, beans and maize. Tomatoes are not grown by many farmers unless they are contracted by a reliable company. Green maize buyers come from places such as Columbina Rural Service Center, Empress Mine Township and even as far as Kadoma, Kwekwe, Gweru and Harare. Buyers provide their own transport. Okra buyers are usually from among the farmers themselves. The buy from other farmers at producer price and ferry tonnes",
"title": "Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme"
},
{
"id": "12809947",
"text": "in the field of humanitarian assistance to Zimbabwe. Apart from a few landowners and businesspeople the majority of Greeks in the country are occupied in trade and other activities that contribute considerably to the country's economy. There are Greek communities in various cities in the country, including Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru and Harare where the local community has been operating a Greek school since 1954. The Archbishopric of Zimbabwe and Southern Africa is under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. Greeks in Zimbabwe Greek Zimbabweans () comprise about 2,500 people of Greek origin, almost half of them from",
"title": "Greeks in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "19409276",
"text": "is the shortest link route from Harare to Gokwe through to Binga. However the road has numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Bridge to Sidakeni Shopping Center. In rainy seasons the Munyati River Bridge on this road may be flooded. This road branches to the right (west) about north of Kwekwe. After Gokwe this road eventually takes you to Binga. There are several roads that connect with A5 in the City of Gweru that include: Source Map: [AA Road Map 1985] The A5Highway passes across a few major river along its route. The rate of unemployment in",
"title": "A5 road (Zimbabwe)"
},
{
"id": "19357446",
"text": "Rhodesia as published by the then Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. (Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960) in the article \"Lore and Legend: Southern Rhodesia Place Names\". Gweru District has a population of over 231,675. It has Shurugwi District to the south-esst, Chirumhanzu District to the east, Insiza District south-west, Bubi District to the west, Nkayi District north-west and Kwekwe District north. Source:World Meteorological Organization Main article: Vungu Rural District Council Gweru District is administered by the District Administrator who is an ex-offio of (Gweru City Council and Gweru Rural District Council. for Gweru rural. Gweru rural district",
"title": "Gweru District"
},
{
"id": "15723048",
"text": "residents. Sakubva Stadium made history on the night of 29 April 1989 when Oliver Mtukudzi held the Tuku Live at Sakubva Concert where he recorded his first live album. The recording was also the first live musical recording of Zimbabwe. Fans came from Bulawayo, Chipinge, Harare, Rusape, Chiredzi, Kwekwe, Gweru including neighbouring Mozambique. Simon Chimbetu, Illanga and Penga Udzoke were supporting artists at the concert. Sakubva has been a subject of violence due to the activities of the so-called bouncers and some of them work for notable Politicians. There has been cases of violence between the residents from Chisamba Singles",
"title": "Sakubva"
},
{
"id": "19357449",
"text": "Air Base to name a few. Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \"Ikwelo\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as",
"title": "Gweru District"
},
{
"id": "19409272",
"text": "Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw.] Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.",
"title": "A5 road (Zimbabwe)"
},
{
"id": "19357445",
"text": "Gweru District Gweru District is a district in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Gweru District gets its name from Ikwelo River now Gweru River which has the city as its source and primary drainage basin. The name Gweru is a further corruption of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the original name \"Ikwelo\" given by the earliest isiNdebele speakers in the late 19th century. Ikwelo was the district because it was not a spot name but rather a name given to a place along the length of the river in question as written by Colonel Carbutt, of Southern",
"title": "Gweru District"
},
{
"id": "15097319",
"text": "Mid West Rhinos The Mid West Rhinos is one of the four cricket Zimbabwean cricket franchises. They are a first-class cricket team, based in Midlands Province and the Mashonaland West area. They play their home matches at Kwekwe Sports Club in Kwekwe. In 2009 Zimbabwe Cricket announced a major restructure of domestic cricket in Zimbabwe and the traditional provincial sides were replaced with regional franchises. Midlands was renamed Mid West Rhinos and based in the mining town of Kwekwe. With the new franchise system in place the season got under way on 14 September 2009. Current captain Vusimuzi Sibanda was",
"title": "Mid West Rhinos"
},
{
"id": "12869007",
"text": "40 kg of gold each month. However, Jena Mine is the biggest gold producer in the Midlands Province employing over 600 people. Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major",
"title": "Silobela"
},
{
"id": "15311170",
"text": "Banda was born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and educated in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). His family's home district, however, was Nkhata Bay, in the northern Region of Malawi. His father worked in Livingstone, Zambia, before moving to Moss Mine near Que Que (Kwekwe) in Southern Rhodesia, where Aleke Banda attended school. He became involved in politics from a young age and was imprisoned. In 1959 on release from prison he entered Malawi for the first time. He is believed to be the first cousin of Zambian politician and former President Rupiah Banda. He was the chairman of The Nation",
"title": "Aleke Banda"
},
{
"id": "19345900",
"text": "based on Maps produced by the government of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Gweru District Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the",
"title": "Ikwelo River"
},
{
"id": "18462284",
"text": "Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe Empress Mine Township is a populated place in the area formerly known as Salakuhle (misspelled as Salagushle) in Zhombe Communal Land, Kwekwe District of the Midlands Province in Zimbabwe. It is Zhombe's largest growth point yet plays second fiddle to Zhombe Joel, the current Zhombe Center. Empress Mine Township is about 70 km south-west of Kadoma by road, 98 km north-west of Kwekwe by the fastest route, and just 3 km south of Columbina Rural Service Center. The first houses at Empress Mine Township were built in 1968 when Empress Nickel Mine was established, twelve years",
"title": "Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "18393268",
"text": "Albania but it has been accused of drastically undercounting the number of Romani in the country, drawing criticism from the Council of Europe. Roma people live all over the country, but some of the biggest communities can be found around the capital, Tirana, the cities of Fier, Berat and Gjirokaster, and around the town of Korça. The distribution of Jevgs (\"Egyptians\") is much less, numbering at most 10,000 people who are concentrated in and around the capital city of Tirana. The poverty rate among Roma in Albania is particularly high (78%), in relation to the majority (22%). Contrary to the",
"title": "Romani people in Albania"
},
{
"id": "8519558",
"text": "Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest city in Zimbabwe.The university adopted a multi campus system therefore it has a satellite campus in the mining town of Zvishavane and other campuses located in the city of Gweru.",
"title": "Midlands State University"
},
{
"id": "9872877",
"text": "African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \"P J Joubert Limited\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet stores, at Harare, Mutare and",
"title": "African Distillers"
},
{
"id": "19401786",
"text": "minutes. Kwekwe, a small fort based on the river of the same name, established soon after the Pioneer Column entered Fort Salisbury to occupy Mashonaland, had been a British South African Police post consisting of one officer, one senior non-commissioned officer, six European troopers and 15 African policemen. It was situated at the banks of Kwekwe River, named after the \"que-que\" sound of croaking frogs in the river. It was not in any way connected to G&P Mine let alone being a police post. With the development of the Globe and Phoenix Mine, the few inhabitants of the Fort Kwekwe",
"title": "Globe and Phoenix Mine"
},
{
"id": "3778316",
"text": "Zvishavane Zvishavane (known until 1982 as Shabani) is a mining town in Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. Surrounded by low hills, it lies west of Masvingo, on the main Bulawayo-Masvingo road. Other roads lead from Zvishavane to Gweru, north, and Mberengwa, south-west. It is also on direct rail links to Gweru and Beit Bridge which then link up with Harare and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique, and Pretoria in South Africa. It has a private airport serving the city. Zvishavane was formerly called \"Shabanie\" (used by the mine) or \"Shabani\" (used for the town). The name \"Shabanie\" has been",
"title": "Zvishavane"
},
{
"id": "11555640",
"text": "service, the crowd left toward a single exit in a stampede, killing four immediately; seven others were pronounced dead at hospital. The Business Standard reported that the stampede was caused by police firing teargas after some of the crowd attempted to break off parts of the stadium wall to exit. Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in",
"title": "Mbizo Stadium"
},
{
"id": "20756958",
"text": "used to start the company was from Muntari's personal savings but later on he obtained financial support from financial institutions for expansion and growth in the later years. In 2010, Nash Paints acquired 75 percent shares in Eastlea Paints as well as a building previously owned by Rafiq Khan. Between 2008 and 2016 Nash Paints opened branches in Bluffhill, Msasa, Gazaland, Mbare, Graniteside, Masvingo, Kwekwe, Gweru, Bulawayo, Mutare, Bindura, Chinhoyi, Kadoma and Marondera. In February 2018, Nash Paints announced Jah Prayzah as the company's new brand ambassador, which led to some criticism in the arts industry. The previous brand ambassador",
"title": "Nash Paints"
},
{
"id": "18816270",
"text": "Chicago, Zimbabwe Chicago, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, is a low density suburb located in the outskirts of Kwekwe CBD. Chicago is one of the oldest place names in Kwekwe. The suburb is situated in South of the CBD along the A5 Highway and in a hilly environment. The area was originally the east-end of a farm by the same name, covering the better part of Kwekwe Central, Feachlea, Hellandale and beyond. Gaika Mine also known as Chicago Gaika Mine is wholly in former Chicago Farm. The first plots in Kwekwe were pegged in Chicago. It was not considered the area for the",
"title": "Chicago, Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "19294372",
"text": "Zhombe Joel Joel Business Centre is the location of district administrative offices, parliamentary advisory offices, the post office and police station in the town of Zhombe, Zimbabwe. It is 64 km northwest of Kwekwe and 77 km southeast of Gokwe Centre. This small rural town center is the hub of both Zhombe Communal Land and Zhombe Central Ward. Joel Business Centre, in Zhombe Central ward, is named in honour of Joel Tessa, one of the pioneer businessmen at the centre during the 1960s. Tessa was one of the first shop owners at Zhombe Centre, also known as Zhombe Growth Point",
"title": "Zhombe Joel"
},
{
"id": "6453443",
"text": "major provincial cricket sides – the Mid West Rhinos. Their cricket ground has been host to several first class and one day matches, and has even hosted some internationals, most notably against Kenya. Kwekwe also hosts a variety of touring sides versus Zimbabwe 'A' teams. Almost all of the schools in Kwekwe play cricket. Kwekwe hosts two football (soccer) clubs, the Lancashire Steel (named after a local steel company) and Kwekwe Cables. The Kwekwe Queens Club is also a reputable sporting establishment, with a sizeable membership and drinking crowd. Lancashire Steel FC, the main team in the city, has been",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "2138665",
"text": "Traffic is sometimes heavy, however, the major thoroughfares handle fairly high volumes of traffic without too much trouble. Daegu is served by Daegu Airport (international/domestic) located in northeastern Daegu. International destinations include Japan, China, Southeast Asia, and Vladivostok. Daegu is twinned with the following locations: Daegu Daegu (; , literally 'large hill'), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea, the fourth-largest after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon, and the third-largest metropolitan area in the nation with over 2.5 million residents. Daegu and surrounding North Gyeongsang Province are often referred to as",
"title": "Daegu"
},
{
"id": "3292189",
"text": "publishing in 2015 but now operational. Railways arrived in Gwelo (Gweru) in 1902. National Railways of Zimbabwe have the country's largest marshalling yard, Dabuka, on the south side of Gweru. Dabuka plays a pivotal role in rail movement in the country as it is the central hub of the rail links to Mozambique in the east, South Africa in the south and Botswana and Namibia in the south west, lying on the Bulawayo - Harare Line. As a central city (hub), it has direct links to all the other cities and towns of Zimbabwe. It is 164 km from Bulawayo,",
"title": "Gweru"
},
{
"id": "10754822",
"text": "Telephone numbers in East Timor Until September 1999, East Timor formed part of the Indonesian numbering plan, using the country code +62, followed by area codes for the two largest cities, Dili (390) and Baucau (399). Following the violence in the wake of Indonesia's departure from the territory, most of the telecommunications infrastructure was destroyed, and Telkom Indonesia withdrew its services from East Timor. A new country code, +670, was allocated to East Timor, but international access often remains severely limited. A complicating factor is that 670 was previously used by the Northern Marianas, with many carriers not aware that",
"title": "Telephone numbers in East Timor"
},
{
"id": "11555639",
"text": "Mbizo Stadium Mbizo Stadium is a small stadium in Mbizo township, north-west of the city of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It is used for various activities, from hosting music concerts by popular artists like Alick Macheso, Simon Chimbetu to Tongai Moyo, a native of the town. The stadium is located in Mbizo section one, the oldest part of the township. It has a capacity of about a thousand people. On 21 November 2014, a stampede occurred at stadium and killing 11 and injuring 40 people. Reuters reported that around 30,000 people attended a religious service officiated by Walter Magaya. After the",
"title": "Mbizo Stadium"
},
{
"id": "6712724",
"text": "Kwekwe High School Kwekwe High School is a high school in the city of Kwekwe, in the Midlands region of Zimbabwe (the school was known until 1982 as Que Que High School). The schools motto is Non Sibi Sed Omnibus (not for ourselves but for all). Kwekwe high is an co-ed interracial school that offers education from Form 1 up to A-Level and offers sports such as rugby, cricket, tennis, basketball, swimming, field hockey, netball and volleyball.The school was founded in the early twentieth century, and combined was combined primary and secondary school until the late 1920s when it was",
"title": "Kwekwe High School"
},
{
"id": "20490081",
"text": "hotel and upmarket supermarket for the convenience of the 1200 workers in the mine and their families. He then bought into a shoe factory in Harare called Rhodesian Shoe Manufacturing, now known as Conte Shoes. Naran invested heavily in property in Zimbabwe. He acquired over half of the land in the city of Kwekwe (Queque) for commercial and residential property development, farming and mining as well as significant property portfolio in Kadoma, Chiredzi and Harare. In 1972 Naran established a steel bedding factory in Francistown, Botswana. Naran’s father, Shri Lalloo Naran was a cobbler by profession and opened the Naran",
"title": "Prag Lalloo Naran"
},
{
"id": "12163718",
"text": "agritourist services. The voivodeship's seat is the city of Białystok. Like all voivodeships, it has a government-appointed Provincial Governor (), as well as an elected Regional Assembly (sejmik) and of the executive elected by that assembly, headed by the voivodeship marshal (\"marszałek województwa\"). Administrative powers and competences are statutorily divided between these authorities. The voivodeship contains 40 cities and towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2006 Podlaskie Voivodeship Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province (, ) is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. It borders on Masovian Voivodeship to the west, Warmian-Masurian",
"title": "Podlaskie Voivodeship"
},
{
"id": "12869004",
"text": "is the largest medical centre in the region, and the Police Station with detention cells. Also in the vicinity is an irrigation co-operative and a business centre with a supermarket, beer outlets and greengrocer's. The Gweru River passes just to the east of Loreto. Crossroads Growth Point is the commercial hub of Silobela. It is about 80 km Southwest of Kwekwe. From this center one roads leads to Gweru, the other to Nkayi and the other to the northern villages of Silobela, and still the main one to Kwekwe, hence Crossroads. The Silobela Old people’s Home was built on a",
"title": "Silobela"
},
{
"id": "12180455",
"text": "line is, they don't care\". While campaigning on 12 June, Tsvangirai was detained twice; after being first detained in Kwekwe for about two hours, he was detained in Gweru, along with about 20 other MDC officials, for about four hours before being released. At a ZANU-PF rally on 12 June, Mugabe said that war veterans had asked him after the first round if they could \"take up arms\". According to Mugabe, he replied that he did not want war, but he also vowed that the MDC would never take power, saying that the MDC would forfeit the gains of the",
"title": "Second round of voting in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election"
},
{
"id": "10041836",
"text": "It is also worth noting that the names given to the analogous countries all have some basis in reality. For instance Shqiperi is the Albanian name for Albania, Poland is named after Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, the United States is Vespucciland after Amerigo Vespucci, Greece is named after the ancient region of Locris, etc. The politics of the world are almost the same as our own, as well, right down to having analogues of Catholic Christianity, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Islam. Every Inch a King Every Inch a King is a 2005 fantasy novel by Harry Turtledove, published",
"title": "Every Inch a King"
},
{
"id": "8774711",
"text": "urban, two urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice,",
"title": "Gliwice County"
},
{
"id": "20751338",
"text": "The Crossing (play) The Crossing is a 2006 South African one-man play by Jonathan Nkala. The play documents the struggles Nkala had while illegally immigrating from his birth city of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe to Cape Town, South Africa from 2002 to 2006. The original production, titled \"The Journey\", opened November 5 2006 at the Garage Theatre, a 30-seat house in Hout Bay, Cape Town and was directed by Bo Petersen and starred Nkala. The title was changed in July 2008 after Nkala showed the production to his friends who suggested he make the switch. From 2006-2009 the production was staged by",
"title": "The Crossing (play)"
},
{
"id": "18462466",
"text": "is a requirement that an operating organisation should make profits and expand its own viability but still, it should benefit the local community in one way or the other. Commoner is the center of Mahogo Village, and the main center for two other villages. (Latitude -18.4420 Longitude 29.4458) Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is",
"title": "Commoner, Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "8951742",
"text": "Midlands Christian College Midlands Christian College (MCC) is a co-educational high school of about 450 pupils ranging from form 1 to form 6, located in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe. The college has boarding facilities as well as providing for day-scholars. Its name refers to its location in the Midlands Province in central Zimbabwe. Midlands Christian College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ). MCC is a Christian school which teaches Creationism as well as Evolution but teaches students that",
"title": "Midlands Christian College"
},
{
"id": "19314154",
"text": "day. Unlike other Zimbabwean highways, the R847 has no toll gates, but the flow of vehicles on the road per day has since doubled the 2011 averages, according to statistics elsewhere on major highways. In past years, the annual average daily traffic was done by traffic recording devices or by human observers who visually had to count and record traffic on tally sheets. However, at the fall of the Zimbabwean dollar the manned system was dropped only to come up later in the form of the toll gates system, which count vehicles by weight and generate revenue at the same",
"title": "Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"
},
{
"id": "8519566",
"text": "rankings such as the Times Higher Education Supplement, QS World University Rankings or the Academic Ranking of World Universities. It is generally ranked among the top three universities in Zimbabwe. Midlands State University Midlands State University is a government owned university in Zimbabwe. The university has 9 faculties (Agriculture, Arts, Commerce, Education, Engineering, Law, Science, Social Sciences and Medicine) offering a wide variety of courses and many specialist programmes. The university is accredited through the National Council for Higher Education, under the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education of Zimbabwe. The main campus is located in Gweru the third largest",
"title": "Midlands State University"
},
{
"id": "2336",
"text": "Albania has undergone significant changes and improvements in the past two decades. Improvements to the public transport, road and rail infrastructure, water and air travel have all led to a vast improvement in transportation. The international airport of Tirana serves as the premier gateway to the country carrying almost 2 million passengers per year with connections to many destinations around Europe. The country plans to increase the number of airports especially in the south with possible locations in Sarandë, Gjirokastër and Vlorë. The roads of Albania are well maintained and still under construction. The A1 is the longest motorway of",
"title": "Albania"
},
{
"id": "19314152",
"text": "Chemagora-Sidakeni at Masoro Turnoff popularly known as Chinyudze, about 5 km west of Columbina Township. The road connects Zhombe and Gokwe South areas to all parts of the country via its Kwekwe end. It serves Zhombe Communal Land, Chemagora purchase area, Gokwe, Nemangwe, Mutimutema and Sengwa coal mines. There has been improved economic and business growth in areas served by the road over the years. Both Zhombe Joel and Gokwe have experienced economic growth because of the impact of the feeder road. Although there is no railway line to Gokwe, the road network, courtesy of the main R847 Kwekwe-Gokwe, has",
"title": "Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"
},
{
"id": "11565401",
"text": "the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years. The climate is hot and wet during the summer rainy season from mid November to mid March, with cool, dry weather from May to mid-August in the winter season, and warm dry weather from August to mid November. Winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of , and are the sunniest time of the year. The population census of 1992 estimated the population of the district at 249,705. In 2004, the district",
"title": "Kwekwe District"
},
{
"id": "6453447",
"text": "in Zimbabwe. Recently the polytechnic has started offering B-tech degrees. Plans are underway to convert it into a modern university. The residential suburbs in the city are divided into higher and lower density areas. The main surbubs in the town are Mbizo Township, Amaveni Township, Msasa Park, Goldrich, Hillandale, Newtown, Gaika, Beverly Hills, Chicago, Golden Acres, Southwood and Fitchlea. Kwekwe's suburbs are divided into low cost housing, residential housing and also industrial and railway housing. Kwekwe has only one set of traffic lights which are just outside the city centre on a road leading to the high density suburb of",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "18462463",
"text": "Commoner, Zimbabwe Commoner, Zimbabwe is a populated place and a place where highly deformed and folded quartz reef structure gold ore is extracted. It is about 50 km west-southwest of Kadoma by air and 68 km by road. 67 km north-west of Kwekwe by air and 96 km by road. It is in Zhombe _ Kwekwe District, _ Midlands Province _ Zimbabwe. Commoner is not to be confused with \"Commoner Gold Mine\" near Kadoma in Mashonaland West Province Commoner is in \"Mahogo Village\", slightly over 1 000 metres north of Columbina Rural Service Center, in Mabura Ward of Zhombe Communal",
"title": "Commoner, Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "19937931",
"text": "region. About 100,000 residents of settlements in Moscow Oblast such as Lyubertsy, Lytkarino, Dzerzhinsky and Kotelniki lost electricity due to extremely harsh temperatures. On 11 January, the cold wave reached Albania, with temperatures reaching and supplies being flown in by army helicopters, mainly in the city of Gjirokastër and the nation's capital Tirana. On 16 January, it was reported that the electricity prices in Europe were at their highest since 2008 as a result of power outages and increased demand. Romanian Energy Minister, Toma Petcu, suggested that, if coal consumption remained high, reserves held by the country’s two major producers",
"title": "January 2017 European cold wave"
},
{
"id": "19409245",
"text": "Border Post or in town at the railway station. The R2 was rehabilited together with the R3 in the rehanilitation project undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Roads Adminuration (ZINARA) as part of the regional transit highway dubbed the Plumtree-Bulawayo-Harare-Mutare Highway project in 2015. The connects Harare and Botswana serving numerous waypoints along the route course. The A5 covers the Harare to Bulawayo via Kwekwe road. This highway covers Figtree, Zimbabwe, Marula and Plumtree. A7 Highway actually ends past Plumtree Town, where it meets Botswana's A1 Highway. The R2 is long. The A5 Highway part is and the A7 Highway is",
"title": "R2 road (Zimbabwe)"
},
{
"id": "676049",
"text": "links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in most major towns that includes Harare,Gweru Bulawayo,Mutare through fiber optic and other remote parts through satellite communication International: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru) (2010) Mobile cellular: 9.2 million (2011) Broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 4 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1. Acts as the primary communication for largely rural population. 2012 saw the launch of two independent stations ZiFM and Star FM. As of",
"title": "Telecommunications in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "13821145",
"text": "year round. People of Lower Gwelo they are on second position in gardens in the midlands province following Gokwe in planting Vegetables, Fruits and maize. It is positioned agro ecological region IV of Zimbabwe. Natural regions IV and V are too dry for successful crop production without irrigation. Lower Gweru has been blessed with the following irrigation schemes: Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe) Lower Gwelo (officially known as Lower Gweru) is a developed communal settlement in the Midlands province, Zimbabwe and is located about 40km north-west of Gweru, and stretches a further 50 km to the west. Chiefdoms in Lower Gwelo include",
"title": "Lower Gwelo (Zimbabwe)"
},
{
"id": "9250751",
"text": "in 1969, operating on a trial basis until 1981. Other major cities followed: Tianjin (1984), Shanghai (1993), Guangzhou (1997), Wuhan (2004), Shenzhen (2004). Nearly sixty cities have or are planning rapid transit systems and new Chinese metro systems open every year. Since 1974, South Korean cities have developed subway systems. The first lines were converted from existing heavy railway lines. The largest, Seoul, operates twelve lines extending approximately 314 km. Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Daejeon and Gwangju also have subway systems. Seoul and Incheon are connected by metro. Pyongyang in North Korea notably has a well adorned and deep metro with",
"title": "History of rapid transit"
},
{
"id": "8774709",
"text": "Gliwice County Gliwice County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gliwice, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Knurów, south of Gliwice, Pyskowice, north of Gliwice, Toszek, north-west of Gliwice, and Sośnicowice, west of Gliwice. The county covers an area of . As of 2006 its total population is 114,963,",
"title": "Gliwice County"
},
{
"id": "19314142",
"text": "Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway or the R84-7 Highway is an all-weather bitumen macadam highway in Zimbabwe running from Kwekwe to Gokwe passing through Zhombe. as a trunk road it is officially the P11 Highway It is from Kwekwe to Gokwe but the highway which branches off from the A5 (Harare-Bulawayo Highway) is , a 1-hour-50-minute drive on average. The Zimbabwe National Road Administration (ZINARA), a government department under the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development, oversees the highway. As shown in the 1973 Automobile Association roads network, the Kwekwe–Gokwe road (then Que Que–Gokwe road) was a gravel one for",
"title": "Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway"
},
{
"id": "11503763",
"text": "a consequence of the Great Depression. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as Toronto or Montreal without the approval of local voters. Not all first-level political entities are termed \"provinces.\" In Arab countries, the first administrative level of government—called a \"muhafazah\"—is usually translated as a \"governorate.\" In Poland, the equivalent of \"province\" is \"\"województwo\",\" sometimes rendered in English as \"voivodeship.\" Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into",
"title": "Province"
},
{
"id": "19345897",
"text": "Ikwelo River Gweru River is a river in Midlands (Zimbabwe) Province of Zimbabwe. The name Gweru is a further distortion of the name Gwelo which was a distortion of the name Ikwelo meaning a very steep place where one would usually use a ladder upwards or downwards. Itself a distortion of the original Kalanga name of Gwelu an abbreviation of Gwelumatjena meaning the river of white stones. The Matebele just distorted the name as they did many names. Legends say when Ndebele people first settled in the area, their women found it very difficult to draw water from the river",
"title": "Ikwelo River"
},
{
"id": "7505882",
"text": "Zhombe Zhombe (formerly known as Jombe) is a rural communal area in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe. There are a few commercial farms within its borders and a handful of resettlement areas. Most of it is within the Zhombe Constituency. Its administrative centre is the Zhombe Joel Growth Point, and it is under the Zibagwe Rural District Council. There are fourteen business centres in Zhombe. Ten of the business centres are electrified. There are also two rural service centres: Empress and Zhombe Joel. As of 2011, there were 53 primary schools and 18 secondary schools. There are ten clinics (and",
"title": "Zhombe"
},
{
"id": "6453451",
"text": "to meat. Gold is mined in the city, and is the reason the city was established. At one stage, the Globe and Phoenix Mine around which the town developed (circa 1900) was the biggest gold mine in the country. In the local mining museum on its premises stands a relic of these boom days called the Paper House, a wood and reinforced cardboard structure in striking green and white. This two-bedroom dwelling on stilts (presumably to combat the heat and protect from termites) was home to the first mine manager, and was once slept in by Cecil John Rhodes, the",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "19232366",
"text": "Midlands Music Awards The Midlands Music Awards (MMAs) are an annual award ceremony, run by the Midlands Music Organization, where accolades are presented to members of Zimbabwe's music industry who come from the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. Winners receive a statuette. The event was established in June 2014. The ceremony is held in June every year and contenders are judged on performances made in the previous year. The show is held at the Midlands Hotel in the capital of the province Gweru and broadcast on Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation - Zbc TV. The ceremony features live performances by some of the",
"title": "Midlands Music Awards"
},
{
"id": "20821261",
"text": "returning to communities where they might be shunned due to the fear many have in the respective areas of the Ebola virus, hence psychosocial assistance is needed. Post-Ebola syndrome signs and symptoms in an individual may include, but are not limited to the following: The Ebola virus disease outbreak in Zaire (Yambuku) started in late 1976, and was the second outbreak ever after the earlier one in Sudan the same year. On 1 August 2018, the tenth Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only a few days after the prior outbreak in the same country had",
"title": "2018 Kivu Ebola outbreak"
},
{
"id": "767800",
"text": "10.03% Catholics, 6.75% Orthodox believers, 5.49% other, 2.5% Atheists, 2.09% Bektashis and 0.14% other Christians. According to the Institute of Statistics INSTAT, the population in 2016 was 2,886,026. Tirana County is the area with the highest population of 811,649 in the country. Fier County remains the population with the second highest population with a total of 312,488. The Counties with the lowest result are Gjirokastër, Kukës and Dibër respectively with 70,331, 84,035 and 134,153 inhabitants. About 53.4% of Albania's population live in cities. The three largest counties account for half of the population. Almost 53.4% of the population of Albania",
"title": "Demographics of Albania"
},
{
"id": "6453456",
"text": "including rhino, elephant, leopard, lion and most big antelope (such as kudu, eland, sable, and tsessebe). The Kwekwe Sports Club hosts games by Zimbabwe's Midlands provincial cricket side, and hosted a One Day International against Kenya in 2002, along with a number of matches between Zimbabwe A and touring teams. Sebakwe dam is one of the main tourist attractions whereby tourists can waterskii, hunt, view game and camp. Sable Park is a recreational privately owned game reserve. The National Mining Museum, dedicated to the mining industry in the country, is one of the main tourist attractions in the city. The",
"title": "Kwekwe"
},
{
"id": "15613049",
"text": "There is Mementos Lounge which is an entertainment lounge usually occupied by successful businessmen and women. with a loved (kasi) restaurant owned by Dash who also owns a brand called 'yoh yoh'. Kamela (alternative name) is a rural area under development to be a Township. It is where the kwekwezi FM radio giant Nkosinathi aka 'Na-T' Ntuli originates. Kameelrivier Kameel-rivier B or Kameelrivier is a village in the low-veld region of KwaNdebele, in the Nkangala District Municipality of the Mpumalanga province of South Africa where the majority of the residents are the Ndebele people, it is known for having good",
"title": "Kameelrivier"
},
{
"id": "2363521",
"text": "in various Nazi concentration and death camps. The city also was site of prison camps for Norwegian and Soviet PoWs during World War II. It was heavily damaged by bombardments. The county of Lyck had 53,000 inhabitants when the Soviet Army approached in January 1945. The town was placed under Polish administration in April 1945 and its German inhabitants were dispossessed and forcibly expelled. It was rebuilt and renamed Ełk (before 1939, Polish names for the town included \"Łęg\" and \"Łęk\"). In 1999, Ełk was visited by Pope John Paul II. About 300,000 people attended a papal Mass. Note that",
"title": "Ełk"
},
{
"id": "1107988",
"text": "Wijchen Wijchen () is a municipality and a town in the province of Gelderland, in the eastern part of the Netherlands. Number of residents per population centre per 12 December 2009: The population centre Woezik (3,820 residents on 1 January 2005) and the township Laak are statistically included in Wijchen. Neighbourhoods in Wijchen include: Streets in most neighbourhoods are numbered instead of named. This is not common practice in the Netherlands, therefore the street numbers are included in the house numbering. E.g. someone living in Abersland, 11th street, house #05 will usually use Abersland 1105 in his address. Parts of",
"title": "Wijchen"
},
{
"id": "15097327",
"text": "the cricketers who played for Mbizo have gone on to represent other local league teams and some have even appeared for the Rhinos. The Mid West Rhinos are solely responsible for all cricketing activity within the region. As part of their efforts to develop the game the Rhinos introduced a league. The league includes the teams; The strongest of the sides is Kwekwe Cricket Club who consistently beat their opposition convincingly. Whilst League cricket in the area faces numerous difficulties due to the lagging local economy the standard of cricket is fairly high with a number of the clubs fielding",
"title": "Mid West Rhinos"
},
{
"id": "11804766",
"text": "two archdioceses (Harare and Bulawayo), which each contain three dioceses Chinhoyi, Gokwe, and Mutare; and Gweru, Hwange, and Masvingo; respectively). The most famous Catholic churchman in Zimbabwe is Pius Ncube, the archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government of Robert Mugabe, who is also Roman Catholic. A variety of local churches and groups have emerged from the mainstream Christian churches over the years that fall between the Protestant and Catholic churches. Some, such as the Zimbabwe Assemblies of God, continue to adhere to Christian beliefs and oppose the espousal of traditional religions. Other local groups, such as the",
"title": "Religion in Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "19409279",
"text": "the road. Wide road shoulders might deter the illegal miners from coming to close to the highway from under ground. In recent years right in the city of Kwekwe illegal gold miners dug and emerged from underneath a classroom at Globe and Phoenix Primary School. Open pits have been left open in places not far from the highway, some of them about 15 metres. Should a disaster come on the road, there won’t be any space to make a detour because of these pits. These \"Makoeokoza\" as they are called have no respect for precious life on their part or",
"title": "A5 road (Zimbabwe)"
},
{
"id": "19363393",
"text": "Gokwe North Rural District Council Gokwe North Rural District Councils is a local government organ administering Gokwe North District. There are eight Rural District Councils in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe all established in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act; Chapter 29.13. Gokwe North RDC is one of the 8 rural district councils in Midlands Province namely Mberengwa RDC in Mberengwa District, Runde RDC in Zvishavane District, Tongogara RDC in Shurugwi District, Vungu RDC in Gweru District, Takawira RDC in Chirumhanzu District, Zibagwe RDC in Kwekwe District, Gokwe South RDC in Gokwe South District and here in Gokwe",
"title": "Gokwe North Rural District Council"
},
{
"id": "14140310",
"text": "Albanian government decided to demolish the building of the theatre and has temporarily relocated it at ArTurbina on Sami Frasheri St in Tirana Re district of Tirana. A new theatre will be constructed on the grounds of the current theater amidst criticism from some groups. In the National Theatre of Albania have been shown unforgettable pieces, interpreted with high artistic values. The following plays have left a lasting impression in the memory of spectators: Albania holds other theatres in Vlora, Durres, Shkoder, Fier, Gjirokastër, Berat and Korce Located in Tirana besides the National Theater, it’s venues are used by mainly",
"title": "National Theatre (Albania)"
},
{
"id": "4384413",
"text": "since expanded in the states of Brandenburg, Berlin, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein, and there are a total of more than 340 stores by December 2014. In Germany, a second chain of stores (with over 4100 stores), called Netto Marken-Discount and owned by EDEKA has also been in operation since 1984. The two chains are unrelated to each other. The first Netto store in Poland opened in Szczecin in 1995. The expansion of the branch is concentrated in the west part of the country from Szczecin to Gdańsk (for example in Police and Stargard Szczeciński), and through the",
"title": "Netto (store)"
},
{
"id": "2212269",
"text": "Matlock, Derbyshire Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England. It is situated at the south eastern edge of the Peak District. The town is twinned with the French town Eaubonne. The former spa resort Matlock Bath lies immediately south of the town on the A6. The civil parish of Matlock Town had a population in the 2011 UK census of 9,543. The population of the wider Matlock urban area is approximately 20,000 (including Darley Dale, Tansley, Hackney and Matlock Bath). The Matlock area is considered to include Wirksworth, owing to the close proximity of the towns. Matlock is nine",
"title": "Matlock, Derbyshire"
},
{
"id": "388278",
"text": "of the Boeremag, a right-wing extremist group, damaged buildings and railway lines, and killed one person. As Soweto was counted as part of Johannesburg in South Africa's 2008 census, recent demographic statistics are not readily available. It has been estimated that 40% of Johannesburg's residents live in Soweto. However, the 2008 Census put its population at 1.3 million (2010) or about one-third of the city's total population. Soweto's population is overwhelmingly black. All eleven of the country's official languages are spoken, and the main linguistic groups (in descending order of size) are Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, and Tsonga. Soweto landmarks include:",
"title": "Soweto"
},
{
"id": "12869003",
"text": "Silobela Silobela is an agricultural village in Kwekwe District in the Midlands Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about west of Kwekwe town, north-west of Gweru town, and bordering Nkayi on the west. Most of the inhabitants of Silobela were relocated from the area between Gweru and Bulawayo (called Hogo) in the 1940s to allow for white commercial farmers to take up that land. Most of the population is Ndebele and they speak the isiNdebele language. A major centre in Silobela is the Loreto Mission which incorporates the Loreto High School, a Roman Catholic boarding school, the Loreto Hospital, which",
"title": "Silobela"
},
{
"id": "17061737",
"text": "Despite sometimes desperate struggles during this, Book Café’s hardest ever year, our hopes and dreams were fulfilled. I am not sure I have ever seen such an outpouring of exciting and skilled youth arts talent since our inception in 1997, well done to the young artists! Amongst this, Pamberi Trust continued its management role in the 16-country African Music Festivals Network, helped establish pioneering civil society and arts platforms, and contributed nationally towards festival platforms in Gweru, Bulawayo, Chimanimani, Harare and local initiatives around the country. Book Café, under Pamberi Trust remit, entered 2012 as a Prince Claus Award laureate",
"title": "The Book Café (Zimbabwe)"
},
{
"id": "9872878",
"text": "Bulawayo. The company's products include African Distillers African Distillers is a company in Zimbabwe. It produces distilled spirits and wines. Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its Zimbabwe Industrial Index. The company was founded in 1944 as \"P J Joubert Limited\", a wine import firm and then purchased a distillery in Mutare in 1946 and began manufacturing beverages in its own right. In 1974, African Distillers moved its headquarters to Stapleford. In Zimbabwe, African Distillers maintains 6 supply depots, at Bulawayo, Harare, Kwekwe, Masvingo, Mutare and Victoria Falls. African Distillers operates 3 cash and carry outlet",
"title": "African Distillers"
},
{
"id": "519421",
"text": "voivodeships that existed between 1950 and 1975. Today's voivodeships are mostly named after historical and geographical regions, while those prior to 1998 generally took their names from the cities on which they were centered. The new units range in area from under (Opole Voivodeship) to over (Masovian Voivodeship), and in population from one million (Lubusz Voivodeship) to over five million (Masovian Voivodeship). Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor called a voivode (\"wojewoda\"), an elected assembly called a sejmik, and an executive board (\"zarząd województwa\") chosen by that assembly, headed by a voivodeship marshal (\"marszałek",
"title": "Voivodeships of Poland"
},
{
"id": "2016228",
"text": "Stafford Stafford () is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands of England. It lies approximately north of Wolverhampton, south of Stoke-on-Trent and north-west of Birmingham. The population in 2001 was 63,681 and that of the wider borough of Stafford 122,000, the fourth largest in the county after Stoke-on-Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle-under-Lyme. Stafford means 'ford' by a 'staithe' (landing place). The original settlement was on dry sand and gravel peninsula that provided a strategic crossing point in the marshy valley of the River Sow, a tributary of the River Trent. There is still a large area of marshland",
"title": "Stafford"
},
{
"id": "19879021",
"text": "to the United States where they put down roots and start their family. Part of their identity is their habitual movement throughout the world that becomes a pattern in their lives. When situations become too much for them to handle, they flee. Fola and Kweku both move back home to Ghana after or in avoidance of serious confrontation. Redemption: The family does a lot to hurt each other, like all families do. While some of the things they do and say to each other seem irredeemable, in the end they find the strength to overcome their pain and forgive each",
"title": "Ghana Must Go (novel)"
},
{
"id": "7736370",
"text": "#59, Ljubljana at #84, Bled at #90, Zagreb at #125 and Belgrade at #143, making Sarajevo the best ranking city on the Balkan peninsula behind Athens, Greece. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects. In recent years investments has made it a popular shopping city as well, with a respectable offer in retail shopping. It hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, which, at the time, were the largest Winter Games ever (in terms of athletes and media). The country is regaining its reputation as an excellent ski destination with its Olympic mountains such as Bjelašnica, Igman",
"title": "Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Midlands Province context: Midlands Province Midlands is a province of Zimbabwe. It has an area of and a population of 1,614,941 (2012). Gweru is the capital of the province. It is home to various peoples. As a central point in Zimbabwe it has a blend of Shona, Ndebele, Tswana, Suthu, Chewa among various other languages spoken in Zimbabwe. It has the third largest city in Zimbabwe and that is Gweru, followed by Kwekwe, which is considerably the town with the richest industries in both mining and manufacturing with gold mines all-over and the Sable Chemicals Trust also maintaining a presence. Midlands Provinces is\n\nIn which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?",
"compressed_tokens": 198,
"origin_tokens": 198,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: A5 road (Zimbabwe) context: Street. The road joins Harare-- Chegutu-- Kadoma-- Kwekwe -- Gweru and ends in Bulawayo A5 Highway is not a toll free road. There are 5 Toll Plazas on the highway. Source: [Daily News zw Table shows highway running from Harare to Bulawayo.. (Harare being the first stage and Bulawayo the last stage) There are several national highways as well as secondary highways connecting the A5 to highways elsewhere. Here are a few important ones. The 77-kilometre (47.85-mile) Ngezi-Selous Road popularly known as Plutinum Highway is a 9-metre (9.84-yard) highway in Zimbabwe built for a plutinum mining organization and public transport.\n\ntitle: A5 road (Zimbabwe context: is the shortest Harare to Gokwe to Binga. However road numerous potholes especially on the section after Munyati River Sidakeni Shopping Center. rainy seasons Munyati Bridge on this road may be flooded This road to the (west) about north of Kwekwe.ok this road eventually takes you to Binga several roads that with A5 the City of Gwer that: Source MapAA Road 198 The A5Highway passes river along its route rate of unemployment in\ntitle R2 (Zabwe) context Border Post or in the railway was the inhan undertaken byabwe RoZINAR as of theit highwaybed the PltreeawayoHarareMare015. connects Har Botswana numerous waypoints the route. the too via Kwe road highway Fig Z Marula andumtree A Highway actually endsumtree Town itw' Highway The R2 long. The A5 is and7 Highway is\n: Z Joel to the, for heard the S. Zibagwe Rural District Council runs this centre. It is represented by a male (Ward 10) councillor on a Zanu-PF ticket. In council books Joel Business Center is named Zhombe and classified as a district service centre. Transport is solely by road, and there is a good road network linking Zhombe to the surrounding major towns Gweru, Kwekwe, Gokwe and Kadoma the main carriageway being the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway. All the three major cellphone operators, namely Econet, Telecel Zimbabwe and\n\nIn which country are the towns of Gweru and Kwekwe?",
"compressed_tokens": 566,
"origin_tokens": 15362,
"ratio": "27.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
175 | Which African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin? | [
"Republic of Togo",
"BQG",
"ISO 3166-1:TG",
"Health care in Togo",
"Health in Togo",
"République Togolaise",
"Togo",
"Republique Togolaise",
"Togolese",
"Sport in Togo",
"Religion in Togo",
"Togolese Republic",
"Administrative divisions of Togo"
] | Togo | [
{
"id": "4148400",
"text": "An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\" After ten years, working",
"title": "An African in Greenland"
},
{
"id": "37038",
"text": "Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; ) is a landlocked country in West Africa. It covers an area of around and is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north; Niger to the east; Benin to the southeast; Togo and Ghana to the south; and Ivory Coast to the southwest. In 2017, its population was estimated at just over 20 million. Burkina Faso is a francophone country, with French as the official language of government and business. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), the country was renamed \"Burkina Faso\" on 4 August 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara. Its",
"title": "Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "415052",
"text": "to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign. Togo has an area equal to and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by Burkina Faso. Togo lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E. The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savanna in contrast",
"title": "Togo"
},
{
"id": "14482363",
"text": "was one of the first clients of the Inter-Governmental Philatelic Corporation. Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Togo"
},
{
"id": "415040",
"text": "Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (), is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The sovereign state extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lomé is located. Togo covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans",
"title": "Togo"
},
{
"id": "14482359",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Togo This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Togo. Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. The first posts in Togo were established by German traders in the 1880s who operated from the coastal towns and used German West African mail boats. Mail entered the",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Togo"
},
{
"id": "3826646",
"text": "show more resistance to European incursions than other areas of Africa. Such resistance, combined with a disease environment hostile to Europeans, meant that much of Guinea was not colonised by Europeans until the very end of the 19th century. Guinea is often subdivided into \"Lower Guinea\" and \"Upper Guinea\". Lower Guinea is one of the most densely populated regions of Africa, covering southern Nigeria, Benin, Togo and stretching into Ghana. It includes the coastal regions as well as the interior. Upper Guinea is far less densely populated and stretches from Côte d'Ivoire to Senegal. Within the Republic of Guinea, Lower",
"title": "Guinea (region)"
},
{
"id": "5131414",
"text": "become dry, dusty plains, with the occasional pond or lake in a depression. Cattle graze on the floodplains during the dry season. There is also some small scale growing of crops, and the hunting of game takes place there. The river forms part of the international borders between Ghana, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Benin. The Oti River flows through Pendjari National Park in Benin and the Oti-Kéran National Park in Togo. Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta",
"title": "Oti River"
},
{
"id": "10581764",
"text": "construction of a completely new road between Senegal and Mali. The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows (going east): Alternative routes at the eastern end: The Trans-Sahelian Highway intersects with the following Trans-African Highways: The northern regions of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin are close to the Trans-Sahelian Highway, which may be used to by travellers between those regions in preference to the Trans–West African Coastal Highway further south. Paved roads connect the Trans-Sahelian and West African Coastal Highways through Trans-Sahelian Highway The Trans-Sahelian Highway or Trans-Sahel Highway is a transnational highway",
"title": "Trans-Sahelian Highway"
},
{
"id": "415122",
"text": "Geography of Togo Togo is a small Sub-Saharan state, comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. Togo's geographic coordinates are a latitude of 8° north and a longitude of 1°10′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to the east, with of border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Ghana, with of border. To the south Togo has of coastline along the Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. Togo stretches north from the Gulf and is only wide at the broadest point. In total, Togo has an",
"title": "Geography of Togo"
},
{
"id": "36484",
"text": "Benin Benin ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Benin () and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. The majority of its population lives on the small southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its",
"title": "Benin"
},
{
"id": "415160",
"text": "Transport in Togo This article refers to transportation in the country of Togo \"total:\" 568 km (2008) <br>\"narrow gauge:\" 568 km of gauge \"total:\" 7,520 km <br>\"paved:\" 2,376 km <br>\"unpaved:\" 5,144 km (2000) The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to Benin and Nigeria to the east, and Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also connects Togo northwards to Burkina Faso and from there north-west to Mali and north-east",
"title": "Transport in Togo"
},
{
"id": "152588",
"text": "Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south. \"Ghana\" means \"Warrior King\" in the Soninke language. The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century. Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was",
"title": "Ghana"
},
{
"id": "16082133",
"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018 was unanimously adopted on 31 October, 2011. In the resolution, the 15-member council \"condemns all acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea committed off the coast of the states of the Gulf of Guinea.\" According to reports by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), piracy in the Gulf, which borders West African coastal countries from Ghana to Gabon, has been on the rise in recent years. Resolution 2018 \"welcomes the intention to convene a summit of the Gulf of Guinea",
"title": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2018"
},
{
"id": "65502",
"text": "Geography of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W. The country is approximately square in shape. Its southern border is a coastline on the Gulf of Guinea on the north Atlantic Ocean. On the other three sides it borders five other African nations for a total of : Liberia to the southwest for , Guinea to the northwest for , Mali to the north-northwest for , Burkina Faso to the north-northeast for , and Ghana to the east for . Ivory Coast comprises , of which is",
"title": "Geography of Ivory Coast"
},
{
"id": "767585",
"text": "territory in the south Atlantic Ocean. In the United Nations scheme of African regions, the region includes 17 states and the island of Saint Helena, an overseas territory: Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Niger are mostly in the Sahel, a transition zone between the Sahara desert and the Sudanian Savanna, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Nigeria compose Guinea, the traditional name for the area near the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Verde is an island country in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauritania lies in the Maghreb, the northwestern region of Africa that has historically been",
"title": "West Africa"
},
{
"id": "5131412",
"text": "Oti River The Oti River or Pendjari River is an international river in West-Central Africa. It rises in Burkino Faso, flows through Benin and Togo, and joins the Volta River in Ghana. The Oti River is about long. Its headwaters are in Burkina Faso, it flows through Benin and Togo and joins the Volta River in Ghana. Tributaries on the left bank in Togo originate from the Togo Mountains to the south. One of its eastern tributaries is the Kara River, the confluence being on the Togo/Ghana border, where another tributary joins from the south, the Koumongou River. The mouth",
"title": "Oti River"
},
{
"id": "36525",
"text": "Belgium (198) and Germany (156). Transport in Benin includes road, rail, water and air transportation. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans-West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations. A paved highway also",
"title": "Benin"
},
{
"id": "680362",
"text": "Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated",
"title": "Ivory Coast"
},
{
"id": "9192465",
"text": "Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region of the West African country of Togo and across the eastern and western borders of that country into Ghana and Benin. In Ghana, the range is also known as the Akwapim Hills, and in Benin it is also known as the Atakora Mountains. Part of the range is associated with the country of Niger, where the W National Park is found. The African wild dog, \"Lycaon pictus\", was historically found in this region but may now be extirpated from this locale. The Togo Mountains run",
"title": "Togo Mountains"
},
{
"id": "778737",
"text": "which aims to link the railways of Benin with Niger and Burkina Faso. Benin will be a participant in the AfricaRail project. Benin possesses a total of 6,787 km of highway, of which 1,357 km are paved. Of the paved highways in the country, there are 10 expressways. This leaves 5,430 km of unpaved road. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Benin, connecting it to Nigeria to the east, and Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. When construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone is finished, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African",
"title": "Transport in Benin"
},
{
"id": "10508804",
"text": "East Africa. In West Africa, a chain of rain forests up to 350 km long extends from the eastern border of Sierra Leone all the way to Ghana. In Ghana the forest zone gradually dispels near the Volta river, following a 300 km stretch of Dahomey savanna gap. The rain forest of West Africa continues from east of Benin through southern Nigeria and officially ends at the border of Cameroon along the Sanaga river. Semi-deciduous rainforests in West Africa began at the fringed coastline of Guinea Bissau (via Guinea) and run all the way through the coasts of Sierra Leone,",
"title": "Tropical Africa"
},
{
"id": "15174538",
"text": "African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Nigerian women and girls are taken to Europe, especially to Italy and Russia, and to the Middle East and North Africa, for forced prostitution. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in \"Tier 2 Watchlist\" in 2017. The 2003 Trafficking in Persons Law Enforcement and Administration Act, amended in 2005 to increase penalties",
"title": "Human trafficking in Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "767568",
"text": "West Africa West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 17 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The population of West Africa is estimated at about /1e6 round 0 million people as of . Studies of human mitochondrial DNA suggest that all humans share common ancestors from Africa, originated in the southwestern regions near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola at the",
"title": "West Africa"
},
{
"id": "778750",
"text": "the political crises in Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, and Togo and provided a contribution to the United Nations force in Haiti, all of which were indications of the country's growing confidence in the international community. Some of the allies of Benin are France, India, US, UK, Netherlands, Ghana, and China. In September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations",
"title": "Foreign relations of Benin"
},
{
"id": "20655962",
"text": "This is similar to the lack of documentation available in Southern Africa. West Africa consists of the following 15 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Of these western countries, some have fairly stable vulture populations such as the Hooded Vultures of The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. On the other hand, there are countries like Senegal which has regions that have faced 80% vulture decline in the last half century. The trade of vultures for bushmeat, as well as belief use, is the primary factor for the decline",
"title": "African vulture trade"
},
{
"id": "15192965",
"text": "now routinely interrogate the marabout of any beggar they find in the streets. Some observers noted only a small number of trafficking victims, but others see the Gambia's porous borders as an active transit zone for women, girls, and boys from West African countries – mainly Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and Benin – who are recruited for exploitation in the sex trade, in particular to meet the demands of European tourists seeking sex with children. Most trafficking offenders in the Gambia are probably individuals who operate independently of international syndicates. The government's Department of Social",
"title": "Human trafficking in the Gambia"
},
{
"id": "778636",
"text": "Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south, a distance",
"title": "Geography of Benin"
},
{
"id": "152691",
"text": "2017, Ghana ranks as the 43rd–most peaceful country in the world. To enter Ghana, it is necessary to have a visa authorised by the Government of Ghana. Travelers must apply for this visa at a Ghanaian embassy; this process can take approximately two weeks. By law, visitors entering Ghana must be able to produce a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Government General information Trade Ghana Ghana (), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of , Ghana is bordered by the",
"title": "Ghana"
},
{
"id": "778644",
"text": "other location. Geography of Benin Benin, a narrow, key-shaped, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer. Benin's latitude ranges from 6°30′ N to 12°30′ N and its longitude from 1° E to 3°40′ E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. With an area of , it is slightly bigger than the nation of Bulgaria. Benin extends from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south,",
"title": "Geography of Benin"
},
{
"id": "4976587",
"text": "Culture of Ivory Coast The diverse culture of Ivory Coast, a coastal West African country bordered by Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea, is exemplified by a multitude of ethnic groups, events, festivals, music, and art. More than sixty indigenous ethnic groups are often cited, although this number may be reduced to seven clusters of ethnic groups, by classifying small units together on the basis of their cultural and historical characteristics, which differ somewhat from one to the next. These may be further reduced to four major cultural regions – the East Atlantic (primarily Akan), West Atlantic (primarily Kru),",
"title": "Culture of Ivory Coast"
},
{
"id": "7495779",
"text": "Guinean Forests of West Africa The Guinean forests of West Africa is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International, which includes the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast of West Africa, running from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west to the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Guinean forests into the Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests. The Upper Guinean forests extend from Sierra Leone and Guinea in the west through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana to Togo",
"title": "Guinean Forests of West Africa"
},
{
"id": "15554548",
"text": "or divestiture of state-owned industries (\"parastatals\")in the health and agricultural sectors, trade liberalization (lowering or elimination of tariffs on imports), cuts in social spending (agriculture, health, education sectors) and strict deficit reductions. Structural Adjustment Programs also led to the phasing out of most fertilizer subsidy programs. Some of the African countries following these guidelines included Benin, Ghana, Madagascar, Senegal, Togo, Tanzania, Zambia, Cameroon, Malawi, and Nigeria. Results of liberalization and subsidy phase-out were mixed. In a five-year study comparing before and after cases, fertilizer use in Cameroon, Senegal, Tanzania, Nigeria and Ghana declined 25-40 percent, while it increased 14-500 percent",
"title": "Fertilizer subsidies in Sub-Saharan Africa"
},
{
"id": "529168",
"text": "Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in the east. The",
"title": "Volta River"
},
{
"id": "37926",
"text": "country are of . Only Ivory Coast is connected to Burkina Faso by rail. Instability in Ivory Coast in 2003 forced a rerouting of rail freight from the Abidjan corridor to ports in Togo, Benin, and Ghana via the road network. A proposed rail link between Ouagadougou and Pô in Burkina Faso and Kumasi and Boankra in Ghana, has been discussed with Ghanaian officials, and feasibility studies are being undertaken to explore this possibility, which would provide rail access to the inland port of Bonakra. Burkina Faso and Ghana use different rail gauges and this break-of-gauge can be overcome to",
"title": "Transport in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "9476061",
"text": "State University. Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more than 30 African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. The Afrobarometer is carried on in Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Afrobarometer achieves this measurement through a series of face-to-face interviews with a random sample of either 1,200, 1,600 or 2,400 people in each country. Because the instrument",
"title": "Afrobarometer"
},
{
"id": "20155837",
"text": "didn't end there, because due to an attempted coup the previous year, Ghana's president Jerry Rawlings had closed the main land crossing with Togo to avoid the sudden arrival of over 1 Million people. Togo then also shut its borders with Benin. The immigrants were stranded for weeks, thereafter the Ghanaian authority opened their borders causing Togo to also open theirs, for the Ghanaian refugees to have access back home. The relationship between Nigeria and Ghana has since been strengthened. The migration was then named \"Ghana Must Go\". Ghana Must Go In 1983, when Shehu Shagari was the President of",
"title": "Ghana Must Go"
},
{
"id": "680438",
"text": "palm wine. Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a \"maquis\", which is unique to the region. A \"maquis\" normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes, served with \"attiéké\" or \"kedjenou\". Ivory Coast Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country located in West Africa. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea and Liberia to the west, Burkina Faso and Mali to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of",
"title": "Ivory Coast"
},
{
"id": "10633646",
"text": "like the wind going through a pipe during moonlit nights. The Sahel from southern Mauretania and northern Senegal eastwards to northern Cameroon and southern Chad into South Sudan and southern Sudan with separate population in northern Benin and coastal Ghana, with another in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. The quail-plover has an extremely large range, its population trend is not known, the population is not understood to be undergoing a sufficiently rapid decline to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion while the population size has not been quantified so the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Quail-plover The lark",
"title": "Quail-plover"
},
{
"id": "16105926",
"text": "Africa and in Asia to shift out of energy poverty by creating microfinance opportunities to encourage poorer individuals to purchase and utilize electricity. Twenty-five countries in Africa have joined this global task: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The World Bank operates a portfolio of 48 Sub-Saharan Africa energy projects with over $3 billion USD in investment. Individual governments as well as private entities also contribute to overall energy projects.",
"title": "Energy in Africa"
},
{
"id": "9192467",
"text": "the Oti River, a tributary of the River Volta, which flows through Lake Volta and into the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana. Several tributaries to this river system flow from the northern side of the Togo Mountains. To the south of the mountains lies a plateau, which further south slopes gently towards the coast. The central and southern sides of the mountains drain into tributaries of the Mono River, which flows into the Gulf of Guinea through swampland on the borders of Togo and Benin. Togo Mountains The Togo Mountains is a mountain range which stretches across the central region",
"title": "Togo Mountains"
},
{
"id": "37927",
"text": "a greater or lesser extent with a number of methods. In 2006, an Indian proposal surfaced to link the railways in Benin and Togo with landlocked Niger and Burkina Faso. Additionally, a Czech proposal also surfaced to link Ghana railways with Burkina Faso. The manganese deposits near Dori are one source of traffic. Burkina Faso would also be a participant in the AfricaRail project. In May, 2011 the World Bank reported that \"Sitarail\" had recovered well from the political crisis in Ivory Coast but was experiencing financial distress, needed to re-balance its financial structure and find alternative funding for rehabilitation",
"title": "Transport in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "529171",
"text": "its curved course. Volta River The Volta River is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows into Ghana from Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main part of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international boundaries between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and it empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada. It has a smaller tributary river, the Oti, which enters Ghana from Togo in",
"title": "Volta River"
},
{
"id": "7708340",
"text": "The Viceroy of Ouidah The Viceroy of Ouidah is a novel published in 1980 by Bruce Chatwin, a British author. Chatwin's novel portrays the life of a fictional slave trader named Francisco Manuel da Silva, who is loosely based on a historical Jewish Brazilian, Francisco Félix de Sousa. He became powerful in Ouidah, on the so-called Slave Coast of West Africa, now Benin, Togo, and parts of the Volta Region in Ghana. Chatwin was caught up in the violence of a coup in Dahomey (now Benin), where Ouidah is located, when he was researching the book. The novel was adapted",
"title": "The Viceroy of Ouidah"
},
{
"id": "2488030",
"text": "but, like its neighbours, Ghana and Benin, its territory extends hundreds of kilometres northward, passing through a central hill region into the northern savanna that borders Burkina Faso. Its population of over 6 million people, which is 65% rural and agrarian, is composed of about 21 ethnic groups. Approximately 51% of the population has indigenous beliefs, 29% is Christian, and 20% Muslim. The two most populous language groups are the Ewe in the south (about 32% of the population) and the Kabye in the north (22% of the population). Gen or Mina is the second major language in the south,",
"title": "Music of Togo"
},
{
"id": "65532",
"text": "link to Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria, with paved highways to landlocked Mali and Burkina Faso feeding into the coastal highway. When construction of roads and bridges in Liberia and Sierra Leone is complete, the highway will link to another seven Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations to the west and north-west. At the national level, vehicles are estimated at 600 000, which includes 75% of used cars (second hand) due to the low purchasing power since the beginning of the economic crisis. 20 000 new cars are registered every year. Although maintenance and renovations works are being",
"title": "Transport in Ivory Coast"
},
{
"id": "14413147",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Benin This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Benin, formerly Dahomey. Located in West Africa, Benin borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Benin is just over in size with a population of almost 8,500,000. Its capital is the city of Porto-Novo but the seat of government is the city of Cotonou. Benin's first stamps were French colonial stamps used at Porto Novo from 1888. Stamps were",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Benin"
},
{
"id": "8423276",
"text": "tail) is , possibly more, while the average total length is . It is found in West Africa from Mauritania, Senegal and Guinea, through, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Niger, and Nigeria. It is also found in northern Cameroon and southwestern Chad. The type locality is described as \"Haute Volta, Garango, 048 N, 033 W\" (Burkina Faso). There are also reports of single specimens found in the Bangui in the Central African Republic, and in central Sudan. It is rarely found north of the 15 parallel, after which \"E. leucogaster\" becomes more common. The geographic range",
"title": "Echis ocellatus"
},
{
"id": "17988095",
"text": "evident that the continental shelf of Benin, Togo, Ghana, and western Nigeria hosts a breeding/calving population with a Southern Hemisphere seasonality, referred to as the ‘Gulf of Guinea stock’. Its parametric distribution suggests it may be related to the IWC-defined breeding stock ‘B’ from central-west Africa. Mother and calf pairs have been sighted exclusively near shore in Benin, sometimes just beyond the surf-zone. The westernmost authenticated record is a stranding at Assini Mafia, eastern Côte d’Ivoire in August 2007. For many years, small-scale, seasonal humpback whale-watching sorties have been conducted from the ports of Sekondi-Takoradi, Lomé and Cotonou. The breeding",
"title": "Cetacean strandings in Ghana"
},
{
"id": "4737746",
"text": "Africa has often been so heavy that the Gap has become wet enough to support rainforest, thus eliminating the savanna. Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian",
"title": "Dahomey Gap"
},
{
"id": "14477167",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Ghana, known as the Gold Coast before independence. Ghana is located in West Africa, borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The Gold Coast gradually came under British control by the middle of the nineteenth century and it was administered by Sierra Leone, further along the coast, until Gold Coast became a Crown Colony in 1874. Mails travelled via Freetown at this time.",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Ghana"
},
{
"id": "12263853",
"text": "exploitation, including for sex tourism, within Senegal. Transnationally, boys are trafficked to Senegal from The Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea for forced begging by religious teachers. Senegalese women and girls are trafficked to neighboring countries, the Middle East, and Europe for domestic servitude and possibly for sexual exploitation. Women and girls from other West African countries, particularly Liberia, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria may be trafficked to Senegal for sexual exploitation, including for sex tourism. The Government of Senegal does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do",
"title": "Human trafficking in Senegal"
},
{
"id": "15831584",
"text": "dry climate, that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, separating the rainforest zones on either side. This species is known from only forty-one specimens found in the last few decades and it has not been viewed in the wild. The International Union for Conservation of Nature considers the species too poorly known for it to be able to evaluate this animal's conservation status, so they have assessed it as being of \"data deficient\". Walter's duiker The Walter's duiker (\"Philantomba walteri\") is a species of duiker found in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. It was described",
"title": "Walter's duiker"
},
{
"id": "16667550",
"text": "is focussed on west African nations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. This project, started in 2009, aims at worst forms of child labour in west Africa. It has two main components: the first will support national efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, while the second aims at mobilizing sub-regional policy makers and improving sub-regional cooperation for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour among all fifteen member States of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). KURET project,",
"title": "Child labour in Africa"
},
{
"id": "5774281",
"text": "stretches north through the forested tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. The Guinean Forests of West Africa is a belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests along the coast, running in the west from Sierra Leone and Guinea through Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana and Togo, ending at the Sanaga River of Cameroon in the east. The Upper Guinean forests and Lower Guinean forests are divided by the Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin. The forests are a few hundred kilometres inland from the Atlantic Ocean coast on the southern part of West",
"title": "History of West Africa"
},
{
"id": "16704838",
"text": "subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking...Near the Togo-Burkina Faso border, Togolese boys are forced into begging by corrupt marabouts (religious instructors). Togolese girls and, to a lesser extent, boys are transported to Benin, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequently forced to work in agriculture. Children from Benin and Ghana are recruited and transported to Togo for forced labor. Traffickers exploit Togolese men for forced labor in Nigerian agriculture and Togolese women as domestic servants. Some reports indicate Togolese women are fraudulently recruited for employment in Saudi Arabia, the United States, and",
"title": "Human rights in Togo"
},
{
"id": "12502820",
"text": "Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain (Canary Islands), Togo and United Kingdom). As of May 2013, 23 range States have signed the MoU. Marine turtles are thought to be numerous along much of the Atlantic Coast of Africa. The area includes nesting sites, feeding areas and migration corridors of importance to six species of marine turtles. To protect these species an Article IV agreement was concluded and came into effect",
"title": "Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa"
},
{
"id": "13753280",
"text": "West African countries of Ghana, Togo, Dahomey (now known as the Republic of Benin), and Nigeria. When offered this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to study abroad at the University Of Ghana Institute Of African Studies in Accra, Ghana and the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana, Taylor was on board without hesitation. Cognizant that time spent becoming well-versed in Western literature and teachings left her ill-prepared in African and African-American history and culture, Taylor went to Africa not quite knowing what to expect. Taylor was amazed as she spent hours poring through dozens of books at the University] of Accra",
"title": "Glenda R. Taylor"
},
{
"id": "14867521",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Niger This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Niger, a former French colony that obtained independence in 1960. Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The capital city is Niamey. In 1920, Niger was separated from Upper",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Niger"
},
{
"id": "7346027",
"text": "the \"Françafrique\" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of \"Françafrique\". In",
"title": "Françafrique"
},
{
"id": "9063662",
"text": "West African Gas Pipeline The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) is a natural gas pipeline to supply gas from Nigeria's Escravos region of Niger Delta area to Benin, Togo and Ghana. It is the first regional natural gas transmission system in sub-Saharan Africa. The project began in 1982, when the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa. In 1991 a feasibility report conducted by the World Bank on supplying Nigerian gas on West African markets deemed that a project was commercially viable. In September 1995, the governments of four",
"title": "West African Gas Pipeline"
},
{
"id": "17983426",
"text": "ceremonies when the initiates dance with several types of masks. Art of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great",
"title": "Art of Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "5763052",
"text": "examine including requests for advisory opinion. As of 2018 February, eight state parties to the protocol had made a declaration recognizing the competence of the Court to receive cases from non-government organizations (NGOs) and individuals. The eight states are Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. Altogether, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Niger, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, South Africa, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, and Uganda. The African Court",
"title": "African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights"
},
{
"id": "17988096",
"text": "stock off Gabon and Angola is the subject of longterm dedicated studies. Possibly up to 10% of world population of humpbacks migrate into Gulf of Guinea. No abundance estimate is available for the Bight of Benin population, but the encounter rate in October 2000 was approximately 5.9 humpback whales per 100 km surveyed (0.109/nautical mile) . The reported neonates stranded in unknown circumstances of natural and anthropogenic causes are possible. At least some humpback whale strandings in the area are thought to be animals killed in vessel collisions, which may be far more common in African waters than scarce reports",
"title": "Cetacean strandings in Ghana"
},
{
"id": "9192466",
"text": "across the central region of Togo, ranging from the southwest to the northeast. To the northeast, the mountain range extends into Benin where it is known as the Atakora Mountains, and to the southwest it extends into Ghana where it is known as the Akwapim Hills. The average elevation of these mountains is and the highest peak in Togo is Mount Agou, with a height of . It is in the southwestern part of the range, close to the border with Ghana. To the north of the Togo Mountains, there is undulating savannah, creased by the broad, meandering valley of",
"title": "Togo Mountains"
},
{
"id": "16934856",
"text": "African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Mauritania. The AVU has its headquarters",
"title": "African Virtual University"
},
{
"id": "152692",
"text": "Geography of Ghana Ghana is a country in Africa, along the Gulf of Guinea, just a few degrees north of the equator. Ghana encompasses plains, low hills, rivers, Lake Volta, the world's largest artificial lake, Dodi Island and Bobowasi Island on the south Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana. Ghana can be divided into four different geographical ecoregions. The coastline is mostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub and intersected by several rivers and streams. The northern part of Ghana features high plains. South-west and south-central Ghana is made up of a forested plateau region consisting of the",
"title": "Geography of Ghana"
},
{
"id": "13177639",
"text": "the Small Isles roster. When she arrived back in Mallaig, the new awaited her. \"Pioneer\" headed for Gourock and on to Greenock’s James Watt Dock - her final resting place with the company. She was sold to Corlett Lines, in August 2004. Renamed \"Brenda Corlett\", after the new owner's wife, she now serves the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the equator in West Africa. In 2006 she took almost three hundred Liberian refugees, and their belongings, home from the Ghanaian port of Tema. The ferry was chartered to lend assistance to a repatriation",
"title": "MV Pioneer (1974)"
},
{
"id": "3826647",
"text": "Guinea refers to the country's coastal plain, while Upper Guinea refers to the country's interior. European traders in the region subdivided the region based on its main exports. The eastern portion around Benin and Nigeria was named the Slave Coast. What is now Ghana was called the (British) Gold Coast, a name later given to a British colony in the area which ultimately absorbed earlier European colonies. West of this was the Ivory Coast, still the name of the nation in that region. Farthest west, the area around modern Liberia and Sierra Leone was referred to as either the Pepper",
"title": "Guinea (region)"
},
{
"id": "13804834",
"text": "a semi-final game at Oconee High School in which the Tigers swept the Warriors in two straight games. The team have finished 2nd in the state twice since 1954. Jonathan Ashley Noles (b. 1975), class of 1993, consultant to CIA for international Smuggling routes in the Bight of Benin which spans from Ghana to Nigeria Bryan Lawler (Class of 2000) - Creator of college football computer ranking methodology included in Massey's composite ranking of college football teams Ringgold High School (Georgia) Ringgold High School is a public four-year comprehensive high school located in Catoosa County, Georgia, United States, in the",
"title": "Ringgold High School (Georgia)"
},
{
"id": "7503481",
"text": "Gap is a region of Togo and Benin where the forest-savanna mosaic extends to the coast, and separates the Upper Guinean forests of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana from the Lower Guinean forests of Nigeria and Cameroon. This region is mainly grassland crossed with trees growing alongside streams and on hillsides, with the constantly occurring fires keeping back the growth of trees in open country. Lophira laceolata is a tree that is more resistant to fire. The mixture of forest and grassland provide habitat for a range of species from large mammals such as African leopard, forest",
"title": "Guinean forest-savanna mosaic"
},
{
"id": "6564556",
"text": "COP 1: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Libya, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritius, Niger, Senegal, Togo and Tunisia. In addition, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Swaziland and Zambia participated as observers. Bamako Convention The Bamako Convention (in full: Bamako Convention on the ban on the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa) is a treaty of African nations prohibiting the import of any hazardous (including radioactive) waste. The Convention was negotiated by twelve nations of the Organisation of African Unity at Bamako, Mali",
"title": "Bamako Convention"
},
{
"id": "4159934",
"text": "Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which lie to the west. Inland and to the east, the Eastern Guinean forests transition to the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic. The Eastern Guinean forests,",
"title": "Eastern Guinean forests"
},
{
"id": "283623",
"text": "on the continent. Since 1995, the Nigerian military, through ECOMOG mandates, have been deployed as peacekeepers in Liberia (1997), Ivory Coast (1997–1999), and Sierra Leone (1997–1999). Under an African Union mandate, it has stationed forces in Sudan's Darfur region to try to establish peace. Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of , making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after Tanzania). It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the US state of California. Its borders span for s, and it shares borders with Benin",
"title": "Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "36507",
"text": "the Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Many, however, continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a sect originating in the 19th century, is also present in a significant minority. Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the",
"title": "Benin"
},
{
"id": "6844861",
"text": "it is banned by national legislation. FGM is defined as a \"harmful traditional practice\" in accordance to the Inter-African Committee. Due to globalization and immigration, FGM is spreading beyond the borders of Africa and Middle East, to countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, New Zealand, the U.S., and UK. The Istanbul Convention prohibits female genital mutilation (Article 38). As of 2016, in Africa, FGM has been legally banned in Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.",
"title": "Violence against women"
},
{
"id": "18606979",
"text": "belts. This type of categorization is relevant in meteorology and agriculture. Oftentimes, the terms \"Southern\" and \"Northern\" zones are used to divide the country into two halves - Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions on one end, and Greater Accra, Central, Western, Eastern, and volta on the other, respectively. Northerner (Ghana) A Northerner is an unestablished informal term used by the general public in Ghana to refer to Ghanaians who hail from the three northernmost Regions of Ghana namely; the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. Examples are Dagombas, Gurunsi and Wala people. Its opposite, Southerner",
"title": "Northerner (Ghana)"
},
{
"id": "6620623",
"text": "multi-media services: IRIN covers the following countries: AFRICA: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan,",
"title": "IRIN"
},
{
"id": "15174537",
"text": "Human trafficking in Nigeria Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficked Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas within the country's borders – women and girls for involuntary domestic servitude and sexual exploitation, and boys for forced labor in street vending, domestic servitude, mining, and begging. Nigerian women and children are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Gambia, for the same purposes. Children from West",
"title": "Human trafficking in Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "18887021",
"text": "Visa requirements for Somali citizens Visa requirements for Somali citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Somalia by the authorities of other states. As of 1 January 2018, Somali citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 32 countries and territories, ranking the Somali passport 100th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra",
"title": "Visa requirements for Somali citizens"
},
{
"id": "14235434",
"text": "require a visa to the following countries: <br> <br> The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. Many countries require passport validity of",
"title": "Visa requirements for Russian citizens"
},
{
"id": "152719",
"text": "reflected in an agricultural mechanization agreement signed in the late 1980s to irrigate the Afram Plains. The lake is navigable from Akosombo through Yeji in the middle of Ghana. A 24-meter pontoon was commissioned in 1989 to link the Afram Plains to the west of the lake with the lower Volta region to the east. Hydroelectricity generated from Akosombo supplies Ghana, Togo, and Benin. On the other side of the Kwahu Plateau from Lake Volta are several river systems, including the Pra, Ankobra, Tano and Densu. The Pra is the easternmost and the largest of the three principal rivers that",
"title": "Geography of Ghana"
},
{
"id": "15193095",
"text": "men are also subjected to forced agricultural labor within Guinea. Smaller numbers of girls from Mali, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Guinea-Bissau migrate to Guinea, where they are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and likely also commercial sexual exploitation. Some Guinean boys and girls are subjected to forced labor in gold mining operations in Senegal, Mali, and possibly other African countries. Guinean women and girls are subjected to involuntary domestic servitude and forced prostitution in Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Senegal, Greece, and Spain. Chinese women are trafficked to Guinea for commercial sexual exploitation by Chinese traffickers.",
"title": "Human trafficking in Guinea"
},
{
"id": "16762409",
"text": "West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia is a Multilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding and entered into effect on 3 October 2008 under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention. The MoU covers 29 range States (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal (Madeira and Azores), São",
"title": "West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding"
},
{
"id": "4737743",
"text": "Dahomey Gap In West Africa, the Dahomey Gap refers to the portion of the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic that extends all the way to the coast in Benin, Togo and Ghana, thus separating the forest zone that covers much of the south of the region into two separate parts. The forest region west of the gap is called the Upper Guinean forests or Guinean forest zone, and the portion east of the gap is called the Lower Guinean forests, Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, or Congolian Forest Zone. The major city in the Gap is Accra. Several other cities, such as Kumasi, exist",
"title": "Dahomey Gap"
},
{
"id": "16934857",
"text": "in Nairobi, Kenya and a regional office in Dakar, Senegal. African Virtual University The African Virtual University (AVU) is an pan-African effort to create an open and affordable distance learning institution to serve the African continent. The AVU began in 1997 as a project of the World Bank and later developed into an autonomous institution after it was handed over to African governments in 2003. Fifteen African Governments have signed a Charter establishing the AVU as an intergovernmental organization. These include Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Benin, Tanzania, Republic Of Guinea, Sudan, Burkina",
"title": "African Virtual University"
},
{
"id": "10628446",
"text": "(<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Sub-Saharan Africa and south-western Arabian Peninsula. Western Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo Eastern Africa: Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, Yemen This is a monotypic species. Three subspecies are recognised by some authorities: \"C. i.",
"title": "Plain nightjar"
},
{
"id": "5442906",
"text": "Tema Tema is a city on the Bight of Benin and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located east of the capital city; Accra, in the region of Greater Accra, and is the capital of the Tema Metropolitan District. As of 2013, Tema is the eleventh most populous settlement in Ghana, with a population of approximately 161,612 people – a marked decrease from its 2005 figure of 209,000. The Greenwich Meridian (00 Longitude) passes directly through the city. Tema is locally nicknamed the \"Harbour City\" because of its status as Ghana's largest seaport. It consists of 25 different communities which",
"title": "Tema"
},
{
"id": "152694",
"text": "into it. The northernmost part of Ghana is Pulmakong and the southernmost part of Ghana is Cape three points near Axim. Ghana lies between latitudes 4° and 12°N. South Ghana contains evergreen and semi-deciduous forests consisting of trees such as mahogany, odum, ebony and it also contains much of Ghana's oil palms and mangroves with shea trees, baobabs and acacias found in the northern part of Ghana. Ghana, which lies in the center of the Gulf of Guinea coast, 2,420 km of land borders with three countries: Burkina Faso (602 km) to the north, Ivory Coast (720 km) to the",
"title": "Geography of Ghana"
},
{
"id": "4159935",
"text": "together with the other tropical moist broadleaf forests of West Africa, is included within Conservation International's Guinean Forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Eastern Guinean forests The Eastern Guinean forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of West Africa. The ecoregion includes the lowland forests extending from the Gulf of Guinea a few hundred kilometers inland, from western Côte d'Ivoire to the western shore of Lake Volta in Ghana. A few small enclaves lie further east and inland in Togo and Benin. The Sassandra River of Côte d'Ivoire separates the Eastern Guinean forests from the Western Guinean forests which",
"title": "Eastern Guinean forests"
},
{
"id": "10540312",
"text": "Nubian flapshell turtle The Nubian flapshell turtle (\"Cyclanorbis elegans\") is one of two species of softshell turtle in the genus \"Cyclanorbis\" of the Trionychidae family. It has historically been found in a wide range spanning Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, and Togo. However, it has been very rarely recorded during the last 50 years (not a single individual has been observed during the last 15 years) and there is little hope that the species is extant in Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon. It is hoped that the species is still to be found in remote",
"title": "Nubian flapshell turtle"
},
{
"id": "5763055",
"text": "Julius Nyerere Conservation Centre Complex along Dodoma Road. The Court has jurisdiction to determine applications against state parties of the Court Protocol. To date, 30 states have ratified the protocol: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger, Uganda, Rwanda, Arab Saharawi Republic, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo and Tunisia. An application against these states may be made by the African Commission or African inter-governmental organisations. Where a state has made a declaration accepting the right of individual application, an",
"title": "African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights"
},
{
"id": "13707310",
"text": "exploited in sex trafficking. Burkinabe children are transported to Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Niger for sex trafficking. To a lesser extent, traffickers recruit women for ostensibly legitimate employment in Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and various European countries and subsequently subject them to forced prostitution. Burkina Faso is a transit country for traffickers transporting children from Mali to Cote d’Ivoire and women and girls from Cote d’Ivoire to Saudi Arabia. It is a destination for children subjected to trafficking from neighbouring countries, including Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. Women from other West African countries are fraudulently recruited for",
"title": "Prostitution in Burkina Faso"
},
{
"id": "5042783",
"text": "Earth. The magnitude, that is, the ratio between the apparent sizes of the Moon and that of the Sun, was 1.052, and it was part of Saros 139. The path of totality of the Moon's shadow began at sunrise in Brazil and extended across the Atlantic to Africa, traveling across Ghana, the southeastern tip of Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, and a small corner of northwest Egypt, from there across the Mediterranean Sea to Greece (Kastellórizo) and Turkey, then across the Black Sea via Georgia, Russia, and Kazakhstan to Western Mongolia, where it ended at sunset. A",
"title": "Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006"
},
{
"id": "10542723",
"text": "long as the head-and-body length; it is ringed by small scales and clad with sparse short bristles. The head-and-body length of this rat averages and the weight averages . The West African shaggy rat is native to tropical West Africa; its rangeincludes Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. It inhabits wetlands and swampy areas, streams, riverbanks, lakesides, young oil-palm plantations and rice fields. The West African shaggy rat is a terrestrial species. It is nocturnal and a good swimmer. It lives in a shallow burrow, the entrance often hidden under a",
"title": "West African shaggy rat"
},
{
"id": "16530876",
"text": "being acquired by the Zoological Museum Hamburg in 1901, or else mislabeled there. The West African mud turtle is found in the following countries of West and Central Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Additionally, it has been introduced to Guadeloupe. The West African mud turtle is carnivorous and feeds on aquatic prey. There are five phases to feeding; preliminary head fixation on the prey, fine-tuning the head fixation, final approach by the head,",
"title": "West African mud turtle"
},
{
"id": "17009664",
"text": "project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries",
"title": "Pan-African e-Network project"
},
{
"id": "7503480",
"text": "Guinean forest-savanna mosaic The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is an ecoregion of West Africa, a band of interlaced forest, savanna, and grassland running east to west and dividing the tropical moist forests near the coast from the West Sudanian savanna of the interior. The Guinean forest-savanna mosaic covers an area of , extending from western Senegal to eastern Nigeria, and including portions of Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The Cameroon Highlands of eastern Nigeria and Cameroon separate the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic from the Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, which lies to the east. The Dahomey",
"title": "Guinean forest-savanna mosaic"
},
{
"id": "5415686",
"text": "Centrale Region, Togo Centrale is one of Togo's five regions. Sokodé is the regional capital. Centrale is the least populated region in Togo with a total of 617,871 people according to a census done in 2010. Other major cities in the Centrale region include Tchamba and Sotouboua. Centrale is divided into the prefectures of Blitta, Sotouboua, Tchamba, and Tchaoudjo. Centrale is located north of Plateaux Region and south of Kara Region. Like the rest of the regions of Togo, it borders Ghana in the west and Benin in the east — specifically the Northern Region in the northwest and the",
"title": "Centrale Region, Togo"
},
{
"id": "15588988",
"text": "refugees fleeing the fighting in the Second Ivorian Civil War entered Ghana. In total, some 116,000 Ivorians fled to eight West African countries, including Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Liberia, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Ghana received 3,129 new refugees, mainly from the Ivorian capital of Abidjan and its suburbs. The UNHCR set up a transit centre at the Elubo border crossing. The Refugee Board partnered with the UNHCR and Ghanaian state agencies such as NADMO to assist these refugees. After the setting up of the transit centre, the Refugee Board is looking for land to convert into a temporary shelter",
"title": "Refugee Board (Ghana)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: An African in Greenland context: An African in Greenland An African in Greenland is a 1981 book by the Togolese author Tété-Michel Kpomassie. The book details Kpomassie's upbringing in Togo, his encounter as a teen with a book about Greenland and his determination to move there and become a hunter. As A. Alvarez, in his introduction, writes: \"Kpomassie's book is the ultimate exotic mix—an adventure story that begins in Togo, a narrow strip of a country, formerly a French colony, sandwiched between Benin and Ghana, and ends in Upernavik, way north of the Arctic Circle, on the west coast of Greenland.\" After ten years, working\n\nWhich African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?",
"compressed_tokens": 204,
"origin_tokens": 204,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Pan-Afr e-Network project context: project, amounting to 540 crores ($125 million) is to be borne by the Government of India through a grant. The first phase of the project was launched on 26 February 2009 by the then Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee and included the 11 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychelles. The second phase of the project that covers 12 countries- Botswana, Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda and Zambia- was launched in 2010 by the Minister of External Affairs, S M Krishna. 47 African countries\n\ntitle: Geography of Togo context: Geography of Togo T is Sub-Saharan comprising a long strip of land in West Africa. T's coordinates are latitude of° north and a longitude of 1°1′ east. It is bordered by three countries: Benin to east, with border; Burkina Faso to the north, with of border; and Gh with of border To the south Togo has of coastline along Bight of Benin of the Gulf of Guinea in the North Atlantic Ocean. T stretches north from the Gulf and only wide at the broadest point. total, Togo has an\ntitle T: across region of Tanging from the to the. To the n, the intoin where it isakora and to south it extendsana where is known as Akwap. average elevation these mountains is and the highest peakogo is Agou a of It in southwestern part range, close border Ghana. To the north of the is undannased the meand valley of\n Togoogo theog ( the, and. state covers , making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 1 million. From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans\n\nWhich African country is sandwiched between Ghana and Benin?",
"compressed_tokens": 511,
"origin_tokens": 15171,
"ratio": "29.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
176 | The Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland? | [
"Northern Province, South Africa",
"Limpopo Province",
"Limpopo (South African province)",
"Northern Province (South Africa)",
"Limpopo",
"Northern Transvaal",
"Limpopo province"
] | Limpopo | [
{
"id": "16897554",
"text": "banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly",
"title": "Company rule in Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "16361878",
"text": "first immigrants almost immediately began instead calling their new home \"Rhodesia\" in honour of their Company benefactor, and this name was officially adopted in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were first formally referred to by Britain as \"Southern Rhodesia\" in 1898, and were united under that name in 1901. The areas to the river's north, Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia, were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. The head of the southern territories' government during this time was in effect the Company's regional administrator. The first of these was",
"title": "Constitutional history of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "983442",
"text": "the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following: Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "16897579",
"text": "the UK government followed suit. \"It is not clear why the name should have been pronounced with the emphasis on the second rather than the first syllable,\" the historian Robert Blake comments, \"but this appears to have been the custom from the beginning and it never changed.\" Matabeleland and Mashonaland, both of which lay south of the Zambezi, were officially referred to collectively as \"Southern Rhodesia\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.",
"title": "Company rule in Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "16798634",
"text": "Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia. It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering",
"title": "Zambezi Watercourse Commission"
},
{
"id": "983396",
"text": "Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is , slightly less than half of the Nile's. The rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "2582301",
"text": "from the Matabele or Ndebele people, the province's largest ethnic group. Matabeleland North is bordered by Matabeleland South and Bulawayo to the south, Midlands to the east, Mashonaland West to the northeast, Botswana to the west, and Zambia to the north, which is separated from Zimbabwe by the Zambezi river. It has an area of , equal to 19.2% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the largest in area of the country's ten provinces. Matabeleland North is located on the edge of the Kalahari Basin, giving it an arid climate. Its economy is dominated by agriculture, with 83%",
"title": "Matabeleland North Province"
},
{
"id": "465985",
"text": "tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the Chobe River that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation. Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and Luangwa town respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "16806879",
"text": "It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia. After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. Functions of the ZRA, as laid out in the acts that created the body, include: The",
"title": "Zambezi River Authority"
},
{
"id": "1974715",
"text": "other British territories were fixed by Orders-in Council. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and that between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. The area of what became Northern Rhodesia, including Barotseland and land as far as Nyasaland to the east and to Katanga and Lake Tanganyika to the north, was placed under BSAC administration by an Order-in-Council of 9 May 1891, but no BSAC Administrator was sent to Barotseland until 1895, and the first",
"title": "Northern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "3428380",
"text": "food shortages. Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo finally reconciled their political differences by late 1987. The roots of discord remained, however, and in some ways increased as Mugabe's rule became increasingly autocratic into the 21st century. In the early 1990s, a Land Acquisition Act was passed, calling for the Mugabe government to purchase mostly white-owned commercial farming land for redistribution to native Africans. Matabeleland has rich central plains, watered by tributaries of the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers, allowing it to sustain cattle and consistently produce large amounts of cotton and maize. But land grabbing, squatting, and repossessions of large white",
"title": "Matabeleland"
},
{
"id": "11734271",
"text": "Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a raging torrent, often breaking its banks and causing damage to local communities and",
"title": "Mazowe River"
},
{
"id": "8081852",
"text": "neutral territory or condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia (originally), and of Belgium and Germany (ultimately). Subsequent political changes have restored its quadripartition along municipal lines (Kelmis, Plombieres within Belgium) since 1976 (though it has also enjoyed fivefold partition along municipal lines at times). While some older sources claimed that a quadripoint existed in Africa, where the borders of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe come together at the confluence of the Cuando (also called Chobe) and Zambezi rivers (approximately ), it is now widely believed that instead, two separate tripoints exist about apart. There have been a few international incidents",
"title": "Quadripoint"
},
{
"id": "1587595",
"text": "of raptors. The Taita falcon, black eagle, peregrine falcon and augur buzzard breed there. Above the falls, herons, fish eagles and numerous kinds of waterfowl are common. The river is home to 39 species of fish below the falls and 84 species above it. This illustrates the effectiveness of the falls as a dividing barrier between the upper and lower Zambezi. Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "1974841",
"text": "which also failed to win overseas recognition. After a period of interim British control following the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979, the country achieved internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Initially, the territory was referred to as \"South Zambezia\", a reference to the River Zambezi, until the name \"Rhodesia\" came into use in 1895. This was in honour of Cecil Rhodes, the British empire-builder and key figure during the British expansion into southern Africa. In 1888 Rhodes obtained mineral rights from the most powerful local traditional leaders through treaties such as the Rudd Concession and the Moffat",
"title": "Southern Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "12402218",
"text": "Matabeleland and its subject states, such as Mashonaland. Through such concessions and treaties, many of which were similarly deceitful, he promoted the colonization of the region's land, labor, and precious metal and mineral resources. In 1895 the BSAC adopted the name 'Rhodesia' for Zambesia and in 1898 'Southern Rhodesia' was officially adopted for the part south of the Zambezi River, which later became Zimbabwe. The Rudd Concession was a first step towards occupation of good land, but Lobengula's Ndebele were too strong for a direct invasion. Rhodes planned to surround Matebeleland with British-controlled lands, as British Bechuanaland was already established",
"title": "White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923"
},
{
"id": "2772757",
"text": "part of the river's flow may extend along the Magweggana River (actually a northeastern distributary of the Okavango Delta) and enter the Zambezi River, bypassing the Kalahari. Okavango River The Okavango River (formerly spelled Okovango or Okovanggo) is a river in southwest Africa. It is the fourth-longest river system in southern Africa, running southeastward for . It begins in Angola, where it is known by the Portuguese name Rio Cubango. Further south, it forms part of the border between Angola and Namibia, and then flows into Botswana, draining into the Moremi Game Reserve. Before it enters Botswana, the river drops",
"title": "Okavango River"
},
{
"id": "983426",
"text": "sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo \"river\" (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi, Matola and Tembe rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay). As a result, several old maps depict the Zambezi and the \"Espirito Santo\" rivers converging deep in the interior, at the same lake. However, the Bisa-derived etymology is not without dispute. In 1845, W.D. Cooley, examining Pereira's notes, concluded the term \"Zambezi\" derives not from the Bisa people, but rather from the Bantu term \"mbege\"/\"mbeze\" (\"fish\"), and consequently",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "16500424",
"text": "Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port of Lourenço Marques in the Delagoa Bay) along with the",
"title": "Greater South Africa"
},
{
"id": "187593",
"text": "In 1888, British colonialist Cecil Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples. Cecil Rhodes presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to his British South Africa Company (BSAC) over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland. Rhodes sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as 'Zambesia'. In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties, Cecil Rhodes promoted the colonisation of the region's land, with British control over labour as well",
"title": "History of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "465770",
"text": "are rare Environment – current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd – once the largest concentration of the species in the world – has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution Environment – international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Hydrology: The country is divided into six drainage basins. The largest are the Zambezi and the Limpopo. Western parts of Matabeleland connect to",
"title": "Geography of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "5937101",
"text": "augur buzzard, which all breed there. This park is considered for inclusion in the five-nation Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean",
"title": "Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"
},
{
"id": "5937093",
"text": "Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park (Sotho: \"Musi oa Thunya\" [Mosi wa Tunya] \"\"The Smoke Which Thunders\"\"), is an UNESCO World Heritage site that is home to one half of the Mosi-oa-Tunya \"— 'The Smoke Which Thunders' —\" known worldwide as Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River. The river forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, so the falls are shared by the two countries, and the park is 'twin' to the Victoria Falls National Park on the Zimbabwean side. ‘Mosi-oa-Tunya’ comes from the Kololo or Lozi language and the name is now used throughout Zambia, and in parts of",
"title": "Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park"
},
{
"id": "16500431",
"text": "Swaziland which became independent from the United Kingdom in 1966-1968. Greater South Africa During the late 19th century and early 20th century, a number of South African and British political leaders advocated for a Greater South Africa. This irredentism can be regarded as an early form of Pan-Africanism, albeit strictly limited to White Africans of European ancestry. Statesman Jan Smuts repeatedly had called for South African expansion since 1895, envisioning a future South African border along the river Zambesi or even the equator. German South-West Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and at least the southern parts of Portuguese Mozambique (especially the port",
"title": "Greater South Africa"
},
{
"id": "15430597",
"text": "Niger, the river basin extends from Guinea through Mali and down to Nigeria. Especially for Mali – one of the world's poorest countries – the river is vital for food, water and transportation, and its over usage is contributing to an increasingly polluted and unusable water source. In southern Africa, the Zambezi river basin is one of the world's most over-used river systems, and so Zambia and Zimbabwe compete fiercely over it. Additionally, in 2000, Zimbabwe caused the region to experience the worst flooding in recent history when the country opened the Kariba Dam gates. Finally, within the Volta river",
"title": "Water scarcity in Africa"
},
{
"id": "16798635",
"text": "Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean. The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania. The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger. The eight Zambezi Basin riparian states that participate in ZAMCOM are Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZAMCOM operations are in line with the revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses. The SADC Protocol was adopted in 1995 and by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, and came into force in 1998. Seven of the riparian states signed the ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July",
"title": "Zambezi Watercourse Commission"
},
{
"id": "1587569",
"text": "is roughly twice the height of North America's Niagara Falls and well over twice the width of its Horseshoe Falls. In height and width Victoria Falls is rivalled only by Argentina and Brazil's Iguazu Falls. See table for comparisons. For a considerable distance upstream from the falls, the Zambezi flows over a level sheet of basalt, in a shallow valley, bounded by low and distant sandstone hills. The river's course is dotted with numerous tree-covered islands, which increase in number as the river approaches the falls. There are no mountains, escarpments, or deep valleys; only a flat plateau extending hundreds",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "11734272",
"text": "farms. Also the name of a district in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe Mazowe River The Mazowe River (previously called Mazoe River; also known as the Luenha River) is a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The river rises north of Harare, flows north and then northeast, where it forms part of the border with Mozambique, before entering the Zambezi River. In 1920, the Mazowe Dam was constructed on the river forty kilometres north of Harare to irrigate citrus farms. The river and its tributaries is a popular site for gold panners, although in the wet season, the Mazowe becomes a",
"title": "Mazowe River"
},
{
"id": "465984",
"text": "and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the Congo basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania. In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its",
"title": "Zambia"
},
{
"id": "6654937",
"text": "fixed by an 1894 treaty, although minor adjustments were made until the 1930s. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River, and the boundary between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the Zambezi River in 1898. Northern Rhodesia was under BSAC control until 1924, when it became part of the British Empire. The discovery of large deposits of copper sulfide during the 1900s encouraged large mining companies to invest in Northern Rhodesia. South African interest in the region was led by the",
"title": "Copperbelt strike of 1935"
},
{
"id": "11283595",
"text": "Shashe is a sand filled channel, with extensive alluvial aquifers in the river channel and below the alluvial plains. These supply water for a number of irrigation schemes including Sibasa and Shashi. More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi River used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan (presently a vast seasonal wetland) to the Shashe River and thence the Limpopo River. There is a road bridge and a rail bridge south of Francistown. The lower Shashe River forms the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe and is unbridged. However, at Tuli, both sides of the",
"title": "Shashe River"
},
{
"id": "2777849",
"text": "Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach it flows in a maze of channels in a swampy corridor 5–10 km wide (map 1: the border with Zambia is the eastern",
"title": "Cuando River"
},
{
"id": "10398244",
"text": "obtaining valuable help from them. Returning to Ngami, he travelled north to the Okavango River, crossing Damaraland and reaching Walvis Bay. Here he busied himself with cattle-trading in Damaraland, before setting out on an expedition with his brother Henry and Thomas Baines and lasting from December 1860 to September 1864. Their aim was to explore the Zambesi from the Victoria Falls down to its delta, with a view to testing its navigability. However, these plans were bedevilled by sickness and misfortune. They did reach the Zambesi, but did not get to explore the mouth. On 23 July 1862 they reached",
"title": "James Chapman (explorer)"
},
{
"id": "14867484",
"text": "until 1978. No stamps were issued in 1979 during the Rhodesia-Zimbabwe period. The first stamps with the name Zimbabwe were issued on 18 April 1980, they were a set of definitives and featured the same designs as the previous definitive stamps of Rhodesia. Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "14867479",
"text": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe, formerly Southern Rhodesia is a landlocked country located in the southern part of Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Early European explorers, missionariies and traders, in the area that became Zimbabwe, hired private couriers, or made other arrangements to have their mail carried to the nearest post office which first meant one in the Cape of",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "6953663",
"text": "gold watch, and a share of a 300-acre (120 ha) tract of land in Matabeleland. It was here that Burnham uncovered many artifacts in the huge granite ruins of the ancient civilization of Great Zimbabwe. Matabeleland became part of the Company domain, which was formally named Rhodesia, after Rhodes, in 1895. Matabeleland and Mashonaland became collectively called Southern Rhodesia. In 1895, Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established for the British South Africa Company that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North-Eastern Rhodesia. Along the Kafue River, Burnham",
"title": "Frederick Russell Burnham"
},
{
"id": "17838632",
"text": "and German – led to his being seconded to the Government Communications Headquarters at Bletchley Park, and working as a cryptographer in Cheltenham. Returning to the British Museum (Natural History) in 1950, he founded the 'Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale' (AETFAT) and started the \"Flora Zambesiaca\" project, the flora covering the catchment area of the Zambesi River, which at the time comprised the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland, the Caprivi strip and Mozambique. He visited the region in 1955 with Mendonça to make further collections. He was co-editor of \"Flora Zambesiaca\" from 1962 onwards, and",
"title": "Arthur Wallis Exell"
},
{
"id": "9734762",
"text": "the beginning of white settlement, administration and development in the country that eventually became Rhodesia, named after Rhodes, in 1895. Rhodes's pursuit of the exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and the surrounding areas was motivated by his wish to annex them into the British Empire as part of his personal ambition for a Cape to Cairo Railway—winning the concession would enable him to gain a royal charter from the British government for a chartered company, empowered to annex and thereafter govern the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed on Britain's behalf. He laid the groundwork for concession negotiations during early 1888 by arranging",
"title": "Rudd Concession"
},
{
"id": "16798639",
"text": "existing North-South Carrier in Botswana that would connect the carrier to the Zambezi River. Zambia and Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation in the upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to the Zambezi river, also has plans to draw substantial amounts of water from the Zambezi River once the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is \"fully developed\". Citations Sources Zambezi Watercourse Commission The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and",
"title": "Zambezi Watercourse Commission"
},
{
"id": "17165659",
"text": "from Portuguese to British control. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries allowed freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers and allowed Britain to lease land for a port at Chinde at the mouth of the Zambezi. The other boundaries of the Central Africa Protectorate were also agreed around this time. The northern border was fixed at the Songwe River as part of an Anglo-German Convention in 1890. Its western border with Northern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the drainage divide",
"title": "Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"
},
{
"id": "14012324",
"text": "Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA) is situated in a region of Southern Africa where the international borders of five countries converge. It includes a major part of the Upper Zambezi River and Okavango basins and Delta, the Caprivi Strip of Namibia, the southeastern part of Angola, southwestern Zambia, the northern wildlands of Botswana and western Zimbabwe. The centre of this area is at the confluence of the Zambezi Chobe Rivers where the borders of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe meet. It incorporates Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, and the Victoria Falls. The initiative was created",
"title": "Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area"
},
{
"id": "563573",
"text": "and . On 20 October 1954, administrative reorganization caused and Mozambique districts to be split from . At the same time, the district was divided into Gaza, Inhambane and , while the district was split from Manica and Sofala. By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering the countries of Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zambia. Covering a total area of . With a tropical to subtropical climate, the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had , with of land boundaries, its highest point at Monte Binga",
"title": "Portuguese Mozambique"
},
{
"id": "4308195",
"text": "Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as",
"title": "Victoria Falls Bridge"
},
{
"id": "12361717",
"text": "and western end form a small portion of Angola's northern border with Zaire, is also navigable. North of the Lunda Divide the Kwango and many other streams flow north from the tableland to join the Kasai River (one of the largest affluents of the Congo), which in its upper course forms for fully the boundary between Angola and the Congo. South of the divide some rivers flow into the Zambezi River system and thence to the Indian Ocean, others to the Okavango River (as the Cubango River is called along the border with Namibia and in Botswana) and thence to",
"title": "Geography of Angola"
},
{
"id": "4308202",
"text": "known as the Victoria Falls Bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap Victoria Falls Bridge The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. As the river is the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia, the bridge links the two countries and has border posts on the approaches to both ends, at the towns of Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe and Livingstone, Zambia. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he",
"title": "Victoria Falls Bridge"
},
{
"id": "983427",
"text": "it probably means merely \"river of fish\". David Livingstone, who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853, refers to it as \"Zambesi\" but also makes note of the local name \"Leeambye\" used by the Lozi people, which he says means \"large river or river par excellence\". Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi—Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi and Zambesi—applied by different peoples along its course, and asserts they \"all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country\". In Portuguese records, the \"Cuama River\" term disappeared and gave way to the",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "13762405",
"text": "Northern Rhodesia Police The Northern Rhodesia Police was the police force of the British ruled protectorate of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). In 1889 Northern Rhodesia, bounded by Angola (Portuguese West Africa), the Belgian Congo, German East Africa, British Central Africa (Nyasaland now Malawi), Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa), Mashonaland and Matabeleland (Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe), Bechuanaland (Botswana) and the Caprivi strip of German South West Africa (Namibia), was not a political unit and had no name at all. Customary law was administered among the 70 odd tribes which populated the Territory by their chiefs. Some chiefs were, willingly or not, in",
"title": "Northern Rhodesia Police"
},
{
"id": "15622540",
"text": "Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi River together with its tributaries, the Zambezi River System Plan",
"title": "Zambezi River System Action Plan"
},
{
"id": "2777854",
"text": "they have the chance of returning to their former state. The national parks through which it passes or on which it borders are: Cuando River The Cuando River is a river in south-central Africa flowing through Angola and Namibia's Caprivi Strip and into the Linyanti Swamp on the northern border of Botswana. Below the swamp, the river is called the Linyanti River and, farther east, the Chobe River, before it flows into the Zambezi River. The Cuando rises in the central plateau of Angola on the slopes of Mount Tembo, thence flowing southeast along the Zambian border. Along this reach",
"title": "Cuando River"
},
{
"id": "9156936",
"text": "Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a huge investment by African standards. The project will consist of three phases as follows: The Gwayi-Shangani dam is the first phase of the MZWP and is the core of the project. Commenced",
"title": "Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project"
},
{
"id": "3668129",
"text": "region fell from prominence after Northern Rhodesia became Zambia in 1964. From then until 1980, \"Rhodesia\" commonly referred to Southern Rhodesia alone. Since 1980 the term has not been in general use, aside from in a historical context. When whites settled what became \"Southern Rhodesia\" in 1890, and when the British South Africa Company was chartered to administer \"North-Western Rhodesia\" and \"North-Eastern Rhodesia\", it was not under those names, but the names of the parts—\"Mashonaland\", \"Matabeleland\", \"Barotseland\", and so on. The territories were initially collectively referred to as \"Zambesia\" (Cecil Rhodes's preferred name), \"Charterland\" (Leander Starr Jameson's proposal) or \"the",
"title": "Rhodesia (region)"
},
{
"id": "2774415",
"text": "the languages of the San people. Approximately 3 million years ago, strong easterly winds formed long dunes which ran from east to west across the middle of the Kalahari Desert. During wetter times, these dunes channeled the great rivers of the area, the Okavango, Chobe, and Upper Zambezi, south eastwards to join with the Limpopo River and drain into the Indian Ocean. Northern Botswana has a series of deep, underlying fault lines running beneath its sands. These faults are thought to be the southernmost extensions of the same system of parallel fault lines that are pulling away from each other",
"title": "Lake Makgadikgadi"
},
{
"id": "3428360",
"text": "Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an average size household of 4.4 in an area of",
"title": "Matabeleland"
},
{
"id": "14442155",
"text": "Cahora Bassa Dam The Cahora Bassa Dam is located in Mozambique, a country that borders South Africa. It is one of the three major dams on the Zambezi river system, the others being the Kariba and the Itezhi-Tezhi, the latter on the Kafue River, a tributary of the Zambezi. The dam was finished in December 1974 after much political debate. This dam is used to convert the Zambezi River power into electricity by turning turbines. That energy is then sent to South African cities, farms, and mines. The Cahora Bassa dam forms Cahora Bassa Lake. The dam is jointly owned",
"title": "Cahora Bassa Dam"
},
{
"id": "9156937",
"text": "in September 2004 it is expected to provide a reservoir for this project. The dam will be located about 6 km downstream of the confluence of the Gwayi River and Shangani River. Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project The Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project (MZWP) is an ambitious project being undertaken in the arid Matabeleland North province of Zimbabwe.The project seeks to end the perennial water shortages bedevilling Zimbabwe's second city of Bulawayo by bringing water from the mighty Zambezi river to the city. The project can be classified as a Major Project. It is expected to cost US$600 million which is a",
"title": "Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project"
},
{
"id": "983425",
"text": "likely what modern sources spell the Chambeshi River in northern Zambia. The Monomatapa notion (reported by Santos) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes. One of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was \"Lake Zambre\" (probably a corruption of \"Zambezi\"), possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River. The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion, drawn from classical antiquity, that all the great African rivers—the Nile, the Senegal, the Congo, now the Zambezi, too—were all",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "6362153",
"text": "quadripoint legally existed. Thus, Botswana has only about of river frontage on the Zambezi, being sandwiched on the south bank between the extreme tip of Namibia's Caprivi Strip and Zimbabwe. The Chobe River, which divides Namibia and Botswana, enters the Zambezi near Kazungula. Kazungula is also headquarters of a district of Zambia of the same name. Kazungula is home to the Kazungula Ferry across the wide Zambezi river to the identically-named village of Kazungula in Botswana, east of the town of Kasane; it is one of the largest ferries in the region with a capacity of . The Kazungula Bridge",
"title": "Kazungula"
},
{
"id": "16806878",
"text": "Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.",
"title": "Zambezi River Authority"
},
{
"id": "8729240",
"text": "would have provided a limited link between Angola and Mozambique. The refusal of the Portuguese Parliament to ratify the agreement in August 1890 led to a new treaty being negotiated, which gave Portugal more territory in the Zambezi valley than the 1890 treaty, in exchange for giving up what is now the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. This treaty, which also fixed the borders of Angola, was signed in Lisbon on 11 June 1891, and in addition to defining boundaries it provided for freedom of navigation on the Zambezi and Shire rivers. However, it gave Portugal no special rights along the",
"title": "Pink Map"
},
{
"id": "466363",
"text": "country. There is a rainy season that runs from October/November to March/April. The terrain of Zambia is mostly high plateau, with some hills and mountains. The lowest point is the Zambezi river, at above sea level, with the highest being Mafinga Central in the Mafinga Hills, at above sea level. Zambia a landlocked country bordered along Zimbabwe in the south divided by Victoria Falls, Congo DR in the north, Tanzania on the northeast, Malawi on the east and Mozambique on the southeast. The general topography of the country is characterized by uplifted plantation surfaces. The general elevation of the nation",
"title": "Geography of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "8729216",
"text": "journey from Angola to Mozambique, largely following existing trade routes, in 1884–85. Both during and after the expeditions of Serpa Pinto and Capelo, the Portuguese government attempted bi-lateral negotiations with Britain. In 1879, as part of talks on a treaty on the freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers and the development of trade in those river basins, the Portuguese government made a formal claim to the area south and east of the Ruo River (the present south-eastern border of Malawi). The 1879 treaty was never ratified, and in 1882 Portugal occupied the lower Shire River valley as",
"title": "Pink Map"
},
{
"id": "7005926",
"text": "which forms a key part of the KAZA trans frontier. MPRG is the north-eastern section of the Matetsi Safari Area. MPGR is also bordered by the Zambezi River (North), Zambezi National Park (East) and Panda-Masuie Forest Reserve, home of the Zimbabwe Elephant Nursery (South). Matetsi Safari Area: consisting of 7 separate concessions, this area reaches from the Zambezi River in the North to Hwange National Park in the South. The area was named for the Matetsi River, which flows through the southern section of the Safari Area. Matetsi Village: located in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe, about 55 km west of Hwange.",
"title": "Matetsi"
},
{
"id": "983407",
"text": "two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about wide. From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S) it enters Mozambique. The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa (also spelled Cabora Bassa). Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa, the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam. The lower Zambezi's 650 km from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable,",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "16806881",
"text": "on the Zambezi water by nations bordering the river were settled by the 1995 Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol on shared watercourse systems and establishment of the Zambezi River Authority. However, the commitment of member governments to honor the agreement seems weak and may not stand up to the pressures of climate change. Citations Sources Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function",
"title": "Zambezi River Authority"
},
{
"id": "2383195",
"text": "Caprivi Strip Caprivi, or the Caprivi Strip, is a salient of Namibia which is and has been known by various names. The salient protrudes eastward for about from the north-eastern corner of Namibia. It is bordered by Botswana to the south, and by Angola and Zambia to the north. Its eastern tip is only about 1 km from the borders of Zimbabwe. Within Namibia, it is divided administratively between Kavango East and Zambezi regions. It is crossed by the Okavango; the Kwando/Chobe river forms part of its border with Botswana; and the Zambezi river forms a part of its border",
"title": "Caprivi Strip"
},
{
"id": "17165660",
"text": "between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa River by agreement with the British South Africa Company, which governed what is today Zambia under Royal Charter until 1924. Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 was an agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Portugal which fixed the boundaries between the British Central Africa Protectorate, (now Malawi) and the territories administered by the British South Africa Company in Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now parts of Zimbabwe) and North-Western Rhodesia (now part of Zambia) and Portuguese Mozambique, and also between the British South Africa Company administered territories of",
"title": "Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"
},
{
"id": "17165653",
"text": "actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The Ultimatum refers to a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over territories, some of which had been claimed by",
"title": "Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"
},
{
"id": "4607786",
"text": "Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a vast reservoir storing the waters of the Zambezi. The seasonal flooding is very important",
"title": "Western Province, Zambia"
},
{
"id": "5709724",
"text": "21 February, two days before, Mugabe had turned 84. It was reported that workers repaired the potholes on the main roads in the city to make sure Mugabe's motorcade moved swiftly with a measure of comfort. Beitbridge Beitbridge is a border town in the province of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. The name also refers to the border post and bridge spanning the Limpopo River, which forms the political border between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The town lies just north of the Limpopo River about 1 km from the Alfred Beit Road Bridge which spans the Limpopo River between South Africa and",
"title": "Beitbridge"
},
{
"id": "6007494",
"text": "Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became prosperous as it traded along",
"title": "Zumbo"
},
{
"id": "983405",
"text": "east. Here, the river is broad and shallow, and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge. The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about , cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "6007497",
"text": "at the Cahora Bassa Dam. Zumbo Zumbo is the most western town in Mozambique, on the Zambezi River. Lying on the north-east bank of the Zambezi-Luangwa River confluence, it is a border town, with Zambia (and the town of Luangwa, previously called Feira,) across the Luangwa River and Zimbabwe (with its border post at Kanyemba) diagonally across the Zambezi and 2 km upstream. In 2005 Zumbo had a population of 33,000 and lies in the Zumbo District of Tete Province. Zumbo was established as a trading post in the last part of the 17th century by the Portuguese. It became",
"title": "Zumbo"
},
{
"id": "16799795",
"text": "Ramokgwebana River The Ramokgwebana River (or Ramoqueban) is a river that defines part of the boundary between Botswana and Zimbabwe before entering the Shashe River from the left. The Tati District, a grant made to Captain Levert by the Matabele rulers, was the site of the first area of gold exploration in what is now Botswana. Very roughly corresponding to the North-East District of Botswana, it was bounded by the Ramoqueban to the east and the Shashi to the west. The Tati River, flowing between these two, enters the Shashe River about above the point where the Ramoqueban enters the",
"title": "Ramokgwebana River"
},
{
"id": "466333",
"text": "died within a few weeks of arriving at Kazembe’s but left a valuable journal which was carried back to Tete by his priest and which was later translated into English by the explorer Sir Richard Burton. However, it is believed the Portuguese first came in 1720 to Zumbo, Mozambique, just across the Luangwa River from Zambia, at the confluence with the Zambezi River. Around 1820 they had settled on the Zambian side at Feira (now Luangwa). So it is very likely they were visiting Zambian territory between 1720 and 1820. The first Briton to record having set foot on Zambian",
"title": "History of Zambia"
},
{
"id": "983424",
"text": "texts given as Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios and other variations), a Bantu people who live in what is now central-eastern Zambia, between the Zambezi River and Lake Bangweolo (at the time, before the Lunda invasion, the Bisa would have likely stretched further north, possibly to Lake Tanganyika). The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region. In a curious note, the Goese-born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira, who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796 was surprised to be shown a second, separate river referred to as the \"Zambezi\". This \"other Zambezi\" that puzzled Pereira is most",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "10141545",
"text": "Pungwe Gorge & Falls, Nyamuziwa Falls, Nyangwe & Chawomera Forts and the Trout Hatchery near Purdon Dam. The Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, are located on the western edge of Zimbabwe; the two together cover an area of bounded by the Zambezi River, which borders with Zambia. The Falls and the Pa National Park are on the southern bank of the Zambezi River. The Victoria Falls, one of seven natural wonders of the world, is wide, cascades into the gorge and is formed by five different \"falls\", out of which four are in",
"title": "Wildlife of Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "255314",
"text": "Zambezi, the most considerable river in Mozambique is the Limpopo which enters the Indian Ocean about north of Delagoa Bay. The Komati, Save, Busi and Pungwe south of the Zambezi; the Lukugu, Lurio, Montepuesi (Mtepwesi) and Msalu, with the Rovuma and its affluent the Lujenda, to the north of it, are the other rivers of the province with considerable drainage areas. The Save (Sabi) rises in Zimbabwe at an altitude of over , and after flowing south for over turns east and pierces the mountains some from the coast, being joined near the Zimbabwe-Mozambique frontier by the Lundi. Cataracts entirely",
"title": "Geography of Mozambique"
},
{
"id": "16897549",
"text": "of the century, Rhodes's Company held a vast, land-locked country, bisected by the Zambezi river. It officially named this land Rhodesia in 1895, and ran it until the early 1920s. The area south of the Zambezi became Southern Rhodesia, while that to the north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were joined in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia. Within Northern Rhodesia, there was a separate Kingdom called Barotseland which later became a British protectorate alongside other territories under the British sphere of influence. Each territory was administered separately, with an administrator heading each territorial legislature. In Southern Rhodesia, which attracted",
"title": "Company rule in Rhodesia"
},
{
"id": "1587567",
"text": "Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi: \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\", \"The Smoke that Thunders\") is a waterfall in southern Africa on the Zambezi River at the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. David Livingstone, the Scottish missionary and explorer, is believed to have been the first European to view Victoria Falls on 16 November 1855, from what is now known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses in the middle of the river, immediately upstream from the falls near the Zambian shore. Livingstone named his discovery in honour of Queen Victoria of Britain, but the indigenous Lozi language name, \"Mosi-oa-Tunya\"—\"The Smoke That Thunders\"—continues in",
"title": "Victoria Falls"
},
{
"id": "4945554",
"text": "Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the southern bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of Victoria Falls themselves. According to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. The settlement began in 1901 when the possibility of using the waterfall for hydro-electric power was explored, and expanded when the railway from Bulawayo reached the town shortly before the Victoria Falls Bridge was opened in April 1905, connecting Zimbabwe to what is now Zambia. It became the principal tourism centre for the Falls,",
"title": "Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe"
},
{
"id": "14709245",
"text": "2015.Kenya has won the Victoria cup in 2013 ,2016 and 2017 in its current format. a. Lake Victoria and the Victoria Falls are not connected contrary to some reports. The only major river that flows out of Lake Victoria is the River Nile which flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Victoria Falls are on the Zambezi River which begins in Zambia and runs south and east to empty in the Indian Ocean. b. Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake it is also the largest tropical lake and the second largest freshwater lake in the world. While the Victoria Falls",
"title": "Victoria Cup (rugby union)"
},
{
"id": "9734767",
"text": "quickly became the region's dominant tribe. In 1836, they negotiated a peace treaty with Sir Benjamin d'Urban, Governor of the British Cape Colony, but the same year Boer Voortrekkers moved to the area, during their Great Trek away from British rule in the Cape. These new arrivals soon toppled Mzilikazi's domination of the Transvaal, compelling him to lead another migration north in 1838. Crossing the Limpopo River, the Matabele settled in the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed's south-west; this area has since been called Matabeleland. Matabele culture mirrored that of the Zulus in many aspects. The Matabele language, Sindebele, was largely based on",
"title": "Rudd Concession"
},
{
"id": "4607801",
"text": "and maintaining hospitals, schools and colleges. The councils prepare schemes that encourage community participation. Western Province, Zambia Western Province encompasses the area formerly known as Barotseland in the colonial era. The geography of the province is dominated by the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi river, extending from the confluence of the Zambezi with the Lungwebungu and Kabompo Rivers at the northern border of the province, to a point below Senanga and above the Ngonye Falls in the south. This floodplain is inundated from December to June, and is fed by other rivers with their own floodplains, and serves as a",
"title": "Western Province, Zambia"
},
{
"id": "17363623",
"text": "Lower Congo Lower Congo constitutes the 'lower' parts of the great Congo River in Central Africa, that is the section of the river from the river mouth at the Atlantic coast to the twin capitals of Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo and Kinshasa in the DR Congo. In this section of the river there are two significant tributaries to the great Congo River, both on the left or south side. The Kwilu River originates in the hills near the Angolan border and enters the Congo some 100 km upstream from Matadi. The other being the Inkisi River, that",
"title": "Lower Congo"
},
{
"id": "2383173",
"text": "during the December-to-March rainy season, making it the wettest region of Namibia. The terrain is mostly made up of swamps, floodplains, wetlands and woodland. In addition to the Zambezi River, the strip also holds the Cuando and Kwando River, which marks the border with Botswana. Tributaries of the river here go by different names, including the Linyata and the Chobe. The province's far east is where the Cuando meets the Zambezi. Katima Mulilo is the largest city, with other notable villages and settlements including Chefuzwe, Mafuta, Liselo, Musanga, Kongola, Chinchimane, Bukalo, Sibinda, and Impalila, along with Kayuo, Wenela, Mapulanga, Sambeso,",
"title": "Zambezi Region"
},
{
"id": "983428",
"text": "term \"Sena River\" (\"Rio de Sena\"), a reference to the Swahili (and later Portuguese) upriver trade station at Sena. In 1752, the Zambezi delta, under the name \"Rivers of Sena\" (\"Rios de Sena\") formed a colonial administrative district of Portuguese Mozambique. But common usage of \"Zambezi\" led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district \"Zambézia\". The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa, and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa, were given broadly accurately in early maps. These were probably constructed from",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "2383179",
"text": "with the United Kingdom. Leo von Caprivi arranged for the Caprivi strip to be annexed to German South West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi River as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The German motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tanganyika (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately for the Germans, the British colonisation of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) stopped them well upstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier to navigation on the Zambezi.",
"title": "Zambezi Region"
},
{
"id": "15622542",
"text": "countries could not come to an agreements of initial projects. Zambezi River System Action Plan Zambezi River System Action Plan (ZACPLAN) is a multinational plan under the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to incorporate effective use, and management of the Zambezi River system. ZACPLAN encompasses eight countries: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Zambezi river basin is used by all these South African countries; this plan attempts to manage resources collectively amongst, and between SADCC Nations to reasonably meet national, and international goals for water resources. Due to the immense river basin formed by the Zambezi",
"title": "Zambezi River System Action Plan"
},
{
"id": "7903431",
"text": "Cimbebasia Cimbebasia was the name given for a long time to the western part of Southern Africa. Its borders in the north were the Kunene River, the lower Kasai River and the western reaches of the Zambezi River. \"Cimbebasia\" was also a journal published by the State Museum of Windhoek, Namibia. Originally Cimbebasia was included in the immense vicariate apostolic made up of Senegambia, French Guinea and Portuguese Guinea, which had been erected in 1842 and of which Bishop Barron was appointed first vicar Apostolic. The Congregation of Propaganda separated Cimbebasia on 3 July 1879 from this vicariate and made",
"title": "Cimbebasia"
},
{
"id": "255233",
"text": "in size to Turkey. Mozambique is located on the southeast coast of Africa. It is bound by Swaziland to the south, South Africa to the southwest, Zimbabwe to the west, Zambia and Malawi to the northwest, Tanzania to the north and the Indian Ocean to the east. Mozambique lies between latitudes 10° and 27°S, and longitudes 30° and 41°E. The country is divided into two topographical regions by the Zambezi River. To the north of the Zambezi River, the narrow coastal strip gives way to inland hills and low plateaus. Rugged highlands are further west; they include the Niassa highlands,",
"title": "Mozambique"
},
{
"id": "3428382",
"text": "chapters in Bulawayo, Lupane and other districts of Matabeleland. Matabeleland Modern-day Matabeleland is a region in Zimbabwe divided into three provinces: Matabeleland North, Bulawayo and Matabeleland South. These provinces are in the west and south-west of Zimbabwe, between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. The region is named after its inhabitants, the Ndebele people. Other ethnic groups who inhabit parts of Matabeleland include the Tonga, Kalanga, Venda, Nambia, Sotho, Tswana and Khoisan. As of August 2012, according to the Zimbabwean national statistics agency ZIMSAT, the southern part of the region had 683,893 people, comprising 326,697 males and 356,926 females, with an",
"title": "Matabeleland"
},
{
"id": "983404",
"text": "Zambia's best known festivals, the Kuomboka. After Lealui, the river turns to south-south-east. From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km. Before this, the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's Caprivi Strip. The strip projects from the main body of Namibia, and results from the colonial era: it was added to German South-West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi. Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "2335912",
"text": "image of Robert the Bruce, whilst the contemporaneous £20 notes had an image of Lord Kelvin. The £10 notes issued from 1971 bore an image of Scottish explorer David Livingstone with palm tree leaves and an illustration of African tribesmen on the back. A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of his Zambezi expedition, showing the River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa and Blantyre, Malawi; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in Blantyre. Occasionally the Clydesdale Bank issues special commemorative banknotes to mark particular occasions or to",
"title": "Clydesdale Bank"
},
{
"id": "1448175",
"text": "peoples—separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, the BSAC defeated them in the First Matabele War and Second Matabele War. Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, \"Mlimo\", by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills. He persuaded the \"Impi\" to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called \"Zambesia\" after the Zambezi River flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km² between the",
"title": "Cecil Rhodes"
},
{
"id": "36882",
"text": "the Gaborone Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula (meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi into Zambia). Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National Park,",
"title": "Botswana"
},
{
"id": "17165643",
"text": "for freedom of navigation on the Congo and Zambezi rivers but the opening of the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 ended these discussions, which could have led to British recognition of Portuguese sovereignty stretching across the continent. Portugal's efforts to establish this corridor of influence between Angola and Mozambique were hampered by one of the articles in the General Act of the Berlin Conference requiring effective occupation of areas claimed rather than historical claims based on discovery or claims based on exploration as used by Portugal. To establish further Portuguese claims, Serpa Pinto was appointed as its consul in Zanzibar in",
"title": "Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891"
},
{
"id": "983409",
"text": "km from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River. On approaching the Indian Ocean, the river splits up into a delta. Each of the four primary distributaries, Kongone, Luabo and Timbwe, is obstructed by a sand bar. A more northerly branch, called the Chinde mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in, and is the branch used for navigation. 100 km further north is a river called the Quelimane, after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives",
"title": "Zambezi"
},
{
"id": "5256895",
"text": "southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower Shire River valley as far as the Ruo. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance if their territorial claims, but the convening of the Berlin Conference (1884) ended these discussions. In 1884, Serpa Pinto was appointed as Portuguese consul in Zanzibar, and given the mission of exploring and re-mapping the region between Lake Nyasa and the coast from the Zambezi to the Rovuma River and securing the allegiance if the chiefs in that area. In 1885, Serpa Pinto undertook an expedition in 1885 with Lieutenant Augusto Cardoso as his",
"title": "Alexandre de Serpa Pinto"
},
{
"id": "8729235",
"text": "actions formed the background to an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum. The British Ultimatum of 1890 is a memorandum sent to the Portuguese Government by Lord Salisbury on 11 January 1890 in which he demanded the withdrawal of the Portuguese troops from Mashonaland and Matabeleland (now Zimbabwe) and the area between the Shire river north of the Ruo and Lake Nyasa (including all the Shire Highlands), where Portuguese and British interests in Africa overlapped. It meant that Britain was now claiming sovereignty over some territories which Portugal had claimed",
"title": "Pink Map"
},
{
"id": "13399082",
"text": "Congo which encompasses the vast majority of the river's watershed. (The one exception to this is the brief sequence of Livingstone Falls.) The reason for this is that the Second Congo War (1998–2003) was underway during filming (1999–2000). The series forms part of the Natural History Unit's \"Continents\" strand and was preceded by \"Andes to Amazon\" in 2000 and succeeded by \"Wild Africa\" later that year in 2001. Formerly called the “Zaire” (Kongo \"nzere\", \"the river that swallows all rivers\"), the Congo's origin is traced to the Chambeshi (discovered by Livingstone) in Zambia. The Kalambo River has one of Africa’s",
"title": "Congo (TV series)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Company rule in Rhodesia context: banks, own and manage land, and raise and run a police force. In return for these rights, the Company would govern and develop any territory it acquired, while respecting laws enacted by extant African rulers, and upholding free trade within its borders. The projected Company sphere was initially Matabeleland and its immediate neighbours between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi. Portugal's colonies in Angola and Mozambique, coastal territories respectively to the west and east of this general area, were over three centuries old, and Lisbon's alliance with Britain formally dated back to the 1386 Treaty of Windsor. However, the exceedingly\n\nThe Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?",
"compressed_tokens": 191,
"origin_tokens": 191,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Zambezi Riverity context: Zambezi River Authority The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) is a corporation jointly and equally owned by the governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a governed by a four-person council consisting of the Ministers of Energy and Finance of each country. Its primary function is to operate and maintain the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River. The ZRA was established in 1987 as a successor to the Central African Power Corporation, which had formerly managed power generation and transmission from the Kariba Dam. The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia.\n\ntitle: Zambezi context United. Leo von Capriv arranged for Capriv strip to be annexed German West Africa in order to give Germany access to the Zambezi as part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. The motivation behind the swap was to acquire a strip of land linking German South West Africa with the Zambezi River, providing easy access to Tangany (Tanzania) and an outlet to the Indian Ocean Unfortunately for the Germans, the Britishisation of RhodesZimbab and Zambia) stopped them wellstream of Victoria Falls, which proved a considerable barrier navigation on the Zambezi.\n\ntitle:: of front M-e of theet AreaGR border by thebezi River (orth Zambe National Park (E)anda-u Reserve of the Zimbabphantsery ().si: 7 concess this the Zamzi River in the to Hwange National Park in the. area was theetsi, flows through the southern section of the Safari Area.etsi: in Matabeleland North,imbab 5 west ofwange\n\n Company inia followed suit.It not the been,\" the Robert custom the.\" Mat, both were officially to collectively as \"Southern Rhodesia\" from 1898, and formally united under that name in 1901. Meanwhile, the areas to the river's north became North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia, which were governed separately, and amalgamated in 1911 to form Northern Rhodesia.\n\nThe Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?",
"compressed_tokens": 492,
"origin_tokens": 14974,
"ratio": "30.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
177 | In which mountains are Camp David? | [
"Appalachian",
"Appalachian (disambiguation)"
] | Appalachian | [
{
"id": "4869201",
"text": "and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \"Catoctin\" means \"place of many deer\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \"Shangri-La\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its",
"title": "Catoctin Mountain"
},
{
"id": "79160",
"text": "Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a camp for federal government agents and their families by the Works Progress Administration. Construction started",
"title": "Camp David"
},
{
"id": "79163",
"text": "in the residence; a total of three planes were intercepted over that July 9 weekend. Camp David Camp David is the country retreat for the President of the United States. It is located in the wooded hills of Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland, also near Emmitsburg, Maryland about 62 miles (100 km) north-northwest of Washington, D.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a",
"title": "Camp David"
},
{
"id": "79161",
"text": "in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \"Shangri-La\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \"Lost Horizon\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen",
"title": "Camp David"
},
{
"id": "4974987",
"text": "America, and former Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower. His father would go on to be a brigadier general in the U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium (1969–1971), and a renowned military historian. His grandfather would become president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and later the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961). After assuming the presidency in 1953, President Eisenhower named the presidential mountain retreat, formerly Camp Shangri-La, Camp David, after his grandson. Eisenhower graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1966. He received his B.A. degree in history",
"title": "David Eisenhower"
},
{
"id": "4869202",
"text": "proximity to Washington, D.C., and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \"getaway\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Mountain Catoctin Mountain, along with the geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms the easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian Mountains range. The ridge runs northeast/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, and running south past Leesburg, Virginia, where it disappears into the Piedmont in a",
"title": "Catoctin Mountain"
},
{
"id": "322380",
"text": "Palace,\" the \"President’s House,\" and the \"Executive Mansion.\" Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food. Camp David, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland, is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host",
"title": "President of the United States"
},
{
"id": "6280219",
"text": "the Interior Harold L. Ickes reported, \"President Roosevelt is not able to make such use of the camp as President Hoover undoubtedly had in mind. Whether it is to continue to be a Presidential camp must, therefore, be left for future determination.\" FDR went on to establish his retreat in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland at Camp Shangri-La, later renamed Camp David. While the Park Service pledged to maintain Rapidan Camp, in 1936, \"The New York Times\" described rust and dry rot at the camp, which was still protected by seven Marines. The \"historic log\" Hoover and MacDonald had conferred",
"title": "Rapidan Camp"
},
{
"id": "5240281",
"text": "site on the Catoctin Mountain, which today is known as Camp David. Strong set up a trust fund in 1947 that maintains a trail system and other tourist facilities at Sugarloaf Mountain. The mountain and its immediate environs continue to be open to the public, but they are privately owned by Stronghold, Incorporated. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example of a monadnock — an isolated hill or small mountain rising abruptly from gently sloping or level surrounding land. It appears to be either an outlier to the east of the main mass of Catoctin Mountain, or a root remnant of the",
"title": "Sugarloaf Mountain (Maryland)"
},
{
"id": "560720",
"text": "Frederick County, Maryland Frederick County is located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 240,336. The county seat is Frederick. Frederick County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a rapid population increase in recent years. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the northeastern border of Virginia. The county is home to Catoctin Mountain Park (encompassing the presidential retreat Camp David) and to the U.S. Army's Fort Detrick. It has also",
"title": "Frederick County, Maryland"
},
{
"id": "1090393",
"text": "Thurmont, Maryland Thurmont is a town in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The population was 6,170 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the northern part of Frederick County (north of Frederick, Maryland, the county seat), approximately ten miles from the Pennsylvania border, along U.S. Highway 15. It is very close to Cunningham Falls State Park and Catoctin Mountain Park, which contains the presidential retreat of Camp David. Thurmont is also home to Catoctin Colorfest, an arts and crafts festival that draws in about 125,000 people each autumn. In 2005, Thurmont was designated as a \"Main Street Maryland",
"title": "Thurmont, Maryland"
},
{
"id": "4869049",
"text": "but were not taken up by the House, and therefore did not become law. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Originally planned to provide recreational camps for federal employees, one of the camps eventually became the home of the Presidential retreat, Camp David. The Presidential retreat is not open or accessible to the public; however, the eastern hardwood forest of Catoctin Mountain Park does have many other attractions for visitors, some of which include camping, picnicking, fishing, of hiking trails, and scenic mountain vistas. Catoctin Mountain Park Catoctin Mountain Park, located in north-central",
"title": "Catoctin Mountain Park"
},
{
"id": "616838",
"text": "and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest. While Gettysburg National Battlefield of 1863 lies approximately to the north-northeast. The reconstructed home of Barbara Fritchie stands on West Patrick Street, just past Carroll Creek linear park. Fritchie, a significant figure in Maryland history in her own right, is buried in Frederick's Mount Olivet Cemetery. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill quoted Whittier's poem to President Franklin D. Roosevelt when they stopped here in 1941 on a car trip to the presidential retreat, then called \"Shangra-La\" (now \"Camp David\") within the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley (1839–1911) was born at",
"title": "Frederick, Maryland"
},
{
"id": "727577",
"text": "the occasional Tibetan monks in saffron robes. The name \"Shangri-La\" has become a byword for a mythical utopia, a permanently happy land, isolated from the world. After the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo, when the fact that the bombers had flown from an aircraft carrier remained highly classified, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt told the press facetiously that they had taken off from Shangri-La. The Navy subsequently gave that name to an aircraft carrier, and Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat \"Shangri-La\". (Later, President Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed the retreat Camp David after his grandson, and that name has been used",
"title": "James Hilton (novelist)"
},
{
"id": "11363831",
"text": "the President and dictating the tenor of his daily schedule. Watson lived with his wife, professional pianist Frances Nash Watson, on a Virginia estate called Kenwood. The land, just beyond Monticello, was once owned by Thomas Jefferson, and the estate house was designed by FDR's cousin, celebrated architect William A. Delano. Watson and FDR were personally close above and beyond their close professional ties, and FDR adopted Kenwood as his \"Camp David\" during his presidency and retreated there on several occasions for vacation. The guest cottage was built in 1940-41 for Roosevelt, though he stayed there on only one occasion,",
"title": "Edwin \"Pa\" Watson"
},
{
"id": "1953808",
"text": "of July. Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \"Hörnli\", \"Furggen\", \"Leone\"/\"Lion\", and \"Zmutt\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and",
"title": "Matterhorn"
},
{
"id": "1953724",
"text": "Matterhorn The Matterhorn ( ; ; ) is a mountain of the Alps, straddling the main watershed and border between Switzerland and Italy. It is a large, near-symmetrical pyramidal peak in the extended Monte Rosa area of the Pennine Alps, whose summit is high, making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe. The four steep faces, rising above the surrounding glaciers, face the four compass points and are split by the \"Hörnli\", \"Furggen\", \"Leone\"/\"Lion\", and \"Zmutt\" ridges. The mountain overlooks the Swiss town of Zermatt, in the canton of Valais, to the north-east and the Italian",
"title": "Matterhorn"
},
{
"id": "3086122",
"text": "Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of the range. The park was established in 1934, and, with over 11 million visits per year, it is the most visited national park in",
"title": "Great Smoky Mountains"
},
{
"id": "3086172",
"text": "a small farm in the Smokies. She writes many songs concerning her Tennessee upbringing, and starred in the 1986 film, \"A Smoky Mountain Christmas\". Great Smoky Mountains The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province. The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which protects most of",
"title": "Great Smoky Mountains"
},
{
"id": "18799819",
"text": "Trout Run (retreat) Trout Run is a property in the Catoctin Mountains near Thurmont, Maryland, that was visited on several occasions by Presidents Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower. Originally called Catoctin Lodge, it is located about away from the presidential retreat at Camp David and was established by one of Hoover's senior aides. It subsequently became the property of the family of a senior State Department official, who owned it for nearly 70 years, before it was acquired in 2013 by an arm of the Church of Scientology. It became the focus of controversy in 2015 when",
"title": "Trout Run (retreat)"
},
{
"id": "3342228",
"text": "Jews regarding Masada as a place of reverence, commemorating ancestors who fell heroically against oppression, and others regarding it as a testament to extremism and a refusal to compromise. Masada has been described as \"a lozenge-shaped table-mountain\" that is \"lofty, isolated, and to all appearance impregnable\". Historically, the fortress could be reached only by a single pathway that was too narrow for men to walk abreast. This pathway was named \"the Snake\" for the way it twists and zig-zags to the summit. Masada was named as the place where David rested after fleeing from his father-in-law, King Saul. Flavius Josephus,",
"title": "Siege of Masada"
},
{
"id": "6433401",
"text": "located in the Cairngorms, a mountain range in the eastern Highlands which is the highest upland area in Britain. In the south of Scotland lie the Southern Uplands, a vast, rolling mountain chain that is less rugged and more forested than the Highlands. Shorter than the Highlands, the tallest mountain in the range is Merrick, at 843 m (2,766 ft). There are ranges of gentler, rolling hills even in the central lowlands of Scotland. Such ranges include the Ochil Hills, near Stirling, the Campsie Fells outside Glasgow, and the Lomond Hills in Fife. Mountains in Scotland are categorised by their",
"title": "Geography of Scotland"
},
{
"id": "1953727",
"text": "since the first climb in 1865, making it one of the deadliest peaks in the world. The Matterhorn is mainly composed of gneisses (originally fragments of the African Plate before the Alpine orogeny) from the Dent Blanche nappe, lying over ophiolites and sedimentary rocks of the Penninic nappes. The mountain's current shape is the result of cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from the peak, such as the Matterhorn Glacier at the base of the north face. Sometimes referred to as the \"Mountain of Mountains\" (), the Matterhorn has become an iconic emblem of the Swiss Alps and of",
"title": "Matterhorn"
},
{
"id": "12430768",
"text": "features, the National Industrial Recovery Act authorized federal purchases of land considered submarginal for farming but valuable for recreation purposes. By 1936, 46 projects containing had been set up in 24 different states, mostly near metropolitan centers, to provide outdoor recreation for people from crowded cities. It was intended from the beginning that most of these projects would be turned over to states and cities for operation and in 1942 Congress provided the necessary authority. By 1946 most of the conveyances had been completed. The National Park Service retained Catoctin Mountain Park, site of Camp David, but 4,500 of its",
"title": "History of the National Park Service"
},
{
"id": "19665631",
"text": "hut has an electricity generator and a solar panel which charges 24 and 12 volt batteries. Inside is a wooden stove, its fireplace made from a fly wheel, and a conventional wood burning fuel stove. Similar to other huts in the area, any internal divisions are made of insubstantial materials, of hessian, scrap timber and iron. An A-frame building, known as \"Camp David \" on Crystal Hill, on lot 8, was built off-site and re-erected in Easter 1984. It measures approximately in length, in width and is high at its apex. A Trimdeck roof is supported by steel struts. It",
"title": "Tomahawk Creek Huts"
},
{
"id": "7902656",
"text": "significant risks associated with climbing into the \"death zone\" of Everest, which has claimed many lives, as well as many limbs. One survivor of the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, Beck Weathers, was left on the mountain exposed at a high altitude on the south side of Everest because he was overcome by the elements and initially could not walk any further or be rescued after descending to about during a storm following an unsuccessful summit attempt. He miraculously woke up later and was able to stumble into a nearby camp. Although it was a monumental effort to bring him further",
"title": "David Sharp (mountaineer)"
},
{
"id": "6288086",
"text": "located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland. The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps, derives its name from Raetia. Only about 30% of Graubünden is commonly regarded as productive land, of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area. The canton is entirely mountainous, comprising the highlands of the Rhine and Inn river valleys. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona,",
"title": "Eastern Alps"
},
{
"id": "2108156",
"text": "Mount Hermon Mount Hermon ( / ALA-LC: \"Jabal al-Shaykh\" (\"Mountain of the Sheikh\") or \"Jabal Haramun\"; , \"Har Hermon\") is a mountain cluster constituting the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range. Its summit straddles the border between Syria and Lebanon and, at 2,814 m (9,232 ft) above sea level, is the highest point in Syria. On the top, in the United Nations buffer zone between Syrian and Israeli-occupied territories, is the highest permanently manned UN position in the world, known as \"Hermon Hotel\". The southern slopes of Mount Hermon extend to the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights, where",
"title": "Mount Hermon"
},
{
"id": "10849939",
"text": "that Ben can attend a special school, meaning David has to leave his friends and girlfriend, Gail, behind. Ben makes friends and finds a girl friend. David has difficulty fitting into his new school, suffering at the hands of bullies. David discovers that Gail has moved on from him only five weeks after their break up, which leads him to self-harm. David decides to kill his brother. He takes Ben hitchhiking without telling his parents, and they camp in Snowdonia. Climbing the mountain, David plans to murder Ben by pushing him off a high ridge. At the top, David changes",
"title": "Coming Down the Mountain"
},
{
"id": "12311649",
"text": "design modifications at Greentop to accommodate handicapped children reduced capacity to 98. Greentop is also known as Camp 2: Camp 1 is Camp Misty Mount and Camp 3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Greentop Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Greentop Camp Greentop is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area, and comprises 22 rustic",
"title": "Camp Greentop"
},
{
"id": "277584",
"text": "Elias Mountains. There has been a long tradition of climbers going on expeditions to the Greater Ranges, a term generally used for the Andes (e.g. the Cordillera Blanca in Peru) and the high peaks of Asia including the Himalayas (e.g. the Mount Everest of Nepal/Tibet/ India), Karakoram, Hindu Kush, Pamir Mountains, Tien Shan and Kunlun Mountains. In the past this was often on exploratory trips or to make first ascents. With the advent of cheaper, long-haul air travel, mountaineering holidays in the Greater Ranges are now undertaken much more frequently and ascents of even Everest and Vinson Massif (the highest",
"title": "Mountaineering"
},
{
"id": "719234",
"text": "popular novels of the 20th Century. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt named the Presidential hideaway in Maryland after Shangri-La. (It has since been renamed Camp David.) Likewise Roosevelt initially claimed the Doolittle Raid came from Shangri-La; this inspired the name of the aircraft carrier USS \"Shangri-La\". A one-hour adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:30 on 1 August 1935, with a cast that included Esme Percy as the High Lama, Ben Welden as Barnard, Barbara Couper as Miss Brinklow, Jon Swinley as Conway and Cathleen Cordell as Lo Tsen. It was",
"title": "Lost Horizon"
},
{
"id": "7528955",
"text": "Dyatlov Pass incident The Dyatlov Pass incident () refers to the unsolved deaths of nine ski hikers in the northern Ural Mountains in the Soviet Union (now Russia) between 1 and 2 February 1959. The experienced trekking group, who were all from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, had established a camp on the slopes of Kholat Syakhl in an area now named in honor of the group's leader, Igor Dyatlov. During the night, something caused them to tear their way out of their tents and flee the campsite while inadequately dressed for heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures. After the group's bodies",
"title": "Dyatlov Pass incident"
},
{
"id": "6280199",
"text": "Rapidan Camp Rapidan Camp (also known at times as Camp Hoover) in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County, Virginia, was built by U.S. President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, and served as their rustic retreat throughout Hoover's administration from 1929 to 1933. The first family's residential cabin was known as the \"Brown House\" in contrast to their more famous residence, the White House. Rapidan Camp was precursor of the current presidential retreat, Camp David. In November 1928, Herbert Hoover was overwhelmingly elected as 31st President of the United States. While all preceding Presidents came from the Eastern",
"title": "Rapidan Camp"
},
{
"id": "15162580",
"text": "55 peaks lie entirely within one country, over 27 straddle a border but none is located at a tripoint. By the UIAA's definition, Switzerland has 48 four-thousanders, Italy has 35 and France 26. The four-thousanders are found mainly in the Western Alps, in the ranges of the Bernese Alps (9), Dauphiné Alps (2) Graian Alps (29) and Pennine Alps (41). The only four-thousander in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m) in the Bernina Group. In Africa mountain ranges there are four-thousanders in the High Atlas (Toubkal: 4,167 m), in the Ethiopian Highlands (Ras Daschan: 4,620 m), in the",
"title": "Four-thousander"
},
{
"id": "514913",
"text": "At the age of just 21, Alex became the youngest person to have completed a continuous round without the use of any motorised transport. The SMC recognises six peaks in England, fifteen in Wales and thirteen in Ireland that would be Munros or Munro Tops if they were in Scotland. These are referred to as Furth Munros, i.e. the Munros furth of Scotland. The first recorded Furthist is James Parker, who completed on Tryfan (Snowdonia) on 19 April 1929. Munro A Munro () is a mountain in Scotland with a height over , the best known being Ben Nevis, the",
"title": "Munro"
},
{
"id": "12311674",
"text": "3, originally called Camp Hi-Catoctin and located at a much higher elevation, became Camp David. Camp Misty Mount Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Camp Misty Mount Historic District Camp Misty Mount is located in Catoctin Mountain Park near Thurmont, Maryland. The camp was built by the Works Progress Administration labor program in the development of what was then known as the Catoctin Mountain Recreational Development Area, and comprises 35 rustic log buildings including sleeping cabins, administrative buildings and lodges. All were built between 1935 and 1938. The buildings are a simplified version",
"title": "Camp Misty Mount Historic District"
},
{
"id": "4974986",
"text": "David Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower II (born March 31, 1948) is an American author, public policy fellow, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and eponym of the U.S. Presidential retreat, Camp David. He is the only grandson of the 34th President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the son-in-law of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon. David Eisenhower was born on March 31, 1948, in West Point, Orange County, New York, to Barbara (Thompson) and John Eisenhower. His father was a U.S. Army officer, and his grandfather was future President of the United States of",
"title": "David Eisenhower"
},
{
"id": "6057843",
"text": "Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it has been considered by some to represent a deliberate changing of an indigenous name. The name Aonach Mòr implies that the mountain is bigger than its close neighbour to the south, Aonach Beag (\"small ridge\"), to",
"title": "Aonach Mòr"
},
{
"id": "4385978",
"text": "Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the precipitation reaches the mountain range. A good example is during the month",
"title": "Sierra Estrella"
},
{
"id": "4386908",
"text": "has left tiers of rock representing some 30 lava flows which date from the Carboniferous period. The headwaters of the River Carron rise in the Campsies. The Campsie Fells have cemented their place in history as the birthplace of Scottish skiing, when W.W. Naismith of Glasgow skied the area, becoming the first ever man to ski in Scotland in March 1892. Campsie Fells The Campsie Fells (also known as the Campsies; Scottish Gaelic: Monadh Chamaisidh) are a range of hills in central Scotland, stretching east to west from Denny Muir to Dumgoyne, in Stirlingshire and overlooking Strathkelvin to the south.",
"title": "Campsie Fells"
},
{
"id": "17290768",
"text": "words of one newspaper report) \"the appearance of a city under siege on this Mother's Day.\" U.S. President John F. Kennedy ended a vacation at Camp David (near Thurmont, Maryland) early in order to respond to the situation. Conflicted about whether to deploy federal troops, Kennedy wanted to save face after the violence in Birmingham became covered as international news, and he wanted to protect the truce that had just been established. At the same time, he did not want to set a precedent that might compel routine military interventions, and he feared a backlash among southern white Democrats who",
"title": "Birmingham riot of 1963"
},
{
"id": "2782872",
"text": "on board. The cause of the accident was determined to be pilot error in heavy fog. Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees",
"title": "Mourne Mountains"
},
{
"id": "15068186",
"text": "Matterhorn (Antarctica) The Matterhorn () is a peak on Roa Ridge in the Asgard Range of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It stands high, surmounting the north wall of Taylor Valley between Lacroix Glacier and Matterhorn Glacier. It was so named by Griffith Taylor of the British Antarctic Expedition under Robert Falcon Scott, 1910–13, because of its resemblance to the Matterhorn, the famous Swiss mountain. On the mountain's south side is Campbell Terrace, a relatively horizontal ice-free area with a median elevation of . It is bounded by the lower margins of Matterhorn Glacier, Lacroix Glacier, and the northern wall of Taylor",
"title": "Matterhorn (Antarctica)"
},
{
"id": "664595",
"text": "Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \"Central Alps\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other",
"title": "Swiss Alps"
},
{
"id": "17797039",
"text": "girl with an extraordinary genius. Now, only by working with his embattled partner, Michelle Maxwell, can he catch a killer…and solve a stunning mystery that threatens the entire nation. \"Publication Date\": April 24, 2007 \"Pages\": 420 (Hardcover) A daring kidnapping turns a children’s birthday party at Camp David, the presidential retreat, into a national security nightmare. Former Secret Service agents turned private investigators Sean King and Michelle Maxwell don’t want to get involved. But years ago Sean saved the First Lady’s husband, then a senator, from political disaster. Now the president’s wife presses Sean and Michelle into a desperate search",
"title": "King and Maxwell (book series)"
},
{
"id": "2619578",
"text": "Finsteraarhorn The Finsteraarhorn () is the highest mountain in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland and the most prominent peak of Switzerland. The Finsteraarhorn is the ninth-highest mountain and third-most prominent peak in the Alps. In 2001 the whole massif and surrounding glaciers were designated as part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch World Heritage Site. Despite being the most elevated, prominent and isolated mountain of both the Bernese Alps and the canton of Berne, the Finsteraarhorn is less known and frequented than the nearby Jungfrau and Eiger. This is due to its location in one of the most remote areas in the Alps,",
"title": "Finsteraarhorn"
},
{
"id": "664633",
"text": "Pennine Alps The Pennine Alps (, , , ), also known as the \"Valais Alps\", are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. They are located in Switzerland (Valais) and Italy (Piedmont and the Aosta Valley). The Italian side is drained by the rivers Dora Baltea, Sesia and Toce, tributaries of the Po. The Swiss side is drained by the Rhône. The Great St Bernard Tunnel, under the Great St Bernard Pass, leads from Martigny, Switzerland to Aosta. The main chain (watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea) runs from west to east on the border",
"title": "Pennine Alps"
},
{
"id": "5016641",
"text": "40 alpine lakes in the range, 15 of which are named. The Crazy Mountains sit in both Gallatin National Forest and Lewis and Clark National Forest. The Crazies support a healthy herd of mountain goats and the occasional elusive wolverine. The Crazies are almost completely surrounded by private lands making access into the mountains somewhat difficult, especially in the southern section where the highest peaks are located. The name Crazy Mountains is said to be a shortened form of the name \"Crazy Woman Mountains\" given them, in compliment to their original Crow name, after a woman who went insane and",
"title": "Crazy Mountains"
},
{
"id": "1661749",
"text": "Denali Denali () (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name) is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of above sea level. With a topographic prominence of and a topographic isolation of , Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak on Earth, after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska, Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve. The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as \"Denali\" for centuries.",
"title": "Denali"
},
{
"id": "16572278",
"text": "Piotruś Piotruś (also Petrus, Petros) is a tall mountain in the Beskid Dukielski range, Poland. Beskid Dukielski forms the middle of the Low Beskids in the Western Carpathian Mountains. Piotruś is the highest mountain of the Beskid Dukielski. A tourist trail passes through the mountain. Its most prominent characteristic is a stream and pond related to the Saint John of Dukla. The Beskid Dukielski Range is located within the outer part of the Carpathians, which is part of the Alpine orogenic belt. The Outer Carpathians fold and thrust belt, is subdivided into several nappes bounded by thrust faults. The mountain",
"title": "Piotruś"
},
{
"id": "15354034",
"text": "areas. The High Plains receive very little rainfall, and sit at high elevations, usually about . Many people view the High Plains as the point where one begins to enter the greater Mountain West region. The Mountain West has some of the highest mountain peaks in America. Some of the more famous mountains in the Mountain West are Mount Elbert, Pikes Peak, Blanca Peak, Longs Peak, Kings Peak, Wind River Peak, Cloud Peak, Wheeler Peak, Truchas Peak, Granite Peak, Borah Peak, and Humphreys Peak. The climate of the Mountain West is one of the more diverse climates in the United",
"title": "Mountain states"
},
{
"id": "9453582",
"text": "Ian Woodall Ian Woodall (born 17 August 1956) is a British mountain climber who has climbed Mount Everest several times. In 1996 Woodall was the leader of the controversial first South African Mount Everest expedition, during which one member of the party died. The expedition reached Camp IV – the last camp before the summit, and 923m below it – on 10 May, but were not directly involved in the disaster that unfolded that day. Following the tragedy the expedition returned to base camp and made a second attempt after a few days rest, achieving the summit on 28 May.",
"title": "Ian Woodall"
},
{
"id": "20037213",
"text": "Orange One Orange One is a U.S. Navy-operated facility located in the Appalachian Mountains, extending underneath Camp David, the U.S. President’s country retreat. Described in one account as a \"fortress\", it was designed for use by the president as a military headquarters during an emergency. According to the diary of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who toured the facility in 1959, Orange One can house a staff of 200 persons in two separate wings and is a \"fortress ... hewn out of the rock\". Bill Gulley has said Orange One can be accessed by an elevator from Aspen Lodge, the",
"title": "Orange One"
},
{
"id": "8046652",
"text": "not be considered peaks or mountains under UIAA definitions. With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District, the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing. , 302 people are known to have completed the list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit. They have also announced that Tinside Rigg and Long Fell (added to the list in 2016) need not be climbed as they are in a restricted area of Warcop Artillery Range. The Wainwrights are mountains or hills",
"title": "Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles"
},
{
"id": "4676512",
"text": "High Atlas High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains (; ; ) is a mountain range in central Morocco, North Africa. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range",
"title": "High Atlas"
},
{
"id": "2782864",
"text": "Mourne Mountains The Mourne Mountains ( ; ), also called the Mournes or Mountains of Mourne, are a granite mountain range in County Down in the south-east of Northern Ireland. It includes the highest mountains in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster. The highest of these is Slieve Donard at . The Mournes is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has been proposed as the first national park in Northern Ireland. The area is partly owned by the National Trust and sees a large number of visitors every year. The name \"Mourne\" (historically spelt \"Morne\") is derived from",
"title": "Mourne Mountains"
},
{
"id": "1396222",
"text": "by a narrow strip of land about 21 kilometre (13 mi) wide, called the Chicken's Neck. Efforts are underway to make this area a free-trade zone. Situated in the Great Himalayan Range in Northern part of Nepal, Mount Everest has the highest altitude of any mountain in the world. Technically, the south-east ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb, so most climbers travel to Everest through Nepal. The Annapurna mountain range also lies in Nepal. Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped into 5 development regions. Each district was headed by a",
"title": "Kingdom of Nepal"
},
{
"id": "11023980",
"text": "she would often have to wait for male co-workers to catch up with her. During a religious holiday, she spent two weeks cycling with friends some 1400 km from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet to Kathmandu, crossing mountain passes over 5000 m, enduring sandstorms and blizzards, and reaching Base Camp on the northern (Tibetan) side of Mount Everest at 5208 m (17090 ft). Her coach, Brett Sutton, believes this experience to have been very useful altitude training for her later professional career, while Wellington herself regards it as having given her lasting mental strength. Her friends in Nepal remarked on",
"title": "Chrissie Wellington"
},
{
"id": "1954112",
"text": "Jungfrau The Jungfrau (\"maiden, virgin\") at is one of the main summits of the Bernese Alps, located between the northern canton of Bern and the southern canton of Valais, halfway between Interlaken and Fiesch. Together with the Eiger and Mönch, the Jungfrau forms a massive wall overlooking the Bernese Oberland and the Swiss Plateau, one of the most distinctive sights of the Swiss Alps. The summit was first reached on August 3, 1811 by the Meyer brothers of Aarau and two chamois hunters from Valais. The ascent followed a long expedition over the glaciers and high passes of the Bernese",
"title": "Jungfrau"
},
{
"id": "6948586",
"text": "then-president Nelson Mandela proclaimed the Cape Peninsula National Park. The park was later renamed to the Table Mountain National Park. The park runs approximately north-south along the range of mountains that make up the mountainous spine of the Cape Peninsula, from Signal Hill in the north, through Lion's Head, Table Mountain, Constantiaberg, Silvermine, the mountains of the southern Peninsula, terminating at Cape Point. The park is not a single contiguous area; the undeveloped mountainous areas which make up most of the park are separated by developed urban areas on the shallower terrain. Thus the park is divided into three separate",
"title": "Table Mountain National Park"
},
{
"id": "3837194",
"text": "as well as a high pass. Even during the trekking seasons, it is not uncommon for overnight temperatures at base camp to be in excess of twenty degrees below freezing. Pokalde Pokalde Peak (or Dolma Ri) is a mountain peak of Nepal situated 12 km southwest of Mount Everest. Pokalde Peak is one of the shortest and easiest trekking peaks in the Everest Region. The majority of the 650m climb from base camp requires little more than walking with short sections of scrambling up rock. During the trekking seasons this rocky peak is scarcely covered by snow. Despite its lack",
"title": "Pokalde"
},
{
"id": "8370866",
"text": "in Italy for seven more years. After exhibiting in Rome, Milan, and at the Venice Bienniale, she found herself drawn to the Himalayas. The Himalayas are a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and smaller ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot. Together, the Himalayan mountain system is home to the world's highest peaks, which include Mount Everest and K2, which is part of the Karakoram Range. The mountains have profoundly shaped the cultures",
"title": "Elaine Hamilton-O'Neal"
},
{
"id": "3100673",
"text": "Cederberg The Cederberg mountains () and nature reserve are located near Clanwilliam, approximately 300 km north of Cape Town, South Africa at about . The mountain range is named after the endangered Clanwilliam cedar (\"Widdringtonia cedarbergensis\"), which is a tree endemic to the area. The mountains are noted for dramatic rock formations and San rock art. The Cederberg Wilderness Area is administered by CapeNature. \"Cederberg\" is now the generally accepted spelling for the area, which combines the English (Cedarberg) and Afrikaans (Sederberg) variants. The Cederberg mountains extend about 50 km north-south by 20 km east-west. They are bordered on the",
"title": "Cederberg"
},
{
"id": "12532917",
"text": "Black Hills The Black Hills (; ; ) are a small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming, United States. Black Elk Peak (formerly known as Harney Peak), which rises to , is the range's highest summit. The Black Hills encompass the Black Hills National Forest. The name \"Black Hills\" is a translation of the Lakota \". The hills were so-called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they were covered in trees. Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering",
"title": "Black Hills"
},
{
"id": "11941169",
"text": "maintenance augmentation units) as part of the Carrier Air Wings deployed aboard aircraft carriers. The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides infantry-based security battalions and Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team companies to guard and defend high-priority and overseas Navy bases. Security for the Presidential Retreat located aboard the Naval Support Activity Thurmont, viz., \"Camp David\" is provided by the Marine infantry battalion stationed as part of the garrison aboard Marine Barracks Washington. Cooperation between the two services includes the training and instruction of some future Marine Corps officers (most are trained and commissioned through Marine Corps OCS), all Marine Corps Naval",
"title": "United States Marine Corps"
},
{
"id": "4015995",
"text": "of the original positioning by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907–09). Morris Heights () is a relatively smooth ice-covered heights, forming a peninsula-like divide between Beaver and King Glaciers at the north end of Queen Alexandra Range. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant Clarence T. Morris, U.S. Navy, aerology officer on the staff of the Commander, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1962 and 1963. Queen Alexandra Range The Queen Alexandra Range is a major mountain range of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica. It is about 160 km (100 mi) long,",
"title": "Queen Alexandra Range"
},
{
"id": "382604",
"text": "about 4.4% of the water into the Black Sea. The Swiss Alps also contain many of Central Europe's glaciers. There are about 1,800 glaciers which cover of the total glaciated area of the Alps. The Alps are a popular tourist destination and are one of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland. The tallest point in Switzerland, Monte Rosa () in Canton Valais, is located in the Alps as is tallest mountain wholly in Switzerland, the Dom (). One of the most recognizable symbols of Switzerland, the Matterhorn, is also located in the Alps. The Matterhorn () is the seventh highest",
"title": "Geography of Switzerland"
},
{
"id": "11564612",
"text": "Baden-Powell Peak Baden-Powell Scout Peak, formerly known as Urkema Peak, in Nepal is part of the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. It is on the border with China about a hundred miles west of Mount Everest. As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, the government of Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Scout Peak, to commemorate 100 years of Scouting in honor of British soldier Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the World Scouting movement. The first ascent of Baden-Powell Peak was completed by an international team of Scouting members, including members from Australia, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Taipei, Hong",
"title": "Baden-Powell Peak"
},
{
"id": "4752220",
"text": "Klein Matterhorn The Klein Matterhorn (sometimes translated as \"Little Matterhorn\") is a peak of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Zermatt in the Swiss canton of Valais. At above sea level, it is the highest place in Europe that can be reached by aerial tramway, as well as by any other means of transport. The Klein Matterhorn is part of the Breithorn massif and overlooks on its south side the almost equally high flat glacier named \"Breithorn Plateau\", just north of the international border with Italy. The name \"Klein Matterhorn\" is a reference to its much larger neighbour, the Matterhorn, which lies",
"title": "Klein Matterhorn"
},
{
"id": "664617",
"text": "European explorers. Swiss Alps The Alpine region of Switzerland, conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps (, , , ), represents a major natural feature of the country and is, along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains, one of its three main physiographic regions. The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps, encompassing an area sometimes called \"Central Alps\". While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland, the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared",
"title": "Swiss Alps"
},
{
"id": "4229147",
"text": "the Allegheny and Cumberland Plateau, which in some areas are popularly called mountains, but are actually simply uplifted and eroded plateaus. A portion of the Alleghanian mountain system departed with Africa when Pangaea broke up and the Atlantic Ocean began to form. Today, this forms the Anti-Atlas mountains of Morocco. The Anti-Atlas have been geologically uplifted in relatively recent times, and are today much more rugged than their Alleghanian relatives. Alleghanian orogeny The Alleghanian orogeny or Appalachian orogeny is one of the geological mountain-forming events that formed the Appalachian Mountains and Allegheny Mountains. The term and spelling Alleghany orogeny was",
"title": "Alleghanian orogeny"
},
{
"id": "6080999",
"text": "mountain.\" Matterhorn Peak Matterhorn Peak is located in the Sierra Nevada, in the western U.S. state of California, at the northern boundary of Yosemite National Park. At elevation, it is the tallest peak in the craggy Alps-like Sawtooth Ridge and the northernmost peak in the Sierra Nevada. The peak also supports the Sierra's northernmost glacier system. It was named after the Matterhorn in the Alps. The peak can be ascended without climbing gear. Jack Kerouac, in \"The Dharma Bums\" (1958), describes a hike up and a run down the mountain. This led to the classic observation, \"You can't fall off",
"title": "Matterhorn Peak"
},
{
"id": "11188",
"text": "Alps The Alps (; ; ; ; ; ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in",
"title": "Alps"
},
{
"id": "492695",
"text": "as the \"circum-Himalayan rivers\". The great ranges of central Asia, including the Himalayas, contain the third-largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the Arctic. The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about of fresh water. Its glaciers include the Gangotri and Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region), Langtang glacier (Langtang region) and Zemu (Sikkim). Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the highest in the world at typically around . In contrast, equatorial mountains in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have",
"title": "Himalayas"
},
{
"id": "10813379",
"text": "(\"Grasberge\"), made from rocks of the Black Jurassic, whose mountainsides have gradients of up to 70°. They are the distinguishing feature of the Allgäu Alps and are not found in any other mountain group as prominently as they are here (listed in alphabetical order). Allgäu Alps The Allgäu Alps () are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps, located in Bavaria in Germany and Tyrol and Vorarlberg in Austria. The range lies directly east of Lake Constance. The mountain range is characterised by an unusual variety of rock formations and consequently a rich tapestry of landscapes, in particular, the",
"title": "Allgäu Alps"
},
{
"id": "6057846",
"text": "Mor's Coire an Lochain holds one of Scotland's longest-lasting snow-patches (grid reference NN193736), which sits at an altitude of 1120m. During Cyclone Bodil, Aonach Mòr was hit by the highest gust of 142mph during the storm. Aonach Mòr Aonach Mòr is a mountain in the Highlands of Scotland. It is located about 2 miles/ 3 km north east of Ben Nevis on the south side of Glen Spean, near the town of Fort William . The Nevis Range ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak; the use of this name has inspired some controversy, as it",
"title": "Aonach Mòr"
},
{
"id": "4385984",
"text": "as Sierra Estrella High Point and does not name any other peak. Sierra Estrella The Sierra Estrella (, , ) is a mountain range located southwest of Phoenix, Arizona. Much of the range falls within the Gila River Indian Reservation, but of BLM land is protected as the Sierra Estrella Wilderness. On the highest peaks, temperatures are usually 8-12 degrees cooler than in the valley. Snow can be seen at least once or twice a year on the highest points of the mountain range (typically above 4,000 ft). Sometimes, the snow level can drop near , but depends if the",
"title": "Sierra Estrella"
},
{
"id": "12222270",
"text": "Camp Muir Camp Muir, named for the naturalist John Muir, is a high-altitude refuge for climbers in Mount Rainier National Park in Washington, accessed through the Paradise Entrance. The shelters comprising the camp are situated at a elevation between the Muir Snowfield and the Cowlitz Glacier on Mount Rainier. Camp Muir is the most-used base camp for those attempting to climb to the mountain's summit. Camp Muir is between the Nisqually and Paradise Glaciers. The larger \"public\" shelter hut was built in 1921 to plans supervised by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service. The by single-story one-room shelter",
"title": "Camp Muir"
},
{
"id": "6251373",
"text": "Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \"Eagle's Nest.\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\" museum which opened in",
"title": "Obersalzberg"
},
{
"id": "5662994",
"text": "a billion years old, formed during the Grenville Orogeny. It represents the very core of the Appalachian range, which has been formed by successive mountain-building events (orogenies). The present mountains have been exposed by the process of isostasy through the late Cenozoic Era. The hills were given their rounded form when glaciers cut through the Appalachian Mountains here, the Highlands are among the lowest summits in that range (indeed, the Appalachian Trail reaches its lowest elevation in the Trailside Zoo between Bear Mountain State Park and Bear Mountain Bridge). Conversely, the river becomes narrower and deeper through the Highlands, reaching",
"title": "Hudson Highlands"
},
{
"id": "19113114",
"text": "David T. Griggs David Tressel Griggs (6 October 1911 – 31 December 1974) was an American geophysicist. He served as the second Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1952. David Griggs was born in Columbus, Ohio. His father was Robert Fiske Griggs, who discovered the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near Mount Katmai in Alaska. The highest area in this area was officially named Mount Griggs in his honor. David accompanied his father on an expedition to that area in 1930. At age 24, Griggs had an accident while mountain climbing in the Caucasus Mountains, located",
"title": "David T. Griggs"
},
{
"id": "6251388",
"text": "Reich buildings. Obersalzberg Obersalzberg is a mountainside retreat situated above the market town of Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, Germany. Located about southeast of Munich, close to the border with Austria, it is best known as the site of Adolf Hitler's former mountain residence, the Berghof, and of the mountaintop Kehlsteinhaus, popularly known in the English-speaking world as the \"Eagle's Nest.\" All of the Nazi buildings (except the Kehlsteinhaus, which still exists and now serves as a restaurant and tourist attraction) were demolished in the 1950s but the relevant past of the area is the subject of the \"Dokumentationszentrum Obersalzberg\" museum which",
"title": "Obersalzberg"
},
{
"id": "2803983",
"text": "<br> The Kunlun mountains (spelled \"Kuen-Lun\" in the book) are described as the location of the Shangri-La monastery in the 1933 novel \"Lost Horizon\" by English writer James Hilton. The mountains are the site of the fictional city of K'un Lun in the Marvel Comics Iron Fist series and the TV show of the same name. Kunlun Mountains The Kunlun Mountains (, ; , \"Khöndlön Uuls\"; ) are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than . In the broadest sense, the chain forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin. The",
"title": "Kunlun Mountains"
},
{
"id": "3158407",
"text": "Alpine orogeny The Alpine orogeny or Alpide orogeny is an orogenic phase in the Late Mesozoic (Eoalpine) and the current Cenozoic that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt. These mountains include (from west to east) the Atlas, the Rif, the Baetic Cordillera, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Dinaric Alps, the Hellenides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Mountains, the Taurus, the Armenian Highlands, the Caucasus, the Alborz, the Zagros, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas. Sometimes other names occur to describe the formation of separate mountain ranges: for example",
"title": "Alpine orogeny"
},
{
"id": "10929184",
"text": "north. Catoctin Mountain Park contains three historic camps: Camp Greentop, Camp Misty Mount, and the Presidential retreat Camp David. MD 77 follows a curvaceous route along the narrow valley of Hunting Creek to descend Catoctin Mountain. The state highway emerges from the mountain valley just west of the town of Thurmont, where the highway becomes Main Street and meets U.S. Route 15 (Catoctin Mountain Highway) at a folded diamond interchange. MD 77 intersects Church Street and Water Street in the center of town; Church Street heads north as MD 550. The two state highways run concurrently through the eastern part",
"title": "Maryland Route 77"
},
{
"id": "13192967",
"text": "Berchtesgaden, known for the former Berghof residence of Adolf Hitler. The picturesque heart is formed by the glacial Königssee lake with the famous St. Bartholomew's pilgrimage church and the smaller Obersee, both part of the Berchtesgaden National Park established in 1978. The range also comprises glaciers like the Blaueis as well as the Steinernes Meer high karst plateau. The most important summits of the Berchtesgaden Alps are (groups in order of height): The Berchtesgaden Alps border on the following other mountain groups of the Alps: The \"Berchtesgaden Alps\" are included under this name in the generally accepted Alpine Club classification",
"title": "Berchtesgaden Alps"
},
{
"id": "2325006",
"text": "Mountain pass A mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge. Since many of the world's mountain ranges have presented formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout Earth's history. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass. The highest vehicle-accessible pass in the world appears to be Mana Pass, located in the Himalayas on the border between India and Tibet, China. Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, or col (also sometimes a notch, the low point in",
"title": "Mountain pass"
},
{
"id": "14644109",
"text": "Saint-Gotthard Massif The Saint-Gotthard Massif (German: \"Gotthardmassiv\" or \"Sankt-Gotthard-Massiv\") is a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of four cantons: Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The homonymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is the main route from north to south (excluding tunnels). The highest peaks of the massif are Pizzo Rotondo (3,192 m) in the southwest, Pizzo Centrale (2,999 m) near the",
"title": "Saint-Gotthard Massif"
},
{
"id": "664634",
"text": "between Italy (south) and Switzerland (north). From Mont Vélan, the first high summit east of St Bernard Pass, the chain rarely goes below 3000 metres and contains many four-thousanders such as Matterhorn or Monte Rosa. The valleys are quite similar on both side of the border, being generally oriented perpendicular to the main chain and descending progressively into the Rhône Valley on the north and the Aosta Valley on the south. Unlike many other mountain ranges, the higher peaks are often located outside the main chain and found themselves between the northern valleys (Grand Combin, Weisshorn, Mischabel, Weissmies). The chief",
"title": "Pennine Alps"
},
{
"id": "14104845",
"text": "Obama. Johnson was born in Detroit in 1958. He is of African-American and Native American ancestry. While living in Germany, where his father was stationed in the Army, Shelton, at five years of age, went on a family vacation to the Berchtesgaden area in Germany's Bavarian Alps, which later became the Berchtesgaden National Park. He describes this visit as influential in developing his awe for mountains and the sky. His family also visited the Black Forest. Johnson graduated from Cass Technical High School in 1976. He attended college at the University of Michigan, where he graduated with a B.A. degree",
"title": "Shelton Johnson"
},
{
"id": "10794375",
"text": "and can be viewed by prior arrangement only. Rhodes has a subtropical highland climate (\"Cwb\", according to the Köppen climate classification), with mild summers and chilly, dry winters, with occasional snowfalls. The average annual precipitation is , with most rainfall occurring mainly during summer. Rhodes, Eastern Cape Rhodes is a hamlet or small village alongside the wild trout rich Bell River, near Ben Macdhui (at 2561 m the highest mountain in the Cape region) in the Drakensberg mountains of the north Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rhodes is located in the Eastern Cape Highlands, near the escarpment in the southernmost end",
"title": "Rhodes, Eastern Cape"
},
{
"id": "58946",
"text": "colonial maps. Ben Nevis Ben Nevis (, ; ) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. Standing at above sea level, it is at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William. The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 100,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which use the Pony Track from Glen Nevis. The cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers. They are also the",
"title": "Ben Nevis"
},
{
"id": "7834921",
"text": "Ghent Kangri Ghent Kangri (or Mount Ghent, Ghaint I) is a high peak near the north end of the Saltoro Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It is located west of the Siachen Glacier in an area under Pakistan control, but very close to the Actual Ground Position Line with India. Ghent Kangri was first climbed on 4 June 1961, by Wolfgang Axt, a member of an Austrian expedition led by Erich Waschak, via the West Ridge. He climbed solo above the high camp. According to the Himalayan Index, there have been three subsequent ascents of the peak, in",
"title": "Ghent Kangri"
},
{
"id": "4529718",
"text": "Càrn Mòr Dearg Càrn Mòr Dearg () is the eighth-highest mountain in Scotland. It is situated in the west of Scotland, close to the town of Fort William, in Lochaber, Highland. It lies just to the north-west of its much more famous neighbour, Ben Nevis, to which it is linked by the spectacular Càrn Mòr Dearg Arête. The ascent of Càrn Mòr Dearg from the north (start from the North Face Car Park), the traverse of the arête, and the scramble up the north side of Ben Nevis make one of the best horse-shoe routes in Scotland. Càrn Mòr Dearg",
"title": "Càrn Mòr Dearg"
},
{
"id": "525446",
"text": "Col-North Ridge-Northeast Ridge route from which they never returned. On 1 May 1999, the Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition found Mallory's body on the North Face in a snow basin below and to the west of the traditional site of Camp VI. Controversy has raged in the mountaineering community whether one or both of them reached the summit 29 years before the confirmed ascent and safe descent of Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953. In 1933, Lady Houston, a British millionairess, funded the \"Houston Everest Flight of 1933\", which saw a formation of aircraft led by",
"title": "Mount Everest"
},
{
"id": "7902630",
"text": "Gasherbrum II, an mountain located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan, and Xinjiang, China. The expedition, led by Henry Todd, did not summit due to bad weather. In 2002, Sharp went on an expedition to Cho Oyu, an peak in the Himalayas, with a group led by Richard Dougan and Jamie McGuinness of the Himalayan Project. They did make it to the summit, but one member died from falling into a crevasse; this opened up a slot on the group's trip to Everest the next year. Dougan regarded Sharp as a strong climber, but noted that",
"title": "David Sharp (mountaineer)"
},
{
"id": "14223364",
"text": "Alpine Club huts at all. Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \"Ammergebirge\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the",
"title": "Ammergau Alps"
},
{
"id": "12040476",
"text": "Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne) Ben Bhuidhe (Gaelic: A' Bheinn Bhuidhe) is a Scottish mountain at the head of Loch Fyne, Argyll and Bute. Beinn Bhuidhe is a Munro that lies separately from the main body of the Arrochar Alps. It is an isolated mountain which, particularly when climbed in winter conditions, has a \"real feeling of expedition about it\". It is a remote and unfrequented hill, situated to the north of the head of Loch Fyne between the upper reaches of Glen Fyne and Glen Shira. It is the only high hill in an extensive tract of featureless moorland between",
"title": "Beinn Bhuidhe (Glen Fyne)"
},
{
"id": "14223351",
"text": "Ammergau Alps The Ammergau Alps ( or \"Ammergebirge\") are a mountain range in the Northern Limestone Alps in the states of Bavaria (Germany) and Tyrol (Austria). They cover an area of about 30 x 30 km and begin at the outer edge of the Alps. The highest summit is the Daniel which has a height of . The Ammergau Alps are a cross-border range shared between the German Free State of Bavaria (ca. 3/4 of the area) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The towns of Füssen, Oberammergau, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Ehrwald and Reutte lie around the perimeter of the mountains. The",
"title": "Ammergau Alps"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Catoctin Mountain context: and the Potomac River. (Note that a local tradition asserts that \"Catoctin\" means \"place of many deer\" in an Indian language.) Catoctin Mountain is perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat for presidents of the United States. It was first used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, who called it \"Shangri-La\". In the 1950s President Dwight Eisenhower renamed it Camp David, after his grandson David Eisenhower. The resort is extremely well guarded by the United States Secret Service, and only approved guests of the President are allowed into the retreat. Due to its\n\nIn which mountains are Camp David?",
"compressed_tokens": 188,
"origin_tokens": 188,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Camp David context: in 1935 and was completed in 1938. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt converted it to a presidential retreat and renamed it \"Shangri-La\" (for the fictional Himalayan paradise in the 1933 novel \"Lost Horizon\" by British author James Hilton, which he had jokingly referenced as the source of the Doolittle Raid earlier that year). Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his father and grandson, both named David. The Catoctin Mountain Park does not indicate the location of Camp David on park maps due to privacy and security concerns, although it can be seen\n\ntitle: Catoctin Mountain context proximity to Washington, D.C and its beautiful mountain scenery, Camp David has proven to be a popular weekend \"getaway\" for many United States presidents, and approximately 1/3 of Catoctin Mountain Park can be closed to the public on short notice. Catoctin Catoctin Mountain along with geologically associated Bull Run Mountains, forms easternmost mountain ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are in turn a part of the Appalachian range. The ridge runs n/southwest for about departing from South Mountain near Emmitsburg, Maryland, running Leesburg, Virginia, where disappears into Piedmont a\n Catoctin: andomacNote local asserts that \"Cin\" means \"er\" in Indian Cato Mountain perhaps best known as the site of Camp David, a mountain retreat presidents of the United States It first by Roosevel in1s who called it \"Shri\". In195 President Dw Eisenhower after his Eisenh resort is extremely well guard by the States only of are allowed retre.\n: Camp: in; total of threeesed July end.at wood of Maryland,) north.C. It is officially known as the Naval Support Facility Thurmont, because it is technically a military installation, and staffing is primarily provided by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Originally known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was built as a\n\nIn which mountains are Camp David?",
"compressed_tokens": 475,
"origin_tokens": 14482,
"ratio": "30.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
178 | "Which song say, ""The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?""" | [
"The Sounds of Silence (song)",
"The Sound Of Silence",
"Sound of Silence",
"The Sound of Silence",
"En ton av tystnad",
"The Sounds of Silence",
"Hello Darkness My old Friend"
] | Sound of Silence | [
{
"id": "1825378",
"text": "he released a single, \"New York Is My Home,\" with Paul Simon. Dion had previously worked with Simon on his 1989 hit \"Written on the Subway Wall.\" The single was followed by the album \"New York Is My Home,\" released February 12, 2016. Dion is planning four concerts in the U.S. during spring 2016. Dion was invited as a keynote speaker for the 2016 SXSW in Texas. He spoke on the topic \"A Conversation with Dion: Rock's Enduring Voice\" on March 17, 2016. In May 2017, Dion released \"Kickin' Child: The Lost Album 1965\", songs recorded in 1965 when he",
"title": "Dion DiMucci"
},
{
"id": "10158980",
"text": "Dangling Conversation\" – 2:39 8. \"Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall\" – 2:12 9. \"A Simple Desultory Philippic (Or How I Was Robert McNamara'd Into Submission)\" – 2:11 10. \"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her\" – 2:04 11. \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" – 1:55 12. \"7 O'Clock News/Silent Night\" – 1:58 \"Bookends\" 13. \"Bookends Theme\" – 0:32 14. \"Save the Life of My Child\" – 2:49 15. \"America\" – 3:41 16. \"Overs\" – 2:11 17. \"Voices of Old People\" – 2:06 18. \"Old Friends\" - 2:35 19. \"Bookends Theme\" (Reprise) – 1:22 20. \"Fakin' It\" – 3:17",
"title": "Collected Works (Simon and Garfunkel album)"
},
{
"id": "571318",
"text": "Her\" has sometimes been thought to be named after poet Emily Dickinson. Simon later explained that \"For Emily\" is not about an imaginary girl Emily, but about a belief, while the song \"Overs\" (from the album \"Bookends\") is about the loss of that belief. While other songs, such as \"The Sound of Silence\", had taken months for Simon to complete writing, others, such as \"For Emily\", were written in a single night. \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" largely revolves around a man creating graffiti on a sign in a subway station, with Simon also bringing into play \"a variety",
"title": "Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme"
},
{
"id": "1293952",
"text": "archival clips. Paul was also a prolific composer. Some of the songs he wrote were \"Song in Blue\", \"Cryin'\", \"Hip-Billy Boogie\", \"Suspicion\", \"Mandolino\", \"Magic Melody\", \"Don'cha Hear Them Bells\", \"The Kangaroo\", \"Big-Eyed Gal\", \"Deep in the Blues\", \"All I Need is You\", \"Take a Warning\", \"Mammy's Boogie\", \"Up And At 'Em\", \"Pacific Breeze\", \"Golden Sands\", \"Hawaiian Charms\", \"Mountain Railroad\", \"Move Along, Baby (Don't Waste My Time)\", \"Dry My Tears\", \"I Don't Want You No More\", \"Doing the Town\", \"Les' Blues\", \"No Strings Attached\", \"Subterfuge\", \"Lament For Strings\", \"Five Alarm Fire\", \"You Can't Be Fit as a Fiddle (When You're Tight",
"title": "Les Paul"
},
{
"id": "403952",
"text": "song is arranged for two voices with cello and sparse guitar accompaniment. The album's cover photo was shot at the Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street subway station in New York City. In several concerts, Art Garfunkel related that during the photo session, several hundred pictures were taken that were unusable due to the \"old familiar suggestion\" on the wall in the background, which inspired Paul Simon to write the song \"A Poem on the Underground Wall\" for the duo's later \"Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme\" album. The album was initially unsuccessful, having been released in the shadow of the British",
"title": "Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M."
},
{
"id": "5750174",
"text": "\"Tini\" Varga, the band recorded \"Sva čuda svijeta\" (\"All the wonders of the world\"), featuring the hit songs \"Kada budu gorijeli gradovi\" (\"When the cities would burn\"), \"Istina piše na zidu\" (\"The truth is written on the wall\"), \"Mi nismo sami\" (\"We are not alone\"), \"Boje su u nama\" (\"The colors are inside us\"), and the title track. Due to the Pelajić departure to the army, Jurčić recorded the bass parts, and after the album release, Jurčić went to the army being temporarily replaced by the former Drugi Način member Robert Krkač on the promotional tour. The song \"Mi nismo",
"title": "Film (band)"
},
{
"id": "6242808",
"text": "the Southern Gospel Charts in February 2009 and was nominated Gospel Music Song Of The Year and Album Of The Year. Other top Benny Hester songs include \"Nobody Knows Me Like You\", \"Christ The Solid Rock\", \"Rubber Canoe\", \"Come Back\", \"Goodbye Salty\", \"Legacy\", \"Whoever Touches You\", \"Streets Of Las Vegas\", \"Can I Get To You From Here\", \"No Man's Land\", \"Step By Step\", \"To Fill Our Empty Hearts\", \"Real Change\", \"Melody Man\", \"Hold Me\", \"Jesus Came Into My Life\", \"Be A Receiver\", \"Sure Of Your Call\", \"The Door\", \"Squeeze You\", \"We All Know He's Comin'\", \"Out Of The Natural\", \"Underground",
"title": "Benny Hester"
},
{
"id": "12198927",
"text": "\"I Just Have to Breathe,\" \"I Say a Little Prayer for You,\" \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again,\" \"Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself,\" \"Knowing When to Leave,\" \"Let Me Be Lonely,\" \"Let Me Go to Him,\" \"The Look of Love,\" \"Message to Michael\", \"My Little Red Book,\" \"Nikki,\" \"One Less Bell to Answer,\" \"Promises, Promises,\" \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head,\" \"Reach Out for Me,\" \"This Empty Place,\" \"This Guy's in Love With You,\" \"Trains and Boats and Planes,\" \"24 Hours from Tulsa,\" \"Walk on By,\" \"What the World Needs Now Is Love,\" \"Whoever You Are I",
"title": "Back to Bacharach and David"
},
{
"id": "12219448",
"text": "Anthems<br> Heavenly Dance<br> \"Here, O My Lord\"<br> \"How Can I Keep from Singing\"<br> \"How Clear Is Our Vocation, Lord\"<br> \"I Am Resurrection\"<br> \"I Heard the Voice of Jesus Say\"<br> \"I Saw Three Ships\"<br> \"In Remembrance\" (1990)<br> \"In the Bleak Mid-winter\"<br> \"Infant Holy\"<br> \"Jerusalem, Jerusalem\"<br> \"Jerusalem, My Happy Home\"<br> \"Jesus, Jesus, Rest Your Head\"<br> Joseph's Lullaby<br> \"Lord, Enthroned in Heavenly Splendor\"<br> Lullaby<br> \"Mary Said Yes\"<br> \"Midnight Clear\"<br> Miriam Dances at the Red Sea<br> A Neo-gothic Carol: \"Ave Mary\"<br> A Neo-gothic Carol: \"To Us this Morn\"<br> \"O God of Gentle Strength\"<br> \"O Gracious Light\" (after Arnatt)<br> \"O Gracious Light\" <br> \"The Peace",
"title": "Russell Schulz-Widmar"
},
{
"id": "18522374",
"text": "Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne \"Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne\" is a 1973 song written and composed by Elliot Lurie and recorded by Lurie's band, Looking Glass. It was the first track on their second and final album, \"Subway Serenade.\" The single reached number 33 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, remaining in that position for two weeks. It spent a total of 15 weeks on the chart, just one week less than their number-one hit, \"Brandy.\" On the U.S. \"Cash Box\" Top 100, it peaked at number 31. It was a bigger hit in Canada, reaching number 21. The lyrics speak of hard-knock",
"title": "Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne"
},
{
"id": "19147361",
"text": "releasing the first-ever Patch the Pirate animated movie based on Ron Hamilton's beloved characters. Popular songs written by Ron Hamilton include \"Rejoice in the Lord\", \"Bow the Knee\", \"Wings as Eagles\", \"It Is Finished\", \"My Hope Is Jesus\", \"Wiggle Worm\", \"Beautiful Hands\", \"Always the Same\", \"Here Am I, Lord\", \"Born to Die\", \"Little by Little\", \"The Poochie Lip Disease\", \"How Can I Fear\", \"Lord, I Need You\", \"Servant's Heart\", \"Clean It Up\", \"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\", \"Christ Is Coming\", \"Jonah\", \"Call the Wambulance\", \"That's Where Wisdom Begins\", \"I Saw Jesus in You\", \"A Secret Place\", \"Cherish the",
"title": "Ron \"Patch\" Hamilton"
},
{
"id": "7481312",
"text": "their new album, \"Brixton Hill\", \"Jam Tomorrow\", \"Madelaine\", \"Man in the Subway\" and \"The Winter Wind\". On 31 January 2007 more song titles were announced on their site \"Cocaine Housewife\", \"Love Tomorrow\", \"Pair of Shoes\", \"Lead Me to the Gallows\", \"Whisky & Wine\", \"Snow Is Falling\" and \"Call Me Darling\". Although these were originally identified primarily as songs that would appear on the next TMTCH album this was not to be the case. All except \"Jam Tomorrow\" and \"Man in the Subway\" subsequently appeared on Paul Simmonds solo country album titled \"The Rising Road\" which was released in June 2008.",
"title": "The Men They Couldn't Hang"
},
{
"id": "9960368",
"text": "the prophet when he arrives for interpreting the text. Daniel rejects any monetary inducement however (Air:\"No, to thyself thy trifles be\") and offers his interpretation of the writing on the wall for free (Accompanied recitative:\"Yet, to obey His dread command\"). Daniel says the words on the wall are \"Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin\", which he interprets to mean \"You have been tried in the balance and found wanting\". Queen Nitocris is greatly distressed and begs her son to abandon his profligate ways (Air:\"Regard, O son, my flowing tears\"). \"Cyrus, Gobrias and Chorus of Persians and Medes, within the City\" Cyrus is",
"title": "Belshazzar (Handel)"
},
{
"id": "16284017",
"text": "sexually-charged \"racey\" character in the show, always hooking up with men and throwing innuendos around. Finally, the Red girl is the youngest and most hopeful character; she is a bit hopeless in the beginning, stating she is not good-looking like other girls, until the man of her dreams comes along. Songs in the show include \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\", \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\", \"To Sir, With Love\", \"Downtown\", and several other hits from the 1960s. Original Cast: Shout! The Mod Musical SHOUT! The Mod Musical is an Off-Broadway musical by Phillip George and David Lowenstein featuring songs",
"title": "Shout! The Mod Musical"
},
{
"id": "3572608",
"text": "Cried\" / \"And The Clock on the Steeple Struck 13\" / \"You Can Live on Love\" / \"My Baby Left Me\" / \"Baby’s Gone\" / \"Dying Daffodil Incident\" / \"Suspicions\" / \"Since You’ve Gone\" / \"Stick To It Ivity\" / \"I Got The Feeling\" \"Searchlight\" / \"Love from Johnny\" / \"Heart of Stone\" / \"Love is a Killer\" / \"Bring my Cadillac Back\" / \"God Bless the Child\" / \"Mountains of the Moon\" / \"On the Waterfront\" / \"My Baby Left Me\" / \"For a Knight to Win His Spurs\" / \"Boppin' the Blues\" / \"Tracks of My Tears\" \"Mercury",
"title": "Dave Berry (musician)"
},
{
"id": "17765588",
"text": "of Universal Music. MacDonald is a longtime member of ASCAP. Called \"a brilliant contrast of rich and poor, of the powerful and the powerless in Manhattan\", the song also presages some of the September 11, 2001 events with such lines as “in the ashes of American Jerusalem/the prophets live their deaths out on the corner/the pretty people say there should have been a warning/but nobody heard it” and “then shadows lick the sun/the streets are paved with footsteps on the run.” When Smithsonian Folkways re-released \"Fast Folk: A Community of Singers & Songwriters\" from the vaults of Fast Folk's seminal",
"title": "American Jerusalem"
},
{
"id": "652647",
"text": "George\", \"Make Way for Ducklings\", \"Stone Soup\", \"Caps for Sale\", and \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975",
"title": "Captain Kangaroo"
},
{
"id": "8871760",
"text": "\"Thought I Knew,\" \"Happiness,\" \"Amy Magazine,\" \"3rd Gnossiennes,\" \"In Love with Love,\" \"Are You Gonna Be?,\" \"Hand to Hold,\" \"Will I Ever See Her Again?,\" \"Mother Night,\" \"Ugly Things,\" \"Mow the Lawn,\" \"Young Temptations,\" \"Mistake Maker,\" \"Sweet on You,\" \"Oh Allen,\" and \"Clown Song.\" Two versions of \"Are You Gonna Be?, \"Hand To Hold\", \"Mother Night, \"Please Help Me, \"Something More, \"Thought I Knew\", \"Together Tomorrow,\" and \"Will I Ever See Her Again?\" were posted. \"Hand to Hold\" is a reworked version of the Weezer song \"Private Message,\" co-written by Rivers Cuomo. Bell asked Cuomo if he could take a",
"title": "The Relationship"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "18805685",
"text": "Mene (Brand New song) \"Mene\" ( ) is a single by American rock band Brand New, first released as a free download on April 13, 2015, before being made available through online retailers on April 15, 2015. This was the band's first release in six years, the last being their 2009 studio album \"Daisy\". The track is a stand-alone single. It was followed by the release of I Am a Nightmare. The title \"Mene\" along with many of the song's lyrics are thought to reference the idiom \"The writing on the wall\" which originates from the Chapter 5 of the",
"title": "Mene (Brand New song)"
},
{
"id": "9420630",
"text": "all through the eyes of one ever-changing man. Author's Note \"Let the Trials Begin\" / \"Electricity\" / \"Last Train from Camelot\" / \"Note from Ralph Steadman\" The Fifties: Last Rumble in Fat City \"Tarred and Feathered at the Jersey Shore\" / \"Saturday Night at the Riviera\" / \"Prince Jellyfish\" / \"Fleeing New York\" The Sixties: What the Hell? It's Only Rock and Roll... \"Letter to Angus Cameron\" / \"The Rum Diary\" / \"Revisited: The Puerto Rican Problem\" / \"The Kennedy Assassination\" / \"Back to the U.S.A.\" / \"Hell's Angels: Long Nights, Ugly Days, Orgy of the Doomed\" / \"Midnight on",
"title": "Songs of the Doomed"
},
{
"id": "5065450",
"text": "Didn't He Ramble?\", \"He was a Sailor\", \"Strike Out McCracken\", \"Closing Time at the Country Grocery\", \"Trouble\" \"What Would the Neighbors Say?\", \"Barney\", \"Under the Anheuser Bush\", \"Goodbye, Fedora\", \"Possum Pie\", \"Down on the Brandywine\", \"Gone, Gone, Gone\", \"Village Maid\", \"Heinie\" \"Tammany\", \"Leader of the German Band\", \"Mule Song\", \"Down Where the Sweet Potatoes Grow\", \"Coax Me\", \"Oh, Oh, Sallie\", \"Jaspar, Don't You Hear Me Calling You?\", \"Murphy\", \"Farewell Mister Abner Hemingway\", \"Peter Piper\", \"Take a Car\", \"Come on, Little Girl, Come Along\", \"Hey! Mister Joshua\" \"Camp Meeting Time\", \"Nigger Loves His Possum\", \"I'm A-Dreaming of You\", \"Out in an",
"title": "Collins & Harlan"
},
{
"id": "4575737",
"text": "The Subways The Subways are an English rock band from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Their debut album, \"Young for Eternity\", was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, \"All or Nothing\", was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album \"Money and Celebrity\" debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on the 9 February 2015. The Subways name comes from a time when Lunn, Morgan and Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout.",
"title": "The Subways"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "7591322",
"text": "on Decca. This single featured future Moody Blues keyboardist Patrick Moraz. Since 1981, Lodge has co-written songs for the band with Justin Hayward, such as: \"Meet Me Halfway\", \"Talkin' Talkin'\", \"Running Out of Love\", \"Slings and Arrows\", \"Want to Be with You\", \"River of Endless Love\", \"Breaking Point\", \"Miracle\", \"Once Is Enough\", \"Highway\", \"Is This Heaven?\", \"Sooner or Later (Walking on Air)\", \"Strange Times\", and \"The One\", and from \"December\", \"In the Quiet of Christmas Morning (Bach 147)\" amongst others. In 1985, the Moody Blues picked up the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Lodge participated in the",
"title": "John Lodge (musician)"
},
{
"id": "4536507",
"text": "the country who was forbidden to return to the United States. Civil rights figures Medgar Evers and Emmett Till were lionized in \"Too Many Martyrs\" (alternatively known as \"The Ballad of Medgar Evers\".) Two \"talking blues\" using the melody to the old folk song \"John Hardy\" jabbed sarcastic at Vietnam and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Even a poem by Edgar Allan Poe, \"The Bells\", was set to music. \"The Thresher\" was an ode to the sinking of the nuclear-powered American submarine, the USS \"Thresher\": \"And she'll always run silent/And she'll always run deep.\" The song \"Celia\" is about the long",
"title": "All the News That's Fit to Sing"
},
{
"id": "3799276",
"text": "Hits\". The album is scheduled to be released on November 9, 2018. The album will feature 16 of their songs: \"Meet Virginia\", \"Drops of Jupiter\", \"Calling All Angels\", \"Get to Me\", \"When I Look to the Sky\", \"Cab\", \"Hey, Soul Sister\", \"If It's Love\", \"Marry Me\", \"Save Me, San Francisco\", \"Drive By\", \"50 Ways to Say Goodbye\", \"Bruises\", \"Angel in Blue Jeans\", \"Play That Song\", and \"Call Me Sir\". The album will also feature a bonus song, a cover of the hit song \"Careless Whisper\". This is a list of major performances by Train at various events and television shows.",
"title": "Train (band)"
},
{
"id": "8171811",
"text": "an argument due to his \"foolish pride\". If he does, he will \"sleep in the subway\" or \"stand in the pouring rain\" merely to prove his point. Although in Scotland there has long existed the Glasgow Subway metro line, in England the term \"subway\" refers to a pedestrian underpass rather than to an underground transit system. Hatch employed the term in the North American sense. According to the song's co-writer Jackie Trent the title lyric was suggested by the 1961-62 Broadway musical \"Subways Are for Sleeping\". 'Don't Sleep in the Subway' peaked at #5 on the US charts in July",
"title": "Don't Sleep in the Subway"
},
{
"id": "5463812",
"text": "Immortal Cimoli\", \"Through A Glass, Darkly\", \"Double Jeopardy\", \"Till Death\", \"Judgement Day\", \"One Minute to Midnight\", \"Prophecy\", \"The End of Innocence\", \"Manhunt\", \"Glory Days\", \"Dramatic License\", \"Money No Object\", \"Haunted\", \"Little Tin God\", \"The Messenger\", \"The Valkyrie\", \"Comes a Horseman\", \"\", \"The Ransom of Richard Redstone\", \"Duende\", \"The Stone of Scone\", \"Forgive Us Our Trespasses\", \"The Modern Prometheus\", \"Archangel\", \"Avatar\", \"Armageddon\", \"Sins of the Father\", \"Diplomatic Immunity\", \"Patient Number 7\", \"Black Tower\", \"Unusual Suspects\", \"Justice\", \"Deadly Exposure\", \"To Be\", \"Not To Be\" Books – \"\", \", , , , , , , , , \", \"\", \"\", \"\" Comics –",
"title": "Duncan MacLeod"
},
{
"id": "15380905",
"text": "Runaway Train\" was based on the Dennis Dunaway Project's \"Subway\" from their 2006 album \"Bones From the Yard\". Cooper decided to rework the song so it had no chorus; the track consists of only verse. The song also took inspiration from the classic song \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\". The way Alice Cooper sings it is very similar to how he sings in \"Dance Yourself to Death\", from the album \"Flush the Fashion\". Country music star Vince Gill plays lead guitar on this song. This is one of three songs that the original Alice Cooper band performed on. \"Last Man on Earth\"",
"title": "Welcome 2 My Nightmare"
},
{
"id": "16502969",
"text": "Robbers\", \"The Heartbreak Kid\", \"Mikey and Nicky\", \"The King of Marvin Gardens\", \"Pumping Iron\", \"Harry & Tonto\", \"Holocaust\", \"Justice For All\", \"Taxi Driver\", \"Wiseblood\", \"The First Deadly Sin\", \"Slow Dancing in the Big City\", \"Desperate Characters\", \"Godspell\", \"Hercules N.Y.\", \"The Other Cuba\", \"The Pan Alley\", \"Putney Swope\", \"Killing at Kent State\", \"D.A.R.L.\", \"Death Wish II\", \"Death Wish 3\", \"The Gambler\", \"Heart of Midnight\", \"Sister\", \"Revenge of the Pink Panther\", \"Runaway Train\", \"Someone Will Watch Over Me\", \"Toxic Avenger\", \"10 Midnight\", \"Across 110th Street\", \"Brian's Song\", \"American Ninja Part 2\", \"Author! Author!\", \"Barfly\", \"Basket Case\", \"Best Boy\", \"Between the Lines\", \"Exterminator",
"title": "Dan Sandberg"
},
{
"id": "16732982",
"text": "on their EP \"Wohnzimmer\" (Living Room). The song was also included on the band's 2008 live album \"Kanonen auf Spatzen\" (Shoot at sparrows with cannons) and released as single. The accompanying video was nominated in the category \"Best National Video\" at the Echo Music Prize. In 2009, Berlin rapper Sido also released a single with the title \"Hey du!\", which included the first verse of \"Marias Lied\". Linie 1 Linie 1 is the second-most successful German musical after Bertolt Brecht’s Threepenny Opera. The title refers to Berlin's subway line U1. The musical was first performed by the ensemble of the",
"title": "Linie 1"
},
{
"id": "17350357",
"text": "no need to be an asshole/ You're not in Brooklyn anymore\", but the lyrical heart of the song comes later: \"You think it's over, oh you think it's over / To be someone who smokes pot in the subway with me\", a semi-desperate diss from an old friend who can't see how things really are in part because they can't let go of how they were. Awkward nostalgia is a good subject for a band whose music sounds like it traveled decades to get here and got roughed up every step of the way.\" No Destruction \"No Destruction\" is a",
"title": "No Destruction"
},
{
"id": "14632137",
"text": "called \"Monster\" \"a potential single\", praising its musical composition, but criticizing the lyrics. Evan Sawdey from \"PopMatters\" also criticized the metaphors contained in the lyrics of the song, but ultimately called it \"one surprisingly effective pop cocktail\". Ben Patashnik from \"NME\" felt that it was \"slightly too disposable\". Scott Plagenhoef of \"Pitchfork\" saw similarities between Gaga's voice on \"Monster\" and the work of Kylie Minogue. Brian Linder from IGN felt that the track was lighter compared to the other songs on \"The Fame Monster\", and complimented the line \"We French kissed on a subway train / He tore my clothes",
"title": "Monster (Lady Gaga song)"
},
{
"id": "10110755",
"text": "were reevaluated and re-recorded in the \"Fables From a Mayfly\" sessions :\"Dance of the Manatee,\" \"Vice/Versa,\" \"A Seafarer's Knot,\" \"The Walls of Jericho,\" \"Kyla Cries Cologne,\" \"When the Bough Breaks\" and \"Upgrade^Brigade\". The track \"Orphan Anthem 86\" was originally to be re-recorded for the album as well, but the sessions were deemed \"too experimental\", and the idea was dropped. The band demoed early versions of the tracks \"Musical Chairs\" and \"Pour the Coal to'er\" during the \"Fables From a Mayfly\" sessions, but ultimately left them off the album to fully develop later into songs for their next album, \"Arrows and",
"title": "Fables from a Mayfly: What I Tell You Three Times Is True"
},
{
"id": "8157692",
"text": "other #1's include, \"Just Preach Jesus\", \"Tell Me Why\" and \"He Locked The Gates\". Over the past years they have had 26 songs nominated for Song Of The Year, including songs like - \"Just Beyond The Sunset\" \"Just Preach Jesus\", \"The Joys of Heaven\", \"That's Why I Love To Call His Name,\" \"I Know I'm Going There,\" \"Forever Changed,\" \"What We Needed\"- which reached #1 on the Singing News magazine charts. The Kingdom Heirs have been nominated many times for industry awards such as The SGMA Awards, Dove Awards and The Singing News Fan Awards. Winning \"Newcomer Group Of The",
"title": "Kingdom Heirs"
},
{
"id": "6893404",
"text": "is a willingness to throw caution to the wind and take risks (\"I'm ready to let go of the steering wheel\"). Some of the lyrics, particularly those in the bridge before the final chorus, use the eponymous subway station as a metaphor for time: \"Time is a train / Makes the future the past / Leaves you standing in the station / Your face pressed up against the glass\". Bono cites the enjoyment of his first child born in 1989 as a major influence on \"Achtung Baby\", as was his wife's second pregnancy during the album's 1991 recording. Bono says",
"title": "Zoo Station (song)"
},
{
"id": "7165094",
"text": "to many disasters), \"Two brothers\" (many things come in pairs), and \"the great leader will succumb\" are so ambiguous as to be meaningless. The fifth line was added by an anonymous Internet user, completely ignoring the fact that Nostradamus wrote his \"Propheties\" in rhymed four-line decasyllables called quatrains. Nostradamus also never referred to a \"third big war\". Towards mid-December 2012, an internet hoax related to South Korean singer and rapper Psy being one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was widely circulated around social media platforms. The hoax text, purportedly written by Nostradamus in 1503, is as follows: \"Calm",
"title": "Nostradamus in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "19145114",
"text": "recordings as members of Patch's crew. After losing his eye, Ron Hamilton wrote a song entitled \"Rejoice in the Lord\", which became one of his most widely popular songs. Other famous songs written by Ron Hamilton include \"Wings as Eagles\", \"My Hope Is Jesus\", \"Wiggle Worm\", \"Bow the Knee\", \"Beautiful Hands\", \"Always the Same\", \"Here Am I, Lord\", \"Born to Die\", \"Little by Little\", \"The Poochie Lip Disease\", \"How Can I Fear\", \"Lord, I Need You\", \"Servant's Heart\", \"Clean It Up\", \"I Am Weak, but You Are Strong\", Christ Is Coming, \"Jonah\", \"Call the Wambulance\", \"That's Where Wisdom Begins\", \"I",
"title": "Patch the Pirate"
},
{
"id": "1276389",
"text": "by \"Star Crossed Lovers\". In the episode \"The Treehouse\", Doris Day's \"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)\" was replaced with \"Call the Whole Thing Off\". In the episode \"Little Debbie\", \"Tammy\" by Liberace was replaced with a song called \"Sammy\". \"Clip Show\" contains the scene from \"Heart of Darkness\" in which \"Here Comes the Sun\" is replaced with \"Train to Nowhere\". The episode \"Kevin Delivers\" dropped Blood, Sweat & Tears' \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\" with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas. In the episode \"Alice in Autoland\", Al Green's \"Let's Stay Together\" was replaced with a",
"title": "The Wonder Years"
},
{
"id": "8848841",
"text": "exhibits many traits which later became synonymous with his work. For example, the line \"A lot of people don't have much food on their table/But they got a lot of forks n' knives/And they gotta cut somethin'.\" has been cited by many as an early example of Dylan's lyrical wit. The lines \"Now, a very great man once said/That some people rob you with a fountain pen.\" make specific reference to Woody Guthrie's \"Pretty Boy Floyd\". The song's structure and theme also bear similarities to Guthrie's \"Talkin' Columbia\", which Dylan had covered at least once in 1961, and \"Talkin' Subway\",",
"title": "Talkin' New York"
},
{
"id": "12742438",
"text": "of the release where one cassette has a label (covering the \"All or Nothing\" title typography) and the other cassette does not. Disc one and disc two also contain exactly the same \"NY Subway Version\" of \"Girl You Know It's True\" (lifted from the 12\" single) despite the first disc version not being labeled so. Although it was not marketed as a package of two albums in the U.K., another tell-tale sign is the inclusion of two mixes of a non-single track \"Dreams to Remember\" and only one version of \"Blame It on the Rain\". 2×2 (album) 2×2 is a",
"title": "2×2 (album)"
},
{
"id": "13121772",
"text": "Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture is the film soundtrack album for the 2009 film \"Watchmen\". The soundtrack features three songs written by Bob Dylan: \"Desolation Row\", \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", and \"All Along The Watchtower\". The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic, including \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\", Jimi Hendrix's cover of \"All Along the Watchtower\"; Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sounds of Silence\"; Nena's \"99 Luftballons\"; a muzak version of Tears For Fears' \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\"; and Nat King Cole's \"Unforgettable\". Many of the period",
"title": "Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture"
},
{
"id": "9730346",
"text": "\"The Sum of All Fears\", \"Transformers\", \"Pirates of the Caribbean\", \"Hulk\", \"\", \"A Christmas Carol\", \"Lady in the Water\", \"The Happening\" and \"WALL-E\". His solo trumpet can be heard on such soundtracks as: \"Dances with Wolves\", \"The Gambler\", \"Avalon\", \"Crimson Tide\", \"City Hall\", \"In Country\", \"Twister\", \"Executive Decision\", \"Independence Day\", \"Con Air\", \"Rudy\", \"The Last Castle\", \"Air Force One\", \"The Postman\", \"Cars\", \"I Am Legend\", \"U.S. Marshals\", \"The Interpreter\", \"Renaissance Man\", \"Toys\", \"Darkman\", \"Maverick\", \"Night at the Museum\", \"L.A. Confidential\" and \"The Rock (film)\". Malcolm has also found time to teach music at various schools, including UCLA, Pomona College, and",
"title": "Malcolm McNab"
},
{
"id": "8707815",
"text": "though some were remixed. The internet releases were: \"Scum of the Earth\", \"MoonGirl\", \"MoonBoy\", \"See Me Thru\", \"Those Wonderful Things\", \"And as for Love\", \"Upside Down\", \"Parallel Girlz (Cloud Nine)\", \"Shadows She Said (Omerta)\", \"First Monday (in the year 3000)\", \"(Waiting for the) New Light\", \"Miracle Healing\", \"Zoo\" and \"On the Beach\". All tracks by Rainer Bloss and Marian Gold except where noted. CD 9 – The Terrible Truth About Paradise CD 10 – Last Summer on Earth CD 11 – Stranger Than Dreams CD 12 – WebSiteStory The song \"Scum of the Earth\" is also referred to as \"The",
"title": "CrazyShow"
},
{
"id": "15956278",
"text": "the Big Muddy\" by Seeger (1967), \"Suppose They Give a War and No One Comes\" by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band (1967), \"The \"Fish\" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\" by Country Joe and the Fish (1968), \"The Unknown Soldier\" by The Doors (1968), \"One Tin Soldier\" by Original Caste (1969), \"Volunteers\" by Jefferson Airplane (1969), \"Fortunate Son\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969), and the album \"Back to the World\" by Curtis Mayfield. Woody Guthrie's son Arlo Guthrie also wrote one of the decade's most famous protest songs in the form of the 18-minute long-talking blues song \"Alice's Restaurant Massacree\",",
"title": "Protest songs in the United States"
},
{
"id": "20836323",
"text": "and the ensuing apocalyptic events and “Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning” about the Parable of the Ten Virgins from the Gospel of Matthew, . It includes traditional biblical songs like “If I Had My Way, I'd Tear the Building Down” that relates the story of Samson and Delilah. It contains songs about twentieth century events like the sinking of HMS Titanic in “God Moves on the Water”, songs based on hymns like “Church, I’m Fully Saved To-Day”, autobiographical songs like “Mother's Children Have a Hard Time” which deals with Johnson’s mother dying when he was very young and traditional",
"title": "American Epic: The Best of Blind Willie Johnson"
},
{
"id": "20707492",
"text": "(with Pigpen): First set: \"Truckin'\", \"Sugaree\", \"Mr. Charlie\", \"Beat It On Down the Line\", \"Loser\", \"Jack Straw\", \"Next Time You See Me\", \"Tennessee Jed\", \"El Paso\", \"Big Railroad Blues\", \"Me and My Uncle\", \"Run Rudolph Run\", \"Black Peter\", \"Playing in the Band\", \"Casey Jones\" Second set: \"Ramble On Rose\", \"Mexicali Blues\", \"Big Boss Man\", \"Cryptical Envelopment\", \"Drums\", \"The Other One\", \"Wharf Rat\", \"Sugar Magnolia\", \"You Win Again\", \"Not Fade Away\", \"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad\", \"Not Fade Away\" Grateful Dead Production Dave's Picks Volume 26 Dave's Picks Volume 26 is a three-CD live album by the rock band the",
"title": "Dave's Picks Volume 26"
},
{
"id": "8424975",
"text": "at Pembroke Pines, Florida was: 1: \"Funiculì, Funiculà\" tuning*, \"The Music Never Stopped\"*, \"Sugaree\"*, \"El Paso\", \"Peggy-O\", \"New Minglewood Blues\", \"Friend of the Devil\", \"Lazy Lightning\"* > \"Supplication\"*, \"Ramble On Rose\", \"Dancing in the Street\"* 2: \"Help on the Way\"* > \"Slipknot!\"* > \"Franklin's Tower\"*, \"Samson and Delilah\"*, \"Brown Eyed Women\", \"Good Lovin'\", \"Sunrise\"*, \"Estimated Prophet\"* > \"Eyes of the World\"* > \"Wharf Rat\"* > \"Terrapin Station\"* > \"Morning Dew\"* E: \"Sugar Magnolia\" > \"Sunshine Daydream\" <nowiki>*</nowiki> appears on \"Dick's Picks Volume 3\" Dick's Picks Volume 3 Dick's Picks Volume 3 is the third live album in the Dick's Picks",
"title": "Dick's Picks Volume 3"
},
{
"id": "11692907",
"text": "particularly to the number of nominations given to the critically reviled Nickelback. The following were the 2009 Juno nominees and winners: Winner: Sam Roberts Other Nominees: Winner: Nickelback Other Nominees: Winner: Lights Other Nominees: Winner: The Stills Other nominees: Winner: Daniel Lanois, \"Here Is What Is\" and \"Not Fighting Anymore\" (Daniel Lanois) Other nominees: Winner: Kevin Churko, \"Disappearing\" and \"The Big Bang\" (Simon Collins) Other nominees: Winner: City and Colour, \"Waiting...\", \"Sleeping Sickness\", \"The Girl\" Other nominees: Winner: Nickelback Other nominees: Winner: \"Dark Horse\", Nickelback Other nominees: Winner: \"Running for the Drum\", Buffy Sainte-Marie Other nominees: Winner: \"Is It O.K.\",",
"title": "Juno Awards of 2009"
},
{
"id": "7410965",
"text": "covers including \"Agunzagun\", \"Battle Hymns\" and \"The Battle of Los Angeles\". One of the titles was even a verse from \"Calm Like A Bomb\" - \"\"The Riot Be The Rhyme Of The Unheard\"\". Tom Morello eventually used the name \"Battle Hymns\" for a track on his debut album, \"One Man Revolution\" in 2007. \"Calm Like A Bomb\" is notable as a display of guitarist Tom Morello's creative use of a whammy pedal. Like many of RATM's songs, the song's lyrics discuss social inequalities. The song also features a reference to Emiliano Zapata. Tim Commerford uses a combination of a home-made",
"title": "Calm Like a Bomb"
},
{
"id": "15920588",
"text": "the guarded border into Jordan to see the site, resulting in some deaths. James A. Michener fictionalized such a pilgrimage in the novel \"The Drifters\". Among his famous songs are: \"Song of the locomotive\", \"Echo Song,\" \"Autumn Song\" (\"All the rivers run into the sea\"), \"It happens\",\"old tune\", \"I'll sing you a song\" and more. Lavie also renewed old Hebrew songs, including songs of the Palmach, in his album \"The Moon and Sixpence\". Lavie appeared many times before soldiers during the wars of Israel. During the somber \"waiting period\" before the Six-Day War, he helped lift the national spirit by",
"title": "Arik Lavie"
},
{
"id": "8941873",
"text": "names of songs \"I Wish\" and \"Stone Me, What A Life,\" which were misheard by the journalist. The video for \"The Blinding\" has been directed by Julien Temple. It was filmed in a deserted West London subway station/underpass. The video features the band performing the song in the subway station, or alternatively cooped up in a glass box, with black gaffer tape covering their eyes, all interspersed with random bits and bobs; skulls, a deer, Pete Doherty standing up in an open coffin, a creepy mannequin, \"Elvis is dead\", a chainsaw and a \"blinded\" Doherty painting on a wall. Renaissance",
"title": "The Blinding E.P."
},
{
"id": "2095965",
"text": "the Church's General Convention on July 3, 2015, in which the lyrics of The Battle Hymn framed the message of God's love. After proclaiming \"Glory, glory, hallelujah, His truth is marching on\", a letter from President Barack Obama was read, congratulating Bishop Curry on his historic election. Curry is known for quoting The Battle Hymn during his sermons. The tune has played a role in many movies where patriotic music has been required, including the 1970 World War II war comedy \"Kelly's Heroes\", and the 1999 sci-fi western \"Wild Wild West\". The inscription, \"Mine eyes have seen the glory of",
"title": "Battle Hymn of the Republic"
},
{
"id": "15312917",
"text": "of Philistia: arch-enemy of Israel and west of the Kingdom of Judah. These are the lyrics in Spanish: Tierra bendita y divina \"Tierra bendita y divina\" (), also known as \"Tierra de la Palestina\" (), is a traditional Spanish language Christian hymn derived from Cuba and composed by Robert C. Savage in 1954. It describes the land of Palestine and the details of Jesus' life, and refers to certain historical Israelite places: the Western Wall, the Mount of Beatitudes, and the Jaffa Gate. On the line, \"Tierra bendita y divina, es la de Palestina\", the Holy Land is referred to",
"title": "Tierra bendita y divina"
},
{
"id": "5065451",
"text": "Automobile\", \"My Lovin' Henry\", \"Central, Give Me Back My Dime\", \"Gretchen\", \"Traveling\", \"When Mose With His Nose Leads the Band\", \"It's Up to You to Move\", \"Honey, Won't You Love Me Like You Used to?\", \"Come Take a Skate With Me\", \"Susan, Kiss Me Good and Hard\", \"Won't You Leave Your Happy Home For Me?\", \"Afloat On a Five Dollar Note\", \"Anxious\" \"Arrah Wanna\", \"Good-a-Bye John\", \"I'm Thinkin' Bout You Honey All the Time\", \"Won't You Throw a Kiss To Me\", \"I'm Keeping My Love-Lamp Burning For You\", \"Lovin' Time\", \"And a Little Bit More\", \"Every Little Bit, Added to",
"title": "Collins & Harlan"
},
{
"id": "17913529",
"text": "opening up about her battle with severe depression and then decided to postpone her tour. Barnes has a catalogue of hit songs including \"Love Like Mine\", \"Telescope\", \"Boys and Buses\", \"Hypnotizing\", \"Trouble Is\",\"Wrong Song\", \"Tell that Devil\", \"What If It's You\", \"Mississippi Flood\", \"Last Honest Man\", \"One Place Too Long\", \"Don't Put Dirt On My Grave Just Yet\", \"Nothing In This World Will Ever Break My Heart Again\", \"Hole In The World\", \"Consider Me\", and most recently \"Water Rising\" & \"Is There Anybody Out There?\". 2010: Juliette 2012: All My Angels 2014: Inside The Dream 2015: Unleashed 2017: Grateful 2017:",
"title": "Juliette Barnes"
},
{
"id": "1951118",
"text": "Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\", \"Roses Are Red\", \"Jack and Jill\", \"Cock a doodle doo\", \"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep\", \"The Grand Old Duke of York\", \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\", \"Hey Diddle Diddle\", \"Three Blind Mice\", \"Little Miss Muffet\", \"Pat-a-cake\", \"Pop Goes the Weasel\", \"The Queen of Hearts\", \"Polly Put the Kettle On\", \"Peter Piper\", \"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe\", \"Hickory Dickory Dock\", \"One for Sorrow\", \"This Old Man\", \"Simple Simon\", \"Old Mother Hubbard\", \"Little Bo Peep\", \"Sing a Song of",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "6711717",
"text": "popular song titles include \"It Took a Miracle\", \"Over the Sunset Mountains\", \"Heaven Came Down\", \"So Send I You\", \"Springs of Living Water\", \"Jesus is Coming Again\", \"Surely Goodness and Mercy\", \"This is the day that the Lord hath made\" and \"O Glorious Love\". His cantatas include \"Night of Miracles\" and \"Down From His Glory\". In 1986, he was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. John W. Peterson John Willard Peterson (November 1, 1921 – September 20, 2006) was a songwriter who had a major influence on evangelical Christian music in the 1950s through the 1970s. He wrote",
"title": "John W. Peterson"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "15956310",
"text": "the song \"United States of Division\", a 2004 B-side to the track \"Cinnamon Girl\" in which he sings \"Why should I sing 'God Bless America' / but not the rest of the world?\" Singer-songwriter David Dondero released a song on his 2003 album \"Live at the Hemlock\" called \"Pre-Invasion Jitters\", in which he calls George W. Bush an \"illegitimate president\" and criticizes \"gung-ho war guys\" for taking his word as \"heaven sent.\" The hip-hop group Beastie Boys had a number of protest songs on their 2004 release \"To the 5 Boroughs\". Songs such as \"It Takes Time To Build\" and",
"title": "Protest songs in the United States"
},
{
"id": "7431819",
"text": "\"Pure\" and \"Forza Horizon\". The song was also used in the trailer and nightclub scene for the film \"RocknRolla\", in which they appear performing the song. The single itself reached number 22 on the UK singles chart when released on 20 June 2005. Rock & Roll Queen \"Rock & Roll Queen\" is a single from the British indie rock band The Subways, from their debut record \"Young for Eternity\". It is the third single from the CD. It was featured on the hit drama \"The OC\" and is track 1 on \"\". It also features in British TV advertisements for",
"title": "Rock & Roll Queen"
},
{
"id": "591250",
"text": "including, \"Black Snake Moan\", \"Walk the Line\", \"Hustle & Flow\", \"Forty Shades of Blue\", \"21 Grams\", \"A Painted House\", \"American Saint\", \"The Poor and Hungry\", \"Cast Away\", \"Woman's Story\", \"The Big Muddy\", \"The Rainmaker\", \"Finding Graceland\", \"The People vs. Larry Flynt\", \"The Delta\", \"Teenage Tupelo\", \"A Family Thing\", \"Without Air\", \"The Firm\", \"The Client\", \"The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag\", \"Trespass\", \"The Silence of the Lambs\", \"Great Balls of Fire!\", \"Elvis and Me\", \"Mystery Train\", \"Leningrad Cowboys Go America\", \"Heart of Dixie\", \"The Contemporary Gladiator\", \"\", \"Making the Grade\", \"The River Rat\", \"The River\", \"Hallelujah!\", \"Elizabethtown\", \"3000 Miles to Graceland\",",
"title": "Memphis, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "18170235",
"text": "A Lot In My Time,”“Wait Of A Woman,”“Born To Be Happy,”“Sag, Drag, And Fall,”“Let Me Love You,”“Where Does A Broken Heart Go,”“How's The World Treating You,”“Am I The One,” “Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling,” “Rose Of El Paso,” “John Henry,” “Precious Jewel,” “When I Go To Heaven Mamma,” “Flame In My Heart,” “Two Different Worlds,” “Loose Talk,” “Real Gone Daddy,” “This Old Bomb Of Mine,”“Baby I'm Sorry,” “You Never Had It So Good,” “Are You Lonesome To-Night?” \"Fraulin,\" \"Winner,\" \"Alabama Jubilee\", and his signature song “Keep A Light In Your Window Tonight.” Howie Stange opened for the following",
"title": "Howie Stange"
},
{
"id": "15423113",
"text": "US tour in 1988. Vital Sines Vital Sines was a Canadian post-punk/new wave band active between 1980 and 1988 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They are best known for their hit single, \"Collage\", which was recently listed as one of the most influential Canadian alternative rock songs. The band got their start in punk rock venues in Toronto playing under the name 'The Offenders'. When Scott Taylor, the original drummer left the band they changed the name to Vital Sines, releasing their first indie single, \"Subway Suicide\" in 1981. Following this they often played under the cover name \"Tryfono & The",
"title": "Vital Sines"
},
{
"id": "12133709",
"text": "\"Glory Days\", \"Merrily We Roll Along\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Saving Aimee\", \"Into the Woods\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Nevermore\", \"Assassins\", \"The Highest Yellow\", \"One Red Flower\", \"Allegro\", \"Twentieth Century\", \"110 in the Shade\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"The Gospel According to Fishman\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"The Rhythm Club\", \"Over & Over\", \"The Fix\", \"Working\", \"The Rink\", \"Cabaret\", \"First Lady Suite\", \"Wings\", \"Poor Superman\", \"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\", \"Passion\", \"Company\", \"Sweeney Todd\", \"Follies\", \"Pacific Overtures\", \"Ace\", \"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in",
"title": "Eric D. Schaeffer"
},
{
"id": "215928",
"text": "of these are as follows: In addition to revivals of his most popular shows, Kern's music has been posthumously featured in a variety of revues, musicals and concerts on and off Broadway. Among the more than 700 songs by Kern are such classics as \"All the Things You Are\", \"Bill\", \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\", \"A Fine Romance\", \"The Folks Who Live On the Hill\", \"I'll Be Hard to Handle\", \"I'm Old Fashioned\", \"I've Told Ev'ry Little Star\", \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\", \"Let's Begin\", \"Long Ago (and Far Away)\", \"Look for the Silver Lining\", \"Lovely to Look At\",",
"title": "Jerome Kern"
},
{
"id": "1846188",
"text": "Mucho\" (\"Kiss Me a Lot\"), \"Perfidia\", \"Solamente una vez\" (English version \"You Belong to My Heart\"), \"Esta Tarde Vi Llover\" (English version \"Yesterday I Heard the Rain\"), \"Somos Novios\" (English version \"It's Impossible\"), \"¡Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes!\", and \"Jesusita en Chihuahua,\" Other famous songs include \"México Lindo y Querido\" (\"Beautiful, Beloved Mexico\"), \"Jarabe Tapatío' (known internationally as \"The Mexican Hat Dance\"), \"El Rey\" (\"The King\"), \"El Triste\" (\"The sad one\"), \"Pelea de gallos\", \"Enamorada\" (\"Enamoured\"), \"Échame a mi la culpa\" (\"Blame me\"), \"La ley del monte\" (\"The law of the land\"), \"La Bikina\" (\"The \"Bikina\"\"), \"Por Debajo de la",
"title": "Music of Mexico"
},
{
"id": "17960675",
"text": "opened with \"Round and Round\", the usual opening song during a set list on the Night Visions Tour. The show progressed with \"Amsterdam\", \"Tiptoe\", \"Hear Me\", \"Cha-Ching (Till We Grow Older)\", \"Rocks\", \"Radioactive\", \"30 Lives\", \"Bleeding Out\", \"Demons\", then a cover of Ben E. King's \"Stand by Me\", then \"Underdog\" and \"On Top of the World\" before ending the show with \"It's Time\", and staging an encore with \"Nothing Left to Say\", the usual set list closer for the tour. The video, however, followed the setlist in chronological order, but omitting the performances of \"Hear me\", \"Radioactive\", \"30 lives\", \"Bleeding",
"title": "Night Visions Live"
},
{
"id": "6636722",
"text": "the control room as musical adviser. The new team saw the group through a series of top selling recordings over the next four years. The album was recorded from 19 January to 30 March, when they recorded \"You Should Be Dancing\", \"Love So Right\", \"Subway\", \"Love Me\", \"You Stepped Into My Life\", \"The Way It Was\", \"Walk Before You Run\" (unreleased), \"The Feel\" (unreleased) and \"Lovers\" which had Robin singing lead in falsetto. All the songs were finished in Quebec, except the two unreleased songs and \"Walk Before You Run\" which was written by Barry Gibb with Stephen Stills. During",
"title": "Children of the World"
},
{
"id": "7219127",
"text": "\"Looked for where I ought to be.\" \"Cities so grand, mountains above,\" \"Led to this land I love.\" \"Chorus:\" \"Beautiful Ohio, where the golden grain\" \"Dwarf the lovely flowers in the summer rain.\" \"Cities rising high, silhouette the sky.\" \"Freedom is supreme in this majestic land;\" \"Mighty factories seem to hum a tune, so grand.\" \"Beautiful Ohio, thy wonders are in view,\" \"Land where my dreams all come true!\" Beautiful Ohio \"Beautiful Ohio\" is the official song of the U.S. State of Ohio. The first lyrics were written in 1918 by Ballard MacDonald and the music by Robert A. \"Bobo\"",
"title": "Beautiful Ohio"
},
{
"id": "1769919",
"text": "which comes from the aborted Djali Zwan album/film. The songs listed on the DVD are \"My Life and Times\", \"Rivers We Can't Cross\", \"Mary Star of the Sea\", \"Love Lies in Ruin\", \"For Your Love\", \"Down, Down, Down\", \"A New Poetry\", \"W.P.\", \"Jesus, I\", \"God's Gonna Set This World on Fire\", \"To Love You\", \"Consumed\", a different rendition of \"My Life and Times\", \"Danger Boy\", and \"Spilled Milk\", but they are not clips of the full songs. Band Additional musicians Production \"For Your Love\" DVD personnel Mary Star of the Sea (album) Mary Star of the Sea is the only",
"title": "Mary Star of the Sea (album)"
},
{
"id": "8952827",
"text": "\"Mary Poppins\" several years later. \"Tall Paul\" was credited to Annette and the Afterbeats and reached #7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in 1959. It was the highest-charting song by Annette Funicello and also one of the shortest, clocking in at 1 minute and 38 seconds. The version included on \"Annette:A Musical reunion With America's Girl Next Door\" lists the song at 1munute 52 seconds. Annette Funicello made a cameo appearance as herself in the 1989 film \"Troop Beverly Hills\", while jogging she's singing the first line of \"Tall Paul\": \"Chalk on the sidewalk/Writing on the wall/Everybody knows it/I",
"title": "Tall Paul"
},
{
"id": "12103367",
"text": "Above & Beyond 2. Concrete Cover-Up 3. Black Box 4. Surrender 5. So Long Comrade 6. Sinister Soldier 7. X 8. Silence Remains 9. Locked Door \"Blood Red\" (2001) 1. River Of Red 2. Immortal Secret 3. Darkened Words 4. Rouge 5. Shrapnel 6. A Sickle Through My Heart 7. Hammering It Home 8. White Red & Blue 9. Silence Calling 10. Hell’s Cradle 11. City Skyline \"Live in Red Square\" (2003) 1. Last Words 2. Stained Memories 3. S.O.S. to Russia 4. Paint The Town Red 5. Bullet For My Love 6. Three Little Words To Hear Me Speak",
"title": "Roulette (band)"
},
{
"id": "8990730",
"text": "the Ship Comes In\" were released on \"\". The remaining nine songs performed at the concert were issued in 2013 on the European limited vinyl release \"The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963\", released by Columbia Records in order to prevent a number of Dylan recordings legally entering the public domain in Europe. These nine songs are: \"Blowin' in the Wind\", \"Percy's Song\", \"Seven Curses\", \"Walls of Red Wing\", \"Talkin' World War III Blues\", \"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\", \"Only a Pawn in Their Game\", \"Masters of War\" and \"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\". Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 Live",
"title": "Live at Carnegie Hall 1963"
},
{
"id": "2461703",
"text": "and released his first full CD in English, \"Enrique\". The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete and contained a duet with Whitney Houston called \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\" and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". The album's third single, \"Be With You\", became his second number one. Jennifer Lopez's debut album \"On the 6\", a reference to the 6 subway line she used to take growing up in Castle Hill, was released on 1 June 1999, and reached the top ten of the \"Billboard\" 200. The album featured the Billboard",
"title": "Latin American music in the United States"
},
{
"id": "8173761",
"text": "the song with Carl Wiser for Songfacts.com in 2013. \"I loved it. It had a slightly different feel. 'A Sign of the Times,' I suppose you might expect some big political statement or something, but it was just a straight-ahead love song. I think Tony rather liked finding titles that made you think, like 'Don't Sleep in the Subway.' People would think, is it about drugs? Is it about this? And these were just straightforward songs. I like 'Sign of the Times.' I think it's a good song.\" The song was recorded at the Pye Studios in Marble Arch in",
"title": "Sign of the Times (Petula Clark song)"
},
{
"id": "11109051",
"text": "records): over the next few years he added 'I am a Roamer' (Mendelssohn), 'Nazareth', 'Vulcan's Song' (\"Philemon and Baucis\"), and 'She alone charmeth my sadness' (Gounod), 'O ruddier than the cherry' (\"Acis and Galatea\"), 'Hear, ye winds and waves' (\"Scipio\"), 'Honour and Arms', 'Arm, arm ye brave' (\"Judas Maccabaeus\") (Handel), 'Arise ye subterranean winds' (Purcell), and many of the better and longer ballads of the time. He recorded the standard bass and tenor duets ('Larboard Watch', 'The Gendarmes', 'Excelsior', 'The moon hath raised her lamp above', and 'Watchman, what of the night'?) with John Harrison, and also recorded English songs",
"title": "Robert Radford"
},
{
"id": "10722410",
"text": "own band The Listening Pool. The song pays homage to two rock groups: firstly to The Velvet Underground, with the song \"Sister Ray\" being directly referenced (OMD had previously covered \"I'm Waiting for the Man\" as a B-side to 1980 single \"Messages\"); and secondly to The Who, with the line \"people try to drag us down\" being near-identical in melody and lyrical content to the opening line of \"My Generation\". Critic Dave Thompson in AllMusic lauded \"Sailing on the Seven Seas\" as \"a glorious musical mélange, an inspired melding of synth pop soar, 2-Tone yore, and glam rock roar, the",
"title": "Sailing on the Seven Seas"
},
{
"id": "3345119",
"text": "\"The Old Brigade\"; \"The Deathless Army\"; \"To the Front\"; \"John Bull\"; \"Darby and Joan\"; \"When We are Old and Grey\"; \"Auntie\"; \"The Chimney Corner\"; \"The Children's Home\"; \"The Old Maids of Lee\"; \"The Men of Ware\"; \"The Devoted Apple\"; \"To-morrow will be Friday\"; \"Douglas Gordon\"; \"Sleeping Tide\"; \"The Star of Bethlehem\"; \"Beauty's Eyes\"; \"In Sweet September\"; \"Bid me Good-bye\"; \"The Last Watch\"; \"London Bridge\"; \"The King's Highway\"; \"Go to Sea\"; \"Veteran's Song\"; \"Up from Somerset\"; \"Beyond the Dawn\"; \"Nirvana\"; \"Mifanwy\"; \"Sergeant of the Line\"; \"Stone-cracker John\"; \"Ailsa Mine\"; \"Old Black Mare\"; \"Coolan Dhu\"; \"Three for Jack\"; \"Bhoy I Love\"; \"The",
"title": "Frederic Weatherly"
},
{
"id": "1742879",
"text": "is \"A Walk to Caesarea\", commonly known as \"Eli, Eli\" (\"My God, My God\"). The well-known melody was composed by David Zahavi. Many singers have sung it, including Ofra Haza, Regina Spektor, and Sophie Milman. It was used to close some versions of the film \"Schindler's List\": <poem> \"My God, My God, I pray that these things never end\", \"The sand and the sea,\" \"The rustle of the waters,\" \"Lightning of the Heavens,\" \"The prayer of Man.\"</poem> <poem> \"אלי, אלי, שלא יגמר לעולם \"החול והים \"רשרוש של המים \"ברק השמים \"תפילת האדם </poem> Another of her poems begins, <poem> \"A",
"title": "Hannah Szenes"
},
{
"id": "7597910",
"text": "being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,",
"title": "On the Record (musical)"
},
{
"id": "13084426",
"text": "a reference to Jeremiah , the same Bible verse referenced on the cover of U2's 2000 album, \"All That You Can't Leave Behind\". \"Unknown Caller\" is composed in the key of G major. The song begins with a droning noise, the birdsong of Moroccan swallows, and exotic instruments, before The Edge begins playing a four note riff, similar to that of \"Walk On\". The chorus features a monotone group chant of commands (\"Go / Shout it out / Rise up / Hear me, cease to speak / That I may speak / Shush now\"), alternating with drawn out \"Ohh /",
"title": "Unknown Caller"
},
{
"id": "4605703",
"text": "man.\" (Ochs wrote in the liner notes that \"songs like this\" were one of the reasons the State Department blocked Ewan MacColl from entering the U.S., adding that this was unwise given \"the quality of culture in America.\") However, more doctrinaire socialists may have had mixed feelings about \"That's What I Want to Hear,\" in which Ochs tells an out of work man to stop begging and fight for full employment. Among more traditional protest songs, the most pointed might be \"Iron Lady,\" about the death penalty, with the memorable line \"And a rich man never died upon the chair.\"",
"title": "I Ain't Marching Anymore"
},
{
"id": "8324328",
"text": "a re-ordered track list, dropped the tracks \"Creep\" and \"Mistake\", and added \"When The Time Comes\". \"Track list (Original release):\" \"If I Promised You the World,\" \"Words Unspoken,\" \"Play with Me,\" \"See You Tonight,\" \"Alone,\" \"Addicted,\" \"Mistake,\" \"Tear Us Apart,\" \"You Say,\" \"Creep,\" \"Let Me in the Dark,\" \"World Alone,\" \"The Dolphin's Cry\" (bonus track) \"Track list (2010 release):\" \"If I Promised You the World,\" \"Play With Me,\" \"When The Time Comes,\" \"Addicted,\" \"You Say,\" \"Let Me in the Dark,\" \"See You Tonight,\" \"Alone,\" \"Words Unspoken,\" \"Tear Us Apart,\" \"World Alone,\" \"The Dolphin's Cry\" (bonus track) The first single from",
"title": "Magni Ásgeirsson"
},
{
"id": "2857362",
"text": "sign Enrique. Signing a multi-album deal after weeks of negotiations with Interscope, Iglesias recorded and released his first full CD in English, \"Enrique\". The pop album, with some Latin influences, took two months to complete and contained a duet with Whitney Houston called \"Could I Have This Kiss Forever\" and a cover of the Bruce Springsteen song \"Sad Eyes\". The album's third single, \"Be With You\", became his second number one. Jennifer Lopez's debut album \"On the 6\", a reference to the 6 subway line she used to take growing up in Castle Hill, was released on 1 June 1999,",
"title": "Crossover music"
},
{
"id": "2018155",
"text": "fighting overseas in Vietnam), \"He Cried\" and the spoken-word \"Past, Present and Future\", featuring a musical backdrop inspired by Beethoven's \"Moonlight Sonata\". Noteworthy B-sides included \"Heaven Only Knows\", \"The Train from Kansas City\", \"Dressed in Black\" and \"Paradise\" (written by Harry Nilsson). Among titles in favorites lists is \"I Can Never Go Home Anymore\", the story of a girl who leaves home for a boy; her pride keeps her from returning to her mother who \"\"grew so lonely in the end/the angels picked her for their friend\"\". Lines from \"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" include \"\"When I say I'm",
"title": "The Shangri-Las"
},
{
"id": "17577012",
"text": "song has often been sung at outdoor baptisms (such as the full-immersion baptism depicted in \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\"). Another reason is that many slave songs contained coded messages for escaping. When the slaves escaped, they would walk \"in the river\" because the water would cover their scent from the bounty-hunters' dogs. Similarly, the \"starry crown\" could refer to navigating their escape by the stars. And \"Good Lord, show me the way\" could be a prayer for God's guidance to find the escape route, commonly known as \"the Underground Railroad.\" According to some sources, the song was published in",
"title": "Down in the River to Pray"
},
{
"id": "1704988",
"text": "permission to use their names and pictures in an advertisement alongside quotes such as \"One of the few great musical comedies of the last thirty years\" and \"A fabulous musical. I love it.\" Merrick then prepared a newspaper ad featuring the namesakes' rave reviews under the heading \"7 Out of 7 Are Ecstatically Unanimous About Subways Are For Sleeping\". Only one newspaper, the \"New York Herald Tribune\", published the ad, and only in one edition; however, the publicity that the ad garnered helped the musical remain open for 205 performances (almost six months). Merrick later revealed that he had conceived",
"title": "David Merrick"
},
{
"id": "16211667",
"text": "came when Spring was smiling\" \"Fast Homeward there rode (the erl king)\" \"Thine is my Heart\" \"Forlorn I track the mountains steep (the Wanderer)\". \"Sleepest Thou Fair Maiden\" \"Death Thou Unrelenting Foe\" \"Behold yon Rose Tree\"; \"My Pretty Fisher Maiden\" \"All Unstrung Hangs my Lute\" \"On Mossy Bank Reclining\" \"Weary Flowers their Buds are Closing (Serenade)\" \"The Passing Bell\" \"Calm as a Child in its Cradle\" \"Weep not for Friends Departed\" \"My life is but a Summer Day\" \"Why Fond Youth such Wild Emotion\" \"Tis Sweet to Think\" \"Dear Mother do not Chide Me, (the Echo)\" \"A Warrior I Am\"",
"title": "Thomas Oliphant (lyricist)"
},
{
"id": "8017951",
"text": "of Rhye\" from the album \"Queen II\" as well as \"Lily of the Valley\" from \"Sheer Heart Attack\"; compare, \"The King of Rhye will be crowned again / His messenger will spread the word far through the land / He will sail the seven seas of his kingdom\" (\"For Evermore\") with, \"Messenger from Seven Seas has flown / To tell the King of Rhye he's lost his throne\" (\"Lily of the Valley\"). Domine created its fourth album \"Emperor of the Black Runes\" with the New Sin Audio Design studio in May 2003, after some months of writing and pre-production. The",
"title": "Domine"
},
{
"id": "3137318",
"text": "Marchin' Already Marchin' Already is the third album by Ocean Colour Scene. The album was a follow-up to the successful \"Moseley Shoals\", and is in a similar style. The songs were taken from the band's catalogue that they had built up since forming several years earlier. The single \"Hundred Mile High City\" was used in the film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Nodding a reference to northern soul, P.P. Arnold appears on \"Traveller's Tune\" and \"It's a Beautiful Thing\". A more subdued version of \"Traveller's Tune\" originally appeared as a B-side to \"The Day We Caught the Train\". The",
"title": "Marchin' Already"
},
{
"id": "5328890",
"text": "the viewer which tales were true (the stories bolded on this list) and which ones were works of fiction. The Apparition, The Electric Chair, On the Road, Number One With a Bullet & Dream House The Viewing, The Subway, Kid in the Closet, Justice is Served & The Tractor The Prophecy, Couch Potato, Love Over the Counter, Imaginary Friend & Last Man on Earth E-Mail, Cup of Joe, Secret of the Family Tomb, Wheezer & The Unknown Patient Needle Point, Toy to the Rescue, Mystery Lock, The House on Baker Street & The Train The Candlestick, The Diner, From the",
"title": "Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction"
},
{
"id": "4292461",
"text": "#22. Petula Clark's run of 1966 and 1967 hits include many written by Hatch: \"My Love\" (a US number one), \"A Sign of the Times\", \"I Couldn't Live Without Your Love\", \"Who Am I\", \"Colour My World\", \"Don't Sleep in the Subway\" and \"The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener\". He wrote all of these (except \"My Love\") with his wife Jackie Trent. \"A Sign of the Times\", \"Who Am I\" and \"Colour My World\" were not hits in Britain. In 1964, Hatch was hired to write his first television theme, for the soap opera \"Crossroads\". It would become one",
"title": "Tony Hatch"
},
{
"id": "6161882",
"text": "collection of swear words cut from the band's live performances. A \"clean\" version of the album also existed, with the final track removed, and an audible \"bleep\" of a curse in a previous song. The album's eleventh song \"Train, Train\" featured the line \"All a-fucking-board\" at the beginning, which was removed from the clean version. Canadian cable-TV music network MuchMusic refused to air the \"Cherry Pie\" video on the grounds that it was \"offensively sexist\". The album's themes include sex (\"Cherry Pie\", \"Sure Feels Good to Me\", \"Love in Stereo\"), love and devotion (\"Mr. Rainmaker\", \"Blind Faith\"), and betrayal (\"I",
"title": "Cherry Pie (album)"
},
{
"id": "13780062",
"text": "Lisa\", \"Too Young\", \"Darling, Je Vous Aime Beaucoup\", \"Pretend\", \"Smile\", and \"A Blossom Fell\". Perry Como was another frequent visitor to the charts with hits like: \"If\", \"Round and Round\", \"Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes\", \"Tina Marie\", \"Papa Loves Mambo\", and \"Catch a Falling Star\". Other major stars in the early 1950s included Frank Sinatra (\"Young at Heart\", \"Three Coins in the Fountain\", \"Witchcraft\"), Tony Bennett (\"Cold, Cold Heart\", \"Because of You\", \"Rags to Riches\"), Kay Starr (\"Bonaparte's Retreat\", \"Wheel of Fortune\", \"Rock and Roll Waltz\"), Rosemary Clooney (\"Come On-a My House\", \"Mambo Italiano\", \"Half as Much\",",
"title": "1950s in music"
},
{
"id": "15887452",
"text": "Speaking in Tongues (song) \"Speaking in Tongues\" is the fifth single from indie rock band Arcade Fire's third album, \"The Suburbs\". It did not appear on the original track listing, but showed up on the deluxe edition as a bonus track. There is a direct reference to T.S Eliot's The Waste Land: \"Hypocrite reader, my double, my brother\", himself quoting Baudelaire's To the Reader: \"— Hypocrite lecteur, — mon semblable, — mon frère!\" The title itself is a reference to the Bible (Acts 2:4 ; 1 Corinthians 14:18) to a phenomenon called glossolalia, which is believed to be a divine",
"title": "Speaking in Tongues (song)"
},
{
"id": "1604914",
"text": "lyric \"you'd best believe I'm in love L-U-V\" from the Shangri-Las' \"Give Him a Great Big Kiss\" (1964) when he opened \"Looking for a Kiss\", which tells a story of adolescent romantic desire hampered by peers who use drugs. On \"Subway Train\", he used lyrics from the American folk standard \"Someone's in the Kitchen with Dinah\". In the opinion of critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, the album's rowdy hard rock songs also revamped riffs from Chuck Berry and the Rolling Stones, resulting in music that sounded edgy and threatening in spite of the New York Dolls' wittingly kitsch and camp sensibilities.",
"title": "New York Dolls (album)"
},
{
"id": "7264771",
"text": "appeared in several films including, \"The Balloon Goes Up\"(1942) and \"Sing Along with Me\" (1952), and continued recording with songs such as, \"The Last Mile Home\", \"Dear Hearts and Gentle People\", \"Out of a Clear Blue Sky\", \"Music! Music! Music!\", \"If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake\", \"Enjoy Yourself (It's Later Than You Think)\", \"Dearie\", \"I Remember the Cornfields\", \"Beloved, Be Faithful\", \"Me and My Imagination\", \"Mistakes\", \"In a Golden Coach\" (a celebratory number for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II), \"Is It Any Wonder\" and \"Changing Partners\". After several years at the top Peers left for",
"title": "Donald Peers"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Dion DiMucci context he released a single, \"New York Is My Home,\" with Paul Simon. Dion had previously worked with Simon on his 1989 hit \"Written on the Subway Wall.\" The single was followed by the album \"New York Is My Home,\" released February 12, 2016. Dion is planning four concerts in the U.S. during spring 2016. Dion was invited as a keynote speaker for the 2016 SXSW in Texas. He spoke on the topic \"A Conversation with Dion: Rock's Enduring Voice\" on March 17, 2016. In May 2017, Dion released \"Kickin' Child: The Lost Album 1965\", songs recorded in 1965 when he\n\n\"Which song say, \"\"The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?\"\"\"",
"compressed_tokens": 210,
"origin_tokens": 211,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Protest songs in the United States context: the Muddy\" by Seeger (1967), \"Suppose They Give a War and No One Comes\" by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band (1967), \"The \"Fish\" Cheer / I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\" by Country Joe and the Fish (1968), \"The Unknown Soldier\" by The Doors (1968), \"One Tin Soldier\" by Original Caste (1969), \"Volunteers\" by Jefferson Airplane (1969), \"Fortunate Son\" by Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969), and the album \"Back to the World\" by Curtis Mayfield. Woody Guthrie's son Arlo Guthrie also wrote one of the decade's most famous protest songs in the form of the 18-minute long-talking blues song \"Alice's Restaurant Massacree\",\n\ntitle Welcome My Nightmare context Runaway Train was based the Dennis Dunaway Project' \"Sub\" from their 2006 albumones the Y Cooper decided rework the song so it had no ch the track of The song took inspiration the \"Tra Kept A-Rol The Alice Cooper sings similar to how he s \" Yourself to from the albumFlush the F music star Vince Gill lead guitar on this song. This one of three songs that the original Alice Cooper performed on \"Last on Earth\"\n\n) context\". The on 0. The feature 1 of: \"Meet Virginia \"Dro of JupiterCall Allels \"Get\", to SkyCabey, Soul Sister \"'s Love MeSave Me, Francisco \"D \"50 Ways to Say \"Bruises \"Angel in JePlay That Song\", \" Me Sir\". The album will feature a bonus song a cover song \"Careless Whper This a major performances by various and shows\ntitle: The Sub: The The from Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Their debut album, \"Young for Eternity\", was released on 4 July 2005 in the UK and 14 February 2006 in the U.S. Their second album, \"All or Nothing\", was released on 30 June 2008 and their third album \"Money and Celebrity\" debuted on 19 September 2011. The band's self-titled fourth album was released on the 9 February 2015. The Subways name comes from a time when Lunn, Morgan and Cooper used to hang around the local subway underpass which ran underneath a Welwyn Garden City roundabout.\n\n\"Which song say, \"\"The words of the prophet are written on the subway walls?\"\"\"",
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"saving": ", Saving $1.0 in GPT-4."
} |
179 | Who sang the title song for the Bond film A View To A Kill? | [
"Duran duran",
"Sphere Studios",
"Careless Memory",
"Duran Duran",
"Duranduran",
"DUran Duran"
] | Duran Duran | [
{
"id": "10229505",
"text": "A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \"A View to a Kill\", was written by John Barry and Duran Duran, and was recorded in London with a 60-piece orchestra. \"A View to a Kill\" is the most successful Bond theme to date. In 1986 Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond",
"title": "A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "2947421",
"text": "the screenplay with Richard Maibaum. It was the third James Bond film to be directed by John Glen, and the last to feature Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny. Despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics, who frequently took umbrage with the effects of Moore's advanced age on his performance, it was a commercial success, with the Duran Duran theme song \"A View to a Kill\" performing well in the charts, becoming the only theme song to reach #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and earning a Golden Globe nomination for Best Song. MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Siberia",
"title": "A View to a Kill"
},
{
"id": "5024938",
"text": "46, became Duran Duran's first of two singles to hit no. 1 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 (for 2 weeks) on 23 June 1984 (see 1984 in music), and was a huge hit internationally. (Their only other single to hit no. 1 in the US was the title song to the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\".) It was also the first of two songs that kept \"Dancing in the Dark\" by Bruce Springsteen out of the top spot (the other one being Prince's \"When Doves Cry\"). The band wanted it to be the lead single from",
"title": "The Reflex"
},
{
"id": "5512840",
"text": "theme, and the famous Yahoo! yodel. He met John Barry (of James Bond soundtrack fame) in the early 1980s, and began working with him on several movie soundtracks, including \"Jagged Edge\" and \"A View to a Kill\". It was during the \"A View to a Kill\" sessions in 1985 that Elias met and became friends with the members of pop group Duran Duran (they performed the title song for the movie). While working on the soundtrack to the film \"9½ Weeks\" the year after that, Elias co-wrote the single \"I Do What I Do\" with Duran Duran's bassist John Taylor,",
"title": "Jonathan Elias"
},
{
"id": "7997015",
"text": "A View to a Kill (song) \"A View to a Kill\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave and synthpop band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's biggest hits. It remains the only James Bond theme song to have reached number 1 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100; it also made it to number 2 for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart. In 1986, composer John Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the",
"title": "A View to a Kill (song)"
},
{
"id": "5776247",
"text": "The other two live tracks were recorded at Wembley Stadium during the tour for the album \"Breaking Hearts\". According to Elizabeth Rosenthal in her book, \"His Songs: The Musical Journey of Elton John (p. 260; First edition)\", the LP's closing track, \"Shoot Down the Moon\", was considered for the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\", but the producers instead decided to go with the title track as performed by Duran Duran. \"The Man Who Never Died\" is a song written about John Lennon, in addition to \"Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)\", from Elton John's album \"Jump Up!\" }",
"title": "Ice on Fire"
},
{
"id": "285897",
"text": "Nancy Sinatra Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra and Nancy (Barbato) Sinatra, and is widely known for her 1966 signature hit \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". Other defining recordings include \"Sugar Town\", the 1967 number one \"Somethin' Stupid\" (a duet with her father), the title song from the James Bond film \"You Only Live Twice\", several collaborations with Lee Hazlewood such as \"Jackson\", and her cover of Cher's \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\". Nancy Sinatra began her career as a singer and",
"title": "Nancy Sinatra"
},
{
"id": "285924",
"text": "Clio's Top TV Commercial chart for May 2017. Marriages: Children (with Lambert): (Both women were left $1 million from their grandfather Frank Sinatra's will in a trust fund started in 1983) Feature films Nancy Sinatra Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra and Nancy (Barbato) Sinatra, and is widely known for her 1966 signature hit \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". Other defining recordings include \"Sugar Town\", the 1967 number one \"Somethin' Stupid\" (a duet with her father), the title song from the James Bond film",
"title": "Nancy Sinatra"
},
{
"id": "2947438",
"text": "Theme\". Barry's composition from \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" was modified for use in the songs \"Snow Job\", \"He's Dangerous\" and \"Golden Gate Fight\" of \"A View to a Kill.\" \"A View to a Kill\" reached number two on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, thus becoming the peak song in the James Bond series. The 2015 track \"Writing's On The Wall\" later out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan)",
"title": "A View to a Kill"
},
{
"id": "7997023",
"text": "live version of the song at the beginning of the Andra Chansen (Second Chance) round of Melodifestivalen 2010 in Örebro, Sweden. Jay Gonzalez of Drive-By Truckers covered the song in a bossa nova style on the 2017 multi-artist compilation album, \"Songs, Bond Songs: The Music Of 007\". Albums: A View to a Kill (song) \"A View to a Kill\" is the thirteenth single by the English new wave and synthpop band Duran Duran, released on 6 May 1985. Written and recorded as the theme for the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name, it became one of the band's",
"title": "A View to a Kill (song)"
},
{
"id": "1453785",
"text": "Lulu (singer) Lulu Kennedy-Cairns, OBE (born Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie; 3 November 1948) is a Scottish singer-songwriter. She is internationally known, but especially by UK audiences in the 1960s. Later in her career she had hits internationally with \"To Sir with Love\" from the 1967 film of the same name and with the title song to the 1974 James Bond film \"The Man with the Golden Gun\". In European countries, she is also widely known for her Eurovision Song Contest 1969 winning entry \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\", and in the UK for her 1964 hit \"Shout\", which was performed at the closing",
"title": "Lulu (singer)"
},
{
"id": "10229510",
"text": "film is easily a memorable as those secondary themes he used in \"You Only Live Twice\" (the \"Space March\"), \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (a similar space-themed piece, and the \"Bond Meets Bambi and Thumper\" theme which echoed both the \"James Bond Theme\" and the title song) among others. A View To A Kill Theme “Set-piece Theme” May Day Motif Pegasus’ Theme A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \"A View to a Kill\", was written",
"title": "A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "4283808",
"text": "Media. Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" from \"Spectre\" would also win the Oscar for Best Original Song. Duran Duran and John Barry's \"A View To A Kill\" topped the singles charts in the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the only Bond theme to hit 1 in the United States. No James Bond theme had topped the charts in the UK until Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\" entered the charts at number one on 2 October 2015. Several of the later films have alternative theme songs, often during the closing credits. \"The Living Daylights\" featured The Pretenders performing \"If There",
"title": "James Bond music"
},
{
"id": "10833432",
"text": "\"Skyfall\" rose to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 92,000 copies bringing its overall sales to 176,000, and \"Skyfall\" entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 8, selling 261,000 copies in the US in its first three days. This tied \"Skyfall\" with Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" as the highest-charting James Bond theme song on the UK Singles Chart; a record surpassed in 2015 by Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\". \"Skyfall\" has sold more than two million copies worldwide and earned Adele the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy",
"title": "Adele"
},
{
"id": "1427686",
"text": "Awards and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips. She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film \"Licence To Kill\". Knight is also listed as one of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Knight was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the daughter of Merald Woodlow Knight Sr., a postal worker, and Sarah Elizabeth (née Woods). She has a sister, Brenda, one living brother, Merald Jr. and one deceased brother, David. She first achieved minor fame by winning Ted Mack's \"The Original Amateur Hour\" TV show contest",
"title": "Gladys Knight"
},
{
"id": "1536904",
"text": "albums (\"Duran Duran\", \"Rio\", and \"Seven and the Ragged Tiger\") and the live album \"Arena\". In 1985, the band recorded the theme to the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\", which became their second US No. 1 hit and the only Bond theme in history to do so. However, the intense schedule of recording and touring, coupled with the pressures of fame, left Taylor unhappy with being in the band. His final performance with the original line-up of Duran Duran was in July 1985 at the Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia, which reached a global audience of",
"title": "Roger Taylor (Duran Duran drummer)"
},
{
"id": "7997017",
"text": "of ours this year – English composer John Barry. This is for him.\" The song was written by Duran Duran and John Barry, and recorded at Maison Rouge Studio and CTS Studio in London with a 60-piece orchestra. Duran Duran were chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone \"decent\" to do one of your theme songs?\" This inauspicious beginning led to some serious talks, and the band was introduced to Bond composer John Barry, and also",
"title": "A View to a Kill (song)"
},
{
"id": "2947437",
"text": "At that time, it had \"WELCOME\" painted across the side of the gasbag, but was replaced by \"ZORIN INDUSTRIES\" for the film. During the summer of 1984, the blimp was used to advertise Fujifilm. In real life, inflating the airship would take up to 24 hours, but during the film it was shown to take two minutes. The soundtrack was composed by John Barry, and published by EMI/Capitol. The theme song, \"A View to a Kill\", was written by Barry and Duran Duran, and performed by the band. \"May Day Jumps\" is the only track that uses the \"James Bond",
"title": "A View to a Kill"
},
{
"id": "9061808",
"text": "selling over 2.4 million copies there. Turner then switched from the US Capitol label to Virgin Records (though both were subsidiaries of EMI, and would later be merged by EMI to become the Capitol Music Group in 2007). In 1993, she recorded the soundtrack to the film about her life, \"What's Love Got to Do with It\", which spawned the single, \"I Don't Wanna Fight\", which became her first US Top 10 hit since 1986. In 1995 she performed the title song for the \"James Bond\" film \"GoldenEye\". Her next studio album was 1996's \"Wildest Dreams\", followed by 1999's \"Twenty",
"title": "Tina Turner discography"
},
{
"id": "2472117",
"text": "founded The Dead Weather with Alison Mosshart of The Kills. In 2008 he recorded \"Another Way To Die\" (the title song for the 2008 James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\") along with Alicia Keys making them the only duet to perform a Bond song. On April 24, 2012, White released his debut solo album, \"Blunderbuss\". His second studio album, \"Lazaretto\", was released on June 10, 2014. His third studio album, \"Boarding House Reach\", was released on March 23, 2018. All three records received wide commercial and critical acclaim. White is a board member of the Library of Congress' National Recording",
"title": "Jack White"
},
{
"id": "11230146",
"text": "is one of two New Zealand singing stars to have appeared in a James Bond movie – he played the part of a KGB Agent in \"A View to a Kill\". In 2001 EMI released a CD called \"The Very Best of Mr Lee Grant\" \"\"Mr. Lee Grant\"\" (#1, 1967) \"\"Mr. Lee in London\"\" (#3, 1968) \"\"The Very Best of Mr. Lee Grant\"\" (2001) Mr. Lee Grant Bogdan Kominowski (born 22 April 1945) is a New Zealand pop star. As well as his birth name he is also known by the stage name Mr. Lee Grant. He has had a",
"title": "Mr. Lee Grant"
},
{
"id": "208196",
"text": "have also been two independent productions of Bond films: \"Casino Royale\" (a 1967 spoof) and \"Never Say Never Again\" (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, \"Thunderball\"). In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, making \"James Bond\" one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which",
"title": "James Bond"
},
{
"id": "2585420",
"text": "tilt onto its side, it was not necessary as Julienne was able to pull off the stunt without the aid of camera trickery. Initially Vic Flick, who had played lead guitar on Monty Norman's original 007 theme, and Eric Clapton were asked to write and perform the theme song to \"Licence to Kill\" and they produced a theme to match Dalton's gritty performance, but the producers turned it down and instead Gladys Knight's song and performance was chosen. The song (one of the longest to ever be used in a Bond film) was based on the \"horn line\" from \"Goldfinger\",",
"title": "Licence to Kill"
},
{
"id": "2947439",
"text": "approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone \"decent\" to do one of your theme songs?\" During the opening sequence, a cover version of the 1965 Beach Boys song \"California Girls\", performed by Gidea Park with Adrian Baker (a tribute band), is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding. This was the first Bond film with a premiere outside the UK, opening on 22 May 1985 at San Francisco's Palace of Fine Arts. The British premiere was",
"title": "A View to a Kill"
},
{
"id": "10229507",
"text": "by John Barry, titled \"A View To A Kill (That Fatal Kiss)\". The song was the last track that the original five members of Duran Duran recorded together until 2001. The video for the single was directed by the duo Godley & Creme, with shots of the band at the Eiffel Tower intercut with scenes from the movie, so that it appears that Roger Moore and Grace Jones are participating in the same storyline. The singer ends the video with a parody of James Bond, introducing himself as \"Bon. Simon Le Bon.\" During the opening teaser, a cover version of",
"title": "A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "8516579",
"text": "UK (where it reached number nine in the charts) and the US (where it reached number 2, for three weeks). It was nominated for an Academy Award but lost to \"The Way We Were\". Producers hired B. J. Arnau to record and perform the title song, not realising McCartney intended to perform it himself. Arnau's version was featured in the film itself, when the singer performed it in a night club which Bond attends. The Olympia Brass Band has a notable part in \"Live and Let Die\", where they lead a funeral march for a (soon to be) assassination victim.",
"title": "Live and Let Die (film)"
},
{
"id": "1427648",
"text": "continues to oversee his sister's career, by being her tour manager and occasionally joining Gladys onstage during performances. Gladys Knight recorded the theme song for the James Bond film, \"Licence to Kill\" in 1989, which became a top ten single in the UK. Two years later, she released her 1991 album, \"Good Woman\", which included the top five R&B hit, \"Men\", and Grammy-nominated duet version of \"Superwoman\", recorded with Dionne Warwick and Patti LaBelle. A 1994 album, \"Just for You\", featured the hits \"I Don't Wanna Know\" and her cover of Boyz II Men's \"End of the Road\", and went",
"title": "Gladys Knight & the Pips"
},
{
"id": "2906862",
"text": "commercial success of Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\", and felt that A-ha would be more likely to make an impact on the charts. The original soundtrack release was released on LP and CD by Warner Bros. and featured only 12 tracks. Later re-releases by Rykodisc and EMI added nine additional tracks, including alternate instrumental end credits music. Rykodisc's version included the gunbarrel and opening sequence of the film as well as the jailbreak sequence, and the bombing of the bridge. Additionally, the film featured a number of pieces of classical music, as the main Bond girl, Kara Milovy,",
"title": "The Living Daylights"
},
{
"id": "11230138",
"text": "Mr. Lee Grant Bogdan Kominowski (born 22 April 1945) is a New Zealand pop star. As well as his birth name he is also known by the stage name Mr. Lee Grant. He has had a successful singing and acting career, having starred in stage shows such as Jesus Christ Superstar, Elvis - The Musical, TV shows and the James Bond movie \"A View to a Kill\". He was born in a Nazi German concentration camp just outside Düsseldorf to Polish parents. His father died in the camp, but he and his mother survived and emigrated to New Zealand in",
"title": "Mr. Lee Grant"
},
{
"id": "1314888",
"text": "percussionist David Van Tieghem, drummer Steve Jordan, Sting, Herbie Hancock, and David Gilmour. Roger Taylor was a drummer for Arcadia as well, but also contributed percussion to the Power Station album. Duran Duran were never the same after this break. According to Rhodes, the two side projects \"were commercial suicide... But we've always been good at that.\" The band was still off balance when they regrouped to contribute \"A View to a Kill\" to the 1985 James Bond movie of the same name. This single was the first Bond theme to go to number 1 on the US charts, and",
"title": "Duran Duran"
},
{
"id": "4283809",
"text": "Was a Man,\" composed by John Barry with Chrissie Hynde. \"Licence to Kill\" has \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti Labelle. \"GoldenEye\" featured Éric Serra's \"The Experience of Love\". \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" included k.d. lang's \"Surrender\" during the closing credits, a song which was originally proposed by composer David Arnold to be the title sequence theme instead of the Sheryl Crow title song. The \"Surrender\" theme is heard throughout the score while the melody of Sheryl Crow's song is not used again during the film. This hearkens back to the \"Thunderball\" soundtrack, where \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\"",
"title": "James Bond music"
},
{
"id": "4283797",
"text": "James Bond music The \"James Bond\" film series from Eon Productions features numerous musical compositions since its inception in 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the ubiquitous \"James Bond Theme\". Other instrumentals, such as the \"007 Theme\" or \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and various songs, such as Shirley Bassey's \"Goldfinger\", Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" and Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" have also become identified with the series. Two Bond",
"title": "James Bond music"
},
{
"id": "577860",
"text": "Shirley Bassey Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, (; born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer whose career began in the mid-1950s, best known both for her powerful voice and for recording the theme songs to the James Bond films \"Goldfinger\" (1964), \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (1971), and \"Moonraker\" (1979). In January 1959, Bassey became the first Welsh person to gain a No. 1 single. In 2000, Bassey was made a Dame for services to the performing arts. In 1977 she received the Brit Award for Best British Female Solo Artist in the previous 25 years. Bassey has been called \"one of",
"title": "Shirley Bassey"
},
{
"id": "8516558",
"text": "It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl romantically involved with 007, Rosie Carver, who was played by Gloria Hendry. The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Live and Let Die\", written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings. Three MI6 agents are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, New Orleans and the Caribbean nation of San Monique, while monitoring",
"title": "Live and Let Die (film)"
},
{
"id": "1537651",
"text": "OSCar synthesizer. In 1985, after recording the theme song to the Bond movie \"A View to a Kill\", Duran Duran split into two side projects. John Taylor and Duran Duran guitarist Andy Taylor joined forces with former Chic drummer Tony Thompson and Robert Palmer, who earlier met at Duran Duran's charity concert at Aston Villa football ground 1983, to form the band The Power Station. With the guidance of producer Bernard Edwards, they released one album, \"The Power Station\", which produced the hit singles \"Some Like It Hot\" and the T.Rex cover song \"Bang a Gong (Get It On)\". That",
"title": "John Taylor (bass guitarist)"
},
{
"id": "577869",
"text": "\"I'll Get By\" (also 1961), and a cover version of the Ben E. King hit \"I (Who Have Nothing)\" in 1963. Bassey appeared on the cover of \"Ebony\" magazine in 1963, and sang at a Washington gala celebrating President Kennedy's second year in office. Bassey enjoyed her only US Top 40 \"Billboard\" Hot 100 hit in 1965 with the title song of the James Bond film, \"Goldfinger\". The single, released in the United States during January 1965, peaked at No. 8, while the original soundtrack of \"Goldfinger\" hit No. 1 in the US that year. Also in 1965, she sang",
"title": "Shirley Bassey"
},
{
"id": "4010629",
"text": "in 1985, which went on to become the artist's best-selling studio album to date. It was also during this time that Afanasieff and Walden began writing pop songs together. Together with his mentor Narada, Afanasieff's first major production was the title track of the James Bond movie \"Licence to Kill\", sung by Gladys Knight and co-written by Afanasieff and Walden. One of Afanasieff's biggest hits as a producer was the smash hit \"My Heart Will Go On\", the theme tune to the 1997 film \"Titanic\", sung by Celine Dion. The song became the world's best-selling single of 1998. Afanasieff produced",
"title": "Walter Afanasieff"
},
{
"id": "5547128",
"text": "and one behind tying Elvis Presley's record as the artist with the most top-ten singles on the Hot 100. The move was spurred by sales of 28,500 units of the CD which also put it on the top of Hot 100 Singles, becoming her third number one on the chart. \"Die Another Day\" was the highest charting James Bond song in the US since Duran Duran's number-one single, \"A View to Kill\" (1985). It was also Madonna's highest charting song since \"Don't Tell Me\" peaked at number four in February 2001, and was her 44th top-forty single—the most for any",
"title": "Die Another Day (song)"
},
{
"id": "10229509",
"text": "to the theme songs by Duran Duran, one is pinned to henchwoman May Day, one is pinned to the action set-pieces and one appears more generally throughout the film. Barry often called the secondary themes he composed as \"action themes\" that underscored the action on the screen with hints of the film's theme song, the \"James Bond Theme\" itself, or simply another theme used only in that particular film. Such themes were occasionally reused, such as his \"007 Theme\", originally composed for \"From Russia with Love\" but brought back for four subsequent Bond pictures. The action theme composed for this",
"title": "A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "1623397",
"text": "- in his scores this is often heard in variations of the title songs that are used to underscore plot development. As Barry matured, the Bond scores became more lushly melodic (along with other scores of his such as \"Out of Africa\"), as in \"Moonraker\" (1979) and \"Octopussy\" (1983). Barry's score for \"A View to a Kill\" was traditional, but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart. Both \"A View to a Kill\" and \"The Living Daylights\" theme by a-ha",
"title": "John Barry (composer)"
},
{
"id": "13840895",
"text": "The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for having been released without the artist's consent, and subsequently withdrawn from sales by court order. In early 1987 Bassey announced that she was planning to record an album of James Bond themes. The album was due for release 1987 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of \"Dr. No\". She promoted it on the television show \"Live At The Palladium\" on May 3, 1987, where she lip-synched \"A View to a Kill\" and also performed a James Bond medley. Bassey decided not",
"title": "The Bond Collection"
},
{
"id": "1453804",
"text": "goes awry. On 27 May 1974, BBC1 screened \"Bruce Forsyth Meets Lulu\" a special variety TV show for the UK bank holiday. In 1974, she performed the title song for the James Bond film \"The Man with the Golden Gun\". Two slightly different versions of the song were used, at the start and end respectively; James Bond was mentioned in the end version. Released as a single, it is the only Bond film title track not to chart as a single in either the United Kingdom or the United States. The same year she covered David Bowie's songs \"The Man",
"title": "Lulu (singer)"
},
{
"id": "9007998",
"text": "\"Goldfinger\" for her 2014 album \"Hello Like Before\". In doing so she addressed two notes that she thought \"sounded wrong\" in the original. Parodies of the song include \"Dr. Evil\", written by They Might Be Giants for \"\", and \"Max Power\", from \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Homer to the Max\". In 1989, after the release of the James Bond theme song \"Licence to Kill\", from the film of the same title, it was felt to significantly reuse important elements of \"Goldfinger\", and so the songwriting credits for the former were adapted for all subsequent releases. Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) \"Goldfinger\" is",
"title": "Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)"
},
{
"id": "208223",
"text": "\"Dr. No\" with his arrangement of the Bond Theme. A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\", Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\", Adele's \"Skyfall\", and Sam Smith's \"Writing's on the Wall\". Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards. For the non-Eon produced \"Casino Royale\", Burt Bacharach's score included \"The",
"title": "James Bond"
},
{
"id": "10167397",
"text": "(the band Duran Duran made similar claims after they worked briefly with Barry on the theme to the previous Bond film, \"A View to a Kill\", in 1985). However, Waaktaar has also said: \"I loved the stuff he [John Barry] added to the track. I mean, it gave it this sort of really cool string arrangement. That's when it, for me, started to sound like a Bond thing.\" \"The Living Daylights\" was released in the summer of 1987. The song peaked at number five in the United Kingdom and number one in Norway. The song remains one of a-ha's most",
"title": "The Living Daylights (song)"
},
{
"id": "374332",
"text": "Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \"All I Wanna Do\", \"If It Makes You Happy\", \"My Favorite Mistake\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy Awards (out of 32 nominations) from the National Academy of Recording Arts and",
"title": "Sheryl Crow"
},
{
"id": "570925",
"text": "who could \"slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty\". Jones has sold over 100 million records with thirty-six Top 40 hits in the United Kingdom and nineteen in the United States, including \"It's Not Unusual\", \"What's New Pussycat\", the theme song for the 1965 James Bond film \"Thunderball\", \"Delilah\", \"Green, Green Grass of Home\", \"She's a Lady\", \"Kiss\" and \"Sex Bomb\". Jones made his acting debut playing the leading role in the 1979 television film \"Pleasure Cove\" as well as playing himself in Tim Burton's 1996 film \"Mars Attacks!\" In 2012,",
"title": "Tom Jones (singer)"
},
{
"id": "2493085",
"text": "Face Before\", \"Private Life\", and \"Slave to the Rhythm\". In 1982, she released the music video collection \"A One Man Show\", directed by Goude. Jones appeared in some low-budget films in the US during the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1984, she made her first mainstream appearance as Zula in the fantasy-action film \"Conan the Destroyer\" alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sarah Douglas, and subsequently appeared in the 1985 James Bond movie \"A View to a Kill\" as May Day. In 1986, she played a vampire in \"Vamp\", and acted in and contributed a song to the 1992 Eddie Murphy film",
"title": "Grace Jones"
},
{
"id": "2906851",
"text": "General Gogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service. This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group A-ha (which performed the film's title song), was offered a small role as a villain's henchman in the film, but declined, because of lack of time and because he felt they wanted to cast him due to his popularity rather than his acting.",
"title": "The Living Daylights"
},
{
"id": "10595502",
"text": "to stop the detonation of Zorin's bomb. Bond runs around the mine, avoiding rockfalls and long drops. Among the objects he can pick up are a grapnel gun (to fire ropes upward which he can climb to safety) and a plank of wood to bridge gaps. May Day is also somewhere in the mine. A password system lets the user play the second or third levels on their own without completing the first. The music for the Commodore 64 version was written by Antony (Tony) Crowther, and consists of two covers. One is the famous James Bond theme by Monty",
"title": "A View to a Kill (video game)"
},
{
"id": "8386979",
"text": "after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics. Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote \"Thunderball\", which was sung by Tom Jones, who according to Bond production legend, fainted in the recording booth when singing the song's final note. Jones said of it, \"I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning.\" Country musician Johnny Cash",
"title": "Thunderball (film)"
},
{
"id": "8547533",
"text": "years, she made her debut as an actress in the 1984 film \"Conan the Destroyer\", where she played alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger. She later appeared in the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" as the villain May Day. After finishing filming in late 1984 she returned to the studio to work on a follow-up, ending an almost three-year-long hiatus. \"Slave to the Rhythm\", both song and album, was written by Bruce Woolley, Simon Darlow, Stephen Lipson and Trevor Horn and was produced by Trevor Horn, who was assisted by Lipson. Unlike most albums that feature a collection of different",
"title": "Slave to the Rhythm (album)"
},
{
"id": "12730034",
"text": "(originally from the soundtrack of the film \"Batman Forever\"). The album also includes two other movie-based tracks: \"Training Montage\" (from \"Rocky IV\") and \"A View to a Kill\" (from the 1985 James Bond 007 film of the same title). with Rethroned Rethroned is the second album by Finnish symphonic metal band Northern Kings. It was released on November 19, 2008, as a CD in Finland and to download via the European iTunes Store. Upon release, the album entered the Finnish charts at number 16. The album was released in Japan on February 25, 2009, with the Michael Jackson cover \"They",
"title": "Rethroned"
},
{
"id": "8026006",
"text": "the sound became a defining characteristic of that decade's popular music. The British band Duran Duran made repeated use of the recording technique, heard prominently on the drums on the 1984 hit single \"The Wild Boys\" as well as the 1985 James Bond theme song \"A View To A Kill\". Bruce Springsteen used the effect on his 1984 hit \"Born in the U.S.A.\", the drums being played by Max Weinberg. The song \"Some Like It Hot\" by The Power Station opens with a drum solo that features the effect prominently. The song \"Hounds of Love\", produced and released by Kate",
"title": "Gated reverb"
},
{
"id": "10229508",
"text": "the 1965 Beach Boys song \"California Girls\", performed by Gidea Park (a tribute band), is used during a chase in which Bond snowboards; it has been suggested that this teaser sequence helped initiate interest in snowboarding. The film features Vivaldi's \"The Four Seasons\", which is performed during the reception that Bond attends undercover at Zorin's stud in France. In the remastered CD edition, the third track is incorrectly labeled \"May Day Jumpers\" on the back of the case. Composer John Barry utilizes four leitmotifs on the soundtrack, that recurs in two or more of the tracks listed. One is pinned",
"title": "A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "17191125",
"text": "to be mentioned twice in the \"Guinness World Records.\" For his and Jimmy Napes' song \"Writing's on the Wall\", the theme for the James Bond film \"Spectre\" (2015), Smith won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Original Song. His second studio album, \"The Thrill of It All\", was released in November 2017, and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart and the US \"Billboard\" 200. The lead single, \"Too Good at Goodbyes\", reached number one in the UK and Australia and number four in the US. Samuel Frederick Smith was born on 19 May 1992 in London,",
"title": "Sam Smith (singer)"
},
{
"id": "10229506",
"text": "fan) approached producer Cubby Broccoli at a party, and somewhat drunkenly asked \"When are you going to get someone \"decent\" to do one of your theme songs?\" The single was released in May 1985, and on July 13 it hit number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and remains the only Bond theme to do so. On May 25, it made it to number two in the UK Singles Chart, also a record for Bond themes until \"Writing's on the Wall\" by Sam Smith made it to number one in 2015. The b-side was an instrumental piece orchestrated",
"title": "A View to a Kill (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "11550743",
"text": "Licensed to Kill (1965 film) Licensed to Kill is an Eastmancolor 1965 superspy imitation James Bond film starring Tom Adams as British secret agent Charles Vine. It was directed and co-written by Lindsay Shonteff. Producer Joseph E. Levine picked it up for American and worldwide distribution and reedited it under the title The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World. The theme song for the American version, composed by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen and performed by Sammy Davis, Jr., is used in the 2011 film drama \"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy\". Facing numerous assassination attempts, a Swedish",
"title": "Licensed to Kill (1965 film)"
},
{
"id": "9007988",
"text": "Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song) \"Goldfinger\" is the title song from the 1964 James Bond film \"Goldfinger\". Composed by John Barry and with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, the song was performed by Shirley Bassey for the film's opening and closing title sequences, as well as the soundtrack album release. The single release of the song gave Bassey her only \"Billboard\" Hot 100 top forty hit, peaking in the Top 10 at No. 8 and No. 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and in the United Kingdom the single reached No. 21. The song finished at",
"title": "Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)"
},
{
"id": "577870",
"text": "the title song for the James Bond spoof \"The Liquidator\", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, \"Thunderball\" (1965). \"Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, \"Thunderball,\" hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's",
"title": "Shirley Bassey"
},
{
"id": "374380",
"text": "gun control measures, opposes military intervention in Syria, and supports fighting climate change. Sheryl Crow Sheryl Suzanne Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, country, and blues. She has released ten studio albums, four compilations, a live album, and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. Her songs include \"All I Wanna Do\", \"If It Makes You Happy\", \"My Favorite Mistake\" and the theme song for the 1997 James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\". She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide. Crow has garnered nine Grammy",
"title": "Sheryl Crow"
},
{
"id": "6342660",
"text": "The Greatest Hits (Lulu album) The Greatest Hits is a 2003 Lulu album charting her 40-year career in music from 1964's UK top-ten hit \"Shout\" through 2002's \"We've Got Tonight,\" a UK top-five duet with Ronan Keating. It also covers everything in between, including her 1967 US 1 Hit \"To Sir With Love\", the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest winner \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\", the 1974 James Bond theme \"The Man with the Golden Gun\", and the 1993 UK No. 1 Hit \"Relight My Fire\" (a duet with Take That). The album combines her UK hits such as \"The Boat That I Row\"",
"title": "The Greatest Hits (Lulu album)"
},
{
"id": "114462",
"text": "Sower\", Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp. Bowie had a cameo in \"Yellowbeard\", a 1983 pirate comedy created by Monty Python members, and a small part as Colin, the hitman in the 1985 film \"Into the Night\". He declined to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" (1985). \"Absolute Beginners\" (1986), a rock musical film adapted from Colin MacInnes's book of the same name about life in late 1950s London, featured Bowie's music and presented him with a minor acting role. The same year,",
"title": "David Bowie"
},
{
"id": "9231445",
"text": "For Your Eyes Only (song) \"For Your Eyes Only\" is the theme tune to the 12th James Bond movie, \"For Your Eyes Only\", written by Bill Conti and Mick Leeson, and performed by Scottish singer Sheena Easton. The song reached number four on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and number eight on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards in 1982. The song is written by Bill Conti and Mike Leeson. Conti – who was also responsible for the film's score – had originally written the song thinking about Donna Summer or",
"title": "For Your Eyes Only (song)"
},
{
"id": "1729075",
"text": "range, and his powerful vocal belting technique. He released four solo studio albums, \"Euphoria Morning\" (1999), \"Carry On\" (2007), \"Scream\" (2009), \"Higher Truth\" (2015) and the live album \"Songbook\" (2011). Cornell received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his song \"The Keeper\", which appeared in the 2011 film \"Machine Gun Preacher\", and co-wrote and performed the theme song to the James Bond film \"Casino Royale\" (2006), \"You Know My Name\". His last solo release before his death was the charity single \"The Promise\", written for the ending credits for the 2016 film of the same name. He was voted \"Rock's",
"title": "Chris Cornell"
},
{
"id": "20222190",
"text": "break and all the shit was coming to the surface ... It was a real low point after it.\" Years later, Radiohead were commissioned to write the title song for the 2015 James Bond film \"Spectre\", and submitted \"Man of War\". The production team liked the song, but rejected it when they discovered it had not been written for the film and would be ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Radiohead suspended work on their ninth album, \"A Moon Shaped Pool\" (2016), to record an original song for the film, \"Spectre\", but this was also rejected as",
"title": "Man of War (song)"
},
{
"id": "7997022",
"text": "DJ's Factory, a Eurodance project of German producer Bülent Aris and British keyboarder Adrian Askew, released a dancefloor-oriented version in Summer 1985, reaching #22 in the German single charts. Shirley Bassey covered the song for an album of Bond theme songs; however, she wasn't satisfied with the quality, so the album was withdrawn from sale. Finnish Melodic Death Metal band Diablo has covered the song, so has Finnish symphonic metal cover supergroup Northern Kings. In 2008, the song was covered with a bossa feeling by former Morcheeba singer Skye on the cover album \"Hollywood, Mon Amour\". Måns Zelmerlöw performed a",
"title": "A View to a Kill (song)"
},
{
"id": "7997020",
"text": "weeks. In the US, it entered the charts at No. 45, and on 13 July it reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. It remains the only Bond theme with this chart performance. In November 2014, the James Bond site MI6 revealed a previously unreleased 7:30 extended remixed 12\" version of the song and it has since been mentioned on Duran Duran's website which suggests that it might be the real deal. MI6 claim that Steve Thompson created the 12\" mix in Paris with the band, although John Taylor says \"I don't remember hearing it at the",
"title": "A View to a Kill (song)"
},
{
"id": "8739660",
"text": "Song Contest, reaching the \"\" final in both 1979 and 1981. His first finalist song, \"Miss Caroline Newley\", performed by the band \"M Squad\" finished eleventh of the twelve songs in 1979. But in 1981, his song \"Don't Panic\", performed by Liquid Gold, finished in second place and had the rare distinction of being a losing song from the \"A Song For Europe\" contest to make the UK Singles Chart, reaching #42. Baker, with his band Gidea Park, recorded a version of the Beach Boys \"California Girls\" for the James Bond film, \"A View to a Kill\". It was featured",
"title": "Adrian Baker"
},
{
"id": "15940296",
"text": "Until the Daniel Craig era, only Nobody Does It Better and All Time High served as an opening theme without sharing a title with the movie. John Barry provided the title song music on ten of the eleven films for which he composed the musical score. Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song and become pop hits, including Paul McCartney's \"Live and Let Die\", Carly Simon's \"Nobody Does It Better\" (for the film \"The Spy Who Loved Me\"), and Sheena Easton's \"For Your Eyes Only\" with Adele's \"Skyfall\" and Sam",
"title": "Motifs in the James Bond film series"
},
{
"id": "2493104",
"text": "Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. In 1985, Jones starred as May Day, henchman to main antagonist Max Zorin in the 14th James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\"; Jones was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. That same year, she was featured on the Arcadia song \"Election Day\". Jones was among the many stars to promote the Honda Scooter; other artists included Lou Reed, Adam Ant, and Miles Davis. Jones also, with her boyfriend Dolph Lundgren posed nude for \"Playboy\". After Jones' success as a mainstream actress, she returned to the studio to work",
"title": "Grace Jones"
},
{
"id": "8386978",
"text": "given to Bond by Q, it was also a Geiger counter in the plot. \"Thunderball\" was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry, after \"From Russia with Love\" and \"Goldfinger\". The original title song was entitled \"Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang\", taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang. The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey, and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick, whose version was not released until the 1990s. The song was removed from the title credits",
"title": "Thunderball (film)"
},
{
"id": "15968988",
"text": "for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the first time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. \"Skyfall\" also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. The film also features Charles Trenet's 1938 song \"Boum !\" during scenes in which Silva shows Bond around his abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's song, \"Boom Boom\" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of \"Skyfall\" was on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.",
"title": "Skyfall"
},
{
"id": "18491820",
"text": "the United Kingdom—fifty years after the release of \"Thunderball\", thirty after \"A View to a Kill\", and twenty after \"GoldenEye\"—on the night of the world premiere at the London Royal Albert Hall. It was followed by a worldwide release, including IMAX screenings. It was released in the United States on 6 November. \"Spectre\" received mixed to positive reviews. The theme song \"Writing's on the Wall\", performed and co-written by Sam Smith, won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song. \"Spectre\" grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2015, the second-largest unadjusted total for",
"title": "Spectre (2015 film)"
},
{
"id": "10561205",
"text": "of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman, who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, \"GoldenEye\". All the instrumental tracks are amalgams of various sequences and musical cues from the film rather than straight score excerpts. The end credits of the film feature the song \"If You Asked Me To\" sung by Patti LaBelle. Though the song was a top ten R&B charter and a minor pop hit for LaBelle, in 1992, the song was covered by and became a much bigger hit for singer Céline Dion. The track",
"title": "Licence to Kill (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "5196882",
"text": "John Schlesinger's film \"The Next Best Thing\" (2000). Her first big screen collaboration, with her then-husband director Guy Ritchie, was \"Swept Away\" (2002). A remake of Lina Wertmüller's Italian film of the same name, it was as a commercial and critical failure. \"Swept Away\" was nominated for seven Golden Raspberry Awards, winning five, including Worst Actress for Madonna. She had a cameo appearance in the James Bond film \"Die Another Day\" (2002), and sang its theme song. The next year, Madonna appeared in the television sitcom \"Will & Grace\"s episode \"Dolls and Dolls\". In 2008, Madonna made her directorial debut",
"title": "Madonna filmography"
},
{
"id": "3438221",
"text": "located towards the eastern side of the site. A new clubhouse, stand and floodlighting have recently been erected. The racecourse is the setting for a scene in the musical \"My Fair Lady\" and the subject for the song \"Ascot Gavotte\". The racecourse was used as a filming location in the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" (1985), where Bond (played for the last time by Roger Moore) was beginning his mission to defeat the villainous Max Zorin (Christopher Walken), whose horse was racing there. The James Bond production crew returned to Ascot Racecourse for \"Skyfall\" (2012), where it",
"title": "Ascot Racecourse"
},
{
"id": "3794013",
"text": "Antonín Dvořák's \"Song to the Moon\" from \"Rusalka\" and Led Zeppelin's \"Kashmir\", and also a live version of the rarely performed song \"Swanheart\" from the 1998 Nightwish album \"Oceanborn\". On the same year, in July, \"Left in the Dark\" was released as an EP containing alternative versions from Tarja's album \"Colours in the Dark\", as well as a studio version of \"Into the Sun\". On 17 October 2015, Tarja performed two new songs from her forthcoming album, \"No Bitter End\" and \"Goldfinger\", which is a cover of the title song of the James Bond film with the same name. Tarja",
"title": "Tarja Turunen"
},
{
"id": "4467184",
"text": "Blondie's \"Call Me\" and Duran Duran's \"A View to a Kill\" from the James Bond film of the same name. Edwards has performed the Gorillaz song \"Feel Good Inc\" live on KCRW radio station (along with other tracks from her album), and also at some live shows. As a Christmas gift to her fans, Edwards recorded a version of \"River\" by Joni Mitchell; this was uploaded on YouTube on November 2011. In February 2013, Skye performed \"As Long As You Love Me\" by Justin Bieber on KCRW, \"Morning Becomes Eclectic\". On the John Martyn tribute album \"Johnny Boy Would Love",
"title": "Skye Edwards"
},
{
"id": "2947420",
"text": "A View to a Kill A View to a Kill is a 1985 British spy film, the fourteenth in the \"James Bond\" series produced by Eon Productions, and the seventh and last to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Although the title is adapted from Ian Fleming's short story \"From a View to a Kill\", the film has an entirely original screenplay. In \"A View to a Kill\", Bond is pitted against Max Zorin, who plans to destroy California's Silicon Valley. The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson, who also wrote",
"title": "A View to a Kill"
},
{
"id": "6644354",
"text": "priest in Laurence Olivier's film \"Richard III\" (1955), \"The Mummy\" (1959), \"Absolution\" (1978), \"The Hit\" (1984), the James Bond film \"A View to a Kill\" (1985) as retired Nazi doctor and Max Zorin's (Christopher Walken) henchman Dr. Carl Mortner/Hans Glaub, and as the elderly and kind king in \"The Princess Bride\" (1987). In the late 1980s, he appeared in the BBC drama \"Howards' Way\" as banker Sir John Stevens. In Sergei Bondarchuk's 1970 film \"Waterloo\", he is credited as both an actor (playing Captain Ramsey) and a military consultant. Gray died aged 76 in February 1993. His wife, who wrote",
"title": "Willoughby Gray"
},
{
"id": "17312079",
"text": "In 2004, another regular, American director Diane Martel, directed the accompanying music video for the second single from the singer's second album \"The Diary of Alicia Keys\", \"If I Ain't Got You\", which featured rapper Method Man as Keys' love interest. It won the Best R&B Video accolade at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards. In 2008, Keys collaborated with former The White Stripes singer Jack White on \"Another Way to Die\", the theme song for the James Bond film \"Quantum of Solace\". Inspired by the plot, the CGI-heavy clip garnered a largely positive response from criticis and was nominated",
"title": "Alicia Keys videography"
},
{
"id": "5547108",
"text": "For Grabs\". In the meantime, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) was filming the twentieth James Bond film, \"Die Another Day\", directed by Lee Tamahori. The previous film in the franchise, \"The World Is Not Enough\" (1999) was a box office success earning US$362 million worldwide. However, the eponymous soundtrack single by alternative rock group Garbage failed to gain commercial success in the United States. The music management at MGM went to look for a high-profile artist to write and perform the title song for \"Die Another Day\". Madonna was their first choice, since she had been successful with soundtrack singles in the US,",
"title": "Die Another Day (song)"
},
{
"id": "8512884",
"text": "Lani Hall Lani Hall (born November 6, 1945) is an American singer, lyricist, author, and the wife of Herb Alpert. From 1966 to 1971 she performed as lead vocalist for Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66. In 1972 she released her first solo album \"Sundown Lady\", but she may be best known for her rendition of the theme song to the 1983 James Bond film \"Never Say Never Again\". In 1986 she was awarded her first Grammy Award for \"Es Fácil Amar\" as \"Best Latin Pop Performance.\" After that year she largely retired, resurfacing in 1998 with the solo album \"Brasil",
"title": "Lani Hall"
},
{
"id": "2449573",
"text": "Hearted Melody\", with Sherman Edwards; the 1962 Joanie Sommers hit \"Johnny Get Angry\" also with Edwards; and \"99 Miles From L.A.\" with Albert Hammond, recorded by Hammond and later Art Garfunkel. With Paul Hampton, David co-wrote the country standard \"Sea of Heartbreak\", a hit for Don Gibson and others. David contributed lyrics to three James Bond film themes: in addition to \"The Look of Love\" from \"Casino Royale\" with Bacharach, he wrote \"We Have All the Time in the World\", with John Barry and sung by Louis Armstrong for the 1969 film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", and in 1979,",
"title": "Hal David"
},
{
"id": "2947446",
"text": "up and down the Eiffel Tower and through Paris streets, which Bond finishes in a severed car on just two wheels. But none of the action prepares the viewer for the heart-stopping climax with Zorin's dirigible tangled in the cables on top of San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.\" And although O'Toole believed that Moore was showing his age in the role, \"there are plenty of tunes left in his violin. James Bond is still a virtuoso, with a licence to thrill.\" Brian J. Arthurs of \"The Beach Reporter\" said it was the worst film of the Bond series. Chris Peachment",
"title": "A View to a Kill"
},
{
"id": "72758",
"text": "founder of the first church at Llandaff Cathedral, where his tomb is. His Saint's Day is ninth of February. Cardiff is also well known for its musicians, such as Ivor Novello, after whom the Ivor Novello Awards are named. Idloes Owen, founder of the Welsh National Opera, lived in Llandaff, Shirley Bassey is familiar to many as the singer of three James Bond movie theme tunes, while Charlotte Church is famous as a crossover classical/pop singer. Shakin' Stevens was one of the top selling male artists in the UK during the 1980s. Tigertailz, a popular glam metal act in the",
"title": "Cardiff"
},
{
"id": "285907",
"text": "of the CD reissue of her 1966 album, \"Nancy In London\", Sinatra states that she was \"scared to death\" of recording the song, and asked the songwriters: \"Are you sure you don't want Shirley Bassey?\" There are two versions of the Bond theme. The first is the lushly orchestrated track featured during the opening and closing credits of the film. The second—and more guitar-heavy—version appeared on the double A-sided single with \"Jackson\", though the Bond theme stalled at No.44 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Jackson\"/\"You Only Live Twice\" was more successful in the U.K., reaching No.11 on the singles",
"title": "Nancy Sinatra"
},
{
"id": "4283807",
"text": "the Academy Award for Best Original Song, as did Bill Conti's \"For Your Eyes Only\", which was performed by Sheena Easton. It was not until the 2013 Oscars that a Bond theme song finally won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the theme song from \"Skyfall\" by Adele. Thomas Newman's score also got the first nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Score in the series since Hamlisch's own for \"The Spy Who Loved Me\", while winning the Grammy for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. Adele's song also won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual",
"title": "James Bond music"
},
{
"id": "1506001",
"text": "fright. In the appearance, she sang two songs: \"Half A Chance\" and her signature song, \"You're So Vain\". In 1977, Simon had a surprise international hit with the million-selling gold single \"Nobody Does It Better\", the theme to the James Bond film \"The Spy Who Loved Me\". Simon's second-biggest U.S. hit, after \"You're So Vain\", was 1977's biggest Adult Contemporary hit, where it held at No. 1 for seven straight weeks. The single peaked one step behind Debby Boone's mega-hit \"You Light Up My Life\" on \"Billboard's\" Pop Singles chart from October 22 to November 5, 1977 and received Grammy",
"title": "Carly Simon"
},
{
"id": "9748534",
"text": "weeks. Because of the delays and chaotic nature of the filming process, it finally finished ten months later in November. Feldman asked Burt Bacharach and Hal David to provide the music for the film; David worked for a few months completing his part, while Bacharach took nearly two years. The pair produced the song \"The Look of Love\", which was sung by Dusty Springfield. Columbia Pictures approved a production budget of $6 million for the film, although this rose to $12 million at the end of production. The film performed well, with box office returns of $41.7 million. \"Never Say",
"title": "James Bond in film"
},
{
"id": "9103147",
"text": "James Bond. Not released but also heard in the film is a brief homage to John Williams' familiar theme from \"Jaws\", when an unseen underwater horror (it is revealed to be an attacker in a JIM diving suit) approaches within the sunken ship. This was the third Bond film in a row to wittily include familiar music from a classic film. Additionally, notes from the title song to \"The Spy Who Loved Me\", \"Nobody Does It Better\", can be heard as the tones of a key code for a security door early in the film. For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)",
"title": "For Your Eyes Only (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "9470590",
"text": "(\"Never\" Heart), and Marc Jordan (\"Rhythm of My Heart\" Rod Stewart). Musicians included \"American Idol\" judge Randy Jackson of Journey, Steve Lukather (Toto), Timothy B. Schmit (Eagles), and Richard Marx. During the down time, Tim sang and produced \"Dirty Love\" which appeared in the James Bond film \"Licence to Kill\" and performed on both the \"\" theme and the Dionne Warwick gold album \"Reservations for Two\". Feehan wrote \"Heart in Pieces\" for the million selling album \"Chicago 19\" and performed in the video Stop the Madness alongside Whitney Houston for the Nancy Reagan anti-drug campaign \"Just Say No\". In the",
"title": "Tim Feehan"
},
{
"id": "1729135",
"text": "Know My Name\", which Cornell co-wrote and performed and which accompanies the opening titles for the 2006 James Bond film, \"Casino Royale\". \"You Know My Name\" is the first theme song since 1983's \"Octopussy\" to use a different title than the film, the first ever sung by a male American, and the first ever title theme song that did not appear on the soundtrack album. \"You Know My Name\" won a 2006 Satellite Award in the category of Best Original Song, and a 2007 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film. The",
"title": "Chris Cornell"
},
{
"id": "8149645",
"text": "first James Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (garnering McCartney his second Academy Award nomination and Linda her first). In the Academy Award performance of the song, entertainer Connie Stevens dressed in a \"silver-lamé outfit\" with a Native American-looking headdress \"descended from the ceiling\" and then was \"variously lifted and tossed about\" by dancers dressed in various colours until she left the scene. The song lost to the eponymous theme song from the musical film \"The Way We Were\". In Wings' live performances of the song, the instrumental break featured flashpots and",
"title": "Live and Let Die (song)"
},
{
"id": "1286174",
"text": "musical film, \"Evita\" (1996). In this adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, Pryce portrayed the Argentinian president Juan Perón. The movie's soundtrack was an international success. It contains over 30 songs sung mainly by Madonna, Banderas and Pryce, of which two are solos for Pryce: \"She Is A Diamond\" and \"On The Balcony Of The Casa Rosada\". After \"Evita\", Pryce went on to portray Elliot Carver in the James Bond film \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" (1997). During the rest of the decade Pryce would play to his new acquired fame as a villain, portraying an Irish terrorist in \"Ronin\" (1998),",
"title": "Jonathan Pryce"
},
{
"id": "10215200",
"text": "remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was \"big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song.\" He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was \"impeccable\". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, \"Diamonds Are Forever\" and \"Moonraker\". John Barry used the \"Goldfinger\"",
"title": "Goldfinger (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "5689554",
"text": "The Ballad of High Noon “The Ballad of High Noon” (or “Do Not Forsake Me, O My Darlin’”) is a popular song published in 1952, with music by Dimitri Tiomkin and lyrics by Ned Washington. It is the theme song of the movie \"High Noon\", sung over the opening credits by Tex Ritter, with its tune repeated throughout the film. It was awarded the 1952 Academy Award for Best Original Song, and was performed that night for the Academy by Ritter. The song is about the film's main character, Will Kane (played by Gary Cooper), and the moral dilemma of",
"title": "The Ballad of High Noon"
},
{
"id": "4283805",
"text": "by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached 1 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show. Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes – she recorded the themes to \"Goldfinger\", \"Diamonds Are Forever\", and \"Moonraker\". Bassey also recorded her own versions of \"Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\" for \"Thunderball\" and it",
"title": "James Bond music"
},
{
"id": "1729114",
"text": "funk and R&B music. The first two singles were \"Original Fire\" and \"Revelations\". Two of the songs from the third album, \"Shape of Things to Come\" and \"Wide Awake\" were also prominently featured in Michael Mann's 2006 film, \"Miami Vice\", prior to the release of the album. Despite the exposure to other forms of media and the positive critical buzz for their third album, Audioslave did not tour behind the release. They went into hiatus to allow Cornell to complete \"You Know My Name\", the theme song for the 2006 James Bond film, \"Casino Royale\", and Morello to pursue his",
"title": "Chris Cornell"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: A View to a Kill (soundtrack) context: A View to a Kill (soundtrack) A View to a Kill is the soundtrack for the film of the same name, the 14th installment in the James Bond film series. The theme song \"A View to a Kill\", was written by John Barry and Duran Duran, and was recorded in London with a 60-piece orchestra. \"A View to a Kill\" is the most successful Bond theme to date. In 1986 Barry and Duran Duran were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond\n\nWho sang the title song for the Bond film A View To A Kill?",
"compressed_tokens": 193,
"origin_tokens": 193,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Living Daylights context: Generalogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service. This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group A-ha (which performed the film's title song), was offered a small role as a villain's henchman in the film, but declined, because of lack of time and because he felt they wanted to cast him due to his popularity rather than his acting.\n\ntitle: Skyfall context: for and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was the time a Bond song had won, and the fourth time one had been nominated. \"Skyfall also won the Brit Award for Best British Single at the 2013 BRIT Awards. also Charles Trenet's 1938 songBoum !\" during scenes in Silva shows Bond around abandoned island, and The Animals' 1964 cover of John Lee Hooker's, \"Boom Boom\" when Silva assaults Skyfall in the film's finale. The premiere of \"Skyfall\" on 23 October 2012 at the Royal Albert Hall in London.\n\ntitle: Ice on context: The live tracks were recorded at Wembley Stadium during the for the \" Hearts\". According Elizabethenthal in her,His: The Musical Journey Elton (60)\", LP's closing,ho the Moon\", was considered for James Bond film \"A to a Kill\", but the produ decided to go with the performed Duran Dur \" Man Never D\" is a song Lenn, addition to (Hey Johnny from El's \"Jump!\" }\n: Th Barry \" Service was for \"Snow\",s \"G Fight \"A two number0 thus becoming in215 \"s On out performed the song in the UK by reaching number one. Duran Duran was chosen to do the song after bassist John Taylor (a lifelong Bond fan)\n\nWho sang the title song for the Bond film A View To A Kill?",
"compressed_tokens": 476,
"origin_tokens": 14722,
"ratio": "30.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
180 | In which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981? | [
"Etymology of Poland",
"Polish state",
"Poleand",
"Rzeczpospolita Polska",
"Polland",
"ISO 3166-1:PL",
"Polskor",
"Republic of Poland",
"POLAND",
"Fourth Poland",
"Country- Poland",
"Poleland",
"Polska",
"Poland",
"Poland.",
"Pols Land",
"Polnd",
"Po land",
"Lenkija",
"Bastarnia",
"Pologne",
"PolanD",
"Polija",
"Pole land",
"Architecture of Poland",
"Ploand"
] | Poland | [
{
"id": "15404715",
"text": "Politburo Commission pushed for martial law instead of an intervention. When Wojciech Jaruzelski became Prime Minister of Poland in February 1980, the Soviet leadership, but also Poles in general, supported his appointment. As time went by, however, Jaruzelski tried, and failed, according to Archie Brown, \"to walk a tightrope\" between the demands made by the USSR and the Poles. Martial law was initiated on 13 December 1981 by the Jaruzelski Government. During the final years of Brezhnev's rule, and in the aftermath of his death, the Soviet leadership was forced by domestic difficulties to allow the Eastern Bloc governments to",
"title": "History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)"
},
{
"id": "2141712",
"text": "to his attempted assassination two years later. In December 1981, Poland's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy. Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet",
"title": "Cold War"
},
{
"id": "4818566",
"text": "of Brezhnev, there could be no peaceful resolution to the situation that developed. The Soviets now expressed a preference for the conflict to be resolved by the Polish authorities, but Poland, according to Karol Modzelewski, was lucky to avoid a carnage of foreign intervention. Others, including the historian Antoni Dudek, feel that there was no sufficient justification for the imposition of martial law that followed. On 13 December 1981, claiming that the country was on the verge of economic and civil breakdown and alleging a danger of Soviet intervention, General Wojciech Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity. Martial law was",
"title": "History of Poland (1945–1989)"
},
{
"id": "16674420",
"text": "(as underground press was known in Poland at the time). He was re-arrested but was released after the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union. Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of \"Solidarity\". In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published",
"title": "Mirosław Chojecki"
},
{
"id": "609418",
"text": "was condemned worldwide as the worst loss of life of media professionals in one day. On 23 May 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared martial law throughout the main southern island of Mindanao, through Proclamation No. 216, due to the attack of Maute Group in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur. It was announced in a briefing in Moscow by Secretary Ernesto Abella, and will be in effect until December. Martial law was introduced in Communist Poland on December 13, 1981 by Generals Czesław Kiszczak and Wojciech Jaruzelski to prevent democratic opposition from gaining popularity and political power in the country. Thousands",
"title": "Martial law"
},
{
"id": "617217",
"text": "had sent Eugeniusz Molczyk to confer with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Bush had agreed with Molczyk that martial law was the lesser of two evils. Whether this meeting with the American vice president occurred is disputed. While it is erroneously cited, Harvard historian Mark Kramer has pointed out that no documents support Jaruzelski's claim. Jaruzelski was chiefly responsible for the imposition of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 in an attempt to crush the pro-democracy movements, which included Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in Warsaw Pact history. Subsequent years saw his government and its",
"title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
},
{
"id": "2253566",
"text": "succeeded by Wojciech Jaruzelski, who had been Defence minister since 1968 and Premier since February. On 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law, suspended Solidarity, and temporarily imprisoned most of its leaders. This sudden crackdown on Solidarity was reportedly out of fear of Soviet intervention (see Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–81). The government then disallowed Solidarity on October 8, 1982. Martial law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid-to-late-1980s. Jaruzelski stepped down as prime minister in 1985",
"title": "Polish People's Republic"
},
{
"id": "14103636",
"text": "Kremlin was discontented with how leniently this suppression proceeded, and on 18 October 1981, it forced the Polish United Workers' Party to replace Kania with Jaruzelski. The latter promised to impose martial law but demanded backing his action by a promise of Warsaw Pact military intervention if he failed to control the situation. On 29 October, Jaruzelski's demands were discussed at a session of the Soviet Politburo, where Andropov confirmed the consensus that no Soviet troops would be sent to Poland. At the 14th annual meeting of the Committee of Ministers of Defense of the Warsaw Pact, which took place",
"title": "Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"
},
{
"id": "14103632",
"text": "Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981 The Polish crisis of 1980–1981, associated with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement in Poland, challenged the Soviet Union's control over its satellite states in the Eastern Bloc. For the first time however, the Kremlin abstained from military intervention, unlike on previous occasions such as the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and thus left the Polish leadership under General Wojciech Jaruzelski to impose martial law to deal with the opposition on their own. Contrary to the interpretations of US intelligence, no preparations were underway for even",
"title": "Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"
},
{
"id": "1834265",
"text": "next first secretary of the PZPR, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, introduced martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981. Gierek was interned for a year from December 1981. Unlike the (also-interned) opposition activists, the internment status brought Gierek no social respect. He ended his political career as the era's main pariah. Edward Gierek died in July 2001 of the miner's lung illness in a hospital in Cieszyn, near the southern mountain resort of Ustroń where he spent his last years. From the perspective of time his rule was now seen in a more positive light and over ten thousand people attended",
"title": "Edward Gierek"
},
{
"id": "16090294",
"text": "a fantasy-like story of a young boy during the martial law in Poland of December 1981. Adaś, a little boy, falls ill around the time that martial law is declared. After he wakes, he witnesses the kidnapping of most of his family and the wounding of his mother by the eponymous Wroniec (\"Crowman\", a pun on the nickname of WRON and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who orchestrated the martial law). Together with an old worker, Jan Beton, Adaś sets out to look for his family. Outside his house, the town is gray, as the Graying Machine tries to sap energy from",
"title": "Wroniec (book)"
},
{
"id": "512346",
"text": "of the Polish United Workers' Party on October 18th, 1981. Before initiating the plan of suppressing the Solidarity, he presented it to Soviet Premier Nikolai Tikhonov. On 13th of December 1981, Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland. In 1982 Jaruzelski revitalized the Front of National Unity, the organization the Communists used to manage their satellite parties, as the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth. In 1985, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became chairman of the Polish Council of State, a post equivalent to that of president or a dictator, with his power centered on and firmly entrenched",
"title": "Polish United Workers' Party"
},
{
"id": "2444491",
"text": "chamber orchestra—commissioned by Paul Sacher—was finally finished in 1980, and the Third Symphony in 1983. In 1977 he received the Order of the Builders of People's Poland. In 1983 he received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize. During this period, Poland was undergoing yet more upheaval: in 1980, the influential movement Solidarność was created, led by Lech Wałęsa; and in 1981, martial law was declared by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. From 1981–89, Lutosławski refused all professional engagements in Poland as a gesture of solidarity with the artists' boycott. He refused to enter the Culture Ministry to meet any of the ministers,",
"title": "Witold Lutosławski"
},
{
"id": "179173",
"text": "PZPR. The Plenum's vote was 180 to 4, and he kept his government posts. Jaruzelski asked parliament to ban strikes and allow him to exercise extraordinary powers, but when neither request was granted, he decided to proceed with his plans anyway. On 12–13 December 1981, the regime declared martial law in Poland, under which the army and ZOMO riot police were used to crush Solidarity. The Soviet leaders insisted that Jaruzelski pacify the opposition with the forces at his disposal, without direct Soviet involvement. Virtually all Solidarity leaders and many affiliated intellectuals were arrested or detained. Nine workers were killed",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "8228563",
"text": "and was replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who adopted a strong-arm policy. On December 13, 1981, Jaruzelski began a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation (\"Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego\", or \"WRON\"). Solidarity's leaders, gathered at Gdańsk, were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service (\"Służba Bezpieczeństwa\" or \"SB\"), and some 5,000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night. Censorship was expanded, and military forces appeared on the streets. A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred, chiefly at the largest",
"title": "History of Solidarity"
},
{
"id": "5275809",
"text": "martial law had been imposed in clear violation of the country's constitution which had authorized the executive to declare martial law only between parliamentary sessions (at other times the decision was to be taken by the Sejm). However, the Sejm had been in session at the time when martial law was instituted. In 1992 the Sejm declared the 1981 imposition of martial law to be unlawful and unconstitutional. The instigators of the martial law, such as Wojciech Jaruzelski, argue that the army crackdown rescued Poland from a possibly disastrous military intervention of the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other Warsaw",
"title": "Martial law in Poland"
},
{
"id": "5275798",
"text": "Ocalenia Narodowego\", WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981. Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 AM on December 13, 1981, General Jaruzelski said: Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins.",
"title": "Martial law in Poland"
},
{
"id": "7099534",
"text": "union's demands, including its legalization, making Solidarity (now 10 million members strong) the first trade union in the Warsaw Pact to not be under the control of the communist government. Throughout the following year, Poland experienced growing political chaos as the Solidarity protests spread across the country, threatening the survival of the communist state. On Dec. 31, 1981, General Jaruzelski, head of the Polish military, declared a state of martial law across Poland, ordering the arrest of members of Solidarity and other opposition organizations. During the period leading up to the declaration of martial law by Poland's government, there was",
"title": "Cold War (1979–1985)"
},
{
"id": "4818433",
"text": "repression and reform and the economic-political struggle acquired new characteristics with the 1978 election of Karol Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II. Wojtyła's unexpected elevation strengthened the opposition to the authoritarian and ineffective system of \"nomenklatura\"-run state socialism, especially with the pope's first visit to Poland in 1979. In early August 1980, a new wave of strikes resulted in the founding of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" (Polish \"Solidarność\") led by electrician Lech Wałęsa. The growing strength and activity of the opposition caused the government of Wojciech Jaruzelski to declare martial law in December 1981. However, with the reforms of",
"title": "History of Poland (1945–1989)"
},
{
"id": "18904763",
"text": "under challenge from Solidarność, or Solidarity, a labor union under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. The union was sufficiently threatening to the government that on 13 December 1981, the head of state, Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, suspended the union, and imprisoned most of its leaders. Mikhail Gorbachev (born 1931), who took control in 1985, was the first Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution. He is remembered for three initiatives: \"glasnost\", \"perestroika\", and the \"Frank Sinatra doctrine\". \"Glasnost\", or \"openness\", was Gorbachev's term for allowing public debate in the Soviet Union to an unprecedented degree. \"Perestroika\"",
"title": "History of socialism"
},
{
"id": "2253007",
"text": "opportunity arose to finally change the system of government, after the harsh period of martial law (1981-83) imposed by General Jaruzelski. Fears that a shift of power from a centralized one-party system to a multi-party democracy might turn into a bloody revolution proved unfounded, owing to the presence on both sides — the Communist Party, and the democratic opposition — of peace-minded reformists committed to a peaceful solution. The government's inability to forestall Poland's economic decline led to waves of strikes across the country in April, May and August 1988. In an attempt to take control of the situation, the",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "5275797",
"text": "Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983, when the authoritarian communist government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted normal life by introducing martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition. Thousands of opposition activists were jailed without charge and as many as 91 killed. Although martial law was lifted in 1983, many of the political prisoners were not released until a general amnesty in 1986. Led by General of the Army Wojciech Jaruzelski and the Military Council of National Salvation (\"Wojskowa Rada",
"title": "Martial law in Poland"
},
{
"id": "6576897",
"text": "the labor movement's goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-law, supporters of Solidarity, fled to the United States early in 1981 and received asylum. In October 1981, the Polish government ordered Spasowski home. He protested, and the recall order was rescinded. On December 13, 1981, Polish government leader General Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law. On the afternoon of December 19, 1981, Spasowski telephoned the U.S. State Department to announce that he was defecting and requesting asylum. The next day he told a worldwide radio audience that he had defected to show support for Solidarity and Lech Wałęsa.",
"title": "Romuald Spasowski"
},
{
"id": "15090027",
"text": "and Glemp), as well as the Pope, called on Solidarity to be more cooperative and reasonable, and even criticized the trade union for actions taken. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Many in the Church defended the people who were arrested. The government nevertheless found that it required the church as a mediator in the crisis; General Jaruzelski in his first address to the Seym in 1982 stated: In 1982 the Joint Committee of Episcopate and Church was reactivated, and began negotiations",
"title": "Polish anti-religious campaign"
},
{
"id": "10148059",
"text": "member of the Polish Academy of Sciences' Institute for Literary Studies. When martial law was declared in Poland on 13 December 1981, Najder was a visiting scholar at Oxford University. Choosing not to return to his native land, he took a position in Germany with Radio Free Europe (RFE), becoming chief of its Polish-language section in April 1982. In response, the Polish government under the leadership of Wojciech Jaruzelski condemned him to death \"in absentia\", accusing Najder of spying for United States intelligence services. Two years later, he was stripped of his Polish citizenship. The first citizen of the Eastern",
"title": "Zdzisław Najder"
},
{
"id": "5275810",
"text": "Pact countries (similar to the earlier interventions in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968). Public figures who supported the introduction of martial law (including some of the right-wing figures like Jędrzej Giertych) would also refer to that threat. In 2009, archive documents hinted that in a conversation Jaruzelski had with Viktor Kulikov, a Soviet military leader, Jaruzelski himself begged for Soviet intervention as his domestic control was deteriorating. Jaruzelski responded by claiming the document was 'just another falsification'. Martial law in Poland Martial law in Poland () refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July",
"title": "Martial law in Poland"
},
{
"id": "3993469",
"text": "the party. He was succeeded by Prime Minister Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski. In 2012, he was tried for his role in the martial law crackdown in 1981, but acquitted. Stanisław Kania Stanisław Kania (; born 8 March 1927) is a former Polish communist politician. Kania joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1945 when the Germans were driven out by the Red Army and Polish Communists began to take control of the country. After Edward Gierek was forced to resign as General Secretary amidst much social and economic unrest, Kania was elected his successor on 6 September 1980. He admitted that the",
"title": "Stanisław Kania"
},
{
"id": "16622700",
"text": "Poland was swept by a wave of anti-communist strikes, and around ten million joined the anti-communist Solidarity trade union, Kopański co-founded a branch of this broad grassroots social movement at the University of Silesia. On the introduction of martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the leadership and activists of Solidarity were summarily rounded up by the military junta presided by General Wojciech Jaruzelski. Kopański was one of the interned, he became a political prisoner for the second time in his life. Between 1981 and 1982 he was detained in Strzelce Opolskie, Uherce Mineralne, and Rzeszów. Upon his release",
"title": "Ataullah Bogdan Kopański"
},
{
"id": "13954233",
"text": "the NKVD, the Polish soldiers mostly confined themselves to just following the partisans in their vehicles, without engaging them in direct fighting. One of the soldiers among the army units happened to be Wojciech Jaruzelski, the future communist leader of Poland, who declared martial law in 1981. Jaruzelski's official website, in the \"Diariusz\" (Diary) section, states that from the fall of 1945 until 1946, Jaruzelski took part in \"fighting bandits of the armed underground and Ukrainian nationalist\" in order to \"defend the Polishness of Hrubieszow Land\". During the fighting, one of WiN's freed prisoners was accidentally killed by friendly fire",
"title": "Attack on Hrubieszów"
},
{
"id": "14103640",
"text": "once again, on 13 December 1981, Jaruzelski finally proclaimed martial law. To justify the emergency measures, Jaruzelski was still playing on the public fear of Soviet invasion. However, there was no significant resistance to the martial law and any foreign military backing proved unnecessary. Ever since, Jaruzelski himself has denied that he invited Soviet troops, insisting that, on the contrary, the martial law was aimed at prevention of a Soviet military intervention. In November 1997, a conference was held in Jachranka on the Soviet role in the Polish crisis of 1980–1981, where Solidarity, Polish communist, Soviet and American participants of",
"title": "Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"
},
{
"id": "17470787",
"text": "government to resettle ethnicities immediately after the war (Operation Vistula), and to violently suppress opposition several times, during the Poznań 1956 protests, the Polish 1970 protests, and during Martial law in Poland in 1981–1982. The LWP also took part in the suppressing of the 1968 democratization process of Czechoslovakia, commonly known as the Prague Spring. That same year Marshal of Poland Marian Spychalski was asked to replace Edward Ochab as chairman of the Council of State, and General Wojciech Jaruzelski, at that time the Chief of the General Staff, was named to replace him. Michta argues that Jaruzelski, as a",
"title": "Polish Armed Forces"
},
{
"id": "15656148",
"text": "the Polish labor-union Solidarity, which was maintained and indeed increased even after protests by the USSR and Carter administration. Kahn was heavily involved in supporting the Polish labor-movement. The trade union Solidarity (\"Solidarność\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed Communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. In 1980 AFL–CIO President Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. The AFL–CIO sought approval in advance from Solidarity's leadership, to avoid jeopardizing their position with unwanted or surprising American help. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers, by lobbying to",
"title": "Tom Kahn"
},
{
"id": "4861454",
"text": "human rights. In 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, Edelman was interned by the government. In 1983, he refused to take part in the official celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising sponsored by Poland's communist government, believing that this \"would be an act of cynicism and contempt\" in a country \"where social life is dominated throughout by humiliation and coercion.\" Instead, he walked with friends to the street where Mordechai Anielewicz's bunker had been located. Edelman took part in the Round Table Talks as Solidarity's consultant on health policy. In post-communist Poland, Edelman was",
"title": "Marek Edelman"
},
{
"id": "14511292",
"text": "of Warsaw pact from March 16 to 25, hoping Walesa could help maintain the social order and avoid anti-Soviet remarks. Jaruzelski also reminded Walesa that the Solidarity had used foreign funds. Walesa joked \"We don't have to take only dollars. We can take corns, fertilizers, whatever is okay. I talked with Mr. Kania before that I would take everything from the enemy. The more the better, until the enemy was weakened no more\". Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in Poland. Wałęsa and many other Solidarity leaders and activists were arrested;",
"title": "Lech Wałęsa"
},
{
"id": "4899223",
"text": "quasi-government administering Poland during the martial law (1981–83). In 1982 he became a deputy member of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party and a full member in 1986. From December 1981 until June 1989 Kiszczak was the second most important person in Poland, after General Wojciech Jaruzelski, the nation's top leader. Together they orchestrated the crackdown aimed at crushing the \"Solidarity\", the Eastern Bloc’s first non-communist labor union movement. Martial law included the mass roundup and internment of \"Solidarity\" activists, curfews and other harsh measures. Generals Kiszczak and Jaruzelski later insisted that they were imposing martial law to",
"title": "Czesław Kiszczak"
},
{
"id": "392371",
"text": "regional structure, comprising 38 regions (\"region\") and two districts (\"okręg\"). At its highest, the Union had over 10 million members, which became the largest union membership in the world. During the communist era the 38 regional delegates were arrested and jailed when martial law came into effect on 13 December 1981 under General Wojciech Jaruzelski. After a one-year prison term the high-ranking members of the union were offered one way trips to any country accepting them (including Canada, the United States, and nations in the Middle East). Solidarity was organized as an industrial union, or more specifically according to the",
"title": "Solidarity (Polish trade union)"
},
{
"id": "8267358",
"text": "Soviet anti-Semitism was maintained as late as his 1985 book \"Soviet but not Russian: The Other Peoples of the Soviet Union\" which claimed that at most 10% of Soviet Jews would want to leave the Soviet Union. Approximately 290,000 Jews left the Soviet Union from 1970 to 1988, when emigration was restricted but over 224,000 left in 1990 alone, the first full year when emigration was liberalized. In January 1982, Mandel wrote an article in the \"Stanford Daily\" supporting the coup of Polish General W. Jaruzelski which imposed martial law as an attempt to crush the Solidarity trade union. In",
"title": "William Mandel"
},
{
"id": "14103634",
"text": "the lines of previous crackdowns. The aging Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev agreed with Honecker and Husák, leaning towards intervention. A planned joint Soviet, East German, and Czechoslovak attack, under the pretext of a Warsaw Pact military exercise called 'Soyuz-80,' was planned for December. Deeply concerned Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP) leaders, who had initially been lenient, slowly began to consider suppression of the popular movement on their own. On 22 October, Polish defense minister Jaruzelski started planning for martial law. United States intelligence, by this time, had an accurate idea of the Warsaw Pact's plans. National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski",
"title": "Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"
},
{
"id": "1843998",
"text": "Polish labor movement. The trade union Solidarity (\"Solidarność\") began in 1980. The Soviet-backed communist regime headed by General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in December 1981. Lane Kirkland appointed Kahn to organize the AFL–CIO's support of Solidarity. Politically, the AFL–CIO supported the twenty-one demands of the Gdansk workers by lobbying to stop further U.S. loans to Poland unless those demands were met. Materially, the AFL–CIO established the Polish Workers Aid Fund, which raised almost $300,000 by 1981. These funds purchased printing presses and office supplies. The AFL–CIO donated typewriters, duplicating machines, a minibus, an offset press and other supplies requested",
"title": "Social Democrats, USA"
},
{
"id": "689184",
"text": "foreign policy. He had mixed relations with the Reagan administration. On the one hand, he supported it as an alternative to the Democrats' pacifism. On the other hand, he also criticized it as seeing foreign policy in overly black-and-white terms. He remained involved in Polish affairs, critical of the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, and more so of the Western European acquiescence to its imposition in the name of stability. Brzezinski briefed U.S. vice-president George H. W. Bush before his 1987 trip to Poland that aided in the revival of the Solidarity movement. In 1985, under the",
"title": "Zbigniew Brzezinski"
},
{
"id": "617219",
"text": "Poland. In fact, Jaruzelski actually tried to persuade the Soviets to invade Poland in order to support martial law, only to be sternly turned down. This left the Solidarity \"problem\" to be sorted out by the Polish government (see also Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981). However, the exact plans of the Soviet Union at that time have never been determined. Jaruzelski, however, has justified cracking down by alleging that the threat of Soviet intervention was quite likely had he not dealt with Solidarity internally. This question, as well as many other facts about Poland in the years",
"title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
},
{
"id": "19289264",
"text": "Bronisław Dąbrowski Bronisław Dąbrowski (2 November 1917 – 25 December 1997) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He was auxiliary bishop of Warsaw 1962–1993 and general secretary of the Polish Episcopal Conference 1968–1993. In 1982 Dąbrowski became titular archbishop \"pro hac vice\" and in 1993 senior bishop of the Warsaw Archdiocese. Because of his function in the Episcopal Conference, Dąbrowski participated in political events of communist Poland. In December 1981 he wrote a letter to General Wojciech Jaruzelski in which he condemned the proclamation of the martial law in Poland and the subsequent repressions by the regime.",
"title": "Bronisław Dąbrowski"
},
{
"id": "13458078",
"text": "and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the Communists. Late 1980s was the time of deep economic crisis of Poland. The military regime of General Wojciech Jaruzelski did not carry out any radical reform of the economy in 1982-1983 following their imposition of Martial Law in Poland. Industrial production remained below the 1979 level. Average inflation rate climbed to 60% by 1988, and Poland’s hard-currency debt to the Western countries grew",
"title": "1988 Polish strikes"
},
{
"id": "8228542",
"text": "History of Solidarity The history of Solidarity (, pronounced ), a Polish non-governmental trade union, began on August 14, 1980, at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others. In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country. Solidarity gave rise to a broad, non-violent, anti-communist social movement that, at its height, claimed some 9.4 million members. It is considered to have contributed greatly to the fall of communism. Poland's communist government attempted to destroy the union by instituting martial law in 1981, followed by several years of",
"title": "History of Solidarity"
},
{
"id": "16590758",
"text": "92-metre high-rise building known as the NOT Tower in Kraków. It was intended to provide a profusion of office-space. The concrete shell was erected in 1975, but the building was never finished, because of economic constraints and political unrest leading to the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981. In time, due to the unfinished (and blackening) building's resemblance to a skeleton, it was nicknamed \"Szkieletor\" by the people of Kraków after Skeletor, the arch-villain in \"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe\", a cartoon popular in Poland at that time. The structure remains the biggest eyesore in the",
"title": "Polish Federation of Engineering Associations"
},
{
"id": "3333924",
"text": "Military Council of National Salvation The Military Council of National Salvation (, abbreviated WRON) was a military junta administering the People's Republic of Poland during the period of the martial law in Poland (1981–1983). The Polish court ruled that WRON was an unlawful criminal armed enterprise in violation of the Polish constitution. The body was created on December 13, 1981, and was dissolved on July 22, 1983. It consisted of 21 members: 15 generals, one admiral and five colonels. Among the most notable members were generals Wojciech Jaruzelski, Florian Siwicki, Michał Janiszewski and Czesław Kiszczak. One member, Lt. Col. Mirosław",
"title": "Military Council of National Salvation"
},
{
"id": "14125823",
"text": "involved some formalities (e.g. identity card and check-in to a hotel) and the trail was not accessible to tourists outside these two countries. In the 1970s and 1980s Polish and Czech dissidents met on the trail, including Jacek Kuroń and Václav Havel. With the implementation of martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 the trail was closed. It was reinstated in 1984. Paradoxically, despite the declared friendship, the trail route was the subject to some formal issues: Czech authorities claimed that the route infringed the Czech territory by 2 metres. Trips to the peak of Sněžka were possible only",
"title": "Polish–Czech Friendship Trail"
},
{
"id": "604265",
"text": "formal letter to Brezhnev, Honecker proposed a joint military measure to control the escalating problems in Poland. A CIA report suggested the Soviet military were mobilising for an invasion. In 1980-81 representatives from the Eastern Bloc nations met at the Kremlin to discuss the Polish situation. Brezhnev eventually concluded on 10 December 1981 that it would be better to leave the domestic matters of Poland alone, reassuring the Polish delegates that the USSR would intervene only if asked to. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. With domestic matters escalating out of control in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed",
"title": "Leonid Brezhnev"
},
{
"id": "617218",
"text": "internal security forces censor, persecute, and jail thousands of journalists and opposition activists without charge; others lost their lives during these same events. The resulting socio-economic crisis led to the rationing of basic foods such as sugar, milk, and meat, as well as materials such as gasoline and consumer products, while the median income of the population fell by as much as 10 percent. During Jaruzelski's rule from 1981 to 1989, around 300,000 people left the country. Historical evidence released under Russian President Boris Yeltsin has been brought to light indicating that the Soviet Union did not plan to invade",
"title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
},
{
"id": "5275802",
"text": "order and discipline. This is the ultimate way to bring the country out of the crisis, to save the country from collapse./.../<br>I appeal to all the citizens. A time of heavy trials has arrived. And we have to stand those in order to prove that we are worthy of Poland.<br>Before all the Polish people and the whole world I would like to repeat the immortal words: <br> General Jaruzelski had ordered the Polish General Staff to update plans for nationwide martial law on October 22, 1980. After the introduction of martial law, pro-democracy movements such as Solidarity and other smaller",
"title": "Martial law in Poland"
},
{
"id": "14301488",
"text": "actions organized by 'Solidarity.' Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa visited the plant in 1981. After Jaruzelski's government imposed Martial law in Poland on December 13, 1981, the members of the Regional Board were arrested by the state Militia and imprisoned, and the property of the Factory Committee was confiscated. The representative of the Factory Committee on the Regional Board was forced to emigrate from Poland. In 1982 the Bydgoszcz workshop, together with other ZNTK's, \"Zaklady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego,\" 'Repair Shops for Railway Rolling Stock' was incorporated in the structure of PKP with the objective of establishing military control. In 1984 the",
"title": "Pesa SA"
},
{
"id": "13665568",
"text": "cities. On December 13, 1981, the Communist government of Poland under general Wojciech Jaruzelski crushed the opposition, introducing martial law. The main oppositional movement, Solidarity, was delegalized, and its key members were interned. However, by April 1982, Solidarity re-emerged, creating its underground body, the Temporary Coordinating Committee (known as \"TKK\" from the Polish name \"Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna\"), with delegates who had eluded arrests – Zbigniew Bujak from Warsaw, Bogdan Lis from Gdańsk, Władysław Frasyniuk from Wrocław, and Władysław Hardek from Kraków. At the beginning, the Committee opposed street demonstrations, drawing the so-called \"Five times yes\" appeal, which stipulated negotiations with",
"title": "1982 demonstrations in Poland"
},
{
"id": "7821494",
"text": "and co-wrote the screenplay of the popular Polish movie \"Rejs\" (\"The Cruise\"), released in 1970. The 2001 film \"Mechanical Suite\" is based on his short story \"Brothers\". Głowacki co-wrote screenplay for \"Cold War\", which was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. Głowacki emigrated in 1981 to New York City in the wake of the imposition of martial law in Poland by its Communist government. There, he was nominated for the Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding New Play for \"Antigone in New York\" (1994). He was prominent in New York City society and the",
"title": "Janusz Głowacki"
},
{
"id": "20389296",
"text": "Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist) Tadeusz (Thadée) Nowicki (1958) – industrialist, founder and President of the ERGIS Group. Having graduated from Gottwald Secondary School (currently ) in Warsaw in 1977, he began studies at the Warsaw University of Technology where he obtained a master's degree in materials science. He was one of the founders and the first Vice-President of the anti-regime students' organization, Independent Students’ Association (NZS), at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1981, after the introduction of martial law in Poland by Jaruzelski, he was interned along with other members of the opposition in Białołęka until 17 July 1982. In",
"title": "Tadeusz Nowicki (industrialist)"
},
{
"id": "617229",
"text": "Field Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on 30 May. Wałęsa and Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both stated that judgment against Jaruzelski \"would be left to God\". Jaruzelski was then cremated and buried with full military honors at Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Bolesław Bierut, the first Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to bury Jaruzelski at Powązki, the resting place of Polish soldiers killed defending their country since the early 19th century, resulted in protests. Jaruzelski married Barbara Halina Jaruzelska",
"title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
},
{
"id": "20717955",
"text": "Tadeusz Mazowiecki, one of the founding fathers of Solidarity -- a man who survived the dark days of December 1981 and the heavy hand of martial law, endured a year in prison, life in the underground, editor of the illegal newspaper of an outlawed trade union.\" On May 23, Bush announced the nomination of Thomas W. Simons, Jr. for United States Ambassador to Poland. In late March 1991, President of Poland Lech Walesa traveled to the US, attending a White House welcoming ceremony where Bush praised him for his favoring of a democracy and backing of American efforts in the",
"title": "Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration"
},
{
"id": "4899216",
"text": "Czesław Kiszczak Czesław Kiszczak (19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989). In 1981 he played a key role in imposing martial law and suppression of the \"Solidarity\" movement in Poland. But eight years later he presided over the country’s transition to democracy as its last communist prime minister and a co-chairman of the Round Table conference, in which officials of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party faced the democratic opposition leaders. The conference led to the reconciliation with and reinstatement of \"Solidarity\", the 1989 elections, and the formation",
"title": "Czesław Kiszczak"
},
{
"id": "16208421",
"text": "Marek Holynski Marek Bernard Hołyński (born 1947) – Polish computer science specialist, expert in the field of computer graphics. Graduate of the Electronics Faculty at the Warsaw's Technical University, Ph.D. at the Applied Cybernetics Institute PAN in 1975. Author of a book \"Art and Computers\". While he was at a conference in 1981, the communist government of Poland declared martial law. Hołyński was granted asylum in the United States. In the 1980s, he became a professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University. Simultaneously he started to cooperate with Silicon Graphics, the world's leading computer graphics company. He is",
"title": "Marek Holynski"
},
{
"id": "13928360",
"text": "holy books instead of commenting on the facts, whereas this article was published in May 1981 on the pages of the Polish Catholic quarterly \"\" with death of the Primate of Poland Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński as the main subject of the issue and on the eve of introduction of the martial law in Poland by the communist authorities to crush the political opposition. It was not the only one and episodic case when Grzegorczyk could not clearly and unambiguously decide on his intellectual position with respect to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the political ideology of the",
"title": "Andrzej Grzegorczyk"
},
{
"id": "17119478",
"text": "\"Lire\" in 1981. When martial law was declared in Poland in December 1981, he was once again in London organising an exhibition of his drawings. As he later recalled, \"I said to myself, if I am a political cartoonist, this is my time. I only had a one-week tourist visa to begin with, but after martial law I published a lot of drawings in English, American and French newspapers, and immediately it was impossible to return [to Poland]. The borders were closed, it was very difficult to send journalists to Poland, there were no photographs coming out, and I was",
"title": "Andrzej Krauze"
},
{
"id": "15093436",
"text": "traditional commercials in several ways. Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines. The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action. A 1982 broadcast of the United States Information Agency program \"Let Poland be Poland\" about the martial law declared in Poland in 1981 was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's \"provocative and anticommunist\" tone was intended as propaganda. In 1999 at least three public",
"title": "PBS"
},
{
"id": "307613",
"text": "Gomułka became temporarily more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic failed. A similar situation repeated itself in the 1970s under Edward Gierek, but most of the time persecution of anti-communist opposition groups persisted. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Soviet Bloc. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union \"Solidarity\" (\"\"Solidarność\"\"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of",
"title": "Poland"
},
{
"id": "10211651",
"text": "spiritual depth to the struggle against Communism. It also provided spiritual and material comfort to striking workers, and acted as a mediator between the solidarity movement and the government. It also held back the striking workers from excesses. In December 1981 martial law was imposed on Poland. This caused great trouble to the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Cardinal Glemp initially seemed to justify its imposition as a lesser evil, but many in the church defended the people who were arrested. The Polish Orthodox Church hierarchy, which had had their position in society strengthened since 1945,",
"title": "Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc"
},
{
"id": "2422739",
"text": "Event\" and \"The Divide\". Kamiński was born in Ziębice, Poland, the son of mother, Jadwiga Celner, and father, Marian Kaminski. In 1981, he emigrated to the United States at the age of 21 after Prime Minister Jaruzelski imposed martial law. He attended Columbia College in Chicago from 1982 to 1987, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree, taking up filmmaking as a profession before attending to the AFI Conservatory, where he graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree. He worked under cinematographer Phedon Papamichael, first as a gaffer, then as chief lighting technician, and eventually second unit director of",
"title": "Janusz Kamiński"
},
{
"id": "604264",
"text": "I wouldn't either.\" In 1980 a political crisis emerged in Poland with the emergence of the Solidarity mass movement. By the end of October, Solidarity had 3 million members, and by December, had 9 million. In a public opinion poll organised by the Polish government, 89% of the respondents supported Solidarity. With the Polish leadership split on what to do, the majority did not want to impose martial law, as suggested by Wojciech Jaruzelski. The Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc was unsure how to handle the situation, but Erich Honecker of East Germany pressed for military action. In a",
"title": "Leonid Brezhnev"
},
{
"id": "617214",
"text": "Soviet leadership. Jaruzelski was elected his successor, becoming the only professional soldier to become leader of a ruling European Communist party. A fortnight after taking power, Jaruzelski met with Solidarity head Lech Wałęsa and Catholic bishop Józef Glemp, and hinted that he wanted to bring the church and the union into a sort of coalition government. However, his intention was to crush Solidarity. As early as September, while he was still merely prime minister, he met with his aides to find an excuse to impose martial law. On 13 December, citing purported recordings of Solidarity leaders planning a coup, Jaruzelski",
"title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
},
{
"id": "13650943",
"text": "establishment of sovereign governments independent from Moscow therein, the breakup of the Soviet Union and separation of the USSR republics into new nation states, and the reunification of Germany within its Potsdam-imposed borders. While eventually all these things did in fact come to pass, at the time this program was seen as quite radical and unrealistic, even in dissident circles. However, Fighting Solidarity also rejected the use of violence to achieve its aims. After the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1981, Morawiecki became one of the most wanted people in Poland. In 1984, on the directive of General",
"title": "Kornel Morawiecki"
},
{
"id": "15941006",
"text": "bases against the Soviet Union it would be suicide for Denmark. Bulganin said \"If war is opened against the U.S.S.R., the annihilating power of modern weapons is so great it would be tantamount to suicide for foreign countries the size of Denmark. [sic]\" After the Martial law in Poland in 1981, Denmark economically sanctioned Poland and the Soviet Union. In March 1983, Denmark was the first country in the European Economic Community to drop the sanctions against the Soviet Union. The Folketing voted 78–68 against a bill which would have reimposed sanctions. On 1 October 1987, Gorbachev praised Denmark for",
"title": "Denmark–Soviet Union relations"
},
{
"id": "12781824",
"text": "crisis.\" From 1965 to 1969 and from 1980 to 1985 he was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm). On the night of December 12/13, 1981, martial law was proclaimed in Poland. In an effort to try to make the implementation of martial law appear legal, the Polish military ordered the Polish Council of State—a collective presidency—to approve it by a formal vote. Reiff was the only member of the Council of State to vote against the measure, and he lost his position in the Council the following year. In January 1982, he was removed from his leadership of PAX",
"title": "Ryszard Reiff"
},
{
"id": "9686526",
"text": "of their homeland that had, in November 1939, become part of Byelorussia and Ukraine. These Poles and their families—many of whom had experienced deportation to the Soviet Union—subsequently formed the nucleus of the postwar Polish community in Britain. A much smaller wave of Polish migration to Britain occurred with the imposition of martial law in Poland (1981–83), when individuals, mainly students and intellectuals who had been visiting the UK, chose not to return to Poland. The Polish Government in Exile, though denied majority international recognition after 1945, remained at its post in London until formally dissolved in 1991, after a",
"title": "Poles in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "20089668",
"text": "Poland was particularly eventful; he was visiting Washington, D.C. on business when Wojciech Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland, his return to Poland required the United States Embassy to smuggle Meehan across the now sealed border hidden in the back of a van. Meehan then took a research position at Georgetown University, and was also a senior foreign policy officer in the Office for Management Operations at the Department of State from October 1984 to April 1985. His final posting was as United States Ambassador to East Germany, serving from 16 September 1985 to 30 November 1988. He was present",
"title": "Francis J. Meehan"
},
{
"id": "9396155",
"text": "the Second World War the complex was again ransacked. A partial remodeling took place in 1971, and in 1980 the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs decided to rebuild it for use as a rest area for officers. This work was halted in 1981, when martial law was imposed in Poland. Even though extensive research has been carried out through the years, historians have been unable to fully explain all aspects of the complex. No documents have been preserved that have enabled determination of the either the date of commencement of the castle's construction or the date of its completion. The",
"title": "Krzyżtopór"
},
{
"id": "7487575",
"text": "Pact, have continuing tensions with the capitalist west, bound together by NATO. The Chinese Revolution established communism in China in 1949. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a spontaneous nationwide anti-authoritarian revolt, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary to assert control. Similarly, in 1968, the USSR repressed the Prague Spring by organizing the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Labour turmoil in Poland during 1980 had led to the formation of the independent trade union, Solidarity, led by Lech Wałęsa, which over time became a political force. On 13 December 1981, Polish Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crackdown on Solidarity by",
"title": "Revolutions of 1989"
},
{
"id": "10000248",
"text": "one of the people behind the imposition of the martial law in Poland in 1981, after Poland deposed the ruling communist regime in 1989 Siwicki was forced into retirement in July 1990. Florian Siwicki Florian Siwicki (; 10 January 1925 – 11 March 2013) was a Polish career military officer, diplomat and a communist politician, as well as a General of the Polish Army. Siwicki was born in Łuck, eastern Poland, in 1925 to middle-class parents of peasant origin who worked in the civil service. He joined the Polish Workers' Party in 1942 and the Gwardia Ludowa as an ordinary",
"title": "Florian Siwicki"
},
{
"id": "5051193",
"text": "press conferences, transmitted by the Polish television and attended by both Polish and foreign journalists. In September 1984, during the month before the murder of the priest Jerzy Popiełuszko, he wrote a column \"Seanse nienawiści\" (\"hate session\"), criticizing the priest as an anti-communist Savonarola. In 1986 Urban masterminded a media story that the United States had betrayed the Solidarity movement. On 3 June he met with a Washington Post reporter and told him that a Polish spy for the CIA, who was later identified as Ryszard Kukliński, was aware of the plan to install martial law in 1981 and had",
"title": "Jerzy Urban"
},
{
"id": "5275806",
"text": "Earlier in the autumn of 1981, Polish television had broadcast a special film on the 1956 events in Hungary, showing scenes of rebels hanging security officers etc. The introduction of martial law was enthusiastically supported by some figures on the radical right like Jędrzej Giertych, who believed Solidarity to be a disguised communist movement dominated by Jewish Trotskyites. Even after martial law was lifted, a number of restrictions remained in place for several years that drastically reduced the civil liberties of the citizenry. It also led to severe economic consequences. The ruling military dictatorship instituted major price rises (dubbed \"economic",
"title": "Martial law in Poland"
},
{
"id": "392360",
"text": "the National Endowment for Democracy to promote democracy, and the NED allocated $10 million to Solidarity. When the Polish government launched martial law in December 1981, however, Solidarity was not alerted. Potential explanations for this vary; some believe that the CIA was caught off guard, while others suggest that American policy-makers viewed an internal crackdown as preferable to an \"inevitable Soviet intervention.\" CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations. Henry Hyde, U.S. House intelligence committee member, stated that the USA provided \"supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda,",
"title": "Solidarity (Polish trade union)"
},
{
"id": "7227283",
"text": "in Chile provided substantial training and tactical advice to the Salvadoran Armed Forces, such that the Salvadoran high command bestowed upon General Augusto Pinochet the prestigious Order of José Matías Delgado in May 1981 for his government's avid support. During the same month, the JRG strengthened the state of siege, imposed by President Carlos Humberto Romero in May 1979, by declaring martial law and adopting a new set of curfew regulations. Between January 12 and February 19, 1981, 168 persons were killed by the security forces for violating curfew. In its effort to defeat the insurgency, the Salvadoran Armed Forces",
"title": "Salvadoran Civil War"
},
{
"id": "392353",
"text": "to advance the causes of workers' rights and social change. The government attempted to destroy the union by imposing martial law in Poland, which lasted from December 1981 to July 1983 and was followed by several years of political repression from 8 October 1982, but in the end it was forced to negotiate with Solidarity. In the union's clandestine years, Pope John Paul II and the United States provided significant financial support, estimated to be as much as 50 million US dollars. The round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By",
"title": "Solidarity (Polish trade union)"
},
{
"id": "11692885",
"text": "unions from the West to establish free press offices throughout Poland. On 13 December 1981, martial law was declared by the Communist authorities in Poland; Butkiewicz, along with other Solidarity activists, was imprisoned. Butkiewicz's cellmate, Lech Kaczyński, later became President of Poland. When Butkiewicz was released from prison in 1982, he was forced to leave Poland with his wife and two young children; his third child was born in Boston. He settled in the Boston area, working in printing, and raised his family, but never cut off his ties with Poland. Andrzej died of a heart attack at his home",
"title": "Andrzej Butkiewicz"
},
{
"id": "2640081",
"text": "in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its \"friends\" in Solidarity. When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had",
"title": "Ryszard Kukliński"
},
{
"id": "18915581",
"text": "1979. At USIA, Koper edited \"Ameryka\", the Polish language version of the Cold War era \"soft propaganda\" magazine, \"Amerika\". Koper was president of the Polish Veterans Association in Washington D.C. in December 1981, when martial law was declared in Poland. \"We're sitting helplessly on the sidelines. There is no communication, the post office doesn't work, the telephone doesn't work, traveling is impossible. It's unbelievable that in this time and age, the country can be padlocked completely,\" Koper told a reporter. Before martial law ended, Koper was called out of retirement to work as an editor for Voice of America. In",
"title": "Antoni Koper"
},
{
"id": "16306759",
"text": "1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń The 1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń was the longest underground protest in the postwar history of Polish mining, and the longest strike of the martial law in Poland. It began on December 14, 1981, one day after introduction of the martial law, and ended on December 28, when approximately 1,000 protesting miners emerged from the mine. They spent two weeks underground, including Christmas, and ended the protest after the government guaranteed their safety. On December 13, 1981, the government of the People's Republic of Poland introduced martial",
"title": "1981 strike at the Piast Coal Mine in Bieruń"
},
{
"id": "2640078",
"text": "the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters. Facing imminent danger of discovery from a denunciation by a secret Communist collaborator known only by his alias \"Prorok\", Kukliński, his wife and two sons were spirited out of Poland by the CIA shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family successfully defected, his past may have followed him to the United States as both of his sons later died in separate incidents. The older,",
"title": "Ryszard Kukliński"
},
{
"id": "135735",
"text": "indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration.\" In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, because of martial law introduced in Poland on 13 December 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress. In 1990, Edward Witten became the first physicist to win the award. In",
"title": "Fields Medal"
},
{
"id": "617216",
"text": "in September 1997 Viktor Kulikov, former supreme commander of Warsaw Pact forces, denied that the Soviet Union had either threatened or intended to intervene. According to Politburo minutes from 10 December 1981, Yuri Andropov stated \"We do not intend to introduce troops into Poland. That is the proper position, and we must adhere to it until the end. I don't know how things will turn out in Poland, but even if Poland falls under the control of Solidarity, that's the way it will be.\" Jaruzelski also claimed in 1997 that Washington had given him a \"green light\", stating that he",
"title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
},
{
"id": "12968935",
"text": "it is sometimes called the \"Constitution of the Polish Countryside\". However, Rural Solidarity was not legalized until May 12, 1981, after another farmers strike, this time in Bydgoszcz, where it resulted in a major incident, which sparked off the 1981 warning strike in Poland. Its first leader became Jan Kulaj, and the union was banned on December 13, 1981 (see: Martial Law in Poland). Among those who supported restoration of the Rural Solidarity, was Pope John Paul II, who called for it during his 1987 visit to Poland, saying: \"A Pope cannot remain quiet about this even if he were",
"title": "Rural Solidarity"
},
{
"id": "4042373",
"text": "director told him that he preferred his old accent. Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \"The Promised Land\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism",
"title": "Wojciech Pszoniak"
},
{
"id": "7779300",
"text": "of China, and that Taiwan is part of Chinese territory, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai pledged to stop supporting the Philippine communist rebels. The government subsequently captured NPA leaders Bernabe Buscayno in 1976 and Jose Maria Sison in 1977. The Washington Post in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party Officials, revealed that, \"they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling \"guests\" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines\". President Marcos formally lifted Martial Law on 17 January 1981, several weeks before the first pastoral",
"title": "Proclamation No. 1081"
},
{
"id": "386893",
"text": "1980, one of the four \"August Agreements\", which led to the first legalisation of the trade union Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin. The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities. Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11June 1987. Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi-free elections in Poland. Szczecin has been the capital of the",
"title": "Szczecin"
},
{
"id": "9004641",
"text": "the spring of 1980 he received permission to travel to the United States. Shortly after arriving, he decided to settle permanently in New York, a decision officially certified by the December 1981 declaration of Martial law in Poland. During the 1980s and 1990s, Walek Dzedzej could be seen on an almost daily basis in the streets and subways of Manhattan, as well as in Polish clubs, performing his original protest songs together with the familiar Solidarność (Solidarity) anthems. The venues for his performances were usually Times Square or Tompkins Square Park. In November 1988 Lesław \"Walek Dzedzej\" Danicki became American",
"title": "Walek Dzedzej"
},
{
"id": "714593",
"text": "prosperity in the early and mid 70s, which had promoted increased demand and consumption. The government was forced either to lower salaries and wages or to make workers redundant. This accelerated the crisis. Moreover, the demand was more diminished, as the government imposed food rationing. The martial law of 1981–83 deepened the crisis. By the early 80s inflation in Poland becoming out of control – over 100% per annum in 1982. It was reduced in the mid-80s to about 15% per annum, but again started in late-80s. Economic conditions did not allow any salary and pension increases because of the",
"title": "Polish złoty"
},
{
"id": "5314661",
"text": "of a yes no vote he took the helm as President. On 30 May 1981 President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in the Chattogram Circuit House in a military coup. Less than a year later, the then Chief of Army Staff Lt. Gen. Hussein Muhammad Ershad in 1982 March 24 took power in a silent coup at dawn, suspended the constitution and imposed martial law and remained in power through farce elections and corruption. He remained in power until 6 December 1990. The Chattogram Hill Tracts Conflict was the political and military conflict between the Government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya",
"title": "Bangladesh Army"
},
{
"id": "14103638",
"text": "took the threat for real, vetoed the draft after consultations with Nicolae Ceauşescu, and his Hungarian counterpart Lajos Czinege was not ready to agree unless everyone else did. At the Politburo meeting of 10 December 1981, the Soviet leadership was outraged to learn that Jaruzelski was still making his crackdown on Solidarity conditional on a promise of a Soviet military intervention if anything went wrong. The Politburo firmly and unanimously rejected the demand for military backing. Andropov, one of the most influential figures in the Politburo, who would become the Soviet leader in less than a year, wary of the",
"title": "Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981"
},
{
"id": "4042371",
"text": "Wojciech Pszoniak Wojciech Pszoniak (born 2 May 1942 in Lwów, Poland now in Ukraine), is a Polish film and theater actor. Pszoniak gained international visibility following Andrzej Wajda's 1975 film \"The Promised Land\", in which he played Moritz, one of the three main characters. The actor left Poland during the period of political unrest in 1980-1981, when the Solidarity trade union began and was ended by the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. Pszoniak found roles in France, where he is living and working. Since the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Pszoniak has appeared in",
"title": "Wojciech Pszoniak"
},
{
"id": "7693439",
"text": "case against Walentynowicz in the KZ disciplinary commission was led by Jerzy Borowczak, a close associate of Wałęsa. PZPR was also involved in lobbying against Walentynowicz in this affair, with Jan Łabędzki, first Secretary of PZPR inside the Lenin Shipyard announcing publicly that Walentynowicz... destroys the unity of NSZZ Solidarity. In October 1981, during a meeting with workers in Radom, two officers of the security police - in collaboration with the secret cooperant (TW) Karol - attempted to poison her. She was acknowledged as the Woman of the Year in the Netherlands. Martial law was declared in December 1981 and",
"title": "Anna Walentynowicz"
},
{
"id": "8123636",
"text": "imports. Unlike the United States, the countries of Western Europe have not viewed trade as a tool to influence Soviet domestic and foreign policies. Western Europe rejected the trade restrictions imposed by the United States after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the declaration of martial law in Poland in 1980. From 1980 to 1982, the United States embargoed the supply of equipment for the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod pipeline, but Western Europe ignored United States pleas to do the same. Despite the poor relations between the superpowers in the early and mid-1980s, Western Europe tried to improve international relations with",
"title": "Foreign trade of the Soviet Union"
},
{
"id": "4525338",
"text": "Berlin International Film Festival. In 1980 Seweryn also made his stage debut in France following the staging of Wajda's interpretation of plays by Stanisław Witkiewicz at the Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers. The imposition of the Martial law in Poland in 1981 found Seweryn in France. A sympathiser of the outlawed Solidarity, he decided to stay abroad and settle in France. With time he also applied for French citizenship. During his stay in France he collaborated with some of the most renowned theatre directors. Among them were Claude Régy (\"La Trilogie du revoir\" and \"Grand et Petit\" by Botho Strauss), Patrice Chéreau (\"Peer",
"title": "Andrzej Seweryn"
},
{
"id": "8412836",
"text": "were abused by milicja, with common incidents like a prominent dissident, Jacek Kuroń, being thrown down the stairs or his apartment ransacked by milicja-supported thugs; despite such harassment the Flying University was active until the imposition of martial law in Poland in 1981, which, although designed to destroy the Solidarity movement, stifled the flying university's activities too. With Solidarity's peaceful victory in the Polish legislative elections, 1989, the goals of the Flying University — the freeing of Polish education from party's control and censorship — have been achieved. Flying University Flying University (, less often translated as \"Floating University\") was",
"title": "Flying University"
},
{
"id": "3289485",
"text": "taking over society to one of 'self limiting revolution.' On 13 December 1981 the Martial Law was introduced in Poland, and his activities were curtailed. In 1982, accused of attempts to destroy the political system, Kuroń was arrested. Two years later he was pardoned and released from prison. As a member of the opposition Kuroń used pseudonyms – Maciej Gajka and Elżbieta Grażyna Borucka, or EGB. By 1988 the authorities began serious talks with the opposition. Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from 6 February to 4 April 1989. The opposition representation included Jacek Kuroń. The election",
"title": "Jacek Kuroń"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of the Soviet Union (196482) context: Politburo Commission pushed for martial law instead of an intervention. When Wojciech Jaruzelski became Prime Minister of Poland in February 1980, the Soviet leadership, but also Poles in general, supported his appointment. As time went by, however, Jaruzelski tried, and failed, according to Archie Brown, \"to walk a tightrope\" between the demands made by the USSR and the Poles. Martial law was initiated on 13 December 1981 by the Jaruzelski Government. During the final years of Brezhnev's rule, and in the aftermath of his death, the Soviet leadership was forced by domestic difficulties to allow the Eastern Bloc governments to\n\nIn which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?",
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"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Martial law in Poland context: Ocalenia Narod\", WRON) usurped for itself powers reserved for wartime, hence the name. The plan was presented to the government of the Soviet Union before the declaration in March 1981. Appearing on Polish television at 6:00 AM on December 13, 1981, General Jaruzelski said: Today I address myself to you as a soldier and as the head of the Polish government. I address you concerning extraordinarily important questions. Our homeland is at the edge of an abyss. The achievements of many generations and the Polish home that has been built up from the dust are about to turn into ruins.\n\ntitle: Romualowski context: movement' goals. Spasowski's daughter and son-in-, supporters Solidarity, fled to the States early in 198 asylum. October 1981, government ordered Spasowski home protested, and the recall order was rescinded. December 13, 1981, government leader General Wojciech Jaruzel started crackdown Solidar martial afternoon of December 19 1981 Spas telephon US State Department to announce that he defecting requesting asylum. The next day awide radio audience that he defected to support Solidarity and Leałęsa.\ntitle: Bron Dąbrowski context: Bronisław Dąbrowisławski (2912 97) was a bishop of Catholic Church. bishop of –93 and of Polishcop 963. 9 D becamebishop and in bishop ofawese. of function thecop Conference, D political events of communist Poland. In 98 wrote a toski the of mart law in the\n Miław Cho: ( press was known in Poland time). was re- but the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement between the communist government and striking workers of Gdańsk, which led to the creation of the Solidarity Trade Union. Chojecki was restored to his job at the Institute for Nuclear Research as well. In the same year he became a member of \"Solidarity\". In October 1981 he went abroad and was in France when the imposition of martial law in Poland by the government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski occurred. He remained in exile in Paris and published\n\nIn which country did General Jaruzelski impose marital law in 1981?",
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181 | Who won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night? | [
"Frank Capra",
"Francesco Rosario Capra",
"The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra",
"The american film institute salute to frank capra",
"Capraesque",
"Francesco Capra",
"Lou Capra",
"Frank R. Capra"
] | Frank Capra | [
{
"id": "618782",
"text": "failure of \"Taking Off\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \"It Happened One Night\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\"), it firmly established",
"title": "Miloš Forman"
},
{
"id": "6763275",
"text": "His first collaboration with director Frank Capra was the Barbara Stanwyck vehicle \"The Miracle Woman\" (1931). Riskin wrote several films for Columbia, but it was his string of hits with Capra that brought him acclaim. Riskin received Academy Award nominations for his screenplays and stories for five Capra films: \"Lady for a Day\" (1933), which Riskin had adapted from a Damon Runyon short story; \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), for which he won the Oscar\"; Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\" (1936) with Gary Cooper and Jean Arthur; \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938) with Lionel Barrymore and James Stewart;",
"title": "Robert Riskin"
},
{
"id": "145397",
"text": "the shame Capra admitted feeling toward his own family as he rose in social status.\" During his years at Columbia, Capra worked often with screenwriter Robert Riskin (husband of Fay Wray), and cameraman Joseph Walker. In many of Capra's films, the wise-cracking and sharp dialogue was often written by Riskin, and he and Capra went on to become Hollywood's \"most admired writer-director team.\" Capra's films in the 1930s enjoyed immense success at the Academy Awards. \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) became the first film to win all five top Oscars (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best",
"title": "Frank Capra"
},
{
"id": "552398",
"text": "1930 Motion Picture Production Code in July 1934. \"It Happened One Night\" was released just four months prior to that enforcement. \"It Happened One Night\" is the first of only three films (the other two being \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\") to win all five major Academy Awards : Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1993, \"It Happened One Night\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2013, the",
"title": "It Happened One Night"
},
{
"id": "618776",
"text": "for the United States, two of his films, \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975) and \"Amadeus\" (1984), acquired particular renown, and both gained him an Academy Award for Best Director. \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" became the second film to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Leading Role, Actress in Leading Role, Director, and Screenplay) after \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934—an accomplishment not repeated until 1991, by \"The Silence of the Lambs\". Forman was also nominated for a Best Director Oscar for \"The People vs. Larry Flynt\" (1996). He also won Golden Globe,",
"title": "Miloš Forman"
},
{
"id": "718288",
"text": "Claudette Colbert Claudette Colbert (pronounced \"Coal-BEAR\"; born Émilie Claudette Chauchoin; September 13, 1903 – July 30, 1996) was an American stage and film actress and a leading lady in Hollywood for over two decades, and has been called \"The mixture of inimitable beauty, sophistication, wit, and vivacity\". Colbert began her career in Broadway productions during the late 1920s and progressed to motion pictures with the advent of sound film. Initially associated with Paramount Pictures, she gradually shifted to working as a freelance actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and received two",
"title": "Claudette Colbert"
},
{
"id": "216532",
"text": "\"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and was looking for the right actor to suit his needs—other recent actors in Capra's films such as Clark Gable, Ronald Colman, and Gary Cooper did not quite fit. Not only was Stewart just what he was looking for, but Capra also found Stewart understood that archetype intuitively and required very little directing. Later Capra commented, \"I think he's probably the best actor who's ever hit the screen.\" \"You Can't Take It With You\", starring Capra's \"favorite actress\", comedian Jean Arthur, won the 1938 Best Picture Academy Award. The following year saw Stewart work with",
"title": "James Stewart"
},
{
"id": "523817",
"text": "Clark Gable William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor and military officer, often referred to as \"The King of Hollywood\". He began his career appearing as an extra in silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1930. The next year, he landed his first leading Hollywood role, and over the next three decades, he was a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures. Gable won an Academy Award for Best Actor for \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), and was nominated",
"title": "Clark Gable"
},
{
"id": "145380",
"text": "from nine nominations in other categories. Among his leading films were \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938), and \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\" (1939); Capra was nominated as Best Director and as producer for Academy Award for Best Picture on all three films, winning both awards on the first two. During World War II, Capra served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and produced propaganda films, such as the \"Why We Fight\" series. After World War II, Capra's career declined as his later films, such as \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946), performed poorly when",
"title": "Frank Capra"
},
{
"id": "13134130",
"text": "was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director and Screenplay) following \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 with \"The Silence of the Lambs\". It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards. In 1993, the film was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm",
"title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)"
},
{
"id": "5650259",
"text": "\"Big Five\" major categories for picture, directing, lead acting performances, and screenwriting. The other two films to achieve this feat were 1934's \"It Happened One Night\" and 1975's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eleventh person to win the aforementioned category twice and at the age of 28, became only the second person after Luise Rainer to win two Academy Awards before the age of 30. \"Boyz n the Hood\"'s John Singleton became the first African-American to be",
"title": "64th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "552413",
"text": "Cohn sent someone to \"drag her off\" the train, which had not yet left the station, and take her to the ceremony. Colbert arrived wearing a two-piece traveling suit which she had the Paramount Pictures costume designer, Travis Banton, make for her trip. The film won all five of the Academy Awards for which it was nominated at the 7th Academy Awards for 1934: \"It Happened One Night\" was the first film to win the \"Big Five\" Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Writing). , only two other films have achieved this feat: \"One",
"title": "It Happened One Night"
},
{
"id": "371527",
"text": "Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for \"Dangerous\" (1935) and \"Jezebel\" (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for \"It Happened One Night\" (1934). Spielberg is a major collector of the work of American illustrator and painter Norman Rockwell. A collection of 57 Rockwell paintings and drawings owned by Spielberg and fellow Rockwell collector and film director George Lucas were displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum July 2,",
"title": "Steven Spielberg"
},
{
"id": "552414",
"text": "Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975 and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1991. \"It Happened One Night\" was also the last film to win both lead acting Academy Awards until \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1975. On December 15, 1996, Gable's Oscar was auctioned off to Steven Spielberg for $607,500; Spielberg promptly donated the statuette to the Motion Picture Academy. On June 9 of the following year, Colbert's Oscar was offered for auction by Christie's, but no bids were made for it. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \"It Happened One",
"title": "It Happened One Night"
},
{
"id": "694712",
"text": "Jean Harlow, who had previously appeared in the Howard Hughes film \"Hell's Angels\", now had a big break and became one of MGM's most admired stars, as well. Despite Miss Harlow's gain, Garbo still was a big star for MGM. Shearer was still a money maker despite screen appearances becoming scarce, and Crawford continued her box-office power until 1937. MGM also received a boost through the man who would become \"King of Hollywood\", Clark Gable. Gable's career took off to new heights after he won an Oscar for the 1934 Columbia film \"It Happened One Night\". Mayer and Irving Thalberg's",
"title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"
},
{
"id": "18102973",
"text": "comedy \"Lucky Boy\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \"Lucky Boy\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \"wonderfully aggravated\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \"It Happened One Night\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\" (1936) and \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \"Crime on Their Hands\" (1948).",
"title": "Charles C. Wilson (actor)"
},
{
"id": "8246910",
"text": "and \"It Happened One Night\" (1934)—receiving an Academy Award for the latter film. As an owner of race horses and a regular at tracks, Riskin was able to effectively capture the atmosphere and dynamics of horse racing and the types of characters common to that environment, such as jockeys, stable hands, and gamblers. While filming at Tanforan Race Track, Capra became dissatisfied with the happy ending of the original script, wanting instead a more bittersweet and ambivalent ending comment on the American success ethic. With Riskin on vacation in Europe and unavailable, Capra invited former Paramount screenwriter Sidney Buchman to",
"title": "Broadway Bill"
},
{
"id": "719159",
"text": "date, describing Capra's treatment as \"a kinship with his audience, a sense of common life, a morality\". \"Variety\" noted \"a sometimes too thin structure [that] the players and director Frank Capra have contrived to convert ... into fairly sturdy substance\". This was the first Capra film to be released separately to exhibitors and not \"bundled\" with other Columbia features. On paper, it was his biggest hit, easily surpassing \"It Happened One Night.\" It was the 7th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36. Capra won his second Academy Award for Best Director in 1936 for \"Mr. Deeds",
"title": "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town"
},
{
"id": "7348879",
"text": "Hoosiers had won the NCAA title that night in Philadelphia. The following year, the two events were again on the same night.) Miloš Forman's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" made a \"clean sweep\" of the major categories: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Screenplay (Adapted). It was the second of three films to date to accomplish the sweep, following \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934 and preceding \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1991. French actress Isabelle Adjani received her first nomination for Best Actress this year, making Adjani, 20 at the time, the youngest",
"title": "48th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "552397",
"text": "It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish reporter (Clark Gable). The plot is based on the August 1933 short story \"Night Bus\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams, which provided the shooting title. Classified as a \"pre-Code\" production, the film is among the last romantic comedies created before the MPAA began rigidly enforcing the",
"title": "It Happened One Night"
},
{
"id": "9180701",
"text": "studio, and they tried to exclude its title from any publicity about Davis. Although her nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress was considered a sure thing by many, she was ignored in favor of Grace Moore for \"One Night of Love\", Norma Shearer for \"The Barretts of Wimpole Street\", and eventual winner Claudette Colbert for \"It Happened One Night\". Angry voters ignored the nominees on their ballots and wrote in Davis's name, and it was later announced that she had come in third after Colbert and Shearer. Price Waterhouse was hired to count the votes and initiated the",
"title": "Of Human Bondage (1934 film)"
},
{
"id": "9267673",
"text": "worked on the film since 1930 when he assigned three different writers to come up with three different treatments. By 1931 Thalberg had decided on the one storyline and spent the next four years working on a script with two dozen writers, half a dozen directors and three supervisors. Gable had several temper tantrums on the set, which were tolerated by MGM studio chief Louis B. Mayer because the star had recently won an Academy Award for Best Actor in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) on a loan-out to Columbia Pictures, and he did not want to risk losing him.",
"title": "China Seas (film)"
},
{
"id": "8115589",
"text": "7th Academy Awards The 7th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1934, was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. Frank Capra's influential romantic comedy \"It Happened One Night\" became the first film to perform a \"clean sweep\" of the top five award categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay. This feat would later be duplicated by \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in 1976 and \"The Silence of the Lambs\" in 1992. It also was the first romantic comedy",
"title": "7th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "8247966",
"text": "at the USC School of Cinema-Television. Saxon is arguably best known for the film \"The Silence of the Lambs\", which is, to date, the third and last film to sweep the five main categories of Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. (The others are \"It Happened One Night\" and \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\".) Formerly Jonathan Demme's producing partner, his films include \"Beloved\", \"Ulee's Gold\", \"That Thing You Do!\", \"The Truth About Charlie\", \"Married to the Mob\", \"Miami Blues\" and \"Philadelphia\". After parting ways with Demme, Saxon produced Charlie Kaufman",
"title": "Edward Saxon"
},
{
"id": "10753888",
"text": "You Can't Run Away from It You Can't Run Away from It is a 1956 Technicolor and CinemaScope musical comedy starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon. Directed and produced by Dick Powell, the film is a remake of the 1934 Academy Award-winning film \"It Happened One Night\". The supporting cast features Charles Bickford, Jim Backus, Stubby Kaye, Jack Albertson and Howard McNear. \"It Happened One Night\" had also been remade as a musical comedy in 1945 as \"Eve Knew Her Apples\". Because she married an international playboy, Ellie Andrews (June Allyson) is kidnapped by her own father, Texas cattleman A.",
"title": "You Can't Run Away from It"
},
{
"id": "1026584",
"text": "The airport was used in the filming of \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, World\" in 1963. The airport closed by 1965-66, and the land remained empty until 1991 when Shapell Industries constructed Rancho Conejo Village homes. The former site is northwest of the intersection of Lawrence Drive and Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park. Due to the temperate climate and relatively close proximity to the studios in Hollywood, a number of movies and television series have been filmed in Thousand Oaks. Thousand Oaks Boulevard can for instance be seen in the Oscar-winning film \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), while",
"title": "Thousand Oaks, California"
},
{
"id": "9718331",
"text": "Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". The film won all five top Academy Awards including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Goldman. This was the first film to win the top five awards since Frank Capra's \"It Happened One Night\" in 1934. For his work on the film Goldman also received the Writers Guild Award and the Golden Globe Award. He next wrote \"The Rose\" (1979), which was nominated for four Academy Awards. This was followed by his original screenplay \"Melvin and Howard\" (1980) which garnered Goldman his second Oscar, second Writers Guild Award, and the New York Film",
"title": "Bo Goldman"
},
{
"id": "20249325",
"text": "Victoria Riskin Victoria Riskin (born November 18, 1945) is an American author, psychologist, television writer and producer, and human rights activist. Riskin was born in the Bel-Air suburb of Los Angeles, the daughter of Academy Award-winning screenwriter Robert Riskin, whose films include It Happened One Night (1934), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), and Lost Horizon (1937), and actress Fay Wray, best known for her role as Ann Darrow in King Kong (1933). She is the author of a forthcoming memoir and dual biography, Fay Wray and Robert Riskin: A Hollywood Memoir, to be released by Pantheon on February 26,",
"title": "Victoria Riskin"
},
{
"id": "11000103",
"text": "Roscoe Karns Roscoe Karns (September 7, 1891 – February 6, 1970) was an American actor who appeared in nearly 150 films between 1915 and 1964. He specialized in cynical, wise-cracking (and often tipsy) characters, and his rapid-fire delivery enlivened many comedies and crime thrillers in the 1930s and 1940s. Though he appeared in numerous silent films, such as \"Wings\" and \"Beggars of Life\", his career didn't really take off until sound arrived. Arguably his best-known film role was the annoying bus passenger Oscar Shapeley, who tries to pick up Claudette Colbert in the Oscar-winning comedy \"It Happened One Night\" (1934),",
"title": "Roscoe Karns"
},
{
"id": "4312340",
"text": "made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with \"Daddy\", a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher. Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit \"Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin\" (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic \"It Happened One Night\". Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust. Her most well-known films in the 1990s included \"Sadak\" opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), \"Junoon\", \"Jaanam\" and",
"title": "Pooja Bhatt"
},
{
"id": "552416",
"text": "In the film, a minor character, Oscar Shapely, continually calls the Gable character \"Doc\", an imaginary character named \"Bugs Dooley\" is mentioned once in order to frighten Shapely, and there is also a scene in which Gable eats carrots while talking quickly with his mouth full, as Bugs does. The film has inspired a number of remakes, including the musicals \"Eve Knew Her Apples\" (1945) starring Ann Miller and \"You Can't Run Away from It\" (1956) starring June Allyson and Jack Lemmon, which was directed and produced by Dick Powell. \"It Happened One Night\" was adapted as a radio play",
"title": "It Happened One Night"
},
{
"id": "1756442",
"text": "(Worst Director). Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend: Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, and Sandra Bullock in 2010, although all three for different films. Two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco (\"Only When I Laugh\") and Amy Irving (\"Yentl\"). Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s \"The Jazz Singer\", was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role. The Aerosmith song \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", as part of the original soundtrack to the 1998 film \"Armageddon\",",
"title": "Golden Raspberry Awards"
},
{
"id": "552412",
"text": "initial run. However, after it was released to the secondary movie houses, word-of-mouth began to spread and ticket sales became brisk, especially in smaller towns where the film's characters and simple romance struck a chord with moviegoers who were not surrounded by luxury. It turned out to be a major box office smash, easily Columbia's biggest hit to date. In 1935, after her Academy Award nomination, Colbert decided not to attend the presentation, feeling confident that she would not win the award, and instead, planned to take a cross-country railroad trip. After she was named the winner, studio chief Harry",
"title": "It Happened One Night"
},
{
"id": "710094",
"text": "Actress but lost to Katharine Hepburn in \"Morning Glory\", and Robert Riskin lost the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay to Sarah Y. Mason and Victor Heerman for \"Little Women\". Will Rogers presented the Academy Award for Best Director, and when he opened the envelope he simply announced, \"Come up and get it, Frank!\" Capra, certain he was the winner, ran to the podium to collect his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \"Cavalcade\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.",
"title": "Lady for a Day"
},
{
"id": "18713215",
"text": "Oscars, \"Spotlight\" was the first film since 1952's \"The Greatest Show on Earth\" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's \"Rocky\", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for \"Gravity\" and \"Birdman\",",
"title": "88th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "8616530",
"text": "Lowell Sherman Lowell J. Sherman (October 11, 1888 – December 28, 1934) was an American actor and film director. In an unusual practice for the time, he served as both actor and director on several films in the early 1930s. He later turned exclusively to directing. Having scored huge successes directing the films \"She Done Him Wrong\" (starring Mae West) and \"Morning Glory\" (which won Katharine Hepburn her first Academy Award), he was at the height of his career when he died after a brief illness. Born in San Francisco in 1888 to John Sherman and Julia Louise Gray(1870-1956), who",
"title": "Lowell Sherman"
},
{
"id": "5874113",
"text": "sci-fi war film \"Rogue One\", directed by Gareth Edwards. It is a prequel to the 1977 classic \"Star Wars\". Gilroy shared writing duties with fellow filmmaker Chris Weitz. Gilroy's directorial debut was in 2007, when he directed the film \"Michael Clayton\", which his brother John Gilroy edited. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. In addition to its Edgar Award, the film won one Oscar, for Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton). The film was a box-office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide. He also wrote and directed his next film, \"Duplicity\",",
"title": "Tony Gilroy"
},
{
"id": "12852811",
"text": "Best Picture winners: \"The Broadway Melody\" (1929), \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) and \"You Can't Take It with You\" (1938). Late in his career, Kane made a few appearances on television including the role of Mr. Monahan, Ralph Kramden's Gotham Bus Company boss on \"The Honeymooners\". Kane retired after the 1950s and died of a heart attack at his home in Los Angeles in 1969. List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners Eddie Kane Eddie Kane (August 12, 1889 – April 30, 1969) was an American actor who appeared in over 250 productions from",
"title": "Eddie Kane"
},
{
"id": "737264",
"text": "in visual effects; i.e., five films produced by George Pal, five by director/producer George Lucas, five by director James Cameron (who began his career in Hollywood as an effects technician), four by directors Richard Fleischer, Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson, and three by director Robert Zemeckis. Stanley Kubrick's only Oscar win was in this category, for 1968's \"\". The film's credits list four effects contributors, including Douglas Trumbull. However, according to the rules of the Academy in effect at the time, only three persons could be nominated for their work on a single film, which would have resulted in the",
"title": "Academy Award for Best Visual Effects"
},
{
"id": "9709061",
"text": "I said, 'Kate when you’re simple, you’re devastating.' She was adorable about it\". The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture; Hepburn won the Academy Award for Best Actress (with Barbra Streisand, the only time this has been a joint award) and Harvey was nominated for a Best Director Oscar and won Best Director at the Golden Globes, as well as several other major awards. It was the screen debuts actors Anthony Hopkins and Timothy Dalton. Harvey later fondly recalled the deep familial rapport that developed among the cast, and",
"title": "Anthony Harvey"
},
{
"id": "730347",
"text": "a further 10 FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight. Since their invention, autogyros have appeared in many works of fiction. Appearances where the autogyro features as a significant part of the story include: In the film \"International House\" (1933), W. C. Fields's character flies around the globe in his autogyro \"The Spirit of Brooklyn\". In \"It Happened One Night\" (1934) starring Clark Gable, his love interest's husband-to-be arrives at the wedding in a Kellett K-3 Autogiro NC12691.. This was a particularly high-profile movie as it was the first to win the so-called Big Five Academy Awards.",
"title": "Autogyro"
},
{
"id": "552420",
"text": "is injured during World War II and believes himself to be Peter Warne. As he sneaks through German-occupied France, several plot points run parallel to that of \"It Happened One Night\" and he believes his French contact to be Ellen Andrews. Notes Bibliography Streaming audio It Happened One Night It Happened One Night is a 1934 pre-Code American romantic comedy film with elements of screwball comedy directed and co-produced by Frank Capra, in collaboration with Harry Cohn, in which a pampered socialite (Claudette Colbert) tries to get out from under her father's thumb and falls in love with a roguish",
"title": "It Happened One Night"
},
{
"id": "9236444",
"text": "of the film, was impressed with Haller’s work on \"Jezebel\" that he replaced the former cinematographer Lee Garmes, who left the production after a month of shooting due to creative differences. Haller’s work earned him his first and only Academy Awards along with the Technicolor Associates Ray Rennahan and Wilfred M. Cline. The film was a success, also winning awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress and Supporting Actress. Working closely with Bette Davis and earning two nominations for photographing her in \"Jezebel\" and \"All This, and Heaven Too\", Haller also developed a strong relationship with Joan Crawford. He",
"title": "Ernest Haller"
},
{
"id": "5650474",
"text": "outside the United States. Best Actor winner Michael Douglas became the second person to win Oscars for both acting and producing; he previously won a Best Picture award as co-producer of \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The award honors “creative producers whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high quality of motion picture production.” The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. In view of the 60th anniversary of the Academy Awards, the Academy hired film producer Samuel Goldwyn",
"title": "60th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "1495132",
"text": "cartoons. Columbia gradually moved into the production of higher-budget fare, eventually joining the second tier of Hollywood studios along with United Artists and Universal. Like United Artists and Universal, Columbia was a horizontally integrated company. It controlled production and distribution; it did not own any theaters. Helping Columbia's climb was the arrival of an ambitious director, Frank Capra. Between 1927 and 1939, Capra constantly pushed Cohn for better material and bigger budgets. A string of hits he directed in the early and mid 1930s solidified Columbia's status as a major studio. In particular, \"It Happened One Night\", which nearly swept",
"title": "Columbia Pictures"
},
{
"id": "696133",
"text": "1980, Howard made his directing debut with the 1977 low-budget comedy/action film \"Grand Theft Auto\". This came after cutting a deal with Roger Corman, wherein Corman let Howard direct a film in exchange for Howard starring in \"Eat My Dust!\", with Christopher Norris. Howard went on to direct several TV movies. His big theatrical break came in 1982, with \"Night Shift\", featuring Michael Keaton, Shelley Long, and Henry Winkler. He has since directed a number of high-visibility films, including \"Splash\", \"Cocoon\", \"Willow\", \"Parenthood\", \"Backdraft\", \"Apollo 13\", \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\", \"A Beautiful Mind\" (for which he won the Academy",
"title": "Ron Howard"
},
{
"id": "5401460",
"text": "of Life\", a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio. Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of \"A Star Is Born\". He was nominated as best director three times, for \"A Star Is Born\", \"Battleground\" and \"The High and Mighty\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.",
"title": "William A. Wellman"
},
{
"id": "251696",
"text": "Christ\" (1988), the crime film \"Goodfellas\" (1990), the psychological thriller \"Cape Fear\" (1991) and the crime film \"Casino\" (1995), some of which he collaborated on with actor and close friend Robert De Niro. Scorsese has also been noted for his successful collaborations with actor Leonardo DiCaprio, having directed him in five films, beginning with \"Gangs of New York\" (2002) and most recently \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" (2013). Their third film together, \"The Departed\" (2006), won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the film winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous",
"title": "Martin Scorsese"
},
{
"id": "18036918",
"text": "nine each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 22, 2015. For the first time since the expansion of the Best Picture nominee roster at the 82nd ceremony in 2010, every Best Picture nominee won at least one award. \"Birdman\" was the first film to win Best Picture without an editing nomination since \"Ordinary People\" (1980). Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the second consecutive Mexican to win for Best Director after Cuarón who won for helming \"Gravity\". At age 84, Robert Duvall was the oldest male acting nominee in Oscar history. Having won for his work on \"Gravity\"",
"title": "87th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "1508399",
"text": "trois\" with Fredric March and Gary Cooper. She also had success during the remainder of the decade with the romantic comedy \"The Richest Girl in the World\" (1934), the historical drama \"Becky Sharp\" (1935), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, \"Barbary Coast\" (1935), \"These Three\" (1936) (the first of four films with director William Wyler), and \"The Old Maid\" (1939). Hopkins was one of the first actresses approached to play the role of Ellie Andrews in \"It Happened One Night\" (1934). However, she rejected the part, and Claudette Colbert was cast, instead. She did",
"title": "Miriam Hopkins"
},
{
"id": "2582221",
"text": "Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and \"Tootsie\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known works include \"Jeremiah Johnson\" (1972), \"The Way We Were\" (1973), \"Three Days of the Condor\"",
"title": "Sydney Pollack"
},
{
"id": "3060301",
"text": "was settled, with Warner Bros. and Fogerty changing the title and lyric to \"Vanz Kant Danz\". Zaentz lost on the copyright issue when a jury found Fogerty not liable. Fogerty in turn claimed the label misled him about investing and managing his earnings from royalties, resulting in a devastating financial loss. Years later, when Zaentz sold his interest in Fantasy, Fogerty almost immediately re-signed with the label. Zaentz received the Best Picture Oscar for three films, two of them directed by Miloš Forman—\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975) and \"Amadeus\" (1984)—as well as for \"The English Patient\" (1996), directed",
"title": "Saul Zaentz"
},
{
"id": "3813017",
"text": "played non-speaking roles. By the 1930s, Flowers was in constant demand. Her appearances ranged from Alfred Hitchcock and John Ford thrillers to comedic roles alongside of Charley Chase, the Three Stooges, Leon Errol, Edgar Kennedy, and Laurel and Hardy. She appeared in the following five films which won the Academy Award for Best Picture: \"It Happened One Night\", \"You Can't Take it with You\", \"All About Eve\", \"The Greatest Show on Earth\", and \"Around the World in Eighty Days\". In each of these movies, Flowers was uncredited. Including these five movies, she had appeared in twenty-three Best Picture nominees in",
"title": "Bess Flowers"
},
{
"id": "371470",
"text": "World War II film \"Saving Private Ryan\", about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's \"Armageddon\"). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such",
"title": "Steven Spielberg"
},
{
"id": "18088059",
"text": "Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick directed 13 feature films and three short documentaries over the course of his career, from \"Day of the Fight\" in 1951 to \"Eyes Wide Shut\" in 1999. Many of Kubrick's films were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globes, but his only personal win of an Academy Award was for his work as director of special effects on \"\". Two scholarly books that are comparative critical studies of Kubrick's work discuss \"A.I.\" and even list it in their filmography. A book on the making of the film with a foreword by Spielberg",
"title": "Filmography and awards of Stanley Kubrick"
},
{
"id": "360413",
"text": "notoriety among actors, many of Kubrick's films broke new ground in cinematography. The scientific realism and innovative special effects of \"\" (1968) were without precedent in the history of cinema, and the film earned him his only personal Oscar, for Best Visual Effects. Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation's \"big bang\", and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film \"Barry Lyndon\" (1975), Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, to film scenes under natural candlelight. With \"The Shining\" (1980), he became one of the first directors",
"title": "Stanley Kubrick"
},
{
"id": "694727",
"text": "Fair Lady\" and \"Camelot\". \"Gigi\" was a box-office and critical success which won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture. From it came several hit songs, including \"Thank Heaven For Little Girls\", \"I Remember It Well\", the \"Waltz at Maxim's\", and the Oscar-winning title song. The film was the last MGM musical to win a Best Picture Oscar, an honor that had previously gone to \"The Broadway Melody\" (1929), \"The Great Ziegfeld\" (1936), and \"An American in Paris\" (1951). The very last musical film produced by the \"Freed Unit\" was an adaptation of the Broadway musical \"Bells Are Ringing\" (1960) with",
"title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"
},
{
"id": "2296704",
"text": "Tony awards. This collection of all four is referred to as an \"EGOT\". He is one of only two people to have won those four prizes and a Pulitzer Prize (Richard Rodgers is the other). He is one of ten people to win three or more Oscars in one night and the only one other than a director or screenwriter to do so. Hamlisch also won two Golden Globes. He earned ten Golden Globe Award nominations, winning twice for Best Original Song, with \"Life Is What You Make It\" in 1972 and \"The Way We Were\" in 1974. He also",
"title": "Marvin Hamlisch"
},
{
"id": "7349311",
"text": "1937 (\"The Good Earth\"), and Spencer Tracy in 1937 (\"Captains Courageous\") and 1938 (\"Boys Town\"). The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\". As the special effects director and designer for \"\", Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win. Cliff Robertson's performance in \"Charly\" was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. When he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, it engendered some controversy: less than two weeks after the ceremony, \"TIME\" mentioned",
"title": "41st Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "720667",
"text": "director in history to receive this award, at the age of 32 for his work on \"La La Land\". Two directing teams have shared the award; Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins for \"West Side Story\" in 1961 and Joel and Ethan Coen for \"No Country for Old Men\" in 2007. The Coen brothers are the only siblings to have won the award. Kathryn Bigelow is the only woman to have won the award, for 2009's \"The Hurt Locker\". As of the 2018 ceremony, Guillermo del Toro is the most recent winner in this category for his work on \"The Shape",
"title": "Academy Award for Best Director"
},
{
"id": "7301519",
"text": "ceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. \"Crash\" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's \"Rocky\" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his",
"title": "78th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "2389873",
"text": "film festivals. Most notably he won the Best Director award at Cannes for \"Naked\" in 1993 and the \"Palme d'Or\" in 1996 for \"Secrets & Lies\". He won the Leone d'Oro for the best film at the International Venice Film Festival in 2004 with \"Vera Drake\". He has been nominated for the Academy Award seven times, twice each for \"Secrets & Lies\" and \"Vera Drake\" (Best Original Screenplay and Best Directing) and once for \"Topsy-Turvy\", \"Happy-Go-Lucky\", and \"Another Year\" (Best Original Screenplay only). He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2008. Leigh was selected",
"title": "Mike Leigh"
},
{
"id": "4950076",
"text": "Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Anna and the King of Siam\" (1946), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"The King and I\" (1956) and \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936 he was hired by David O. Selznick to work as a set designer for Selznick's motion picture production company. Wheeler proved to be a creative genius",
"title": "Lyle R. Wheeler"
},
{
"id": "1474677",
"text": "1934 in film The following is an overview of 1934 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths. The 7th Academy Awards was held on February 27, 1935, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. They were hosted by Irvin S. Cobb. For the first time, the Academy standardized the practice – still in effect – that the award eligibility period for a film would be the preceding calendar year. Most nominations: \"One Night of Love\" (Columbia Pictures) - 6 Major Awards Most Awards: \"It Happened One Night\" - 5 \"It Happened",
"title": "1934 in film"
},
{
"id": "898016",
"text": "Hollywood career, mostly at Warners, where he directed ten actors to Oscar nominations. James Cagney and Joan Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction. He put Doris Day and John Garfield on screen for the first time, and he made stars of Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, and Bette Davis. He himself was nominated five times and won twice, once for Best Short Subject for \"Sons of Liberty\" and once as Best Director for \"Casablanca\". Curtiz introduced to Hollywood a unique visual style using artistic lighting, extensive and fluid camera movement, high crane shots, and unusual camera angles.",
"title": "Michael Curtiz"
},
{
"id": "12358231",
"text": "Academy Award for Best Director. In 2013, he was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Lee next directed \"Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk\" based on the novel of the same name. It was his first film since winning the Oscar for Best Director for \"Life of Pi\". The film was released in November 2016, and received a mixed response from audiences and critics alike. In 2013, Ang Lee began development on the project with a screenplay written by Peter Morgan, but later put it on hold in 2014 in order to",
"title": "Ang Lee"
},
{
"id": "898085",
"text": "epics in Europe, called him \"Warner Brothers' greatest director.\" He directed 10 actors to Oscar nominations: Paul Muni, John Garfield, James Cagney, Walter Huston, Humphrey Bogart, Claude Raines, Joan Crawford, Ann Blyth, Eve Arden, and William Powell. Cagney and Crawford won their only Academy Awards under Curtiz's direction, with Cagney on TV later attributing part of his success to \"the unforgettable Michael Curtiz.\" Curtiz himself was nominated five times and won as Best Director for \"Casablanca\". He earned a reputation as a harsh taskmaster to his actors, as he micromanaged every detail on the set. With his background as director",
"title": "Michael Curtiz"
},
{
"id": "723433",
"text": "considered too long, it was nominated for an Academy Award. Movie historian James Harvey notes that in some respects \"It's a Wonderful World\" is an even more accomplished film –the comedy counterpart to the supremely assured and high-spirited work Van Dyke had accomplished with \"San Francisco\" (1936). \"Ben Hecht, another speed specialist, wrote the screenplay (from a story by Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz); it's in his \"Front Page\" vein, with admixtures of \"It Happened One Night\" and \"Bringing Up Baby\", as well as surprising adumbrations of the nineteen-forties private-eye film. \"Angels Over Broadway\" was one of only two movies he",
"title": "Ben Hecht"
},
{
"id": "4769",
"text": "\"Ran\" for competition to a misunderstanding: because of the Academy's arcane rules, no one was sure whether \"Ran\" qualified as a \"Japanese\" film, a \"French\" film (due to its financing), or both, so it was not submitted at all. In response to what at least appeared to be a blatant snub by his own countrymen, the director Sidney Lumet led a successful campaign to have Kurosawa receive an Oscar nomination for Best Director that year (Sydney Pollack ultimately won the award for directing \"Out of Africa\"). \"Ran\"s costume designer, Emi Wada, won the movie's only Oscar. \"Kagemusha\" and \"Ran\", particularly",
"title": "Akira Kurosawa"
},
{
"id": "2582232",
"text": "his ashes were scattered along the runway at the Van Nuys Airport in Los Angeles. Sydney Pollack Sydney Irwin Pollack (July 1, 1934 – May 26, 2008) was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 movies or shows and produced over 44 films. His 1985 film \"Out of Africa\" won him Academy Awards for directing and producing. He was also nominated for Best Director Oscars for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and \"Tootsie\" (1982) in which he also appeared. Some of his other best known",
"title": "Sydney Pollack"
},
{
"id": "545660",
"text": "dying. Huston agreed, and the ending was rewritten. It became Huston's most successful film financially, and \"it remains one of his finest works.\" Huston was nominated for two Academy Awards—Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay. Bogart, meanwhile, won his only Oscar for Best Actor for his role as Charlie Allnut. Hepburn wrote about her experiences shooting the film in her memoir, \"The Making of the African Queen: Or How I went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall, and Huston and almost lost my mind\". Clint Eastwood directed and starred in the film \"White Hunter, Black Heart\", based on Peter Viertel's novel",
"title": "John Huston"
},
{
"id": "524951",
"text": "character traits for Raymond. Denby noted: \"Hoffman, looking suddenly older and smaller, has developed a small shuffling walk for Raymond, with shoulder bent. His eyes don't make contact with anyone else's, and he flattens his voice to a dry nasal bark.\" \"Rain Man\" won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Hoffman, and Best Director for Barry Levinson. Having worked closely with Hoffman for two years on filming, Levinson offered some opinions about his skill as an actor: After \"Rain Man\", Hoffman appeared with Sean Connery and Matthew Broderick in \"Family Business\" (1989), directed by Sidney Lumet. The",
"title": "Dustin Hoffman"
},
{
"id": "4652880",
"text": "performances in films directed by the same person. She first won in that same category for her role in Woody Allen's 1986 film \"Hannah and Her Sisters\". \"Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life\" and \"Trevor\"s joint win in the Best Live Action Short category marked the fifth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. Despite earning critical praise for",
"title": "67th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "1687710",
"text": "Robert Zemeckis Robert Lee Zemeckis (; born May 14, 1952) is an American film director, film producer, and screenwriter frequently credited as an innovator in visual effects. He first came to public attention in the 1980s as the director of \"Romancing the Stone\" (1984) and the science-fiction comedy \"Back to the Future\" film trilogy, as well as the live-action/animated comedy \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\" (1988). In the 1990s he directed \"Death Becomes Her\" and then diversified into more dramatic fare, including 1994's \"Forrest Gump\", for which he won an Academy Award for Best Director. The film itself won Best Picture.",
"title": "Robert Zemeckis"
},
{
"id": "371467",
"text": "effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \"Schindler's List\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \"Schindler's List\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg",
"title": "Steven Spielberg"
},
{
"id": "539334",
"text": "Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners. At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award–winning performances: Gene Hackman in \"Unforgiven\", Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in \"Mystic River\", and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in \"Million Dollar Baby\". On August 22, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from",
"title": "Clint Eastwood"
},
{
"id": "3617318",
"text": "was unable to shake off its stigma as a Poverty Row studio until 1934, when director Frank Capra's Columbia comedy \"It Happened One Night\" swept the Academy Awards. Exhibitors who formerly wouldn't touch Columbia product became steady customers. As a horizontally integrated company that only controlled production and distribution, Columbia had previously been at the mercy of theater owners. Columbia expanded its scope to offer moviegoers a regular program of economically made features, short subjects, serials, travelogues, sports reels, and cartoons. Columbia would release a few \"class\" productions each year (\"Lost Horizon\", \"Holiday\", \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\",\"The Jolson Story\",",
"title": "Harry Cohn"
},
{
"id": "7349037",
"text": "nominations in a single acting category). Between the two of them, father and son Carmine and Francis Ford Coppola won four awards, with Carmine winning for Best Original Dramatic Score (with Nino Rota) and Francis for Picture, Director, and Best Screenplay Adapted from Other Material (with Mario Puzo). This was the only Oscars where all nominees in one category were released by the same studio: all five Best Costume Design nominations were for films released by Paramount Pictures. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). These films had multiple nominations: The following films",
"title": "47th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "19313451",
"text": "Tony wins. At the age of thirty-two years and thirty-eight days, Damien Chazelle became the youngest person to win Best Director; Norman Taurog was only two hundred and twenty-two days older than Chazelle when he won Best Director for the 1931 comedy \"Skippy\". Kevin O'Connell finally ended the longest losing streak in Oscar history after 20 unsuccessful nominations for sound mixing, winning for \"Hacksaw Ridge\". \"Moonlight\"s Dede Gardner became the first woman to win twice for producing, following her previous Best Picture win for \"12 Years a Slave\". Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double",
"title": "89th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "3928237",
"text": "Robert Stevenson (director) Robert Edward Stevenson (31 March 1905 – 30 April 1986) was an English film writer and director. After directing a number of British films, including \"King Solomon's Mines\" (1937), he was given a contract by David O. Selznick and moved to Hollywood in the 1940s. He ended up directing 19 films for the Walt Disney Company in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, becoming the most commercially successful director in the history of film. Stevenson is best remembered for directing the Julie Andrews musical \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), for which Andrews won the Academy Award for Best Actress and",
"title": "Robert Stevenson (director)"
},
{
"id": "11838408",
"text": "it then, but I was meeting the Barry Fitzgerald character in \"Going My Way.\"\" When Msgr. Conneally died in 1949, a newspaper wrote: \"Mr. McCarey said that the monsignor was a frequent visitor at his home. The priest's many anecdotes about his work in the parish and St. Monica's School gave the director the idea it would make a good film story. It did.\" \"Going My Way\" won seven Academy Awards including best picture, director, original story, original screenplay, song (\"Swinging on a Star\"), actor (Bing Crosby) and supporting actor (Fitzgerald in the role of the older priest). In 2004,",
"title": "St. Monica Catholic Church (Santa Monica, California)"
},
{
"id": "541559",
"text": "Sky\", was released posthumously and won a Best Actress Oscar for Jessica Lange. \"sources: Adler; Little & McLaughlin; Richardson\" Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \"Tony\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \"Tom Jones\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \"The Hotel New Hampshire\" (1984) and his final film \"Blue Sky\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville",
"title": "Tony Richardson"
},
{
"id": "14924551",
"text": "Verne Mason Verne Rheem Mason (August 8, 1889 – November 16, 1965) was an eminent American internist and associate of Howard Hughes. Mason was chairman of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's medical advisory committee. Born at Wapello, Iowa, in 1889, Mason received a B.S. from University of California, Berkeley, in 1911, and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1915. As a medical resident at Hopkins in 1922 Mason gave the disease sickle cell anemia its name. When motion picture director Frank Capra fell ill with a mysterious fever after completing \"It Happened One Night\", Columbia Pictures chief Harry Cohn",
"title": "Verne Mason"
},
{
"id": "2796400",
"text": "deserved his Oscars for \"The Deer Hunter\": \"It seemed in the spring of 1979, following the Oscar ceremony, there was a sense in the industry that if the Academy could have taken back their votes — which saw \"The Deer Hunter\" and director Michael Cimino winning for Best Picture and Best Director — they would have done so.\" Peter Biskind described Cimino in relation to \"The Deer Hunter\" as \"our first, home-grown fascist director, our own Leni Riefenstahl\". Cimino was known for giving exaggerated, misleading and conflicting (or simply tongue-in-cheek) stories about himself, his background and his filmmaking experiences. \"When",
"title": "Michael Cimino"
},
{
"id": "2727155",
"text": "presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon. Bond died three days before Democrat John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon. Bond appears in more of the films on both the original and the tenth anniversary edition of the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies lists than any other actor, albeit always as a supporting player: \"It Happened One Night\" (1934), \"Bringing Up Baby\" (1938), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1940), \"The Maltese Falcon\" (1941), \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946), and \"The Searchers\" (1956). Bond is also in 13 films that were nominated for the Academy Award for Best",
"title": "Ward Bond"
},
{
"id": "13275775",
"text": "1945 and was assigned to rebuild the Bavaria Film Studios. From 1951 he was working for United Artists and was responsible for the movie rental in Europe and South Africa. He also started to produce movies himself. In 1973 he became president of United Artists. Under his presidency United Artists won the Academy Award (\"Oscar\") for the best picture three years in a row (1975: \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\", 1976: \"Rocky\", 1977: \"Annie Hall\"). In 1978, Pleskow left United Artists and built up Orion Pictures, which he directed until 1992. Their greatest successes under his management were \"Amadeus\",",
"title": "Eric Pleskow"
},
{
"id": "4950080",
"text": "Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles. The art direction of Lyle Wheeler was often recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Lyle R. Wheeler Lyle Reynolds Wheeler (February 2, 1905 – January 10, 1990) was an American motion picture art director. He received five Academy Awards — for \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Anna and the King of Siam\" (1946), \"The Robe\" (1953), \"The King and I\" (1956) and \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" (1959). Lyle Wheeler studied at the University of Southern California, then worked as a magazine artist and industrial designer. In 1936",
"title": "Lyle R. Wheeler"
},
{
"id": "720250",
"text": "drama \"Brubaker\" (1980), playing a prison warden attempting to reform the system, and the baseball drama \"The Natural\" (1984). Redford continued his involvement in mainstream Hollywood movies, though with a newfound focus on directing. The first film he directed, \"Ordinary People\", which followed the disintegration of an upper-class American family after the death of a son, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, including Best Director for Redford himself, and Best Picture. His follow-up directorial project, \"The Milagro Beanfield War\" (1987), failed to generate the same level of attention. Sydney Pollack's",
"title": "Robert Redford"
},
{
"id": "723260",
"text": "Lewis Milestone Lewis Milestone (born Leib Milstein; September 30, 1895 – September 25, 1980) was a Russian-born American motion picture director. He is known for directing \"Two Arabian Knights\" (1927) and \"All Quiet on the Western Front\" (1930), both of which received Academy Awards for Best Director. He also directed \"The Front Page\" (1931 – nomination), \"The General Died at Dawn\" (1936), \"Of Mice and Men\" (1939), \"Ocean's 11\" (1960), and received the directing credit for \"Mutiny on the Bounty\" (1962), though Marlon Brando largely appropriated his responsibilities during its production. Milestone was born in Kishinev, in the Bessarabia Governorate",
"title": "Lewis Milestone"
},
{
"id": "2394632",
"text": "Only one person had previously achieved the dubious feat (Alan Menken in 1993), and only one other (Sandra Bullock in 2010) has achieved it since. He accepted the Razzie and became only the fourth person in its history to be personally presented with the statuette. He keeps the statues of both the Oscar and the Razzie on his mantle as \"a reminder of Hollywood's idealistic nature and unrealistic expectations.\" Helgeland wrote and directed the films \"A Knight's Tale\" (2001), \"The Order\" (2003) and \"42\" (2013). He has worked with director Clint Eastwood twice, in 2002 on\" Blood Work\", and in",
"title": "Brian Helgeland"
},
{
"id": "9646545",
"text": "to win the award for the same film. Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise first accomplished this feat for co-directing 1961's \"West Side Story\". This was also the second time in Oscar history (the first being 1964's 37th Academy Awards) that none of the four acting winners was American. Daniel Day-Lewis became the eighth person to win Best Actor twice. Best Actress winner Marion Cotillard was the fifth person to win for a non-English speaking performance and the second person to do so in the aforementioned category, after Sophia Loren who won for 1961's \"Two Women\". Cate Blanchett became the eleventh",
"title": "80th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "539333",
"text": "has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (\"Unforgiven\" and \"Million Dollar Baby\") the other being Warren Beatty (\"Heaven Can Wait\" and \"Reds\"). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with",
"title": "Clint Eastwood"
},
{
"id": "730849",
"text": "Warren Beatty Henry Warren Beatty (\"né\" Beaty; born March 30, 1937) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for fourteen Academy Awards – four for Best Actor, four for Best Picture, two for Best Director, three for Original Screenplay, and one for Adapted Screenplay – winning Best Director for \"Reds\" (1981). Beatty is the only person to have been nominated for acting in, directing, writing, and producing the same film, and he did so twice: first for \"Heaven Can Wait\" (with Buck Henry as co-director), and again with \"Reds\". Eight of the films he has produced have",
"title": "Warren Beatty"
},
{
"id": "12258012",
"text": "You Know\" in 2010, but does not consider himself to be retired. He has also directed three films, including \"The Two Jakes\" (1990), the sequel to \"Chinatown\". Nicholson's 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academy's history. Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice - one for the drama \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), and the other for the romantic comedy \"As Good as It Gets\" (1997). He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama \"Terms of Endearment\" (1983). Nicholson is one of three",
"title": "Jack Nicholson"
},
{
"id": "541550",
"text": "Tony Richardson Cecil Antonio \"Tony\" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English filmmaker. He was best known for directing the films; \"Tom Jones\" (1963) which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the cult classic \"The Hotel New Hampshire\" (1984) and his final film \"Blue Sky\" (1994). Richardson was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford, where his contemporaries included Rupert Murdoch, Margaret Thatcher, Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson",
"title": "Tony Richardson"
},
{
"id": "723338",
"text": "\"Mrs. Miniver\". He is tied with Frank Capra and behind John Ford, who won four Oscars in this category. He is also only director in Academy history to direct three Best Picture-winning films (the three for which he won Best Director), and directed more Best Picture nominees than anyone else (thirteen). He has the distinction of having directed more actors to Oscar-nominated performances than any other director in history: thirty-six. Out of these nominees, fourteen went on to win Oscars, also a record. He received the fourth AFI Life Achievement Award in 1976. Among those who thanked him for directing",
"title": "William Wyler"
},
{
"id": "14293022",
"text": "televised in the United States by ABC, and produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron and directed by Don Mischer. Actor Seth MacFarlane hosted the show for the first time. In related events, the Academy held its 4th annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on December 1, 2012. On February 9, 2013, in a ceremony at The Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Chris Pine and Zoe Saldana. \"Life of Pi\" won four awards including Best Director for Ang Lee. \"Argo\"",
"title": "85th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "2117956",
"text": "Barry Levinson Barry Levinson (born April 6, 1942) is an American filmmaker, screenwriter, and actor. Levinson's best-known works are mid-budget comedy-drama and drama films such as \"Diner\" (1982); \"The Natural\" (1984); \"Good Morning, Vietnam\" (1987); \"Bugsy\" (1991); and \"Wag the Dog\" (1997). He won the Academy Award for Best Director for \"Rain Man\" (1988) which also won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Levinson was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Violet \"Vi\" (née Krichinsky) and Irvin Levinson, who worked in the furniture and appliance business. His family is of Russian Jewish descent. Levinson's first writing work was for",
"title": "Barry Levinson"
},
{
"id": "11707734",
"text": "James Poe James Poe (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter. He is best known for his work on the movies \"Around the World in 80 Days\" for which he jointly won an Academy Award in 1956, \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\", \"Summer and Smoke\", \"Lilies of the Field\", and \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\". He also worked as a writer on the radio shows \"Escape\" and \"Suspense\", writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably \"Three Skeleton Key\", \"Blood Bath\" and \"The Present Tense\", all of which starred",
"title": "James Poe"
},
{
"id": "723301",
"text": "William Wyler William Wyler (; born Willi Wyler (); July 1, 1902 – July 27, 1981) was an American film director, producer and screenwriter. Notable works include \"Ben-Hur\" (1959), \"The Best Years of Our Lives\" (1946), and \"Mrs. Miniver\" (1942), all of which won Academy Awards for Best Director, as well as Best Picture in their respective years, making him the only director of three Best Picture winners as of 2018. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing \"Dodsworth\" in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, \"sparking a 20-year run of almost unbroken greatness.\" Film historian",
"title": "William Wyler"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Miloš Forman context: failure of \"Taking Off\", producers Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz hired him to direct the adaptation of Ken Kesey's cult novel \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". Forman later said they hired him because he was in their price range. Starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher, the adaptation was a critical and commercial success. The film won Oscars in the five most important categories: Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay. One of only three films in history to do so (alongside \"It Happened One Night\" and \"The Silence of the Lambs\"), it firmly established\n\nWho won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?",
"compressed_tokens": 192,
"origin_tokens": 192,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Charles C. Wilson (actor) context: comedy \"Lucky Boy\" (1928), where he also made his film debut. According to the Internet Movie Database, \"Lucky Boy\" was Wilson's only film as a director. His most notable role was probably Clark Gable's \"wonderfully aggravated\" newspaper boss in Frank Capra's comedy \"It Happened One Night\", which won five Academy Awards in 1935. He was also cast in small roles in other Capra movies such as \"Mr. Deeds Goes to Town\" (1936) and \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946). Shortly before his death, Wilson appeared as the boss of the Three Stooges in the two-reel comedy \"Crime on Their Hands\" (1948).\n\ntitle William A. Wellman context: a silent film starring Wallace Beery Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks sound was added to Beery' introductory scene at behest of Param Studio. Well reportedly hung a microphone from a broom Beery walk and within the scene, avoiding the shot required for early sound shoots. Wellman won a single Academy Award, the story of \"A Star Is Born\". He was as best director three times, for Star Is Born\", \"Battleground\" and \"The High and Mighty\", for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director.\ntitle: It Happened One Night: initial. However, it was released the houses-of- began to spread and ticket became br, especially in smaller towns where the's and simple rom struck a ch with moviego who were not surrounded by lux. It turned to be major box smash, hit to date.19, Award nomination not to presentation feeling confident she win and cross-. she was named the winner Harry\n: Act but lostburn \"\", and Robertin to\". Willers presented Award Best Director, and when the his Oscar, only to discover Rogers had meant Frank Lloyd, who won for \"Cavalcade\", instead. Possibly to downplay Capra's gaffe, Rogers then called third nominee George Cukor to join the two Franks on stage.\n\nWho won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?",
"compressed_tokens": 487,
"origin_tokens": 15038,
"ratio": "30.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
182 | If it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri? | [
"1 am",
"E-24 m",
"10 femtometres",
"1E-19m",
"1E-22 m",
"1E-21m",
"10zm",
"Ten attometers",
"100am",
"E-19 m",
"1E-16 m",
"10 femtometers",
"One femtometer",
"One hundred attometres",
"1 e-22 m",
"1e-23 metres",
"One hundred yoctometers",
"1e-14 m",
"10 yoctometres",
"1 E -15 m",
"E-14 m",
"One hundred zeptometers",
"100zm",
"1 e-19 m",
"One hundred femtometers",
"1e-21 m",
"E-23 m",
"Lengths between 1 E-17 m and 1 E-16 m",
"1E-18m",
"Lengths between 1 E-22 m and 1 E-21 m",
"1 fm",
"Ten attometres",
"1 E-15 m",
"1 E-21 m",
"Lengths between 1 E-21 m and 1 E-20 m",
"10 fm",
"One zeptometre",
"E-15 m",
"1 E-19 m",
"E-18 m",
"1 E -20 m",
"1e-18 metres",
"1e-13 metres",
"1 E-24 m",
"1e-19 metres",
"1E-13 m",
"1am",
"One quintillionth meter",
"1 zeptometer",
"Lengths between 1 E-23 m and 1 E-22 m",
"1 zm",
"1E-23m",
"1E-15 m",
"1 E-22 m",
"1 E -24 m",
"Femtometers",
"1 E -22 m",
"1e-13 m",
"One zeptometer",
"1e-16 metres",
"1 e-14 m",
"1 e-16 m",
"1e-19 m",
"1 E-35 m",
"1zm",
"100 ym",
"1 E -14 m",
"1e-22 m",
"1fm",
"1E-23 m",
"E-22 m",
"1 E -35 m",
"1e-24 m",
"1E-13m",
"1 e-13 m",
"100 attometres",
"1e-14 metres",
"Zeptometer",
"1E-20m",
"1 E-14 m",
"100 yoctometers",
"1 ym",
"100 zm",
"1 e-23 m",
"1 E-18 m",
"1 e-17 m",
"Distances shorter than 1 pm",
"1 E -21 m",
"1e-17 m",
"100 yoctometres",
"1e-35 m",
"Ten yoctometers",
"1 femtometer",
"Lengths between 1 E-19 m and 1 E-18 m",
"Lengths between 1 E-20 m and 1 E-19 m",
"One hundred zeptometres",
"100ym",
"1E-19 m",
"E-16 m",
"Ten zeptometers",
"10fm",
"10 am",
"1 attometre",
"1E-14 m",
"Ten femtometers",
"10 zeptometers",
"1 e-24 m",
"1 E -19 m",
"1 E -23 m",
"10 zeptometres",
"100 fm",
"1 E-13 m",
"1E-15m",
"1e-22 metres",
"One quadrillionth metre",
"E-13 m",
"100fm",
"1 e-20 m",
"1e-16 m",
"1 E -13 m",
"One yoctometre",
"One yoctometer",
"E-21 m",
"1E-20 m",
"10 zm",
"1 E-17 m",
"Ten yoctometres",
"1E-22m",
"10 ym",
"One quadrillionth meter",
"1e-20 metres",
"1e-23 m",
"Lengths between 1 E-15 m and 1 E-14 m",
"1 E -17 m",
"One hundred yoctometres",
"Lengths between 1 E-13 m and 1 E-12 m",
"1E-18 m",
"1E-14m",
"1 E-23 m",
"10 attometers",
"One hundred attometers",
"One hundred femtometres",
"One septillionth meter",
"One femtometre",
"1 e-18 m",
"One sextillionth meter",
"E-17 m",
"1 E -18 m",
"1ym",
"1E-17 m",
"Attometre",
"1 E-20 m",
"1 zeptometre",
"100 femtometres",
"1E-24 m",
"One attometre",
"100 attometers",
"One septillionth metre",
"1e-15 m",
"1 attometer",
"1E-21 m",
"E-20 m",
"Zeptometre",
"One sextillionth metre",
"10 a.m",
"1 e-21 m",
"1e-21 metres",
"1e-18 m",
"10 attometres",
"1e-15 metres",
"1e-17 metres",
"1 femtometre",
"Ten femtometres",
"100 zeptometres",
"100 am",
"1E-17m",
"Lengths between 1 E-24 m and 1 E-23 m",
"1 E -16 m",
"Lengths between 1 E-16 m and 1 E-15 m",
"1 yoctometer",
"10ym",
"1e-24 metres",
"Lengths less than 1 E-23 m",
"1e-20 m",
"1 yoctometre",
"100 zeptometers",
"Lengths between 1 E-14 m and 1 E-13 m",
"1 e-15 m",
"1E-16m",
"Lengths between 1 E-18 m and 1 E-17 m",
"1E-24m",
"10am",
"One quintillionth metre",
"Ten zeptometres",
"10 yoctometers",
"1 E-16 m",
"One attometer",
"100 femtometers"
] | 10 a.m | [
{
"id": "14555714",
"text": "and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the",
"title": "Truman Day"
},
{
"id": "14555712",
"text": "Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the holiday. For Missouri state employees, this is a paid holiday. Harry S. Truman (May",
"title": "Truman Day"
},
{
"id": "18878694",
"text": "Missouri law also provides the death penalty for treason, and placing a bomb near a bus terminal. Statute books also provide it for aggravating kidnapping, but capital punishment for this crime is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case \"Kennedy v. Louisiana\". Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of",
"title": "Capital punishment in Missouri"
},
{
"id": "6825168",
"text": "state legislature, failing to leave committee. Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \"Missouri\", she felt the",
"title": "Missouri Day"
},
{
"id": "6825166",
"text": "Missouri Day Missouri Day is an observance in the U.S. state of Missouri, currently held on the third Wednesday in October. Originally on the first Monday in October, it was moved to the third Wednesday in 1969. Created by House Bill 122 in 1915, Missouri Day is set aside to \"foster love for our state’s history and to teach rising generations of boys and girls the glories of Missouri.\" The inspiration for the day came from native Missourian and schoolteacher Anna Lee Brosius Korn. Having composed the former state song, \"Missouri\", she felt the state needed an entire day to",
"title": "Missouri Day"
},
{
"id": "10897552",
"text": "1:30 a.m., even in those in St. Louis and Kansas City specially licensed to serve liquor by the drink until 3:00 a.m. (on-premises sales may continue until 3:00, but off-premises sales must cease by 1:30). Generally, the hours for sales of liquor by the drink (for consumption on the premises) are the same as liquor by the package: between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – again for an additional fee – between 9:00 AM and midnight on Sunday. State law allows incorporated cities to prohibit the on-premises sale of liquor by public referendum, although no city",
"title": "Alcohol laws of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "1125618",
"text": "a hot air balloon race in California held on the third Saturday of July. Approximately 20 hot air ballons participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race. Christmas California Style is held the first Friday and Saturday of December. Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more. On January 19, 2018, singer-songwriter Kassi Ashton released her single \"California, Missouri\" referencing her hometown California. California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third",
"title": "California, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "18878693",
"text": "Capital punishment in Missouri Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence. The power of clemency belongs to the Governor of Missouri after receiving a non-binding advice from the Board of Probation and Parole. Executions are carried out by lethal injection or gas inhalation. First-degree murder is punishable by death when it involves one of the 17 following aggravating factors:",
"title": "Capital punishment in Missouri"
},
{
"id": "9823085",
"text": "directly from Steve McQueen. Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country",
"title": "Adam at 6 A.M."
},
{
"id": "9823083",
"text": "Adam at 6 A.M. Adam at 6 A.M. is a 1970 American drama film directed by Robert Scheerer. The film did not receive much attention when it was released, but was the second starring role for Michael Douglas. The film was filmed almost entirely on location in the small Midwest town of Excelsior Springs, Missouri, as well as Cameron, Missouri and Orrick, Missouri. The film revolves around Adam Gaines, a semantics professor at a California college. He becomes complacent in his life and hears about the death of a relative in Missouri. He drives cross country to attend the funeral",
"title": "Adam at 6 A.M."
},
{
"id": "6825167",
"text": "recognize significant Missourians. Korn later, after moving to Oklahoma, founded Oklahoma Day as well as the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. Though an established day, little observance is carried out in the state. State Senator Jason Glennon Crowell has acknowledged that the day does not garner as much attention as days such as Independence Day, and some in the state have become critical of its ambiguous October observance. For over a decade, activist F. Spencer Hunley has lobbied for a concrete date, May 8, President Harry S. Truman's birthday. During that time, the change has been proposed three times before the",
"title": "Missouri Day"
},
{
"id": "262098",
"text": "populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents. Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri. The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Columbia, and Independence. St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2017 St. Louis was the 21st-largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.81 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th-largest with 2.91 million people in 2017. Some of the major cities making up the",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "534754",
"text": "the U.S. Post Office in 1855, used five years later here. The messenger delivering the mochila from New York and Washington, DC, missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in Hannibal, Missouri, two hours late. The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called \"Missouri\" with a one-car train to make the trek across Missouri in a record 4 hours 51 minutes, an average of . It arrived at Olive and 8th Street, a few blocks from the company's new headquarters in a hotel at Patee House at 12th and Penn Street, St. Joseph, and the company's nearby",
"title": "Pony Express"
},
{
"id": "10897550",
"text": "is not located within of a school or church, virtually any retail business (including a vague and undefined \"general merchandise store\") which obtains the proper licenses from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control and local authorities may sell any type of alcohol. State law even forbids a local option and prohibits cities and counties from banning the off-premises sale of alcohol. Missouri does, however, limit the hours of retail alcohol sales to between 6:00 AM and 1:30 AM Monday through Saturday, and – for an additional license fee – between 9:00 am and 12:00 midnight on Sunday. Most municipalities,",
"title": "Alcohol laws of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "4959542",
"text": "The following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc (before all seven judges). Before that many cases were heard by panels of three judges. Cases heard en banc are cited as \"Mo. banc\"; older cases heard by a panel are cited as \"Mo.\" Brent Powell is the latest appointee to the Court, having been appointed by Missouri Governor Eric Greitens in April 2017. The",
"title": "Supreme Court of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "1562316",
"text": "Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state into October, contributing to area rainfall. Winters in Missouri can be long with temperatures ranging from mildly to bitterly cold. Kansas City's average January low is and St. Louis's average January low is . The coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri was , set at Warsaw on 13 February 1905. Winter also tends to be the driest season, but typically yields significant amounts of winter precipitation. Snowfall averages in the state's northern region, and in the southeast. During the winter, northwest winds prevail; the air movement is largely from the south",
"title": "Climate of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "681480",
"text": "Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson City is the capital of the U.S. state of Missouri and the 15th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the city is in Cole County, with a small northern section extending into Callaway County. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds, per Rand McNally, the title of America's \"Most Beautiful Small Town.\" Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau",
"title": "Jefferson City, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "1562313",
"text": "the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. As of late, Missouri has seen a drastic decline in annual snowfall, with some daily high winter temperatures sometimes dwindling in early summer/late spring temperatures. While the adjacent table would suggest a very mild climate, a temperature fluctuation of 20 degrees Fahrenheit on average and 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit (17 to 22 degrees Celsius) in a twenty-four-hour period is common. Although the mean temperature for June and July is only 73 °F and 76 °F (23 °C and 24 °C) it is not uncommon for the temperature to reach 100 °F (38",
"title": "Climate of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "2240822",
"text": "Eastern bluebird The eastern bluebird (\"Sialia sialis\") is a small thrush found in open woodlands, farmlands, and orchards. It is the state bird of Missouri and New York. This species measures long, spans across the wings, and weighs . Eastern bluebirds are found east of the Rockies, southern Canada to the Gulf states, and southeastern Arizona to Nicaragua. The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated the western range expansion of the eastern bluebird as well as range expansions of many other species of birds. The bright-blue breeding",
"title": "Eastern bluebird"
},
{
"id": "9761501",
"text": "to 2:30 p.m. on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, except on major holidays or special events. January, February, March and Mid-May through November tours are on Tuesdays and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. Reservations are required for groups of 10 or more. You can secure reservations through the Missouri Department of Natural Resources by calling 573-751-2854, Walk-in groups of less than 10 are welcome without a reservation. Missouri Governor's Mansion The Missouri Governor's Mansion is a historic U.S. residence in Jefferson City, Missouri. It is located at 100 Madison Street. On May",
"title": "Missouri Governor's Mansion"
},
{
"id": "8196708",
"text": "Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield. In 1970, the pageant was held for the first time in Mexico, Missouri, which",
"title": "Miss Missouri"
},
{
"id": "5746436",
"text": "Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St. James to U.S. Route 67 (US 67) and US 67 Business in Desloge. It is two lanes for most of its length, except a small 4-lane portion on the Crawford–Phelps county line. It acts as a bypass, from I-44 in St. James, to US 67 in Desloge. Travelers on I-44 can use it to avoid the traffic problems in St. Louis, to US 67 in Desloge, & vice versa. Those who want to",
"title": "Missouri Route 8"
},
{
"id": "14312361",
"text": "is his secretary and Neil met his daughter Martha on the train, on the way to Chicago. Drake has just received a Black Ace, with the words: “At seven tomorrow night”, the time he is to be killed. Two plainclothes cops arrive from police headquarters, having had a call, Clancy and Dugan (both incompetents). Martha suggests that they leave for Drake’s Louisiana plantation tomorrow morning and be far away from there at seven tomorrow night. Drake agrees and suggests they all go. On the flight, the lights go off for some seconds and when they come on again, Austin Winters",
"title": "Tomorrow at Seven"
},
{
"id": "8473662",
"text": "locked its boundaries in 1876. When the population of St. Louis County is included in these figures, Missouri's ratio of major metropolitan residents to rural residents closely matches the nation as a whole. \"Slate\" columnist Chris Suellentrop has said that the state now \"isn't so much a bellwether as it is a weathervane: It doesn't swing the country, the country swings it...\" and that Missouri is a better indicator of whether a trend is mainstream than of what the next new trend will be. Missouri bellwether The Missouri bellwether is a political phenomenon that notes that the state of Missouri",
"title": "Missouri bellwether"
},
{
"id": "10897556",
"text": "or any other state can obtain a \"wine direct shipper license\" from the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control which lets that manufacturer ship up to two cases of wine per month to any person in Missouri who is at least 21 years of age. Unlike shipments under the \"reciprocal\" provision, for shipments under this provision, the wine manufacturer must use a licensed alcohol carrier. Although a driver is prohibited from consuming alcohol while driving, Missouri has no general open container law for vehicles, a characteristic which Missouri shares only with the states of Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Mississippi, Virginia, and",
"title": "Alcohol laws of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "262034",
"text": "It is also known as the \"Cave State\" because there are more than 6,000 recorded caves in the state (second to Tennessee). Perry County is the county with the largest number of caves and the single longest cave. The official state motto is , which means \"Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.\" Missouri is landlocked and borders eight different states as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight. Missouri is bounded by Iowa on the north; by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee across the Mississippi River on the east; on the",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "15235891",
"text": "\"seventeen after ten\" or \"seventeen past ten\". \":15\" minutes is very commonly called \"quarter after\" or \"quarter past\" and \":30\" minutes universally \"half past\", e.g., 4:30, \"half past four\". Times of day from \":31\" to \":59\" are, by contrast, given subtractively with the words \"to\", \"of\", \"until\", or \"till\": 12:55 would be pronounced as \"five to one\" or \"five of one\". \":45\" minutes is pronounced as \"quarter to\", \"quarter of\", \"quarter until\", or \"quarter till\". For example, \"9:45 a.m.\" is often pronounced \"fifteen till ten\" or \"quarter to ten\", or sometimes \"quarter to ten in the morning\" (but rarely \"quarter",
"title": "Date and time notation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15235890",
"text": "as \"four a.m.\" or \"four p.m.\" Instead of \"a.m.\" and \"p.m.,\" times can also be described as \"in the morning\", \"in the afternoon,\" \"in the evening,\" or \"at night.\" The minutes (other than \":00\") may be pronounced in a variety of ways: Minutes :01 through :09 are usually pronounced as \"oh one\" through \"oh nine\". :10 through :59 are their usual number-words. For example, \"9:45 a.m.\" is usually pronounced \"nine forty-five\" or sometimes \"nine forty-five a.m.\" Times of day from \":01\" to \":29\" minutes past the hour are commonly pronounced with the words \"after\" or \"past\", for example 10:17 being",
"title": "Date and time notation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6085483",
"text": "By doing this, Taft amplified Truman's case against the \"Do-nothing Eightieth Congress\" and arguably contributed to his November victory. After 11 days, congress sent two bills to the president for signing. One bill was to curb inflation and the other to encourage housing starts. Truman signed both bills but called them \"inadequate.\" The challenge energized Truman's democratic supporters and put the Republican Party on the defensive. The name is taken from the old Missouri saying, \"On the twenty-fifth of July, sow your turnips, wet or dry.\" Harry Truman chose this name because he was a Missouri native. Turnip Day Session",
"title": "Turnip Day Session"
},
{
"id": "15678932",
"text": "2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 and elected the eight U.S. Representatives from the state of Missouri, a loss of one seat following the 2010 United States Census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate. A new congressional map was passed by the Missouri General Assembly on April 27, 2011. The map was vetoed by Democratic Governor Jay Nixon on April 30, but",
"title": "2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri"
},
{
"id": "16353604",
"text": "for a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series at the Directors Guild of America Awards 2001. 12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m. \"12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m.\" is the pilot episode of the Fox television series \"24\". It was written by series creators Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and directed by Stephen Hopkins. It premiered in the United States on Fox at 9:00 p.m. on Tuesday, November 6, 2001. The episode takes place between midnight and 1:00 a.m. on the day of the California Presidential Primary. It chronicles one hour in the day of Jack Bauer,",
"title": "12:00 a.m. – 1:00 a.m."
},
{
"id": "18657849",
"text": "Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis The Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis (SLMPD) is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for serving the City of St. Louis in the U.S. state of Missouri. The department is accredited through the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). The current Commissioner of Police is Colonel John Hayden Jr., who was named to the position on December 28, 2017. The Metropolitan Police Department is a division of the Public Safety Department - City of St. Louis. the Metropolitan Police Department is the second largest city police agency in Missouri,",
"title": "Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis"
},
{
"id": "10897551",
"text": "including St. Louis and Kansas City have enacted local laws following the state law, which prohibit the retail sale of liquor between 1:30 AM and 6:00 AM Tuesday through Saturday, and between midnight on Sunday and 9:00 AM the following morning. No Missouri law prohibits establishments from holding both off-premises and on-premises licenses. As a result, some businesses are licensed to sell liquor both \"by the drink\" (individually for consumption on premises) and \"by the package\" (by the container for consumption off premises). Effectively, these are bars which double as liquor stores. In these places, off-premises sales are allowed until",
"title": "Alcohol laws of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "12979617",
"text": "reevaluated for possible release. In practice, most states with Civil Commitment centers rarely release anyone. Texas has not released anyone in the 15 years since the program was started. In 2015, in response to a class action lawsuit, a Federal judge ruled Minnesota's Civil Commitment program to be unconstitutional, both for not providing effective treatment and for not fully releasing anyone since the program was started in 1994. The state of Missouri now restricts the activities of registered sex offenders on Halloween, requiring them to avoid Halloween-related contact with children and remain at their registered home address from 5 p.m.",
"title": "Sex offender registry"
},
{
"id": "13674646",
"text": "13, Kansas City circuit race - 2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages",
"title": "2009 Tour of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "3675373",
"text": "Minor v. Happersett Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1875), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution did not grant anyone, and in this case specifically a female citizen of the state of Missouri, a right to vote even when a state law granted rights to vote to a certain class of citizens. The Supreme Court upheld state court decisions in Missouri, which had refused to register a woman as a lawful voter because that state's laws allowed only men to vote. The \"Minor v. Happersett\" ruling was based on",
"title": "Minor v. Happersett"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "5203457",
"text": "in the UK Singles Chart in January 1953. Other versions were recorded by Lita Roza (1953), Sue Thompson (1957), and Russ Morgan (1958). Walkin' to Missouri \"Walkin' to Missouri\" is a popular song written by Bob Merrill in 1952. The song is a prodigal son allegory about a young man (the story's metaphorical \"robin\") who could not fly and could only walk all the way back to his old home in Missouri, following a life of partying in the big city jazz scene - or the repercussions that happened as a result. During the course of the song, it transpired",
"title": "Walkin' to Missouri"
},
{
"id": "5931461",
"text": "that old time song. \" \"Hush-a-bye ma baby, go to sleep on Mammy's knee,\" \"Journey back to Dixieland in dreams again with me; \" \"It seems like your Mammy was there once again, \" \"And the darkies were strummin' that same old refrain.\" \"Way down in Missouri where I learned this lullaby, \" \"When the stars were blinkin' and the moon was climbin' high,\" \"And I hear Mammy Cloe, as in days long ago, \" \"Singin' hush-a-bye. \" Missouri Waltz \"Missouri Waltz\" is the official state song of Missouri and is associated with the University of Missouri. The \"Missouri Waltz\",",
"title": "Missouri Waltz"
},
{
"id": "262067",
"text": "over in traffic stops\". The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,083,672 on July 1, 2015, a 1.58% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Missouri had a population of 5,988,927, according to the 2010 Census; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "6628552",
"text": "Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \"Billy\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by the authorities and all the children were placed into foster care except William. A deformed eye and belligerent attitude",
"title": "Billy Cook (criminal)"
},
{
"id": "10538666",
"text": "U.S. Route 50 in Missouri U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a major east–west route in the state of Missouri. It is also known as the Rex M. Whitton Expressway in the capital of Missouri. US 50 enters Missouri from Kansas along Interstate 435 around Kansas City and then it runs concurrently with Interstate 470 to Lee's Summit. It then runs as an expressway to Sedalia before becoming Broadway Boulevard and intersecting with U.S. Route 65 (Limit Avenue). From Sedalia to California, US 50 becomes a 2-lane undivided road, where it has a concurrency with Highway 5 from Syracuse to",
"title": "U.S. Route 50 in Missouri"
},
{
"id": "10897563",
"text": "outside of the Liquor Control Law. Missouri's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is .08% for persons over the age of 21 and .02% for minors and adults under age 21. Ordinarily, DUI is a misdemeanor in Missouri, although the third DUI conviction becomes a felony. Refusal to take a chemical test (i.e. breathalyzer) when so requested by a law enforcement officer who has probable cause will result in a one-year suspension of the suspect's driver's license. Missouri's drinking age has been 21 since 1945. That is, Missouri law prohibits minors from possessing or purchasing alcohol. Thus, when the National",
"title": "Alcohol laws of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "1125596",
"text": "California, Missouri California is a city in Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. The 2010 census has the population at 4,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third largest city in the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the largest city in Moniteau County. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and",
"title": "California, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "8196710",
"text": "in parentheses indicates the year of the Miss America competition the award/placement was garnered. Miss Missouri The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant. Katelyn Lewis of Lake St. Louis was crowned Miss Missouri 2018 on June 16, 2018 at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She will compete for the title of Miss America 2019 on September 9, 2018 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. From 1935 to 1970, the Miss Missouri pageant was held in a number of locations, including St. Louis, Kansas City, and Springfield.",
"title": "Miss Missouri"
},
{
"id": "7823715",
"text": "\"Missouri\" completed her first 6-month deployment to the U.S. 6th Fleet on 20 December 2013. In March 2014 \"Missouri\" made an 11-week-long surge deployment in the Northern Atlantic, just three months after her previous deployment and possibly linked to the Ukrainian crisis, (i.e. the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, which took place in March 2014). The submarine continued to operate with the U.S. 6th fleet in 2015. On 26 January 2018, \"Missouri\" sailed into her new homeport of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii from Groton, Connecticut. USS Missouri (SSN-780) USS \"Missouri\" (SSN-780) is the seventh attack submarine and the fourth",
"title": "USS Missouri (SSN-780)"
},
{
"id": "1127711",
"text": "Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The city has an extreme continental climate. The majority of annual precipitation falls during the humid springs and summers. Typically, fall and winter are relatively dry. While snow is not rare, it",
"title": "Washington, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "1331532",
"text": "Girardeau Regional Airport. This is a full service airport that offers flights to and from O'Hare Airport in Chicago, IL. Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \"Cape\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city",
"title": "Cape Girardeau, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "20924856",
"text": "does not air network programming on Saturday nights. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2018–19: 2019–20 United States network television schedule The 2019–20 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States will cover the prime time hours from September 2019 to August 2020. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled",
"title": "2019–20 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "1562315",
"text": "is the hottest time of the year with a mean temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) and a mean precipitation of 300 mm (12 inches) with June having more precipitation than either July or August. The extreme highs for the year often occur in July or August. Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state during this time of the year, contributing to area rainfall. Fall, September through November, has less and less precipitation towards the end of the season. The mean temperatures for this season are 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) and the mean precipitation is 250mm (10 in).",
"title": "Climate of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "10897553",
"text": "in Missouri ever has held such a referendum. The on-premises sale of liquor is allowed throughout the state, without any limitation except for the hours when sale is permitted. Since 1981, properly licensed establishments with certain levels of annual revenue in Kansas City, Jackson County, North Kansas City, St. Louis, and St. Louis County have been permitted to sell liquor by the drink between 6:00 AM and 3:00 AM Mondays through Saturdays, and between 9:00 AM and 3:00 AM on Sundays. Except for wine, Missouri places no limitations on the interstate shipping of alcohol into the state, as long the",
"title": "Alcohol laws of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "262096",
"text": "smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%. Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property. No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants. Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "16142437",
"text": "in 2012. The bill was initially vetoed by Gov. Nixon, but the Missouri legislature overrode the veto during the September veto session. In September 2016, another Senate bill coincidentally numbered SB 656 was passed allowing permitless concealed carry by anyone 19 years of age or older who may lawfully own a gun. This bill was also vetoed by Governor Nixon, on June 27, 2016. After the Missouri legislature reconvened for the veto-override session on September 14, 2016, the Senate voted to override the veto with a 24 – 6 vote (23 required) and the House followed through shortly thereafter with",
"title": "Gun laws in Missouri"
},
{
"id": "19947752",
"text": "two states if there is even a slight variation in their name. For example, Vic Miller registered in Kansas would not be recognized as the same as Victor Miller registered in Missouri despite the same full date of birth and last four digits of social security number. Debate about Crosscheck is part of a larger, ongoing controversy over whether or not such voter registration programs are a valid means of protecting against fraud. A landmark study by researchers at Stanford, University of Pennsylvania, Yale, and Harvard quantified the tradeoff between voter accessibility and electoral integrity when purging a likely duplicate",
"title": "Interstate Voter Registration Crosscheck Program"
},
{
"id": "262460",
"text": "Missouri River The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "5945030",
"text": "off for Sacramento. It took seventy-five ponies to make the first trip from Missouri to California. Each major city along the way celebrated as the Pony Express rider passed through. On April 14, 1860, at about 1 a.m., the Pony Express from St. Joseph arrived in San Francisco. The east-bound rider left San Francisco April 3 and made it to St. Josephs on April 13. The Pony Express was active. In the first month of existence, the Pony Express riders experienced violent weather, harsh terrain, and the physical hardship of being in a saddle for up to 100 miles a",
"title": "Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company"
},
{
"id": "3106998",
"text": "(as of 2013), the Country Club Plaza's \"Season of Lights\" is one of the city's oldest traditions. The lights are turned on at 6:54 pm on Thanksgiving and shine from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am daily through mid-January of the following year. The one- to two-hour ceremony is broadcast live on location television station KSHB. Country Club Plaza The Country Club Plaza (often called The Plaza) is a privately owned American shopping center in the Country Club District of Kansas City, Missouri. The center consists of 18 separate buildings representing 804,000 square feet of retail space and 468,000 square feet",
"title": "Country Club Plaza"
},
{
"id": "6628560",
"text": "L-U-C-K\" tattooed on the fingers of his left hand and for a deformed right eyelid that never closed completely. Billy Cook (criminal) William Edward \"Billy\" Cook Jr. (December 23, 1928 – December 12, 1952) was an American spree killer who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. William Edward Cook Jr. was born in Joplin, Missouri, in 1928. His mother died when he was five years old. Soon after, his father relocated the children to an abandoned mine, eventually leaving them to fend for themselves with a few supplies. They were discovered there by",
"title": "Billy Cook (criminal)"
},
{
"id": "3472526",
"text": "Lewis noted his delusional thinking and a childhood history of severe abuse. In October 2013, Flynt called for clemency for Franklin, asserting \"that a government that forbids killing among its citizens should not be in the business of killing people itself.\" Franklin was held on death row at the Potosi Correctional Center near Mineral Point, Missouri. In August 2013, the Missouri Supreme Court announced that Franklin would be executed on November 20. Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster said in a statement that by setting execution dates, the state high court \"has taken an important step to see that justice is",
"title": "Joseph Paul Franklin"
},
{
"id": "1125839",
"text": "with hot, humid summers and chilly, though not severe winters. Winter weather can vary from very mild and rainy when air masses from the Gulf of Mexico predominate, to very cold, dry and windy with northerly or northwesterly airflows as in the famous cold month of January 1977. On average there are 82 nights which fall to or below , whilst one night falls to or below , and the coldest temperature ever has been on January 17, 1982. The hottest has been record on August 4, 1964, whilst an average of 2.9 days exceed . Rainfall is fairly heavy",
"title": "New Madrid, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "8755573",
"text": "Mozingo Lake Golf Course The Mozingo Lake Golf Course is a 7,137 yard long, 18-hole municipal golf course on the banks of Mozingo Lake in Nodaway County, Missouri. The course was designed by Donald Sechrest and opened in 1995. It is a par 72 course and has a rating of 73.5 and a slope rating of 134 on Rye grass. It is owned by the city of Maryville, Missouri. According to the city website, Golf Digest and USA Today call it the \"best course to play in the state of Missouri for under $50.\" The signature hole is #8, a",
"title": "Mozingo Lake Golf Course"
},
{
"id": "7357073",
"text": "a terrible odor. Some suggest it was a rogue American Indian. Following sightings in 1972 beginning at 3:30 pm July 11, first reported by Terry, Wiley, and Doris Harrison, and lasting for about two weeks, tracks were found and submitted to Lawrence Curtis, director of the Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden. He deemed the tracks to be that of an unknown primate species. Momo the Monster Momo is the name of a local legend, similar to the Bigfoot, which is reported to live in Missouri. The name Momo is short for 'Missouri Monster' and it is reported to have",
"title": "Momo the Monster"
},
{
"id": "13015266",
"text": "exceptions, such as \"NBC Sunday Night Football\", that are aired live in all time zones. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09:\" Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2008–09: ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC ABC CBS The CW Fox NBC 2009–10 United States network television schedule",
"title": "2009–10 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "12750564",
"text": "film \"Psycho III\". The film title is a parody of the \"Pony Express,\" a fast mail service that crossed the North American continent from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California from April 1860 to October 1861. Puny Express Puny Express is an American cartoon, and the 32nd animated cartoon short subject in the \"Woody Woodpecker\" series. Released theatrically on January 22, 1951, the film was produced by Walter Lantz Productions and distributed by Universal-International. In the Old West, Cowboy Woody comes to town and notices an ad at a western post office advertising for a new mail delivery rider. He",
"title": "Puny Express"
},
{
"id": "1331510",
"text": "Cape Girardeau, Missouri Cape Girardeau (, ; colloquially referred to as \"Cape\") is a city in Cape Girardeau county in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located approximately southeast of St. Louis and north of Memphis. As of the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimates, the city's population was 39,151, making it the 17th-largest city in Missouri, and the largest city in Southeast Missouri. An emerging college town, it is the home of Southeast Missouri State University. The city is named after Jean Baptiste de Girardot, who established a temporary trading post in the area around 1733. He was",
"title": "Cape Girardeau, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "262080",
"text": "Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas). The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2017 was 3.9 percent. In 2017, Missouri became a right-to-work state, but in August 2018, Missouri voters rejected a right-to-work law with 67% to 33%. Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "19823781",
"text": "Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into law the Missouri Medical Marijuana Bill, allowing the use of CBD oil to treat persistent seizures. In 2015 the state issued licenses to two non-profits to grow cannabis for oil to be sold to patients. House Bill",
"title": "Cannabis in Missouri"
},
{
"id": "3100876",
"text": "first Friday following the second Monday in May. No appropriation bill may be considered after 6:00 p.m. on the first Friday after the first Monday in May. If the Governor returns a bill with his objections after adjournment sine die, the General Assembly is automatically reconvened on the first Wednesday following the second Monday in September for a period not to exceed ten days to consider vetoed bills. The Governor may convene the General Assembly in special session for a maximum of 60 calendar days at any time. Only subjects recommended by the Governor in his call or a special",
"title": "Missouri General Assembly"
},
{
"id": "12719358",
"text": "California Admission Day California Admission Day is a legal holiday in the state of California in the United States. It is celebrated as a day of observance annually on September 9 to commemorate the anniversary of the 1850 admission of California into the Union as the thirty-first state. California was admitted to the Union as part of the Compromise of 1850 as a free state after being ceded to the United States by Mexico at the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848. California directly became a state, it was never required to spend a period of time as a",
"title": "California Admission Day"
},
{
"id": "4077554",
"text": "New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2003–04: 2004–05 United States network television schedule The following is the 2004–05 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 2004 through May 2005. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series",
"title": "2004–05 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "1915475",
"text": "St. Louis Lambert International Airport St. Louis Lambert International Airport , formerly Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is an international airport serving St. Louis, Missouri, United States. It is northwest of downtown St. Louis in unincorporated St. Louis County between Berkeley and Bridgeton. Commonly referred to as Lambert Field or simply Lambert, it is the largest and busiest airport in Missouri with over 270 daily departures to over 80 domestic and international locations. In 2017, 14.7 million passengers traveled through the airport. The airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and serves as a hub for Air Choice One and",
"title": "St. Louis Lambert International Airport"
},
{
"id": "9283423",
"text": "telephone with people in other time zones. For instance, business in Chicago is often conducted between 8 am and 4:30 pm, while in New York City, business hours tend to be later—for instance, from 10 am to 6 pm. On Saturdays, businesses are usually open from 8 or 9 am to noon or 1 pm. In Mexico, the standard business hours are from 7 am to 2 pm and 4 pm to 6 pm. In Finland, government agencies and other institutions follow the hours 8:00am to 4:15pm. Banks are usually open to 4:30pm. Common business is done from Monday to",
"title": "Business hours"
},
{
"id": "19016610",
"text": "rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. Note: ABC aired \"Dancing with the Stars\" on Tuesday from September 20 to October 4. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2015–16: 2016–17 United States network television schedule The 2016–17 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2016 to August 2017. The schedule is",
"title": "2016–17 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "12237777",
"text": "Wolfe's case drew nationwide attention due to United States Supreme Court ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana, which banned death penalty for child rape, and was directly cited in court opinions. Ronald Wolfe (rapist) Ronald Wolfe was the last person executed in the United States for non-homicidal rape, and second-to-last put to death for crime other than murder (the last was James Coburn, electrocuted in Alabama the same year for robbery). He was also second-to-last person executed in Missouri before the U.S. moratorium on capital punishment. Wolfe, a 34-year-old man, was put to death in Missouri's gas chamber on May 8,",
"title": "Ronald Wolfe (rapist)"
},
{
"id": "13674642",
"text": "2009 Tour of Missouri The 2009 Tour of Missouri was the third annual edition of a professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Missouri. It began on September 7, 2009 with seven days of racing. The Tour of Missouri is considered the second highest profile domestic race in the United States this year, bettered only by the Tour of California. Television coverage of the race will be limited to daily 30 minute recorded highlights on Versus, and some local TV station coverage. Live streaming of the race will be available for all stages online via the Official Tour of",
"title": "2009 Tour of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "1126949",
"text": "Dorado Springs boasts Missouri's oldest municipal band performing in the United States at the longest continually used bandstand. The city has two newspapers: The Star and The Sun; along with local FM radio station KESM. Kamber Cain - Country Music Singer Sydney Friar - Miss Missouri 2011 El Dorado Springs, Missouri El Dorado Springs is the largest city in Cedar County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3,593 at the 2010 census. The name is commonly shortened to El Dorado or El Do. El Dorado Springs is located at (37.870872, -94.021024). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city",
"title": "El Dorado Springs, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "262024",
"text": "Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States. With over six million residents, it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia; the capital is Jefferson City, near the center of the state on the Missouri River. The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the eastern border of the state. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years. The Mississippian culture",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "9823084",
"text": "and pay his respects, and decides to spend the summer there working as a laborer. He meets Jerri Jo Hopper, and falls in love, along the way developing new friendships with the town locals. He then must decide what direction he wants his life to go, whether to stay in Missouri or return to California. Steve McQueen's film company, Solar Productions, signed a multi-picture deal with Cinema Center Films. This was its first production. Michael Douglas got his first pay check, about 3400 USD, for Adam 6 A.M. He also received the orange Porsche, which he drove in the movie",
"title": "Adam at 6 A.M."
},
{
"id": "7922822",
"text": "Official Manual State of Missouri The Official Manual - State of Missouri (often referred to simply as The Missouri Blue Book) is a biennial publication from the Missouri Secretary of State. The Blue Book was first published in 1889. It contains historical, political, and statistical information about the state of Missouri. The book cover had traditionally been blue (with the exception of it being red, white and blue in 1976 during the United States Bicentennial) although thanks to the Irish roots of Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick it was green from 1969 until he left office in 1985. Secretary",
"title": "Official Manual State of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "1598624",
"text": "airing immediately after their original telecast in the U.S. and the weekend edition being simulcast live. In Hong Kong, the program is broadcast live (or delayed) on TVB Pearl daily at 07:30 Hong Kong Time (corresponding to 18:30, or 6:30 p.m., in the Eastern Time Zone of the U.S.). In the Philippines, \"NBC Nightly News\" was aired Mondays through Fridays at 8:30 a.m. (after \"Daybreak\"), Saturdays at 9:00 a.m. and Sundays at 10:00 a.m. local time; it is also rebroadcast at 5:30 p.m. each weeknight, 1:30 p.m. on Saturdays, 4:30 a.m. on Tuesdays to Saturdays, 10:00 p.m. on Sundays and",
"title": "NBC Nightly News"
},
{
"id": "19251363",
"text": "of Missouri held that the Missouri Constitution did not allow the state to place anyone on the registry who had been convicted or pleaded guilty to a registrable offense before the sex offender registration law went into effect on 1 January 1995 and remanded the case for further consideration in light of that holding. On remand, the Jackson County Circuit Court entered an injunction ordering that the applicable individuals be removed from the published sex offender list. Defendant Colonel James Keathley appealed that order to the Missouri Court of Appeals in Kansas City, which affirmed the injunction on 1 April",
"title": "Constitutionality of sex offender registries in the United States"
},
{
"id": "14418320",
"text": "\"An American Prayer\" in 1978. It has been suggested that the inspiration for the Protagonist in the film, played by Morrison, with the script name 'Billy' was inspired by the very real Hitchhiker serial killer Billy Cook who murdered six people on a 22-day rampage between Missouri and California in 1950–51. In 2009, restored and re-mastered excerpts from \"HWY\" were featured in Tom DiCillos documentary \"When You're Strange\". However, the complete film was not included in the Special Features on the \"When You're Strange\" DVD, and there have been no further announcements regarding a DVD release for the film. Bootleg",
"title": "HWY: An American Pastoral"
},
{
"id": "14320656",
"text": "at roughly 60,000. Alarmed by the increasing turbulence, Frémont declared martial law in the state of Missouri on August 30, 1861. Just before dawn on August 30, Frémont finished penning his proclamation of martial law and read it to his wife and a trusted advisor, Edward Davis of Philadelphia. Davis warned that officials in Washington would never stand for such a sweeping edict. Frémont responded that he had been given full power to put down secession in Missouri and that, as a war measure, the proclamation was entirely warranted. The most controversial passage of the proclamation, and the one with",
"title": "Frémont Emancipation"
},
{
"id": "11677011",
"text": "of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \"spring forward, fall back\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.",
"title": "Daylight saving time in the United States"
},
{
"id": "19823786",
"text": "voted were in favour of the implementation of legalised recreational usage of marijuana, and 70% supporting taxation upon its sale. 28% of those who supported this movement stating they had used the drug in the past week. Cannabis in Missouri Cannabis in Missouri, United States, is legal for medical purposes. Possession of small amounts was decriminalized in 2014. In 2014, a revamp of the state's criminal code, the first done since 1979, removed the possibility of jail time for first-time possession of cannabis; the changes to the code took effect in 2017. In July 2014 Governor Jay Nixon signed into",
"title": "Cannabis in Missouri"
},
{
"id": "17605801",
"text": "Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2013–14: 2014–15 United States network television schedule The 2014–15 network television schedule for the five major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers prime time hours from September 2014 to August 2015. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series canceled after the 2013–14 season. NBC was the first to announce",
"title": "2014–15 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "5808036",
"text": "Above the shield is a helmet representing Missouri's state sovereignty. The large star above the helmet surrounded by 23 smaller stars represents Missouri's status as the 24th state. The cloud around the stars indicates the problems Missouri had in becoming a state. \"Salus populi suprema lex esto\" (Latin \"Let the good of the people be the supreme law\" or \"The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law\") is found in Cicero's \"De Legibus\" (book III, part III, sub. VIII), as \"Ollis salus populi suprema lex esto\". The phrase is the state motto of Missouri, accepted in its state",
"title": "Seal of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "3100875",
"text": "a qualified Missouri voter for two years, and a resident of the county or district of their constituency for one year. Senators must be 30 years of age, a qualified Missouri voter for three years, and similar to House qualifications, must be a resident of their senatorial constituency for one year prior to their election. According to Article III, Section 20 of the Missouri Constitution, the General Assembly must convene on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January following the state general election. It adjourns on May 30, with no consideration of bills after 6:00 p.m. on the",
"title": "Missouri General Assembly"
},
{
"id": "5869906",
"text": "viewership of 6.79 million viewers, the largest audience the program earned since January 23, 1994. March 1, 2015: 6.63 million viewers (sixth-largest audience since the 1987 advent of people meters). CBS News Sunday Morning CBS News Sunday Morning is an American newsmagazine television program that has aired on CBS since January 28, 1979. Created by Robert Northshield and original host Charles Kuralt, the 90-minute program currently airs Sundays from 9:00 to 10:30 a.m. Eastern, Pacific Time from 7:00 to 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 to 9:30 a.m. in all other time zones (live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and",
"title": "CBS News Sunday Morning"
},
{
"id": "9972099",
"text": "Missouri statistical areas The statistical areas of the United States of America comprise the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), the micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs), and the combined statistical areas (CSAs) currently defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Most recently on December 1, 2009, the Office of Management and Budget defined 1067 statistical areas for the United States, including 3 combined statistical areas, 8 metropolitan statistical areas, and 20 micropolitan statistical areas in the State of Missouri. The table below shows the recent population of these statistical areas, the 114 counties, and the 1 independent city of",
"title": "Missouri statistical areas"
},
{
"id": "1127720",
"text": "is the local high school. Private schools: There is a public library in the town, Washington Public Library. In 1990 Marbach am Neckar (Germany) became the sister city of Washington. Student exchanges and visitations between the two cities occur occasionally. Washington, Missouri Washington is a city on the Missouri River in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,892 from the 2010 census. It is the corncob pipe capital of the world, with Missouri Meerschaum located on the riverfront. Washington is located at (38.551879, -91.013313). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of",
"title": "Washington, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "11416905",
"text": "Show-Me State Games The Show-Me STATE GAMES (SMSG) is an Olympic-style competition for amateur athletes in the U.S. state of Missouri, held in the city of Columbia. The SMSG is the largest state games in the United States. The SMSG is a member of the National Congress of State Games and the United States Olympic Committee. SMSG is a program of the Missouri Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health, . The name derives from the state's official nickname, the \"Show-Me State.\" The Show-Me STATE GAMES has expanded from 600 participants in 1985, to more than 34,000 year-round participants in",
"title": "Show-Me State Games"
},
{
"id": "1562312",
"text": "Climate of Missouri Missouri generally has a variety of seasonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification \"Cfa\"), with cool winters and long, hot summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate borders on a more mild-type humid subtropical climate (Köppen \"Cfa\"), and in the northern third, the state transitions into a humid continental climate (Köppen \"Dfa\"). Because of its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Lacking either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and",
"title": "Climate of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "10897555",
"text": "be generally licensed to do business by the Department of Economic Development. In practice, ordinary commercial shippers like FedEx and UPS have the necessary licenses. An alcohol retailer licensed in Missouri or in any other state which has similar, \"reciprocal\" wine-shipping laws may ship up to two cases of wine each year to any Missouri resident over the age of 21, provided that the wine is for personal use and not for resale. Such a delivery is deemed not to be a sale in Missouri. Otherwise, for direct shipments of wine from a winery, a wine manufacturer licensed in Missouri",
"title": "Alcohol laws of Missouri"
},
{
"id": "11677021",
"text": "ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer. In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8. Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine",
"title": "Daylight saving time in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5746437",
"text": "go to Ste. Genevieve can take US 67 Bus. through Park Hills to US 67, to Missouri, then take Route 32 to Ste. Genevieve. There have supposedly been plans to extend Route 8 to Ste. Genevieve. So far, those plans have not been put into effect. Between Steelville and Potosi, Route 8 was initially Route 62 from 1922 to 1926. The route was renumbered because US 60 had been planned as US 62. Missouri Route 8 Route 8 is a state highway in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. It travels from Interstate 44 (I-44) in St.",
"title": "Missouri Route 8"
},
{
"id": "262032",
"text": "speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners. Often, informal respellings of the state's name, such as \"Missour-\"ee\"\" or \"Missour-\"uh\"\", are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations. There is no official state nickname. However, Missouri's unofficial nickname is the \"Show Me State\", which appears on its license plates. This phrase has several origins. One is popularly ascribed to a speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver in 1899, who declared that \"I come from a state that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show",
"title": "Missouri"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Truman Day context: and tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War. Truman Day Truman Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. It is celebrated May 8 in Missouri as a state holiday, according to Missouri Revised Statutes Section 9-035 Public Holidays and nationally by the United States Democratic Party. Since Truman was the only president to come from Missouri, this day is special for this state. However, after the financial crisis of 2008-2010, there were unsuccessful moves by the state government to abolish the\n\nIf it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?",
"compressed_tokens": 187,
"origin_tokens": 187,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Daylight saving time in the United States context: uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks \"spring forward, fall back\"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.\n\ntitle: California, Missouri context: air balloon California held Saturday of. Approately 20 hot air ball participate in a hare and hounds hot air balloon race California Style is held the Friday and Saturday of December Events include business open houses, a lighted Christmas parade, and more On January 19, 2018 singer-songwriter Kassi Asht her \"California, Missouri referencing hometown California California, Missouri California is a city Moniteau County, Missouri, United States. 2010 census has the population at ,278. It is the county seat of Moniteau County. California is the third\n Climate of: isottest time of year mean 2 °7 °F) meanitation of30012 with more precip either July or August. extreme for the occur in July Tropones and this time, contributing area rainfall Fall through, precip. The temperatures for are. ° and mean precip 50 (0\n, California Missouri California is a , the the City Area the. California is located in central Moniteau County at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Missouri Route 87. North Moreau Creek flows past two miles south of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and\n\nIf it is 8 a. m. in California, what time is it in Missouri?",
"compressed_tokens": 474,
"origin_tokens": 14997,
"ratio": "31.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
183 | In which decade of the 20th century was Ted Danson born? | [
"The Forties",
"1940–1949",
"%6040s",
"1940s",
"Nineteen-forties",
"1940s literature",
"'40s",
"1940-1949",
"1940's",
"1940s (decade)"
] | 1940s | [
{
"id": "1709830",
"text": "conservation. In March 2011, he published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica (née MacMaster, 1916 – January 11, 2006) and Edward Bridge \"Ned\" Danson, Jr. (March 22, 1916 – November 30, 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "1709847",
"text": "Hillary Clinton. Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", Jack Holden in the films \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \"Becker\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \"\" and \"\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \"Damages\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "1709828",
"text": "Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", Jack Holden in the films \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \"Becker\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \"\" and \"\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \"Damages\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series \"Bored to",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "12260020",
"text": "Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three people and injured 23 others in an attempt to start a revolution by conducting a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology. In conjunction, he issued a social critique opposing industrialization and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism. In 1971 Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or",
"title": "Ted Kaczynski"
},
{
"id": "1709845",
"text": "an axe and saw, Breed, Gaede, and Danson ended up destroying over 300 outdoor advertising signs. Danson's interest in environmentalism continued over the years, and he began to be concerned with the state of the world's oceans. In the 1980s, he was a contributing founder of the \"American Oceans Campaigns\", which merged with Oceana in 2001, where Danson is a board member. In March 2011, Danson published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans And What We Can Do To Save Them\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson is a friend of former United States President Bill Clinton, who attended",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "15332301",
"text": "James Van Praagh James Van Praagh (; born August 23, 1958) is an American author, producer and television personality who describes himself as a clairvoyant and spiritual medium. He has written numerous books, including \"The New York Times\" bestseller \"Talking to Heaven\". He co-executive produced the CBS primetime series \"Ghost Whisperer\", which he claims was based on his life, and was portrayed by Ted Danson in the 2002 semi-biographical miniseries \"Living with the Dead\". He hosted a short-lived paranormal talk show called \"Beyond with James Van Praagh\". Van Praagh was born in Bayside, New York and is the youngest of",
"title": "James Van Praagh"
},
{
"id": "657047",
"text": "for Public Service. Goldberg serves on the national council advisory board of the National Museum of American Illustration. Goldberg has been married three times — in 1973 to Alvin Martin (divorced in 1979, one daughter); on September 1, 1986 to cinematographer David Claessen (divorced in 1988); and on October 1, 1994 to the union organizer Lyle Trachtenberg (divorced in 1995). She was romantically linked with actors Frank Langella, Timothy Dalton, and Ted Danson, who controversially appeared in blackface during her 1993 Friars Club roast. She has stated that she has no plans to marry again, commenting \"Some people are not",
"title": "Whoopi Goldberg"
},
{
"id": "13650000",
"text": "Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \"Ted\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving utensils and other home furnishings, established after discovering the simple but elegant design style on a 1950s trip to Denmark. Nierenberg was born on May 20, 1923, and majored in engineering management at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Institute of Technology, earning a bachelor of science degree in 1944. After graduation, he worked in the family business that manufactured metal nameplates for appliances. On a trip to Europe in",
"title": "Ted Nierenberg"
},
{
"id": "13650004",
"text": "\"widely considered among the finest gardens in the Hudson Valley\". \"The Beckoning Path: Lessons of a Lifelong Garden\", a book of Nierenberg's photographs of his gardens, was published by Aperture Press in 1993. Nierenberg died at age 86 on July 31, 2009, due to pancreatic cancer at his home in Armonk, New York. He was survived by his wife, two daughters, two sons and ten grandchildren. Ted Nierenberg Theodore David \"Ted\" Nierenberg (May 20, 1923 – July 31, 2009) was an American business executive and entrepreneur who created Dansk International Designs, a company that sells Scandinavian Design-style cooking and serving",
"title": "Ted Nierenberg"
},
{
"id": "12260082",
"text": "selections in the University of Michigan's special collections. The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until 2049. In 2012, Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni Association's directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class of 1962; he listed his occupation as \"prisoner\" and his eight life sentences as \"awards\". Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski (; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber (), is an American domestic terrorist, former mathematics professor, and anarchist author. A mathematics prodigy, he abandoned an academic career in 1969 to pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, he killed three",
"title": "Ted Kaczynski"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "1709831",
"text": "where he was a star player on the basketball team. He became interested in drama while attending Stanford University and, seeking a better acting program, transferred to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he received his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in drama in 1972. Danson began his television career as a contract player on the daytime soap opera \"Somerset\". He played the role of \"Tom Conway\" from 1975 to 1976. He then spent a few years (1977–1982) as a doctor on the daytime soap opera \"The Doctors\". He was also in a number of commercials, most recognizably as",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "1709840",
"text": "and \"Cousins\" with Isabella Rossellini. He also appeared in \"The Onion Field\" (his first film, as the bagpipe playing Officer Ian Campbell), \"Creepshow\", \"Body Heat\", \"Little Treasure\", \"Just Between Friends\", \"A Fine Mess\", \"Dad\", \"Made in America\", \"Getting Even with Dad\" and \"Saving Private Ryan\". Danson and his first wife, actress Randall \"Randy\" Gosch (now professionally known as Randy Danson), were married in 1970 and divorced in 1975. Danson's second wife was producer Cassandra \"Casey\" Coates; they were married in 1977. On December 24, 1979, while giving birth to their first daughter Kate, Coates suffered a stroke, and Danson spent",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "5197532",
"text": "Harry Weedon Harold William \"Harry\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \"taught Britain to love modern architecture\" and form \"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\". Weedon was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, the son of a commercial traveller, and educated at",
"title": "Harry Weedon"
},
{
"id": "20064561",
"text": "Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \"New York Post\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \"Dean of Black Journalists\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had seven older brothers and sisters. His family was one of the few black families to own their",
"title": "Ted Poston"
},
{
"id": "5984498",
"text": "Dad (film) Dad is a 1989 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Gary David Goldberg and starring Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson, Olympia Dukakis, Kathy Baker, Kevin Spacey and Ethan Hawke. It is based on William Wharton's novel of the same name. The original music score was composed by James Horner. The film was produced by Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures. John Tremont (Ted Danson) is a busy executive. He learns during a meeting that his mother has collapsed and been rushed to the hospital. Flying immediately to Los Angeles, he ends up becoming a caretaker of his",
"title": "Dad (film)"
},
{
"id": "2397657",
"text": "Ted Healy Ted Healy (born Ernest Lea Nash, October 1, 1896 – December 21, 1937) was an American vaudeville performer, comedian, and actor. Though he is chiefly remembered as the creator of the Three Stooges and the style of slapstick comedy that they later made famous, he had a successful stage and film career of his own, and was cited as a formative influence by several later comedy stars. His sister was Marcia Healy who costarred with the Three Stooges as well in \"The Sitter Downers\". Sources conflict on Healy's precise birth name and birthplace, but according to baptism records,",
"title": "Ted Healy"
},
{
"id": "1709841",
"text": "several years caring for her and helping her recuperate. They later adopted a second daughter, Alexis. Danson's affair with actress Whoopi Goldberg led to their divorce in 1993. It's known as one of Hollywood's costliest divorces, reportedly costing Danson $30 million. On October 7, 1995, Danson married actress Mary Steenburgen, whom he met on the set of the movie \"Pontiac Moon\" in 1993, and became the stepfather to Steenburgen's children, Lilly and Charlie, from her previous marriage to actor Malcolm McDowell. Danson has been on a vegan diet multiple times, but he currently adheres to a pescetarian diet. Danson suffers",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "8732714",
"text": "police drama. In 2004 Houston directed the NBC television series \"Crossing Jordan\". Dr. Jordan, played by Jill Hennessy, is a forensic pathologist who tends to be overly passionate about solving homicides and frequently extends her search for answers outside of the autopsy table. In 2005 Houston wrote the movie \"Knights of the South Bronx\" with Jamal Joseph. Inspired by a true story, the film portrays Richard Mason (Ted Danson), who is middle-aged and unemployed when he begins teaching in an inner-city school in the Bronx. Instead of following the prescribed curriculum, Mason encourages his elementary school students by teaching them",
"title": "Dianne Houston"
},
{
"id": "7356634",
"text": "Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law lecturer at Durham University. He was the author of the book \"The Commonwealth Public Service\". He was the father of Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and of Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons in Filey, Yorkshire, England, he was the illegitimate son of two middle class travelling entertainers. His father Charles Parsons (16 July 1887 – 19 January 1970) had the stage name Jimmy Lynton while his",
"title": "Leo Blair"
},
{
"id": "469572",
"text": "research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and",
"title": "20th century"
},
{
"id": "12261943",
"text": "Actor, and remains the only actor to have had two posthumous acting nominations. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the 18th best male movie star of Golden Age Hollywood in AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list. James Byron Dean was born on February 8, 1931, at the Seven Gables apartment on the corner of 4th Street and McClure Street in Marion, Indiana, the only child of Winton Dean and Mildred Marie Wilson. He was primarily of English descent, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. He also claimed that his father was part Native American, while",
"title": "James Dean"
},
{
"id": "2839938",
"text": "Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \"Double Indemnity\". The film launched Turner's career—\"Empire\" magazine cited the film in 1995 when it named her one of the \"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\". \"The New York Times\" wrote in 2005 that, propelled by her \"jaw-dropping movie debut [in] \"Body Heat\" ... she built a career on adventurousness and frank sexuality born of robust physicality.\" The",
"title": "Body Heat"
},
{
"id": "469545",
"text": "20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts;",
"title": "20th century"
},
{
"id": "2839953",
"text": "Edgar Ulmer's \"Detour\"\". The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Warner Bros. released a 25th anniversary Deluxe Edition DVD of \"Body Heat\", including a documentary about the film by Laurent Bouzereau, a \"number of rightfully deleted scenes\", and a trailer. Notes Body Heat Body Heat is a 1981 American neo-noir erotic thriller film written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan. It stars William Hurt, Kathleen Turner and Richard Crenna, and features Ted Danson, J. A. Preston, and Mickey Rourke. The film was inspired by \"Double Indemnity\". The film launched Turner's career—\"Empire\" magazine cited the film in 1995",
"title": "Body Heat"
},
{
"id": "1420569",
"text": "to his decision to continue acting: \"I didn't want to be an actor and I went back to college. But then the [film's] success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places, and it seemed silly to pursue anything else.\" While filming \"Dead Poets Society\" he auditioned for what would be his next film appearance, 1989's comedy drama \"Dad\", where he played Ted Danson's son and Jack Lemmon's grandson. Hawke's next film, 1991's \"White Fang\", brought his first leading role. The film, an adaptation of Jack London's novel",
"title": "Ethan Hawke"
},
{
"id": "20064568",
"text": "in an anti-segregation film. He also lived next door to his friend Thurgood Marshall for many years. Ted Poston Ted Poston (July 4, 1906 – January 11, 1974) was an American journalist and author. He was one of the first African-American journalists to work on a mainstream white-owned newspaper, the \"New York Post\". In 1949, he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his stories on the Groveland Four. Poston is often referred to as the \"Dean of Black Journalists\". Poston was born as Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Major Poston in Hopkinsville, Kentucky to schoolteachers Ephraim and Mollie Poston. He had",
"title": "Ted Poston"
},
{
"id": "5941788",
"text": "Three Men and a Little Lady Three Men and a Little Lady is a 1990 American comedy film directed by Emile Ardolino. It is the sequel to the 1987 film \"Three Men and a Baby\". Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, and Ted Danson reprise the leading roles. The three men – Peter, Michael, and Jack – are living happily together with Mary, who is now five, and her mother, Sylvia. Peter and Michael continue their careers as an architect and cartoonist, while Jack has very few acting roles. Sylvia has become a famous actress and is dating her director Edward who",
"title": "Three Men and a Little Lady"
},
{
"id": "7733039",
"text": "Para USA Para USA (Para) is an American-owned firearms manufacturer. It is the successor to Para-Ordnance, founded in Canada in 1985. It specializes in making M1911-style semi-automatic pistols and components. Para-Ordnance was founded in Canada in 1985 by two childhood friends, Ted Szabo and Thanos Polyzos. Szabo was born in Hungary and his family fled the country when the Soviets invaded during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. Polyzos was born in Greece and later emigrated to Canada. On March 28, 2007, Ted Szabo died at the age of 60. The company's first product was a plastic paintball gun, the Model",
"title": "Para USA"
},
{
"id": "15332307",
"text": "Dead\" (also known by the alternate title, \"Talking to Heaven\"), a four-hour miniseries based on Van Praagh and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal, with the screenplay by John Pielmeier. Although the series followed Van Praagh's experiences, it included a fictional mystery around the murder of a teenage boy at the hands of a serial killer. Van Praagh was played by Ted Danson, his mother by Diane Ladd and his father by Jack Palance. Danson received praise from outlets like the \"Chicago Tribune\" and \"People\" for his portrayal of Van Praagh as a man anguished by his lifelong visions of the dead,",
"title": "James Van Praagh"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "20224477",
"text": "impossible to answer (e.g., ‘In which decade of the 20th century was Pablo Picasso born?’ The answer is impossible as he was born in the 19th century). If a contestant buzzes in and identifies it as \"impossible\", their opponents lose two lives, but they lose two lives of their own if they give an answer to an impossible question or say \"impossible\" to a question that is possible and so has a correct answer. The finalist who makes it to this round now faces a question, based on a random category, in which they have ten seconds to pick three",
"title": "Impossible (game show)"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "1709829",
"text": "Death\". In 2015 he starred as Hank Larsson in the second season of FX's black comedy-crime drama anthology \"Fargo\". Since 2016, he has played the afterlife \"architect\" Michael in the NBC sitcom \"The Good Place\". During his career, Danson has been nominated for 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations, winning three; one Screen Actors Guild Award; and one American Comedy Award and has been awarded a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was ranked second in \"TV Guide\"s list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "1395961",
"text": "P. T. Barnum Phineas Taylor Barnum (; July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, politician, and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus (1871–2017). He was also an author, publisher, and philanthropist, though he said of himself: \"I am a showman by profession… and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me\". According to his critics, his personal aim was \"to put money in his own coffers.\" He is widely credited with coining the adage \"There's a sucker born every minute\", although no evidence can be found of",
"title": "P. T. Barnum"
},
{
"id": "15131182",
"text": "1911) and Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford (both born in 1913). (However, Reagan, Nixon and Ford served in World War II with members of the Greatest Generation.) Living members of this generation include Richard Arvine Overton, the oldest living World War II veteran. For deceased celebrities born in this era, see G.I. Generation. Interbellum Generation Interbellum Generation is a term (derived from the Latin \"inter\" \"between\" and \"bellum\" \"war\") that is sometimes used to denote persons born in the United States during the first decade of the 20th century, often expressed specifically as the years 1901 to 1913. The",
"title": "Interbellum Generation"
},
{
"id": "20252755",
"text": "as a consulting producer in the Discovery Channel's 2017 miniseries, \"\", which features actor Sam Worthington as James \"Fitz\" Fitzgerald, described by Fitzgerald himself as \"a composite character\" of many investigators in the Unabomber case. James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of",
"title": "James R. Fitzgerald"
},
{
"id": "1709844",
"text": "his face. Danson and Goldberg issued statements emphasizing \"the Friars Club tradition of raucous and over the top humor\" and describing those offended as newcomers who \"were uncomfortable with what to expect\". Substantial excerpts from the performance were later printed in \"Spy\". On November 5, 1993, Danson and Goldberg issued a statement signalling the end of their relationship. Danson's interest in environmental concerns was ignited when he was twelve years old and Bill Breed, then curator of geology at the Museum of Northern Arizona, introduced Danson and friend Marc Gaede to a game he referred to as \"billboarding\". Armed with",
"title": "Ted Danson"
},
{
"id": "1366188",
"text": "together, daughter Lilly and son Charlie McDowell. Steenburgen and McDowell separated in 1989 and divorced in 1990. On October 7, 1995, Steenburgen married actor Ted Danson, whom she had met on the set of the film \"Pontiac Moon\" in 1993, and became the stepmother to Danson's daughters Kate and Alexis from his previous marriage, to producer Cassandra Coates. Steenburgen currently resides in the Los Angeles area with her family. An alumna of Hendrix College, Steenburgen received an honorary doctorate from the institution in 1989. In 2006, Steenburgen received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Lyon College in Batesville,",
"title": "Mary Steenburgen"
},
{
"id": "18668448",
"text": "Ted Shearer Thaddeus \"Ted\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \"Quincy\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton High School, he met African-American cartoonist E. Simms Campbell, who became his mentor. At 16, Shearer sold",
"title": "Ted Shearer"
},
{
"id": "3211119",
"text": "Becker (TV series) Becker is an American sitcom that ran from 1998 to 2004 on CBS. Set in the New York City borough of the Bronx, the show starred Ted Danson as John Becker, a cantankerous doctor who operates a small practice and is constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, and friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. Despite everything, his patients and friends are loyal because Becker genuinely cares about them. The series was produced by Paramount Network Television. The show revolved around Becker and the things that annoyed him, although the members of the supporting",
"title": "Becker (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "652051",
"text": "that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, where he died of a heart attack at age 64, on January 22, 1973. Johnson is ranked favorably by many historians because of his domestic policies and the passage of many major laws that affected civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation, and Social Security, although he has also drawn substantial criticism for his escalation of the Vietnam War. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a small farmhouse on the Pedernales River.",
"title": "Lyndon B. Johnson"
},
{
"id": "15131181",
"text": "the later conflict. Members of this generation came of age either during the Roaring Twenties or the initial phase of the Great Depression, prior to the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the promulgation of the New Deal. This fact contributed to the core of this generation holding lifelong left-liberal views in politics, especially on economic issues, although a few prominent dissenters (such as Barry Goldwater) do stand out. Most of their children belong to the Silent Generation. The four Presidents of the United States of the Interbellum Generation were Lyndon B. Johnson (born in 1908), Ronald Reagan (born in",
"title": "Interbellum Generation"
},
{
"id": "7356639",
"text": "28 June 1975 of thyroid cancer. He remarried and lived in Shrewsbury, Shropshire with his second wife, Olwen, until his death. Cherie and Tony Blair named their youngest son Leo after him. Blair was a \"militant atheist\" according to his son Tony. Blair died at the age of 89 on 16 November 2012. Blair's book \"The Commonwealth Public Service\" (1958) was described by the journal \"Canadian Public Administration\" as \"an excellent primer on the Australian Federal Public Service\". Leo Blair Leo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law",
"title": "Leo Blair"
},
{
"id": "3496883",
"text": "hair but actually turning it into a business. He was one of the first who had a product line bought out by a major corporation\". Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage.",
"title": "Vidal Sassoon"
},
{
"id": "4892532",
"text": "the harassment. A former FBI agent Ted Gunderson, who believed in a wide range of conspiracy theories, submitted an affidavit supporting the theory two months before his death at age 82. Red Squad In the United States, Red Squads were police intelligence units that specialized in infiltrating, conducting counter-measures and gathering intelligence on political and social groups during the 20th century. Dating as far back as the Haymarket Riot in 1886, Red Squads became common in larger cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles during the First Red Scare of the 1920s. They were set up as specialized",
"title": "Red Squad"
},
{
"id": "19256052",
"text": "Ted Stanley Theodore Richard \"Ted\" Stanley (April 26, 1931 – January 3, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He co-founded the Danbury Mint with business partner Ralph Glendinning, which was then a subsidiary of MBI Inc. Born in Reading, Pennsylvania, Stanley graduated from University of Pennsylvania. He then served in the United States Air Force and was an intelligence officer. Stanley worked for Procter & Gamble in the marketing division in Cincinnati, Ohio. Stanley became a billionaire during his lifetime, acquiring a net worth of approximately $1.3 billion. Stanley earned his wealth through the founding the Danbury Mint, which",
"title": "Ted Stanley"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "1983189",
"text": "he and Cooper married in July 1992. In 1994, they became involved with Equinox International, a multi-level marketing organization, and created a promotional video for the company, as did Ted Danson and Dave Parker. The couple had two children: Lukas, born in 1993, and Hana, born in 1997. After several years of marriage, they assembled material from the journals that each kept, which included poems, songs and letters. They authored a 1997 book titled \"The Unimaginable Life\" about their relationship. Its purpose was to offer an alternative to typical relationships where spouses feel that they cannot be completely honest. Later",
"title": "Kenny Loggins"
},
{
"id": "3559394",
"text": "illegally, they have a baby, and the family gets split up. Maybe the kid stays. We don't have a workable formation. This goes to the heart of the Latino vote because it shows a real lack of sympathy. You have to come up with some kind of fix. So why avoid this one? Don't you have to take it on?\" In January 2016, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump referred to rival Ted Cruz, who was born in Canada to an American mother and a Cuban father who were both lawfully resident in Canada at the time, as an \"anchor baby.\"",
"title": "Anchor baby"
},
{
"id": "3218265",
"text": "events that took place between c. 1964 and 1972, and to memories of the counterculture, flower power, protests of 1968 and other things happening at the time. Often, such a nominal decade will come to be known by a title, such as the \"Swinging Sixties\" (1960s), the \"Warring Forties\" (1940s) and the \"Roaring Twenties\" (1920s). This practice is occasionally also used for decades of earlier centuries, for example references to the 1890s as the \"Gay Nineties\" or \"Naughty Nineties\". Decade A decade is a period of 10 years. The word is derived (via French and Latin) from the ), which",
"title": "Decade"
},
{
"id": "20519268",
"text": "Jersey. The settlement was for $1.9 million. He was with Heather Unruh during her November 2017 press conference when she alleged Kevin Spacey molested her son. In the Geoghan case, Garabedian was able to reach a financial settlement with the Boston Archdiocese on behalf of 86 people. At the time they reached the settlement, the Church would pay upwards of $30 million and plaintiffs would not be required to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Stanley Tucci portrayed Garabedian in the movie \"Spotlight\". Ted Danson portrayed him in \"Our Fathers\". Mitchell Garabedian Mitchell \"Mitch\" Garabedian (born July 17, 1951) is a lawyer",
"title": "Mitchell Garabedian"
},
{
"id": "20252752",
"text": "James R. Fitzgerald James R. Fitzgerald (born June 24, 1953) is an American criminal profiler, forensic linguist, and author. He is a retired FBI agent and best known for his role in the UNABOM investigation, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Ted Kaczynski. Fitzgerald's career in law enforcement began in 1976 when he was hired as a police officer by the municipality of Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania. In 1987, after eleven years of local police work culminating in his promotion to the rank of sergeant, he was recruited by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Upon graduation from the FBI",
"title": "James R. Fitzgerald"
},
{
"id": "19995012",
"text": "7 Oct. 2011. Angels at Risk and Fred Segal Press Release. Santa Monica, California. 18. Angels at Risk: Southern California Juvenile Courts Dissolved by Susie Spain Official Website: Angels at Risk Angels at Risk Angels at Risk is a 501(c)(3) non-profit charitable organization in Los Angeles, California, United States of America founded by Susie Spain, Ted Danson, Mary Steenburgen, Jesse Sisgold and Tom Nolan that focuses on the issue of drug and alcohol use and abuse in kids, teens, and families through their prevention education programs, services, trainings, and curriculum. Angels at Risk formally became their own 501 (c)(3) in",
"title": "Angels at Risk"
},
{
"id": "3058931",
"text": "in Up Holland throughout the 20th century. The comedian Ted Ray (born Charles Olden), spent his childhood in the village, his father being the licensee of the Bull's Head public house, which used to stand in School Lane. The life peer Catherine Ashton, appointed as the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in 2009, was born in Upholland. The phonetician John C Wells, who was president of the International Phonetic Association between 2003 and 2007, was born in Upholland to the vicar of the parish, Philip Wells. He has commented on the accent of the area",
"title": "Upholland"
},
{
"id": "9011192",
"text": "In 2000, Jones joined film actor and ocean activist Ted Danson and founded BlueVoice.org (a website dedicated to the protection of dolphins and whales and particularly stopping the hunting of dolphins in Japanese fishing villages). The organization uses television and the internet to publicize ocean issues. One of the group's main concerns is the alarming level of contamination in the oceans - bio-accumulating in the foodweb from plankton to fish, marine mammals, then humans. Jones’ book, \"The Voice of the Dolphins\", was published in 2011. It recounts more than thirty years of work with dolphins in the wild as well",
"title": "Hardy Jones"
},
{
"id": "1278508",
"text": "Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burglar, and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and possibly earlier. Shortly before his execution and after more than a decade of denials, he confessed to 30 homicides that he committed in seven states between 1974 and 1978. The true number of victims is unknown and possibly higher. Many of Bundy's young female victims regarded him as handsome and charismatic, which were traits that he exploited to win their trust.",
"title": "Ted Bundy"
},
{
"id": "5198728",
"text": "Troy Donahue Troy Donahue (born Merle Johnson, Jr., January 27, 1936 – September 2, 2001) was an American film and television actor and singer. He was a popular male sex symbol in the 1950s and 1960s. Born in New York City, Donahue was the son of a retired stage actress and the manager of the motion-picture department of General Motors. Donahue later recalled in a 1959 interview: Acting is all I ever wanted. Ever since I can remember, I've studied and read plays. My mother would help me, but my parents didn't want me to become an actor. They preferred",
"title": "Troy Donahue"
},
{
"id": "335123",
"text": "southern and border states. To this day, there are still counties and parishes within the US known as \"dry\", where the sale of alcohol – liquor, and sometimes wine and beer – is prohibited. Several such municipalities have adopted liquor-by-the-drink, however, in order to expand tax revenue. Some municipalities regulate when alcohol can be sold; an example is restricting or banning sales on Sunday, under the so-called \"blue laws\". Al Capone was the most notorious gangster of his generation. Born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York; Capone settled in Chicago to take over Johnny Torrio's business dealing with",
"title": "Prohibition"
},
{
"id": "12261990",
"text": "had become friends after they first met on the set of \"Giant\", referred to Dean as gay during a speech at the GLAAD Media Awards in 2001. Biographer Darwin Porter believes that Dean was more likely omnisexual, and that his trysts were often opportunistic and designed to further his career. Publisher: Sandy Beach, A (February 26, 2018) James Dean James Byron Dean (February 8, 1931 – September 30, 1955) was an American actor. He is remembered as a cultural icon of teenage disillusionment and social estrangement, as expressed in the title of his most celebrated film, \"Rebel Without a Cause\"",
"title": "James Dean"
},
{
"id": "9718710",
"text": "but returned to graduate several years later from Columbia's School of General Studies in 1991 with a bachelor of arts, with honors, in history. Rall says his drawing style was originally influenced by Mike Peters, the editorial cartoonist at his hometown paper, the \"Dayton Daily News\". Later influences included Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau, Charles Schulz, and Matt Groening. Rall's 1990s work focused on the issues and concerns surrounding twentysomethings and Generation X, terms coined in the late 1980s to describe people born in the 1960s. While living in San Francisco Rall met Dave Eggers, who hired him as a contributing",
"title": "Ted Rall"
},
{
"id": "3952071",
"text": "Barney Danson Barnett Jerome \"Barney\" Danson, (February 8, 1921 – October 17, 2011) was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. Barney Danson was born to a Jewish family in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood. He joined The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada in 1939 as the Second World War broke out. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant and served until he was severely wounded, losing an eye, in the Battle of Normandy. His ailment created an interest in the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and its library for the blind and visually impaired, which he maintained until his death.",
"title": "Barney Danson"
},
{
"id": "11289542",
"text": "Jean-Charles Tacchella Jean-Charles Tacchella (born 23 September 1925) is a French screenwriter and film director. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his film \"Cousin Cousine\" (1975), which was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and which was later (1989) remade in a US version starring Ted Danson and titled \"Cousins\". Jean-Charles Tacchella studied in Marseilles and, just after the Liberation, left for Paris with the aim of becoming a film director. He joined \"L'écran Français\" when he was nineteen where he worked with Renoir, Becker and Grémillon. While with",
"title": "Jean-Charles Tacchella"
},
{
"id": "429829",
"text": "birthday by giving an invited lecture at the University of Southampton. In 2014, ACM SIGCHI honored him with a Special Recognition Award. Nelson is credited with coining several new words that have come into common usage especially in the world of computing. Among them are: Many of his books are published through his own company, Mindful Press. Ted Nelson Theodor Holm \"Ted\" Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher and sociologist. He coined the terms \"hypertext\" and \"hypermedia\" in 1963 and published them in 1965. Nelson coined the terms \"transclusion\", \"virtuality\", and \"intertwingularity\" (in",
"title": "Ted Nelson"
},
{
"id": "412779",
"text": "He also created the environmental-themed animated series \"Captain Planet and the Planeteers.\" Turner was born on November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Florence (née Rooney) and Robert Edward Turner II, a billboard magnate. When he was nine, his family moved to Savannah, Georgia. He attended The McCallie School, a private boys' preparatory school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Turner attended Brown University and was vice-president of the Brown Debating Union and captain of the sailing team. He became a member of Kappa Sigma. Turner initially majored in Classics. Turner's father wrote saying that his choice made him \"appalled, even",
"title": "Ted Turner"
},
{
"id": "18668454",
"text": "Northern Westchester Hospital in Mount Kisco, New York. As illustrator; children's chapter books written by John Shearer Ted Shearer Thaddeus \"Ted\" Shearer (November 1, 1919 – December 26, 1992) was an African-American advertising art director and cartoonist whose 1970–1986 \"Quincy\" was one of the earliest mainstream comic strips to star an African American in the lead role. Shearer was born in May Pen, Jamaica, to parents Samuel and Sophie (née Parnell), and raised from infancy in the Harlem area of Manhattan, New York City. From a young age, his ambition was to produce a comic strip. While attending DeWitt Clinton",
"title": "Ted Shearer"
},
{
"id": "2836660",
"text": "Marian McPartland Margaret Marian McPartland, OBE (\"née\" Turner; 20 March 1918 – 20 August 2013), was an English-American jazz pianist, composer and writer. She was the host of \"Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz\" on National Public Radio from 1978 to 2011. After her marriage to trumpeter Jimmy McPartland in February 1945, she resided in the United States when not travelling throughout the world to perform. In 1969 she founded Halcyon Records, a recording company that produced albums for 10 years. In 2000 she was named a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master. In 2004 she was given a Grammy Award",
"title": "Marian McPartland"
},
{
"id": "5858184",
"text": "Ted Tinling Cuthbert Collingwood \"Ted\" Tinling (23 June 1910 – 23 May 1990), sometimes known as Teddy Tinling, was an English tennis player, fashion designer, spy and author. He was a firm fixture on the professional tennis tour for over sixty years and is considered the foremost designer of tennis dressed of the 20th Century. He was born in Eastbourne, on the south coast of England, the son of James Alexander Tinling, a chartered accountant. In 1923, suffering from bronchial asthma, his parents sent him to the French Riviera on doctor's orders. It was there he began playing tennis, particularly",
"title": "Ted Tinling"
},
{
"id": "3496860",
"text": "Vidal Sassoon Vidal Sassoon (17 January 1928 – 9 May 2012) was a British-American hairstylist, businessman, and philanthropist. He was noted for repopularising a simple, close-cut geometric hair style called the Bob cut, worn by famous fashion designers like Mary Quant and film stars such as Mia Farrow, Goldie Hawn, Cameron Diaz, Nastassja Kinski and Helen Mirren. His early life was one of extreme poverty, with seven years of his childhood spent in an orphanage. He quit school at age 14, soon holding various jobs in London during World War II. Although he hoped to become a professional football player,",
"title": "Vidal Sassoon"
},
{
"id": "7845245",
"text": "diagnosis in the DSM-III-R but then relegated to the appendix of DSM-IV, tentatively renamed 'Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic) Personality Disorder'. Millon devised a set of widely acknowledged subtypes for each of the DSM personality disorders: Theodore Millon Theodore Millon (August 18, 1928 – January 29, 2014) was an American psychologist known for his work on personality disorders. Millon was born in 1928, the only child of immigrant Jewish parents from Lithuania and Poland. His 19th-century ancestors came from the town of Valozhyn, then a part of the Russian Empire. Receiving degrees from both American and European universities, he was a member of",
"title": "Theodore Millon"
},
{
"id": "1423819",
"text": "1999. Del Shannon was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2005. Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \"Billboard\" hit \"Runaway\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while",
"title": "Del Shannon"
},
{
"id": "1571637",
"text": "launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program, and instituted reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice. Bush announced his presidential candidacy on June 15, 2015. He suspended his campaign on February 20, 2016, shortly after the South Carolina primary and endorsed Senator Ted Cruz on March 23, 2016. Bush later made headlines by joining a group of Republicans who opposed the GOP nominee for president, Donald Trump. Jeb Bush was born on February 11, 1953 in Midland, Texas. When he was six years old, the family relocated to the Tanglewood neighborhood of Houston,",
"title": "Jeb Bush"
},
{
"id": "11121363",
"text": "Ted Patrick Theodore Roosevelt Patrick, Jr. (born 1930) is an American cult-deprogrammer and author. He is considered to be the \"father of deprogramming.\" Ted Patrick was born in what he calls \"a red-light district\" of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in which he was surrounded by \"thieves, prostitutes, murderers [and] pimps. From his earliest recollections, Patrick says [he] saw people being killed, shot up, cut up, beat up. The place was so bad, even the police didn't want to come there.\" Patrick had a speech impediment, which set him apart from the other children. Until he was sixteen, no one could understand what",
"title": "Ted Patrick"
},
{
"id": "1423801",
"text": "Del Shannon Del Shannon (born Charles Weedon Westover; December 30, 1934 – February 8, 1990) was an American rock and roll and country musician and singer-songwriter, best known for his 1961 number 1 \"Billboard\" hit \"Runaway\". Westover was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and grew up in nearby Coopersville. He learned to play the ukulele and guitar and listened to country-and-western music, by artists such as Hank Williams, Hank Snow, and Lefty Frizzell. He was drafted into the Army in 1954, and while in Germany played guitar in a band called \"The Cool Flames\". When his service ended, he returned",
"title": "Del Shannon"
},
{
"id": "11799018",
"text": "Florida, near Weisman's home town of Fort Lauderdale until their divorce in 2011. Robin currently works in marketing. Robin Weisman Robin Weisman (born March 14, 1984) is an American former child actress. She acted between 1990 and 1994. Born in Hollywood, Florida to parents Betsy and David Weisman, Weisman is well known as the \"little lady\" Mary Bennington in the film \"Three Men and a Little Lady\" in 1990 with Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg and Ted Danson. She also appeared in \"Thunder in Paradise\" with Hulk Hogan. Weisman gained a degree in business studies from the University of Florida. She",
"title": "Robin Weisman"
},
{
"id": "479149",
"text": "Bruce Lee Lee Jun-fan (; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee (), was a Hong Kong and American actor, film director, martial artist, martial arts instructor, philosopher, and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do, one of the wushu or kung fu styles. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-chuen. He is considered by commentators, critics, media, and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists and a pop culture icon of the 20th century. He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians",
"title": "Bruce Lee"
},
{
"id": "12212435",
"text": "Cecil Clavering John Cecil Clavering OBE (17 April 1910 – 6 October 2001) was an English architect, best known for his work designing Odeon Cinemas as part of Harry Weedon's architectural practice in the 1930s, and his later work as the architect of the Public Record Office in Kew, London. Clavering was born and educated in Sunderland, the son of a schoolmaster. At the age of seventeen he was articled to a firm of architects in South Shields while studying architecture at Armstrong College, Newcastle, where he was introduced to the work of Le Corbusier, Willem Marinus Dudok, Erich Mendelsohn",
"title": "Cecil Clavering"
},
{
"id": "10317239",
"text": "Them\" (2011), written with actor and activist Ted Danson. D'Orso's father was a U.S. Navy submarine officer and a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. D'Orso was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, and was raised in military base cities, including: Key West, Florida; San Diego, California; Charleston, South Carolina; and Frankfurt, Germany. He graduated with a degree in philosophy from the College of William and Mary in 1975 and earned a master's degree in English from William and Mary in 1981. D'Orso was a staff writer for \"Commonwealth Magazine\"(1981-1984), features writer for \"The Virginian-Pilot\" (1984-1993) and contributor to \"Sports Illustrated\" magazine",
"title": "Mike D'Orso"
},
{
"id": "10056523",
"text": "theatre in the country. The Lyric theatre is where film star Liam Neeson began his career and local playwrights Martin Lynch and Marie Jones have both written plays for the theatre. Kenneth Branagh, another British film actor, was also born in Belfast. The Old Museum Arts Centre is a 19th-century building in the city centre which runs a programme of music, theatre, comedy, dance workshops, and a ground floor art gallery with regular exhibitions. Belfast has several venues for performing arts. The Grand Opera House, completed in 1895, was bombed several times during the Troubles but has been restored to",
"title": "Culture of Belfast"
},
{
"id": "1627034",
"text": "Aleister Crowley. His works had a direct influence on the rise in popular occultism and some forms of neopaganism in the 20th century. In addition to the Britons, some notable non-British entrants were listed, including two Irish nationals, the philanthropic musicians Bono and Bob Geldof. The top 19 entries were people of English origin (though Sir Ernest Shackleton and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were both born into Anglo-Irish families when what is now the Republic of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom). The highest-placed Scottish entry was Alexander Fleming in 20th place, and the highest Welsh entry",
"title": "100 Greatest Britons"
},
{
"id": "2083399",
"text": "a title card reading \"In memory of Brandon Tartikoff.\" A similar card appeared at the end of the ninth-season premiere of \"Seinfeld\", \"The Butter Shave\". On Friday, August 29, 1997, \"Dateline NBC\" ran an extended tribute to Tartikoff which featured many famous figures whose careers he had influenced, including Warren Littlefield, Dick Ebersol, Bill Cosby, Michael J. Fox, Ted Danson, and Jerry Seinfeld. Brandon Tartikoff Brandon Tartikoff (January 13, 1949 – August 27, 1997) was an American television executive who was the president of NBC from 1980 to 1991. He was credited with turning around NBC's low prime time reputation",
"title": "Brandon Tartikoff"
},
{
"id": "2658446",
"text": "US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \"generational shift\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\".",
"title": "History of the United States (1991–2008)"
},
{
"id": "12678075",
"text": "is also a licensed private investigator. He considers himself a Democrat, and has been criticized for anti-Republican statements he has made over the years. The author noted in an interview that he agreed with Robert Crumb's observation that the Thirties was the pinnacle of American culture. He also notes in the same interview that he finds truth to Art Spiegelman's statement \"that we are, for whatever reason, most nostalgic for the decade before the one we were born in\", as he was born in the Forties. As a freelance journalist, he has written criticism for publications such as the \"New",
"title": "Tom De Haven"
},
{
"id": "151360",
"text": "describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \"X Saves the World\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \"Bust Generation\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\". On the American television program \"Survivor\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \"\", the",
"title": "Generation X"
},
{
"id": "19019106",
"text": "the work of these two men \"endures and so does what they stood for\". Zampella also produced the 110th Anniversary Birthday Celebration of Jazz Legend Duke Ellington in conjunction with the Mayors Office of the City of NY and the MTA when Michael Bloomberg Mayor designated \"Duke Ellington Day\" to celebrate the anniversary of the jazz legend’s birth. On September 11, 2015, Zampella received an Editor's Pic from CNN for his ireport/photo essay on the 14th anniversary attack on September 11, 2001. Zampella was born in Pompton Plains, NJ, and resides in New York City . Richard Zampella began his",
"title": "Richard Zampella"
},
{
"id": "5197541",
"text": "club and it still operates today as the Solihull Rifle and Pistol Club. Harry Weedon Harold William \"Harry\" Weedon (1887 – 17 June 1970) was an English architect. Although he designed a large number of buildings during a long career, he is best known for his role overseeing the Art Deco designs of the Odeon Cinemas for Oscar Deutsch in the 1930s. Influenced by the work of Erich Mendelsohn and Hans Poelzig – the Odeons \"taught Britain to love modern architecture\" and form \"a body of work which, with London Underground stations, denotes the Thirties like nothing else\". Weedon was",
"title": "Harry Weedon"
},
{
"id": "3217679",
"text": "Tim Berne Tim Berne (born 1954) is an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist and record label owner. Berne he had no interest in playing an instrument until he attended Lewis & Clark College in Oregon. Hearing the album \"Dogon A.D.\" (1972) by Julius Hemphill turned his attention toward jazz. He was a fan of rhythm and blues, and it seemed to him that Hemphill was playing jazz with the soulfulness of R&B. In 1974 he went to New York to find Hemphill, who gave him saxophone lessons and advice on how to manage his career. Berne started the record label Empire",
"title": "Tim Berne"
},
{
"id": "1727058",
"text": "term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of",
"title": "Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"
},
{
"id": "5580560",
"text": "Merrion Street Merrion Street () is a major Georgian street on the southside of Dublin, Ireland, which runs along one side of Merrion Square. The garden entrance of Leinster House is located on the street, as is Irish Government Buildings, formerly the Royal College of Science for Ireland. Some reports suggest that Field Marshal The 1st Duke of Wellington was born in his family's Mornington House on the street. The house is now a hotel. The street was originally lined on both sides by Georgian houses. However between 1904 and 1922 all the houses on one side of the street",
"title": "Merrion Street"
},
{
"id": "7731871",
"text": "annual Cape May Jazz Festival Concert Series and the Tony Williams Jazz Festival Concert Series. Perkins had a five-year relationship with \"The Philadelphia Tribune\", where he wrote commentary on government, society and public sffairs. He also wrote editorials and other articles for the former \"The Philadelphia New Observer\". Perkins is most proud of his independently produced radio documentary on the life of African-American history icon, Paul Robeson, who was born in the region and spent his last years living in Philadelphia. Perkins has an independent website project under construction, and he expected it to launch by early 2010. Perkins was",
"title": "Bob Perkins (radio)"
},
{
"id": "11917984",
"text": "Ted Danson, his daughter Kate Danson and several other actors in the upcoming short film \"The Wrights\". From 2008 to 2013, Steger played the role of Navid Shirazi on The CW's \"90210\". He directed and produced a one-woman show called \"Brandee Built on Crazee\" starring his wife Brandee Tucker. On 21 April 2016, Steger announced at Twitter that he and Brandee welcomed a baby girl named Poet Louise Steger. Bones - The Killers Just Another Girl - The Killers (cameo) Michael Steger Michael Mateus Steger (born May 27, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for his role",
"title": "Michael Steger"
},
{
"id": "4494033",
"text": "Albert Richardson Sir Albert Edward Richardson (London, 19 May 1880 – 3 February 1964) was a leading English architect, teacher and writer about architecture during the first half of the 20th century. He was Professor of Architecture at University College London, a President of the Royal Academy, editor of \"Architects' Journal\" and founder of the Georgian Group. Richardson was born in London. He trained in the offices of Leonard Stokes and Frank T. Verity, practitioners of the Beaux-Arts style, and in 1906 he established his first architectural practice, in partnership with Charles Lovett Gill (the Richardson & Gill partnership was",
"title": "Albert Richardson"
},
{
"id": "183161",
"text": "have not included the names of women with whom Holt allegedly had a sexual relationship because I was unable to confirm or deny that most of these relationships took place […] by their very nature they were always illicit and Holt was very discreet.\" Holt was the first Prime Minister born in the twentieth century. Holt was an enthusiastic sportsman and avid swimmer, which was a stark differentiation to that of Menzies and the majority of his predecessors and colleagues. Like later successor Bob Hawke, this resonated with positive effect within the electorate. His oratory skills were vastly superior to",
"title": "Harold Holt"
},
{
"id": "11167314",
"text": "was born on January 8, 1957, in Brooklyn, New York. Born to a family of working-class Greek immigrant parents and grandparents who were mill workers, who worked as a waiter and a secretary. When his high school guidance counselor evaluated his skill set, the counselor concluded that young Ted was destined to work in a grocery store. Leonsis also reflects on his working-class roots that being a grocery store manager was all his dad aspired him to be. During his youth, Leonsis mowed lawns for extra money. One day when mowing, he stumbled upon mowing the lawn owned by a",
"title": "Ted Leonsis"
},
{
"id": "7722560",
"text": "Ted Croker Edgar Alfred \"Ted\" Croker (13 February 1924 – 25 December 1992) was an English football administrator. He was Secretary of the Football Association from 1973 to 1989. Born in Kingston-upon-Thames in 1924, Croker joined the RAF as a pilot in 1942. He sustained injuries in a crash which hampered his later football career. In the late 1940s and 1950s he played as a defender for Charlton Athletic, Dartford, Headington United (later Oxford United) and Kidderminster Harriers. He lived in Cheltenham in the 1950s, where he founded the heavy machinery company Liner-Croker Ltd. The company, specializing in earth-moving equipment,",
"title": "Ted Croker"
},
{
"id": "389999",
"text": "Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath (; October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, she studied at Smith College and Newnham College at the University of Cambridge before receiving acclaim as a poet and writer. She married fellow poet Ted Hughes in 1956, and they lived together in the United States and then in England. They had two children, Frieda and Nicholas, before separating in 1962. Plath was clinically depressed for most of her adult life, and was treated multiple times with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). She died by suicide in",
"title": "Sylvia Plath"
},
{
"id": "2978177",
"text": "the 1988 People's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy Motion Picture. Architect Peter Mitchell (Tom Selleck), cartoonist Michael Kellam (Steve Guttenberg), and actor Jack Holden (Ted Danson) are happy living their lives as bachelors in their lofty New York City apartment where they have frequent parties and flings with different women. Their lives are suddenly disrupted when a baby named Mary arrives on their doorstep one day. A note with her, written by a lady named Sylvia, indicates that she is Jack's, the result of a tryst between the actor and actress when they were both in a Shakespeare in the",
"title": "Three Men and a Baby"
},
{
"id": "2978176",
"text": "Three Men and a Baby Three Men and a Baby is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Leonard Nimoy and starring Tom Selleck, Steve Guttenberg, Ted Danson and Nancy Travis. It follows the mishaps and adventures of three bachelors as they attempt to adapt their lives to pseudo-fatherhood with the arrival of the love child of one of them. The script was based on the 1985 French film (\"Three Men and a Cradle\"). The film was the biggest American box office hit of that year, surpassing \"Fatal Attraction\" and eventually grossing $167 million in the US. The film won",
"title": "Three Men and a Baby"
},
{
"id": "13478045",
"text": "American bicycle component manufacturer SRAM Corporation, and has served as their technical advisor. SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of Trek Bicycle Corporation. <del> </del> <del> <del> <del> <del> <del> <del> <del> <del> <del> <del> Rescinded awards Lance Armstrong Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson; September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist, infamous for the biggest doping scandal in the cycling history. At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a triathlete and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In",
"title": "Lance Armstrong"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ted Danson context: conservation. March 2011, he published his first book, \"Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans and What We Can Do to Save Them\", written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Danson was born in San Diego, California, to Jessica (née MacMaster, 1916 – January 11, 2006) and Edward Bridge \"Ned\" Danson, Jr. (March 22, 1916 – November 30, 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,\n\nIn which decade of the 20th century was Ted Danson born?",
"compressed_tokens": 226,
"origin_tokens": 227,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ted Danson context: Hillary Clinton. Ted Danson Edward Bridge Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer who played the lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom \"Cheers\", Jack Holden in the films \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", and Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom \"Becker\". He also starred in the CBS dramas \"\" and \"\" as D.B. Russell. Additionally, he played a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama \"Damages\", and was a regular on the HBO comedy series\n\ntitle Impossible (game show context to answere. ‘In which decade of the 20th century Pablo Picasso born? The answer as he was born 19th contest buzzes in and ident asimpossible\",ents lose lives but lose two of their own if they give an to an impossible question or say \"impossible\" to a question that is possible so has a correct answer finalist who makes it to this faces a question, based on a category, in they ten seconds to three\ntitle: Dans: Dans Barnettome \"ney\" Dans (ebruary 8 1 – October7,21) was and Cabinet ministerney Dans Jewish in' Parkdale neighbourhood joined Queen' O Rif in as of and until sever wounded losing, in the His ailment created an interest in the BlindCNIB and its the blind and visually impaired, which he maintained until his death.\ntitle:. March1 published book,Oana Doem\", written with Michael.on was San (Master6 0 and \"on,1 , 2000), an archaeologist and museum director. He has an older sister, Jan Haury (née Jessica Ann Danson, born January 11, 1944). He was raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. His ancestry includes English and Scottish. In 1961, he enrolled in the Kent School, a prep school in Connecticut,\n\nIn which decade of the 20th century was Ted Danson born?",
"compressed_tokens": 470,
"origin_tokens": 15388,
"ratio": "32.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
184 | Hellenikon international airport is in which country? | [
"Yunanistan",
"Griekenland",
"Hellenic republic",
"Elláda",
"Graecia",
"The Hellenic Republic",
"Ελλάς",
"Eládha",
"Yananistan",
"Republic of Greece",
"Elliniki Dimokratía",
"Picki u dusa",
"République hellénique",
"Social issues in Greece",
"Hellas",
"Hellenic Republic",
"Republique hellenique",
"Eladha",
"Ελλάδα",
"Grèce",
"Elliniki Dimokratia",
"Greece",
"Temporary Government of National Defence",
"Griechenland",
"Grcija",
"Ellada",
"Hellada",
"Greek Republic",
"Grece",
"Ελληνική Δημοκρατία",
"Grcka",
"Political history of Greece",
"Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía",
"Macedonian Greece",
"History of North Greece",
"ISO 3166-1:GR",
"Grecce",
"Elás",
"Hellás",
"Ελλας",
"Greek law (Hellenic Republic)"
] | Greece | [
{
"id": "2161929",
"text": "Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled \"Hellinikon\" () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for sixty years up until 28 March 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport, \"Eleftherios Venizelos\". The grounds of the airport are located south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers during its last year of operations. The airport was built in 1938. The Nazis invaded Greece",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "13033921",
"text": "between Qatar and Greece have been signed, such as an agreement on joint training exercises and a tripartite memorandum of understanding between Qatar's government, the Hellenic Vehicle Industry and the Hellenic Aerospace Industry. Both countries signed a deal on the avoidance of double taxation in 2008. Qatar signed an agreement in 2010 in which it would invest $5 billion in Greece over the following years. In January 2013, Qatar Investment Authority's real estate arm Qatari Diar had been involved in a bid to redevelop Ellinikon International Airport but decided to withdrew from the tender. Later that month, the company recanted",
"title": "Greece–Qatar relations"
},
{
"id": "8950821",
"text": "Hellenikon Air Base Hellenikon Air Base is a decommissioned United States Air Force base located in Athens, Greece. After its closure, it was redeveloped into Ellinikon International Airport. The airport was built in 1938, and after the German invasion of Greece in 1941, Kalamaki Airfield was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. Following the end of World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as",
"title": "Hellenikon Air Base"
},
{
"id": "593480",
"text": "from Kythira which departed Hellenikon Airport earlier and the first departure was a KLM flight to Amsterdam. Its major features include two parallel runways being and long respectively. The airport has received approval from the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration for take-offs and landings of the biggest passenger jet worldwide, the A380. The first ever A380 to visit 'Eleftherios Venizelos' Athens International Airport made an emergency landing on 13 April 2011 for emergency medical reasons. The first scheduled A380 flight took place on 26 October 2012 by Emirates. The Greek government-debt crisis reduced the overall passenger",
"title": "Athens International Airport"
},
{
"id": "9441404",
"text": "Hellenikon Metropolitan Park Hellenikon Metropolitan Park as it has been named, will be a large urban park located in Hellinikon, Athens, Greece. The park will provide Athens with a much needed ecological boost. When finished the park will be the largest in Europe. It will be approximately 200 hectares spanning the site of the former Hellenikon International Airport. Construction had been scheduled to begin in 2008 and be completed by 2013, but plans appear to have been indefinitely shelved in the midst of the financial crisis, and as the government contemplates other uses for the space; plans have been put",
"title": "Hellenikon Metropolitan Park"
},
{
"id": "12490880",
"text": "the island of Euboea. The three hijackers demanded to be flown to Yugoslavia. The pilots were able to land 60 kilometers southeast of the town of Skopje and after disembarking the hijackers, the aircraft landed in Thessaloniki 4 and a half hours late. 1949 proved to be a challenging year for the fledgling airline as it suffered two air crashes. The first was on April 23, 1949, when SX-BAF crashed on landing at Hellenikon Airport. No one was injured but the aircraft was a total loss. A month and a half later on June 6, while flying from Kavala–Athens, SX-BAI",
"title": "Technical and Aeronautical Holdings"
},
{
"id": "8950824",
"text": "Cyprus (1975), Ethiopia (1977), and Iran (1979, 1981). The American base was renamed Hellenikon Air Base on 25 February 1976, and also provided administrative and logistical support to U.S. units and organizations in Greece, the Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean, and parts of Africa. With the end of the Cold War, it was agreed to end the USAF presence at the airport and the United States closed its facilities in 1993. In 1963, the Finnish star architect Eero Saarinen designed the East Terminal building. Prior to closing its passenger service, the airport was serving 12 million passengers per year. Hellenikon Air",
"title": "Hellenikon Air Base"
},
{
"id": "2684155",
"text": "Elliniko Elliniko (, meaning \"Greek\") is a suburb of Athens, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Elliniko-Argyroupoli, of which it is a municipal unit. Elliniko is known for the Hellinikon Olympic Complex, built on the grounds of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Elliniko is situated near the Saronic Gulf coast, 10 km south of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 7.127 km. The former airport is in the western part of the municipal unit, near the coast. Most of the residential area is in the",
"title": "Elliniko"
},
{
"id": "19580052",
"text": "2000-5 are operated by the 331st All Weather Squadron. It had been proposed in the 1980s that a civil terminal would be build at the airport, whereby rendering Tanagra as a secondary Athens airport, to complement Hellenikon airport which would be expanded. This plan was dropped when it was decided to construct the current Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\" in the Spata area east of Athens. Since 2017, Tanagra Air Base has been the venue of the annual Athens Flying Week airshow, held in September each year. Tanagra Air Base Tanagra Air Base is a large military air base situated",
"title": "Tanagra Air Base"
},
{
"id": "2161931",
"text": "decided not to extend the arrangement, and the USAF concluded its operations there in 1991. The airport was the base of operations by the Greek national carrier Olympic Airways. The airport had two terminals: the West Terminal for Olympic Airways, and the East Terminal for all other carriers. The East Terminal building was designed between 1960 and 1969 by Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. Just before its closure in 2001, the airport recorded a 15.6% growth rate over its previous year, serving 13.5 million passengers per year and handling 57 airlines flying to 87 destinations. The airport's official capacity was 11",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "8950823",
"text": "Base Squadron (later Group) was assigned to the airport. Commercial airline service returned to the facility in 1956 with the airport being turned over to Greek civil aviation authorities. The airport was renamed Athenai International Airport, and the USAF used a small part of the airport for military cargo use, along with United States diplomatic air traffic. The 7206th Air Base Group remained the primary USAF unit at the airport with the 6916th Security Squadron providing electronic aerial surveillance of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East). The USAF used the airport for airlift evacuation operations from Middle East (1967),",
"title": "Hellenikon Air Base"
},
{
"id": "13413155",
"text": "with PICAO, which became ICAO in 1947. Appointed Chief of Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section in January 1951, he conducted assessments of airfields throughout the world, and led the team that recommended Hellinikon be developed as Athens' international airport. Lerew received credit for several of ICAO's accomplishments over the next decade, including various administrative reforms within the organisation and finalising a standard runway approach lighting system in 1953 following five years of disagreement among members. A colleague remembered him as having \"that very fortunate duality of personality, being serious, efficient and knowledgeable in his official capacity, with an",
"title": "John Lerew"
},
{
"id": "2809672",
"text": "further this strategy, several examples of the small twin-engined turbo-propellor Short Skyvan utility airliner were obtained for operation on routes serving smaller Greek airports. In 1972 Olympic turned to the important Greece-Australia market, beginning Boeing 707–320 operations between Athens and Sydney twice a week via Bangkok and Singapore. Olympic then acquired seven Boeing 720-051B aircraft, a medium-range derivative of the Boeing 707, from Northwest Airlines. The airline also entered the wide-body era by purchasing two new Boeing 747-200s. OA even showed interest in the BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde supersonic airliner and, on 5 January 1973, a Concorde landed at Athens' Hellenikon Airport",
"title": "Olympic Airlines"
},
{
"id": "12127034",
"text": "sky scraper in London designed by Renzo Piano and the publicly funded Olympic village also known as East Village, London; and the former Royal Dutch Shell plc headquarters. In January 2013 it became known that the company had put on hold a redevelopment project of Chelsea Barracks worth around GBP 3 billion. During the same month Qatari Diar pulled out of the bidding for the development of the site of Athens' former international airport Ellinikon. Mayor Vincent C. Gray (District of Columbia) announced in early 2013 that he will travel to Qatar to promote the flow of global capital to",
"title": "Qatar Investment Authority"
},
{
"id": "2476552",
"text": "The hijacking is also the subject of the book \"Valinda, Our Daughter\", written by Canadian author Gladys Taylor. The events of the hijacking are described in and used to further the plot in Brad Thor's novel Path of the Assassin. EgyptAir Flight 648 EgyptAir Flight 648 was a regularly scheduled international flight between Athens Ellinikon International Airport in Greece and Cairo International Airport in Egypt. On 23 November 1985, a Boeing 737-200 airliner, registered SU-AYH, servicing the flight was hijacked by the terrorist organization Abu Nidal. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops resulted in dozens of deaths,",
"title": "EgyptAir Flight 648"
},
{
"id": "15417946",
"text": "law on fast track (which also reflects his personal political philosophy on growth) which limited the bureaucracy and facilitated large investments. In the field of attracting investments, he signed in New York a memorandum of cooperation with Qatar of a value of 5 billion, prepared the exploitation of Ellinikon, (former airport) by drafting a plan and creating the company Elliniko S.A., and contributed to the determination of the compensation due by Siemens for moral damages incurred by the Greek state. He was also the mind behind and the coordinator of the drafting of the laws on transparency and the amendment",
"title": "Haris Pamboukis"
},
{
"id": "2161936",
"text": "and will create over 75,000 jobs. The 1986 Menahem Golan movie, \"The Delta Force\", used the exterior of the airport in the Athens International Airport scene which one of the Lebanese terrorists exits a taxi. The Athens airport interiors, however, were filmed in Terminal 1 of Ben Gurion Airport. Following is a list of accidents and incidents experienced by aircraft that had Ellinikon either as a destination or as a departure point. It only includes events that occurred at the airport or in its vicinity, and only deadly occurrences or hull-losses are listed. Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "12490877",
"text": "aircraft, registered as SX-BAA, SX-BAB and SX-BAC began service on July 30, 1946, from the newly established Athens Hellenikon Airport south-east of the city on the Saronic Gulf. These T.A.E. aircraft represented the first post-war civil aviation in Greece with scheduled service to Thessaloniki and Chania. The airline's passengers waited for their flights in a large tent, until a proper terminal could be built, but the first year of operations the airline carried 11,000 passengers. The airline also operated as the sole Greek-flagged carrier in this period, and as such, it flew the Greek delegation to the Paris Peace talks",
"title": "Technical and Aeronautical Holdings"
},
{
"id": "5696351",
"text": "regime founded the Workers' Center (Εργατικό Κέντρο), which was established to look after workers' housing and recreation, among other things. The 4th of August regime initially stabilized the drachma, which had been suffering from high inflation. Exploiting the newfound solidity of the currency, Metaxas' government embarked on large public works programs (such as the Ellinikon International Airport), including land drainage, construction of railways, road improvements, and modernization of the telecommunications infrastructure. Metaxas' economic program met with initial success, with a marked rise in per capita income and temporary decline in unemployment in Greece between 1936 and 1938 (unemployment skyrocketed after",
"title": "4th of August Regime"
},
{
"id": "2161935",
"text": "project: residential complexes, hotels and recreation areas will be built, Olympic venues will be reopened, while new sports facilities, study and research centres and a golf course will be built. The 2.6 million m² Metropolitan Park – larger in size than London’s Hyde Park and occupying 42% of the total area of Hellinikon – will be created. Investors believe Hellinikon will become the greatest example urban redevelopment in Europe, and will attract over 1 million tourists annually. According to the developers, the project will bring the state €14 billion in taxes (2.4% of Greece's GDP) over the next 25 years,",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "12490878",
"text": "on October 4, 1946. In the summer of 1947, T.A.E. secured three additional DC-3s (2 from the United States military and one from the British Royal Air Force). The aircraft, registered as SX-BAG, SX-BAH, and SX-BAI respectively, were christened at a celebration on August 31, 1947, attended by the new king, Paul. Tragedy struck a few days later when on September 3, 1947, SX-BAB crashed near Voula while on final approach at Hellenikon Airport. The Greek Parliament determined in 1947 to charter three additional airlines: Hellenic Airlines (Ελληνικαί Αεροπορικαί Συγκοινωνίαι, ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ.), Air Transport of Greece (Αεροπορικαί Μεταφοραί Ελλάδος, AME) and",
"title": "Technical and Aeronautical Holdings"
},
{
"id": "4903553",
"text": "Alimos Alimos () is a municipality in South Athens, Greece. It was formed in 1968 comprising two settlements, the suburban seaside town of Kalamaki (), and the inland community of Trachones (). Alimos had 41,720 inhabitants in the 2011 census. Alimos is situated on the Saronic Gulf coast, 8 km south of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 5.909 km. The Hellinikon Olympic Complex, built on the grounds of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics, lies south of Alimos. The built-up area of Alimos is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Palaio",
"title": "Alimos"
},
{
"id": "9441405",
"text": "forward and a preliminary agreement has been signed to sell some of the land to Qatari investors for development. The site of the future Hellenikon Metropolitan Park is the former Athens International Airport at Hellenikon. In 2005, the international team led by architects David Serero, Elena Fernandez and landscape architect Philippe Coignet won the international competition to design a metropolitan park on the former site of the Hellenikon Airport, over more than 300 teams of architects. The competition was sponsored by UIA (International Union of Architects), the Greek Ministry of Environment and the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection",
"title": "Hellenikon Metropolitan Park"
},
{
"id": "593478",
"text": "was constructed to replace the now-closed Athens (Ellinikon) International Airport, as the latter had reached its saturation point with no physical space for further growth. Studies for a new airport had been carried out from as early as the 1970s, with as many as 19 different locations being looked at before an area close to the town of Spata was chosen as suitable. \"Athens Airport SA\", a state-owned company, was established in 1978 to proceed with the plans. However, after delays and slow development, the project was revived in 1991 with the then government launching an international tender for the",
"title": "Athens International Airport"
},
{
"id": "6181624",
"text": "the battle gathering electronic intelligence data. The 7406th continued flying recon missions from Rhein-Main in the C-130B models until 30 June 1973 when the squadron's sister Security Service flying squadron moved to Ellinikon International Airport, near Athens, Greece (known to the U.S. as Hellenikon AB). Operational missions were flown until 13 June 1974 from Greece when the unit was disbanded. The 7206th nomenclature continued, embodied in the 7206th Air Base Group which was a support group in Athens until 1993. Surveillance missions continued at Hellenikon under the auspices of the 6916th ESS. With the relocation of the 7406th to Greece,",
"title": "Rhein-Main Air Base"
},
{
"id": "14218806",
"text": "place for all of Cyprus Airways' jet services to be operated by BEA Comets. Late on the day before the crash the aircraft departed on a night-time BEA service from London Heathrow Airport to Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece, arriving just after 3:00am local time (1:00am UTC) on 12 October. At about 4:30am the aircraft departed Athens on the regular Cyprus Airways flight to Nicosia in Cyprus with 59 passengers and a crew of seven on board. About 45 minutes into the flight, control of the aircraft was transferred from air traffic controllers (ATC) at Athens to their counterparts",
"title": "Cyprus Airways Flight 284"
},
{
"id": "20799783",
"text": "of Cyprus in 1974. Sources claim that an organization called 'National Front' was formed in 1968 as a predecessor to the EOKA-B Greek-Cypriot nationalist group. 1985 Athens bar bombing On 2 February 1985, \"Bobby's Bar\" in Glyfada, a suburb of Athens in Greece, was bombed. The bar was popular with American airmen stationed at the nearby Hellenikon Air Base. Police spokesman Nikos Gizas said about fifty of the injured were Americans. Some of them were brought to U.S. bases in West Germany for treatment. A far-right group calling itself National Front claimed responsibility. A caller claiming to be from the",
"title": "1985 Athens bar bombing"
},
{
"id": "8950822",
"text": "a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. A semi-permanent USAAF presence was established in May 1947 as the facility was being reconstructed to facilitate Marshall Plan aid to Greece and Turkey. On 5 October 1948, the United States Air Force assigned the Military Air Transport Service 1632d Air Base Squadron to the airport with ten C-47 Skytrain cargo aircraft being based at the airport. A new control tower opened in 1951, and by 1954 with the end of Marshall Plan, the United States Air Forces in Europe 7206th Air",
"title": "Hellenikon Air Base"
},
{
"id": "593477",
"text": "Spata and Loutsa, about to the east of central Athens ( by road, due to intervening hills). The airport is named after Elefthérios Venizélos, the prominent Cretan political figure and Prime Minister of Greece, who made a significant contribution to the development of Greek aviation and the Hellenic Air Force in the 1930s. As to-date, ownership is divided between the Hellenic Republic (Greek State) and Private Sector in a 55%-45% stake following a PPP scheme for the airport company. Currently, private investors include the Copelouzos Group (5%) and PSP Investments of Canada (40%), following purchase of Hochtief's shares. The airport",
"title": "Athens International Airport"
},
{
"id": "13060",
"text": "underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport – named Elliniko – in the southern suburbs, into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe, to be named the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park. Many of the southern suburbs (such as Alimos, Palaio Faliro, Elliniko, Glyfada, Voula, Vouliagmeni and Varkiza) known as the Athens Riviera, host a number of sandy beaches, most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee. Casinos operate on both Mount Parnitha, some from downtown Athens (accessible by car or cable car), and the nearby town of Loutraki (accessible",
"title": "Athens"
},
{
"id": "13652147",
"text": "PALLAS system (Phased Automation of the heLLenic ATC radar System). The agency operates a small fleet of aircraft for navigational aid calibration activities. The current fleet is the following: Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority The Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (), abbreviated HCAA (), is a department of the Greek government under the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks. It is involved in air traffic control, aeronautical communications, airport operations, aircraft registration and inspection, licensing of civil air operators, and personnel certification. The headquarters of the HCAA are located at Glyfada, near the old Ellinikon Airport. The Hellenic CAA uses a number",
"title": "Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority"
},
{
"id": "9374912",
"text": "eyesight meant that he could not hold an air transport license, but could possess an air commercial license, allowing him to fly light planes and air taxis for emergency medical cases. Onassis died on January 23, 1973, at the age of 24, from injuries sustained the previous day when his personal Piaggio P.136L-2 amphibious airplane, in which he was a passenger, crashed at Hellinikon International Airport in Athens. Onassis was instructing a potential new pilot of the plane, Donald McCusker, at the time of the crash, in his role as President of Olympic Aviation. Onassis and McCusker were accompanied by",
"title": "Alexander Onassis"
},
{
"id": "2654188",
"text": "Thessaloniki Airport Thessaloniki Airport , officially Thessaloniki Airport \"Makedonia\" () and formerly Mikra Airport, is an international airport serving Thessaloniki, the second-largest city in Greece. It is located southeast of the city, in Thermi. The airport is the third-largest airport in the country after Athens International Airport and Heraklion International Airport. It opened in 1930 and was the second-busiest airport in Greece in terms of flights served and the third-busiest in terms of passengers served in 2016, with over 6 million passengers. It is the main airport of Northern Greece and apart from the city of Thessaloniki it also serves",
"title": "Thessaloniki Airport"
},
{
"id": "15507272",
"text": "Association of Greek Dayrunners to act as the main and official organizing club for the Ultramarathon Festivals. Athens International Ultramarathon Festival The Athens International Ultramarathon Festival is a Multiday race which takes place at the former Ellinikon International Airport in Greece. The first Athens International Ultramarathon Festival (UF) was organized by Dr Costas Baxevanis in 2005 in Loutraki, located approximately 80 km from Athens. The first event was a 24hr race which took place in the Loutraki Stadium. Edit Berces won that first race with 211 K. In 2005 the Ultramarathon Festival was supported by the Apollon Athletic Club, and",
"title": "Athens International Ultramarathon Festival"
},
{
"id": "13247090",
"text": "Hellinikon Olympic Arena The Hellinikon Olympic Indoor Arena is a multi-use sports indoor arena that is located in Ellinikon, Athens, Greece. It is a part of the Helliniko Olympic Complex, and it is located adjacent to the Helliniko Fencing Hall. It is approximately 10 miles from the Athens Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Hellinikon International Airport for the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Paralympics. The arena had in use its full seating capacity of 15,000 spectators for basketball, and 13,500 for handball during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. However, only 12,500 seats",
"title": "Hellinikon Olympic Arena"
},
{
"id": "13652146",
"text": "Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority The Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority (), abbreviated HCAA (), is a department of the Greek government under the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks. It is involved in air traffic control, aeronautical communications, airport operations, aircraft registration and inspection, licensing of civil air operators, and personnel certification. The headquarters of the HCAA are located at Glyfada, near the old Ellinikon Airport. The Hellenic CAA uses a number of remotely operated VHF radio stations for civil aviation communications at the following locations: The HCAA uses a number of radar stations: The radar stations are integrated using the",
"title": "Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority"
},
{
"id": "8590462",
"text": "3 years. The Olympic Baseball Centre's main stadium underwent renovations for football use, and Ethnikos began playing matches there during the 2007–08 season; the team played its first official match in its new home on October 20, 2007. The facility became known as Elliniko Stadium, and is commonly referred to as \"Elliniko.\" Helliniko Olympic Complex in Ellinikon, was located approximately 8 kilometres south of the center of Athens, near Glyfada on the Mediterranean coast. The complex was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics, and",
"title": "Ethnikos Piraeus F.C."
},
{
"id": "16860563",
"text": "Elliniko metro station Elliniko metro station in Athens is the current southern terminus on Athens Metro Line 2 since the Elliniko extension opened on 26 July 2013. With the opening of the station, travel time from Elliniko to Syntagma Square was reduced from 45 minutes (by car) to 20 minutes. The station is adjacent to Vouliagmenis Avenue, at its section north of the closed Ellinikon International Airport. It has two exits to the ground level, one on each side of Vouliagmenis Avenue, with the southern exit to have a metallic oval shaped roof, as well as a square. Construction works",
"title": "Elliniko metro station"
},
{
"id": "20799782",
"text": "1985 Athens bar bombing On 2 February 1985, \"Bobby's Bar\" in Glyfada, a suburb of Athens in Greece, was bombed. The bar was popular with American airmen stationed at the nearby Hellenikon Air Base. Police spokesman Nikos Gizas said about fifty of the injured were Americans. Some of them were brought to U.S. bases in West Germany for treatment. A far-right group calling itself National Front claimed responsibility. A caller claiming to be from the group claimed that the bombing was aimed at Americans who were \"responsible\" for the occupation of Cyprus, which had been divided since the Turkish invasion",
"title": "1985 Athens bar bombing"
},
{
"id": "3528973",
"text": "Hellinikon Olympic Complex The Hellinikon Olympic Complex is situated at Hellinikon in the south Athens, approximately 16 kilometres from the Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. It consists of five separate venues. The Indoor arena is an arena adjacent to the Fencing Hall. It hosted the Basketball preliminary matches and the Handball finals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The facility seats 15,000 spectators for basketball, although only 10,700 seats were made publicly available during the Olympics -",
"title": "Hellinikon Olympic Complex"
},
{
"id": "15786118",
"text": "stations, bridges, ammunition and fuel depots. In November 14, while the Axis troops were retreating from Greece, the aircraft of the Squadron landed in Hassani Airfield (later the Hellenikon Air Base and Ellinikon International Airport), near Athens. Although mainland Greece was liberated, Crete and other islands were still under German occupation. Alongside the Spitfire fighters of the two other Greek Squadrons, 335th and 336th, which had also arrived in Greece, the 13th was engaged in bombing missions against the remaining German garrisons in the Aegean islands and Crete (April–May 1945). The Squadron was disbanded on April 19, 1946. 13th Light",
"title": "13th Light Bomber Squadron"
},
{
"id": "417434",
"text": "strike from a terrorist or an accidental launch from a U.S. Navy vessel caused the crash and is the subject of a government cover-up. The accident airplane, registration N93119, (Boeing 747-131) was manufactured by Boeing in July 1971; it had been ordered by Eastern Air Lines, but after Eastern canceled its 747 orders, the plane was purchased new by TWA. The aircraft had completed 16,869 flights with 93,303 hours of operation. On the day of the accident, the airplane departed from Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece as TWA Flight 881 and arrived at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK)",
"title": "TWA Flight 800"
},
{
"id": "7381945",
"text": "22 years. The Campus was spread out over 4 areas with gardens and a view to the sea. The buildings were located next to the old Hellinikon airport, the former international airport of Athens and the Hellinikon Olympic Complex and Aghios Kosmos Port. SLC's new campus is located near to Vari in southern Athens. The school relocated here for the start of the 2004 academic year. The new campus features an Olympic sized swimming pool, a full-size artificial football pitch, 2 tennis courts, a 400 seat amphitheater, a large indoor Gym and 2 large areas for parking. St Lawrence College,",
"title": "St Lawrence College, Athens"
},
{
"id": "705352",
"text": "ferries to Naxos, Karpathos, Kasos, Sitia, Anafi, Chalki and Diafani. There are also several daily ferries to Piraeus, the port of Athens in mainland Greece. Heraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after Athens International Airport, first in charter flights and the 65th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 7.480.408 travellers in 2017 (List of the busiest airports in Europe). In April 2018, the inner",
"title": "Heraklion"
},
{
"id": "15507271",
"text": "Athens International Ultramarathon Festival The Athens International Ultramarathon Festival is a Multiday race which takes place at the former Ellinikon International Airport in Greece. The first Athens International Ultramarathon Festival (UF) was organized by Dr Costas Baxevanis in 2005 in Loutraki, located approximately 80 km from Athens. The first event was a 24hr race which took place in the Loutraki Stadium. Edit Berces won that first race with 211 K. In 2005 the Ultramarathon Festival was supported by the Apollon Athletic Club, and thereafter for the next 3 events by the Athens Alpine Club. In 2009, Dr Baxevanis founded the",
"title": "Athens International Ultramarathon Festival"
},
{
"id": "155114",
"text": "In 2017, imports increased by 13.9% and exports rose by 13.4%. Greece is also the largest import partner of Cyprus (18.0%) and the largest export partner of Palau (82.4%). As of 2012, Greece had a total of 82 airports, of which 67 were paved and six had runways longer than 3,047 meters. Of these airports, two are classified as \"international\" by the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority, but 15 offer international services. Additionally Greece has 9 heliports. Greece does not have a flag carrier, but the country’s airline industry is dominated by Aegean Airlines and its subsidiary Olympic Air. Between 1975",
"title": "Economy of Greece"
},
{
"id": "14620162",
"text": "Hellinikon Stadium Hellinikon Stadium is a stadium located at the Hellinikon Olympic Complex in Hellinikon, Athens, located approximately 8 kilometres south of the center of Athens, near Glyfada on the Aegean Sea coast. Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. currently plays its home matches there. The complex was built on the site of the former Hellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics and consisted of the following venues: Hellinikon Indoor Arena (Basketball and Team handball); Hellinikon Fencing Hall; Olympic Hockey Stadium (Field hockey); Helliniko Baseball Centre; Hellinikon Olympic Softball Stadium; and Hellinikon Slalom Centre (Whitewater",
"title": "Hellinikon Stadium"
},
{
"id": "2161933",
"text": "Summer Olympics venues for canoe and kayak slalom, field hockey, baseball, and softball. Other Olympics-related upgrades to the airport included refitting one of the airport's western hangars to become the main Olympic fencing venue and one of the larger Olympic indoor basketball arenas. In 2005, the international team, led by architects David Serero, Elena Fernandez, and landscape architect Philippe Coignet, won the competition to design a metropolitan park on the former site of the Ellinikon Airport over more than 300 other teams of architects. The competition was sponsored by UIA (International Union of Architects), the Greek Ministry of Environment, and",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "257886",
"text": "includes the ships of People's Republic of China 1, Cyprus 1, Denmark 9, Germany 70, Greece 54, Hong Kong 2, Japan 4, Monaco 8, Netherlands 8, United Kingdom 3, United States 87, and Uruguay 1 (2002 est.) Airports: 35 (2009), see list of airports in the Marshall Islands Airports - with paved runways: <br>\"total:\" 5 <br>\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\" 4 (Eniwetok, IATA airport code ENT; Kwajalein, KWA; and Marshall Islands International, MAJ; Rongelap). <br>\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 1 (2009) Airports and airstrips - with unpaved runways: <br>\"total:\" 30 <br>\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 29 <br>\"under 914 m:\" 1 (2009) Marshall Islands",
"title": "Transportation in the Marshall Islands"
},
{
"id": "2161932",
"text": "million passengers per year. The last aircraft to depart from Ellinikon was an Olympic Airways Boeing 737 bound for Thessaloníki. The airport is bounded in the west by beaches, in the south by the Glyfada Golf Club and the Ellinikon-Glyfada municipal boundary, and by residential area. In April 2011 the Olympic Airways Museum opened in the West Terminal, including three airplanes that had been parked there since the airport's closure. The Athens radar center is still based at Ellinikon. After its closure the northwest portion of the airport was redeveloped, converting runways into a sports park that housed the 2004",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "16408629",
"text": "the aircraft within the available runway and overrun distance. One member of the Operations team of the Accident Investigation Committee had a different opinion from the rest of the Committee regarding the cause of the accident, stating that he believed the crew failed to realise the touchdown speed and distance, failed to follow the company's poor-braking-action landing technique, and failed to properly utilise the aircraft's brake and reverse thrust systems. Swissair Flight 316 On 7 October 1979, a Swissair DC-8 crashed while attempting to land at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport. Of the 154 passengers and crew on board, 14 perished in",
"title": "Swissair Flight 316"
},
{
"id": "2161930",
"text": "in 1941, and Kalamaki Airfield (as the site was then known) was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. After World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. By agreement with Greece, the USAF operated out of the airport for well over four decades. In 1988, Greece",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "2161934",
"text": "the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens (ORSA). The project was further developed in 2006 and 2007 by this team through two development phases with the planning organizations of Athens. By 2012, government plans to attract investors and develop the site commercially were eclipsing the proposed park, though nearby communities remained vocal about their preference for a park. In 2017, an international consortium comprising Chinese conglomerate Fosun Group, Abu Dhabi-based developer Eagle Hills and Greek company Latsis Group will invest €8 billion in the project. A whole range of works will be performed as part of the",
"title": "Ellinikon International Airport"
},
{
"id": "6374306",
"text": "Sweden, Bosnia, Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Romania and Poland. Named airport bases include Glasgow Prestwick Airport (Britain), Shannon & Baldonnel (Ireland), Ramstein and Frankfurt (Germany), Aviano Air Base (Italy), Palma de Mallorca Airport (Spain), Tuzla Air Base (Bosnia-Herzegovina), Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Athens (Greece), Larnaca (Cyprus), Prague (Czech Republic), Stockholm (Sweden), as well as Rabat (Morocco) and Algiers (Algeria). Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz characterized the accusation as \"libel\", while Romania similarly said there was no evidence. British Prime Minister Tony Blair said that the report \"added absolutely nothing new whatever to the information we",
"title": "Black site"
},
{
"id": "5794931",
"text": "annual traffic statistics <nowiki>*</nowiki> Period: Jan - Oct The airline Bluebird Airways has its head office at the airport. Heraklion International Airport Heraklion International Airport \"Nikos Kazantzakis\" is the primary airport on the island of Crete, Greece, and the country's second busiest airport after Athens International Airport. It is located about 5 km east of the main city centre of Heraklion, near the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos. It is a shared civil/military facility. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a Greek writer and philosopher. Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is Crete's main and busiest airport, serving Heraklion (Ηράκλειο), Aghios",
"title": "Heraklion International Airport"
},
{
"id": "593476",
"text": "Athens International Airport Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\" (, \"Diethnís Aeroliménas Athinón \"Elefthérios Venizélos\"\") , commonly initialized as \"AIA\", began operation on 28 March 2001 and is the primary international airport that serves the city of Athens and the region of Attica. It is Greece's busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports Council International (10–25 million) and as of 2017, Athens International is the 27th busiest airport in Europe. AIA is located between the towns of Markopoulo, Koropi,",
"title": "Athens International Airport"
},
{
"id": "19557483",
"text": "declared the provisional winner of the international tender in May 2017. Ariadne is a joint venture formed by Greece-based Terna S.A. and New Delhi-headquartered GMR Airports Group. Kasteli Airport Kasteli Airport is a mixed-use public/military airport located south-east of Heraklion, in Kasteli on the Greek island of Crete. It started operating in 1940 and it now has a single runway with a length of 2,450m. The airport is used by F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force's 133 Combat Group. The Ariadne Airport Group consortium, consisting of the GEK Terna in partnership with the Indian GMR Group",
"title": "Kasteli Airport"
},
{
"id": "9374905",
"text": "relationship with Fiona Thyssen, former wife of Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza. He was later appointed the head of Olympic Aviation, a Greek regional airline owned by his father. Onassis died in hospital as a result of injuries sustained in an air crash at Hellinikon International Airport at the age of 24. The Alexander S. Onassis Foundation was established in his memory. Alexander Socrates Onassis was born at the Harkness Pavilion, a private clinic in New York City's NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. He was the elder child of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis (1906 –1975) and his first wife, Athina Livanos (1929 –1974),",
"title": "Alexander Onassis"
},
{
"id": "2476537",
"text": "EgyptAir Flight 648 EgyptAir Flight 648 was a regularly scheduled international flight between Athens Ellinikon International Airport in Greece and Cairo International Airport in Egypt. On 23 November 1985, a Boeing 737-200 airliner, registered SU-AYH, servicing the flight was hijacked by the terrorist organization Abu Nidal. The subsequent raid on the aircraft by Egyptian troops resulted in dozens of deaths, making the hijacking of Flight 648 one of the deadliest such incidents in history. On 23 November 1985, Flight 648 took off at 8pm on its Athens-to-Cairo route. Ten minutes after takeoff, three Palestinian members of Abu Nidal hijacked the",
"title": "EgyptAir Flight 648"
},
{
"id": "20800746",
"text": "1987 Greece bus attacks The 1987 Greece bus attacks refer to two separate attacks committed by the 17 November Group on buses carrying American military personnel near Athens, Greece. The first attack, on April 24, 1987, wounded 16 Americans (four of which were civilians) and two Greeks (the bus driver and a civilian car driver nearby). An Hellenic Air Force bus was transporting American servicemen from a Greek base to the American-operated Hellenikon Air Base when a remote-controlled car bomb exploded, causing the bus to lose control and hit a tree. It was initially reported the bus was hit by",
"title": "1987 Greece bus attacks"
},
{
"id": "1941488",
"text": "the sex workers being described as \"vulnerable to abuse\". The share of the transport and communications industry in the GDP of Northern Cyprus is constantly varying; it decreased from 12.1% in 2008 to 8.5% in 2011, but rose again to 9.3% in 2012. Air transport is a major route of entry into Northern Cyprus. The country is home to two airports, the Ercan International Airport and the Geçitkale Airport, of which only Ercan is currently functioning. The Ercan airport saw an important renovation in the 2010s that greatly increased its passenger traffic, it was used by 1.76 million passengers in",
"title": "Northern Cyprus"
},
{
"id": "443605",
"text": "police and museum guard teams. Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is long and wide, it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport. There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected",
"title": "Vatican City"
},
{
"id": "9646608",
"text": "of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the Fraport AG/Copelouzos Group joint venture and the state privatisation fund. \"We signed the deal today,\" the head of Greece's privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate the 14 airports (including Mykonos International Airport) for 40 years. Fraport started managing the airport from 11 April 2017. On 22 March 2017, the Fraport-Greece presented its master plan for the 14 regional airports including the Mykonos Airport. Immediate actions that will be implemented at the airports as soon as Fraport Greece takes",
"title": "Mykonos Airport"
},
{
"id": "19557479",
"text": "Kasteli Airport Kasteli Airport is a mixed-use public/military airport located south-east of Heraklion, in Kasteli on the Greek island of Crete. It started operating in 1940 and it now has a single runway with a length of 2,450m. The airport is used by F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force's 133 Combat Group. The Ariadne Airport Group consortium, consisting of the GEK Terna in partnership with the Indian GMR Group has been selected to develop, operate and manage a new international airport on this site as a replacement for the existing Heraklion International Airport. It is planned",
"title": "Kasteli Airport"
},
{
"id": "13319474",
"text": "Hellenic Airlines Hellenic Airlines (, also known by its literal name, Greek Air Transport), often abbreviated ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. in Greek and sometimes also known as Hellas in English, was a Greek-flagged airline that operated domestic and international airline service from 1947 to 1951. It was absorbed into TAE Greek National Airlines in 1951. In the post-World War II era, in order to foster competition in the Greek airline industry, the Greek government chartered a total of 4 airlines; Technical and Aeronautical Exploitations (), or TAE, was a privately owned airline that had ceased operation prior to the Second World War but",
"title": "Hellenic Airlines"
},
{
"id": "13319477",
"text": "converted ex-B-24 Liberator used on international services from London - Athens and then on to Egypt and six Douglas DC-3s used for domestic service and to Cyprus and Tel Aviv. Hellenic Airlines Hellenic Airlines (, also known by its literal name, Greek Air Transport), often abbreviated ΕΛΛ.Α.Σ. in Greek and sometimes also known as Hellas in English, was a Greek-flagged airline that operated domestic and international airline service from 1947 to 1951. It was absorbed into TAE Greek National Airlines in 1951. In the post-World War II era, in order to foster competition in the Greek airline industry, the Greek",
"title": "Hellenic Airlines"
},
{
"id": "1727461",
"text": "reached in under two hours. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to be able to handle more international flights, although almost all flights to and from Hungary still use Budapest's Ferihegy Airport (now called Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport). Cities that can be reached from the Debrecen Airport include Brussels, Eindhoven, London, Malmö, Milan, Tel Aviv, Moscow and Paris. There have also been improvements to some parts of the railway between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006. There are many railway stations",
"title": "Debrecen"
},
{
"id": "4152996",
"text": "2015, Rhodes Airport was closed for 14 hours after a 'sinkhole' appeared in the runway. Flights were diverted to surrounding airports such as Kos and Heraklion as well as Athens and the runway was fixed and reopened shortly afterwards. In December 2015 the privatisation of Rhodes International Airport and 13 other regional airports of Greece was finalised with the signing of the agreement between the Fraport AG/Copelouzos Group joint venture and the state privatisation fund. \"We signed the deal today,\" the head of Greece's privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate",
"title": "Rhodes International Airport"
},
{
"id": "4280910",
"text": "the customs agreements which Turkey had already signed as a precondition to start EU membership negotiations in 2005, it is obliged to open its ports to Cypriot planes and vessels, but Turkey has not complied so far; refusing to do so until the EU eases the international isolation of Northern Cyprus. In February 2013, Turkish EU Minister Egemen Bağış told the Republic of Cyprus, \"if you truly want salvation, truly want peace, then remove your blockade of Ercan Airport to EU member countries and Turkey will open its ports to you.\" Turkey's refusal to implement a trade pact between Turkey",
"title": "Accession of Turkey to the European Union"
},
{
"id": "593494",
"text": "between exits 4 and 5. Regional bus services by KTEL Express operate to the airport, currently connecting the airport to Rafina, Markopoulo, Lavrio, Kalyvia and Keratea. Athens International Airport Athens International Airport \"Eleftherios Venizelos\" (, \"Diethnís Aeroliménas Athinón \"Elefthérios Venizélos\"\") , commonly initialized as \"AIA\", began operation on 28 March 2001 and is the primary international airport that serves the city of Athens and the region of Attica. It is Greece's busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports",
"title": "Athens International Airport"
},
{
"id": "6495980",
"text": "1991, AB was listed on the Athens Stock Exchange. In the same year, the first AB MEGA supermarket was opened, in the area of Hellinikon, close to the old Athens Hellinikon International Airport. In 1992, a new AB MEGA was built on the Athens-Lamia highway (Εθνική Αθηνών-Λαμίας). In the meanwhile, AB was acquired by the Belgian retail company \"Delhaize Group\" (merged with Ahold to form Ahold Delhaize in 2015). In 1994, AB was the first supermarket company in Greece to introduce the barcode system at its cashiers. Between 1995 and 1998, AB opened a large warehouse, in Mandra, Attica (Μάνδρα,",
"title": "Alfa-Beta Vassilopoulos"
},
{
"id": "9704377",
"text": "airports remained largely stagnant in 2015, with a marginal 0.63 percent increase to 1.38 million tonnes, reflecting sluggish global trade. AOT is budgeting 220 billion baht in 2018 for the creation of two new airports and the expansion of four existing airports owned by the Department of Airports. AOT intends to build Chiang Mai 2 in Lamphun Province and Phuket Airport 2 in Phang Nga Province. The four existing airports to be managed by AOT are the Tak Airport, Sakon Nakhon Airport, Chumphon Airport, and Udon Thani International Airport. Airports of Thailand PCL Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT)",
"title": "Airports of Thailand PCL"
},
{
"id": "16258585",
"text": "Kıbrıs Media Group was suddenly presented with a tax demand in the amount of 11 million Turkish Lira ($6.3 million) payable the following day, on pain of the sequestration of its assets. Leading opposition politicians branded this action as an attempt to gag the free media. The edition of 14 March 2009 of \"Cyprus Today\" appeared as usual. Ministers subsequently awarded him a multimillion-euro contract to operate Lefkoniko Airport in northern Cyprus. On 30 July 2010 it was reported that a British judge had granted Nadir bail, which it was said would pave the way for him to return to",
"title": "Asil Nadir"
},
{
"id": "12792176",
"text": "said in his statement. However, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said during an interview on the TRT channel that Erdoğan's words have been misunderstood. \"Remarks which have been cut out from the whole speech were taken to grounds we don’t want. We also aim to have good relations with Serbia. Turkey maintains an equal distance to all Balkan countries,\" Davutoğlu stressed. Relations between two countries recovered quickly after 2013 speech with significant increase in number of flights travelers between Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport and Istanbul airports and entrance of Turkish companies such as Halkbank at Serbian market. In March 2016",
"title": "Serbia–Turkey relations"
},
{
"id": "7390727",
"text": "feud with Greece. Both countries consider Alexander the Great as part of their respective heritages, demonstrated by the fact that the regional airport of Kavala in Greek Macedonia is also named after Alexander. However, the airport in Kavala was the first to be named as such since 1992. In 2008 the Macedonian Government signed a contract with the Turkish company Tepe Akfen Ventures (TAV) for a twenty-year-long concession during which this company would manage Macedonia's two existing airports - the Skopje Alexander the Great Airport and the St. Paul the Apostle Airport in Ohrid. In September 2011, the new terminal",
"title": "Skopje International Airport"
},
{
"id": "2181511",
"text": "to Cambodia in that the cyclist is situated behind the passenger(s) seat, as opposed to Cycle rickshaws in neighbouring countries where the cyclist is at the front and \"pulls\" the carriage. Cambodia has three commercial airports. Phnom Penh International Airport (Pochentong) in Phnom Penh is the second largest in Cambodia. Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport is the largest and serves the most international flights in and out of Cambodia. The other airport is in Sihanoukville. , Cambodia has an estimated population of people. Cambodia's birth rate is 25.4 per 1,000. Its population growth rate is 1.7%. Fifty percent of the Cambodian",
"title": "Cambodia"
},
{
"id": "5794927",
"text": "Heraklion International Airport Heraklion International Airport \"Nikos Kazantzakis\" is the primary airport on the island of Crete, Greece, and the country's second busiest airport after Athens International Airport. It is located about 5 km east of the main city centre of Heraklion, near the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos. It is a shared civil/military facility. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a Greek writer and philosopher. Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is Crete's main and busiest airport, serving Heraklion (Ηράκλειο), Aghios Nikolaos (Άγιος Νικόλαος), Malia (Mάλλια), Hersonissos (Χερσόνησος), Stalida (Σταλίδα), Elounda (Ελούντα) and other resorts. The airport first opened in",
"title": "Heraklion International Airport"
},
{
"id": "2693267",
"text": "did nothing much to address the lack of parking spots, although a valet service is provided. Parking cost RM25 on daily basis. A rail link is being constructed to connect to the airport to Kuala Lumpur via KTM Komuter but in the meantime, travellers can catch a local bus out of Central Market bus hub. The airport was officiated by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak on 28 October 2009. The Prime Minister has expressed confidence that the airport will reach 2 million annual passenger and emerge as a regional hub of ASEAN. The next phase of development will",
"title": "Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport"
},
{
"id": "6362301",
"text": "Sochi International Airport Sochi International Airport (; ) is an airport located in Adler District of the resort city of Sochi, on the coast of the Black Sea in the federal subject of Krasnodar Krai, Russia. Sochi International Airport is among the ten largest Russian airports, with an annual passenger turnover of 5.2 million. The airport is run by an international joint venture of Basic Element group, Sberbank and Changi Airports International. The airport has been recognized as the best regional airport at the 3rd annual forum \"Development of Russia and CIS airports – 2013\", held by Adam Smith Conference.",
"title": "Sochi International Airport"
},
{
"id": "2809662",
"text": "Olympic Airlines Olympic Airlines (, \"Olympiakés Aerogrammés\" – OA), formerly named Olympic Airways for at least four decades, was the flag carrier airline of Greece. The airline's head office was located in Athens. The airline operated services to 37 domestic destinations and to 32 destinations world-wide. The airline's main base was at Athens International Airport, with hubs at Thessaloniki International Airport, \"Macedonia\", Heraklion International Airport, \"Nikos Kazantzakis\" and Rhodes International Airport, \"Diagoras\". Olympic Airlines also owned a base at London Heathrow International Airport. By December 2007, the airline employed about 8,500 staff. Olympic Airlines was also accredited by IATA with",
"title": "Olympic Airlines"
},
{
"id": "10444738",
"text": "Isavia Isavia ohf. is the national airport and air navigation service provider of Iceland. The company operates all public airports and air navigation services in a vast area in the north-eastern Atlantic. The company headquarters is at Reykjavík Airport in Reykjavík. The enterprise was founded in 1945 as the Icelandic Civil Aviation Administration (Flugmálastjórn Íslands). With the creation of the government enterprise Flugstodir ltd. in 2006, the operational services were separated from the regulatory authority of the Icelandic Civil Aviation Administration. 31 January 2010 Flugstodir and Keflavik International Airport Ltd. were merged into a private limited company with 100 per",
"title": "Isavia"
},
{
"id": "9973208",
"text": "Denmark’s Journey Planner, providing up to date information on routes, journey times and costs. Billund Airport serves as Denmark’s second biggest airport offering international flights to 40 destinations. Set up by the LEGO family in the 1960s, it is now run independently though its proximity to LEGOLAND makes the airport popular during the summer months with many major airlines operating a service. For the majority of the passengers in western Denmark, this is their main airport for international travel. Triangle Region (Denmark) Triangle Region Denmark () is a cooperation consisting of seven Danish municipalities on the Danish peninsula of Jutland",
"title": "Triangle Region (Denmark)"
},
{
"id": "8489021",
"text": "company, bought the 20% shares back from the Italian group. In 2006, ACSA was part of a consortium that won the bid to manage the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai, India. In 2012, ACSA signed a 20-year concession agreement to manage the São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport in Brazil, a strategic alliance between two countries that organized the soccer world cup in recent years. The deal was signed through a consortium including Brazil's Invepar for 51% of the concession and at a cost of $9.2 billion. In May 2016, ACSA finished installing a solar power plant near the Kimberley Airport",
"title": "Airports Company South Africa"
},
{
"id": "18271471",
"text": "Northern Cyprus, the Ercan Airport and Geçitkale Airport, neither have been recognized due to the ongoing disputes involving the political status and recognition of Northern Cyprus. All international flights are done via Turkey by public and private airline companies. Marina tourism also developed in recent years; Karpaz Gate Marina of Northern Cyprus became a member of ART Marine’s international marinas network in 2014. Total number of beds: Total shore length: Total revenues: Total employment: Tourist arrivals per year: The rank of the country in most popular destinations in the world: International memberships of Northern Cyprus and its organizations: Annual Tourism",
"title": "Tourism in Northern Cyprus"
},
{
"id": "3528976",
"text": "on August 12, 2004, a day before the Opening Ceremonies. During the 2004 Summer Paralympic Games, the Olympic Baseball Centre was the venue for Archery. The table below lists the current status and usage of the Hellinikon Olympic Complex facilities: There are plans to convert much of the former Hellinikon International Airport site to a metropolitan park, that would include the above facilities. The site is currently being used to house refugee populations in the current Refugee crisis in Europe. The three camps are currently home to over three thousand refugees living in mostly tented accommodation. Hellinikon Olympic Complex The",
"title": "Hellinikon Olympic Complex"
},
{
"id": "4640147",
"text": "code-share cooperation with Belgian airline Jetairfly. A new terminal opened in January 2008. It has a capacity of up to 5 million passengers a year, which means that it has reached its maximum capacity in 2010 (5,195,372 passengers). The European Commission objected to assistance the airport offered to Ryanair, since the airport is owned by the Wallonia regional government and thus the discounts and other benefits could be considered state aid. However, the Court of First Instance (a European Union court) decided on 17 December 2008 that the Commission's decision finding that illegal aid had been granted to Ryanair should",
"title": "Brussels South Charleroi Airport"
},
{
"id": "9340494",
"text": "reportedly violating Turkish airspace, worsening the relations between Turkey and Russia. Shagol is located in the north-western outskirts Chelyabinsk, but the aircraft landing at the runway have to fly over multiple dense suburban residential districts. This has caused noise concerns from local residents, who filed complaints that low-flying aircraft would wake them up at night and trigger car alarms. A court order in 2013 suspended the flights of Su-24 aircraft, however, the ruling was overturned in the Supreme Court of Russia, but required the aircraft operated from the airport to increase their glideslope angle by 1.5 degrees. Some of the",
"title": "Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport"
},
{
"id": "5140528",
"text": "Billund Airport Billund Airport () is an airport in Denmark. Located northeast of Billund, it serves as one of the country's busiest air cargo centres, as well as a charter airline destination, although some regular airlines also offer flights there. Nearby Legoland Billund park is the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside Copenhagen. Billund Airport had its beginning in 1961 when the son of the founder of the Lego Group, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, established a private 800-meter long runway and hangar north of his factory in Billund. With Christiansen as a key driver, more of the neighbouring municipalities were included",
"title": "Billund Airport"
},
{
"id": "6270945",
"text": "Porto Rafti Porto Rafti (), official name: \"Limin Markopoulou\" (), is a seaside resort town in East Attica, Greece. It is part of the municipality Markopoulo Mesogaias, and it is about 15–20 minutes by car from the International airport of Athens, Eleftherios Venizelos, and about 35–40 minutes from downtown Athens via the highway. In 2011, its population was 9,686. The region of Mesogaia is well known for its fine vineyards, figs, and pistachios. Currently, there are several modern wine-making facilities in the region. The town of Porto Rafti stretches amphitheatrically around the Rafti Bay, a bay of the Aegean Sea,",
"title": "Porto Rafti"
},
{
"id": "309272",
"text": "and stands at both Copernicus Airport in Wrocław and Lech Wałęsa Airport in Gdańsk. The Polish airline market was until 2004 a closed market, with bilateral agreements between countries served from the national hub – Warsaw. The regional airports were mostly serving as spokes, and were controlled by PPL, the state-owned airport authority. However, in the 1990s it was decided to deregulate the airport market and abolish the dominant position of PPL. Nearly all local airports (apart from Zielona Góra airport) became separate companies, with local governments involved in their management, which led to the partial decentralisation. Soon after opening",
"title": "Transport in Poland"
},
{
"id": "14311592",
"text": "the same tasks as before and remains at the same address. Civil Aviation Administration Denmark Civil Aviation Administration Denmark (CAA-DK). (, SLV) was the Danish government agency that oversaw all civil aviation in Denmark, including the autonomous areas of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. CAA-DK, with its head office in Copenhagen, was part of the Danish Ministry of Transport (). In addition to the regulation of civil aviation, it also operated the Bornholm Airport. On 1 November 2010 the Danish Transport Authority () and the Civil Aviation Administration - Denmark were merged to one administration. The name of the new",
"title": "Civil Aviation Administration Denmark"
},
{
"id": "18924795",
"text": "Turkish Cypriots have partly overcome restrictions on personal travel by obtaining passports issued by the Republic of Cyprus. According to Rebecca Bryant, a specialist on Cyprus, with the development of Turkish Airlines and the bankruptcy of Cyprus Airways, Ercan is busier than Larnaca International Airport as of 2015, but it is still dependent on Turkey. However, in 2017 Ercan airport saw a more than 400% dramatic decrease in customers, as a result of new tight security measures imposed by the UK Department for Transport questioning the status of the airport and forcing passengers travelling between Britain and Northern Cyprus to",
"title": "Embargo against Northern Cyprus"
},
{
"id": "12973740",
"text": "Asian policy. Turkey has since reversed its support to Pakistan’s position on Kashmir, moving from a call for a plebiscite under UN supervision to stressing the importance of India-Pakistan bilateral talks to resolve the issue, which is by and large closer to India’s position, which still doesn't improve much since India vehemently opposes a UN referendum (as it always has). India's GMR Group is one of the main stakeholders in the new Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in İstanbul. Both the countries are members of the G20 group of major economies, where the two countries have closely cooperated on the management",
"title": "India–Turkey relations"
},
{
"id": "15633994",
"text": "through the normal screening and check-in process, and had his US visa scanned through the Advance Passenger Information System which returned a \"no-objection\". Demuren also defended the Nigerian Airport security system by promptly providing information and footage, demonstrating the advance security and technological solutions deployed in Nigeria. The global community was astonished at the degree of detail and depth of the information provided by a so-called third world country in contrast to its reputation for chaos and mediocrity. Schiphol, Amsterdam Airport, Farouk's transit port, was unable to detect any irregularity during the security screening process. Following this incident and in",
"title": "Harold Demuren"
},
{
"id": "6591685",
"text": "TUI fly Belgium has a network of 180 routes to more than 100 airports in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, Caribbean, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Africa and the United States. The airline's home base is Brussels Airport, but flights are also operated from 8 other bases: Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Liege Airport, Ostend-Bruges International Airport, Antwerp Airport, Lille Airport in France, Mohammed V International Airport Casablanca and Marrakesh Menara Airport in Morocco. The TUI fly Belgium fleet includes the following aircraft, as of April 2018: TUI Group has 70 737 MAXs on order for the group. The order consists of",
"title": "TUI fly Belgium"
},
{
"id": "19526045",
"text": "2010 and 2013 respectively. In the airport sector, construction company Limak İnşaat grew into the position as one of the regional market leaders. In 2007, a Limak joint venture with French company Aéroport de Lyon won the concession tender for Pristina International Airport. In 2015, the company won the tender for a new terminal building at Kuwait International Airport. Limak is also part of the joint venture that won the tender for Istanbul New Airport, Turkey's largest PPP infrastructure project, and due to become the world's largest airport. Turkey has sought for a national aerospace industry since the foundation of",
"title": "Aviation in Turkey"
},
{
"id": "2524928",
"text": "quality by reducing its smog level. Both lines were constructed underground. Lines 2 and 3, built by Attiko Metro and operated until 2011 by Attiko Metro Operations Company, are known respectively as the red and blue lines and were inaugurated in January 2000. Line 3 was extended to the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport in summer 2004, and Line 2 was extended to Anthoupoli and Helliniko in 2013. Until 17 June 2011, the operational management of the Athens Metro network was similar to that of the London Underground network before the creation of the London Passenger Transport Board and the absorption",
"title": "Athens Metro"
},
{
"id": "1476633",
"text": "Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar). Currently, Jiangbei airport has three terminals. Terminal 1 is the oldest original terminal and is no longer in use. Terminal 2 is a larger building split into Halls A and B serving domestic flights. The",
"title": "Chongqing"
},
{
"id": "13259300",
"text": "El Al Flight 426 hijacking El Al Flight 426 was an El Al passenger flight hijacked on July 23, 1968 by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), setting off a wave of hijackings by the PFLP. The aircraft, a Boeing 707, was en route from London's Heathrow Airport to Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in Rome and then to Lod Airport, now known as Ben Gurion International Airport. The plane was diverted to Algiers. One of the hijackers opened the unlocked door to the flight deck, clubbed the copilot with the butt of his pistol",
"title": "El Al Flight 426 hijacking"
},
{
"id": "1273773",
"text": "Helsinki Airport was the seventh European and first Northern European airport to adopt the program. Helsinki Airport is connected to over 140 destinations worldwide and over 50 countries by passenger services. Helsinki Airport has around 50 airlines operating regularly. In addition, there are numerous charter airlines operating at the airport. The airport is the main hub for Finnair, that operates over 1100 flights weekly to Europe, Asia and North America. The airport is also used as an operating base for Norwegian Air Shuttle and the low-cost airline operates over 230 flight weekly to elsewhere Europe as well as to the",
"title": "Helsinki Airport"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Ellinikon International Airport context: Ellinikon International Airport Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled \"Hellinikon\" () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for sixty years up until 28 March 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport, \"Eleftherios Venizelos\". The grounds of the airport are located south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers during its last year of operations. The airport was built in 1938. The Nazis invaded Greece\n\nHellenikon international airport is in which country?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Hellin Olympic Complex context: Hellinikon Olympic Complex The Hellinikon Olympic Complex is situated at Hellinikon in the south Athens, approximately 16 kilometres from the Olympic Village. It was built on the site of the former Ellinikon International Airport for the staging of the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. It consists of five separate venues. The Indoor arena is an arena adjacent to the Fencing Hall. It hosted the Basketball preliminary matches and the Handball finals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The facility seats 15,000 spectators for basketball, although only 10,700 seats were made publicly available during the Olympics -\n\ntitle: Hellen context: Base Squadron (later Group) was assigned to the airport.mercial airline service returned to the facility in 1956 with the airport turned over to Greek aviation authorities The airport was renamed Aai International Airport, and the USAF part of the airport cargo use, along with United diplom air traffic The 206th Air Base Group remained the primary USAF unit at the airport with the 6916 Security Squadron providing electronic aerial surveillance of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle The USAF used the airport for airl evacuation operations from Middle East (196),\n\ntitle: Ellinikon context and will75,00 jobs. The 1 Menahem Gol movie, \" Delta Force\", the exterior airport Ath International scene which one of thean exits a taxi. Theens airport, however, were fil Terminal1 Gur. a list of accidents and inc experienced by aircraft that had Ellinikon as destination point It that occurred at the airport in its vicinity and deadly occurr or- listed. Ellinikon Airport Ellin International Airport\n: Olympic: 1 4iesympic theery The the current status of thein Complex: plans to convert formerikon Airport that would include the above facilities. The site is currently being used to house refugee populations in the current Refugee crisis in Europe. The three camps are currently home to over three thousand refugees living in mostly tented accommodation. Hellinikon Olympic Complex The\n\nHellenikon international airport is in which country?",
"compressed_tokens": 477,
"origin_tokens": 15075,
"ratio": "31.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
185 | Who had a 60s No 1 with Lightnin' Strikes? | [
"Luigi A.G. Sacco",
"Luigi Giovanni Sacco",
"Luigi Alfredo Giovanni Sacco",
"Luigi Alfredo Sacco",
"Luigi A. G. Sacco",
"Lou Christie"
] | Lou Christie | [
{
"id": "10704861",
"text": "Lightnin' Strikes \"Lightnin' Strikes\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making it first to No. 1 in Canada in January 1966 on the \"RPM\" Top Singles chart, then to No. 1 in the U.S. on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in February, No. 3 on the New Zealand \"Listener\" chart in May, and No. 11 on the UK \"Record Retailer\" chart. RIAA certification on March 3, 1966, garnering gold status for selling over one million copies. The song was arranged, conducted, and produced",
"title": "Lightnin' Strikes"
},
{
"id": "5507304",
"text": "Lou Christie Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco (born February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christie, is an American singer-songwriter best known for three separate strings of pop hits in the 1960s, including his 1966 hit \"Lightnin' Strikes\". Christie was born Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco on February 19, 1943, in Glenwillard, Pennsylvania, and grew up in suburban Pittsburgh. While attending Moon Area High School, he studied music and voice, served as student conductor of the choir and sang solos at holiday concerts. His teacher Frank Cummings wanted him to pursue a career in classical music, but Sacco wanted to cut a",
"title": "Lou Christie"
},
{
"id": "5507310",
"text": "Milan), stalled at #46 as Christie's career was temporarily derailed by his induction into the US Army. Christie would not have another charting single for two and a half years. Christie's career was quickly re-established after his discharge from the military when he signed with the MGM label. MGM reportedly disliked Christie's first single for the label, the Christie-Herbert song \"Lightnin' Strikes.\" But Christie's new management promoted the record in California, and when it gained some traction (eventually reaching #2 on KHJ the last two weeks of 1965), MGM released it. \"Lightnin' Strikes\" reached #1 in the U.S. on Christie's",
"title": "Lou Christie"
},
{
"id": "5507319",
"text": "SiriusXM radio for the 1960s channel. In 2015, Christie released his first new recording in several years, entitled \"Drive In Dreams\", written by Gregory Scharpf, who is a former member of Sweet Breeze, the Pittsburgh-based band that Christie signed to their first recording contract. His next release was 2016's \"When You Were Young,\" also penned by Scharpf. Lou Christie Lugee Alfredo Giovanni Sacco (born February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christie, is an American singer-songwriter best known for three separate strings of pop hits in the 1960s, including his 1966 hit \"Lightnin' Strikes\". Christie was born Lugee Alfredo Giovanni",
"title": "Lou Christie"
},
{
"id": "5507313",
"text": "1966, while \"Lightnin' Strikes\" was falling down the chart. After being dropped by MGM and an unfruitful stint with Columbia Records in the late 1960s, Christie teamed up with Buddah Records (a move prompted by his business manager Stan Polley) and bubblegum music record producer Tony Romeo and had a surprise Wall of Sound constant uptempo hit \"I'm Gonna Make You Mine\" (which Romeo wrote) in the early autumn of 1969. Helped by backing vocalist Linda Scott and by two promotional videos distinctly different from each other, the song peaked at #10 in the US, but climbed to #2 on",
"title": "Lou Christie"
},
{
"id": "14751731",
"text": "Allbut, replacing Linda Jansen as lead singer in The Angels in 1962 when a senior at Belleville High School (Belleville, New Jersey) in live performances and then to record on their new label, Smash with producers FGG. \"My Boyfriend's Back\" became a #1 hit. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Two albums followed the single. After their hit, The Angels frequently worked as background singers in the New York area, and Peggy was also in the chorus backing Lou Christie's \"Lightnin' Strikes\". Additionally, under the pseudonym Peggy Farina, she wrote the lyrics for The",
"title": "Peggy Santiglia"
},
{
"id": "12963065",
"text": "Lymon, and most notably Lou Christie; Lou Christie's MGM hits including \"Rhapsody in the Rain\", \"Painter\", \"Trapeze\", and his #1 smash hit \"Lightnin' Strikes\". On October 8,9 and 10th of 2013, The Delicates were honored in their hometown of Belleville and inducted into \"The Belleville Wall Of Recognition.\" There is now a plaque on the wall of Belleville High next to that of Connie Francis. The auditorium in Number 8 grammar school was renamed \"The Delicates Auditorium\" and part of Union Avenue was named \"The Delicates Drive.\" Denise lived on Union Ave., and her family owned \"Lou's Deli\" which is",
"title": "The Delicates"
},
{
"id": "1808633",
"text": "Klaus Nomi Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona. Nomi was known for his bizarrely visionary theatrical live performances, heavy make-up, unusual costumes, and a highly stylized signature hairdo that flaunted a receding hairline. His songs were equally unusual, ranging from synthesizer-laden interpretations of classical opera to covers of 1960s pop standards like Chubby Checker's \"The Twist\" and Lou Christie's \"Lightnin' Strikes\". He is remembered in the United States as one of David Bowie's backup singers for",
"title": "Klaus Nomi"
},
{
"id": "10704862",
"text": "by Charles Calello and was recorded on September 3, 1965. The song featured backing vocals from Bernadette Carroll, Peggy Santiglia and Denise Ferri of The Delicates. Session personnel included Joe Farrell and George Young on baritone sax; Ray DeSio on trombone; Stan Free on piano; Lou Mauro on bass; Charlie Macy, Ralph Casale, and Vinnie Bell on guitar; and Buddy Saltzman on drums. Ralph Casale's \"stuttering\" guitar solo was an overdub. Lightnin' Strikes \"Lightnin' Strikes\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making",
"title": "Lightnin' Strikes"
},
{
"id": "11087399",
"text": "Gypsy Cried\", \"Two Faces Have I\", \"Rhapsody in the Rain\", \"She Sold Me Magic\", and most famously, \"Lightnin' Strikes\", a song later covered by such artists as Del Shannon and Klaus Nomi. Christie discussed their songwriting relationship: \"Twyla is a genius. She was going to be a concert pianist but we started writing rock 'n' roll. The hardest part was that we had too many ideas. If we wanted to write a song, it would never stop.\" Herbert and Christie also composed for his backup singers, a girl group named the Tammys, a handful of songs, including the eccentric single,",
"title": "Twyla Herbert"
},
{
"id": "1808643",
"text": "City. | valign=top | Klaus Nomi Klaus Sperber (January 24, 1944 – August 6, 1983), better known as Klaus Nomi, was a German countertenor noted for his wide vocal range and an unusual, otherworldly stage persona. Nomi was known for his bizarrely visionary theatrical live performances, heavy make-up, unusual costumes, and a highly stylized signature hairdo that flaunted a receding hairline. His songs were equally unusual, ranging from synthesizer-laden interpretations of classical opera to covers of 1960s pop standards like Chubby Checker's \"The Twist\" and Lou Christie's \"Lightnin' Strikes\". He is remembered in the United States as one of David",
"title": "Klaus Nomi"
},
{
"id": "364634",
"text": "Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing",
"title": "Simon & Garfunkel"
},
{
"id": "13678968",
"text": "stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \"Pop\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for",
"title": "1960s in music"
},
{
"id": "20964915",
"text": "Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album) Lightnin' Strikes is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins recorded in Texas in 1962 and released on the Vee-Jay label. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings said \"Creatively speaking, this is Lightnin' on no more than good form, rising to very good indeed in \"Walking Round in Circles\", but the sonic effects lend the music a strangeness that some listeners may find attractive\". AllMusic reviewer Cub Coda stated: \"This brings together some early-'60s sides that Hopkins recorded for the Chicago-based Vee-Jay label, although all of them were recorded in his native Houston. ... two are",
"title": "Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album)"
},
{
"id": "9860786",
"text": "Hits by George Hits by George is a greatest hits album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 on the Musicor Records label. \"Hits By George\" includes mostly remakes of songs from earlier in Jones's career, including the number one hits \"White Lightnin'\" and \"She Thinks I Still Care\". Part of the motivation for the release may have been the number of Jones releases that were still being issued by the singer's former record label Mercury Records, which owned the rights to masters that dated all the way back to mid-1950s. It continued Jones's string of top",
"title": "Hits by George"
},
{
"id": "9898672",
"text": "considered the finest singer in country music.\" Singles – Billboard (North America) Country Heart Country Heart is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1966 as a double LP on the Musicor Records label, and was available exclusively through the Columbia Record Club. Although \"Country Heart\" contained several hits Jones had scored with Musicor, it is not actually a greatest hits collection. It includes a rerecording of Jones's first number one country hit \"White Lightnin'\" as well as a remake of his hit duet \"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\" with Melba",
"title": "Country Heart"
},
{
"id": "20964916",
"text": "full-band tracks produced by drummer King Ivory Lee Semiens with Lightnin' playing electric, the band following his erratic timing as best as they can\". All compositions credited to Bill Quinn and Lola Anne Cullen except where noted Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album) Lightnin' Strikes is an album by blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins recorded in Texas in 1962 and released on the Vee-Jay label. The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings said \"Creatively speaking, this is Lightnin' on no more than good form, rising to very good indeed in \"Walking Round in Circles\", but the sonic effects lend the music a strangeness that",
"title": "Lightnin' Strikes (Vee-Jay album)"
},
{
"id": "9898669",
"text": "Country Heart Country Heart is an album by American country music artist George Jones. It was released in 1966 as a double LP on the Musicor Records label, and was available exclusively through the Columbia Record Club. Although \"Country Heart\" contained several hits Jones had scored with Musicor, it is not actually a greatest hits collection. It includes a rerecording of Jones's first number one country hit \"White Lightnin'\" as well as a remake of his hit duet \"We Must Have Been Out Of Our Minds\" with Melba Montgomery from 1963. Curiously, the album also features an instrumental version of",
"title": "Country Heart"
},
{
"id": "9860787",
"text": "ten albums, reaching number 9. Hits by George Hits by George is a greatest hits album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1967 on the Musicor Records label. \"Hits By George\" includes mostly remakes of songs from earlier in Jones's career, including the number one hits \"White Lightnin'\" and \"She Thinks I Still Care\". Part of the motivation for the release may have been the number of Jones releases that were still being issued by the singer's former record label Mercury Records, which owned the rights to masters that dated all the way back to mid-1950s. It",
"title": "Hits by George"
},
{
"id": "354395",
"text": "REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \"Hi Infidelity\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \"Keep On Loving You\" and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late",
"title": "REO Speedwagon"
},
{
"id": "10324448",
"text": "Following this, he founded Avalon Productions, the first booking agency specifically formed to represent blues artists. Within a few years, he was representing House, White, Hurt, Skip James, Sam \"Lightnin'\" Hopkins, Arthur Crudup, Junior Wells, J. B. Hutto, and many others. He also promoted concerts by folk and rock acts in the Boston area. In the late 1960s he met a young female guitarist and singer named Bonnie Raitt and persuaded her to begin what has become a long, fruitful music career. As the older blues artists died, Waterman’s responsibilities shifted to care of their estates and providing for their",
"title": "Dick Waterman"
},
{
"id": "5415915",
"text": "two previously unreleased songs and a new remix. Cracknell was Spiller's first choice for the vocals of his number-one hit \"Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)\" in 2000, but never got to record the song. She has recorded tracks with various artists such as David Holmes (\"Anymore\", \"Gone\"), Xploding Plastix (\"Sunset Spirals\"), Cheapglue (\"You've Just Won Me Over\") and Paul Van Dyk (\"The Riddle (Tell Me Why),\" although billed as a collaboration between Van Dyk and St. Etienne but with Cracknell on vocals). She recorded a duet of Dusty Springfield's 1968 song \"I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten\" with",
"title": "Sarah Cracknell"
},
{
"id": "17554931",
"text": "Nashville in 2005 at the age of 79, having suffered from cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Floyd Chance Floyd Taylor Chance (21 December 1925 – 11 April 2005), often credited as Lightnin' Chance, was an American session musician who played bass on many successful country and pop records, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Como, Mississippi, and learned to play guitar, clarinet, saxophone and tuba while at school. He was nicknamed \"Lightnin'\" for his prowess on the football field. He received further musical training while serving with the US Navy in World War II, when he performed",
"title": "Floyd Chance"
},
{
"id": "14242448",
"text": "the early 1960s, including \"Walkin' This Road by Myself\" (1962), \"Lightnin' and Co.\" (1962), and \"Smokes Like Lightning\" (1963). Pickens had by this time also recorded his own debut solo album, \"Buster Pickens\" (1960), and appeared in the 1962 film \"The Blues\". Pickens was shot dead by his cousin after an argument in a bar in Houston, in November 1964. The album, recorded in Houston by Chris Strachwitz, Mack McCormick and Paul Oliver, contained \"Santa Fe Train\" / \"Rock Island Blues\" / \"Ain't Nobody's Business\" / \"Colorado Springs Blues\" / \"She Caught the L & N\" / \"Remember Me\" /",
"title": "Buster Pickens"
},
{
"id": "7304410",
"text": "emigrate to Canada, and was replaced in the group by Dave Cary. The group served as backing vocalists for Petula Clark on her first recordings. The Stargazers enjoyed considerable commercial success during the 1950s, including two United Kingdom number one hit singles on their own, \"Broken Wings\", which was the first recording by a native British act to top the UK Singles Chart, and \"I See the Moon\", along with a third number 1 hit with Dickie Valentine on \"Finger Of Suspicion\", and were much in demand for back-up work and broadcast work. In 1954, The Stargazers recorded \"The Happy",
"title": "The Stargazers (1940s–50s group)"
},
{
"id": "12560056",
"text": "Motown Sound heard around the world during the 1960s. They were notable for having Stubbs, a baritone, as their lead singer, whereas most male and mixed vocal groups of the time were fronted by a tenor. The group was the main male vocal group for the highly successful songwriting and production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, who crafted a stream of hit singles for Motown. These included two \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number-one hits for the Tops: \"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)\" in 1965 and \"Reach Out I'll Be There\" in 1966. After Holland-Dozier-Holland left Motown in 1967, the Four",
"title": "Four Tops"
},
{
"id": "4951161",
"text": "number 1 twice as \"The Twist\" by Chubby Checker, reached number 1 in both 1960 and 1961. In 2006, \"Please Mr. Postman\" was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. The group found success in the latter half of the 1960s as background singers for recordings by artists such as Jimmy Ruffin's \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted,\" Stevie Wonder's \"For Once in My Life\" and \"Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday,\" David Ruffin's \"My Whole World Ended (The Moment You Left Me),\" Marvin Gaye's \"Chained\" and \"Just to Keep You Satisfied,\" Edwin Starr's \"War\" and \"25 Miles,\" and many more. Much like The",
"title": "The Originals (band)"
},
{
"id": "2074416",
"text": "appeared in Phoenix. Musicians to emerge from this era include Alice Cooper, and Bill Spooner of The Tubes. The group Pages was formed by Phoenix residents Richard Page and Steve George, who later formed the nucleus of the Phoenix pop-rock group Mr. Mister (who had 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including \"Broken Wings\" in 1985). Dolan Ellis has lived in Phoenix most of his adult life. He moved to LA in the early 1960s, where he was an original member of the Grammy-winning folk group The New Christy Minstrels. Dolan returned to Phoenix while the group was still at its",
"title": "Music of Arizona"
},
{
"id": "1308304",
"text": "The Supremes The Supremes were an American female singing group and the premier act of Motown Records during the 1960s. Founded as The Primettes in Detroit, Michigan, in 1959, the Supremes were the most commercially successful of Motown's acts and are, to date, America's most successful vocal group with 12 number one singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Most of these hits were written and produced by Motown's main songwriting and production team, Holland–Dozier–Holland. At their peak in the mid-1960s, the Supremes rivaled the Beatles in worldwide popularity, and it is said that their success made it possible for future",
"title": "The Supremes"
},
{
"id": "13678924",
"text": "next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled",
"title": "1960s in music"
},
{
"id": "5826921",
"text": "The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \"Make It Easy on Yourself\" and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit",
"title": "The Walker Brothers"
},
{
"id": "14631534",
"text": "US country charts No. 72 in 1975 Sources for chart positions: \"Billboard\" and [ All Music.Com] Pat Boone discography During his career as a singer and composer, Pat Boone released 63 singles, mostly during the 1950s and early 1960s when Boone was a successful pop singer and, for a time, the second-biggest charting artist behind Elvis Presley according to \"Billboard\". Boone has had over 25 singles reach the top 20 on the U.S. singles charts, including the number-one hits \"Ain't That a Shame\" (1955), \"I Almost Lost My Mind\" (1956), \"Don't Forbid Me\" (1957), \"Love Letters in the Sand\" (1957),",
"title": "Pat Boone discography"
},
{
"id": "13504955",
"text": "US in 1956 billed as \"the King of Rock & Roll\"; Dickie Pride, Roy Young, and Helen Shapiro. The only act to create what has been described as \"a pre-Beatle rock classic\", were Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, whose song \"Shakin' All Over\" managed to become a rock and roll standard. Several of the most lasting and innovative British records of the period were produced by Joe Meek. These included \"Johnny Remember Me\" by John Leyton, a UK number one record in 1961, and \"Telstar\" by the Tornados in 1962, which was number one in the UK and became the",
"title": "British rock and roll"
},
{
"id": "13678954",
"text": "with jazz and symphonic music, is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues-rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze the Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard & the Midnighters' R&B hit \"The Twist\". Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music, writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group, the Shirelles \"Will You",
"title": "1960s in music"
},
{
"id": "4377792",
"text": "Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \"Tears Are Not Enough\", \"Poison Arrow\", \"The Look of Love\", \"All of My Heart\", \"That Was Then but This Is Now\" and \"When Smokey Sings\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its",
"title": "Martin Fry"
},
{
"id": "9186375",
"text": "took their name from Jerry Lee Lewis's \"Great Balls of Fire\". They reached the Top 40 with the singles \"Torquay\" (1959), \"Bulldog\" (1960) and \"Quite a Party\" (1961). \"Quite a Party\" peaked at #29 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1961. Tharp, Budd and Trammell left the group in the early 1960s, but the Fireballs added Doug Roberts on drums, plus Petty Studio singer/pianist Jimmy Gilmer (born September 15, 1940 in Chicago and raised in Amarillo, Texas) to the group. Billed as Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, the group reached number 1 on the Billboard chart with \"Sugar Shack\",",
"title": "The Fireballs"
},
{
"id": "2101552",
"text": "The Manual The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way) is a 1988 book by \"The Timelords\" (Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty), better known as The KLF. It is a step by step guide to achieving a No.1 single with no money or musical skills, and a case study of the duo's UK novelty pop No. 1 \"Doctorin' the Tardis\". The advice dispensed by The Manual includes: \"Firstly, you must be skint and on the dole. Anybody with a proper job or tied up with full time education will not have the time to devote to see",
"title": "The Manual"
},
{
"id": "16988014",
"text": "written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell made famous by The Hollies. The song went on to take the coveted Christmas number 1 position for 2012 in the UK, beating \"The X Factor\" winner James Arthur, who was number one the previous week. It was number 2 in Scotland, number 4 in Ireland. Song was recorded with vocals including those of Melanie C, Robbie Williams and two original members of The Hollies, Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks, for various charities associated with the Hillsborough disaster. Vocalists include Andy Brown (of Lawson), Gerry Marsden (of Gerry and the Pacemakers), Paul Heaton",
"title": "The Justice Collective"
},
{
"id": "2990317",
"text": "Johnny Horton Johnny Horton (born as John LaGale Horton, April 30, 1925 – November 5, 1960) was an American country music, honky tonk and rockabilly singer and musician, during the 1950s and early 1960s, best known for his international hits beginning with the 1959 single \"The Battle of New Orleans\", which was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and in 2001 ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's \"Songs of the Century\". His first number 1 country song was in 1959, \"When",
"title": "Johnny Horton"
},
{
"id": "14631531",
"text": "Pat Boone discography During his career as a singer and composer, Pat Boone released 63 singles, mostly during the 1950s and early 1960s when Boone was a successful pop singer and, for a time, the second-biggest charting artist behind Elvis Presley according to \"Billboard\". Boone has had over 25 singles reach the top 20 on the U.S. singles charts, including the number-one hits \"Ain't That a Shame\" (1955), \"I Almost Lost My Mind\" (1956), \"Don't Forbid Me\" (1957), \"Love Letters in the Sand\" (1957), \"April Love\" (1957), and \"Moody River\" (1961). He set a \"Billboard\" record, which he still holds,",
"title": "Pat Boone discography"
},
{
"id": "4380522",
"text": "Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \"Yeh, Yeh\" in 1964, \"Get Away\" in 1966 and \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and",
"title": "Georgie Fame"
},
{
"id": "7441947",
"text": "Art and Dotty Todd Art and Dotty Todd were an American husband and wife singing duo who reached the Top Ten in the UK and the US with the hits \"Broken Wings\" (1953) and \"Chanson D'Amour\" (1958). Dotty Todd was born Doris Dabb in Elizabeth, New Jersey on 22 June 1913. She studied the piano from an early age, giving a piano recital at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13. She was performing at the Providence Biltmore Hotel in Rhode Island when she met Art Todd - born Arthur William Todd in Baltimore, Maryland on 11 March 1914 -",
"title": "Art and Dotty Todd"
},
{
"id": "14035873",
"text": "Astor—marked the debut of the Ford/Keays writing partnership. It was inspired by Donovan's \"Mellow Yellow\" and bears a resemblance to some of The Move's earlier singles. The quasi-baroque arrangement included a string section scored by The Strangers' John Farrar, and also took them into the Top 40. Mid-year, they topped the annual \"Go-Set\" Pop Poll as 'Most Original Group', and they came second to The Twilights as 'Most Popular Australian Group'. They entered the South Australian heats of the 1968 Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds, beating local rivals Zoot in a tense contest. They were runners-up in the national final,",
"title": "The Masters Apprentices"
},
{
"id": "764030",
"text": "and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \"I Remember You\", \"Lovesick Blues\" (both 1962) and \"The Wayward Wind\" (1963). \"I Remember You\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.",
"title": "Music of Australia"
},
{
"id": "13773985",
"text": "B.B. Seaton Harris Lloyd \"B.B.\" Seaton (born 3 September 1944), also known as \"Bibby\", is a Jamaican reggae singer, songwriter, and record producer who was a member of The Gaylads, The Astronauts, Conscious Minds, and The Messengers (along with Ken Boothe, Lloyd Charmers and Busty Brown), and who has had a long solo career dating back to 1960. Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Seaton first recorded as a solo artist in 1960 before forming the duo Winston & Bibby with Winston Delano Stewart. The duo were joined by Maurice Roberts and became The Gaylads, although Seaton soon left to join The",
"title": "B.B. Seaton"
},
{
"id": "6696811",
"text": "appearing on stage in a number of Pantomimes. Mike Nolan (singer) Michael Nolan (born 7 December 1954) is a singer who is best known as one of the four original members of the British pop group, Bucks Fizz. He was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, but brought up in the UK, where he still resides. As a member of Bucks Fizz, he won the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest and achieved 20 UK top 60 singles between 1981 and 1988, including three number one hits. He was a member of the group until 1996. Since 2004, he has been a",
"title": "Mike Nolan (singer)"
},
{
"id": "2421228",
"text": "the northern terminus of the Northern line. Record producer Joe Meek, responsible amongst other things for \"Telstar\" by The Tornados, a massive UK and US no. 1 record in 1962, and the highly influential 1959 album I Hear a New World, lived, worked, and committed suicide at 304 Holloway Road, where he is commemorated by a plaque. Sex Pistols singer John Lydon (Johnny Rotten) claims to have been born and raised in side-street Benwell Road, although no documentary evidence survives of this. The road also features heavily as the home of a fictionalised Meek in Jake Arnott's \"The Long Firm\"",
"title": "Holloway Road"
},
{
"id": "8875774",
"text": "Geoff Goddard Geoff Goddard (19 November 1937 – 15 May 2000) was an English songwriter, singer and instrumentalist. Working for Joe Meek in the early 1960s, he wrote songs for Heinz, Mike Berry, Gerry Temple, The Tornados, Kenny Hollywood, The Outlaws, Freddie Starr, Screaming Lord Sutch, The Ramblers and John Leyton. His song for Leyton, \"Johnny Remember Me\", reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. By the mid-1960s he had fallen out with Meek. Disillusioned with the music industry, he withdrew from it to work in catering. Goddard was born in Reading, Berkshire, England. He sang in choir in",
"title": "Geoff Goddard"
},
{
"id": "9537234",
"text": "Reg Presley Reginald Maurice Ball (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013), known professionally as Reg Presley, was an English singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer with the 1960s rock and roll band the Troggs, the hits of which included \"Wild Thing\" (#1 on the Hot 100 on 30 July - 6 August 1966) and \"With a Girl Like You\" (#1 on the UK Official Singles Chart on 4-11 August 1966). He wrote the song \"Love Is All Around\", which was featured in the films \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\" and \"Love Actually\". Presley, whose stage name was given to",
"title": "Reg Presley"
},
{
"id": "783362",
"text": "died of gallbladder cancer on December 2, 2006, at the age of 59 in The Hague, Netherlands. Bassist Klaasje van der Wal died on 12 February 2018 at the age of 69. LPs CDs Shocking Blue Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in The Hague in 1967. The band spawned a number of psychedelic rock hits throughout the counterculture movements era during the 1960s and early 1970s, including \"Never Marry a Railroad Man\", \"Mighty Joe\", \"Love Buzz\", \"Blossom Lady\", \"Inkpot\" and \"Venus\". The latter became their biggest hit and went to No. 1 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot",
"title": "Shocking Blue"
},
{
"id": "1755744",
"text": "was garnering a lot of attention and his singles were making very respectable showings on the charts, Jones was still playing the \"blood bucket\" circuit of honky-tonks that dotted the rural countryside. In 1959, Jones had his first number one on the Billboard country chart with \"White Lightnin'\", ironically a more authentic rock and roll sound than his half-hearted rockabilly cuts. In the \"Same Ole Me\" retrospective, Johnny Cash insisted, \"George Jones woulda been a really hot rockabilly artist if he'd approached it from that angle. Well, \"he was\", really, but never got the credit for it.\" \"White Lightnin'\" was",
"title": "George Jones"
},
{
"id": "15348622",
"text": "Philadelphia native Chubby Checker followed in 1960. His single became a smash hit, reaching No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and started a national dance craze. Also in 1960, Jack Scott had his final top 10 hits with \"What In The World's Come Over You\" and \"Burning Bridges\". The following year, rocker Del Shannon had his own No. 1 hit in March 1961 with the song \"Runaway\". This was followed by the top 10 hits \"Hats Off to Larry\" in June 1961 and \"Little Town Flirt\" in 1962. In 1964, Detroit's one-hit wonders The Reflections had their own Top",
"title": "Music of Detroit"
},
{
"id": "2071120",
"text": "of Toni Braxton (who had two No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits, including \"Un-break My Heart\" in 1996), Sisqo (who had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with \"Incomplete\" in 2000), and Mario (who had a No. 1 Hot 100 hit with \"Let Me Love You\" in 2005), and the pop of Cass Elliott. Though doo wop can be traced to many urban areas across the United States, especially New York City, Sonny Til's 1946 band called The Vibranaires, later known as The Orioles, can be considered the first doo wop group. The genre-crossing Frank Zappa was also from Maryland,",
"title": "Music of Maryland"
},
{
"id": "2500236",
"text": "acceptance and radio airplay, despite criticism in the lyrics over the eschewing of traditional sounds by radio programmers. However, traditional country music retained a large following during the decade, thanks to the ongoing successes of veteran artists such as Strait, Jackson, Reba McEntire, Brooks & Dunn, Toby Keith and Kenny Chesney, and newer artists such as Paisley, Blake Shelton and Billy Currington. Rogers, Parton and Willie Nelson, all artists who had No. 1 country hits as far back as the early 1970s, all had No. 1 songs during the 2000s decade – either as soloists (Rogers), as part of one-time",
"title": "2000s in music"
},
{
"id": "5503274",
"text": "Cooper, Lew Hoad, and Roy Emerson. Fraser was also successful in the mixed doubles, winning the Australian in 1956 with Beryl Penrose, Wimbledon in 1962, and the US from 1958 to 1960 with Margaret Osborne duPont. He holds the distinction of having won the US National (now Open) singles, doubles and mixed doubles titles in 1959 and then successfully defending those titles a year later. Since that time, no one has equalled that feat in a single year, let alone successively. Fraser was ranked the World No. 1 amateur in 1959 and 1960 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph,",
"title": "Neale Fraser"
},
{
"id": "17174172",
"text": "William Weatherspoon William Henry Weatherspoon (11 February 1936 – 17 July 2005) was an American songwriter and record producer, best known for his work for Motown Records in the 1960s. He co-wrote \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\", an international hit for Jimmy Ruffin, and many other hit songs. He was born in Detroit, Michigan; his younger brother is the actor John Witherspoon. William Weatherspoon began singing in 1956 with a local vocal group, the Tornados, led by Charles Sutton, formerly of The Midnighters. The group split up in 1960, and, after a spell in the US military, Weatherspoon began working",
"title": "William Weatherspoon"
},
{
"id": "16200308",
"text": "number 6 for two weeks. Just like the previous month, there was only one number one in March, when Guy Mitchell's \"She Wears Red Feathers\" climbed a place to number one, remaining there for four weeks. Big hits this month were by British group Stargazers' \"Broken Wings\", American singer Danny Kaye's \"Wonderful Copenhagen\", and British singer Lita Roza's \"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window\", although they all reached their peaks in the following month. Al Martino's \"Now\" also re-peaked at number 3, and spent two weeks there. In April, Stargazers' \"Broken Wings\" climbed to number one, and was",
"title": "1953 in British music"
},
{
"id": "7441952",
"text": "with Alzheimer's disease. Art Todd died on 10 October 2007 of congestive heart failure in Honolulu at the age of 93. Art and Dotty Todd Art and Dotty Todd were an American husband and wife singing duo who reached the Top Ten in the UK and the US with the hits \"Broken Wings\" (1953) and \"Chanson D'Amour\" (1958). Dotty Todd was born Doris Dabb in Elizabeth, New Jersey on 22 June 1913. She studied the piano from an early age, giving a piano recital at Carnegie Hall at the age of 13. She was performing at the Providence Biltmore Hotel",
"title": "Art and Dotty Todd"
},
{
"id": "1963433",
"text": "(another \"Grammy Hall of Fame\"-inducted hit), \"Mickey's Monkey\",\"What's So Good About Goodbye\", and \"I'll Try Something New\", made The Miracles the label's first stars. The Tamla and Motown labels were then merged into a new company, Motown Record Corporation, incorporated on April 14, 1960. In 1960, Gordy signed an unknown singer, Mary Wells, who became the fledgling label's second star, with Smokey Robinson penning her hits \"You Beat Me to the Punch\", \"Two Lovers\", and \"My Guy\". The Miracles' hit \"Shop Around\" peaked at No. 1 on the national R&B charts in late 1960 and at No. 2 on the",
"title": "Berry Gordy"
},
{
"id": "17554928",
"text": "Floyd Chance Floyd Taylor Chance (21 December 1925 – 11 April 2005), often credited as Lightnin' Chance, was an American session musician who played bass on many successful country and pop records, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Como, Mississippi, and learned to play guitar, clarinet, saxophone and tuba while at school. He was nicknamed \"Lightnin'\" for his prowess on the football field. He received further musical training while serving with the US Navy in World War II, when he performed with the Fourth Fleet Band. After his discharge, he moved to Memphis, Tennessee, and from",
"title": "Floyd Chance"
},
{
"id": "2638125",
"text": "commercial (for Miller Lite lager) in the summer of 1988, \"He Ain't Heavy\" was reissued in the UK and reached No.1, thus establishing a new record for the length of time between chart-topping singles for one artist of 23 years (the Hollies' only previous UK No.1 having been 1965's I'm Alive). By this time bassist Ray Stiles, formerly a member of 1970s chart-topping glam rock group Mud, had joined the permanent line-up. 1988 also saw the release of compilation album \"All the Hits & More: The Definitive Collection\" which charted in the UK. In 1993 the Hollies had their 30th",
"title": "The Hollies"
},
{
"id": "940749",
"text": "a few months later, a white group from Canada, the Crew Cuts, released their cover of the song, which reached #1. Many other all-white doo-wop groups would appear and produce hits: The Mello-Kings in 1956 with \"Tonight, Tonight,\" The Diamonds in 1957 with the chart-topping \"Little Darlin',\" The Skyliners in 1959 with \"Since I Don't Have You\" and in 1960 with \"This I Swear,\" The Tokens in 1961 with \"Tonight I Fell In Love\" and \"I Love My Baby.\" Particularly productive were doo-wop groups of young Italian-American men who, like their black counterparts, lived in rough neighborhoods (e.g. the Bronx",
"title": "Doo-wop"
},
{
"id": "6696802",
"text": "Mike Nolan (singer) Michael Nolan (born 7 December 1954) is a singer who is best known as one of the four original members of the British pop group, Bucks Fizz. He was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, but brought up in the UK, where he still resides. As a member of Bucks Fizz, he won the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest and achieved 20 UK top 60 singles between 1981 and 1988, including three number one hits. He was a member of the group until 1996. Since 2004, he has been a member of the group The Original Bucks Fizz",
"title": "Mike Nolan (singer)"
},
{
"id": "2101330",
"text": "\"Who Killed The JAMs?\"; and compilation \"Shag Times\") before a change of direction saw the duo mutate into dance and ambient music pioneers, The KLF. Along the way, the duo scored their first British number one hit single as The Timelords with the Gary Glitter/Dr. Who novelty-pop mash-up \"Doctorin' the Tardis\", claimed to be sung by Cauty's 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car. The KLF released two albums, \"Chill Out\" and \"The White Room\", and a string of top 5 singles, becoming the biggest selling singles act in the world in 1991. In 1992, suddenly and very publicly, The KLF",
"title": "Jimmy Cauty"
},
{
"id": "1427685",
"text": "Gladys Knight Gladys Maria Knight (born May 28, 1944), known as the \"Empress of Soul\", is an American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman, humanitarian and author. A seven-time Grammy Award-winner, Knight is best known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips, which included her brother Merald \"Bubba\" Knight and her cousins Edward Patten and William Guest. Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles (\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" and \"That's What Friends Are For\"), eleven number-one R&B singles, and six number-one R&B albums. She has won seven Grammy",
"title": "Gladys Knight"
},
{
"id": "1317092",
"text": "rock experienced a boom in popularity. With thousands of garage bands active in the US and Canada, hundreds produced regional hits during the period, often receiving airplay on local AM radio stations. Several acts gained wider exposure just long enough to have one or occasionally more national hits in an era rife with \"One-Hit Wonders\". \"96 Tears\" (1966) by Question Mark and the Mysterians, from Saginaw, Michigan, became a No. 1 hit in the US. The song's organ riffs and theme of teenage heartbreak have been mentioned as a landmark recording of the garage rock era and recognized for influencing",
"title": "Garage rock"
},
{
"id": "1808638",
"text": "The Student Teachers, the Accidents, and The Mumps. Hoffman helped Nomi choose his pop covers, including the Lou Christie song \"Lightnin' Strikes.\" Hoffman wrote several pop songs with which Nomi is closely identified: \"The Nomi Song\", \"Total Eclipse\", \"After The Fall\", and \"Simple Man\", the title song of Nomi's second RCA French LP. This configuration of the Klaus Nomi band performed at Manhattan clubs, including several performances at Max's Kansas City, Danceteria and Hurrah. Disagreements with the management Nomi engaged led to a dissolution of this band, and Nomi continued without them. In the late 1970s, while performing at Club",
"title": "Klaus Nomi"
},
{
"id": "4108957",
"text": "Tommy Roe Thomas David \"Tommy\" Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American pop music singer-songwriter. Best-remembered for his hits \"Sheila\" (1962) and \"Dizzy\" (1969), Roe was \"widely perceived as one of the archetypal bubblegum artists of the late 1960s, but cut some pretty decent rockers along the way, especially early in his career,” wrote the Allmusic journalist Bill Dahl. Roe was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, where he attended Brown High School. After graduating, he landed a job at General Electric soldering wires. He had a \"Billboard\" number 1 hit in the U.S. and Australia in",
"title": "Tommy Roe"
},
{
"id": "7924165",
"text": "million copies and other charts hits were soon to follow. In September 1963 they released \"Do You Love Me\". It reached number one in the UK charts, famously knocking the Beatles second number one hit \"She Loves You\" from the top slot. \"Do You Love Me\" remained at the top of the charts for three weeks. \"Brian Poole and the Tremeloes\" continued to produce hits and thrive in the UK charts with tracks such as \"Candy Man\", which reached number six and the popular ballad \"Someone, Someone\" which reached number two. In 1968 the band officially split. Brian Poole left",
"title": "Brian Poole"
},
{
"id": "17528231",
"text": "Frank Bacon (actor) Frank Bacon (January 16, 1864 – November 19, 1922), was an American character actor and playwright who after years of relative obscurity achieved great success as he entered the twilight of his career. The 1918 play \"Lightnin'\", which Bacon co-wrote and starred in, set a Broadway record for the day of 1,291 performances and was still going strong on tour after more than 700 shows when Bacon was forced to bow out due to fatigue. His death from a heart attack followed a week later. Bacon was born on his parent’s farm about five miles west of",
"title": "Frank Bacon (actor)"
},
{
"id": "15506246",
"text": "recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...",
"title": "Music history of the United States in the 1960s"
},
{
"id": "764015",
"text": "derived from those of Europe. Contemporary Australian music ranges across a broad spectrum with trends often concurrent with those of the US, the UK, and similar nations – notably in the Australian rock and Australian country music genres. Tastes have diversified along with post-World War II multicultural immigration to Australia. Notable Australian musicians include: the children's band The Wiggles; the opera singers Dame Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland; the bass-baritone Peter Dawson, country music stars Slim Dusty (Australia's biggest selling domestic artist), Smoky Dawson and John Williamson; solo artists John Farnham, Olivia Newton-John (five No. 1 Hot 100 hits,",
"title": "Music of Australia"
},
{
"id": "17174272",
"text": "James Dean (songwriter) James Anthony Dean (7 February 1943 – 9 April 2006) was an American songwriter. He was best known for his work at Motown Records in the 1960s, often in collaboration with William Weatherspoon with whom he co-wrote several hits including Jimmy Ruffin's \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted\". Dean also co-wrote, with John Glover, \"You Don't Have to Be a Star (To Be in My Show)\", a US no.1 hit for Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr. Dean was born in Detroit, and attended Hamtramck High School in Hamtramck, Michigan. He served in the US Army, and then",
"title": "James Dean (songwriter)"
},
{
"id": "13535556",
"text": "band Dexys Midnight Runners also achieved two UK #1s in \"Come On Eileen\" and \"Geno\" with their distinctive blend of Celtic folk, new wave and, most importantly, soul music. For the first time since the 1960s, there were also notable acts who specialised in soul. These included George Michael, who reinvented himself a white soul singer with the multi-platinum album \"Faith\" (1987). Also significant were Sade, Simply Red, Loose Ends, and toward the end of the decade, Lisa Stansfield and Soul II Soul. The latter's breakthrough hits \"Keep on Movin'\" and \"Back to Life\" in 1989 have been seen as",
"title": "British soul"
},
{
"id": "8896108",
"text": "UK city. 1960s Cardiff produced Amen Corner, one of the top pop acts of the era and the first Welsh group to have a number one hit. Also from the 1960s was Love Sculpture who had a minor hit with Sabre Dance. Love Sculpture featured Dave Edmunds who also had chart hits in the 1960s and 1970s in his own right. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Cardiff music scene was dominated by hard rock and blues bands, and included heavy metal pioneers Budgie. Budgie released a string of hit albums in the 1970s including the gold-certified \"Bandolier\". Budgie's influence",
"title": "Music of Cardiff"
},
{
"id": "9537238",
"text": "rehearse. Presley's music has influenced Iggy Pop and won praise from Bob Dylan. The rock critic Lester Bangs called the Troggs the \"godfathers of punk\" and compared Presley to Marcel Proust. Presley appears as a character in Steve Erickson's novel \"These Dreams of You\" (2012). Reg Presley Reginald Maurice Ball (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013), known professionally as Reg Presley, was an English singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer with the 1960s rock and roll band the Troggs, the hits of which included \"Wild Thing\" (#1 on the Hot 100 on 30 July - 6 August 1966) and",
"title": "Reg Presley"
},
{
"id": "19685907",
"text": "The Shadracks became the subject of a 30-minute tribute documentary by Dean Mardon. Phillips was also a cousin of jazz cabaret singer Bridgette Allen. Deane Waretini had two singles released on the label, \"Trouble In My Life\" bw \"\"The Long Road\" and \"Melody Butterfly\" bw \"Trouble in My Life. He would go on to have a No.1 hit in 1981 with \"The Bridge\". Kount 5 Plus 2 were a group consisting of five men and two women. They appeared on New Zealand's \"New Faces\" in the final heat of the variety competition. Their single \"Anybody There\" was followed by \"Tomorrow's",
"title": "Tony McCarthy Recordings"
},
{
"id": "119096",
"text": "The number five \"She's Not You\" (1962) \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \"Elvis Is Back!\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. \"It's Now or Never\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \"’O sole mio\" and concluding with a",
"title": "Elvis Presley"
},
{
"id": "4656433",
"text": "Bobby Goldsboro Bobby Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer-songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit \"Honey\", which sold over one million copies in the United States. Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He graduated from Dothan High School in 1959 and later enrolled at Auburn University. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career. He played guitar for Roy Orbison from",
"title": "Bobby Goldsboro"
},
{
"id": "16267163",
"text": "Carpenters took it back to #1 again. This was the second time in pop history (after \"The Twist\" by Chubby Checker) that a song reached #1 in the US twice. In 2006, \"Please Mr. Postman\" was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Born in Detroit on April 11, 1939, Gorman developed his bass harmonizing on local street corners, and was still in high school when he made his recorded debut on the Qualitones' 1955 Josie Records single \"Tears of Love\". Two years later Gorman and longtime best friends Brian Holland and Sonny Sanders formed the Fideletones. After issuing \"Pretty",
"title": "Freddie Gorman"
},
{
"id": "6466171",
"text": "under the Gentrys name is a gospel family quartet of no relation to the original band. The Gentrys The Gentrys were an American band of the 1960s and early 1970s, best known for their 1965 hit \"Keep on Dancing\". A cover by the Bay City Rollers charted No. 9 in the UK in 1971. Follow-up singles charted outside of the Top 40: \"Every Day I Have to Cry\" (1966), \"Spread It On Thick\" (1966), \"Cinnamon Girl\" (1970), \"Why Should I Cry\" (1970), \"Wild World\" (1971), and a 'Bubbling Under' \"Billboard\" chart entry, \"Brown Paper Sack\" (#101, 1966). The seven-member group",
"title": "The Gentrys"
},
{
"id": "5528036",
"text": "Kevin Jacobsen Kevin George Jacobsen OAM (born 29 July 1937 in Sydney) is an Australian entertainment entrepreneur. Along with his brothers Colin (Col Joye) and Keith, he was a member of Australian 1960s band Col Joye and The Joyboys achieving four No.1 Top Forty chart hits. In Australia, the Jacobsen Group of Companies presented many international artists including Barbra Streisand, Bruce Springsteen, the Bee Gees, The Three Tenors, Kiss, Simon and Garfunkel, Bob Marley, Shania Twain, Billy Joel, John Denver, Pearl Jam, Cyndi Lauper, Julio Iglesias, Barry Manilow, Meat Loaf, Olivia Newton-John, Walt Disney's World on Ice, Peter Allen, Sammy",
"title": "Kevin Jacobsen"
},
{
"id": "14317784",
"text": "songs \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" and \"I'll Try Something New\" are collaborations with and co-credited to their Motown colleagues, The Temptations. Every iconic song by the group during this period is present, and twelve of the 25 tracks here topped the chart. Historically, only Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Michael Jackson, and Mariah Carey have had more #1 singles chart hits in the United States. The disc was part of an \"Ultimate Collection\" series issued that year by Motown for many of their top-selling classic artists. Starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s, standard industry practice shifted to",
"title": "The Ultimate Collection (The Supremes album)"
},
{
"id": "12798478",
"text": "re-issue with \"If You Wanna Be Happy\" by Jimmy Soul and \"Deep Purple\" by Nino Tempo & April Stevens. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on October 30, 1997. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1963. The album includes eight songs that reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, including the year's No. 1 song, \"Sugar Shack\" by Jimmy Gilmer and The Fireballs. The remaining three tracks each reached the",
"title": "Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1963"
},
{
"id": "15506236",
"text": "and symphonic music, is often taken as the key recording in progressive rock, helping the widespread adoption of the genre in the early 1970s among existing blues rock and psychedelic bands, as well as newly formed acts. Chubby Checker during the early 1960s popularizes the enduring dance craze The Twist with his hit cover of Hank Ballard's R&B hit \"The Twist\". Gerry Goffin and Carole King become a very influential duo in pop music, writing numerous number one hits including the first song to ever reach number one by a girl group, The Shirelles \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" and",
"title": "Music history of the United States in the 1960s"
},
{
"id": "5602465",
"text": "with Davie also playing piano, and by the vocal group the High Fives. The track was arranged by Davie, who added thumbtacks to the hammers of his piano and sped up the tape to give a honky-tonk sound. Released by Dot Records, the single reached #1 on the Billboard charts for one week on November 17, 1956, replacing \"Love Me Tender\" by Elvis Presley. In the United Kingdom, Lowe's version reached #8 on the charts, but a version by Frankie Vaughan was even more popular, reaching #2. Another UK recording, by Glen Mason, reached #24 on the UK chart. The",
"title": "Green Door"
},
{
"id": "1970178",
"text": "production team by producer George Martin. 'Let It Be' went straight to No. 1 where it stayed for three weeks knocking Stock's own 'Respectable' by Mel and Kim off the top spot. Two years later Stock would again collaborate with McCartney on the Gerry and the Pacemakers hit-Ferry Cross the Mersey, recorded to raise funds for the victims and their families of the Hillsborough Disaster in 1989 which also went straight to No. 1. In 1987 Pete Waterman formed PWL the in-house label of SAW and one of the first artists to be released on the label was Australian soap",
"title": "Mike Stock (musician)"
},
{
"id": "9054333",
"text": "Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \"Keep on Loving You\" (1981) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO",
"title": "Kevin Cronin"
},
{
"id": "2103229",
"text": "\"Is It True\" was released in England and later in the US, and it became a hit and a gold record. \"What'd I Say\" became another hit throughout Europe but was never released in the US. Most had equal success with other artists for whom he produced chart-topping albums and singles between 1964 and 1969, notably Donovan with \"Sunshine Superman\", \"Mellow Yellow\", \"Jennifer Juniper\", and \"Hurdy Gurdy Man\", and Lulu's hits \"To Sir, with Love\", \"The Boat That I Row\", \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\" (which finished equal first in the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest), \"Me the Peaceful Heart\", and \"I'm a Tiger\".",
"title": "Mickie Most"
},
{
"id": "2995920",
"text": "in December 2012. The trio came together at Motown in the early 1960s. Eddie Holland had been working with Motown founder Berry Gordy prior to that label being formed; his 1958 Mercury single \"You\" was one of Gordy's earliest productions. Later, Eddie Holland had a career as a Motown recording artist, scoring a US Top 30 hit in 1961 with \"Jamie\". Eddie's brother Brian Holland was a Motown staff songwriter who also tasted success in 1961, being a co-composer of the Marvelettes' US No. 1 \"Please Mr. Postman\". Dozier had been a recording artist for several labels in the late",
"title": "Holland–Dozier–Holland"
},
{
"id": "783356",
"text": "Shocking Blue Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in The Hague in 1967. The band spawned a number of psychedelic rock hits throughout the counterculture movements era during the 1960s and early 1970s, including \"Never Marry a Railroad Man\", \"Mighty Joe\", \"Love Buzz\", \"Blossom Lady\", \"Inkpot\" and \"Venus\". The latter became their biggest hit and went to No. 1 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and many other countries during 1969 and 1970. The band had sold 13.5 million records by 1973 but disbanded in 1974, during the final years of the hippie, flower power and other counterculture",
"title": "Shocking Blue"
},
{
"id": "3906214",
"text": "album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" and its title track. The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", \"I Feel Fine\"",
"title": "A Hard Day's Night (song)"
},
{
"id": "12250858",
"text": "Ballard wrote \"I'm Alive\" for The Hollies, which was number one in the UK Singles Chart in 1965; and also \"Good Timin'\" for Jimmy Jones which reached number one in the UK five years earlier in 1960. Other songs include \"Ginger Bread\" for Frankie Avalon, and \"There's Not a Minute\" for Ricky Nelson and \"Gotta Get a Hold of Myself\" for The Zombies – see fuller list below. Clint Ballard Jr. Clinton Conger Ballard Jr. (May 24, 1931 – December 23, 2008) was an American songwriter. He wrote two \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one hits. The first was \"Game of",
"title": "Clint Ballard Jr."
},
{
"id": "15396897",
"text": "Bruce Bromberg Bruce Bromberg (born October 31, 1941) is an American Grammy Award winning producer of blues music. He was born in Chicago, and raised there and in Park Forest, Illinois. In 1958 he moved with his family to Los Angeles, and began working for various record labels. Since the late 1960s, he has been responsible for producing albums by Lightnin' Hopkins, Phillip Walker, Johnny Shines, Lonesome Sundown, Ted Hawkins, Robert Cray, Joe Louis Walker, Dave Alvin, Chris Thomas King, Johnny Childs and many others, as well as supervising many reissues of archive material. He formed HighTone Records with Larry",
"title": "Bruce Bromberg"
},
{
"id": "20118624",
"text": "Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \"You Were Mine\", as well as on their follow-ups including \"I Can't Say Goodbye\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", a hit in the US in 1961",
"title": "Ritchie Adams"
},
{
"id": "2222001",
"text": "Darlene Love Darlene Wright (born July 26, 1941), known by her stage name, Darlene Love, is an American popular music singer and actress. She gained prominence in the 1960s for the song \"He's a Rebel,\" a No. 1 American single in 1962, and was one of the artists who performed on the celebrated Christmas album \"A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector,\" produced by Phil Spector in 1963. She is ranked number 84 among Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Singers. As a minister's daughter, she grew up listening to gospel music and was a dedicated member of her church. She",
"title": "Darlene Love"
},
{
"id": "5359267",
"text": "all-time record. In order, these singles were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\" and \"I Feel Fine\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \"4 – by the Beatles\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \"Eight Days a Week\", \"Ticket to Ride\", \"Help!\", \"Yesterday\" and \"We",
"title": "I Feel Fine"
},
{
"id": "612453",
"text": "Paul Simon Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. Simon's musical career has spanned seven decades, with his fame and commercial success beginning as half of the duo Simon & Garfunkel (originally known as Tom & Jerry), formed in 1956 with Art Garfunkel. Simon was responsible for writing nearly all of the pair's songs, including three that reached number one on the U.S. singles charts: \"The Sound of Silence\", \"Mrs. Robinson\", and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\". The duo split up in 1970 at the height of their popularity and Simon began a successful solo",
"title": "Paul Simon"
},
{
"id": "20078582",
"text": "labels, including Mercury, in the 1960s and early 1970s, although some sources have confused the two. Jimmy Dotson James Dent Dotson (October 19, 1933 – March 26, 2017), sometimes known as Jimmy \"Louisiana\" Dotson, was an American blues singer, guitarist and drummer. His best known track was \"I Need Your Love\", a song he co-wrote with Jerry West. Over a sixty-year career, Dotson played alongside Silas Hogan, Lightnin' Slim, Slim Harpo, Lazy Lester, Albert King, O. V. Wright, Rufus Thomas, Ivory Joe Hunter, Buddy Guy, Son Seals, and Isaac Hayes. He released three singles on different record labels between 1959",
"title": "Jimmy Dotson"
},
{
"id": "2068318",
"text": "alternative rock. Illinois musicians with a #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit include artists from the 1950s: Sam Cooke (\"The King of Soul,\" d.1964); from the 1960s: The Buckinghams; from the 1970s: Earth, Wind & Fire, The Chi-Lites, The Staple Singers, The Emotions, Minnie Riperton, Styx; from the 1980s: Chicago, Cheap Trick, REO Speedwagon, Survivor, Richard Marx; from the 1990s: R. Kelly; from the 2000s: Kanye West, Twista, Plain White T's. Most of these artists are from Chicago, with soul singers Sam Cooke, Mavis Staples, Minnie Riperton, and R. Kelly hailing from the South Side. In addition, Chicago musicians with a",
"title": "Music of Illinois"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Lightnin' Strikes context Lightnin' Strikes \"Lightnin' Strikes\" is a song written by Lou Christie and Twyla Herbert, and recorded by Christie on the MGM label. It was a hit in 1966, making it first to No. 1 in Canada in January 1966 on the \"RPM\" Top Singles chart, then to No. 1 in the U.S. on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in February, No. 3 on the New Zealand \"Listener\" chart in May, and No. 11 on the UK \"Record Retailer\" chart. RIAA certification on March 3, 1966, garnering gold status for selling over one million copies. The song was arranged, conducted, and produced\n\nWho had a 60s No 1 with Lightnin' Strikes?",
"compressed_tokens": 211,
"origin_tokens": 212,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Music history of the United States in the 1960s context: recorded songs issued after their death) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...\n\ntitle: Lou Christie context: Lou Christie Luge Alfredo Sacco ( February 19, 1943), known professionally as Lou Christ, is an American singer-songwriter best known three strings pop hits in the 1960, including his 196 \"Lightnin' Strik Christie was born Lue Alfredo Giovanni Sacco on February 19, 1943, in Glenwillard, Pennsylvania, and grew up in suburban Pittsburgh While attending Moon Area High School, he studied music and served as student conductor of choir and sang solos at holiday concerts teacher Frank Cummings wanted him pursue a career classical music, Sacco wanted cut a\n M:Is It True\" was England and in US, and it became a hit gold.'d I Say\" another hit throughout was released in the US. Most had equal success for he chartpping between1 and1,ably Donovan with \"S \"Mellow Y\", \"\", \"Hur Gurdy Man\",s hits, with Love\",TheatBo BangBangwhich in 1visionest), \" Peaceful Heart\", and \"'m a T\n Music: and Smson. Dy married singer- biggestelling music artist million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \"I Remember You\", \"Lovesick Blues\" (both 1962) and \"The Wayward Wind\" (1963). \"I Remember You\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.\n\nWho had a 60s No 1 with Lightnin' Strikes?",
"compressed_tokens": 550,
"origin_tokens": 15393,
"ratio": "28.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
186 | In which year was CNN founded? | [
"one thousand, nine hundred and eighty",
"1980"
] | 1980 | [
{
"id": "13319804",
"text": "History of CNN (1980–2003) Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel. Four years before CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his",
"title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)"
},
{
"id": "721042",
"text": "CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is an American news-based pay television channel owned by Turner Broadcasting System, a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia. CNN was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel. Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. Its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is",
"title": "CNN"
},
{
"id": "412811",
"text": "victory. Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded",
"title": "Ted Turner"
},
{
"id": "412776",
"text": "Ted Turner Robert Edward Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television. As a philanthropist, he is known for his $1 billion gift to support the United Nations, which created the United Nations Foundation, a public charity to broaden domestic support for the UN. Turner serves as Chairman of the United Nations Foundation board of directors. Additionally, in 2001, Turner co-founded the",
"title": "Ted Turner"
},
{
"id": "12675837",
"text": "Call Me Ted Call Me Ted is an autobiography written by American businessman Ted Turner, released on November 10, 2008. The book was written over the course of three years with the help of Bill Burke, a former executive for TBS. After dropping out of college, Turner began working for his father's billboard company, slowly turning it into an international media empire, including the creation of the first 24-hour news channel \"CNN\". Also discussed are some of Turner's more controversial business moves, such as the disastrous merger of his corporation Time Warner with AOL. The book delves into Turner's personal",
"title": "Call Me Ted"
},
{
"id": "2177792",
"text": "cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member",
"title": "Turner Broadcasting System"
},
{
"id": "209314",
"text": "in the 1940s, United States broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of John F. Kennedy, broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with the establishment of CNN, news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media,",
"title": "Journalism"
},
{
"id": "721044",
"text": "The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as CNN Airport). The company has 42 bureaus (11 domestic, 31 international),",
"title": "CNN"
},
{
"id": "13516867",
"text": "History of Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996. Murdoch appointed Roger Ailes as permanent CEO of the news operation. FNC (along with MSNBC) was created as an alternative to CNN. In January 2002, the ratings of the channel surpassed top-rated CNN to become the #1 news cable channel. The network has since maintained its #1 cable rating, with increasing viewership and international access helping it become a subject of controversy. The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul",
"title": "History of Fox News"
},
{
"id": "7403270",
"text": "into hundreds by the end of the 1950s and thousands by the end of the 1960s. In the 1960s, the term \"Community Antenna Television (CATV)\" gave way to the term \"cable\", reflecting the industry's expanded categories of service – including local news, weather information, and channels of pay television. Accordingly, in 1968, NCTA – while retaining its acronym – changed its official name for the first time, to National Cable Television Association. Following the introduction of global telecommunication satellites, the late 1970s and 1980s saw initial explosive growth in cable content, as entrepreneurs gave birth to such networks as CNN,",
"title": "NCTA (association)"
},
{
"id": "4890649",
"text": "and MyNetworkTV affiliates and independent stations air the syndicated news program \"The Daily Buzz\", while some Tribune Broadcasting-owned CW and MyNetworkTV stations air a similar program called \"EyeOpener\"). 24-hour news channels are devoted to current events around the clock. They are often referred to as \"cable news\" channels. The originator of this format from which the name derives is CNN (which following its 1980 launch, spun off other national and international networks using the brand such as CNN International, CNN en Español, and CNN-IBN), originally standing for Cable News Network in reference to the then-new phenomenon of cable television. As",
"title": "News broadcasting"
},
{
"id": "15618912",
"text": "actively recruited Reinhardt to CNN, later wrote that Reinhardt was \"a seasoned professional who knew how to get things done,\" in his autobiography, \"Call Me Ted\". CNN was launched in 1980, with Reinhardt serving as the network's executive vice president from 1980 to 1982. AS executive VP. Reinhardt recruited and hired most of CNN's first 200 employees, including Bernard Shaw, who became CNN's first news anchor. Reinhardt was also responsible for all financial decisions made by the network during the first two years of CNN on-air. In January 1982, Ted Turner appointed Reinhardt as the second President of CNN, succeeding",
"title": "Burt Reinhardt"
},
{
"id": "721045",
"text": "more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the video newswire service CNN Newsource), and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The channel's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. The channel, which later became known as CNN Headline News and is now known as simply HLN, eventually focused on live news coverage",
"title": "CNN"
},
{
"id": "13516880",
"text": "of a strategy to get more coverage – and more positive coverage – by spending time with right-leaning and outside-the-Washington-beltway journalists. In the Clinton White House, press secretaries were sometimes dismissive of reporters from conservative newspapers and stations – or they ignored them. History of Fox News The Fox News Channel (FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996. Murdoch appointed Roger Ailes as permanent CEO of the news operation. FNC (along with MSNBC) was created as an alternative to CNN. In January 2002, the ratings of",
"title": "History of Fox News"
},
{
"id": "4249921",
"text": "CNN Airport CNN Airport is an out-of-home television network that is operated by CNN. The service broadcasts general news, weather, stock market updates, entertainment, and travel content to airports across the United States. The founding management was led by Jon Petrovich and Scott Weiss. Deborah Cooper was the inaugural vice president/general manager, and continues in the role today. The network originally was test launched from June 3 to July 14, 1991 at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, Hartsfield-Atlanta International Airport and O'Hare International Airport, and officially debuted on January 20, 1992 as the CNN Airport Network, and is currently shown in",
"title": "CNN Airport"
},
{
"id": "12894552",
"text": "would merge with Time Warner in 1996) created a spin-off of CNN called CNN2, which was originally formatted to show the top news stories of the day on a 30-minute \"wheel\" schedule. The channel rebranded as CNN Headline News in 1983, before the network abandoned the CNN branding and changed its name to the orphaned initialism HLN in 2008, following a shift from news programming towards a mix of news during the day and discussion programs and documentary series at night that began two years earlier. Turner founded CNN International in 1985, with a straight focus on international news stories",
"title": "United States cable news"
},
{
"id": "16824992",
"text": "predicted the exponential advancement of computer chip technology, hard drive technology was advancing at an even more rapid pace. In the article Walter called this \"Kryder's Law\" and the term stuck. Walter has two daughters, Molly and Hannah, and two step-children, Steven and Annie. Chip Walter William J. (Chip) Walter Jr. (born May 23, 1951) is an American science writer, documentary filmmaker, journalist and screenwriter. He was one of the original employees at Cable News Network when it went on the air June 1, 1980 and later became its youngest bureau chief when he created CNN's first Southeast Bureau before",
"title": "Chip Walter"
},
{
"id": "12821759",
"text": "Information Agency. In Britain and the United States, television news watching rose dramatically in the 1950s and by the 1960s supplanted radio as the public's primary source of news. In the U.S., television was run by the same networks which owned radio: CBS, NBC, and an NBC spin-off called ABC. Edward R. Murrow, who first entered the public ear as a war reporter in London, made the big leap to television to become an iconic newsman on CBS (and later the director of the United States Information Agency). Ted Turner's creation of the Cable News Network (CNN) in 1980 inaugurated",
"title": "News"
},
{
"id": "353242",
"text": "Communications to develop a major news website and magazine, \"The Weekly Standard\". Also that year, News Corporation launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in partnership with Telstra. In 1996, Murdoch decided to enter the cable news market with the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news station. Ratings studies released in 2009 showed that the network was responsible for nine of the top ten programs in the \"Cable News\" category at that time. Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner (founder and former owner of CNN) are long-standing rivals. In late 2003, Murdoch acquired a 34% stake in Hughes Electronics,",
"title": "Rupert Murdoch"
},
{
"id": "13319806",
"text": "as scheduled, using a transponder on Satcom 1. The network launched on Sunday, June 1, 1980 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time with an original staff of 25 employees based at its headquarters in Atlanta, and bureaus in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco and Washington, D.C. The inaugural broadcast on the channel was an introduction by Ted Turner, who announced: Following the introduction and a pre-recorded version of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" (which was a tradition whenever a new Turner-owned network launched) that was played afterward, the husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart anchored",
"title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)"
},
{
"id": "2199630",
"text": "On Sundays it airs \"Fox News Sunday\", produced by its sister Fox News Channel. Fox does provide coverage of breaking news of major events such as presidential debates, primarily hosted by Fox News Channel anchor Shepard Smith. The advent of cable television in the United States led to the eventual birth of cable news. On June 1, 1980, Ted Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour cable news operation, and sister channel Headline News followed in 1982. CNN gained reputation significantly with its 1991 coverage of the Gulf War. The success of CNN inspired many other 24-hour cable news stations. In",
"title": "Television news in the United States"
},
{
"id": "872226",
"text": "selling millions of Atari 2600s and computers. At its peak, Atari accounted for a third of Warner's annual income and was the fastest-growing company in the history of the United States at the time. In 1980, Warner purchased The Franklin Mint for about $225 million. The combination was short lived: Warner sold The Franklin Mint in 1985 to American Protection Industries Inc. (API) for $167.5 million. However, Warner retained Franklin Mint's Eastern Mountain Sports as well as The Franklin Mint Center, which it leased back to API. In 1980, Turner launched CNN, the first 24-hour all-news network, redefining the way",
"title": "WarnerMedia"
},
{
"id": "3030146",
"text": "Tennessee. 95 million households receive Food Network as of January 2016. Food Network was founded on April 19, 1993, as \"TV Food Network\"; its legal name remains Television Food Network, G. P. The network shortened its brand name within a few years and discontinued the \"TV\" portion of the name, thus leaving it as \"Food Network\". The network initially launched on November 22, 1993 with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten, Donna Hanover, and Robin Leach. On November 23, 1993, Food Network launched its live broadcasting. It was developed by Reese Schonfeld (one of the founders of CNN), under the",
"title": "Food Network"
},
{
"id": "10789",
"text": "Gingrich publicly lauded his ideas about the future, and urged members of Congress to read Toffler's book, \"Creating a New Civilization\" (1995). Others, such as AOL founder Steve Case, cited Toffler's \"The Third Wave\" as a formative influence on his thinking, which inspired him to write \"The Third Wave: An Entrepreneur's Vision of the Future\" in 2016. Case said that Toffler was a \"real pioneer in helping people, companies and even countries lean into the future.\" In 1980 Ted Turner founded CNN, which he said was inspired by Toffler's forecasting the end of the dominance of the three main television",
"title": "Alvin Toffler"
},
{
"id": "991876",
"text": "since the early 2000s. The BBC World Service was the first broadcaster to consider setting up a satellite television news and information channel as far back as 1976, but ceded being the first to CNN (that had primary access to Canada soon after launch). The defunct BBC World Service Antigua Relay Station was built in 1976, but its setup costs were not known to have been part of the BBCWS decision processes at the time. In the early 1990s, many international (as well as domestic) 24-hour news and information channels launched as part of the post-Cold War prosperity bubble. There",
"title": "International broadcasting"
},
{
"id": "15051588",
"text": "publicity from the international community over the past few years. Wadongo was voted one of CNN's top ten heroes of 2010. On 30 March 2011, Wadongo was named one of three recipients of the inaugural Mikhail Gorbachev Awards for \"The Man Who Changed the World.\" His fellow inaugural recipients of this award were Sir Tim Berners Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web and Ted Turner, media mogul and founder of CNN. The ceremony, held in London, also celebrated Gorbachev's 80th birthday. Wadongo won the Outstanding Social Entrepreneur in Africa at the Africa Awards for Entrepreneurship held in Mauritius in",
"title": "Evans Wadongo"
},
{
"id": "11926061",
"text": "aired on TNT, entitled \"Cartoon Network on TNT\". Cartoon Network was not the first cable channel to have relied on cartoons to attract an audience; however, it was the first 24-hour single-genre channel with animation as its main theme. Turner Broadcasting System had defied conventional wisdom before by launching CNN, a channel providing 24-hour news coverage. The concept was previously thought unlikely to attract a sufficient audience to be particularly profitable, however the CNN experiment had been successful and Turner hoped that Cartoon Network would also find success. Initially, the channel would broadcast cartoons 24 hours a day. Most of",
"title": "Cartoon Network"
},
{
"id": "15456338",
"text": "affiliate) in Los Angeles were uplinked to satellite as well, primarily being carried on a regional basis. The expansion of WTCG into a superstation would serve as the linchpin for what would later be renamed the Turner Broadcasting System to eventually launch or acquire other cable television channels in subsequent years, including the Cable News Network (CNN) (launched on June 1, 1980); HLN (launched as CNN2 on January 1, 1982, and later known as CNN Headline News from 1983 to 2007); Turner Network Television (TNT) (launched on October 3, 1988); Cartoon Network (launched on October 1, 1992); Turner Classic Movies",
"title": "TBS (U.S. TV channel)"
},
{
"id": "12894554",
"text": "Illustrated, attempted to counter the rising success of ESPNews in covering sports news. While the network was shut down, CNN and Sports Illustrated continue to maintain their partnership, with Sports Illustrated operating a sports section on CNN's website. Fox News Channel (FNC) was founded in 1996 under the ownership of News Corporation (founded by Australian-born media mogul Rupert Murdoch), the third largest media company in the United States behind Time Warner and The Walt Disney Company. The network is headed by chief executive officer Rupert Murdoch. The network began broadcasting its programming in high definition in May 2008. Since the",
"title": "United States cable news"
},
{
"id": "12894548",
"text": "United States cable news Cable news channels are television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982. CNBC was created in 1989, taking control of FNN in 1991. Through the 1990s and beyond, the cable news industry continued to grow, with the establishment of several other networks, including, Fox News Channel (FNC), MSNBC, and specialty channels such as Bloomberg Television, Fox",
"title": "United States cable news"
},
{
"id": "412806",
"text": "debate in an environment where the news is controlled by only a few corporations and individuals. In the 1993 biography \"It Ain't As Easy as It Looks\" by Porter Bibb, Turner discussed his use of lithium and struggles with mental illness. The 1981 biography \"Lead, Follow or Get Out of the Way\" by Christian Williams chronicles the founding of CNN. In 2008, Turner wrote \"Call Me Ted,\" which documents his career and personal life. Turner has been married and divorced three times: to Judy Nye (1960–64), Jane Shirley Smith (1965–88), and actress Jane Fonda (1991–2001). He has five children. Through",
"title": "Ted Turner"
},
{
"id": "7159447",
"text": "(CONUS being an acronym for Continental U.S.), which included a news video-sharing service for local television stations nationwide, particularly those affiliated with a major broadcast network. Nearly all of ANC's video came from these stations. CONUS also maintained a small news bureau in Washington, D.C. It was the first nationwide challenger to established cable news channel CNN since the Satellite News Channel folded in 1983. From shortly after its inception until the early 1990s, All News Channel produced daily news updates that aired on Showtime (at the time, owned by ANC co-parent Viacom) during the premium channel's promo breaks. The",
"title": "All News Channel"
},
{
"id": "836299",
"text": "The three partners had a non-compete clause that would prevent them from owning other basic cable networks independently from the USA joint venture, but the said clause would cause Time Inc. to drop out of the venture in 1987, as the company attempted (but failed) to buy CNN from Ted Turner and run it independently from USA. MCA and Paramount subsequently became the sole owners of the channel (with each company owning a 50% interest). In the fall of 1982, USA began operating on a 24-hour-a-day schedule, running a mix of talk shows, children's shows, and a low-budget movie from",
"title": "USA Network"
},
{
"id": "3564962",
"text": "Ted Turner, who was in the process of forming CNN. Dobbs divorced his first wife in 1981 and is now married to Debi Lee Segura, a former CNN sports anchor. The couple raised four children together. Dobbs resides on a horse farm in Wantage Township, New Jersey. Dobbs joined CNN when it launched in 1980, serving as its chief economics correspondent and as host of the business news program \"Moneyline\" on CNN. Dobbs also served as a corporate executive for CNN, as its executive vice president and as a member of CNN's executive committee. He founded CNN fn (CNN financial",
"title": "Lou Dobbs"
},
{
"id": "13319819",
"text": "the world. Several specialty websites were launched in later years such as CNNMoney, created in partnership with fellow co-owned magazine \"Money\"; CNN also launched a radio network that provided news updates and other content to radio stations nationwide. The network grew to include 36 bureaus (10 domestic, 26 international), and expanded its broadcast partnerships to more than 900 affiliated local stations (which also receive news and features content via the affiliate video service CNN Newsource). CNN's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for multimedia conglomerate Time Warner's eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting",
"title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)"
},
{
"id": "13319807",
"text": "the channel's first newscast. Among the first segments was an interview with then-President Jimmy Carter by Daniel Schorr. On January 1, 1982, the channel launched a spin-off network called CNN2, which was subsequently renamed Headline News (HLN) the following year in January 1983. Whereas CNN featured a mix of newscasts and specialized topical and feature programs, Headline News was originally formatted to strictly focus on rolling news coverage, featuring half-hour newscasts 24 hours a day with segments scheduled in fixed timeslots each half-hour; as such, it was one of the first news channels to utilize a \"wheel\" schedule. Headline News",
"title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)"
},
{
"id": "527151",
"text": "deeply involved with the newer visual medium of television. In 1948, it entered into a partnership with 20th Century Fox subsidiary Fox Movietone News to shoot newsfilm for television stations. That service, United Press Movietone, or UPMT, was a pioneer in newsfilm syndication and numbered among its clients major US and foreign networks and local stations, including for many years the early TV operation of ABC News. In subsequent decades, it underwent several changes in partnerships and names, becoming best known as United Press International Television News (UPITN). Senior UPITN executives later helped Ted Turner create CNN, with its first",
"title": "United Press International"
},
{
"id": "7948763",
"text": "the eighth-largest Nielsen designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 2,310,490 homes (2.0% of the total U.S.). Atlanta is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System (now merged with Time Warner media conglomerate) in Atlanta, where he bought a UHF station that eventually became TBS. Turner established the headquarters of the Cable News Network at CNN Center, adjacent today to Centennial Olympic Park. As his company grew, its other channels – Cartoon Network, Boomerang, TNT, Turner South, Turner Classic Movies, CNN International, CNN en Español, CNN Headline News, and CNN Airport Network –",
"title": "Media in Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "15618916",
"text": "Diana Shaw Reinhardt and two children: Cheryl Reinhardt and Gary Reinhardt. Another son, Barry S. Reinhardt, died in 1960. Burt Reinhardt Burton \"Burt\" Reinhardt (April 19, 1920 – May 10, 2011) was an American journalist and news executive, who served as executive Vice President of CNN from 1980 to 1982 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 1990. In his capacity as vice president, Reinhardt helped to hire most of CNN's first 200 employees, including the cable network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Reinhardt was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920.",
"title": "Burt Reinhardt"
},
{
"id": "5652782",
"text": "\"CBS Evening News with Douglas Edwards\". KWTV is purported to be the first television station in the Oklahoma City market to conduct consumer and investigative reporting, the first to utilize beat reporters, and was the first television station in the United States to air a consumer-investigative news program, \"Call for Action\", which was based on a KOMA radio show of the same title. In 1962, assignment reporter Ed Turner (who later become the inaugural executive vice president of CNN when the channel launched in 1980) received accolades for a series of reports on James Meredith, who in October of that",
"title": "KWTV-DT"
},
{
"id": "2888660",
"text": "news operation ever owned by the future founder of CNN. Within a few months, \"Action News 36\" had become competitive with longer-established WBTV and WSOC-TV. Robert D. Raiford was the station's first news anchor. Upon becoming a network affiliate, Turner sold about half of WRET-TV's programming inventory to WCCB, including older sitcoms, movies and most of its inventory of syndicated cartoons. Turner's ambitious ownership of the station would not last long, however. In 1980, he sold WRET-TV to Westinghouse Broadcasting (also known as Group W), with the proceeds going towards starting CNN. The $20 million purchase price that Westinghouse paid",
"title": "WCNC-TV"
},
{
"id": "14162542",
"text": "Cindy Vandor Cindy Vandor (Cindy Druss) was born on May 11, 1955. After graduating from Northwestern University with a degree in journalism, she went on to Washington, D.C. where she handled production duties for The Today Show, NBC Nightly News, and NBC News Updates. She also reported for NBC’s all-news radio station. There, she attracted the notice of the Independent Television News Association which hired her to cover Capitol Hill, and later, The White House. When Ted Turner launched a 24-hour cable news television channel, Cindy was chosen for the management team that created CNN. She opened CNN’s Chicago bureau,",
"title": "Cindy Vandor"
},
{
"id": "15618910",
"text": "Burt Reinhardt Burton \"Burt\" Reinhardt (April 19, 1920 – May 10, 2011) was an American journalist and news executive, who served as executive Vice President of CNN from 1980 to 1982 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 1990. In his capacity as vice president, Reinhardt helped to hire most of CNN's first 200 employees, including the cable network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Reinhardt was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920. He began working as an assistant cameraman for the Movietone News newsreel company in 1939. He served as a",
"title": "Burt Reinhardt"
},
{
"id": "13319817",
"text": "Times\" columnist Lisa Belkin wrote a retrospective article in 1995 on the impact of live video news: In 1990, Tom Johnson, who formerly served as publisher of the \"Los Angeles Times\" for 13 years, was named as the president of CNN. Under Johnson, CNN expanded its reach with the launches of a number of cable and satellite television networks, both domestic and internationally, beginning with the 1991 launch of CNN International. Two specialized closed-circuit networks launched in 1991: CNN Airport Network, which provides a mix of original content and simulcasts of CNN International to national and world airports; and CNN",
"title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)"
},
{
"id": "5219138",
"text": "of approximately 300 if they used an all electronic newsroom and satellites for all transmissions. It would require an initial investment of $15–20 million and several million dollars per month to operate. In 1979, Turner sold his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarter's in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). He hired Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personal,",
"title": "Reese Schonfeld"
},
{
"id": "3560642",
"text": "N-tv n-tv is a German free-to-air television news channel owned by the Bertelsmann Media's RTL Group. n-tv broadcasts news and weather every hour and half-hour in the morning. It also broadcasts magazine shows and documentaries. n-tv began as a business development project at Time-Warner International which, under the leadership of then chairman Steve Ross, was looking for ways to grow its businesses internationally. Time-Warner at the time was a major shareholder in Turner Broadcasting, parent company of CNN (both now subsidiaries of Time-Warner) and began looking for ways to get into the news channel business internationally. In 1991, under the",
"title": "N-tv"
},
{
"id": "5219141",
"text": "In 1999 Schonfeld sold his interest in the Food Network to Scripps. He has continued consulting various media projects and occasionally contributes to The Huffington Post. He is the author of \"Me and Ted Against the World\", an account of the development and early history of CNN, and \"The Global Battle for Cultural Domination\", an essay in \"Developing Cultures, Essays on Cultural Change\". Reese Schonfeld Maurice Wolfe \"Reese\" Schonfeld is an American television journalist who is a co-founder of CNN and the Food Network. Schonfeld grew up in Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey in 1931, the grandson of Yiddish",
"title": "Reese Schonfeld"
},
{
"id": "20612623",
"text": "Gail Evans Gail Hirschorn Evans (born 17 December 1941) is an American author, lecturer, and business executive. She is known for being the highest ranking female executive at Cable News Network and for her two books, \"Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman\" and \"She Wins, You Win\". Evans was born in 17 December 1941 and received a bachelor's degree from Bennington College. Her first job was in Office of the Special Counsel to the President during the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration. Evans began working at CNN at its inception in 1980. By the time she retired in 2001,",
"title": "Gail Evans"
},
{
"id": "15618911",
"text": "combat cameraman with the United States Army's pictoral service in the Pacific theater during World War II. Reinhardt became Fox Movietone News' managing editor following the end of World War II. He then became the executive vice president of United Press International's (UPI) television film division, the UPI Newsfilm. Reinhardt then co-founded UPI's television news agency, United Press International Television News (UPITN), during the late 1960s. He next served as Paramount Pictures' executive vice president of the \"non-theatrical and educational film division.\" He departed Paramount Pictures to help launch CNN at the invitation of its founder Ted Turner. Turner, who",
"title": "Burt Reinhardt"
},
{
"id": "12894550",
"text": "are primarily concerned with local programming and cover some statewide interest have included Spectrum News (a brand used for multiple networks including in upstate New York, North Carolina, Florida and Texas), NY1 (which operates from New York City), News 12 Networks, FiOS1, and the former Northwest Cable News (NWCN) (which operated from Seattle). New England Cable News covers the six-state region of New England. Cable News Network (CNN) launched on June 1, 1980, as the first cable channel devoted to news programming. The Persian Gulf War in 1991 catapulted CNN into the spotlight, largely because the channel was the only",
"title": "United States cable news"
},
{
"id": "721076",
"text": "go by CNN. CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially known as \"CNN Interactive\"), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S., according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an",
"title": "CNN"
},
{
"id": "8332789",
"text": "Talkback Live Talkback Live is a talk show on CNN that lasted from 1994 until 2003. It aired from 3 to 4 pm Eastern Time and was hosted at various times by Susan Rook, Bobbie Battista, Jeff Hullinger, Karyn Bryant, and Arthel Neville. The audience participation show originated from a specially constructed stage in the atrium of the CNN Center. It was canceled in favor of extending \"Live From\" for an additional hour. It has been widely speculated that in 1993 media mogul Ted Turner, founder of the 24-hour news network CNN, was inspired to create a talk show after",
"title": "Talkback Live"
},
{
"id": "3601477",
"text": "The current managing director of CNN International is Tony Maddox. CNN International, in large part a result of Ted Turner's globalization ideals, began broadcasting on September 1, 1985, at first primarily broadcasting to American business travelers in hotels. The first studio for CNNI was at CNN's original studio building known as Techwood, home at that time to all of Turner Broadcasting System's channels. Today, it is home to the Turner Studios complex that houses the entertainment channels. Other early studios in Atlanta were tucked away in various corners of the CNN Center, and the newsroom lacked even a digital clock.",
"title": "CNN International"
},
{
"id": "4358733",
"text": "giving him his own network to run. In July 1999, Dobbs quit CNNfn and started his own company, Space.com, and eventually returned to CNN to host \"Lou Dobbs Tonight\". From the start, CNNfn struggled to be picked up by local and national cable operators. In 2004, the official CNNfn network was shut down. However the technologies invented in the early CNNfn days helped launch CNN and the entire broadcasting industry into a new digital era. The CNNfn.com website continued on, and in 2001 merged with \"Money Magazine\" to form CNNMoney. The schedule below is taken from the now-defunct site of",
"title": "CNNfn"
},
{
"id": "2177802",
"text": "Entertainment Animation Movies Note: (<nowiki>*</nowiki>) - \"Now owned or absorbed by sister company, Warner Bros.\" Turner Broadcasting System Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. is an American media conglomerate that is a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia, and manages the collection of cable television networks and properties initiated or acquired by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV.",
"title": "Turner Broadcasting System"
},
{
"id": "721090",
"text": "the three major cable channels of Republican and Democratic candidates during the earliest five months of presidential primaries in 2007: CNN President Walter Isaacson met with Republican Party leaders in Washington, DC in 2001 saying afterwards \"I was trying to reach out to a lot of Republicans who feel that CNN has not been as open covering Republicans, and I wanted to hear their concerns,\" As CNN founder Ted Turner stated, \"There really isn't much of a point getting some Tom, Dick or Harry off the streets to report on when we can snag a big name whom everyone identifies",
"title": "CNN"
},
{
"id": "2177788",
"text": "Turner Broadcasting System Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. is an American media conglomerate that is a division of AT&T's WarnerMedia, and manages the collection of cable television networks and properties initiated or acquired by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV. The headquarters of Turner's properties are located in both the CNN Center in Downtown Atlanta",
"title": "Turner Broadcasting System"
},
{
"id": "4652551",
"text": "was in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it purchased WRET-TV from Ted Turner in early 1980, and changed its call letters to WPCQ-TV. Turner used the proceeds from the sale of the Charlotte station to help him launch CNN. The company also purchased cable TV system operator TelePrompTer in 1981, which it renamed Group W Cable the following year. The TelePrompTer acquisition also brought animation producer Filmation into the Group W fold. However, Westinghouse would leave the cable TV system business in 1986, and would later sell the Filmation library to L'Oréal in 1989. During that period, Group W was known",
"title": "Westinghouse Broadcasting"
},
{
"id": "14014380",
"text": "Leon Hawthorne Leon Hawthorne (born 11 January 1966) is a British television executive, journalist and presenter. He was a World News anchor for CNN (1996–1999) and a political correspondent for the BBC in Westminster (1999) before founding \"The Baby Channel\", the world’s first parenting television network, of which he was CEO until July 2008. From 2007, Hawthorne has focussed on creating niche TV channels for the Internet, including \"Beauty Zone TV\", \"Book Zone TV\" and \"Theatreland TV\". Hawthorne was born in Bristol, England on 11 January 1966; and went to school in Cardiff and Oxford before going to the University",
"title": "Leon Hawthorne"
},
{
"id": "16824981",
"text": "Chip Walter William J. (Chip) Walter Jr. (born May 23, 1951) is an American science writer, documentary filmmaker, journalist and screenwriter. He was one of the original employees at Cable News Network when it went on the air June 1, 1980 and later became its youngest bureau chief when he created CNN's first Southeast Bureau before heading up the network's San Francisco Bureau. He has written and produced several PBS science documentaries, served as an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University in three different departments, worked with UNICEF on the issue of childhood trauma, spoken at Harvard, Xerox PARC, Carnegie",
"title": "Chip Walter"
},
{
"id": "14647978",
"text": "1992, Wussler was Chief Executive Officer of Comsat Video Enterprises, Inc., where he joined with the Metromedia Company as initial investors in a company that eventually became Metromedia International Telecommunications, Inc., developing independent cable television and cellular telephone systems in the former Soviet Union. From 1992 until his death, Wussler ran the Wussler Group, a consulting company. Robert Wussler Robert J. Wussler (September 8, 1936 – June 5, 2010) was a journalist, executive, and co-founder of CNN. Wussler was born in Newark, New Jersey and attended Seton Hall University. Wussler began his career at CBS in 1957, working in the",
"title": "Robert Wussler"
},
{
"id": "12894551",
"text": "news outlet with the ability to communicate from inside Iraq during the initial hours of the American bombing campaign, with live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman and Peter Arnett. Throughout the 1990s, CNN (which was at the time the only major cable news channel) became very influential, an influence later coined as the CNN effect. CNN was the first cable news network to begin broadcasting in high definition in September 2007. Today, CNN's television personalities include Wolf Blitzer, Erin Burnett, Anderson Cooper and Jake Tapper. In 1982, the Turner Broadcasting System (which",
"title": "United States cable news"
},
{
"id": "4223720",
"text": "KMOX, a station in St. Louis, Mo., was the first to abandon film and switch entirely to ENG. Stations all over the country made the switch over the next decade. ENG greatly reduces the delay between when the footage is captured and when it can be broadcast, thus enabling news gathering and reporting to become steady cycle with little time in between when story breaks and when a story can air..Coupled with live microwave and/or satellite trucks, reporters were able to show live what was happening, bringing the audience into news events as they happened. CNN launched in June 1980,",
"title": "Electronic news-gathering"
},
{
"id": "14896687",
"text": "United States and 31st in the world. More recently, USA Technologies was named to Deloitte L.L.P’s 2010 Technology Fast 500 List of the fastest growing companies in North America. In 1985 Jensen founded American Film Technologies where he served as Chairman, Director, and CEO until 1992. AFT is a film colorization company that creates color imaged versions of black-and-white films. During his leadership, Jensen was awarded a contract from Ted Turner, the American film magnate and founder of the CNN news service, to convert 200 black-and-white films to color. Jensen grew AFT to more than 500 employees. In 1989 Jensen",
"title": "George R. Jensen Jr."
},
{
"id": "2143802",
"text": "channel was launched at midnight Eastern Time on January 1, 1982, as CNN2. The channel's launch was simulcast nationwide on sister networks CNN and Superstation WTBS (now simply TBS), starting at 11:45 p.m. on December 31, 1981, as a preview for cable providers that had not yet reached agreements to carry CNN2. Following a preview reel by original CNN anchor Lou Waters and an introduction by founder and then-Turner Broadcasting CEO Ted Turner, Chuck Roberts (who would become the channel's longest-serving news anchor, with a 28-year career with CNN2/Headline News that lasted until his retirement on July 30, 2010) and",
"title": "HLN (TV network)"
},
{
"id": "13319808",
"text": "would scale back its rolling news coverage in February 2005, with the incorporation of personality-based news discussion programs during its nighttime schedule. Following the launch of CNN, other cable news channels launched in an attempt to capitalize on the channel's growing success, which often had marginal to no success in competing with CNN. One of the first was Satellite News Channel, which launched on June 21, 1982 with a mix of national and regionally focused newscasts; after the channel ceased operations on October 27, 1983, its satellite transponder slot was subsequently purchased by Ted Turner to expand the distribution of",
"title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)"
},
{
"id": "5763830",
"text": "metropolitan markets, thus allowing HBO to accumulate 1.6 million subscribers by the end of 1977. A notable legal battle involved Ted Turner suing RCA to get a Satcom 1 transponder in 1980 for the launch of CNN on June 1, 1980. CNN had been scheduled for a Satcom 3 transponder but that satellite failed to reach geosynchronous orbit upon its launch on December 7, 1979. Shortly after its launch, Satcom 1 was the first satellite used by broadcast TV networks in the United States. The networks ABC, NBC, and CBS distributed their programming content to some local affiliate stations, which",
"title": "Satcom (satellite)"
},
{
"id": "3601494",
"text": "news website CNN.com (initially an experiment known as \"CNN Interactive\") on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S. according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an increase of 11%",
"title": "CNN International"
},
{
"id": "13516869",
"text": "cable and satellite systems as part of a News Corp. \"worldwide platform\" for Fox programming, reasoning that \"The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously.\" In February 1996, after former NBC executive and Republican political strategist Roger Ailes left America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch called him to start the \"Fox News Channel\". Ailes worked individuals through five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch, on October 7, 1996. At launch, only 10 million households were able to watch Fox News, with none in the",
"title": "History of Fox News"
},
{
"id": "12821760",
"text": "a new era of 24-hour satellite news broadcasting. In 1991, the BBC introduced a competitor, BBC World Service Television. Rupert Murdoch's Australian News Corporation entered the picture with Fox News Channel in the US, Sky News in Britain, and STAR TV in Asia. Combining this new appartus with the use of embedded reporters, the United States waged the 1991–1992 Gulf War with the assistance of nonstop media coverage. CNN's specialty is the crisis, to which the network is prepared to shift its total attention if so chosen. CNN news was transmitted via INTELSAT communications satellites. CNN, said an executive, would",
"title": "News"
},
{
"id": "8075024",
"text": "news summary; this lent credence to SNC's slogan, \"Give us 18 minutes, we'll give you the world,\" which was derived through Group W's experience in all-news radio. Each 18-minute national newscast featured content gathered from both in-house newsgathering and reporting staffs and reports sourced from international television networks that maintained content agreements with Group W/ABC to supply stories for the channel. ABC Video Enterprises and Group W Satellite Communications announced the formation of the Satellite News Channel (as the News-Channel) on August 12, 1981, with a tentative launch set for early 1982. CNN founder Ted Turner subsequently announced plans to",
"title": "Satellite News Channel"
},
{
"id": "16275791",
"text": "is a major cable television programming center. Ted Turner began the Turner Broadcasting System media empire in Atlanta, where he bought a UHF station that eventually became WTBS. Turner established the headquarters of the Cable News Network at CNN Center, adjacent today to Centennial Olympic Park. As his company grew, its other channels—the Cartoon Network, Boomerang, TNT, Turner South, Turner Classic Movies, CNN International, CNN en Español, HLN, and CNN Airport Network—centered their operations in Atlanta as well (Turner South has since been sold). Turner Broadcasting is a division of Time Warner. In 2008 Tyler Perry established his studios in",
"title": "Economy of Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "836255",
"text": "of many classics that were originally filmed in black-and-white. The channel launched with an estimated 17 million subscribers, its initial coverage totaling 6.8 times that of the largest previous cable network launch (VH1, which launched on January 1, 1985 with 2.5 million homes estimated to have initially received that channel). The channel's operations were based inside office space at Turner Broadcasting's Techwood Drive complex in midtown Atlanta that formerly served as the facilities for CNN Headline News from its launch as CNN2 in January 1982 until it and parent network CNN moved their operations into the CNN Center downtown in",
"title": "TNT (U.S. TV network)"
},
{
"id": "13319809",
"text": "Headline News further into additional homes. After five years, CNN outgrew its original home, a former country club on the outskirts of midtown Atlanta. In 1985, Turner purchased the Omni International hotel from Canadian real estate tycoon Nelson Skalbania and moved CNN's headquarters to the building, rechristening the complex as the CNN Center. As Omni International, the complex had never succeeded. Cousins sold it to Turner, along with the Atlanta Hawks NBA franchise. CNN moved into the end of the tower that once housed The World of Sid and Marty Krofft. Turner was instrumental in the revival of Atlanta's downtown.",
"title": "History of CNN (1980–2003)"
},
{
"id": "14348202",
"text": "New York Yankees in 1946 and then worked for eight years for three minor league teams before becoming director of publicity for the Kansas City Athletics in 1955. CBS hired him the following year. MacPhail was a former president of CBS Sports, where he worked from 1956 to 1973. Afterwards he was associated with Bob Wold, a satellite sports pioneer, and then brought to CNN by Reese Schonfeld to create the CNN Sports department in 1980 upon its launch, which he ran until retiring from CNN in 1995. While at CBS Sports, MacPhail is credited with implementing instant replay for",
"title": "Bill MacPhail"
},
{
"id": "17220329",
"text": "School of Continuing Education. He currently lives in New York City where he operates a multimedia production company, Westminster Productions Inc. and produces and moderates monthly film screenings titled “Meet The Filmmaker” at the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences New York. Sumner Jules Glimcher Sumner Jules Glimcher (born June 4, 1924 in Boston, Massachusetts, died 27 February, 2018 in Bolder, Colorado) was a World War II veteran, professor, author and filmmaker. After surviving gunshot wounds at the Battle of the Bulge, Glimcher began an extensive career in communications, creating International Transmissions Inc, a precursor to CNN, and making",
"title": "Sumner Jules Glimcher"
},
{
"id": "5217024",
"text": "As well as helping launching Al Jazeera English, Cole is probably best known for being part of the launch-teams of two other leading broadcasters. One of the organisations was CNN International, in their new facility in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1989. The other launch in which he was involved was that of Sky News. In 1989, he started his career as an anchor with the organisation, then known as BSkyB. Before that, he worked for Central Television in Birmingham, Anglia Television's \"About Anglia\", and also for ITN. Cole runs his own firm, Cole Productions, for non-broadcasting business, and is also the",
"title": "Stephen Cole (broadcaster)"
},
{
"id": "13624077",
"text": "Krassimir Guergov Krassimir Guergov () is a Bulgarian businessman, who was born on 30 September 1961. He is an ex-officer from the Bulgarian secret services during the communist regime. His main business is related to advertising and media in Bulgaria. He completed \"Sports Journalism\", \"Tourism, Alpinism and Orienteering\" and specialised World Report at CNN, Atlanta and London. In 1994 he acquired the right to broadcast the American TV channel CNN in Bulgaria and created the first private national television in Bulgaria, broadcasting the CNN programme (Triada - CNN). He was also the creator of the first private national radio in",
"title": "Krassimir Guergov"
},
{
"id": "2462068",
"text": "Iraq Inquiry on 25 January 2010. Browne is vice chairman of the Washington, DC-based Nuclear Threat Initiative, a non-profit, nonpartisan organization founded in 2001 by former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn, who serves as co-chair and CEO, and CNN founder and philanthropist Ted Turner. NTI’s mission is to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Browne is also convener of the European Leadership Network for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation. and he is convener of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation. Des",
"title": "Des Browne"
},
{
"id": "412788",
"text": "his North Carolina station, WRET, to fund the transaction and established its headquarters in lower-cost, non-union Atlanta. Schonfeld was appointed first president and chief executive of the then-named Cable News Network (CNN). CNN hired Jim Kitchell, former general manager of news at NBC as vice president of production and operations; Sam Zelman as vice president of news and executive producer; Bill MacPhail as head of sports, Ted Kavanau as director of personnel, and Burt Reinhardt as vice president of the network. In 1982, Schonfeld was succeeded as CEO by Turner after a dispute over Schonfeld's firing of Sandi Freeman; and",
"title": "Ted Turner"
},
{
"id": "7642424",
"text": "Jim Walton (journalist) Jim Walton (born 1958) is the former president of CNN Worldwide. He joined CNN in 1981, one year after the network was founded. He graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1981. He started his career at CNN as a VJ, an entry-level position. He has two sons, Jake and Max. He took over as the president of CNN Worldwide in 2003. On July 27, 2012, Walton announced he was quitting at CNN after working there for over 30 years. He remained with the network until the end of the year after which he was",
"title": "Jim Walton (journalist)"
},
{
"id": "8075026",
"text": "to do so at the time. The network utilized footage from ABC News for its reports and maintained seven newsgathering and reporting crews based in Washington, D.C. At launch, Satellite News Channel compensated participating cable operators to carry the channel, contrary to the standard of the period in which cable channels charged a nominal fee per subscriber for carriage. Despite this model, SNC had difficulty obtaining clearance from cable systems. The network and its satellite transponder space was eventually purchased by CNN's corporate parent, the Turner Broadcasting System. Satellite News Channel ceased operations on October 27, 1983, after sixteen months",
"title": "Satellite News Channel"
},
{
"id": "4239798",
"text": "the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was built in Hell's Kitchen in the 1980s, the Coliseum was the primary event venue for New York City. By 1985, there were plans to replace the Coliseum, and after a series of delays, the Coliseum was demolished in 2000. Since 2003, the site has been occupied by Time Warner Center, the world headquarters of the Time Warner corporation. The center consists of a pair of towers 53 stories high. The complex also hosts the Shops at Columbus Circle mall, Jazz at Lincoln Center, the New York City studio headquarters of CNN, and the",
"title": "Columbus Circle"
},
{
"id": "11159233",
"text": "and otherwise report on news. Beginning in the 1970s, media, unable to respond quickly enough to obtain compelling coverage of natural disasters and weather phenomena such as tornadoes would count on hobbyists for photographs and film footage. With improvements in technology and as video cameras and video-equipped cell phones became widely available, they set up formal programs to gather material from nonprofessionals. For example, in August, 2006, CNN launched \"CNN Exchange\", by which the public is encouraged to submit \"I-Reports\" comprising photographs, videos, or news accounts. More recently newspapers have incorporated blogs, once seen as a threat to conventional news",
"title": "News bureau"
},
{
"id": "12894587",
"text": "on Dish Network. Before NBC and its partners acquired The Weather Channel, NBCUniversal operated NBC Weather Plus, a digital multicast service that operated from 2004 to 2008 (continuing thereafter as a locally programmed service using Weather Plus' graphics system called NBC Plus). United States cable news Cable news channels are television channels devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television. In the United States, early networks included CNN in 1980, Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982. CNBC was",
"title": "United States cable news"
},
{
"id": "836337",
"text": "reduce the awkwardness of a channel branded with the initials of another nation. USA Network USA Network (commonly referred to as simply USA, stylized as usa since 2005) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group division of NBCUniversal, itself a subsidiary of Comcast. It was originally launched in 1977 as Madison Square Garden Sports Network, one of the first national sports cable television channels, before being relaunched as USA Network on 1980. Once a minor player in basic cable, USA has steadily gained popularity due to its original programming;",
"title": "USA Network"
},
{
"id": "15748654",
"text": "of CNN founder Ted Turner's small start-up team that launched CNN in Europe. Early Career Starting her career as an M&A lawyer for global law firm White & Case in New York and London, Dailey previously held legislative posts in the US Congress and a communications post at Estée Lauder Companies in Paris. Other Activities Dailey appears regularly on Sky News as an expert on the creative industries and was named by Creative Review to its ‘ Creative Leaders 50 ’ for 2018 as one of the 50 people driving change in the creative industry and world at large. Dailey",
"title": "Carolyn Dailey"
},
{
"id": "836258",
"text": "Warner – a New York City-based media company formed in 1989 through the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Bros. corporate parent Warner Communications – reached an agreement to acquire the Turner Broadcasting System and its associated properties (including TNT, TBS, CNN, Headline News and Cartoon Network as well as Turner Entertainment) for $7.5 billion; the deal would also expand Time Warner's pay television holdings, as it had owned HBO and sister premium service Cinemax as well as cable television provider Time Warner Cable since the Time-Warner Communications merger six years prior. (Time Warner and predecessor Warner Communications had owned",
"title": "TNT (U.S. TV network)"
},
{
"id": "19433121",
"text": "32-3, as journey that took 20 days there, and 28 days back. The second trip was sailing a 1984 Ericson 38, which took 17 days there and 22 days to return. Williams chronicled the founding of CNN in the 1981 Ted Turner biography \"Lead, Follow or Get Out of the Way.\" Williams' 2016 book \"Alone Together: Sailing Solo to Hawaii and Beyond\" recounts his solo sail two years earlier to Hawaii and back in his 32-foot sloop \"Thelonious.\" Christian Williams Christian Williams is an American journalist, television writer and yachtsman. A former \"Washington Post\" editor during the Watergate era, he",
"title": "Christian Williams"
},
{
"id": "721089",
"text": "CNN operates bureaus in the following cities . Boldface indicates that the city is home to one of CNN's original bureaus, meaning it has been in operation since the network's founding. CNN has regional headquarters in Abu Dhabi, Hong Kong, and London. Other bureau locations include: In parts of the world without a CNN bureau, reports from local affiliate station the network will be used to file a story. In a joint study by the Joan Shorenstein Center on Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University and the Project for Excellence in Journalism, the authors found disparate treatment by",
"title": "CNN"
},
{
"id": "20612627",
"text": "2000. They have 3 children and 7 grandchildren. Gail Evans Gail Hirschorn Evans (born 17 December 1941) is an American author, lecturer, and business executive. She is known for being the highest ranking female executive at Cable News Network and for her two books, \"Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman\" and \"She Wins, You Win\". Evans was born in 17 December 1941 and received a bachelor's degree from Bennington College. Her first job was in Office of the Special Counsel to the President during the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration. Evans began working at CNN at its inception in",
"title": "Gail Evans"
},
{
"id": "17493458",
"text": "many more. The long-standing success in the management of web communication media for DPG was sealed by its cooperation with CNN. DPG, along with the international news giant CNN, established CNN.gr. Dimitris Giannakopoulos, the President of DPG Group, stated on the occasion of the cooperation announcement: \"We are particularly pleased to become members of the international CNN family through this strategic cooperation. CNN.gr aims to provide to the Greek-speaking audience immediate and accurate Greek and international news, with the unique seal of quality provided by CNN, bringing at the same time the Greek diaspora closer to the motherland. In times",
"title": "Dimitrios Giannakopoulos"
},
{
"id": "140753",
"text": "Fox News Fox News (officially known as the Fox News Channel, commonly abbreviated to FNC) is a United States pay television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched",
"title": "Fox News"
},
{
"id": "140846",
"text": "Fox News Fox News (officially known as the Fox News Channel, commonly abbreviated to FNC) is a United States pay television news channel owned by the Fox Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Fox News is provided in 86 countries or overseas territories worldwide, with international broadcasts featuring Fox Extra segments during ad breaks. The channel was created by Australian-American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired former Republican Party media consultant and CNBC executive Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. It launched",
"title": "Fox News"
},
{
"id": "5219136",
"text": "Reese Schonfeld Maurice Wolfe \"Reese\" Schonfeld is an American television journalist who is a co-founder of CNN and the Food Network. Schonfeld grew up in Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey in 1931, the grandson of Yiddish speaking immigrants. He graduated from Weequahic High School. He graduated with a B.A. in political science from Dartmouth College and then received an M.A. and a law degree from Columbia University. He began his career with United Press Movietone News in 1956. Later he became vice president of United Press International Television News. In 1975, he founded the Independent Television News Association, a",
"title": "Reese Schonfeld"
},
{
"id": "4858520",
"text": "America. This is London calling.\"\" Murrow abbreviated his own opening remarks to \"\"This\"...is London\" and he soon began adapting the prefix \"\"this\"\" to many titles including \"\"This\"... I Believe\". James Earl Jones became one of many to adopt the Murrow style when he later announced: \"\"This\"...is CNN\". Murrow was not without his critics at CBS, and some of his colleagues had formed their own \"\"Murrow-Ain't-God Club\"\" (ibid TIME September 30, 1957.) According to Ward Wheelock who wrote a preface to the 1952 book, \"This I Believe\" was launched in 1949 at a business luncheon of four men (Murrow being one,",
"title": "This I Believe"
},
{
"id": "8075025",
"text": "launch a spin-off service, CNN2 (later renamed CNN Headline News shortly after SNC's launch; it is now named HLN), which originally maintained a format similar to that being planned by the Satellite News Channel – albeit with newscasts running in 30-minute intervals – as a preemptive strike against the ABC/Group W venture. CNN2 made its launch on January 1, 1982 on participating cable systems across the county as well as through a sneak preview block on sister channel Superstation WTBS. Satellite News Channel launched on June 21, 1982. During that time, it provided competition for CNN, the first cable network",
"title": "Satellite News Channel"
},
{
"id": "16945154",
"text": "21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \"new\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print",
"title": "21st Century Fox"
},
{
"id": "14014389",
"text": "working through his own small vehicle, Videobite, Hawthorne has launched \"Waterstone’s TV\" for the book retailer and created two channels of his own, \"Book Zone TV\" and a theatre channel, \"Theatreland TV\". Leon Hawthorne Leon Hawthorne (born 11 January 1966) is a British television executive, journalist and presenter. He was a World News anchor for CNN (1996–1999) and a political correspondent for the BBC in Westminster (1999) before founding \"The Baby Channel\", the world’s first parenting television network, of which he was CEO until July 2008. From 2007, Hawthorne has focussed on creating niche TV channels for the Internet, including",
"title": "Leon Hawthorne"
},
{
"id": "2946056",
"text": "The facility began as a carpet factory, and later was purchased by Turner as overflow offices (among other things, set building and woodworking facilities were located there, as was CNN Field Engineering) while other Turner operations moved into the Techwood campus (which was originally a country club, then the first HQ for CNN soon after CNN moved into the CNN Center in downtown Atlanta) in the early 1980s. The street is named for early Atlanta settler Ammi Williams. The studio's production logo features a wavy gray image of Space Ghost's fictional studio from \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\", with the",
"title": "Williams Street"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of CNN (1980–2003) context: History of CNN (1980–2003) Cable News Network (CNN), an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner, was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner and 25 other original members, who invested $20 million into the network. Upon its launch, CNN became the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and was the first all-news television network in the United States. This article discusses the history of CNN, beginning with the June 1980 launch of the channel. Four years before CNN's launch, in December 1976, Ted Turner turned his\n\nIn which year was CNN founded?",
"compressed_tokens": 189,
"origin_tokens": 189,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of CNN (1980–2003) context: Headline News further into homes. After five years, CNN outgrew its original home, a former country club on the outskirts of midtown Atlanta. In 1985, Turner purchased the Omni International hotel from Canadian real estate tycoon Nelson Skalbania and moved CNN's headquarters to the building, rechristening the complex as the CNN Center. As Omni International, the complex had never succeeded. Cousins sold it to Turner, along with the Atlanta Hawks NBA franchise. CNN moved into the end of the tower that once housed The World of Sid and Marty Krofft. Turner was instrumental in the revival of Atlanta's downtown.\n\ntitleurt Rein contextiana Reinhardt and children Chery Reinhardt Gary Reinhardt. Another son S Reinhardt, died in 1960urt Rein Bur \"Burt Reinhardt (April 19, 120 – May 10, 201) was an American journalist executive, who served Vice President of CNN from 1980 to182 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 190. his capacity as vice president Reinhardt helped h most of CNN's00 employees, including the cable network's news anchor, Bernard Shaw Reinhardt was born a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920.\ntitle International: The current managing CNN International is Maddox part a' global ide, began broadcasting on 1 1, to American businessers in. The was CNN's studio buildingwood Turner Broadcasts Studios entertain. Other studios wereuck away various corners Center androom lack even digital.\n\ntitle: Turnering System Animation (<iki>>) owned sisterros Turner System Turner cable by Ted Turner. The company was founded in 1965, and merged with Time Warner on October 10, 1996. It now operates as a semi-autonomous unit of WarnerMedia. The company's assets include CNN, TBS, TNT, Turner Classic Movies, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Hulu (10%), Audience, Game Show Network (42%), AT&T SportsNet and TruTV.\n\nIn which year was CNN founded?",
"compressed_tokens": 475,
"origin_tokens": 14195,
"ratio": "29.9x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
187 | Who was President Reagan's Secretary for Defense from 1987 to 1989? | [
"Frank Charles Carlucci",
"Frank Charles Carlucci, III",
"Frank Carlucci",
"Frank Carlucci III",
"Frank C. Carlucci",
"Frank C. Carlucci III",
"Frank Charles Carlucci III"
] | Frank Carlucci | [
{
"id": "1837686",
"text": "Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration. Carlucci was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Roxanne (née Bacon) and Frank Charles Carlucci,",
"title": "Frank Carlucci"
},
{
"id": "87908",
"text": "Carson, Powell became senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, whom he assisted during the 1983 invasion of Grenada and the 1986 airstrike on Libya. In 1986, Powell took over the command of V Corps in Frankfurt, Germany, from Robert Lewis \"Sam\" Wetzel. Following the Iran–Contra scandal, Powell became, at the age of 49, Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor, serving from 1987 to 1989 while retaining his Army commission as a lieutenant general. In April 1989, after his tenure with the National Security Council, Powell was promoted to four-star general under President George H. W. Bush and briefly",
"title": "Colin Powell"
},
{
"id": "1837694",
"text": "They had two children. Carlucci was later married to Marcia McMillan Myers from 1976 until his death. They had one daughter. Carlucci died on June 3, 2018, from complications of Parkinson's disease, at his home in McLean, Virginia, at the age of 87. Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in",
"title": "Frank Carlucci"
},
{
"id": "14268399",
"text": "Department of the Army. In 1986, he became Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the United States Department of Justice's Office of Legislative Affairs. On June 9, 1987, President of the United States Ronald Reagan announced the nomination of Bergquist as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict). Less than a year later, President Reagan nominated Bergquist as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), and Bergquist subsequently held this office from June 1988 until November 1989. He later served as Associate Coordinator for Counterterrorism. In 2001, at the request of the Chairman of the Joint",
"title": "Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense)"
},
{
"id": "1837691",
"text": "the Iberian Peninsula, is named for him. Carlucci was Deputy Director of the CIA from 1978 until.1981, under CIA Director Stansfield Turner. Carlucci was United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1981 until 1983. He later served as United States National Security Advisor from 1986 until 1987. Carlucci became United States Secretary of Defense in 1987, following the resignation of Caspar Weinberger due to his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair. He served as Secretary of Defense until the end of the Reagan administration on January 20, 1989. He was notable during the administration for advocating an arms build-up to hasten",
"title": "Frank Carlucci"
},
{
"id": "13587484",
"text": "later became the director of the Office of Management and Budget under Nixon, and as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under both Nixon and President Gerald Ford. Caspar Weinberger later became the Secretary of Defense under Ronald Reagan for most of his two terms in office. He resigned as Defense Secretary in 1987 when Jane was diagnosed with several serious medical conditions, including cancer, which she survived. Jane Weinberger first began writing and publishing during Reagan's first term, while her husband, Caspar Weinberger, was Defense Secretary. Her foray into publishing began as the result of one of the Reagan",
"title": "Jane Weinberger"
},
{
"id": "6335001",
"text": "Congress to pass laws intruding' on the 'commander in chief.'\" but in his opening remarks as he testified under subpoena before the House Judiciary Committee, Addington said that he had left the committee's service before the minority report was written and had no role in it. Addington was also a special assistant for legislative affairs to President Ronald Reagan for one year in 1987, before becoming Reagan's deputy assistant. From 1989 to 1992, Addington served as special assistant to Cheney who was then the Secretary of Defense, before being appointed by President George H. W. Bush and confirmed by the",
"title": "David Addington"
},
{
"id": "14149528",
"text": "Carlucci and his deputy, General Colin Powell. Howard focussed on arms control issues and remained through the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in January 1988. He also dealt with many issues associated with the Iran–Contra affair. On December 21, 1987, President Reagan nominated Howard to serve as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) and Howard would hold this post from February 1988 through May 1989. He worked for Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci and dealt with the aftermath of the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the U.S.S. \"Vincennes\" and the explosion of a gun mount",
"title": "J. Daniel Howard"
},
{
"id": "1374437",
"text": "Caspar Weinberger Caspar Willard \"Cap\" Weinberger (August 18, 1917 – March 28, 2006) was an American politician and businessman. As a prominent Republican, he served in a variety of state and federal positions for three decades, including Chairman of the California Republican Party, 1962–68. Most notably he was Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. Weinberger was born in San Francisco, California. He served in the 41st Infantry Division in the Pacific theater of World War II. Weinberger's entry into politics was as a California State Assemblyman from 1953 to 1959, and he would go on",
"title": "Caspar Weinberger"
},
{
"id": "7760563",
"text": "to join the moderate Republican Wednesday Group in order to move up the leadership ranks. He was elected Chairman of the Republican Policy Committee from 1981 to 1987. Cheney was the Ranking Member of the Select Committee to investigate the Iran-Contra Affair. He promoted Wyoming's petroleum and coal businesses as well. President George H. W. Bush nominated Cheney for the office of Secretary of Defense immediately after the U.S. Senate failed to confirm John Tower for that position. The senate confirmed Cheney by a vote of 92 to 0 and he served in that office from March 1989 to January",
"title": "Dick Cheney"
},
{
"id": "6033197",
"text": "James H. Burnley IV James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Burnley was born in High Point, North Carolina, on July 30, 1948 to Dorothy Mary (Rockwell) and James H. Burnley III. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, \"magna cum laude\" from Yale University in 1970. He received his Juris Doctor from Harvard University in 1973. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan chose Burnley, Dole's Deputy Secretary and the Department's former General Counsel,",
"title": "James H. Burnley IV"
},
{
"id": "6033207",
"text": "a past Chairman of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. He is a member of the Washington Legal Foundation’s Legal Policy Advisory Board. James H. Burnley IV James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989, during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Burnley was born in High Point, North Carolina, on July 30, 1948 to Dorothy Mary (Rockwell) and James H. Burnley III. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, \"magna cum laude\" from Yale University in 1970. He received his Juris Doctor",
"title": "James H. Burnley IV"
},
{
"id": "14149524",
"text": "J. Daniel Howard J. Daniel Howard (born August 24, 1943) was Special Assistant to President of the United States Ronald Reagan from July 1986 to February 1988, United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs from February 1988 to May 1989 and Under Secretary of the Navy from 1989 to 1993. Howard was born August 24, 1943, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. After high school, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps, serving in Japan from 1961 to 1965. Upon leaving the Marines, he enrolled at the University of Chattanooga, receiving a B.A. in 1969. After college, Howard moved to",
"title": "J. Daniel Howard"
},
{
"id": "2646819",
"text": "1987 until his death in 1991. In November 1986, President Reagan asked Tower to chair the President's Special Review Board to study the action of the National Security Council and its staff during the Iran-Contra Affair. The board, which became known as the Tower Commission, issued its report on February 26, 1987. The report was highly critical of the Reagan administration and of the National Security Council's dealings with both Iran and the Nicaraguan Contras. In 1989, Tower was President George H. W. Bush's choice to become Secretary of Defense. In a stunning move, particularly since Tower was himself a",
"title": "John Tower"
},
{
"id": "1790077",
"text": "the 1976 election, O'Neill took an executive job at International Paper in New York City. He was vice president of the company from 1977 to 1985 and president from 1985 to 1987. In 1989, he was approached by President George H. W. Bush to be Secretary of Defense. O'Neill declined, but recommended Dick Cheney for the position. Bush then pursued O'Neill to chair an advisory group on education that included Lamar Alexander, Bill Brock, and Richard Riley. O'Neill was chairman and CEO of the Pittsburgh industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, and retired as chairman at the end of",
"title": "Paul H. O'Neill"
},
{
"id": "7760559",
"text": "succeeded retiring Democratic Congressman Teno Roncalio, having defeated his Democratic opponent, Bill Bagley. Cheney was re-elected five times, serving until 1989. In 1987, he was elected Chairman of the House Republican Conference. The following year, he was elected House Minority Whip. He served for two and a half months before he was appointed Secretary of Defense instead of former U.S. Senator John G. Tower, whose nomination had been rejected by the U.S. Senate in March 1989. He voted against the creation of the U.S. Department of Education, citing his concern over budget deficits and expansion of the federal government, and",
"title": "Dick Cheney"
},
{
"id": "1638688",
"text": "the interests of an Israeli weapons company. Perle denied conflict of interest, insisting that, although he received payment for these services after he had assumed his position in the Defense Department, he was between government jobs when he worked for the Israeli firm.\" From 1981 to 1987, Perle was Assistant Secretary of Defense for international security policy in the Reagan administration. In a \"New York Times\" article, Perle was criticized for recommending that the Army purchase an armaments system from an Israeli company that a year earlier had paid him $50,000 in consulting fees. Perle acknowledged receiving the payment the",
"title": "Richard Perle"
},
{
"id": "2397385",
"text": "each episode of \"McLaughlin Group\". McLaughlin also hosted the interview show \"John McLaughlin's One on One\", first telecast in 1984, and ended in 2013. Also from 1989 through 1994, he produced and hosted \"McLaughlin\", a one-hour nightly talk show on CNBC. For a short while in 1999, he hosted an MSNBC show, \"McLaughlin Special Report\". The show was announced on January 22, and its cancellation was announced on February 25. On August 23, 1975, McLaughlin married Ann Dore (née Lauenstein), his former campaign manager. She served as Secretary of Labor under President Ronald Reagan from 1987 until 1989. During this",
"title": "John McLaughlin (host)"
},
{
"id": "3330132",
"text": "a daughter together, (Peggy Verity Power, Jonathan George Verity and William Wymond Verity). He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89. His wife, Peggy Verity died on Wednesday, January 20, 1999, at age 81. He is interred in Woodside Cemetery, Middletown, Ohio. William Verity Jr. Calvin William Verity Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was a U.S. administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to",
"title": "William Verity Jr."
},
{
"id": "87894",
"text": "Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Powell was the first, and so far the only, Jamaican American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from",
"title": "Colin Powell"
},
{
"id": "3330129",
"text": "William Verity Jr. Calvin William Verity Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was a U.S. administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan. He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to Calvin William Verity and Elizabeth (O'Brien) Verity. He roomed with John F. Kennedy at Choate, a Connecticut boarding school, starting a friendship with the future president. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy. Verity worked for most of his career at Armco Steel, a corporation founded by his grandfather, George M. Verity. He started",
"title": "William Verity Jr."
},
{
"id": "3400202",
"text": "of Leva, Hawes, Symington, Martin and Oppenheimer. In February 1981, as one of his first appointments, President Ronald Reagan appointed Taft as General Counsel of the Department of Defense. Taft was then appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense and served from January 1984 to April 1989. He served as acting Secretary of Defense from January to March 1989 after George H. W. Bush became president. Bush's initial nominee, John Tower, was not confirmed by the United States Senate after much contentious debate and testimony. The eventual appointee confirmed in March was Richard B. Cheney (later Vice President of the United States,",
"title": "William Howard Taft IV"
},
{
"id": "3559203",
"text": "defense budgets beginning in 1986. Weinberger clashed with Congress over the cuts, resigning in late 1987, and was succeeded by Frank Carlucci. Lehman's successor as Navy Secretary, Jim Webb, remained a fierce proponent of the expanded fleet, and disagreed with Carlucci over how to cut the Navy budget in line with other services. Webb resigned rather than endorse Carlucci's cut of 16 frigates. As revealed in \"The Reagan Diaries\", Reagan reflected about Webb's resignation on 22 February 1988: \"Present Sec. Webb resigned over budget cuts. I don't think Navy was sorry to see him go.\" Following the dissolution of the",
"title": "600-ship Navy"
},
{
"id": "12420702",
"text": "several appointed positions of increasing responsibility from 1980 through 1987 in the Reagan Administration. He served on the staff of the Deputy Undersecretary for Policy at the Department of Defense; as a Regional Director of the Civil Aeronautics Board; Special Assistant to the Director, Office of Personnel Management; Assistant to the Chairman of the Consumer Product Safety Commission; Special Assistant for Congressional Liaison in the Department of the Interior; and Staff Advisor to the Commissioner at the Interstate Commerce Commission. From 1987 until his appointment with the Selective Service, he was a lobbyist and in 1989, established Kindness & Chatfield",
"title": "William A. Chatfield"
},
{
"id": "4137384",
"text": "wide variety of other media and research organizations, for propagating conspiracy theories and Islamophobia, and described as a hate group, a label the organization disputes. In April 1987, Frank Gaffney, Jr. was nominated to serve as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs during the Reagan Administration. He served in that role for seven months until was forced from his post in November of that year. In a meeting with former Department of Defense officials after Gaffney's ouster, Richard Perle, for whom Gaffney had previously served as a top deputy, said, \"What we need is the Domino’s Pizza of",
"title": "Center for Security Policy"
},
{
"id": "10557056",
"text": "in China. In August 2016, Lavin endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election. Frank Lavin and his wife Ann (née Wortley) have been married since November 29, 1980. They have three children. Frank Lavin Franklin L. \"Frank\" Lavin (October 26, 1957 - ) is a former Republican White House aide who was the political director for Ronald Reagan between 1987–1989, a United States Diplomat, and a bank executive. Lavin earned a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University; a M.S. in Chinese language from Georgetown University; a M.A. in International Relations and International Economics",
"title": "Frank Lavin"
},
{
"id": "11840850",
"text": "Electoral history of Dick Cheney Electoral history of Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993), United States Representative from Wyoming (1979–1989, including Minority Whip, 1989) and White House Chief of Staff (1975–1977) Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978 (Republican primary): Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1980: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1982: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1984: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1986: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1988 United States Secretary of Defense, 1989 (Confirmation in the United States Senate): 2000 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally): United States",
"title": "Electoral history of Dick Cheney"
},
{
"id": "87957",
"text": "shield can be shown surrounded by the insignia of an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath (KCB), an award the General received after the first Gulf War. Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell (; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. Powell was the first,",
"title": "Colin Powell"
},
{
"id": "551886",
"text": "on the nomination of Dick Thornburgh as U.S. Attorney General, Thurmond stated that Thornburgh had the qualities necessary for an Attorney General to possess, citing his \"integrity, honesty, professionalism and independence.\" Thornburgh was confirmed, and served for the remainder of the Reagan administration as well as the Bush administration. Following the 1988 Presidential election, George H. W. Bush nominated John Tower for United States Secretary of Defense. After Tower's nomination was rejected by the Senate, Thurmond asked, \"What does it say when the leader of the free world can't get a Cabinet member confirmed?\" In August 1989, the Senate Judiciary",
"title": "Strom Thurmond"
},
{
"id": "1357492",
"text": "his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator Henry M. Jackson, under Richard Perle. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the Reagan Administration, again serving under Perle. In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing arms",
"title": "Frank Gaffney"
},
{
"id": "6335015",
"text": "citizens without a warrant: \"It's Addington,\" and further, that \"he doesn't care about the Constitution.\" when speaking with friends at a Washington Redskins game. Jack Goldsmith has written that if Powell indeed made this remark, \"he was wrong,\" as Addington and Cheney \"seemed to care passionately about the Constitution as they understood it.\" Further, it is alleged, at least during Cheney's term as Secretary of Defense from 1989–93, that Addington and Cheney were deeply and eagerly interested in the U.S. Continuity of Operations Plan (CO-OP), to be used in the event of a nuclear attack on the U.S. (and first",
"title": "David Addington"
},
{
"id": "10557054",
"text": "Frank Lavin Franklin L. \"Frank\" Lavin (October 26, 1957 - ) is a former Republican White House aide who was the political director for Ronald Reagan between 1987–1989, a United States Diplomat, and a bank executive. Lavin earned a B.S. from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University; a M.S. in Chinese language from Georgetown University; a M.A. in International Relations and International Economics from the School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University; and a M.B.A. in Finance at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. As Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, Lavin",
"title": "Frank Lavin"
},
{
"id": "14232567",
"text": "Melvyn R. Paisley Melvyn R. Paisley (October 9, 1924 – December 19, 2001) was appointed United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems) by President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987. He was prosecuted in Operation Ill Wind in which he, numerous other government employees and 60 private citizens were arrested. In 1991, he admitted that while in office he had accepted hundreds of thousands of dollars of bribes and was sentenced to four years in prison. Melvyn R. Paisley was born on October 9, 1924, in Portland, Oregon. He grew up in a logging camp where",
"title": "Melvyn R. Paisley"
},
{
"id": "542710",
"text": "to die was Frank Carlucci (1987–1989), on 3 June 2018. United States Secretary of Defense The Secretary of Defense (SecDef) is the leader and chief executive officer of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the Armed Forces of the United States. The Secretary of Defense's position of command and authority over the United States' military is second only to that of the President and Congress, respectively. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent",
"title": "United States Secretary of Defense"
},
{
"id": "11885881",
"text": "employees under his management at that time. Two of the companies, Hughes and EDS, had founders who were very high-profile billionaires. On January 26, 1989, President George H. W. Bush named Atwood to the No. 2 job in the US Defense Department. Atwood's management and scientific skills were thought to be a complement to those of the Defense Secretary appointed, John G. Tower, who was expected to play a political and policy-setting role. Atwood served in this post for the four years with Dick Cheney as Defense Secretary. He returned to private life in the spring of 1993. The Apollo",
"title": "Donald J. Atwood Jr."
},
{
"id": "749099",
"text": "for which he initiated a project to develop a distributed data management system for more efficient management of training pipelines. His significant staff assignments included: executive assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations, administrative assistant to the Secretary of the Navy and special assistant for Systems Analysis to the Secretary of Defense. He reached the temporary rank of vice admiral but was allowed to retire in 1987 at the lower rank of rear admiral as a result of his role in the Iran–Contra affair. Poindexter went on to serve in the Reagan administration as military assistant to the National Security",
"title": "John Poindexter"
},
{
"id": "4510134",
"text": "Florida in 1979. Despite its many successes, the JDA could not handle the job. Although the JDA had responsibility for integrating deployment procedures, it did not have authority to direct the Transportation Operating Agencies or Unified and Specified Commanders in Chief to take corrective actions, keep databases current, or adhere to milestones. According to several independent studies on transportation, the Department of Defense (DOD) needed to consolidate transportation. Consequently, President Ronald Reagan on 18 April 1987 ordered the Secretary of Defense to establish a Unified Transportation Command (UTC), a directive made possible in part by the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense",
"title": "United States Transportation Command"
},
{
"id": "8083727",
"text": "of Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Paris, and received a Certificate in International Business from the University of Brussels. Lauder started to work for the Estée Lauder Company in 1964. In 1984, he became a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for European and NATO policy at the United States Department of Defense. In 1986, Ronald Reagan named him as the United States Ambassador to Austria, a position he held until 1987. As ambassador, he fired diplomatic officer Felix Bloch, who later became known in connection with the Robert Hanssen espionage case. As a Republican, he made a bid",
"title": "Ronald Lauder"
},
{
"id": "3760917",
"text": "Joint Chiefs of Staff to serve under the provisions of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, where he as chairman became (not the collegial body of the Joint Chiefs of Staff), by statute, the principal military adviser to the president, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. In 1989, Army General Colin L. Powell succeeded him as CJCS. After he retired in October 1989, Crowe returned to the University of Oklahoma and William J. Crowe chair in geopolitics. Crowe surprised politicians when he endorsed Bill Clinton in the presidential election of 1992. President Clinton named",
"title": "William J. Crowe"
},
{
"id": "11840851",
"text": "presidential election, 2000: 2004 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally): United States presidential election, 2004: Electoral history of Dick Cheney Electoral history of Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), 17th United States Secretary of Defense (1989–1993), United States Representative from Wyoming (1979–1989, including Minority Whip, 1989) and White House Chief of Staff (1975–1977) Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978 (Republican primary): Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1978: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1980: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1982: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1984: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1986: Wyoming's At-large congressional district, 1988 United States Secretary of Defense, 1989",
"title": "Electoral history of Dick Cheney"
},
{
"id": "3400203",
"text": "2001–2009). Although he was only acting Secretary of Defense, and never confirmed as the permanent Secretary, he became the third member of his family to hold a position as civilian head of a military department, following his great-great-grandfather Alphonso Taft (under President Ulysses S. Grant) and his great-grandfather William Howard Taft (under President Theodore Roosevelt). Taft served as U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO, which has the rank of ambassador, from 1989 to 1992, during the Gulf War. During the Clinton administration, Taft entered private practice with the Washington, D.C., law firm of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson. After the",
"title": "William Howard Taft IV"
},
{
"id": "14268397",
"text": "Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense) Kenneth P. Bergquist (born 1944) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) from 1988 to 1989. Kenneth P. Bergquist was born in Washington, D. C. on July 12, 1944. He attended Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1967. Upon graduation, Bergquist joined the United States Army and served in the Army until 1974. For two of his years in the Army, he saw action in the Vietnam War in Vietnam and Cambodia. For his combat service, he was awarded the Silver Star, six Bronze Stars and two Purple",
"title": "Kenneth P. Bergquist (Department of Defense)"
},
{
"id": "4601845",
"text": "Pledge of Allegiance in the opening session. During the Reagan Administration, Webb served as the nation's first Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs from 1984-87. In 1987, he served as Secretary of the Navy, becoming the first Naval Academy graduate to serve as the civilian head of the Navy. As Navy Secretary, Webb pushed the appointment of Alfred M. Gray, Jr. as Commandant of the Marine Corps, hoping that Gray could reshape the Corps into the elite unit it once was. Webb resigned in 1988 after refusing to agree to reduce the size of the Navy. Webb had wished",
"title": "Jim Webb"
},
{
"id": "1824680",
"text": "Donald Regan Donald Thomas \"Don\" Regan (December 21, 1918 – June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1981 to 1985 and the White House Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 under Ronald Reagan. In the Reagan administration, he advocated \"Reaganomics\" and tax cuts as a means to create jobs and to stimulate production. Earlier in his life, he had studied at Harvard University before he served in the United States Marine Corps, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. He then started to work for Merrill Lynch in 1946, serving as its chairman and",
"title": "Donald Regan"
},
{
"id": "15976659",
"text": "suggested the Soviets were overly paranoid about the United States (The Soviets had refused to allow American planes use Soviet airfields in post-World War II Germany). They broke for lunch and Reagan promised Gorbachev he'd have a chance to rebut. They talked outside for about two hours on the Strategic Defense Initiative, but both stood firm. Gorbachev accepted Reagan's invitation to the United States in a year, and Reagan was invited to do the same in 1987. On the second day, Reagan went after human rights, saying that he did not want to tell Gorbachev how to run his country,",
"title": "Geneva Summit (1985)"
},
{
"id": "845212",
"text": "Frank Carlucci and Deputy National Security Advisor Lieutenant General Colin Powell. Carlucci reformed the NSC by replacing more than half of the professional staff within 3 months. Carlucci largely withdrew the NSC from its operational roles, but in the matter of Nicaragua, NSC continued to exercise the coordination that was not forthcoming from any of the agencies. In the autumn of 1988, Carlucci was called to the Defense Department to succeed Caspar Weinberger, and for the third time among his six appointments to the position of National Security Advisor during his presidency, Reagan promoted the Deputy. General Powell directed an",
"title": "History of the United States National Security Council 1981–89"
},
{
"id": "18550270",
"text": "excitement. A quick solution to manning and basing a brand new unified command was to abolish an existing command. United States Readiness Command (USREDCOM), with an often misunderstood mission, did not appear to have a viable mission in the post Goldwater-Nichols era, and its Commander in Chief, General James Lindsay, had had some special operations experience. On 23 January 1987, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended to the Secretary of Defense that USREDCOM be disestablished to provide billets and facilities for USSOCOM. President Ronald Reagan approved the establishment of the new command on 13 April 1987. The Department of Defense",
"title": "United States Special Operations Command"
},
{
"id": "16867889",
"text": "Walker helped the Soviets decipher more than one million encrypted naval messages, organizing a spy operation that \"The New York Times\" reported in 1987 \"is sometimes described as the most damaging Soviet spy ring in history.\" After Walker's arrest, Caspar Weinberger, President Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Defense, concluded that the Soviet Union made significant gains in naval warfare attributable to Walker's spying. Weinberger stated that the information Walker gave Moscow allowed the Soviets \"access to weapons and sensor data and naval tactics, terrorist threats, and surface, submarine, and airborne training, readiness and tactics.\" John Lehman, United States Secretary of the",
"title": "John Anthony Walker"
},
{
"id": "15412970",
"text": "Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Installations, 1983–87; and as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Readiness Support, 1987-89. On September 7, 1988, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Keesling to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs). She held this position until 1989. In the early 1990s, she joined the United States Department of Labor, serving as Acting Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division. She moved to Sun City, Arizona in 2000 and practiced law there until her retirement in 2009. She died",
"title": "Karen R. Keesling"
},
{
"id": "15922240",
"text": "and executive officer of the 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry at Fort Hood (1975 to 1977), CGSC (1977 to 1979), Individual Training Division at the Pentagon (1979–1982), and Office of the Secretary of Defense (1982–1987), during the Cold War build-up. He retired as a lieutenant colonel. In addition to the Bronze Star and Cross of Gallantry, he earned a Meritorious Service Medal and the Defense Superior Service Medal. He was widely eulogized after his death. Roderick Wetherill Roderick \"Rod\" Wetherill Sr. (January 19, 1918 – June 26, 1978) was a notable officer of the United States Army from World War II",
"title": "Roderick Wetherill"
},
{
"id": "20903738",
"text": "John P. Schmitz The Honorable John Patrick Schmitz (born April 19, 1955) was White House Deputy Counsel to US President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), and Deputy Counsel to Vice President Bush during the Reagan Administration (1987-1989). Schmitz clerked for Antonin Scalia at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1983-1984). Fluent in German, Schmitz has worked extensively on German-American issues both in government, and since 1993, in private practice in Washington, D.C. and Berlin. He was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, First Class (Bundesverdienstkreuz). Schmitz graduated magna",
"title": "John P. Schmitz"
},
{
"id": "14287336",
"text": "Robert C. McCormack Robert C. McCormack (born 1939) was United States Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Production Support from 1987 to 1988; Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Industrial and International Programs from 1988 to 1990; and Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) from 1990 to 1993. Robert C. McCormack was born in New York City on November 7, 1939. He was educated at The Hotchkiss School and then the University of North Carolina, receiving a B.A. in 1962. After graduating from college, McCormack joined the United States Navy and served in the Navy from 1962",
"title": "Robert C. McCormack"
},
{
"id": "15392142",
"text": "associate attorney at the law firm of Dickstein Shapiro in Washington, D.C. He then spent 1981 and 1982 as general counsel of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services under the chairmanship of U.S. Senator John Tower (Republican Party senator from Texas). He was promoted to become the committee's staff director and chief counsel in 1982, holding that post until 1987. On September 17, 1986, U.S. President Ronald Reagan nominated McGovern to be U.S. Under Secretary of the Air Force. He then served as Acting U.S. Secretary of the Air Force from December 1988 until April 1989. After leaving",
"title": "James F. McGovern"
},
{
"id": "8470135",
"text": "The Intentions of the Authors of the First Amendment\" (1978). Before joining the University at Albany's faculty in 1990, Malbin worked for the joint U.S. House and Senate Iran-Contra Committee (1987), the House Republican Conference (1988) and as speech writer to Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney (1989–90). He has also been a presidential appointee to the National Humanities Council from 1990–94 and a visiting professor at Yale University (1996). Before government service, he was a resident fellow at The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (1977–86) and a reporter for National Journal (1973–77). Malbin was born in Brooklyn,",
"title": "Michael J. Malbin"
},
{
"id": "14232570",
"text": "Lehman convinced President of the United States Ronald Reagan to nominate Paisley as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems). He held this office from December 1981 until March 1987. Lehman and Paisley gained a reputation as being somewhat heavy-handed as managers, but effective at slashing red tape. In 1986, federal prosecutors sued Paisley, arguing that a $183,000 severance package Paisley received upon leaving Boeing compromised his objectivity as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Engineering and Systems). The Supreme Court of the United States later ruled that such severance packages were not illegal. Upon leaving government in",
"title": "Melvyn R. Paisley"
},
{
"id": "9955346",
"text": "and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1994 to 2000. During his Berkeley years he became a member of the Bohemian Club, at which his closest associates included Caspar Weinberger, who was Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Defense. After having smoked a few packages of cigarettes a day for many years, he died of emphysema in 2011. Ira Michael Heyman Ira Michael Heyman (May 30, 1930 – November 19, 2011) was a Professor of Law and of City and Regional Planning, and was Chancellor of University of California, Berkeley, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Heyman was born in 1930 in",
"title": "Ira Michael Heyman"
},
{
"id": "215243",
"text": "techniques. To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz. To position himself as Reagan's successor, Kemp called for Shultz's resignation based on claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on SDI. In an attempt to highlight his stands on key Reagan Era foreign policy initiatives, Kemp traveled in September 1987 to Costa Rica, Honduras and El Salvador to lobby the presidents of those nations against",
"title": "Jack Kemp"
},
{
"id": "7760566",
"text": "for Public Affairs, and Paul Wolfowitz, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, from the beginning of his tenure. He focused primarily on external matters, and left most of the internal DoD management to Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald Atwood. Cheney's most immediate issue as Secretary of Defense was the Department of Defense budget. Cheney deemed it appropriate to cut the budget and downsize the military, following the Reagan Administration's peacetime defense buildup at the height of the Cold War. As part of the fiscal year 1990 budget, Cheney assessed the requests from each of the branches of the armed services",
"title": "Dick Cheney"
},
{
"id": "4276632",
"text": "by the West, including Veryl Goodnight, Gordon Gund, Michael Kessler (artist), Tom Korologos, Tomas Lasansky (son of famed artist Mauricio Lasansky), Dean Mitchell, Dan Namingha, Lloyd Schermer, Peggy Judy and Dan Young. Ann McLaughlin Korologos Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Marie Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989. Korologos was born in Chatham, New Jersey, the daughter of Marie (née Koellhoffer) and Edward Joseph Lauenstein, a manufacturer representative for a wartime ammunitions company. She was educated at Saint Patrick School, the Academy of Saint Elizabeth, Marymount",
"title": "Ann McLaughlin Korologos"
},
{
"id": "15397408",
"text": "Secretary of the Air Force, from April 29, 1989 until May 21, 1989. After leaving government service in 1992, Welch served on the Board of Directors of a number of corporations, including MBDA-US, Verint Systems, Serco, Dynacs Military & Defense, Meggitt, and Wilcoxon Research. Welch died at Legacy Lifecare Hospital in Plano, Texas on October 8, 2010. John J. Welch Jr. John James \"Jack\" Welch Jr. (1930–2010) was a United States scientist and businessman who served as Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) from 1987 to 1992. John J. Welch Jr. was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 23,",
"title": "John J. Welch Jr."
},
{
"id": "5680007",
"text": "to Texas to work for the Texas Public Policy Foundation where he is now Vice President for National Initiatives. DeVore earned a full Army ROTC scholarship that allowed him to obtain a bachelor's degree in Strategic Studies (cum laude) in 1985 from Claremont McKenna College. He was named a Distinguished Military Graduate. He studied abroad at American University in Cairo, Egypt. He's a graduate of the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff Officer Course. DeVore served as Special Assistant for Foreign Affairs to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs during the Reagan administration from 1986 to 1988. He",
"title": "Chuck DeVore"
},
{
"id": "14201497",
"text": "Great Performance. \"The book quickly became an international bestseller and won several awards. Duncan is also a frequent contributor to \"Fast Company\" and \"Forbes\" magazines.\" Duncan is the second of four children of Marion Claude Duncan and Helen Colleen Stone Duncan, and is a descendant of George Rogers Clark, a prominent American military officer during the American Revolutionary War. His older brother is Stephen M. Duncan, who served as Assistant Secretary of Defense under U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush and is a recognized expert on national security issues. Duncan lives with his wife Rean Robbins in their",
"title": "Rodger Dean Duncan"
},
{
"id": "4096807",
"text": "to inquire into U.S. arms sales to Iran. During the administration of George H. W. Bush, Hadley was a Pentagon aide to Paul Wolfowitz, serving as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy from 1989 to 1993. In that position, he had responsibility for defense policy toward NATO and Western Europe, on nuclear weapons and ballistic missile defense, and arms control. He also participated in policy issues involving export control and the use of space. Hadley served as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney's representative in talks led by Secretary of State James Baker that resulted in the Strategic",
"title": "Stephen Hadley"
},
{
"id": "108905",
"text": "Station Anacostia, District of Columbia, as a selective reservist. Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker. He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of captain in 1989. In 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as Administrative Assistant to David S. Dennison Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin",
"title": "Donald Rumsfeld"
},
{
"id": "3161252",
"text": "Department. In 1987, Reagan appointed him Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, where he served until the end of Reagan's term, shortly after which he was appointed Administrator of Veterans Affairs, in charge of the Veterans Administration, which was elevated to cabinet-level status as the Department of Veterans Affairs in 1989, making Derwinski the first Secretary of Veterans Affairs. A Polish American, Derwinski was noted for his efforts on behalf of Eastern Europe throughout his career. Notably, he aided in the rehabilitation of the Serbian Royalist general Draža Mihailović. Mihailović had received the Legion of Merit",
"title": "Ed Derwinski"
},
{
"id": "11788377",
"text": "Dale Van Atta Dale Van Atta (born 1951) is a speaker, novelist, and journalist. He was a personal friend of and co-author with fellow journalist Jack Anderson and borrowed money to help him when he was in financial trouble. In 2008 his book \"With Honor\" was released about Melvin Robert Laird, Richard Nixon's Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973. Before joining Jack Anderson in 1979, Van Atta was an investigative reporter for \"Deseret News\". He is also a contributor to many international and national magazines and newspapers. Van Atta worked with Jack Anderson for seven years writing a column",
"title": "Dale Van Atta"
},
{
"id": "3716842",
"text": "Robert S. Bennett Robert S. Bennett (born 1939) is an American attorney and partner at Schertler & Onorato, LLP, best known for representing President Bill Clinton during the Lewinsky scandal. Bennett is also famous for representing Judith Miller in the Valerie Plame CIA leak grand jury investigation case, Caspar Weinberger, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, during the Iran-Contra scandal of the 1980s, Clark Clifford in the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) scandal, and Paul Wolfowitz in the World Bank Scandal. He served as special counsel for the Senate Ethics Committee's 1989–1991 investigation of the Keating Five. In 2008,",
"title": "Robert S. Bennett"
},
{
"id": "14260349",
"text": "development specialist in the Small Business Administration's Office of Personnel 1980-82, and then served as Special Assistant to the Administrator of the Small Business Administration 1982-86. In 1986, Pope became Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Family Support, Education, and Safety) in the United States Department of Defense. On August 19, 1989, President of the United States George H. W. Bush nominated Pope as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), and, after ratification by the United States Senate, Pope served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) from November 1989 until January 1993. When the",
"title": "Barbara S. Pope"
},
{
"id": "20903744",
"text": "IESE, and Friends of Dresden. Schmitz lives in McLean, VA with his wife, Joan M. Schmitz (née Manee). The two have five grown children, Mary, Anna, John M., C. Maximilian, and Julia, and two grandsons. In 1995, Schmitz and his family planted a vineyard, Chappelle Charlemagne, in Rappahannock County, Virginia John P. Schmitz The Honorable John Patrick Schmitz (born April 19, 1955) was White House Deputy Counsel to US President George H.W. Bush (1989-1993), and Deputy Counsel to Vice President Bush during the Reagan Administration (1987-1989). Schmitz clerked for Antonin Scalia at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District",
"title": "John P. Schmitz"
},
{
"id": "6314217",
"text": "Reagan aide Michael Deaver about Quigley and her role. Regan, who frequently quarreled with Nancy Reagan, resigned in 1987 after the Iran–Contra affair. In 1988, Regan published his memoir \"For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington\", revealing that Nancy Reagan had consulted with Quigley, and previously with astrologer Jeane Dixon. Regan wrote: Virtually every major move and decision the Reagans made during my time as White House Chief of Staff was cleared in advance with a woman in San Francisco [Quigley] who drew up horoscopes to make certain that the planets were in a favorable alignment for the enterprise.",
"title": "Joan Quigley"
},
{
"id": "11548448",
"text": "public policy issues and offers a doctoral degree program in public policy analysis. During this time, Rice also was appointed by President Ford to serve as chairman of the National Commission on Supplies and Shortages and by Presidents Nixon and Carter to two terms on the National Science Board. At the request of President Carter, he directed a comprehensive study of the resources management process within the United States Department of Defense. He remained at RAND until May 1989 when President George H. W. Bush appointed him Secretary of the Air Force. As the Air Force Secretary, Rice reorganized the",
"title": "Donald Rice"
},
{
"id": "4818967",
"text": "Edward C. Aldridge Jr. Edward \"Pete\" Cleveland Aldridge Jr. (born August 18, 1938) has served in many top U.S. Defense Department and defense industry jobs, including as Under Secretary of the Air Force from 1981 to 1986, Director of the National Reconnaissance Office 1981-1988, and as the Secretary of the Air Force from 1986 to 1988. From 1989 to 1992 he was president of the Electronic Systems Company division of McDonnell Douglas, and later, CEO of The Aerospace Corporation. He was the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2001 to 2003. Aldridge was a payload specialist",
"title": "Edward C. Aldridge Jr."
},
{
"id": "6278604",
"text": "South Korea, Japan and Hawaii, where he was well regarded by his superiors. These recommendations led in early 1989 to a successful interview to become the assistant to Colin Powell, who was then finishing his stint as National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration and moving to a position in the United States Army Forces Command at Fort McPherson. He continued this supporting role as Powell became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff through the Gulf War, following Powell into civilian life and then back into public service when President George W. Bush appointed Powell Secretary of State. Wilkerson",
"title": "Lawrence Wilkerson"
},
{
"id": "17424253",
"text": "57 years military base closures have taken place though various processes. The secretary of defense implemented by closure on an ad-hoc basis during 1961 - 1979. Individual service Chiefs and Congress strengthened its veto power for closures during 1980 to 1987. The Changes lead to a few major bases being closed and none actually being closed. This being an issue Congress finally granted authority to an independent Defense Base Closure and Realignment (BRAC5) commission to work with the Department of Defense (DoD) to identify bases and installations to the executive and legislative branches for closure or realignment between 1988 and",
"title": "Ontario Air National Guard Station"
},
{
"id": "1698063",
"text": "down. That would be an impossible, ridiculous, and morally reprehensible thing to do, but your crime rate would go down.\" Bennett responded to the criticism saying, in part: William Bennett William John Bennett (born July 31, 1943) is an American conservative pundit, politician, and political theorist, who served as Secretary of Education from 1985 to 1988 under President Ronald Reagan. He also held the post of Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy under George H. W. Bush. Bennett was born July 31, 1943 in Brooklyn, the son of Nancy (\"née\" Walsh), a medical secretary, and F. Robert",
"title": "William Bennett"
},
{
"id": "17499396",
"text": "staff) and legislative counsel to then U.S. representative (and later secretary of Housing and Urban Development and 1988 Republican presidential primary and 1996 Republican vice presidential candidate Jack K. Kemp of New York); and from 1979 to 1981 as division counsel for Cabot Corporation), a leading global specialty chemicals and performance materials company headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. From 1987 to 1991 during Presidents Ronald Reagan and G.H.W. Bush administrations, he served as chairman of the Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid of the U.S. Agency for International Development, for which he received its Superior Honor Award. In September 1973, Teague",
"title": "Randal Teague"
},
{
"id": "11885875",
"text": "Donald J. Atwood Jr. Donald Jesse Atwood Jr. (May 25, 1924 – April 24, 1994) was appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense for U.S. President George H. W. Bush in 1989. Atwood played a major role in one of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century - taking man to the Moon and back. He wrote the proposal and directed the organization that developed and built the Apollo guidance system. The son of a grocer, Atwood was born May 25, 1924, in Haverhill, Massachusetts, 40 miles North of Boston. He lived on a small farm adjoining the ancestral home",
"title": "Donald J. Atwood Jr."
},
{
"id": "13219494",
"text": "Desert Storm: America's Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush\". Howard Teicher Howard Teicher served as Director for the Near East and South Asia and Senior Director for Political-Military Affairs on the staff of the National Security Council from 1982 to 1987, after working under Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan at the Departments of State and Defense. Teicher received his BA in Political Science, summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, from Boston University in 1976. He received a Masters in International Affairs from Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in 1978. Teicher is",
"title": "Howard Teicher"
},
{
"id": "14287338",
"text": "1988, he became Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Industrial and International Programs. He was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal in 1989. On October 10, 1989, President of the United States George H. W. Bush nominated McCormack as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller). McCormack subsequently held this office from January 12, 1990 until January 5, 1993. In a 2001 letter supporting McCormack's nomination for an alumni award from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, Dick Cheney, who was United States Secretary of Defense while McCormack was Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management),",
"title": "Robert C. McCormack"
},
{
"id": "15397487",
"text": "the professional staff of the United States House Committee on Armed Services, working there until 1982. On December 15, 1982, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Cooper to be Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Research, Development, and Logistics). Cooper subsequently held this office until 1987, with the title of the office changing to Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) during the course of his time in office. Upon leaving government service in 1987, Cooper joined General Electric as an executive. He retired as GE Aviation's head of Washington, D.C. operations in 2008. Thomas E. Cooper Thomas",
"title": "Thomas E. Cooper"
},
{
"id": "14601681",
"text": "policy and defense affairs. In the late 1970s, was an advisor to Team B. During the 1980 presidential election, he was a foreign policy advisor for Ronald Reagan, and during the Reagan administration, he would serve as an advisor to United States Secretaries of Defense Caspar Weinberger (1981–87) and Frank Carlucci, and under the administration of George H. W. Bush as an advisor to Defense Secretary Dick Cheney. Weiss was generally considered a neoconservative, a hawk, and an anti-Soviet hard-liner. Weiss died of liver cancer at his home in Bethesda, Maryland on September 23, 1992. Seymour Weiss (diplomat) Seymour Weiss",
"title": "Seymour Weiss (diplomat)"
},
{
"id": "542709",
"text": "In of 1 March 2010, President Barack Obama modified the line of succession regarding who would act as Secretary of Defense in the event of a vacancy or incapacitation, thus reversing the changes made by President George W. Bush in as to the relative positions of the Secretaries of the Military Departments. All of the officials in the line of succession are civilians appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate: As of , there are nine living former Secretaries of Defense, the oldest being Harold Brown (1977–1981, born 1927). The most recent Secretary of Defense",
"title": "United States Secretary of Defense"
},
{
"id": "6255688",
"text": "for U.S. Representative Dick Cheney and followed Cheney to the United States Department of Defense as Cheney became United States Secretary of Defense to be the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs in 1989 during the George H. W. Bush administration. Williams became a correspondent for NBC News in late March 1993, after leaving the Defense Department; his main areas of news coverage for NBC include the Department of Justice and Supreme Court. Born in Casper, Wyoming, Williams graduated from Natrona County High School in 1970. Williams graduated from Stanford University in 1974. From 1974 to 1985, Williams was",
"title": "Pete Williams (journalist)"
},
{
"id": "15611867",
"text": "Ronald F. Lehman Ambassador Ronald F. Lehman, II (born March 25, 1946) is currently Director of the Center for Global Security Research at the United States Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He is also Chair of the Governing Board of International Science and Technology Center, an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Moscow and is a member of the Department of Defense Threat Reduction Advisory Committee. He was Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy (now Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs) from 1988 to 1989 and then Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency between",
"title": "Ronald F. Lehman"
},
{
"id": "6033198",
"text": "to be the nation's ninth Secretary of Transportation. Burnley served as Secretary of Transportation from 1987 to 1989. While number two at DOT, Burnley played a key role in negotiating the sale of Conrail, enabling the transfer of the Washington airports to a regional authority, and helped to assemble an ATC work force in the wake of the 1981 PATCO strike. He also helped to produce the Department's policies on aviation safety and security. While Secretary, Burnley emphasized programs to eliminate drug use by issuing regulations requiring drug tests for employees in safety or security-sensitive positions in transportation-related industries. He",
"title": "James H. Burnley IV"
},
{
"id": "18038317",
"text": "by the Independent Counsel prior to his confirmation as Attorney General. In 1992, Stevens argued before the United States Supreme Court in Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, representing the respondents. From 1980-1983, he was also an adjunct lecturer in law at the Washington College of Law at the American University. From September 1985-July 1986, Stevens served as Deputy Director and General Counsel of President Reagan's Blue Ribbon Commission on Defense Management, also known as the Packard Commission. In January 1987, President Reagan appointed him Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the first Legal Adviser of National Security",
"title": "Paul Schott Stevens"
},
{
"id": "14991791",
"text": "war, emphasizing fire support coordination and practicing Suppression of Enemy Air Defense with artillery fire protecting close air support aircraft. In 1987 he reported to Headquarters Marine Corps for duty as the Secretary of the General Staff working for the Chief of Staff of the Marine Corps. Selected to the grade of brigadier general in 1989, he was assigned to the Pentagon under the Deputy Secretary of Defense. His assignment was to implement David Packard's Defense Management Report, designed to improve efficiencies and find savings in the United States Department of Defense. At the end of one year the implementations",
"title": "Thomas V. Draude"
},
{
"id": "3076098",
"text": "United States Energy Security Council, sponsored by the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. Robert McFarlane Robert Carl \"Bud\" McFarlane (born July 12, 1937) is a retired Marine Corps officer who served as National Security Advisor to President of the United States Ronald Reagan from 1983 through 1985. After a career in the Marines, McFarlane became part of the Reagan administration and was a leading architect of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) for defending the United States against missile attack. Subsequently, he was involved in, and pleaded guilty to charges for actions related to, the Iran-Contra affair, but received",
"title": "Robert McFarlane"
},
{
"id": "4276628",
"text": "Ann McLaughlin Korologos Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Marie Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989. Korologos was born in Chatham, New Jersey, the daughter of Marie (née Koellhoffer) and Edward Joseph Lauenstein, a manufacturer representative for a wartime ammunitions company. She was educated at Saint Patrick School, the Academy of Saint Elizabeth, Marymount College, Tarrytown of Fordham University, where she spent a year studying abroad at the University of London, and earned an EMBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1988.",
"title": "Ann McLaughlin Korologos"
},
{
"id": "3619392",
"text": "U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. After the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, Iklé was appointed Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, serving from 1981 to 1988. As an under secretary of defense, Iklé led the effort to lobby for National Security Decision Directive 166 (\"Expanded US Aid to Afghan Guerrillas\"), signed by Reagan in March 1985. When he visited Pakistan in April 1985, Iklé found that the CIA was still pursuing the war in a halfhearted manner. \"We began to understand that what to us was a very big deal back in Washington, from the point of view",
"title": "Fred Iklé"
},
{
"id": "15315631",
"text": "mandated by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 (P.L. 99-661, passed 14 November 1986). The position was officially established on 4 January 1988, by Defense Directive 5138.3. The post's responsibilities for strategic capabilities and forces transformation were added as a result of USD(P) Eric Edelman's 2006 reorganization of the DoD policy office. The ASD(SO/LIC) is supported in his/her work by three Deputy Assistant Secretaries of Defense: The table below includes both the various titles of this post over time, as well as all the holders of those offices. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity",
"title": "Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict"
},
{
"id": "20084944",
"text": "at the individuals who had contributed most to cleaning up the Pentagon during the Reagan era. \"Many people, including a larger contingent of active-duty officers than might be guessed, played important roles in the military reform movement . . .\" 17 men and women are named, among them Gary Hart and journalist James Fallows—and they include Smith and Heubusch. In 1989, Heubusch left Capitol Hill to work for Elizabeth Dole, named as Secretary of Labor under new President George H.W. Bush. Heubusch became Dole's Chief of Staff. When Dole left the Labor Department to head the American Red Cross in",
"title": "John Heubusch"
},
{
"id": "12721422",
"text": "in the early 1990s. Serious charges were leveled at the Bush administration (1989 to 1993) regarding the POW/MIA issue. The United States Department of Defense, headed by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, was accused of covering up information and failing to properly pursue intelligence about American POW/MIAs. Ranking minority member on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, became interested in the matter. In October 1990 his chief staff aide, James P. Lucier, prepared a report stating that it was probable there were live POWs still being held and that the Bush administration was complicit in",
"title": "Vietnam War POW/MIA issue"
},
{
"id": "11204177",
"text": "1987, President Reagan personally appointed Ryan to be Assistant to the President, the highest level of staff position in the White House. When President Reagan left office on January 20, 1989, he and First Lady Nancy Reagan returned to California. Ryan was hired to be the former President's post-Chief of Staff. During this time, Ryan was responsible for the establishment and operation of Reagan's office in Century City. He was also instrumental in the design, fundraising, planning, and overseeing the construction of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Ryan left his position as Chief of Staff in 1995. A year earlier,",
"title": "Fred Ryan"
},
{
"id": "14405982",
"text": "(Civil Works), and he assumed office in December 1987. He was later re-nominated to the post by George H. W. Bush and served as Assistant Secretary until October 1990. After leaving government service, Page was Executive Vice President of McDermott International, Inc. from 1991 until 1994. Robert W. Page Robert W. Page, Sr. (born January 22, 1927) is an American businessman who served as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) from 1987 to 1990. Robert W. Page, Sr. was born on January 22, 1927 in Dallas. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy",
"title": "Robert W. Page"
},
{
"id": "7917846",
"text": "Les Aspin Leslie Aspin Jr. (July 21, 1938 – May 21, 1995) was a United States Representative from 1971 to 1993, and the United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton from January 21, 1993 to February 3, 1994. In Congress, Aspin had a reputation as an intellectual who took a middle-of-the-road position on controversial issues. He supported the Reagan administration regarding the MX missile and aid to the Nicaraguan Contras, but he opposed the B-2 bomber and the Strategic Defense Initiative. He played a major role in convincing the House to support the January 1991 resolution supporting the",
"title": "Les Aspin"
},
{
"id": "15888028",
"text": "Frank L. McNamara Jr. Francis Luke McNamara Jr. (born November 4, 1947 in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American attorney who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1987 to 1989. After graduating from Harvard College in 1969, McNamara joined the United States Navy. He served as an Intelligence Officer during the Vietnam War. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1976 and in 1977 was admitted to the Massachusetts bar. From 1977 to 1980, McNamara worked as an associate at Choate, Hall & Stewart. He then became an Assistant General",
"title": "Frank L. McNamara Jr."
},
{
"id": "14822696",
"text": "Director of the State Department's Office for Combatting Terrorism, holding this post until 1981 and was then named United States Ambassador to Nicaragua, by President Ronald Reagan, presenting his credentials on March 26, 1982 and serving there until May 6, 1984. Reagan then appointed Quainton United States Ambassador to Kuwait, a post which he held from September 1984 to August 1987. Quainton returned to the United States in September 1987, serving as Deputy Inspector General of the Department of State from September 1987 to November 1989. Newly-inaugurated President George H. W. Bush named Quainton United States Ambassador to Peru; Ambassador",
"title": "Anthony C. E. Quainton"
},
{
"id": "3245849",
"text": "Interior from 1985 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. He had been Undersecretary of the Interior under James Watt. Critics disrupted his efforts to impose a new management policy on a large amount of federal land and blocked his efforts to create vast new wilderness areas. In spite of the criticisms, the Reagan Administration Secretaries added over two million acres (8,000 km²) to the national wilderness system. The Hodel policy was continued under Manuel Lujan Jr. (1989–93) in the Bush Administration. It was finally rescinded in 1997 by Secretary Bruce Babbitt. In an article, Hodel wrote, \"Throughout President Reagan's eight",
"title": "Donald P. Hodel"
},
{
"id": "14149529",
"text": "on the U.S.S. \"Iowa\". He again supported Secretary Carlucci in direct negotiations designed to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union including a historic first visit by a U.S. Secretary of Defense to Moscow and Sevastapol in 1988. He received the Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Award. On July 31, 1989, President George H. W. Bush nominated Howard as Under Secretary of the Navy. After confirmation by the United States Senate, Howard entered office on August 7, 1989. Howard's time as Under Secretary was dominated by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent catastrophic drop in the defense",
"title": "J. Daniel Howard"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Frank Carlucci context: Frank Carlucci Frank Charles Carlucci III (October 18, 1930 – June 3, 2018) was an American politician and diplomat who served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Advisor in the Reagan administration. Carlucci was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Roxanne (née Bacon) and Frank Charles Carlucci,\n\nWho was President Reagan's Secretary for Defense from 1987 to 1989?",
"compressed_tokens": 200,
"origin_tokens": 200,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
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188 | In basketball where do the Celtics come from? | [
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{
"id": "539391",
"text": "Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league's first decade, the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins. The franchise has won the most championships in NBA history with 17, accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "12004305",
"text": "1922 until 1928, when the team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance). The Rens were the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1. They took part in some official championships and won",
"title": "History of basketball"
},
{
"id": "11640734",
"text": "History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA merged with the National Basketball League. Currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference, the Celtics have the most NBA titles with 17 championships. Eleven of those occurred between 1957 and 1969, with a dynasty led by center Bill Russell and coach/general manager Red Auerbach.",
"title": "History of the Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "12004304",
"text": "the Trenton Nationals, followed by the New York Wanderers, the Bristol Pile Drivers and the Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in 1904. Then, many small championships were organized, but most of them were not as important as some teams who played for money against challengers. The Original Celtics, for instance, are considered the \"fathers of basketball\" and were presented as \"World’s Basketball Champions\"; the players had to sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus, moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest team, and their successes lasted from",
"title": "History of basketball"
},
{
"id": "11270184",
"text": "keeping with the way the letter ⟨c⟩ was inherited by Middle English from Old French. From the mid-19th century, academic publications advocated the variant with on the basis of a new understanding of the origins of the word. The pronunciation with remained standard throughout the 19th to early 20th century, but gained ground during the later 20th century. A notable exception is that the pronunciation remains the most recognised form when it occurs in the names of sports teams, most notably Celtic Football Club in Scotland, and the Boston Celtics basketball team in the United States. The Cavan newspaper \"The",
"title": "Names of the Celts"
},
{
"id": "3660873",
"text": "Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \"original\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the",
"title": "Original Celtics"
},
{
"id": "3660860",
"text": "Original Celtics The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team. At various times in their existence, the team played in the American Basketball League, the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League. The team has no relation to the modern Boston Celtics. The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959. The team's roots lay in the New York Celtics team that disbanded during World War I. In 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \"original\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the",
"title": "Original Celtics"
},
{
"id": "13822604",
"text": "The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen. While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after",
"title": "Boston"
},
{
"id": "17843862",
"text": "the 1860s, many Irish immigrants fought for the Union in the American Civil War, and that display of patriotism helped to dispel much of the prejudice against them. With an expanding population, group loyalty, and block-by-block political organization, the Irish took political control of the city, leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business, and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the iconic Irish-American political family, the Kennedys;",
"title": "History of Irish Americans in Boston"
},
{
"id": "539392",
"text": "championships since the league's founding. The Celtics have a notable rivalry with the Los Angeles Lakers, and have played the Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA Finals (including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010), of which the Celtics have won nine. Four Celtics players (Bob Cousy, Bill Russell, Dave Cowens and Larry Bird) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards. Both the nickname \"Celtics\" and their mascot \"Lucky the Leprechaun\" are a nod to Boston's historically large Irish population. After winning 16 championships throughout the 20th",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "7093682",
"text": "Walter A. Brown Walter A. Brown (February 10, 1905 – September 7, 1964) was the founder and original owner of the Boston Celtics as well as an important figure in the development of ice hockey in the United States. He was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts and attended Boston Latin from 1922 to 1923 and Phillips Exeter Academy from 1923 to 1926. After succeeding his father, George V. Brown, as manager of the Boston Garden, he stated his belief that, \"Boston should have a basketball team.\" Taking a mortgage out on his home, he founded the Celtics in 1945. He then",
"title": "Walter A. Brown"
},
{
"id": "3660865",
"text": "of owner Jim Furry for embezzling $190,000 from a New York business. Then, in early October, just a month before the ABL season was to get underway, the Celtics bolted to the newly organized National Basketball League. The new league operated solely in and around the metropolitan New York City, but despite its geographical limitations was stocked with some of the best players in the country. After pulling off a coup by signing the Original Celtics, the NBL brashly raided ABL rosters for additional players. The Brooklyn Arcadians were particularly hard hit, losing stars Red Conaty and Rody Cooney, while",
"title": "Original Celtics"
},
{
"id": "539395",
"text": "and managed to reach the Eastern Conference Finals where they lost to the Cavaliers in seven games, eliminating them from the NBA Finals. The Boston Celtics were formed on June 6, 1946 by Boston Garden-Arena Corporation president Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper, becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player. The Celtics struggled during their early years, until the hiring",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "5219290",
"text": "leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the dominant Irish-American political family, the Kennedys; in a large number of prominent local politicians, such as James Michael Curley; in the establishment of Catholic Boston College as a rival to Harvard; and in underworld figures such as James \"Whitey\" Bulger. The Great Boston Fire of 1872 started at the corner of Summer",
"title": "History of Boston"
},
{
"id": "9378096",
"text": "Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college athletics. Sports are a major part of the city's culture (as well as the culture of the Greater Boston area). Boston sports fans are known for their fanatical devotion to",
"title": "Sports in Boston"
},
{
"id": "11952448",
"text": "1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering several team names, including Whirlwinds, Unicorns and Olympics, Brown opted for Celtics. He hoped to grab the attention of Boston's large Irish American",
"title": "1946–47 Boston Celtics season"
},
{
"id": "11640735",
"text": "The Celtics won two more titles in the 1970s under coach Tom Heinsohn, and three more in the 1980s under the leadership of forward Larry Bird. After a 22-year drought, the Celtics got their latest title in 2008. The Celtics were formed in 1946 as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the merger of the BAA and the National Basketball League to form the NBA in the fall of 1949. In 1950, the Celtics became the first franchise to draft an African American player, signing Chuck Cooper. The Celtics",
"title": "History of the Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "14992559",
"text": "Celtics–Knicks rivalry The Celtics–Knicks rivalry is a National Basketball Association (NBA) rivalry between the Boston Celtics and the New York Knicks. The Celtics and Knicks are two of only three remaining charter franchises (the other being the Golden State Warriors) from the inaugural Basketball Association of America, which began operations in 1946. The rivalry mirrors the fierce competition between the Boston and New York City sports teams, as evidenced by the Red Sox–Yankees rivalry and the Jets–Patriots rivalry. Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart, and both cities' professional sports teams are among the most historic in",
"title": "Celtics–Knicks rivalry"
},
{
"id": "13127537",
"text": "state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" The 1986 film \"Hoosiers\" is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986. Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have",
"title": "Indiana"
},
{
"id": "17738218",
"text": "no matter how good they were, the Rens would not be given the opportunity to prove it by playing against a white team for a professional title. The best they could do was to finally arrange an exhibition game with a white powerhouse known as the Original Celtics. This pivotal game would have no official status but would show the world that the Rens – and African Americans in general – would no longer be ignored. And indeed, all of Harlem expected a win. The Celtics might be world champs, but the Rens – with jazz in their blood, and",
"title": "On the Shoulders of Giants (film)"
},
{
"id": "9378136",
"text": "the Celtics as the best team in the NBA Eastern Conference. 9 World Series titles 1 World Series title 5 Super Bowl titles 17 NBA titles 6 Stanley Cup titles Sports in Boston Boston, the capital city of the U.S. state of Massachusetts and largest city in New England, is home to several major league sports teams, including the Red Sox (baseball), the Celtics (basketball) and the Bruins (ice hockey). The New England Patriots (American football) and the New England Revolution (soccer) play at Gillette Stadium in nearby Foxborough, Massachusetts. Several Boston-area colleges and universities are also active in college",
"title": "Sports in Boston"
},
{
"id": "7060657",
"text": "and media companies. In 2013, Grousbeck was named to the board of Formula E Holdings, a new fully electric powered auto racing championship to be held in the major cities of the world beginning in September, 2014. Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \"Wyc\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team",
"title": "Wyc Grousbeck"
},
{
"id": "9378134",
"text": "due to the franchise having formerly been known as the Hartford Whalers and located in Hartford, Connecticut. The Bruins have also been longtime rivals with the New York Rangers also due to the fact that both teams are members of the NHL's Original Six franchises, a group that also includes the Maple Leafs. The Patriots are rivals with frequent playoff opponents Pittsburgh Steelers, Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts. The Red Sox have a rivalry with the Baltimore Orioles and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The NBA's biggest rivalry, is also the Celtics'. The rivalry between the Celtics",
"title": "Sports in Boston"
},
{
"id": "4463588",
"text": "as a member of the American Mideast Conference. The Carlow Celtics volleyball team play their home games in St. Joseph Hall. Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh,",
"title": "Carlow University"
},
{
"id": "42557",
"text": "The basis for the champion dwindled after 1954 when \"Brown v. Board of Education\" began an integration of schools. The last tournaments were held at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967. Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States, and little organization of the professional game. Players jumped from team to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads such as the Original Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance Five (\"Rens\") and the",
"title": "Basketball"
},
{
"id": "3660870",
"text": "fourth place, while first-half winner Cleveland slumped badly to fifth place. Cleveland’s fall was precipitated by the hasty mid-season departure of star Honey Russell, who was exiled to Chicago after a disagreement with team owner Max Rosenblum. The Celtics easily disposed of the weakened Cleveland team in three straight games to take the ABL championship. In 1926, the American Basketball League, developed by sports entrepreneur George Preston Marshall, effectively railroaded the team into joining its ranks by prohibiting member teams from playing against them. The Original Celtics responded by winning the next two ABL titles. During their first full season",
"title": "Original Celtics"
},
{
"id": "1877046",
"text": "Harlem Globetrotters The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team. They combine athleticism, theater, and comedy in their style of play. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 123 countries and territories. The team's signature song is Brother Bones' whistled version of \"Sweet Georgia Brown\". Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie. The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment. The executive offices for the team are located in suburban Atlanta. The Globetrotters originated on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the",
"title": "Harlem Globetrotters"
},
{
"id": "3660868",
"text": "Celtics to jump to the ABL. As anticipated, the Celtics’ departure triggered an immediate collapse of the rival league. Next, Carr expelled the Detroit and Brooklyn clubs from the ABL, and then awarded the latter franchise to the incoming Celtics. Finally, he bolstered the Baltimore franchise with players from the suddenly defunct NBL. In a single stroke, Carr had signed basketball’s most famous team, thwarted the upstart NBL, and provided his league with an additional pool of dozens of top players. The Original Celtics quickly waded into the race for first-half honors of the ABL, winning 13 of 16 games,",
"title": "Original Celtics"
},
{
"id": "2082720",
"text": "taunting him as a \"local yokel\". Second, he drafted African-American Chuck Cooper, the first black player to be drafted by an NBA club. With that, Auerbach effectively broke down the color barrier in professional basketball. In that year, the core of the Celtics consisted of Hall-of-Fame center Ed Macauley, Auerbach's old favorite McKinney, and an unlikely addition, Cousy. Cousy had refused to report to the club that had drafted him (which happened to be the Blackhawks, Auerbach's old club), and because his next team (the Chicago Stags) folded, he ended up with the Celtics. With Auerbach's fast-break tactics, the Celtics",
"title": "Red Auerbach"
},
{
"id": "9378106",
"text": "members of the Baseball Hall of Fame include Cy Young, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, Carl Yastrzemski, Carlton Fisk, Wade Boggs, Jim Rice, Pedro Martínez, manager Joe Cronin and owner Tom Yawkey. The Boston Celtics basketball team, who play at the TD Garden, were a founding member of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the National Basketball Association. The Celtics have the distinction of having more Championships than any other NBA team with 17 championships from 1957 to 2008. They had a remarkable run of titles from the 1956–57 until the 1968–69 seasons,",
"title": "Sports in Boston"
},
{
"id": "17738219",
"text": "the moves to prove it – had an impressive win record. Harlem expected a swift victory against their white opponents, and they got one: in reverse. The final score was not even close and the Rens, considered the pride and the hope of Harlem, had lost. It was the Depression that began to turn things around, putting many basketball teams, black and white, on the road. The Rens, with their jazz-inspired moves, played the Original Celtics and other white teams, winning many more games than they lost. Even though constant contact turned former enemies, the Harlem Rens and the Original",
"title": "On the Shoulders of Giants (film)"
},
{
"id": "3070196",
"text": "part of the Garden. The parquet floor was built and installed in the aforementioned Boston Arena (first home of the Bruins hockey team) and moved to the Garden in 1952. It is said the Celtics knew which way the basketball would bounce off any section of the floor; this was one contributing factor to the Celtics' many NBA championships. The floor became as much a part of Boston sports lore as the Green Monster of Fenway Park. The parquet floor was used at the FleetCenter until December 22, 1999. Portions of the original floor are integrated with new parquet. The",
"title": "Boston Garden"
},
{
"id": "11952450",
"text": "damaged after a practice dunk during warm-ups. After the backboard was repaired, the Celtics lost to the Chicago Stags by a score 57–55. 1946–47 Boston Celtics season The 1946–47 Boston Celtics season was the first season of the Boston Celtics in the Basketball Association of America (BAA/NBA). Walter A. Brown was the man who was responsible for starting the franchise. On an early June day in 1946, Brown, who operated the Boston Garden arena and was part of the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins, was the driving force behind the Basketball Association of America and the Celtics birth. After considering",
"title": "1946–47 Boston Celtics season"
},
{
"id": "20705747",
"text": "The Auerbach Center The Auerbach Center is the practice facility for the Boston Celtics in Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts. Designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects, the 160,000-square-foot building is part of a larger mixed-use development being constructed by New Balance at Boston Landing that includes the headquarters of New Balance and that will also include shops, a hotel and the practice facility of the Boston Bruins. Named for the Celtics former president and general manager Arnold \"Red\" Auerbach, the basketball practice facility is spread across the top two floors of The Auerbach Center and will include two parquet floor basketball courts. There",
"title": "The Auerbach Center"
},
{
"id": "3130584",
"text": "the league, and, although never a major offensive contributor, won two NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards while helping transform the lowly Utah Jazz into a playoff contender. Of all these players, none enjoyed the success of Robert Parish, who, with forwards Larry Bird and Kevin McHale, formed the legendary frontcourt of the Boston Celtics team that won three titles (1981, 1984 and 1986). The Celtics' fierce rivalry with the Lakers dominated the NBA during the decade and helped basketball reach an unprecedented level of popularity. Nicknamed \"Chief\" after a character in the film \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's",
"title": "Center (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "2917388",
"text": "to the newly built Shawmut Center, a sports arena that was to replace the old Boston Garden. The arena therefore opened as the FleetCenter in 1995. After FleetBoston's sale to Bank of America in 2004, the bank chose to give up its naming rights and an announcement was made on March 3, 2005 that the arena would be renamed TD Banknorth Garden (now simply the TD Garden). It is home to the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association and the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. In 1996, Fleet acquired the US branch network (in New York and",
"title": "FleetBoston Financial"
},
{
"id": "4463570",
"text": "Carlow University Carlow University is a private, co-educational, Catholic university located in the heart of Pittsburgh’s “Tech, Ed, and Med” district. Founded by the Sisters of Mercy, Carlow’s thirteen athletic teams are known as the Celtics, a reflection of the university’s Irish heritage and roots. In 2017-2018, the student body is 84% women and 16% men. The Sisters of Mercy arrived in Pittsburgh on December 21, 1843. They traveled from County Carlow, Ireland to the Oakland area of Pittsburgh, where they purchased within the Diocese of Pittsburgh. This land became the location of a new motherhouse and Our Lady of",
"title": "Carlow University"
},
{
"id": "11640826",
"text": "to Thomas being even more dominant, and Boston took the series in six after losing the first two games. That series win was the first since 2012. In the second round, Boston faced the Washington Wizards. Thomas dropped 33 and 53 points on them in Games 1 and 2, respectively. Boston took the series in 7. In the Eastern Conference Finals, Boston faced the Cleveland Cavaliers. Thomas got a hip injury and was ruled out for the season, and the Cavs won the series in five. History of the Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team",
"title": "History of the Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "2393853",
"text": "Abe Saperstein Abraham Michael Saperstein (July 4, 1902 – March 15, 1966) was the founder, owner and earliest coach of the Harlem Globetrotters. Saperstein was a leading figure in black basketball and baseball in the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, primarily before those sports were racially integrated. Saperstein revolutionized the game of basketball and took the Globetrotters from an unknown team touring small farm towns in the Midwestern United States during the height of the Great Depression to a powerhouse that went on to beat the best team in the all-white National Basketball Association. He also introduced the three-point shot,",
"title": "Abe Saperstein"
},
{
"id": "13986671",
"text": "leads into this by covering several key matters in NBA history. These involve Simmons' recounting of his father (Bill Sr.) purchasing a season ticket for only $4 a game as the Celtics rose and fell and rose (and critically rose when Larry Bird arrived in Boston); a meeting with Simmons' non-fan Isiah Thomas that turned into a surprisingly friendly discussion about \"The Secret of basketball\"; an overview of how Bill Russell was the greatest center of all-time (and NOT Wilt Chamberlain); a history of how the NBA evolved between 1949 and 1984 into what it is today; dozens of what-if",
"title": "The Book of Basketball"
},
{
"id": "6830920",
"text": "hiatus, the rivalry was renewed in 2013 as a part of the Coaches vs. Cancer Boston Tip-Off. UMass won the 2013 game by a score 86-73 and the 2014 game by a score of 71-62. Commonwealth Classic The Commonwealth Classic, also known as Commonwealth Cup or Governor's Cup (for the trophy awarded to the victor of the game), is the title of a basketball rivalry between Boston College and the University of Massachusetts. The name refers to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the New England state in which both universities are located. The game has been played a total of 19",
"title": "Commonwealth Classic"
},
{
"id": "7420783",
"text": "World V2 in Meghan Plummer, who also plays her Rock-It-Ball with the Falkirk Cannons. It is a relatively new sport, having been created in the 21st century. Basketball itself was originally invented by James Naismith, a Canadian of recent Scottish family origins, when he was in the USA. basketballscotland is the governing body of basketball in Scotland. Until the late 50s, Scotland was one of Europe's main teams as it twice qualified for the EuroBasket. Since then, the team declined. Scotland had some success at the FIBA European Championship for Small Countries where it has five bronze medals most recently",
"title": "Sport in Scotland"
},
{
"id": "11467457",
"text": "awards as well as the first player to win the award with multiple teams. The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight. Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States. Both Duncan and Irving are American citizens, but are considered \"international\" players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C. No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two, and Duncan played",
"title": "NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award"
},
{
"id": "14992560",
"text": "professional sports history. The Celtics and Knicks were both established in 1946 as charter franchises of the Basketball Association of America, and are the two oldest teams still playing in their original city today. The first playoff meeting was in the Division Semifinals of the 1950–51 season. This was the first round of the playoffs and a best-of-three series. The Knicks swept the Celtics and got to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Rochester Royals. The clubs squared off in the Division Semifinals once again in the following season. This time, the Celtics were able to win Game 1",
"title": "Celtics–Knicks rivalry"
},
{
"id": "1739716",
"text": "in Roxbury. The popular local teams in the area consist of the Boston Red Sox (baseball), Boston Bruins (hockey), Boston Celtics (basketball), the New England Revolution (soccer), and the New England Patriots (football). Less well known local teams also include the Boston Breakers (women's soccer) and Boston Cannons (lacrosse). Other notable sporting annual events include the Boston Marathon on the third Monday of every April, also known in Massachusetts and Maine as Patriot's Day. Boston is also home to the Charles Regatta. The Charles Regatta has been the world's largest rowing competition for the last 46 years. Boston Children's Museum",
"title": "Roxbury, Boston"
},
{
"id": "4463583",
"text": "Masses are celebrated in the Center on special occasions, such as the opening of a new academic year. The space is also used for presentations and receptions throughout the year. In 2010, the basement was reopened as a new gym for students and athletes. Carlow University teams, nicknamed athletically as the Celtics, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the River States Conference (RSC). The Celtics also compete as a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA); and formerly competed as a member of the American Mideast Conference until its dissolution on",
"title": "Carlow University"
},
{
"id": "4872746",
"text": "K. C. Jones K. C. Jones (born May 25, 1932) is an American retired professional basketball player and coach. He is best known for his association with the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA), with whom he won eleven of his twelve NBA Championships (eight as a player, one as an assistant coach, and two as a head coach). As a player, he is tied for third for most NBA championships in a career, and is one of three NBA players with an 8-0 record in NBA Finals series. He is the only African-American non-player head coach to",
"title": "K. C. Jones"
},
{
"id": "10088091",
"text": "Development. He was promoted to Chief Operating Officer in June 2006. On April 18, 2007 Gotham was named President of the Celtics. The position had been vacant since team patriarch Red Auerbach died in October 2006. Official BostonCeltics.com story<BR> Sports Illustrated Online Story<br> Rich Gotham interview February 2008, Biz of Basketball<br> Rich Gotham NECN Video Interview, \"Celtics business model all about winning Championships\" April 2010 Rich Gotham Richard Ernest \"Rich\" Gotham (born August 31, 1964) is an American business executive and the current president of the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a graduate of Providence",
"title": "Rich Gotham"
},
{
"id": "539470",
"text": "33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history. The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams, both of which are in the NBA's Atlantic division. It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams. Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence. The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season, with the Celtics winning 276 times. The two teams have also",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "4789733",
"text": "played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, and transcendentalist movements. In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision in \"Goodridge v. Department of Public Health\" by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy",
"title": "Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "14699800",
"text": "assists, and became the first Celtics player to do so since Antoine Walker in 2001. On December 12, he scored 38 points in a 130–125 overtime win over the Washington Wizards. In 2012, Irving was in contention for a position on the Australian team for the 2012 Olympics. However, he elected not to represent his nation of birth, instead focusing on selection for the United States national team for the 2016 Olympic Games. Irving was a member of the United States national team that competed in the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. He helped lead Team USA to the gold",
"title": "Kyrie Irving"
},
{
"id": "13127536",
"text": "any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten. It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. The Indiana Pacers of the NBA play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse; they began play in 1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball",
"title": "Indiana"
},
{
"id": "14699768",
"text": "(MVP) in 2014. In the 2016 NBA Finals, he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors. After losing a rematch against the Warriors in the 2017 Finals, Irving requested a trade, and was traded to the Boston Celtics. He has also played for the United States national team, with which he won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2018, he starred in the film \"Uncle Drew\". Irving was born on March 23,",
"title": "Kyrie Irving"
},
{
"id": "539481",
"text": "green. Then for the 1996–97 season, celebrating the club's 50th anniversary, the logo got a full-color treatment. Lucky's face and hands were both painted tan, while gold was included on the vest, bow tie and hat, as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh, and black on its pants and shoes. The Celtics also have various alternative logos, with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters \"Celtics\" above it, wrapped in a green circle, which has been used since the 1998–99 season. The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "13822603",
"text": "the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves. The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.",
"title": "Boston"
},
{
"id": "5836002",
"text": "History of the Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers franchise has a long and storied history, predating the formation of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Founded in 1947, the Lakers are one of the NBA's most famous and successful franchises. As of summer 2012, the Lakers hold the all-time records for wins (3,125), winning percentage (.620), and NBA Finals appearances (31). They are second in NBA championships only to the Boston Celtics, winning 16 championships to the Celtics 17 NBA titles. Their rosters have included some of the game's greatest players, including George Mikan, Jim Pollard, Clyde Lovellette, Elgin",
"title": "History of the Los Angeles Lakers"
},
{
"id": "2219970",
"text": "of championships, or simply a three-in-a-row. There are also terms for winning three trophies in the same season: Three-peat In American sports, a three-peat is winning three consecutive championships. The term, a portmanteau of the words \"three\" and \"repeat\", originated with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, during their unsuccessful campaign for a third consecutive championship during the 1988–89 season, having won the previous 2 NBA Finals in 1987 and 1988 against the Boston Celtics and Detroit Pistons, but were swept by the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals. The term is a registered trademark owned by",
"title": "Three-peat"
},
{
"id": "539477",
"text": "as significant as they played on Christmas in 2017. \"List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Boston Celtics seasons.\" \"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, % = Winning Percentage\"; The Celtics have an NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row, and 11 championships in 13 years. They also have 52 playoff appearances. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics, and the franchise has retired 22 jersey numbers, more than any other American sports",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "2082757",
"text": "sitting on a bench. Red Auerbach Arnold Jacob \"Red\" Auerbach (September 20, 1917 – October 28, 2006) was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics. After he retired from coaching, he served as president and front office executive of the Celtics until his death. As a coach, he won 938 games (a record at his retirement) and nine National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in ten years (a number surpassed only by Phil Jackson, who won 11 in twenty years). As general manager and team president of the Celtics, he won an additional",
"title": "Red Auerbach"
},
{
"id": "10912217",
"text": "Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Clippers. Both share the Staples Center. The Lakers are one of the most valuable franchises in the NBA and have gained a considerable fanbase over the years. They have the most titles of all Los Angeles franchises, having gained 11 titles in LA and 16 overall. Their title count is second only to the Boston Celtics, who have 17 titles. The LA Lakers were founded as the Minneapolis Lakers, having moved to Southern California in 1960. The LA Clippers were founded as the Buffalo Braves in 1970; in 1978, the team moved to San",
"title": "Sports in Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "12120537",
"text": "its nickname from the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: the club crest features the Mayflower, which carried the Pilgrims to Massachusetts and the club's mascot is named Pilgrim Pete. The city is also home to clubs in nearly all sports, notably Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1921 and are currently in the third tier of Professional English Rugby National League One. Plymouth Raiders play in the top tier of British Bastketball, the British Basketball",
"title": "Sport in Plymouth"
},
{
"id": "14368571",
"text": "Run and gun (basketball) In basketball, run and gun is a fast, freewheeling style of play that features a high number of field goal attempts, resulting in high-scoring games. The offense typically relies on fast breaks while placing less emphasis on set plays. A run-and-gun team typically allows a large number of points on defense as well. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the run and gun was at its peak in the 1960s when teams scored an average of 115 points a game. Around 2003, the average had dropped to 95. The Boston Celtics were a run-and-gun team in",
"title": "Run and gun (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "1612657",
"text": "the one used by the Boston Celtics of the NBA. The original floor, which was installed at the Celtics' original home of Boston Arena in 1946, was moved intact to Boston Garden in 1952 and used there until the team moved to what was then known as FleetCenter in 1995, now known as TD Garden. The floor remained intact and in use until it was cut up and sold as souvenirs in 1999, after the 1998 demolition of Boston Garden. The Celtics today play on a parquet floor inside TD Garden that combines old and new sections. Similar square-paneled parquet",
"title": "Parquetry"
},
{
"id": "17893605",
"text": "Sports in Indiana The state of Indiana is home to a number of professional and college sports teams, as well as prominent auto racing. Indiana has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the formative years of the sport itself. Although James Naismith developed basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, Indiana is where high school basketball was born. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote \"Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" The 1986 film \"Hoosiers\" is inspired by the story",
"title": "Sports in Indiana"
},
{
"id": "4729465",
"text": "Springfield College (Massachusetts) Springfield College is a private, coeducational college located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The institution confers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral degrees. Known as the birthplace of basketball, the sport was invented there in 1891 by Canadian graduate student James Naismith. The college's philosophy of \"humanics\" \"calls for the education of the whole person—in spirit, mind, and body—for leadership in service to others.\" It is symbolized by a triangle. Founded in 1885, as the Young Men's Christian Association department of the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, the school originally specialized in preparing young men to become General Secretaries of",
"title": "Springfield College (Massachusetts)"
},
{
"id": "3660861",
"text": "West Side of New York City, and defiantly called his new squad the Original Celtics. Initially they played in various struggling professional leagues, before becoming primarily a touring squad which traveled up to 150,000 miles a year while completing a 150–200 game schedule. They won about ninety percent of their games and finished 1922–23 with the unbelievable record of 193–11–1. Hoping to claim an undisputed national championship, they challenged the nationally famous Franklin Wonder Five, but the Franklin coach refused as his team \"was too tired\" after a grueling year. The team's first dominant player was \"Dutch\" Dehnert, a 6'1\"",
"title": "Original Celtics"
},
{
"id": "7591244",
"text": "Atlantic Division (NBA) The Atlantic Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Toronto Raptors. All teams, except the Raptors, are located on the East Coast of the United States. However, Toronto sports teams have over the years enjoyed rivalries with teams in the Northeastern United States (particularly, Toronto teams also share divisions with Boston teams in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, with the former also containing",
"title": "Atlantic Division (NBA)"
},
{
"id": "2082756",
"text": "'80s under coaches Bill Fitch (white) and K.C. Jones (black). Auerbach is prominently featured in the documentary film, \"The First Basket\", about Jewish basketball history. To honor Auerbach, the Celtics created the Arnold \"Red\" Auerbach award in 2006. It is an award given annually to the current Celtic player or coach who \"best exemplifies the spirit and meaning of a true Celtic. The NBA gives out an annual coach of the year award to honor the league's best coach as voted by a panel of sportswriters. The trophy is named the 'Red Auerbach trophy' and has a figure of Auerbach",
"title": "Red Auerbach"
},
{
"id": "539478",
"text": "team. FIBA, the body which governs international basketball, has selected two players associated with the Celtics to the FIBA Hall of Fame for contributions to international basketball. The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "8368732",
"text": "finger, dribbling in complex patterns, rolling the ball over one's shoulder, or performing aerobatic maneuvers with the ball while executing a slam dunk, most notably in the context of a slam dunk contest. Nearly all basketballs have an inflatable inner rubber bladder, generally wrapped in layers of fiber and then covered with a surface made either from leather (traditional), rubber, or a synthetic composite. As in most inflatable balls, there is a small opening that allows the pressure to be increased or decreased. The surface of the ball is nearly always divided by \"ribs\" that are recessed below the surface",
"title": "Basketball (ball)"
},
{
"id": "7420964",
"text": "rebounding and defense. Black pros did not get a chance to showcase their talents in the league until the arrival of Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain. In 1963, the 1933 version of the Rens team was collectively named to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Only their arch-rivals, the Original Celtics, and the Buffalo Germans received the same honor. The Rens' selection was well-deserved, for despite traveling and playing throughout America when the harsh effect of segregation was common and often legal, they compiled a 2318-381 record before the team folded in 1949. In 2005, the 109th United States Congress passed",
"title": "Black Fives"
},
{
"id": "12706622",
"text": "Fordham Rams football The Fordham Rams football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Fordham University located in the U.S. state of New York. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Patriot League. Fordham's first football team was fielded in 1882. The team plays its home games at the 7,000 seat Coffey Field in Bronx, New York. The Rams are coached by former Yale offensive coordinator Joe Conlin, distant relative to the late Ed Conlin, Fordham's all-time leading scorer in basketball who later played seven seasons in the NBA.",
"title": "Fordham Rams football"
},
{
"id": "7560718",
"text": "\"At that time NBA teams had quotas for African American players, and the Celtics already had two on their roster.\" The team's leadership may also have been concerned that Garrett's height (six foot, three inches) was not tall enough to play center and uncertain about his ability to switch to playing a guard or forward position. After Garrett's release from the Celtics, the Harlem Globetrotters founder and owner, Abe Saperstein, who had scouted Garrett since his playing days at IU, offered him a contract to play for the team. Garrett considered the team's comic acts and jokes more show-business entertainment",
"title": "Bill Garrett (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "13797732",
"text": "Lou Bender Louis \"Lulu\" Bender (March 8, 1910 – September 10, 2009) was an American basketball player who helped turn the sport into a popular success in New York City during the Great Depression and helped make Madison Square Garden a destination for the sport. Bender was a three-time All-Ivy League and two-time All-America in the early 1930s while attending Columbia University. After graduating from Columbia, Bender barnstormed with the Original Celtics and later played for a number of professional teams in the American Basketball League, the first true professional league and a predecessor of the National Basketball Association. While",
"title": "Lou Bender"
},
{
"id": "10149101",
"text": "Brad Stevens Bradley Kent Stevens (born October 22, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former collegiate player. He is the head coach of the Boston Celtics. Born and raised in Zionsville, Indiana, Stevens starred on the Zionsville Community High School basketball team, setting four school records. After high school, he attended DePauw University, where he played basketball and earned a degree in economics. He made the all-conference team multiple times and was a three-time Academic All-America nominee. He transitioned into coaching after quitting his job at Eli Lilly and Company, joining the basketball program at Butler University as",
"title": "Brad Stevens"
},
{
"id": "14100103",
"text": "the love of the game, but above all it is a way to fit in and find an identity. The NBA (National Basketball Association) is the premier basketball league in America. For a long time it was a sport dominated by white Americans and it wasn't very popular amongst Latin American countries. That all changed with the arrival of the \"Nuyoricans\". They were Puerto Ricans who had immigrated to New York in search of a better life and while there discovered the sport of basketball. They brought the sport back with them to the island and it became immensely popular.",
"title": "Latino athletes in American sports"
},
{
"id": "4479456",
"text": "the company into a worldwide success, and sold his interest in the company for a huge profit in 1971. He then invested in several other restaurant ventures, but none matched the success of KFC. During the 1970s, he also owned, at various times, three professional basketball teams – the American Basketball Association's Kentucky Colonels, and the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics and Buffalo Braves (currently the Los Angeles Clippers). Despite having previously shown little inclination toward politics, Brown surprised political observers by declaring his candidacy for governor in 1979. With the state and nation facing difficult economic times, Brown promised",
"title": "John Y. Brown Jr."
},
{
"id": "11640792",
"text": "age of 89. Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946. The Celtics went 2–22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Paul Pierce to injury, the result of a stress reaction in his left foot (he would later miss the latter part of March and all of April because of swelling in his left elbow). At first, the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL on a dunk attempt in a game vs. the Indiana",
"title": "History of the Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "4048730",
"text": "victory. As Foreman was shaking all the players' hands, when he arrived at the then-unknown power forward, McHale displayed his comic wit: \"Nice to meet you, Mr. Foreman. What do you do for a living?\" Entering the 1980 NBA draft, the Celtics held the number one overall pick, but in a pre-draft trade, considered by many to be among the most lopsided in NBA history, Celtics president Red Auerbach dealt the pick and an additional first-round pick to the Golden State Warriors for center Robert Parish and the Warriors' first-round pick, the third overall, which the Celtics used to draft",
"title": "Kevin McHale (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "8206187",
"text": "particularly the all-white New York Celtics (now the Boston Celtics) to play games against exclusively black teams. Philadelphia, as a city that is particularly heavily lived-in by black citizens, looked as basketball as both an opportunity for recognition and escape. Young men had \"hoop dreams\" and wanted to fight their way to the ABL, or NBA today, and having a local successful professional basketball team allowed for the observation of successful black men in a sport that they were interested in. This resulted also in a feeling of community in the city between black men, and contributed to the culture",
"title": "Philadelphia Warriors (ABL)"
},
{
"id": "12004322",
"text": "way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth. History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became",
"title": "History of basketball"
},
{
"id": "7060655",
"text": "Wyc Grousbeck Wycliffe \"Wyc\" K. Grousbeck (born June 13, 1961) is an American entrepreneur who is the Lead Owner and Governor of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics. Grousbeck graduated from Noble and Greenough School in Dedham, Massachusetts. He continued his education at Princeton University, where he received a B.A. in History in 1983. He rowed on the 1983 undefeated lightweight crew team that claimed the Ivy League and national rowing championship. He later received a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1986 and an MBA in 1992 from the Stanford Graduate School of Business. After spending seven",
"title": "Wyc Grousbeck"
},
{
"id": "4789821",
"text": "University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester. The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester. Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics, nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox, six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins, and five-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots. The New England Revolution is the Major League Soccer team for Massachusetts and the Boston Cannons are the Major League Lacrosse team. The Boston Breakers were the Women's Professional Soccer in Massachusetts. Massachusetts is also the home",
"title": "Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "16458224",
"text": "role in the first-ever automobile accident. Today, the city of Springfield is known worldwide as the birthplace of the sport of basketball. In 1891, James Naismith, a theology graduate, invented the sport of basketball at the YMCA International Training School – now known as Springfield College – to fill-in the gap between the football and baseball seasons. The first game of basketball ever played took place in the Mason Square district of Springfield. (The game's score was 1 – 0). As of 2011, the exact spot where the first game took place is memorialized by an illuminated monument. The first",
"title": "History of Springfield, Massachusetts"
},
{
"id": "8486945",
"text": "Wizards, but also to participate in the show. The Wizards get the crowd involved, often bringing children out onto the floor to be part of a basketball trick or a comedy act. Their antics are similar to those of the Harlem Globetrotters, who were created in 1926. The Wizards, Flight Squad Basketball and the Globetrotters are comedy basketball teams that tour the country. The theme for the Wizards' 2010-2011 campaign was the \"Basketball and Beyond Tour.\" They hold the second longest known winning streak in all of professional sports - over 2,800 games after the Harlem Globetrotters 24-year, 8,829 game",
"title": "Harlem Wizards"
},
{
"id": "169993",
"text": "Greek letter fraternities and sororities are not permitted. One of the earliest college basketball games in the United States occurred at Geneva College on April 8, 1893, when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA. Geneva commemorates this event through the athletic slogan of \"The Birthplace of College Basketball\". Geneva also has one of the oldest basketball courts in collegiate sports in the Johnson Gymnasium. Geneva was founded by Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants. Many names of campus buildings and areas bear Scottish names: Geneva sports teams were nicknamed the \"Covenanters\" until the 1950s. Members of the RPCNA are",
"title": "Geneva College"
},
{
"id": "802342",
"text": "All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team The New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics are two of the three remaining teams from the original 1946 NBA (the other is the Golden State Warriors). The rivalry stems from the old rivalry between the cities of New York City and Boston, as well as the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. The fact that Boston and New York City are only 190 miles apart contributes to it, which is also seen in the Jets–Patriots rivalry. The teams have met nine times in the postseason. The last time was in the 2012–13 season, when Carmelo",
"title": "New York Knicks"
},
{
"id": "189568",
"text": "the state of Indiana. Indiana's passion for basketball was observed and written about by basketball's inventor, James Naismith. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote, that while it was invented in Massachusetts, \"basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport.\" Hoosiers have a traditional love for basketball similar to that of Southerners or Ohioans for football, Pennsylvanians for wrestling, and Minnesotans for ice hockey. Indiana high schools boast a tradition of producing top caliber basketball players. Through the 2009-2010 NBA season, 152 Hoosier",
"title": "Hoosier Hysteria"
},
{
"id": "11082399",
"text": "compete in teams of one hundred, first demonstrated on the Boston Common in 1917. Brown lived in Hopkinton, Massachusetts throughout his life, married Elizabeth Gallagher, and had four sons and three daughters, who continued their father’s pursuits. His son, Walter A. Brown, assumed the General Manager position at the Boston Garden upon his father’s death. Walter A. Brown went on to become General Manager of the Boston Bruins ice hockey team, and founding Owner and General Manager of the Boston Celtics men’s professional basketball team. Like his father, Walter A. Brown was inducted into the hockey halls of fame, and",
"title": "George V. Brown"
},
{
"id": "802231",
"text": "New York Knicks The New York Knickerbockers, more commonly referred to as the Knicks, are an American professional basketball team based in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The Knicks compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden. They are one of two NBA teams located in New York City; the other is the Brooklyn Nets. The team, established by Ned Irish in 1946, was one of the founding members of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), which",
"title": "New York Knicks"
},
{
"id": "5571985",
"text": "those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and",
"title": "Sports in the United States"
},
{
"id": "539498",
"text": "Bruins and certain \"Sports Byline USA\" and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts. However, WEEI was sold off in 1994, and would later reemerge as the name of an ESPN-radio affiliate, Sportsradio 850 WEEI. WFXT continued to carry the Fox network programming; however, during the team's ownership of the station, they broadcast the team's games and they also had a news share agreement with regional cable news channel New England Cable News in 1993. WFXT meanwhile was reacquired by Fox Television Stations group, and once again was Fox owned-and-operated from 1995. Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team",
"title": "Boston Celtics"
},
{
"id": "10470669",
"text": "Ireland match at Celtic Park were donated by host club Celtic to the grieving Battles family in tribute to their former player. Battles junior was raised in the Edinburgh area, where he attended the city's Holy Cross RC Academy, and developed his footballing skills in the city's inter-school competitions. While he was still a teenager his mother decided to emigrate to the United States of America and Battles and an elder sister accompanied her across the Atlantic. On his arrival in the U.S., Battles began playing for the Boston Celtics, a Sullivan Square team. While playing for the Celtics, he",
"title": "Barney Battles Jr."
},
{
"id": "16234281",
"text": "being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on Saint Patricks Day. The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw, who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17, 1981. Along with the Phillies, many other teams have since started wearing Saint Patrick's day themed jerseys, including the Boston Red Sox in 2004, who were also the second team to wear Saint Patrick's Day hats in 1990; the green uniforms have also been worn twice during the regular season, in 2007 and 2008, as a tribute to the NBA's Boston Celtics, whose primary color is green. Since",
"title": "Saint Patrick's Day in the United States"
},
{
"id": "437269",
"text": "Uruguay by English sailors and labourers in the late 19th century. Less successfully, they introduced rugby and cricket. There are two Montevideo-based football clubs, Nacional and Peñarol, who are successful in domestic and South American tournaments and have won three Intercontinental Cups each. Besides football, the most popular sport in Uruguay is basketball. Its national team qualified for the Basketball World Cup 7 times, more often than other countries in South America, except Brazil and Argentina. Uruguay hosted the official Basketball World Cup for the 1967 FIBA World Championship and the official Americas Basketball Championship in 1988, 1997 and is",
"title": "Uruguay"
},
{
"id": "19636536",
"text": "of the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League who moved in from Harvard University's Bright-Landry Hockey Center, and Ristuccia Ice Arena in Wilmington, Massachusetts respectively. Public transit to the facility is via the MBTA Boston Landing station, a station on the MBTA Commuter Rail system's Framingham/Worcester Line. Groundbreaking took place in December 2014, with the completed facility hosting its grand opening on September 8th, 2016. The Bruins' fellow tenants at the TD Garden when both are in their respective wintertime league seasons, the Boston Celtics NBA basketball team, now have their own, brand new professional basketball training facility named",
"title": "Warrior Ice Arena"
},
{
"id": "12004298",
"text": "History of basketball The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball as it is",
"title": "History of basketball"
},
{
"id": "7060656",
"text": "years as a partner at the venture capital firm, Highland Capital Partners, Grousbeck, along with his father H. Irving Grousbeck founded the group Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. that bought the Boston Celtics for $360 million in 2002. In 2008, they led the organization to their seventeenth NBA Championship. While continuing his duties with the Celtics, in 2010 Grousbeck became Chairman of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, the world's largest research and clinical hospital specializing in blindness and deafness research. In 2013, Grousbeck co-founded Causeway Media Partners, LP, a growth equity partnership managing over $330 million, investing in sports technology",
"title": "Wyc Grousbeck"
},
{
"id": "7126431",
"text": "for guard Frank Ramsey, who played behind the Hall-of-Fame duo of Bob Cousy and Bill Sharman during the early part of the Celtics' dynasty years. Though Ramsey was one of the Celtics' best players, he felt more comfortable coming off the bench and Auerbach wanted his best players fresh and in the lineup at the end of close games. The most famous sixth man, however, was teammate John Havlicek, who revolutionized the role during his 16-year career. Sixth man The sixth man in basketball is a player who is not a starter but comes off the bench much more often",
"title": "Sixth man"
},
{
"id": "13782331",
"text": "Tournament, by defeating the Italian League club Virtus Bologna, by a score of 67–37. Nisiotis is credited by most as being mainly responsible for the development of the sport in Greece in the 1930s and 1940s. Panellinios also featured the great scorer Antonis Christeas. The Spanoudakis brothers, Ioannis and Alekos, who were players of Olympiacos, were among the first early important pioneers of the modern style sport in the country. Boston Celtics players Bob Cousy, and the Greek American player Lou Tsioropoulos, came to Greece in the 1950s, and gave teaching clinics on what the Celtics were doing, and how",
"title": "Basketball in Greece"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Boston Celtics context: Boston Celtics The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league's first decade, the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which they share with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Boston Bruins. The franchise has won the most championships in NBA history with 17, accounting for 23.9 percent of all NBA\n\nIn basketball where do the Celtics come from?",
"compressed_tokens": 176,
"origin_tokens": 176,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: History of the Boston Celtics context: History of the Boston Celt The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA merged with the National Basketball League. Currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference, the Celtics have the most NBA titles with 17 championships. Eleven of those occurred between 1957 and 1969, with a dynasty led by center Bill Russell and coach/general manager Red Auerbach.\n\ntitle: Boston context: the in 171 and the National League in 187 team played under that name until 88, under theaneaters until 191 and under the name Bra from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season Since 16 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves The TD Garden formerly called the FleCenter and to replace the,-demolished Boston Garden, isjoined to North Station and is home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association.\ntitle: Original Celt: Original Celtics Celt barnstorming American basketball team At various times existence, the team in American Basketball Eastern Basketball and The team has relation to Boston Celt. The franchise whole inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of in 195.'s roots lay in New York Celt disbanded during World. 1,ure assemble team nucle of those trulyoriginal\" Cics, players mostly\n: Originalelticseltics The Originalics were baring American basketball team. At times their existence played in Basketball, Eastern Metropolitan Basketball has theeltics Theise as 1918, James Furey assembled his own team around a nucleus of those truly \"original\" Celtics, adding other players mostly from the\n\nIn basketball where do the Celtics come from?",
"compressed_tokens": 442,
"origin_tokens": 13824,
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"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
189 | Which Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World? | [
"'Ala' ad Din",
"'Ala' ad-Din",
"Alad-Din",
"Aladdin",
"'Ala' addin",
"アラジン",
"Aladdin's lamp",
"Alladdin",
"Ali ibn ad-Din",
"Ala addin",
"Alaad Din",
"Alad Din",
"علاء الدين",
"ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn",
"Ala ad-Din",
"Alaaddin",
"Aladdin and the magic lamp",
"Arajin",
"Alaad-Din",
"Aladdin and the Magic Lamp",
"'Ala addin"
] | Aladdin | [
{
"id": "5020256",
"text": "A Whole New World \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \"Aladdin\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"A Whole New World\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an",
"title": "A Whole New World"
},
{
"id": "5020259",
"text": "studio album \"Passion\" (1993) and on Bryson's studio album \"Through the Fire\" (1994). A Whole New World \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \"Aladdin\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"A Whole New World\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love",
"title": "A Whole New World"
},
{
"id": "5020258",
"text": "end credits and is referred on the soundtrack as \"\"Aladdin\"'s Theme\". The version peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on March 6, 1993, replacing Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", which had spent a then-record 14 weeks at the top of the chart. It went gold and sold 600,000 copies domestically. The track peaked at number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1992. The song is the first and so far only song from a Disney animated film to top the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single version was later included on Belle's",
"title": "A Whole New World"
},
{
"id": "9492915",
"text": "Rice demos Alan Menken's score for \"Aladdin\" follows the compositional method also used in \"The Little Mermaid\" and \"Beauty and the Beast\", with specific cues and motifs derived from the songs' melodies. When Aladdin and Jasmine are together, they are usually accompanied by an instrumental cue of \"A Whole New World\". Aladdin (soundtrack) Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1992 Disney animated feature film, \"Aladdin\"\". \"The album was released by Walt Disney Records on CD and cassette tape on October 27, 1992. The soundtrack was intertwined with demos, work tapes and unreleased masters, as well as",
"title": "Aladdin (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "6249989",
"text": "Regina Belle Regina Belle (born July 17, 1963) is an American singer–songwriter and actress who first started her career in the mid–1980s. Known for her singles, \"Baby Come to Me\" (1989) and \"Make It Like It Was\" (1990), Belle's most notable for two hit duets, both with Peabo Bryson: \"Without You\", the love theme from the comedy film \"Leonard Part 6\", recorded in 1987 and \"A Whole New World\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \"Aladdin\", recorded in 1992, with which Belle and Bryson won the Grammy award. The theme song \"Far Longer than Forever\" from the",
"title": "Regina Belle"
},
{
"id": "7013487",
"text": "Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \"Fantasy in the Sky\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \"A Whole New World\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \"Disney in the Stars\" was replaced by \"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\", a Halloween-themed fireworks performance. In celebration",
"title": "Disney in the Stars"
},
{
"id": "7013489",
"text": "2018 as a \"Magical Finale\". Disney in the Stars Disney in the Stars (Traditional Chinese: 「星夢奇緣」煙花表演) was the nightly fireworks performance at the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Lantau, Hong Kong. Based on a similar format used in the \"Fantasy in the Sky\" fireworks at other Disney theme parks, fireworks and pyrotechnics are co-ordinated to orchestrated Disney music such as \"A Whole New World\". The show opened on September 12, 2005, debuting at the park's nighttime inaugural ceremonies. From September 16, 2010 to October 31, 2010, \"Disney in the Stars\" was replaced by \"Disney's Nightmare in the Sky\", a",
"title": "Disney in the Stars"
},
{
"id": "2880076",
"text": "the comedy film \"Leonard Part 6\", recorded in 1987 and \"A Whole New World\", the main theme of the Disney's animated feature film \"Aladdin\", recorded in 1992. Bryson and Belle recorded four duets over the years: \"Without You\" (in 1987), \"I Can't Imagine\" (in 1991), \"A Whole New World\" (in 1992) and \"Total Praise\" (in 2009). Among his romantic love songs and duets are: Bryson won two Grammy Awards: in 1992 for his performance of the song \"Beauty and the Beast\" with Celine Dion and in 1993 for \"A Whole New World\" with Regina Belle. In Spring 1998, Bryson contributed",
"title": "Peabo Bryson"
},
{
"id": "15352889",
"text": "Ariel is singing \"Part of Your World\" from Disney's \"The Little Mermaid\". At the end of the song, an electric eel shocks Donald while trying to kiss Ariel. Guests are now in \"The Lion King\", where Simba is singing \"I Just Can't Wait to Be King\" from Disney's'\"The Lion King\". After that, guests go to \"Peter Pan\", where the chorus is singing \"You Can Fly\" from Peter Pan. Peter sprinkles pixie dust on Donald, which gives him the ability to fly. Finally, guests go to \"Aladdin\", where Aladdin and Jasmine are singing \"A Whole New World.\" This time, Donald retrieves",
"title": "Mickey's PhilharMagic"
},
{
"id": "15409519",
"text": "and lyrical content, several comparisons have been drawn between both the song and its corresponding scene and various romantic musical sequences from a number of preceding Disney animated feature films, the most frequently referenced of which are \"Kiss the Girl\" from \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" (1992), both romantic ballads also composed by Menken. One particular reviewer, Steven D. Greydanus of \"Decent Films Guide\", drew comparisons between the scene and the musical \"Nutcracker Suite\" sequence from Disney's animated feature film \"Fantasia\" (1940), describing it as \"a moment of visual transcendence.\" Throughout the filmmaking process,",
"title": "I See the Light"
},
{
"id": "15409509",
"text": "song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \"lantern sequence\" during which \"I See the Light\" is performed by Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \"Kiss the Girl\" from \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \"I See the Light\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.",
"title": "I See the Light"
},
{
"id": "16241440",
"text": "Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \"When You Wish Upon a Star\", from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", from \"Song of the South\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from the eponymous film, \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\", \"If I Didn't Have You\" from \"Monsters, Inc.\", and \"We Belong",
"title": "Man or Muppet"
},
{
"id": "6249993",
"text": "Continuing her tradition of duets, Belle teamed up with Peabo Bryson for four songs: \"Without You\" (in 1987), \"I Can't Imagine\" (in 1991), \"A Whole New World\" (in 1992) and \"Total Praise\" (in 2009). Later in 1993, she released her Platinum selling third album, \"Passion\". The album featured the Disney hit, \"A Whole New World\". The theme song \"Far Longer than Forever\" from the animated movie \"The Swan Princess\", performed with Jeffrey Osborne was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1995 for Best Original Song. She released \"Reachin' Back\" in 1995 followed by \"Believe in Me\" in 1998. In 2001,",
"title": "Regina Belle"
},
{
"id": "17785482",
"text": "Disney's theme parks: \"The Magic Carpets of Aladdin\", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort and Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris; and the show \"\" at Disney California Adventure Park. In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is \"A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale\", written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does. Aladdin (franchise) Aladdin is a Disney media",
"title": "Aladdin (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "9517777",
"text": "had become so popular that fans made numerous requests to be able to purchase the song. On August 19, it was announced on the LFG Forum that a mp3 download version of the Slaughter Your World would be available for a small fee. A second teaser trailer called LFG: This is War was released in December 2008, and features Richard and Cale in battle while singing a parodied version of the song \"A Whole New World\" from Disney's Aladdin, which when paired with the previous \"Slaughter your World\" trailer suggests that Disney parodies might be a frequent occurrence in the",
"title": "Looking for Group"
},
{
"id": "815129",
"text": "– hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips – but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers.\" \"Aladdin\" also received many award nominations, mostly for its music. It won two Academy Awards, Best Original Score and Best Original Song for \"A Whole New World\" and receiving nominations for Best Song (\"Friend Like Me\"), Best Sound Editing (Mark A. Mangini), and Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \"Aladdin\" won Best Original Song (\"A Whole New World\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,",
"title": "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"
},
{
"id": "10073401",
"text": "with his Entourage (\"Prince Ali\"), but his demeanor offends Jasmine, who storms off. Frustrated, Aladdin lashes out at his friends, who in turn abandon him and leave the palace. Later, on the Princess's balcony, Prince Ali gains Jasmine's trust and invites her on a magic carpet ride (\"A Whole New World\"). After bidding her farewell, Aladdin is arrested by Jafar for trespassing in the Princess's private chambers. Omar, returning to help Aladdin, witnesses his arrest and runs to tell his pals, who pledge to help him (\"High Adventure\"), but they too are detained as they storm the palace. Aladdin uses",
"title": "Aladdin Jr."
},
{
"id": "6915995",
"text": "returned to Disney as a special guest to host various segments for certain \"Beauty and the Beast\" re-releases. In addition to establishing Bryson as a mainstream recording artist, the singer has since returned to Disney on two separate occasions to record pop versions of \"A Whole New World\" and \"As Long as There's Christmas\", the theme songs of the animated films \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"\" (1997), respectively, both of which are duets. Although \"A Whole New World\" was very successful, \"Beauty and the Beast\" remains a larger hit for the singer. Bryson also included \"Beauty and the Beast\" on some",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"
},
{
"id": "4289479",
"text": "Ship Columbia, portraying the \"Black Pearl\" from the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" films. Jack Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and other pirates participate in a stunt sequence. The scene ends with fountains that look like explosions and a cannon fired from the Sailing Ship Columbia. As the scene concludes, Mickey's sorcerer hat is painted on the mist screen and the hat turns to clouds as Aladdin and Jasmine are on a physical magic carpet flying through the clouds while a rendition of A Whole New World plays. Then the carpet fades away and three small barges arrive carrying Belle and the Beast,",
"title": "Fantasmic!"
},
{
"id": "16315141",
"text": "until 1994. It was then that he moved to Sarasota, Florida. Pitera received his BFA in Computer Animation from Ringling College of Art and Design. Pitera gained his popularity for his extensive vocal range and his unusual feminine falsetto, as he first demonstrated in his most popular video, a cover of \"A Whole New World\", from the movie \"Aladdin\" where he sings both Aladdin and Jasmine's parts. In 2011, Pitera released \"One Man Disney Movie\" using a \"'Brady Bunch'-style grid\" to perform \"an eight-minute-plus mashup of songs from various big-screen musical fairy tales, from \"Beauty and the Beast\" to \"Enchanted,\"",
"title": "Nick Pitera"
},
{
"id": "6040237",
"text": "or dress. According to \"Vanity Fair\", Jasmine was the first feminist Disney Princess, although author Alex Beggs admitted that this claim has been exaggerated to some degree. Jasmine's song \"A Whole New World\", which she performs as a duet with Aladdin, won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards in 1993. Six years after \"Aladdin\", Lea Salonga would be cast as the singing voice of Mulan in 1998. Salonga joked about being required to audition for the role despite having already voiced a Disney Princess: \"Why do I have to audition? ... I was already",
"title": "Princess Jasmine"
},
{
"id": "16767818",
"text": "Princess and the Frog\". The show then progresses into longer, classic scenes from Disney films, including; \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Dumbo\", \"Wreck-it Ralph\", \"The Lion King\", \"Tarzan\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Tangled\", \"Toy Story\", \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" and \"Frozen\". The show's climax features a fast-paced montage of characters and scenes from such other Disney films as \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Bambi\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"Pocahontas\", \"Up\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Finding Nemo\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", and \"Tangled\". During the montage Walt Disney appears again, via archival footage, reciting one of his most famous",
"title": "Celebrate the Magic"
},
{
"id": "6040171",
"text": "and Scott Weinger, voice of Aladdin. Apart from some rough, unfinished storyboards and drawings, Larkin did not see much of her character until the film was finally screened at the Museum of Modern Art. Before discovering Larkin, Disney had been insisting on auditioning exclusively performers who were capable of singing as well as they could act. However, after Williams' recruitment, the studio relented in favor of casting \"strong actors\" instead. When Larkin first auditioned for the role, \"A Whole New World\", Jasmine's only surviving song, had not yet been written; she admitted, \"there's no way I would have even auditioned",
"title": "Princess Jasmine"
},
{
"id": "2130079",
"text": "Disney's animated film \"Aladdin\". In 1993, Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of \"Les Misérables\". She performed the song \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles, where the song won an Oscar, having already won a Golden Globe Award. That same year, she released her self-titled international debut album with Atlantic Records, which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide. In 1994, Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore,",
"title": "Lea Salonga"
},
{
"id": "17991780",
"text": "Jake discover that the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) has been stealing princesses' body parts to build a bride, Princess Monster Wife. She is so horribly deformed that Finn and Jake cannot view her directly without fainting; eventually, Princess Monster Wife realizes that she is a monster and returns the stolen body parts. Ward explained that \"Princess Monster Wife\" was conceptualized to be both a sad and funny story at the same time. The episode featured a song, \"Something Special\", written by McHale, that was inspired by the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film",
"title": "Princess Monster Wife"
},
{
"id": "17919087",
"text": "was either to be the first Asian-woman President of the United States or a singer. The event that changed her life was when Disney released \"Aladdin\". It was the renowned song \"\"A Whole New World\"\" that made her choose the latter. She would sing the song and watch the movie everyday for the entire school year. Manting entered the Metropolitan Opera Children's Choir at the age of 10 and was chosen by then music director, Elena Doria, to be one of the children singing in Puccini's \"La Boheme\" and later \"Khovanshchina\", a Russian opera. It was then, Manting realized that",
"title": "Manting Chan"
},
{
"id": "1478496",
"text": "Cliff Richard. Rice has collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber, with whom he wrote \"Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Evita\", \"Cricket\", and \"The Likes of Us\". For The Walt Disney Company, Rice has collaborated individually with Alan Menken and Elton John, creating productions including \"Aladdin\" (winning an Academy Award, Golden Globe and Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World\") and \"The Lion King\" (winning the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\"). In 1996, his collaboration with Lloyd Webber for the",
"title": "Tim Rice"
},
{
"id": "5020257",
"text": "Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 65th Academy Awards. \"A Whole New World\" performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle also won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 36th Annual Grammy Awards, the first and so far only Disney song to win in the category. In 2014, Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed performed the song as Aladdin and Jasmine in the film's Broadway adaptation. A single version of the song was released that same year and was performed by American recording artists Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. This version is played over the film's",
"title": "A Whole New World"
},
{
"id": "2039845",
"text": "final performance also featured special appearances by Brad Kane (the singing voice of the title character of \"Aladdin\") and Susan Egan (who played Belle in the stage adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\"), who sang songs from their respective films, and a duet of \"A Whole New World\". On May 16, 2017, ABC announced that it planned to air a special broadcast of the film, \"The Wonderful World of Disney: The Little Mermaid Live\", on October 3, 2017. The special was to feature a presentation of the film intertwined with live performances of its songs by guest musicians, in a",
"title": "The Little Mermaid (1989 film)"
},
{
"id": "17192562",
"text": "pleases. Babkak, Omar and Kassim are made royal advisors, while Iago is arrested. Aladdin and Jasmine are married, and Genie prepares for a long-awaited vacation. All ends well as Aladdin and Jasmine board the magic carpet and take flight (Finale Ultimo: \"Arabian Nights\"/\"A Whole New World\" (Reprises)). \"Aladdin\" takes pride in showcasing a glimpse of the Middle Eastern Culture. The animated version was celebrated as Disney’s first to feature non-white protagonists. How a play or musical is cast impacts how the show is portrayed. According to actor Kyle Scatliffe, who played Enjolras in \"Les Misérables\": “It changes things whenever you",
"title": "Aladdin (2011 musical)"
},
{
"id": "20095543",
"text": "castle as Rapunzel and Flynn Rider duet and send their own lanterns to the top of the castle. Songs featured are \"Love is an Open Door\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\", \"A Whole New World\", and \"I See the Light\". Introduced by the Emperor of China from \"Mulan\", the show becomes aggressive and loud, highlighting the climactic battles and challenges the characters face including epic scenes from \"The Incredibles\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Aladdin\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", and \"Pirates of the Caribbean\". The castle and its surroundings are peppered with explosions as many",
"title": "Happily Ever After (Magic Kingdom)"
},
{
"id": "815121",
"text": "Ashman began work on the film together, with Rice taking over as lyricist after Ashman died of AIDS-related complications in early 1991. Although fourteen songs were written for \"Aladdin\", only six are featured in the movie, three by each lyricist. The DVD Special Edition released in 2004 includes four songs in early animation tests, and a music video of one, \"Proud of Your Boy\", performed by Clay Aiken, which also appears on the album \"DisneyMania 3\". The version of the song \"A Whole New World\" sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle that plays over the end credits holds the",
"title": "Aladdin (1992 Disney film)"
},
{
"id": "12189011",
"text": "contemporary chart were \"Missing You Now\" (credited to Michael Bolton featuring Kenny G) and \"Forever in Love\", while Bryson's previous #1s were \"If Ever You're in My Arms Again\" and \"A Whole New World\", a duet with Regina Belle that was the theme for the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\". By the Time This Night Is Over \"By the Time This Night Is Over\" is a song by Kenny G, featuring Peabo Bryson, released as a single from his album \"Breathless\", in 1993. The song peaked at #25 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the summer of 1993, spending seven",
"title": "By the Time This Night Is Over"
},
{
"id": "19116607",
"text": "notes from Bambaataa's song \"Planet Rock\" while Savage speaks out about child molestation In September, Hay released two playlist albums \"The Long Beach Crook Playlist\" with Kxng Crooked and \"The Stoned Mountain Playlist\" with Cyhi The Prynce In April 2017, Hay was a producer on the viral song \"Kylie's Daddy\" about reality television personality Kylie Jenner that debuted on \"TMZ\". In January 2018, Smith and Hay released \"Jazz (Deluxe)\" that hit #1 on the Billboard Jazz Charts. In February, Hay produced \"Jazzmine\" for Riff Raff, a remake on the classic \"A Whole New World\" from the animated Disney film \"Aladdin\".",
"title": "Jonathan Hay (publicist)"
},
{
"id": "8362196",
"text": "Whole New World - Underscore (:20) 20. I'll Say (:42) 21. We Through Yet/Prince Ali (Reprise) (1:36) 22. Snake! (:41) 23. He Has More Power (:50) 24. Father, I've Decided (:59) 25. Celebration (1:36) 26. Curtain Call (1:13) Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular was a Broadway-style show based on Disney's 1992 animated film \"Aladdin\" with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Alan Menken. It was performed inside the Hyperion Theater in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure from 2003 to 2016. In September 2015, it was announced that the",
"title": "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular"
},
{
"id": "19784719",
"text": "like Dolly Parton, and for Mr. Pig's part to be reminiscent of Meat Loaf. \"Let Me Show You Something Special\" is a duet between the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny) and his monstrous creation, Princess Monster Wife (voiced in tandem by Ward, Hynden Walch, and Steve Little). The song, which was taken from the episode \"Princess Monster Wife\", was also written by McHale, and was inspired by the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo,",
"title": "The Music of Ooo"
},
{
"id": "2550880",
"text": "is identical in layout to the Magic Kingdom version except for these differences: On March 1, 2017, Tokyo Disneyland's version of \"It's a Small World\" closed down for refurbishment for its first major update since the park's opening in 1983. Reopened on April 8, 2018 coinciding with Tokyo Disneyland's 35th anniversary, the attraction featured 40 characters from Disney properties including \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Aristocats\", \"Brave\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Aladdin\", \"Pinocchio\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Lion King\", \"Hercules\", \"The Three Caballeros\", \"Mulan\", \"Tangled\", \"Lilo & Stitch\", \"Frozen\", \"Finding Nemo\" and \"Moana\" similar to its counterparts in California",
"title": "It's a Small World"
},
{
"id": "7597910",
"text": "being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,",
"title": "On the Record (musical)"
},
{
"id": "16315142",
"text": "taking on the roles of the heroes, heroines, villains, sidekicks and their furry choirs.\" In 2012, Pitera released a medley cover of Andrew Lloyd Webber songs entitled \"One Man Phantom of the Opera.\" This was followed in August of the same year by \"One Man Les Miserables\". Pitera has also appeared on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" as one of the audience acts. He sang \"A Whole New World\" from Disney, with himself singing both Jasmine's and Aladdin's parts. He released his first self-written original single \"Better Days\" on iTunes and Amazon on December 4, 2012. He released an EP of",
"title": "Nick Pitera"
},
{
"id": "8389131",
"text": "Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \"Oliver & Company\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Rescuers Down Under\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Tarzan\", \"\", \"Home on the Range\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", and \"Winnie the Pooh\". He studied at the Program in Character Animation at the California Institute of the Arts. Along with his wife, Angela, Edmonds owns and directs the Edmonds Studios, an independent animation production studio in Red",
"title": "Russ Edmonds"
},
{
"id": "6040174",
"text": "voices. Describing Salonga as \"an incredible singer\", Larkin herself was pleasantly surprised by how much Salonga's voice resembled her own when she first heard \"A Whole New World\", joking, \"the filmmakers almost had me convinced that I sang it\". The character's blurb on the official Disney website reads, \"Jasmine is an independent, fiery beauty capable of taking care of herself\" who \"longs to experience life outside the palace.\" The writers had originally conceived Jasmine as a spoiled and materialistic princess whose interests were limited to clothing and jewelry, but eventually developed her into a stronger, more mature character. Larkin described",
"title": "Princess Jasmine"
},
{
"id": "5823509",
"text": "the Public Theater's production of \"Titus Andronicus\", and two roles in James Lapine's Lincoln Center production of \"The Winter's Tale\". He provided the singing voice of the character Aladdin, opposite Lea Salonga (Jasmine), in the 1992 film of the same name, as well as its sequels. In 1993, Kane teamed up again with Salonga to do a live version of \"A Whole New World\", the hit song from \"Aladdin\", at the 65th Academy Awards. In 1993, he played Arpad Laszlo in the Broadway revival of \"She Loves Me\". He also played Tucker Wells in the season three episode \"The Prom\"",
"title": "Brad Kane"
},
{
"id": "16694704",
"text": "again.”\" A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Beauty and The Beast\", and \"Aladdin\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for",
"title": "A Whole New World EP"
},
{
"id": "7474693",
"text": "her second album to chart at #1 on Oricon and became her second longest-charting album. It contained every song from her \"12 Singles Collection,\" causing there to be little room for new material. The two new songs on the album were \"Love goes like...\" and the bonus track \"A Whole New World\" featuring famed singer Peabo Bryson. This was a cover of the song from the Disney film \"Aladdin.\" The first DVD portion of the album carried all of the music videos released for the singles. Limited editions also included the \"\"...and \"Wish your happiness and love\"\"\", which was the",
"title": "Best: Second Session"
},
{
"id": "17375169",
"text": "R&B chart, #85 on the UK Singles, and #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, between 1987/1988. \"Without You\" was the first duet recorded by Bryson and Belle, who recorded four songs together, and was also the first successful duet of the two. Another success the duo came in 1992 with \"A Whole New World\", the theme of the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". In addition to its original English version by Bryson and Belle, \"Without You\" also received two adaptations in different languages. The first was in Portuguese and the second was in Spanish, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Both adaptations",
"title": "Without You (Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle song)"
},
{
"id": "16694700",
"text": "A Whole New World EP A Whole New World is an EP of cover songs by Christian pop punk band Stellar Kart. It was released on August 16, 2011 under Fair Trade Services. The album consists of Disney songs from the Disney films \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Lion King\", \"Beauty and The Beast\", and \"Aladdin\". This EP also marks Stellar Kart's first release without long-time drummer Jordan Messer. The album received overall general positive praise from multiple professional music sites and reviews. Scott Fryberger of Jesus Freak Hideout stated: \"This EP just kind of came out of nowhere for me,",
"title": "A Whole New World EP"
},
{
"id": "17991786",
"text": "During the episode's DVD commentary, fellow storyboard artist Jesse Moynihan argued that Youn employed \"visual vocabulary [borrowed] from anime\", which informed how he drew the characters. The song that the Ice King sings to Princess Monster Wife is called \"Something Special\". According to McHale, the song's writer, the main inspiration for it was the 1992 song \"A Whole New World\", from the animated feature film \"Aladdin\". McHale recorded a demo track of the song, featuring himself accompanied on guitar; during the recording of this demo, however, his cat kept meowing loudly. The crew found this funny, and so, in the",
"title": "Princess Monster Wife"
},
{
"id": "12543443",
"text": "Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \"Aladdin\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \"Ce Rêve bleu\" (the French adaptation of \"A Whole New World\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \"Tombé du ciel\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has also recorded the song \"C'est la vie\" for the film \"Bambi 2\". She had a hit with her own version of Burt Bacharach's song,",
"title": "Karine Costa"
},
{
"id": "12543444",
"text": "\"I Say a Little Prayer\" (made famous by Dionne Warwick) that is currently used in France in the TV advert for the Crédit mutuel. Karine Costa Karine Costa (born 1977 in Paris) is a French singer, particularly known for her songs from Disney films. She is the singing voice of Jasmine in the animated film \"Aladdin\", produced by Disney studios and released in 1992. She has recorded \"Ce Rêve bleu\" (the French adaptation of \"A Whole New World\") in duet first with Paolo Domingo, then with Daniel Lévi (#3 in France), and \"Tombé du ciel\" with Emmanuel Dahl. She has",
"title": "Karine Costa"
},
{
"id": "17192557",
"text": "Omar and Kassim. They announce the arrival of \"Prince Ali of Ababwa\" (\"Prince Ali\"). Once at the palace, Aladdin, disguised as Prince Ali, expresses to the Sultan his desire to marry Jasmine. Jasmine overhears the conversation and perceives Ali to be just another shallow prince. Jafar, who is suspicious of Ali, tells him the location of Jasmine's bedroom, not mentioning that it is against Agrabah law for the Princess to have a suitor in her quarters unsupervised. Aladdin courts Jasmine with a ride on his magic carpet provided to him by Genie (\"A Whole New World\"). Once they return, Jasmine",
"title": "Aladdin (2011 musical)"
},
{
"id": "5823510",
"text": "of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", and provided Jonathan Levinson's singing voice in the episode \"Superstar\". On September 11, 2005, Kane was invited to a ceremony at Hong Kong Disneyland, the night before the theme park's opening. He performed the song \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" with Cantopop star Joey Yung. As Caleb Kane, he released the song \"This Close\", which was played on the movie \"Devil's Pond\". Then in 2004, he released his website with a message board to promote his album \"This Day In History\" with the first single \"Go Mad\" released in March 2006. Caleb has two",
"title": "Brad Kane"
},
{
"id": "7763329",
"text": "\"Mary Poppins\", but that 15 other animated movies would never be aired. These 15 animated feature films – \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\", \"Bambi\", \"Cinderella\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"101 Dalmatians\", \"The Sword in the Stone\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Aristocats\", \"Robin Hood\", \"The Rescuers\", and \"The Fox and the Hound\" – had only been shown at theaters, not television or any other format. These 15 movies laid the foundation upon which the Disney company was built. During each re-release to theaters (on a roughly seven-year cycle), they earned money comparable to new",
"title": "Walt Disney Classics"
},
{
"id": "6040173",
"text": "the interest of casting director Albert Tavares, who proceeded to leave a note for the singer on the stage door before leaving a show he had attended. Salonga's agent then scheduled her audition, at which she performed \"Part of Your World\" from \"The Little Mermaid\". Salonga finally began recording a demo of \"A Whole New World\" a few days later. With the casting of Salonga, Larkin became one of Disney's first voice actors to not provide the singing voice of the character she voices, and thus Jasmine marked the first time Disney decided to separate a Princess's speaking and singing",
"title": "Princess Jasmine"
},
{
"id": "4010630",
"text": "and arranged other successful motion picture soundtracks, including Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\" (the Celine Dion/Peabo Bryson title-track duet), \"Aladdin\" (\"A Whole New World\") and \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (\"Someday\"). Afanasieff was also the producer and arranger for \"Go the Distance\", the Oscar-nominated Michael Bolton song from the animated film \"Hercules\". Afanasieff performs on most of his recordings (mainly keyboards, synthesizers and drum programming). Afanasieff spent a significant part of his career creating music with Mariah Carey: 1988-1998. He had a role in some of Carey's most successful songs, including \"Hero\", which he co-produced, co-wrote, and on which he",
"title": "Walter Afanasieff"
},
{
"id": "9492912",
"text": "was released in 2004. The music on the album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album also as received a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World\" performed by Regina Belle. The album",
"title": "Aladdin (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "13427749",
"text": "aired on 22 September 2016 on the ABC channel in the United States. Yuna's version of \"A Whole New World\" from the 1992 Disney film \"Aladdin\", which was also sung by Peabo Bryson and Celine Dion, featured in the Deluxe Edition (bonus track) for the album \"We Love Disney (2015 compilation album)\". Beside Yuna, big names such as Ariana Grande, Ne-Yo, Jessie J, Jason Derulo, Gwen Stefani, Fall Out Boy, and Tori Kelly are also involved in the album published by David Foster. A remix version of her song \"Live Your Life\" by MeLo-X appeared on the in-game radio station",
"title": "Yuna (singer)"
},
{
"id": "18192973",
"text": "Pocahontas (franchise) Pocahontas is a Disney media franchise that commenced in 1995 with the theatrical release of \"Pocahontas\". \"Pocahontas\" is a 1995 American animated musical romance-drama film and is the 33rd Disney animated feature film. It was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and had a limited release to theaters on June 23, 1995 by Walt Disney Pictures. It belongs to the era known as the Disney Renaissance, from 1989 to 1999 \"Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World\" is a 1998 straight-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney film \"Pocahontas\". The sequel focuses on Pocahontas' journey to London, England with",
"title": "Pocahontas (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "5084910",
"text": "Jones, Sir John Mills, Hayley Mills and Peter Ustinov are amongst the celebrities who introduced scenes from their films including Darby O'Gill and the Little People, Mary Poppins, Candleshoe, Thomasina, Herbie goes to Monte Carlo, The Swiss Family Robinson, In Search of the Castaways, Robin Hood, Cinderella, The Rescuers and Pete's Dragon This Easter edition was introduced by Cliff Richard on 27 March. Films included The Rescuers, Alice in Wonderland, Candleshoe, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Mary Poppins, That Darn Cat, Pinocchio and Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo. Penelope Keith presented the Whitsun show from Brighton with clips from Alice",
"title": "Disney Time"
},
{
"id": "482037",
"text": "commercial and critical successes with such films as \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"The Lion King\" (1994). In addition, the company successfully entered the field of television animation with a number of lavishly budgeted and acclaimed series such as \"Adventures of the Gummi Bears\", \"DuckTales\", \"\", \"Darkwing Duck\", \"TaleSpin\" and \"Gargoyles\". Disney moved to first place in box office receipts by 1988 and had increased revenues by 20% every year. In 1989, Disney signed an agreement-in-principle to acquire The Jim Henson Company from its founder, Muppet creator Jim Henson. The deal included Henson's",
"title": "The Walt Disney Company"
},
{
"id": "2550859",
"text": "It's a Small World It's a Small World (officially styled as \"it's a small world\") is a water-based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide; these include: Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland, with its inaugural version having originally premiered at the 1964 New York World's Fair before permanently moving to Disneyland. The ride features over 300 audio-animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world, frolicking in a spirit",
"title": "It's a Small World"
},
{
"id": "12337231",
"text": "\"The Circle of Poo\" that shows the endless circle of food and defecation in the episode \"A Very Crappy Christmas\". It is currently the main theme song for Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort. Disney's Epcot park currently features a cinema-type film called \"\" from 1995 with Timon, Pumbaa, and Simba discussing environmental topics at the Walt Disney World Resort as well. At the 2011 White House Correspondents' Dinner, President Barack Obama jokingly claimed he was going to show his long-form birth video, spoofing an earlier controversy about refusing to show his long-form birth certificate to prove",
"title": "Circle of Life"
},
{
"id": "7013488",
"text": "of Hong Kong Disneyland's 10th anniversary, the show features Projection mapping onto Sleeping Beauty Castle in September 7, 2015 as the preview. The projections in each area are different in order to evenly distribute crowds and to encourage people to view the show multiple times from different locations. The show then progresses all-new scenes from Disney films, including; \"Frozen\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", \"Tangled\", \"Big Hero 6\", \"Finding Nemo\", \"Cars\", \"Brave\" and \"Inside Out\". During the Magical Castle Transformation, the last show appearance on January 1,",
"title": "Disney in the Stars"
},
{
"id": "9127984",
"text": "of the entertainment quarterly \"R&B Showcase Magazine.\" In the summer of 2002, LMNT toured the United States as part of the Pop 'Til You Drop! Tour, a 30-date tour headlined by A*Teens with other supporting acts, including Baha Men and Play. LMNT also performed in front of crowds in support of the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, 2002 A Time for Heroes Carnival, in Los Angeles, California. They are also well known for re-recording their own version of \"A Whole New World\" from Disney's \"Aladdin\", for the \"DisneyMania 2\" CD, and \"Open Your Eyes (To Love)\", for \"The Lizzie McGuire",
"title": "LMNT"
},
{
"id": "827284",
"text": "California) version of It's a Small World, installed during major refurbishments between January and November 2008. José and Panchito's costumes were extinct at the Disneyland Resort by 2011, but were re-Imagineered for Mickey's Soundsational Parade in May 2011. They now appear with Donald Duck and dancers with a float where Donald is trying to hit a Piñata. The 2011 animated film \"Rio\" draws on José Carioca and Panchito Pistoles for several of its characters. José Carioca José \"Zé\" Carioca (; ) is a Disney cartoon character drawn as an anthropomorphic parrot from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (thus \"Carioca\", a term",
"title": "José Carioca"
},
{
"id": "12198442",
"text": "Down Under\" (1990), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992), \"The Lion King\" (1994), \"Pocahontas\" (1995), \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" (1996), \"Hercules\" (1997), \"Mulan\" (1998) and \"Tarzan\" (1999). After the deaths of Walt and Roy O. Disney (in 1966 and 1971, respectively), The Walt Disney Studios were left in the hands of Donn Tatum, Card Walker, and Ron Miller. The films released over an eighteen-year period following this change of management did not perform as well commercially as their prior counterparts. An especially hard blow was dealt during production of \"The Fox and the Hound\" when long-time animator Don",
"title": "Disney Renaissance"
},
{
"id": "18154823",
"text": "in which the player can collect gems; the bonus stage ends when the melody to \"A Whole New World\" ends. Only stages 1, 6 and 7 have a boss to defeat (stage 7 being the final stage), while stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 require reaching the end to complete. \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" four reviewers scored the Super NES version 8, 8, 9 and 8 out of 10, adding up to 33 out of 40 (average 8.25 out of 10). They commented that the graphics, animation, music and gameplay are all outstanding. \"GameFan\"s four reviewers scored it 90%, 89%, 87%",
"title": "Disney's Aladdin (Capcom video game)"
},
{
"id": "1987078",
"text": "scene in March 2018 and Disneyland's version received it in June 2018 after a scheduled refurbishment. In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow, the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24. In June 2017, Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version. In June 2018 the Disneyland version of the attraction reopened after a refurb which saw the replacement of the Davy Jones mist waterfall with a new scene of a skeleton who transforms into a live pirate as the boat passes",
"title": "Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)"
},
{
"id": "16694701",
"text": "but when I found out about it, I thought I'd give it a shot. I do like cover songs, and Disney movies, but it had been years since I enjoyed anything Stellar Kart had done. \"A Whole New World\" exceeded my expectations, and it's a very enjoyable EP. Obviously, you'll get the most out of it if you're a fellow Disney fan and if you've grown up watching these four movies. But even if you've never seen a Disney movie, you can probably get something out of this as well.\" Jeremiah Holdsworth concurred by going on to say: \"Stellar Kart",
"title": "A Whole New World EP"
},
{
"id": "12198453",
"text": "from its ten-year exile to Glendale. A 240,000-square-foot building designed by Robert A. M. Stern opened across the street from the main Disney lot in Burbank on December 16, 1994. In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create \"Toy Story\", Disney's first fully computer-animated film. The next Disney animated film, 1995's \"Pocahontas\", opened to mixed reviews, though it still earned $346 million worldwide and garnered two Academy Awards for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and Best Original Song for \"Colors of the Wind.\" The following year, \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", Disney's first animated film produced at a budget",
"title": "Disney Renaissance"
},
{
"id": "10756415",
"text": "into \"Aladdin\". With the night sky recreated on the bay, Aladdin and Princess Jasmine perform \"A Whole New World\" together, until the Genie abruptly appears and takes control of the show by performing \"Friend Like Me\". Once the Genie disappears, the Spring Sprite from \"Fantasia 2000\" transforms the bay into a lush forest, where Pocahontas appears, singing \"Just Around the Riverbend\". The \"Pocahontas\" segment ends with a dramatic fountain overlay set to \"Colors of the Wind\". After a brief pause, Heimlich from \"A Bug's Life\" arrives, informing the audience of an approaching thunderstorm. The storm rapidly intensifies into the thunderstorm",
"title": "World of Color"
},
{
"id": "1478947",
"text": "Best Picture nomination: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Up\" (2009), and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \"\" (2006), \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), \"\" (2011), and \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \"Toy Story 3\" (2010), \"Frozen\" (2013), \"Zootopia\", \"Finding Dory\" (both 2016), and \"Incredibles 2\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of",
"title": "Walt Disney Pictures"
},
{
"id": "10073395",
"text": "Like Me,\" \"Prince Ali,\" and \"A Whole New World,\" and until 2018 included the song \"Why Me\" which is sung by Jafar and Iago. It was originally written for the Disney film, but it was cut. The songs are somewhat different in \"Aladdin Jr.\" For example, the \"One Jump Ahead\" reprise is sung by Jasmine, not Aladdin. There are additional changes in the musical. For instance, three princes come try for Jasmine's hand in marriage. The additional narrators reprise \"Arabian Nights\" several times throughout the musical in order to more quickly further the plot as well as have \"red carpet",
"title": "Aladdin Jr."
},
{
"id": "4310797",
"text": "and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical-comedy format such as \"Thumbelina\" (1994), \"The Swan Princess\" (1994), \"A Troll in Central Park\" (1994), \"Cats Don't Dance\" (1997), \"Anastasia\" (1997), \"Quest for Camelot\" (1998) and \"The King and I\" (1999). Concerns arose internally at Disney, particularly from Roy E. Disney, about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney's early 1990s releases. Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994, and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position. Instead, tensions between Katzenberg, Eisner, and",
"title": "Walt Disney Animation Studios"
},
{
"id": "13152476",
"text": "Heart Makes\" [Cinderella], \"Be Our Guest\" [Beauty and the Beast], \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" [Pirates of the Caribbean], \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" [Pinocchio] \"Do you want to build a Snowman?\" [Frozen] and \"It's a Small World\" [It's a Small World]. In addition to these music horns, during the \"Star Wars Day At Sea\" the ship can sound other horns, including: \"Imperial March (Darth Vader's Theme)\" and a segment of the \"Star Wars Main Title Theme\". In total, the \"Disney Fantasy\" can play 11 horns. Disney Fantasy Disney Fantasy is a cruise ship owned and operated",
"title": "Disney Fantasy"
},
{
"id": "13152324",
"text": "\"Disney Dream\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" \"(Cinderella)\", \"Be Our Guest\" \"(Beauty and the Beast)\", \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" \"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\", \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\" \"(Frozen)\", and \"It's a Small World\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in",
"title": "Disney Dream"
},
{
"id": "7898830",
"text": "the Magic Kingdom, and as a tagline for promoting the 2017 film. The song has been parodied in an episode of \"The Simpsons\" and the film \"\". Originally, \"Beauty and the Beast\", under the direction of Richard Purdum, was not intended to be a musical. Then-studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg made the decision to turn the film into a Broadway-style musical similar to \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), Disney's previous animated film, after he, displeased with the film's initial story reel, ordered the film scrapped and restarted from scratch. As a result, Purdum resigned, and first-time feature film directors Kirk Wise and",
"title": "Be Our Guest"
},
{
"id": "17442867",
"text": "\"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"Mulan\", \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\", \"The Sword in the Stone\", \"The Black Cauldron\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,\" \"Lady and the Tramp\", and \"Lilo & Stitch\". The company also has plans for live-action spin-offs of \"Peter Pan\", \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\" and \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" along with a live-action prequel to \"Aladdin\". Cinderella (2015 Disney film) Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh, with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, Kinberg Genre, Allison Shearmur Productions, and Beagle Pug",
"title": "Cinderella (2015 Disney film)"
},
{
"id": "4310792",
"text": "of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters, which had been explored to some degree with \"The Jungle Book\" and \"Oliver & Company\", but now became standard practice. In June 1994, Disney released \"The Lion King\", directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. An all-animal adventure set in Africa, \"The Lion King\" featured an all-star voice cast which included James Earl Jones, Matthew Broderick, and Jeremy Irons, with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John. \"The Lion King\" earned $768 million at the worldwide box office, to this date a record for",
"title": "Walt Disney Animation Studios"
},
{
"id": "2421417",
"text": "Best Music, Original Song for \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\". Decades later, it was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, \"\" and \"\", and a 2015 live-action adaptation directed by Kenneth Branagh. The castle is duplicated at Magic Kingdom park in Disney World and with Sleeping Beauty Castle at the center of Disneyland is the basis for one of Walt Disney's logo. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Cinderella Castle, the signature landmark at the in Florida, is designed to look like the palace",
"title": "Cinderella (1950 film)"
},
{
"id": "5586985",
"text": "contradicted a rule-of-thumb that Disney attractions are supposed to be based on either G or PG. (However, Disney has since developed attractions from franchises that host at least one PG-13 rated film, such as \"Pirates of the Caribbean\", \"Star Wars\", \"Indiana Jones\", \"Marvel\", and \"Avatar\".) As a result, the name Nostromo was taken out entirely and an original monster was created for the ride and the fictional company was changed to \"X-S Tech\". Nevertheless, Disney had acquired the rights to use \"Alien\", and thusly used it in The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios, which featured a scene aboard",
"title": "ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter"
},
{
"id": "12604364",
"text": "The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (stylized The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure) is a dark ride attraction based on the 1989 Disney animated film \"The Little Mermaid\", located in Paradise Gardens Park at Disney California Adventure and in Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, where it is titled Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid (stylized Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid). The ride opened on June 3, 2011 at Disney California Adventure, and on December 6, 2012 at Magic Kingdom. In the early-to-mid-1990s, Walt Disney Imagineering",
"title": "The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure"
},
{
"id": "13900554",
"text": "top of each other as a (expletive) \"pile\" and whilst casting \"Song of the South\" he used the term pickaninny. The supposed insensitivity Disney and some of his employees showed in many cartoons including the short \"Mickey's Mellerdrammer\" where Mickey Mouse dresses in blackface, the stereotypical \"Black\" Bird in the short \"Who Killed Cock Robin\", Sunflower the half donkey-half black servant centaurette in \"Fantasia\", the film \"Song of the South\" which depicts an idealized version of slavery, the depiction of Native American 'Indians' as savage in \"Peter Pan\", the cunning and manipulative Siamese Cats in \"Lady and the Tramp\" and",
"title": "Criticism of The Walt Disney Company"
},
{
"id": "4976500",
"text": "Manager to oversee the startup of the studio and run day-to-day operations of the division. The company was designed to compete with Walt Disney Feature Animation, which had phenomenal success during the late 1980s and early 1990s with the releases of films such as \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Aladdin\" (1992) and \"The Lion King\" (1994). Disney veterans Bluth and Goldman came in 1994 to Fox from Sullivan Bluth Studios, which had produced \"An American Tail\", \"The Land Before Time\" and both \"All Dogs Go To Heaven\" and \"Rock-a-Doodle\", among other films. Before Bluth came to",
"title": "Fox Animation Studios"
},
{
"id": "8232375",
"text": "a part of the park's grand opening on October 1, 1971. A Southern live oak tree found growing on the Walt Disney World property (originally six miles from the Magic Kingdom) was transplanted by Disney engineers and now serves as the square's Liberty Tree. Adorning it are 13 lanterns, representing the original 13 American colonies. Johnny Tremain (film) Johnny Tremain is a 1957 film made by Walt Disney Productions, based on the 1944 Newbery Medal-winning children's novel of the same name by Esther Forbes, retelling the story of the years in Boston, Massachusetts prior to the outbreak of the American",
"title": "Johnny Tremain (film)"
},
{
"id": "5084896",
"text": "One Dalmatians, The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes and In Search of the Castaways Cliff Richard introduced this Whitsun programme of Walt Disney films - The Living Desert, Pinocchio, Lady and the Tramp, The Love Bug, King of the Grizzlies, Alice in Wonderland, In Search of the Castaways, Hang your hat on the wind, and Jungle Book Ken Dodd hosted the August Bank Holiday edition from Scarborough where he was appearing at the Futurist Theatre with excerpts from Cinderella, Dumbo, Pinocchio, In Search of the Castaways, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, The Boatniks, Smoke, Treasure Island and The Aristocats Harry Worth",
"title": "Disney Time"
},
{
"id": "454646",
"text": "\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), \"Pinocchio\", \"Fantasia\" (both 1940), \"Dumbo\" (1941), and \"Bambi\" (1942), furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful \"Cinderella\" (1950) and \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards. In the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. To fund the project he diversified into television programs, such as \"Walt Disney's Disneyland\" and \"The Mickey Mouse Club\"; he was also involved in planning the 1959 Moscow Fair, the 1960 Winter Olympics, and",
"title": "Walt Disney"
},
{
"id": "11610353",
"text": "traveling down the park's central Main Street – Fantasyland corridor. There have been daytime and nighttime parades that celebrated Disney films or seasonal holidays with characters, music, and large floats. One of the most popular parades was the Main Street Electrical Parade, which recently ended a limited-time return engagement after an extended run at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. From May 5, 2005 through November 7, 2008, as part of Disneyland's 50th anniversary, \"Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams\" was presented, celebrating several Disney films including \"The Lion King\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Alice in",
"title": "Disneyland"
},
{
"id": "2475898",
"text": "Goes to Washington\", \"Wuthering Heights\", \"Only Angels Have Wings\", \"Ninotchka\" and \"Midnight\". Among the other films from the Golden Age period that are now considered to be classics: \"Casablanca\", \"It's a Wonderful Life\", \"It Happened One Night\", the original \"King Kong\", \"Mutiny on the Bounty\", \"Top Hat\", \"City Lights\", \"Red River\", \"The Lady from Shanghai\", \"Rear Window\", \"On the Waterfront\", \"Rebel Without a Cause\", \"Some Like It Hot,\" and \"The Manchurian Candidate\". The studio system and the Golden Age of Hollywood succumbed to two forces that developed in the late 1940s: In 1938, Walt Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven",
"title": "Cinema of the United States"
},
{
"id": "12198455",
"text": "Menken. Disney's next film, \"Mulan\", with a score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel, came out in 1998 and earned $304 million at the worldwide box office, restoring the commercial and critical standing of Disney's output. The release of \"Tarzan\" is retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era. With songs by Phil Collins, Tarzan won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"You'll Be in My Heart,\" and became Disney's most commercially successful film since \"The Lion King\", earning $448 million at the box office and widespread positive reviews. \"Tarzan\" was also",
"title": "Disney Renaissance"
},
{
"id": "17891382",
"text": "studio's own \"\"), the fourth animated film (after \"Toy Story 3\", \"Frozen\", and \"Minions\"), the eleventh Disney film (third Disney animated film), and the twenty-sixth film overall to break the milestone. Worldwide, it was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind \"Civil War\", \"Rogue One\", and \"Finding Dory\"), the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2016, the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film (second-highest overall) of all time in its original release (after \"Frozen\"), the second-highest-grossing original film (behind \"Avatar\"), the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 30th-highest-grossing film of all time. \"Deadline Hollywood\" calculated the net profit of the film",
"title": "Zootopia"
},
{
"id": "17572989",
"text": "never done a sitcom before. I’ve always infused comedic stuff into any dramatic roles I’ve done, but this is a whole — to quote Disney’s \"Aladdin\" — a whole new world.\" This is also the first episode of the series to not feature Angus T. Jones as Jake Harper as a main cast star. CBS announced in April 2013 that he would be downgraded to recurring status for season 11, but he never made an appearance. However, he does return in season 12 as a guest star for the series finale. On October 2, 2013, Tamblyn was officially promoted to",
"title": "Nangnangnangnang"
},
{
"id": "8389132",
"text": "Bluff, California. Earlier career opportunities include development of isometric for Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant. (1st hand) Edmonds was nominated for the 1996 Annie Award for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement for Animation\" as the supervising animator of Phoebus in Disney's \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\". Russ Edmonds Russ Edmonds is an American animator who has worked as a character animator at the Walt Disney Company. He worked on several Disney feature films, including \"Oliver & Company\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"The Rescuers Down Under\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Aladdin\", \"The Lion King\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Tarzan\", \"\", \"Home on",
"title": "Russ Edmonds"
},
{
"id": "6580647",
"text": "were gift sets, containing supplements such as original animation sketches, a film frame, and a companion's book. The current list of Platinum Editions includes: \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"The Lion King\", \"Aladdin\", \"Bambi\", \"Cinderella\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Peter Pan\", \"The Jungle Book\", and \"101 Dalmatians\". The original plan for the Platinum Editions was that they would be released ten years after they are put in the Disney Vault. Since then, this time has been shortened to four to seven years. Beginning with \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" in October",
"title": "Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment"
},
{
"id": "14559733",
"text": "the best entries out of a 177 entries world over. She has also sung the Tamil and Telugu versions of the Walt Disney musical animation \"Aladdin\" called \"A Whole New World\". As a composer she has composed several radio spots and jingles for various brands and companies like TVS, RMKV, VIVEL,INDIAN OIL etc.. The latest project she has worked on is for an NGO \"We for WE\" based in Jalandhar who work for women empowerment and present globally in 18 countries besides India. She has composed and sung an anthem in Hindi On women empowerment called SHAAN SE JEE. The",
"title": "Annupamaa"
},
{
"id": "6076732",
"text": "Crichton book and film \"Jurassic Park\". Other parts of the episode, such as the park's claim to be the \"theme park of the future\" and the phrase \"where nothing can possibly go wrong,\" as well as the plot of the robots at the park rebelling, are based on another Crichton story, \"Westworld\". \"Scratchtasia\" is a reference to the \"Sorcerer's Apprentice\" segment of the Disney film \"Fantasia\", with several shots and the music parodying it exactly. In addition, the area where the cartoon \"Scratchtasia\" is being shown and the documentary it is a part of is reminiscent of the Great Movie",
"title": "Itchy & Scratchy Land"
},
{
"id": "2753465",
"text": "make up Aslan's army in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" by C. S. Lewis. He appears at the Stone Table, challenging the White Witch \"with a great bellowing voice\". In the film \"Alexander\" (2004), \"lamassu\" are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. In the Disney movie \"Aladdin\" (1992), a gold \"lamassu\" can be found in the scene where Aladdin and Abu enter the cave in the desert to find the lamp. Michael Rakowitz, a Northwestern University professor of Art Theory & Practice won a Fourth Plinth commission to recreate the \"Lamassu\" that stood in Nineveh, Iraq, from",
"title": "Lamassu"
},
{
"id": "5964471",
"text": "went around over the years, saying that a proposed attraction based on the 2001 Disney animated film \"\" was going to replace Submarine Voyage. Another rumor was that the lagoon was going to be destroyed in a similar fashion to the submarine lagoon of Walt Disney World's . In 2005, the lagoon was drained and construction began on a new attraction: Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, which opened on June 11, 2007. The successor of this attraction was the Jules Verne themed at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. The attraction was given a Nautilus theme and a narration by Peter Renaday,",
"title": "Submarine Voyage"
},
{
"id": "6426466",
"text": "Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams premiered on May 5, 2005 as part of the Happiest Homecoming on Earth, celebrating the 50th anniversary of Disneyland in California. Conceived by VP Parades and Spectaculars, Steve Davison, the parade celebrates the dreams of Disney characters and includes Disney characters such as Mickey, Minnie, Tinker Bell, Cinderella, Snow White, Simba, Alice and Mad Hatter, Pinocchio, Belle and Beast, Ariel, Donald, Goofy and Pluto. The parade includes eight floats which include Getaway to Dreams, Dream of Enchantment, Dream of Laughter, Dream of Another World, Dream of Imagination, Dream of Adventure,",
"title": "Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams"
},
{
"id": "5084895",
"text": "Holiday, Alice in Wonderland, The Love Bug and Dumbo Julie Andrews introduces scenes and characters from some of her favourite Walt Disney films including Fantasia, Jungle Book, Swiss Family Robinson, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, King of the Grizzlies, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, A Hundred and One Dalmatians, Pluto's Christmas Tree, Mary Poppins which starred Julie Andrews and Alice in Wonderland The Easter edition on 30 March introduced by Jimmy Tarbuck with scenes from Alice in Wonderland, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Treasure Island, King of the Grizzlies, My Dog, the Thief (1969), A Hundred and",
"title": "Disney Time"
},
{
"id": "3742859",
"text": "2013 after several pilot productions. This was Disney's first \"Peter Pan\" film. In the early 2000s, a \"Peter Pan\" franchise was spawned, involving a number of other animation projects: Following the studio's success of live-action adaptations of Disney cartoon films including \"Maleficent, Cinderella, The Jungle Book and Beauty and the Beast\", Disney announced that a live action \"Peter Pan\" movie is in development, with David Lowery directing and co-writing with Toby Halbrooks. On July 31, 2018, it was announced that it may air on the Disney+ instead. Peter Pan (1953 film) Peter Pan is a 1953 American animated fantasy adventure",
"title": "Peter Pan (1953 film)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: A Whole New World context: A Whole New World \"A Whole New World\" is a song from Disney's 1992 animated feature film \"Aladdin\", with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice. A duet originally recorded by singers Brad Kane and Lea Salonga in their respective roles as the singing voices of the main characters Aladdin and Jasmine, the ballad serves as both the film's love and theme song. Lyrically, \"A Whole New World\" describes Aladdin showing the confined princess a life of freedom and the pair's acknowledgment of their love for each other while riding on a magic carpet. The song garnered an\n\nWhich Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?",
"compressed_tokens": 184,
"origin_tokens": 184,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: I See the Light context: song's content, questioning its originality. However, the \"lantern sequence\" during which \"I See the Light\" is performed Rapunzel and Flynn has enjoyed widespread critical acclaim, with journalists and commentators praising its visuals and use of 3D. Critically, both the song and the scene have been compared to similar romantic musical sequences from preceding Disney animated films, including \"Kiss the Girl\" from \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989) and \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\" (1992), both of which are love songs also composed by Menken. In spite of its lukewarm reviews, \"I See the Light\" has garnered numerous awards and accolades.\n\ntitle: Aladd (soundtrack context: was in204. on album earned composer Alan Menken the Academy Award for Best Score and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The album received nomination for BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. music on the album also holds a distinction for having the first and Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year for the song \"A Whole New World performed Regina Belle. The album\n: A Whole New context cred is referred as \"\"addin\"s Th The version peakedillboard\" Hot 100 chart March 19, Whitney's \" Will Always Love You then- 4 weeks at the the. went000 domest track pe number2 in the UK Chart 19 The and so far from a animated film to top theboard\" Hot 10 The version was later included on\n:add (92 Disney film: hook noses, g lips – but look American te.\" received many awardations, its music, World Best (Mark Best Sound (Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson and Doc Kane). At the Golden Globes, \"Aladdin\" won Best Original Song (\"A Whole New World\") and Best Original Score, as well as a Special Achievement Award for Robin Williams,\n\nWhich Disney film had the theme tune A Whole New World?",
"compressed_tokens": 472,
"origin_tokens": 15443,
"ratio": "32.7x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
190 | What does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's? | [
"Memphis style",
"Memphis design",
"Memphis Style",
"Memphis movement",
"Memphis Group",
"Memphis (design group)"
] | Memphis Group | [
{
"id": "1427118",
"text": "the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \"Memphis Group\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \"M.G.\" stood for \"Memphis Group\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "2141872",
"text": "Stax Records Stax Records is an American record label, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. Founded in 1957 as Satellite Records, the label changed its name to Stax Records in 1961. It was a major factor in the creation of Southern soul and Memphis soul music. Stax also released gospel, funk, and blues recordings. Renowned for its output of blues music, the label was founded by two siblings and business partners, Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton (STewart/AXton = Stax). It featured several popular ethnically integrated bands (including the label's house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s) and a racially",
"title": "Stax Records"
},
{
"id": "3923758",
"text": "Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \"The Human Timekeeper\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2015. Jackson's father, Al Jackson Sr., led a jazz/swing dance band in Memphis, Tennessee. The young Jackson started drumming at an early age and began playing on stage with his father's",
"title": "Al Jackson Jr."
},
{
"id": "730834",
"text": "with pulsating southern United States gospel music sounds. Memphis, Tennessee label Stax Records nurtured a distinctive sound, which included putting vocals further back in the mix than most contemporary R&B records, using vibrant horn parts in place of background vocals, and a focus on the low end of the frequency spectrum. The vast majority of Stax releases were backed by house bands Booker T and the MGs (with Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section of the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love). \"Memphis soul\" is a",
"title": "Soul music"
},
{
"id": "1994336",
"text": "stepchildren from their prior relationships. On March 1, 1995, Booker T. & the MGs won their first Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for the song \"Cruisin'\". Jones still plays with the MGs and his own small combo called the Booker T. Jones Band. His current touring group includes Vernon \"Ice\" Black (guitar), Darian Gray (drums), and Melvin Brannon (bass). Jones was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, and was honored with a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement on February 11, 2007. In 2007, Jones was also inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame",
"title": "Booker T. Jones"
},
{
"id": "5602576",
"text": "to Albert King, who sang and played lead guitar, were the Stax in-house recording session band, Booker T. and the MGs, featuring the Memphis Horns. The release of \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" in 1967 \"would change the face of American music, modernizing the blues\". \"'It was the great divide of modern blues, the point at which the music was rescued from slipping into derivative obscurity'\". Part of the album's success has been attributed to Booker T. and the MGs who \"gave his blues a sleek, soulful sound [which] gave King crossover appeal\". Four of the album's songs became modern",
"title": "Born Under a Bad Sign"
},
{
"id": "1427091",
"text": "Steve Potts. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. Having two white members (Cropper and Dunn), Booker T. & the M.G.'s was one of the first racially integrated rock groups, at a time when soul music and the Memphis music scene in particular were generally considered the preserve of black culture. Booker T. & the M.G.'s formed as the house band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "1427108",
"text": "the change of studios and cities between MG's gigs. Like Jones, Cropper had also become unhappy with business affairs at Stax and soon left to open his own studio in Memphis. However, the rhythm section of Dunn and Jackson remained on at Stax and did session and production work. Jackson (who had been in Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell's band) played on and wrote many of Al Green's biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \"final\" single, \"Jamaica This Morning\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "11424345",
"text": "the Memphis and northern Mississippi, and performed there regularly. These included such musical greats as Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson, B.B. King, and Howlin' Wolf. Stax Records, which opened in Memphis in 1957, produced almost exclusively African-American music. Stax was a major factor in the creation of the Southern soul and Memphis soul music styles, also releasing gospel, funk, jazz, and blues recordings. Stax recordings and artists included Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, William Bell, The Bar-Kays and their house band, Booker T. & the MG's. Several Stax hits were written and produced by the team of",
"title": "History of Memphis, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "1427111",
"text": "to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \"Theme from \"Shaft\"\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \"Universal Language\" for",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "1282131",
"text": "often influenced by the music of the Middle East, and frequently using exotic scales. Around the time of the British Invasion, rock changed appreciably, and instrumental hits came mostly from the R&B world. Notable artists include Booker T. & the MG's and saxophonist Junior Walker. The early incarnation of Fleetwood Mac with bandleader Peter Green achieved number one chart positions with the guitar-based instrumental Albatross in February 1969. Steve Cropper of the MG's asserts: Just before the British Invasion, Lonnie Mack's version of Chuck Berry's \"Memphis\" reached #5 on the Billboard Pop chart in June 1963. Employing both the blues",
"title": "Instrumental rock"
},
{
"id": "3923767",
"text": "Records in the Stax Museum. According to Steve Cropper, as quoted in 'Give the Drummer Some!' by Jim Payne, a grey pearl Rogers floor tom was used in the mix 'n' match kit at Stax. Al Jackson Jr. Albert J. Jackson Jr. (November 27, 1935 – October 1, 1975) was an American drummer, producer, and songwriter. He was a founding member of Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a group of session musicians who worked for Stax Records and produced their own instrumentals. Jackson was affectionately dubbed \"The Human Timekeeper\" for his drumming ability. He was inducted into the Memphis Music",
"title": "Al Jackson Jr."
},
{
"id": "1427119",
"text": "in an earlier Stax backing group called the Triumphs, which was also named after his car. Jones, in a 2007 interview on National Public Radio's \"Fresh Air with Terry Gross\", confirmed Moman's account of the origin of the group's name. Jones has re-confirmed this story on several occasions since, most recently as a guest on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\" on May 9, 2012. Stax historian Rob Bowman has averred that the reason the label obscured the story of the meaning of name \"M.G.'s\" (and concocted the \"Memphis Group\" explanation) was to avoid claims of trademark infringement from the",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "2141903",
"text": "1967 Stax was at the height of its fame. Alongside Otis Redding were soul singers Sam and Dave, Carla Thomas and writer Isaac Hayes, who would have a deep impact on funk music in the 1970s. Also signed to the record label was the house band, Booker T. and the M.G.’s, who were breaking boundaries in integration. Two of the band members were black and two were white, which at the time was unheard of, because of racial turmoil in the United States. In contrast to Stax's rapidly rising fortunes at this time, most of the house band were struggling",
"title": "Stax Records"
},
{
"id": "2711420",
"text": "equal partner. The following year, Axton and Stewart turned the Capitol Theatre, in a black Memphis neighborhood, into a recording studio and record shop, and began making hit records with predominantly black artists. Satellite was forced to change its name after it was discovered that a Los Angeles label already owned the title, and it changed its name to Stax, taking its name from Axton and Stewart's surnames. Axton was actively involved with selecting and developing the artists on the label, who included Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, Booker T & the MGs, and Isaac Hayes. She sold her interest in",
"title": "Estelle Axton"
},
{
"id": "1427109",
"text": "the time being. In 1973, Dunn and Stax session guitarist Bobby Manuel recruited Hammond B-3 organist Carson Whitsett to be part of a band that was to back Stefan Anderson, a promising new Stax artist. Al Jackson was later brought in. The project did not ultimately yield any results, but the rehearsals were promising, prompting Jackson and Dunn to reform the M.G.'s. This version of the band featured Whitsett in place of Jones, so it was billed as simply \"the MG's\". The 1973 album entitled \"The MG's\", with Manuel and Whitsett replacing Cropper and Jones, was not commercially successful, though",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "34025",
"text": "and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title \"king of the blues\". King introduced a sophisticated style of guitar soloing based on fluid string bending and shimmering vibrato that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp. Tennessee-born Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and",
"title": "Blues"
},
{
"id": "11708621",
"text": "The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and Carson Whitsett to replace Cropper and Jones respectively. Billed as \"The MG's\" since Jones was not involved with the project, the group released two singles, \"Sugar Cane\" and \"Neck Bone\". The singles and the album were not commercially successful, but were critically well received. By 1975, Jones and",
"title": "The MG's (album)"
},
{
"id": "3281635",
"text": "Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor. He also acted as the producer of many of these records. He was later a member of the Blues Brothers band. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranked him 39th on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Born on a farm near Dora, Missouri, Cropper moved with his family to",
"title": "Steve Cropper"
},
{
"id": "3953069",
"text": "under their new name, the \"Mar-Keys\". Booker T. and the M.G.'s was founded by Cropper and Booker T. Jones in 1962, with the drummer Al Jackson, Jr.. The original bassist, on early hits such as \"Green Onions\", was Lewie Steinberg; Dunn replaced him in 1964. Stax became known for Jackson's drum sound, the sound of the Memphis Horns, and Dunn's grooves. The MG's and Dunn's bass lines on songs like Otis Redding's \"Respect\" and \"I Can't Turn You Loose\", Sam & Dave's \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\", and Albert King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" influenced musicians everywhere. As an instrumental",
"title": "Donald \"Duck\" Dunn"
},
{
"id": "2141886",
"text": "drummer Al Jackson, Jr. to form Booker T. & the M.G.'s, an instrumental combo that would record numerous hit singles in their own right and served as the \"de facto\" house band for virtually every recording made at Stax from 1962 through about 1970. Dunn eventually became the band's primary bassist, replacing Steinberg in 1964. Jones was frequently absent from Stax over several years in the mid-1960s, while he pursued his musical studies at Indiana University, so during this period Isaac Hayes usually replaced him as the house band's regular pianist, although the two occasionally performed on recordings together when",
"title": "Stax Records"
},
{
"id": "2167378",
"text": "lead singer and guitarist with the Small Faces in the mid to late 1960s. Marriott was influenced from an early age by his heroes including Buddy Holly, Booker T & the MG's, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Muddy Waters and Bobby Bland. In later life Marriott became disillusioned with the music industry and turned his back on the big record companies, remaining in relative obscurity. He returned to his music roots playing the pubs and clubs around London and Essex. Marriott died on 20 April 1991 when a fire, which was thought to have been caused by a cigarette, swept through",
"title": "Steve Marriott"
},
{
"id": "10243533",
"text": "stints in L.A., Lake Tahoe, New York, and a home away from home in Erie, Pennsylvania. With the addition of future southern soul cult figure Tommy Tate on vocals (and later drums as well), they became Tim Whitsett & The Imperial Show Band featuring Tommy Tate. This was significant because other than Memphis's renowned Booker T. & the MGs (who were a house band first, usually regulated to working days and nights in the Stax studio), this made Whitsett's band one of the first, if not the only, integrated bands in the entire Southeastern United States at the time. Like",
"title": "The Imperial Show Band"
},
{
"id": "2141917",
"text": "from Deutsche Grammaphon, the European record company owned at the time by the giant Philips corporation. By the fall of 1970, both Steve Cropper and Booker T. Jones were frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs, and left the company and stopped playing sessions for Stax. Even though Jones was given the title of Vice President at Stax before leaving, as he put it, \"There were titles given (to us) but we didn't actually make the decisions.\" A final Booker T. and the MGs album was issued in 1971. The two remaining MGs (Duck Dunn and Al Jackson) stayed on",
"title": "Stax Records"
},
{
"id": "1994341",
"text": "Moore, William Bell and British artists Beverley Knight, Ruby Turner, James Morrison and Tom Jones. \"See also Booker T. & the M.G.'s\". Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T.",
"title": "Booker T. Jones"
},
{
"id": "4581762",
"text": "This use of house bands, first popularized in the 1920s, was revived during the 1960s, most notably at Motown and at Stax Records. Some of these house bands, such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s (Stax), had parallel careers as main artists in their own right. House band A house band is a group of musicians, often centrally organized by a band leader, who regularly play at an establishment. It is widely used to refer both to the bands who work on entertainment programs on television or radio, and to bands which are the regular performers at a nightclub, especially",
"title": "House band"
},
{
"id": "1994329",
"text": "Booker T. Jones Booker Taliaferro Jones, Jr. (born November 12, 1944) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in the studios with many well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries, earning him a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. Booker T. Jones was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on November 12, 1944. He was named after his father, Booker T. Jones, Sr., who was named in honor of Booker T. Washington, the educator. Booker T. Jones, Sr. was a science teacher at",
"title": "Booker T. Jones"
},
{
"id": "591225",
"text": "an awards banquet including a night of performance and celebration. Memphis is the home of founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including Memphis soul, Memphis blues, gospel, rock n' roll, Memphis rap, Buck, crunk, and \"sharecropper\" country music (in contrast to the \"rhinestone\" country sound of Nashville). Many musicians, including Aretha Franklin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Shawn Lane, Al Green, Rance Allen, Percy Sledge, Solomon Burke, William Bell, Sam & Dave and B.B. King, got their start in Memphis in the 1950s",
"title": "Memphis, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "7306909",
"text": "sang \"message\" songs like \"Long Walk to D.C.\" and \"When Will We Be Paid?,\" bringing their moving and articulate music to a huge number of young people. The group signed to Stax Records in 1968, joining their gospel harmonies and deep faith with musical accompaniment from members of Booker T. and the MGs. The Staple Singers hit the Top 40 eight times between 1971 and 1975, including two No. 1 singles, \"I'll Take You There\" produced by Al Bell and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning, \"Let's Do It Again,\" and a No. 2 single \"Who Took the Merry Out",
"title": "Mavis Staples"
},
{
"id": "3889980",
"text": "next signed with jazz artist Leo Gooden's Coun-Tree label and cut two records for them; these also failed to chart. With no apparent career prospects other than touring the club circuit in the South and Midwest, King moved to Memphis, where he signed with the Stax record label. Produced by Al Jackson Jr., King with Booker T. & the MGs recorded dozens of influential sides, such as \"Crosscut Saw\" and \"As the Years Go Passing By\". In 1967, Stax released the album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\", a collection of the singles King recorded at Stax. The title track of",
"title": "Albert King"
},
{
"id": "1427114",
"text": "Letterman\") went so well that the group decided to play some dates together. Over the next few years, they played together occasionally. In 1992, Bob Dylan asked Jones, Cropper, and Dunn to serve as the house band (with Jim Keltner on drums) for his \"30th Anniversary Concert\", commemorating his thirty years in the music business, at which they backed Dylan, Stevie Wonder, Johnny Cash, Eric Clapton, and George Harrison, among others. At the concert, Neil Young asked the group to back him on his 1993 world tour. Also in 1992, Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "11957717",
"text": "not follow the typical twelve-bar blues I-IV-V progression. Rather, it is dominated by an R&B-style bass/rhythm guitar line, which Bell claimed that he came up with \"while fooling around on the guitar\". Albert King provided his signature guitar fills around his vocals and solos during the break and outro, with backing by Booker T. & the M.G.'s and the Memphis Horns. \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" became a Billboard R&B chart hit for King, reaching number 49. It was later included on his first album for Stax, also titled \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". The album's cover depicts images of",
"title": "Born Under a Bad Sign (song)"
},
{
"id": "1947124",
"text": "to Greenwood, he began playing bass out of necessity, teaching himself by playing along to New Order, Joy Division and Otis Redding. Among his musical influences are Booker T and the MGs, Bill Withers and Curtis Mayfield. He said: \"We were people who picked up their respective instruments because we wanted to play music together, rather than just because we wanted to play that particular instrument. So it was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument, then that was really cool. I don’t think of myself as a bass player",
"title": "Colin Greenwood"
},
{
"id": "2141904",
"text": "to make a living: the musicians often worked long hours in the studio during the day, developing songs and arrangements, but they were paid for recordings only when the actual sessions took place, so most had to play at local venues in the evenings to earn enough to support themselves and their families. To remedy this, in 1966 Al Bell appointed the members of the so-called Big Six (Hayes, Porter and Booker T. & the M.G.'s) as full-time salaried employees of Stax, on a fixed salary of $125 a week (US$ in dollars). This allowed them to quit their night",
"title": "Stax Records"
},
{
"id": "5872574",
"text": "Whitsett's musicians had now scattered, joining other bands in other parts of the country. Davis then signed Whitsett and Tommy Tate as producer/songwriters. But within days of arriving at Stax, Whitsett was asked to take charge of the company’s music publishing division, East/Memphis Music Corp., which included works written or recorded by Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Al Green, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas and Booker T. & the MGs. During his years with Stax, Whitsett was the motivating force behind the releases of million sellers, such as \"I've Been Lonely For So Long\" (Frederick Knight), \"I'll Play the Blues For",
"title": "Tim Whitsett"
},
{
"id": "6957744",
"text": "replaced by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn. Steinberg was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007. He lived in Memphis. Steinberg died on July 21, 2016, in Memphis, at the age of 82. \"Green Onions\" (Stax 701) \"Soul Dressing\" (Stax 705) Lewie Steinberg Lewie Polk Steinberg (September 13, 1933 – July 21, 2016) was an American musician best known as the original bass guitar player for the soul music group Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. Steinberg was in the group from 1962 to",
"title": "Lewie Steinberg"
},
{
"id": "1427098",
"text": "& the M.G.'s were meeting with greater commercial success than those credited to the Mar-Keys, the decision was made to credit \"Boot-Leg\" to Booker T. & the M.G.'s, even though Jones did not participate in the recording. Individual session credits notwithstanding, the Stax house band—Cropper, Jackson, Jones, and Steinberg, along with bassist Dunn (Cropper's bandmate in the Mar-Keys); keyboardist Isaac Hayes; and various horn players, most frequently Floyd Newman, Wayne Jackson and Andrew Love (the latter two later formed the Memphis Horns)—set a standard for soul music. Whereas the sign outside Detroit's pop-oriented Motown Records aptly read \"Hitsville U.S.A.\", the",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "3207194",
"text": "in on the Memphis sessions that became Jerry Lee Lewis's \"Southern Roots\" album. By all accounts, these sessions were a three-day, around-the-clock party, which not only reunited the original MGs (Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. of Booker T. and the MGs fame) for the first time in three years, but also featured Carl Perkins, Mark Lindsay (of Paul Revere & the Raiders), and Wayne Jackson plus The Memphis Horns. From 1976 to 1983, White released three more albums, each on a different label. Trying to combine his own swamp-rock sound with the popular disco music at",
"title": "Tony Joe White"
},
{
"id": "10626430",
"text": "McLemore Avenue McLemore Avenue is a 1970 album by Booker T. & the M.G.s, consisting entirely of mostly instrumental covers of songs from the Beatles' album \"Abbey Road\" (released only months earlier, in September 1969). The title and cover are an homage to the Beatles album, 926 East McLemore Avenue being the address of the Stax Studios in Memphis, as Abbey Road was for EMI Studios in London, which was soon renamed Abbey Road Studios. Booker T. Jones said, \"I was in California when I heard \"Abbey Road\", and I thought it was incredibly courageous of The Beatles to drop",
"title": "McLemore Avenue"
},
{
"id": "14818951",
"text": "were replaced by guitar solos. However, King uses a different arrangement based on an Afro-Cuban rhythm pattern, similar to that of his 1962 song \"I Get Evil\". Backing King is the Stax Records' house band, Booker T. & the MG's. The song was a success, reaching number 34 in the Billboard R&B chart. It was included on King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" album, which \"became one of the most popular and influential blues albums of the late '60s\". The song remained in his repertoire throughout his career and several live versions were issued. King recorded another studio version of",
"title": "Crosscut Saw (song)"
},
{
"id": "1994331",
"text": "\"Cause I Love You,\" by Carla and Rufus (Thomas). Willie Mitchell hired Jones for his band, in which Jones started on sax and later moved to bass. It was here that he met Al Jackson Jr., who he brought to Stax. Simultaneously, Jones formed a combo with White and Porter, in which he played guitar. While hanging around the Satellite Record Shop run by Estelle Axton, co-owner of Satellite Records with her brother Jim Stewart, Jones met record clerk Steve Cropper, who would become one of the MGs when the group formed in 1962. Besides Jones on organ and Cropper",
"title": "Booker T. Jones"
},
{
"id": "1427116",
"text": "Neil Young on his 2002 album \"Are You Passionate?\". Cropper, along with Isaac Hayes and Sam Moore, welcomed Stax president Jim Stewart into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002. Cropper and Hayes were later inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Booker T. & the M.G.'s, usually with Steve Potts on drums, still play select dates. They have been called the most influential stylists in modern American music. In early 2008 they backed singer Guy Sebastian on a sold-out tour of in Australia. In 2004, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the group #93 on their list of the 100",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "7700535",
"text": "stints with various teenage bands performing at talent shows and dances around the Island. In the late 1960s he formed his own quartet called Voltage Four, patterned on American group Booker T and the MGs or The Meters, and mainly toured the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In 1970, Henderson moved to Guadeloupe to become the lead singer of \"Les Vikings\" of Guadeloupe, a group that toured the French Departments of Guiana, Martinique, St. Martin and Metropolitan France. He wrote and recorded a song titled “Love” with the Vikings which became a huge hit across the Caribbean and particularly",
"title": "Exile One"
},
{
"id": "1427090",
"text": "of which the best known is the 1962 hit single \"Green Onions\". As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, and imitated of its era. By the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M.G.'s. In 1965, Steinberg was replaced by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, who played with the group until his death in 2012. Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, after which Dunn, Cropper and Jones reunited on numerous occasions using various drummers, including Willie Hall, Anton Fig, Steve Jordan and",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "2141895",
"text": "R&B and the pop charts. Though the label had enjoyed some early hits with the Mar-Keys and Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Redding became the first Stax/Volt artist to consistently hit the charts with each release—in fact, each of Redding's 17 singles issued during his lifetime charted. (Carla Thomas also charted with some consistency, but her pre-1965 releases were on Atlantic, not Stax or Volt.) Between January 1962 and December 1964, Stax and Volt released several chart hits each by Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, and Booker T. and the M.G.'s. However, despite dozens of other releases, only three other Stax/Volt",
"title": "Stax Records"
},
{
"id": "421324",
"text": "Tonne The tonne () (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms; or one megagram (Mg); it is equivalent to approximately pounds, or 0.984 long tons (UK). Although not part of the SI, the tonne is accepted for use with SI units and prefixes by the International Committee for Weights and Measures. The tonne is derived from the weight of pure water; there are 1,000 litres in one tonne. The SI symbol for the tonne is \"t\", adopted at the same time",
"title": "Tonne"
},
{
"id": "2641524",
"text": "and lyrics to him, before he finally gave up the job in 1963, to focus on his role as a singer and entertainer. He recorded a series of novelty dance tracks, including \"Can Your Monkey Do the Dog'\" and '\"Somebody Stole My Dog\" for Stax, where he was often backed by Booker T. & the MGs or the Bar-Kays. He also became a mentor to younger Stax stars, giving advice on stage moves to performers like Otis Redding, who partnered daughter Carla on record. After \"Jump Back\" in 1964, the hits dried up for several years, as Stax gave more",
"title": "Rufus Thomas"
},
{
"id": "12982045",
"text": "Who's Making Love \"Who's Making Love\" is a song written by Stax Records staffers Homer Banks, Bettye Crutcher, Don Davis and Raymond Jackson and recorded by singer Johnnie Taylor. Released on the Stax label in the late summer of 1968, it became Taylor's breakthrough single, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot R&B singles chart and number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It became one of the few singles Taylor would become primarily known for in the mainstream. The song featured the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Isaac Hayes (on keyboards). It was Taylor's best-selling",
"title": "Who's Making Love"
},
{
"id": "10244905",
"text": "Marvell Thomas Ronald Marvell Thomas (August 22, 1941 – January 23, 2017) was an American keyboardist, record producer and arranger known for his work in Memphis Soul. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Thomas's studio career started at the age of 17. He was the first piano player to punch the clock at Stax Records. He played on the label's earliest national hits, including \"Burnt Biscuits\" (by the short-lived group The Triumphs, later covered by Booker T. & the MGs), childhood friend William Bell's \"You Don't Miss Your Water\", and the company's first hit \"Cause I Love You\" (featuring a sixteen-year-old Booker",
"title": "Marvell Thomas"
},
{
"id": "2641521",
"text": "Phillips, as he oriented his label more toward white audiences and signed Elvis Presley, who later recorded Thomas's song \"Tiger Man\". Thomas did not record again until 1956, when he made a single, \"I'm Steady Holdin' On\", for the Bihari brothers' Meteor label; musicians on the record included Lewie Steinberg, later a founding member of Booker T and the MGs. In 1960 he made his first recordings with his 17-year-old daughter Carla, for the Satellite label in Memphis, which changed its name to Stax the following year. The song, \"Cause I Love You\", featuring a rhythm borrowed from Jesse Hill's",
"title": "Rufus Thomas"
},
{
"id": "11101747",
"text": "and destructive. When you're on tape, it's on tape, and it's really hard to go in and fix a bunch of stuff like you can with computer these days.\" Sebastian wrote about his time recording in Memphis in a series of blogs in Australian newspapers. \"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. [...] I would show them which song I wanted to record. After listening to any changes I had, we",
"title": "The Memphis Album"
},
{
"id": "18507381",
"text": "leaving him, his two brothers and mother, Joan Patterson. As a result, Patterson devoted himself completely to music and his guitar playing. He was soon exposed to rock bands such as Van Halen, AC/DC, Queen and The Who. With the release of the \"Blues Brothers\" film in 1980, Patterson was heavily drawn to the influences of the film’s soundtrack and band: Elmore James, Sam and Dave, and Booker T and the MG’s. For the next four years, he was consumed by practicing and began writing songs. He played in and out of local bands until he graduated from Athol High",
"title": "Shawn Patterson (composer)"
},
{
"id": "2356700",
"text": "co-produced the album with Sebastian, which was recorded on analogue tape live in the studio. Sebastian wrote about his time in Memphis in a series of blogs for Australian newspapers, \"I started recording four days ago with the band members from Booker T and the MGs. And in the four days, we cut 15 tracks. It's been such a great experience to watch these guys work. I mean, they are mostly in their late 60s and have such a wealth of experience.\" Cropper later spoke on AllMemphisMusic, an online Memphis radio station, \"This kid came into Memphis, and just blew",
"title": "Guy Sebastian"
},
{
"id": "2141905",
"text": "jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and from this point on Booker T. and the M.G.'s regularly backed virtually all of the artists who recorded at Stax. Bell also persuaded Jim Stewart to set up a \"production pool\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving from Atlantic was split equally between the Big Six to pay them for their production duties with the artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which was still a segregated city, where Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.",
"title": "Stax Records"
},
{
"id": "4088651",
"text": "Mar-Keys were no longer routinely issuing singles, the name still had a certain amount of marketability, and in the late 1960s the Mar-Keys name was used whenever horn players Andrew Love and Wayne Jackson (later known as the Memphis Horns) teamed with Booker T. & the M.G.'s in live performances. The two groups shared billing on a live album in 1967, \"Back to Back\", from a concert in Paris. For the 1969 album \"Damifiknow!\", the Mar-Keys were back in the studio, and were explicitly identified in the album credits as the sextet of Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, Booker T. Jones,",
"title": "The Mar-Keys"
},
{
"id": "2284851",
"text": "Columbia Records signed Big Brother and the Holding Company on the basis of their performance at Monterey. Eric Burdon changed gears with his performance at Monterey. After three years of playing with the original Animals as part of the British Invasion, and the breakup of that band, Eric assembled a new band, a \"New Animals\", and at the festival, they performed the Rolling Stones' song \"Paint It Black\" which showcased Burdon's new style: anti-war, hard rock. Monterey affected his career intensely, as later captured in the song he wrote about it. Redding, backed by Booker T. & the MG's, was",
"title": "Monterey Pop Festival"
},
{
"id": "2599167",
"text": "purchase brought in Atlantic's lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. In the mid 1960s, Atlantic/Stax had released a string of landmark soul music recordings by artists including Booker T & the MGs, Sam & Dave, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Ben E. King, and Aretha Franklin. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings. However, Atlantic also moved decisively into rock and pop in the late 1960s and 1970s, signing major British and American acts including",
"title": "Warner Music Group"
},
{
"id": "2948773",
"text": "integration. Composed of Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr., Booker T. and the MGs provided the instrumental backing for Rufus and Carla Thomas, Sam and Dave, and many other artists, The group also recorded under its own name, including the instrumental hit \"Green Onions\". In later years, members of the group pursued their own individual careers. Jones worked with the singer and producer William Bell and co-wrote the blues classic \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". Cropper supervised the recordings of Otis Redding and co-wrote hits with Wilson Pickett and Eddie Floyd. Stax gave back",
"title": "Memphis soul"
},
{
"id": "1427115",
"text": "and Roll Hall of Fame. In 1993, Booker T. & the M.G.'s toured with Neil Young, backing him on his own compositions. In 1994, the group recorded its first album in 17 years, \"That's the Way It Should Be\". Steve Jordan was the drummer on most tracks. In 1995, when the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opened its museum in Cleveland, Ohio, the M.G.'s served as the house band for the opening ceremonies, playing behind Aretha Franklin, Sam Moore, John Fogerty, and Al Green, as well as performing themselves. Jones, Dunn, and Al Jackson's cousin, drummer Steve Potts, backed",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "1427099",
"text": "marquee outside of the converted movie theater where Stax was based proclaimed \"Soulsville U.S.A.\" Booker T. & the M.G.'s consistently issued singles from 1963 to 1965, but only a few made the charts, and none was as successful as \"Green Onions\". Their second album, \"Soul Dressing\", was released in 1965. Whereas the \"Green Onions\" album contained mostly covers, every composition but one on \"Soul Dressing\" was an original. After contributing to that album, Steinberg left the group, and Dunn (who had played on previous Stax sessions) became the group's full-time bassist. During a tour when the band was in Los",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "10993607",
"text": "formed the jazz-oriented Richard Carpenter Trio followed by the middle-of-the-road group Spectrum. Signing as Carpenters to A&M Records in 1969, they achieved major success the following year with the hit singles \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" and \"We've Only Just Begun\". Subsequently, the duo's brand of melodic pop produced a record-breaking run of hit recordings on the American Top 40 and Adult Contemporary charts, and they became leading sellers in the soft rock, easy listening and adult contemporary music genres. The Carpenters had three number-one singles and five number-two singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and fifteen number-one",
"title": "The Carpenters"
},
{
"id": "12286958",
"text": "bought WCW\". Booker is a six-time world champion, having won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship five times (four times in WCW, and once in the WWF) and WWE's World Heavyweight Championship once. He is the first non-mixed race African American to become a world champion in WWE, and was voted the greatest World Heavyweight Champion in a WWE viewer poll. Booker is a 15-time world tag team champion between WCW (10 times), WWF/E (four times), and TNA (once). Additionally, he was the winner of the King of the Ring tournament in 2006, the sixteenth Triple Crown Champion, and the ninth",
"title": "Booker T (wrestler)"
},
{
"id": "3198306",
"text": "Test (wrestler) Andrew James Robert Patrick Martin (March 17, 1975 – March 13, 2009) was a Canadian-American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE) under the ring name Test. During his nine-year tenure with the WWF/WWE, he found his greatest success as a singles performer, winning the Intercontinental and European Championships once each, and the Hardcore Championship twice. Martin found additional success in the tag team division, twice becoming a World Tag Team Champion with Booker T by winning the WWF and WCW World Tag Team Championships once each. Martin",
"title": "Test (wrestler)"
},
{
"id": "3281642",
"text": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Cropper appeared with a new line-up of the group for the Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary concert, on October 1992 at Madison Square Garden, performing songs by and backing Dylan, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, Tom Petty, Johnny Cash, Chrissie Hynde, Sinéad O'Connor, Stevie Wonder and Neil Young. The concert was recorded and later released as \"The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration\" (1993). Young later recruited this line up of Booker T. and the M.G's to tour with him and record as his studio band. In 1996,",
"title": "Steve Cropper"
},
{
"id": "12286957",
"text": "Television Championships (along with being the first African American titleholder), and a record eleven WCW World Tag Team Championships: ten as one half of Harlem Heat with his brother, Lash \"Stevie Ray\" Huffman in WCW (most reigns within that company), and one in the WWF with Test. Harlem Heat were recognized by WWE as being – along with The Steiner Brothers – WCW's greatest ever tag team. Booker was the final WCW World Heavyweight Champion and WCW United States Heavyweight Champion under the WCW banner; industry veteran John Layfield described him as \"the best acquisition that WWE got when they",
"title": "Booker T (wrestler)"
},
{
"id": "3281646",
"text": "4th Crossroads Guitar Festival at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Cropper married his first wife, Betty, in 1961. They have two children named Stephen and Ashley. They lived in Memphis, TN, until divorcing in 1976. Cropper married his second wife, Angel, in the late 1980s. They have two children named Andrea and Cameron. The Croppers currently live in Tennessee. Steve Cropper Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding,",
"title": "Steve Cropper"
},
{
"id": "1427104",
"text": "fondly called the group \"Book a Table and the Maitre d's\" (in 1974, Lennon facetiously credited himself and his studio band as \"Dr. Winston and Booker Table and the Maitre d's\" on his original R&B-inspired instrumental, \"Beef Jerky\"). Paul McCartney, like Dunn, played bass melodically, without straying from the rhythm or the groove. In 1970, Lennon's wish was granted, in a sense, when Booker T. and the M.G.'s recorded \"McLemore Avenue\" (named for the street where Stax Records was located), on which they performed instrumental cover versions of thirteen of the songs on \"Abbey Road\", condensing twelve of them into",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "1427096",
"text": "played tuba over Donald \"Duck\" Dunn's bass line), \"Soul Man\", \"Who's Making Love\", \"I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)\", and \"Try a Little Tenderness\", among others. Along with their counterparts in Detroit, Motown's Funk Brothers, as a backing band to numerous hits, they are considered to have originated much of the sound of soul music—particularly, in the case of the M.G.'s, Southern soul—in which \"the groove\" is paramount. In the mid-1960s Jones was often away from Memphis while studying music full-time at Indiana University. Stax writer and producer Isaac Hayes usually stepped in when Jones was unavailable",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "3281640",
"text": "produced various musicians including Tower of Power, Rod Stewart, John Prine, José Feliciano, The Jeff Beck Group, Ringo Starr and John Lennon. It's little-known that Cropper also played guitar on the cover of The Velvet Underground's \"Femme Fatale\" that appears on fellow Memphians Big Star's \"Third/Sister Lovers\". By 1975, Cropper had moved to Los Angeles and along with Jones, Jackson and Dunn, reformed Booker T. & the M.G's. Jackson, whom Cropper called \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth,\" was murdered in his Memphis home before the group could make their comeback. In 1978, Cropper and Dunn became members",
"title": "Steve Cropper"
},
{
"id": "3281637",
"text": "guitarist's playing, Stax Records president Jim Stewart saw professionalism and maturity beyond Cropper's years. When American Records founder Chips Moman left Stax, Cropper became the company's A&R man. He became a founding member of the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, along with Hammond organ player Booker T. Jones, bassist Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and drummer Al Jackson Jr.. As a house guitarist he played on many recordings such as \"(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay,\" co-written with and performed by Otis Redding and Sam & Dave's \"Soul Man\" on which he was mentioned by name. When Cropper",
"title": "Steve Cropper"
},
{
"id": "9364263",
"text": "changed to the Bar-Kays in the mid-1960s. Cauley started attending LeMoyne College in 1965, before becoming a professional musician. The Bar-Kays joined the Stax studio by 1966, and were signed on to Stax's subsidiary Volt Records in the beginning of 1967. According to James Alexander, Cauley was the best dressed of the group, always known to wear a suit, no matter the occasion. Al Jackson, Jr. the drummer with Booker T & the MGs, took a particular interest in the young members of the Bar-Kays and groomed them to become the second house band for Stax after Booker T and",
"title": "Ben Cauley"
},
{
"id": "8668585",
"text": "Major's contribution was truly phenomenal and unforgettable... [He] was to become legendary as a UK club act, known to deliver 110% at every performance.\" In 1972, while in England, he recorded an album, \"Major Lance's Greatest Hits Recorded Live at the Torch\", at the Torch, a club in Stoke on Trent, which has been described as \"perhaps the best Northern Soul album ever made.\" Lance returned to Atlanta in 1974 and recorded an updated disco version of \"Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um\" for Playboy Records. He set up a new label, Osiris, with former Booker T and the MG's",
"title": "Major Lance"
},
{
"id": "11990682",
"text": "soul in all its unpretentious, down-home glory\". According to Steve Cropper, lead guitarist for Booker T and the MG's, the Stax Recording Studio played a key role in the creation of the title track, \"Hold on, I'm Comin\"'. Stax Records was an old Movie Theater located at 926 East McLemore Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. The men's restroom in the theater-turned studio had tile walls and tile floors. To produce reverb and echo a speaker from the studio was placed in the men's room to pipe the sound into the men's room; and a microphone was placed in the men's room",
"title": "Hold On, I'm Comin'"
},
{
"id": "10626453",
"text": "studio in Memphis, spending less and less time at the Stax studio. \"Melting Pot\" was recorded in New York City, between M.G.'s gigs, as Jones refused to record in Memphis and wanted the band to create a different sound for the new album. The album's title track was edited for length and issued by Stax as a single in spring 1971. \"Melting Pot\" peaked at number 45 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States and at number 21 on the \"Billboard\" R&B singles chart. The review in \"Rolling Stone\" magazine was very positive, concluding in its final paragraph:",
"title": "Melting Pot (Booker T album)"
},
{
"id": "11680134",
"text": "Al Bell Al Bell (born Alvertis Isbell, March 15, 1940) is an American record producer, songwriter, and record executive. He is best known as having been an executive and co-owner of Stax Records, based in Memphis, Tennessee, during the latter half of the label's 19-year existence. A former disc jockey in his hometown of Little Rock, Arkansas, Bell was vital to the careers of Stax's soul stars such as the Staple SIngers and Isaac Hayes, the Emotions, the Dramatics, and Mel and Tim. Bell's promotional efforts drove the “Memphis sound” internationally and made Stax the second-largest African-American–owned business in the",
"title": "Al Bell"
},
{
"id": "1427100",
"text": "Angeles playing in a Stax Revue, an informal jam session with three of the M.G.'s was recorded in Hollywood in 1965, initiated by DJ Magnificent Montague who played congas. The resulting track, \"Hole in the Wall\", was issued by Pure Soul Music in October 1965 credited to the Packers with writing shared by Montague, Cropper, Jackson and Jones. The track reached number 43 on Billboard, and made the Top 30 on Cash Box. All other songs released by the Packers had no involvement from Booker T. & the M.G.'s. After a period of commercial decline, Booker T. & the M.G.'s",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "11708622",
"text": "Cropper agreed to reform the original lineup with Jackson and Dunn, but just days before their scheduled reunion, Jackson was murdered at his home in Memphis, Tennessee. All tracks composed by Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson, Jr., Bobby Manuel, Carson Whitsett; except where indicated Side One Side Two The MG's (album) The MG's is a 1973 album recorded by the MG's for Stax Records, but by 1973, leader/keyboardist Booker T. Jones and guitarist Steve Cropper were both estranged from Stax and residing full-time in Los Angeles, so remaining members Donald \"Duck\" Dunn and Al Jackson, Jr. recruited Bobby Manuel and",
"title": "The MG's (album)"
},
{
"id": "1427120",
"text": "manufacturers of the car. Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "591227",
"text": "Motown. Booker T. and the M.G.s were the label's backing band for most of the classic hits that came out of Stax, by Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and many more. The sound still lives on in the \"Blues Brothers\" movie, in which many of the musicians starred as themselves. Memphis is noted for its influence on the power pop musical genre in the 1970s. Notable bands and musicians include Big Star, Chris Bell, Alex Chilton, Tommy Hoehn, The Scruffs, and Prix. Several notable singers are from the Memphis area, including Justin Timberlake, Kirk Whalum, Three 6 Mafia,",
"title": "Memphis, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "210461",
"text": "(such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle.\" It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \"Soul Brother No. 1\", after failing to win the title \"King of Soul\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin",
"title": "James Brown"
},
{
"id": "13280668",
"text": "The Packers The Packers were an American soul group formed by tenor saxophonist Charles \"Packy\" Axton, who was the son of Stax Records part-owner Estelle Axton. Axton was a former member of the Mar-Keys, as was Steve Cropper, who played on the group's first recording and hit, ostensibly recorded as a 'demo'. Cropper, a member of Booker T. Jones & The MGs and the Stax Records' session band, was also joined by Booker T. on piano and drummer Al Jackson for the recording, while Leon Haywood (on organ) was among those who also played on the group's records. The Packers'",
"title": "The Packers"
},
{
"id": "3840979",
"text": "time of release, this was the only record that featured the cover of the \"Time Is Tight\" instrumental by Booker T & the MGs. \"Capital Radio\" was extremely rare in the UK. Rather than re-issue the original the group recorded a new version for \"The Cost of Living\" as \"Capital Radio Two.\" \"Cheat\" is from their UK debut album but had been left off the US version. \"Bankrobber\" had been a UK A-side. \"Robber Dub\" was originally intended for the b-side of an unreleased \"Bankrobber\" 12\" dance club single. The two tracks appear here in a combined edit that is",
"title": "Super Black Market Clash"
},
{
"id": "3889984",
"text": "King wanted to retain his popular appeal and remain on the charts, and so he eagerly embraced the new sound of funk. King was teamed with members of the Bar-Kays and the Movement (Isaac Hayes's backing group), including the bassist James Alexander and the drummer Willie Hall, adding strong funk elements to his music. Adding strings and multiple rhythm guitarists, producers Allen Jones and Henry Bush created a wall of sound that contrasted with the sparse, punchy records King made with Booker T. & the MGs. Among these was another of King's signature songs, \"I'll Play the Blues for You\",",
"title": "Albert King"
},
{
"id": "1427089",
"text": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s Booker T. & the M.G.'s are an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums). In the 1960s, as members of the house band of Stax Records, they played on hundreds of recordings by artists such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Albert King. They also released instrumental records under their own name,",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "14867988",
"text": "and Gov't Mule (\"Live... With a Little Help from Our Friends\" 1999), and Schenker – Pattison Summit (\"The Endless Jam Continues\" 2005). The Hunter (Albert King song) \"The Hunter\" is a blues song first recorded by Albert King in 1967 for his landmark album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". It was written by Stax Records' house band, Booker T. and the MGs, and Carl Wells. Along with \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" and \"Crosscut Saw\", \"The Hunter\" is one of King's best-known and most recorded songs. In 1969, Ike and Tina Turner had hit with the tune in the R&B",
"title": "The Hunter (Albert King song)"
},
{
"id": "172015",
"text": "Emerson limited the use of Leslie because he felt that was Preston's domain at the time, whereas he himself was approaching the instrument with an aesthetic combining \"a white European attitude\", classical music, and rock. Booker T. Jones is cited as being the bridge from rhythm and blues to rock. British organist James Taylor said the Hammond \"became popular [in the UK] when people such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s and artists on the Stax Records label came over to London and played gigs.\" Matthew Fisher first encountered the Hammond in 1966, having heard the Small Faces' Ian McLagan",
"title": "Hammond organ"
},
{
"id": "1427106",
"text": "a Hammond B-3 on the album \"Pendulum\" was an acknowledgement of Jones and the admiration the two bands had for each other. Booker T. and the M.G.'s released what would be their last Stax single, \"Melting Pot\", and their last Stax album, also called \"Melting Pot\", in 1971. \"Melting Pot\"'s repetitive groove-oriented drumming, loping bass line, and tight rhythm guitar made it an underground hit popular in New York City block parties. The song has often been sampled by rappers and techno DJs. The full-length album version of the track is over eight minutes long and contains a passage (not",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "12286956",
"text": "Booker T (wrestler) Robert Booker Tio Huffman (born March 1, 1965), better known by his ring name Booker T, is an American professional wrestling promoter, color commentator, and professional wrestler, signed with WWE. He is also the owner and founder of the independent promotion Reality of Wrestling (ROW) in Texas City, Texas. Booker is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), holding 35 championships between those organizations. He is the most decorated wrestler in WCW history, having held 21 titles including a record six WCW World",
"title": "Booker T (wrestler)"
},
{
"id": "3839204",
"text": "saxophone for the Mar-Keys, which also featured Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn and others. The hit instrumental single \"Last Night\" (composed by the band as a whole) was the first of many successful hits to Nix's credit. Without Nix, the Mar-Keys evolved into Booker T. & the M.G.'s. As a producer, Nix worked with other artists and producers, such as Leon Russell of Shelter Records; Gary Lewis and the Playboys in Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars; George Harrison, of the Beatles; and John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers. One notable achievement was his collaboration with Harrison, Russell, and many others in the",
"title": "Don Nix"
},
{
"id": "4088649",
"text": "through 1966 instrumental music recorded by the Stax house band was issued under the name of either the Mar-Keys or Booker T. & the M.G.'s, depending on the type of recording: in general, tracks featuring a horn section were credited to the Mar-Keys, and those without horns were credited to Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Dunn replaced Steinberg in the M.G.'s in 1964, having already played with the Mar-Keys both live and in the studio for several years. The demise of the group as a singles act occurred due to the success of several of its members. By the time",
"title": "The Mar-Keys"
},
{
"id": "3953082",
"text": "Jr., were given a Lifetime Achievement Grammy award for their contributions to popular music. In 2017 Dunn was posthumously awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by Bass Player Magazine for his contributions to \"the art, craft, and profession of bass playing.\" Donald \"Duck\" Dunn Donald \"Duck\" Dunn (November 24, 1941 – May 13, 2012) was an American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter. Dunn was notable for his 1960s recordings with Booker T. & the M.G.'s and as a session bassist for Stax Records. At Stax, Dunn played on thousands of records, including hits by Otis Redding, Sam &",
"title": "Donald \"Duck\" Dunn"
},
{
"id": "11283548",
"text": "Presenting Isaac Hayes Presenting Isaac Hayes is the debut studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes. The album was released in 1968, by Enterprise and Atlantic Records. The LP was the first release on Stax Records' Enterprise label; Hayes had for several years served as one of Stax's key songwriters, producers, and studio musicians. Recorded to appease Stax vice president Alvertis Isbell (Al Bell), \"Presenting\" features Hayes recording with Booker T. & the MGs members Al Jackson, Jr. and Donald \"Duck\" Dunn as a jazz trio. No material was prepared for the sessions, so the three musicians improvised an",
"title": "Presenting Isaac Hayes"
},
{
"id": "8182847",
"text": "2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The Neptunes production discography The Neptunes are a two-member producing group consisting of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo. This discography lists the recorded performances as a duo and individuals. It also lists the writing and production credits as The Neptunes, as Williams or Hugo, or both. Song names that are bold are singles, album names/releases are in \"italics\". S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) – \"S.B.I. (Surrounded By Idiots) (Studio Session) (Unreleased)\" (With Larry Live, DJ Timmy Tim aka \"Timbaland\", Mr. Magoo & Magnum The Verb Lord",
"title": "The Neptunes production discography"
},
{
"id": "1427174",
"text": "produced the duo's biggest hits (although they did not receive production credits until the \"Soul Men\" LP and singles). According to Moore and Prater, they also greatly influenced the duo's singing style, and shifted their recording style from the style of their Roulette records to a more live, more energetic gospel, call-and-response feel and beat driven soul style the group is known for today. Sam & Dave's Stax records also benefited from the musicians and engineering at Stax. The Stax house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and the Stax horn section, the Mar-Keys, were world-class musicians who co-wrote (often",
"title": "Sam & Dave"
},
{
"id": "1427103",
"text": "(later used by the BBC as their theme for cricket coverage on both TV and, latterly, radio's \"Test Match Special\"), as was their version of \"Hang 'Em High\". In 1969, the band scored their second biggest hit with \"Time Is Tight\", from the soundtrack to the movie \"Up Tight!\", scored by Jones, which reached #6 on the Billboard pop charts. In 1969, Dunn and Jones, in particular, had become admirers of the Beatles, especially their work on \"Abbey Road\". The appreciation was mutual, as the Beatles had been musically influenced by the M.G.'s. John Lennon was a Stax fan, who",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "1427110",
"text": "it was critically well received. Whitsett would go on to back Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, Little Milton, and Kathy Mattea, and his songs were recorded by Johnnie Taylor, Solomon Burke, B. B. King, Etta James, Conway Twitty, and Lorrie Morgan. Manuel would become a staple of the Memphis music scene, playing with everybody from Al Green to Albert King, and later founded HighStacks Records (the name being a tribute to both Stax and Hi Records). After a promising meeting in late September 1975, Jones and Cropper (who were now living in Los Angeles) and Jackson and Dunn (still in Memphis), decided",
"title": "Booker T. & the M.G.'s"
},
{
"id": "1472536",
"text": "and started recording mostly rock 'n' roll. Booker T. & the M.G.'s carried the electric blues style into the 1960s. Detroit-based John Lee Hooker pursued a unique brand of electric blues based on his deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie woogie, his \"groovy\" style is sometimes called \"guitar boogie\". His first hit, \"Boogie Chillen\", reached #1 on the R&B charts in 1949. He continued to play and record until his death in 2001. The New Orleans blues musician Guitar Slim recorded \"The Things That I Used to Do\" (1953), which featured",
"title": "Electric blues"
},
{
"id": "8780658",
"text": "23 The Coasters - Poison Ivy 24 Charles Mingus - Pithecanthropus Erectus 25 The Drifters - Save The Last Dance For Me 26 Ben E. King - Stand By Me 27 Bobby Darin - Mack The Knife 28 Booker T. And The MG's - Hip Hug-Her 29 Booker T. And The MG's - Green Onions 30 Rufus Thomas - Walking The Dog 31 Otis Redding - Try A Little Tenderness 32 Aretha Franklyn - Baby, Baby, Baby 33 Aretha Franklyn - Ain't No Way 34 Aretha Franklyn - Respect 35 Cream - Strange Brew 36 Cream - Sunshine Of Your",
"title": "Tom Dowd and the Language of Music"
},
{
"id": "1994333",
"text": "a session musician with other Stax acts, and writing songs that became widely regarded as classics. He wrote, with Eddie Floyd, \"I've Never Found a Girl (To Love Me Like You Do),\" Otis Redding's \"I Love You More Than Words Can Say,\" and, with William Bell, bluesman Albert King's \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" (later popularized by the cover version recorded by the British power trio Cream). In 1970, Jones moved to California and stopped playing sessions for Stax after becoming frustrated with Stax's treatment of the MGs as employees rather than musicians. Even though Jones was given the title",
"title": "Booker T. Jones"
},
{
"id": "4329500",
"text": "others.\" He joined Radio Caroline, a pirate radio station broadcasting from a ship off the coast of Britain, in 1964. There, his American-influenced quick presentation style soon made him one of the station's best-loved DJs. He was often joined on air by his mynah bird Alfie. After his time at Radio Caroline, speaking fluent French, he presented for French-language stations Radio Monte Carlo and Radio Luxembourg as \"Le Président Rosko\". Rosko compered the Stax/Volt Tour of Europe in 1967 and can be heard introducing Booker T. & the M.G.'s, the Bar-Kays, Carla Thomas, Eddie Floyd, Sam & Dave, and Otis",
"title": "Emperor Rosko"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Booker T. & the M.G.'s context: the album won a Grammy Award. On May 13, 2012, Dunn died following two concerts in Tokyo. For many years, Stax publicity releases stated that the initials in the band's name stood for \"Memphis Group\", not the MG sports car. However, this has proved not to be the case. Musician and record producer Chips Moman, who worked at Stax Records when the band was formed, claimed that the band was named after his sports car, and only after he left the label did Stax's publicity department declare that \"M.G.\" stood for \"Memphis Group\". Moman had played with Jones and Steinberg\n\nWhat does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?",
"compressed_tokens": 196,
"origin_tokens": 196,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Booker T. & the M.G.'s context: to give each other three months to finish up all of their individual projects. They would then devote three years to what would be renamed \"Booker T. Jones & the Memphis Group\". Nine days later (October 1), Al Jackson, the man Cropper would remember as \"the greatest drummer to ever walk the earth\", was murdered in his home. The remaining three members and drummer Willie Hall (a session musician who had played on many Stax hits, such as Isaac Hayes's \"Theme from \"Shaft\"\") regrouped under their old name, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and recorded the album \"Universal Language\" for\n\ntitle: Stax context: jobs and become full-time professional studio musicians, and this point on Booker T. and the..'s backed virt all of the artists who recorded at Stax Bell also persu Jim Stewart set up a \"production\", in which a small portion of the royalty payments Stax was receiving Atlantic split equally between the Six to pay them for production duties with artists they backed. Stax was located in Memphis, Tennessee, which still a segregated city Martin Luther King, Jr., a leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated in 1968.\ntitle: Booker the.G.'s context an earlier Stax backing groupumphs, was also named after his car. Jones,207 interview National Public' \"Fresh with Terry Gross\", confirmedoman's of the origin of the's. has reconfir on several occasions since, most as a guest \"Late with David Letter on May 21 St Bowman that reason label obscured of the meaning \"G.'and conco \"emphis Group\") to avoid claims of trademark infring\n:er. & the the change Ms, also become with business at to studiois., section of onax and did work been band and ofs biggest hits. Without Jones, the group (billed simply as the MG's) released a \"final\" single, \"Jamaica This Morning\", in October 1971. It failed to chart, and the group name was retired for\n\nWhat does MG sand for in Booker T & The MG's?",
"compressed_tokens": 484,
"origin_tokens": 14825,
"ratio": "30.6x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
191 | Florence Ballard was a member of which girl group? | [
"Diana Ross and the Supremes",
"Diana Ross & The Supremes",
"Diana Ross and The Supremes",
"The Supremes Sing Disney Classics",
"The Supremes at the Copa '67",
"The Supremes",
"Diana Ross And The Supremes",
"Supremes",
"The Primettes",
"Diana ross and the supremes",
"Primettes",
"The supremes",
"Diana Ross & the Supremes"
] | Supremes | [
{
"id": "1425946",
"text": "Ballard's 1969 album \"You Can't Keep a Good Man Down\". A 1972 single, \"From the Love Side\", credited to Hank Ballard and the Midnight Lighters, went to number 43 on the R&B chart. Ballard also appeared on Brown's 1972 album \"Get on the Good Foot\", in a track (\"Recitation By Hank Ballard\") that features Ballard describing Brown and the album. During the 1960s, Ballard's cousin, Florence Ballard, was a member of the Detroit girl group the Supremes. In the mid-1980s, Ballard re-formed The Midnighters and the group performed until 2002. On March 2, 2003, he died at age 75 of",
"title": "Hank Ballard"
},
{
"id": "5916701",
"text": "Betty McGlown Betty McGlown-Travis (June 30, 1941 – January 12, 2008) was an American singer, a member of The Primettes, later better known known as The Supremes. In 1959, McGlown started dating future Temptations member Paul Williams, who was then singing with the Primes. Around the same time, the Primes' booking agent and manager Milton Jenkins was scouting the Detroit neighborhoods looking for girls to become part of the Primes' sister act. After he discovered Florence Ballard, Ballard set about recruiting other girls she knew, quickly asking Mary Wilson. Primes member Paul Williams asked Diana Ross to join. Due to",
"title": "Betty McGlown"
},
{
"id": "1656453",
"text": "Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the end of the decade. Ballard struggled with alcoholism, depression, and poverty for three years. She was making an attempt for a musical comeback when she died of a",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "1656474",
"text": "late 1975, prior to her death. Besides her three daughters, Ballard's family included her cousin Hank Ballard and his grandnephew, NFL player Christian Ballard. Notes Bibliography Further reading Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman (née Ballard; June 30, 1943 – February 22, 1976) was an American singer. Ballard was the founding member of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes. Ballard sang on 16 top 40 singles with the group, including ten number-one hits. After being removed from the Supremes in 1967, Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "1308324",
"text": "of 1966, but changed his mind and instead kept Ross in the group for several more years. Gordy's caution may have been sparked by an incident in early 1966 as the group prepared to make their second appearance at the Copacabana. Angered by erratic behavior from Florence Ballard, Gordy intended to replace her with Marlene Barrow, a member of the Motown in-house singing group the Andantes. However, when club management heard of this change, they threatened to cancel the group's appearance if Ballard was replaced, as they saw Ballard's banter with her group mates as a major part of their",
"title": "The Supremes"
},
{
"id": "1656464",
"text": "sometimes replaced Ballard on stage with the Andantes' Marlene Barrow. In April 1967, Cindy Birdsong, member of Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles, became a stand-in for Ballard. A month later, Ballard returned to the group from what she thought was a temporary leave of absence. In June, Gordy changed the group's name to \"The Supremes with Diana Ross\", which was how they were billed on the marquee of Las Vegas' Flamingo Hotel. On July 1, the day after her 24th birthday, Ballard showed up inebriated during the group's third performance at the Flamingo and stuck her stomach out from",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "1656457",
"text": "Diana Ross, then going by \"Diane\". Betty McGlown completed the original lineup and Jenkins named them as \"The Primettes\". The group performed at talent showcases and at school parties before auditioning for Motown Records in 1960. Berry Gordy, head of Motown, advised the group to graduate from high school before auditioning again. Ballard eventually dropped out of high school though her groupmates graduated. In 1960, Ballard was raped at knifepoint by local high-school basketball player Reggie Harding after leaving a sock hop at Detroit's Graystone Ballroom (she had attended with her brother, but they accidentally lost track of each other).",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "4720304",
"text": "To A Go-Go\". Stevie Wonder, accompanied by his band and his girl group \"Wonderlove\" sang several of his greatest hits, including \"I Wish,\" \"Uptight (Everything's Alright),\" \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours,\" \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life,\" \"My Cherie Amour,\" \"Sir Duke,\" and also preceded by a vintage clip of Wonder singing his first hit \"Fingertips.\" Motown 25 was a showcase for the highly anticipated reunion of the Supremes: Diana Ross, Mary Wilson and Supremes replacement Cindy Birdsong (original member Florence Ballard had died in 1976). Four of their greatest hits were to be sung that night, including \"Someday",
"title": "Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever"
},
{
"id": "5922721",
"text": "Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as the Supremes, a name that Ballard had chosen (as she was the only group member in the studio at",
"title": "Barbara Martin (singer)"
},
{
"id": "2519305",
"text": "the Bluebelles. Hendryx's husky alto differed from Dash's sharp soprano, LaBelle's mezzo-soprano and Birdsong's second soprano. During this tenure, the group became known for their emotional live performances and their renditions of classic standards such as \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", \"Over The Rainbow\"and \"Danny Boy\". The group often found themselves competing against girl groups such as The Chantels, Shirelles and The Supremes. In 1967, Hendryx, LaBelle and Dash were shocked to discover that Birdsong had secretly joined the Supremes after Florence Ballard was ousted from the group by Motown. Different members of the group were in touch with Birdsong over",
"title": "Nona Hendryx"
},
{
"id": "8628750",
"text": "The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart\" was halved",
"title": "The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart"
},
{
"id": "14872583",
"text": "group, and they were reduced to a trio. In 1958 they left Birmingham to break out into the music business. They settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where Milton Jenkins would become their manager. They later moved to Detroit, Michigan, not too long after that Jenkins changed the group's name to The Primes, and they got a spin-off group known as The Primettes, members of that group included Diane (later Diana) Ross, Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. In 1960 Kell left the group and moved to Los Angeles, California to start a solo career, and as a result the group",
"title": "Kell Osborne"
},
{
"id": "1656463",
"text": "three girls.\" All in all, Ballard contributed vocals to ten number-one pop hits and 16 top forty hit singles between 1963 and 1967. Ballard expressed dissatisfaction with the group's direction throughout its successful period. She would also claim that their schedule had forced the group members to drift apart. Ballard blamed Motown Records for destroying the group dynamic by making Diana Ross the star. Struggling to cope with label demands and her own bout with depression, Ballard turned to alcohol for comfort, leading to arguments with her group members. Ballard's alcoholism led to her missing performances and recording sessions. Gordy",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "12135434",
"text": "song failed to chart forcing Berry Gordy to find other options for the teenage quartet - its full lineup included Barbara Martin alongside Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson. Three members of the group (Ross, Wilson and Ballard), in fact, had already recorded a single, \"Tears of Sorrow\"/\"Pretty Baby\", in their previous quartet, \"The Primettes\". In between the two singles the teenaged girls would replace Betty McGlown with Martin, and the new quartet would be recording under a new name (and under a new record deal). This song would be issued as a b-side of a Marvelettes hit (\"Twistin' Postman\")",
"title": "I Want a Guy"
},
{
"id": "8017790",
"text": "Meet The Supremes Meet the Supremes is the debut studio album by The Supremes, released in late 1962 on Motown. The LP includes the group's earliest singles: \"I Want a Guy\", \"Buttered Popcorn\", \"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" and \"Let Me Go the Right Way\". The earliest recordings on this album, done between fall 1960 and fall 1961, feature the Supremes as a quartet composed of teenagers Diane Ross, Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Barbara Martin. Martin left the group in early 1962 to start a family, and the other three girls continued as a trio. Martin is not pictured",
"title": "Meet The Supremes"
},
{
"id": "1656460",
"text": "Ballard chose \"Supremes\". When the other members heard of the new name, they were not pleased. Diana Ross feared they would be mistaken for a male vocal group. Eventually Gordy agreed to sign them under that name on January 15, 1961. The group struggled in their early years with the label, releasing eight singles that failed to crack the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, giving them the nickname \"no-hit Supremes\". One track, \"Buttered Popcorn\", led by Ballard, was a regional hit in the Midwest, but still failed to chart. During a 1962 Motortown Revue tour, Ballard briefly replaced the Marvelettes' Wanda Young",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "1361277",
"text": "member Paul Williams. Along with Ross, the other members included Florence Ballard the first group member hired by Jenkins, Mary Wilson, and Betty McGlown. Following a talent competition win in Windsor, Ontario, in 1960, the Primettes were invited to audition for Motown records. Ballard, allegedly, declined the offer, due to unsavory rumors of the unscrupulous business practices of Motown's founder, Berry Gordy. Later, following local success via live performances at sock hops, etc., Ross approached former neighbor (and rumored childhood former boyfriend), William \"Smokey\" Robinson, who insisted that the group audition for him first. Robinson agreed to bring the Primettes",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "3073379",
"text": "who is Sundray Tucker's sister, had already joined Mary Wilson and Jean Terrell onstage and on the \"Floy Joy\" album cover, as Birdsong's pregnancy became visible. After a brief hiatus, Birdsong returned to the Supremes in November 1973, replacing a pregnant Laurence and remaining with the Supremes until she retired in February 1976, frustrated with her dealings with Mary Wilson's then-husband Pedro Ferrer, who was serving as the group's manager; coincidentally, a few days before Birdsong's official departure, Florence Ballard died of cardiac arrest at the age of 32 while experiencing a financial and personal recovery. During that period, Birdsong",
"title": "Cindy Birdsong"
},
{
"id": "7715781",
"text": "helped the group to distinguish themselves from the other girl groups in the label including the pop-oriented Marvelettes and the doo-wop-influenced Supremes with a rougher, brassier gospel-influenced sound. Reeves was a brassy alto while Annette was a deep contralto, and Rosalind was a high soprano. Like the Supremes' Florence Ballard, the Marvelettes' Wanda Rogers and The Four Tops' Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Ashford registered as the high background vocal in Vandellas records. After \"Quicksand\" gave the group a third top forty pop hit, Beard left to start a family with her new spouse. Reeves recruited a former member of The Velvelettes,",
"title": "Rosalind Ashford"
},
{
"id": "8823400",
"text": "love bug). Lead singer Diana Ross' bandmates Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson accompany Ross, as she sings about her lover's grasp on her heart. The girl group performed the hit live on CBS variety program \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" on Sunday, May 1, 1966. Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart \"Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart\" is a 1966 song recorded by the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song was recorded in June 1965 and not released until April 1966. It was one of the",
"title": "Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart"
},
{
"id": "10379199",
"text": "in the Dutch Pop Chart. Produced by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier, and written by Holland–Dozier–Holland and Frank De Vol (\"The Happening's\" musical director), \"The Happening\" was the final single issued by The Supremes under that name. Between the release of \"The Happening\" and the next Supremes single, \"Reflections,\" the group's billing changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", and Florence Ballard was replaced with Cindy Birdsong of Patti LaBelle & the Blue Belles. Ballard's final of the 17 appearances The Supremes made on the hit CBS variety television program \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" was on an episode where she",
"title": "The Happening (song)"
},
{
"id": "1656472",
"text": "of plot components parallel events in the Supremes' career. The central character of Effie White, like Florence Ballard, is criticized for being overweight, and is fired from the group. The film version of \"Dreamgirls\" released in 2006 features more overt references to Ballard's life and the Supremes' story, including gowns and album covers that are direct copies of Supremes originals. Jennifer Hudson won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for her portrayal of Effie White in the \"Dreamgirls\" film. In her Golden Globe acceptance speech, Hudson dedicated her win to Florence Ballard. The music video for the Diana Ross",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "9442244",
"text": "and was rumored to carry a pistol in his gym bag. During a television interview, Harding threatened to shoot the Indiana Pacers' general manager, Mike Storen. Harding also reportedly threatened to shoot teammate Jimmy Rayl while the two were rooming together. According to Peter Benjaminson's \"The Lost Supreme: The Life of Dreamgirl Florence Ballard\", Harding raped Florence Ballard, a member of The Supremes, at knifepoint in 1960. Harding was shot dead at a Detroit intersection in 1972, aged 30. Reggie Harding Reginald \"Reggie\" Harding (May 4, 1942 – September 2, 1972) was an American professional basketball player. Drafted in 1962",
"title": "Reggie Harding"
},
{
"id": "1308306",
"text": "Ross as lead singer and Holland-Dozier-Holland as its songwriting and production team. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy renamed the group Diana Ross & the Supremes, and replaced Ballard with Cindy Birdsong. Ross left to pursue a solo career in 1970 and was replaced by Jean Terrell, so the group's name reverted to The Supremes. During the mid-1970s, the lineup changed with Lynda Laurence, Scherrie Payne and Susaye Greene joining the group until, after 18 years, The Supremes disbanded in 1977. In Detroit in 1958, Florence Ballard, a junior high school student living in the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects, met Paul",
"title": "The Supremes"
},
{
"id": "5922723",
"text": "of the tracks on the group's first album, \"Meet The Supremes\", she is not pictured on the album's cover. Barbara Martin (singer) Barbara Diane Martin Richardson (born 1 June 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an African-American singer; better known for being one of the original members of Motown singing group the Supremes. After Betty McGlown left the Primettes, due to her upcoming nuptials, Martin replaced her in the group in 1960. She and her groupmates, Diana Ross (then known as Diane), Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard, signed a recording contract with Motown founder Berry Gordy on January 15, 1961 as",
"title": "Barbara Martin (singer)"
},
{
"id": "1361280",
"text": "studio, many written by \"Smokey\" Robinson, who, by then, was vice president of Motown (\"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" and \"A Breathtaking Guy\"). Gordy, too, composed songs for the trio, including \"Buttered Popcorn\"(featuring Ballard on lead) and \"Let Me Go the Right Way\". While these songs were regional hits, they were not nationwide successes. In January 1961, Gordy agreed to sign the group on the condition they change their name. Eventually, Janie Bradford approached Florence Ballard, the only group member at the studio at the time, to pick out a new name for the group. Ballard chose \"Supremes\", reportedly, because",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "3073384",
"text": "man at Birdsong's apartment, contacted police and turned himself in. \"(All singles with the Temptations)\" Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set",
"title": "Cindy Birdsong"
},
{
"id": "1656458",
"text": "The rape occurred in an empty parking lot off Woodward Avenue. Ballard responded by secluding herself in her house refusing to come outside, which worried her groupmates. Weeks later, Ballard told Wilson and Ross what had happened. Though Ross and Wilson were sympathetic, they were also confused because Ballard was considered to be strong-willed and unflappable. Both Wilson and Jesse Green, an early boyfriend of Florence's, had described her as a \"generally happy if somewhat mischievous and sassy teenager.\" Wilson believes that the incident heavily contributed to the more self-destructive aspects of Ballard's adult personality, like cynicism, pessimism, and fear",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "10867850",
"text": "and Kelly helped the group become international stars gaining popularity from performances from \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"Shindig!\" and \"American Bandstand\". Kelly was often mistaken for being an original member of the group despite the fact that Beard had sung on the group's earlier singles, often lip-synched by Kelly when the group performed on TV. Kelly's vocals contrasted from original member Beard's. Kelly was fired from the group in the summer of 1967—about the same time that Florence Ballard was fired from The Supremes—and was replaced by Martha's younger sister Lois Reeves with the group's name changed to \"Martha Reeves",
"title": "Betty Kelly"
},
{
"id": "12588882",
"text": "\"Our Day Will Come\" and \"The Ballad Of Davy Crockett\". Florence Ballard is featured lead on \"Save Me A Star\" and \"Silent Night\". The Never-Before-Released Masters The Never-Before-Released Masters is 1987 compilation album containing unreleased recordings recorded by Motown girl-group The Supremes from 1961 to 1969. It was the second CD release of unreleased recordings by The Supremes, the first being disc two of the 2 disc \"25th Anniversary\" compilation. Several other unreleased tracks appeared on earlier various artists compilations. A majority of the recordings for the unreleased album \"Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\" are featured on",
"title": "The Never-Before-Released Masters"
},
{
"id": "8628754",
"text": "on the \"Billboard\" R&B Album chart. The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart is the eleventh studio album released by The Supremes for Motown in 1967. The album is wholly composed of covers of show tunes written by the songwriting duo of Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The album was the final album released before The Supremes' name was changed to \"Diana Ross & the Supremes,\" and member Florence Ballard was replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It reached #20 in the USA and ultimately sold around 500,000 copies. Originally intended as a double album, \"The Supremes",
"title": "The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart"
},
{
"id": "1361283",
"text": "weight, and alcoholism, Florence Ballard was fired from the Supremes by Gordy in July 1967, hiring Cindy Birdsong from Patti LaBelle and the Blue-Bells as Ballard's replacement. Gordy renamed the group \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", making it easier to charge a larger performance fee for a solo star and a backing group, as it did for other renamed Motown groups. Gordy initially considered Ross leaving the Supremes for a solo career in 1966 but changed his mind because the group's success was still too significant for Ross to pursue solo obligations. Ross remained with the Supremes until early 1970.",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "1656468",
"text": "sister Maxine's house. In 1974 Mary Wilson invited Ballard to join the Supremes, which now included Cindy Birdsong and Scherrie Payne (Ross had left for her successful solo career in 1970). Though Ballard played tambourine, she didn't sing and told Wilson she had no ambition to sing any more. Later that year Ballard's plight started to be reported in newspapers as word got around that the singer had applied for welfare. Around that time, Ballard entered Henry Ford Hospital for rehab treatment. Following six weeks of treatment, Ballard slowly started to recover. In early 1975, Ballard received an insurance settlement",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "13950688",
"text": "wanna buy a ring\". \"Wear My Kiss\" is reminiscent of songs performed by British girl group Girls Aloud and American recording artist Lady Gaga. In September 2009, speculation arose that group member Amelle Berrabah had left the Sugababes following reports of tension with band member Keisha Buchanan. However, it was announced on 21 September 2009 that Buchanan, the sole original member of the group, had officially left the Sugababes. Buchanan clarified the departure on her official Twitter account, writing: \"I'm sad to say that I am no longer a part of the Sugababes ... Although it was not my choice",
"title": "Wear My Kiss"
},
{
"id": "11714657",
"text": "In and Out of Love (The Supremes song) \"In and Out of Love\" is a 1967 song recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label. It was the second single issued with the group's new billing of \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", the penultimate Supremes single written and produced by Motown production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, and the last single to feature the vocals of original member Florence Ballard. By the time of the recording of \"In and Out of Love,\" The Supremes had become the most successful American music group of all time, with ten number-one pop singles on the \"Billboard\"",
"title": "In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)"
},
{
"id": "1361350",
"text": "one of the 21 recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. (* = made directly for television) Headlining Co-headlining tours Residency shows Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "1656473",
"text": "song \"Missing You\" pays tribute to Marvin Gaye, Ballard, and Paul Williams, all former Motown artists who had died. In 1988, Ballard was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes alongside Diana Ross and Mary Wilson. Ballard began dating Thomas Chapman, a Motown Records associate, in 1967; they married in a private celebration in Hawaii on February 29, 1968, and had three daughters: Michelle Denise and Nichole Rene and Lisa Sabrina (b. 1971). Ballard reportedly had several domestic disputes with her husband and filed for divorce in 1973, but they reconciled in",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "15557865",
"text": "Lauren Bennett Lauren Bennett (born 23 June 1989) is an English singer, dancer, and model. She is best known as a member of the girl group G.R.L.. She is also known for her work with the Paradiso Girls, CeeLo Green, Robin Antin of the Pussycat Dolls, and most notably with LMFAO, where she was featured on the 2011 summer hit \"Party Rock Anthem,\" achieving her first number one single in the United Kingdom and United States. Bennett was part of a girl group called the Paradiso Girls. The group consisted of seven members at their formation in 2007, but had",
"title": "Lauren Bennett"
},
{
"id": "14124683",
"text": "the Bluebelles was a US 1960s girl group whose image Vicki Wickham, their manager, helped remake in the early 1970s, renaming the group Labelle and pushing them in the direction of glam rock. Labelle were the first girl group to eschew matching outfits and identical choreography, instead wearing extravagant spacesuits and feathered headdresses. Later, during the disco craze and beyond, female acts included First Choice, Silver Convention, Hot, the Emotions, High Inergy, Odyssey, Sister Sledge, Mary Jane Girls, Belle Epoque, Frantique, Luv', and Baccara. Extending into the 1980s were groups like the Pointer Sisters, Exposé, and Bananarama. In Latin America,",
"title": "Girl group"
},
{
"id": "6004736",
"text": "are songs Florence took the lead on as a Supreme. Due to legal agreements between Motown and Ballard when she separated from The Supremes in 1967, Motown stated that Ballard was not allowed to mention that she had been a former member of the Supremes. As a result, her press release stated that \"Florence has been a part of an entertainment trio for many years,\" which hindered her releases from garnering attention from the public. Although there was only one album by Ballard released, she was supposedly about to sign a contract just before her death. Ballard had also recorded",
"title": "The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard"
},
{
"id": "9929707",
"text": "period it was released a third single from the album: \"Good Enough\". Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \"Baby (Off the Wall)\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make",
"title": "Sirens (British band)"
},
{
"id": "15605615",
"text": "\"Beat of My Drum\" is a dance-pop song which incorporates elements of indie pop, and has been compared to the work of artists including M.I.A. and Major Lazer. Lyrically, the song discusses Roberts' time in the girl band she was a part of, Girls Aloud; while part of the group, she felt undervalued in comparison to other members. \"Beat of My Drum\" garnered universal acclaim from music critics, with some describing it as more original than solo releases by other members of Girls Aloud; it was also compared to the work of artists such as Kelis and Robyn. Commercially, \"Beat",
"title": "Beat of My Drum"
},
{
"id": "1457478",
"text": "Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \"The Writing's on the Wall\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \"Bills, Bills,",
"title": "Destiny's Child"
},
{
"id": "1457533",
"text": "Destiny's Child Destiny's Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destiny's Child members began their musical career as Girl's Tyme, formed in 1990, comprising Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson, and LeToya Luckett among others. After years of limited success, the quartet were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment as Destiny's Child. Destiny's Child was launched into mainstream recognition following the release of their best-selling second album, \"The Writing's on the Wall\" (1999), which contained the number-one singles \"Bills, Bills,",
"title": "Destiny's Child"
},
{
"id": "4570740",
"text": "Together that covers Wilson's life since 1970. Both books and a new afterword were included in a combined volume titled Dreamgirl & Supreme Faith: My Life as a Supreme in 2000. The book covers the story of Wilson's life from her childhood, to meeting Florence Ballard and Diana Ross and forming the Primettes (later \"The Supremes\"), to the group's later international success and personal conflicts in the 1960s, Ballard's replacement with Cindy Birdsong in 1967, the development of Ross as a solo act, and Ross' split from the group in 1969-1970. \"Dreamgirl\" was dedicated to Wilson's family and \"to the",
"title": "Dreamgirl: My Life as a Supreme"
},
{
"id": "12966210",
"text": "Gail Kendall. Her paternal grandmother was an amateur opera singer. In 1978, she was a member of the dance troupe Hot Gossip who performed on British television's \"The Kenny Everett Video Show\". They were noted for their sexually-suggestive costumes and risqué dance routines. Lister was one of the original Blitz Kids, a group of young, flamboyantly-dressed people who patronised the elitist Covent Garden club night 'Blitz' in the early 1980s, among whom were Boy George, Steve Strange, Spandau Ballet, and singer Marilyn. She appeared as a dancer in the 1980 film \"Can't Stop the Music\". Lister began a relationship with",
"title": "Perri Lister"
},
{
"id": "3073370",
"text": "Cindy Birdsong Cynthia Ann \"Cindy\" Birdsong (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer who became famous as a member of The Supremes in 1967, when she replaced co-founding member Florence Ballard. Birdsong had previously been a member of Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles. Birdsong was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey on December 15, 1939, to parents Lloyd Birdsong, Sr. and Annie Birdsong. After living in Philadelphia for a duration of her childhood, the family returned to New Jersey, settling in Camden. Birdsong set her sights on becoming a nurse and attending college in Pennsylvania. When Cindy returned to",
"title": "Cindy Birdsong"
},
{
"id": "14124688",
"text": "group since the Beatles. The cultural movement started by the Spice Girls produced other similar acts, which include the British-Canadian outfit All Saints, Irish girl group B*Witched, Atomic Kitten and Eternal, who all achieved varying levels of success during the decade. Throughout the 2000s, girl groups from the UK remained popular, with Girls Aloud's \"Sound of the Underground\" and Sugababes' \"Round Round\" having been called \"two huge groundbreaking hits\" credited with reshaping British pop music for the 2000s. The success of Sugababes and Girls Aloud inspired other UK girl group acts, including Mis-Teeq, the Saturdays, StooShe and Little Mix, who",
"title": "Girl group"
},
{
"id": "2212117",
"text": "John L. Pippin in Detroit. Wilson reunited with her mother and siblings at the age of 9. To make ends meet, Wilson's mother worked as a domestic worker. Before reaching her teenage years, Wilson and her family had settled at Detroit's upstart housing project, the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects. Mary Wilson first met Florence Ballard at an elementary school in Detroit. The duo became friends while singing in the school's talent show. In 1959, Ballard asked Wilson to audition for Milton Jenkins, who was forming a sister group to his male vocal trio, the Primes. Wilson was soon accepted in the",
"title": "Mary Wilson (singer)"
},
{
"id": "1882316",
"text": "Geri Halliwell Geraldine Estelle Horner (; born 6 August 1972) is an English pop singer-songwriter, clothes designer, author, and actress. Halliwell came to international prominence in the 1990s as Ginger Spice, a member of the successful girl group the Spice Girls, the best-selling girl group of all time with over 85 million records sold, of which more than 75 million copies sold with the quintet lineup with Halliwell. In 1998, Halliwell left the Spice Girls to pursue a solo career but later returned to the group when they reunited in 2007. Halliwell reportedly amassed a $40 million fortune during her",
"title": "Geri Halliwell"
},
{
"id": "3073375",
"text": "in 1965, recording two relatively successful albums, 1966's \"Over the Rainbow\" and 1967's \"Dreamer\" scoring modest charted singles such as \"All or Nothing\", \"Take Me a Little While\" and \"I'm Still Waiting\". Starting in mid and late 1967, Birdsong began to appear as a stand-in vocalist for Supremes founder Florence Ballard when Ballard's bout with alcoholism caused her to miss important gigs. In 1967, Birdsong abruptly left the Bluebelles to join Diana Ross and the Supremes as Ballard's official replacement. Birdsong said that the remaining Bluebelles were angry with her for not telling them about joining the Supremes and refused",
"title": "Cindy Birdsong"
},
{
"id": "8628980",
"text": "Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released, she had been fired from the group and replaced by Cindy Birdsong. It would rank as",
"title": "Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)"
},
{
"id": "3825155",
"text": "Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \"The Hookers\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics about sex and fantasy. Prince had been wanting to mentor a girl singer or group since the late–1970s when he saw the film \"A Star is Born\" with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.",
"title": "Vanity 6"
},
{
"id": "14498303",
"text": "Tiffany Young Stephanie Young Hwang (born August 1, 1989), known professionally as Tiffany or Tiffany Young, is an American singer. Born and raised in California, she was discovered by South Korean entertainment agency SM Entertainment at the age of fifteen and subsequently moved to South Korea. After two years of training, Tiffany debuted as a member of girl group Girls' Generation (and later its subgroup TTS) in August 2007, who went on to be one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most popular girl groups worldwide. In 2016, following her contribution to several side",
"title": "Tiffany Young"
},
{
"id": "8628984",
"text": "All songs written by Holland–Dozier–Holland unless otherwise noted. Superscripts denote original album sources, referenced below. Notes Greatest Hits (The Supremes album) Diana Ross & the Supremes: Greatest Hits (also released as The Supremes: Greatest Hits) is a two-LP collection of singles and b-sides recorded by The Supremes, released by Motown in August 1967 (see 1967 in music). The collection was the first LP to credit the group under the new billing \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\". Although founding member Florence Ballard is pictured on all album artwork and sings on all the tracks, by the time the set was released,",
"title": "Greatest Hits (The Supremes album)"
},
{
"id": "8493140",
"text": "to which she agreed, and called on former Supremes Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong. Wilson declined, instead opting to forge a solo career, while Birdsong agreed and coaxed former Supreme Jean Terrell to join the new Supremes group (By early 1976, was stated that Terrell and Birdsong would try to create a new group alongside original supreme Florence Ballard, but Ballard's sudden death cancelled their plans). The three of them set about forming a new incarnation of The Supremes, although due to contractual difficulties over the ownership of the name (Mary Wilson was involved in lengthy lawsuits with Motown over",
"title": "Former Ladies of the Supremes"
},
{
"id": "3687997",
"text": "The Bobbettes The Bobbettes were an American R&B girl group who had a 1957 top 10 hit song called \"Mr. Lee.\" The group existed from 1955 to 1974 and included Jannie Pought (1945-1980), Emma Pought (born 1942), Reather Dixon (1945-2014), Laura Webb (1941-2001), and Helen Gathers (1942-2011). The group, which originally formed in East Harlem, New York, in 1955, was first known as \"The Harlem Queens\". The girls first met while singing at the Glee Club at P.S. 109 in Spanish Harlem. They were soon discovered by James Dailey, a record producer, who also became their manager, while playing a",
"title": "The Bobbettes"
},
{
"id": "6468155",
"text": "Girl Thing Girl Thing were an English-Dutch girl group, consisting of members Jodi Albert, Anika Bostelaar, Linzi Martin, Michelle Barber and Nikki Stuart. They were formed in 1998 by Simon Cowell and were originally intended to rival the Spice Girls, but their success was minor and short-lived. They sold 2 million records worldwide before disbanding in 2001. The group reformed in 2013 for the second series of \"The Big Reunion\" to perform a one-off gig at the Hammersmith Apollo in 2014. In 1998, Simon Cowell, having previously turned down the Spice Girls, decided to form his own girl group. Girl",
"title": "Girl Thing"
},
{
"id": "9929703",
"text": "Sirens (British band) Sirens are British girl group from Newcastle upon Tyne, best known for their Top 50 single, \"Baby (Off the Wall)\". The Sirens line-up originally consisted of Karina Brians, Kat Haslam, Lynsey Schofield and Michelle Heaton. Heaton left the band before their debut single was released and was replaced by Lea Cummings. They dubbed themselves Sirens in honour of the infamous Greek myth of three beautiful women (Siren) luring sailors to their deaths by singing to them. Brians left school at 14 to try to make money by doing a variety of jobs before running her own stableyard.",
"title": "Sirens (British band)"
},
{
"id": "1656454",
"text": "heart attack in February 1976 at the age of 32. Ballard's death was considered by one critic as \"one of rock's greatest tragedies\". Ballard was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes in 1988. Florence Glenda Ballard was born in Detroit, Michigan on June 30, 1943 to Lurlee (née Wilson) and Jesse Ballard, as the ninth of fifteen children. Her siblings were Bertie, Cornell, Jesse, Jr., Gilbert, Geraldine, Barbara, Maxine, Billy, Calvin, Pat, Linda and Roy. Her mother was a resident of Rosetta, Mississippi. Her father was born Jesse Lambert in",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "1322698",
"text": "Labelle Labelle is an American all-female singing group who were a popular vocal group of the 1960s and 1970s. The group was formed after the disbanding of two rival girl groups in the Philadelphia/Trenton areas, the Ordettes and the Del-Capris, forming as a new version of the former group, later changing their name to The Blue Belles (later Bluebelles). The founding members were Patti LaBelle (formerly Patricia Holt), Cindy Birdsong, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash. As The Bluebelles, and later Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, the group found success with ballads in the doo-wop genre, most notably \"Down the Aisle",
"title": "Labelle"
},
{
"id": "1308305",
"text": "African American R&B and soul musicians to find mainstream success. Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Diana Ross, and Betty McGlown, the original group, are all from the Brewster-Douglass public housing project in Detroit. They formed the Primettes as the sister act to the Primes (with Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks, who went on to form the Temptations). Barbara Martin replaced McGlown in 1960, and the group signed with Motown the following year as the Supremes. Martin left the act in early 1962, and Ross, Ballard, and Wilson carried on as a trio. During the mid-1960s, the Supremes achieved mainstream success with",
"title": "The Supremes"
},
{
"id": "18086179",
"text": "Love Ain't Love \"Love Ain't Love\" is the second solo single released by singer Florence Ballard of the Supremes after her departure from the group. In 1967, Florence Ballard was fired by Motown Records founder Berry Gordy Jr.. As part of her release from Motown, no mention could be made that Ballard had been a part of the best-selling trio. Eventually, Ballard signed with ABC Records on March 6, 1968, and quickly started work on her solo album. \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\" b/w \"Goin' Out Of My Head\" (ABC Records #45-11074A/B)",
"title": "Love Ain't Love"
},
{
"id": "3825162",
"text": "complex form of a kidney disease. A number of songs were in fact intended for the Vanity 6 follow up album, but due to Vanity's departure, these songs ended up performed by others. Vanity 6 Vanity 6 was an American female vocal trio assembled by American musician Prince in mid–1981. In 1981, Prince, himself a rising musical star, suggested that his three female friends—his girlfriend Susan Moonsie, Boston native Brenda Bennett, and Jamie Shoop—form a girl group that would be called \"The Hookers\". Prince's vision was that the three women would perform in lingerie and sing sensual songs with lyrics",
"title": "Vanity 6"
},
{
"id": "1308311",
"text": "hand claps and background vocals for the songs of other Motown artists including Marvin Gaye and Mary Wells. In January 1961, Gordy finally relented and agreed to sign the girls to his label – but under the condition that they change the name of their group. The Primes had by this time combined with Otis Williams & the Distants and would soon sign to Motown as the Temptations. Gordy gave Ballard a list of names to choose from that included suggestions such as \"the Darleens\", \"the Sweet Ps\", \"the Melodees\", \"the Royaltones\" and \"the Jewelettes\". Ballard chose \"the Supremes\", a",
"title": "The Supremes"
},
{
"id": "14478723",
"text": "\"Guinness Book of World Records\" as the all-female group that have the most UK chart entries in history, a record they still hold. Dallin is of English, French and Irish ancestry. She studied journalism at the London College of Fashion (University of Arts) in 1980-81. She formed the group Bananarama with her childhood friend Keren Woodward and Siobhan Fahey who she met at college. In 1980, Dallin and Woodward met Paul Cook, ex-member of the Sex Pistols, in a club and they became fast friends. They sang backing vocals for his and Steve Jones' new band, TheProfessionals, and had their",
"title": "Sara Dallin"
},
{
"id": "16115794",
"text": "Stacy Francis Stacy Francis is an American singer and actress. She is best known for being a part of the girl group Ex Girlfriend and as a contestant in the first season of \"The X Factor USA\". Francis has also made several television appearances on various shows. She also performed for Tom Cruise at his 40th birthday. Stacy participated in the nineteenth series of the UK television show \"Celebrity Big Brother\" as a \"new star\" housemate. Francis was a part of an all female group called Ex Girlfriend. Besides Francis, the members consisted of Monica Boyd, Julia Robertson, and Tisha",
"title": "Stacy Francis"
},
{
"id": "1308348",
"text": "they have had on black girl groups who have succeeded them in popular music, such as The Three Degrees, The Emotions, The Pointer Sisters, En Vogue, TLC, Destiny's Child and Cleopatra. \"The Beatles were there,\" said Madonna of her childhood, \"but I was more eager about The Supremes. I was really into girl groups.\" Fan interest made the idea of a Supremes reunion tour a very profitable one during the 1980s. In 1982, around the time that Motown reunited all of the Temptations, it was rumored that Motown would reunite the Supremes. The 1974 line-up of the Supremes (Wilson, Birdsong",
"title": "The Supremes"
},
{
"id": "1656471",
"text": "contains the line \"Remember the sadness in Florence Ballard's eyes\". On his 2006 album \"Hip Hop is Dead\", hip-hop artist Nas mentions the Ballard/Ross rivalry in his song \"Blunt Ashes\": \"\"When Flo from the Supremes died/Diana Ross cried/Many people said that she was laughing inside.\"\" In his short story \"You Know They Got a Hell of a Band\", Stephen King, through the late disc jockey Alan Freed, includes Ballard as one of the deceased artists who performs in a town called \"Rock and Roll Heaven\". \"Dreamgirls\", a 1981 Broadway musical, chronicles a fictional group called \"The Dreams,\" and a number",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "2970180",
"text": "edition. The group was also named the United Kingdom's biggest selling girl group of the 21st century, with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone. In March 2013, after the , the group announced their split. The group Girls Aloud was formed on 30 November 2002, in front of millions of viewers on ITV's \"\". The concept of the programme, hosted by \"Big Brother\" presenter Davina McCall was to produce a boyband and a girlgroup who would be \"rivals\" and compete for the 2002 Christmas number one single. Following the initial success of",
"title": "Girls Aloud"
},
{
"id": "10867643",
"text": "Gloria Williams Gloria Williams (August 1, 1942 - July 5, 2000) was an American singer notable for being the original lead singer of an early incarnation of Martha and the Vandellas under the name, The Del-Phis. Born Gloria Jean Williamson in Detroit, Michigan in 1942, Williams auditioned for a spot in a girl group in 1957, and found herself accompanying Annette Beard, Rosalind Ashford and Martha Reeves in the christened Del-Phis. The group performed in benefits and high school parties before being signed to the Chess Records subsidiary Checkmate (later bought by Motown Records), where the group recorded a single,",
"title": "Gloria Williams"
},
{
"id": "1656456",
"text": "next year Jesse Lambert Ballard died of cancer. Named \"Blondie\" and \"Flo\" by family and friends, Ballard attended Northeastern High School and was coached vocally by Abraham Silver. Ballard met future singing partner Mary Wilson during a middle-school talent show and they became friends while attending Northeastern High. From an early age, Ballard aspired to be a singer and agreed to audition for a spot on a sister group of the local Detroit attraction, the Primes, who were managed by Milton Jenkins. After she was accepted, Ballard recruited Mary Wilson to join Jenkins' group. Wilson, in turn, enlisted another neighbor,",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "11714658",
"text": "Hot 100 to their credit. In the midst of their success, conflicts between Supremes members Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson arose. Ballard was uneasy about the group's direction and felt her role was being reduced in the group she first found. Motown's premier production team Holland–Dozier–Holland (H–D–H) recorded the track for \"In and Out of Love\" originally in Detroit with The Funk Brothers on March 2, 1967 during the same session for \"The Happening\" and \"Reflections,\" but subsequently rerecorded the track six weeks later in Los Angeles. Ross added her lead vocals on June 12, 1967 with Wilson",
"title": "In and Out of Love (The Supremes song)"
},
{
"id": "1361267",
"text": "Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "19061221",
"text": "and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion, many of whom were influenced by doo-wop style. All-female bands are sometimes also called girl groups. In the Jazz Age and during the 1930s, all-female bands such as The Blue Belles, the Parisian Redheads (later the Bricktops), Lil-Hardin's All-Girl Band, The Ingenues, The Harlem Playgirls, Phil Spitalny's Musical Sweethearts and \"Helen Lewis and Her All-Girl Jazz Syncopators\" were popular.Ina Ray Hutton led an all-girl band, the Melodears, from 1934 to 1939. Eunice Westmoreland, under the name Rita Rio, led an all-female band appearing on NBC",
"title": "Women in music"
},
{
"id": "387019",
"text": "Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \"Spice\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \"Spiceworld\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The Spice Girls",
"title": "Spice Girls"
},
{
"id": "15036172",
"text": "good at singing and it was her \"thing\". In 2003, aged 15, she won \"Best Pop Singer\" in the TV show \"Britain's Brilliant Prodigies\", performing as Jessica Cornish. At the age of 16 she began studying at the BRIT School and at 17 she joined a girl group named Soul Deep. She graduated in the class of 2006 along with singers Adele and Leona Lewis. At 18, she claims she suffered a 'minor stroke.' Regarding her choice of the stage name \"Jessie J\", in an interview with the Daily Mail, she is quoted as having said \"to be honest, there's",
"title": "Jessie J"
},
{
"id": "1656465",
"text": "her suit. Angered, Gordy ordered her to return to Detroit, and Birdsong officially replaced her, abruptly ending her tenure with the Supremes. It had been decided as early as May that Birdsong would be Ballard's official replacement once Birdsong's contract with the Bluebelles was bought out. In August 1967, the \"Detroit Free Press\" reported that Ballard had taken a temporary leave of absence from the group due to \"exhaustion\". Ballard eventually married her boyfriend, Thomas Chapman, on February 29, 1968. A week earlier, on February 22, Ballard and Motown negotiated to have Ballard released from the label. Her attorney in",
"title": "Florence Ballard"
},
{
"id": "1910400",
"text": "Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album \"Hot\". The album's lead single, \"I Want You Back\" charted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was included on the soundtrack for",
"title": "Mel B"
},
{
"id": "4049920",
"text": "The Marvelettes The Marvelettes was an American girl group that achieved popularity in the early- to mid-1960s. They consisted of schoolmates Gladys Horton, Katherine Anderson (now Schaffner), Georgeanna Tillman (later Gordon), Juanita Cowart (now Cowart Motley), and Georgia Dobbins, who was replaced by Wanda Young (now Rogers) prior to the group signing their first deal. They were the first major successful act of Motown Records after the Miracles and its first significantly successful girl group after the release of the 1961 number-one single, \"Please Mr. Postman\", one of the first number-one singles recorded by an all-female vocal group and the",
"title": "The Marvelettes"
},
{
"id": "4439289",
"text": "the departure of Florence Ballard in 1967 and lead singer Diana Ross in 1970, was about to lose another member of the group, Cindy Birdsong, who was expecting a baby. Birdsong originally replaced Tucker in the group The Ordettes, later to be named Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles, so it was ironic that Tucker's sister, Laurence took Birdsong's place as a backing vocalist. At this time, Jean Terrell was the lead singer of The Supremes. Laurence joined the group around the time the group issued their \"Floy Joy\" album, and appeared on the cover with Terrell and Wilson, though Birdsong",
"title": "Lynda Laurence"
},
{
"id": "15358179",
"text": "Wilson would later write that the song had been originally given to The Marvelettes, Holland would deny this claim, as would the Marvelettes themselves. Marvelettes member Katherine Anderson-Schnaffer later said that the song didn't quite fit her group's repertoire because the song was produced under a slower beat and their music was more uptempo. When the Supremes were eventually given the song, the group members weren't pleased with the record, with member Florence Ballard later stating that they had wanted a stronger single similar to the Marvelettes' \"Please Mr. Postman\". Although the group felt the song didn't have the hook",
"title": "Where Did Our Love Go"
},
{
"id": "2500206",
"text": "whose foray into Blue-eyed soul R&B/Pop spawned a successful solo career. A new strain of boy bands, such as V Factory, Varsity Fanclub, Click Five, NLT, and the Jonas Brothers, emerged at the end of the decade, but this new generation of boy bands did not reach the glamor and success of those of the 1990s and early 2000s. Girl groups maintained a steady popularity through the 2000s, with groups such as Destiny's Child (which disbanded in 2005) setting the fuel for the most successful girl group of the decade, the Pussycat Dolls (2003–10). Other girl groups included Danity Kane",
"title": "2000s in music"
},
{
"id": "2212119",
"text": "1 on the pop charts for the first time with the hit, \"Where Did Our Love Go\", becoming their first of 12 No. 1 singles. (Though Wilson sang background on all of their hits before 1967, it was later revealed that Motown used in-house background singers, The Andantes, for the hits \"Love Child\" and \"Someday We'll Be Together). By 1964, the group had become international superstars. In 1967, Motown president Berry Gordy changed the name of the group to \"Diana Ross & The Supremes\" and, after a period of tension, Florence Ballard was removed from the Supremes that July. Cindy",
"title": "Mary Wilson (singer)"
},
{
"id": "12112761",
"text": "of the group. 1 line for the verse \"more butter\" is for the all girls from the group: \"Florence: When I asked him what was happenin' in the world today. He said... \" \"Florence: A more butter;\" \"Florence and Mary: More butter;\" \"Florence, Mary and Barbara: More butter;\" \"Florence, Mary, Barbara and Diane: More.\" Despite the fact that Ballard's leads were deemed \"too soulful\", Buttered Popcorn was considered by Motown's Quality Control department to be the best song to be issued as the Supremes' second Motown single. However, Berry Gordy was determined that Ross should be the group's main lead",
"title": "Buttered Popcorn"
},
{
"id": "4558005",
"text": "Palace, which was formerly a movie theatre. They brought in the Ike & Tina Turner Revue who had never been to Vancouver before. They drew a small crowd and Melton and Chong broke even on that one. Although Little Daddy & The Bachelors built up a small following, things soured when they went with Chong's suggestion and had themselves billed as \"Four Niggers and a Chink\". (or, bowing to pressure, \"Four N's and a C\") before taking on the moniker Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers. In 1965, Supremes members Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard heard the band — whose repertoire",
"title": "Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers"
},
{
"id": "15303211",
"text": "Baby It's You! Baby It's You! is a jukebox musical written by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, featuring the music of the 1960s pop group the Shirelles. The show \"tells the story of Florence Greenberg and Scepter Records, the label Greenberg started when she signed the Shirelles.\" After several tryouts and premieres, the show debuted on Broadway in April 2011, directed by Sheldon Epps. The Shirelles were an American girl group in the early 1960s, and the first to have a number one single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The members of the quartet were Shirley Owens (the main lead",
"title": "Baby It's You!"
},
{
"id": "2317681",
"text": "is also frequently cited as one of his standout performances. He also took over the lead vocal for live performances of \"My Girl\" following David Ruffin's departure from the group. Williams suffered from sickle-cell anemia, which frequently wrought havoc on his physical health. In 1965, Williams began an affair with Winnie Brown, hair stylist for The Supremes and a relative of Supremes member Florence Ballard. In love with Brown but still devoted to his wife and children, Williams was also depressed because Cholly Atkins' presence now made Williams' former role as choreographer essentially, but not completely, obsolete. Life on the",
"title": "Paul Williams (The Temptations)"
},
{
"id": "6004737",
"text": "an Aretha Franklin-esque demo around the time of her death, according to Tony Turner in \"All That Glittered: My Life With The Supremes\". Also, one of her singles, \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It\", has been featured on soul CDs. \"It Doesn't Matter How I Say It (It's What I Say That Matters)\" - take one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzdxmfGJ67w \"My Heart\" - take one<nowiki> : The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard is a 2002 release by Universal Music Group's Spectrum label, compiling the ABC Records solo recordings of Florence Ballard (formerly of The Supremes), originally released in",
"title": "The Supreme Florence \"Flo\" Ballard"
},
{
"id": "12588881",
"text": "The Never-Before-Released Masters The Never-Before-Released Masters is 1987 compilation album containing unreleased recordings recorded by Motown girl-group The Supremes from 1961 to 1969. It was the second CD release of unreleased recordings by The Supremes, the first being disc two of the 2 disc \"25th Anniversary\" compilation. Several other unreleased tracks appeared on earlier various artists compilations. A majority of the recordings for the unreleased album \"Diana Ross & The Supremes Sing Disney Classics\" are featured on this compilation. Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard are both featured with lead vocals on two songs each. Mary Wilson is featured lead on",
"title": "The Never-Before-Released Masters"
},
{
"id": "387065",
"text": "the UK, they are credited for their massive commercial breakthrough in the previously male-dominated pop music scene, leading to the widespread formation of new girl groups in the late 1990s and early 2000s including All Saints, B*Witched, Atomic Kitten, Girls Aloud and Sugababes, hoping to emulate the Spice Girls’ success. 21st-century girl groups, including The Pussycat Dolls, 2NE1, Girls' Generation, Little Mix and Fifth Harmony, continue to cite the group as a major source of influence, as have female singers, including Lady Gaga, Jess Glynne, Alexandra Burke, Charli XCX, Rita Ora and Carly Rae Jepsen. During her 2005 \"Reflections\" concert",
"title": "Spice Girls"
},
{
"id": "1910436",
"text": "where she broke several ribs and severed her hand, and was rushed into emergency surgery. Mel B Melanie Janine Brown (born 29 May 1975), also known as Mel B or Melanie B, is an English television personality, singer and actress. Brown rose to prominence in the 1990s as a member of the girl group Spice Girls, in which she was nicknamed Scary Spice. With over 85 million records sold worldwide, the group became the best-selling female group of all time. During the group's hiatus, Brown released her debut solo album \"Hot\". The album's lead single, \"I Want You Back\" charted",
"title": "Mel B"
},
{
"id": "8620305",
"text": "Originally added to the 1999 CD album release as a bonus track. () Led by Florence Ballard. () Features Diana Ross, Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson. An instrumental track for \"Winter Wonderland\" was cut; however no vocals were recorded. Merry Christmas (The Supremes album) Merry Christmas is the seventh studio album recorded by Motown girl group The Supremes, and released on Motown Records in November 1965 (see 1965 in music). The LP, produced by Harvey Fuqua, includes recordings of familiar Christmas songs such as \"White Christmas\", \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\", \"My Favorite Things\", and \"Joy to the World\".",
"title": "Merry Christmas (The Supremes album)"
},
{
"id": "387115",
"text": "single, \"Wannabe\". Spice Girls The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group comprised Melanie Brown (\"Scary Spice\"), Melanie Chisholm (\"Sporty Spice\"), Emma Bunton (\"Baby Spice\"), Geri Halliwell (\"Ginger Spice\"), and Victoria Beckham, née Adams (\"Posh Spice\"). They were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single \"Wannabe\" in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established their global success. Their debut album \"Spice\" sold more than 31 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album by a female group in history. Their follow-up album, \"Spiceworld\" sold over 20 million copies worldwide. The",
"title": "Spice Girls"
},
{
"id": "10486513",
"text": "Tiko, or a \"lucky pair\" as they are referred to during the series). Reportedly the series was inspired in part by the popularity of Pink Lady, a female pop duo who were known for performing their songs and dancing in perfect unison and who sold millions of records in Japan during the late 1970s (they also later had a minor hit in the United States called \"Kiss in the Dark\"). Pink Lady had an enormous audience of young girls, and \"Majokko Tickle\" was considered an opportunity to capitalize on the similarity. In fact, one of Pink Lady's hits (\"Southpaw\") was",
"title": "Majokko Tickle"
},
{
"id": "4187311",
"text": "a solo artist, he was already in the process of creating a group called The Three Degrees with the line up of Fayette Pinkney, Shirley Porter and Linda Turner. By 1966, the line up had changed to be Fayette Pinkney, Helen Scott and Janet Harmon. However, Scott announced she would be leaving the group in order to get married. Having previously appeared with the group as a cover when one of the girls fell ill, Ferguson was asked by Pinkney and Harmon to become a permanent member. In 1967, Harmon left the group and was replaced by Valerie Holiday. Barrett",
"title": "Sheila Ferguson"
},
{
"id": "4983658",
"text": "City Technology College in Gateshead and Newcastle College of Performing Arts, She began her singing career in the group Sirens in the late 1990s with other girls from the northeast of England. While the five winning contestants of \"Popstars\" formed Hear'Say, the five runner-up contestants formed the group Liberty. The name Liberty was chosen to reflect the freedom the members experienced following their participation in \"Popstars\". Amidst pejorative media commentary (including the term \"Flopstars\"), the act proceeded to sign a multimillion-pound record contract with Richard Branson's independent record label, V2 records. Shortly after forming, Liberty received a legal challenge in",
"title": "Michelle Heaton"
},
{
"id": "7233190",
"text": "and Tito Jackson. Sammy appeared in the BBC TV documentary \"Be My Baby - The Girl Group Story\" which aired in August 2006. The show covered the history of girl groups, focusing specifically on The Supremes, The Three Degrees, Sister Sledge, Bananarama, The Bangles and the Spice Girls. In 2007 she was a judge on BBC Radio 3's Choir of the Year competition. CeCe was one of Bruno Tonioli's panelists on BBC One's \"DanceX\". CeCe made a guest appearance on ITV's \"Dancing on Ice\" in early 2009, where she was seen helping one of the groups that were selected to",
"title": "CeCe Sammy"
},
{
"id": "11994115",
"text": "Girls Next Door Girls Next Door was an American country music group formed in Nashville, Tennessee in 1982 and disbanded in 1991. The group consisted of Doris King, Cindy Nixon, Diane Williams, and Tammy Stephens. The group recorded three albums. Girls Next Door was founded in 1982 by record producer Tommy West, who suggested that studio backing vocalist Doris King form a four-woman vocal group. They were previously known as Belle and Wildflower. Girls Next Door recorded two albums for MTM Records and one for Atlantic Records, in addition to charting nine singles on the U.S. country charts. Their most",
"title": "Girls Next Door"
},
{
"id": "4090534",
"text": "Hot 100, \"Love Child\" ranked highest among the Supremes' six entries. In 1967, Diana Ross & the Supremes dropped Florence Ballard, acquired new member Cindy Birdsong and added Ross' name to the billing. Following this string of changes, the Supremes had mixed success on the pop charts. \"Reflections\" peaked at number 2 on the Billboard pop charts and \"In and out of Love\" peaked at 9, but the group's next two singles did not make the pop top twenty. This prompted Motown label chief Berry Gordy to hold a special meeting in a room at the Pontchartrain Hotel in Detroit,",
"title": "Love Child (song)"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Hank Ballard context: Ballard's 1969 album \"You Can't Keep a Good Man Down\". A 1972 single, \"From the Love Side\", credited to Hank Ballard and the Midnight Lighters, went to number 43 on the R&B chart. Ballard also appeared on Brown's 1972 album \"Get on the Good Foot\", in a track (\"Recitation By Hank Ballard\") that features Ballard describing Brown and the album. During the 1960s, Ballard's cousin, Florence Ballard, was a member of the Detroit girl group the Supremes. In the mid-1980s, Ballard re-formed The Midnighters and the group performed until 2002. On March 2, 2003, he died at age 75 of\n\nFlorence Ballard was a member of which girl group?",
"compressed_tokens": 205,
"origin_tokens": 206,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Diana Ross context: weight, and alcoholism, Florence Ballard was fired from the Supremes by Gordy in July 1967, hiring Cindy Birdsong from Patti LaBelle and the Blue-Bells as Ballard's replacement. Gordy renamed the group \"Diana Ross & the Supremes\", making it easier to charge a larger performance fee for a solo star and a backing group, as it did for other renamed Motown groups. Gordy initially considered Ross leaving the Supremes for a solo career in 1966 but changed his mind because the group's success was still too significant for Ross to pursue solo obligations. Ross remained with the Supremes until early 1970.\n\ntitle: Florence Ball context: Diana Ross, goingDiane\". Betty McGlown completed the original lineup and Jenkins named as \"The Primettes\". The performed at showcases and at school parties auditioning for Motown Records in 1960. Berry Gordy, head of Motown, advised the group to graduate from high school auditioning again. Ball eventually dropped out of high school though her groupmates graduated. In 190, Ballard was raped at knifepoint by local- basketball player Reg Harding after leaving a sock hop at Detroit's Graystone Ball (she had attended with brother, but they accidentally lost track of each other).\ntitle Ball context: The rape in an parking off Woodward.ard responded by secluding herself her refusing to come outside which worriedm. We told and Ross what had happened Wilson were sympathetic they were because consideredwilled andlapp Both Wilson and Green, an boy Florence's, had described \"ally happy if somewhat mischievous sass te.\" bel heavily the more self-destructive ofard' adult person cynic pessim and fear\ntitle:: Wilson would later song hades, Holland wouldy this claim asesesfer fit theirremes were eventually given the song, the group members weren't pleased with the record, with member Florence Ballard later stating that they had wanted a stronger single similar to the Marvelettes' \"Please Mr. Postman\". Although the group felt the song didn't have the hook\n\nFlorence Ballard was a member of which girl group?",
"compressed_tokens": 483,
"origin_tokens": 14967,
"ratio": "31.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
192 | Who was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close? | [
"Susan Abigail Sarandon",
"Susan Abigail Tomalin",
"Susan Sarandon"
] | Susan Sarandon | [
{
"id": "774216",
"text": "Lenora Marie (née Criscione; b. 1923) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin (1917–1999), an advertising executive, television producer, and one-time nightclub singer. She has four brothers, Philip Jr., Terry (deceased May 19, 2016), Tim and O'Brian, and four sisters, Meredith, Bonnie, Amanda, and Missy. Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry, his English ancestors being from Hackney in London and his Welsh ancestors being from Bridgend. On her mother's side, she is of Italian descent, with ancestors from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Sarandon was raised Roman Catholic and attended Roman Catholic schools. She grew up in Edison, New",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "774212",
"text": "Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Tomalin, better known as Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She has received an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and has been nominated for six Primetime Emmy Awards and nine Golden Globe Awards. She is known for her social and political activism for a variety of causes. She was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 1999 and received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award in 2006. Sarandon began her career in the 1970 film \"Joe\", before appearing in the soap opera \"A",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "774235",
"text": "received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 Stockholm International Film Festival, was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2010, and received the Outstanding Artistic Life Award for her Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema at the 2011 Shanghai International Film Festival. In 2013, she was invited to inaugurate the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Goa. In 2015, Sarandon received the Goldene Kamera international lifetime achievement award. Susan Sarandon Susan Abigail Tomalin, better known as Susan Sarandon (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress and activist. She has received an Academy Award, a British",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "90225",
"text": "surname was originally \"Sarondonethes\", was born in Istanbul, Turkey, of Greek ancestry; his mother is also of Greek descent. Sarandon graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Beckley. He earned a degree in speech at West Virginia University. He earned his master's degree in theater from The Catholic University of America (CUA) in Washington, D.C.. While attending CUA, he married classmate Susan Tomalin in 1967. After graduating, they both pursued acting careers, with Tomalin taking his surname as her professional name, Susan Sarandon. They were married until 1979. After graduation, he toured with numerous improvisational companies and became much involved",
"title": "Chris Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "3572647",
"text": "Eva Amurri Eva Maria Olivia Amurri Martino (born March 15, 1985) is an American film and television actress. Amurri Martino was born in New York City, to Italian director Franco Amurri and American actress Susan Sarandon (whose own mother's ancestry was Italian). She also has two half-brothers, Jack and Miles, on her mother's side. She attended Friends Seminary (Manhattan) for middle school, and graduated from Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, New York, and Brown University. Amurri Martino had a role in the 2002 film \"The Banger Sisters\", in which her mother starred, with Amurri Martino playing the daughter of her",
"title": "Eva Amurri"
},
{
"id": "1935148",
"text": "63rd Berlin International Film Festival. In 1988, Robbins entered into a relationship with actress Susan Sarandon, whom he met on the set of \"Bull Durham\". They have two sons: John \"Jack\" Henry (born May 15, 1989) and Miles Guthrie (born May 4, 1992). Robbins, like Sarandon, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. The end of Robbins' relationship with Sarandon was announced in late December 2009. Robbins supported Ralph Nader's 2000 presidential campaign and appeared on stage in character as Bob Roberts during the \"Nader Rocks the Garden\" rally at Madison Square Garden. In December 2007,",
"title": "Tim Robbins"
},
{
"id": "549502",
"text": "nominated for three Grammy Awards and a BAFTA Award. Close has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Close was born on March 19, 1947 in Greenwich, Connecticut, to William Taliaferro Close, a doctor who operated a clinic in the Belgian Congo and served as a personal physician to Zaire's ruler Mobutu Sese Seko, and socialite Bettine Moore Close. She has two sisters, Tina and Jessie, and two brothers, Alexander (nicknamed Sandy) and Tambu Misoki, whom Close's parents adopted while living in Africa. During her childhood, Close",
"title": "Glenn Close"
},
{
"id": "3572650",
"text": "at nine weeks. Amurri Martino is a longtime resident of Pound Ridge, New York. Eva Amurri Eva Maria Olivia Amurri Martino (born March 15, 1985) is an American film and television actress. Amurri Martino was born in New York City, to Italian director Franco Amurri and American actress Susan Sarandon (whose own mother's ancestry was Italian). She also has two half-brothers, Jack and Miles, on her mother's side. She attended Friends Seminary (Manhattan) for middle school, and graduated from Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, New York, and Brown University. Amurri Martino had a role in the 2002 film \"The Banger",
"title": "Eva Amurri"
},
{
"id": "774215",
"text": "six-time Emmy Award nominee, including for her guest roles on the sitcoms \"Friends\" (2001) and \"Malcolm in the Middle\" (2002), and appearances in the TV films \"Bernard and Doris\" (2007) and \"You Don't Know Jack\" (2010). In 2017, Sarandon portrayed Bette Davis in the first season of FX's anthology series \"Feud\", for which she was nominated for both for acting and producing Emmys. She was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy award for executive producing \"Cool Women in History\" in 2002. Sarandon was born in the Queens borough of New York City. She is the eldest of nine children of",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "774233",
"text": "the mid-1980s, Sarandon dated Italian filmmaker Franco Amurri, with whom she had a daughter, Eva Amurri (born March 15, 1985) who is also an actress. From 1988, Sarandon lived with actor Tim Robbins, whom she met while they were filming \"Bull Durham\". They have two sons. Sarandon, like Robbins, is a lapsed Catholic, and they both share liberal political views. Sarandon split with Robbins in 2009. Following the end of her relationship with Robbins, she soon began a relationship with Jonathan Bricklin, son of Malcolm Bricklin. Sarandon and Bricklin helped establish a chain of ping-pong lounges named SPiN. Sarandon is",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "90232",
"text": "Kevin Kline, Jennifer Garner and Daniel Sunjata. He is on the Advisory Board for the Greenbrier Valley Theatre in Lewisburg, West Virginia. In 2016 he performed in the Off-Broadway production of the Dave Malloy musical \"Preludes\" as Anton Chekhov, Tchaikovsky, Alexander Glazunov, Leo Tolstoy, Tsar Nicholas II, and The Master. Sarandon has been married three times; he was first married to actress Susan Sarandon from 1967 to 1979. After his divorce from Susan, he married Lisa Ann Cooper in 1980; together the couple had two daughters and one son, Stephanie, Alexis and Michael. The marriage ended in a divorce in",
"title": "Chris Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "13382943",
"text": "1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "774234",
"text": "the co-owner of this New York ping-pong club and its Toronto branch SPiN Toronto. Sarandon and Bricklin broke up in 2015. In 2006, Sarandon and ten relatives, including her then-partner, Tim Robbins, and their son Miles traveled to Wales to trace her family's Welsh genealogy. Their journey was documented by the BBC Wales programme, \"Coming Home: Susan Sarandon\". Much of the same research and content was featured in the American version of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" She also received the \"Ragusani Nel Mondo\" prize in 2006; her Sicilian roots are in Ragusa, Italy. Sarandon is a vegetarian. Sarandon",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "549556",
"text": "Twitter account. Glenn Close Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress and producer. She began her professional stage career in 1974 in \"Love for Love\", and was mostly a New York stage actress through the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing in both plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \"Barnum\" in 1980 and \"The Real Thing\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \"The World According to Garp\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \"The Big Chill\" (1983)",
"title": "Glenn Close"
},
{
"id": "13382944",
"text": "Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:",
"title": "1490s in poetry"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "4417688",
"text": "to Mortimer Hall, son of New York Post newspaper publisher Dorothy Schiff. Lynn's daughter Dolly Hall is a film producer. Another daughter, Susan, a.k.a. Daisy Hall, is an alumna of the Emma Willard School for Girls in Troy, New York, and as an actress herself, has starred in numerous French- and lesser-known American-produced films, during the 1980s, '90s and 2000s. Diana Lynn Diana Marie Lynn (born Dolores Eartha Loehr, October 7, 1926 – December 18, 1971) was an American actress. Lynn was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Louis Loehr, was an oil supply executive, and her mother, Martha",
"title": "Diana Lynn"
},
{
"id": "774232",
"text": "Globe Awards and participated in a rally against gun violence in June 2018. On June 28, 2018, Sarandon was arrested during the Women Disobey protests, along with 575 other people, for protesting at the Hart Senate Office Building where a sit-in was being held against Donald Trump's migrant separation policy. While in college, Susan Tomalin met fellow student Chris Sarandon and the couple married on September 16, 1967. They divorced in 1979, but she retained the surname Sarandon as her stage name. She was then involved romantically with director Louis Malle, musician David Bowie and, briefly, actor Sean Penn. In",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "1045200",
"text": "those age 65 or over. Hinckley was home to the first Harlem Globetrotters away game on January 7, 1927. In 1981, Hinckley served as stand-in for fictional North Crawford in Jonathan Demme's film adaptation of \"Who Am I This Time?\" by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.. Christopher Walken and Susan Sarandon portray two painfully shy people who find one another through a community theater production of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\", in which they portray the tempestuous Stanley and Stella Kowalski. Hinckley, Illinois Hinckley is a village in Squaw Grove Township, DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. The population was 2,070 at the 2010",
"title": "Hinckley, Illinois"
},
{
"id": "378368",
"text": "Anthony and Lucy Read in Adams, Massachusetts, the second oldest of seven children. She was named for her mother's mother Susanah, and for her father's sister Susan. In her youth, she and her sisters responded to a \"great craze for middle initials\" by adding middle initials to their own names. Anthony adopted \"B.\" as her middle initial because her namesake aunt Susan had married a man named Brownell. Her family shared a passion for social reform. Her brothers Daniel and Merritt moved to Kansas to support the anti-slavery movement there. Merritt fought with John Brown against pro-slavery forces during the",
"title": "Susan B. Anthony"
},
{
"id": "1769410",
"text": "Tenzing Norgay Tenzing Norgay GM OSN (; \"tendzin norgyé\"; 29 May 1914 – 9 May 1986), born Namgyal Wangdi and often referred to as Sherpa Tenzing, was a Nepali-Indian Sherpa mountaineer. He was one of the first two individuals known to reach the summit of Mount Everest, which he accomplished with Edmund Hillary on 29 May 1953. \"Time\" named him one of the people of the 20th century. There are conflicting accounts of his early life. The account he gave in his autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and raised in Tengboche, Khumbu, in",
"title": "Tenzing Norgay"
},
{
"id": "549498",
"text": "Glenn Close Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress and producer. She began her professional stage career in 1974 in \"Love for Love\", and was mostly a New York stage actress through the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing in both plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \"Barnum\" in 1980 and \"The Real Thing\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \"The World According to Garp\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \"The Big Chill\" (1983) and \"The",
"title": "Glenn Close"
},
{
"id": "2046972",
"text": "Jacqueline Susann Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American writer and actress. Her first novel, \"Valley of the Dolls\" (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, \"The Love Machine\" (1969) and \"Once Is Not Enough\" (1973), Susann became the first author to have three consecutive #1 novels on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller List. Jacqueline Susann was born on August 20, 1918, in Philadelphia, a single daughter to a Jewish couple: Robert Susan (1887–1957), a portrait painter, and Rose Jans (1892–1981), a public schoolteacher. As a",
"title": "Jacqueline Susann"
},
{
"id": "857667",
"text": "Cher Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer and actress. Commonly referred to by the media as the Goddess of Pop, she has been described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. She is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances during her six-decade-long career. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher after their song \"I Got You Babe\" reached number one on the American and",
"title": "Cher"
},
{
"id": "549503",
"text": "lived with her parents in a stone cottage on her maternal grandfather's estate in Greenwich. Close has credited her acting abilities to her early years: \"I have no doubt that the days I spent running free in the evocative Connecticut countryside with an unfettered imagination, playing whatever character our games demanded, is one of the reasons that acting has always seemed so natural to me.\" Although Close has an affluent background, she has stated that her family chose not to participate in WASP society. She would also avoid mentioning her birthplace whenever asked because she did not want people to",
"title": "Glenn Close"
},
{
"id": "2129660",
"text": "of the yacht \"Pelorus\". Approached on Geffen's behalf by broker Merle Wood, Geffen bought \"Pelorus\" in 2011 for $300 million. David Geffen David Lawrence Geffen (born February 21, 1943) is an American business magnate, producer, film studio executive, and philanthropist. Geffen created or co-created Asylum Records in 1970, Geffen Records in 1980, DGC Records in 1990, and DreamWorks SKG in 1994. As philanthropist he has donated to the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and other educational and research institutes. David Geffen was born in Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York, to Abraham Geffen and Batya Volovskaya (1909—1988). Geffen's mother",
"title": "David Geffen"
},
{
"id": "13005347",
"text": "William Close William Taliaferro Close (June 7, 1924 – January 15, 2009) was an American surgeon who played a major role in stemming a 1976 outbreak of the Ebola virus in Zaire, the first major outbreak of the viral hemorrhagic fever in Central Africa, and preventing its further spread. He was also the father of actress Glenn Close and husband of Bettine Moore Close. William Close was born in Greenwich, Connecticut, on June 7, 1924, minutes after his twin brother. His parents were Elizabeth (née Taliaferro) and Edward Bennett Close, an attorney; his mother was a descendant of the Taliaferro",
"title": "William Close"
},
{
"id": "549547",
"text": "times, each ending in divorce. Her first marriage ended before going off to university. Close described it as \"kind of an arranged marriage.\" From 1969 to 1971, Close was married to Cabot Wade, a guitarist and songwriter, with whom she had performed during her time at Up with People. She was married to businessman James Marlas from 1984 to 1987. Soon afterwards, she began a relationship with producer John Starke, whom she had previously met on the set of \"The World According to Garp\". Their daughter, Annie Starke, was born on April 26, 1988, and is an actress. They separated",
"title": "Glenn Close"
},
{
"id": "2846648",
"text": "faith states. In 1968, soon after her discovery, Bell married Martin Burnell; the couple divorced in 1993 after separating in 1989. Her husband was a local government officer, and his career took them to various parts of Britain. She worked part-time for many years while raising her son, Gavin Burnell, who is a member of the condensed matter physics group at the University of Leeds. Jocelyn Bell Burnell Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, co-discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. She was credited with",
"title": "Jocelyn Bell Burnell"
},
{
"id": "20908920",
"text": "Miles Robbins Miles Guthrie Tomalin Robbins (born May 4, 1992) is an American musician and actor. Robbins was born in New York City. He studied documentary film and music production at Brown University for three years but left before graduation. He is the son of the actors Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon. His half-sister is the actress Eva Amurri, and his older brother is the director Jack Henry Robbins. While he has publicly worn dresses, Robbins identifies as male and heterosexual. Robbins has worked as a disc jockey. In his current psychedelic pop band called the 'Pow Pow Family Band'.",
"title": "Miles Robbins"
},
{
"id": "17327865",
"text": "Natalie Portman filmography Natalie Portman is an actress, producer, and director with dual American and Israeli citizenship. Portman made her film debut in Luc Besson's \"\" where she starred as a vengeful child assassin. She followed this by appearing in Michael Mann's crime thriller \"Heat\" (1995), Ted Demme's romantic comedy \"Beautiful Girls\" (1996), and Tim Burton's science fiction comedy \"Mars Attacks!\" (1996). Three years later, her supporting role as the precocious, responsible daughter of a narcissistic mother played by Susan Sarandon in the drama \"Anywhere but Here\" earned Portman her first Golden Globe Award nomination. In the same year, Portman",
"title": "Natalie Portman filmography"
},
{
"id": "2392774",
"text": "The Banger Sisters The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy film written and directed by Bob Dolman, and produced by Fox Searchlight Pictures. The film stars Goldie Hawn and Susan Sarandon as two middle-aged women who used to be friends and groupies when they were young. It was released on September 20, 2002. The film was Hawn's last acting role until the release of \"Snatched\" in 2017, fourteen and a half years after the release of \"The Banger Sisters\". When Suzette (Hawn) is fired from her job as bartender at the Whisky A Go-Go in Los Angeles, she decides,",
"title": "The Banger Sisters"
},
{
"id": "17382583",
"text": "Bus. rejoins US 15 at the north end of Leesburg, just short of the Morven Park equestrian facilities. U.S. Route 15 Business (US 15 Business) is an unsigned business route of US 15 through Emmitsburg. Known as Seton Avenue, the highway runs between junctions with US 15 on the south and north sides of the town. US 15 Business follows the original alignment of US 15 through Emmitsburg. The highway serves the St. Joseph's College and Mother Seton Shrine campuses, which are home to several emergency management institutions and a shrine dedicated to Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first person born",
"title": "Special routes of U.S. Route 15"
},
{
"id": "14851313",
"text": "during the Great Depression. He was born Dorothy Lucille Tipton in 1914, but began living as a man in the 1930s. He was married five times to women, and adopted three boys. He led a full career as a musician and, in later life, as an entertainment agent. Other than his birth family, no one knew of his birth sex or cross-living until after his death in 1989. Willmer \"Little Ax\" Broadnax was a lead singer in several important gospel quartets, most famously the Spirit of Memphis Quartet. When he died in 1994, it was discovered that he was female",
"title": "History of cross-dressing"
},
{
"id": "1312129",
"text": "Gaye wasn't satisfied with the support he was getting from the agency. Notes Marvin Gaye Marvin Pentz Gaye (born Gay Jr.; April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984) was an American singer, songwriter and record producer. Gaye helped to shape the sound of Motown in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of hits, including \"Ain't That Peculiar\", \"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)\" and \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\", and duet recordings with Mary Wells, Kim Weston, Diana Ross and Tammi Terrell, later earning the",
"title": "Marvin Gaye"
},
{
"id": "846343",
"text": "quintuplets known to survive infancy were the all-female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets, born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as \"quins\" in the UK and \"quints\" in North America. Born in Liverpool, England on 18 November 1983, the Walton sextuplets were the world's first all-female surviving sextuplets, and the world's fourth known set of surviving sextuplets. Another well-known set of sextuplets is the Gosselin sextuplets, born May 10, 2004 in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Reality television shows called Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus 8 have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets. In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets were born",
"title": "Multiple birth"
},
{
"id": "3706710",
"text": "Blue\". In recent years, Crouse has concentrated on the theater. \"Once you get your driver's license, you end your film career,\" says Crouse. \"Look at my generation. Great actresses like Glenn Close and Susan Sarandon—there's nothing written for anyone over a certain age.\" In 2007, Crouse opened a revival of \"The Belle of Amherst\", a one-woman show about the life of poet Emily Dickinson, at the Gloucester Stage in Gloucester, Massachusetts. \"You can't stop and recite something,\" says Crouse. \"You have to keep the poetry very, very active, which is pretty easy with Dickinson. She was striving so hard to",
"title": "Lindsay Crouse"
},
{
"id": "258423",
"text": "his brother Ron Reagan \"an embarrassment\" for speculating in a memoir that their father suffered from Alzheimer's disease while president. Michael Reagan Michael Edward Reagan (born John Charles Flaugher; March 18, 1945) is an American political commentator, Republican strategist, former radio talk show host, and author. He is the son of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) and his first wife, actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). Reagan was born John Charles Flaugher in Los Angeles to Irene Flaugher (October 18, 1916 – December 26, 1985), an unmarried woman from Kentucky who became pregnant through a relationship with John Bourgholtzer, a U.S.",
"title": "Michael Reagan"
},
{
"id": "3694273",
"text": "analyzing the voting behavior of GenJonesers. The election to the presidency of Barack Obama, born in 1961, plus Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, born 1964, focused more attention on Generation Jones. Many journalists, publications, and experts — including Jonathan Alter (\"Newsweek\"), David Brooks (\"The New York Times\") and Karen Tumulty (\"Time\") — have characterized Obama as a member of Generation Jones. Key characteristics assigned to members are pessimism, distrust of government, and general cynicism. Generation Jones Generation Jones is a term coined by the author Jonathan Pontell to describe those born from approximately 1954 to 1964, while other sources",
"title": "Generation Jones"
},
{
"id": "16914357",
"text": "Diana Abgar Diana Apcar (, 12 October 1859 – 8 July 1937) was an Armenian writer, diplomat, and ambassador to Japan of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia in 1918-1920. She is the first Armenian woman diplomat and possibly the first woman to have ever been appointed in any diplomatic post. Diana Agabeg (Agabegian), whose baptismal name was Gayane, was born in Rangoon, British Burma (today Yangon, Myanmar) on 12 October 1859. Her father was an Indian-Armenian who migrated to South East Asia from New Julfa, Persia. Diana Apcar's mother Avet was from the Tateos Avetum family in the Shiraz",
"title": "Diana Abgar"
},
{
"id": "5106671",
"text": "Luci Baines Johnson Luci Baines Johnson Turpin (born July 2, 1947) is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the younger daughter of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife, former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. Born in Washington, D.C., Johnson has an older sister Lynda Bird. Johnson's first name was originally spelled \"Lucy\"; she changed the spelling in her teens as a rebellion towards her parents. As her parents both had the initials LBJ, they named their two daughters to have these initials also. Although her father was a member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), her",
"title": "Luci Baines Johnson"
},
{
"id": "258414",
"text": "Michael Reagan Michael Edward Reagan (born John Charles Flaugher; March 18, 1945) is an American political commentator, Republican strategist, former radio talk show host, and author. He is the son of former U.S. President Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) and his first wife, actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). Reagan was born John Charles Flaugher in Los Angeles to Irene Flaugher (October 18, 1916 – December 26, 1985), an unmarried woman from Kentucky who became pregnant through a relationship with John Bourgholtzer, a U.S. Army corporal of German background. He was adopted by Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman shortly after his birth. He was",
"title": "Michael Reagan"
},
{
"id": "774229",
"text": "up the status quo right now, then you're not in touch with the status quo\". On October 30, 2016, she endorsed Green Party of the United States presidential candidate Jill Stein. In an interview with \"The Guardian\" published on November 26, 2017, Sarandon said about Hillary Clinton: \"I did think she was very, very dangerous. We would still be fracking, we would be at war [if she were president]\". Sarandon's mother Leonora Tomalin is a staunch Republican, a supporter of George W. Bush and the Iraq War. In 1995, Sarandon was one of many Hollywood actors, directors and writers interviewed",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "18801195",
"text": "The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe is a 2015 American made-for-TV drama film on Marilyn Monroe. It stars Kelli Garner, Susan Sarandon, Emily Watson, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, and Eva Amurri Martino and was first aired on Lifetime on May 30 and May 31, 2015. The (two-hour forty-seven minute) miniseries is based on \"The New York Times\" bestseller of the same name by J. Randy Taraborrelli. It has been nominated for 3 Creative Arts Emmy Awards A chronicle of Marilyn Monroe's family life, her relationship with her mother, Gladys Baker, and how she succeeded in",
"title": "The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe"
},
{
"id": "37957",
"text": "the best-selling female albums artist of the 2000s. In 2004, she launched a perfume brand with Elizabeth Arden, Inc., from which sales exceeded US$1.5 billion, . Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the second child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears. Her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portell, was English (born in London), and one of Spears's maternal great-great-grandfathers was Maltese. Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn. Britney was born in the Bible Belt, where socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a particularly strong religious influence. Spears was baptized into the Southern Baptist Convention, but later in life studied",
"title": "Britney Spears"
},
{
"id": "549549",
"text": "$10.2 million. She also runs a 1,000 acre ranch in Wyoming. Close is the President of Trillium Productions Inc. Her company has produced films like \"Albert Nobbs\", \"Sarah Plain and Tall,\" and \"South Pacific\". She also produced the film \"\" (1995) with Barbra Streisand, for which they were both nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Television Movie. In 2007 she co-founded FetchDog, a dog accessories catalog and Internet site. She published blogs where she interviews other celebrities about their relationships with their dogs. She sold the business in 2012. Close was born into a Democratic family. In addition, she has",
"title": "Glenn Close"
},
{
"id": "3144126",
"text": "2003, Parker dated actor Billy Crudup. Parker was seven months pregnant with their son, William Atticus Parker, born in 2004, when Crudup left her for actress Claire Danes, then 24 years old. William's godmother is actress Susan Sarandon. In December 2006, Parker began dating actor Jeffrey Dean Morgan, whom she met on the set of \"Weeds\". On February 12, 2008, Parker and Morgan announced their engagement, only to break up the following April. In September 2007, Parker adopted a baby girl, Caroline Aberash Parker, from Ethiopia. In 2013, Parker was honored for her work with Hope North, an organization that",
"title": "Mary-Louise Parker"
},
{
"id": "321913",
"text": "Diana, Princess of Wales Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. Diana was born into the Spencer family, a family of British nobility, and she was the youngest daughter of Viscount and Viscountess Althorp. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, and was educated in England and Switzerland.",
"title": "Diana, Princess of Wales"
},
{
"id": "5859861",
"text": "album, \"F.L.M.\" (1987) spent 25 weeks on the UK chart and was certified platinum in the UK. Appleby died in Westminster, London, of cancer following treatment for metastatic paraganglioma on 18 January 1990. She died at the age of 23 and is buried in East Finchley Cemetery. Melanie Appleby Melanie Susan \"Mel\" Appleby (11 July 1966 – 18 January 1990) was one half of the 1980s English duo Mel and Kim. They had a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart in March 1987, with the song \"Respectable\". Appleby was born in Hackney, London, to a Jamaican father and",
"title": "Melanie Appleby"
},
{
"id": "12903077",
"text": "understanding and sympathy of these partnerships. The drawings depict actors including Ethan Hawke (and Nina), Susan Sarandon (with Penny and Rigby) and Alan Cumming (with Honey) and several Hotel Chelsea neighbours among them April Barton (with Ava), Laura Kaplan (with Oscar) and Drew Straub (with Fuzzy) the philanthropist Agnes Gund (with Tina, Giotto and Bronzino) and Mayer Rus (with Louise). In 2015 the Royal Academy of Arts, London published the book We Think The World of You, \"People and Dogs Drawn Together\". . Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Thames & Hudson, Ltd London and distributed in the",
"title": "David Remfry"
},
{
"id": "18801197",
"text": "has an approval of 55% based on 11 reviews with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Offering few revelations, \"The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe\" treads the same well-worn path as many other Monroe biopics, despite an admirable performance by Kelli Garner\". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating \"mixed or average\". The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe is a 2015 American made-for-TV drama film on Marilyn Monroe. It stars Kelli Garner, Susan Sarandon, Emily Watson, Jeffrey Dean Morgan, and",
"title": "The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe"
},
{
"id": "15811288",
"text": "Zuzana Zuzana is a common female given name in the Czech and Slovak republics. It is often translated to other languages as Suzanne, Susan, or Susannah – all commonly derived from the Hebrew language name Shoshana, meaning \"lilly\". The nameday for people with this name is 11 August. Both Czech and Slovak have initial stress and mark vowel length with acute accents, so the correct pronunciation of the name in the two languages is with the stress on the first syllable and with short vowels /'zuzana/. There are several variations of the name. For example, the name is often shortened",
"title": "Zuzana"
},
{
"id": "11674775",
"text": "of February 2011 are in the process of getting a divorce. Tania Harcourt-Cooze Tania Rosamund Harcourt-Cooze (née Coleridge, born 22 January 1966) is an English model and actress. The daughter of Major William Duke Coleridge, 5th Baron Coleridge of Ottery St Mary, a Major in the Coldstream Guards, and his first wife Everild Tania Hambrough, she is directly related to the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The oldest of five children, by her father's first marriage she has a brother, James Duke Coleridge (born 1967) and a sister, Sophia Tamsin Coleridge (born 1970). Born in Kenya, she followed her father's British",
"title": "Tania Harcourt-Cooze"
},
{
"id": "740004",
"text": "marriage. African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth (born 'Isabella Baumfree') was a native speaker of Dutch. Martin Van Buren, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his native language, making him the only President whose first language was not English. In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers. Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million, lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans. Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts (Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Eleanor Roosevelt), Marlon Brando, Thomas",
"title": "Languages of the United States"
},
{
"id": "16979711",
"text": "her mother's third and last child. Through her father's second marriage, she became half-sister to William B. Close (1924–2009), father of actress Glenn Close (born 1947). Eleanor was educated at the Spence School in Manhattan and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. She was introduced to society in 1927, and in 1928, was presented to King George and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace. On April 12, 1930, she eloped with the playwright and director Preston Sturges (1898–1959). In 1932, she sought an annulment on the grounds that he was not legally divorced from his first wife when they eloped. Sturges'",
"title": "Eleanor Post Hutton"
},
{
"id": "3326412",
"text": "in 1968. Corey appeared in various Broadway productions, including as a gravedigger in a production of \"Hamlet\". In 2009, filmmaker Jordan Stone began filming what was to become an award-winning documentary film called \"Irwin & Fran\". Political activist and fellow stand-up comedian Dick Gregory shared some in-depth and provocative memories and Academy Award-winning actress Susan Sarandon narrated in a very personal tone. The film won The People's Film Festival Best Film Award in 2013. Corey was married for 70 years to Frances Berman Corey, who died in May 2011. The couple had two children, the late Margaret Davis, née Corey,",
"title": "Irwin Corey"
},
{
"id": "5850502",
"text": "that separation from Canada is the only solution to the problems plaguing Francophones. Dock is convinced that it doesn't matter who is in charge - people like him will suffer nevertheless, so it's everyone for themselves. Elizabeth, who is relatively well off, doesn't acknowledge the problems that exist for all the Francophones with whom she shares her city . The Apprentice (film) The Apprentice () is a 1971 Quebec-made comedy/drama film starring Susan Sarandon and Steve Fiset. Although the original jtitle literally translates to English as \"Blue Flower\", it is better known in English as \"The Apprentice\", which is a",
"title": "The Apprentice (film)"
},
{
"id": "284057",
"text": "Nancy Reagan Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American film actress and the wife of Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. She was born in New York City. After her parents separated, she lived in Maryland with an aunt and uncle for several years. When her mother remarried in 1929, she moved to Chicago and later took the name Davis from her stepfather. As Nancy Davis, she was a Hollywood actress in the 1940s",
"title": "Nancy Reagan"
},
{
"id": "268946",
"text": "star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of six professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin, Ronald Reagan, Lucille Ball, Frank Sinatra, and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by \"Time\" magazine as one of its . Brando was born on April 3, 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. (1895–1965), a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia (née Pennebaker; 1897–1954). Brando had two older sisters, Jocelyn Brando (1919–2005) and Frances (1922–1994). His ancestry was German, Dutch, English, and Irish. His patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New",
"title": "Marlon Brando"
},
{
"id": "7185618",
"text": "century, when it began to be used alongside the classical form Marcus. In the Celtic legend of Tristan and Isolde this was the name of a king of Cornwall. It was also borne by the American author Mark Twain (1835–1910), real name Samuel Clemens, the author of 'Tom Sawyer' and 'Huckleberry Finn'. He actually took his pen name from a call used by riverboat workers on the Mississippi River to indicate a depth of two fathoms. This is also the usual English spelling of the name of the 1st-century BC Roman triumvir Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). Mark (name) Mark is",
"title": "Mark (name)"
},
{
"id": "1967772",
"text": "Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \"Viva La Radio\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \"Smash Hits\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working",
"title": "Lolly (singer)"
},
{
"id": "640814",
"text": "against it, deeming it too similar to another actor working at the time. Cary and the studio eventually settled on \"Cary Grant\" (Grant thought the letters \"C\" and \"G\" to be lucky: they had brought previous success for both Clark Gable and Gary Cooper). Joan Crawford, born Lucille Fay LeSueur, had her name changed as a result of a magazine poll organised by her studio, MGM. In the past, a stage name was often used when a performer's real name was considered to denote a specific ethnicity that faced potential discrimination. In other cases, actors have reinvented themselves with a",
"title": "Stage name"
},
{
"id": "983113",
"text": "Lorne Michaels Lorne Michaels (born Lorne David Lipowitz; November 17, 1944) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, comedian, and actor, best known for creating and producing \"Saturday Night Live\", and producing the \"Late Night\" series (since 1993), \"The Kids in the Hall\" (from 1989 to 1995) and \"The Tonight Show\" (since 2014). Lorne Michaels was born on November 17, 1944, to Florence (née Becker) and Henry Abraham Lipowitz. His place of birth is disputed; multiple sources have said he was born in Toronto, Ontario in Canada while others state he was born on a kibbutz in British-mandate Palestine (now Israel),",
"title": "Lorne Michaels"
},
{
"id": "19793747",
"text": "on Day 40. MADD currently reside in Luton. Since their stints on Judge Geordie and If Katie Hopkins Ruled the World, Sue and Carlton have gotten engaged and have asked Vicky and Katie to be a bridesmaids at her wedding. Madd (duo) Susan \"Sue\" Evans (born 16 September 1968) and Imani \"Ginny\" Evans (born 24 January 1992) are Reality television personalities and Television producers known as MADD, which is an acronym for Mother and Daughter Duo. Their careers in television began during 2014, when they were selected to appear in the BBC observational documentary The Kitchen, which focused on the",
"title": "Madd (duo)"
},
{
"id": "16824450",
"text": "some fat, solid, six-part melodies which are very K-poppy.\" A*M*E cites Beyoncé, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and Big Bang as her influences, she also cites Janet Jackson as a major influence calling Jackson \"my idol\". A*M*E Aminata Jamieson (née Kabba) (born 13 December 1994), better known as A*M*E, is a British singer and songwriter. A*M*E was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone on 13 December 1994. In 2011, Amy was scouted and signed by Take That frontman Gary Barlow to his label, Future Records. On 9 December 2012 the BBC announced that A*M*E had been nominated for the Sound of",
"title": "A*M*E"
},
{
"id": "9369160",
"text": "beliefs of what should be reformed need not be normative for the church. But it is his unquenchable desire to reform timely and be biblically sound to what can be agreed upon is to be counted, and the event as an inspiration in dormancy and as a guide for readiness to change, in the present day. English: Malayalam: Abraham Malpan Palakunnathu Abraham Malpan (പാലകുന്നത്ത് അബ്രഹാം മൽപ്പാൻ), also known as Martin Luther of the East (30 May, 1796 – 9 September, 1845) was born in the ancient Syrian Christian Palakunnathu Family which practiced Knanaya West Syriac Rite Oriental Orthodoxy after the",
"title": "Abraham Malpan"
},
{
"id": "1272646",
"text": "co-starring in the Sherlock Holmes–inspired crime drama series \"Elementary\" as Joan Watson for which she won the Seoul International Drama Award for Best Actress and voicing Silvermist in Disney's \"Tinker Bell\" film series. Lucy Liu was born on December 2, 1968, in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, New York. In high school, she adopted a middle name, Alexis. She is the youngest of three children born to Cecilia, who worked as a biochemist, and Tom Liu, a trained civil engineer who sold digital clock pens. Liu's parents originally came from Beijing and Shanghai and immigrated to Taiwan as adults",
"title": "Lucy Liu"
},
{
"id": "2846637",
"text": "Jocelyn Bell Burnell Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, co-discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967. She was credited with \"one of the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century\". The discovery was recognised by the award of the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics, but despite the fact that she was the first to observe the pulsars, Bell was excluded from the recipients of the prize. The paper announcing the discovery of pulsars had five authors. Bell's thesis supervisor Antony Hewish was listed first,",
"title": "Jocelyn Bell Burnell"
},
{
"id": "15811289",
"text": "to Zuzka. For a child with the name Zuzana, one can also use the diminutive form: Zuzanka. Zuzana Zuzana is a common female given name in the Czech and Slovak republics. It is often translated to other languages as Suzanne, Susan, or Susannah – all commonly derived from the Hebrew language name Shoshana, meaning \"lilly\". The nameday for people with this name is 11 August. Both Czech and Slovak have initial stress and mark vowel length with acute accents, so the correct pronunciation of the name in the two languages is with the stress on the first syllable and with",
"title": "Zuzana"
},
{
"id": "18653961",
"text": "Pioneer Generation Package In Singapore, the Pioneer Generation Package (PGP; Chinese: 建国一代配套, pinyin: Jiànguóyìdài pèitào; Malay: \"Pakej Generasi Perintis\") is a S$9 billion package launched in 2014 aimed at helping pioneering Singaporeans to meet retirement adequacy. PGP is designed as a series of healthcare and social support schemes to show gratitude towards pioneer Singaporeans for their contributions to Singapore during the nation's nascency. The package covers approximately 450,000 pioneer Singaporeans over an estimated 20-year period. The package defines a \"Pioneer\" as a Singaporean born on or before 31 December 1949 and obtained citizenship before 31 December 1986. The Pioneer Generation",
"title": "Pioneer Generation Package"
},
{
"id": "2047003",
"text": "called \"See How Beautiful I Am: The Return of Jackie Susann\", during which a dying Susann discusses her life and career. The show was performed as part of the Edinburgh Festival in 2001 as well as the New York International Fringe Festival in 2008. Jacqueline Susann Jacqueline Susann (August 20, 1918 – September 21, 1974) was an American writer and actress. Her first novel, \"Valley of the Dolls\" (1966), is one of the best-selling books in publishing history. With her two subsequent works, \"The Love Machine\" (1969) and \"Once Is Not Enough\" (1973), Susann became the first author to have",
"title": "Jacqueline Susann"
},
{
"id": "774224",
"text": "1999, she was appointed UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In that capacity, she has actively supported the organization's global advocacy, as well as the work of the Canadian UNICEF Committee. In 2006, she was one of eight women selected to carry in the Olympic flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 2006 Olympic Winter Games, in Turin, Italy. The same year, Sarandon received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award. Sarandon was appointed an FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2010. Sarandon and Robbins both took an early stance against the 2003 invasion of Iraq, with Sarandon stating that she was firmly against war as",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "1955587",
"text": "Francisco, California. In 2010, Odam played himself in the independent film, \"Rainbows End\", a mockumentary about a band traveling from Texas to California to record an album with him. In late 2011, The Legendary Stardust Cowboy released an anthology of his life's work, a double CD on Cherry Red Records from England, titled \"For Sarah, Raquel, and David: An Anthology\". The first names refer to Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York, Raquel Welch, actress, and performing artist David Bowie, all longtime fans of The Ledge's work. Rumors of a European tour abound. Legendary Stardust Cowboy Norman Carl Odam (born September 5,",
"title": "Legendary Stardust Cowboy"
},
{
"id": "10714005",
"text": "Safe Passage (film) Safe Passage is a 1994 American drama film starring Susan Sarandon, and featuring Nick Stahl, Sam Shepard, Sean Astin and Jason London. Directed by Robert Allan Ackerman from a screenplay by Deena Goldstone, it is based on the novel \"Safe Passage\" by Ellyn Bache. Maggie Singer (Susan Sarandon) is an obsessive, superstitious and moderately psychic woman who has premonitions in her dreams. The mother of seven children, only one of which still lives at home, she is getting divorced from her husband, and plans to move into the city and take a job as a civil servant.",
"title": "Safe Passage (film)"
},
{
"id": "12296847",
"text": "but seen in the imagination only, . . . This little book, unlike the fortieth imitation of somebody's book on Picasso and available everywhere, is a discovery, pictures and commentary moving from an area of the mind now understandably suspect. . . .\" Sheri Martinelli Sheri Martinelli, (January 17, 1918 – November 3, 1996) was an American painter, poet, and muse. Martinelli was born Shirley Burns Brennan in Philadelphia in 1918. Of Irish ancestry, she was the eldest of four children and began using the name Sherry by the time she was a teenager. Later told that her first name",
"title": "Sheri Martinelli"
},
{
"id": "3348110",
"text": "Rain Phoenix Rain Joan of Arc Phoenix born November 21, 1972) is an American actress, musician, and singer. Phoenix has two sisters, Liberty and Summer, and two brothers, actors Joaquin and River Phoenix. Phoenix was born Rain Joan of Arc in Crockett, Texas, the second child of John Lee Bottom and Arlyn Sharon (née Dunetz). Her mother was born in the Bronx, New York to Jewish parents from Hungary and Russia. Her father was a lapsed Catholic from Fontana, California. In 1968, Phoenix's mother left her family and moved to California, meeting Phoenix's father while hitch-hiking. They married in 1969",
"title": "Rain Phoenix"
},
{
"id": "3042398",
"text": "in November 1990. They divorced in 2002. Since 2010, Henson has been married to actress Mia Sara. They have one child. Brian Henson Brian Henson (born November 3, 1963) is an American puppeteer, director, producer, technician, and the chairman of The Jim Henson Company. He is the son of puppeteers Jim and Jane Henson. Henson was born in New York City, is the middle child and first born son of Jane Henson (née Nebel; 1934–2013) and Jim Henson (1936–1990). He has four siblings: Lisa (born 1960), Cheryl (born 1961), John (1965–2014), and Heather Henson (born 1970). As a child, he",
"title": "Brian Henson"
},
{
"id": "2047355",
"text": "Monica Seles Monica Seles (; , ; ; born December 2, 1973) is a retired professional tennis player, who represented Yugoslavia and the United States and is also a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame. An ethnic Hungarian, she was born and raised in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. She became a naturalized American citizen in 1994 and also received Hungarian citizenship in June 2007. A former world no. 1, she won nine Grand Slam singles titles, eight of them as a teenager while representing Yugoslavia, and the final one while representing the United States. In 1990, Seles became the",
"title": "Monica Seles"
},
{
"id": "1359709",
"text": "that he would \"go out with it\" as well; he died the day after the comet returned. He was lauded as the \"greatest humorist this country has produced\", and William Faulkner called him \"the father of American literature\". Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri, the sixth of seven children born to Jane (\"née\" Lampton; 1803–1890), a native of Kentucky, and John Marshall Clemens (1798–1847), a native of Virginia. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823. Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "7183088",
"text": "Mary McCartney Mary Anna McCartney (born 28 August 1969) is an English photographer and vegetarian cookery writer. McCartney is the eldest biological child of musician and singer/songwriter Paul McCartney and photographer/musician Linda McCartney. McCartney was born in London on 28 August 1969 and named after her paternal grandmother, Mary McCartney. She is the first biological child of Paul McCartney of the Beatles and photographer Linda Eastman McCartney, and Linda's second child. McCartney has an older half-sister, Heather McCartney, who was born Heather Louise See on 31 December 1962 to Linda and Joseph Melville See Jr. and adopted by Paul McCartney;",
"title": "Mary McCartney"
},
{
"id": "8565556",
"text": "job! I wake up in the morning and I haven't got to go to a nine-to-five. I've got this life and I'm very, very lucky! Although her birth name is Susan Ann Sulley, she has been known professionally by a number of variants throughout her career; the table below shows the chronology. Because she rarely corrects journalists using an incorrect name, it is possible to find any of these currently in use in the media. Susan Ann Sulley Susan Ann Sulley (born 22 March 1963), formerly known as Susanne Sulley and Susan Ann Gayle, is an English singer who is",
"title": "Susan Ann Sulley"
},
{
"id": "774231",
"text": "help finance the documentary \"Deep Run\", the story of a poor North Carolina teen undergoing a gender transition. On March 12, 2011, Sarandon spoke before a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin protesting Governor Scott Walker and his Budget Repair Bill. On September 27, 2011, Sarandon spoke to reporters and interested parties at the Occupy Wall Street protest in New York City. Her use of the word \"Nazi\" to describe Pope Benedict XVI on October 15, 2011, generated complaints from Roman Catholic authorities, and the Anti-Defamation League, which called on Sarandon to apologize. Sarandon brought activist Rosa Clemente to the 75th Golden",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "16390943",
"text": "pin him down, while Evelyn was a singer, and they both were lovers. Dylan also finds an article online stating that Jack had shot Evelyn and another policeman, Noah (Jack Ellis), down in the Grand Central Station in a fit of jealous rage before being gunned down by other policemen on 18 April 1986, which was the day both Dylan and Sarah were born. Dylan then visits Evelyn's sister, and she gives Dylan a stack of letters that Jack wrote to Evelyn as she could never bear to read them and shows him the necklace she is wearing saying that",
"title": "2:22 (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "2913626",
"text": "Susan Orlean Susan Orlean (born October 31, 1955) is a journalist and author. She has been a staff writer for \"The New Yorker\" since 1992, and has contributed articles to many magazines including \"Vogue\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"Esquire\", and \"Outside\". She is best known as the author of the 1998 book \"The Orchid Thief\", which was adapted into the film \"Adaptation\" (2002). Meryl Streep received an Academy Award nomination for her performance as Orlean. Orlean was raised in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the daughter of Edith (née Gross 1923-2016) and Arthur Orlean (1915-2007). She has a sister, Debra, and a brother, David.",
"title": "Susan Orlean"
},
{
"id": "19236873",
"text": "1951 they married in London. They had four children: Lionel Michael Ash, born 1953 (died as an infant in 1953); Lucinda (known as Lucy) Jane Orme, born 1955; Frances Mildred, born 1958; and (Michael) Edward Cracroft. born 1960 (all in London). In 1975 Ash divorced and married his second wife Gillian Issobel Little; she died in 2007. He lived the last part of his life in Painscastle, in Powys, Wales, and died on April 30, 2016. His publications include - Michael Edward Ash Michael Edward Ash (17 December 1927 – 30 April 2016) was a British mathematician and brewer. Ash",
"title": "Michael Edward Ash"
},
{
"id": "2225517",
"text": "of the Prius c variant passed the one million mark during the first half of 2015. The Prius family totaled global cumulative sales of 6.1 million units in January 2017, representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997. Prius is a Latin word meaning \"first\", \"original\", \"superior\" or \"to go before\". In February 2011, Toyota USA asked the US public to decide on what the most proper plural form of Prius should be, with choices including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius, or Priuses. The company announced on 20 February that \"Prii\" was the most popular choice,",
"title": "Toyota Prius"
},
{
"id": "1529883",
"text": "Beverly Cleary Beverly Atlee Cleary (née Bunn; born April 12, 1916) is an American writer of children's and young adult fiction. One of America's most successful living authors, 91 million copies of her books have been sold worldwide since her first book was published in 1950. Some of Cleary's best known characters are Henry Huggins and his dog Ribsy, Ramona Quimby and Beezus Quimby, and Ralph S. Mouse. The majority of Cleary's books are set in the Grant Park neighborhood of northeast Portland, Oregon, where she was raised, and she has been credited as one of the first authors of",
"title": "Beverly Cleary"
},
{
"id": "1286775",
"text": "to give \"Welsh status to Welsh people who, not speaking Cymraeg, nevertheless do not feel at all English\". There is no final, clear definition of what constitutes a Welsh writer in English, or Anglo-Welsh author. Obviously it includes Welsh writers whose first language is English, rather than Welsh, such as Swansea born Dylan Thomas (1914–53) and novelist Emyr Humphreys, born in Prestatyn in 1919. But it also includes those born outside Wales with Welsh parentage, who were influenced by their Welsh roots, like London-born poet David Jones (1895–1974). Glyn Jones in \"The Dragon Has Two Tongues\" defines the Anglo-Welsh as",
"title": "Welsh literature in English"
},
{
"id": "9548152",
"text": "extended from MD 26 to Tuscarora Creek. In 2015, an interchange opened at Jefferson Technology Parkway. U.S. Route 15 Business (US 15 Business) is an unsigned business route of US 15 through Emmitsburg. Known as Seton Avenue, the highway runs between junctions with US 15 on the south and north sides of the town. US 15 Business follows the original alignment of US 15 through Emmitsburg. The highway serves the St. Joseph's College and Mother Seton Shrine campuses, which are home to several emergency management institutions and a shrine dedicated to Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first person born in the",
"title": "U.S. Route 15 in Maryland"
},
{
"id": "20908922",
"text": "in which Jamie Lee Curtis reprises her role as Laurie Strode. He also has upcoming roles in a film adaptation of \"Taipei\" by Tao Lin, and a Chris Morris production filmed in the Dominican Republic with Anna Kendrick. Miles Robbins Miles Guthrie Tomalin Robbins (born May 4, 1992) is an American musician and actor. Robbins was born in New York City. He studied documentary film and music production at Brown University for three years but left before graduation. He is the son of the actors Tim Robbins and Susan Sarandon. His half-sister is the actress Eva Amurri, and his older",
"title": "Miles Robbins"
},
{
"id": "6818450",
"text": "Beaumarchais' \"The Marriage of Figaro\" (\"Le Nozze di Figaro\") was adapted into a comic opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. 1789 \"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano\", one of the first slave narratives to have been widely read in historical times, is published. James Fenimore Cooper is born on September 15 in the United States. 1792 Percy Bysshe Shelley was born (August 4). 1793 \"Salisbury Plain\" by William Wordsworth. 1794 Robert Goldsmith was born. In 1795, Samuel Taylor Coleridge met William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. The two men published a",
"title": "18th century in literature"
},
{
"id": "5181402",
"text": "the main groups to reject a bill to allow civil partnerships for same-sex couples in Greece. Party leader, Nikolaos Michaloliakos stated, \"church bells should toll mournfully across the country\". Nikolaos Michaloliakos supports a revival of the \"Megali Idea\", the irredentist concept that guided Greece's foreign policy until the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22: These regions, which in the past were Greek lands, had significant Greek populations until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s. Michaloliakos has criticized Thessaloniki mayor Yiannis Boutaris for wanting to name a street after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born",
"title": "Golden Dawn (political party)"
},
{
"id": "16824444",
"text": "A*M*E Aminata Jamieson (née Kabba) (born 13 December 1994), better known as A*M*E, is a British singer and songwriter. A*M*E was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone on 13 December 1994. In 2011, Amy was scouted and signed by Take That frontman Gary Barlow to his label, Future Records. On 9 December 2012 the BBC announced that A*M*E had been nominated for the Sound of 2013 poll. In January 2013 A*M*E signed to Sony Music's Epic Records after Barlow closed Future Records to focus on his own career commitments. Her single \"Need U (100%)\", a collaboration with Duke Dumont and MNEK,",
"title": "A*M*E"
},
{
"id": "2016096",
"text": "extensively about photography, culture and media, AIDS and illness, human rights, and communism and leftist ideology. Although her essays and speeches sometimes drew controversy, she has been described as \"one of the most influential critics of her generation.\" Sontag was born Susan Rosenblatt in New York City, the daughter of Mildred (née Jacobson) and Jack Rosenblatt, both Jews of Lithuanian and Polish descent. Her father managed a fur trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis in 1939, when Susan was five years old. Seven years later, Sontag's mother married U.S. Army Captain Nathan Sontag. Susan and her sister,",
"title": "Susan Sontag"
},
{
"id": "3284579",
"text": "2012. Summer Phoenix Summer Joy Phoenix (née Bottom; born December 10, 1978) is an American actress, model and designer. She is the youngest sibling of actors/actresses River Phoenix, Rain Phoenix, Joaquin Phoenix, and Liberty Phoenix. Phoenix was born in Winter Park, Florida. Her mother, Arlyn Sharon (née Dunetz), was born in The Bronx, New York, to Jewish parents from Hungary and Russia. Her father, John Lee Bottom, was a lapsed Catholic from Fontana, California. In 1968, Phoenix's mother left The Bronx and moved to California, meeting Phoenix's father while hitchhiking. They married in 1969 and joined the religious cult the",
"title": "Summer Phoenix"
},
{
"id": "774213",
"text": "World Apart\" (1970–71). In 1974, she co-starred as a young Zelda Fitzgerald surrogate in the TV movie \"F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles'\" and in 1975, she starred in the popular cult film \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\". She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for \"Atlantic City\" (1980), \"Thelma & Louise\" (1991), \"Lorenzo's Oil\" (1992), and \"The Client\" (1994), before winning for \"Dead Man Walking\" (1995). She has also won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for \"The Client\", and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for",
"title": "Susan Sarandon"
},
{
"id": "378476",
"text": "John the Divine in Manhattan, one of the world's largest, has a sculpture honoring four spiritual heroes of the twentieth century: Anthony, Martin Luther King, Albert Einstein, and Mohandas Gandhi. Susan B. Anthony Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Anthony and women's suffrage in the United States. The holiday is February 15—Anthony's birthday. The Susan B. Anthony List (SBA List) is a non-profit organization that seeks to reduce and ultimately end abortion in the U.S. Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and women's rights",
"title": "Susan B. Anthony"
},
{
"id": "12361010",
"text": "The Buddy System (film) The Buddy System is a 1984 American romantic comedy film starring Richard Dreyfuss, Susan Sarandon, Nancy Allen, Wil Wheaton and Jean Stapleton. The film was directed by Glenn A. Jordan who is better known for directing and producing numerous television films and television dramas. The film follows the story of a cautious single mother who forms an unlikely friendship with her son's school security guard. \"The Buddy System\" was Wil Wheaton's first major film role and his second non-television role after the 1983 film \"Hambone and Hillie\". Emily Price is a single mother: she got pregnant",
"title": "The Buddy System (film)"
},
{
"id": "2787584",
"text": "who was born in 1979 and who took his own life in 2016 after a lifelong battle with schizophrenia, and who for a time was in the Peace Corps; Jessie, who was born in 1981, and who herself is an artist and a candidate for an advanced degree in neurobiology, and whose heroes include Helen Keller, Martin Luther King Jr. and Madonna; and Virginia, who was born in 1985, and is now a lawyer. She is passionate about endurance horse racing. In 2006, her Arabian horse ruptured an aneurysm while she was riding him. In the horse's death throes, Mann",
"title": "Sally Mann"
},
{
"id": "12296843",
"text": "Sheri Martinelli Sheri Martinelli, (January 17, 1918 – November 3, 1996) was an American painter, poet, and muse. Martinelli was born Shirley Burns Brennan in Philadelphia in 1918. Of Irish ancestry, she was the eldest of four children and began using the name Sherry by the time she was a teenager. Later told that her first name had the wrong numerological value, she modified it to Sheri. The name Martinelli came by way of a brief early marriage to painter Ezio Martinelli, by whom she had a daughter Shelley (named after the poet) in 1943. Sheri Martinelli was a protégée",
"title": "Sheri Martinelli"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Susan Sarandon context Lenora Marie (née Criscione; b. 1923) and Phillip Leslie Tomalin (1917–1999), an advertising executive, television producer, and one-time nightclub singer. She has four brothers, Philip Jr., Terry (deceased May 19, 2016), Tim and O'Brian, and four sisters, Meredith, Bonnie, Amanda, and Missy. Her father was of English, Irish, and Welsh ancestry, his English ancestors being from Hackney in London and his Welsh ancestors being from Bridgend. On her mother's side, she is of Italian descent, with ancestors from the regions of Tuscany and Sicily. Sarandon was raised Roman Catholic and attended Roman Catholic schools. She grew up in Edison, New\n\nWho was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close?",
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"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
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"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Safe Passage (film) context: Safe Passage (film) Safe Passage is a 1994 American drama film starring Susan Sarandon, and featuring Nick Stahl, Sam Shepard, Sean Astin and Jason London. Directed by Robert Allan Ackerman from a screenplay by Deena Goldstone, it is based on the novel \"Safe Passage\" by Ellyn Bache. Maggie Singer (Susan Sarandon) is an obsessive, superstitious and moderately psychic woman who has premonitions in her dreams. The mother of seven children, only one of which still lives at home, she is getting divorced from her husband, and plans to move into the city and take a job as a civil servant.\n\ntitle: Susan Sar context: 1, she UNICEF Goodwill Amb.,ively supported the organization' global advoc, as well as the work of UNICE. In206, she was one of eight selected to carry in the flag at Opening Ceremony of the 200 Olympic Winter Games in Turin, Italy The same year, Sar received the Action Against Hunger Humanitarian Award Sarandon was appointed an FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2010 Sarandonb both took an stance against 200 invasion of Iraq with Sarandon stating that she firmly against war as Mil Robins contextbesie Tom ( 4 92) is an and actor Robb born in New York He documentary production Brown but leftation is the son of actorsins Sar half-s the actress Evaur, the director Jack Henry While he hasly worn dresses Robinsifies as Robins worked disc j. In currentedelic pop called 'Pow Pow Band'.: Glenn Close context Twitter Close and stage4L\", and wass, in plays and musicals, including the Broadway productions of \"Barnum\" in 1980 and \"The Real Thing\" in 1983, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Her film debut was in \"The World According to Garp\" (1982), which she followed with supporting roles in \"The Big Chill\" (1983)\n\nWho was born first, Susan Sarandon or Glenn Close?",
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} |
193 | Who wrote the novel The Go Between? | [
"L P Hartley",
"L. P. Hartley",
"Leslie Hartley",
"L.P. Hartley",
"The past is a foreign country",
"Leslie Poles Hartley",
"LP Hartley"
] | L. P. Hartley | [
{
"id": "4535526",
"text": "sexuality until toward the end of his life. Hartley regarded his 1971 novel \"The Harness Room\" as his \"homosexual novel\" and feared the public reaction to it. In 1947 Hartley was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel \"Eustace and Hilda\", while his 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" was joint winner of the Heinemann Award. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 New Year Honours. Hartley died in London on 13 December 1972 at the age of 76. L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December",
"title": "L. P. Hartley"
},
{
"id": "4535522",
"text": "L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December 1972) was a British novelist and short story writer. Although his first fiction was published in 1924, his career was slow to take off. His best-known novels are the \"Eustace and Hilda\" trilogy (1944–47) and \"The Go-Between\" (1953). The latter was made into a film in 1971, as was his 1957 novel \"The Hireling\" in 1973. Leslie Poles Hartley was born on 30 December 1895 in Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, the son of Bessie and Harry Bark Hartley, a solicitor and JP. He had two sisters, Enid and Annie Norah.",
"title": "L. P. Hartley"
},
{
"id": "4935558",
"text": "very much like \"another country\". \"Another Country\" is also the title of a novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \"The Go-Between\" is a novel by L.P. Hartley (1895–1972), published in London in 1953. The movie's framing as the narration of an old man may reference the beginning line of the novel: \"\"The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there.\"\" The most direct reference is to several well-known lines from British literature, originating from Christopher Marlowe's play \"The Jew of Malta\": Friar Barnadine: \"Thou hast committed--\"<br> Barabas: \"Fornication-- but that was in another country",
"title": "Another Country (play)"
},
{
"id": "805167",
"text": "The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it has been adapted several times for stage and screen. The book gives a critical view of society at the end of the Victorian era through the eyes of a naïve schoolboy outsider. In the book’s prologue, Leo Colston chances upon a diary from 1900, the year of his thirteenth birthday, and gradually pieces together a memory that he has suppressed. Under its influence, and from the viewpoint of what he has become by the midpoint of \"this hideous century\", Leo relives the",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "805181",
"text": "BBC Radio 3 on 26 May 2013. In 1991, South African composer David Earl adapted the novel as a two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "805173",
"text": "by her as his own. He had died in 1910, while Marcus and his elder brother were killed in the First World War and Marian's son in the second. In the end, the elderly Marian persuades Leo, the only other survivor from her past, to act once more as go-between and assure her estranged grandson that there was nothing to be ashamed of in her affair with Ted Burgess. \"The Go-Between\" was first published in Britain by Hamish Hamilton in 1953. In the USA its publisher was Alfred A. Knopf in the summer of 1954, and the book was slow",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "902450",
"text": "Harold Pinter Harold Pinter (; 10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include \"The Birthday Party\" (1957), \"The Homecoming\" (1964), and \"Betrayal\" (1978), each of which he adapted for the screen. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include \"The Servant\" (1963), \"The Go-Between\" (1971), \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\" (1981), \"The Trial\" (1993), and \"Sleuth\" (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and",
"title": "Harold Pinter"
},
{
"id": "805178",
"text": "Leo's age in 1909, Hartley spent a summer with a school friend called Moxley at Bradenham Hall in Norfolk and took part in a cricket match. The names are sufficiently close to Maudsley and Brandham to give rise to such speculation. But Tóibín counsels a cautious approach to the question, quoting Hartley's own study of fiction-writing, \"The Novelist's Responsibility\". The novelist's world, he wrote, \"must, in some degree, be an extension of his own life.\" And, while it is “unsafe to assume that a novelist's work is autobiographical in any direct sense,” this does not prevent it from reflecting his",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "805177",
"text": "past that continues to exist in and to control the subconscious … This doubling of consciousness and of narrative voice—the innocent twelve-year-old's emerging from beneath the self-protective sixty-five-year-old's—is one of Hartley's most effective techniques.” Another preoccupation in Tóibín's introduction was how far the story of “The Go-Between” is based on fact, in the wake of Adrian Wright’s biographical study, \"Foreign Country: The Life of L. P. Hartley\". Although Leo is twelve at the time of the novel – the long, hot summer of 1900 – the five-year-old Hartley remembered that time afterwards as \"a Golden Age\". When he was about",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "19042345",
"text": "Burgess' suicide when the heavens literally opened. This was sumptuous, involving, unforgettable drama that stayed with you. If only it hadn't been forced to compete with Downton\". As of 23 September 2015, \"The Go-Between\" had a rating of 7.3/10 (from 90 users) on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest",
"title": "The Go-Between (2015 film)"
},
{
"id": "9277333",
"text": "The Go-Between (1971 film) The Go-Between is a 1971 British romantic drama film directed by Joseph Losey. Its screenplay, by Harold Pinter, is an adaptation of the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. The film stars Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Margaret Leighton, Michael Redgrave and Dominic Guard. It won the Grand Prix at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival. The story follows a young boy named Leo Colston (Dominic Guard), who in the year 1900 is a guest of his wealthy school friend, Marcus Maudsley (Richard Gibson), to spend the summer holidays at his family's Norfolk country house. While",
"title": "The Go-Between (1971 film)"
},
{
"id": "805179",
"text": "experience. Among other writers commenting on the book's contemporary context, Paul Binding has pointed out that its famous opening phrase, “The past is a foreign country”, had first been used by Hartley’s friend Lord David Cecil in his inaugural lecture as Goldsmith's Professor in 1949. Ali Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between the treatment of class and sexuality in \"The Go-Between\" and in \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\" (1928). D. H. Lawrence’s novel was not allowed unexpurgated circulation in Britain until after \"The Go-Between\"s appearance, but perhaps, she speculated, Hartley's novel helped prepare the climate for the overturning of the British",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "902501",
"text": "In its première in the National Theatre's two-part production of \"Sketches\", despite undergoing chemotherapy at the time, Pinter played the ruthless Minister willing to murder little children for the benefit of \"The State\". Pinter composed 27 screenplays and film scripts for cinema and television, many of which were filmed, or adapted as stage plays. His fame as a screenwriter began with his three screenplays written for films directed by Joseph Losey, leading to their close friendship: \"The Servant\" (1963), based on the novel by Robin Maugham; \"Accident\" (1967), adapted from the novel by Nicholas Mosley; and \"The Go-Between\" (1971), based",
"title": "Harold Pinter"
},
{
"id": "1296360",
"text": "was removed from the project. An alternative version is that Losey was replaced due to illness. Losey was later hired by Hammer Films to direct \"The Damned\", a 1963 British science fiction film based on H.L. Lawrence's novel \"The Children of Light\". In the 1960s, Losey began working with playwright Harold Pinter, in what became a long friendship and initiated a successful screenwriting career for Pinter. Losey directed three enduring classics based on Pinter's screenplays: \"The Servant\" (1963), \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971). \"The Servant\" won three British Academy Film Awards. \"Accident\" won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury",
"title": "Joseph Losey"
},
{
"id": "19498114",
"text": "1972 and \"Nights at the Circus\" 1984. Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who published from the 1960s into the 21st century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \"Possession\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include \"The Cement Garden\"",
"title": "Twentieth-century English literature"
},
{
"id": "19042338",
"text": "The Go-Between (2015 film) The Go-Between is a 2015 British romantic drama film based on the 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" by L. P. Hartley. It was filmed at Englefield House in Berkshire. Leo, an elderly man, is travelling back to the place where he spent the summer of 1900 as the guest of a much wealthier school friend, Marcus Maudsley. On his journey he recalls the events surrounding his original visit, during which he had celebrated his thirteenth birthday and also become besotted with his friend’s older sister Marian, whose family strongly hoped that she would marry the local landowner,",
"title": "The Go-Between (2015 film)"
},
{
"id": "9277335",
"text": "in a farm building. This event has a long-lasting impact on Leo after Burgess shoots himself dead in his farmhouse kitchen. More than fifty years later, Marian, now the Dowager Lady Trimingham, sends for Leo, wanting him to speak to her grandson to assure him that she had truly loved Burgess. She asks Leo whether her grandson reminds him of anyone, and he replies \"Yes. Ted Burgess\". Michael Redgrave plays Leo in old age. The rights to the novel had been in the hands of many producers, including Anthony Asquith. Then Sir Alexander Korda purchased it in 1956. He originally",
"title": "The Go-Between (1971 film)"
},
{
"id": "13338538",
"text": "Neil Cross Neil Cross (born 9 February 1969) is a British novelist and scriptwriter, best known for as the creator of the drama series \"Luther\" and Hard Sun (TV Series) Cross was born in Bristol on 9 February 1969. He graduated from the University of Leeds in 1994 with a degree in English and Theology. His initial career was solely as a novelist, beginning with \"Mr In-Between\", which was published in 1998 (and adapted into a film in 2001). He later diversified into television, writing an episode of the BBC spy drama \"Spooks\" in 2006 before becoming lead writer on",
"title": "Neil Cross"
},
{
"id": "805174",
"text": "to sell at first. However, it was greeted with favourable reviews. \"The New York Times\" called it \"a triumph of literary architecture\", while two articles were devoted to it in the \"Los Angeles Times\". Joseph Henry Jackson commented on its skilful presentation as “a many-leveled affair; perhaps only the author knows how much there is in it of symbol and reference.\" A month later Milton Merlin described it as \"a superbly composed and an irresistibly haunting novel” characterised by “the author's beautiful and ingenious style, his whimsy, irony and humor, and, most of all, the powerful wallop of a deceptively",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "805176",
"text": "reprint, the book is not really \"a drama about class or about England, or a lost world mourned by Hartley; instead it is a drama about Leo's deeply sensuous nature moving blindly, in a world of rich detail and beautiful sentences, toward a destruction that is impelled by his own intensity of feeling and, despite everything, his own innocence.\" Kevin Gardner cites the narrative technique among other complex treatments of time: \"Hartley's haunting tale of lost innocence underscores the modern experience of broken time, a paradox in which humanity is alienated from the past, yet not free from it, a",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "2540044",
"text": "Accident (1967 film) Accident is Harold Pinter's 1967 British dramatic film adaptation of the 1965 novel by Nicholas Mosley. Directed by Joseph Losey, it was the second of three collaborations between Pinter and Losey, the others being \"The Servant\" (1963) and \"The Go-Between\" (1970). At the 1967 Cannes Film Festival, it won the award for Grand Prix Spécial du Jury. It also won the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. Stephen, a married Oxford tutor in his forties, has two students: the rich and likeable William, of whom he is fond, and a beautiful, enigmatic Austrian named",
"title": "Accident (1967 film)"
},
{
"id": "805171",
"text": "Leo naively believes that Marian’s engagement ought to bring the correspondence between her and Ted to an end. Feeling increasingly uncomfortable about the general atmosphere of deception and risk, Leo tries to end his role as go-between but comes under great psychological pressure and is forced to continue. Ultimately, his unwilling involvement has disastrous consequences when Marian’s mother makes him accompany her as she tracks the lovers down to their hiding place and discovers them having sex. The trauma which results leads directly to Ted's suicide and Leo's nervous collapse. In the epilogue, the older Leo sums up how profoundly",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "10528179",
"text": "The Pacific Between The Pacific Between is a romantic coming of age novel by Raymond K. Wong. Published in 2006, \"The Pacific Between\" was the finalist for the IPPY Book Award in 2006. The novel is loosely based on the author's experience as an immigrant and young adult, but the characters and events are entirely fictional. \"The Pacific Between\" contains many themes such as betrayal, sacrifice, unconditional love, pride, prejudice, and life's lessons, set in Southern California and Hong Kong. It is Raymond K. Wong's debut novel. When Greg Lockland returns to California for his parents' funeral, he discovers letters",
"title": "The Pacific Between"
},
{
"id": "1483452",
"text": "Machines of Doctor Hoffman\" (1972) and \"Nights at the Circus\" (1984). Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who has published from the 1960s until this century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for \"Possession\" published in 1990. Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include",
"title": "English novel"
},
{
"id": "9277337",
"text": "Losey was unable to get finance then or again in 1968. \"The company had cold feet about the story,\" said Losey. \"It was too tame for the pornographic age. As one man put it, who would be interested in a bit of Edwardian nostalgia? That's idiotic. It is certainly not a romantic or sentimental piece. It has a surface and a coating of romantic melodrama, but it has a bitter core.\" Losey said he was attracted to the novel because it was about \"the terrible sense of shortness of any human life, the sense of totality of life.\" Pinter's screenplay",
"title": "The Go-Between (1971 film)"
},
{
"id": "8949763",
"text": "and had a regular role in the BBC series \"Ashes to Ashes\". In 2009 he worked on the ABC miniseries \"Ben-Hur\". He appeared in the 2011 film \"Season of the Witch\". In 2012 he starred as Titus in Jean Racine's \"Berenice\" alongside Anne-Marie Duff in title role at the Donmar Warehouse in London. Campbell Moore played the role of Viscount Hugh Trimingham in the BBC's 2015 adaptation of L. P. Hartley's novel \"The Go-Between\". Also in 2015, he played the role of Maurice Wilkins in Anna Ziegler's play \"Photograph 51\", with Michael Billington writing, \"The play is also anything but",
"title": "Stephen Campbell Moore"
},
{
"id": "20061069",
"text": "colonial and post-colonial Kenya. Nunez, who grew up in Trinidad and later moved to the United States notes on how she relates with the story of Vikram Lall of being straddled in the two different worlds. When Nunez wrote her novel \"Anna In-Between\" and portrayed Anna, a character struggling in two identities, she said \"[she] just stole Vassanji's line, 'in-between'\". The novel was long-listed for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award where \"Let the Great World Spin\" by Irish author Colum McCann eventually won. It was awarded at the 2010 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award for literary excellence. The novel",
"title": "Anna In-Between"
},
{
"id": "121564",
"text": "subtle and elegantly written novel by an author in complete command of his talent\". It also won the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award in 2005. Berger had earlier won the award in 1996 for \"A Year of Lesser\" and later again won in 2009 for \"The Retreat\". Dan Zigmond of \"SFGate\" reviews the novel as \"a rich and rewarding novel\". The Time in Between The Time in Between is a novel by Canadian author David Bergen. It deals with a man, who mysteriously returns to Vietnam, where he had been a soldier earlier in his life, followed by",
"title": "The Time in Between"
},
{
"id": "15729182",
"text": "S. J. Watson Steve \"S. J.\" Watson (born 1971) is an English writer. He debuted in 2011 with the thriller novel \"Before I Go to Sleep\". Rights to publish the book have been sold in 42 different countries around the world and it has gone on to be an international bestseller. Watson was born in Stourbridge, in the West Midlands. He studied Physics at the University of Birmingham and then moved to London, where he worked in various hospitals and specialized as an audiologist in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing-impaired children. In the evenings and weekends he wrote fiction.",
"title": "S. J. Watson"
},
{
"id": "18979083",
"text": "Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \"Cider With Rosie\", LP Hartley's \"The Go-Between\" and J B Priestley's play \"An Inspector Calls\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\"Holliday Grainger\") enjoys a happy marriage to the dashing aristocrat Sir Clifford Chatterley (\"James",
"title": "Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)"
},
{
"id": "805168",
"text": "events of what had once seemed to him its hopeful beginning. The importance of his boarding school's social rules is another theme running through the book and complicates Leo's interaction with the adult world. \"Curses\" of his devising had routed boys who were bullying Leo at school and had given him the reputation of a magician something that he came to half-believe himself. As a result, he is invited as a guest to spend the summer at Brandham Hall, the country home of his school friend, Marcus Maudsley. There the socially clumsy Leo, with his regional accent, is a middle",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "5747462",
"text": "of the musical group, The Go-Betweens, grew up in The Gap and wrote about the suburb in his 2016 memoir, Grant & I. David Malouf's novel \"Johnno\" references The Gap on two occasions, as does the debut novel of journalist Trent Dalton, 'Boy Swallows Universe'. The Gap, Queensland The Gap is a leafy and hilly suburb of Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia, located approximately west of the Brisbane CBD. The Gap was named for its geographical location in the valley between Mount Coot-tha and Enoggera Hill (i.e. \" 'the gap' between hills\") which both form part of the Taylor Range. Initially",
"title": "The Gap, Queensland"
},
{
"id": "805180",
"text": "ban on Lawrence’s work seven years later. In 1960, an adaptation for stage by Louise F. Tanner was produced in Morgantown, West Virginia. Mrs. Tanner travelled to the United Kingdom to consult Hartley in person about the work. Playwright Harold Pinter adapted the novel into a screenplay of a film of the same name (1971), directed by Joseph Losey. A television adaptation starring Jim Broadbent was broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2015. On 8 July 2012, a radio adaptation by Frances Byrnes and directed by Matt Thompson was broadcast on BBC Radio 3. The production was re-broadcast on",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "1286332",
"text": "Charles Sheffield Charles Sheffield (25 June 1935 – 2 November 2002) was an English-born mathematician, physicist and science fiction writer who served as a President of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and of the American Astronautical Society. His novel \"The Web Between the Worlds\", featuring the construction of a space elevator, was published almost simultaneously with Arthur C. Clarke's novel on the subject, \"The Fountains of Paradise\", a coincidence that amused them both. Excerpts from both Sheffield's \"The Web Between the Worlds\" and Clarke's \"The Fountains of Paradise\" have appeared recently in a space elevator anthology \"Towering",
"title": "Charles Sheffield"
},
{
"id": "2547074",
"text": "James Salter James Arnold Horowitz (June 10, 1925 – June 19, 2015), better known as James Salter, his pen name and later-adopted legal name, was an American novelist and short-story writer. Originally a career officer and pilot in the United States Air Force, he resigned from the military in 1957 following the successful publication of his first novel, \"The Hunters\". After a brief career in film writing and film directing, in 1979 Salter published the novel \"Solo Faces\". He won numerous literary awards for his works, including belated recognition of works originally criticized at the time of their publication. His",
"title": "James Salter"
},
{
"id": "1618121",
"text": "University College in 1963. His debut novel, \"Weep Not, Child\", was published in May 1964, becoming the first novel in English to be published by a writer from East Africa. Later that year, having won a scholarship to the University of Leeds to study for an MA, Ngũgĩ travelled to England, where he was when his second novel, \"The River Between\", came out in 1965. \"The River Between\", which has as its background the Mau Mau Uprising, and described an unhappy romance between Christians and non-Christians, is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus. He left Leeds without completing his",
"title": "Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o"
},
{
"id": "9474075",
"text": "Nigel Farndale Nigel Farndale (born 30 September 1964) is a British author and journalist, known for his broadsheet interviews and his novel \"The Blasphemer\". He has written six books: three novels, two biographies and a collection of interviews. His latest novel is \"The Road Between Us\". \"The Blasphemer\" was shortlisted for the 2010 Costa Book Awards and selected for the WH Smith Richard and Judy Bookclub. His biography \"Haw-Haw: The Tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce\" was published in 2005 and shortlisted for that year’s Whitbread Prize and James Tait Black Memorial Prize. As a journalist he has written for",
"title": "Nigel Farndale"
},
{
"id": "12388279",
"text": "Press in Autumn 2011. His novel about a Jewish RAF officer's return to post-war London, \"With Hope, Farewell\" (1952), and his semi-autobiographical account of a young man's political coming-of-age \"The In-Between Time\" (1971) are both scheduled for re-issue in 2016 or 2017 Novels Film screenplays Story Alexander Baron Alexander Baron ( – ) was a British author and screenwriter. He is best known for his highly acclaimed novel about D-Day entitled \"From the City from \"The Plough\" (1948) and his London novel \"The Lowlife\" (1963). Baron's father was Barnet Bernstein, a Polish-Jewish immigrant to Britain who settled in the East",
"title": "Alexander Baron"
},
{
"id": "144398",
"text": "\"The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes\" (1970), but for a time funds became hard to come by. More relaxed censorship also brought several controversial films, including Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell's \"Performance\", Ken Russell's \"The Devils\" (1971), Sam Peckinpah's \"Straw Dogs\" (1971), and Stanley Kubrick's \"A Clockwork Orange\" (1971) starring Malcolm McDowell as the leader of a gang of thugs in a dystopian future Britain. Other films during the early 1970s included the Edwardian drama \"The Go-Between\" (1971), which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, Nicolas Roeg's Venice-set supernatural thriller \"Don't Look Now\" (1973) and Mike Hodges'",
"title": "Cinema of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "16856510",
"text": "because of the amount of leisure time and education required to write novels, most novelists have come from the upper or the educated middle classes. However, working men and women began publishing novels in the twentieth century. This includes in Britain Walter Greenwood's \"Love on the Dole\" (1933), from America B. Traven's, \"The Death Ship\" (1926) and Agnes Smedley, \"Daughter of Earth\" (1929) and from the Soviet Union Nikolay Ostrovsky's \"How the Steel Was Tempered\" (1932). Later, in 1950s Britain, came a group of writers known as the \"Angry young men,\" which included the novelists Alan Sillitoe and Kingsley Amis,",
"title": "Novelist"
},
{
"id": "10977840",
"text": "The Years Between (play) The Years Between is a play by the English writer Daphne du Maurier, better known as a novelist and particularly as the author of \"Rebecca\" (which she had adapted for the London stage in 1940). This is one of two original plays that she wrote. The other is\" September Tide\" (1948). Set against the backdrop of the Second World War, \"The Years Between\" unfolds in the library/living room of an English country house. The man of the house, Colonel Michael Wentworth, MP, is presumed dead after his plane crashed into the sea on a flight to",
"title": "The Years Between (play)"
},
{
"id": "2025861",
"text": "fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. Novelists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), who was also a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include \"The Forsyte Saga\" (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of \"The Old Wives' Tale\" (1908); G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936); E.M. Forster (1879–1970). The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). H. G. Wells",
"title": "British literature"
},
{
"id": "5126893",
"text": "Richardson's \"Clarissa\", Vladimir Nabokov's \"Lolita\", Rosamond Lehmann's \"Dusty Answer\", and Shakespeare's \"The Tempest\", \"Macbeth\", \"Hamlet,\" and \"Twelfth Night\". McEwan has also said that he was directly influenced by L.P. Hartley's \"The Go-Between\". \"Atonement\" contains a (fictional) letter addressed to Briony by the literary critic and editor Cyril Connolly. Like Connolly, Elizabeth Bowen is revealed to have reviewed Briony's earlier novel. \"Atonement\" was shortlisted for the 2001 Booker Prize for fiction. It was also shortlisted for the 2001 James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the 2001 Whitbread Novel Award. It won the 2002 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction, the",
"title": "Atonement (novel)"
},
{
"id": "18979091",
"text": "thou can’t say owt fairer than that\". Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film) Lady Chatterley's Lover is a 2015 British romantic drama television film starring Holliday Grainger, Richard Madden and James Norton. It is an adaption by Jed Mercurio of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel \"Lady Chatterley's Lover\", and premiered on BBC One on 6 September 2015. The adaptation is part of a series of four 20th century literary adaptations by the BBC, including Laurie Lee's \"Cider With Rosie\", LP Hartley's \"The Go-Between\" and J B Priestley's play \"An Inspector Calls\". Lady Constance Chatterley (\"Holliday Grainger\") enjoys a happy marriage to",
"title": "Lady Chatterley's Lover (2015 film)"
},
{
"id": "16698992",
"text": "Stephen McKenna (novelist) Stephen McKenna (27 February 1888 – 26 September 1967) was an English novelist who wrote forty-seven novels, mostly focusing on English upper-class society, and six non-fiction titles. He published his first novel, \"The Reluctant Lover\", in 1912. His best-known novel, \"Sonia: Between Two Worlds\", was published in 1917. It was the tenth best-selling novel for 1918 in the United States, and also made into a British film of the same name in 1921. McKenna was the son of Leopold and Ellen McKenna. He was educated at Westminster School (Scholar), London, and at Christ Church, Oxford (Exhibitioner). He",
"title": "Stephen McKenna (novelist)"
},
{
"id": "17077100",
"text": "2019 premiere. Kirkus Reviews calls Good Sam, \"a solid, feel-good romance sparked with mystery.\" In addition, she is the author of the sequel to \"Good Sam,\" the bestseller “Perfectly Good Crime” recently won the Living Now Book Awards for “books that change the world.” Her third bestselling novel, \"The Space Between,\" was published by Lake Union Publishing in July 2018 and was a Once Upon A Book Club August Selection. Prior to joining Wind Dancer Films, Meserve was Vice President of Classical KUSC, the University of Southern California’s radio network. She began her career as Station Manager of the National",
"title": "Dete Meserve"
},
{
"id": "2312024",
"text": "Brian O'Nolan Brian O'Nolan (; 5 October 1911 – 1 April 1966) was an Irish novelist, playwright and satirist, considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \"At Swim-Two-Birds\" and \"The Third Policeman\", were written under the pen name Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \"The Irish Times\" and an Irish language novel \"An Béal Bocht\" were written under the name Myles na gCopaleen. O'Nolan's novels have attracted a wide following for their bizarre humour and modernist",
"title": "Brian O'Nolan"
},
{
"id": "10527986",
"text": "Raymond K. Wong Raymond Kin Wong is an American actor and writer. He is the author of the award-winning novel, \"The Pacific Between\". He was also named as one of \"Pittsburgh Magazine\"s 25 Most Beautiful People in 2007. Raymond K. Wong began his career as an Information Technology Consultant. He later became a Screen Actors Guild actor and has worked with Peter Falk, Julianne Moore, Sarah Jessica Parker, directors Rob Marshall and Peter Yates in features and TV series such as Oscar-nominated \"Roommates\" and Emmy-winning series \"Sex and the City\". As a writer, he is the author of the novel,",
"title": "Raymond K. Wong"
},
{
"id": "805170",
"text": "carry between them and the well-meaning, innocent boy is easily manipulated by the lovers. Although Marian and Ted are fully aware of the social taboo that must make their relationship a matter of the utmost secrecy, Leo is too naïve to understand why they can never marry. The situation is further complicated by the fact that Marian is about to become engaged to Hugh, Viscount Trimingham, the descendant of the area's nobility who formerly lived in Brandham Hall. As he begins to comprehend that the relationship between Marian and Ted is not to do with \"business\", as they have claimed,",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "9333930",
"text": "parts. After a prologue by a child, the first scene is a Shakespearean scene with romantic dialogue. The second scene is a parody of a restoration comedy, and the third scene is a panorama of Victorian triumph based on a policeman directing the traffic in Hyde Park. The final scene is entitled \"Ourselves\", at which point Miss La Trobe shocks the audience by turning mirrors on them. The book ends quietly with life returning to normal. Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book",
"title": "Between the Acts"
},
{
"id": "805169",
"text": "class boy among the wealthy upper class. Though he does not fit in, his hosts do their best to make him feel welcome, treating him with kindness and indulgence, especially their daughter Marian. When Marcus falls ill, Leo is left largely to his own devices and becomes a secret \"postman\" for Marian and nearby tenant farmer Ted Burgess, with whom she is having a clandestine relationship. Leo is happy to help Marian because he has a crush on her and likes Ted. Besides, Leo is initially ignorant of the significance or content of the messages that he is asked to",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "4550166",
"text": "he reunited with Jimmy McGovern for the BBC television film \"Go Now\", the story of a young man who falls ill with multiple sclerosis just as he meets the love of his life. Focusing on the turmoil this causes the couple, the film was given a theatrical release in many countries, including the United States. In 1996 Winterbottom adapted his favourite novel, Thomas Hardy's bleak classic \"Jude the Obscure\", the tale of forbidden love between two cousins which had so scandalized British society on its release in 1895 that Hardy gave up novel-writing. It was not Winterbottom's first time approaching",
"title": "Michael Winterbottom"
},
{
"id": "887380",
"text": "Amis's work centres on the excesses of late-capitalist Western society, whose perceived absurdity he often satirises through grotesque caricature; he has been portrayed as a master of what \"The New York Times\" called \"the new unpleasantness\". Inspired by Saul Bellow, Vladimir Nabokov, and James Joyce, as well as by his father Kingsley Amis, Amis himself has gone on to influence many successful British novelists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including Will Self and Zadie Smith. Amis was born in Oxford, England. His father, noted English novelist Sir Kingsley Amis, was the son of a mustard manufacturer's clerk",
"title": "Martin Amis"
},
{
"id": "10310340",
"text": "Jack Trevor Story Memorial Cup include Fred Normandale, Steve Aylett, Nicholas Lezard and Howard Waldrop. Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \"The Trouble with Harry\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\"Live Now, Pay Later\", \"Something for Nothing\" and \"The Urban District Lover\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\", \"One Last Mad Embrace\", \"Hitler Needs You\"). He also wrote",
"title": "Jack Trevor Story"
},
{
"id": "449479",
"text": "warn against the \"neurotic-genius\" way of looking at mental illness, which rationalises the theory that creativity is somehow born of mental illness. Stephen Trombley describes Woolf as having a confrontational relationship with her doctors, and possibly being a woman who is a \"victim of male medicine\", referring to the contemporary relative lack of understanding about mental illness. After completing the manuscript of her last novel (posthumously published), \"Between the Acts\" (1941), Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The onset of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and",
"title": "Virginia Woolf"
},
{
"id": "2829075",
"text": "Journal\" described the novel as \"a fast-paced and gripping story.\" The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska,",
"title": "The Two Georges"
},
{
"id": "12486307",
"text": "second (or third, depending on the version) stanza of the hymn \"I Vow to Thee, My Country\", which is sung in both the play and film, as well as referring to the fact that English public school life in the 1930s was indeed very much like \"another country\". In the hymn, the other country referred to is Heaven (or the Kingdom of Heaven), although this allusion does not appear to relate to the film in any way. \"Another Country\" is also the title of a 1962 novel by James Baldwin, which includes gay and bisexual characters. \"The Go-Between\" is a",
"title": "Another Country (film)"
},
{
"id": "13919720",
"text": "Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \"The Space Between\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \"The Good Divide\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received her MFA in creative writing. She has taught creative writing and literature for Drake University and Upper Iowa University. She is currently",
"title": "Kali VanBaale"
},
{
"id": "15339827",
"text": "Go Between Bridge The Go Between Bridge, formerly known as the Hale Street Link, is a toll bridge for vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists over the Brisbane River in inner-city Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The bridge connects Merivale and Cordelia Streets in West End to Hale Street and the Inner City Bypass at Milton. It is Brisbane's first inner-city traffic bridge in 40 years and carries around 12,000 vehicles per day. The bridge opened to traffic in the early hours on 5 July 2010 and is now operated by Transurban. The Go Between Bridge is named after the popular Australian indie rock",
"title": "Go Between Bridge"
},
{
"id": "429241",
"text": "classics Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne (the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton; the controversial D. H. Lawrence; the modernist Virginia Woolf; the satirist Evelyn Waugh; the prophetic novelist George Orwell; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene; the crime writer Agatha Christie (the best-selling novelist of all time); Ian Fleming (the creator of James Bond); the poets T.S. Eliot, Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes; the fantasy writers J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and J. K. Rowling; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman. Scotland's contributions include the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle",
"title": "United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "887379",
"text": "Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \"Experience\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \"Time's Arrow\" and longlisted in 2003 for \"Yellow Dog\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New Writing at the University of Manchester until 2011. In 2008, \"The Times\" named him one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945.",
"title": "Martin Amis"
},
{
"id": "805175",
"text": "simple, almost gentle story of a boy lost in a strange world of emotions.\" There have been regular editions from Penguin Books and other sources since 1958. By 1954 translations were being prepared in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Japanese, French and Italian. Others followed later in Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Romanian and German. The novel has also been set as an exam text with a study guide dedicated to it and there have been interdisciplinary studies on psychological and philosophical themes there. Later literary interpretations looked beyond the book’s immediately noticeable themes. For Colm Tóibín in his introduction to a 2002",
"title": "The Go-Between"
},
{
"id": "9277338",
"text": "for the film was his final collaboration with Losey, following \"The Servant\" (1963) and \"Accident\" (1967). It is largely faithful to the novel, although it alludes to the novel's opening events in dialogue, in which Leo is admired by other boys at his school as they believe he used black magic to punish two bullies, and also moves events described in the novel's epilogue into the central narrative. Losey says he was glad he and Pinter did not make the film until after \"Accident\" because that film encouraged them to play around with time in storytelling. Eventually John Heyman managed",
"title": "The Go-Between (1971 film)"
},
{
"id": "866737",
"text": "Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \"Ruman Katseb\", , \"Roman Leibovich Katsev\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood. His mother, Mina Owczyńska (1879—?), was a Jewish actress from Švenčionys",
"title": "Romain Gary"
},
{
"id": "13919721",
"text": "a faculty member of the Lindenwood University MFA in Writing Program. She lives outside Des Moines with her husband and three children. Kali VanBaale Kali Jo VanBaale (born January 20, 1975) is an American novelist. Her first novel, \"The Space Between\", received an American Book Award in 2007, an Independent Publisher's silver medal for general fiction, and the Fred Bonnie Memorial First Novel Award in 2006. Her second novel, \"The Good Divide\" was released in 2016. She grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. She attended Indian Hills Community College, Upper Iowa University, and Vermont College of Fine Arts where she received",
"title": "Kali VanBaale"
},
{
"id": "2829070",
"text": "The Two Georges The Two Georges is an alternate history novel co-written by science fiction author Harry Turtledove and Oscar-winning actor Richard Dreyfuss. It was originally published in 1995 by Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom, and in 1996 by Tor Books in the United States, and was nominated for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. For more than two centuries, what would have become the United States and Canada has been the North American Union, a self-governing dominion encompassing the northern portion of the continent except Alaska, retained under the rule of Russia. \"The Two Georges\", a",
"title": "The Two Georges"
},
{
"id": "1296349",
"text": "Joseph Losey Joseph Walton Losey III (; January 14, 1909June 22, 1984) was an American theatre and film director. Born in Wisconsin, he studied in Germany with Bertolt Brecht and then returned to the United States. Blacklisted by Hollywood in the 1950s, he moved to Europe where he made the remainder of his films, mostly in the United Kingdom. Among the most critically and commercially successful were three films with screenplays by Harold Pinter, \"The Servant\" (1963), \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971). Joseph Walton Losey III was born on January 14, 1909 in La Crosse, Wisconsin, where he and",
"title": "Joseph Losey"
},
{
"id": "4009386",
"text": "Pelecanos published \"The Cut\", introducing the character Spero Lucas, a young veteran of the Iraq war. The former Marine works part-time as a private investigator for a D.C. defense attorney as well as taking jobs finding stolen items for a 40% cut of the value of the returned item. In 2013, Pelecanos published \"The Double\", the second Spero Lucas book. Pelecanos has written and produced for HBO's \"The Wire\" and is part of a literary circle with \"The Wire\" creator David Simon and novelist Laura Lippman. Simon sought out Pelecanos after reading his work. Simon was recommended his novels several",
"title": "George Pelecanos"
},
{
"id": "9333927",
"text": "Between the Acts Between the Acts is the final novel by Virginia Woolf. It was published shortly after her death in 1941. The book describes the mounting, performance, and audience of a play at a festival in a small English village, just before the outbreak of the Second World War. The story takes place in a country house somewhere in England, just before the Second World War. It is the day when the annual pageant is to be performed in the grounds of the house. The pageant is traditionally a celebration of English history, and is attended by the entire",
"title": "Between the Acts"
},
{
"id": "20061066",
"text": "Anna In-Between Anna In-Between is a 2009 English novel by Trinidadian American author Elizabeth Nunez. Anna, the lead character of the novel, finds herself in a situation where she is made to ponder on the differences between her native Caribbean, where her parents live, and her adopted lifestyle in Manhattan, and how race affects it. The novel was longlisted for the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award. Anna Sinclair is an established and in-demand book editor settled in Manhattan. On a vacation trip getting away from her work pressures, she visits her parents in her native Caribbean island. The Sinclairs are",
"title": "Anna In-Between"
},
{
"id": "13463857",
"text": "Nobel Prize in Literature) and is open to novels written in all languages, was €100,000 (£85,000, US$140,000). Thomas was the third author to win with a debut novel, following Andrew Miller's \"Ingenious Pain\" (1999) and Rawi Hage's \"De Niro's Game\" (2007). The book was praised by the judges, who included James Ryan, for its \"energy and warmth\" and for being \"tuned urgently to the way we live now\". Thomas said he had been \"feeling a little desperate\" during the writing of it. \"Man Gone Down\" beat an international longlist of 147 titles from 41 countries, as well as seven other",
"title": "Michael Thomas (author)"
},
{
"id": "1276727",
"text": "was prohibited, despite the fact that there were no swastikas on the cover of the first German edition. The Iron Dream won a Prix Tour-Apollo Award, and was nominated for an American Book Award. \"A World Between\" (1979) tells of a mildly turbulent period on the planet of Pacifica, a eutopic, democratic electronically mediated society, on which lands a ship from each of the two factions in the \"Pink and Blue War\": the patronisingly paternalistic Institute of Transcendental Science on the one side, and the rabidly man-hating lesbian Femocrats on the other. Nobody suffers a worse fate than political embarrassment,",
"title": "Norman Spinrad"
},
{
"id": "3516439",
"text": "Forest of Dean on the borders of England and Wales. Andrew Taylor (author) Andrew Taylor (born 14 October 1951) is a British author best known for his crime novels, which include the Lydmouth series, the Roth Trilogy and historical novels such as the best-selling \"The American Boy\" and \"The Ashes of London\". His accolades include the Diamond Dagger, Britain's top crime-writing award. Andrew Taylor grew up in East Anglia. He was educated at The King's School, Ely, and Woodbridge School. He read English at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and has an MA in Library, Archive and Information Science from University College",
"title": "Andrew Taylor (author)"
},
{
"id": "16025589",
"text": "Frank Baker (author) Francis Baker (22 May 1908 – 1982) was a British author of novels and short stories, mainly on fantastic or supernatural themes. He was also an actor, musician and television scriptwriter. His best-known works are his novels, \"The Birds\" (1936) and \"Miss Hargreaves\" (1940), and his memoir, \"I Follow But Myself\" (1968). Francis Baker was born at Hornsey in London in 1908, the son of a marine insurance salesman (who had been a chorister at Magdalen College, Oxford) and grandson of an organist at Alexandra Palace. During World War I he was a weekly boarder at schools",
"title": "Frank Baker (author)"
},
{
"id": "6647778",
"text": "who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were Herman Wouk's \"The Caine Mutiny\", James Jones's \"From Here to Eternity\", and Hemingway's \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\", the latter a novel set in the Spanish Civil War. Among more recent European novels is \"Ukraine - In the Time of War\", by Sonia Campbell-Gillies which has seen a sudden upsurge in demand since the annexation of Crimea by Russia. Ukraine's war-torn history is mirrored in the struggle",
"title": "War novel"
},
{
"id": "19566364",
"text": "Carey 93. The Book of Laughter and Forgetting Milan Kundera 94. Haroun and the Sea of Stories Salman Rushdie 95. LA Confidential James Ellroy 96. Wise Children Angela Carter 97. Atonement Ian McEwan 98. Northern Lights Philip Pullman 99. American Pastoral Philip Roth 100. Austerlitz W. G. Sebald 1. 1. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan (1678) 2. Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1719) 3. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726) 4. Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748) 5. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749) 6. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman by Laurence Sterne (1759) 7. Emma by",
"title": "The Guardian's 100 Best Novels Written in English"
},
{
"id": "3935688",
"text": "The Servant (1963 film) The Servant is Harold Pinter's 1963 film adaptation of a 1948 novelette by Robin Maugham. A British production directed by Joseph Losey, it stars Dirk Bogarde, Sarah Miles, Wendy Craig and James Fox. It opened at London's Warner Theatre on 14 November 1963. The first of Pinter's three film collaborations with Losey, which also include \"Accident\" (1967) and \"The Go-Between\" (1971), \"The Servant\" is a tightly-constructed psychological dramatic film about the relationships among the four central characters examining issues relating to class, servitude and the ennui of the upper classes. Tony (James Fox) a wealthy young",
"title": "The Servant (1963 film)"
},
{
"id": "3438685",
"text": "in Winnipeg by enlisting in the Canadian army. When his service was up, he worked as a doctor in the Arctic and on the coast of British Columbia while pursuing his MFA in creative writing at the University of British Columbia. In 1999, Patterson published \"The Water in Between\", a travel memoir of his sailing expedition in the Pacific Ocean. The book was nominated for the 2000 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction. His first novel, \"Consumption\", was published in September 2006 in Canada. He co-edited \"Outside the Wire: The War in Afghanistan in the Words of its Participants\", which",
"title": "Kevin Patterson (writer)"
},
{
"id": "17559716",
"text": "Devil's Keg\", set in Alberta, Canada, was published in 1903. After its success he settled in Britain and became a full-time writer. Several of his novels were made into films. Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British",
"title": "Ridgwell Cullum"
},
{
"id": "16494974",
"text": "and MacNeice, they were to be adopted by Virginia Woolf and through her much of 1930s literary London. The best-known early to mid 20th century novelist associated with Birmingham was J. R. R. Tolkien, whose books \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\" are two of the world's four best-selling books of all time, with over 100 million and over 150 million copies in print respectively. Although Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein in South Africa, he later called this a \"fallacious fact\" claiming that he \"happened to be born there by accident\". Both of his parents were from Birmingham",
"title": "Literature of Birmingham"
},
{
"id": "12375211",
"text": "the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Henry James (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late",
"title": "English literature"
},
{
"id": "321386",
"text": "receive the prize. On the other hand, Jon Fosse, former recipient of the prize, welcomed the decision, saying that Handke was a worthy recipient and deserved the Nobel Prize in Literature. Handke collaborated with director Wim Wenders on a film version of \"The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty\", wrote the script for Wenders' \"The Wrong Move\", and co-wrote the screenplay for Wenders' \"Wings of Desire\" and \"The Beautiful Days of Aranjuez\". He has also directed films, including from his own novels, \"The Left-Handed Woman\" and \"The Absence\". Peter Handke Peter Handke (; born 6 December 1942) is an Austrian novelist,",
"title": "Peter Handke"
},
{
"id": "2297319",
"text": "regular feature on Broadway. Among the most important novelists from Northern Ireland are Flann O'Brien (1911–66), Brian Moore (1921–1999), and Bernard MacLaverty (1942– ). Flann O'Brien, Brian O'Nolan, , was a novelist, playwright and satirist, and is considered a major figure in twentieth century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he also is regarded as a key figure in postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as \"At Swim-Two-Birds\", and \"The Third Policeman\", were written under the \"nom de plume\" Flann O'Brien. His many satirical columns in \"The Irish Times\" and an Irish language novel \"An Béal Bocht\" were",
"title": "Irish literature"
},
{
"id": "16962720",
"text": "the pale fluorescent gloom of laundromats, pockets filled with lint-covered jellybeans, the smell of crabcakes and coconut oil on a Delaware beach, grapy veins in the calves of middle-aged mothers. As a chronicler of domestic fuss, Tyler can be compared to John Updike\". Morgan's Passing Morgan's Passing is a 1980 novel by Anne Tyler. It won the 1980 Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction and was nominated for both the American Book Awards and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Morgan Gower is a middle-aged husband and father who works at Cullen's Hardware Store. Morgan's life is boring: His house",
"title": "Morgan's Passing"
},
{
"id": "17559715",
"text": "Ridgwell Cullum Ridgwell Cullum (pseudonym of Sidney Groves Burghard) (13 August 1867 – 3 November 1943) was a British writer who wrote a large number of adventure novels over more than 30 years, usually set in sparsely populated regions of the United States or Canada. He left home aged 17 to join a gold rush in the Transvaal in South Africa, where he became involved in the conflict between British and Boer settlers; he travelled to the scene of another gold rush in Yukon in north-west Canada; he spent a few years cattle-ranching in Montana, USA. His first novel \"The",
"title": "Ridgwell Cullum"
},
{
"id": "887432",
"text": "literature, terrorism, religion, Philip Larkin, science, Britishness, suicide, sex, ageing, his 2010 novel \"The Pregnant Widow\", violence, film, the short story, and America). Martin Amis Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949) is a British novelist, essayist, memoirist, and screenwriter. His best-known novels are \"Money\" (1984) and \"London Fields\" (1989). He has received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his memoir \"Experience\" and has been listed for the Booker Prize twice to date (shortlisted in 1991 for \"Time's Arrow\" and longlisted in 2003 for \"Yellow Dog\"). Amis served as the Professor of Creative Writing at the Centre for New",
"title": "Martin Amis"
},
{
"id": "4238985",
"text": "shows Bantam (UK) hardcover, first printings only.\" James Grant A.K.A. Lee Child has received honorary degrees from several universities. These include: Lee Child James D. \"Jim\" Grant (born 29 October 1954), primarily known by his pen name Lee Child, is a British author who writes thriller novels, and is best known for his \"Jack Reacher\" novel series. The books follow the adventures of a former American military policeman, Jack Reacher, who wanders the United States. His first novel, \"Killing Floor\", won both the Anthony Award, and the Barry Award for Best First Novel. Jim Grant was born in Coventry, England.",
"title": "Lee Child"
},
{
"id": "295508",
"text": "Neil Gaiman Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (; born Neil Richard Gaiman, 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre, and films. His works include the comic book series \"The Sandman\" and novels \"Stardust\", \"American Gods\", \"Coraline\", and \"The Graveyard Book\". He has won numerous awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, \"The Graveyard Book\" (2008). In 2013, \"The Ocean at the End of",
"title": "Neil Gaiman"
},
{
"id": "19498136",
"text": "only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. G. Farrell, J. M. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel. Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reputation, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and novelist Leonard Cohen, short story writer Alice Munro, and more recently poet Anne Carson. Another admired Canadian novelist and poet is Michael Ondaatje, who was born in Sri Lanka. From 1940 into the 21st century, American playwrights, poets and novelists have continued to be internationally prominent. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature.",
"title": "Twentieth-century English literature"
},
{
"id": "9287164",
"text": "The White Boy Shuffle The White Boy Shuffle is the 1996 first novel of poet Paul Beatty. A satiric coming-of-age tale following the life of poet, basketball star, and self-described “Negro Demagogue” Gunnar Kaufman. It has been noted for its postmodern treatment of African American gender and sexuality in addition to race. The White Boy Shuffle is the first American novel to win the Booker prize In the book's prologue, the reader meets the narrator, Gunnar Kaufman, a prolific African-American poet whose astronomically successful book, \"Watermelanin\", has sold 126 million copies, elevating him to the status of \"Negro Demagogue.\" The",
"title": "The White Boy Shuffle"
},
{
"id": "866746",
"text": "and his ashes were scattered in the Mediterranean Sea near Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Romain Gary Romain Gary (; 2 December 1980), born Roman Kacew (also known by the pen name Émile Ajar), was a French novelist, diplomat, film director, and World War II aviator of Jewish origin. He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt under two names. Gary was born Roman Kacew ( \"Ruman Katseb\", , \"Roman Leibovich Katsev\") in Vilnius (at that time in the Russian Empire). In his books and interviews, he presented many different versions of his parents' origins, ancestry, occupation and his own childhood.",
"title": "Romain Gary"
},
{
"id": "11274467",
"text": "number of contemporary postcolonial writers, including V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie and Zoë Wicomb. He is the editor of \"A Companion to Salman Rushdie\" (Cambridge University Press, 2007).` Gurnah has supervised research projects on the writing of Rushdie, Naipaul, G. V. Desani, Anthony Burgess, Joseph Conrad, George Lamming and Jamaica Kincaid. Novels The most famous of these are \"Paradise\", \"Desertion\" and \"By the Sea\", the first of which was shortlisted for both the Booker and the Whitbread Prize. \"By the Sea\", meanwhile, was longlisted for the Booker and shortlisted for the \"Los Angeles Times\" Book Award. Short stories Abdulrazak Gurnah",
"title": "Abdulrazak Gurnah"
},
{
"id": "9621156",
"text": "The In-Between World of Vikram Lall The In-Between World of Vikram Lall is a novel by M. G. Vassanji, published in 2003 by Doubleday Canada. The novel won the Scotiabank Giller Prize that year and narrates a story of Vikram Lall in the colonial and post-colonial Kenya. The title for the novel also inspired the title for Elizabeth Nunez's novel \"Anna In-Between\", published in 2009. Vikram Lall is an adult living in exile in Canada and the novel plots him contemplating over his life as a teenager of Indian origin living in Kenya in the 1950s. Vikram's paternal grandfather was",
"title": "The In-Between World of Vikram Lall"
},
{
"id": "4717920",
"text": "Donald James Donald James (born Donald James Wheal; 22 August 1931—28 April 2008) was a British television writer, novelist and non-fiction writer. Born in World's End, Chelsea, and educated at Sloane Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge (where he read history), James completed his National Service in the Parachute Regiment before returning to London to work as a supply teacher. He was the author of the best-selling novels \"Vadim\", \"Monstrum\", \"The Fortune Teller\" and \"The Fall of the Russian Empire\", as well as non-fiction books such as \"The Penguin Dictionary of the Third Reich\". He wrote under a number of",
"title": "Donald James"
},
{
"id": "7263006",
"text": "with the new mass of the Roman Catholic Church were the work of the Holy Spirit. From the pulpit he campaigned vigorously against the Book of Common Prayer and in favour of the Alternative Service Book. He achieved some notoriety by suggesting that a service to be said after abortion be added to the ASB. The most notable of his books were \"The Go-Between God\" (1972) and \"The Christlike God\" (1992), both of which remain in print. \"Enough is enough\" (1975) was an early book of the environmentalist movement, making the theological case for resisting consumerism and looking after our",
"title": "John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)"
},
{
"id": "9277336",
"text": "envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \"The Servant\" and says Pinter wrote \"two thirds of a script\".",
"title": "The Go-Between (1971 film)"
},
{
"id": "12154166",
"text": "Africa, the Kenyan writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o wrote \"Weep Not, Child\" (1964), the first postcolonial novel about the East African experience of colonial imperialism; in \"The River Between\" (1965), with the Mau Mau Uprising (1952–60) as political background, he addressed the postcolonial matters of native religious culture, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa; and the essay \"Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature\" (1986). In postcolonial countries of Africa, the Africans and the non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages,",
"title": "Postcolonialism"
},
{
"id": "11437024",
"text": "Literature in the 1970s Fiction in the '70s brought a return of old-fashioned storytelling, especially with Erich Segal's \"Love Story\". The early seventies also saw the decline of previously well-respected writers, such as Saul Bellow and Peter De Vries, both of whom released poorly received novels at the start of the decade, but rebounded critically as the decade wore on. Racism remained a key literary subject. John Updike emerged as a major literary figure with his 1971 novel \"Rabbit Redux\". Reflections of the 1960s experience also found roots in the literature of the decade through the works of Joyce Carol",
"title": "Literature in the 1970s"
},
{
"id": "10310333",
"text": "Jack Trevor Story Jack Trevor Story (30 March 1917 – 5 December 1991) was a British novelist, publishing prolifically from the 1940s to the 1970s. His best-known works are the comic mystery \"The Trouble with Harry\" (which was adapted for the 1955 Alfred Hitchcock film of the same name), the Albert Argyle trilogy (\"Live Now, Pay Later\", \"Something for Nothing\" and \"The Urban District Lover\"), and his Horace Spurgeon novels (\"I Sit in Hanger Lane\", \"One Last Mad Embrace\", \"Hitler Needs You\"). He also wrote under the names Alex Atwell, Bret Harding and Rex Riotti. Story was born in Hertford",
"title": "Jack Trevor Story"
},
{
"id": "6871795",
"text": "Whyte-Butler, in the late 1990s, and she lived with him in Sydney and Tasmania, and was with him when he died in 2013. Christopher Koch Christopher John Koch AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist, known for his 1978 novel \"The Year of Living Dangerously\", which was adapted into an award-winning film. He twice won the Miles Franklin Award (for \"The Doubleman\" in 1985, and \"Highways to a War\" in 1996). In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature, and was awarded an honorary Doctor of",
"title": "Christopher Koch"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: L. P. Hartley context: sexuality until toward the end of his life. Hartley regarded his 1971 novel \"The Harness Room\" as his \"homosexual novel\" and feared the public reaction to it. In 1947 Hartley was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel \"Eustace and Hilda\", while his 1953 novel \"The Go-Between\" was joint winner of the Heinemann Award. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1956 New Year Honours. Hartley died in London on 13 December 1972 at the age of 76. L. P. Hartley Leslie Poles Hartley (30 December 1895 – 13 December\n\nWho wrote the novel The Go Between?",
"compressed_tokens": 202,
"origin_tokens": 202,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: The Go-Between (171 film) context: envisaged Alec Guinness and Margaret Leighton in the leads and employed Nancy Mitford to write a script. L.P. Hartley later claimed Korda had no real intention to make a film of the book - he kept the rights hoping to re-sell them at a profit. Hartley says \"I was so annoyed when I heard of this that I put a curse on him and he died, almost the next morning.\" Joseph Losey was interested in filming the novel. He tried to get financing for a version in 1963 after \"The Servant\" and says Pinter wrote \"two thirds of a script\".\n\ntitle L. P. Hartley context: L. P. Hart Leslie Poles Hartley (0 December 1895 – 3 December 1972 a British novelist and short story writer Although first fiction was published in 1924 career was slow to take off His best- novelsustace and Hilda\" trilogy144–7) and \"The Go-Between\" (1953). The was made into in 191, as 1957 novel \"The Hire in 1973 Leslie Poles Hartley was born on December 1895ittlesey, Cambridgeshire the son ofessie and Harry Bark Hartley, a solicitor and JP He had two sisters, Enid andnie Norah.\ntitle: Theet. commenting's context, Paul Binding pointed out that its opening phrase, “The past is a”, had first Hartleys friend David Cec in his inaug lectureoldsms in9 Smith revisited the observed parallel drawn between treatment class and sexualityTheet\"ady Chatter L Lawrence’s allowedexpurgated in untilBween\"s appearance but,ulated, Harts novel the forturn British\ntitle: The BBC3 on African Earl the two-act opera. In 2011, a musical theatre adaptation of the novel was presented by the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, West Yorkshire; Adapted by David Wood with music by Richard Taylor and lyrics by Wood and Taylor, the same production was remounted and opened at London's Apollo Theatre on 27 May 2016 and played its full twenty-week engagement, closing on 15 October 2016. The Go-Between The Go-Between is a novel by L. P. Hartley published in 1953. His best-known work, it\n\nWho wrote the novel The Go Between?",
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} |
194 | In which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree? | [
"Mrs. George Banks",
"Winifred banks",
"17 Cherry Tree Lane",
"Bert (Mary Poppins)",
"Mr. George Banks",
"Mr George Banks",
"Mary popins",
"Mrs George Banks",
"Marry Poppins",
"Mrs Winifred Banks",
"Mary Poppins",
"Mrs. Winifred Banks",
"Mary poppins",
"Winifred Banks"
] | Mary Poppins | [
{
"id": "1875121",
"text": "being in the book series \"Mary Poppins\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \"Bert\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" which won the Oscar for \"Best Song\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \"\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\"\". The novel \"Die schwarzen Brüder\" (\"The Black Brothers\"),",
"title": "Chimney sweep"
},
{
"id": "8953356",
"text": "West Ham, Aston Villa and Burnley, who all wear claret and blue shirts. English comedian Tim Vine played on the lyrics to the song in the title of one of his stand-up DVDs, \"Tim Timinee, Tim Timinee, Tim Tim To You\" and on the cover it features Vine dressed up as a chimney sweep. In the British comedy series Peep Show Series 7 episode 1, Jeremy mentions Him Chim Cher-ee in relation to Sophie's cervical sweep. Chim Chim Cher-ee \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from \"Mary Poppins\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van",
"title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee"
},
{
"id": "8953354",
"text": "by one of the drawings of a chimney sweep created by Mary Poppins' screenwriter, Don DaGradi. When asked about the drawing by the Sherman Brothers, DaGradi explained the ancient British folklore attributed to \"sweeps\" and how shaking hands with one could bring a person good luck. In their 1961 treatment, the Sherman Brothers had already amalgamated many of the P.L. Travers characters in the creation of \"Bert\". His theme music became \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". In addition to the \"standard\" version of the song which Bert sings to the children, he sings short snippets of the song to himself at various",
"title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee"
},
{
"id": "16241440",
"text": "Disney XD. On February 24, 2012, Walt Disney Records re-published the music video in high-definition on The Muppets Studio' official YouTube channel. Past winners include; \"When You Wish Upon a Star\", from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\", from \"Song of the South\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from the eponymous film, \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\", \"If I Didn't Have You\" from \"Monsters, Inc.\", and \"We Belong",
"title": "Man or Muppet"
},
{
"id": "8953353",
"text": "Chim Chim Cher-ee \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" is a song from \"Mary Poppins\", the 1964 musical motion picture. It was originally sung by Dick Van Dyke and Julie Andrews, and also is featured in the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney \"Mary Poppins\" musical. The song won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2005, Julie Andrews included this song as part of \"Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.\" The song was written by Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman (the \"Sherman Brothers\") who also won an Oscar and a Grammy Award for Mary Poppins' song score. The song was inspired",
"title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee"
},
{
"id": "13566388",
"text": "are played. Eden then sings \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the film \"Mary Poppins\" and the voice of Mary Poppins says, \"See, children? Everything is practically perfect in every way, or my name isn't Mary Poppins!\". \"Jolly Holiday\" plays, followed by \"Step in Time\", \"Let's Go Fly a Kite\", and \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\". Eden Espinosa sings \"Baby Mine\" from \"Dumbo\". Timothy Mouse is heard saying, \"You can do it, Dumbo! You can fly! You don't need a magic feather!\" An airborne puppet of Dumbo appears above Sleeping Beauty Castle, flapping his big ears and moving his legs. (Note: Dumbo does not fly every",
"title": "Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations"
},
{
"id": "2342592",
"text": "been used by several sets of fans. \"Lola\" by The Kinks, and \"Hi Ho Silver Lining\" by Jeff Beck have been adapted by several clubs such as Sheffield Wednesday and Wolverhampton Wanderers. \"All You Need Is Love\", \"Hey Jude\" and \"Yellow Submarine\" by The Beatles are often used. Songs from musicals have become very popular as football chants, such as \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the 1964 musical \"Mary Poppins\". The emergence of funk and disco in the 1970s also made its mark on the terraces with songs such as \"Go West\" by the Village People and \"Oops Upside Your Head\"",
"title": "Football chant"
},
{
"id": "10945242",
"text": "Awards was the last of four times Cahn was nominated for two songs in the same year, and the second of two times for Van Heusen. It was the only time that they had two songs nominated as a team, with the other being \"Where Love Has Gone\" from \"Where Love Has Gone\" sung by Jack Jones. In addition to the winner, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", other songs nominated in 1964 were \"Dear Heart from \"Dear Heart\" and \"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" from \"Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte\". The Grammy Awards did not have a Best Song Written for a Motion",
"title": "My Kind of Town"
},
{
"id": "3590376",
"text": "this song attracted the attention of Walt Disney who eventually hired the Sherman Brothers as Staff Songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the Sherman Brothers wrote what is perhaps their most recognized song: \"It's a Small World (After All)\" for the 1964 New York World's Fair. In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for \"Mary Poppins\" – Best Original Score, which included \"Feed The Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\"; and Best Original Song, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold",
"title": "Robert B. Sherman"
},
{
"id": "12713025",
"text": "could watch the show as it was not geo-blocked. 40,000 applications for tickets were received with only around 200 available. The show had a \"Mary Poppins\" theme, with Ryan Tubridy opening the show dressed as chimney sweep Bert and then tore off the costume to reveal his Christmas jumper. The 2013 toy show featured a record breaking 237 toys. Over 231 performers and demonstrators took to the stage, with 34 of them performing a special opening number from Mary Poppins. The opening song on the show was Chim Chim Cher-ee and featured Ryan Tubridy dancing. In advance, a week before",
"title": "The Late Late Toy Show"
},
{
"id": "3138531",
"text": "success of some of these 1960s films helped to make up for \"London Town\", Britain's first Technicolor musical, which was a high-profile flop in 1946. \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) was a critical and popular success, winning multiple Oscars for its editing, music (including Best Song for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\"), and visual effects (notably the scene combining live action and animation). Lead actress Julie Andrews won an Academy Award for Best Actress. Also in 1964, Audrey Hepburn starred in \"My Fair Lady\", the film of the musical of the George Bernard Shaw play \"Pygmalion\". George Cukor's decision to award the role of",
"title": "London in film"
},
{
"id": "10945235",
"text": "My Kind of Town \"My Kind of Town\" or \"My Kind of Town (Chicago Is)\" is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn. The song was originally part of the musical score for \"Robin and the 7 Hoods\", a 1964 musical film starring several members of the Rat Pack. It was nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\". Although the song predated the Grammy Award Best Original Song for a Motion Picture category, the entire score was nominated for the 1964 Grammy",
"title": "My Kind of Town"
},
{
"id": "6933374",
"text": "in how to take better care of their belongings and toys (formerly \"Temper, Temper\", now \"Playing the Game\"). Believing that Jane and Michael need personal growth, Mary decides to leave Cherry Tree Lane (\"Chim Chim Cher-ee – Rooftop Duet\"), to bring them to their senses. Her distraught charges find a note saying that perhaps they will see Mary again eventually. In a misguided attempt to please her husband, Winifred arranges for his childhood nanny, Miss Andrew, to take over from the suddenly departed Mary (\"Cherry Tree Lane (Reprise)\"). At the sight of her, a terrified George flees, exclaiming \"the Holy",
"title": "Mary Poppins (musical)"
},
{
"id": "16985719",
"text": "- Mary Costa/Bill Shirley 26. Cruella De Vil: \"101 Dalmatians\" (1961) - Bill Lee/Lisa Davis/Ben Wright 27. Higitus Figitus: \"The Sword In The Stone\" (1963) - Karl Swenson/Ricky Sorenson 1. Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Julie Andrews/Dick Van Dyke/The Pearlie Chorus 2. A Spoonful Of Sugar: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Julie Andrews 3. Chim Chim Cher-ee: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) - Dick Van Dyke/Julie Andrews/Karen Dotrice/Matthew Garber 4. Winnie The Pooh: \"Winnie The Pooh And The Honey Tree\" (1966) - Disney Studio Chorus 5. The Bare Necessities: \"The Jungle Book\" (1967) - Phil Harris/Bruce Reitherman 6. I Wan'na Be Like You:",
"title": "The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song"
},
{
"id": "4921331",
"text": "throughout its run. After the group toured Europe in early 1965, McGuire left to embark on a solo career, and this spelled the end of the original New Christy Minstrels. Now under the direction of Greif and Garris the group moved towards a variety act, doing \"novelty and pop tunes\" and a little comedy, making them closer to the 19th century Christy's Minstrels from whom the group's name was derived. Reflecting this shift, they had a \"Billboard\" Top 100 hit later in 1965 with a cover of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from the Disney film \"Mary Poppins\". Regular group membership changes",
"title": "The New Christy Minstrels"
},
{
"id": "16158904",
"text": "a Motion Picture or Television. \"A Spoonful of Sugar\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", \"Step in Time, Feed the Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" and \"Let's Go Fly a Kite\" were each written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman, often credited as the Sherman Brothers. Track three, \"Beauty and the Beast\" features cellist Nicole Pinnell. Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney is the tenth studio album by American classical violinist Jenny Oaks Baker, released in 2011 through Shadow Mountain Records. Produced and arranged by Kurt",
"title": "Wish Upon a Star: A Tribute to the Music of Walt Disney"
},
{
"id": "3590361",
"text": "2 Academy Awards for \"Mary Poppins\" – Best Original Score, which included \"Feed The Birds\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\"; and Best Original Song, \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, Robert B. Sherman subsequently earned 9 Academy Award nominations, 2 Grammy Awards, 4 Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney until Disney's death in 1966. After leaving the company, the brothers worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme park exhibits and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R. Broccoli's motion picture production \"Chitty Chitty",
"title": "Richard M. Sherman"
},
{
"id": "2628256",
"text": "accent any better than I did\", and that no one alerted him to how bad it was during the production. Still, \"Mary Poppins\" was successful on release and its appeal has endured. \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", one of the songs that Van Dyke performed in \"Mary Poppins\", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the Sherman Brothers, the film's songwriting duo. Many of the comedy films Van Dyke starred in throughout the 1960s were relatively unsuccessful at the box office, including \"What a Way to Go!\" with Shirley MacLaine, \"Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.\", \"Fitzwilly\", \"The Art of Love\" with",
"title": "Dick Van Dyke"
},
{
"id": "19103703",
"text": "opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Poppins through to “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot the pace is well handled both vocally and instrumentally with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is a must have CD.\" Performers Technical Swingin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway is jazz vocalist Gary Williams's third album, recorded at Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was released to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock of Big Band World gave it five stars and",
"title": "Swingin' on Broadway"
},
{
"id": "2411884",
"text": "which includes the songs \"Feed The Birds,\" \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,\" and the Oscar-winning \"Chim Chim Cher-ee.\" Since \"Mary Poppins\"' premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations, and 23 gold- and platinum-certified albums. Robert and Richard Sherman worked directly for Walt Disney, completing the scores for the live-action musical films \"The Happiest Millionaire\" and \"The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band\" until Disney's death in 1966. Since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney",
"title": "Sherman Brothers"
},
{
"id": "838166",
"text": "was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California using painted London background scenes. \"Mary Poppins\" was released on August 27, 1964, to critical acclaim. It received a total of 13 Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture – a record for any other film released by Walt Disney Studios – and won five; Best Actress for Andrews, Best Film Editing, Best Original Music Score, Best Visual Effects, and Best Original Song for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally,",
"title": "Mary Poppins (film)"
},
{
"id": "17820043",
"text": "also featured introductory passages (\"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\") or completed endings (\"Sister Suffragette\", \"Fidelity Fiduciary Bank\", \"A Man Has Dreams\"). The film's music received critical acclaim, winning two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song (for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\") and two Grammy Awards for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and Best Recording for Children. Walt Disney Records reissued the soundtrack in 1997, including a 16-minute track of unreleased songs and demo versions. In 2004, as part of the film's 40th anniversary (also called Special Edition), a 28-track disc (as part of a two-disc set) was released. In",
"title": "Mary Poppins (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "6933367",
"text": "by Ocesa Teatro and starring Bianca Marroquin as Mary and Mauricio Salas as Bert. In April 2015 Brazilian entertainment company Time for Fun opened auditions for the Portuguese-language premiere in São Paulo, but eventually the production was cancelled. The first Japanese language production opened on March 25, 2018 in Tokyo before moving to Osaka in May 2018. In September 2018, it was announced that a West End revival would play at the Prince Edward Theatre beginning in 2019. Bert, a man of many professions, introduces the audience to Cherry Tree Lane (\"Chim Chim Cher-ee/Cherry Tree Lane- Part 1\") in Edwardian",
"title": "Mary Poppins (musical)"
},
{
"id": "482025",
"text": "process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\"Johnny Tremain\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\"Pollyanna\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\"The Shaggy Dog\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \"Mary Poppins\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney",
"title": "The Walt Disney Company"
},
{
"id": "17820045",
"text": "that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and the \"smoke staircase yodel\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \"Jolly Holiday\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: Mary Poppins (soundtrack) Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", with music and",
"title": "Mary Poppins (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "10901743",
"text": "performed \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" on the April 5, 1965 37th Academy Awards broadcast, Page singing the song from the perspective of a third-party reassuring Charlotte that she [i.e. Charlotte] has John's constant devotion: Page had recorded the song in a February 17, 1965 session at Columbia Recording Studio in Nashville. Despite the song's being bested for the Academy Award by \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" from \"Mary Poppins\", a recording of Page's rendition of \"Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" was rush-released to become the singer's first Top 40 hit on Columbia Records as of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart dated May 22,",
"title": "Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte (song)"
},
{
"id": "838185",
"text": "indicated that more than 30 songs were written at various stages of the film's development. No cast recordings of any of these songs have been released to the public, only demos or later performances done by the songwriters — with the exception of the rooftop reprise of \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and the \"smoke staircase yodel\" mentioned below. The Compass Sequence, a precursor to \"Jolly Holiday\", was to be a multiple-song sequence. A number of possible musical components have been identified: \"Mary Poppins\" premiered on August 27, 1964, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles. Travers was not extended an invitation",
"title": "Mary Poppins (film)"
},
{
"id": "18941551",
"text": "results.\" The British publication \"The Gramophone\" commented: \"Meanwhile there is overwhelming evidence that Mr. Crosby has lost none of his charm or skill in \"Thoroughly Modern Bing\" (Stateside SL10257). He works his lasting magic on “Talk to the Animals,” “Love Is Blue,” “Chim Chim Cheree,” and other modern songs of quality plus the oldie “Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead” with the same ease and warmth that was discernible in 1928. He even transforms a blatant flag-waver like “What’s More American” into something tolerable, and is the first singer to hold my attention throughout “Puff (The Magic Dragon)” without causing",
"title": "Thoroughly Modern Bing"
},
{
"id": "7344568",
"text": "a typical concert at this time could incorporate \"Mars\" from Gustav Holst's \"The Planets\" and \"Chim Chim Cheree\" from \"Mary Poppins\". Bowie's future manager Ken Pitt attended one of these mid-1960s concerts, where the band finished with The Rodgers and Hammerstein song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". You've Got a Habit of Leaving \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with",
"title": "You've Got a Habit of Leaving"
},
{
"id": "1378329",
"text": "(#98 in 1965). Sherman's \"The End of a Symphony\", spotlighting Arthur Fiedler's Boston Pops Orchestra, reached #113 on the \"Bubbling Under\" chart in 1964, but did not make the Hot 100. The songs on Sherman's next album \"My Name Is Allan\" (1965) were thematically connected: except for a couple of original novelty songs with music by Sherman and Busch, all the songs on the album are parodies of songs that had won, or were nominated for, the Academy Award for Best Song. They included \"That Old Black Magic\", \"Secret Love\", \"The Continental\", \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" and \"Call Me Irresponsible\". The",
"title": "Allan Sherman"
},
{
"id": "16724172",
"text": "back to the 'present,' when Travers and the Sherman brothers are working on the script for \"Mary Poppins\". And that was fun, but also musically challenging.” For the score's instrumentation, Newman primarily employed a string orchestra with some woodwinds and brass, as well as including piano and hammered instruments that were \"appropriate to the time period\", such as dulcimers. The film's score was recorded at the Newman Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, while the cast recorded several of the Shermans' songs at Capitol Studios for use as playback during the film's diegetic music scenes, including \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\", \"A",
"title": "Saving Mr. Banks"
},
{
"id": "2703760",
"text": "Sundae. In November 2011, the band toured the United Kingdom to celebrate the tenth anniversary of their debut album The Optimist LP. The band played the complete debut album in the correct order, apart from hidden track \"Three Days Old\" and a second set of more recent work, including new song \"Rescue Squad\" and their re-working of \"Mary Poppins\"-song Chim Chim Cher-ee, which they released as a digital single to raise money for homeless charities. A live recording of their show at Koko in London on 11 November 2011 was released as a live album. Throughout 2012, the band wrote",
"title": "Turin Brakes"
},
{
"id": "3590381",
"text": "four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \"The Jungle Book\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) ranked at #8, \"The Aristocats\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\" made its world premiere at the Prince Edward Theatre in December 2004 and features the Sherman Brothers classic songs. In June 2005, Robert B. Sherman was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame with",
"title": "Robert B. Sherman"
},
{
"id": "8953355",
"text": "times, with different verses specific to an unfolding plot element. The \"Mentsch\" music group notes some similarities with a Yiddish song written by Itsik Manger named \"Vaylu\". The song also shares some sonic similarities to the Yiddish folksong, Tumbalalaika. The song was parodied by song parodist Allan Sherman (no relation to the Sherman Brothers), using the song's same title. In his version, he poked fun at the American merchandise seen on TV commercials. Supporters of English football teams, Millwall, West Bromwich Albion and Blackburn Rovers, sing a version of the song which is a reference to each team's local rivals,",
"title": "Chim Chim Cher-ee"
},
{
"id": "10677767",
"text": "many pre-Broadway productions because of Broadway In Chicago. These productions include \"The Pirate Queen\", \"The Producers\", \"Movin' Out\", \"Mamma Mia!\", \"Aida\", \"All Shook Up\", \"Sweet Smell of Success\", \"Tallulah\", \"A Thousand Clowns\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Spamalot\", \"Blast!\", \"The Addams Family\", \"Kinky Boots\", \"Big Fish\", \"The Last Ship\" and \"The SpongeBob Musical\". Broadway In Chicago was also responsible for bringing many long-run productions to the city including \"Wicked\", \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\", Disney's \"The Lion King\", \"Jersey Boys\", \"Ragtime\", \"The Book of Mormon\" and \"Hamilton\". Broadway In Chicago Broadway In Chicago is a theatrical production company. It was formed",
"title": "Broadway In Chicago"
},
{
"id": "2452477",
"text": "the Christys in January 1965, after recording the album \"Cowboys and Indians\", although, on the 1965 album \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\", he sang on the title cut. As a folk rock solo singer in the 1960s, he was best known for his hits \"Eve of Destruction\" and \"Sins of a Family\", both written by P.F. Sloan. Barry's other chart successes were \"Child of Our Times\" and \"Cloudy Summer Afternoon (Raindrops)\" (penned by Travis Edmonson of the 1960s folk-duo, Bud & Travis). \"Eve of Destruction\" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. The album, \"The Eve of Destruction\",",
"title": "Barry McGuire"
},
{
"id": "9036733",
"text": "The Good-Time Girl \"The Good-Time Girl\" aka \"The V.D. Polka\" is a song from the musical \"Over Here!\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Honey Bun\" from \"South Pacific\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \"Good Time Girl\" because: The song was written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. Ten years prior to \"Over Here!\", in 1964, the Sherman Brothers wrote \"The North Pole Polka\" for Walt Disney's \"Mary Poppins\".",
"title": "The Good-Time Girl"
},
{
"id": "7945053",
"text": "Notre Dame High School has an active performing arts department which presents three productions annually: a fall drama or comedy, a late-winter musical, and a late-spring comedy, drama, or musical. Past performances have included \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Show Boat\", \"Kiss Me, Kate\", \"Godspell\", \"Man of La Mancha\", \"Inherit the Wind\", \"Grease\", \"West Side Story\", \"The Crucible\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"You Can't Take It with You\", \"Scapino!\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Footloose\", \"Seussical\", \"Hairspray\" and \"Anything Goes\" in March 2016. The musicals annually perform for audiences from 3,500-5,000. Along with theatrical productions, a dance program entitled \"Fusion\",",
"title": "Notre Dame High School (New Jersey)"
},
{
"id": "896780",
"text": "runs on Broadway, including such successful musicals as \"Hair\", \"Godspell\", \"Little Shop of Horrors\", \"Sunday in the Park with George\", \"Rent\", \"Grey Gardens\", \"Urinetown\", \"Avenue Q\", \"The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee\", \"Rock of Ages\", \"In the Heights\", \"Spring Awakening\", \"Next to Normal\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"Fun Home\", \"Hamilton\" and \"Dear Evan Hansen\". In particular, two that became Broadway hits, \"Grease\" and \"A Chorus Line\", encouraged other producers to premiere their shows Off-Broadway. Plays that have moved from Off-Broadway houses to Broadway include \"Doubt\", \"I Am My Own Wife\", \"Bridge & Tunnel\", \"The Normal Heart\", and \"Coastal",
"title": "Off-Broadway"
},
{
"id": "3590356",
"text": "Richard M. Sherman Richard Morton Sherman (born June 12, 1928) is an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Robert B. Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"Snoopy Come Home\", \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\", \"The Slipper and",
"title": "Richard M. Sherman"
},
{
"id": "6632101",
"text": "\"Starlight Express\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"Monty Python's Spamalot\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"West Side Story\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"The Rocky Horror Show\", \"Fame - The Musical\", \"Never Forget\", \"Priscilla Queen of the Desert - the Musical\", \"Cabaret\", \"Blood Brothers\", \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Carousel\", \"Footloose - The Musical\", \"Grease\", \"Anything Goes\", \"Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake\", \"Our House\", \"Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story\", \"Carousel\", \"Tap Dogs\", \"Taboo\", \"Flashdance - The Musical\", \"Annie\", \"Annie Get Your Gun\", \"\", \"Dancing in the Streets\", \"Sister Act\", \"An Inspector Calls\", \"Dirty Rotten Scoundrels\", \"Rock of Ages\", \"Chicago\",",
"title": "New Wimbledon Theatre"
},
{
"id": "272889",
"text": "on the songs of Queen). Live-action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s, with exceptions of \"Victor/Victoria\", \"Little Shop of Horrors\" and the 1996 film of \"Evita\". In the new century, Baz Luhrmann began a revival of the film musical with \"Moulin Rouge!\" (2001). This was followed by \"Chicago\" (2002); \"Phantom of the Opera\" (2004); \"Dreamgirls\" (2006); \"Hairspray\", \"Enchanted\" and \"\" (all in 2007); \"Mamma Mia!\" (2008); \"Nine\" (2009); \"Les Misérables\" and \"Pitch Perfect\" (both in 2012), \"Into The Woods\" (2014) and \"La La Land\" (2016), among others. Dr. Seuss's \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (2000)",
"title": "Musical theatre"
},
{
"id": "3590365",
"text": "Broadway (New York City) at the Foxwoods Theatre (then the Hilton Theatre). The Sherman Brothers wrote an additional six songs specifically for the new stage productions. In 2003, four Sherman Brothers' musicals ranked in the \"Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time\" in a (British) nationwide poll reported by the BBC. \"The Jungle Book\" (1967)_ranked at #7, \"Mary Poppins\" (1964) ranked at #8, \"The Aristocats\" (1970) ranked at #9 and \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. A new Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of \"Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical\" made its world premiere at the",
"title": "Richard M. Sherman"
},
{
"id": "9017158",
"text": "Step in Time \"Step In Time\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \"Knees Up Mother Brown\". In the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are",
"title": "Step in Time"
},
{
"id": "272883",
"text": "\"the closest to traditional musical theatre\" and was \"one pathway to the future.\" However, most major-market 21st-century productions have taken a safe route, with revivals of familiar fare, such as \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"A Chorus Line\", \"South Pacific\", \"Gypsy\", \"Hair\", \"West Side Story\" and \"Grease\", or with adaptations of other proven material, such as literature (\"The Scarlet Pimpernel\", \"Wicked\" and \"Fun Home\"), hoping that the shows would have a built-in audience as a result. This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations, including (\"The Producers\", \"Spamalot\", \"Hairspray\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"The Color Purple\", \"Xanadu\", \"Billy Elliot\", \"Shrek\", \"Waitress\" and \"Groundhog",
"title": "Musical theatre"
},
{
"id": "652647",
"text": "George\", \"Make Way for Ducklings\", \"Stone Soup\", \"Caps for Sale\", and \"Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel.\" The Sweet Pickles books were also featured. Songs included \"Captain Kangaroo\", \"The Captain's Place\", \"Little Mary Make Believe\", \"Dennis Anyone\", \"Guess Who I Am\", \"Little Black Frog\", \"How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut\", \"There's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea\", \"Erie Canal\", \"Horse in Striped Pajamas\", \"The Littlest Snowman\", \"Daniel the Cocker Spaniel\", \"You Can Grow Up to Be President\", \"Spend Some Time With Your Child\", and many more. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975",
"title": "Captain Kangaroo"
},
{
"id": "16985715",
"text": "Star\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\", \"Someday My Prince Will Come\", \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\", \"A Spoonful of Sugar\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"It's A Small World (After All)\". The wide array of singers and performers include Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke, Burl Ives, Louis Prima, Maurice Chevalier, Angela Lansbury, Roger Miller, Helen Reddy, Bette Midler, Sean Connery, Kirk Douglas, Annette Funicello, Pearl Bailey and George Burns. Certified as a gold-selling record by the RIAA in January 1993, it was certified as a platinum-selling recording in March 1995. 1. Turkey In the Straw: \"Steamboat Willie\" (1928) - Traditional 2. Who's Afraid Of The Big Bad Wolf?:",
"title": "The Music of Disney: A Legacy in Song"
},
{
"id": "252426",
"text": "could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \"West Side Story\", \"Gypsy\", \"The Music Man\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Oliver!\", and \"Funny Girl\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\" and \"The Young Girls",
"title": "Musical film"
},
{
"id": "2411890",
"text": "Time in a British nationwide poll reported by the BBC. Most notably, \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968) topped the list at #1. In later years, with Robert's move to London, the brothers wrote new songs for the stage musical presentation of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" For their contributions to the motion picture industry, the Sherman brothers have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6918 Hollywood Blvd. and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame on June 9, 2005. On November 16, 2006, \"Mary Poppins\" premiered at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway. On November 17, 2008",
"title": "Sherman Brothers"
},
{
"id": "252432",
"text": "musicals were still being made that were financially and/or critically less successful than in the musical's heyday. They include \"1776\", \"The Wiz\", \"At Long Last Love\", \"Mame\", \"Man of La Mancha\", \"Lost Horizon\",\" Godspell\", \"Phantom of the Paradise\", \"Funny Lady\" (Barbra Streisand's sequel to \"Funny Girl\"), \"A Little Night Music\", and \"Hair\" amongst others. The critical wrath against \"At Long Last Love\", in particular, was so strong that it was never released on home video. Fantasy musical films \"Scrooge\", \"The Blue Bird\", \"The Little Prince\", \"Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory\", \"Pete's Dragon\", and Disney's \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\" were also",
"title": "Musical film"
},
{
"id": "14964897",
"text": "2017, Owen won several awards for the Broadway musical \"Come From Away\" including the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Craig Noel Award, as well as a Helen Hayes Award nomination. Gareth has worked on over two hundred and seventy-five commercial sound designs throughout the world including: \"42nd Street, Bat Out of Hell, Wind in the Willows,\" \"Disney's Hunchback of Notre Dame\", \"Spring Awakening\", \"Young Frankenstein\",\"The Bodyguard\", \"Let it Be\", \"Disney's Little Mermaid\", \"Sister Act\", \"Hairspray\", \"Disney's Beauty & The Beast\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Aspects of Love\", \"Footloose\", \"Flashdance\", \"Carousel\", \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"Fame\", \"Saturday Night Fever\" and",
"title": "Gareth Owen (sound designer)"
},
{
"id": "11216765",
"text": "\"Oh, Kay!\"; \"Jubilee\"; \"Leave It to Me\"; \"On Your Toes\"; \"Between the Devil\"; \"Annie Get Your Gun\"; \"Miss Liberty\"; \"Call Me Madam\"; \"The Most Happy Fella\"; \"Fiddler on the Roof\"; \"The New Moon\"; \"Silk Stockings\"; \"Wish You Were Here\"; \"The Laugh Parade\"; \"Carnival\"; \"They're Playing Our Song\"; \"Oliver!\"; and \"Pippin\". Musicals represented: \"Winners are in bold \" 36th Tony Awards The 36th Annual Tony Awards was broadcast by CBS television on June 6, 1982, from the Imperial Theatre. The host was Tony Randall. Presenters: Lucie Arnaz, Milton Berle, Victor Borge, Pam Dawber, Lillian Gish, Marvin Hamlisch, Lena Horne, Beth Howland,",
"title": "36th Tony Awards"
},
{
"id": "252428",
"text": "\"Mary Poppins\" and \"The Jungle Book\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \"The Sound of Music\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \"Camelot\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Hello Dolly!\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Doctor Dolittle\", \"Star!\", \"Darling Lili\", \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\", \"Paint Your Wagon\", \"Song of Norway\", \"On a Clear Day You",
"title": "Musical film"
},
{
"id": "4270977",
"text": "productions that originated at the Playhouse before finding success on Broadway are The Who's \"Tommy\", Matthew Broderick's revival of \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", \"Jane Eyre\", \"Dracula, the Musical\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Cry Baby\", \"Bonnie and Clyde\", The Pulitzer Prize-winning \"I Am My Own Wife\", \"700 Sundays\", \"Jersey Boys\", \"Memphis, Peter and the Starcatcher, Chaplin, Hands on a Hardbody\", Des McAnuff's revival of \"Jesus Christ Superstar\" and \"Zhivago\". La Jolla Playhouse began the Page To Stage Play Development Program in 2001 to facilitate the development of new plays and musicals, offering audiences the rare opportunity to experience",
"title": "La Jolla Playhouse"
},
{
"id": "252435",
"text": "Other successful animated musicals included \"Aladdin\", \"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\", and \"Pocahontas\" from Disney proper, \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" from Disney division Touchstone Pictures, \"The Prince of Egypt\" from DreamWorks, \"Anastasia\" from Fox and Don Bluth, and \"\" from Paramount. (\"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"The Lion King\" were adapted for the stage after their blockbuster success.) In the 21st century, movie musicals were reborn with darker musicals, epic drama musicals and comedy-drama musicals such as \"Moulin Rouge!\", \"Chicago\", \"Dreamgirls\", \"\", \"Les Misérables\", and \"La La Land\" all of which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture",
"title": "Musical film"
},
{
"id": "4883581",
"text": "The Words\" (\"Into the Woods\" and \"Weekend In The Country\", Sondheim) 06 \"Annie II\" (\"Tomorrow\", \"Annie\") 07 \"M. Butterfly\" (\"Poor Butterfly\") 08 \"Madonna's Brain\" (\"The Rain in Spain\", Loewe) 09 \"Never, Never Panned\" (\"Never Never Land\", Styne) 10 \"Somewhat Overindulgent\" (\"Over the Rainbow\", Arlen) 11 \"Chita-Rita\" (\"America\", Bernstein) 12 \"I Ham What I Ham\" (\"I Am What I Am\", Herman) 13 \"Hey, Bob Fosse\" (\"Hey, Big Spender\", Coleman-Fields) 14 \"Almost Like Vegas In New York\" (\"Almost Like Being in Love\", Loewe) 15 \"Teeny Todd\" (\"\", Sondheim) 16 \"Liza\" (original, Alessandrini, based on \"Johnny One Note\" by Rodgers and Hart) 17",
"title": "Forbidden Broadway, Vol. 2"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "3393273",
"text": "represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing second with the song \"One Step Out of Time\". In 1995, he reprised the role of Marius in \"\". His other West End roles include Giorgio in \"Passion\" (1997) and Caractacus Potts in \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (2002). He has twice won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He won in 2008 for his role as Edna Turnblad in \"Hairspray\", and then in 2013 for the title role in the revival of \"\". Ball was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in",
"title": "Michael Ball (singer)"
},
{
"id": "9394232",
"text": "Ward the Musical\", Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical telling the story of the Profumo scandal. \"Party Animals\", \"The Bill\", \"Kidulthood\", \"The Fugitives\", \"Murder City\", \"Auf Wiedersehen, Pet\", \"The Last Detective\", \"Rosemary & Thyme\", \"Heartbeat\", \"Beech is Back\", \"Relic Hunters\", \"Casualty\", \"The Merchant of Venice\", \"The Escort\", \"Unfinished Business\", \"Peak Practice\", \"Doctor Finlay\", \"Poetry Readings\", \"Ffizz\", \"Fellow Traveller\", \"Museums of Madness\", \"The Black Candle\", \"Taking the Floor\", \"Boon\", \"The Chief\", \"Six Characters in Search of an Author\" as well as \"Lewis\". Alexander Hanson (actor) Alexander Harald St John Hanson-Akins (born 28 April 1961) is a Norwegian-born British stage actor who has appeared",
"title": "Alexander Hanson (actor)"
},
{
"id": "18983817",
"text": "and its 20s-evocative feel, there are some interesting and fresh-sounding tunes here: ‘Mary Poppins’ is arguably the best of the bunch and has the penguins lament their abandonment at the hands of the most famous nanny in the world, it’s a barber-shop, doo woop number that could easily sit beside Sherman’s illustrious forebears classic output.\" Mary Poppins (song) \"Mary Poppins\" is a song from the 2015 stage musical \"Love Birds\" with music and lyrics by Robert J. Sherman. It is sung by \"The Original Quack Pack\", a penguin barbershop quartet who resemble the penguins from the 1964 Walt Disney motion",
"title": "Mary Poppins (song)"
},
{
"id": "7597910",
"text": "being \"Will the Sun Ever Shine Again\" from the 2004 film \"Home on the Range\". \"On the Record\" includes a total of eight Academy Award for Best Song winners: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" from \"Pinocchio\", \"Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah\" from \"Song of the South\", \"Under the Sea\" from \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" from \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"A Whole New World\" from \"Aladdin\", \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" from \"The Lion King\", \"Colors of the Wind\" from \"Pocahontas\", and \"You'll Be in My Heart\" from \"Tarzan\". The catalogue of music does not only come from the screen,",
"title": "On the Record (musical)"
},
{
"id": "7051330",
"text": "musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of \"Mary Poppins\", were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award. The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908. However, in its final 1909 race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy and Jemima Potts, have grown fond",
"title": "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang"
},
{
"id": "6861384",
"text": "Roses (David Grant), All That Jazz (Ruthie Henshall) Week 2 Closing Cole Porter Medley: Anything Goes (Ruthie Henshall), My Heart Belongs to Daddy (Carrie Grant), Too Darn Hot (Mica Paris), Who Wants to be a Millionaire (David Grant, Carrie Grant) Week 3 Introduction—Wilkommen (John Barrowman), Hello Dolly (Ruthie Henshall), If They Could See Me Now (Carrie Grant), Matchmaker, Matchmaker (Mica Paris), Edelweiss (Jon Lee), Somewhere (David Grant & Company) Children's Medley (closing) -- Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (\"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", Jon Lee, David Grant, Ruthie Henshall, Les Dennis, Joseph McManners), Supercalifragilistic (\"Mary Poppins\", Ruthie Henshall & same), Part of",
"title": "The Sound of Musicals"
},
{
"id": "11102013",
"text": "A Sailor\" and \"Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes,\" the only two of \"The Big 8\", a.k.a. SYKBH, missing. (Basic set list structure from the tour): (*) = Appears on Feeding Frenzy, but out of order. (**) = Doesn't appear on Feeding Frenzy at all. Songs 12 and 13 changed from show to show, such as: \"Pencil Thin Mustache\", \"Havaña Daydreamin'\", \"Son of a Son of a Sailor\", \"Coast of Marseilles\", \"The Weather is Here, Wish You Were Beautiful\", \"Migration\", \"The Captain & the Kid\", \"Lone Palm\", \"Little Miss Magic\", \"Rocky Raccoon\", \"Tin Cup Chalice\" and \"He Went to Paris\".",
"title": "Feeding Frenzy: Jimmy Buffett Live!"
},
{
"id": "2411880",
"text": "Sherman Brothers The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) and Richard M. Sherman (born June 12, 1928). The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include \"Mary Poppins\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"The Jungle Book\" (except “The Bare Necessities”), \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\", \"Charlotte's Web\" and \"The Aristocats\". Their most well known work, however, remains the theme park song \"It's a Small World (After All)\". According to",
"title": "Sherman Brothers"
},
{
"id": "13152324",
"text": "\"Disney Dream\"s horn plays songs from Disney movies and parks, specifically: \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" \"(Cinderella)\", \"Be Our Guest\" \"(Beauty and the Beast)\", \"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)\" \"(Pirates of the Caribbean)\", \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life for Me)\" \"(Pinocchio)\", \"Do You Want to Build a Snowman?\" \"(Frozen)\", and \"It's a Small World\". Disney Dream Disney Dream is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line, part of The Walt Disney Company. She currently sails three-day, four-day, and occasional five-day cruises to the Bahamas. She entered service in",
"title": "Disney Dream"
},
{
"id": "252437",
"text": "(ABBA), \"Rock of Ages\", and \"Sunshine on Leith\" (The Proclaimers). Original ones included \"Across the Universe\" (The Beatles), \"Moulin Rouge!\" (various pop hits), and \"Idlewild\" (Outkast). Disney also returned to musicals with \"Enchanted\", \"The Princess and the Frog\", \"Tangled\", \"Winnie the Pooh\", \"The Muppets\", \"Frozen\", \"Muppets Most Wanted\", \"Into the Woods\", \"Moana\", and \"Mary Poppins Returns\". Following a string of successes with live action fantasy adaptations of several of their animated features, Disney produced a live action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", the first of this live action fantasy adaptation pack to be an all-out musical, and features new",
"title": "Musical film"
},
{
"id": "4128592",
"text": "popular musicals of the 1950s include \"Love Me Tender\" which starred Elvis Presley, \"High Society\", \"An American in Paris\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Guys and Dolls\", \"The Band Wagon\", \"Show Boat\", \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\", \"Gigi\", \"Daddy Long Legs\", \"Funny Face\", \"Calamity Jane\", \"Porgy and Bess\", \"Carmen Jones\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \"Sleeping Beauty\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \"The Sword and the Rose\", \"Davy",
"title": "United States in the 1950s"
},
{
"id": "469536",
"text": "Playhouse\", \"Gimme a Break!\", \"Punky Brewster\", \"Taxi\", \"Happy Days\", \"St. Elsewhere\", \"MacGyver\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Magnum, P.I.\", \"M*A*S*H\", \"Barney Miller\", \"WKRP in Cincinnati\", \"Laverne & Shirley\", \"Mork & Mindy\", \"Miami Vice\", \"The Jeffersons\", \"The Facts of Life\", \"Hill Street Blues\", \"T.J. Hooker\", \"The Cosby Show\", \"Highway To Heaven\", \"Murder, She Wrote\", \"227\", \"Matlock\", \"\", \"Night Court\", \"Who's the Boss?\", \"Family Matters\", \"Charles in Charge\", \"The Hogan Family\", \"Perfect Strangers\", \"Designing Women\", \"Amen\", \"Head of the Class\", \"Murphy Brown\", \"The Wonder Years\", \"Empty Nest\", \"Coach\", \"Doogie Howser M.D.\", \"Quantum Leap\", \"Saved by the Bell\", \"Roseanne\", \"Full House\", \"The Golden Girls\",\"Three's Company\", \"Cheers\",",
"title": "1980s"
},
{
"id": "9391384",
"text": "has more than 50 Broadway plays and musicals to his credit including , No Man's Land/Waiting for Godot in rep, Love Letters, The Country House, The Assembled Parties,\"Nice Work If You Can Get It\", \"Venus in Fur\",\"Wit\", \"Anything Goes\", \"A View From the Bridge\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Seascape\", \"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\", \"Wonderful Town\", \"Anna in the Tropics\", and revivals of \"The Music Man\" and \"Kiss Me, Kate\". His recent off-Broadway work includes Dada Woof Papa Hot (Lincoln Center Theater), Ripcord Manhattan Theater Club), \"How I Learned to Drive\" for 2nd Stage, \"Twelfth Night\", \"All's Well\", \"Measure for Measure\"",
"title": "Peter Kaczorowski"
},
{
"id": "7662692",
"text": "Jazz ensemble Golden Raider Marching Band (GRMB) String Orchestra The Concord Players typically put on a play in the fall and a musical in the spring. Previous performances include \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"Rumors\", \"The Pajama Game\", \"Charlotte's Web\", \"Mame\", \"You Could Die Laughing\", \"Once Upon a Mattress\", \"You Can't Take It with You\", \"Anything Goes\", \"Bone Chiller\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"Meet Me In St. Louis\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"Shrek The Musical\", \"Fools\", \"Into the Woods\", \"Noises Off\", \"Disney's The Little Mermaid\", \"You Can't",
"title": "Concord High School (Wilmington, Delaware)"
},
{
"id": "3590364",
"text": "Johnny Burnette in 1960 and then with Ringo Starr fourteen years later. Other top-ten hits include, \"Pineapple Princess\", \"Let's Get Together\" and more. In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for Disney's blockbuster film: \"The Tigger Movie\" (2000). This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years. In 2002 the stage musical \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" premiered in London. It was the most successful stage show ever produced at the London Palladium, boasting the longest run in that century-old theatre's history. In early 2005 a second Chitty company premiered on",
"title": "Richard M. Sherman"
},
{
"id": "9490894",
"text": "a week. In 1944, Grimes moved to California to work for Universal. His credits include \"Fairytale Murder\", \"Lady on a Train\", and \"Week-End at the Waldorf\". In the early 1950s, he switched to television. His credits include \"Alcoa Presents\", \"Love of Life\", \"The Aldrich Family\", \"Tom Corbett, Space Cadet\", \"Maude\", \"On the Rocks\", and \"All in the Family\". In 1962, Grimes and Peter Fernandez worked together on a series of records for MGM. Five years later, Fernandez hired him to do the voices of Sparky and Chim Chim on \"Speed Racer\". Grimes died in Queens, New York in 2009 at",
"title": "Jack Grimes (actor)"
},
{
"id": "18193102",
"text": "Time\", \"Lady and the Tramp\", \"Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas\", \"\", and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts. The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's \"Glow\", \"Carol of the Bells\", \"Let it Snow\", \"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\", \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\", \"Believe\", \"Silent Night\", the \"Nutcracker Suite\", \"Jingle Bells\", \"I Have a Little Dreidel\", \"Feliz Navidad\", \"Joy to the World\", and \"Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas\", as well as \"Frozen\" songs, such as \"Let It Go\" and \"In Summer\". In November 2014, \"World of Color: Winter Dreams\" opened with a different show than",
"title": "Frozen (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "3774469",
"text": "They include \"Grease\", \"The King and I\", \"Oliver!\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Godspell\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Man of La Mancha\", a multi award-winning \"Sweeney Todd\", \"The Pirates of Penzance\", \"Carousel\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Billy\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Guys and Dolls\" and \"Zorba\". They also have recently presented pantomime productions of \"Treasure Island\", \"Aladdin\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", \"Sinbad\", \"Robin Hood\", \"Little Red Riding Hood\", \"Cinderella\" and \"Sleeping Beauty\". Plays include \"Da\", \"Juno and the Paycock\", \"The Memory of Water\", \"The Plough and the Stars\", \"Allo, Allo\", \"Dancing at Lughnasa\", and \"The Beauty Queen of Leenane\". The Society",
"title": "Kilcock"
},
{
"id": "10852410",
"text": "in classic American musical theatre, new musicals, and \"re-thought\" musicals. Broadway has long considered The Marriott Theatre a prime venue for launching shows into the regional market with premiere productions of \"A Chorus Line\", \"Chess\", \"Baby\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"They're Playing Our Song\", \"The Goodbye Girl\", \"The First\", \"Miss Saigon\", \"Cats\", \"Sunset Boulevard\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"The Producers\" and \"Little Women\". A founding member of the National Alliance for Musical Theatre, The Marriott Theatre fosters artists in creating new works for the stage. The result has been a string of American and World Premieres including \"Matador\", which",
"title": "Marriott Theatre"
},
{
"id": "3590369",
"text": "Robert B. Sherman Robert Bernard Sherman (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) was an American songwriter who specialized in musical films with his brother Richard Morton Sherman. According to the official Walt Disney Company website and independent fact checkers, \"the Sherman Brothers were responsible for more motion picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history.\" Some of the Sherman Brothers' best known songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including: \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\", \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", \"The Slipper and the Rose\", and",
"title": "Robert B. Sherman"
},
{
"id": "7898839",
"text": "by furniture and dishes.\" Film critic Roger Ebert joked that the \"Be Our Guest\" choreography resembles \"Busby Berkeley running amok.\" Additionally, Jerry Griswold, author of \"The Meanings of \"Beauty and the Beast\": A Handbook\", observed several similarities between \"Be Our Guest\" and a scene from Maurice Sendak and Carole King's musical \"Really Rosie\". Significantly, \"Beauty and the Beast \"was one of Disney's earliest feature-length animated films to fully employ computer-generated imagery and technology, utilizing it to a significant extent, as depicted throughout its signature musical numbers \"Be Our Guest\" and \"Beauty and the Beast.\" Significantly, \"Be Our Guest\" \"marks the",
"title": "Be Our Guest"
},
{
"id": "14074938",
"text": "In the semi-final, on 15 June 2007, she performed \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious\" from the musical \"Mary Poppins\" and received a standing ovation and positive comments from the judges saying that she managed to improve on her audition. Cursons was automatically placed in the final after receiving the highest number of votes. In the final, on 17 June 2007, she performed \"Get Me to the Church on Time\" from \"My Fair Lady\". Judges Piers Morgan and Amanda Holden said Cursons 'deserves to be in the West End'. Simon Cowell, however, preferred her previous performances. Cursons lost in the final to opera singer Paul",
"title": "Bessie Cursons"
},
{
"id": "3905549",
"text": "warning, followed by a \"damn good thrashing\" with a tree branch. The staff try to stall for time while waiting for Basil to return with the duck: Manuel struggles through some flamenco tunes on his guitar, Polly sings \"I Cain't Say No\", off key, from the musical \"Oklahoma!\", and Sybil drunkenly recounts an anecdote about \"Uncle Ted and his crate of brown ale.\" The guests are obviously unappreciative. Basil manages to get back to the hotel on foot and the guests are finally presented with the \"duck\" which they have so eagerly awaited, only to discover that, due to a",
"title": "Gourmet Night"
},
{
"id": "13961421",
"text": "opening Flyby gag is a parody of the Wicked Witch of the West from \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\". The Slimu octopus is a parody of Shamu, the killer whale. The song that plays during the train station scenes is the American jazz standard \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\". Also Nelson sings a different version of \"Mary Had a Little Lamb. In its original American broadcast, \"Thursdays with Abie\" was viewed by an estimated 8.65 million households and received a rating of 4.0 rating/10% share in the 18/49 rating being the most viewed and highest rated episode on Fox's \"Animation Domination\" block,",
"title": "Thursdays with Abie"
},
{
"id": "12858697",
"text": "that began in the 1890s, the Princess Theatre musicals of the early 20th century, and comedies in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the works of Rodgers and Hammerstein), with \"Oklahoma!\" (1943), musicals moved in a more dramatic direction. Famous musicals over the subsequent decades included \"My Fair Lady\" (1956), \"West Side Story\" (1957), \"The Fantasticks\" (1960), \"Hair\" (1967), \"A Chorus Line\" (1975), \"Les Misérables\" (1980), \"Into the Woods\" (1986), and \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1986), as well as more contemporary hits including \"Rent\" (1994), \"The Lion King\" (1997), \"Wicked\" (2003), and \"Hamilton\" (2015). Musical theatre may be produced",
"title": "Theatre"
},
{
"id": "10373842",
"text": "studios. BBC Video was well known for its releases of \"Fawlty Towers\", \"Blackadder\", \"Only Fools and Horses\", \"One Foot in the Grave\", \"Dinnerladies\", \"Coupling\", \"Big Cat Diary\", \"2point4 Children\", \"Ballykissangel\", \"Monarch Of The Glen\", \"Hamish MacBeth\", \"Are You Being Served?\", \"Allo Allo\", \"As Time Goes By\", \"Blake's 7\", \"The Young Ones\", \"Bottom\", \"Filthy, Rich and Catflap\", \"Pride & Prejudice\", \"The Naked Chef\", \"The Chronicles of Narnia\", \"The Office\", \"House of Cards\", \"To Play the King\", \"The Final Cut\", \"Life on Earth\", \"The Living Planet\", \"The Trials of Life\", \"Life in the Freezer\", \"The Private Life of Plants\", \"The Life of",
"title": "2 Entertain"
},
{
"id": "272857",
"text": "Bernard Shaw's \"Pygmalion\" starring Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews, which at 2,717 performances held the long-run record for many years. Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals. This surpassed the run of two hits by British creators: \"The Boy Friend\" (1954), which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews' American debut, was very briefly the third longest-running musical in West End or Broadway history (after \"Chu Chin Chow\" and \"Oklahoma!\"), until \"Salad Days\" (1954) surpassed its run and became the new long-run record holder, with 2,283 performances. Another record was set by \"The Threepenny Opera\",",
"title": "Musical theatre"
},
{
"id": "3956455",
"text": "Beatles during rehearsals for a television appearance, John Lennon and Paul McCartney provided the Applejacks with a song which was to be their second single: \"Like Dreamers Do\". However, the record only reached number 20 in the UK chart, whilst their final hit, \"Three Little Words (I Love You)\" (also in 1964), made it to No. 23. The group quarrelled with Decca over their next single. Decca wanted them to record \"Chim Chim Chiree\", but the group disliked the song. Although the single had been announced (and is therefore listed in most discographies), it was never released. According to Megan",
"title": "The Applejacks (British band)"
},
{
"id": "9017163",
"text": "need a reason, Never need a rhyme.\" The song \"Me Ol' Bamboo\" from the 1968 film \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\", also written by the Sherman brothers and performed by Van Dyke, is very similar to Step in Time. Both songs are loosely based on the repetitive physical action song \"Knees Up Mother Brown\", popular in British music halls and Cockney pubs, especially during World War II. Step in Time \"Step In Time\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for",
"title": "Step in Time"
},
{
"id": "20527518",
"text": "children of Ennui (the tiny village that surrounds the bottom of the cliff) are playing their annual games of hide and seek. However, unbeknownst to any of them, all are in danger of the Pirate Capt. Jean-Pierre Beunet, Ophelia the Queen Witch of Hubbub, and her cauldron Misty who want to take over the entire Orchard for themselves. Songs included: \"The Orchard of Hide & Seek\", \"Dip-pity Day\", \"Sailors of St. Labyrinth\", \"Believe\", \"Yo Ho Ho\", \"The Regal C'est la Vie\", \"Ophelia's Brew\", \"Ready or Not\", \"Hide & Seek\", \"Poison\", \"Come All Ye Children\", \"Doom\", \"All Around You\" Photo: Sloane",
"title": "St. John's Conservatory Theater"
},
{
"id": "13350400",
"text": "Dumpty (Pantomime) 1978 - Good Companions (Musical) 1979 - Cinderella (Pantomime) 1979 - CanCan (Musical) 1980 - Queen of Hearts (Pantomime) 1980 - Follow the Star (Musical) 1981 - Goody Two Shoes (Pantomime) 1981 - Make Me an Offer (Musical) 1982 - Aladdin (Pantomime) 1982 - Godspell (Musical) 1983 - Sleeping Beauty (Pantomime) 1983 - Most Happy Fella (Musical) 1984 - Red Riding Hood (Pantomime) 1984 - A Funny Thing (Musical) 1985 - Robinson Crusoe (Pantomime) 1985 - Pippin (Musical) 1986 - Jack and the Beanstalk (Pantomime) 1986 - Andy Capp (Musical) Manor Operatic Society The Manor Operatic Society is",
"title": "Manor Operatic Society"
},
{
"id": "12133709",
"text": "\"Glory Days\", \"Merrily We Roll Along\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Saving Aimee\", \"Into the Woods\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Nevermore\", \"Assassins\", \"The Highest Yellow\", \"One Red Flower\", \"Allegro\", \"Twentieth Century\", \"110 in the Shade\", \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\", \"The Gospel According to Fishman\", \"Grand Hotel\", \"The Rhythm Club\", \"Over & Over\", \"The Fix\", \"Working\", \"The Rink\", \"Cabaret\", \"First Lady Suite\", \"Wings\", \"Poor Superman\", \"Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love\", \"Passion\", \"Company\", \"Sweeney Todd\", \"Follies\", \"Pacific Overtures\", \"Ace\", \"Les Misérables, and Showboat. Awards Eric D. Schaeffer Eric D. Schaeffer is an American theater director and producer based in",
"title": "Eric D. Schaeffer"
},
{
"id": "9036734",
"text": "\"The North Pole Polka\" was a much more gentle song than \"The V.D. Polka\". The former was about Polar Bears dancing in the snow. That song was eventually dropped from the \"Mary Poppins\" score, however. The Good-Time Girl \"The Good-Time Girl\" aka \"The V.D. Polka\" is a song from the musical \"Over Here!\", which opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre (Broadway) on March 6, 1974. It was sung by Patty Andrews in a U.S.O. style parody similar to Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Honey Bun\" from \"South Pacific\". In the song Andrews warns the GIs to beware of the \"Good Time",
"title": "The Good-Time Girl"
},
{
"id": "8604455",
"text": "a translation of France Gall's \"Poupée de cire, poupée de son\". \"Khi xưa ta bé\" (When We Were Young) was a translation of Cher's \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\", but made in an uptempo manner. \"Giấc mơ tình yêu\" (Love Dream) received airplay on radio and television, and was one of her biggest hits. \"Hát Cho Người ở Lại\" (Singing for the One who Stayed) also charted well. In mid 2003, Mỹ Tâm released her third studio album, Yesterday&Now. It contained two of her biggest hits: \"Ước gì\" (I Wish) and \"Họa Mi Tóc Nâu\" ( Brown-Haired Nightingale",
"title": "Mỹ Tâm"
},
{
"id": "18792140",
"text": "the \"Splish Splash\" and \"Mack the Knife\" days. In a Broadway Bag continued that success, and \"Mame\" was his biggest hit in three years. In a Broadway Bag is generally considered one of Bobby Darin's best (and certainly most cohesive) LPs.” In a Broadway Bag (Mame) In a Broadway Bag (Mame) is an album by American singer Bobby Darin, released in 1965. The album consists of songs from then-current hit Broadway musicals, including \"Funny Girl\", \"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying\", \"Mame\", \"The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd\", and others. \"In a Broadway Bag",
"title": "In a Broadway Bag (Mame)"
},
{
"id": "8892427",
"text": "Woods\", \"Little Women\", \"Once Upon A Mattress\", \"The Mousetrap\", \"A Christmas Story\", \"Once On This Island\", \"Fools\", \"A Christmas Carol\", \"Seussical the Musical\", \"Twelve Angry Men\", \"Taming of the Shrew\", \"West Side Story\", \"The Diviners\", \"Hamlet\", \"Alice\", \"Rent\", \"Julius Caesar\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Winter's Tale\", \"Legally Blonde\", \"Peter and the Starcatcher\", \"Lazarus Rising\", \"1984\", \"The Addams Family\", \"Twelfth Night\", and \"Little Women\". 4th place at dimond bar high school for show choir (2016) Henry J. Kaiser High School (California) Henry J. Kaiser High School is a small to medium-sized high school located at 11155 Almond Avenue in Fontana, California. Kaiser",
"title": "Henry J. Kaiser High School (California)"
},
{
"id": "6930058",
"text": "have previously been possible. The run of major musicals has continued with a five-week run of \"Starlight Express\", in 2005 and shows, such as \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Miss Saigon\", \"The Rocky Horror Show\" and Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", in 2006. The tour of \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" visited The Mayflower, for almost 3 months, in 2007. The 2007 Christmas show was Michael Rose and Chris Moreno's production of \"The Wizard of Oz\", starring Russ Abbot, Gregor Fisher, Gary Wilmot and Matthew Kelly, as The Wicked Witch of the West. The 2008 season included Andrew Lloyd Webber's \"Aspects of Love\"",
"title": "Mayflower Theatre"
},
{
"id": "2088600",
"text": "in 1811; Afro-Caribbeans rowing a boat in Antigua ca.1814; Black stevedores loading a steamboat in New Orleans in 1841; and a Euro-American crew hauling halyards on a clipper-brig out of New York ca.1840s. Other such multi-job songs were: \"Round the Corn(er), Sally\", \"Fire Down Below\", \"Johnny Come Down to Hilo\", \"Hilo, Boys, Hilo\", \"Tommy's Gone Away\", \"The Sailor Likes His Bottle-O\", \"Highland Laddie\", \"Mudder Dinah\", \"Bully in the Alley\", \"Hogeye Man\", \"Good Morning, Ladies, All\", \"Pay Me the Money Down\", \"Alabama, John Cherokee\", \"Yankee John, Stormalong\", and \"Heave Away (My Johnnies)\". While the non-sailor occupations noted above were mainly within",
"title": "Sea shanty"
},
{
"id": "272808",
"text": "to such groundbreaking works as \"Show Boat\" (1927) and \"Oklahoma!\" (1943). Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include \"West Side Story\" (1957), \"The Fantasticks\" (1960), \"Hair\" (1967), \"A Chorus Line\" (1975), \"Les Misérables\" (1985), \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1986), \"Rent\" (1996), \"The Producers\" (2001), \"Wicked\" (2003) and \"Hamilton\" (2015). Musicals are performed around the world. They may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller venues, such as fringe theatre, Off-Broadway, Off-Off-Broadway, regional theatre, or community",
"title": "Musical theatre"
},
{
"id": "16055423",
"text": "the Elephant\" and \"The Pink Panther Show\". Daytime TV consisted of repeats and daytime soaps such as \"Little House on the Prairie\", \"The New Adventures of Black Beauty\", \"CHiPs\", \"Delia Smith's Cookery Course\", \"Emmerdale\", \"Knots Landing\", \"A Country Practice\", \"Perry Mason\", \"Carson's Law\", \"The Love Boat\", \"G. P.\", \"The Sullivans\", \"Santa Barbara\", \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\", \"Take the High Road\", \"Forever Green\" and \"Highway to Heaven\". American prime time show imported at the time included \"\", \"Mancuso, F.B.I.\", \"The Cosby Show\", \"St. Elsewhere\", \"MacGyver\", \"Masquerade\", \"Father Dowling Mysteries\", \"Dallas\", \"Midnight Caller\", \"Home Improvement\", \"\", \"JAG\", \"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\", \"\",",
"title": "RTÉ One"
},
{
"id": "8066016",
"text": "nominees: Winner: Bryan Adams Other nominees: Winner: Kim Richardson Other nominees: Winner: Billy Newton-Davis Other nominees: Winner: Honeymoon Suite Other nominees: Winner: Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Jim Vallance Other nominees: Winner: Anne Murray Other nominees: Winner: Murray McLauchlan Other nominees: Winner: Prairie Oyster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster Other nominees: Winner: David Foster, \"St. Elmo's Fire Soundtrack\" by various artists Other nominees: Winner: Joe and Gino Vannelli, \"Black Cars\" by Gino Vannelli Other nominees: Winner: Gordon Lightfoot Winner: Jack Richardson Winner: \"The Thin Red Line\", Glass Tiger Other nominees: Winner: Hugh Syme and Dimo Safari, \"Power Windows\" by Rush",
"title": "Juno Awards of 1986"
},
{
"id": "15288076",
"text": "Garnet Valley High School Garnet Valley High School is a four-year public school in Glen Mills, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. It is part of Garnet Valley School District. Garnet Valley High School is also locally known for their musicals. Past productions include \"Annie\", \"The Wizard of Oz\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Fiddler on the Roof\", \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Les Misérables\", \"The Little Mermaid, Jr.\", \"Footloose\", \"Rent\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"Gypsy\", \"In the Heights,\" \"Legally Blonde,\" \"Evita,\"\"A Chorus Line\", and others. The 2018-2019 season includes \"High School Musical\" and \"Annie\"..\" Garnet Valley is also involved in the Critics and Awards Program for",
"title": "Garnet Valley High School"
},
{
"id": "11257454",
"text": "singing outside. Frankie's renditions of \"It Can't Be Wrong\" by Dick Haymes and \"As Time Goes By\" (from \"Casablanca\", 1942) causes all the hens to swoon. Porky rushes to investigate. Soon, he is auditioning for a new crooner; those showing up are rooster caricatures of Nelson Eddy (\"Shortnin' Bread\"), Al Jolson (\"September in the Rain\"), Jimmy Durante (\"Lullaby of Broadway\"), Cab Calloway (\"Minnie the Moocher\", \"Blues in the Night\"), and Bing Crosby (\"When My Dream Boat Comes Home\"). Porky asks the Bing Crosby rooster (who introduced himself as \"The Old Groaner\") to be the crooner, provoking a competition with Frankie.",
"title": "Swooner Crooner"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Chimney sweep context: being in the book series \"Mary Poppins\" by P. L. Travers and the Walt Disney film adaptation which has an extended dance sequence in which the jovial workers celebrate the end of the workday with fearless acrobatics. Their leader, \"Bert\", played by Dick van Dyke, sings \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" which won the Oscar for \"Best Song\" in 1965. The chorus refers to the traditional association of chimney sweeps with good luck: \"\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\"\". The novel \"Die schwarzen Brüder\" (\"The Black Brothers\"),\n\nIn which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?",
"compressed_tokens": 196,
"origin_tokens": 196,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle Step in Time context: Step in Time \"Step In Time\" is a song and dance number from Walt Disney's 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\", and it is composed by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The choreography for this song was provided by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. It is sung by Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and the other chimney sweeps on the rooftops of London. It is similar to the old British music hall song \"Knees Up Mother Brown\". In the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\" the first part of the song, the lines he says in the verses are\n\ntitle Swin' Broadway context opening song “Chim Chim Cheree” from Mary Popp to “ways Look on the Bright Side of Life” from Spamalot is handled both vocally and instrument with plenty of opportunity for the soloists to shine... This is must.\" Perform Technicalin' on Broadway Swingin' on Broadway jazz vocal Williams's third album, recorded Abbey Road Studios and released in 2008. It is a collection of songs from some of the most famous Broadway musicals. The album was to positive reviews. Malcolm Laycock Big Band World gave it five stars\ntitle: Chim Ch Cher: byings of aney swe Mary Popp screen asked the by Sh Brothers, DaGradi British folkl attributed to \"sweeps hands with one could bring a person good luck. their 19, the Brothers hadalg many the P. Travers creationB\". His theme music became \"Chim Ch-\". addition to the \"standard\" version of the song s the children, s short sni of song to himself at\n: Chneyep: in series. and film which an sequence in whichial workics.,,ings \"\" the Song6. ch sweeps with good luck: \"\"Good luck will rub off when I shake 'ands with you, or blow me a kiss ... and that's lucky too\"\". The novel \"Die schwarzen Brüder\" (\"The Black Brothers\"),\n\nIn which musical do the sweeps sing Chim Chim Cheree?",
"compressed_tokens": 473,
"origin_tokens": 17252,
"ratio": "36.5x",
"saving": ", Saving $1.0 in GPT-4."
} |
195 | Who had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'? | [
"Bobby Lewis"
] | Bobby Lewis | [
{
"id": "10425899",
"text": "Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \"Billboard\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". On the original hit single version, the track",
"title": "Tossin' and Turnin'"
},
{
"id": "10425901",
"text": "\"Billboard\" magazine ranked the song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10,",
"title": "Tossin' and Turnin'"
},
{
"id": "20118624",
"text": "Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \"You Were Mine\", as well as on their follow-ups including \"I Can't Say Goodbye\". He released a string of solo singles during the early 1960s on the Ribbon, Imperial, Beltone and Congress record labels, but with little success. He developed a more successful career as a songwriter, co-writing \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", a hit in the US in 1961",
"title": "Ritchie Adams"
},
{
"id": "5692400",
"text": "James, as well as releasing singles under his own name. In May 1959 \"The Happy Organ\" by Dave \"Baby\" Cortez reached the top of the \"Billboard\" pop chart and was succeeded, the following week, by Wilbert Harrison's \"Kansas City\"; both records featured guitar solos by Spruill. Another well-known recording on which Spruill plays is \"Fannie Mae\" by Buster Brown, which hit the top of the R&B charts in early 1960. In 1961, he featured on Bobby Lewis's no.1 hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", and at the same time featured on The Shirelles' \"Dedicated to the One I Love\", which peaked at",
"title": "Wild Jimmy Spruill"
},
{
"id": "5545342",
"text": "Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \"Dynasty\" (1979) and \"Unmasked\" (1980). Criss covered \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", which was a #1 hit for Bobby Lewis in the U.S. during the summer of 1961. The song was subsequently covered by Kiss on their 1979 tour. Much of the material on the album was originally written",
"title": "Peter Criss (album)"
},
{
"id": "5545344",
"text": "Matter to Me\", neither of which charted. All songs written by Peter Criss and Stan Penridge, except where noted. The following musicians played on \"Peter Criss\": Album – \"Billboard\" (North America) Peter Criss (album) Peter Criss is a 1978 solo album by Peter Criss, the drummer of American hard rock band Kiss. It was one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss on September 18, 1978. The album was produced by Vini Poncia, who went on to produce the Kiss albums \"Dynasty\" (1979) and \"Unmasked\" (1980). Criss covered \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", which was a #1 hit for",
"title": "Peter Criss (album)"
},
{
"id": "13232328",
"text": "the time was \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" by rock and roll singer Bobby Lewis, and Benton's song was not considered rock and roll by the magazine, \"The Boll Weevil Song\" holds the distinction of being the first number-one song on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart. In the UK, the song reached a peak position of number 30 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the Top 40 for eight weeks during the summer of 1961. The majority of the song's lyrics are spoken by Benton, as in when the farmer inquires, \"Say, why'd you pick my farm?\", to which the",
"title": "Boll Weevil (song)"
},
{
"id": "12274753",
"text": "original 1988 release reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, which included the number one song of 1961, \"Tossin' and Turnin'\", while the 1993 re-issue only contained six chart toppers. However, the remaining four tracks reached the Hot 100's Top 10. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on February 16, 1995. 1988 original release 1993 re-release, replacement tracks Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1988, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1961. Two versions of this volume in the \"\"Billboard\" Top Hits\" series were",
"title": "Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1961"
},
{
"id": "4717038",
"text": "\"Tossin' and Turnin'\" went to No.1 for seven weeks on the \"Billboard\" chart. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. Later that year, he had a second Top Ten song, \"One Track Mind\", his only other major hit record, at No. 9. \"Tossin' And Turnin'\", composed by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". The song was also covered by Steve Goodman, the Replacements, the Guess Who, Peter Criss, and Jimmy Sturr, among others. (The Ivy League's UK hit \"Tossin' And Turnin\", however, is a completely",
"title": "Bobby Lewis"
},
{
"id": "7457245",
"text": "\"Dinner At Eight\". A cover version by Joe Dowell on the Smash Records label made it to number one in the US at the end of August 1961, knocking Bobby Lewis' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" off the number-one spot of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 after seven weeks. Dowell's version also spent three weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart. \"Wooden Heart\", created by Fred Wise, Ben Weisman, Kay Twomey and German bandleader Bert Kaempfert, was based on a German folk song by Friedrich Silcher, \"Muss i denn\", originating from the Rems Valley in Württemberg, southwest Germany. \"Wooden Heart\" features",
"title": "Wooden Heart"
},
{
"id": "4717037",
"text": "Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his recording of",
"title": "Bobby Lewis"
},
{
"id": "17258166",
"text": "Simone, Ian & Sylvia, Tim Hardin, Van Morrison and many others. Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (1961), \"My Boyfriend's Back\" by The Angels (1963), \"Under the Boardwalk\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sound of Silence\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West",
"title": "Bob Bushnell"
},
{
"id": "4717039",
"text": "different song.) Bobby Lewis Robert Alan Lewis (born February 9, 1925) is an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer, best known for his 1961 hit single \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". Lewis was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and learned to play the piano by age six, despite very poor eyesight. Adopted at age twelve, he moved to a home in Detroit, Michigan. Growing up with the influences of the pioneer blues musicians until the advent of rock and roll, Lewis began to build a musical career in the 1950s. He moved to New York City. In July 1961, his",
"title": "Bobby Lewis"
},
{
"id": "17258164",
"text": "Bob Bushnell Robert C. Bushnell (born 1926) is an American bass player and guitarist who has appeared on dozens of albums and singles as a studio musician, including , Bobby Lewis's hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (1961), \"My Boyfriend's Back\" by The Angels (1963), \"Under the Boardwalk\" by The Drifters (1964) and the remixed hit version of Simon and Garfunkel's \"The Sound of Silence\" (1965). Bushnell was born in West Philadelphia and attended Sulzberger Junior High School where he first learned how to play bass fiddle. He graduated from West Philadelphia High School in 1945 and left for New York City",
"title": "Bob Bushnell"
},
{
"id": "11371880",
"text": "included \"I Can't Say Goodbye\", \"Marianne\" and \"My Girl\" (all 1960); \"I Can't Say Goodbye\" was the only charter, spending three weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at #90. In 1962 the group reappeared on Taurus Records with \"You Were Mine for Awhile\" and \"Blacksmith Blues\" on Hamilton Records; three other singles followed on Taurus, but the group never returned to the charts. They lasted until 1967 before disbanding for good. Adams went on to release some solo singles and had a successful songwriting career, including the hits \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" and \"After the Lovin'\". Adams died on 6",
"title": "The Fireflies"
},
{
"id": "12650279",
"text": "artists. The group's first hit was a raveup of Bobby \"Blue\" Bland's \"(Turn on Your) Love Light,\" recorded on May 7, 1965 and issued on Soma Records. The B side was \"Tossin' and Turnin',\" recorded at the same session. The record did well in the Twin Cities, and hit Number 1 in both Kansas City (the band performed in KC on two occasions) and Dallas during the fall of 1965, and also was beginning to do well in California and Colorado. A Top 40 chart from San Jose in September 1965 showed that the record was ranked Number 33 in",
"title": "The High Spirits"
},
{
"id": "8624437",
"text": "in June 1961, Cline was kept in the hospital for two months, which cut into promoting \"I Fall to Pieces\". Therefore, by the time Cline had left the hospital, its popularity began to decrease. The success of the song helped get Cline an invitation to become a regular cast member on the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, one of the highest honors that could be bestowed on a Country singer in the early 1960s. In addition, the track was also ranked number two of the top 100 songs of 1961, right behind Bobby Lewis's \"Tossin' and Turnin'\". In 1980,",
"title": "I Fall to Pieces"
},
{
"id": "1454178",
"text": "\"Mr. Tambourine Man\", along with the Animals' rock interpretation of \"The House of the Rising Sun\" (itself based on Dylan's earlier cover), helped to give Dylan the impetus to start recording with an electric backing band. As the 1970s dawned, folk rock evolved away from the jangly template pioneered by the Byrds, but their influence could still be heard in the music of bands like Fairport Convention and Pentangle. The Byrds themselves continued to enjoy commercial success with their brand of folk rock throughout 1965, most notably with their number 1 single \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\". By the start of 1966,",
"title": "Folk rock"
},
{
"id": "19594375",
"text": "their journey to Los Angeles, lost some of their earlier members and proceeded to assemble a new lineup that would eventually settle into Dey on bass, Rich Brown on guitar, Ray Kennedy on organ, Roger Huycke on drums. They changed their name to the Wilde Knights. In 1965 the Wilde Knights teamed up with producer Paul Johnson to record two singles for his Star-Bright label. The first was \"Beaver Patrol\" b/w \"Tossin' and Turnin\".<ref name=\"Unterberger (MTV/Knights)\"></ref> \"Beaver Patrol\", penned by Rick Dey and Rich Brown, contained sexually suggestive lyrics. Dey and Brown also wrote \"Just Like Me\", which became the",
"title": "The Wilde Knights"
},
{
"id": "7803194",
"text": "around 1970 Sigler began working as a songwriter with Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff at Philadelphia International Records. In partnership with writer Phil Hurtt, Sigler wrote songs for the O'Jays including \"Sunshine\" and \"When the World Is at Peace\". He also wrote songs solo and with Gamble, and his compositions were recorded by many of the Philadelphia International artistes. He discovered a group, Instant Funk, and began again recording as a singer. He had his first chart success for six years in 1973 with a remake of the Bobby Lewis hit \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" (#38 R&B, #97 pop), and had",
"title": "Bunny Sigler"
},
{
"id": "5545343",
"text": "in 1971 for Criss's pre-Kiss band Lips. These include \"I'm Gonna Love You\", \"Don't You Let Me Down\", \"That's the Kind of Sugar Papa Likes\", and \"Hooked on Rock 'n' Roll\". The album also includes a cover of the song \"Tossin' and Turnin\" by Bobby Lewis. Reviews for \"Peter Criss\" were mostly negative. The album was the lowest charting of all the Kiss solo albums of 1978, reaching #43 on the US \"Billboard\" album chart. Of the four solo albums, \"Peter Criss\" was the only album to have two singles released from it: \"Don't You Let Me Down\" and \"You",
"title": "Peter Criss (album)"
},
{
"id": "5610390",
"text": "1967 hit \"Cold\") failed even to \"Bubble Under.\" In 1967, only one single reached #1 on both charts \"Somethin' Stupid\" by Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra. This trend began to reverse by the end of the decade. Notable artists with multiple #1 songs on this chart during the 1960s include Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Connie Francis, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, The 5th Dimension, and Glen Campbell. \"Love Is Blue\" by Paul Mauriat held the top of the Easy Listening chart for 11 weeks in 1968, which remained the longest stay at #1 until 1993. The Hot 100 and Easy Listening",
"title": "Adult Contemporary (chart)"
},
{
"id": "18225813",
"text": "promoted The Beatles' first tour. Between April and May 1965, a hat-trick of Manchester-based acts, all Kennedy Street artistes, enjoyed an unprecedented consecutive six week spell at No. 1 on the US Hot 100, with Freddie and the Dreamers spending two weeks at the top with \"I'm Telling You Now\" (10–24 April), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \"Game of Love\" (24 April-1 May), and then Herman's Hermits a further three weeks with \"Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\" (1–22 May). Lisberg spent much of his early career globe-trotting with Herman's Hermits, who capitalized on a string",
"title": "Harvey Lisberg"
},
{
"id": "13678968",
"text": "stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \"Pop\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for",
"title": "1960s in music"
},
{
"id": "8521750",
"text": "Terrell duetted with Webb on \"Once in the Morning\". The only US single from the album, the opening track \"I Guess I'll Miss the Man\", was not actually part of the Jimmy Webb project. Instead, it was a Stephen Schwartz song from the Motown-financed Broadway production of \"Pippin\", handled by songwriters-producers Deke Richards and Sherlie Matthews. Although once released, the song and the album failed to generate radio play and sales in the United States, it produced two singles abroad: \"Cheap Lovin'\" in Italy and \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" in the United Kingdom, both released in 1973. Besides being Jean Terrell's",
"title": "The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb"
},
{
"id": "9849277",
"text": "singer and mastermind of the acid jazz band Jamiroquai. In 1965, on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, a unique hat-trick of consecutive number 1s took place in the spring, all from Mancunian pop groups. Freddie and the Dreamers spent two weeks at the top with \"I'm Telling You Now\" (April 10–24), Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders one week with \"Game of Love\" (24 April-1 May), and finally Herman's Hermits with \"Mrs Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter\", a further three weeks (1–22 May), a total of six weeks, an achievement never matched even in the UK Top 50. Manchester's main",
"title": "Culture of Manchester"
},
{
"id": "10225731",
"text": "Doyle Holly Doyle Floyd Hendricks (June 30, 1936 – January 13, 2007), known by the stage name Doyle Holly, was an American musician best known as the bass guitar player of the country music band Buck Owens and the Buckaroos and for his solo hit songs \"Queen Of The Silver Dollar\" and \"Lila\". Holly's contributions on bass guitar and rhythm guitar were a key component of the Bakersfield sound. The Buckaroos had more than 30 Top 40 singles on the country music charts in the 1960s and early 1970s, with 21 number one hits such as \"I've Got a Tiger",
"title": "Doyle Holly"
},
{
"id": "5507142",
"text": "singles included on the album had charted in the United Kingdom, peaking at the following positions on the UK Singles Chart: \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" number 26; \"Eight Miles High\" number 24; \"All I Really Want to Do\" number 4; and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" number 1. Author Johnny Rogan has stated that, in particular, \"Eight Miles High\", \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\", and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" were widely influential during the 1960s, a time when singles, at least in pop music, were as important in their own right as albums, and generally more so. Rogan further opined that \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" summed up",
"title": "The Byrds' Greatest Hits"
},
{
"id": "13845742",
"text": "Mr Lee In London Label: His Master's Voice – CSDM6268 Vinyl LP Stereo 1 Tabatha Twitchit 2 To Make A Big Man Cry 3 Stop In The Name Of Love 4 Walkin' With My Angel 5 Maria 6 Why Or Where Or When B Side 1 You Don't Have To Say You Love Me 2 Big Man 3 The Wanderer 4 Tossin' And Turnin' 5 Do You Mind 6 Big Boots Credits · Photography – Sal Criscillo · Recording Engineer – Peter Hitchcock · Produced by Howard Gable · Recorded at HMV Studios – Wellington, New Zealand Mr. Lee Grant",
"title": "Howard Gable"
},
{
"id": "11134548",
"text": "It was because kids were showing up dressed in costume and make-up for their shows along with their parents. As a result, many teenage fans felt alienated and were turned off by the band. \"Radioactive\" and \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" were played at a few shows during the tour and \"Let Me Go, Rock 'n' Roll\" and \"Christine Sixteen\" were put in their places. Dynasty Tour The Dynasty Tour was a concert tour by the rock band Kiss. It was their first tour since the Alive II Tour ended on April 2, 1978 in Japan. The Dynasty Tour, also known as",
"title": "Dynasty Tour"
},
{
"id": "364634",
"text": "Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing",
"title": "Simon & Garfunkel"
},
{
"id": "15348624",
"text": "young Doug Fieger), and blue eyed soul rockers the Rationals. In 1965 Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels had a national top 10 hit with \"Jenny Take A Ride!\" and then again the following year in 1966 with \"Devil With A Blue Dress On\"/\"Good Golly, Miss Molly\". Also in 1966, Flint's Question Mark & the Mysterians had a No. 1 hit with \"96 Tears\". Finally, in 1967, Detroit blues-rock outfit the Woolies had a regional smash hit with the Bo Diddley song \"Who Do You Love?\". In the late 1960s, two well-known high-energy rock bands emerged from Detroit - the",
"title": "Music of Detroit"
},
{
"id": "8521748",
"text": "and covers of hits by Bobby Lewis and Mina, respectively \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" and \"La voce del silenzio\". The album sold over 100,000 copies in the USA. Besides being Jean Terrell's final Supremes album, \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb\" was the first of only two Supremes' LPs to include vocals from member Lynda Laurence, the other being the live album \"In Japan!\". Laurence had replaced Cindy Birdsong earlier in 1972 and joined original Supreme Mary Wilson and Terrell for these sessions just prior to her official inclusion into the group. \"The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy",
"title": "The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb"
},
{
"id": "6987937",
"text": "Crispian St. Peters Crispian St. Peters (born Robin Peter Smith, 5 April 1939 – 8 June 2010) was an English pop singer-songwriter, best known for his work in the 1960s, particularly his 1966 hits, The Changin' Times' \"The Pied Piper\" and Ian & Sylvia's \"You Were on My Mind\". St. Peters was born in Swanley, Kent and attended Swanley Secondary Modern School. He learned guitar and left school in 1954 to become an assistant cinema projectionist. As a young man, he performed in several relatively unknown bands in England. In 1956, he gave his first live performance, as a member",
"title": "Crispian St. Peters"
},
{
"id": "13678924",
"text": "next two years, Chad & Jeremy, Peter and Gordon, the Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, the Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more No. 1 singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five. British Invasion acts also dominated the music charts at home in the United Kingdom. The British Invasion helped internationalize the production of rock and roll, opening the door for subsequent British (and Irish) performers to achieve international success. In America it arguably spelled",
"title": "1960s in music"
},
{
"id": "1361282",
"text": "100 pop chart. At the end of the year, Gordy assigned Ross as the group's lead singer, even though Ballard was usually the lead vocalist. The group scored their first number-one hit with \"Where Did Our Love Go\", paving the way for unprecedented success: between August 1964 and May 1967, Ross, Wilson, and Ballard sang on ten number-one hit singles, all of which also made the UK top 40. The group had also become a hit with audiences both domestically and abroad, going on to become Motown's most successful vocal act throughout the sixties. Following significant issues with her comportment,",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "13678922",
"text": "complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds. During 1963, the Beatles and other beat groups, such as the Searchers and the Hollies, achieved great popularity and commercial success in Britain itself. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was the band's first No. 1 hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion",
"title": "1960s in music"
},
{
"id": "119096",
"text": "The number five \"She's Not You\" (1962) \"integrates the Jordanaires so completely, it's practically doo-wop\". The modern blues/R&B sound captured with success on \"Elvis Is Back!\" was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as \"Down in the Alley\" and \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\". Presley's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as \"Are You Lonesome Tonight?\", a number one in 1960. \"It's Now or Never\", which also topped the chart that year, was a classically influenced variation of pop based on the Neapolitan \"’O sole mio\" and concluding with a",
"title": "Elvis Presley"
},
{
"id": "2443201",
"text": "Fame in 1973 and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1995. Miller won 11 Grammy Awards. In Erick, Oklahoma where he grew up, a thoroughfare was renamed \"Roger Miller Boulevard\" and a museum dedicated to Miller was built on the road in 2004. Below is a list of awards won by Miller: Roger Miller Roger Dean Miller, Sr. (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits \"King of the Road\", \"Dang Me\", and \"England Swings\", all from the mid-1960s",
"title": "Roger Miller"
},
{
"id": "10425900",
"text": "begins with Lewis singing \"I couldn't sleep at all last night,\" and it appears this way on most oldies compilations. However, on some releases the song has a prelude, where Lewis sings \"Baby...Baby...you did something to me,\" followed by a musical cue into the first verse. Lewis usually includes this prelude when he performs the song live. The personnel on the original hit recording included Ritchie Adams and Eric Gale on guitar, Bob Bushnell on bass, King Curtis on a tenor sax mouthpiece, Frank Haywood Henry on baritone sax, Paul Griffin on Piano, and Sticks Evans on drums. In 2008,",
"title": "Tossin' and Turnin'"
},
{
"id": "2183931",
"text": "and Barry Whitwam of Herman's Hermits after the exit of Peter Noone. Although Leckenby died in 1994, Foote has continued with the Hermits through to the present. The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \"Game of Love\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and",
"title": "The Mindbenders"
},
{
"id": "4380522",
"text": "Georgie Fame Georgie Fame (born Clive Powell; 26 June 1943) is an English rhythm and blues and jazz singer and keyboard player. Fame, who had a string of 1960s hits, is still a popular performer, often working with contemporaries such as Van Morrison and Bill Wyman. Fame is the only British pop star to have achieved three number one hits with his only Top 10 chart entries: \"Yeh, Yeh\" in 1964, \"Get Away\" in 1966 and \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde\" in 1967. Fame was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He took piano lessons from the age of seven and",
"title": "Georgie Fame"
},
{
"id": "2183924",
"text": "The Mindbenders The Mindbenders were an English beat group from Manchester, England. Originally the backing group for Wayne Fontana, they were one of several acts that were successful in the mid-1960s British Invasion of the US charts, achieving major chart hits with \"Game of Love\" (a number-one single with Fontana) in 1965 and \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in 1966. Wayne Fontana founded the band in 1963 with Bob Lang, Ric Rothwell, and Eric Stewart. The group was later joined by Grahame Foote. The name of the group was inspired by the title of a 1963 UK feature film, starring",
"title": "The Mindbenders"
},
{
"id": "5050808",
"text": "drums. Their range covers pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence. The core members since 1958 have been Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch. Along with the Fender guitar, another cornerstone of the Shadows sound was the Vox amplifier. The Shadows, with Cliff Richard, dominated British popular music in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the years before the Beatles. The Shadows' number one hits included \"Apache\", \"Kon-Tiki\", \"Wonderful Land\", \"Foot Tapper\" and \"Dance On!\". Although they lost ground in the late '60s, the band had a second success from the late '70s. The Shadows are the",
"title": "The Shadows"
},
{
"id": "19561393",
"text": "Pete Chester Pete Chester (born 9 September 1941) is an English drummer and songwriter. He is the son of Charlie Chester, comedian and broadcaster. Chester started his career by forming the band The Five Chesternuts with Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch in 1957, which released the unsuccessful single \"Teenage Love\" on the Columbia label and appeared on the \"Six-Five Special\" on BBC television. Marvin and Welch left in 1958 to join Cliff Richard and The Drifters, which later became Cliff Richard and The Shadows. Chester had a UK Hit Record in 1960 - \"Ten Swingin' Bottles\" which reached the Top",
"title": "Pete Chester"
},
{
"id": "3063204",
"text": "songs for Lewis, Cash, and others. His third single for the Sun subsidiary, Phillips International Records, was the 1960 Top 30 hit, \"Lonely Weekends\", which was notable for its Presley-like vocals. It sold more than one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America. None of his seven follow-up singles was a success, however, though several of the songs became staples in his live set, including \"Who Will the Next Fool Be\", \"Sittin' and Thinkin'\", and \"No Headstone on My Grave\". These songs were often recorded by others to varying degrees of success,",
"title": "Charlie Rich"
},
{
"id": "1562178",
"text": "charts. In the United States for the years 1964 to 1966, the group achieved 12 number-one singles and nine number-one albums on the \"Billboard\" charts; by comparison, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys each had three chart-topping singles and one number-one album. In the US, in the case of singles for the decade, the Beatles headed Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Brenda Lee, the Supremes and the Beach Boys; in albums sales, they were followed by Presley, Sinatra, Herb Alpert, the Kingston Trio and Andy Williams. The Beach Boys, along with the Four Seasons, were the only two American pop",
"title": "Cultural impact of the Beatles"
},
{
"id": "3437944",
"text": "group LeRoy & His Rockin' Fellers and TV-stars-turned-singers like Clint Eastwood and Merv Griffin. In mid-1966, 23-year-old Neil Bogart was made the label's new head of A&R. Turning to midwestern garage bands and orchestrated soul productions (including the distribution of Curtis Mayfield's \"Windy C\" label), Bogart managed to shepherd in a brief Cameo-Parkway renaissance. The last major hits for the label were \"96 Tears\" by Question Mark and the Mysterians (picked up from independent Pa-Go-Go Records), which went to #1 in the fall of 1966; a novelty remake of \"Wild Thing\" by an impressionist imitating Robert F. Kennedy under the",
"title": "Cameo-Parkway Records"
},
{
"id": "1361267",
"text": "Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "285898",
"text": "actress in November 1957 with an appearance on her father's ABC-TV variety series, but initially achieved success only in Europe and Japan. In early 1966 she had a transatlantic number-one hit with \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\". She appeared on TV in high boots, and with colorfully dressed go-go dancers, creating a popular and enduring image of the Swinging Sixties. The song was written by Lee Hazlewood, who wrote and produced most of her hits and sang with her on several duets, including \"Some Velvet Morning\". In 1966 and 1967, Sinatra charted with 13 titles, all of which featured",
"title": "Nancy Sinatra"
},
{
"id": "1446271",
"text": "follow-ups to \"Don't Make Me Over\" — \"This Empty Place\" (with \"B\" side \"Wishin' and Hopin' \" later recorded by Dusty Springfield) and \"Make The Music Play\" — charted briefly in the top 100. Her fourth single, \"Anyone Who Had a Heart,\" released in December 1963, was Warwick's first top 10 pop hit (#8) in the U.S. and also an international million seller. This was followed by \"Walk On By\" in April 1964, a major international hit and million seller that solidified her career. For the rest of the 1960s, Warwick was a fixture on the U.S. and Canadian charts,",
"title": "Dionne Warwick"
},
{
"id": "5826921",
"text": "The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \"Make It Easy on Yourself\" and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit",
"title": "The Walker Brothers"
},
{
"id": "10461155",
"text": "Judy Stone Judith Anne Stone AM (born 1 January 1942) is an Australian pop and country music singer. For much of the 1960s she was a regular performer on \"Bandstand\", a pop music TV show, hosted by Brian Henderson. Stone's top 20 singles on the national charts are \"I'll Step Down\" (No. 19, February 1962), \"4,003,221 Tears from Now\" (April 1964), \"Born a Woman\" (No. 3, September 1966) and \"Would You Lay with Me\" (No. 2, June 1974). On the Queen's Birthday Honours List of June 2006, Stone was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia, with the citation,",
"title": "Judy Stone"
},
{
"id": "15467667",
"text": "of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases. Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also managed to generate four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \"Elvis' Golden Records\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. On January 20, 1960, Presley was promoted to sergeant. The army held",
"title": "Elvis Presley's Army career"
},
{
"id": "9371259",
"text": "award from \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. Peter Green (later to become Peter Lee Stirling) started his career as the guitarist and vocalist with a band called the Beachcombers that played gigs in the Birmingham area during the period from 1958 to 1962. Their fortunes changed when they encountered Tommy Bruce, who had a number 3 hit in 1960 with \"Ain't Misbehavin\". This, and some subsequent releases, had been attributed to 'Tommy Bruce and the Bruisers', despite the fact that the instrumental backings were provided by session musicians at EMI. Bruce's account of the meeting was as follows: \"I met them up",
"title": "Daniel Boone (singer)"
},
{
"id": "7520627",
"text": "Colin Burgess (musician) Colin John Burgess (born 16 November 1946) is an Australian musician who was a drummer in the rock group the Masters Apprentices from 1968 to 1972 and was the original drummer for hard rockers AC/DC (November 1973–February 1974). The Masters Apprentices had top 20 singles chart success with \"5:10 Man\", \"Think about Tomorrow Today\", \"Turn Up Your Radio\" and \"Because I Love You\". In 1998 The Masters Apprentices, with Burgess, were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. He has performed in various bands with his brother, Denny Burgess, on bass guitar and vocals, including His Majesty.",
"title": "Colin Burgess (musician)"
},
{
"id": "11018031",
"text": "I'm Telling You Now \"I'm Telling You Now\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \"I'm Telling You Now\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's subsidiary, Tower Records, re-released the song, which became extremely popular and propelled Freddie and the Dreamers to pop-music",
"title": "I'm Telling You Now"
},
{
"id": "15506246",
"text": "recorded songs issued after their deaths) and enjoyed strong followings for many years. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year ...",
"title": "Music history of the United States in the 1960s"
},
{
"id": "2072029",
"text": "Brunswick was a New York-based label, but under the aegis of producer and A&R man Carl Davis in Chicago, the company produced a large body of Chicago style soul, beginning in 1966, when Jackie Wilson started recording in Chicago. Wilson's biggest hit with Davis was \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher.\" Other Brunswick artists included The Chi-Lites (\"Oh Girl\"), The Artistics (\"I'm Gonna Miss You\"), Barbara Acklin (\"Love Makes A Woman\"), Tyrone Davis (\"Turn Back the Hands of Time\"), and Gene Chandler (\"The Girl Don't Care\"). Brunswick was eventually acquired by Carl Davis, and the offices moved to",
"title": "Chicago soul"
},
{
"id": "4574049",
"text": "York, merging American R&B styles with Afro-Cuban instrumentation. Cuba was one of the key architects behind the emerging Latin Boogaloo sound, which became a popular and influential Latin style in the latter half of the 1960s. In 1966, his band scored a hit on the United States National Hit Parade List with the song \"Bang Bang\"— which helped kick off the popularity of the boogaloo. He also had a No. 1 hit that year on the \"Billboard\" charts with the song \"Sock It To Me\". On April 1999, Joe Cuba was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.",
"title": "Joe Cuba"
},
{
"id": "1963434",
"text": "\"Billboard\" pop charts on January 16, 1961 (No. 1 pop, Cash Box), which established Motown as an independent company worthy of notice. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes' \"Please Mr. Postman\" made it to the top of both charts. Gordy's gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists' public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Over the next decade, he signed such artists as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations, Jimmy Ruffin, the Contours, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, the Commodores, the Velvelettes, Martha and",
"title": "Berry Gordy"
},
{
"id": "8837614",
"text": "Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song) \"Let's Party\" was a popular single by Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers. The third single by the father and son DJ team Andy and John Pickles it reached the top of the UK Singles Chart for a single week in December 1989. They became only the third act to reach No. 1 with their first three singles, following on from Gerry and the Pacemakers in 1964 and Frankie Goes to Hollywood in 1984, and took the shortest time to achieve the feat. The record follows on from the formula which took their",
"title": "Let's Party (Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers song)"
},
{
"id": "11449890",
"text": "of a repentant, aging gambler, looking back on his wasted life. The most famous such song is \"The House of the Rising Sun\". Lonnie Donegan recorded \"Gamblin' Man\" as the B-side to \"Putting on the Style\" and took \"Jack O' Diamonds\" to number 1 in the UK in 1957. Other games such as tennis, boating and croquet were middle-class pursuits and are not mentioned in folk-songs. However, a collection of Victorian and Edwardian parlour songs, \"Play the Game\" was recorded by Ian Partridge, Peter Savidge and Jennifer Partridge with The Song and Supper Club in 2001. Whaling could be considered",
"title": "Sporting song"
},
{
"id": "6460439",
"text": "B. J. Wilson Barrie James Wilson (18 March 1947 – 8 October 1990) was an English rock drummer. He was best known as a member of Procol Harum for the majority of their original career from 1967 to 1977. Wilson was born in Edmonton, London, and grew up in Ponders End. In 1962 he joined a Southend on Sea group The Paramounts, who scored a hit with \"Poison Ivy\" in 1964. After follow up singles failed to chart, the group disbanded in 1966 and Wilson went into session drumming, playing with Cat Stevens and Lulu. While he was busy with",
"title": "B. J. Wilson"
},
{
"id": "12408932",
"text": "Gary Loizzo Gary Alexander Loizzo (August 16, 1945 – January 16, 2016) was an American guitarist, singer, recording engineer, and record producer. He is best known for being the lead singer with The American Breed. Loizzo was the lead singer of The American Breed, formed in the mid 1960s. They had several hit records, including the million selling single \"Bend Me, Shape Me\" in 1967-1968 and two other top 40 Billboard singles \"Green Light\" and \"Step out of your Mind\" and other top 100 hits. Loizzo then went on to start his own recording studio called 'Pumpkin Studios' in the",
"title": "Gary Loizzo"
},
{
"id": "2248625",
"text": "The Seeds' first single, \"Can't Seem to Make You Mine\", was a regional hit in Southern California in 1965. The song was also played regularly on AM rock stations in northern California (and probably elsewhere), where it was well received by listeners, and eventually went on to become, and is considered today, a 60s cult classic song. The band had a national Top 40 hit, \"Pushin' Too Hard\", in 1966 and performed the song on national television. Three subsequent singles, \"Mr. Farmer\" (also 1966), a re-release of \"Can't Seem To Make You Mine\" (1967), and \"A Thousand Shadows\" (1967) achieved",
"title": "The Seeds"
},
{
"id": "6457426",
"text": "James Ray (singer) James Ray (1941 – c. 1964), born James Jay Raymond, was an African American R&B singer of the early 1960s best known for the hit single \"If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody\", which went to number 10 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart. and number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962. He also recorded the original version of \"Got My Mind Set on You\", later a number-one hit for George Harrison. Born in Washington, D.C., Ray stood just 5' tall and first recorded as Little Jimmy Ray, releasing \"Make Her Mine\" on the",
"title": "James Ray (singer)"
},
{
"id": "13367787",
"text": "in early 1988. This song was recorded by Little Jimmy Dickens (1965). In the 1960s it was covered in 1967 by Mel Tillis and released as a single where it went to #11, Charley Pride (1967), George Jones (1967), James Carr (1968), Sonny Strickland (Unknown year), and Ernest Tubb (1968). Many more famous country acts would cover the song such as Willie Nelson and Conway Twitty. \"Life Turned Her That Way\" reached #1 on both the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart and on The Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart. It was his first single to reach #1 on that chart.",
"title": "Life Turned Her That Way"
},
{
"id": "8077795",
"text": "Records, \"What More Do You Want\" as the Ivy League. Their luck changed when Herman's Hermits recorded \"Can't You Hear My Heartbeat\" and took it to number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States. In the UK it was a smaller hit for Goldie and the Gingerbreads. They then provided backing vocals for \"I Can't Explain\", by the Who. In 1965 and 1966, The Ivy League scored four UK chart hits, including \"Tossing and Turning\", which reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and \"Funny How Love Can Be\" top 10 hit. By early 1966 Carter",
"title": "John Carter (musician)"
},
{
"id": "9522607",
"text": "Bill Shankly had won promotion in 1962 and soon after won the league title in 1964, and again in 1966, with an FA Cup in between; their neighbours Everton meanwhile had similar success, taking two league titles in 1963 and 1970, and the FA Cup in 1966. Players who dominated the English scene during the 1960s include Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst, Bobby Charlton, George Best, Denis Law, Jimmy Greaves, Francis Lee, Jeff Astle, Gordon Banks and Roger Hunt. With the exception of Best and Law, all of these players appeared for the England team, with six of them being in",
"title": "History of football in England"
},
{
"id": "7224815",
"text": "dates. Both disc sales exceeded one million copies, resulting in R.I.A.A. gold record awards by 1969. The group had nine Billboard Hot 100 Singles hits from 1966 to 1968, including versions of \"Go Away Little Girl\" (#12) (a #1 hit for Steve Lawrence in 1962 and later for Donny Osmond in 1971) and \"My Mammy\" (#13) (popularized by Al Jolson in the 1920s). They also both achieved sales in excess of one million copies, garnering the group another couple of gold records. \"Hare Krishna,\" a version of a song from the musical \"Hair\" (1969), was the group's last Hot 100",
"title": "The Happenings"
},
{
"id": "119023",
"text": "induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including \"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck\", the best-selling \"Hard Headed Woman\", and \"One Night\" in 1958, and \"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" and the number one \"A Big Hunk o' Love\" in 1959. RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully \"Elvis' Golden Records\" (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart. Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged three days later with the rank of sergeant. The train that carried him from",
"title": "Elvis Presley"
},
{
"id": "5172114",
"text": "Gordon Waller Gordon Trueman Riviere Waller (4 June 1945 – 17 July 2009) was a Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known as Gordon of the 1960s pop music duo Peter and Gordon, whose biggest hit was the No. 1 million-selling classic \"A World Without Love\". Waller was born in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of a prominent surgeon. The family later moved to Middlesex, when Waller was a child, where Waller gained entrance to Westminster School. While attending Westminster School, he met fellow student Peter Asher, also the son of a doctor, and they began playing together as a duo",
"title": "Gordon Waller"
},
{
"id": "9853035",
"text": "climb in the UK Singles Chart. At the end of August the record reached No. 1. Outside the UK \"Have I the Right?\" was a big success too. The song became #1 in Australia, Canada and Sweden. In the US the record reached #5 and in the Netherlands #2. \"Have I the Right?\" sold worldwide about two million copies within a year. In July 1965, the British music magazine \"NME\" reported that it had been agreed in the London High Court that \"Have I the Right?\" was the work of Howard and Blaikley. Composer Geoff Goddard agreed to drop allegations",
"title": "Have I the Right?"
},
{
"id": "3675691",
"text": "massive wave of chart success that would continue until the Beatles broke up in 1970. On 4 April 1964, the Beatles held the top 5 positions on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart, the only time to date that any act has accomplished this. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles in the US. Other acts that were part of the \"invasion\" included The Who, The Kinks,",
"title": "British rock music"
},
{
"id": "3697838",
"text": "Byrds' first single, a jangly cover of Bob Dylan's \"Mr. Tambourine Man\", was an international hit and marked the birth of folk rock. During the mid-1960s the Byrds ranked as one of the most successful and influential American pop groups; they recorded a string of hits, including \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\", \"Eight Miles High\" and \"So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star\". Hillman kept a low profile on the band's first two albums, on which McGuinn and Clark shared lead vocals with Crosby adding high harmony and singing the bridge on \"All I Really Want to Do\". However,",
"title": "Chris Hillman"
},
{
"id": "20069834",
"text": "was an American vocal group that had 40 charted singles on the Billboard \"Hot 100 Chart\" between 1955 and 1967, including four No. 1 hits, and for a period of time was the most successful vocal group in the world. From the age of 20 to the present time, Conti has performed with some of the world's greatest artists both in the studio and touring the globe, including Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Gene Simmons, Wilson Pickett, Jose Feliciano, Richie Sambora, Paul Simon, Earth, Wind & Fire, Rita Coolidge, Helen Reddy, Karen Carpenter, Laura Brannigan, Player, Raquel Welch, The Brooklyn Dreams",
"title": "Bob Conti"
},
{
"id": "764030",
"text": "and Smoky Dawson. Dusty married singer-songwriter Joy McKean in 1951 and went on to become Australia's biggest selling domestic music artist with more than 7 million record sales. British-born country singer and yodeller, Frank Ifield, was one of the first Australian post-war performers to gain widespread international recognition. After returning to the UK in 1959 Ifield was successful in the early 1960s, becoming the first performer to have three consecutive number-one hits on the UK charts: \"I Remember You\", \"Lovesick Blues\" (both 1962) and \"The Wayward Wind\" (1963). \"I Remember You\" was also a Top 5 hit in the US.",
"title": "Music of Australia"
},
{
"id": "4197831",
"text": "and Barclay James Harvest and 10cc in the early 1970s. \"Top of the Pops\" was also recorded by the BBC at this time in the city. In 1965, Herman's Hermits outsold The Beatles, selling over 10 million records in seven months. Manchester bands Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders and Herman's Hermits topped the American Billboard charts consecutively during mid-April – May 1965. In 1965, all three bands were numbers 1, 2 and 3 on the US Billboard top 100 for one week. Graham Nash of The Hollies moved to California to become part of the rapidly",
"title": "Popular music of Manchester"
},
{
"id": "1443416",
"text": "Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \"Itchycoo Park\", \"Lazy Sunday\", \"All or Nothing\", and \"Tin Soldier\", as well as their concept album \"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until 1969. The",
"title": "Small Faces"
},
{
"id": "6280098",
"text": "with familiar songs (like \"Blue Suede Shoes\" and \"Money (That's What I Want)\") that suited the mood of the program. Rock and roll revival Rock and Roll Revival was a back-to-basics musical trend of the late 1960s and early 1970s, in a sort-of backlash against the heavier and psychedelic rock sounds then in vogue. As the Sixties ended, several early rock and rollers like Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley & His Comets and Bo Diddley, who had been out of fashion since the British Invasion, experienced a resurgence in popularity, performing their old hits",
"title": "Rock and roll revival"
},
{
"id": "13591880",
"text": "in April 1964 saw them, uniquely, hold the top 5 positions on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart simultaneously. During the next two years, Peter and Gordon, The Animals, Manfred Mann, Petula Clark, Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, The Rolling Stones, The Troggs, and Donovan would have one or more number one singles. Other acts that were part of the invasion included The Dave Clark Five, Tom Jones, The Kinks and The Who At this point most of the British Invasion bands did not distinguish their rock 'n' roll or blues based music from",
"title": "British pop music"
},
{
"id": "1755751",
"text": "early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \"Walk Through This World With Me\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \"Love Bug\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\", \"The Race Is On\", \"My Favorite Lies\", \"I'll Share My World with You\", \"Take Me\" (a",
"title": "George Jones"
},
{
"id": "4382526",
"text": "roster, including Gracie Fields and Joan Regan. He recorded his first solo single \"Party Pops\" in 1957, a \"medley of standard songs\" which included \"Roll the Carpet Up\" and \"The Westminster Waltz\". Between 1957 and 1963, Conway had 20 UK chart hits, and in 1959 alone he achieved a cumulative total of 83 weeks on the UK Singles Chart. This included two self-penned number one instrumentals, \"Side Saddle\" and \"Roulette\", the latter deposing Elvis Presley's \"A Fool Such As I\". He appeared frequently on light entertainment TV shows and radio for many years afterwards, performing at the London Palladium on",
"title": "Russ Conway"
},
{
"id": "2544059",
"text": "beat boom of this era included the Rolling Stones, the Kinks and the Yardbirds. The term \"British Invasion\" was mainstreamed by T.V. reporter Walter Cronkite to describe the Beatles' arrival in the United States and the outbreak of Beatlemania in 1964. Their appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" soon after led to chart success. During the next two years, the Animals, Petula Clark, the Dave Clark Five, the Rolling Stones, Donovan, Peter and Gordon, Manfred Mann, Freddie and the Dreamers, The Zombies, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman’s Hermits, and the Troggs would have one or more number one singles",
"title": "Beat music"
},
{
"id": "5988752",
"text": "dances, including the Mashed Potato, the Jerk, and the Freddie. The dance was also done by Ozzie Nelson and called out by name at the end of an episode titled flying down to Mexico for lunch which also featured music by Herb Alpert and his Tijuana Brass. Freddie (dance) The Freddie was a short-lived 1960s fad dance prompted by the release of the songs \"I'm Telling You Now,\" and \"Do the Freddie,\" both by the British band, Freddie and the Dreamers. \"Do the Freddie\" had been a #18 hit in the United States in 1965, and American dance craze stalwart",
"title": "Freddie (dance)"
},
{
"id": "1309295",
"text": "Am I\", was co-written by Norma Tanega and Norma Kutzer. By late 1966, Springfield was in a domestic relationship with Tanega – a US-born singer-songwriter who had a UK Top 30 hit with the novelty song, \"Walkin' My Cat Named Dog\". Springfield's ITV series \"It Must Be Dusty\" was broadcast in May and June 1968, episode six featured a duet performance of \"Mockingbird\" with singer-guitarist Jimi Hendrix fronting his band, The Experience. By 1968 Carole King, a songwriter whom Springfield had frequently tapped for material, had embarked on a solo singing career, while her relationship with the chart-peaking Bacharach-David partnership",
"title": "Dusty Springfield"
},
{
"id": "7297314",
"text": "B. A. Robertson Brian Alexander \"B. A.\" Robertson (born 12 September 1956) is a Scottish musician, actor, composer and songwriter. He had a string of hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, characterised by catchy pop tunes and jaunty, humorous lyrics, most notably \"Bang Bang\", a tongue-in-cheek commentary on famous historical and fictional couples. He co-wrote the Grammy-nominated and Ivor Novello Award-winning \"The Living Years\". It was a number one hit in the USA, Canada, Australia and Ireland and reached #2 in his native UK. He has also written music for films and been a television presenter. Born in",
"title": "B. A. Robertson"
},
{
"id": "2302073",
"text": "Roy Wood Roy Wood (born 8 November 1946) is an English singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He was particularly successful in the 1960s and 1970s as member and co-founder of the Move, Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard. As a songwriter, he contributed a number of hits to the repertoire of these bands. Collectively, hit records by the Move, Electric Light Orchestra, Wizzard, and Wood's own solo singles demonstrated an impressive chart run for an individual, both as composer and performer. Altogether he had more than 20 singles in the UK Singles Chart under various guises, including three UK No. 1 hits. The",
"title": "Roy Wood"
},
{
"id": "5082484",
"text": "The Hollywood Argyles The Hollywood Argyles were an American musical ensemble, assembled for studio recordings by the producer and songwriter Kim Fowley and his friend and fellow musician Gary S. Paxton. They had a US number one hit record, \"Alley Oop\" (Lute Records 5905) in 1960. According to Paxton – who, at the time, was half of Skip & Flip – \"Alley Oop\" was written by Dallas Frazier as a country tune: \"As for the name, Kim Fowley and I were living in a $15-a-week room in Hollywood... Since I was still under contract (to Brent Records) as 'Flip,' I",
"title": "The Hollywood Argyles"
},
{
"id": "6918119",
"text": "Billy Thorpe William Richard \"Billy\" Thorpe, AM (29 March 1946 – 28 February 2007) was an English-born Australian pop / rock singer-songwriter, producer,and musician. As lead singer of his band Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, he had success in the 1960s with \"Blue Day\", \"Poison Ivy\", \"Over the Rainbow\", \"Sick and Tired\", \"Baby, Hold Me Close\" and \"Mashed Potato\"; and in the 1970s with \"Most People I Know Think That I'm Crazy\". Featuring in concerts at Sunbury Pop Festivals and Myer Music Bowl in the early 1970s, the Aztecs also developed the pub rock scene and were one of the",
"title": "Billy Thorpe"
},
{
"id": "5820797",
"text": "outside in the hundreds,\" he recalled. \"They were always yanking off my glasses and pulling out tufts of hair, which was very, very painful.\" The Mindbenders split with Fontana in late 1965. They had a UK No. 2 hit with \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in early 1966 with Stewart on vocals. They reached the top 20 later that year with \"Ashes To Ashes\". Stewart, who was devoting more time to songwriting, became disenchanted with the Mindbenders towards the end of its existence, realising the material they were playing was drifting further from the music for which they had gained",
"title": "Eric Stewart"
},
{
"id": "7718892",
"text": "Jack Greene Jack Henry Greene (January 7, 1930 – March 14, 2013) was an American country musician. Nicknamed the \"Jolly Greene Giant\" due to his height and deep voice, Greene was a long time member of the Grand Ole Opry. A three-time Grammy Award nominee, Greene is best known for his 1966 hit, \"There Goes My Everything\". The song dominated the Country music charts for nearly two months in 1967 and earned Greene \"Male Vocalist of the Year\", \"Single of the Year\", \"Album of the Year\" and \"Song of the Year\" honors from the Country Music Association. Greene had a",
"title": "Jack Greene"
},
{
"id": "12649342",
"text": "was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \"rock and roll\" stations. \"Billboard\" first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \"Boll Weevil Song\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \"not too far out in either direction\". Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of",
"title": "Adult contemporary music"
},
{
"id": "1443447",
"text": "General Specific Small Faces Small Faces were an English rock band from East London. The group was founded in 1965 by members Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane, Kenney Jones, and Jimmy Winston, although by 1966 Winston was replaced by Ian McLagan as the band's keyboardist. The band is remembered as one of the most acclaimed and influential mod groups of the 1960s with memorable hit songs such as \"Itchycoo Park\", \"Lazy Sunday\", \"All or Nothing\", and \"Tin Soldier\", as well as their concept album \"Ogdens' Nut Gone Flake\". They later evolved into one of the UK's most successful psychedelic bands until",
"title": "Small Faces"
},
{
"id": "11018032",
"text": "stardom. The dancing by Freddie and the band during this song spawned a minor dance fad, \"The Freddie\". I'm Telling You Now \"I'm Telling You Now\" is a song by Freddie Garrity and Mitch Murray, originally performed by Freddie and the Dreamers, that hit number one on the American \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1965. Murray also wrote songs for other British artists during the 1960s, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Manfred Mann, and Georgie Fame. \"I'm Telling You Now\" was first released in 1963 on Capitol Records, USA/Canada and on Columbia, UK/India/Netherlands/Sweden, but was not successful. Two years later, Capitol's",
"title": "I'm Telling You Now"
},
{
"id": "9371263",
"text": "the subsequent releases, \"Your Turn To Cry\" and \"I Believe\", were unsuccessful. The first use of the full name 'Peter Lee Stirling' was in 1964 on \"Sad, Lonely and Blue\", but none of the eight records issued between 1964 and 1970 under this name entered the UK chart. However, Stirling went on to write or co-write \"I Think of You\" and \"Don't Turn Around\", both of which were hits for The Merseybeats, and co-wrote \"I Belong\" for Kathy Kirby, which came second in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1965. The Bruisers broke up in 1967 and Stirling became the co-owner,",
"title": "Daniel Boone (singer)"
},
{
"id": "1428061",
"text": "song had been a UK No. 5 for Pitney in 1967. The duet brought him his first UK No. 1, in late January 1989. The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \"Love Decides\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.",
"title": "Gene Pitney"
},
{
"id": "7331250",
"text": "1950s retro band, Fanis. Baker saw them perform in 1975 and became their manager, changing their name to Ol' 55 after the Tom Waits song. Baker's management was astute and presented the group as a combination of retro kitsch, rock music and clever theatrics. Baker introduced chartered accountant Peter Brian to the band, and he became their versatile front man Frankie J. Holden; in October, Baker recruited saxophone player Nick Aitken, who performed as Wilbur Wilde. Ol' 55 had hit singles with \"On the Prowl\", \"Looking for an Echo\" and the number one \"(I Want A) Rockin' Christmas\" (which Baker",
"title": "Glenn A. Baker"
},
{
"id": "3015937",
"text": "Rick Derringer Rick Derringer (born Ricky Dean Zehringer; August 5, 1947) is an American guitarist, vocalist, Grammy Award-winning producer and entertainer. He came to prominence in the 1960s as a member of the McCoys, when he was brought in to record lead vocals for the number-one hit single with \"Hang On Sloopy\". He then turned to blues rock, scoring a 1974 hit with \"Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo\". He has worked extensively with brothers Edgar and Johnny Winter, and with the group Steely Dan. He also worked with \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, producing Yankovic's Grammy Award-winning songs \"Eat It\" and \"Fat\",",
"title": "Rick Derringer"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10, 1961 and R&B chart and has since become a standard on oldies compilations. It was named the number-one single on the \"Billboard\" chart for 1961, after spending seven consecutive weeks at the top. It was featured on the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". On the original hit single version, the track\n\nWho had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?",
"compressed_tokens": 213,
"origin_tokens": 214,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context: \"Billboard\" magazine ranked song as the 27th biggest song of all time that charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the chart. It is one of only six songs from the 1960s to spend at least seven weeks in the number one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Tossin' and Turnin' \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10,\n\ntitle: Tossin' and Turnin' context Tossin' and TurninTossin' and Turnin'\" is a song written by Ritchie Adams and Malou Rene, and originally recorded by Bobby Lewis in the fall of 1960. The record was released in December 1960,and it reached number one on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on July 10 196 and R&B chart has since standard on old compilations It was the number- on \"Billboard\" chart for 196 after sp seven consecutive weeks at the top It was featured the soundtrack for the 1978 film \"Animal House\". original version the track\n: Music of United States in the196:) and strongings many years. aend al of No. onBill\" tochanging data methods. When90s de, four. 1 songs tofive, one counts Martyb \"El Paso by mid-1s, there always at songs topping chart annually.16, there than2 top spot for the first time ever in a single calendar year\n: Gene: song been a UK5 for in6 brought1,8 The single remained at the top for four weeks, and also went to No. 1 in Germany, Finland, Switzerland and Ireland. Pitney and Almond appeared on the Terry Wogan television show in Britain. In 2000, Pitney sang harmony vocals on Jane Olivor's recording of his 1962 hit, \"Half Heaven – Half Heartache\", which was released on her 'comeback' album \"Love Decides\". On 18 March 2002, Pitney was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\n\nWho had a big 60s No 1 with Tossin' and Turnin'?",
"compressed_tokens": 560,
"origin_tokens": 15327,
"ratio": "27.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
196 | Sam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio? | [
"Structure of the Sun",
"Sun",
"Orbit of the sun",
"Solar X-ray astronomy",
"Internal structure of the Sun",
"🌞",
"The Sun",
"Solarian",
"Solar glare",
"Layers of the Sun",
"Solar photosphere",
"Solar atmosphere",
"Solar magnetic field",
"Sun (astronomy)",
"Sun gravity",
"Sunlike",
"The sun",
"Atmosphere of the Sun",
"Exploration of the Sun",
"Sun (song)",
"Sun's orbit",
"Local Star",
"Sun characteristics",
"Sol (star)",
"Sun (star)",
"Solar diameter",
"Orbit of the Sun",
"Local star",
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"Heliology",
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] | Sun | [
{
"id": "905604",
"text": "Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake",
"title": "Sam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "961450",
"text": "Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in 1950 at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. There, he discovered and first recorded such influential musicians as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison and Jerry Lee Lewis. Presley's recording contract was eventually sold to RCA Victor Records for $35,000 in 1955 to relieve Sun's financial difficulties. Before those records, Sun had concentrated mainly",
"title": "Sun Records"
},
{
"id": "12296540",
"text": "by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Record Collector magazine valued the Beatles related disc (still owned by McCartney) at a value of UK£ 200,000 in their 2016 \"Rare Record Price Guide.\" (A similar one off acetate recording by a pre famous Elvis Presley by Sam Phillips sold at auction for a similar amount previously). Phillips' Sound Recording Services Phillips' Sound Recording Services was a studio in the house of Percy Francis Phillips (1896–1984) and his family at 38 Kensington, Kensington, Liverpool, England. Between the years of 1955 and 1969, Phillips recorded numerous",
"title": "Phillips' Sound Recording Services"
},
{
"id": "4145744",
"text": "Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella a Nashville studio, where famed CBS Records producer Billy Sherrill",
"title": "Phillips Recording"
},
{
"id": "4145746",
"text": "Knox Phillips has overseen the studio's operations in recent years. Phillips Recording Phillips Recording is the short name widely used to refer to the Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio opened at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, by Sam Phillips in 1960. Internationally regarded at that time as a state-of-the-art facility, it was built to fill the needs of the Sun Records recording label that the older, smaller Sun Records Studio was no longer able to handle. This Memphis studio was originally a division of a larger corporation, Sam Phillips Recording Service, Inc., which also briefly included under its umbrella",
"title": "Phillips Recording"
},
{
"id": "961455",
"text": "Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis grouped round Elvis Presley at the piano, the night when the four joined in an impromptu jam at Sun Records' one-room sound studio, the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" of 4 December 1956. A TV series about the label ran for eight episodes on CMT from February to April, 2017. Sun Records Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. Sun was the first company to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash. Sam Phillips opened his recording studio in",
"title": "Sun Records"
},
{
"id": "4145685",
"text": "Bros. and Chris Isaak & Silvertone to name a few. In 2003 it was officially recognized as a National Historic Landmark tourist attraction. Sun Studio regularly releases studio session podcasts on YouTube and on Public Television. Sun Studio have announced that PBS affiliate stations will be showing a 30-minute series of \"Sun Studio Sessions\" starting in January 2010. Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business.",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "10296369",
"text": "by Sam Phillips, the owner of Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Phillips released Presley's recording contract to RCA for the substantial sum, in 1955 dollars, of $35,000 (). This gave RCA the rights to all of Presley's masters recorded at Sun. The first disc presents all eighteen Sun titles from professional recording sessions during the singer's stay at the label. The opening ten tracks comprise the A and b sides of the five officially released Presley singles on the Sun label. Outtakes from sessions at Sun were used to fill in catalogue items for RCA, with five used for Presley's",
"title": "Sunrise (Elvis Presley album)"
},
{
"id": "905620",
"text": "Fame, and in 2012 he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Memphis Music Hall of Fame. Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, on July 30, 2003, only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark, and just over a month before the death of former Sun Records recording star Johnny Cash, on September 12, 2003. Phillips is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis. Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in",
"title": "Sam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "591226",
"text": "and 1960s. Beale Street is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American blues, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were \"discovered\" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues. Stax Records created a classic 1960s soul music sound, much grittier and horn-based than",
"title": "Memphis, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "4145659",
"text": "Sun Studio Sun Studio is a recording studio opened by rock-and-roll pioneer Sam Phillips at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 3, 1950. It was originally called Memphis Recording Service, sharing the same building with the Sun Records label business. Reputedly the first rock and roll single, Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats' \"Rocket 88\" was recorded there in 1951 with song composer Ike Turner on keyboards, leading the studio to claim status as the birthplace of rock & roll. Blues and R&B artists like Howlin' Wolf, Junior Parker, Little Milton, B.B. King, James Cotton, Rufus Thomas, and",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "905609",
"text": "inspire his work in Memphis. Beginning in 1945, he worked for four years as an announcer and sound engineer for radio station WREC, in Memphis. On January 3, 1950, Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service, at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. He let amateurs record, which drew performers such as B.B. King, Junior Parker, and Howlin' Wolf, who made their first recordings there. Phillips then sold the recordings to larger labels. In addition to musical performances, Phillips recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings. The Memphis Recording Service also served as the studio for Phillips's own label,",
"title": "Sam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "2547543",
"text": "called the Cimmerons to entertain his fellow soldiers. Wayne Hause, a neighbor, suggested that Jenkins could make it in the music industry. Soon after hearing Elvis Presley's song \"Mystery Train\", Jenkins began writing rock and roll material. He went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and worked with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder, to get the \"right\" sound. Allegedly, in 1957, Jenkins decided that his real name was not memorable enough and sought a better show business name. In \"The Billboard Book of Number One Hits\" Fred Bronson states that the singer was looking at a road map",
"title": "Conway Twitty"
},
{
"id": "905615",
"text": "Got a Hole in It\"), Charlie Rich, Junior Parker, and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, and others, such as Jerry Lee Lewis, BB King, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, and Carl Perkins, became stars. Phillips's pivotal role in the early days of rock and roll was exemplified by a celebrated jam session on December 4, 1956, with what became known as the Million Dollar Quartet. Jerry Lee Lewis was playing piano for a Carl Perkins recording session at Phillips's studio. When Elvis Presley walked in unexpectedly, Johnny Cash was called into the studio by Phillips, leading to",
"title": "Sam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "4145660",
"text": "Rosco Gordon recorded there in the early 1950s. Rock and roll, country music, and rockabilly artists, including Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Charlie Feathers, Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded there throughout the mid-to-late 1950s until the studio outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 1959 to replace the older facility. Since Phillips had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "6017489",
"text": "Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \"High School Confidential\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \"Great Balls of Fire\" and \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\" The album is sometimes referred to as \"High School Confidential\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.",
"title": "Jerry Lee Lewis (album)"
},
{
"id": "4145661",
"text": "In 1957, Bill Justis recorded his Grammy Hall of Fame song \"Raunchy\" for Sam Phillips and worked as a musical director at Sun Records. In 1969, Sam Phillips sold the label to Shelby Singleton, and there was no recording-related or label-related activity again in the building until the September 1985 \"Class of '55\" recording sessions with Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Johnny Cash, produced by Chips Moman. In 1987, the original building housing the Sun Records label and Memphis Recording Service was reopened by Gary Hardy as \"Sun Studio,\" a recording label and tourist attraction that has",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "9039466",
"text": "WLFP WLFP is a country music radio station. It is licensed to Germantown, Tennessee, and serves the Memphis area. The station broadcasts at 94.1 MHz frequency. WLFP broadcasts in HD. WLFP is a Class C2 FM station that transmits with an ERP of 50,000 watts from a tower just south of the Mississippi state line, near Olive Branch, Mississippi, and its studios are located in Southeast Memphis. The station's original owner was Sam Phillips, who founded Memphis' Sun Records in the 1950s, and is credited with discovering Elvis Presley. The station was originally WLVS-FM (named in honor of Elvis Presley)",
"title": "WLFP"
},
{
"id": "12296539",
"text": "mine [and Harrison] on the other side that's never been released before.\" Other customers of Phillips' studio included The Swinging Blue Jeans, Brian Epstein, Freddie Starr, Willy Russell, Liverpool F.C. supporters club, and players from Everton F.C.. Denny Seyton and The Sabres recorded \"Little Latin Lupe Lu\" (Bill Medley) in the studio in 1963. Phillips closed the studio in 1969, the record shop in 1974, and died in 1984, at the Royal Liverpool Hospital. The recording of The Quarrymen acetate and the site of Phillips' Sound Recording Services was commemorated on 26 August 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled",
"title": "Phillips' Sound Recording Services"
},
{
"id": "4145745",
"text": "got his start, and a studio in Tupelo, Mississippi for demos. The Nashville and Tupelo studios were short-lived. Sun Records' many artists recorded there until 1969, when the label was sold to Mercury Records producer Shelby Singleton of Nashville. Phillips Recording continued operating, and hosted recordings by a newer generation of rock-and-roll groups like the Cramps, starting in 1979, drawn in part by the mystique of Sam Phillips. Numerous Memphis veteran sessions musicians of several genres, from soul to country, rock and others, have worked there over the years, and the studio still records various musical styles. Sam Phillips' son",
"title": "Phillips Recording"
},
{
"id": "905613",
"text": "already a well-known Memphis radio personality. On 18 July 1953, the eighteen-year-old Presley dropped into the studio to record an acetate for his mother's birthday; Keisker thought she heard some talent in the young truck driver's voice, and so she turned on the tape recorder. Later, she played it for Phillips, who gradually, with Keisker's encouragement, warmed to the idea of recording Elvis. Presley, who recorded his version of Arthur \"Big Boy\" Crudup's \"That's All Right\" at Phillips's studio, became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States. He auditioned for Phillips in 1954, but it was",
"title": "Sam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "8414251",
"text": "Johnny Cash Sun Records discography The Johnny Cash Sun Records discography details the music recorded by country music legend Johnny Cash and released on Sun Records. From late 1954 to July, 1958, Cash recorded for Sun Records, a label founded by Sam Phillips and located at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Despite making his final recordings for Sun in 1958 and subsequently moving to Columbia Records, Phillips amassed sufficient backlog to continue to release new material by Cash in single and album format until as late as 1964. Cash was the first Sun artist to release an LP The following",
"title": "Johnny Cash Sun Records discography"
},
{
"id": "118971",
"text": "the record as a gift for his mother, or that he was merely interested in what he \"sounded like\", although there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argued that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, \"I sing all kinds.\" When she pressed him on who he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, \"I don't sound like nobody.\" After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did",
"title": "Elvis Presley"
},
{
"id": "905618",
"text": "the first investors in Holiday Inn, a motel chain that was about to expand to a nationwide franchise; he became involved with the chain shortly after selling Elvis Presley's contract to RCA, for $35,000, which he multiplied many times over the years with Holiday Inn. He also created two subsidiary recording labels, Phillips International Records and Holiday Inn Records. He owned the Sun Studio Café in Memphis. One location was in the Mall of Memphis. Phillips and his family founded Big River Broadcasting Corporation, which owns and operates several radio stations in the Florence, Alabama, area, including WQLT-FM, WSBM, and",
"title": "Sam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "11424347",
"text": "B. King worked there as a disc jockey. B. B. King's moniker was derived from his WDIA nickname, \"Beale Street Blues Boy\", a reference to Memphis' Beale Street on which many nightclubs and blues venues were located. WHER, the first all-female station (\"All-Girl Radio\"), was founded in 1955 by the recording studio owner Sam Phillips and Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson. In addition to a rich musical heritage, Memphis also boasts a long culinary legacy dominated by regional barbecue. Memphis barbecue is rendered distinct by its sole usage of pork (as opposed to beef), focus on rib and shoulder cuts",
"title": "History of Memphis, Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "12398843",
"text": "Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \"Marvin Gaye Studios\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \"I Want You\", \"Here, My Dear\", the hit single \"Got to Give It Up\", his shelved",
"title": "Marvin's Room (studio)"
},
{
"id": "4145666",
"text": "Some biographers have suggested that it was Phillips' inventive creativeness that led to the song's unique sound, but others put it down to the fact that the amplifier used on the record was broken, leading to a \"fuzzy\" sound. The Sun Studio tour lends credence to the latter, with the tour guide saying the amplifier was stuffed with wads of newspaper. In early 1952, Phillips once again launched his own record label, this time calling it Sun Records. During his first year he recorded several artists who would go on to have successful careers. Among them were B.B. King, Joe",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "905616",
"text": "an impromptu session featuring the four musicians. Phillips challenged the four to achieve gold record sales, offering a free Cadillac to the first, which Carl Perkins won. The contest is commemorated in a song by the Drive-By Truckers. By the mid-1960s, Phillips rarely recorded. He built a satellite studio and opened radio stations, but the studio declined, and he sold Sun Records to Shelby Singleton in 1969. In 1977 Sam's sons, Knox and Jerry, were working with John Prine at the Phillips Recording Studio when Sam Phillips joined them to oversee recordings that were eventually included on the album \"Pink",
"title": "Sam Phillips"
},
{
"id": "4145663",
"text": "Larry Taylor and Richard Innes for his 2010 release at the studio. In July 2009, John Mellencamp recorded nine songs for his album \"No Better Than This\" at the studio. In 2011, Chris Isaak released \"Beyond the Sun,\" a collection of songs recorded at Sun Studio, most of which are cover versions of songs originally released on Sun Records. In January 1950, WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "3454904",
"text": "The Sun Sessions The Sun Sessions is a compilation album of Elvis Presley recordings at Sun Studios in 1954 and 1955. It was issued by RCA Records in 1976, and had been issued and charted as The Sun Collection in the UK the previous year. It features liner notes by Roy Carr of the New Musical Express. The album features most of the tracks Elvis recorded at Sun studio and were produced by Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Studios. Elvis began his singing career with Sun Records label in Memphis. Phillips signed Presley after hearing a song that he",
"title": "The Sun Sessions"
},
{
"id": "1265378",
"text": "Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road Studios (formerly known as EMI Recording Studios) is a recording studio at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established in November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, which owned it until Universal Music took control of part of EMI in 2013. Abbey Road Studios is most notable as being the 1960s' venue for innovative recording techniques adopted by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Hollies, as well as others. One of its earliest world-famous-artist clients was Paul Robeson, who recorded there in December",
"title": "Abbey Road Studios"
},
{
"id": "961375",
"text": "known as Franz Douskey), an occasional Memphis musician and friend of Sam Phillips, and Gary Skala, that Lewis went back to record at Sun Records. In 1960, Phillips opened a new state-of-the-art studio at 639 Madison Avenue in Memphis, abandoning the old Union Avenue studio where Phillips had recorded B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, Lewis, Johnny Cash and others, and also opened a studio in Nashville. It was at the latter studio that Lewis recorded his only major hit during this period, a rendition of Ray Charles's \"What'd I Say\" in 1961. In Europe, other",
"title": "Jerry Lee Lewis"
},
{
"id": "14986692",
"text": "chance meeting with Sunnyland Slim, Vinson relocated from Mississippi to Memphis, Tennessee. In the 1930s and 1940s, Vinson continued to play at local juke house and rural community parties. By the early 1950s, he was working as a custodian at the Taylor Boarding Home, where artists often stayed whilst recording next door at the Sun Records studio. Sun's founder and producer, Sam Phillips, occasionally asked Vinson to accompany musicians in the studio. Vinson played there with James Cotton on \"Cotton Crop Blues\" (1954) and with Jimmy DeBerry on \"Take a Little Chance\". Phillips also allowed Vinson to record some tracks",
"title": "Mose Vinson"
},
{
"id": "12398846",
"text": "the city. Marvin's Room (studio) Marvin's Room (originally named \"Marvin Gaye Studios\") is a recording studio founded by American recording artist Marvin Gaye in Los Angeles. Created by the singer in 1975 soon after re-negotiating his deal with Motown, the singer built the studios on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood as a spacious apartment-like complex, big enough to be a studio, home and, for a time, a dance club. It was once called \"the Studio 54 of the West Coast\". There, Gaye recorded his late-1970s material including \"I Want You\", \"Here, My Dear\", the hit single \"Got to Give It Up\",",
"title": "Marvin's Room (studio)"
},
{
"id": "4711307",
"text": "of the Country and Western and Rhythm and blues division, Steve Sholes. At the urging of Parker, on November 21, 1955, Sholes bought Presley's contract from Sam Phillips, the head of Sun Records and Studio, for the unprecedented sum of $35,000 (approximately $318,500 in 2017 dollars). Presley and rock and roll were still untested properties for the major labels in the music business, but this album, along with the number 1 single \"Heartbreak Hotel\", proved the selling power of both: it was the first RCA Victor pop album to earn more than $1,000,000, and in 1966 it had sold over",
"title": "Elvis Presley (album)"
},
{
"id": "1153606",
"text": "for the single. Sholes was attempting to recapture the Sun Records sound, but he was unaware that Sun founder Sam Phillips had used two tape recorders and a slight time delay to create it on previous Presley recordings. When Phillips first heard \"Heartbreak Hotel\", he remarked that it was a \"morbid mess\". Most others at RCA agreed, declaring \"Heartbreak Hotel\" a terrible choice of song, especially after hearing that the finished recording sounded nothing like Presley's Sun recordings. Internal memos from the time show that every one of RCA's executive corps disliked it so much that one of them insisted",
"title": "Heartbreak Hotel"
},
{
"id": "4145664",
"text": "now that it was a reality he was overjoyed. However, getting the company off the ground was not an easy task. To create revenue at the beginning, Phillips would record conventions, weddings, choirs, and even funerals. He also held an open door policy, allowing anybody to walk in and, for a small fee, record their own record. Phillips' slogan for his studio was \"We Record Anything, Anywhere, Anytime.\" In June, Phillips and a friend, local DJ Dewey Phillips who was no relation, set up their own record label called Phillips Records. The purpose of the label was to record \"negro",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "12296526",
"text": "popular records. In 1955, Phillips set up a recording studio called Phillips' Sound Recording Services. In 1958, The Quarrymen (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, John 'Duff' Lowe and Colin Hanton) recorded \"That'll Be The Day\", and \"In Spite of All the Danger\" in the studio. Other clients included Billy Fury, Ken Dodd, and Marty Wilde. Phillips died in 1984. The Quarrymen recording and the site of the studio was commemorated in 2005, when a Blue Plaque was unveiled by two of The Quarrymen (Lowe and Hanton) on the front of the house. Percy Phillips was born in March 1896,",
"title": "Phillips' Sound Recording Services"
},
{
"id": "1423742",
"text": "singles charted in the UK. The Mamas & the Papas cut their first three albums at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, while the group's subsequent releases were recorded at the eight-track studio John and Michelle Phillips built at their home in Bel Air (at a time when four-track recording was still the norm). John Phillips said, \"I got the idea to transform the attic into my own recording studio, so I could stay high all the time and never have to worry about studio time. I began assembling the state-of-the-art equipment and ran the cost up to about a hundred",
"title": "The Mamas & the Papas"
},
{
"id": "3916546",
"text": "Cordell Jackson Cordell Jackson (July 15, 1923 – October 14, 2004) was an American guitarist thought to be the first woman to produce, engineer, arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label. She was born in Pontotoc, Mississippi, on July 15, 1923, and died in Memphis, Tennessee, on October 14, 2004. Jackson founded the Moon Records label in Memphis in 1956 after a few years of recording demos at Sam Phillips' Memphis Recording Service and Sun Records Studio. Unable to break into the Sun Records label's stable of male artists, she received the advice and assistance",
"title": "Cordell Jackson"
},
{
"id": "12296531",
"text": "with his eight-year-old daughter, Carol, singing, \"Mr Sandman\". All the discs had \"Play with a light-weight pick-up\" on the label, as this would increase the life of the disc, which would eventually wear out. Phillips advertised the studio as Phillips' Sound Recording Services (also advertised as P. F. Phillips' Professional Tape & Disc Recording Service), and his business cards read: \"PF Phillips, 38 Kensington, Liverpool, 7. Television and Battery Service. Gramophone Record Dealer. Professional Tape and Disc Recording Studio.\" He started cutting discs for members of the public, as well as for actors from the Liverpool Playhouse, who often stayed",
"title": "Phillips' Sound Recording Services"
},
{
"id": "13871067",
"text": "Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave Davies put this and money from recent hits like \"Lola\" towards a new studio of their own in Hornsey, a mile down the road from their home territory of Muswell Hill. In the past few years the group had mainly been recording at Morgan Studios, in Willesden, London. Albums recorded there included \"Lola",
"title": "Konk (recording studio)"
},
{
"id": "930312",
"text": "in the area around the old Highbury stadium is highly sought after, and prices for apartments within the stadium start at £300k. For 40 years from 1965, Highbury New Park was home to Wessex Studios. Created by Beatles producer Sir George Martin (who grew up on Drayton Park in Highbury), the studios saw the recording of some of the best-known albums created by bands including Queen, Genesis, the Rolling Stones, the Sex Pistols and the Clash. The building is now a block of residential apartments called \"The Recording Studio\" and located at 106, Highbury New Park. (Refs: George Martin speaking",
"title": "Highbury"
},
{
"id": "1477621",
"text": "the other, but both sung in the same vein. Presley's unique musical style rocketed him into the spotlight, and drew masses of followers: \"But it's Presley's singing, halfway between a country western and a R&B rock 'n' roll style that has sent teenagers into a trance. Whether you like it or not, there will always be an Elvis Presley.\" Presley's first, historical recordings took place at Sun Records, a small independent label run by Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee. The historical significance of these first Presley recordings and their impact on future musical artists is well exemplified by the actions",
"title": "Rockabilly"
},
{
"id": "4145682",
"text": "seated at the piano surrounded by Lewis, Perkins and Cash (the uncropped version of the photo also includes Evans, shown seated atop the piano). This photo proves Cash was there, but the audio doesn't provide substantial proof he joined in on the session. For several years after Presley left Sun, Phillips had success with other acts. Sun Studio became known as a place that nurtured talent and then encouraged it to expand with bigger labels. In 1959, Phillips moved Sun Studio to larger premises at 639 Madison Avenue. By the mid 1960s, Phillips had lost interest in recording and had",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "13207675",
"text": "got five songs here last night. We asked ourselves, 'What the fuck were we doing in the 70s and 80s, spending days and days on a drum sound, when it was all right here the whole time?' \"Everything was set up exactly as Johnny Cash and Elvis Presley recorded. They had 'X' marks made with electrical tape on the floor where Elvis and his musicians stood and where the instruments were placed, because Sam Philips walked around the room and decided where everything sounded best\". Mellencamp wanted to record at the now-derelict Brunswick Records Building in Dallas, where Robert Johnson",
"title": "No Better Than This"
},
{
"id": "4145669",
"text": "recording. A few biographers have said that this article, printed in the \"Memphis Press-Scimitar\" on July 15, influenced Elvis Presley to seek out Sun to record a demo record. In August 1953, fresh out of his high school graduation the previous June, the 18½ year old Presley walked into the offices of Sun. He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc: \"My Happiness\" and \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\". He would later claim he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or was merely interested in what he \"sounded",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "10098864",
"text": "summer of 1958, the Quarrymen recorded two songs at Phillips' Sound Recording Services in their hometown of Liverpool. It was the group's first recording session, for which they paid 17s 6d (87.5p or £ in ). The recordings were pressed onto a mono 10-inch 78 rpm shellac disc, then the sessions tapes were erased to be reused with new customers. Because of the low quality and age of the recordings, the songs are filled with a hiss but are still listenable. The record was not intended for release but for the Quarrymen's personal use. In 1981, Lowe sold the record",
"title": "The Beatles' recording sessions"
},
{
"id": "1349293",
"text": "have [an electric guitar] myself. 'Had' to have one, short of stealing!\" In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. Before his RPM contract, King had debuted on Bullet Records by issuing the single, \"Miss Martha King\" (1949), which did not chart well. \"My very first recordings [in 1949] were for a company out of Nashville called Bullet, the Bullet Record Transcription company,\" King recalled. \"I had horns that very first session. I had Phineas Newborn on piano; his father",
"title": "B.B. King"
},
{
"id": "11555716",
"text": "recording their attendant soundtracks in either Nashville or Hollywood. After the success of his Christmas special on NBC in December 1968, Presley made a decision not to continue with business as usual, but instead to return to recording in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee, to take advantage of the thriving soul music scene active at the city's studios such as Stax and Hi Records. Presley chose American Studios, run by songwriter Chips Moman, for several reasons. First, their music staff was populated by session musicians steeped in Elvis' upbringing in blues, country, gospel, and rock and roll; second, they knew",
"title": "Suspicious Minds (album)"
},
{
"id": "3908037",
"text": "DJ and independent record producer, Hoss Allen who cut several soul and gospel records in the studio, including some of the earliest session work by a young, hotshot ex-GI guitarist named \"Jimi Hendrix\". In 1968, Pierce sold Starday to the Nashville-based LIN Broadcasting Corporation which also purchased the renowned Cincinnati-based R&B and country label, King Records. As Starday-King Records, the label became the largest independent record label in the world, and King’s biggest star, \"James Brown\", began cutting records at the Starday studio. Brown loved the studio and continued to record there for several years after leaving King to sign",
"title": "Starday Records"
},
{
"id": "4145671",
"text": "Way\" and \"It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You\"—but again nothing came of it. Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused to a broader audience. As Keisker reported, \"Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'\" In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, \"Without You\", that he thought might suit the teenaged singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "10339761",
"text": "place in RCA's newly constructed studio in Nashville, where Presley would continue to record through 1971. Original recordings produced by Sam Phillips or Steve Sholes. This compilation received a 1992 Grammy nomination for Best Historical Album, only to lose that award to the boxed set \"The Complete Capitol Recordings of The Nat 'King' Cole Trio\". \"Chart positions for LPs and EPs from Billboard Top Pop Albums chart; peak positions for EPA 4114 and EPA 4325 from EP chart commenced October 1957; positions for singles from Billboard Pop Singles chart. Certain recordings derive from acetates or from primitive recording equipment, and",
"title": "The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters"
},
{
"id": "3654094",
"text": "CD by NRC. Other Ray Smith single cuts have been released on CD by London-based Ace Records. Almost all of Ray Smith's Judd and Sun studio tracks and cuts have been released on Germany's Bear Family Records Records. NRC, Judd, and affiliated labels are owned and administered by Johnny Carter, president of National Recording Corporation. Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder",
"title": "Judd Records"
},
{
"id": "1477654",
"text": "Roll Trio. In Memphis Sam Phillips used various techniques to create similar acoustics at his Memphis Recording Services Studio. The shape of the ceiling, corrugated tiles, and the setup of the studio were augmented by \"slap-back\" tape echo which involved feeding the original signal from one tape machine through a second machine. The echo effect had been used, less subtly, on Wilf Carter Victor records of the 1930s, and in Eddy Arnold's 1945 \"Cattle Call\". According to Cowboy Jack Clement, who took over production duties from Sam Phillips, \"There's two heads; one records, and one plays back. The sound comes",
"title": "Rockabilly"
},
{
"id": "14947741",
"text": "The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \"My Happiness\", with \"That's When Your Heartaches Begin\" on the flipside. Presley's recording was managed by Phillips' secretary, Marion Keisker, who also kept a demo recording for the",
"title": "The Blue Moon Boys"
},
{
"id": "8244808",
"text": "IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \"International Broadcasting Company\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by Don Arden and was run by his son David Arden. In its long history,",
"title": "IBC Studios"
},
{
"id": "16818129",
"text": "with the U.S. Air Force in Germany, and adapted it into \"Folsom Prison Blues.\" Cash said in the 1990s, \"At the time, I really had no idea I would be a professional recording artist; I wasn't trying to rip anybody off.\" Nonetheless, Jenkins was not credited on the original record from Sun Records. According to Cash's manager Lou Robin, Cash acknowledged the debt to Jenkins's song, but was reassured by Sun founder Sam Phillips that he had no reason to fear a plagiarism suit. Fifteen years later, Jenkins sued for royalties. In the early 1970s, after the song became popular,",
"title": "Crescent City Blues"
},
{
"id": "16115988",
"text": "and CBS shot the \"Perry Mason\" television series there from 1962–1966. In 1966, Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss purchased the studio from CBS to serve as a headquarters for A&M Records. A&M Records had grown from $500,000 in revenues in 1964 to $30 million in 1967. Alpert and Moss reportedly \"astonished the big network by having their bank deliver a cashier's check for more than $1 million, the full amount.\" A&M converted two of the old soundstages and Chaplin's swimming pool into a recording studio. A 1968 profile on Alpert and Moss described their renovation of Chaplin's old studios: The",
"title": "Jim Henson Company Lot"
},
{
"id": "17794881",
"text": "and converted to meet the demands of a recording studio. A restaurant opened on the ground floor, whereas the Meistersaal was reborn as \"Studio 2\". Over the next years, the Meistersaal became famous worldwide within the music industry as it was the recording studio of choice for many pop stars from around the globe, including U2, Iggy Pop, Depeche Mode, David Bowie, Eartha Kitt, Richard Clayderman, Marillion, Mike Batt, David Byrne, Nick Cave, Snow Patrol, Jon Bon Jovi and Supergrass to name but a few. Rubbing shoulders with the international stars were the local heroes of the time, including Peter",
"title": "Meistersaal"
},
{
"id": "3654092",
"text": "Judd Records Judd Records was started by Jud Phillips, brother of Sun Records co-founder Sam Phillips. Early releases were mostly recorded in Nashville or Memphis, but carried an address of Memphis, New York City, and Florence (Phillips' hometown). Judd Records was named for its founder but the name was misspelled in the artwork of the label having two \"D's.\" From Judd 1016 on, the label was pressed and distributed by National Recording Corporation, and the label sported the NRC logo and/or the words \"National Recording Corporation - Atlanta, GA\". According to Jud Phillips' son, NRC acquired the Judd label originally",
"title": "Judd Records"
},
{
"id": "4205316",
"text": "by country music legend Hank Williams. Frank Sinatra declared that Miller's choices of songs had ruined his career, and he promptly switched over to Capitol Records, where he chose his own songs and began making hit records again. However, Boyd felt a great deal of loyalty to Miller. He did not follow through with his own wish to go to Memphis and record with Sam Phillips at his Sun Records, where the dawn of rock and roll was beginning with many of the new rock artists of the time. Instead, he concentrated more on movies and television, and finishing his",
"title": "Jimmy Boyd"
},
{
"id": "934395",
"text": "was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid VAT of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home in order to help pay the settlement. Earning enough money from his record store, Branson in 1972 launched the record label Virgin Records with Nik Powell. The name \"Virgin\" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business. Branson bought a country estate north of Oxford in which he installed a residential recording studio, The Manor Studio. He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield,",
"title": "Richard Branson"
},
{
"id": "13871072",
"text": "mainly for mixing and editing tracks. Over time many artists have recorded at the studio. Some of these include the Stone Roses, the Kooks, Blur, Franz Ferdinand, Elvis Costello, Steve Winwood, and the Bee Gees. Bombay Bicycle Club recorded their album \"I Had the Blues But I Shook Them Loose\" at the studio. Konk (recording studio) Konk is the name of a recording studio and record label, established and managed by members of English rock band the Kinks. In 1971, the Kinks left Pye Records for a five-album stint with RCA, who offered them a million-dollar advance. Ray and Dave",
"title": "Konk (recording studio)"
},
{
"id": "14143592",
"text": "Records\" was produced by the Sun Record Company of Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the early 1920s. Many or all of the masters pressed were leased from the US-based Okeh Records. There were as many as eight other record companies that preceded and/or were contemporary with the Memphis label Sun Records run by Sam Phillips, the most famous of the companies by that name. The other Sun Records that preceded the Memphis company by nearly forty years in one case, and six years in the other, or even those that were contemporary with it were never as significant to the history",
"title": "Sun Records (other companies)"
},
{
"id": "6694500",
"text": "studio is located centrally in the historic Music Row district. Currently studio B is managed by the Country Music Hall of Fame and it runs scheduled tours of the facility. Beyond the countless recordings made by legendary music artists here, Elvis Presley is known to have made more than two hundred song recordings at this location. The National Park Service subsequently listed it on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Built by Dan Maddox in 1956, it was constructed at the request of Chet Atkins and Steve Sholes to facilitate the needs of RCA Victor Records and other",
"title": "RCA Studio B"
},
{
"id": "9879335",
"text": "Billy Lee Riley Billy Lee Riley (October 5, 1933 – August 2, 2009) was an American rockabilly musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. His most memorable recordings include \"Rock With Me Baby\", \"Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll\" and \"Red Hot\". Riley was born in Pocahontas, Arkansas, the son of a sharecropper. He learned to play the guitar from black farm workers. After four years in the Army, he first recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1955, before being persuaded by Sam Phillips to record for Sun Studios. He then recorded \"Trouble Bound\", produced by Jack Clement and Slim Wallace. Phillips obtained the",
"title": "Billy Lee Riley"
},
{
"id": "7983681",
"text": "Angeles studio to Chrysalis Records under Sir George Martin, with Stone continuing to manage the facility. In 1989 he sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management. In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium lit by skylight, holding a jacuzzi and a billiard table. On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened the Northern California location in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going on line. Ginger Mews, ex-manager of Wally Heider Studios, was named studio manager",
"title": "Record Plant"
},
{
"id": "4145684",
"text": "the firm to Nashville, and sold the building to a plumbing company, who eventually sold it to an auto parts store. Since, Sun Records Studio has been used as a setting for the film biopics \"Walk the Line\", \"Great Balls of Fire\", \"Mystery Train\" and \"Elvis\". In 1987, ten years after Presley died, Sun Studio at 706 Union Avenue was converted back into a recording studio, and soon became a tourist attraction for Presley fans and music lovers in general. The studio was also used by several well known acts to record, including U2, Def Leppard, John Mellencamp, the Bogus",
"title": "Sun Studio"
},
{
"id": "5058649",
"text": "with a local band. In 1956, Clement was part of one of the seminal events in rock-and-roll history when he was hired as a producer and engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Subsequently, Clement worked with future stars such as Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash. Most notably, he discovered and recorded Jerry Lee Lewis while Phillips was away on a trip to Florida. One of those recordings, \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\", was selected in 2005 for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress. In 1957, Clement wrote the song \"Ballad of",
"title": "Jack Clement"
},
{
"id": "14143593",
"text": "of 20th century music as Sam Phillips' little record company that operated out of his Memphis Recording Service. Since Sam had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artist starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson. Two Sun Records were offered on eBay.com in August and September 2006 and were pressed in Germany, probably around 1905–1912, for the Sun Record Company of Bombay, India, and referred to on the label as the Sun Disc Record to differentiate the discs from cylinder records also produced by the company. This Sun Record Company",
"title": "Sun Records (other companies)"
},
{
"id": "20904803",
"text": "Mira Ann Smith Mira Ann Smith (a.k.a. Myra Smith) (born 1926—died August 29, 1989) was an American songwriter, music industry pioneer, record label owner, studio engineer, and multi-instrumentalist. In 1955, she founded Royal Audio Music, Inc. (a.k.a. Ram Records) and became one of the first women to own her own record company. Her success led some in the music business to dub her “the female Sam Phillips.\" Smith is most well known for the songs she wrote with singer/songwriter, Margaret Lewis (Warwick), many of which charted on the \"Billboard\" Top 10. Smith and Lewis found their greatest songwriting success with",
"title": "Mira Ann Smith"
},
{
"id": "700295",
"text": "had its first major \"crossover\" hit on the \"Billboard\" pop chart when the \"Sh-Boom\" by The Chords reached No.5 (although The Crew-Cuts' version went to No. 1). Atlantic missed an important signing in 1955 when Sun owner Sam Phillips sold Elvis Presley's recording contract in a bidding war between labels. Atlantic offered $25,000 which, Ertegun later noted, \"was all the money we had then.\" But they were outbid by RCA's offer of $45,000. In 1990 Ertegun remarked, \"The president of RCA at the time had been extensively quoted in \"Variety\" damning R&B music as immoral. He soon stopped when RCA",
"title": "Atlantic Records"
},
{
"id": "10405482",
"text": "Elvis at Sun Elvis at Sun is a compact disc compilation of Elvis Presley's studio recordings at Sun Studio from 1954 to 1955, released in June 2004, BMG Heritage 61205. This set features master recordings made by Presley and his accompanists, Scotty Moore and Bill Black, occasionally augmented by other musicians, prior to his arrival on RCA Records in 1956. Tapes for at least two songs have been lost, Sun versions of \"I Got A Woman\" and \"Satisfied;\" the former would be recorded for Presley during his first RCA session. All of the studio commercial recordings were produced by Sam",
"title": "Elvis at Sun"
},
{
"id": "20338915",
"text": "An enduring myth from the fifties is that the young unknown Elvis was daunted by the performance on record of an (unknown) singer. The story is that Elvis as an undiscovered 18 year old was introduced to a demo record of \"Without You\" by Sam Phillips on 24 Jun 1954. (Elvis had already visited Sun before that to record two sessions for personal use, and Marion Keisker had taken note of his potential). Sam had a stack of demos that had been sent into him, one was a disk of an unknown ballad \"Without You\", by an unknown singer with",
"title": "Jimmy Sweeney"
},
{
"id": "14518702",
"text": "his first songwriting successes in the late 1950s, when George Jones recorded his song \"Achin', Breakin' Heart\", Brenda Lee recorded \"She'll Never Know\", and Roy Orbison recorded \"Sweet and Innocent\". In 1960, he started a company based in Florence, Alabama, together with fellow ex-Fairlanes member Billy Sherrill, the future producer of Tammy Wynette's records. They named their company FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) and opened their first primitive studio above a drugstore. Producer Sam Phillips, originally from Florence, Alabama, was an early mentor. During a 2015 interview with \"The New York Times\", Hall recalled those early days. \"We would sit",
"title": "Rick Hall"
},
{
"id": "19750742",
"text": "Matt Ross-Spang Matt Ross-Spang is a multiple Grammy Award winning American record producer, engineer, and mixer. His credits include such artists as Jason Isbell, Margo Price, John Prine and Elvis Presley. Matt Ross-Spang, born in Memphis, Tennessee, began working at the Legendary Sun Studio when he was just 16, working his way from an intern to the Chief Engineer. Wanting to capture what made Sun Studio great, Ross-Spang championed hard to find, install, and use the same period equipment that Sam Phillips engineered with from the 1950s. His 11 years of dedication to Sun, and its signature sound, garnered national",
"title": "Matt Ross-Spang"
},
{
"id": "2986023",
"text": "number with him. King contests this, remembering that it was only Turner who sat in with his band. They were well received and the club owner booked them for a weekend residency, whilst King recommended them to Sam Philips at Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee. In the 50s, The Kings received regular airplay from live sessions on Clarksdale radio station WROX-Am, at the behest of DJ Early Wright. The band would sometimes play a session that lasted an hour. Sam Phillips invited the Kings of Rhythm down to Memphis to record at Sun Studios, and the group had to devise",
"title": "Kings of Rhythm"
},
{
"id": "3471793",
"text": "\"Bear Cat\", by Rufus Thomas which reached number 3. That led to a successful copyright lawsuit for $35,000, which is said to have led Sam Phillips of Sun Records to sell Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA. Today, this practice is most common in hip hop music and filk, especially as the continuation of a feud between performers; the Roxanne Wars was a notable example that resulted in over a hundred answer songs. Answer songs also played a part in the battle over turf in The Bridge Wars. Sometimes, an answer record imitated the original very closely and occasionally, a",
"title": "Answer song"
},
{
"id": "3686147",
"text": "Paisley Park Records Paisley Park Records was an American record label founded by musician Prince in 1985, which was distributed by and funded in part by Warner Bros. Records. It was started in 1985, following the success of the film and album \"Purple Rain\". The label shares its name with Prince's recording complex Paisley Park Studios and the song \"Paisley Park\" on his 1985 \"Around the World in a Day\" album. Paisley Park was opened to the public as a museum and memorial to Prince following his death. October 28, 2016, is officially known as Paisley Park Day in the",
"title": "Paisley Park Records"
},
{
"id": "11600005",
"text": "Nighthawk. Soon after touring, he toured again with Sonny Boy Williamson II for several years, who helped teach him how to play the harmonica. While playing with guitarist Big Jack Johnson, Frost attracted the interest of the record producer Sam Phillips, founder of Sun Records. Some recordings of note that followed included \"Hey Boss Man\" and \"My Back Scratcher\". Frost also recorded for the Jewel label, four years later. The Sun Records and Jewel Records material was re-released on one CD by Charly Records of London, England. In the late 1970s, Frost was re-discovered by a blues enthusiast, Michael Franks,",
"title": "Frank Frost"
},
{
"id": "10231038",
"text": "recorded at Sound Techniques in 1968. In 1970 during his early career as a session musician, Elton John recorded an album of songs written by the artists on Witchseason, as an attempt to make them more widely known through a more commercial style. The studio closed in 1976 when the lease on the building ran out and Frost and Wood were unable to purchase the property due to lack of funds. As of 2018 a documentary film about the studio is in production, directed by Neil Innes and Nick Turner and provisionally titled \"The Parts You Don't Hear\". Sound Techniques",
"title": "Sound Techniques"
},
{
"id": "9054239",
"text": "rock n' roll record, \"Breaktime\", by The Masters, which consisted of himself, Paul Buff, and Ronnie Williams. In 1964, Zappa bought the studio and renamed it Studio Z. Zappa lived at the studio building for a few months before it was closed in 1965. The building had to be torn down in order to widen North Archibald Avenue. Zappa made many other recordings at the studio. Some were released by small Los Angeles record companies, such as Original Sound. Other recordings were kept in his vault and released on albums such as \"Lumpy Gravy\" (1968), \"Mystery Disc\" (1985), \"The Lost",
"title": "Pal Recording Studio"
},
{
"id": "3673581",
"text": "\"Hank Snow Tour\" to book him and tour him. Although Neal remained Presley's official manager, Parker was becoming increasingly involved in the running of his career, and by the summer of 1955 he had become Presley's \"special advisor.\" As Presley was still a minor, his parents had to sign the contract with Parker on his behalf. Part of Parker's role was to secure a new recording contract with a bigger label. Presley had been at Sun Records since the beginning of his career, but Sam Phillips, the owner of Presley's current label, was aware that for Presley to have any",
"title": "Colonel Tom Parker"
},
{
"id": "8244811",
"text": "Madonna used the system to appear as her virtual self at the Grammy Awards. IBC Studios The IBC Recording Studios (IBC: \"International Broadcasting Company\") were recording studios located at 35 Portland Place, London, England. In the 1960s–70s the studios become internationally famous after being used by some of the biggest recording artists in the world. In the late 1970s, Chas Chandler bought the studios and renamed them Portland Recording Studios. The address was also home to George Peckham's cutting rooms (Porky Prime Cuts) and Radiotracks Studios, a company specialising in recording and producing radio commercials. It was later bought by",
"title": "IBC Studios"
},
{
"id": "119009",
"text": "at the box office. Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made. On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and had an impromptu jam session, along with Johnny Cash. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure that the session was captured on tape. The results, none officially released for 25 years, became known as the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" recordings. The year ended with a front-page story in \"The Wall Street Journal\" reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22",
"title": "Elvis Presley"
},
{
"id": "961385",
"text": "Rick Bragg notes that the songs Lewis was recording \"were of the kind they were starting to call 'hard country', not because it had a rock beat or crossed over into rock in a real way, but because it was more substantial than the cloying, overproduced mess out there on country radio\". In a remarkable turnaround, Lewis became the most bankable country star in the world. He was so huge in 1970 that his former Smash producer Shelby Singleton, who purchased Sun Records from Sam Phillips in July 1969, wasted no time in repackaging many of Lewis's old country recordings",
"title": "Jerry Lee Lewis"
},
{
"id": "9110521",
"text": "Broadcasting Corporation on February 21, 1973. Big River Broadcasting is owned by the family of Sam Phillips, the legendary record producer and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame member most notable for founding Sun Records and discovering Elvis Presley. The station's signal was boosted to 100,000 watts in 1978 and the station was assigned the current WQLT-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 1, 1978. This was the first regional top-40 station in North Alabama and forced several AM's to change format. Q-107's original line-up offered four hour shifts starting at 6 am and included J.Micheal Pruitt",
"title": "WQLT-FM"
},
{
"id": "14947747",
"text": "in 1965 of a brain tumor. In 2007, the Blue Moon Boys were inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville. The Blue Moon Boys The Blue Moon Boys were a band formed by Elvis Presley, guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black. The group members were introduced by Sun Studio owner Sam Phillips in 1954, except for D.J. Fontana, who joined the group during a Louisiana Hayride tour in 1955. On July 18, 1953, Elvis Presley recorded a single in the studio as a gift for his mother's birthday, the Ink Spots' \"My Happiness\", with \"That's",
"title": "The Blue Moon Boys"
},
{
"id": "1946577",
"text": "Juliet\" by The Reflections. The early, pre-Motown songs by Edwin Starr (\"War\"), such as \"Agent Double-O-Soul\", were recorded in the Golden World studio. Golden World operated from 1962 to 1968. The label and its subsidiaries were purchased by Berry Gordy in 1966, and folded into Gordy's Motown Record Corporation. The Golden World studio became Motown's \"Studio B\", working in support of the original Motown recording studio (Studio A) at Hitsville USA. Before its purchase by Gordy, the studio's recordings often included moonlighting Motown back-up musicians, including James Jamerson on bass and George McGregor, who was the studio percussionist. The famous",
"title": "Golden World Records"
},
{
"id": "7308339",
"text": "WHER (defunct) WHER (1430 kHz AM) was the first \"All-Girl\" radio station when it went on the air in October 1955. Staffed almost exclusively by women (including broadcasting pioneer Vida Jane Butler), the station spawned a series of imitators, but later evolved into a mixed-gender staff rechristened WWEE. The radio station was the brainchild of Sam Phillips, who used a portion of the $35,000 he made from the sale of Elvis Presley's recording contract to RCA Records to finance the station. A portion of the balance of the funding came from Holiday Inn founder Kemmons Wilson, who also provided the",
"title": "WHER (defunct)"
},
{
"id": "16003308",
"text": "Royal Studios has served a variety of artists during its operation. The list below is of notable albums which feature recordings from Royal Studios. These albums went Platinum, Gold or won a Grammy or other significant recognition. Royal Studios Royal Studios is a recording studio located in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1956, it is one of the oldest continuously operated music recording studios in the world. It is widely known for producer, recording artist and owner, Willie Mitchell, and notable productions of Al Green, Chuck Berry, John Mayer, Buddy Guy, My Morning Jacket, Robert Cray, De La Soul,",
"title": "Royal Studios"
},
{
"id": "5626923",
"text": "Trident Studios Trident Studios was a British recording facility, located at 17 St. Anne's Court in London's Soho district between 1968 and 1981. It was constructed in 1967 by Norman Sheffield, a drummer of former 1960s group the Hunters, and his brother Barry. \"My Name is Jack\" by Manfred Mann was recorded at Trident in March 1968, and helped launch the studio's reputation. Some well-known albums and singles recorded at Trident include The Beatles' \"White Album\" (some recording was also done at Abbey Road Studios) as well as their single \"Hey Jude\", Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind\", David Bowie's",
"title": "Trident Studios"
},
{
"id": "15699884",
"text": "it clear that no one, not even Johnny Cash, was going to dictate who did and did not get an audition on his record label. After what had happened to the careers of Presley and Cash, artists were coming to Sam Phillips in droves. Elvis, Cash, and Orbison had failed to persuade Phillips to sign Orbison. On the day that Je–Wel released The Teen Kings' single, Orbison took a copy to Cecil \"Pop\" Holifield (1905–1974) of Odessa, who owned two record stores (\"The Record Shop\"), one in Odessa and one in Midland. Holifield was also had promoted local concerts for",
"title": "Je–Wel"
},
{
"id": "11629444",
"text": "the 1950s, Perkins invited him to sing a song and told him to talk to Sam Phillips, owner of Sun Records. The meeting came to nothing, but Trammell moved to Long Beach, California soon after in hopes of landing a recording contract. While in California, he took a job in a Ford manufacturing plant. He saw Bobby Bare play at a carnival and convinced Bare to let him come on stage for a few songs. Lefty Frizzell, who was in attendance at the fair, asked him to open for a show at the Jubilee Ballroom, a venue in Baldwin Park,",
"title": "Bobby Lee Trammell"
},
{
"id": "267178",
"text": "of his efforts until September 1971, when as a session musician and bass guitarist for the Arthur Louis Band, he attended recording sessions at The Manor Studio near Kidlington, Oxfordshire, owned by a young Richard Branson and run by engineers Tom Newman and Simon Heyworth. Branson already had several business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records, together with Simon Draper. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfield's demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, who eventually gave Oldfield one week's worth of recording time at The Manor. During this week, he completed",
"title": "Mike Oldfield"
},
{
"id": "2390484",
"text": "first single, \"Sally Sue Brown\", under the name of June Alexander (short for Junior), which was released in 1960 on Jud Phillips' Judd Records. (Phillips is the brother of music pioneer Sam Phillips). A year later, Alexander cut \"You Better Move On\" at a former tobacco warehouse-turned-recording studio in Muscle Shoals. Released on Nashville's Dot Records, the song became a soul/R&B chart hit, and laid the foundation for the modern recording studio FAME. \"You Better Move On\" is perhaps Alexander's best-known song, covered by the Rolling Stones, the Hollies, George Jones & Johnny Paycheck, Gene Clark (from The Byrds) and",
"title": "Arthur Alexander"
},
{
"id": "9651270",
"text": "of the Late, Great Townes Van Zandt\", Eggers first heard Van Zandt's song \"Tecumseh Valley\" when producer Jack Clement played a demo of it recorded at a Houston recording studio in 1966, with Eggers marveling, \"I thought it was an absolute classic song. When I heard it I said, 'This is a brilliant songwriter.' I told Jack right then and there that I would sign Townes and make a record with him. Townes was brilliant from day one.\" Clement, who had been an engineer for Sam Phillips at Sun Records and an established songwriter himself, offered to produce the album",
"title": "For the Sake of the Song"
},
{
"id": "12296532",
"text": "in the first-floor boarding rooms above the studio, who were sometimes asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems. These included the actors John Thaw, Richard Briers, and the ventriloquist Ray Alan. For the first couple of years, Phillips made music compilation discs for local businesses such as the local ice rink or cinema, men singing songs for loved ones, children playing an instrument, or even a neighbour’s dog howling along to piano accompaniment. As the record shop and studio took over the business, he had a brass plate made which he put on the wall just outside the front",
"title": "Phillips' Sound Recording Services"
},
{
"id": "6694504",
"text": "Unfinished Business\", Dolly Parton recounted how she was rushing to her first recording session at Studio B in September 1967 (shortly after having signed with RCA Victor) and, in her haste to make the session on time, drove her car through the side wall of the building. She noted that the spot where her car impacted the building is still visible. In 1977 the studio was made available to the Country Music Hall of Fame for tours, and in 1992 it was donated to the Country Music Hall of Fame by the late Dan Maddox. Until 2001, it was operated",
"title": "RCA Studio B"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Sam Phillips context: Sam Phillips Samuel Cornelius Phillips (January 5, 1923 – July 30, 2003) was an American record producer who played an important role in the development of rock and roll during the 1950s. He was the founder of Sun Records and Sun Studio, in Memphis, Tennessee, where he produced recordings by Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, and Howlin' Wolf. He launched Presley's career in 1954. Phillips sold Sun in 1969 to Shelby Singleton. He was an early investor in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He owned and operated radio stations in Memphis; Florence, Alabama; and Lake\n\nSam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?",
"compressed_tokens": 192,
"origin_tokens": 192,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Jerry Lee Lewisalbum) context: Jerry Lee Lewis (album) Jerry Lee Lewis is the debut album by American musician and rock and roll pioneer Jerry Lee Lewis, released in 1958 on Sun Records. The album featured Lewis's hit \"High School Confidential\", but producer Sam Phillips did not include Lewis's bigger hits such as \"Great Balls of Fire\" and \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On.\" The album is sometimes referred to as \"High School Confidential\". The back cover of the LP feature a large picture of Sun Records President Sam Phillips admiring Lewis at the piano in the famous studio at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee.\n\ntitle: Sun Studio context: Gordon in the early 1950s Rock and roll country music, rockabil artists, including Johnny Cash Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Feathers Ray Harris, Warren Smith, Charlie Rich, and Jerry Lee Lewis, recorded throughout mid-to-late 1950s the outgrew its Union Avenue location. Sam Phillips opened the larger C. Phillips Recording Studio, better known as Phillips Recording, in 15 the older facility Since Phill had invested in the Holiday Inn Hotel chain earlier, he also recorded artists starting in 1963 on the label Holiday Inn Records for Kemmons Wilson.\ntitle Studio context: B. and Chris Isaone to few. In03 it officially a National Historic Land tourraction. Sun regularly releases studio session podcast on YouTube Sun announced affili showing3-min series of \" Studio S Studio Sun Studio is a openedand pione Phill 0 in Memphis Tennessee 1950. was originally Memphis Rec Service, the same with\n\ntitle Studio: Taylor andnes for0 at the.amp his album at. In1akB Sun,\", released on. , WREC radio engineer Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Avenue with his assistant and long-time friend, Marion Keisker. Phillips had dreamed of opening his own recording studio since he was a young man, and\n\nSam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?",
"compressed_tokens": 451,
"origin_tokens": 14092,
"ratio": "31.2x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
197 | Which actor played Maxwell Smart? | [
"Adams, Don",
"Don Adams (Actor)",
"Don Adams",
"Donald James Yarmy",
"Donald Yarmy",
"Missed it by that much"
] | Don Adams | [
{
"id": "1869329",
"text": "the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \"CONTROL\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "8539979",
"text": "famous example of a shoe phone in fiction is that of the television show \"Get Smart\". The use of a shoe phone is a gimmick of the show's main character, Maxwell Smart (played by Don Adams), a secret agent who has need to conceal a communication device in his shoe. The device had a removable sole which allowed access to a telephone handset. Like many gadgets depicted in the series, the shoe phone was a parody of communication gadgets in \"James Bond\" films which were themselves often fantastical. In the 1990s, Sports Illustrated developed and promoted a \"Sneaker Phone\", a",
"title": "Shoe phone"
},
{
"id": "4336905",
"text": "also includes Owen Wilson, Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn, and Luke Wilson. Carell acted as the title character of \"Evan Almighty\", a sequel to \"Bruce Almighty\", reprising his role as Evan Baxter, now a U.S. Congressman. The film received mostly negative reviews. Carell starred in the 2007 film \"Dan in Real Life\", co-starring Dane Cook and Juliette Binoche. Carell played Maxwell Smart in the 2008 film \"Get Smart\", an adaptation of the TV series starring Don Adams. It was successful, grossing over $230 million worldwide. During 2007, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Carell",
"title": "Steve Carell"
},
{
"id": "1814161",
"text": "Don Adams Donald James Yarmy (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), known professionally as Don Adams, was an American actor, comedian and director. In his five decades on television, he was best known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the television situation comedy \"Get Smart\" (1965–70, 1995), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\" (1963–66) and \"Inspector Gadget\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.",
"title": "Don Adams"
},
{
"id": "1869371",
"text": "owns international distribution rights. On August 10, 2015, the entire series was officially released on digital streaming platforms for the first time in preparation for the series 50th anniversary. Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "1869321",
"text": "Get Smart Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre that had recently become popular. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry, and had its television premiere on NBC on September 18, 1965. The show stars Don Adams (who also worked as a director on the series) as agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, a.k.a. Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as Thaddeus, the Chief. Henry said that they created the show at the request of Daniel Melnick to capitalize on \"the two biggest things in the entertainment world today\":",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "269758",
"text": "In 1965, Brooks teamed up with comedy writer Buck Henry to create a comedic TV show about a bumbling James Bond-inspired spy. Brooks explains, \"I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life... I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first.\" The show that Brooks and Henry created was \"Get Smart\", starring Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86. This series ran from 1965 until 1970,",
"title": "Mel Brooks"
},
{
"id": "5051912",
"text": "during his appearances on panel programs such as celebrity \"roasts\" and other tributes. On a 1967 episode of \"Get Smart\", he played a KAOS agent who made a phone call to the Chief of CONTROL (played by Edward Platt), performed a perfect impression of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and told the Chief he was fired and replaced with agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams). In 1970-71, he hosted 22 episodes of \"Something Else\", a syndicated half-hour musical variety series. He then hosted his own show in 1972 called the \"John Byner Comedy Hour\", where the character Super Dave was first introduced.",
"title": "John Byner"
},
{
"id": "17271938",
"text": "leviathan\". The 1965 Tiger Mark I gained some exposure on American television as the car of choice for Maxwell Smart in the spoof spy series \"Get Smart\". The Tiger was used for the first two seasons in the opening credits, in which Smart screeched to a halt outside his headquarters, and was used through the remainder of the series in several episodes. Some of the scenes featured unusual modifications such as a retractable James Bond-style machine gun that could not have fit under the Tiger's bonnet, so rebadged Alpine models were used instead. Don Adams, who played the protagonist Maxwell",
"title": "Sunbeam Tiger"
},
{
"id": "3558643",
"text": "as an inebriated Turkish waiter on \"Get Smart\", the spy-spoof comedy series, in an \"I Spy\" parody episode titled \"Die Spy\". In this, secret agent Maxwell Smart played by Don Adams in effect assumes Culp's Kelly Robinson character, as he pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the \"I Spy\" theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott, with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. In 1971, Culp, Peter Falk, Robert Wagner, and Darren McGavin each stepped in to take turns with Anthony Franciosa's rotation of NBC's series \"The Name of the Game\" after",
"title": "Robert Culp"
},
{
"id": "1814172",
"text": "Beach\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \"Check it Out!\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \"Get Smart\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.",
"title": "Don Adams"
},
{
"id": "1772951",
"text": "but manages to survive by either his own good luck or covert help by Penny and Brain. Gadget dresses in a style similar to Inspector Clouseau from \"The Pink Panther\" movies, but also has similarities in behavior to Maxwell Smart, the protagonist of the television series \"Get Smart\" (1965–1970). The original voice actor for Gadget was Don Adams, who also portrayed Maxwell Smart. The car which Gadget drives is recognizable as a Matra Murena. Gadget's boss is Chief Quimby. Gadget is covertly assisted by his niece Penny, who is typically the person who actually solves their cases. Penny is a",
"title": "Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "12000484",
"text": "Get Smart (1995 TV series) Get Smart is an American sitcom sequel to the original 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \"Get Smart\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. The series aired Sunday at 7:30 pm on Fox for seven episodes from January 8 to February 19, 1995. Maxwell Smart is the Chief of CONTROL, and Agent 99 is a politician. Their bungling son, Zach (Andy Dick), one of the twins introduced in the fifth season of the original show, becomes CONTROL's star agent. Zach is teamed with the reluctant Agent 66 (Elaine Hendrix)",
"title": "Get Smart (1995 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "12000485",
"text": "as they try to stop KAOS from controlling the world's economy. Joining Zach and 66 is Trudy (Heather Morgan), an accident prone spy, and Agent 0, a master of disguise. The relative success of the 1989 reunion movie \"Get Smart, Again!\" eventually prompted the development of a weekly revival of \"Get Smart\", with Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 respectively, with Dave Ketchum also reprising his role of Agent 13 and Bernie Kopell reprising his role as Siegfried. Though Zachary Smart's name was revealed in the FOX revival, his twin sister's name remained",
"title": "Get Smart (1995 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1772967",
"text": "seen since its initial production. A second version of the pilot was made with the only difference being Gary Owens re-recording all of White's dialogue with a deep-toned mid-Atlantic accent. Eventually, producers decided to cast actor Don Adams in the role, re-recording all of Gadget's dialogue in the pilot to make it more reminiscent of Maxwell Smart of \"Get Smart\" (also played by Don Adams), one of the series' inspirations. A fourth version of the pilot was made for broadcast with Frank Welker re-recording one line as Gadget to explain away the mustache. Gadget's nemesis Doctor Claw – as well",
"title": "Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "4706313",
"text": "came to the show with an established acting career. Herman's \"MADtv\" characters included Mike Lawson (Incredible Findings), Generation X anchorman Marsh (\"X News\"), and concerned father Joel Linder. Former castmate Artie Lange referred to Herman as \"a brilliant, talented actor\" and called him \"one of my best friends in show business.\" Herman lampooned celebrities and famous figures such as Don Adams (as Maxwell Smart from \"Get Smart\"), Tim Allen (as Tim \"the Tool Man\" Taylor from \"Home Improvement\"), Woody Allen, Nicolas Cage, Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, David Duchovny (as Fox Mulder from \"The X-Files\"), Larry Flynt, Tom Hanks (as Forrest",
"title": "David Herman"
},
{
"id": "1869323",
"text": "2010, \"TV Guide\" ranked \"Get Smart\"s opening title sequence at No. 2 on its list of TV's Top 10 Credits Sequences as selected by readers. After switching networks in 1969, to CBS, the show ended its five-season run on May 15, 1970, with a production roster at both networks of 138 episodes. The Museum of Broadcast Communications finds the show notable for \"broadening the parameters for the presentation of comedy on television.\" The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell \"Max\" Smart (Don Adams), also known as Agent 86, and his more sensible female partner, Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon). Agents",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "1814168",
"text": "award three times. The show moved to CBS for its final season, with ratings declining, as spy series went out of fashion. \"Get Smart\" was canceled in 1970 after 138 episodes. Following this, Adams then wanted to move on to other projects. His efforts after \"Get Smart\" were less successful, including the comedy series \"The Partners\" (1971–72), a game show called \"Don Adams' Screen Test\" (1975–76) and three attempts to revive the \"Get Smart\" series in the 1980s. His movie \"The Nude Bomb\" (1980) was unsuccessful at the box-office. Adams had been typecast as Maxwell Smart and was unable to",
"title": "Don Adams"
},
{
"id": "1869360",
"text": "the doctor on \"Love Boat\" was played by Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried on \"Get Smart.\" In 1982, Adams starred in a series of local commercials for New York City electronics chain Savemart as Maxwell Smart. The slogan was \"Get Smart. Get SaveMart Smart.\" In addition, Adams starred in a series of commercials for White Castle in 1992, paying homage to his \"Get Smart\" character with his catch phrase \"Would you believe...?\" In the 1980s, Adams provided the (similar) voice of a bungling cyborg secret agent in the animated series \"Inspector Gadget.\" This later became a feature film in 1999",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "4155475",
"text": "while blending in alternate history and homages & cameos to other fiction (i.e. instead of becoming the President of the United States, actor Ronald Reagan portrayed Maxwell Smart in the TV series \"Get Smart\", famous film murderers like Jason Voorhees are inmates in an asylum in \"Krokodil Tears\", and actor Leonard Nimoy is viewed as a 60s astronaut in \"Comeback Tour\"). The world has undergone an intense social, environmental, and moral collapse, combined with a dramatic rise in technology; by the year 1995, violence became the main killer as well as mutating viruses ASD, CSE and PHD. In the \"Demon",
"title": "Dark Future"
},
{
"id": "1772942",
"text": "endless amount of gadgets he can summon by saying \"Go-Go-Gadget\" then the gadget's name. Although he has all this equipment, Gadget is ultimately incompetent and clueless (in a manner similar to Maxwell Smart of \"Get Smart\" – who was also played by Don Adams – and the Inspector Clouseau character of the \"Pink Panther\" series, including his attire looking similar to Clouseau). He overcomes obstacles and survives perilous situations and malfunctioning gadgets, often by sheer good luck. His niece, Penny, and intelligent dog, Brain, secretly help him solve each case. His nemesis is Dr. Claw, the head of the criminal",
"title": "Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "2542058",
"text": "the television game show \"I've Got a Secret\". September 2, 1962: Mosconi was a contestant on the television game show \"What's My Line?\". 1966: An episode of \"Get Smart\", \"The Dead Spy Scrawls\" {1/18}, featured actor Harry Bartell in the role of \"Willie Marconi,\" trying to teach Maxwell Smart how to play pool. While some have erroneously believed this is a cameo of Willie Mosconi playing himself, the Marconi character is a fictitious but obvious tribute to Mosconi, who is acknowledged by The Chief as \"the greatest pool player in the world.\" February 25, 1978: \"The Great Pool Shoot-Out\", a",
"title": "Willie Mosconi"
},
{
"id": "1869363",
"text": "is customary for the actor to go to the foreign location for shooting, Adams' apparent intense dislike of long-distance flying meant that the New Zealand specification car had to be shipped to the US for filming. He also appeared in another series of Canadian commercials in the late 1990s for a dial-around long distance carrier. In the movie Back to the Beach (1987), Adams played the Harbor Master, who used several of Maxwell Smart's catch phrases (including an exchange in which Frankie Avalon's character did a vague impression of Siegfried). Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart.",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "1869331",
"text": "is in the insurance business, and on one occasion, that he works for the \"Bureau of Internal Revenue\". Smart served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and is an ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve. He was played by Steve Carell in the 2008 film. In 1999, \"TV Guide\" ranked Maxwell Smart number 19 on its 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time list. The character appears in every episode (though only briefly in \"Ice Station Siegfried\", as Don Adams was performing in Las Vegas for two weeks to settle gambling debts). Admiral Harold Harmon Hargrade or (William",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "3101404",
"text": "\"The Old Dark House\" (1963), \"Soldier in the Rain\" (1963), \"Cold Turkey\" (1971), \"The Happy Hooker\" (1975), \"Rabbit Test\" (1978), \"Up the Academy\" (1980) and \"Carbon Copy\" (1981). He was cast as Michael Carrington's uncle Tom Anderson in \"Grease 2\" (1982), but his scenes were deleted. However, his television career was expansive, covering the better part of five decades. When Mel Brooks submitted his idea for \"Get Smart\" to the ABC network, ABC wanted Poston for the lead role of Maxwell Smart. When ABC passed on the show, NBC picked it up and the lead went to Don Adams. Poston,",
"title": "Tom Poston"
},
{
"id": "1869361",
"text": "starring Matthew Broderick in the title role of Inspector John Brown Gadget (in which Adams had a cameo), and its prequel series \"Gadget Boy and Heather.\" Neither were directly related to \"Get Smart.\" In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "2296322",
"text": "Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969. The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman in a stressful career. Feldon noted \"A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them. Because she was smart and always got the right answer.\" Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of \"Get Smart\" was a deodorant soap and she had done a",
"title": "Barbara Feldon"
},
{
"id": "3097998",
"text": "Nanny\". He also starred as Zachary Smart, the son of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99 in the \"Get Smart\" Fox television remake (a role he reportedly tried to escape in order to go into work with \"NewsRadio\"). In 2001, Dick starred along with Kieran Culkin on the short lived NBC summer television series \"Go Fish\". Dick has been a series regular on several sitcoms for their entire duration, including \"NewsRadio\" on NBC (1995–1999), portraying Matthew Brock, and on the ABC sitcom \"Less than Perfect\" as Owen Kronsky. In 2001, his colleagues and producers, including himself, developed a show on MTV",
"title": "Andy Dick"
},
{
"id": "5733633",
"text": "The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \"Get Smart\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\" for television. Agent Maxwell Smart is called back into service in order to stop a nefarious KAOS terrorist plan from exploding a bomb that destroys only clothing, so as to leave KAOS as the only supplier of clothes to the entire world. Saint-Sauvage, the KAOS fashion designer, finds everyone",
"title": "The Nude Bomb"
},
{
"id": "13257422",
"text": "Mr. Big (Get Smart) \"Mr. Big\" is the first episode of the first season of \"Get Smart\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) is called up during a concert by his shoe-phone, and is then",
"title": "Mr. Big (Get Smart)"
},
{
"id": "4443304",
"text": "played judges in \"Centennial\" and \"B. J. and the Bear\". In 1980, he was cast in the role of \"Chief\" in the \"Get Smart\" feature film entitled \"The Nude Bomb\" (a.k.a. \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\") that was based on the 1960s hit TV series (the role previously played by Edward Platt, who died in 1974). He also co-starred in two episodes of \"The A-Team\" in 1984 and 1985. In 1987, he was cast on \"Matlock\". Elcar and his stunt/photography double, Don S. Davis, were often mistaken for each other. Elcar appeared in the hit series \"Knight Rider\" in the",
"title": "Dana Elcar"
},
{
"id": "6251109",
"text": "Get Smart, Again! Get Smart, Again! is a 1989 American made-for-television comedy film based on the 1965–1970 NBC/CBS sitcom \"Get Smart!\" starring Don Adams and Barbara Feldon reprising their characters of Maxwell Smart and Agent 99. It originally aired February 26, 1989 on ABC (the network that rejected the original pilot for \"Get Smart!\"). Maxwell Smart, acting as a protocol officer since CONTROL was disbanded in the early 1970s, is reactivated as a counterintelligence agent by Commander Drury, of the United States Intelligence Agency. KAOS, long considered defunct, has been revitalized by a corporate takeover. Its first scheme involves turning",
"title": "Get Smart, Again!"
},
{
"id": "1869362",
"text": "Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier. In the late 1980s Adams portrayed Smart in a series of TV commercials for Toyota New Zealand, for the 1990 model Toyota Starlet. While it",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "5361667",
"text": "included Don Adams as a hopelessly inept house detective named Byron Glick; when the show was cancelled, Adams quickly used the Glick characterization as the basis for Maxwell Smart, and \"Get Smart\" premiered on NBC that fall. Before appearing in front of a television camera for the first time on \"The Steve Allen Show\" in 1959, Dana had been a prolific comedy writer, an activity he continued into the 1980s, producing material for other actors on stage and screen. Dana co-wrote the script for the \"Get Smart\" theatrical film \"The Nude Bomb\". His brother, Irving Szathmary, wrote the famous theme",
"title": "Bill Dana"
},
{
"id": "1869354",
"text": "Hendrix as 66. Four feature-length films have been produced following the end of the NBC/CBS run of the TV series: In October 2008, it was reported that Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Mosaic Media Group are producing a sequel. Carell and Hathaway are set to return, but the status of other cast members has not yet been announced. \"Get Smart, Again!\" eventually prompted the development of a short-lived 1995 weekly series on FOX also titled \"Get Smart\", with Adams and Feldon reprising their characters with Maxwell Smart now being the Chief of CONTROL as their bumbling son, Zach (Andy",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "5733639",
"text": "on broadcast television for the first time with its originally intended title, \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\". The film was released on Region 1 DVD on August 26, 2008 and Region 4 on October 30, 2009. It was released in Australia on Blu-ray on June 22, 2016. The Nude Bomb The Nude Bomb (also known as The Return of Maxwell Smart) is a 1980 American spy comedy film based on the television series \"Get Smart\". It stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and was directed by Clive Donner. It was retitled \"The Return of Maxwell Smart\" for television.",
"title": "The Nude Bomb"
},
{
"id": "1814171",
"text": "the two contestants would be played, with audience reaction determining the winner, who would receive a trip to Hollywood and a real screen test for a motion picture. Don Adams resurrected the Maxwell Smart character for a series of television commercials for Savemart, a retail chain that sold audio and video equipment. Don Adams also did a series of audio/radio commercials for Chief Auto Parts in the 1980's, a retail automobile parts establishment, later sold to AutoZone AutoZone. He also appeared in the film \"Jimmy the Kid\" (1982) and played a cameo role as a harbormaster in \"Back to the",
"title": "Don Adams"
},
{
"id": "18065344",
"text": "at the accounting firm, Mr. Hamble, were all unaware of Henry's secret life, with Gerald Hannahan, the regional director of the agency the lone person to know the secret. The characters of the girlfriend and mother-in-law were phased out halfway through the abbreviated run. Buttons noted that, unlike Agent Maxwell Smart in NBC's new hit \"Get Smart\", his character was shy, used no gadgets in his work, and was an impostor, not an actual agent. Phyfe's CIS boss was played by veteran character actor Fred Clark, who bore a superficial physical resemblance to Smart's \"Chief\" played by Edward Platt. The",
"title": "The Double Life of Henry Phyfe"
},
{
"id": "2675277",
"text": "the spy-spoof television series, did a parody of the show in the 1968 episode titled \"Die Spy\". In this, agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) pretends to be an international table-tennis champion. The episode faithfully recreates the theme music, montage graphics, and back-and-forth banter between Robinson and Scott—with actor/comedian Stu Gilliam imitating Cosby. Robert Culp makes an uncredited cameo appearance as an inebriated Turkish waiter. A number of original novels based upon the series were published, most written in the mid-to-late 1960s by Walter Wager under the pseudonym \"John Tiger.\" The \"I Spy\" novels were published by Popular Library: The following",
"title": "I Spy (1965 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1869359",
"text": "Glick. His speech mannerisms, catch phrases (\"Would you believe...?\"), and other comedy bits were adapted for his \"Maxwell Smart\" role on \"Get Smart\". When WCGV-TV, a new independent station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin signed on the air in 1980, Adams did in-house promos as Agent 86 to let viewers know when the reruns of \"Get Smart\" aired on the station by using his shoephone. In one of Adams' five appearances as a guest passenger on the series \"The Love Boat\", his character, even when he thought he had been shot, makes no attempt to visit the ship's doctor. The role of",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "2296324",
"text": "film to date is 2006's \"Last Request\", a comedy with Danny Aiello and Joe Piscopo. Feldon reprised her role as \"Agent 99\" in the made-for-television film \"Get Smart, Again!\" (1989) and a short-lived television series also titled \"Get Smart\" in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original \"Get Smart\" series in 2006 but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 episode (S1 E20) of \"Mad About You\", as Diane \"Spy Girl\"",
"title": "Barbara Feldon"
},
{
"id": "9244712",
"text": "analyst named Maxwell Smart (Carell) who dreams of becoming a real field agent and a better spy. The film was released in North America on June 20, 2008. \"Get Smart\" received mixed reviews from critics and it earned $230 million on a $80 million budget. Maxwell Smart, an analyst for the top secret American intelligence agency, CONTROL, yearns to become a field agent like his idol, Agent 23. Despite top scores in the acceptance tests, Max is denied the promotion due to his higher value as an analyst. When CONTROL headquarters is attacked by the terrorist organization KAOS, almost all",
"title": "Get Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "3772789",
"text": "minutes, akin to the technique that has become quite commonplace today. The theme music, which accompanied the closing credits and occasionally popped up during the program itself, was composed by Lalo Schifrin, best known for the theme to \"\". Unlike many other sitcoms of the 1960s and 70s, there is no family seen in the show. There are not many characters altogether. Detective Lennie Crooke: (Don Adams) Det. Lennie Crooke is a slightly inept police detective, a bit similar to Adams' previous character on \"Get Smart\", Maxwell Smart. Details on his life and family are very sparse. He has mentioned",
"title": "The Partners"
},
{
"id": "1869357",
"text": "air new episodes (or made-for-TV films) on each of the aforementioned current four major American television networks, although several TV shows in the 1940s and 1950s aired on NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont. The different versions of \"Get Smart\" did not all feature the original lead cast. \"Get Smart\" was parodied on a sketch in the Mexican comedy show \"De Nuez en Cuando\" called [\"Super Agente 3.1486\"], making fun of the Spanish title of the series (Super Agente 86) and the way the series is dubbed. An early \"MadTV\" sketch titled \"Get Smarty\" placed the Maxwell Smart character in situations",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "10796429",
"text": "a retired secret agent sought by CONTROL agent Maxwell Smart (Don Adams) and by enemy spies. Taylor gets a chance in the plot to exchange humorous takes with Adams and perform some physical comedy. Another veteran of acting, Ellen Corby, also appears in this same \"Get Smart\" episode, which takes place in \"Spy City,\" a retirement community for former agents. In 1966 and 1968, Taylor made guest appearances on \"Petticoat Junction\". In 1966, he played Mr. Foley, episode: \"Better Never Than Late\", and in 1968, he played Mr. Clayton, in the episode \"Uncle Joe Runs the Hotel\". On April 26,",
"title": "Vaughn Taylor (actor)"
},
{
"id": "3384639",
"text": "house detective, a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on \"Get Smart\". In similar fashion, several of Harris's tropes from the series, such as \"Oh, the pain!\", along with the character's mannerisms and delivery, became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on \"Lost in Space\". In an apparent homage to his earlier role, Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on \"Get Smart\" in 1970. His female assistant was named Zachary. Harris also guest-starred on \"The Ghost & Mrs. Muir\". Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of",
"title": "Jonathan Harris"
},
{
"id": "1869327",
"text": "something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first. Brooks and Henry proposed the show to ABC, where network executives called it \"un-American\" and demanded a \"lovable dog to give the show more heart\", as well as scenes showing Maxwell Smart's mother. Brooks strongly objected to the second suggestion: They wanted to put a print housecoat on the show. Max was to come home to his mother and explain everything. I hate mothers on shows. Max has no mother. He never had one. The cast and crew contributed",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "13257427",
"text": "Dante admits that he'd originally intended to call his thermal death-ray \"Dante's Inferno.\" Mr. Big (Get Smart) \"Mr. Big\" is the first episode of the first season of \"Get Smart\" and originally aired on September 18, 1965. In it, Maxwell Smart must rescue Professor Dante, whose device (the Enthermo) is being used by KAOS to menace the world. Max is told to rescue the professor, and bring back the Enthermo. Produced as the pilot episode of the series, this episode was filmed in black and white in early 1965. All other episodes that followed were in color. Maxwell Smart (Don",
"title": "Mr. Big (Get Smart)"
},
{
"id": "7528634",
"text": "his cousin to remain close to him, Adams initially gave Karvelas several uncredited bit parts on \"Get Smart\". One such part was an assistant to the Chief, which would evolve into the character of Larrabee. Mr. Karvelas actually ended up appearing in all five seasons of the show. The character \"Larrabee\" would go on to have the distinction of being just as bumbling as Maxwell Smart, if not more so. In Episode 21, Season 5, Smart tells the Chief, \"People ask if Larrabee and I are related.\" Robert's character part, and his generally sweet, unassuming nature, enhanced the joviality of",
"title": "Robert Karvelas"
},
{
"id": "1869336",
"text": "though the two characters share similar traits and often speak fondly of one another—even in the midst of attempting to assassinate each other. Speaking English with an exaggerated German accent, the gray-haired, mustachioed, and dueling-scarred Siegfried's catchphrase is, \"Zis is KAOS! Ve don't [some action] here!\" He was played by Terence Stamp in the 2008 film. In \"Get Smart\", telephones are concealed in over 50 objects, including a necktie, comb, watch, and a clock. A recurring gag is Max's shoe phone (an idea from Brooks). To use or answer it, he has to take off his shoe. There were a",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "3142496",
"text": "episodes, when both characters are in the car, Karate is the driver while Batfink rides in the back seat. In early episodes, his voice is a stereotypical Asian accent, but in later episodes, Len Maxwell adopts a clipped and nasal speech pattern. This was inspired by Don Adams, whose \"Get Smart\" character, Maxwell Smart, was popular at the time. Karate on occasion even utters the Maxwell-inspired catchphrase, \"Sorry about that, Batfink.\" Karate was usually ordered to check downstairs, while Batfink checked the upper floor. At the end of each cartoon episode, Karate would make a corny pun that was sometimes",
"title": "Batfink"
},
{
"id": "1869349",
"text": "Second and third calls come in, each with its own alias, the last of which is his own real name of Maxwell Smart, which he initially does not answer. Smart tells the skeptical gallery owner that those are his names as well, making it obvious to any spy that he is taking calls from fellow agents and informants. Smart then makes himself even more visible by tangling the handset cords of the three phones. CONTROL has a policy of burning pertinent documents after cases are closed; the reasons were detailed in their Rules and Regulations book, but nobody can read",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "1869335",
"text": "were so busy, they forgot to have the names stand for anything. In a series episode, after making a series of demands in a recording, the speaker mentions the demands are from \"KAOS, a Delaware Corporation\". When Smart asks the chief about this, he mentions they did it for tax reasons. Ludwig Von Siegfried, Konrad Siegfried, Count Von Siegfried, simply , or Herr Siegfried in most episodes (Bernie Kopell) is a recurring villain, and the Vice President in charge of Public Relations and Terror at KAOS though his title does vary. Siegfried is Maxwell Smart's \"opposite number\" and nemesis, even",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "1814166",
"text": "show, which cast Adams in the role because he was already under contract. When \"Get Smart\" debuted in 1965, it was an immediate hit. Barbara Feldon co-starred as Max's young and attractive partner (later wife) Agent 99, where she had a great chemistry with Adams throughout the show's run, despite a 10-year age difference, and they became best friends during and after. Adams gave the character a clipped speaking style borrowed from actor William Powell. Feldon said, \"Part of the pop fervor for Agent 86 was because Don did such an extreme portrayal of the character that it made it",
"title": "Don Adams"
},
{
"id": "9244721",
"text": "response, Dalip throws Siegfried into a river. Back in CONTROL headquarters, a party is held in Maxwell's honor, where Agent 99 gives him a puppy. Maxwell is afterwards given honors and gets his dream of becoming a real spy. While leaving, Max attempts to fix the jammed door, much to Agent 99's dismay, and ends up jammed between the sliding doors as a humorous ending shot. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original TV series, has a cameo as a motorist driving an Opel GT, a car featured in the TV series. This film's score was composed by Trevor",
"title": "Get Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "4891586",
"text": "was referenced in the first part of the 1969 \"Get Smart\" episode \"To Sire, with Love\", aired February 15th., in the US. Maxwell Smart claims that after appearing in an unspecified movie involving mummies, Bey was cursed and his career never recovered. Turhan Bey Turhan Bey (30 March 192230 September 2012) was an Austrian-born actor of Turkish and Czech Jewish origin. Turhan was active in Hollywood from 1941 to 1953. He was dubbed \"The Turkish Delight\" by his fans. After his return to Austria, he pursued careers as a photographer and stage director. Returning to Hollywood after a 40-year hiatus,",
"title": "Turhan Bey"
},
{
"id": "4083335",
"text": "had a regular comic strip feature, \"Superfan\", in \"Pro Quarterback\" magazine in the early 1970s. It was written by his \"Mad\" cohort, Nick Meglin. Davis first worked with \"TV Guide\" in 1965, which hired him to illustrate an expansive eight-page advertising supplement for NBC's TV lineup, which featured icons such as Johnny Carson, Dean Martin and fictional characters such as Dr. Kildare, Napoleon Solo and Maxwell Smart. His first cover for the magazine came in 1968, when he depicted a tribute to Andy Griffith, in which the actor was hoisted on the shoulders of his costars, Don Knotts and Jim",
"title": "Jack Davis (cartoonist)"
},
{
"id": "11365334",
"text": "Bruce Bilson Bruce Bilson (born May 19, 1928) is an American film and television director. He is the grandfather of actress Rachel Bilson. He is most notable for his work as a regular director on the popular spy spoof \"Get Smart\". He won the 1967-68 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the third season Get Smart episode \"Maxwell Smart, Private Eye\". Bilson was born in Brooklyn to Jewish parents. His mother, Hattie Bilson (née Dratwa), was an American screenwriter, and his father, George Bilson (1902-1981), was an English producer/writer/director (born Leeds, West Yorkshire) . His",
"title": "Bruce Bilson"
},
{
"id": "6922105",
"text": "married at 18 and divorced by the age of 24. She moved to Bristol and finding herself unemployed and with one child to support and another on the way she spotted a notice in the local paper for the Bristol Old Vic/HTV West playwriting competition. She wrote \"Rag Doll\", using the pseudonym \"Maxwell Smart\", a play about incest and child abuse, which won the competition and was staged by the Bristol Old Vic. Further plays for the Bush Theatre in London, Bristol Old Vic and Show of Strength followed along with work on television series including \"Casualty\", \"Love Hurts\" and",
"title": "Catherine Johnson (playwright)"
},
{
"id": "3591869",
"text": "Jürgen Prochnow Jürgen Prochnow ( ; born 10 June 1941) is a German-born actor. His best-known roles internationally have been as the good-hearted and sympathetic U-Boat captain in \"Das Boot\" (1981), Duke Leto Atreides in \"Dune\" (1984), the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in \"Air Force One\" (1997), and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in \"Beverly Hills Cop II\" (1987). Prochnow was born in Berlin and brought up in Düsseldorf, the son of an engineer. He studied acting at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. Thanks to his on-screen intensity and his fluency in English, he has",
"title": "Jürgen Prochnow"
},
{
"id": "4568995",
"text": "designed with an eye to safety. Automotive magazine \"Road & Track\" reviewed the GT in their June 1969 issue, recording 0–96 km/h in 10.8 seconds and a top speed of 182 km/h. \"Road & Track\" also found the car to have strong understeer, suggesting the 165x13 tires to be too small, although the ride was comfortable. A gold 1969 Opel GT was Agent 86 Maxwell Smart's car in the last season of the comedy TV series \"Get Smart\". Maxwell Smart drove a GT in several episodes, and the car features prominently in the opening credits. In the 2008 movie adaptation",
"title": "Opel GT"
},
{
"id": "9244711",
"text": "Get Smart (film) Get Smart is a 2008 American action spy comedy film directed by Peter Segal, written by Tom J. Astle and Matt Ember and produced by Leonard B. Stern, who is also the producer of the original series. The film is based on Mel Brooks and Buck Henry's television series of the same name. The film stars Steve Carell, Anne Hathaway, Dwayne Johnson, and Alan Arkin, with Terence Stamp, Terry Crews, David Koechner, and James Caan in supporting roles. Bernie Kopell, who played Siegfried in the original series, also appeared in the film. The film centers on an",
"title": "Get Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "4568996",
"text": "\"Get Smart\", Bernie Kopell (who played Siegfried in the original \"Get Smart\" series) makes a cameo appearance in which he drives a GT. Maxwell Smart's cars in Season 1 and 2 (a Sunbeam Tiger) and in Seasons 3 and 4 (a Volkswagen Karmann Ghia) are also in the scene. In the January 20, 2016 episode of \"Criminal Minds\" seen on CBS called \"Drive\", Dr. Tara Lewis, (played by Aisha Tyler) is seen pulling up in a vintage White Opel GT. When asked by the character Special Agent David Rossi (played Joe Mantegna), \"Who's your restoration guy?\", She answers, \"Oh, um,",
"title": "Opel GT"
},
{
"id": "3056406",
"text": "James Kirkwood. He voiced James Bond in the video game \"\" (2002). Maxwell Newby was born to Peter Newby on 23 November 1959 in Belper, Derbyshire and Oriole Rosalind (née Findlater) — although he later claimed to be a native of Glasgow, reportedly to be \"more interesting\". By 1965, his parents had divorced. Although not a child actor per se, aged around 7, he played \"Ted\" (under the name Maxwell Findlater, using his mother's maiden name) in the 1967 film, \"Accident\". The film's screenplay was written by Harold Pinter, and the film starred Stanley Baker, Dirk Bogarde and Michael York.",
"title": "Maxwell Caulfield"
},
{
"id": "13191562",
"text": "Makes Diamonds AZ - Legendary Sheek Louch - Life On D-Block Messy Marv and Berner - Blow Messy Marv and Berner - Blow 2: Blocks and Boat Docks Trina - Amazin' Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max",
"title": "Max Perry"
},
{
"id": "1869355",
"text": "Dick), becomes CONTROL's star agent (Zach's twin sister is never seen nor mentioned — though the new leader of KAOS, a hidden female figure, would have been revealed as the other twin if the show had continued.) And 99 is now a Congresswoman. The beginning teaser shows Maxwell Smart and Zach driving to CONTROL headquarters in a car wash separately; Smart, Zach and their secretary cram themselves into a secret elevator: a soda machine which \"disappears\". (A cleaning lady sits down in the open space when all of a sudden the machine pops up and knocks the woman into the",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "1869364",
"text": "He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, \"Don't tell me you're a double agent.\" (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, \"Don't tell me...\" and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, \"I \"asked\" you not to tell me that!\") Adams also appeared",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "7545987",
"text": "to be his true breakthrough role. He also considers the role to be his favorite Oscar-nominated performance. Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the",
"title": "Street Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "5964290",
"text": "Rupert Penry-Jones Rupert William Penry-Jones (born 22 September 1970) is an English actor, known for his roles as Adam Carter in the BBC One spy drama series \"Spooks\", Clive Reader QC in the BBC One legal drama \"Silk\", policeman DI Joseph Chandler in the ITV murder mystery series \"Whitechapel\", and Mr. Quinlan in the FX horror series \"The Strain\". Penry-Jones was born in London, the son of Welsh actor Peter Penry-Jones and English actress Angela Thorne. His brother, Laurence Penry-Jones, is an actor turned ambulance driver who is married to actress Polly Walker. On BBC One's \"Who Do You Think",
"title": "Rupert Penry-Jones"
},
{
"id": "9244719",
"text": "him a coded message via the radio show \"American Top 40\" alerting him to Siegfried's plan. Max escapes, arrives in Los Angeles to reunite with the Chief, Agent 99, and Agent 23, and convinces them that he is not the double-agent. When his Geiger counter-equipped watch picks up traces of radiation from Agent 23, they realize Agent 23 is the real double-agent. 23 takes 99 hostage and flees in a vehicle. After a chase, Maxwell manages to rescue Agent 99, but in the struggle, the car is set on fire and forced onto railroad tracks. Maxwell kisses Agent 23 to",
"title": "Get Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "1869322",
"text": "James Bond and Inspector Clouseau. Brooks said: \"It's an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy.\" The show generated a number of popular catchphrases during its run, including \"Would you believe...\", \"Good thinking, 99\", \"Missed it by \"that much\"!\", \"Sorry about that, Chief\", \"The old (such-and-such) trick\", \"And \"loving\" it\", and \"I \"asked\" you not to tell me that\". The show was followed by the films \"The Nude Bomb\" (a 1980 theatrical film release) and \"Get Smart, Again!\" (a 1989 made-for-TV sequel to the series), as well as a 1995 revival series, and a 2008 film remake. In",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "1869325",
"text": "as KAOS agents, including William Schallert (who also had a recurring role as The Admiral, the first Chief of CONTROL). Conrad Siegfried, played by Bernie Kopell, is Smart's KAOS archenemy. King Moody (originally appearing as a generic KAOS killer) portrayed the dim-witted but burly Shtarker, Siegfried's assistant. The enemies, world-takeover plots and gadgets seen in \"Get Smart\" were a parody of the \"James Bond\" movie franchise. \"Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch\", Mel Brooks said of the methods of this TV series. Max and 99 marry in season four, and have twins in season five.",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "7545986",
"text": "do the film partly because Cannon promised to give \"Street Smart\" the financial backing it needed. Miles Davis and Robert Irving III recorded the complete soundtrack. The film gained positive reviews. It currently holds a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film performed poorly at the box office, which is primarily attributed to Cannon Films' failure to properly market the theatrical release. Morgan Freeman was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award (among other honors) for Best Supporting Actor for his role. Despite having appeared in \"The Electric Company\" during the 1970s, Freeman has considered Fast Black",
"title": "Street Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "1869358",
"text": "from the film \"Get Shorty.\" An episode of \"F Troop\" called \"Spy, Counterspy, Counter–counterspy\" featured Pat Harrington Jr. imitating Don Adams as secret agent \"B. Wise.\" \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Bart vs. Lisa vs. the Third Grade\" parodies the opening of \"Get Smart\" in the couch gag. Homer goes through many futuristic doors and passageways until he reaches the phone booth, falls through the floor, and lands on the couch, with the rest of the family already seated. In the 1960s, Adams had a supporting role on the sitcom \"The Bill Dana Show\" (1963–1965) as the hopelessly inept hotel detective Byron",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "3558646",
"text": "rein to do the episode as he saw fit. The show lasted three years from 1981-83. He reprised the role in the spin-off pilot \"The Greatest American Heroine\" and a voice-over on the stop-motion sketch comedy \"Robot Chicken\". During that time, Culp was rumored to replace Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing in \"Dallas.\" However, Culp firmly denied this, insisting he would never leave his role as Bill Maxwell. In 1987, he reunited with Cosby on \"The Cosby Show\", playing Dr. Cliff Huxtable's old friend Scott Kelly. The name was a combination of their \"I Spy\" characters' names. Culp had",
"title": "Robert Culp"
},
{
"id": "3509078",
"text": "Mack (Bill Nighy). In 2004, he played the role of Solanio in the Michael Radford film, \"The Merchant of Venice.\" In an interview in \"The Metro\" on 20 February 2008 he stated that he is no longer recognised as Rab C. Nesbitt, and rather is more likely to be stopped by fans for his recent role as Mr Bumble in \"Oliver Twist\". \"Empty\", a comedy series starring Fisher, began on BBC2 on 28 February 2008. On BBC2, on 23 December 2008, he reprised his role as Rab C Nesbitt in a Christmas special. Fisher's autobiography, \"The Boy from Nowhere\", was",
"title": "Gregor Fisher"
},
{
"id": "15107063",
"text": "\"I'm absolutely thrilled to bits - I've not even been on screen yet, so it's quite flattering to be up for Sexiest Male. It's great. A few people have asked me whether it would be quite an embarrassing award to win, but considering I haven't even been on screen yet, I'd take anything! (laughs) If it was Best Haircut, I'd take that as well!\" Tommy Duckworth Tommy Duckworth is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \"Coronation Street\", played by Darryl Edwards from 1992 to 1997, Joseph Aston in 2000 and Chris Fountain from 2011 to 2013. The",
"title": "Tommy Duckworth"
},
{
"id": "9244723",
"text": "regarded Mexican actor who was returning to the character after a 13-year hiatus, having dubbed Don Adams in the 1960s TV series and again in the short-lived 1990s \"Get Smart\" TV series starring Andy Dick. \"Get Smart\" received mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 51%, based on 215 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, \"\"Get Smart\" rides Steve Carell's considerable charm for a few laughs, but in the end is a rather ordinary Summer comedy.\" Metacritic gave the film a score of 54 out of 100, based on 34 critics,",
"title": "Get Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "731140",
"text": "of \"Long and the Short and the Tall\" to Laurence Harvey. \"It broke my heart,\" he said later. O'Toole's major break came in November 1960 when he was chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in Sir David Lean's $12 million epic \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), after Marlon Brando proved unavailable and Albert Finney turned down the role. His performance was ranked number one in \"Premiere\" magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. The role introduced him to US audiences and earned him the first of his eight nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor. T. E.",
"title": "Peter O'Toole"
},
{
"id": "9909223",
"text": "that White (then Sir Gordon) was written into the script of the 1987 film \"Wall Street\", as the character 'Sir Larry Wildman', in which he was played as a cold-blooded money-making machine by actor Terence Stamp. In May 2004 White's daughter Sita, aged 43, died suddenly during a Santa Monica yoga class, Gordon White, Baron White of Hull Vincent Gordon Lindsay White, Baron White of Hull, KBE (11 May 1923 – 23 August 1995), known as Gordon White, was co-founder with James Hanson of the British conglomerate Hanson plc and one of the most successful corporate raiders of the 1970s",
"title": "Gordon White, Baron White of Hull"
},
{
"id": "1568527",
"text": "her metafictional novel \"Culture Shock\" (Duckworth 1988), Valerie Grosvenor Myer wrote of a satirically presented married couple among her characters:Let us consider my Jean and Jack ... I weighted the scales by presenting them in the rôle of parents ... fictional parents are usually set up as Aunt Sallies to be knocked down ... Mrs. Bennet, Mrs. Nickleby, Mrs. Portnoy; Old Capulet, Mr Dorrit, Dr Sloper. In the \"Get Smart\" original TV series, in the fifth-season episode \"Do I Hear a Vaults?\", aired on 8 May 1970, Maxwell Smart alludes to the book being hidden in a public library. The",
"title": "Portnoy's Complaint"
},
{
"id": "331205",
"text": "Academy Film Awards. In 1963, Stanley Kubrick cast Sellers to appear in \"Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb\" alongside George C. Scott, Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn and Slim Pickens. Sellers and Kubrick got on famously during the film's production and had the greatest of respect for each other, also sharing a love of photography. The director asked Sellers to play three roles: US President Merkin Muffley, Dr. Strangelove and Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF. Sellers was initially hesitant about taking on these divergent characters, but Kubrick prevailed. According to some accounts,",
"title": "Peter Sellers"
},
{
"id": "1869341",
"text": "of soup (Cream of Technicolor) that takes a picture (with a conspicuous flash) of the person eating the soup with each spoonful; a Mini Magnet on a belt, which turns out to be stronger than KAOS's Maxi Magnet; and a powerful miniature laser weapon in the button of a sports jacket (the \"laser blazer\"). Another of the show's recurring gags is the \"Cone of Silence\". Smart would pedantically insist on following CONTROL's security protocols; when in the chief's office he would insist on speaking under the Cone of Silence—two transparent plastic hemispheres which are electrically lowered on top of Max",
"title": "Get Smart"
},
{
"id": "13191559",
"text": "Max Perry Max Perry (born June 23, 1984), primarily known by his stage name Maxwell Smart is a record producer, born in New York City and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Max Perry was born in New York. His father, Fredro Perry, is a drummer, songwriter, producer, and independent label owner, who has toured with his band, The Brooklyn Cowboys. His uncle, Richard Perry, is a record producer. Max Perry has done many cowrites with his brother and partner, Gennessee, who has worked with artists such as Mac Dre, One Block Radius, Too Short, Hell Rell, Paul Wall, AZ, and",
"title": "Max Perry"
},
{
"id": "12874443",
"text": "working at Talent Associates in New York City on the script for a new pilot, which became an enduring legacy of Talent Associates. This was the sitcom \"Get Smart\", a spoof of the then-popular secret agent genre, which premiered in 1965 on NBC and starred Don Adams and Barbara Feldon. Production took place at Sunset Bronson Studios in Hollywood, so Talent Associates had to establish a West Coast presence. \"Get Smart\" spanned 138 episodes over 5 years, and was very popular in broadcast syndication. It spawned sequels, reunion shows and even major feature films decades after its premiere. Talent Associates",
"title": "Talent Associates"
},
{
"id": "7733611",
"text": "of serious story lines which Paul performed with some panache. These included being kicked almost to death by a gang of thugs and having to spend several weeks in hospital on a drip, falling in love with a colleague's girlfriend and having an affair with her (and marrying her after the affair became public), and then having an extramarital relationship himself with another officer. The character was eventually transferred after successfully undertaking undercover work. This tied in with Paul's decision to leave \"The Bill\" after 13 years. He briefly played Maxwell Moon in the popular BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" and",
"title": "Andrew Paul"
},
{
"id": "9675307",
"text": "his eyesight. Maxwell Arnow is survived by two daughters and three grandchildren. Aside from the two mentioned above, other film stars he worked with included Kay Francis, Miriam Hopkins, Helen Hayes, Ruth Chatterton, Katharine Hepburn, Humphrey Bogart (who wouldn't change his first name), Jack Lemmon, Ernest Borgnine, Shelley Winters, Robert Vaughn and Tab Hunter. Maxwell Arnow Maxwell Arnow (born February 25, 1902 in New York City – died June 6, 1984 in Beverly Hills) was an American Casting director. He was noted for his discoveries of future film stars Ronald Reagan and Kim Novak. Maxwell Arnow was born in New",
"title": "Maxwell Arnow"
},
{
"id": "2568610",
"text": "many times. For security reasons, Maxwell Smart insists upon using it to discuss his case. Despite this, its use is always counterproductive in some way: The series also employs related technology: Cone of Silence (Get Smart) The Cone of Silence is one of many recurring joke devices from \"Get Smart\", an American comedy television series of the 1960s about an inept spy. The essence of the joke is that the apparatus, designed for secret conversations, makes it impossible for those inside the device – and easy for those outside the device – to hear the conversation. The end result being",
"title": "Cone of Silence (Get Smart)"
},
{
"id": "35148",
"text": "scene of \"\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \"Broadcast News\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\" He also won positive notices for his role in 1998's \"Out of Sight\", playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict. Brooks received positive reviews for his portrayal of a dying retail store owner who befriends disillusioned teen Leelee Sobieski",
"title": "Albert Brooks"
},
{
"id": "3056407",
"text": "The actor's American stepfather, Peter Maclaine, a former Marine, reportedly kicked Caulfield out of the house at the age of 15. Caulfield became an exotic dancer at London's Windmill Theatre in order to obtain an Equity card enabling him to work as an actor. Later he got his green card through his stepfather. He reportedly took his stage surname, Caulfield, from the character in J.D. Salinger's novel \"Catcher in the Rye\". Caulfield made his New York City debut in \"Hot Rock Hotel\" (1978) after moving from the UK to the United States, and the following year made his stage debut",
"title": "Maxwell Caulfield"
},
{
"id": "2912248",
"text": "Edward Platt Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his portrayal of \"The Chief\" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series \"Get Smart\". With his deep voice and mature appearance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career. Platt was born in Staten Island, New York, and studied at the Juilliard School. He attended Princeton University, but left after his freshman year. Platt served in the United States Army during World War II. A powerful, operatically trained bass-baritone, he debuted on Broadway in the Rodgers and",
"title": "Edward Platt"
},
{
"id": "6774078",
"text": "hit—\"Marriage on the Rocks\" and \"Assault on a Queen\" having flopped in the two previous years—so he put actor and trusted aide Brad Dexter in charge of finding a suitable vehicle. After negotiations for him to star in \"Harper\" fell through, \"The Naked Runner\" was chosen instead. Sinatra had been impressed with 1965's \"The IPCRESS File\" and recruited its director Sidney J. Furie. Among the film's co-stars were Peter Vaughan, Derren Nesbitt and Edward Fox. Sinatra was paid $1 million. In Copenhagen, Sinatra left to perform at a rally for California's Democratic governor Pat Brown (running against Republican Ronald Reagan).",
"title": "The Naked Runner"
},
{
"id": "14396271",
"text": "wave of actors born in the late 1970s and early 1980s who were garnering success in Hollywood. These actors include Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hiddleston, Henry Cavill, James McAvoy, Tom Hardy, Eddie Redmayne and Rupert Friend. Brit Pack (actors) \"Brit Pack\" is a term that has been used to refer to specific groups of young British actors who have achieved success in Hollywood, as well as more generally to the entire group of such actors. According to one article, \"every decade brings a new Brit Pack, another disparate group of actors backed by the media to achieve simultaneous Hollywood stardom.\" However,",
"title": "Brit Pack (actors)"
},
{
"id": "2568607",
"text": "them. Neither the characters nor the audience hear what is being said. In the later sequel movie, \"Get Smart, Again!\" (1989), when Maxwell is reactivated as a secret agent, he insists on following protocol to ensure secrecy by using the Cone of Silence. However, the device is considered to be completely outdated (however Max and 99 still have one at home), and the current methods used were the following: A new version of the Cone of Silence appears in the 2008 \"Get Smart\" film. One of the early versions of the Cone used in the television series is on display",
"title": "Cone of Silence (Get Smart)"
},
{
"id": "7545984",
"text": "Street Smart (film) Street Smart is a 1987 American thriller-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman and Kathy Baker. It was shot in New York City and Montreal, Quebec. Magazine reporter Jonathan Fisher (Christopher Reeve), in danger of losing his job, promises to write a hard-hitting story on prostitution. When no one on the street will talk to him, he fabricates a story of a pimp that's so well-received it puts his career back on track. However, the Police and the District Attorney think the story is of a real pimp who is wanted for",
"title": "Street Smart (film)"
},
{
"id": "8650034",
"text": "women in the broadcast booth. This gets him into trouble eventually, as one of these women (played by Tim Reid's real-life wife Daphne Maxwell Reid) later is arrested as a conspirator in a jewelry robbery. To save her own skin, she fingers Venus, who bears a strong resemblance to the real robber. Venus is in jail for about a week until the real robber (briefly played by Reid via a split screen effect) is finally arrested. Despite the way he dresses and his occasional use of 1970s vernacular slang like \"what's happening,\" Venus is actually one of the more straitlaced",
"title": "Venus Flytrap (WKRP in Cincinnati)"
},
{
"id": "771484",
"text": "the filmmakers had to make a choice whether to delay filming for a year or re-cast. James Mason had just finished filming \"Doctor Fischer of Geneva\" for the BBC. The \"Shooting Party\" schedule was changed to allow him to take over the part of Sir Randolph Nettleby six weeks later. His broken leg also deprived Scofield of the part of O'Brien in \"Nineteen Eighty-Four,\" in which he was replaced by Richard Burton. Scofield was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for \"A",
"title": "Paul Scofield"
},
{
"id": "4271001",
"text": "grew further when he played the title role of Jim Hacker in the comedy series \"Yes Minister\" (first screened in 1980) and \"Yes, Prime Minister\" (1986–88) – said to have been former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's favourite TV programme. He was shortlisted four times for the BAFTA award for Best Light Entertainment Performance for the series, but he lost out to his co-star Nigel Hawthorne on each occasion. During 1987 Eddington appeared as Sir Joseph Porter in \"H.M.S. Pinafore\" in Australia. His last roles included Guy Wheeler, a corrupt property developer in the \"Minder\" episode \"The Wrong Goodbye\" (1989); as",
"title": "Paul Eddington"
},
{
"id": "2655596",
"text": "recalling favorite moments with the actor. The comedy celebration has been noted as the most successful fundraiser in IMF history, as the first event held in 2007 raised over $550,000, while the following year over $600,000 was raised for the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the IMF's research programs. He was interred at Green River Cemetery in Springs, New York. Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and the comical monster in Mel Brooks'",
"title": "Peter Boyle"
},
{
"id": "11433989",
"text": "a film made with a low budget funded almost entirely by financial contributions starting at £1,000 each from such individuals as Richard Burton, Noël Coward, Peter Sellers and Elizabeth Taylor, with the stars bypassing their standard fees and taking shares of the film's revenue. The movie, based on the play of the same name by Harold Pinter, was filmed in black-and-white with cinematography by Nicolas Roeg. Donner's next film, 1964's \"Nothing But the Best\", was a satire on the British class system starring Alan Bates and Denholm Elliott, based on a screenplay by Frederic Raphael. The film tells the story",
"title": "Clive Donner"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Get Smart context: the beginning of the 20th century by Harold Harmon Hargrade, a career officer in the United States Navy's N-2 (Intelligence) Branch. Hargrade served as the first Chief of CONTROL. \"CONTROL\" is not an acronym, but it is always shown in all capital letters as if it were. Maxwell \"Max\" Smart, code number Agent 86 (portrayed by Don Adams) is the central character. Despite being a top secret government agent, he is absurdly clumsy, very naive and has occasional lapses of attention. Due to his frequent verbal gaffes and physical miscues, most of the people Smart encounters believe he is grossly\n\nWhich actor played Maxwell Smart?",
"compressed_tokens": 188,
"origin_tokens": 188,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Don Adams context Beach\" (1987). He attempted a situation-comedy comeback in Canada with \"Check it Out!\" in 1985; the show ran for three years in Canada, but it was not successful in the United States. The show also starred Gordon Clapp, an unknown actor at the time, who developed a rapport with Adams. Adams reprised his Maxwell Smart role one last time on \"Get Smart\" for Fox in 1995, which co-starred Barbara Feldon and rising star Andy Dick as Max and 99's son. Unlike the original version, this show did not appeal to younger viewers, and it was canceled after just seven episodes.\n\ntitle Get Smart context: is customary for the go to shooting Adams intense dislike of long- flying meant Zealand car had to be shipped to US for filming. He appeared in another series commercials in the late 1990 for a dial-around distance carrier. In the Back to Beach (1987), Adams played Har Master, who used severalwell Smart's catch phr (including in Frankie Aval's character did a vague impression Siegfried). Adams played Smart 1989 commercial for K\n\ntitle: Get Smart: as KA, Williamallertwho had a recurr roleal, the ofTROL Conradfried, played by Kopell, is Smart' KAOS archen. King (origin appearing a generic KAOS k)rayed dim-witted bur Shtarker Siegfrieds assistant worldgets in were a par of the\".Do what did stretch in Mel of methods of series. and 9 in season four andins in\ntitle: Adams Don Adams Donald Jamesmy1),ian television comedyart095), which he also sometimes directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his performance in the series (1967–69). Adams also provided the voices for the animated series \"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales\" (1963–66) and \"Inspector Gadget\" (1983–85) as well as several revivals and spinoffs of the latter in the 1990s.\n\nWhich actor played Maxwell Smart?",
"compressed_tokens": 469,
"origin_tokens": 14526,
"ratio": "31.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
198 | On a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B? | [
"History of V",
"🆅",
"V (letter)",
"Ⓥ",
"Ｖ",
"⒱",
"ⓥ",
"🄥",
"🅥",
"V",
"🅅"
] | V | [
{
"id": "1485176",
"text": "fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \"wolf interval\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has",
"title": "Wolf interval"
},
{
"id": "9959211",
"text": "it. While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q,",
"title": "Icelandic orthography"
},
{
"id": "3662046",
"text": "across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \"key\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \"styled\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on",
"title": "Space bar"
},
{
"id": "1508270",
"text": "short. For instance, an octave (2:1) spans from C to C', and three justly tuned major thirds (5:4) span from C to B (namely, from C, to E, to G, to B). The difference between C-C' (2:1) and C-B (125:64) is the diesis (128:125). Notice that this coincides with the interval between B and C', also called a diminished second. The diesis is a comma. The above-mentioned 128:125 comma is also known as the lesser diesis, as opposed to a wider comma (648:625) known as greater diesis. As shown in the picture, in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system (a tuning",
"title": "Diesis"
},
{
"id": "15440023",
"text": "variation (24 unique sets of key signatures, 12 major and 12 minor each in the keys of C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, Gb, G, Ab, A, Bb, B). Each chord value can instantly change, depending on which key signature the player selects from the top keyboard in the stack of four MIDI keyboards. For example, in the Key of C, the I chord is C major, and the II chord is D minor, and so on up the scale. The chordboard allows the player to select key signature changes on the fly, and chord style, or genre changes also",
"title": "Chordboard"
},
{
"id": "5775943",
"text": "F hexachord, and known as \"B molle\" for 'soft B') and B♮ (\"mi\" in the G hexachord, and known as \"B durum\" for 'hard B'). Over time, the soft and hard variants of 'b' were depicted as a rounded \" and a squared-off \" which gradually developed into the modern flat and natural signs (or, in Northern Europe, into the letters 'b' and 'h'). Since a single hexachord did not cover every possible note in the range of the gamut (only C–A, F–D excluding B, or G–E excluding B), singers would have to \"mutate\" between hexachords if the range of",
"title": "Guidonian hand"
},
{
"id": "8389920",
"text": "a result, Eurolengo has never had any speakers. According to its author, there are only three pages of grammar rules. The Eurolengo alphabet is almost the same as the English alphabet, except there is no C (its phonemes being taken over by either S or K), but the Ch digraph is treated as a letter. a=ah, b= bay, ch = chay, d=day, e = eh, f=eff, g=gay, h=ash, i = ee, j = jay, k = kay, l = ell, m = em, n = en, o = oh, p = pay, q=kw, r=air, s = ess, t=tay, u =",
"title": "Eurolengo"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "2525937",
"text": "to a new hexachord. For example, the hexachord beginning on C and rising to A, named \"hexachordum naturale\", has its only semitone between the notes E and F, and stops short of the note B or B. A melody moving a semitone higher than \"la\" (namely, from A to the B above) required changing the \"la\" to \"mi\", so that the required B becomes \"fa\". Because B was named by the \"soft\" or rounded letter B, the hexachord with this note in it was called the \"hexachordum molle\" (soft hexachord). Similarly, the hexachord with \"mi\" and \"fa\" expressed by the",
"title": "Hexachord"
},
{
"id": "3234324",
"text": "often divided into \"transposition ciphers\" and \"substitution ciphers\". In a substitution cipher, letters (or groups of letters) are systematically replaced throughout the message for other letters (or groups of letters). A well-known example of a substitution cipher is the Caesar cipher. To encrypt a message with the Caesar cipher, each letter of message is replaced by the letter three positions later in the alphabet. Hence, A is replaced by D, B by E, C by F, etc. Finally, X, Y and Z are replaced by A, B and C respectively. So, for example, \"WIKIPEDIA\" encrypts as \"ZLNLSHGLD\". Caesar rotated the",
"title": "Classical cipher"
},
{
"id": "14318197",
"text": "are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. They differ by where a few of the letters are placed. For example, some have Cyrillic 'B' (which is pronounced 'V') on the Latin 'W' key (after the German transliteration of B), while others have it on the Latin 'V' key. The images of AATSEEL \"Student\", YaZhERT (яжерт) and YaWERT (яверт) are shown on this page. There are also variations within these variations; for example the Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout is YaShERT but differs in placement of ж and э. Windows",
"title": "Keyboard layout"
},
{
"id": "14318154",
"text": "or \"Control\", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows. Turkmen keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where Ä appears in place of Q above A, Ü appears in place of X below S, Ç appears in place of C, and Ý appears in place of V, with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista",
"title": "Keyboard layout"
},
{
"id": "15476359",
"text": "typical example is B-2b=TG. The first letter(s) represents the piece moved: R = rook, C = reverse chariot, SW = swallow's wings, GB = go-between, B = bishop, TG = tile general, CS = cat's sword, D = dog. The designation of the piece is followed by a symbol indicating the type of move: - for an ordinary move, x for a capture, or * for a drop. Next is the designation for the square on which the piece lands. This consists of a number representing the file and a lowercase letter representing the rank, with 1a being the top",
"title": "Nana shogi"
},
{
"id": "14318157",
"text": "such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy. Computer keyboards usually have QWERTY, although non-alphanumeric characters vary. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available. Sámi keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where Á appears in place of Q above A, Š appears in place of W above S, Č appears in place of X to the left of C, and Ŧ appears in place of Y to the right of T, with Q, W, X, and Y being available by use of the AltGr",
"title": "Keyboard layout"
},
{
"id": "2517004",
"text": "at right, with the added dimension of brightness. The axes in these diagrams are the responses of the short-wavelength (\"S\"), middle-wavelength (\"M\"), and long-wavelength (\"L\") cones in the human eye. The other letters indicate black (\"Blk\"), red (\"R\"), green (\"G\"), blue (\"B\"), cyan (\"C\"), magenta (\"M\"), yellow (\"Y\"), and white colors (\"W\"). (Note: These pictures are not exactly to scale.) The top left diagram shows that the shape of the RGB gamut is a triangle between red, green, and blue at lower luminosities; a triangle between cyan, magenta, and yellow at higher luminosities, and a single white point at maximum",
"title": "Gamut"
},
{
"id": "17233939",
"text": "to have confirmed planets. The designations \"b\", \"c\" derive from the order of discovery. The designation of \"b\" is given to the first planet orbiting a given star, followed by the other lowercase letters of the alphabet. In the case of Kepler-69, all of the known planets in the system were discovered at one time, so \"b\" is applied to the closest planet to the star and \"c\" to the farthest. Kepler-69 is a G-type star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K.",
"title": "Kepler-69"
},
{
"id": "6245955",
"text": "\"d\" correspond to \"q\" and \"p\" respectively. \"F\" transforms to a mixture between a \"J\" and a \"t\". A and C do not transform readily to recognizable letters. E transforms to 3. C transforms to an open O or right parenthesis. Upside-down A is the # sign. Using leet, additional letters can be represented by combinations of letters (11/II or 2 [\"Z\" being very rare in English] representing \"two\" or \"to\", 111/III representing \"three\", 15/SI, 935/SEa or 335/SEE for \"C\", etc.). This is generally rare and, especially in the last case (using a spelling-out of a letter) severely limits readability.",
"title": "Calculator spelling"
},
{
"id": "14951961",
"text": "Pitch circularity Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because",
"title": "Pitch circularity"
},
{
"id": "12491784",
"text": "and Heidi waited for Liz and Kristy to get close enough to them to tell them the solution. When she saw the safe's keypad, Liz told Heidi to key in 6642, since the number 1 on the safe had the letters A, B, and C where on a telephone it has no letters. This guess was incorrect, and they did not have time to try again. The host revealed, when the time ran out, that 6653 was indeed the correct combination. Meanwhile, Craig and John were sent to find men in the town of Rotorua who could reasonably pass for",
"title": "The Mole (Australia season 5)"
},
{
"id": "61621",
"text": "fixed lines: total subscriptions: 14,987,520 (July 2016 est.) Telephones - mobile cellular: 30.45 million (July 2016 est.) Telephone system: (2016) ITU prefixes: Letter combinations available for use in Canada as the first two letters of a television or radio station's call sign are CF, CG, CH, CI, CJ, CK, CY, CZ, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF, VG, VO, VX, VY, XJ, XK, XL, XM, XN and XO. Only CF, CH, CI, CJ and CK are currently in common use, although four radio stations in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador retained call letters beginning with VO when Newfoundland joined Canadian",
"title": "Telecommunications in Canada"
},
{
"id": "6591886",
"text": "B, C, D, E, F*, G, A*, B*, B, C ... The bold notes spell out an acoustic scale on C. However, in the harmonic series, the notes marked with asterisks are out of tune: F* is almost exactly halfway between F and F, A* is closer to A* than A, and B* is too flat to be generally accepted as part of an equal tempered scale. The acoustic scale may have formed from a major triad (C E G) with an added minor seventh and raised fourth (B and F, drawn from the overtone series) and major second and",
"title": "Acoustic scale"
},
{
"id": "12323757",
"text": "pressed by fingers. Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys. Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm), and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards, such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys. The internationally common 102/104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the",
"title": "Computer keyboard"
},
{
"id": "4563402",
"text": "to ensure that no two items exactly match. With this strategy, if A ranks ahead of B and C (which compare equal) which are both ranked ahead of D, then A gets ranking number 1 (\"first\") and D gets ranking number 4 (\"fourth\"), and either B gets ranking number 2 (\"second\") and C gets ranking number 3 (\"third\") or C gets ranking number 2 (\"second\") and B gets ranking number 3 (\"third\"). In computer data processing, ordinal ranking is also referred to as \"row numbering\". Items that compare equal receive the same ranking number, which is the mean of what",
"title": "Ranking"
},
{
"id": "13425520",
"text": "calculations should be stopped and an error message (\"indeterminate case\") returned. (Adapted form Bowser, exercise 140, page 203). A, B and C are three objects such that \"AC\" = 435 (yards), \"CB\" = 320, and \"C\" = 255.8 degrees. From a station P it is observed that \"APC\" = 30 degrees and \"CPB\" = 15 degrees. Find the distances of \"P\" from \"A\", \"B\" and \"C\". (Note that in this case the points C and P are on the same side of the line AB, a different configuration from the one shown in the figure). Answer: \"PA\" = 790, \"PB\"",
"title": "Snellius–Pothenot problem"
},
{
"id": "88826",
"text": "Hill system order is arranged alphabetically, as above, with single-letter elements coming before two-letter symbols when the symbols begin with the same letter (so \"B\" comes before \"Be\", which comes before \"Br\"). The following example formulae are written using the Hill system, and listed in Hill order: Chemical formula The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or",
"title": "Chemical formula"
},
{
"id": "235376",
"text": "flats (on B and E) and so on. Put another way: for key signatures with sharps, the first sharp is placed on F with subsequent sharps on C, G, D, A, E and B; for key signatures with flats, the first flat is placed on B with subsequent flats on E, A, D, G, C and F. There are thus 15 conventional key signatures, with up to seven sharps or flats and including the \"empty\" signature of C major (A minor). Corollaries: The relative minor is a minor third down from the major, regardless of whether it is a \"flat\"",
"title": "Key signature"
},
{
"id": "3740043",
"text": "has additional ones, ranging from 1101 to 1133 (for some reason, however, omitting 1103 and 1105), Kamnik has 1240 and 1241, etc. Albeit they exist, it is not necessary to use them - usually the \"general\" postcodes are used. The abbreviations are: g. for \"gospod\" (Mr), ga. for \"gospa\" (Mrs), and gdč. for \"gospodična\" (Miss) - all always capitalized if in the beginning of the line. Numbers can have a suffix like A, B, C, etc. Common abbreviations are: c. for \"cesta\" (Street), and ul. for \"ulica\" (Road) - both always capitalised if in the beginning of the line. 5ºB",
"title": "Address"
},
{
"id": "941630",
"text": "the readability of a line of music. For example, a sequence of notes is more easily read as \"ascending\" or \"descending\" if the noteheads are on different positions on the staff. Doing so may also reduce the number of accidentals that must be used. Thus, in the key of B major, the sequence B-B-B is more easily read using the enharmonic spelling C instead of B. For example, the intervals of a minor sixth on C, on B, and an augmented fifth on C are all enharmonic intervals . The most common enharmonic intervals are the augmented fourth and diminished",
"title": "Enharmonic"
},
{
"id": "4658793",
"text": "uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C. In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60. The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart. However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz. Range (music) In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the",
"title": "Range (music)"
},
{
"id": "111585",
"text": "or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in \"book and 'ck' in \"chicken\". Even with the widespread adoption of Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the \"Latin-Extended A\" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on most physical keyboards and are left out of certain fonts. There are two principal workarounds to this problem, which substitute digraphs for the accented letters. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, created an \"h-convention\", which replaces \"ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ,\" and \"ŭ\" with \"ch, gh, hh, jh, sh,\" and \"u,\" respectively. If",
"title": "Esperanto"
},
{
"id": "12323773",
"text": "the right of L (where colon/semicolon is on a US keyboard). The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters. In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French-speaking province of Québec, keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French-language keyboard; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout, the French-language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as \"é\" or \"à\" with a single keystroke. Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict:",
"title": "Computer keyboard"
},
{
"id": "2500784",
"text": "same as that of F.) This is normally only an issue in describing the notes corresponding to the black keys of the piano; there is little temptation to write C as B although both may be valid names of the same note. Each is correct in its context. Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B, E, or A (the three most common registers), never in A, and D, and B",
"title": "Letter notation"
},
{
"id": "1975662",
"text": "the PCjr to change the home-computer market in a similar way to how the IBM PC had changed the business-microcomputer market. They predicted that the PCjr would extend IBM's dominance, with customers able to use the company's computers in the home and in the office. \"The Wall Street Journal\" observed that \"The PCjr ... has at least three invaluable assets: the letters I, B, and M\". Even rival companies like Coleco, Commodore, and Tandy hoped that a home computer from IBM with, as \"Popular Science\" wrote, \"the three initials on its nameplate, letters that, in the minds of many, represent",
"title": "IBM PCjr"
},
{
"id": "3785956",
"text": "centre of a Monty Python joke from the Travel Agent sketch. Eric Idle has an affliction that makes him pronounce the letter C as a B, as in \"bolour\" instead of \"colour.\" Michael Palin asks him if he can say the letter K? Idle replies that he can, and Palin suggests that he spell words with a K instead of C. Idle replies, \"what, spell bolour with a K? Kolour. Oh! I never thought of that before! What a silly bunt!\" The video game franchise Mortal Kombat is another example of this trend. A common satiric usage of the letters",
"title": "Satiric misspelling"
},
{
"id": "5580921",
"text": "use the Latin alphabet letters \"A\" to \"Z\" to represent the 26 digit values one to twenty-six. (A=1, B=2, C=3, ..., Z=26) With this choice of notation, the number sequence (starting from 1) begins A, B, C, ..., X, Y, Z, AA, AB, AC, ..., AX, AY, AZ, BA, BB, BC, ... Each digit position represents a power of twenty-six, so for example, the numeral ABC represents the value = 731 in base 10. Many spreadsheets including Microsoft Excel use this system to assign labels to the columns of a spreadsheet, starting A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...,",
"title": "Bijective numeration"
},
{
"id": "6994734",
"text": "example given in the spec is: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c(d + e).foo(); with the suggestion that the preceding statement be terminated with a semicolon. Some suggest instead the use of \"leading\" semicolons on lines starting with '(' or '<nowiki>[</nowiki>', so the line is not accidentally joined with the previous one. This is known as a defensive semicolon, and is particularly recommended, because code may otherwise become ambiguous when it is rearranged. For example: a = b + c // Treated as: // a = b + c; // (d +",
"title": "JavaScript syntax"
},
{
"id": "6612078",
"text": "actions than the last one can also be undone by pressing multiple times. was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing. Presumably these particular keystrokes were chosen because of their location on a standard QWERTY keyboard, since the Z (undo), X (cut), C (copy), and V (paste) keys are located together at the left end of the bottom row of the standard QWERTY keyboard. Substitute character A substitute character (␚) is a control character that is used in the place of a character that is recognized to be",
"title": "Substitute character"
},
{
"id": "5775942",
"text": "of three octaves. Reading from left to right could, within certain limits, permit notes within different octaves to be distinguished from each other. Thus, C (modern \"c\") was \"C fa ut\" (or \"Cefaut\"), c (modern c′) was \"C sol fa ut\", and cc (modern c″) was \"C sol fa\". Since the lowest pitch was designated by the Greek letter Γ (gamma, for 'g'), the pitch was known as \"Gamma ut\" or \"Gamut\", a term which came to designate the range of notes available, and later, a complete range of anything. The hexachordal system also distinguished between B (\"fa\" in the",
"title": "Guidonian hand"
},
{
"id": "11429516",
"text": "diagrams on this page reflect his usage). In other words if one thinks of a standard musical keyboard and takes for example middle C as Do then the following six white keys, DEFGAB will represent the rest of the octave, and the next white key will be the higher C. There will be black keys between each of the white keys, except between E and F (the mi-fa interval) and between B and the higher C (the si-do interval) In any process described in terms of the Law of Seven, the Mi-Fa interval and the Ti-Do interval are said to",
"title": "Fourth Way enneagram"
},
{
"id": "7456450",
"text": "must be played or sung. A note always lasts till the next one of the same hand or part appears, unless a stop sign or continuation dot is used. Therefore there is no connection between shape or colour of a note and its duration. The various kinds of 'rest' signs, different note heads, ties and different clefs are thus rendered unnecessary. The klavar notation uses one clef: the centre of the keyboard is indicated by dotted lines representing C and D, so Middle C can easily be located. There are no different clefs for the left and right hand. This",
"title": "Klavarskribo"
},
{
"id": "3863950",
"text": "0 of SPN marks the low end of what humans can actually perceive, with the average person being able to hear frequencies no lower than 20 Hz. <br> The octave number increases by 1 upon an ascension from B to C. Thus, \"A\" refers to the first A \"above\" C and middle C (the small octave's C or simply \"c\") is denoted as \"C\" in SPN. Scientific pitch notation is often used to specify the range of an instrument. It provides an unambiguous means of identifying a note in terms of textual notation rather than frequency, while at the same",
"title": "Scientific pitch notation"
},
{
"id": "309501",
"text": "gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully a performer presses or strikes the keys. Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or \"notes\"), going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the \"accidentals\" (F/G, G/A, A/B, C/D, and",
"title": "Piano"
},
{
"id": "9294982",
"text": "It Might as Well Be String \"It Might as Well Be String\" is an episode of the award-winning British comedy television series \"The Goodies\". Written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie. The Goodies have become Advertising Men and Graeme reads from a blackboard with the letters 'A', 'B', 'C' and 'D' written on it, and showing what is written about each letter — from 'D' to 'A'): Tim ('TBT') tells the others: \"From today 'BO', 'GG' — save time — call you 'BOGG'.\" Bill & Grahame are in charge with creative sides, Tim is horrified at",
"title": "It Might as Well Be String"
},
{
"id": "92300",
"text": "are \"$\" = 36, \"a\" = 97, \"b\" = 98, \"C\" = 67, and \"d\" = 100). Therefore, strings beginning with \"C\", \"M\", or \"Z\" would be sorted before strings with lower-case \"a\", \"b\", etc. This is sometimes called \"ASCIIbetical order\". This deviates from the standard alphabetical order, particularly due to the ordering of capital letters before all lower-case ones (and possibly the treatment of spaces and other non-letter characters). It is therefore often applied with certain alterations, the most obvious being case conversion (often to uppercase, for historical reasons) before comparison of ASCII values. In many collation algorithms, the",
"title": "Collation"
},
{
"id": "3029921",
"text": "modulatory space, though readers should be advised that the term \"modulatory space\" is not a standard music-theoretical term.) Chordal spaces model relationships between chords. The simplest pitch space model is the real line. A fundamental frequency \"f\" is mapped to a real number \"p\" according to the equation This creates a linear space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and middle C is assigned the number 60, as it is in MIDI. 440 Hz is the standard frequency of 'concert A', which is the note 9 semitones",
"title": "Pitch space"
},
{
"id": "47918",
"text": "of Dr. Martin Richards. The BBC Domesday Project made use of the language. Versions of BCPL for the Amstrad CPC and Amstrad PCW computers were also released in 1986 by UK software house Arnor Ltd. MacBCPL was released for the Apple Macintosh in 1985 by Topexpress Ltd, of Kensington, England. Both the design and philosophy of BCPL strongly influenced B, which in turn influenced C. Programmers at the time debated whether an eventual successor to C would be called \"D\" (the next letter in the alphabet) or \"P\" (the next letter in the parent language name). The language most accepted",
"title": "BCPL"
},
{
"id": "16277214",
"text": "for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B button emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.",
"title": "B"
},
{
"id": "20513434",
"text": "alliteration with \"b\" is very rare. However, when an alliterating word comes after a verse-break such as a caesura, the letter \"a\" is less common, coming only in 6th or 7th place. Usually a letter alliterates only with itself, but sometimes \"qu\" can alliterate with \"c\"; \"ph\" may alliterate with \"p\"; \"ae\" and \"au\" may alliterate with \"a\"; and \"sc\", \"sp\", \"st\" may alliterate with \"s\". From both studies, it is clear that when only two words in a line begin with the same letter, it is difficult or impossible to identify objectively whether the alliteration is accidental or deliberate,",
"title": "Alliteration (Latin)"
},
{
"id": "3968482",
"text": "looks like an uncial \"a\", but with the left stroke still straight, \"b\" and \"d\" are hard to distinguish, \"e\" is a full height letter (like the \"s\"), \"p\" and \"t\" are very similar, and \"v\" is written above the baseline, resembling an inverted chevron. New Roman cursive, also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive, developed from old Roman cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern readers; \"a\", \"b\", \"d\", and \"e\" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are",
"title": "Roman cursive"
},
{
"id": "19590718",
"text": "Phonetic keyboard layout A phonetic keyboard layout is a setup in which the letters of a language correspond to the keys in the keyboard layout for another language and assumes a one-to-one correspondence between letters in the languages that is based on their sound. Russian has two popular keyboard layouts: The Cyrillic letters are on the same keys as similarly-sounding Roman letters: A-А, Б-B, В-V, Г-G, Д-D, Ф-F, K-K, O-O and so on. There are Russian phonetic layouts based on the QWERTY layout and others based on other localized layouts. The Russian phonetic layout is especially suited for foreigners studying",
"title": "Phonetic keyboard layout"
},
{
"id": "393027",
"text": "type A. She was the first to do so, although she did not use lettered spectral types, but rather a series of twenty-two types numbered from I to XXII. In 1901, Annie Jump Cannon returned to the lettered types, but dropped all letters except O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, used in that order, as well as P for planetary nebulae and Q for some peculiar spectra. She also used types such as B5A for stars halfway between types B and A, F2G for stars one-fifth of the way from F to G, and so on. Finally, by",
"title": "Stellar classification"
},
{
"id": "4595113",
"text": "and \"C\" followed by a positional indication which is given by an Arabic number or Roman numeral. Examples: BIII, CVII, B2, C7. The two abbreviations \"B\", \"C\", represent the terms barre or bar, cejillo or capotasto, the later being Spanish and Italian terms for capo. The choice of letter adopted is an editorial decision reflecting the style adopted. The use of Roman numerals is more prevalent than Arabic numbers to avoid confusion with other fingering indications and common chord symbols (but not figured harmony). Notation of Roman numerals without including letters \"B\" or \"C\" is an indication of fingerboard position",
"title": "Barre chord"
},
{
"id": "11485869",
"text": "has failed to place among the top four teams only once, in 2012.Below is the list of eight nations that have finished in the top two in Thomas Cup. 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 2017 2015 2013 2011 2009 Even though they actually have a balance of strength in all events, they are known for producing many great doubles in the men's category. Their doubles had conquered the",
"title": "Indonesia national badminton team"
},
{
"id": "2086551",
"text": "letter for the doomsday is C except for the portion of leap years before February 29 in which it is D, we have: Note: G = 0 = Sunday, A = 1 = Monday, B = 2 = Tuesday, C = 3 = Wednesday, D = 4 = Thursday, E = 5 = Friday, and F = 6 = Saturday, i.e. in our context, C is mathematically identical to 3. Hence, for instance, the doomsday of the year 2013 is Thursday, so DL = (3 − 4) mod 7 = 6 = F. The dominical letter of the year 1913",
"title": "Dominical letter"
},
{
"id": "903521",
"text": "in the traditional west-to-east method. Coincidentally, the NYSDOT maintained portion of I-90 is oriented geographically north–south for most of its length, so the exit numbers seem to increase from north to south. Exit and milepost numbering starts over again when the Berkshire Section of the Thruway begins, with exit and mile numbers preceded by the letter B (Exit B1, Exit B2, Mile B1, Mile B2, etc.) There once were two metric-only signs on the westbound New York State Thruway around Syracuse, which is about from Ontario. The NYS Thruway Authority decided to test metric signage, which may have briefly included",
"title": "Interstate 90"
},
{
"id": "1798563",
"text": "G (following the pattern of being a fifth higher, and, coincidentally, enharmonically equivalent to the key of A). The “eighth sharp” is placed on the F, to make it F. The key of D, with nine sharps, has another sharp placed on the C, making it C. The same is true for key signatures with flats; The key of E (four sharps) is equivalent to the key of F (again, one fifth below the key of C, following the pattern of flat key signatures). The last flat is placed on the B, making it B. Circle of fifths In music",
"title": "Circle of fifths"
},
{
"id": "14707615",
"text": "patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874. 1874 QWERTY QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874. 1875 Biscuit cutter 1875 Dental drill (electric) 1875 Mimeograph 1876 Synthesizer 1876 Airbrush 1876 Tattoo machine 1877 Phonograph The phonograph, record player or gramophone is an instrument for recording, reproducing and playing back sounds. The earliest phonographs used cylinders containing an audio recording engraved on",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"
},
{
"id": "461177",
"text": "combined with the \"Control\" key, which on keyboards of the time was conveniently next to the letter A in the position now usually occupied by the Caps Lock key. For touch typists, in addition, reaching the function and cursor keys generally requires them to take their fingers off the \"home keys\" with consequent loss of typing rhythm. For example, the \"diamond\" of Ctrl-S/E/D/X (s=left, e=up, d=right, x=down) moved the cursors one character or line to the left, up, right, or down. Ctrl-A/F (to the outside of the \"diamond\") moved the cursor a full word left/right, and Ctrl-R/C (just \"past\" the",
"title": "WordStar"
},
{
"id": "2520260",
"text": "would create a dissonant minor ninth interval with the third of the chord, including the third is a rare phenomenon, even in 20th-century classical music. Though rare, in rock and popular music, for example 52 seconds into \"Sun King\" on the Beatles' \"Abbey Road\", the third of the dominant eleventh (\"as theoretically conceived\": C, E, G, B, D, F ), for example, is usually omitted. It may be notated in charts as, C, or, more often, \"descriptively,\" as Gm/C. The fifth is also sometimes omitted, thus turning the chord into a suspended chord (C, B, D, F). As the upper",
"title": "Eleventh chord"
},
{
"id": "6245954",
"text": "\"9\" appears as a lowercase \"b\". Other variants of calculator spelling alphabets consider \"0\" to be a capital \"D\" instead of \"O\", \"6\" (not used in the standard beghilos) as a lowercase \"g\" (as opposed to uppercase represented by 9) and \"9\" as either a reversed lowercase \"a\" or an at sign (@), both of which represent the letter A. You can spell words and names with the numbers, such as : 0.1134 when read upside down, it reads hEllO. Extending the available alphabet to hexadecimal notation (generally available on lower-end scientific calculators, though not on basic models), \"b\" and",
"title": "Calculator spelling"
},
{
"id": "590514",
"text": "the letters A, B, and C (the Greek letters alpha, beta, and gamma in the original) as term place holders, rather than giving concrete examples. It is traditional to use \"is\" rather than \"are\" as the copula, hence \"All A is B\" rather than \"All As are Bs\". It is traditional and convenient practice to use a, e, i, o as infix operators so the categorical statements can be written succinctly. The following table shows the longer form, the succinct shorthand, and equivalent expressions in predicate logic: The letter S is the subject of the conclusion, P is the predicate",
"title": "Syllogism"
},
{
"id": "5679531",
"text": "\"C:\", however this is not always the case. Since personal computers now no longer include floppies, and optical disc and other removable drives typically still start at \"D:\", letters A and B are available for manual assignment by a user with administrative privileges. This assignment will be remembered by the same OS on the same PC next time a removable volume is inserted, as long as there are no conflicts, and as long as the removable drive has not been reformatted on another computer (which changes its volume serial number), and as long as the OS has not been reinstalled",
"title": "Volume (computing)"
},
{
"id": "1489512",
"text": "by other signs. Godart (1995:99-107) describes these corrections, by word. They occur in the following words: A1 (signs 02-12-13-01), A4 (29-29-34) together with A5 (02-12-04), A8 (12), A10 (02-41-19?-35), A12 (12), A16 (12-31-26?), A17 (second 27?), A29 (second 27?), B1 (12-22), B3 (37?), B4 (22-25 imprinted over the same), B10 (07?-24?-40?), B13 (beside 29?). Question marks indicate uncertainty about that particular sign being the result of a correction. Also, the borders of word B28 has been widened to make room for sign 02. See Duhoux (1977:34-35) and Godart (1995:107). The two signs 27 (Hide) in word A29 are rotated 180",
"title": "Phaistos Disc"
},
{
"id": "1798007",
"text": "before the 2000s. Button configurations vary depending on vendor and laptop model. ThinkPads have a prominent middle mouse button, but some models have no physical buttons. Toshiba employs concentric arcs. In the early 1990s, Zenith Data Systems shipped a number of laptop computers equipped with a device called \"J-Mouse\", which essentially used a special keyswitch under the J key to allow the J keycap to be used as a pointing stick. In addition to appearing between the G, H and B keys on a QWERTY keyboard, these devices or similar can also appear on gaming devices as an alternative to",
"title": "Pointing stick"
},
{
"id": "12290078",
"text": "case of the Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, U for \"Underground\". In British buildings, LG for \"Lower Ground\" is commonly encountered. If there is more than one basement, the next level down may be marked SB for \"Sub-Basement\". The lower levels may also be numbered B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, etc.. Negative numbers are sometimes used: −1 for the first level below ground, −2 for the second one, and so on. Letters are sometimes used: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc. In Hawaii these levels are numbered I1, I2, I3,",
"title": "Storey"
},
{
"id": "247241",
"text": "note or key of a given song. For example, a folk song in the key of C (also referred to as C major) may have a melody that uses only the notes of the C major scale (the individual notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C; these are the \"white notes\" on a piano keyboard. On the other hand, Bebop-era jazz from the 1940s and contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries may use melodies with many chromatic notes (i.e., notes in addition to the notes of the major scale; on a piano, a chromatic scale",
"title": "Music"
},
{
"id": "339672",
"text": "more information). On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of ISO 8859-1. Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being: The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+). In other keyboards it's situated",
"title": "QWERTY"
},
{
"id": "8017531",
"text": "diatonic and chromatic semitone. For instance, the interval from B to C is a diatonic semitone, the interval from B to B is a chromatic semitone, and their difference, the interval from B to C is a diminished second. Being diminished, it is considered a dissonant interval. In tuning systems other than twelve-tone equal temperament, the diminished second can be viewed as a comma, the minute interval between two enharmonically equivalent notes tuned in a slightly different way. This makes it a highly variable quantity between tuning systems. Hence for example C is narrower (or sometimes wider) than D by",
"title": "Diminished second"
},
{
"id": "598210",
"text": "was intended to bear: \"F\" and \"C\" and, more rarely, \"G\". These were the most often-used 'clefs', or \"litterae clavis\" (key-letters), in Gregorian chant notation. Over time the shapes of these letters became stylised, leading to their current versions. Many other clefs were used, particularly in the early period of chant notation, including most of the notes from the low \"Γ\" (\"gamma\", the note written today on the bottom line of the bass clef) up to the G above middle C, written with a small letter \"g\", and including two forms of lowercase \"b\" (for the note just below middle",
"title": "Clef"
},
{
"id": "111586",
"text": "used in a database, a program in principle could not determine whether to render, for example, \"ch\" as \"c\" followed by \"h\" or as \"ĉ\", and would fail to render, for example, the word properly. A more recent \"x-convention\" has gained ground since the advent of computing. This system replaces each diacritic with an \"x\" (not part of the Esperanto alphabet) after the letter, producing the six digraphs \"cx, gx, hx, jx, sx,\" and \"ux.\" There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet, and some systems use software that automatically replaces x- or h-convention digraphs with the corresponding",
"title": "Esperanto"
},
{
"id": "8422191",
"text": "but \"B\" is also possible but not likely (\"p\" = 0.05). Doctor 2 says that the cause is very likely \"C\" (\"p\" = 0.95), but \"B\" is also possible but not likely (\"p\" = 0.05). How is one to make one's own opinion from this? Bayesian updating the first opinion with the second (or the other way round) implies certainty that the cause is \"B\". Dempster's rule of combination lead to the same result. This can be seen as paradoxical, since although the two doctors point at different causes, \"A\" and \"C\", they both agree that \"B\" is not likely.",
"title": "Transferable belief model"
},
{
"id": "6494988",
"text": "did not change on a given system, but modifying systems could be confusing: If an Eagle booted from a File 10, File 40, or \"File 20\" (a File 10 or File 40 box with a 20-Mb hard disk inside), the drive-letter assignments of the hard-disk BIOS prevailed. The external hard disk's partitions would be A and B for a File 10; A, B, and C for a \"File 20\", and A, B, C, and D for a File 40. The top floppy would be E and I and the bottom one F and J, unless they were single-sided floppies, which",
"title": "Eagle Computer"
},
{
"id": "3147630",
"text": "(\"buky/буки\"), meaning \"letter\". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the letter Be had no numeric value because the letter Ve inherited the Greek letter Beta's numeric value. The Russian small letter б (be) is similar (but not identical) in shape to the digit 6. Its lowercase form also somewhat resembles a lowercase letter B (\"b\"), the letter to which it corresponds in the Latin alphabet. After all, lowercase letter B (\"b\") developed from scribal alterations to the capital letter B (\"B\"), just as б did from scribal alterations to the capital letter В. In Serbian and Macedonian the italic form is",
"title": "Be (Cyrillic)"
},
{
"id": "13458449",
"text": "with the file-modified time) is destroyed if the file is moved between the phone and the card, causing pictures to appear out of order, as if taken at the time they were moved. Like other Verizon phones, filenames are recorded as MMDDYYhhmm\"x\".jpg or .3g2, where \"x\" is the letter a, b, c, etc. Because the year is in the wrong place (the middle instead of the beginning where the most significant digits belong), the sort order appears wrong when viewed on a computer via a card reader, if there are pictures from a previous calendar year. Videos are recorded with",
"title": "Motorola Krave"
},
{
"id": "8017530",
"text": "Diminished second In modern Western tonal music theory, a diminished second is the interval produced by narrowing a minor second by one chromatic semitone. It is enharmonically equivalent to a perfect unison. Thus, it is the interval between notes on two adjacent staff positions, or having adjacent note letters, altered in such a way that they have no pitch difference in twelve-tone equal temperament. An example is the interval from a B to the C immediately above; another is the interval from a B to the C immediately above. In particular, it may be regarded as the \"difference\" between a",
"title": "Diminished second"
},
{
"id": "14407110",
"text": "an indicator, and connected the call by plugging a cord into the outgoing circuit and ringing the destination station. For example, if a dial customer calling from TAylor 4725 dialed a number served by a manual exchange, e.g., ADams 1383-W, the call was completed, from the subscriber’s perspective, exactly as a call to LEnnox 5813, in an automated exchange. The party line letters W, R, J, and M were only used in manual exchanges with jack-per-line party lines. In contrast to the listing format \"MAin 1234\" for an automated office with two capital letters, a manual office, having listings such",
"title": "Telephone exchange"
},
{
"id": "5001643",
"text": "\"d\", and since \"bc\" cannot equal \"c\", it follows that \"bc\" = \"d\", and therefore \"bd\" must equal \"c\". Multiplying on the right by \"f\" this gives us \"b\" = \"cf\", which we can further manipulate into \"cb\" = \"f\" by multiplying by \"c\" on the left. By similar logic we can deduce that \"c\" = \"fb\" and that \"dc\" = \"b\". Filling these in, we have (with the latest additions in green): Since the \"d\" row is missing only \"f\", we know \"d\" = \"f\", and thus \"f\" = \"d\". As we have managed to fill in the whole",
"title": "Cayley table"
},
{
"id": "10714060",
"text": "F♯ (musical note) F (F-sharp; also known as fa dièse or fi) is the seventh semitone of the solfège. It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to \"sol bémol\" or G (G-flat). However, in some temperaments, it is not the same as G. G is a major third below B, whereas F is a major third above D (a minor third below A). When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the F above middle C (or F) is approximately",
"title": "F♯ (musical note)"
},
{
"id": "9563574",
"text": "the west. When a street lies between two numbered streets, letters are appended as suffixes. For example, 107A Avenue lies between 107 Avenue and 108 Avenue. Occasionally the letter B will be used and more rarely C, to denote multiple streets between 2 different street numbers. For example, 17A, 17B and 17C Avenues all lie between 17 Avenue and 18 Avenue. Houses with odd numbers are on the east side of a street or the south side of an avenue. Dropping the last two digits of a house number tells what two streets or avenues the house lies between, for",
"title": "Transportation in Edmonton"
},
{
"id": "17382965",
"text": "piece except the king. In notation, suborn is represented by the destination cell, followed by the equal symbol (=) and then the colour the suborned piece changes to, alternatively only one letter: b for black and w for white. Example: b3=b for 'the piece on b3 becomes black'. (There is no need of writing the letter D for the diplomat). The game can be played through the Zillions of Games game platform, by downloading the corresponding files from this link. Diplomat chess Diplomat chess is a chess variant invented by Carlos Martín-Fuertes in 2003 as a contribution to a Contest",
"title": "Diplomat chess"
},
{
"id": "4184293",
"text": "discovering observatory followed by their right ascension (e.g. CP 1919). As more pulsars were discovered, the letter code became unwieldy, and so the convention then arose of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination (e.g. PSR 0531+21) and sometimes declination to a tenth of a degree (e.g. PSR 1913+16.7). Pulsars appearing very close together sometimes have letters appended (e.g. PSR 0021-72C and PSR 0021-72D). The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B (e.g. PSR B1919+21), with the B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All",
"title": "Pulsar"
},
{
"id": "1434356",
"text": "four pages would be printed on B2, eight on B1, etc. The C series is usually used for envelopes and is defined in ISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits",
"title": "Paper size"
},
{
"id": "6966856",
"text": "to form \"Gore\" — each easily remembered by the rat armies — to make it more difficult to crack. In this code, each letter is \"shifted\" one over in the alphabet, except for the letters in the secret word, which stay the same. \"A\" becomes \"B\", \"B\" becomes \"C\", \"C\" becomes \"D\", and so on. \"G\", \"O\", \"R\", and \"E\" remain the same. This code is of great importance to the plot of \"Gregor and the Code of Claw\" because of its mention in the Prophecy of Gray and its usefulness to the human war effort. The Underland Chronicles The",
"title": "The Underland Chronicles"
},
{
"id": "8230086",
"text": "also a ' \"closed omega\"), ' \"right-leg turned m\", ' \"turned long-leg r\" (there was once also a \"long-leg r\"), ' \"double pipe\", and the obsolete \"stretched c\". Several non-English letters have traditional names: ' \"c cedilla\", ' \"eth\" (also spelled \"edh\"), ' \"engma\" or \"eng\", ' \"schwa\" (also spelled \"shwa\"), ' \"exclamation mark\", ' \"pipe\". Other symbols are unique to the IPA, and have developed their own quirky names: ' \"fish-hook r\", ' \"ram's horns\", ' \"bull's eye\", ' \"esh\" (apparently never 'stretched s'), ' \"ezh\" (sometimes confused with \"yogh\"), ' \"hook-top heng\". The is usually called by the",
"title": "Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"
},
{
"id": "691808",
"text": "by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. The 26 code words in the NATO phonetic alphabet are assigned to the 26 letters of the English alphabet in alphabetical order as follows: , Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, , Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Strict adherence to the prescribed spelling words is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the spelling alphabet is designed to overcome. As noted in a",
"title": "NATO phonetic alphabet"
},
{
"id": "7797892",
"text": "vocals (on \"120E7\"). Alternate versions of \"120E7\" and \"Vesica Pisces\" would be later released on De Facto's second LP, \"Légende du Scorpion à Quatre Queues\". The title is a coded message using numbers and the corresponding letter of the English alphabet; it spells \"DEFACTO\" (4=D, 5=E, 6=F, 1=A, 3=C, 20=T, 15=O). The EP was to be followed by a full-length LP also recorded with Caldato Jr., tentatively titled \"Black Hot Chrome\". The album was shelved when Grand Royal went bankrupt the same year and remains unreleased to this day. Band members subsequently focused their efforts on a new project, The",
"title": "456132015"
},
{
"id": "16510462",
"text": "order to facilitate navigation within the game and on the console itself. For standard keyboard mode and when playing guitar/bass parts, five white keys, from the middle C to G, are marked with colored dots, and are played similarly to the fret buttons found on guitar controllers. For pro mode, all the keys are used, and the keyboard is split up into 5 colored sections to aid the player: red - C-E, yellow - F-B, blue - C -E, green - F-B and orange - C. The touchpad acts as a modulation control, and in game-play terms is functionally equivalent",
"title": "Rhythm game accessories"
},
{
"id": "8023801",
"text": "temperament, the diminished third is wider than the major second. In 19 equal temperament it is in fact enharmonically equivalent to an augmented second, both having a value of 252.6 cents. In 31 equal temperament it has a more typical value of 232.3 cents. In a twelve-note keyboard tuned in a meantone tuning from E to G, the dimininished third appears between C and E, and again between G and B. In superpythagorean tunings, the diminished third is narrower than the major second. In the special case of 17 equal temperament, the chromatic semitone and diminished third are in fact",
"title": "Diminished third"
},
{
"id": "42662",
"text": "next ten letters, \"k–t,\" are identical to \"a–j,\" respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the table): : The next ten letters (the next \"decade\") are the same again, but with dots also at positions both 3 and 6 (green dots). Here \"w\" was left out as not being a part of the official French alphabet at the time of Braille's life; the French braille order is \"u v x y z ç é à è ù\" (). The next ten, ending in \"w\", are the same again, except that for this series",
"title": "Braille"
},
{
"id": "15552327",
"text": "so-called ‘Big three credit rating agencies’ - Standard & Poor's, Moody's Investor Service and Fitch Ratings), CredoLine uses the same internationally recognized letter designations such as A, B, C and D. For every literal rating meaning corresponds definition, which disclose the reliability level, risk character, as well as the forecast of further business development. For instance: crBB – High creditworthiness and financial stability. The company is affected by country risk. Risk of default or delayed payment is moderate. Rating categories from “cr AAA” to “crDD” may be modified with plus or minus sign. For example: there are three rating levels",
"title": "CredoLine"
},
{
"id": "8799809",
"text": "makes it hard to distinguish an 'F' from an 'S' for example. Also, the lack of visual cues during oral communication can cause confusion. For example, lips are closed at the start of saying the letter \"B\" but open at the beginning of the letter \"D\" making these otherwise similar-sounding letters more easily discriminated when looking at the speaker. Without these visual cues, such as during announcements of airline gate numbers \"B1\" and \"D1\" at an airport, \"B\" may be confused with \"D\" by the listener. Spelling out one's name, a password or a ticker symbol over the telephone are",
"title": "Spelling alphabet"
},
{
"id": "4130307",
"text": "somewhat similar to Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings with the words high and low replacing the + and −. It goes as follows, from excellent to poor: AAA, AA (high), AA, AA (low), A (high), A, A (low), BBB (high), BBB, BBB (low), BB (high), BB, BB (low), B (high), B, B (low), CCC (high), CCC, CCC (low), CC (high), CC, CC (low), C (high), C, C (low) and D. The short-term ratings often map to long-term ratings though there is room for exceptions at the high or low side of each equivalent. S&P, Moody's, Fitch and DBRS are",
"title": "Credit rating"
},
{
"id": "295108",
"text": "The sharp sign raises a note by a semitone or half-step, and a flat lowers it by the same amount. In modern tuning a half step has a frequency ratio of , approximately 1.059. The accidentals are written after the note name: so, for example, F represents F-sharp, B is B-flat, and C is C natural (or C). Additional accidentals are the double-sharp , raising the frequency by two semitones, and double-flat , lowering it by that amount. In musical notation, accidentals are placed before the note symbols. Systematic alterations to the seven lettered pitches in the scale can be",
"title": "Musical note"
},
{
"id": "3152859",
"text": "To create a sorted list, repeatedly use RP to select a winner, remove that winner from the list of candidates, and repeat (to find the next runner up, and so forth). To tally the votes, consider each voter's preferences. For example, if a voter states \"A > B > C\" (A is better than B, and B is better than C), the tally should add one for A in A vs. B, one for A in A vs. C, and one for B in B vs. C. Voters may also express indifference (e.g., A = B), and unstated candidates are",
"title": "Ranked pairs"
},
{
"id": "68478",
"text": "letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound. The 21 consonant letters in the English alphabet are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Z, and usually W and Y. The letter Y stands for the consonant in \"yoke\", the vowel in \"myth\", the vowel in \"funny\", and the diphthong in \"my\". W always represents a consonant except in combination with a vowel letter, as in \"growth\", \"raw\", and \"how\", and in a few loanwords from Welsh, like \"crwth\" or \"cwm\". In some other languages, such as Finnish,",
"title": "Consonant"
},
{
"id": "945733",
"text": "on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the \"h-system\", but with the rise of computer word processing, the so-called \"x-system\" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened. The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of \"c\" and the circumflex letters \"ĉ\" , \"ĝ\" , \"ĥ\" , \"ĵ\" , \"ŝ\" , \"ŭ\" . \"J\" transcribes two sounds, consonantal",
"title": "Esperanto orthography"
},
{
"id": "8230085",
"text": "o\". The implosives have \"hook\" tops: ' \"hook-top b\", as does ' \"hook-top h\". Such an extension at the bottom of a letter is called a \"tail\". It may be specified as \"left\" or \"right\" depending on which direction it turns: ' \"right-tail n\", ' \"right-tail turned r\", ' \"left-tail n\", ' \"tail z\" (or just \"retroflex z\"), etc. But note: ' \"eng\" or \"engma\", ' \"meng\", \"heng\". When the tail loops over itself, it's called \"curly\": ' \"curly-tail j\", ' \"curly-tail c\". There are also a few unique modifications: ' \"belted l\", ' \"closed reversed epsilon\" (there was once",
"title": "Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet"
},
{
"id": "3204815",
"text": "for official acceptance) is as follows: Zamanälif contains 35 letters. There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. There are 10 extra letters: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi and Íí. The other letters are the same in both alphabets, but they are pronounced differently. A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z. Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, í/i, ı/e. The symbol is used for the glottal stop (known as",
"title": "Tatar alphabet"
},
{
"id": "16077238",
"text": "9th-largest CRM/Direct Marketing Agency in the world; the 5th-largest US search marketing agency. 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 2004: 2005: 2007: Acquired CFM Direct LLC, the Response Processing Division of AB&C Group, and CognitiveDATA 2009: Acquired CMS Direct 2010: 2011: 2012: Acquired Social Amp 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: 2008: 2009: 2011: 2013: 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 2013: 2014: 2015: Merkle Inc. Merkle Group Inc. (also called \"Merkle\") is a global data-driven, technology-enabled performance marketing agency based in Columbia, Maryland and is part of Dentsu Aegis Network. Merkle Computer Systems, Inc. was founded in",
"title": "Merkle Inc."
},
{
"id": "228142",
"text": "512 kbit/s broadband Internet connection\". The unit symbol kb (lowercase 'b') is typographically similar to the international standard unit symbol for the kilobyte, i.e. kB (upper case 'B'). The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) recommends the symbol bit instead of b. The prefix \"kilo-\" is often used in fields of computer science and information technology with a meaning of multiplication by 1024 instead of 1000, contrary to international standards, in conjunction with the base unit byte and bit, in which case it is to be written as \"Ki-\", with a capital letter K, e.g., 1 Kibit = 1024 bits. The decimal",
"title": "Kilobit"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Wolf interval context: fifth higher than E is B, which is not included on the keyboard shown (although it could be included in a larger keyboard, placed just to the right of A, hence maintaining the keyboard's consistent note-pattern). Because there is no B button, when playing an E power chord, one must choose some other note that is close in pitch to B, such as C, to play instead of the missing B. That is, the interval from E to C would be a \"wolf interval\" on this keyboard. However, such edge conditions produce wolf intervals only if the isomorphic keyboard has\n\nOn a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?",
"compressed_tokens": 178,
"origin_tokens": 178,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: B context: for byte, a unit of information storage. In engineering, B is the symbol for bel, a unit of level. In chemistry, B is the symbol for boron, a chemical element. Some people use 🅱 to represent the B blood type. But the B emoji (🅱) has also become an internet meme. People are replacing letters with the B button emoji. B B or b (pronounced ) is the second letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.\n\ntitle Fouragram context: diagrams on this page reflect his usage). In other words if one thinks of a standard musical keyboard and takes for middle C Do then the following six white keys, DEFGAB represent the rest of octave, and the next white key will be the higher C. There will be black keys between each of the white keys, except between E and F (the mi-fa interval) and between B and the higher C (the si-do interval) In described in terms of Law of Seven, the Mi-Fa interval and the Ti-Do interval are said to\n\ntitle:pler-9 context: to have planets.ations \"b\", \" from order. Theation of is given to the first orbiting a, followed the other lowercase of. In the case Kepler-6, all of the known planets in the at one \"\" is applied closest planet to thec to the farth. Kepler-69 is a G- that is approximately 8 the mass of93% the radius of the. has a surface temperature of 563± 8 K\ntitle: Computer Alternatively pressing small Standard alumericboards have that are on three-arterers (.0,9 mm have key of.0). Desktopboards1boards0,ation of function.2 have smaller an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right (usually Z or Y). Also the\n\nOn a computer keyboard which letter on the same line is between C and B?",
"compressed_tokens": 471,
"origin_tokens": 15267,
"ratio": "32.4x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4."
} |
199 | Lunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character? | [
"Snoopie",
"Snoopy dog",
"Daisy Hill Puppy Farm",
"Snoopy"
] | Snoopy | [
{
"id": "1256859",
"text": "Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \"Peanuts\":\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a",
"title": "Charlie Brown"
},
{
"id": "525803",
"text": "(after earlier hints). In 1960, Hallmark Cards introduced the now popular line of Charlie Brown greeting cards. Charlie Brown and Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, as they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10. As the years went by, Shermy, Patty, and Violet appeared less often and were demoted to supporting roles (eventually disappearing from the strip in 1969, 1976, and 1984 respectively, although Patty and Violet were still seen as late as November 27, 1997), while new major characters were introduced. Schroeder, Lucy van Pelt, and her brother Linus",
"title": "Peanuts"
},
{
"id": "525805",
"text": "poor, with only Snoopy, at shortstop, showing competence. The team consistently loses, but while it is often called \"winless\", it does win several games over the course of the strip's run, mostly when Charlie Brown is not playing, a fact he finds highly dispiriting. In the late 1950s, Snoopy, previously a minor character, began to appear more often, and in the 1960s he became a major character. The naming of Apollo 10's command module and lunar module for Charlie Brown and Snoopy respectively attests to the character's prominence at that time. Many of the strips from the 1960s onward revolve",
"title": "Peanuts"
},
{
"id": "1343665",
"text": "the \"Aquarius\" and the Command Module \"Odyssey\". The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" episode entitled \"Spider\". This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named \"Spider\" after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5, \"Eagle\", used by Apollo 11. Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \"Lem\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "525853",
"text": "Peanuts characters, in Hongdae, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The \"Peanuts\" characters have been licensed to Universal Studios Japan (while Peanuts merchandise in Japan has been licensed by Sanrio, best known for Hello Kitty). The \"Apollo 10\" lunar module was nicknamed \"Snoopy\" and the command module \"Charlie Brown\". While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a spacesuit that was hidden aboard the craft to be found by the astronauts once they were in orbit. This drawing is now on display at the",
"title": "Peanuts"
},
{
"id": "12394362",
"text": "and intact remains unknown). Based on an idea by British amateur astronomer Nick Howes, a team of experts has been assembled to try to locate the Lunar Module of the Apollo 10 mission nicknamed \"Snoopy\", which was released during the mission and is currently thought to be in a heliocentric orbit. The Snoopy mission is encouraged by the 2002 re-sighting of the Apollo 12 third-stage rocket. Space Heritage Legal documents Space archaeology In archaeology, space archaeology is the research-based study of various human-made items found in space, their interpretation as clues to the adventures mankind has experienced in space, and",
"title": "Space archaeology"
},
{
"id": "20216",
"text": "only two were required for a safe landing (one extra for redundancy). Upon landing in the North Pacific Ocean, the crew were recovered and taken aboard the recovery ship, after a mission lasting 12 days, 7 hours, 11 minutes, and 53 seconds. Apollo 15 used command and service module CSM-112, which was given the call sign \"Endeavour\", named after HMS \"Endeavour\" and lunar module LM-10, call sign \"Falcon\", named after the United States Air Force Academy mascot. Scott explained the choice of the name \"Endeavour\" on the grounds that its captain, James Cook had commanded the first purely scientific sea",
"title": "Apollo 15"
},
{
"id": "20119",
"text": "American Samoa. The astronauts were recovered by , and subsequently flown to Pago Pago International Airport in Tafuna for a greeting reception, before being flown on a C-141 cargo plane to Honolulu. After Apollo 10, NASA required astronauts to choose more \"dignified\" names for their command and lunar modules. This proved unenforceable: Apollo 16 astronauts Young, Mattingly and Duke chose \"Casper\", as in Casper the Friendly Ghost, for their command module name. The idea was to give children a way to identify with the mission by using humor. The Smithsonian has been accountable for the command module \"Charlie Brown\" since",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "1343639",
"text": "CSM and dock for transfer of the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10 ascent stage engine was fired to fuel depletion, sending it on a trajectory past the Moon into a heliocentric orbit. The Apollo 11 ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface. The lunar module (originally designated the lunar excursion module, known by the acronym LEM) was designed after NASA chose to reach",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "13194540",
"text": "party. At the party, however, West calls Jack by the wrong name, leading him to realize that he is in fact unhappy, despite his accomplishments. In an effort to reclaim his happiness, Jack attempts to find the same toy that made him so happy on his tenth birthday, a model of an Apollo Lunar Module. He buys one from a vintage toy store, but still remains unhappy. Later, Liz apologizes to Jenna for allowing her to be injured, and agrees to let Jenna tell the \"TGS\" writing staff about her role in an advertisement for a phone sex line. The",
"title": "Apollo, Apollo"
},
{
"id": "20106",
"text": "According to the 2002 \"Guinness World Records\", Apollo 10 set the record for the highest speed attained by a manned vehicle: 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph) on May 26, 1969, during the return from the Moon. The mission's call signs were the names of the \"Peanuts\" characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy, which became Apollo 10's semi-official mascots. \"Peanuts\" creator Charles Schulz also drew some mission-related artwork for NASA. Apollo 10 and Apollo 11 were the only Apollo missions whose crew were all veterans of spaceflight. Thomas P. Stafford had flown on Gemini 6 and Gemini 9; John W.",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "525761",
"text": "the naming of Apollo 10 command module Charlie Brown, and lunar module Snoopy launched on May 18, 1969. The Silver Snoopy award is a special honor awarded to NASA employees and contractors for outstanding achievements related to human flight safety or mission success. The award certificate states that it is \"In Appreciation\" \"For professionalism, dedication and outstanding support that greatly enhanced space flight safety and mission success.\" On January 1, 1974, Schulz served as the Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade in Pasadena, California. Schulz was a keen bridge player, and \"Peanuts\" occasionally included bridge references. In 1997, according to",
"title": "Charles M. Schulz"
},
{
"id": "3088414",
"text": "Gene Cernan as the lunar module pilot. While testing the command module, they received word of the Apollo 1 fire and subsequent suspension of the Apollo program. In the spring of 1968, Deke Slayton announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo 2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10. In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a color camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before from space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission. The command module (CM) was nicknamed \"Charlie Brown\"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed \"Snoopy\". Apollo",
"title": "Thomas P. Stafford"
},
{
"id": "1343628",
"text": "Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module, or simply lunar module (LM, pronounced \"Lem\"), originally designated the lunar excursion module (LEM), was the spacecraft which was flown to and landed on the Moon. The lander spacecraft were built for the US Apollo program by Grumman Aircraft. The lunar module, consisting of a descent stage and an ascent stage, was ferried from the Earth to the Moon attached to the Apollo spacecraft command and service module (CSM), approximately twice its mass. The ascent stage carried a crew of two who flew the spacecraft from lunar orbit to the surface and later",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "20105",
"text": "Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "20123",
"text": "Apollo 10 Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, and the second (after Apollo 8) to orbit the Moon. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "1343650",
"text": "The first manned lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969 with the Apollo 11 LM \"Eagle\". Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the Command Module \"Columbia\" splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing President John F. Kennedy's goal \"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\" This was followed by precision landings on Apollo 12 \"(Intrepid)\" and Apollo 14 \"(Antares)\".In April 1970, the Apollo 13 lunar module \"Aquarius\" played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the service",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "3088400",
"text": "Thomas P. Stafford Thomas Patten Stafford (born September 17, 1930; Lt Gen, USAF, Ret.) is an American former Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. After graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Stafford commissioned in the United States Air Force, flying the F-86 Sabre prior becoming a test pilot. He was selected to become an astronaut in 1962, and flew aboard Gemini 6A and Gemini 9. In 1969, Stafford was the Commander of Apollo 10, the second manned mission to orbit the Moon and the first to fly a Lunar Module in lunar orbit, descending to an altitude",
"title": "Thomas P. Stafford"
},
{
"id": "14564033",
"text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of",
"title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps"
},
{
"id": "2172893",
"text": "1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\", Schweickart is portrayed by Kieran Mulroney. He also appeared in the television series \"The Universe\" in the episodes \"The End of the Earth: Deep Space Threats to Our Planet\" and \"Stopping Armageddon\". Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969",
"title": "Rusty Schweickart"
},
{
"id": "20142",
"text": "colors. The patch has four stars on it – one each for the three astronauts who flew the mission and one for Clifton Williams, a U.S. Marine Corps aviator and astronaut who was killed on October 5, 1967, after a mechanical failure caused the controls of his T-38 trainer to stop responding, resulting in a crash. He trained with Conrad and Gordon as part of the backup crew for what would be the Apollo 9 mission, and would have been assigned as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 12. The Apollo 12 command module \"Yankee Clipper\" is on display at the",
"title": "Apollo 12"
},
{
"id": "20120",
"text": "1970. The spacecraft was on display in several countries until it was placed on loan to the London Science Museum in 1978. \"Charlie Brown\"'s service module (SM) was jettisoned just before re-entry and burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. After translunar injection, the Saturn V's S-IVB third stage was accelerated past Earth escape velocity and became a object where , it remains in a heliocentric orbit. The ascent stage of the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" was jettisoned into a heliocentric orbit. Its current location is unknown. The shield-shaped emblem for the flight shows a large, three-dimensional Roman numeral X sitting on",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "1974892",
"text": "and the attractions in Disney Parks. Buzz's name was inspired by Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin, the second person to walk on the Moon. According to an interview with Pixar producers in \"Entertainment Weekly\", the character was provisionally named Lunar Larry, but it sounded \"too wacky\", so while trying to rechristen him \"we went through some space terms and the word \"light-year\" came up, and the coolest astronaut name was Buzz Aldrin.\" Aldrin acknowledged the tribute when he pulled a Buzz Lightyear doll out during a speech at NASA, to rapturous cheers. A clip of this can be found",
"title": "Buzz Lightyear"
},
{
"id": "9321534",
"text": "in Los Angeles, Sachs launched his spacecraft, landed on the moon, and explored its surface. This video made by him and the Neistat Brothers captures the event. While the Apollo program was source of precedent, much of Sachs' \"Space Program\" is historically inaccurate, often humorously. The Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) was built full scale, but had many modifications that were probably not on any Apollo mission, including a fully stocked Vodka bar and a library (with titles such as \"Woman's Almanac\"). After the astronauts' first step, they used Sachs' handmade shotguns to \"patrol the surface\", before planting a flag and",
"title": "Tom Sachs (artist)"
},
{
"id": "2047495",
"text": "Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "2047501",
"text": "Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. Standard crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "2052996",
"text": "Moon\", Mitchell was played by Gary Cole. He was the subject of a chapter of Chris Wright's book \"No More Worlds to Conquer\", which asks how people who are famed for one moment moved on with their life. In it he talked at length about his beliefs in extraterrestrial visitation, the power of the mind, and his certainty that his cancer had been cured \"by mind means\". Edgar Mitchell Edgar Dean \"Ed\" Mitchell (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016) was a United States Navy officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, ufologist and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module",
"title": "Edgar Mitchell"
},
{
"id": "469326",
"text": "the Apollo 8 crew (Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: \"I",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"id": "753865",
"text": "Times\", Aldrin supported a manned mission to Mars and which viewed the Moon \"not as a destination but more a point of departure, one that places humankind on a trajectory to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species.\" In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a master plan to NASA for consideration where astronauts, with a tour of duty of ten years, establish a colony on Mars before the year 2040. Aldrin was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal in 1969 for his role as lunar module pilot on Apollo 11. He was",
"title": "Buzz Aldrin"
},
{
"id": "16914699",
"text": "and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976, a letter-writing campaign by Trekkies to then President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship \"Enterprise\", featured on the television show \"\". Although Ford did not mention the campaign, instead saying he was \"partial to the name\" \"Enterprise\", he directed NASA officials to change the name. \"Columbia\" was named for the historical poetic name for the United States of America, like the explorer ship of Captain Robert Gray and the Command Module of Apollo 11, the first manned landing on another celestial body. \"Atlantis\" was named after the",
"title": "Spacecraft naming"
},
{
"id": "9081",
"text": "Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Representative Alan Grayson. A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing: Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on",
"title": "Apollo 11"
},
{
"id": "2131768",
"text": "Baptise Church, Mayor Tom Colten declared \"James Irwin Day\" and made Irwin an \"honorary citizen of Minden.\" In the 1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" Irwin was played by Gareth Williams. James Irwin James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and",
"title": "James Irwin"
},
{
"id": "2863362",
"text": "would replace the Saturn I for Earth orbit testing, allowing the command and service module to be flown with a partial fuel load. It would also allow launching the lunar excursion module separately for unmanned and manned Earth orbital testing, before the Saturn V was ready to be flown. It would also give early development to the third stage. On May 12, 1966, NASA announced the vehicle would be called the \"uprated Saturn I\", at the same time the \"lunar excursion module\" was renamed the lunar module. However, the \"uprated Saturn I\" terminology was reverted to Saturn IB on December",
"title": "Saturn IB"
},
{
"id": "471099",
"text": "not called \"American Eagle\" as its crew had planned. The practice of nicknaming spacecraft resumed in 1967, when managers realized that the Apollo flights needed a name for each of two flight elements, the Command Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module. Lobbying by the astronauts and senior NASA administrators also had an effect. Apollo 9 used the name \"Gumdrop\" for the Command Module and \"Spider\" for the Lunar Module. However, Wally Schirra was prevented from naming his Apollo 7 spacecraft \"Phoenix\" in honor of the Apollo 1 crew because some believed that its nickname as a metaphor for \"fire\" might",
"title": "Gus Grissom"
},
{
"id": "852808",
"text": "a lunar orbit flight using just the Command/Service Module as Apollo 8 in December, making McDivitt's flight Apollo 9 in March 1969. Borman's Lunar Module Pilot (and spacecraft systems engineer) was William Anders. The Command Module Pilot and navigator, Michael Collins, had to have back surgery and was replaced by his backup, James Lovell, reuniting Borman with his Gemini 7 crewmate. Apollo 8 went into lunar orbit on December 24 and made ten orbits of the Moon in 20 hours before returning to Earth. The Apollo 8 mission is also notable for the \"Earthrise\" photograph taken by William Anders of",
"title": "Frank Borman"
},
{
"id": "15178189",
"text": "reality with his \"google n' gloves\" system. 1968 Turtle Excluder Device 1968 Zipper (ride) 1969 Lunar Module The Lunar Module was the lander portion of spacecraft built for the \"Apollo program\" by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969, to the moon surface and safely back home",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)"
},
{
"id": "2155711",
"text": "In \"\" he was voiced by Scott Glenn, who had portrayed Alan Shepard in \"The Right Stuff\". In 2018, Duke joined the Back to Space organization as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars. Charles Duke Charles Moss \"Charlie\" Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935) is an American former astronaut, retired U.S. Air Force officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon. Duke has logged 4,147 hours flying time, which includes 3,632 hours",
"title": "Charles Duke"
},
{
"id": "7490",
"text": "an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-man Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon,",
"title": "Apollo program"
},
{
"id": "7910002",
"text": "Lunar Module \"Falcon\", with Scott and Irwin aboard, landed on the Moon on July 30, 1971, and remained there for just under 67 hours. The mission set a number of space records and was the first to use the Lunar Rover. Scott and Irwin rode it to explore the area around the landing site during three periods of extravehicular activity (EVA). On August 2, before finishing the final EVA and entering the Lunar Module, Scott used a special postmarking device to cancel a first day cover of two stamps, whose designs depicted lunar astronauts and a rover, commemorating the 10th",
"title": "Apollo 15 postal covers incident"
},
{
"id": "3523541",
"text": "the Soviet leadership made some of its first public pronouncements about landing a man on the Moon and establishing a lunar base. Crewed exploration of the lunar surface began in 1968 when the Apollo 8 spacecraft orbited the Moon with three astronauts on board. This was mankind's first direct view of the far side. The following year, the Apollo 11 Apollo Lunar Module landed two astronauts on the Moon, proving the ability of humans to travel to the Moon, perform scientific research work there, and bring back sample materials. Additional missions to the Moon continued this exploration phase. In 1969,",
"title": "Colonization of the Moon"
},
{
"id": "20115",
"text": "of the lunar module (LM), before separating from the S-IVB. Apollo 10 was the first mission to carry a color television camera inside the spacecraft, and made the first live color TV transmissions from space. After reaching lunar orbit three days later, Young remained in the command module (CM) \"Charlie Brown\" while Stafford and Cernan entered the LM \"Snoopy\" and flew it separately. The LM crew performed the descent orbit insertion maneuver by firing their descent engine, and tested their craft's landing radar as they approached the altitude where powered descent would begin on Apollo 11. They surveyed the landing",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "753810",
"text": "Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and",
"title": "Buzz Aldrin"
},
{
"id": "4195922",
"text": "when the Gulfstream project was launched, two models of a high-wing and low-wing configuration were set up outside his office. Grumman personally made the decision to go with \"the low wing\". While continuing the company tradition of aircraft production for naval aviation, Grumman pushed for a shift in priorities resulting in the Space Steering Group, a space program that culminated in the design and production of the Apollo program's Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) that landed astronauts on the moon in 1969. During that same year, the company was rebranded as Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Throughout this period, Grumman's eyesight continued to",
"title": "Leroy Grumman"
},
{
"id": "954512",
"text": "Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Retired) is an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to",
"title": "Michael Collins (astronaut)"
},
{
"id": "7070205",
"text": "Lunar Surface Access Module was retitled \"Altair\", after the 12th brightest star in the northern hemisphere's night sky, Altair in the constellation Aquila. In Latin, means \"eagle\", providing a connection to the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11's \"Eagle\"; the name \"Altair\" itself is a latinization of the Arabic , meaning \"the eagle,\" \"the bird,\" or \"the flyer.\" Prior to the announcement of the \"Altair\" name, reports had suggested other names had been considered by NASA, but Altair won in a vote by the design team over Pegasus. NASA developed only conceptual designs for Altair. No Altair spacecraft were built—plans",
"title": "Altair (spacecraft)"
},
{
"id": "2155705",
"text": "Apollo 13; however, shortly before the mission, he caught German measles from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As Ken Mattingly had no natural immunity to the disease, Mattingly was then replaced as Command Module Pilot by Jack Swigert. Mattingly would be reassigned as Command Module Pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16. Duke served as Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 16 in 1972 where he and John Young landed at the Descartes Highlands and conducted three EVAs, making Duke the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon. He also served as",
"title": "Charles Duke"
},
{
"id": "1343645",
"text": "would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it lands at any significant angle, three legs was the lightest configuration. However, it would be the least stable if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs. In June 1966, the name was changed to lunar module (LM), eliminating the word \"excursion\". According to George Low, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "1343646",
"text": "was because NASA was afraid that the word \"excursion\" might lend a frivolous note to Apollo. After the name change from \"LEM\" to \"LM\", the pronunciation of the abbreviation did not change, as the habit became ingrained among engineers, the astronauts, and the media to universally pronounce \"LM\" as \"lem\" which is easier than saying the letters individually. To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted Bell Aerosystems in 1964 to build the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), which used a gimbal-mounted vertical jet engine to counter 5/6 of its weight to simulate the Moon's gravity, in addition",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "7518",
"text": "off from the lunar surface for the return trip, after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module. The final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the CSM's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew, along with a new spacecraft, the \"Lunar Excursion Module\" (LEM, later shortened to \"Lunar Module\", LM) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the CSM. The command module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component",
"title": "Apollo program"
},
{
"id": "15082425",
"text": "Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys is an autobiographical book written by the Gemini 10 and Apollo 11 astronaut, Michael Collins. It was released in 1974 and has a foreword written by Charles Lindbergh. An updated version was re-released in 2009 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the first manned lunar landing. The book covers his life as a test pilot in the United States Air Force, his selection as an astronaut and his spacewalks on Gemini 10 and historic flight as the Command Module pilot on Apollo 11. Collins presents some candid",
"title": "Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys"
},
{
"id": "2172874",
"text": "Rusty Schweickart Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (also Schweikart; born October 25, 1935) is an American aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut, research scientist, U.S. Air Force fighter pilot, as well as a former business executive and government executive. Selected in 1963 for NASA's third astronaut group, he is best known as the Lunar Module Pilot on the 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first manned flight test of the lunar module, on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life support system used by the Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon. As backup Commander of the",
"title": "Rusty Schweickart"
},
{
"id": "288010",
"text": "in light of then-upcoming 21st century, and Hodgson thought it would set his show apart to make it \"3000\". Dr. Forrester was named after the main character of \"The War of the Worlds\". The \"Satellite of Love\" was named after the song of the same name by Lou Reed. Crow T. Robot was inspired by the song \"Crow\" from Jim Carroll's \"Catholic Boy\", while Rocket Number 9's name was inspired by the original name of Sun Ra's album \"Interstellar Low Ways\". The theater shots, the primary component of an episode, is taped in \"Shadowrama\". The \"seats\" were a black-painted foamcore",
"title": "Mystery Science Theater 3000"
},
{
"id": "242361",
"text": "at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. The LRV appears in the TV miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\". Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \"lunar rover\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \"Moon buggy\", a play on the words \"dune buggy\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and",
"title": "Lunar Roving Vehicle"
},
{
"id": "20267",
"text": "Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extra-vehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. After the pair donned and pressurized their space suits and depressurized the Lunar Module cabin, Young climbed out onto the \"porch\" of the LM, a small platform above the ladder. Duke handed Young a jettison bag full of trash to dispose of on the surface. Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon.",
"title": "Apollo 16"
},
{
"id": "8998",
"text": "Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins piloted the command module \"Columbia\" alone",
"title": "Apollo 11"
},
{
"id": "781594",
"text": "Adam and Eve. During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar. Donatello is portrayed by Ben Starr in the 2016 television series \"\". Donatello in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is named after him. The \"Donatello\" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) built by the Italian Space Agency, was one of three MPLMs operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. The others were named \"Leonardo\" and \"Raffaello\". Donatello Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (c. 1386 – 13 December 1466), better",
"title": "Donatello"
},
{
"id": "3180038",
"text": "Worden was played by Michael Raynor. Worden wrote the poem \"Apollo Lost\" in response to the cutbacks in the US space program. It was set to music by Cynthia McQuillin. Other poems by Worden have been published, and some have been set to music by Dov Rosenschein. Worden contributed the foreword to the space history book \"To A Distant Day\" by Chris Gainor. Alfred Worden Alfred Merrill \"Al\" Worden (born February 7, 1932), (Col, USAF, Ret.), is an American astronaut and engineer who was the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 lunar mission in 1971. He is one of",
"title": "Alfred Worden"
},
{
"id": "13554465",
"text": "at the extraterrestrial endeavors of mankind. The leading hypothesis on the origin of the Moon did not gain its current status until after lunar rock samples were analyzed. The Moon is the furthest any humans have ever ventured from their home, and space architecture is what kept them alive and allowed them to function as humans. On the cruise to the Moon, Apollo astronauts had two \"rooms\" to choose from – the Command Module (CM) or the Lunar Module (LM). This can be seen in the film \"Apollo 13\" where the three astronauts were forced to use the LM as",
"title": "Space architecture"
},
{
"id": "9800465",
"text": "with its dome on the library roof. As part of Aileen Malone's “Walk With Destiny” project, three Apollo Astronauts visited the observatory, between 2010 and 2012: •Brigadier General Charles Moss Duke Jnr., the Apollo 16 Lunar Module Pilot, and the 10th man to walk on the moon; •Colonel Al Worden, Command Module Pilot on Apollo 15 and; •Captain Richard Gordon, Command Module Pilot on the Apollo 12 mission. All three Astronauts accepted the position of Honorary President of AAA. Sir Patrick Moore was AAA’s first Honorary President, from 2009 until his death in 2012. Airdrie Astronomical Association, commonly abbreviated to",
"title": "Airdrie Public Observatory"
},
{
"id": "2047515",
"text": "Pilot Harrison Schmitt's recollections, were used by the band Public Service Broadcasting for the song \"Tomorrow\", the final track of their 2015 album \"The Race for Space\". Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three",
"title": "Gene Cernan"
},
{
"id": "290661",
"text": "December 23, 1968, as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon. In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong's biography in 2005, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Commander Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the lunar module",
"title": "Neil Armstrong"
},
{
"id": "12688849",
"text": "\" The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today. The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including: He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including: Two characters in the animation series' \"\" and \"The Legend of Korra\" were named after him. Avatar Aang's mentor (\"The Last Airbender\") and Aang's youngest son Tenzin (\"The Legend of Korra\"). The Dalai Lama was featured on the March 5, 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show \"Last Week Tonight\", in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama,",
"title": "14th Dalai Lama"
},
{
"id": "13095041",
"text": "Kate Collins (actress) Kate Collins is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character of Natalie Marlowe on the ABC soap opera \"All My Children\", a role she originated in 1985. Born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Washington D.C., Collins is the eldest child of astronaut Michael Collins, who served as Command Module Pilot on the historic Apollo 11 mission (the first human Moon landing) in 1969. She graduated from National Cathedral School studied theater at Northwestern University and graduated in 1981. After college, she worked in a number of regional theatre groups and appeared in",
"title": "Kate Collins (actress)"
},
{
"id": "242326",
"text": "Lunar Roving Vehicle The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) or \"lunar rover\" is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It was popularly known as \"Moon buggy\", a play on the words \"dune buggy\". The LRV was transported to the Moon on the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) and, once unpacked on the surface, could carry two astronauts, their equipment, and lunar samples. The three LRVs remain on the Moon. The concept of a lunar rover predated Apollo, with a 1952–1954 series in",
"title": "Lunar Roving Vehicle"
},
{
"id": "2986161",
"text": "Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 12 mission. He also flew in space in 1966 as the Pilot of the Gemini 11 mission. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. was born in Seattle, Washington, on October 5, 1929, the first of five children of Richard Francis Gordon Sr., a machinist, and his wife, Angela, an elementary school teacher. He",
"title": "Richard F. Gordon Jr."
},
{
"id": "2986171",
"text": "League. In the 1998 HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\" Gordon was played by Tom Verica. Gordon wrote the foreword of the book \"Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon\" by fellow Apollo astronaut Al Worden, as well as the foreword to \"Footprints in the Dust\". Richard F. Gordon Jr. Richard Francis Gordon Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the",
"title": "Richard F. Gordon Jr."
},
{
"id": "7411725",
"text": "that a lunar lander would not sink into a thick layer of dust, as had been feared. The first artificial satellite of the Moon was the Soviet probe Luna 10, launched March 31, 1966. On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first human to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the U.S. mission Apollo 11. The first",
"title": "Exploration of the Moon"
},
{
"id": "9021",
"text": "Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10 flew to within of Site 2, and reported that it was acceptable. The ascent stage of lunar module LM-5 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and Command and Service Module CM-107 on January, 23. There were several differences between LM-5 and Apollo 10's LM-4; LM-5 had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar",
"title": "Apollo 11"
},
{
"id": "1343630",
"text": "this, the LM eventually became the most reliable component of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle, the only component never to suffer a failure that significantly affected a mission. Ten lunar modules were launched into space. Of these, six successfully landed humans on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. The first two launched were test flights in low Earth orbit—the first without a crew, the second with one. Another was used by Apollo 10 for a \"dress rehearsal\" flight in low lunar orbit, without landing. One lunar module functioned as a \"lifeboat\" for the crew of Apollo 13, providing life support and",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "16138755",
"text": "The Leslie Cantwell Collection Leslie Cantwell \"(born October 1946)\" is a UK Space Historian renowned for his extensive knowledge of the Apollo Space programme and space-related artifacts. He has written numerous articles on the subject and is probably best known for his extensive collection of original memorabilia including his collection of large-format images signed by most of the Apollo astronauts. For a while he acted as an advisor to the London Science Museum Space Department regarding the Apollo 10 Command Service Module better known as Charlie Brown, currently on and has written various articles on the subject of space travel",
"title": "The Leslie Cantwell Collection"
},
{
"id": "2131749",
"text": "James Irwin James Benson \"Jim\" Irwin (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) (Col, USAF) was an American astronaut, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and a United States Air Force pilot. He served as lunar module pilot for Apollo 15, the fourth human lunar landing. Following his retirement from NASA, he became a prominent born-again Christian. He was the eighth person to walk on the Moon and the first, and youngest, of those astronauts to die. Irwin was born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Scottish and Irish descent, to parents James Irwin and Elsa Mathilda Irwin (). Irwin's grandparents",
"title": "James Irwin"
},
{
"id": "6503608",
"text": "the electrical power generation and propulsion systems for the Command Module \"Odyssey\". This necessitated the abort of the lunar landing, and placed the lives of astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in serious jeopardy. The mission became famous for the safe return of the men, made possible by the flight controllers' resourceful adaptation of the electrical, propulsion, and life support systems of the LM (Lunar Module) \"Aquarius\" as a \"lifeboat\". Lost Moon Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13 (published in paperback as Apollo 13), is a non-fiction book first published in 1994 by astronaut James Lovell and",
"title": "Lost Moon"
},
{
"id": "2588628",
"text": "announced by President John F. Kennedy on 25 May of that year. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer, a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the Lunar Excursion Module to the Moon on nine launches, six of which landed on the Moon's surface. Draper taught and conducted research at MIT until January 1970, devoting most of his energy during his final decade to completing the Apollo computers and software. Draper was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1981 for his multiple inventions and scientific contributions. Draper was a member of",
"title": "Charles Stark Draper"
},
{
"id": "8346943",
"text": "a conceit, associating MTV with the most famous moment in world television history. MTV also pays tribute to the classic ID by handing out astronaut statuettes (or \"Moonmen\") at its annual Video Music Awards. The Apollo 11 landing site is featured in the \"Futurama\" episode \"The Series Has Landed\", with Fry and Leela sheltering from the lunar night in the Apollo 11 lunar module (which, according to a plaque, has been returned there by the \"Historical Sticklers Society\"). The Apollo 11 mission is used as part of the main story line in \"\". The movie described the mission, indeed the",
"title": "Apollo 11 in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "8495552",
"text": "relatively minor role. Writer Charles Murray lamented the fact that Lunney was \"barely visible in the movie\", being overshadowed by the focus on Lunney's fellow flight director Gene Kranz. \"Without slighting Kranz's role\", Murray commented, \"the world should remember that it was Glynn Lunney ... who orchestrated a masterpiece of improvisation that moved the astronauts safely to the lunar module while sidestepping a dozen potential catastrophes that could have doomed them.\" Lunney has been interviewed in numerous documentaries about the space program, including \"Apollo 13: To the Edge and Back\" (PBS), \"To the Moon\" (PBS), \"Failure is Not an Option\"",
"title": "Glynn Lunney"
},
{
"id": "20235",
"text": "Apollo 16 Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands. The second of the so-called \"J missions,\" it was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54 PM EST on April 16, 1972, the mission lasted 11 days, 1 hour, and 51 minutes, and concluded at 2:45 PM EST on April 27. Young and Duke spent 71 hours—just",
"title": "Apollo 16"
},
{
"id": "1343631",
"text": "propulsion when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, forcing the crew to abandon their landing. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $21.3B in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $2.2B using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. The six landed descent stages remain intact where they landed and one ascent stage (Apollo 10's) is in heliocentric orbit. All the other LMs that flew either crashed into the Moon or burned up in the Earth's atmosphere. At launch, the lunar module sat directly beneath",
"title": "Apollo Lunar Module"
},
{
"id": "11727578",
"text": "on the Moon, and the first person to walk on it, shortly followed by Buzz Aldrin, after whom the asteroid 6470 Aldrin is named. The minor planet 6471 Collins is named after the third crew member of the Apollo 11 mission. In 1966, Armstrong also conducted the first docking in space together with David Scott aboard Gemini 8. The asteroid's name was suggested by Czech astronomers Jana Tichá, Miloš Tichý and Zdeněk Moravec, who observed it during its 1995-opposition, shortly before being numbered. The lunar crater \"Armstrong\" is also named in his honor. The approved naming citation was published by",
"title": "6469 Armstrong"
},
{
"id": "2217099",
"text": "Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the",
"title": "Jim Lovell"
},
{
"id": "17405339",
"text": "release of \"2001\", Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science and technology, especially at the time of the Apollo space program. The fame of \"2001\" was enough to get the Command Module of the Apollo 13 craft named \"Odyssey\". In 1988, Stephen Hawking, Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Sagan were interviewed in \"God, the Universe and Everything Else\". They discuss the Big Bang theory, God and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The first of Clarke's works to be adapted for television was \"All The Time In The World\" which he adapted himself as an episode of the",
"title": "Arthur C. Clarke in media"
},
{
"id": "469325",
"text": "the first woman in space. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 3, and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the moon, Luna 9. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which became the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. The deaths of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967 put a temporary hold on the U.S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"id": "7554",
"text": "spent 2 hours, 31 minutes outside the spacecraft, walking on the surface, taking photographs, collecting material samples, and deploying automated scientific instruments, while continuously sending black-and-white television back to Earth. The astronauts returned safely on July 24. In November 1969, Gemini veteran Charles \"Pete\" Conrad and rookie Alan L. Bean made a precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe, which had landed in April 1967 on the Ocean of Storms. The command module pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon Jr. Conrad and Bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera,",
"title": "Apollo program"
},
{
"id": "20116",
"text": "site in the Sea of Tranquility, then separated the descent stage and fired the ascent engine to return to \"Charlie Brown\". The descent stage was left in orbit, but eventually crashed onto the lunar surface because of the Moon's non-uniform gravitational field; its location was not tracked. Upon descent stage separation and ascent engine ignition, the lunar module began to roll violently because the crew accidentally duplicated commands into the flight computer which took the LM out of abort mode, the correct configuration for this maneuver. The live network broadcasts caught Cernan and Stafford uttering several expletives before regaining control",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "9007",
"text": "three astronauts died, and the subsequent investigation. In October 1968, Apollo 7 evaluated the command module in Earth orbit, and in December Apollo 8 tested it in lunar orbit. In March 1969, Apollo 9 put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit, and in May Apollo 10 conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon. The Soviet Union competed with the US, but were hampered by repeated failures in development of their N1 launcher, which was comparable to the Saturn V.",
"title": "Apollo 11"
},
{
"id": "7838960",
"text": "1969 in spaceflight 1969 saw humanity step onto another world for the first time. On 21 July 1969, the Apollo 11 Lunar Module, \"Eagle,\" landed on the moon's surface with two astronauts aboard. Days later the crew of three returned safely to Earth, satisfying U.S. President John F. Kennedy's 1962 challenge of 25 May 1961, that \"this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\" There were four Apollo missions in total in 1969, three of which traveled to the moon,",
"title": "1969 in spaceflight"
},
{
"id": "8266382",
"text": "as a flight controller on Gemini 10 when he was only twenty-three. Bales is best known for having been guidance officer (or GUIDO) during the Apollo 11 lunar landing when he had the responsibility of dealing with several problems that could have ended the mission. While monitoring the lunar module's position and velocity he came close to calling an abort when it became clear a navigational error had occurred. The spacecraft was moving faster than it should have been and was halfway to its abort limits. However, Bales continued to watch the data and the situation remained stable. The last",
"title": "Steve Bales"
},
{
"id": "4660376",
"text": "have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two US pilot-astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41-month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11, and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17. Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface. All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module. The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility. In order to go to the Moon,",
"title": "Moon landing"
},
{
"id": "15256650",
"text": "from the early 1970s and has been replaced, although the character was absent for most of the intervening period, in the 2009 TV Series by another Teacher named Mrs Creecher. Nasty Norman was a bully often seen as Dennis's rival. Stanley Livingstone an explorer with a pet crocodile, who lived next door to Dennis. Seemingly replaced by the Colonel, though the character had disappeared a while before the Colonel first appeared. His name alludes to the explorers David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley. BBC News once called Dennis the 'definitive naughty boy'. Matthew Jarron of Dundee University, curator of a Beano",
"title": "Dennis the Menace and Gnasher"
},
{
"id": "2173081",
"text": "Piet Hut, Ed Lu (also CEO, see Leadership, above), David Liddle (Chair, see Leadership, above), and Dan Durda, a planetary scientist. Russell Louis \"Rusty\" Schweickart (b. October 25, 1935) is a co-founder of the B612 Foundation and chair emeritus of its board of directors. He is also a former U.S. Apollo astronaut, research scientist, Air Force pilot, plus business and government executive. Schweickart, chosen in NASA's third astronaut group, is best known as the lunar module pilot on the Apollo 9 mission, the spacecraft's first manned flight test on which he performed the first in-space test of the portable life",
"title": "B612 Foundation"
},
{
"id": "9000",
"text": "and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into \"Eagle\" and landed in the Sea of Tranquillity. The astronauts used \"Eagle\"s ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned \"Eagle\" before they performed the",
"title": "Apollo 11"
},
{
"id": "18917877",
"text": "Little West (lunar crater) Little West is a small crater (30-meter diameter) in Mare Tranquillitatis on the Moon, east of the Apollo 11 landing site known as Tranquility Base. The Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the Lunar Module (LM) \"Eagle\" approximately 60 meters west of Little West Crater on July 20, 1969. This is the crater Neil Armstrong mentions during his final descent onto the lunar surface. The south-west rim of the crater marks the farthest point that either astronaut traveled from the lunar module during their time on the lunar surface for the Apollo 11",
"title": "Little West (lunar crater)"
},
{
"id": "9739780",
"text": "Between 1972 and 1977, seismometers installed on the Moon by the Apollo missions recorded moonquakes. The Moon was described as \"ringing like a bell\" during some of those quakes, specifically the shallow ones. This phrase was brought to popular attention in March 1970, in an article in \"Popular Science\". When Apollo 12 deliberately crashed the Ascent Stage of its Lunar Module onto the Moon's surface, it was claimed that the Moon rang like a bell for an hour, leading to arguments that it must be hollow like a bell. Lunar seismology experiments since then have shown that the lunar body",
"title": "Hollow Moon"
},
{
"id": "4925669",
"text": "the Bonzo Terrier. His attempts were a failure. The British rock group Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band and \"Bonzo\" brand dog food take their name from the eponymous terrier. John Bonham, the drummer for Led Zeppelin, took his nickname \"Bonzo\" from the dog. Bonzo the dog Bonzo the Dog is a fictional cartoon character first created in 1922 by British comic strip artist George Studdy. The pup quickly rose to popularity in the 1920s. He starred in one of the world’s first cartoons, became an inspiration for mass-marketed merchandise, and became a favorite among children and adults. In 1912 George Studdy",
"title": "Bonzo the dog"
},
{
"id": "15134629",
"text": "It is 1912 days after leaving Earth orbit, and the routine in is suddenly interrupted by a series of whoops and exclamations from the speakers. John Koenig had been out on a reconnaissance flight to investigate a localised increase in the neutron count. Now, he is behaving like a drunken adolescent out for a joyride, taking \"Eagle\" Ten through a series of dare-devil manoeuvres. Loops and barrel-rolls soon give way to death-defying dives on the Alpha complex. Soon bored with this game, Koenig takes off across the lunar surface to begin buzzing about the . Alan Carter tries to establish",
"title": "The Bringers of Wonder, Part One"
},
{
"id": "2295894",
"text": "Fred Haise Fred Wallace Haise Jr. ( ; born November 14, 1933) is an American former NASA astronaut, fighter pilot with the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Air Force and test pilot. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, having flown as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 13. He was to have been the sixth person to land and walk on the Moon, but the Apollo 13 mission was aborted before lunar landing. He went on to fly Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests in 1977, and retired from NASA in 1979. Born",
"title": "Fred Haise"
},
{
"id": "20111",
"text": "had a very small chance of receiving the Apollo 13 command if he did an outstanding job with the assignment, which he did not. Eisele, despite his issues with management, was always intended for future assignment to the Apollo Applications Program (which was eventually cut down to only the Skylab component) and not a lunar mission. This dress rehearsal for a Moon landing brought the Apollo lunar module to from the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent would begin on the actual landing. Practicing this approach orbit would refine knowledge of the lunar gravitational field needed to calibrate",
"title": "Apollo 10"
},
{
"id": "2217126",
"text": "wedding anniversary in June. In 2018, actor Pablo Schreiber portrayed Lovell in the film \"First Man\". Jim Lovell James Arthur Lovell Jr. (; born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut, Naval Aviator, and retired Navy captain. Lovell is known for being the commander of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth through the efforts of the crew and mission control. In addition to being part of the Apollo 13 crew, Lovell was the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission",
"title": "Jim Lovell"
},
{
"id": "6373336",
"text": "There are four defining episodes in the story, and a variety of subplots and minor threads — many of them unrelated to the main story. The story begins late in the 20th century, and tracks the life of the main protagonist, Lewis Crane. The first of four episodes opens the story. An earthquake in California in the late 20th century has left seven-year-old Lewis Crane a crippled, homeless orphan. The second major episode shows Crane as an adult, world's foremost earthquake expert, a Nobel laureate, ruthless scientist, and entrepreneur dedicated to relieving the misery of those affected by earthquakes. He",
"title": "Richter 10"
},
{
"id": "179642",
"text": "second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface. Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from",
"title": "Harrison Schmitt"
},
{
"id": "11368705",
"text": "Pinocchio Pinocchio (; ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the children's novel \"The Adventures of Pinocchio\" (1883) by Italian writer Carlo Collodi. Carved by a woodcarver named Geppetto in a village near Lucca, he was created as a wooden puppet but dreams of becoming a real boy. He is notably characterized for his frequent tendency to lie, which causes his nose to grow. Pinocchio is a cultural icon. As one of the most reimagined characters in children's literature, his story has been adapted into other media, notably the 1940 Disney film \"Pinocchio\". Pinocchio's characterization varies across interpretations,",
"title": "Pinocchio"
}
] | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Charlie Brown context: Brown starred on the first full-length animated feature based on \"Peanuts\":\" A Boy Named Charlie Brown. \" The film was a box office success, gaining 6 million dollars in the box office out of its 1 million dollar budget, and was well received by critics. Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy reached new heights on May 18, 1969, they became the names of the command module and lunar module, respectively, for Apollo 10 While not included in the , Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Charles Schulz drew an original picture of Charlie Brown in a\n\nLunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character?",
"compressed_tokens": 186,
"origin_tokens": 186,
"ratio": "1.0x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4."
} | {
"compressed_prompt": "Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\ntitle: Gene Cernan context: Apollo 7—although that flight carried no lunar module. crew rotation put him in place as the Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 10—the final dress rehearsal mission for the first Apollo lunar landing—on May 18–26, 1969. During the Apollo 10 mission, Cernan and his commander, Tom Stafford, piloted the Lunar Module \"Snoopy\" in lunar orbit to within of the lunar surface, successfully executing every phase of a lunar landing up to final powered descent and providing NASA planners with critical knowledge of technical systems and lunar gravitational conditions to enable Apollo 11 to land on the Moon two months later.\n\ntitle: P. Staff context: Gene Cern as the lunar module pilot While testing command module, they word of Apol fire subsequent suspension the Apollo program. In spring of 198, Deke Slay announced that the previous backup crew for Apollo2 would become the primary crew for Apollo 10 In preparation for the mission, Stafford helped design a camera to replace the grainy black-and-white video broadcast before space; he felt that public outreach was a vital aspect of the mission The commandCM) nicknamed \"Charlie Brown\"; the lunar module (LM) was nicknamed \"Snoopy Apollo\n\ntitle Apol: three astronauts and October1, Apollo 7 evaluated module in Earth orbit and December Apollo 8 tested in lunar. In March 196, Apollo put the lunar its p in Earth and May Apol10 \"dress rehears lunar99, all was in read Apol11 take the final step onto The Union competed the, were hampered repeated fail in N1 launch, which was comparable the Sat\ntitlelo1010lo 10 was the thelo, the second) to., F: landing, testing all the components procedures just landing. The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was flown to a descent orbit within of the lunar surface, at the point where powered descent for landing would normally begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on the Apollo 11 mission two months later.\n\nLunar 10's Lunar Excursion Module was named after which famous character?",
"compressed_tokens": 473,
"origin_tokens": 14235,
"ratio": "30.1x",
"saving": ", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4."
} |
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